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Siena ah ae APTA AAS AR RAM HR Be iste Noeide Aa oe ‘ Pik i a Rae i oe Y Jat PN ch Coy A SST CCMA ALAC IES Wi tn AK) M9) et ve $ DN Kd 16% CAs 9 Ky Wi rs hinted rh ¢ 1 hye AW aM wy, GCA yo wh OK vy va Ree AVE Ay i | f fi Lb cn a3, Ae, he Me def KG Dad 0 ye ei mi a ree eA oe Ee Py etary’ wens 8a Wi asi igh: SV CEVIV ERE ETP RA CIO TO OT VRS MD Re Hin ate Mlglyl Palate Wve tity! ein y nt) Ms na cate i Bi : PAM ASAE ALAR ASEAN LAR AK, le bes Hak AD h eat f DN ais Le ke eo WK Lee | hee tiraran t 3) A RY vw i ried cunt ON aS . to Be SAE KL MIM RSW Wein KCC MLL, { ry ait OY et at é 149 Oto LEVOrs bee OX WHATS Vt ey WA, i Tea, a fe Ut ei ati Ny ae ; fet te Gal Selatan tiny i AM) i) ih hy anew WK ony ‘iy ui mee ane re ee egete Wie eer NN OED Bt ack : ey / ARAS AAA Di ure Wises ay f de aA, Vi ist yh aK ah! ee Pteoht A Aion ie 1a 17 A RAL eA Me ea Wea +f (oe ee ia 8, h\ WD) |e, yy Gj 7 Q Y i 1 On / 0 |p H Vr" o Ma) ¢ 0 Ox YY Py, 1) a y Q () Y 8 p | ( O Qj } x } ( ( a a 0) BRA NAA Le yt \ Y N ca." s in * ie Lh nM. hk te r i wot i Handbooks of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia, issued by the British Science Guild (South Australian Branch) and published by favor of the Honorable the Premier (Sir Henry Barwell, K.C.M.G.). FLORA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. ~“ a ‘ A j Worerconce Pari I. AA A th fi ae® ined He birt tee 4 Cyatheaceae - Orchidaceae. are 4 () Oi Vypter al (flee e OP Liaee ne W ! = OY a fees 5 fot aes F. A t_-E see es 6 Pie ao A ae By J. M. BLACK. : a eae (ORCHIDACEAE By Dr. R. S. ROGERS.) Ma ee oo WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. Price: THREE SHILLINGS. COPYRIGHT. ADELAIDE: PRINTED BY R. E. E. Rocers, GoVERNMENT PRINTER, NORTH TBRRRACE. 1922. Handbooks of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia, issued, by the British Science Guild (South Australian Branch) and published by favor of the Honorable the Premier (Sir Henry Barwell, K.C.M.G_). FLORA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Part I. Cyatheaceae - Orchidaceae. By ii, Mi BIENCK (ORCHIDACEAE By Dr. R. S. ROGERS.) WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. Price: THREE SHILLINGS. COPYRIGHT. ADELAIDE : PRINTED BY R. E. E. RoGers, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, NORTH TERRACE. 122, EDITORIAL PREFACE. Handbooks of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia, issued by the British Science Guild (South Australian Branch). Recognising the need for a wider diffusion of accurate knowledge of our Flora and Fauna, the Guild has undertaken the issue of a series of handbooks. There is an admitted lack of inexpensive eat accurate books dealing with the plants and animals of South Australia, and it is felt that the absence of such has been a real handicap to young Australia, and so to the progress of Australian science. These volumes, which have been planned to meet the want, are being prepared gratuitously by South Australian biologists and geologists: they will be printed and published by the State Government, and will be placed in all the public schools, for the use of which they are being primarily written. 2 pe AUTHOR'S PREFACE. This descriptive and illustrated handbook of the flora of South Australia has been written to assist students, plant-lovers, or persons engaged in pastoral or agricultural pursuits, who may wish to know something about the native and naturalised plants of the State. Loeality and time of flowering are given after the description of each plant, and, where an alien is in question, the country of origin is added. In those parts of the State which enjoy regular winter rains, the flowering period can be stated with a fair amount of accuracy, but in the dry lands of the Kar North and West there is much less regularity. ‘‘If rain should fall in summer,’’ writes the Rey. H. Kempe, with reference to the country along the Finke River, just north of our boundary, ‘‘then nearly all species of flowering plants, even most of the shrubs, commence to blossom a second time.”’ Where the same plant has been found in many different places, the localities are summarised in broad terms. Thus the phrase ‘‘Southern districts’’ implies the country from Encounter Bay northwards to about the latitude of Gladstone and Terowie, and usually includes Yorke Peninsula and Kangaroo Island. ‘‘Murray lands’’ comprise the great low-lying and rather dry area through which the River Murray finds its way to the lakes and the sea, and which is bounded on the west by the slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges, and stretches north- ward from the neighborhood of Bordertown towards the railway run- ning from Peterborough to Broken Hill. According to geologists this is part of the ancient estuary into which the Murray and the Darling once flowed separately. The Flinders Range, beginning at Crystal Brook, subsides into the great northern plains near Marree (Hergott Springs) and the northern end of Lake Frome. The dry country to the north of those points, and extending to the borders of Queens- land and the Northern Territory, is generalised as the ‘‘Far North.’’ This district is especially arid in the Lake Eyre Basin. Westward of Oodnadatta the land rises gradually towards the Everard, Musgrave, and Birksgate Ranges—the ‘‘Far North-West.’’ This distant corner of South Australia, accessible only by camel expeditions, has been very imperfectly explored in a botanical sense, and the same is true of the territory to the south of the ranges—the great treeless Nullarbor Plain and the desolate and often sandy country toward Ooldea and Tarcoola, now stations on the EKast-West Railway. All this vast area slopes gradually southwards to the shores of the Great Bight. , The ‘“South-Hast’’ is the well-watered and often swampy region southward 6) AUTHOR’S PREFACE. from Naracoorte to Beachport and Mount Gambier. In cases where a plant has only been collected once or twice, the precise localities are given, The system of classification adopted is almost entirely that of Engler and Gilg’s ‘‘Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,’’ which is essentially the same as that followed by Engler and Prantl] in the ‘‘ Nattrlichen Pflanzenfamilen.’’ Ths classification, proceeding from the simpler to the more highly developed forms of plant lfe, has been utilised by the authors of all the more recent floras, and by Maiden and Betche in their ‘‘Census of New South Wales Plants,’’ published in 1916. The comparative characters given in the keys refer only to South Australan species, native or naturalised. In respect to nomenclature, the rules and recommendations adopted by the International Botanical Congress of Vienna in 1905 have been strictly followed. One of the most important rules provides that the earliest specific name given to a plant must be carried forward if the species is transferred to another genus. For instance: a common shrub in South Australia was originally named Stenochilus glaber by Robert Brown in 1810; it was removed to Eremophila by Mueller in the third volume of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, published in 1858, under the name of #. Brownti. As this neglect to preserve Brown’s specific name constitutes a breach of the rules of nomenclature, the name was altered to EH. glabra by C. H. Ostenfeld, in the third part of his ‘‘Contributions to West Australian Botany,’’ published in 1921, and now stands as Hremophila glabra, (R. Br.) Ostenf. The same rule of priority of publication was applied to the names of genera, but here a modification was introduced, by which, in order to prevent confusion resulting from too many changes, certain generic names which have been in general use for a great number of years are to be retained, even though they are not the earliest. A list of ‘“‘names to be retained’’ (‘‘nomina conservanda’’) is appended to the rules of the Congress, but it must be allowed that it is drawn up in a some- what arbitrary manner. Thus the generic names Hypolaena and Patersonia, established by Brown in 1810, are retained in preference to Calorophus and Genosiris, published by Labillardiére in 1806 and 1804 respectively, but no reference is made to Brown’s Xerotes and Angianthus (1810), which have therefore to give way to Labillar- diére’s Lomandra (1804) and Silorerus (1806). However, it is only by adhering closely to the international rules and recommendations that we can ever hope to attain uniformity in nomenclature. Recommendation 11 states that specific names commemorating men, when ending in a consonant and used in the genitive case, are to be formed by adding the letters -vi, except when the name ends in -er, and AUTHOR’S PREFACE. 7 then the termination becomes -erz, This recommendation has been followed throughout the present work. Botanical names place a con- siderable strain on the memory in any case, and to ask the user of them to remember that Bentham named one plant Abutilon Mitchell and another Goodenia Mitchell, although both specific names com- memorate the same man (Sir Thomas Mitchell), is to ask too much. Then we find Hibbertia Billardiern, F. v. M. (altered by Bentham to H. Billardiert) and Brachycome Billardier1, Benth.; Viola Cunning- hamu, Hook. f. and Senecio Cunninghami, DC. (altered by Bentham to S. Cunninghami) ; Acacia Bidwilli, Benth., and Helichrysum Bidwillu, Benth. Many other similar irregularities could be cited, and the need of some uniform practice must be evident to all. A cautious attitude has been adopted with respect to naturalised aliens. These were not described at all in Mueller’s ‘‘Key to the System of Victorian Plants’’ (1887-88), Tate’s ‘‘Flora of Extra- Tropical South Australa’’ (1890), or Moore and Betche’s ‘‘ Hand- book of the Flora of New South Wales’’ (1893). This is contrary to the practice of botanists in all other countries, where naturalised plants, that is to say, alien plants growing wild and propagating them- selves spontaneously, are included in the flora without any distin- guishing sign. In this book only well-established aliens are described, and they are preceded by an asterisk. The descriptions are brief, and those who desire further information on these and also on many other introduced plants which have only been found in a few localities, are referred to my illustrated ‘‘Naturalised Flora of South Australia.’’ In a few instances, such as Cynodon dactylon and Juncus bufonus, there is some doubt as to the category in which the plants should be placed—native or foreign—but to omit all our common aliens would be to hamper the progress of the student and the plant-lover, especially if he begins his investigations near a town. In that case the first plant which he gathers will most probably be an immigrant. Our native plants have been to a considerable extent exterminated in the settled districts, except along the roads and railway reserves, or in stony, scrubby, or hilly country. The plough, the grazing of stock, the hardening of the soil in winter by the hoofs of large cattle, and the attacks of rabbits, who in time of drought eat even the bark of shrubs, are the chief causes of this destruction. The invasion of introduced plants is also effecting a great change in our flora. The smaller plants of Australia, isolated for thousands of years and unaccustomed to the battle of hfe with foreign plants and large animals, lack the viability of the flora of other lands. The trees are an exception, although seedlings are in many cases destroyed by stock. Near towns the alien grasses, clovers, medics, and various lowly plants and weeds from abroad occupy most of the ground. 8. AUTHOR’S PREFACE. Professor T. G. B. Osborn has permitted the use of the Tate and Menzel-Cleland herbaria, which are stored in the University of Adelaide; and Mr. J. F. Bailey has allowed me to consult the Schomburgk herbarium in the museum of the Botanic Gardens. These, together with my own collection, are the principal materials examined for the production of the present work. The botanical drawings are by the author, with the exception of those illustrating the Orchids, which are the work of Miss R. C. Fiveash, | J. M. BLACK. 82, Brougham Place, North Adelaide. HISTORY OF BOTANY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA.* 3otanical research in South Australia begins with the arrival of Robert Brown as botanist to Flinders’ voyage of discovery in the Investigator. His first landing in this State was at Fowler’s Bay on January 29, 1802. He also botanised at various islands on the West Coast, and reached Port Lincoln on February 24. Mount Brewn, near Port Augusta, was ascended and named after him. The eastern end of Kangaroo Island was explored on two visits in March and April. Speaking of Robert Brown in the preface to the ‘‘ Flora Australiensis,’’? Bentham says: ‘‘He seems during his short visits often almost to have exhausted the flora of the points he touched at.’’ Brown, who was 28 years old when he landed at Fowler’s Bay, was accompanied on the Investigator by Ferdinand Bauer, a young Austrian botanist, who had joined the expedition as ‘‘natural history draughtsman.’’ The results of Brown’s collections along almost the whole coast of Australia were published by him in the ‘‘Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae,’’ London, 1810. This work laid the foundation of Australian systematic botany and also of that world- wide reputation which its author subsequently attained. He died in London in 1858. At the same time that Flinders was sailing eastwards, a French scientific expedition under Baudin was approaching from the west, and the ships met in Encounter Bay on April 8, 1802. The botanist of the French expedition was Leschenault de la Tour, and he also collected on Kangaroo Island, at Port Lincoln, and at Nuyts Archipelago during 1803, but on his return to Paris he did not describe his Australian specimens. A few of them were subsequently dealt with by other French botanists. The earlier French expedition in search of La Pérouse, under the command of D’Entrecasteaux (1791-94), did not touch at any point on the shores of South Australia. The talented botanist of that expedition, Jacques-Julien Labillardiére, deseribed and figured several South Australian species in his ‘‘ Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen’’ (2 vol., Paris, 1804 and 1806), although the actual types were gathered in West Australia and Tasmania. After these early maritime expeditions, botanical research in South Australia was not resumed, with one exception, until after the foundation of the province in 1836. The exception was a passing visit paid to Kangaroo Island in 1823 by William Baxter, a gardener sent out by an English firm to collect seeds and roots. The illustration of Correa pulchella in Sweet’s- ‘‘Flora australasica’’ (1827-28) is from a plant raised from seed collected by Baxter on Kangaroo Island. Captain Charles Sturt left Adelaide in 1844 to explore the interior of the continent. He discovered and crossed Cooper Creek, passed the Stony Desert which will always be associated with his name, and penetrated some distance into southern Queensland. A great drought prevailed, and he returned to Adelaide in 1846, almost blind through the trials he had undergone. Nevertheless, he made a botanical collection, which was described by Robert Brown in an appendix to the ‘‘Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia,’’ London, 1849. *See also a paper entitled ‘‘A Century of Botanical Endeavor in South Aus- tralia,’’ read by J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., at the meeting of the Australasian Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science in 1907. It contains a wealth of information, and L am much indebted to it. 10 HISTORY OF BOTANY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. In December, 1847, a young man, who was destined to become the most distinguished of Australian botanists, landed at Port Adelaide. This was Dr. Ferdinand Mueller, who was born at Rostock in 1825, and had taken his degree as doctor of philosophy at the University of Kiel in 1847. He obtained employment in a chemist’s shop in Rundle Street, but found time to make botanical excursions in the Mount Lofty Ranges, at Guichen Bay, in the Murray scrub, and as far north as Mounts Brown and Arden. In 1852 he was appointed, through the influence of Sir William Hooker, to the position of Government Botanist of Victoria. Then commenced that long career of exploration, collection, and study of Australian plants which gave him a pre-eminent place in the world of science. His descriptions of numerous new species, records of fresh localities, and critical observations on Australian systematic botany are for the most part contained in the ‘‘Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae,’’ published in 11 volumes and part of a 12th, Melbourne, 1858-82. Not less important are his illustrated works on the Eucalypts, the Acacias, and the Salsolaceous and Myoporaceous plants of Australia. In 1871 the King of Wurtemberg created him a baron, and in 1879 he was knighted by Queen Victoria, and became Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller, K.C.M.G. He died in 1896. In 1858 B. Herschel Babbage was dispatched by the South Australian Government to explore the country between Lake Torrens and Lake Gairdner, and he took with him a young Bavarian named David Hergolt as botanical collector. His numerous specimens were determined by Mueller in a report published at Melbourne in 1859. The genus Babbagia was named after the leader of the expedition. Hergolt was commemorated by J. MeDouall Stuart in April, 1859, as the discoverer of Herrgott or Hergott Springs (the name, as printed in Stuart’s ‘‘Journals,’’ is already corrupted into both these forms). Hergolt died in Melbourne in 1861. It was also in 1858 that A. C. Gregory, leader of the Barcoo expedition in search of Leichhardt, arrived at Cooper Creek, in South Australian territory. His plants were recorded by Mueller in a report published in 1859. At about the same time (between May, 1858, and January, 1860) John MeDouall Stuart made various excursions into the country ~ westward of Lakes Torrens and Eyre, and southward to Denial and Streaky Bays, before undertaking his great transcontinental journeys, 1860 to 1862. His plants were catalogued by Mueller in the fourth volume of the Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria (1860), without localities, and in an appendix to the ‘‘Journals of J. MeDouall Stuart’’ (1864), but very few species appear to have been collected in South Australia. The final tragedy of the Burke and Wills expedition (1860-61) took place on the banks of Cooper Creek, in South Australian territory, but no collecting was done in this State, as Dr. Hermann Beckler, the botanist and medical officer, did not advance further than the Bulloo camp, in south-western Queensland. Some new species were discovered by Beckler in New South Wales, near the Barrier Range, and for the most part these also inhabit South Australia. They were described by Mueller. A. W. Howitt, who led the relief expedition, was on Cooper Creek in September, 1861, and February, 1862. Botanical specimens, HISTORY OF BOTANY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 11 collected on this journey by Dr. Wheeler and Dr. J. Murray, were recorded by Mueller in vol. 3 of the ‘‘Fragmenta.’’ ‘*Wild Flowers of South Australia,’’ by Miss F. E. De Mole? with 20 colored plates, was published at Adelaide in 1861. This work is probably very rare; the Adelaide Public Library possesses a copy. Dr. Richard Schomburgk, director of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, wrote a ‘‘Flora of South Australia’’ in 1875, to accompany Harcus’s ‘‘South Australia.’’ It consists of an introductory essay, followed by a list of species, without descriptions, and compiled from the ‘*Flora Australiensis. ’’ Ernest Giles led an expedition westward in 1875, through Ooldea (orginally written ‘‘Youldeh’’) and Ouldabinna, across the West Australian border and the Great Victoria Desert. W. H. Tietkens and J. Young collected plants on this journey. In the following year Giles returned, starting from the Ashburton River, keeping a northerly route through the desert, and entering South Australia again near the Musgrave Range. The important botanical results were dealt with by Mueller in the Journal of Botany, vol. 15 (1877). The first volume of the ‘‘Flora Australiensis’’ was published in London in 1863. This great undertaking, ‘‘published under the authority of the several Governments of the Australian colonies,’’ was entrusted to George Bentham. He and Sir Joseph Hooker (his collaborator in that other gigantic work, the ‘‘Genera plantarum’’), were the two most illustrious English botarusts of the day. Besides the copious material supplied from Australia by Mueller and others, Bentham had at his disposal the vast accumulation of Australian plants preserved in London and other European cities since the days when the first collections were brought home by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander in 1771. It was fortunate that so great a task was confided to so great a botanist. After 15 years of unremitting labor the seventh and last volume was issued in 1878. No less than 1,400 genera and 8,168 species were described with a clearness and thoroughness for which all subsequent students have reason to be grateful. Bentham, who was born in 1800, died in 1884. Charles Winnecke explored the Stuart Range in 1885, and a list of his plants was published by Mueller in the Transactions of the Royal Society of &.A., vol. 8 (1886). The Elder scientific exploring expedition of 1891-92 collected largely in South and West Australia. David Lindsay was the leader and RK, Helms the botanical collector. Starting from Warrina on May 2, 1891, the party ascended the Arkaringa Creek, visited the Everard, Musgrave, Birksgate, and Tomkinson Ranges, and crossed the border into West Australia about the end of July. The flowering plants and ferns were recorded by Mueller and Tate in Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., part 3 of vol. 16 (1896). Duplicates of this fine collection are preserved in the Tate Herbarium. Helms was born at Altona in 1842 and died in New South Wales in 1914. Ralph Tate arrived in 1875 as the first professor of natural history in the University of Adelaide. His work covered zoology in all its branches, botany, and geology. The numerous botanical papers which he read before the Royal Society of South Australia testify to his keen interest in that science, which he advanced, not only by his studies in the cabinet, but by his activity in the field as a collector. There are few parts of South Australia which he did not visit, and 12 HISTORY OF BOTANY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. in 1894 he accompanied the Horn scientific expedition to Central Australia, exploring the Finke River and the MacDonnell Ranges. The somprehensive botanical report is from his pen. Previous to this expedition, Professor Tate published ‘‘A Handbook of the Flora of Extra-Tropical South Australia,’’ Adelaide, 1890. For the first time a description of the flowering plants and ferns of our State was made available to students of botany in a handy, although severely condensed form. Professor Tate, who was born at Alnwick, Northumberland, in 1840, died in Adelaide in 1901. Dr. Hermann Behr was a diligent collector, chiefly in the neigh- bourhood of Gawler, about the middle of last century. He described, in conjunction with Schlechtendal, one of our best known trees, the Peppermint gum (Hucalyptus odorata). EF. G. Waterhouse, curator of the South Australian Museum, botanised on Kangaroo Island in 1861. EK. G. Sealey and H. Heuzenroeder also gathered plants on that island between 1849 and 1851. Carl Wilhelmi collected near Port Lincoln in the early fifties, and Dr. W. Hillebrand and Blandowsky near Adelaide about the same period. The Rev. J, E. Tenison-Woods studied our flora near Penola in the sixties and seventies. 8. Dixon devoted special attention to our native fodder plants, and Max Koch collected largely on Mount Lyndhurst run, in the Flinders Range. J. G. O. Tepper contributed several botanical papers to the Proceedings of the Royal Society as the result of his investigations at Ardrossan, Clarendon, Kangaroo Island, and elsewhere. John Ednie Brown, Conservator of Forests from 1879 to 1890, produced ‘‘The Forest Flora of South Australia.’’ It consists of beautifully colored plates of very large size, accompanied by descriptive letterpress. Begun in 1882, it did not extend beyond nine parts, of which each contains five plates. Dr. R. S. Rogers, the leading authority on Australian orchids, describes the Orchidaceae in the present work. During recent years valuable botanical collections were made by Captain &. A. White on three expeditions in the dry North: the first, from Oodnadatta to the River Finke and the MacDonnell Ranges, in 1913, principally in what is now federal territory; the second, from Oodnadatta to the Everard and Musgrave Ranges, in 1914; the third, to Strzelecki and Cooper Creeks, in 1916. Several other recent collectors have also done much to extend the knowledge of our local flora, among whom may be mentioned Professor J. B. Cleland, 1. Griffith, E. H. Ising, and H. W. Andrew. J. H. Maiden, Government Botanist of New South Wales, visited this State in 1907, and published in the following year “‘A Contribution to the Botany of South Australia”’ (Trans. Roy, Soc. S.A., vol. 32), treating chiefly of collections made on Kangaroo Island and the West Coast. Mr. Maiden has dealt specially with our Acacias and Eucalypts in the paper mentioned, and also in others published in Sydney, notably (as regards the Eucalypts) in his ‘‘Critical Revision of the genus Eucalyptus,’’ a monumental work, which is still in course of publication. Our local Euealypts and their essential oils were the subject of a paper contributed in 1916 by R. T. Baker and H. G. Smith, of the Technological Museum of Sydney (Trans. Roy, Soe. 8.A., vol. 40). Professor Osborn, of the Adelaide University, has written on our plants and plant ecology in the Transactions of the Royal Sori of South Australia and in the Annals of Botany. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Abortive, imperfectly developed. Accrescent, growing larger after flowering, as the sepals. Achene, a dry indehiscent 1-seeded fruit. Actinomorphic, see regular. Acuminate, tapering suddenly into a point. Acute, sharp, gradually pointed. Adnate, see connate. Adventitious, any organ produced in an abnormal position. Albumen, material stored within the seeds of many plants for the nourishment of the embryo; it lies between the seedcoats and the embryo sac (perisperm), or within the embryo sac (endosperm). Alternate, (1) leaves or flowers inserted at different heights along the branches; (2) intervening between: as stamens which are alternate with the petals. Amphitropous, when the ovule is laterally attached to the funicle, so that the chalaza and micropyle are at opposite ends of the ovule. Anastomosing, applied to the small nerves or veins of a leaf when they are connected like the meshes of a net (reticulate). Anatropous (inverted), when an ovule is bent back along its funicle, so that the micropyle stands at the apparent base of the ovule and the chalaza at the opposite end (the apparent summit). Owing to the presence of the rhaphe the hilum of the seed does not coincide with the chalaza, but lies close to the micropyle. This is the commonest form of ovule (fig. 2), Androecium, a collective name for the stamens. Androgynons, when male and female flowers are mixed in a spike or head. Angiosperms, plants having seeds enclosed in a seedvessel. Annual, a plant flowering and dying in one year. Annular, ring-shaped. Anterior, the parts of a flower furthest from the axis of the branch or stem on which it grows. Anther, see stamen. Apiculate, ending abruptly in a short point. Apocarpous, a pistil or gynoecium consisting of one carpel, or of several carpels all free and distinct (Ranunculaceae, Dilleniaceae). Appressed, pressed closely against another organ, as leaves against a stem. Approximate, growing near together. Ari (arillus), an expansion of the funicle into a membranous or fleshy appendage, sometimes covering a considerable part of the seed. Article, part of an organ which separates easily from the rest of the organ at a point called the articulation or joint. Articulate, jointed. Ascending, spreading horizontally and then becoming erect. Auricle, ear-shaped lobe at the base of a leaf or other organ. Awn, a fine bristle terminating an organ or inserted on its back. Axil, the angle formed by the leaf and the branch. Azile—Placentas are axile when they and the ovules are attached to the inner angle (inner suture) of the carpels of a compound ovary (fig. 1). Fig. 1.—Transverse section of ovary Of Wahlenbergia gracilis: cal.-t., adherent receptacle (formerly described as the “‘ calyx-tube’’); w. ov, wall of ovary; plac., axile placentas, intruding into each of the three united carpels of the ovary; d, place of loculicidal de- hiscence of the ripe capswe; ov., ovules. Axillary, arising from the axil of a leaf or a bract. : Azis, line passing through the centre of a body: the stem, the rhachis and branches of a panicle, the rhachilla of grasses, are all axes. Barb, one of the lateral or radial hairs of a plumose bristle. Barbellate, furnished with short, sometimes microscopic barbs, too small for the bristle to be called plumose. : Basifized, an anther attached by its base to the filament. Berry, a juicy fruit with the seeds immersed in the pulp. 14 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Biennial, a plant which flowers and dies in the second year. Bifid, cut in two for about half its length. Bipinnate, a leaf whose primary divisions (leaflets) are again pinnate. Bipinnatifid, a leaf whose primary lobes are again pinnatifid. Bipinnatisect, twice pinnatisect. Bisexual, a flower with the reproductive organs of both sexes. Bract, a small leaf at the base of the peduncles or pedicels, and differmg from the other leaves in size or shape. Bracts may also occur on. peduncles, scapes, or flowering branches without any pedicels in their axils. Bracteate, furnished with bracts. Bracteole, a small bract on the pedicel or even on the calyx. Bracteoles are usually two, and placed opposite each other. Bulb, a short thick rootstock in which the bud or buds are covered by leaf-scales. Bulbil, a minute bulb. Caducous, falling off very early. Ca'lus, (1) a hard protuberance on some petals, such as the standard of Swainsona ond the labellum of some orchids; (2) a hardened decurrent extension of the flowering glume along the rhachilla in some grasses, such as Stipa; this callus and the adnate article of the rhachilla fall off with the fruiting glume in the form of a short obconical stipes. Calyx, outer envelope of the flower, consisting of free or united sepals. Campanulate, bell-shaped. Campy!lotropous, when an ovule is curved so that the micropyle and chalaza come near each other. Capillary, hair-like, very slender. Capitate, (1) shaped like a head (stigma, &c.); (2) growing in a_head-like cluster (flowers of Compositae). Capsule, a dry fruit (consisting of two or more united earpels), usually splitting into pieces called valves when ripe, or opening at the summit by teeth or pores. Carpe!, a fruit-leaf folded lengthwise and united by its edges; the lower and swollen portion forms the ovary, inside which the ovules are produced; the upper and narrower portion forms the style and stigma (fig. 2). Carpophore (gynophore), stalklet or axis arising from the receptacle and supporting certain fruits. Cartilaginous, gristly. Caruncle, a fleshy appendage of the seed, growing near the funicle. Caudicle, a straplike structure connecting the pollen-masses in Orchids to the viscid disk of the rostellum. Cauline, inserted on the stem. Cell, (1) the cavity of the ovary, and especially each cavity of a compound ovary or compound fruit; (2) a pouch or pollen-sae of the anther; (3) one of the minute masses of protoplasm which go to make up the tissue of plants. Centrifugal or definite, applied to that kind of inflorescence, such as the cyme, where the terminal flower opens first and then those on the lateral branches. Centripetal or indefinite, that kind of inflorescence, such as the head, spike, raceme, or panicle, where the outermost or lowest flowers open first and the main rhachis continues to lengthen, developing fresh flowers. Chalaza, see ovule. Ciliate, bordered by hairs like eye-lashes (cilia). Ciliolate, bordered by very short hairs. Circumsciss, when a capsule opens by a transverse line, so that the upper part comes off like a lid. Clavate, club-shaped. Claw, the narrow lower part of a petal or involucral bract. Clinandrium, the depression on the top of the column in Orchids, on which the anther rests. Collateral, placed side by side. Column, the combination of stamens and style in a solid body, as in Orchids and Stylidiaceae. Complicate (conduplicate), folded flat together. Compound, composed of several parts, as a leaf consisting of several leaflets, or a pistil consisting of several carpels; the opposite of simple. Compressed, flattened lengthwise, either from side to side (laterally), or from front to back (dorsally). Cone, a fruit usually woody, ovoid or globular, cenadgene of scales arranged around an axis and sheltering the naked seeds. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 15 Connate, when organs are so closely united that they cannot be separated without tearing. Each of the connate parts is said to be adnate to the other. Connective, the part of an anther which connects the two cells. Connivent (or converging), organs approaching one another at the summit. Cordate, heart-shaped, with the notch below. Coriaceous, leathery. Corm, a solid tuberous pulblike rootstock, in which the buds are not covered by seales, or by very thin ones. Corolla, inner envelope of the flower, consisting of free or united petals. Corona, a small crown of free or united appendages inserted inside the corolla. Corymb, inflorescence where the branches start from different points, but reach about the same height. Cotyledon, see embryo. Crenate, bordered by blunt or rounded teeth. Crenulate, crenate with very small teeth. Crustaceous, hard, thin, and brittle. Cuneate, wedge-shaped. Cyme, an inflorescence branched like a panicle, but in which the branches are usually opposite, and the central flower opens first. Deciduous, falling off finally. Decurrent, when the blade of the leaf is prolonged downwards along the stem in raised lines or narrow wings. Decussate, opposite leaves crossing each other in pairs at right angles. Deflexed (decurved) , bent downwards. Dehiscent (dehiscing), opening when ripe, as a seed vessel | or anther. Dentate, toothed. Denticulate, finely toothed. Depressed, ‘flattened from above downwards. Dichotomous, forked once or several times. Diffuse, spreading horizontally and loosely branched. Digitate, a compound leaf whose leaflets spread from a common centre, like the fingers of a hand. Dioecious, plant whose male and female flowers grow on different individuals. Disk, ( 1) an extension of the receptacle between the calyx and pistil. It may be conspicuous in the form of a ring or cushion, or reduced to separate glands or scales. (2) All the central or disk-flowers in a radiate flowerhead. Dissepiment (septum), one or more vertical partitions dividing the ovary and. fruit into two or more eells. Distal, applied to the free end of the labellum of an orchid, as opposed to the proximal or attached end. Distichous, regularly arranged in two opposite rows. Distinct, separate, free. Divaricate, spreading in different directions from a common centre almost at a right angle. Divergent, spreading in different directions with a more upright tendency. Dorsal, relating to the back. Dorsifized, an anther attached by its back to the filament. Drupe, a fruit in which the pericarp consists of 3 layers: (1) the epicarp or skin, (2) the mésocarp or juicy layer, (3) the bony endocarp or . stone; within the endocarp lies the seed or kernel. The peach and olive, and (among Australian plants) the fruit of Nitraria Schoberi are familiar examples. Emarginate, notched at the summit. Embryo, the young plant while still enclosed in the seed, consisting of the radicle, or base of the future root, 1 or more coty’edons, or future seed- leaves, and the plumule, or future bud. The radicle always points towards the micropyle. Embryo-sac, see ovule. Endemic, peculiar to a country or district and not native elsewhere. Endocarp, the innermost layer of the pericarp. Endopleura, the inner seed-coat, sometimes called the tegmen. Entire, when the margin of an organ (such as a leaf), is neither toothed, lobed, or divided. Epicarp, see pericarp. Epigynous, when the sepals, petals, and stamens are inserted upon the ovary and the adnate receptacle. Epiphyte, one plant growing upon another, without deriving nourishment from it. 16 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Hquitant, when a leaf is folded lengthwise and the edges adhere except at the base, where it clasps another leaf on the opposite side of the stem. Laalbumimous, without albumen. Laserted, projecting beyond, as the stamens beyond the corolla. Falcate, curved like the blade of a scythe. Family, a group of genera which resemble each other. Fertile, producing seeds; applied also to a seed which is able to zene Filament, see stamen. Filiform, threadlike, slender. Floral leaves or leafy bracts, the upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches. Follicle, a fruit consisting of a single carpel opening only along the inner suture. Free, not united with any other organ. Free central placenta, one in the form of a central column rising from the base of the ovary, or consisting of a prolongation of the receptacle, and in both cases unconnected with the walls of the ovary.—Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Santalaceae. Fruit, the enlarged ovary and whatever other parts of the flower may adhere to it at the time the seed is ripe. Funicle, a little cord by which the ovule is attached to the placenta. Fyusiform, spindle-shaped, tapering gradually at each end. Galeate, helmet-shaped. Geniculate, knee’d, bent like a knee. Genus (pl. genera), a group of species which resemble each other. Gibbous, when an organ is swollen at the base or at any other part. Glabrous, devoid of hairs. Gland, a wart-like excrescence on or near the surface of an organ and usually secreting a fluid. Glandular hairs, hairs tipped with a gland. Glaucous, bluish-green, usually of a pale tint. Globular, rounded like a globe or sphere (globose). Glume, bract enclosing the flower of grasses and reeds. Glutinous, sticky. Grain, the fruit of grasses, also called caryopsis. Granular, covered with small rounded protuberances. Gymnosperms, plants, such as pines, whose seeds are naked, 7.e., not contained in a seed-vessel. Gynoecium, see pistil. Gynophore, stalk supporting an ovary. Gynostemium, a column formed by the union of style and stamens. Habit, the general external appearance of a plant. Hastate, shaped like a halbert, with two spreading somewhat triangular lobes at the base. Herb, a plant which does not develop a woody stem. Herbaceous, green and more or less succulent. Heterogamous, when a flowerhead has the outer flowers female or neuter, and the inner ones bisexual or male. Hilum, the scar left on the seed where it separates from the funicle. Hoary, densely covered by almost microscopic hairs, which give the surface a whitish or greyish hue. Homogamous, when a flowerhead has all the flowers bisexual. Hyaline, delicately membranous and transparent. Hypogynous, inserted below the ovary. Imbricate, overlapping like tiles. Incised, deeply and unequally cut into lobes or teeth. Included, enclosed, as stamens within the corolla. Indehiscent, a fruit which does not split open in a definite manner when ripe. Induplicate, when the edges of petals or sepals are folded inwards in bud, but without overlapping. Indusium, (1) membrane covering the spore-cases of some ferns; (2) a cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceéae, Inferior.—An ovary is inferior when it is united with the cupshaped or tubular receptacle ; the calyx, petals, and stamens are then all superior to the ovary, or epigynous. An inferior radicle points towards the base of the fruit; an inferior (apotropous) micropyle points towards the base of the ovary. ‘Inflorescence, arrangement of the flowers on a plant. Internode, the part of the stem between two nodes. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 17 Interpetiolar, stipules placed between the petioles of opposite leaves. Interrupted, having bare spaces between the parts. Involucel, (1) the imvolucre of a partial umbel; (2) the outer calyx in Dipsaceae. Involucre, a number of bracts surrounding the base of a flewerhead or of an umbel. Involute (inrolled), with the edges rolled inward, as in the leaves of many grasses. Irregular—tThis term is used in its strictest sense to describe those rare asymmetric flowers which cannot be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane (such as the Valerianaceae). It is here applied in a mere general sense to a flower in which the parts of either the calyx or corolla are dissimilar in size or shape. It therefore includes flowers which are altogether asymmetric and those which are zygomorphic, or biaterally symmetrical, i.e., which can be eut through only one vertical plane into two equal and similar halves (Peaflowers, Pelargonium, Violet, &c.). Joint, see article. Keel, (1) a projecting ridge along the middle of a flat or convex surface; (2) the two partially united lowest petals of pea-shaped flowers. Kernel, see drupe. Labellum, (1) the lowest petal of orchids, usually different in form from the two lateral ones; (2) the lowest petal of Stylidiaceae. Labiate, lipped; where the limb of a corolla is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip. Lacerate, jagged. Lamina, the blade of a leaf, or the expanded upper part of a petal, sepal, or bract. Lanceolate, shaped like the head of a lance, tapering at both ends. Leaflet, each division of a compound leaf. Ligulate, having the limb of the corolla strap-shaped, as in many Compositae. Ligule, (1) a small membranous appendage at the summit of the sheath of grass- leaves; (2) the one-sided limb of the corolla in many Compusitae. Limb, the upper lobed and usually spreading part of a calyx or corolla; it is an expansion upwards of the tube or united part of the calyx or corolla. Limear, long and narrow, with parallel edges. Lobe, division of a leaf reaching about half-way to the midrib, or of some other organ which is only divided for about half its length. Lobed, (1) cut about half-way; (2) a compound ovary or fruit which is deeply grooved between the carpels. Locu icidal, when a ripe capsule splits open along the back of its cells (1.e., along the dorsal suture or midrib of the carpels), as in Juncaceae and most Liliaceae. Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lyrate, a pinnatifid or pinnatis-ct ieaf with a terminal lobe much larger than the lateral ones. Mealy (farinose), covered with a seurfy powder like flour. Membranous, thin, transparent and flexible, not green. Mesocarp, the second or middle layer of the pericarp; it 1s often succulent and is then sometimes called the sarcocarp. Micropyle, a minute opening in the coats of the ovule. In the great majority of plants the pollen-grain finds its way to the embryo-sac through the micropyle. Midrib, the central nerve of a leaf. Moniliform, when a pod or other organ is constricted at regular intervals, so as to resemble a necklace of beads. Monoecious, a plant which has the male and female flowers on the same individual. Mucronate, terminating abruptly in a short stiff point called a mucro. Muricate, covered with short hard points. Naked, flower without any perianth; seed without a pericarp. Nerves (veins), the vascular bundles which start from the petiole and traverse the blade of the leaf, the smaller ones often forming a network. Node, the swollen part of the stem from which leaves or branches spring. Nut.—Properly a 1-seeded indehiscent fruit, such as the hazel-nut, with a hard dry pericarp (‘‘shell’’), but also used to describe any hard 1-seeded nutlke fruit, such as those of Polygonaceae and Cyperaceae. Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped, broad, and rather deeply notched at the summit. Oblanceolate, lanceolate with the narrow end at the base of the leaf. Oblique, slanting; (of a leaf) unequal-sided. 18 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Oblong, much longer than broad, and rounded at both ends. Obovate, ovate with the broadest part above the middle. Obtuse, blunt. Opposite, two leaves or other organs rising from the same level on opposite sides of the stem. Orbicular, flat, circular or almost so. Order, a group of families resembling each other. Orthotropous (atropous), when an ovule has a straight axis, the chalaza being at its base and the micropyle at the opposite end. Ovary, the lower part of the carpel or pistil, containing the ovules, and finally becoming the fruit (fig. 2). Compound ovary, see syncarpous. Ovate, when a flat surface, such as that of a leaf, is egg-shaped and broader below the middle. Ovoid, egg-shaped (of solid ecrgans such as fruits). Ovule, the seed in its early stage. It consists of the embryo-sac, containing the future embryo, completely surrounded by the nucellus, which is in its turn surrounded (except at the micropyle) by an outer covering, usually consist- ing of two coats, an inner and an outer. At the base of the ovule is a spot called the chalaza, where nourishment enters from the placenta through the funicle, and at the opposite extremity is the small opening through the outer covering, which is called the micropyle (fig. 2). Palea, the upper of two bracts enclosing the flower of grasses. Palmatifid, leaf divided into diverging lobes, and so resembling the open hand. Palmatisect, palmately divided nearly to the base. Panicle, an inflorescence where the axis is divided into branches bearing several flowers. Paniculate (panicled), arranged in a panicle. Papilionate, pea-shaped (flower). Papillose, covered with minute protuberances called papillae. Pappus, a ring of hairs or scales which represents the calyx in many Compositae. Parasite, a plant growing upon another, and deriving its nourishment from the latter. Parietal placenta, when the placentas and ovules are attached to the walls of a l-celled compound ovary. Parted (partite), an organ divided into parts almost to its base. Pedicel, stalklet of a flower, when the peduncle bears 2 or more _ pedicellate flowers. Pedicellate, growing on a pedicel. Peduncle, stalk of a solitary flower, or common stalk (floral axis or rhachis) of several pedicellate or sessile flowers. Pedunculate, growing on a pedunele. Peltate, leaf whose stalk is attached to its under-surface, instead of to the edge. Pendulous ovule, one hanging from the summit of the ovary. The term suspended is sometimes used when the ovule is attached slightly below the summit. Penicillate, arranged like a tuft of hairs. Perennial, living for several years. Perianth, the floral envelope, usually consisting of 2 whorls, the calyx and corolla. The term is specially employed to describe flowers in which the seg- ments of the perianth are much alike but in whorls (as in Liliaceae and Juncaceae), or quite similar and in a single whorl (as in Chenopodiaceae). Pericarp, the walls of the fruit, consisting of the ripened ovary. The walls or layers may be more or less fused into one, or they may be easily distinguish- able as three: the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. In inferior fruits the concave receptacle remains adherent to the pericarp and forms part of the fruit. Combined epicarp and mesocarp are often called exocarp. Perigynous, when the sepals, petals, and stamens are inserted round the superior ovary on the cuplike or tubular receptacle. The stamens also appear perigynous when inserted on the corolla. : Persistent, lasting until the fruit is ripe, as sepals or plumes’ also applied to leaves remaining green during the winter: the opposite of caducous and deciduous. | Petal, one of the divisions or leaves of the corolla, usually colored. Petaloid, resembling a petal. Petiolate, supported on a petiole. Petiole, stalk of a leaf. Tetiolule, stalk of a leaflet. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 19 Phyllode (phy-lodium), a flat dilated petiole, fulfilling the functions of a leaf, as in many Acacias. Pinna, a primary division of a pinnate leaf; a leaflet. Pinnate, a compound leaf whose leaflets are arranged on each side of the common petiole or axis. When there is an odd terminal leaflet, the leaf is called unequally pinnate or imparipinnate. Also applied to lateral nerves arranged on each side of the midnerve of a leaf. Pinnatifid, a leaf cut into lobes about half-way to the midrib. Pinnatipartite, eut more than half-way to the midrib. Pinnatisect, cut into segments nearly or quite to the midrib, but the segments not separating easily, as leaflets do. Pinnule, the second or third division of a leaf which is twice or thrice pinnate or pinnatisect. Pistil or gynoecium, the innermost and female part of the flower, consisting of one or more carpels. When there is only one carpel, the terms carpel, pistil, and gynoecium are synonymous. When two or more ecarpels adhere by their ovaries the pistil or gynoccium is compound or syncarpous (fig. 1). When the -earpels are separate the pistil is apocarpous. Fic. 2.—Vertical section of flower of Linum marginale. st.br. style-branches or free part of 5 united styles; st. stvle; anth. anthers opening in parallel slits ; sep. sepals ; pet. lower part of one petal, the others removed; fil. filament; ovary, superior 5-ceJled compound ovary, of 5 united car- pels; ovule, anatropous pendulous ovule ; fun. funicle; mp. superior (epitropous) micropyle;. nue. nucellus; rh. ventral thaphe, 7.e., from the position of the ovule the rhaphe is turned towards the ventral suture of the carpel; chal. chalaza; ped. pedicel. Placenta, part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached by pict funicles. Plano-convex, flat on one side and convex on the other. Plumose, when a hair or similar organ branches into. rather long spreading secondary hairs, arranged irregularly or in two opposite rows like the barbs of a feather. Pod, (1) the legume of Leguminosae, a dry fruit formed of a single carpel; (2) the siliqua and silicule of Cruciferae, a dry fruit composed of two carpels separated by a partition. Pollen, see stamen. Pollen. -mass (polliniwm), pollen-grains cohering by a waxy texture or fine threads into a single body. Polygamous, when the same plant bears male, female, and bisexual flowers. Posterior, the parts of a flower nearest to the axis of the branch. Prickle, sharp excrescence arising from the bark and detachable without tearing the wood. : Procumbent, spreading along the ground, but not so closely as prostrate. 20 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Proliferous (viviparous), plants which bear adventitious leafbuds on the leaves or flowers, such buds being capable of rooting and forming separate plants. Prostrate, lying flat on the ground. Proximal, see distal. Pubescent, downy, covered with short soft hairs. Punctiform, like a point or dot. Punctulate, finely dotted. Putamen, a hard bony endocarp. Raceme, an undivided axis or peduncle bearing pedicellate flowers. Racemose, arranged in a raceme. Radiate, a flowerhead of Compositae which has ligulate flowers in the cireum- ference and tubular flowers in the centre. Radical, springing from the root. Radicle, see embryo. Ray, (1) all the ligulate flowers (ray-flowers) in a radiate flowerhead; (2) each of the branches of an umbel. Receptacle, (1) floral axis, torus or thalamus. The summit of the peduncle or pedicel on which the parts of a single flower are arranged, either in whorls or spirally. It may extend upwards as an annular or cushion-shaped disk, and this may assume the form of glands or seales, which often alternate with the stamens (Rutaccae, Zygophyllaceae). It may be lengthened into a column or carpophore, such as those which bear the fruitlets of Geraniaceae and Umbelliferae, or into a small stalk supporting the ovary (some Caryophyllaceae, Leguminosae, Proteaceae). It is very frequently hollowed out into a cup or rarely a tube, which surrounds the ovary and bears the sepals, petals, and stamens on or near its margin, and is usually united with the ovary, or more rarely free from it (Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, Oenotheraceae, Thymelaeaceae). Formerly this hollow receptacle, when united with the ovary, was described as the ‘‘adnate (adherent) calyx-tube.’’ (2) Floral base or common receptacle. The expanded summit of the peduncle on which the flowers, surrounded by an involucre of bracts, are inserted, usually in a dense cluster (Compositae, Dvpsacaceae). In Compositae both forms of the receptacle are present. Recurved (reflexed), bent backward. Reduplicate-valvate, when the edges of petals or sepals are turned backward and outward in the bud (see figure of Boronia palustris). Regular, a flower in which the segments of the perianth, or the parts of either of the 2 whorls of the perianth (calyx and corolla) are alike in size and shape (although in the latter case the 2 whorls need not have the same number of parts), and are arranged regularly round the axis. The term regular is thus practically equivalent to actinomorphic, or _ radially symmetrical, i.e., where a flower can be bisected through two or more vertical planes into two similar halves. Such flowers are Buttercup, Poppy, Boronia, Geranium, the Cruciferous Family, &e. Reniform, kidney-shaped. Replum, a partition between the two carpels of the ped of Cruciferae. Resupinate (reversed), when a flower is inverted by a twisting of the pedicel or the ovary so that the parts usually uppermost become the lowest. Reticulate, when the nerves or veins cross each other like the meshes of a net. Revolute, when the edges of leaves are rolled backwards towards the midrib (see illustrations of Frankenia). Rhachilla, the rhachis of the spikelet in grasses and sedges. Rhachis, any principal axis of inflorescence; also applied to the common petiole of a compound leaf. Rhaphe, a cord adhering to one side of an anatropous ovule and connecting the chalaza with the placenta. It is often visible as a raised line on the seed (see fig. 2 and illustration of Frankenia paucifiora). Rhizome (rootstock), an underground creeping stem which grows more or less horizontally and emits roots downwards and buds and shoots upwards. When the axis is shortened and more or less covered with seales, the rhizome becomes a bulb or a corm. Rhomboid (rhomboidal) , lozenge-shaped. Root, the descending axis of the plant, developed from the radicle, and imbibing nourishment through its fibres. Rostellum, an extension of the upper edge of the stigma in orchids. Rostrate, ‘peaked. Rotate, wheel- -shaped, a corolla with very short tube and spreading limb. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 2) Runcinate, a pinnatifid leaf with lobes pointing towards the base. Sagittate, arrow-shaped; applied to a leaf with two straight acute lobes at the base. Samara, a dry indehiscent fruit with a membranous wing at one end. Scabrous, rough to the touch, usually on account of very short stiff hairs. Scale, (1) a reduced leaf; (2) any small scale-like organ. Scape, a radical leafless flowerstalk, Scarious, almost the same as membranous, but rather stiffer. Seattered, when leaves are irregularly arranged round the stem. Scorpioid cyme, the inflorescence of Borraginaceae, consisting of a succession of 1-flowered axes, which simulate a single axis, rolled up at the end, when in bud, like a scorpion’s tail. It has the appearance of a 1-sided raceme, but the expansion of the flowers is centrifugal. Scurfy, covered with minute loose seales. ea Sectile, subdivided into small parts, as the pollen-masses of some Orchids. Seed, a ripened ovule, consisting usually of two coats, within which is the embryo, with or without albumen. Segment, (1) each division of a pinnatisect leaf which reaches nearly or quite to the midrib, but is not separable without tearing; (2) each division of a perianth reaching to the base. Sepal, one of the divisions of the calyx. Septal placenta, when the placentas of a 2-celled ovary are attached to the partitions (septa). Septate, divided by septa or partitions. Septicidal, when a capsule splits open through the dissepiments, and the component earpels fall away separately—Zygophyllum fruticulosum, Dodonaea bursarufolia, Euphorbia. Septifragal, when the dissepiments remain attached to the axis of the capsule, but break away from the edges of the valves.—Dodonaea viscosa, Nicotiana suaveolens, Datura Stramonium. Serrate, toothed like a saw. Serrulate, when the teeth are very small. Sessile, without any stalk. Seta, a bristle or stiff hair, Setaceous, bristle-like. Silicule, siliqua, see pod. Simple, when a leaf is not divided into leaflets, the opposite of compound, although a simple leaf may be entire, toothed, or lobed; (of other organs) not lobed, branched, divided, or compound; (of a flower ‘or perianth ) having the segments or lobes in one whorl or cycle, Sinuate, leaf or other organ whose edge consists of shallow irregular lobes or teeth, with rounded spaces, called sinuses, between them. Spathe, (1) two or more bracts enclosing the floors of Iridaceae; (2) a large bract enclosing the succulent flowerspike (spadia) of the Arum and Palm families, Spathulate, a leaf broad towards the summit, narrowed lower down. Species, a division of the genus, each species (group of individual plants) possessing characters which distinguish it from other species of the same genus. Each species bears two names, e¢.g., Hucalyptus rostrata, the first being the generic name, the second the specific one. Spicate, arranged in a spike. Spike, an undivided floral axis (rhachis, peduncle) bearing sessile flowers. Spikelet, a small spike bearme one -or several flowers, oceurring chiefly in the grass family. Spine (thorn), a sharp point proceeding from the.stem or other organ and not detachable without tearing. Spinule, a small spine. Stamen, male organ of the flower, consisting of a short or long stalk (sometimes wanting) called the filament, which supports the anther. The latter consists of one or two pouches, or cel/s, containing the minute pollen-grains, by means of which the pistil is fertilised (fig. 2). Staminodium, an abortive or rudimentary stamen. Standard, the large posterior petal of Papilionatae Cicgunmecace Stellate hairs, hairs with branches radiating like a star. Stem-clasping (amplexicaul), when the base of a sessile leaf clasps the stem. 22 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Stigma, a point or small head at the summit of the style; or the stigmas may occupy the inner face of the style-branches (Ccompositae) or the spreading hairs of the styles (Gramineae). Where there is no style, the stigma is sessile on the ovary. It is sticky and papilese and receives the pollen from the anthers. Stigmatic plate, the front ne of the column in certain genera of Orchids, bearing the female elements, and composed of a pedicel (or expanded style), carrying a vertical plate on the face of which are the stigma, the rostellum, and the viscid disk. Stipellae, two small secondary stipules sometimes found at the base of leaflets. Stipes, a small stalk, especially one rising above the insertion of the perianth and supporting a fruit, when it is the equivalent of a small gynophore; also applied to the stalks of scales and bracts. Stipitate, supported on a stipes. Stipules, two small appendages growing at the base of the leafstalk. Stolon (runner, sucker), a basal branch growing just above or just below the surface, rooting at intervals and producing new plants. Striate, marked with parallel, longitudinal lines. Style, the narrow upper part of the carpel or pistil; it surmounts the ory and supports the stigma, but is sometimes wanting (fig. 2). Sub, a prefix meaning (1) somewhat, almost, as in ssuberect, subglobular; (2) under, inferior, as in subfamily. Subulate, awlshaped. Superior.—An ovary is superior or free when the calyx, corolla, and stamens are inserted below it on the floral axis, or when the hollow receptacle is not united with it. In the first case the calyx, corolla, and stamens are hypogynous or inferior (fig. 2), and in the second case they are inserted on or near the margin of the hollow receptacle and so become perigynous. A Superior radicle points towards the summit of the fruit, and a superior (epitropous) micropyle points to the summit of the ovary. Superposed, inserted one above the other. Suture——The dorsal suture of a carpel (carpellary leaf or fruit-leaf) represents the midrib of the leaf; it is the outer (anterior) suture or seam. The ventral suture is on the inner side of the carpel and indicates the line where the edges of the folded leaf have become united; it bears the placenta and ovules. Dehiscence may take place through one or both sutures. Sympeta'ous, a corolla in which the petals are united by their edges into a cup or tube. Less correctly called gamopeta'ous or monopetalous. Syncarpous, an Ovary, pistil, or fruit composed of two or more united carpels. Tendrils, filiform organs by which climbing plants cling to some object: within reach, Terete, slender-cylindrical, but not so slender as filiform. Ternate, arranged in threes, Testa, the outer seedcoat. Tomentose, densely covered with short soft matted hairs (tementum). Toothed (dentate), notched so as to resemble a row of sharp teeth. Torus, see receptacle, Trichotomous, stem or branches divided into three, once or several times. Trifid, cut about half-way into three parts. Trifololate, a leaf of three leaflets. Trigonous, a stem or other organ which is triangular when cut transversely. Tripartite, divided into three parts nearly to the base. Tripinnatisect, thrice pinnatisect. Triquetrous, a triangular stem or other organ when the angles are sharp. Tirisect, cut into three segments to the base of midrib. Truncate, cut off squarely. Tuber, (1) a swollen branch of an underground stem, producing buds, as the potato; (2) a swollen part of a root, acting as a reservoir of nourishment. Tubercle, a small wartlike protuberance. Tuberculate, covered with tubercles. Tunic, the outer covering of some bulbs and corms. Turbinate, top-shaped. Umbel, inflorescence where the divergent branches or rays start from the same point. In a simple umbel each ray bears one flower. Umbellule, a partial umbel borne at the summit of each ray of a compound umbel. Umbilicate, with a conspicuous depression in the centre. Umbonate, bearing a small: boss or elevation in the centre. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 23 Undershrub, a small shrub whose flowering branches die off in the winter. Undulate (crisped), wavy on the edges. Unilateral, one-sided. Uniserual, a flower of one sex, either male or female. Utricle, a very thin loose covering of some fruits. Valvate, petals and sepals whose edges, in bud, meet without overlapping. Valve, one of the pieces formed by the vertical splitting of the pericarp of eertain fruits when ripe. The valves usually consist of the backs of the carpels. Variety, subdivision of a species. Vascular bundles, long tubes or fibres which establish communication between the various parts of a plant. An open vascular bundle is one divided by a layer of cambium, so that the bundle is capable of constant growth; a closed bundle (as in Vascular Cryptograms and Monocotyledons) has no cambium and cannot increase in size. Ventral, see suture. Versatile, when the anther is lightly attached by some point of its back to the filament, so as to swing easily. Villows, beset with long soft hairs. Vitta, linear longitudinal vessel in the fruit of some Umbelliferae. Viviparous, see proliferous. Whorl (verticil), a set of organs, proceeding from the same node, and arranged in a circle around the axis. Whorled (verticillate), arranged in a whorl. Wing, (1) any kind of flat membranous expansion ; (2) one of the two lateral petals of papilionate flowers. Zygomorphic, see irregular. SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS. As in most modern floras, including those published in other English-speaking countries, the metric system has been here adopted for describing the size of flowers, leaves, and other parts of a plant. The contractions are: m., metre; cm., centimetre ; mm., millimetre ime. — 2:1 mm. 3 lines (inch) = 6-3 mm. 6 lines (4 inch) = 12°7 mm. Pinch =. 254mm. or 2°5 em. Zsinches aa 5:0 cm. CENTIMETRES. GURTQORO AULD OR ARSOR ATU RGOORAD ES IAAAEREGHORGNUAAB ORO RARR EREDAR ODUM IDOR OOM DU RDIORAOR ODDO RD OOOLN TERN : aq Ts 71 alto] ta 5h es NP INCHES. LOcemy 4 inches (nearly). 50) CM, so— 1 foot (nearly). La O0%em:,) ~ — 3 feet 34 inches (nearly). 5m. = 16% feet (nearly): 10m. =— 33 feet (nearly): REYe TO TEE] PAViiEnEs: A. Plants without flowers ; reproduction by spores Division 1 A. Plants with flowers ; reproduction by pollen and ovules, the latter ripening into seeds........... Division 2 B. Seeds naked, 7.e., not enclosed in an ovary ; no perianth SON 2 ete Ooi fe Jee one Ae, cate Larue erates Subdivision 1 B. Seeds enclosed in an ovary; perianth usually present So ae oA fossal ah os atcha a's opera, eh Spanene ta are eh ouaetate Subdivision 2 C. Embryo with 1 cotyledon; leaves usually with parallel nerves ; perianth frequently of 2 whorls of 3 parts each, but sometimes absent ....... Class 1 C. Embryo with 2 cotyledons; nerves of the leaves branching pinnately and often reticulate ; perianth usually in 1 or 2 whorls of 4 to 5 partseach Class 2 Petals, when present. usually free; perianth simple and petaloid or herbaceous, or divided into calyx and corolla, or sometimes absent...... Subclass | Petals usually united into a corolla ; perianth always double, but calyx sometimes inconspicuous Re ePIC ete a SOM aL es Subclass 2 PTERIDOPHYTA, SPERMATOPHYTA. GYMNOSPERMS. ANGIOSPERMS. MOoONOCOTYLEDONS. DICOTYLEDONS. ARCHICHLAMYDEAE. METACHLAMYDEAE. DIVISION 1.—PTERIDOPHYTA (VascuLaR CRYPTOGAMS). A. Class FILICALES (Fernlike Plants). Leaves large, usually divided or pinnatisect, with small spore-cases in clusters on the undersurface. B. Spores of one kind. C. Spore-cases with a ring. Spore-cases with a complete oblique ring; tree-ferns Spore cases with an incomplete longitudinal ring, and withor without imdusiwm:~.. 22... 5.56065 a86 5 Spore-cases few, with a transverse ring and opens by a longitudinal slit; no indusium ............. Spore-cases sessile in 2 rows, with a complete ring gh the summit and a longitudinal slit ; no indusium. C. Spore-cases without a ring; no indusium. Spore-cases clustered, stalked, with a longitudinal shit = trumladinick: ocic¢ 35a Sines. Paice stone een ts Spore-cases in 2 rows along the spike. like fertile leaf, and opening in a longitudinal slit............. B. Spores of 2 kinds, producing male and female prothalli. Spore-cases containing both sexes within 2 fertile leaves united in the form of a capsule ; barren ieaf usually ort leatlets: (Nacdo0)\ Fes oo Sach face we ae ee ates Spore-cases of 1 sex only, within the fruiting leaves ; suralh waber-plawte cs. fhe Secs thon neti a A. Class LYCOPODIALES (Plants like Clubmoss). Leaves small, undivided ; spore-cases solitary, sessile in the axils of the leaves. D. Spores of one kind; moss-like plants with small stem- leaves, or (in Phylloglossum) with linear radical leaves D. Spore-cases of 2 kinds. Moss-like plants ; macrosporangia usually with 4 spores Small plants with radical filiform leaves; macrospor- ARSE WH MMMNETOUS SOLES) sic 4... as vie siaps steele hae CYATHEACEAE Il. POLYPODIACEAE 2. GLEICHENIACEAE 3. SCHIZAEACEAE 4. OSMUNDACEAE 5. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 6. MARSILIACEAE 7. SALVINIACEAE 8. LYCOPODIACEAE 9. SELAGINELLACEAE 10 ISOETACEAE 11. DIVISION 2.—SPERMATOPHYTA (PuHaANEROG Ams). Suspivision 1.—GYMNOSPERMS. Trees or shrubs with leaves like needles or scales; ovules naked on the upper surface of scales; fruit a hard cone CERI ASISS Fo Bien oils Goss 2 ¢ siaee Uae Pe ak ter ay PINACEAE 12. 26 KEY TO THE FAMILIES. SuBDIVISION 2.—ANGIOSPERMS. Class 1.—MONOCOTYLEDONS. A. Marsh or water plants. B. Perianth absent ; seeds albuminous. Tall aquatic plants: flowers in dense velvety spikes. . Minute floating plants. with leaf-like laminas, often bearing roots ori the under-surface................. B. Perianth usually present ; seeds exalbuminous. C. Perianth of few segments or wanting ; stamens and carpels usually 1-4. water-plants. Leaves entire ; perianth of 4 segments or wanting Leaves toothed; female perianth a cup-shaped PACE Meal Gel schol ates hencadeorteo lone nae Boe wiles Geeta C. Perianth of 2. petaloid segments; stamens 6-18; carpels3:6 3) waver plamts 93)... co. myccee ence C. Perianth of 6 herbaceous segments in 2 whorls ; anthers and fertile carpels 6 or 3; marsh plants........ C. Perianth of 6 segments, the inner 3 petaloid ; marsh plants. Flowers bisexual ; carpels 6 or more, free; ovary SUPePlION, fn ek Gorse. yak Vedat: oll inate wade Beane Flowers mostly unisexual; ovary inferior, 1- celled (Halophila is a marine plant with incon- fs] OCC Dloyolzba cru UMN AAD Go ed addad code 60e 6c A. Mostly land plants ; sometimes growing near water ; seeds albuminous (except in Orchidaceae). D. Perianth wanting; ovary superior, l-celled, 1-ovuled ; each flower sheltered by small boat-shaped bracts called glumes ; leaves narrow (Order Glumiflorae). Stems hollow and interrupted by nodes; !eaf-sheaths slit downwards , flower enclosed in 2 bracts (Grasses) Stems solid, without nodes; leaf-sheaths not slit; flower in the axil of 1 bract (Sedge Family)...... D. Perianth present. EK. Perianth conspicuous, of 6 segments in 2 rows, all, or the inner ones, petaloid ; flowers usually bisexual. F. Ovary superior, usually 3-celled. All the segments or lobes petaloid; stamens usually 6 (Duly amily)” he. aah ies yt: eae Outer segments irregular; 3 inner segments united at base, yellow, perfect stamens 3...... Three inner segments free, blue............... sca. F. Ovary inferior. G. Flowers regular, or nearly so; ovary 3-celled. Stamens 6; anthers opening inwards........ Stamens 3; anthers opening outwards (Jris PANY 2 waste ele fois Ae erated: eek: G. Flowers usually irregular; stamens and style combined in a column; ovary _ 1-celled (OT CIES. 50k 2 Bee eo bee at ee eee EK. Perianth of glume-like segments, rarely wanting ; ovary superior, 1-3-celled. H. Flowers bisexual; segments 6; stamens 6 or 3; ovules several in each cell; leaves narrow, mostly PaCIe al, (Heses)* ne te a a Ne eels i One H. Flowers bisexular or unisexual; ovary with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Segments 6 or fewer; stamens 3; leaves mostly reduced to sheathing bracts along the stem and split open on one side (Rush-like Plants): . Segments reduced to 1-3 minute scales or absent ; ovary 1 or of several superposed carpels ; stamen 1; leaves filiform, radical; small PLAS ew. eee 6 eee Segments small, 4-6; stamens 6; flowers in a head 3 leaves: radical... 4. 22 eee TYPHACEAE 13. LEMNACEAE 23. POTAMOGETONACEAE 14, NAJADACEAE 15. APONOGETONACEAE 16. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 17 ALISMATACEAE 18. HYDROCHARITACEAE 19. GRAMINEAE 20. CYPERACEAE 21], LILIACEAE 29. XYRIDACEAE 25. COMMELINACEAE 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE 30. TRIDACEAE 831. ORCHIDACEAE 32. JUNCACEAE 28. RESTIONACEAE 23. CENTROLEPIDACEAE 24. ERIOCAULACEAE 26. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. 27 Cuass 2.—DICOTYLEDONS. Subclass 1.—ARCHICHLAMYDEAE, Plants whose perianth occupies a lower stage of development. Some have neither calyx nor corolla (achlamydeous) ; others have a perianth which is all either petal-like or sepal- like, and may be simple (haplochlamydeous, monochlamydeous) or double (diplochlamydeous), and in the latter case the 2 whorls may be dissimilar (sepals and petals), and the petals are then usually separate from each other (choripetalous flower). There are, however, some exceptions. The petals are more or less united (usually near their bases) in Stackhousia, Fumaria, and Olax, in many Acacias, in Polygalaceae, Papilion- atae, Malvaceae, and Oxalidaceae, and in some genera of Pittosporaceae and Rutaceae. The petaloid segments of Loranthus and of Proteaceae and Nyctaginaceae are also more or less united. Petals are sometimes absent in a particular genus, although they may be characteristic of the family; such cases are Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae), Brachychiton (Sterculiaceae), Dodonaea (Sapindaceae), and some genera of Huphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, and Lythraceae. 1. Ovules with many embryo-sacs (macrospores). Order Verticillatae. Flowers unisexual; male flowers in catkins; female without perianth; fruit a cone; leaves reduced to whorls of small teeth: (iSheoak). ..0 4. Se oases a CASUARINACEAE 33. 2. Ovules with usually only 1 embryo-sac. A. Flowers naked or with a simple bract-like perianth. Order Urticales. Flowers unisexual ; perianth of usually 4 segments; carpel 1; ovary superior, l-ovuled ; albumen scanty. Trees with milky sap; flowers enclosed in a hollow receptacle which becomes the fruit (fig)............. Moraceae 34. Herbs with opposite leaves and stinging hairs (Nettle)... URtTicacEAn 35. A. Flowers with a simple or double bract-like or sometimes petaloid perianth. B. Order Proteales. Perianth simple, petaloid ; stamens 4, inserted on the 4 segments; carpel 1, superior; nut, drupe, or hard follicle; seed exalbuminous (Needle- DUSICMPES EL IVICSU GN he eect SU Ges oy SM) ea one GEN Yack ine PROTEACEAE 36. B. Order Santalales. Flowers regular; carpels 1-3 united ; ovary l-celled, usually inferior; seeds albuminous. C. Perianth-segments in 1 whorl, petaloid; flowers bisexual or unisexual; parasites. Segments 4-5, with the same number of stamens opposite them ; ovary |-celled, with 2-5 ovules on a central placenta; nut, drupe or berry; shrubs or trees (Quandong, Natiwe Cherry) ............ SANTALACEAE 37. Segments 4-6, free or united, with the same number of stamens inserted on them; ovary inferior, l-celled, l-ovuled; berry sticky ; leaves opposite OUTS CLOG) eae axe horses so oaso hte eed se hee atl LORANTHACEAE 39. C. Perianth-segments in 2 whorls; calyx 4-6-toothed ; petals 4-6; ovary superior; drupe; shrub...... OLACACEAE 38. B. Order Polygonales. Perianth-segments 3-6, herbaceous, in 1 or 2 whorls ; flowers regular, bisexual or unisexual ; stamens 6-9; ovary superior, l-celled, l-ovuled, with 2-4 styles; embryo usually straight; angular nut; stipules sheathing the stem; herbs or shrubs (Dock, MEH OL GROSS MLTATUUTIIN Maoh os arenes sone ects een, ae eho es POLYGONACEHAE 40. B. Order Centrospermae. Flowers regular ; stamens usually as many as and opposite the perianth-segments ; ovary usually of several united carpels, 1-celled, with 1 or more ovules; embryo usually much curved round the albumen, which is sometimes absent. D. Perianth simple, except in some Azzoaceae. E. Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; ovary superior. Perianth herbaceous, of 1-5 lobes or segments ; stamens opposite segments ; ovary 1-celled, with 1 basal ovule ; styles 2-3; flowers small, some- times immersed in fleshy branches; herbs or undershrubs (Goos2foot, Saltbush, Samphire).... CHENOPODIACEAE 41. 98 KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Perianth-segments 5, scarious or colored ; stamens opposite them ; ovary 1-celled, l-ovuled ; styles 1-3; leaves entire; herbs or undershrubs.... Perianth 5-lobed, petaloid, the lower part hardened and persistent ; stamens usually 1-4; carpel 1, t-ovuled:; « style-simmple; -herbsi2-73 3 3 ae Perianth 4-5-lobed, herbaceous or somewhat scarious; stamens 4-5, or many; carpels 1- celled, l-ovuled, 2 or many, separate or united in a ring, each with a distinct style; leaves entire:;, ‘herbs.Or trees, vy... ids Boas ke eee ee FE. Flowers bisexual ; perianth of 4-5 herbaceous lobes or segments; stamens 4-5, rarely 8-10, or many, and then the outer ones changed into petals ; ovary superior or inferior, 2-several-celled, rarely 1-celled ; styles as many as cells; leaves often succulent ; herbs) or undershrulbs (@Brgjace)nn- 4. eee D. Perianth double ; whorls dissimilar ; flowers bisexual. Sepals 2; petals 4-5; stamens 5-many ; ovary superior or half-inferior, 1-celled, with 2-many ovules on a free central placenta; capsule; succulent herbs (Burslane Paraiceelya)\ ene. aan oe a ee eae Sepals 4-5; petals as many, rarely absent; stamens usually twice as many ; ovary superior, l-celled, with 2-5 styles; ovules usually many on a free central placenta; herbs with opposite entire leaves (Pink ERONUULGY)) oS os) eee hapeey epee he eter oe ee he ee A. Flowers almost always with calyx and corolla. F. Pistil often apocarpous or sometimes syncarpous, with 1-several cells. Order Ranales. Perianth of 1 or 2 whorls; stamens usually numerous ; Ovary superior. G. Anthers opening by slits; stamens hypogynous. Flowers simple, unisexual, with 9-12 minute perianth- segments ; stamens 12-16; carpel solitary, with 1 pendulous ovule; albumen scanty; leaves whopled; -water-plants) 5-40. acco: one ee aoe os Flowers bisexual, usually regular; sepals and petals usually 5; petals absent in Clematis ; stamens numerous; carpels several; achenes; albumen copious; herbs <(Buttereym).. so5.2 2 wie a aero G. Anthers opening by valves from the base upwards ; stamens perigynous; flowers bisexual, regular ; perianth-segments 6, in 2 rows, similar, small ; stamens 12, of which 3 are reduced to staminodia ; carpel solitary, l-ovuled; no albumen; leafless PAPAIN ALASILES, . otis. <4 a, ua a ee eine othe Sates F. Pistil often syncarpous; ovary usually superior ; stamens hypogynous or perigynous. H. Order RKhoeadales. Flowers bisexual, usually double ; carpels 2-many, united in a superior, usually 1-celled ovary ; styles very short or absent. I. Sepals 2 (rarely 3); seeds albuminous; flowers regular, or (in Fumaria) irregular ; petals 4 (rarely 6) ; stamens many, free, or 6 in 2 bundles ; capsule with many-seeded parietal placentas, or (in Fumaria) a |-seeded nut ; herbs (Poppy, Fumitory) I. Sepals 4-6; seeds without albumen. J. Flowers regular; sepals and petals 4. Stamens 8-many; ovary usually stalked, 1- celled, with several parietal placentas ; capsule or berry; herbs or shrubs (Caper PLAT), os aa leot 2, & a:

is 6. PTERIDIUM, Gleditsch. (Name formed from Péeris.) 1. Pt. aquilinum, (L.), Kuhn. Bracken. Leaves large, rigid, triangular in outline, 3-4-pinnate at YAY base, the ultimate segments decurrent at base and hairy below, the upper ones of each pinnule linear and entire and the terminal one long; sori con- tinuous along the thickened margin, covered by the marginal indusium which opens on the inner side, and also by a very delicate inner indusium. —Pteris aquilina, L. Mount Lofty Range; common in the South- Kast and other southerly parts of the State. Cosmopolitan. 2 (t i. CS a Zs Be faa = Xe Fic. 7.—Pteridium aquilinum. 7. NOTHOLAENA, R. Br. (Greek nothos, spurious; laina, a cloak; on account of the curved margin of the leaf- segments forming a spurious indusium.) Sori marginal as in Cheilanthes, but the margin is unchanged and very slightly recurved. Pande detsely woolly betieathy 2: 20.66)... eee eos eee ole cove N. Brownw 1. Pamise wit scaly hairs beneath: = 2.50. cow. os ls ee wes N. distans 2. 1. N. Brownii, Desv. Usually a small fern; leaves bipinnatisect, the rhachis covered with reddish hairs and scales; pinnae broadly lanceolate, pinnatifid, green and villous above, densely woolly with reddish hairs below ; the segments obtuse and the lower ones lobed. —WN. vellea, R. Br. not of Desv. Cheilanthes vellea, F. ¥. M. Flinders Range; Musgrave Ranges and Far North, 2. N. distans, R. Br. Resembles the preceding, but the leaves are less hairy and sometimes glabrous above, while the hairs of the undersurface are scale-like and not nearly so dense.—Cheilanthes distans, A. Braun. Mount Lofty Range and as far north as the Gawler Ranges. Fia. 8.—Notholaena distans. 38 POLY PODITACEAE. 8. Blechnum. 8. BLECHNUM, L. (Greek blekhnon, the name of a fern.) Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, dissimilar ; the barren ones spreading, the fertile ones erect, with much narrower pinnules ; veins forked ; sori in 2 continuous lines parallel to the midrib of the pinnae, the indusium opening from the midrib outwards. A. Segments of barren leaves attached to the rhachis by a broad base. Barrenssezments long. osc hae eee B. discolor 1. Barren segments short: .... 5... wf. oro oe teens ie B. lanceolatum 2. A. Segments mostly attached to the rhachis by the midrib (0) 0 haere As iA Panes arin Ce MENG EGS n Gl dic'ceo.c B. capense 3. 1. B. discolor (Willd.) Keys. Barren leaves lanceolate in outline, paler below, pin- natisect, the longer segments 5-8 cm. long. narrow-lanceolate, confluent at base, the lower ones smaller ; fertile segments narrower and rather shorter, with a dark rhachis.—- Lomaria discolor, Willd. Mount Lofty Ranges. 2. B. lanceolatum (R. Br.), Sturm. Resembles the preceding, but the segments of the barren leaves are shorter (the longest 2-4 cm. long) and the lowest are very short and broad.—Lomaria lanceolata, Spreng. Given for Mount Gambier on the authority of Mueller (FJ. Aust., vii., 736), but I have not seen any specimens from this State. 3. B. capense (L.), Schlecht. Leaves pinnate in ty q » YS the greater part, pinnatisect near the summit, the ey My E BA f; majority of the lanceolate pinnae or segments with Mp SY MY an obliquely truncate base and attached to the lin VI Ve NZ V/) rhachis only by the midrib, a few of the uppermost oy wW = A Zz V) attached to the rhachis by the lower half of the mT ag NZ NA broad base, the longest 5-15 cm. long, 13-2 cm. BERR RAIN NNT v=, NEI NZ broad, serrulate, all lighter green below; fertile aT TNS V= \Z eaves similar, but the pinnae usually much nar- N WA rower, the under-surface sometmes covered entirely SZ by the sori, and the rhachis more or less scaly.— S Lomaria capensis, Willd. GN Mount Lofty Range; Kangaroo Island; South- i he ee East. The adnate character of the upper segments Ses aX ¢ = brings our specimens very near to B. cartilagineum, Swartz, a species of Eastern Australia. [Zz aS a Fic. 9.—Blechnum capense. 9. ASPLENIUM, L. (Greek asplenon, name of a fern considered to be a cure for diseases of the spleen ; from a, without ; splen, spleen.) Sori linear or oblong, on forked veins proceeding obliquely from the midrib ; indusium attached lengthwise to the vein and opening towards the midrib. A. Leaves simply pinnate. Pinnae fanshaped ; rhachis mostly green ETA nAee AS BPS RS A, flabellifolium 1. Pinnae'ovate s rhachis: black 0.0 cn ence one A. Trichomanes 2. A. Leaves twice pinnatisect. Ultimate segments lanceolate, pinnatifiGe so. een A. bulbiferum 3. Ultimate segments oblong, toothed... ./2sh ie eee A. praemorsum 4. 1. A. flabellifolium, Cav. Fan-leaved Spleenwort A small delicate fern; leaves once pinnate, with fan- shaped pinnae 5-15 mm. broad, crenately toothed ; petiole bl ck and shining, most of the rhachis green : sori confluent when old. Common in the Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges and in the other moist districts. 2. A. Trichomanes, L. Common Spleenwort. Also a small, tufted fern; pinnae ovate or obovate 4-8 mm. long, crenately toothed; both petiole and rhachis black and shining. Mount Gambier district. Widely spread throughout the temperate parts of the world. Fic. 10.—Asplenium flabellifolium. 10. Polystichum. POLYPODIACEAE. 39 3. A. bulbiferum, Forst. Leaves large, bipinnatisect, often proliferous; ultimate segments lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid, with 1 forked vein to each lobe ; sori large, 1 to each lobe, the indusium opening away from the vein towards the midrib of the segment. South-East. 4. A. praemorsum, Swartz. Leaves bipinnatisect, slightly scaly ; ultimate segments coriaceous, coarsely toothed, striate owing to the prominent veins.—A. furcatum, Thunb. South-East. 10. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. (Greek polys, many ; stichos, a row ; alluding to the many rows of sori.) 1. P. aculeatum (L.). Schott. Leaves large, bipinnatisect, rhachis very scaly ; primary segments lanceolate, acute ; ultimate segments ovate-lanceolate, prickly-toothed, enlarged on the upper margin into a prominent lobe ; veins forked, free, diverging from the midrib ; sori in 2 rows between the midrib and the margin of the segment ; indusium orbicular, affixed peltately by its centre-—Aspidium aculeatum, Swartz. South-East. Almost cosmopolitan. 11. DRYOPTERIS, Adans. (Greek drys, an oak; pteris, a fern: alluding to the leaves of some species.) Leaves more or less compound; veins free or the lower ones meeting ; sori orbicular, covered by small heart-shaped or kidney-shaped indusia, which are fixed to the leaf by the centre of the notch; indusium falling off early or sometimes wanting. PEeMVeS SIM ply, PIMIMAte! oc. > vce ces + eae ss +e es D. parasitica 1. A. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatisect. Ultimate segments acutely toothed, thin and flaccid .. D. decomposita 2. Ultimate segments crenately toothed, stiff ........... D. punctata 3. 1. D. parasitica (L.), O. Kuntze. Leaves once pinnate, the rhachis glabrous or pubescent ; pinnae lanceolate, truncate at base, the lower ones gradually smaller; lobes oblong, obtuse, curved upwards, the lowest veins of adjoining lobes united into one vein which extends to the sinus; sori in the middle of the veins and extending in 2 rows parallel to the midrib of the lobes.—Aspidiwm molle, Swartz. Below cliffs on River Mu ray at Caurnamont and in Hundred of Younghusband ; rock holes at Nilcurloo, E.P. D. gongylodes (Schkuhr), O. Kuntze (Aspidium unitum, Swartz), was found by Professor Tate in the Guill Range, near the Finke River, N.T., and may therefore occur in our Far North. It differs from D. parasitica in the lower pinnae as long as the others, the lobes broader, shorter and acute, and in the sori forming | row along the margin of the lobes. Fic. 11.—Dryopteris parasitica. 2. D. decomposita (R. Br), O. Kuntze. Leaves bipinnatisect or the larger ones tri- pinnatisect, dark green, the rhachis usually pubescent ; pinnae lanceolate, acute, pinnatisect towards base; segments acutely toothed; sorl about halfway between the midrib and the margin of the segments or lobes of the pinna.—Aspidium decompositum, Spring. Yallum Caves (South-East). 3. D. punetata (Thunb), C. Chr. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatisect, sometimes very large, the rhachis usually glandular-hairy ; lower pinnae often 30 cm. long or more ; secondary segments lobed or deeply pinnatifid, rigid when in fruit, the lobes or ultimate segments toothed, obtuse; sori in 2 rows on the segments or lobes, about halfway between the midrib and margin.—Polypodium punctatum, Thunb. Mount Lofty Range; Glencoe, near Mount Gambier. Fie. 12.—Dryopteris punctata. 40 POLYPODIACEAE. 12. Gymnogramme. 12. GYMNOGRAMME, Desv. (Greek gymnos, naked; gramma, a writing: alluding to the naked sori affixed to the veins in lines.) Leaves pinnate or bipinnatisect, with the veins free and repeatedly forked ; sori affixed along the centre of the terminal veins and covering them, sometimes appearing marginal ; no indusium. eaves; simply pinnate, scaly “24.2.3. sha ie at oe eens G. Reynoldsw 1. Leaves bipinnatisect, glabrous. 1.55.06. cs ens arene G. leptophylla 2. 1. G. Reynoldsii, F. v. M. (under Notholaena and Grammitis). Small perennial; Jeaves once pinnate, with a wiry black shining scaly rhachis; pinnae ovate or oblong, entire, thick, opposite, 1-2 cm. long, more or less clothed on both faces with scaly linear- lanceolate toothed hairs, the clothing denser on the under-surface; the 3 terminal pinnae united into one 3-lobed pinna; sori on the terminal veins, almost concealed by the hairs, finally confluent and forming a broad marginal line. Parachilna Gorge (Flinders Range); Mount Ilbillie (Everard Range); near Mount Watson and Birksgate Range; usually among granite boulders. 2. G. leptophylla (L.), Desv. Delicate little glabrous annual or biennial; leaves bipinnatisect, the outer ones shorter with a few fan-shaped pinnae, the ultimate segments obovate-cuneate, more or less deeply lobed; the sori finally almost covering the under- surface of each lobe.—Grammatis leptophylla, Swartz: Anogramme leptophylla, Link. Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges. Widely spread throughout the world. 13. PLEUROSORUS, Fee. (Greek pleura, side; soros, a heap: alluding to the position of the sori along the sides of the veins.) 1. P. rutifolius (R. Br.), Fée. Small perennial fern, more or less beset with long scaly hairs or shorter glan- dular hairs; leaves simply pinnate; pinnae fan-shaped or obliquely obovate ; veins radiating from the base of the pinna, repeatedly forked; sori linear, attached to the side of the veins and often covering the whole undersurface; no indusium.—Grammitis ruti- folia, R. Br. Hilly country in most parts of the State. Fia. 13.—Pleurosorus rutifolius. Famity 3.—GLEICHENIACEAE. Spore-cases few (2-8) in the sorus, surrounded by an obscure transverse ring and opening by a longitudinal slit, without an indusium ; sori seated on the forked veins. 1. GLEICHENIA, Sm. (After F. W. Gleichen, a German botanist, 1717-1783.) 1. G. circinata, Swartz. Coral Fern; Bird’s Nest Fern. Leaves either short and bipinnate, or long and dichotomously branched so as to be 3-4-pin- nate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, spreading, cut to the midrib into numerous small alternate contiguous pinnules or segments, flat, ovate, and about 2 mm. broad in the short barren leaves, almost orbicular, 1-14 mm. broad, of thicker texture and recurved on the margins in the fertile leaves ; rhachis hairy ; sori solitary near the upper basal angle of each segment, consisting of 2-4 spore- cases, and almost concealed by the margin. Mount Lofty Range; South-East. Fic 14 —Gleichenia circinata. l. Schizaea. SCHIZAEACEAE. 4] Faminy 4.—SCHIZAEACEAE. Spore-cases sessile, with a small complete ring at the summit, opening by a longitudinal slit. (Greek skhizo, I cut; alluding to the contiguous segments of the fertile leaves.) (i 1. SCHIZAEA Sm. 1. Sch. fistulosa, Labill. Comb Fern. Flowers in compound) spikes; nev ecigetsiant oc: oc Postponta 4. C. Flowers in simple pedunculate spikes. Perianth of4-sepments) 2. ober sith yeek- ee cee POTAMOGETON 5. PELIAnhD NONE? hoot ou «iste sees eos te eee ae ieee Ruppia 6. 1. ZOSTERA, L. (Greek zoster, a girdle: alluding to the ribbon-like leaves.) Flowers unisexual, male and female in alternate rows forming a flat spike enclosed in the sheathing base of the floral leaf; no perianth ; male flowers of 1 subsessile, 1-celled anther; pollen filiform; female flowers of | carpel, attached laterally, with a filiform 2-branched style; ovule 1, pendulous. Submarine plants, with a creeping rhizome and long, grass-like, alternate leaves. ihenves siatched pt.aummity 2. 2 ck siesdelos acces et concn: ole Z. nana 1. Leaves! rounded at summit. 2), 1-r. = elect inci ess er aren Z. tasmanica 2. 1. Z. nana, Roth. Leaves narrow, linear, about 2 mm. broad, bluntly notched at summit, with 1 cental nerve, 2 marginal nerves and 4-6 fine secondary nerves; flowers with bracteoles ; fruits smooth.—Z. Muelleri, Irmisch. Sea-coast. Dec.-Feb. 2. Z. tasmanica, G. V. Martens. Leaves rather broader, rounded at summit or minutely notched ; flowers without bracteoles ; fruits striate. Sea-coast. 2. CYMODOCEA, Koen. (Greek Kymodokeé, name of a sea-nymph.) 1. C. antaretica (Labill.), Endl. Submarine plant; rhizome creeping and producing upright shoots at the nodes; leaves distichous, broadly linear (2-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad) truncate or lunate at the summit; flowers solitary, enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf; male flowers naked; anthers 2, 4-celled, shortly horned at summit, coherent, inserted on a common stalk; pollen filiform ; female flower consisting of twin carpels more or less surrounded by a cup formed of connate membranous bracteoles (perianth ?); style with 3 stigmatic branches ; fruiting carpel a drupe, the horny endocarp becoming a 4-lobed comb-like cup ; embryo germinating within the carpel and producing a young plant which finally breaks away from the branch, along with the “ comb,” and roots at the bottom of the sea.—Pectinella antar tica, J. M. Black. Sea-coast. One of the “‘ sea-grasses’’ and often cast ashore. Sept.-Jan. 3. Althenia. POTAMOGETONACEAE. 47 3. ALTHENIA, Fr. Petit. (After J. Althen, a Persian, who took refuge in France and introduced the cultivation of madder, Rubia tinctorum, in 1760.) Flowers dioecious, solitary within 1-2 sheathing bracts consisting of the stipules of reduced leaves ; male flower on a short pedicel, with 3 sessile, 2-celled anthers, coherent by their backs so as to appear like a single ovoid, 6-celled anther, and enclosed in one or two inner hyaline bracts; at the base of the anthers are 3 small perianth-segments (or bracteoles ?); female flower pedicellate, consisting of 3 distinct, stalked carpels, each ovary tapering into a style with oblique stigma and with a scarious perianth-segment (or bracteole ?) at base; ovule 1 in each carpel; pollen globular. Submerged plants, inhabiting fresh or brackish water, with filiform stems and capillary alternate leaves. The Australian species belong to the section Lepilaena. Sele shorter tham the Overy . .<< sin e's oes sales s'ee;s Pees A. australis | miuleslonser than the OVALY.\< ci) .scce less os vs os sibs woes A. Preissu 2. 1. A. australis (J. Drumm.), Aschers. Female flower with styles shorter than the ovaries, the perianth segments ovoid, entire, only about 14 mm. long and shorter than the carpel ; fruiting pedicels attaining a length of 2-33 cm. —Lepilaena australis, J. UTE South-East and at least as far north as Adelaide. Sept.-Nov. 2. A. Preissii (Lehm.), Graebn. Female flower with styles longer than the ovaries, the perianth-segments oblong, bifid at summit, and as long as the young carpel (3 mm.) ; fruiting pedicels exceeding the sheathing bracts, but not nearly as long as those of the preceding species.—Lepilaena Preissvi (Lehm.), F. v. M., and including L. cylindrocarpa (Koern.), Benth. South-East. Sept.-Nov. 4. POSIDONIA, Koen. (From Greek Poseidon, Neptune, god of the sea.) 1. P. australis, Hook f. Submarine plant, the base of the stem covered with the fibrous remains of the leaf-sheaths ; leaves long, linear, 3-8 mm. broad, with about 9 fine parallel nerves; flowers bisexual in a compound spike with a long floral leaf at base and shorter floral leaves at the base of each single spike; no perianth; stamens 3, the connectives lanceolate, persistent and bractlike at the base of the fruit after the 2 basal anther-cells have fallen ; pollen filiform ; carpel 1, sessile, contracted at summit; stigma 3-4-lobed ; ovule 1, erect; fruit about 2 cm. long, obliquely ovoid-acuminate, with fleshy pericarp, dehiscing irregularly at the base. Sea-coast. May-Sept. 5. POTAMOGETON, L. (Greek potamos, a river ; geitun, neighbor.) Flowers bi-sexual, in dense simple spikes on axillary peduncles ; perianth-segments 4, broad ; stamens 4, inserted at the base of the segments, almost sessile ; pollen globular ; carpels 4, free, with a rather hard endocarp when in fruit; seed much curved. Freshwater perennial plants, with alternate leaves, or opposite ones when they are under the branches and peduncles. A. Leaves all alike, submerged, sessile or nearly so, mem- branous. iB: Leavesioblong, curly, on margins’)... ..). 96. - 46s. «1. P. crispus 1. B. Leaves narrow-linear, flat. C. Leaves not sheathing. eaves Obtuses 3-5 -NEIvVed) o. sus deem ce cecccte ere P. ochreatus 2. Leaves acute; many-nerved) . ./..155-.7.:- 0. = 4 P. acutifolius 3. C. Leaves sheathing, very narrow ................ P. pectinatus 4. A. Leaves dissimilar, the upper ones petiolate, with broad floating blades. Floating leaves with 18-25 nerves...............0000- P. Tepperi 5. Floating leaves with about 15 nerves................. P. tricarinatus 6. 1. P. erispus L. Curly Pondweed. Leaves linear-oblong, transparent, obtuse, 5-10 mm. broad, 3-nerved, wavy and crisped on the edges; fruits smooth or crenulate at the back, with a rather acute beak almost as long as the fruit. Murray, Onkaparinga, and other streams; an obstructive weed in the Torrens Lake (Adelaide). Oct.-Feb. A cosmopolitan plant. 2. P. ochreatus, Raoul. Leaves linear, obtuse, 2-4 mm. broad, with a broad central nerve and usually 2 others near each margin; fruits rather broad, rounded and smooth or crenulate on the back, with a short, usually curved beak.—P. obtusifolius, F. v. M. not of Mertens and Koch. Southern districts and Kangaroo Island. Nov.-Dec. 48 POTAMOGETONACEAE. 6. Ruppia. 3. P. acutifolius, Link. Resembles the preceding, but the leaves are acute, with numerous fine longitudinal nerves, and the fruits have a small tooth at the base of the inner margin. Recorded for the River Murray in Victoria, and probably to be found in our State, but I have not seen a specimen. 4. P. pectinatus, L. Stems very slender, dichotomous; leaves narrow-linear, dilated into a long sheathing base, with 2 lanceolate lobes (stipules) ; fruits rather large (3-4 mm. long), obovoid, with a very short, almost lateral beak. Creeks and freshwater swamps. _Sept.-Dec. 5. P. Tepperi, A. Benn. Upper leaves on long petioles, the lamina floating, ovate or orbicular, sometimes cordate at base, thick, with 19-25 nerves; spike dense cylindrical ; fruits obovoid, rounded on back and with 3 almost smooth ribs; beak very short.— P. natans, R. Br. partly, not of L. Rivers and swamps of southern and south-eastern districts. Nov.-Jan. 6. P. tricarinatus, A. Benn. Near the preceding, but the leaves are ovate-oblong with 13-17 nerves; fruits with the 3 dorsal ribs strongly crenulate or tuberculate.— P. natans, R. Br. partly, not of L. Murray River and in creeks and swamps. Nov.-Jan. 6. RUPPIA, L. (After H. B. Ruppius, a German botanist ; lived 1689-1719.) 1. R. maritima, L. Submerged plant inhabiting brackish water ; leaves long, filiform, clustered, with sheathing bases which shelter the young spike; flowers bisexual, naked, 2, on opposite faces of the axis of the spike ; anthers 2, sessile, 2-celled, pollen globular ; carpels 4-8, with 1 pendulous ovule and peltate stigma; carpels at first sessile, but becoming pedicellate as they ripen and raised to the surface of the water on a long spirally coiled peduncle. Brackish waters near the sea. Oct.-Dec. Famity 15.—NAJADACEAE. Differs from Potamogetonaceae chiefly in the erect ovule, the toothed leaves, and the perianth represented by a membranous cup-shaped bract ; flowers unisexual, solitary in the axils of the opposite or whorled leaves ; carpel 1. 1. NAJAS, L. (Greek naias, a naiad or water-nymph.) Flowers dioecious, solitary, axillary ; male flower of 1 anther, with 1 or 4 cells, enclosed in a membranous bract or perianth ; pollen globular; female flower of 1 sessile carpel with a 2-3-branched style and 1 small bract. Submerged waterplants ; leaves opposite and often appearing whorled. Leaves prominently toothed: 23m otcmictcs)-fbe ie porter hee N. major 1. Veayes*withminute teebh, :. 2 rch array. viea hae leigh aetet esse N. tenuifolia 2. 1. N. major, All. Leaves linear, 2-3 mm. broad, sinuately and prominently toothed, the sheathing base not lobed ; anther 4-celled ; style 2-3-branched. River Murray. A cosmopolitan species. Jan.-Mar. 2. N. tenuifolia, R. Br. Leaves narrow-linear, 1 mm. broad, with small distant teeth scarcely visible except under the lens, the sheathing base produced into 2 stipular lobes toothed like the leaf-blade ; style 2-branched. Recorded from the MacDonnell Ranges and probably occurs in our Far North. Jan.- Mar. Famity 16.—APONOGETONACEAE. Flowers bisexual, arranged in spikes; perianth of 2 petal-like segments; stamens 6-18, in 2 or 3 whorls; carpels 3-6, each with 2-6 erect ovules. Freshwater plants. 1. APONOGETON, Thunb. (From Aponus, the Latin name of the town of Albano, and Greek geiton, near.) * 1. A. distachyus, Thunb. Cape Pondweed. Rootstock bulbous; leaves floating, large, oblong, with long, sheathing petioles ; flowers sessile, scented, in terminal forked spikes ; the 2 perianth-segments broad, opposite, white ; anthers purple. Creeks near Mount Lofty. Aug.-Nov.--South Africa. 1. Triglochin. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 49 Famity 17.—SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Flowers bisexual; perianth-segments herbaceous, 6, in 2 whorls; carpels with 1-2 anatropous ovules. Marsh plants with narrow leaves. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. (Greek treis, three; glokhis, a point: alluding to the points of the 3 carpels.) Flowers in terminal spikes on a simple erect scape ; perianth-segments usually 6, in 2 whorls ; anthers 6 or 3, almost sessile ; carpels normally 6, but 3 often sterile and persis- tant on the central axis ; ovule solitary, laterally attached. Usually marsh or freshwater plants, with linear radical leaves. A. Fertile carpels 3, separating from the central axis and alternating with 3 barren persistant carpels. 1S J 2GSRSS OUT TCL oy Ae eRe t eye fem REPS RR FL Ta RED Ace RE T. striata 1. B. Small annuals. C. Carpels truncate, with a spreading point.......... T. mucronata 2. C. Carpels contracted towards summit. Carpels with conspicuous basal spurs ........... T. calcitrapa 3. Carpels without conspicuous spurs ............. T. centrocarpa 4. A. Fertile carpels usually 6, without any barren ones or persistant centraliaxiS) 2... ga. ieee ese se es sar S aan T. procera 5. 1. T. striata, Ruiz et Pav. Stoloniferous perennial with narrow-linear leaves; scape 3-30 cm. high; flowers usually numerous ; perfect anthers 3; fruits subglobular, the 3 fertile carpels streaked on the back. Swamps in southern districts. Oct.-Dec. 2. T. mucronata, R. Br. Small annual with very narrow leaves ; scape 3-10 cm. high ; flowers few, sometimes only 1 terminating the scape; fruits almost sessile, top-shaped and truncate, the 3 perfect carpels having each a horizontal mucro at summit. Swamps in southern districts. Aug.-Sept. 3. T. calcitrapa, Hook. Small annual with filiform leaves ; scape 6-15 cm. high ; fruits pyramidal-linear, 4-6 mm. long, pedicellate or almost sessile, each fertile carpel with. 2 long, incurved, basal spurs. Dry North. Apr.-July. 4. T. centrocarpa, Hook. Dwarf annual with filiform leaves; scape 3-7 cm. high ; fruits pyramidal-linear, 2-5 mm. long, sessile or pedicellate, the carpels with slight pro- tuberances or very short straight spurs at base. Almost all parts of the State, often in sandy soil. May-Sept. 5. T. procera, R. Br. Robust perennial; leaves long flat, 1 cm. broad, the upper part floating ; scape from 25 to more than 50 cm. high ; flowers numerous ; stamens 6; fruits subglobular or oblong. In or beside rivers, creeks, and lakes, chiefly in the southern districts. Sept.-Nov. Famity 18.—ALISMATACEAE. Flowers usually bisexual; sepals and petals 3; stamens usually 6, hypogynous, with erect 2-celled anthers; carpels 6 or more, with 1 to several anatropous ovules. Marsh plants with radical leaves and branched inflorescence. Carpels beaked, radiating, 2-seeded.. «2.2.2.6... 2. cues Damasonium 1. Garpels scarcely beaked;l-seeded 0.8 ou, cede erent oes Alisma 2. 1. DAMASONIUM, Juss. (Greek damazo, to subdue, because one species was said to overcome poison.) 1. D. minor (R. Br.), Buch. Leaves radical, on long petioles, ovate-cordate to lance9o- late, with 3-5 primary nerves ; stems leafless 20-50 cm. high ; flowers small, paniculate, in 3 or 4 distant whorls and a terminal umbel; petals pale pink, larger than the sepals ; carpels 6-9, compressed, united at base, tapering into a beak, radiating like a star; seeds oblong, tuberculate.—D. australe, Salisb. (1812); Actinocarpus minor, R. Br. (1810). Marshes beside the River Murray. Jan.-March. 1. ALISMA, L. (Greek and Latin name of the plant.) 1. A. plantago, L. Water plantain. Rootstock bulbous; leaves on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate. sometimes cordate at base, large, 7-nerved ; stem leafless, erect, stiff, 30 cm. to 1 m. high ; flowers small, pale pink, in a large panicle of whorled branches, each branch bearing an umbel; carpels about 20, small, rounded on back and summit, com- pressed and closely packed in a ring round the depressed axis. Reedbeds near Adelaide; Onkaparinga River, but probably an escape. Dec.-Feb.— A cosmopolitan plant. 50 HY DROCHARITACEAE. l. Ottelia. Famity 19.—HYDROCHARITACEAE. Flowers mostly unisexual, enclosed when young in a spathe; sepals and petals 3. stamens 3-12, anthers 2-ceiled ; ovary inferior, adherent to the receptacle, more or less i-celled, with numerous ovules attached to parietal placentas: style with 3-8 stigmas fruit indehiscent, ripening under water. Submerged water-plants. A. Freshwater plants. iBeatlowersilarce, bisexual \..'s. 0 ac a. cere enter OTTELIA 1. B. Flowers small, dioecious. C. Leaves long and radical. Spathe tubular; petals present .............05. BLyxa 2. Spathe ovoid ; petals absent in the male flowers... VALLISNERIA 3. @s Leaves short, whorled..c. 15s ee eee HyprRinua 4. A. Saltwater plant ; leaves broad, in pairs .............. HALopuia 5. 1. OTTELIA, Pers. (From ottel-ambel, the native name of an Indian species.) 1. O. ovalifolia (R. Br.), L. C. Rich. Leaves radical, on long petioles, mostly with ovate or oblong blades floating on the water ; flowers bisexual, solitary and sessile within a 2-lobed tubular 6-ribbed spathe at the summit of the peduncle ; calyx-lobes green, 2-3 cm. long; petals longer; stamens 6-12; stigmas 6-8, 2-lobed ; ovules numerous, anatro- pous, on 6-8 protruding placentas. Reedbeds ; Rivers Murray, Onkaparinga, Glenelg, and other fresh waters. Jan.-March. 2. BLY XA, Noronha. 1. B. oetandra, (Roxb.), Planch. Leaves long and grasslike, submerged; flowers dioecious, on slender peduncles, the males several, protruding from a 2-toothed tubular spathe ; stamens about 8; sepals 3, about 5 mm. long; petals 3, twice as long ; female flowers solitary within a longer spathe; stigmas 3; ovules numerous on 3 placentas, anatropous.—B. Roxburghii, Rich. Recorded by Bentham from “‘ waters near Lake Torrens, F’. Mueller,” but does not appear to have been found since then. It occurs in Northern Australia and tropical Asia 3. VALLISNERIA, Mich. (After Antonio Vallisnieri, an Italian doctor and botanist, 1661-1730.) 1. V. spiralis, L. Rootstock stoloniferous ; leaves all submerged and radical, long, linear, usually minutely toothed towards the summit; flowers dioecious, the males minute, numerous in an ovoid 3-lobed pedunculate spathe, the male flowers pedicellate, with 2-3 stamens and 3 sepals, the females solitary in a tubular bifid spathe, on a long filiform spirally coiled peduncle, which unfolds so as to enable the flower to reach the surface ; calyx-lobes 3 ; petals 3, rudimentary ; ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas ; ovules orthotropous. Chiefly in rivers and streams. Jan.-Mar. A tropical and subtropical plant in all parts of the world. 4. HYDRILLA, Rich. (A diminutive of Hydra, the water serpent slain by Hercules.) 1. H. verticillata (L.), Casp. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, about 1 cm. long, in whorls of 4-8 along the submerged stems and branches; flowers dioecious, solitary in short tubular spathes; male spathes on short peduncles; stamens 3; female spathes sessile - and solitary, shorter than the leaves; sepals and petals 3; ovary cylindrical, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas ; ovules orthotropous ; style long with 3 filiform stigmas. River Murray. 5. HALOPHILA, Thou. (Greek hals, halos, the sea ; philos, lover.) 1. H. ovalis (R. Br.), Hook f. Submarine plant ; leaves in pairs at each node, oblong- lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, with a central nerve, 2 fine marginal nerves and about 20 oblique secondary nerves, the 2 petioles long and slender and furnished at base with 2 broad scarious scales; flowers unisexual, solitary within a 2-leaved sessile axillary spathe ; male flowers pedicellate and emerging from the spathe, the females sessile within it ; sepals 3; anthers 3, sessile ; pollen filiform; ovary 1-celled, tapering into a long beak, at the summit of which are the 3 minute sepals of the female flower and 3 long filiform. stigmas ; fruit ovoid, membranous about 10 mm. long; seeds numerous, with a loose hyaline testa and smooth white endopleura; embryo with a large hypocotyl and the cotyledon coiled horizontally above it. Sea-coasts. Nov.-Jan. GRAMINEAE. 51 Famity 20.—GRAMINEAE. Flowers small, bisexual, rarely unisexual, naked, in the axil of a concave bract called the flowering glume, opposite to and enclosed in which is another usually 2-nerved bract called the palea. The paiea envelops the flower, which consists of a l-celled carpel with one ovule and 2 styles with feathery stigmas, and usually 3 stamens with versatile anthers The term “flower ”’ is, however, generally under stood to include the flowering glume and palea At the base of the ovary are 2 (rarely 3) minute delicate bracteoles or scales named lodicules. Below the flowering glume and palea, and enclosing them more or less, are 2 (rarely 3 or 4) empty bracts called the outer or empty glumes. All these together form a 1-flcwered spikelet, but there may be several flowers arranged alternately on opposite sides of a common axis (the rhachilla)—so that the upper flowers often appear to be stalked—with the outer glumes at the base, the whole forming a_ several- flowered spikelet ; spikelets arranged in a spike, raceme or panicle. The fruit (grain or caryopsis) consists of the single albuminous seed and the os : thin pericarp, which are usually inseparable. ae Poe ce oe ee At the base of the grain, and on its anterior empty glume; fi. gl., flowering glume; a, side (7.e., that which faces the flowering glume), awn; pal. palea: rhach. article of rhachilla jg a small protuberance showing the position of pauper iene the flowering. lume. the embryo; on the posterior side (that facing the palea) is either a punctiform or linear mark (the hilum), which indicates the spot where the ovule was attached to the wall of the ovary; the hilum often lies in a furrow. Herbs (“ grasses ’’) with alternate linear leaves, embracing the stem with long sheaths, which are slit at maturity on the side opposite to the blade; sheath ending at the base of the blade in a tongue-like membrane (ligule), sometimes very short or reduced to hairs ; stems usually hollow between the nodes. 1. Pedicel articulate below the outer qlumes, so that the ripe spikelet fails off as a whole ; spikelets with 1 fertile flower. A. Outer glumes 2 ; inflorescence a spike or spikelike panicle. B. Spikelets not awned. Biowerinorcbinmme Mar a). ose sala sijele sis oistetattesra te ys PaAsPALuM 10. Flowering glume thin. 2nd glume bristly............. TRaGUS 7. B. Spikelets awned. C. Outer glumes awnless. Flowering glume with a terminal awn ............ ERIocHLOA 11. Flowering glume with a dorsal awn ............... ALOPECURUS 29. C. Outer glumes with long awns. HMlowerine, clumesawiless.5 2.6 fede tel ees. PEROTIS 9. Flowering glume shortly awned .................. Potypocon 3l. A. Outer glumes 3. the 3rd sometimes containing a male flower. D. Spikelets not awned. EK. Flowering glume hardened, usually longer than the outer ones. F. Spikelets bisexual. G. Spikelets with a bristly involucre ; panicle usually spikelike. H. Bristles persistant. Bristles several below each spikelet ........ SETARIA 14. Bristle 1 below terminal spikelet............ CHAMAERAPHIS 18, H. Bristles deciduous with spikelets. Bristles slender. surrounding spikelet ....... PENNISETUM 16. Bristles unilateral. terminating flattened patticle-brantches. si. 2p ci a.saks oe mk ee ere PLAGIOSETUM 17. Bristles stiff, connate in lower part......... CEencHRUS 15. G. Spikelets without bristly involucre; panicle HOSE OE. dense: 2.2). Sdiieis «says eid ep opmene ee ee Panicum 13. F. Spikelets unisexual, in clustered spikes........... SPINtFEX 19. E. Flowering glume thin. usually small; 3rd empty glume thin and inconspicuous. 52 GRAMINEAE. I. Spikelets in a dense spike, 1 or both outer glumes CUI CO) eee wa oud o alotet tacte to 5, 01s; shens hoeeae na eae ee NEURACHNE 8. I. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Syoulkeletsisitlkey: pe). soc as ce sed aia “oc erensee err den eM IMPERATA I. Spikelets glabrows 4 .0.,5 .6%9. oyscas.s see ee ene ROTTBOELLIA 3. D. Flowering glume awned; 3rd glume minute; spikelets arranged in spikes. J. Spikelets in pairs or triplets, 1 sessile and | or 2 pedicel- late. Both, spikelets fertile - so 0.042 secu o 2 ree POLLINIA 2. Sessile spikelet only fertile ; flowering glume awnlike.. ANDROPOGON 4. J. Spikelets in triplets, surrounded by 4 sterile spikelets. Triplet disarticulating below callus, leaving the 4 sterile spikelets, 2s.).-. <:0%' techie opus stele crenes THEMEDA 5. Triplet falling off with the 4 sterile spikelets........ ISEILEMA 6. 2. Pedicels not articulate below the 2 outer glumes. bul the axis (rhachilla) of the spikelet usually articulate above the outer glumes and below the flowering glumes, so that, when the latter have fallen, the outer glumes still remain at the summit of the pedicel. K. Spikelets with 1 fertile flower. L. Flowering glumes entire or slightly bilobed, awnless or with a single unbranched awn. M. Spikelets in solitary terminal spikes. Spikelets solitary in alternate notches .......... LEpruRvs 74. Spikelets a together w.. 1. F/ce hinecio co attore Sat dens HORDEUM 76. M. Spikelets in digitate spikes. Flowering elumesawned ofr...) 2 scene ee CHLORIS 69. Flowering glume awnless ..¢.052.05.. 1d. edo CyNODON 68. M. Spikelets arranged in a panicle. N. Outer glumes 2. O. Flowering glume awnless ; perennials. P. Outer glumes longer than flowers. Panicle spikelikey.: ot Sereiiise cemcie: he AMMOPHILA 36. Panicle looser(partlay) . 223). 2 25 = 5 A. arenaria 2. , A. Awn divided to the glume into 3 branches. B. Panicle short, broad and dense ; 2 outer glumes very WUMOG UAL eos ate duets ag Beloee. cg eheas eens ad roe ae A. Behriana 3. B. Panicle narrow, compact or rather loose; outer glumes nearly equal. Flowering glume about 6 mm. long ............... A. ramosa 4. Flowering glume about 9 mm. long ............... A. calycina 5. 1. A. stipoides, R. Br. Panicle narrow, with erect branches; lowest glume 10 mm. long; 2nd glume nearly double as long; awn below the branches about 33cm. long ; branches capiliary, 4-53 cm. long. Far North. Sept.-Nov. 2. A. arenaria, Gaudich. Mulga Grass. Shorter than the preceding with ascending slender stems ; panicle narrow, often reduced to a raceme, purplish ; outer glumes as in the preceding, but less rigid ; awn below the branches 14-24 cm. long; branches usually 4-53 cm. long. Central and Murray districts; Far North and North-West. June-Noy. 3. A. Behriana, F. v. M. A short ascending grass with thick rootstock and loose leaf- sheaths, the uppermost blade sometimes as long as the panicle ; panicle only 5-8 cm. long, dense and broad, purplish ; lowest glume 7-9 mm. long, the 2nd 14-18 mm. long ; flowering glume 8-10 mm. long, with 3 capillary sessile awns, 3-4 cm. long. From Adelaide northwards to the Flinders Range; Murray Lands. Sept.-Dec. Usually in moist ground. 4. A. ramosa, R. Br. Panicle narrow, 6-12 cm. long, with erect branches; lowest glume 5-6 mm. long, 2nd a little longer ; flowering glume 5-6 mm. long, with a very short callus ; awns sessile, spreading, 8-14 mm. long. Flinders Range; Far North. Aug.-Oct. 5. A. ealycina, R. Br. Very like the preceding, but the lowest glume is 7-8 mm. long and the 2nd is 8-10 mm. and equals or slightly exceeds the flowering glume which is about 9 mm. long and is sometimes slightly twisted above the part containing the grain; awns continuous with the flowering glume, 15-35 mm. long; panicle to 20 cm. long. Flinders Range ; Far North and North-West. May-Jan.—Both these species are very near A. Adscensionis, L. (A. depressa, Retz.), and should perhaps be united with it as varieties. 26. STIPA, L: Greek stype tow : alluding to the fibre obtained from Esparto Grass (S. tenacissima, L.) _ Spikelets 1-flowered, usually paniculate; outer glumes 2, membranous, keeled, per- sistant, often turning purplish; flowering glume usually shorter, convolute, finally hardened, mounted on a short hairy callus, with a long terminal awn, which is kneed and spirally twisted below the knee ; palea enclosed in the flowering glume ; anthers usually tipped with bristles ; lodicules fleshy, oblong; grain fusiform; hilum linear. Perennial grasses ; the leaves inrolled, at least when dry. Spear-grass, Corkscrew-grass. Injurious, when ripe, to sheep, owing to the sharp, penetrating callus of the fruiting glume. A. Flowering glume glabrous or nearly so. Panicle-branches feathery with long hairs ........... S. elegantissima 1. Panicle-branches with short hairs .................. S. Tuckeri 2. A. Flowering glume silky-hairy. B. Ligule glabrous, often long. C. Flowering glume shortly bilobed at summit. Leaves long ; spikelets in a panicle ............. S. teretifolia 3. Leaves almost absent ; spikelets in a short raceme 8S. Muelleri 4. C Flowering glume entire at summit. D_ Leaves nrolled-filiform ; stems slender........... S. setacea 5. D. Lower leaves flat, ribbed. Stems-tall stout... 00 i. «2 aca S. acrociliata 6 Stéms short,) wiry ::.1..\. +>. <-..12 eee ene S. scelerata 7 26, Stipa. GRAMINEAE. 65: B. Ligule ciliate. E. Flowering glume shortly bilobed. i Quter chume purplish): 2 nese ei as Dols S. eremophila 8. Outer clumes Straw-GCOlored ifr il. tolls oes site aks Pia S. flavescens 9. FE. Flowering glume entire or with microscopic lobes at summit. F. One or both outer glumes usually truncate or toothed at summit. Awn pubescent ; flowering glume rather broad... 8S. pubescens 10. Awn villous below bend; flowering glume narrow S. horrifolia 11. F. Outer glumes acute, not toothed. G. Stem stout ; awn villous in 'ower part G. Stem slender; awn pubescent. Fruiting glume broad, golden-brown ........ S. eremophila 8. Fruiting glume narrow, whitish.. .......... S. scabra 13. 5 Sonny Be S. semibarbata 12. 1. S. elegantissima, Labill. Tall, glabrous grass; panicle large and very loose, the rhachis and branches plumose with long, spreading hairs; both outer glumes 3-nerved, the lower one longer and broader, 10-12 mm. long, hairy, acuminate; flowering glume glabrous, shortly bilobed ; awn 3-5 cm. long, pubescent. Most parts of the State except the South-East. Aug.-Dec. 2. S. Tuckeri, F. v. M. A small grass, with pubescent flattish leaves ; panicle-branches. shortly plumose; outer glumes short, acuminate; flowering glume glabrous. Murray River (according to Tate’s Flora, but his herbarium contains no specimens, and those in the Melbourne herbarium are only from the Lachlan and Darling oe in New South Wales). 3. §. teretifolia, Steud. Slender, almost glabrous; ieaves very long, erect, filiform, rigid, almost pungent-pointed ; ligule oblong, about 2mm. long, glabrous; panicle narrow, 12-20 cm. long; outer glumes equal, broad, acute, whitish, 15-20 mm. long, the Ist 3-nerved, the 2nd 5-nerved; flowering glume 10-12 mm. long, villous all over, with 2 lanceolate hairy lobes on each side of the awn, 2-3 mm. long ; awn 34-4 cm. long, finely pubescent, twice bent; anthers 6-8 mm. long. Sea-coast. Sept.-Nov. 4. §. Muelleri, Tate. Stems wiry, glabrous, leafless except for the small erect lamina ;' ligule short, glabrous ; spikelets 1-3 on long pedicels, forming a short raceme ; outer: glumes acute, subequal, 20-30 mm. long, the Ist 3-nerved, the 2nd 5-nerved ; flowering clume shorter, pubescent, bilobed ; awn 5-74.cm. long, minutely pubescent. Stringybark forests, Uraidla; Mount Napeadl Nov. Apparently very rare. 5. §. setacea, R. Br. Stems slender; nodes minutely pubescent; leaves filiform, slightly scabrous; ligule rounded, glabrous; sheaths often bearded at orifice; panicle’ rather narrow; outer glumes hyaline, acute, subequal, narrow, the Ist sub-3-nerved, 9-13 mm. long, the 2nd 3-nerved, 8-11 mm. long; flowering glume 3-4 mm. long, narrow, ft pubescent, with longer hairs in the lower half ; awn very slender, 5-6 cm. long. / Adelaide plains; South-East. Sept. Dec. Var. latiglumis. Ligule 3-5 mm. long; outer glumes broad. the 2nd sub-5 -nerved ; flowering glume broad, contracted and shortly bearded at summit ; awn 24-3} cm. long, rather stout. twice bent. Belair ; Minnipa, E.P. 6. §. acrociliata, Reader. Stems stout, rather tall; nodes glabrous; leaves long, ribbed, rigid, glabrous, flat or the upper ones subulate, often reflexed ; ligule 5-7 mm. long, glabrous, truncate ; panicle large, with long spreading capillary branches; outer glumes. hyaline, straw-colored, unequal, the 1st 10-13 mm. long, sub-3-nerved, acute, the 2nd 8-9 mm. long, 3-nerved, obtuse or notched, both strongly ciliate at summit; flowering glume 4 mm. long, pubescent, entire ; palea ciliate ; awn slender. 6-8 cm. long. Enfield ; Murray lands; Flinders Range : ; North-West; South-East. Sept.-Jan. 7. §. seelerata, Behr. Erect grass about 30 cm. high, glabrous except sometimes the lower leafsheaths ; stems rigid, wiry ; lower leaves flat, stiff, prominently ribbed, finally inrolled ; ligule about 5 mm. long, glabrous, jagged at summit ; panicle rather compact ;. outer glumes subequal, hyaline, acuminate, the lst 7-8 mm. long, sub-3-nerved; the. 2nd 6-7 mm. long, 3-nerved ; flowering glume nearly 4 mm. long, pubescent or subvillous : awn slender, pubescent, 43- 7 om. long.—S. setacea, R. Br. var. latifolia, Benth. Flinders Range. Sept. "Dee. 8. S. eremophila, Reader. Stems slender, erect ; nodes more or less pubescent ; leaves’ subulate, almost filiform, glabrous, or the radical ones scabrous; ligule short, ciliate, accompanied usually by longer hairs at the orifice of the sheath ; panicle loose ; 2 outer glumes hyaline, unequal, acute, often purplish, the Ist 15-22 mm. long, prominently C 66. GRAMINEAE, 26. Stipa. 3-nerved, the 2nd 12-14 mm. long, sub-5-nerved ; flowering glume broad, 4-6 mm. long, villous with golden-brown hairs ; palea with similar hairs on the back ; callus 2} mm. long ; awn 5-8 cm. long, twice bent, distinctky pubescent below the bends. Most parts of the State. Aug.-Dec. The type, which came from Western Victoria, has 2 distinct hairy lobes at the summit of the flowering glume. but in our northern speci- mens these lobes are often almost obsolete. Very near S. flavescens. from which it differs in the longer and colored outer glumes, the much longer awn, the looser panicle, and the usually inland habitat. Var. dodrantaria. Flowering glume narrower; awn 6-7 cm. long, distinctly pubescent or subplumose almost to the summit. Near Birksgate Range. 9. §. flavescens, Labill. Stems slender, with pubescent nodes ; leaves inrolled, filiform, glabrous or the lower ones scabrous with pubescent sheaths ; ligule short, ciliolate ; panicle narrow, dense; outer glumes rather broad, unequal, yellowish, acute, the Ist about 12 mm. long, prominently 3-nerved, the 2nd 9 mm. long, 5-nerved ; flowering glume 5-6 mm. long, brown, villous, with 2 minute glabrous lobes at summit ; awn 4-5 cm. long, slender, twice bent. Sea coasts. Oct.-Dec. 10. S. pubescens R. Br. Variable grass; stems rather stout, with pubescent nodes ; leaves glabrous or pubescent, subulate, with a short ciliate ligule ; panicle rather loose ; outer glumes usually green and purplish, prominently nerved, one or the other more or less truncate and toothed at the hyaline summit, often with 1 long central tooth; 1st glume 10-16 mm. long, 3-nerved; 2nd glume 8-12 mm. long, sub-5-nerved ; flowering glume rather broad, 5 mm. long, lobeless or almost so, villous with whitish hairs; palea hairy or glabrous on back; callus 2 mm. long; awn 4-5} cm. long, twice bent, pubescent.— S. aristiglumis, F. v. M. From Adelaide northwards to the Flinders Range; South-East. Sept.-Dec. Var. semiglabra, Reader. Lower leaves rather hairy ; Ist glume, 20-25 mm. long ; 2nd, 16-20 mm. long; flowering glume, 9 mm. long; scantily villous; callus 3 mm.; awn 7-9 cm. long, twice bent above the middle, comparatively stout. Penola. Var. comosa. Outer glumes as in the type, but sometimes longer; flowering glumes broad, about 4 mm. long, silky villous, with a tuft of white hairs at the summit about as long as the flowering glume ; awn 24-4 cm. long; leafblades usually scabrous with short spreading hairs. Marino ; Jamestown ; Melrose ; Moolooloo. 11. S. horrifolia, J. M. Black. Stems erect, rigid ; leaf blades ribbed, pubescent with short spreading hairs; blades at first flat, finally subulate and rigid ; lower sheath softly villous ; ligule short, ciliate ; uppermost sheath inflated and usually embracing the base of the somewhat loose panicle, 15-30 cm. long; outer glumes purplish, truncate, 1-3- toothed at summit, the Ist 8-10 mm. long, 3-nerved, the 2nd a little shorter, 5-nerved ; flowering glume entire, 3-4 mm. long, narrow, with white hairs; awn 4-7 cm. long, sub- plumose below the bend, pubescent above. From Pinnaroo westward to the Nullarbor Plain. Oct.-Jan. Very near S. Luehmanni, Reader, from Western Victoria, but the latter is a stouter and taller grass, with longer and more densely hairy leaves. It may be, however, that ours is a dry-country form, and, if so, Reader’s name has priority. PLATE 2.—1, outer glumes; 2, flowering glume, palea and awn; 3, lodicules, pistil and stamens; 4, sumutit of leafsheaf; 5, anterior face of grain, showing embryo (e); 6, posterior face, showing linear hilum (h). 12. S. semibarbata, R. Br. A tall stout grass, sometimes 1-14m. high ; nodes pubescent ; upper leaves subulate ; orifice of sheath bearded; ligule short, ciliate ; panicle long, tather contracted ; outer glumes subequal, whitish, acute or torn at summit, the Ist 15-20 mm. long, 3-nerved, the 2nd 12-17 mm. long, 3-5 nerved ; flowering glume narrow, 5-6 mm. long, with whitish hairs, lobeless; callus 3mm. long; awn 5-9 cm. long, twice bent, more or less plumose in lower half. Southern districts; Eyre Peninsula; South-East. Sept.-Dec. 13. S. seabra, Lindl. Common Spear grass. Stems erect, usually slender, variable in height, with glabrous nodes; leaf blades filiform, sometimes scabrous with short hairs ; ligule short, ciliolate, usually produced into 1 or 2 bearded lobes or auricles decurrent along the margin of the sheath ; panicle unilateral, rather narrow, but very loose when in flower, sometimes embraced at base by the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf; outer glumes subequal, acute, hyaline, turning purple, the Ist 11-12 mm. long, sub-3-nerved, the 2nd 9-]0 mm. long, sub-5-nerved ; flowering glume narrow, pubescent, 3-4 mm. long, lobeless or with 2 very minute glabrous lobes; callus 1-1} mm. long; awn 44-8 cm. long very slender and hairlike, pubescent undet lens. _Common in almost all parts of the State. Aug.-Dec. 27. Oryzopsis. GRAMINEAE. 67 Var. barbata, Benth. Stems slender; leaf-sheaths densely bearded at orifice. Dry districts. Var. auriculata, J. M. Black. Stems slender or rather stout; ligule extended on one side into a conspicuous lobe or auricle ; lower leaf-sheaths pubescent. Dry districts. SSS \ 40 \ SURREY ES Se OU NA GINGD TSS REG RK yy ON ZA be SEES eS hee, SS poe a ‘ UJ =. SD Zz 2 z. UY pO wees Li 24 SS ee Pe —_ = etry Temas . = py TET Se mo a — — PLATE 2.—-Stipa horrifolia, J. M. Black. 27. ORYZOPSIS, Michaux. (Greek oryza, rice: opsis, resemblance.) *1. O. miliacea (L.), Aschers. et Schweinf. Many-flowered Millet-grass. . Glabrous perennial, with rigid stems and flat glossy leaves; spikelets 1-flowered, small, numerous, 68 GRAMINEAE. 28. Echinopogon. in a large spreading panicle; outer glumes 2, membranoux, longer than the flowering glume, which has a straight, terminal. deciduous awn twice its length rising from its notched summit ; fruiting glume hardened and shining. An ornamental grass, naturalised in places. Oct.-Feb.—Mediterranean region. 2s. ECHINOPOGON, Beauv. (Greek ekhinos, hedgehog; pogon, beard: alluding to the bristly head.) 1. E. ovatus (Forst.), Beauv. Erect annual, with flat scabrous leaves; spikelets 1- flowered, in a dense bristly spikelike ovoid or oblong panicle, 2-4 cm. long; outer glumes 2, nearly 4mm. long, ciliate on the keel; flowering glume about the same length, with 2 acute lobes and a short straight awn rising between them ; the flowering glume bearded at base, and the rhachi!la produced into a short bristle behind the flower. Mount Lofty Range; Kangaroo Island; South-East; Flinders Range. Oct.-Feb. 29. ALOPECURUS, L. (Greek alopex, a fox; oura, tail; shape of the spike-like panicle.) Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded into a dense spike-like panicle ; outer glumes 2, equal, compressed-keeled, 3-nerved ; flowering glume rather shorter, with a short dorsal awn bent and twisted below the bend; palea wanting; rhachilla of spikelet articulate below the outer glumes. Outer glumes about 3 mm. long, free almost to the base.... A. geniculatus 1. Outer glumes about 6 mm. long, united to the middle...... A. agrestis 2. 1. A. geniculatus, L. Marsh For-teil. Glabrous perennial, with ascending stems ; panicle cylindrical, slender, 3-5 cm. long, the lower branches bearing 2-4 spikelets; outer glumes 3-3} mm. long, ciliate on the keel and lateral nerves with long hairs, almost free ; awn 5-8 mm. long, inserted below middle of flowering glume. Wet ground, Murray River; Far North. Sept.-Dec. *2. A. agrestis, L. Slender Fox-tail. Glabrous annual; panicle cylindrical, slender, attenuated at both ends, 5-9 cm. long, the branches usually bearing only 1 spikelet ; outer glumes 6-7 mm. long, shortly ciliate on keel, united to the middle ; awn 10-12 mm. long, inserted near base of flowering glume. Crops and pasture in South-East. Sept.-Dec.—Europe ; Northern Asia. 30. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. (Greek sporos, seed ; bolos, throwing: the seed is shed easily from the flowering glume and palea.) Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, in spikelike or loose panicles ; outer glumes 2, persistent ; not exceeding the flower, faintly l-nerved; flowering glume faintly 3-nerved, mem- branous; palea readily splitting between the 2 nerves; seed free within a very thin pericarp; hilum punctiform ; stamens 2-3. Perennials. A. Panicle spikelike. 2nd glume equal to flowering glume.................. S. virgimcus 1. 2nd glume shorter than flowering glume ............ S. indicus 2. A. Panicle broadly pyramidal. Spikelets sessile, crowded’. .. 2 2 ace tres Heyes ne abe sine S. actinocladus 3. Spikelets pedicellate, distant .... 2.0.0.0. 646.-¢5, +08 S. Lindleyi 4. 1. §. virginieus (L.), Kunth. Stems leafy, ascending from a thick, creeping, scaly rootstock ; leaves short, more or less spreading, rigid, inrolled-subulate, almost distichous ; ligule very short, ciliate; panicle spikelike, lead-colored, 2-7 cm. long; outer glumes keeled, the Ist 2mm. long, the 2nd 3mm.; flowering glume similar to and about as long as the 2nd ; pericarp only separable from grain when soaked. Salt marshes and sandhills near the coast ; also on salty soilinland up to the Far North, Var. pallidus, Benth. Rootstock, stems and leaves usually, but not always, more slender than in the type ; spike 3-10 cm. long; spikelets slightly smaller and pale-colored. —S. Bentham, Bailey. River Murray ; Far North. 2. S. indicus, R. Br. Stems erect; leaves mostly basal, rather long, finally inrolled ; ligule very short, ciliate ; panicle spikelike, olive-green, often interrupted and slightly lobed near base, 8-20 cm. long; spikelets acute ; outer glumes unequal and very delicate, the Ist $-? mm. long. the 2nd about twice as long ; flowering glume longer still (2-24 mm.) ; grain truncate. almost quadrangular; pericarp loose. Near Adelaide ; South-East. June-Jan.—Both these species are found in many other warm countries. Var. elongatus (R. Br.), Bailey. Panicle 15-30 cm. long, interrupted in all its length, the branches spreading slightly when in flower, but clothed to the base with spikelets -..Far North. j2% 31. Polypogon. GRAMINEAE. 69 3. S. actinocladus, F. v. M. Stems erect; leaves flat, glabrous or hairy, the blades ciliate on the margin with short rigid hairs ; ligule very short, ciliate ; panicle pyramidal, 5-12 cm. long ; branches spreading , the lower ones in rather distant whorls, all naked towards base ; spikelets sessile or almost so, crowded in dense unilateral partial panicles on upper part - panicle-branches ; outer gimmie unequal, the lst about 1 mm. long, the 2nd 1} mm. ; flowering glume nearly 2 mm. ; pericarp loose. Widely aeribated over the Far North and North- West. June-Jan. 4. §. Lindleyi, Benth. Leaves scabrous-ciliate and often sprinkled with hairs seated on tubercles; panicle loose and broad, the lowest branches verticillate ; spikelets distant, on capillary pedicels, 14 mm. long; glumes acute, the lst small and narrow, ‘the 2nd as long as the flowering glume. Far North. Summer. 31. POLYPOGON, Desf. (Greek polys, many ; pogon, a beard: alluding to the bristly panicle.) * 1. P. monspeliensis, Desf. Beard-grass. Erect or ascending annual, with flat leaves and a long, glabrous ligule; spikelets 2-2} mm. long, 1-flowered, the pedicel articulate a little below the 2 outer glumes, which are equal, keeled, pubescent, notched, and with a terminal awn 2-3 times their length; flowering glume half their length, 4-toothed at summit and with a short, deciduous awn; panicle spikelike, dense or somewhat lobed, bristly, varying from 1 cm. long in dry situations to 12 cm. in moist places. Fic. 19.—Polypogon monspeliensis. Naturalised all over the State. Oct.-Jan.—Europe. 2. AGROSTIS, L (Greek agrostis, the name of a grass.) Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, pedicellate, in a loose or contracted panicle ; rhachilla not produced into a bristle above the flower; outer glumes 2, keeled, awnless, persistent, nearly equal: flowering glume membranous, ‘with or without an awn, glabrous or nearly so at base. . Panicle loose ; palea 3 as long as flowering glume ........ A. alba ). Panicle more compact ; palea as long as flowering glume .._ A. verticillata 2. *1. A. alba, L. Creeping Bent-grass. Perennial with creeping rootstock and flat leaves; panicle 5-20 cm. long, oblong, lobed, loose during flowering; spikelets 2 mm. long ; flowering g glume + shorter than the outer glumes, truncate, 4- toothed, awnless ; palea } as long. Near water in southern districts. Oct.-May.—Europe. *2. A. verticillata, Vill. Differs from the preceding in the denser and shorter panicle (4-10 cm.); spikelets clothing the branches almost to the base; flowering glume 4 as long as the outer glumes; palea as long as flowering glume. Beside creeks all over the settled districts. Oct.-May.—Mediterranean region. 33. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. (Latin calamus, a reed, prefixed to Agrostis.) , Differs from Agrostis in the presence: of a conspicuous tuft of hairs on the short rounded eallus at the base of the flowering glume, associated with which is usually a bristle rising from the callus and at the back of the palea. A. Panicle loose. Awn present near middle of flowering glume ......... C. filiformis 1. Awn absent ; spikelet very small ...-...........3../. C. aequata 2. A. Panicle spikelike or slightly lobed. ibe Aw almost. basal, 60. ebeon dha Fs Oo Layye sos be C. quadriseta 3. B. Awn attached near middle of flowering pheees Bristle present ; spikelet 5mm. .................. C. densa 4, Bristle absent; spikelet 4mm, ......)52....5.0.6. C. minor 5. 1. C. filiformis (Forst.), Pilger. Blown Grass. Glabrous grass, very variable in size, with flat leaves and long, glabrous ligule ; stem brittle; panicle very loose, usually large, with whorled spreading capillary divided branches ; outer glumes acute 24-34 mm. long, rarely 4-5mm. long; flowering glume much shorter, membranous, truncate, 4-toothed, (the 2 outer teeth the longest), hairy on back, with a bent and twisted awn attached above 70 GRAMINEAE. 34. Gastridium. or below the middle of the ghime and about 5 mm. long ; tuft } as long as flowering glume, and the plumose bristle about 4 as long.—C. aemula, ‘Steud. ; Deyeuxia Fosteri, Boss. D, plebeja, Benth. ; Agrostis Solandrs. F. v. M. . Common throughout the State. Sept.-Feb. oy Var. Billardiert, Maid. et Betche. Outer glumes usually 6-7 mm. long, but not always longer than type; flowering glume glabrous, except that a few minute hairs are some- times present near the summit.—Deyeuxia Billardiert, Kunth. Sea-coasts and some distance inland. 2. C. aequata (Nees), J. M. Black. Leaves flat, narrow; panicle loose, with eS ecadine capillary branches, the lower whorled, the upper in pairs; outer glumes barely 2 mm. long ; flowering glume shorter, truncate, with 4 very short teeth and no awn; tuft } as long as flowering glume; bristle short, plumose, palea as long as flowering glume.— Deyeuxia aequata, Benth. Only known from a single specimen in the Tate Herbarium, collected at Nelson, Glenelg River, close to our South-Eastern border. Resembles Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.), B.S. et P. (A. scabra, Willd.), which probably accounts for the inclusion of the latter species in Tate’s Flora for the Mount Gambier district. 3. C. quadriseta (Labill.), Spreng. Glabrous perennial, sometimes rather tall; leaves flat or finally inrolled; ligule long, truncate, glabrous; panicle dense and cylindrical, sometimes slightly lobed, 5-15 cm. long; outer glumes narrow, acute, subequal, 33-5 mm. long ; flowering glume shorter, usually minutely scabrous, 4-nerved and with 4 teeth, of which the two inner are usually the longest ; awn almost basal, included or shortly exserted beyond the outer glumes; tuft about + as long as flowering glume; bristle usually represented by a minute ovoid or conical glabrous extension of the rhachilla and sometimes bearing an empty awned glume.—Deyeuxia quadriseta, Benth. ; Agrostis quadriseta, R. Br. Mount Lofty Range; Kangaroo Island; Flinders Range. Oct.-Jan. 4. C. densa (Benth.), Maid. et Betche. Rather slender, glabrous grass ; leaves narrow ; ligule short, rounded, glabrous; panicle narrow but lobed towards the base, 8-16 cm. long (denser and shorter in the type); outer glumes 43-5 mm. long, flowering glume slightly shorter, scabrous on the nerves and with 4 very short teeth ; awn attached a little above the middle and shortly exserted ; tuft short; bristle hairy, about 4 as long as the flowering glume.—Deyeuxia densa, Benth. ; Agrostis densa, F. v. M. Mount Lofty Range. Nov.-Apl. 5. C. minor (Benth.), J. M. Black. A slender grass, shorter than the preceding ; leaves filiform; ligule rather long, truncate; panicle spikelike, cylindrical or slightly lobed, 2-4 cm. long ; outer glumes broad, about 4mm. long; flowering glume shorter, broad, with 4 prominent scabrous nerves (the 5th only reaching to the insertion of the awn), 4-toothed at summit, finely tuberculate in lower half ; awn inserted near middle of flowering glume; tuft + as long as glume; no bristle-—Deyeuxia minor, Benth. Mount Lofty. Nov.-Jan. 34. GASTRIDIUM, Beauv. (Diminutive of Greek gaster, abdomen; spikelets swollen at bases *1. G. lendigerum (L.), Gaudin. Nitgrass. Glabrous annual; leaves narrow, rough on the edges; ligule lanceolate ; spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in a silvery cylindrical spikelike panicle, 4-10 cm. long, the rhachilla continued in a plumose bristle ; outer glumes 2, keeled, swollen and shining at base, the lst 5-6 mm. long, the 2nd shorter; flowering glume much shorter (1} mm.), pubescent, usually with a short fine awn rising from below the toothed summit; grain ovoid. Adelaide plains ; Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges; Eyre’s Peninsula. Oct.-Dec.— Mediterranean region. 35. DICHELACHNE, Endl. (Greek dikhelos, cloven-footed ; akhné, glume: the flowering glume is 2-lobed.) Spikelets 1-flowered, paniculate, the rhachilla not continued in a bristle ; outer glumes 2, persistent, membranous, keeled ; flowering glume on a short hairy callus, conspicuously: 2-lobed, with a slender awn affixed on the back of the glume and a little below the lobes ; anthers glabrous. Perennial grasses resembling Stipa in habit. Awns long and concealing the spikelets of the broad panicle D. crinita 1. Awns shorter and less conspicuous ; panicle narrower..... D. sciurea 2. 1. D. erinita (L. f.), Hook f. Plume grass. Tall grass, with flat glabrous or pubescent leaves; panicle dense, spikelike but rather broad, 10-20 cm. long. silvery and very hairy owing to the numerous awns ; outer glumes subequal, narrow, hyaline, about 8 mm. long ; flowering glume shorter, with a slender dorsal untwisted awn which is 3-5 cm. long. _ Throughout the moister districts, as far north as the Flinders Range. - 2. D. sciurea (R. Br.), Hook f. Shorter and more slender, about 50 cm. high ; panicle narrower and looser, 8-15 cm. long ; awns 14-24 cm. long, less numerous, bent and twisted: below the knee. os ‘Mount Lofty Range and South-East. 36. Ammophila. GRAMINEAE. 71 36. AMMOPHILA, Host. (Greek ammos, sand ; philos, loving.) * 1. A. arenaria (L.), Link. Marram-grass. Perennial, with creeping rootstock and erect stems; leaves inrolled; ligule bifid; spikelets 1-flowered, in a cylindrical straw - colored panicle, 10-25 cm. long; outer glumes 2, keeled, about 12 mm. long; flowering glume shorter, stiff, 3-toothed at summit, with a basal tuft of hairs and a bristle at base of palea.—4. arundinacea, Host. Planted along sea-coast to fix aafine. sand. Sept.-Dec.—Europe ; North America. 37. PENTAPOGON, R. Br. (Greek pente, five ; pogon, beard: the flowering glume has 5 awns.) 1. P. quadrifidus (Labill.), Baill. Erect annual; spikelets 1-flowered in a rather dense branched panicle ; outer glumes 2, narrow, 6-12 mm. long, acute ; flowering glume nearly as long, on a short hairy callus ; the central awn 14-24 cm. long, with 2 much shorter awns on each side.—P. Billardieri, R. Br. | Recorded by Bentham for “ St. Vincent’s Gulf, F. Mueller ; Barossa Range, Behr,” but does not appear to have been re discovered. 38. LAGURUS, L. (Greek lagos, a hare; oura, a tail: alluding to the shape of the panicle.) *1. L. ovatus, L. Hare’s-tail grass. Annual; leaves flat, pubescent, the uppermost sheath swollen; spikelets 1-flowered, in a dense ovoid spikelike silky-white panicle, 2-4 cm. long; outer glumes equal, tapering into a plumose awn; flowering glume much shorter, with 2 short terminal awns, and 1 long bent dorsal awn. Sandy soil near sea. Sept.-Dec.—Mediterranean coasts. Tribe 7. Aveneae. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, paniculate ; flowering glumes usually shorter than the outer glumes, bearing a dorsal awn, or rarely a terminal awn or none. 39. ERIACHNE, R. Br. (Greek erion, wool; akhnz, glume: the flowering glume, and sometimes the outer glumes are hairy.) Spikelets with 2 bisexual flowers, paniculate ; outer glumes 2, persistent, acute, many- nerved ; flowering glume 5-7 nerved, hairy at base and usually on the back, awnless or with an untwisted terminal awn; palea flat, with 2 almost marginal nerves; ligule a ring of hairs. Perennial grasses. A. Awn about as long as flowering glume ; panicle loose.... EH. aristidea 1. A. Awn absent or reduced to a short point; panicle con- tracted. B. Outer glumes about 6 mm. long. Flowering glume not ciliate in upper part ....... E. ovata 2. Flowering glume ciliate to summit ............. EH. mucronata 3. ‘B. Outer glumes about 4 mm. long; leaves pungent .... EH. scleranthoides 4.) 1. E. aristidea, F. v. M. Stems bearded at nodes ; thaves flat, bearded at orifice of sheath ; panicle loose; outer glumes turning purplish, 8-10 mm. long, with spreading hairs seated on tubercles ; flowering glume rather shorter, villous on back, tapering into an awn as long as or shorter than the glume; palea hairy, bifid with 2 long points. Throughout the Far North. Summer. 2. E. ovata, Nees. Leaves narrow, erect, long, with subulate points; panicle ovate, rather dense, 3-5 cm. long, the spikelets on short pedicels or almost sessile ; outer glumes purplish, 5-6 mm. long, subacute, 11-13-nerved, glabrous; flowering glume slightly longer, Picotto. strongly 7-nerved, villous in lower half, but without cilia reaching to the summit; palea shortly bifid and hairy on back. Far North. Summer. ead Var. pallida, Benth. Panicle oblong, looser, 8-14 cm. long; leaves longer; outer glumes pale or purplish, 11-15-nerved; flowering glume and palea considerably longer than outer glumes (8-9 mm. long), and often recurved. Far North (near Oodnadatta). Var. pedicellata. Resembles the preceding, but the spikelets are on capillary pedicels of 5-8 mm. and the flowering glume rather shorter (6-7 mm.) obtusely mucromate, very villous but not ciliate in the upper part, and exceeding very slightly the outer glumes. Musgrave Ranges. EL. pallida, F. v. M., and E. obtusa, R. Br. have not been found in South Australia. 3. E. mucronata, R. Br. Stems slender, stiff, ascending from a woolly base, 40-60 cm. high ; leaves all short, or the lower ones longer, distant, narrow, stiff, but not pungent, the lower sheaths pubescent ; panicle narrow, few- flowered, 4-6 cm. long ; outer glumes 72. GRAMINEAE. 40. Aira. about 6 mm. long, glabrous, acute, 13-15-nerved ; flowering glume rather longer, shortly mucronate, villous in the lower half, and ciliate ‘with long hairs on the marginal nerves almost to the top; palea almost entire, hairy towards base. Tarcoola ; Ferdinand River, and eastward to New South Wales border. Most of the year. 4, E. seleranthoides, F. v. M. Stems rather short and leaves rigid, the latter subulate and pungent-pointed, spreading or recurved, 1-24 cm. long; panicle narrow, of few spikelets on erect capillary pedicels, often reduced to a raceme 13-3 cm. long; outer glumes 4-5 mm. long, acute, purplish, glabrous, 9- nerved ; done, glume rather tomer mucronate, villous. ) Far North and North-West. Spring and summer. 40. AIRA, L. (Greek name for Darnel.) | Spikelets 2-flowered, the rhachilla not continued; outer glumes 2, persistent, mem- branous, keeled, 1-nerved ; flowering glume awned or not . Slender annual grasses. Outer glumes longer than the awned flowers ............. A. caryophyllea 1. Outer glumes shorter than the awnless flowers............ A. minuta 2. * 1. A. earyophyllea, L. Silvery Hairgrass. Panicle loose, narrowed towards base, with long capillary branches ; outer glumes acute, shining, 2 mm. long; flowering glumes shorter, with a fine almost basal awn surpassing the outer glumes. Settled districts. Sept.-Nov.—Europe. *2. A. minuta, L. Usually smaller; panicle spreading; outer glumes obtuse, pur- plish, 14 mm. long, shorter than the truncate awnless flowering glumes. Settled districts. Aug.-Oct.—Mediterranean region. 41. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. (After Dr. J. F. L. Deschamps, a French physician.) 1. D. eaespitosa (L.), Beauv. Tall, glabrous perennial; leaves flat, scabrous; ligule lanceolate ; spikelets 2-flowered, shortly pedicellate, forming a large spreading panicle, the rhachilla prolonged in a hairy bristle or barren flower ; outer glumes 2, membranous, keeled, acute, about 3 mm. long; flowering glumes scarcely exceeding them, truncate and toothed, with a straight dorsal awn not longer than the flowering glume; the 2nd flower raised on a short stalk.—Atra caespitosa, L. South-East. 42. AVENA L. (Latin name for the Oat.) Spikelets paniculate usually with 2-3-stalked flowers, the terminal flower, where there are more than 2, mostly male or empty ; outer glumes 2, membranous, large, persistent ; flowering glume smaller, stiff, bifid, with a long bent and twisted dorsal awn ; grain pube- scent at summit; rhachilla hairy under flowering glumes; grain deeply furrowed, pube- scent at summit. Flowering glume shortly bifid. 2). 9.20.50.0..0 Jeo. eh hee A. fatua 1. Flowering glumes ending in 2 long points ............... A. barbata 2. ¥ with long hairs; awn twice as long as the spikelet. Cultivated and waste ground throughout phe State. May-Dec.—Cosmopolitan. * 2. A. barbata, Brot. Bearded Oat. Differs from the the above in the 1-sided panicle; the outer glumes rather unequal ; flowering glume with long white hairs, bristles. Waste places. Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean region. © Ig w seis i) k t | 8 \< t \\/, Fic 20.—Avena fatua. *1. A.fatua, L. Wild Oat. Annual, with a loose,” pyramidal panicle ; spikelets 2-3-flowered, often droop- ing; flowering glume golden-brown, usually covered at not shortly bifid, but terminating in 2 long points or 43. Holcus. GRAMINEAE. We 43. HOLCUS, L, (Latin form of Greek holkos, some species of grass.) * 1. H. lanatus, L. Yorkshire Fog. Erect softly villous perennial; panicle downy, oval-oblong, light-pink to violet; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower bisexual, the upper male, both stalked; outer glumes 4-5 mm. long, enclosing the flowering glumes, which are much smaller, the upper one with a curved dorsal awn not exceeding the outer glumes. | Moist places. Oct.-Mar.—Europe. 44, AMPHIBROMUS, Nees. (Greek amphi, about ; bromos, oat: near the genus Avena.) 1, A. nervosus (R. Br.), Hook f. Glabrous erect grass; spikelets 3-7-flowered, longer than the outer glumes, on capillary pedicels in a narrow panicle, 10-25 cm. long; outer — glumes 2, acuminate, 3-5-nerved, the Ist shorter; flowering glume 5-8 mm. long, stiff, scabrous, with a tuft of hairs at base, 5 nerves reaching the toothed summit and a bent reddish awn attached about the middle of the back; grain deeply furrowed. (Fig. 18.) —A. Neesti, Steud. ; Danthonia nervosa, Hook f. Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges ; South-East ; River Murray. 45, DANTHONIA, DC. (After Danthoine, a French botanist.) Spikelets several-flowered, paniculate or racemose, with a hairy callus at base; outer glumes 2, persistent, keeled, acute, several-nerved, as long as or longer than the flowers ; flowering glumes smaller, convex on the back, rigid, 7-9-nerved, deeply cut into 2 lateral lobes, with a bent awn rising between them; grain scarcely furrowed. Perennials. A. Awn equalling or slightly exceeding the lobes of the flowering glume. Lebes much longer than base ..-:-.:.0..2....2...5: D. bipartita 1. Lobes shorter or scarcely longer than base .......... D. carphoides 2. fe Awnemiuch loncer thamlobes: 2.5.00...) o555. fens. bas: D. penicillata 3. 1. D. bipartita, F. v. M. Base almost bulbous and rather woolly ; leaves flat, scabrous on edges; spikelets few, in a narrow panicle, 4-8-flowered ; outer glumes 10-15 mm. long ; lobes of flowering glume broadly lanceolate, not awned and 3 times as long as the short entire basal portion ; the central awn scarcely longer than the lobes. Oodnadatta to Musgrave Ranges. Spring. 2. D. earphoides, F. v. M. Usually a short grass; leaves inrolled-filiform, glabrous or with short scattered hairs; panicle or raceme dense, ovate, 14-3 cm. long; spikelets few, 3-6-flowered ; outer glumes 6-8 mm. long, broad and green when flowering, with broad white margins; lobes of flowering glume shorter or slightly longer than base ; awn equalling or somewhat exceeding the lobes. Adelaide plains northward to Hallett ; Mount Lofty Range; South-East. 3. D. penicillata (Labill.), F. v. M. Wallaby Grass. Stems 10-50 cm. high; leaves inrolled-filiform or setaceous ; panicle ovate-oblong, dense or rather loose, 3-10 cm. long ; spikelets erect, 15-25 mm. long with the awns, 6-8-flowered ; outer glumes 10-18 mm. long, exceeding the flowers without the awns ; lateral lobes of the flowering glume tapering into the fine awns and much longer than the basal entire part, which is more or less covered by long white hairs, often arranged in tufts; central awn exceeding the lobes.—D. race- mosa. D. semiannularis, R. Br. All over the State except the Far North. Spring and summer. Var. setacea. Resembles D. carphoides, having the same short dense panicle, but the lateral lobes are awned and twice as long as the base, and the awn is longer than they.— D. setacea, R. Br. 46. PENTASCHISTIS, Stapf. (Greek pente, five ; skhistos, cut: the flowering glume has about 5 divisions at the summit.) *1. P. Thunbergii (Kunth), Stapf. Perennial about 30 cm. high with narrow leaves bearded at orifice of sheath; spikelets 2-flowered, numerous, in a golden-brown rather dense ovate panicle, 2-5 cm. long; outer glumes 2, membranous, ]-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, enclosing the small flowers, of which only the awns protrude; flowering glume hairy, with 2 lobes and a bent and twisted central awn rising between the lobes, which have each a short, slender awn or bristle at the inner side of the summit and 2 teeth at the outer side. Golden Grove, near Adelaide. Nov.-Dec.—South Africa. Tribe 8. Festueeae. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, pedicellate, paniculate ; the flowering parts of the spikelet usually longer than the outer glumes; flowering glumes awnless or with a terminal or almost terminal straight awn. T4 Be GRAMINEAE. 47. Pappophorum. 47. PAPPOPHORUM, Schreb. (Greek for ‘‘ pappus-bearing ”’: alluding to the conspicuous feathery pappus.) Spikelets paniculate, with 1 bisexual flower and 1 or more male or rudimentary flowers above it ; outer glumes 2, subequal, membranous, many-nerved, shorter than the flowers ; flowering glume broad, 9-nerved and with 9 plumose awns. Erect perennials. Outer glumes 5-9-nerved ’. 226.2052 02. Ee Pee, ee P. ngricans 1. Outer elumes' 922) -nerved: 4.4.0 ss 8 Oe ee ce P. avenaceum 2. — 1. P. nigrieans,, R. Br. Black Heads. Leaves subulate, rather stiff; panicle oblong- cylindrical, dense, 1-10 cm. long, light or lead-colored ; outer glumes 3-5 mm. long, 5-9- nerved ; awns spreading and longer than the short entire basal part of the flowering glume. Throughout the State. Aug.-Jan. SS 2. P. avenaceum, Lindl. Resembles the preceding, but the panicles looser, the outer glumes 5-7 mm. long, 9-21-nerved. Far North. July-Jan. 48. TRIRAPHIS, R. Br. (Greek tres. three ; rhaphis, a needle: the flowering glumes are 3-awned.) Spikelets several-flowered, paniculate, the terminal glume usually male or empty ; outer glumes 2, subequal, acute, shorter than the flowers; flowering glume narrow. 3-nerved, the nerves leading to 3 narrow lobes which taper into straight slender awns ; ligule of hairs. Perennials. Paniclo-dense leaves: SOLb: Hits’. cr. s/s Genelec aie ne oe T. mollis 1. Panicle loose; leaves rigid and pungent ................. T. bromoides 2. 1. T. mollis, R. Br. Erect, glabrous ; leaves narrow, flat ; panicle dense, soft, narrow, often purplish, 4-16 cm. long; outer glumes membranous, l-nerved, 3-6 mm. long, much shorter than the flowers ; flowering glume ciliate on the marginal nerves, the central awn rising between 2 narrow teeth and the other 2 awns shorter and lateral. Far North; River Murray. Aug.-Feb. 2. T. bromoides, F. v. M.’ A glabrous “ porcupine grass”; leaves subulate, rigid, pungent, 8-15 cm. long ; panicle loose but narrow, 10-20 cm. long, on a long stem ; outer glumes 13-16 mm. long; awns of flowering glume 10-12 mm. long, dilated towards base. Everard Range. 49. ELYTROPHORUS, Beauv. (Greek elytron, a sheath ; phoros, bearing: alluding to the scarious glumes.) — 1. E. articulatus, Beauv. Glabrous annual, with flat leaves; spikelets small, few- flowered, sessile in globular clusters forming a rather long, often interrupted spike ; outer glumes 2, narrow, pointed ; flowering glume 3-nerved, with 3 minute awns ; palea folded. Recorded by Bentham for “‘ South Australia. Murray River, Ff. Mueller ; Charlotte Waters, Central Australia, Giles,’’ but has not been found since. 50. TRIODIA, R. Br. (Greek treis, three ; odous, a tooth: the flowering glume is divided into 3 obtuse or acute teeth.) Spikelets several-flowered, compressed laterally, panicula‘e; outer glumes 2, stiff, keeled, shorter than the flowers; flowering glume stiff, rounded on back, the nerves arranged in 3 sets of 3 nerves each, with 3 lobes or with 2 lobes and a central mucro ; ligule a ring of hairs. Leaves ending in needle-like points (in all our species); hence these plants are called ‘“‘ porcupine grasses,” or (wrongly) “‘ spinifex.”” Perennials. A. Flowcring glume divided to the middle into 3 lobes .... 1. pungens 1. A. Flowering glume with 2 lateral lobes and a central mucro. B. Leaves and outer glumes glabrous. Flowering glume with a mucro shorter than the obtuse lobes: 2. 25..0,4.5. thn ae ee T «rritans 2. Flowering glume with a mucro longer than the acute ODES ie. a0 odd canoes betel ate ee eae . TT. aristata 3. B. Leaves and outer.glumes woolly .............-,. 0: T. lanata 4. 1. T. pungens, R. Br. A tussock grass, somewhat glutinous; leaves subulate, rigid, spreading, pungent-pointed, the sheaths sometimes woolly; panicle narrow, 8-15 cm. long ; spikelets on slender pedicels, 8-12 mm. long ; outer glumes 6-8 mm. long, glabrous, 5-7-nerved ; flowering glume purplish, cut halfway into 3 broad obtuse 3-nerved lobes, silky-villous towards base. Northern part of Flinders Range and Far North from Cooper’s Creek to West Aus- tralian boundary. June-Dec. 50, Triodia, GRAMINEAE. 75 _ 2. T.irritans, R. Br. Resembles the preceding; leaves pungent, glabrous; panicle narrow, 12-30 cm. long; spikelets 10-20 mm. long, 4-12-flowered ; outer glumes 5-11 mm. long, glabrous, acute, sub-5-nerved, much shorter than the flowers ; the midnerve of the flowering glume ending in a mucro shorter than the 2 obtuse lateral lobes, the glume more or less silky-villous in the lower half, straw-colored or purplish. Adelaide northwards to Flinders Range ; Murray lands ; Far West. Puate 3.—Triodia lanata, J. M. Black. 76 GRAMINEAE. 51. Diplachne. 3. T. aristata, J. M. Black. Like the preceding, but the panicles are shorter and straw- colored ; outer glumes 12-14 mm. long, about as long as the flowers and acuminate in a short mucro; flowering glume with 2 acute lobes and a mucro or short awn SUES them (2-3 mm. long). Resembles Festuca littoralis. Everard Range. 4. T. lanata, J. M. Black. Leaves slender, subulate, pungent, woolly towards the base and on the sheaths; panicle narrower, but rather loose; spikelets ovate, 5-7-flowered, straw-colored, densely woolly or silky-villous; outer glumes 10 mm. long, 3-nerved, silky ; flowering glume silky nearly to the summit, the mucro about as long as the 2 lateral lobes or teeth. Minnipa, E. P. PLATE 3.—1, flowering glume; 2, palea; 3, pistil stamens and lodicules. 51. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. (Greek diploos, double ; akhne, a glume: the flowering glume is 2-lobed.) Spikelets several-flowered, sessile or almost so, in simple or paniculate spikes; outer glumes 2, keeled; flowering glume rounded or flat on back, closely imbricate, scarious, ending in 2 short lobes with a short point or awn between them ; palea broad, flat ; ligule membranous, jagged. Spike slender, simple: ».) 2.53550. We, eas et eee D. lolisformis 1. Spikes arranged ina simple!panicle ~.- 3-2. 2. 3.4.45 4505 4 D. fusca 2. 1. D. loliiformis, F. v. M. Small erect annual; leaves very narrow, the sheaths broad and whitish; spike 2-8 cm. long, l-sided; spikelets narrow, almost cylindrical, erect, appressed, 5-10 mm. long; flowering glume 3 mm. long, hairy at base, the midnerve prolonged in a short awn exceeding the lateral lobes ; grain fusiform.” Far North, in wet depressions. Most of the year. 2. D. fusea (L.), Beauv. Rather tall perennial; leaves long, with loose sheaths ; panicle narrow, 10-40 cm. long, with erect branches; spikelets compressed dorsally, almost sessile, whitish or lead-colored, 6-14-flowered, 10-15 mm. long; midnerve of the flowering glume produced into a point shorter or a little longer than the lateral lobes, the nerves silky-ciliate in the lower half; palea also ciliate with long hairs on the nerves ; seed obovate, pericarp loose. Far North ; Murray lands. Var. Muelleri. Spikelets almost white and apparently broader, owing to the flowering glumes being more flattened dorsally ; ciliation dense at base of flowering glume.—D. Muelleri, Benth. Flinders Range and Far North. 52. PHRAGMITES, Trin. (Greek phragmites, growing in hedges: plants crowded together in a row along the water’s edge.) 1. Ph. communis, Trin. Common Reed. Stout perennial, 1-3 m. high, with long leaves, 1-3 em. broad, covering the stem ; spikelets 3-7-flowered, in a large, branching, brownish panicle, 15-30 cm. long, silvery from the long silky hairs which rise from the rhachilla and envelop the flowers; outer glumes 2, membranous, keeled, acute, unequal, shorter than the flowers; flowering glumes membranous, acuminate with long soft points.— Arundo Phragmites, L. Banks of the Torrens; Reedbeds; beside creeks throughout the cooler districts ; often growing along with Typha angustifolia. 53. LAMARCKIA, Moench. (After the French naturalist, J. B. de Lamarck, 1744-1829.) * 1. L. aurea (L.), Moench. Small glabrous annual; spikelets of 2 kinds intermixed on the panicle-branches ; the fertile ones with 1 bisexual flower, of which the flowering glume is 2-toothed and awned, just below the notch, and 1 stalked empty glume above it, also with a slender awn; the sterile spikelets consisting of 2 lanceolate outer glumes (like those of the fertile spikelet), and 6-9 obovate imbricate empty glumes; panicle unilateral, spikelike, ovate-oblong, golden.—Cynosurus aureus, L. Murray district ; Flinders Range. Oct.-Mar.—Mediterranean region. 54. CYNOSURUS, L. (Greek kynos, of a dog ; oura, tail: shape of the panicle.) * 1. C. echinatus, L. Rough Dog’s-tail. Erect annual; spikelets of 2 kinds as in Lamarckia, but the f rtile ones with 2-3 bisexual awned flowers, surrounded by the sterile spikelets, which consist of numerous rigid lanceolate awned glumes, arranged in 2 opposite rOWS ; panicle ovate or oblong, 13-3 cm long, dense, very bristly ; flowering glume 5-nerved. - Roadsides, Mount Lofty and Stirling, Oct.-Dec.—Mediterranean region. 55. Koeleria. GRAMINEAE. 77 55. KOELERIA, Pers. (After G. L. KGler, a German botanist.) Spikelets compressed laterally, 2-6-flowered, in a narrow panicle; outer glumes 2, membranous ; flowering glumes 3-5-nerved, sometimes shortly awned in the notch, the upper ones gradually smaller and stalked. Outer glumes slightly unequal, shorter than flowers ...... K. phleoides 1. Outer glumes very unequal, longer than flowers .......... K. Micheli 2. * 1. K. phleoides, Pers. Ascending annual, with somewhat hairy leaves ; panicle dense, spikelike, 1-12 cm: long, when large slightly lobed, cylindrical or oblong, silvery ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 4-6-flowered ; outer glumes sprinkled with some long hairs, shorter than the flowers ; flowering glume 5-nerved, with a short awn rising from the notch at summit. Common throughout the State. Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean region. *2.K. Michelii, Cosson. Annual, with pubescent leaves; panicle narrow but looser than in the preceding species, 1-9 cm. long, light-colored ; the lowest glume very small, the second much larger and equalling or exceeding the flowers ; flowering glume narrow- cylindrical, with an awn in the notch half as long as the glume. Southern districts ; Murray lands. Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean region. 56. TRISETUM, Pers. (Latin tres, three ; seta, bristie: the flowering glume ends in 2 teeth and bears a dorsal -- awn.) z *1.T. pumilum, Kunth. Annual, usually small, with ascending stems; leaf-sheaths pubescent; spikelets 3-4-flowered, 4 mm. long, in a spikelike but rather loose panicle of 1-5 cm. ; rhachilla with tufts of hairs half as long as the flowering glumes and ending in a hairy bristle; outer glumes subequal, densely pubescent, shorter than the flowers ; flowering glume 5-nerved, 2-toothed, with a slender awn rising just below or in the notch formed by the teeth and about } as long as the glume. Established in the North, Far North, and North-West. Aug.-Oct.—South Africa. 57. BRIZA, L. (Greek briza, name of some form of Rye.) Spikelets compressed laterally, with several spreading, closely imbricate flowers hanging in a loose panicle ; outer glumes 2, almost equal, boatshaped, 7-9-nerved ; flowering plumes membranous, concave, obtuse ; palea much smaller; ligule long, scarious. SMIRCICES PAT DO, LOWS) 605. de Wee as cs eels See aileheng, see aia a B. maxima 1. Spikelets smiall> NUMEROUS: 66 fc. Wa Sh ule oe SoA B. minor 2. *1. B. maxima, L. Large Quaking-grass. Glabrous annual; panicle 1-sided, simple ; spikelets few, 10-20 mm. long, drooping on filiform pedicels, 9- 17- flowered, golden. Mount Lofty Range and cool districts. Sept.-Dec.—Mediterranean region. *2. B. minor, L. Lesser Quaking-grass. Glabrous annual; panicle compound ; spikelets many (except in starved specimens), pale-green, 3-5 mm. long. Same localities.—Europe. 58. DACTYLIS, L (Greek daktylos, a finger: shape of the panicle.) *1. D. glomerata, L. Cock’s -foot-grass. Tall perennial; leaves flat, long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, in dense 1-sided clusters at the end of the branches of a long panicle, which’ is narrow except when in flower; outer glumes 2, subequal, shorter than the flowers ; flowering glume 5-nerved, with a eilete keel, 2 teeth and a short terminal point or awn. Mount Lofty Range ; South-East. Nov.-Dec. —Europe; Asia. ‘ 59. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. (Greek eros, love ; agrostis, grass : alluding to the elegance of the spikelets. ) Spikelets of several or many flowers, paniculate, the rhachilla fragile or persistant ; outer glumes 2, keeled, much shorter than the flowers; flowering glumes unawned, 3- nerved ; palea shorter, prominently 2-nerved, usually persistant after the flowering glume’ and grain have fallen; grain glabrous, not furrowed, with a punctiform hilum ; ligule reduced to a ring of hairs. Love-grass. A. Spikelets slightly flattened, without a longitudinal fur- row ; lateral nerves faint or marginal. esepincicis £4 mma Jone a... 2:51. Seis eects. Siaad at K. tenella 1. B. Spikelets 3-10 mm. long. RAE NO Fo a8 cay 5) poled 9 Re ieas A SCO K. leptocarpa 2. Grain ovoid. Eaves Pla DEOUS.. 2 oii. oa coke «od Hees ne eran K. pilosa 3. SA VCR) RATE Be ope oes oa i ale end oo ea angel once PARR ay E. trichophylla 4. 0 18 GRAMINEAE. 59. Eragrostis. A. Spikelets very flat when mature, with a longitudinal furrow between the 2: rows of glumes. C Base of stems glabrous. D. Spikelets sessile or almost so, clustered. EK. Palea almost as long as flowering glume. Spikelets|2)mm! jbroad vie oc: se ee ee ee E. diandra 5. Spikelets:3 mm. broad’ 23.2. ee ee ee . concinna 6. EK. Palea not $ as long as flowering glume ......... E. speciosa 7. D. Spikelets shortly pedicellate in panicles. F. Leaves without glandular teeth................. E. Brownii 8. F. Leaves with glandular teeth. Spikelets’$ mm.broad: 2270 8c) 7 ee ean ae E. major 9. Spikelets)2 mm. broagdvr=:c- 4-41 ee ee E. minor 10. C. Base of stems bulbous-woolly. Spikelets 3:mm." broad j...0./2 os, Pssst. oa ee E. eriopoda 11. Spikelets 2,mm. broads >. 24 3. sero Ae core K. setifolia 12. A. Spikelets very narrow, almost cylindrical, not furrowed. Spikelets pedicillate, distant ...........:....-..2.-8 E. falcata 13. Spikelets sessile, clustered. 5.3.6... ccs betes. E. Dielsii 14. i. E. tenella (L.), Roem. et Schult. Erect annual 20-50 cm. high ; leaves flat ; panicle occupying the greater part of the plant, with long or short spreading branches ; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 1-4 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, shortly pedicellate, often purplish ; flowering glumes obtuse, about 1 mm. long, loosely imbricate, the nerves prominent ; palea glabrous or ciliate on the nerves ; rhachilla breaking up from the top downwards; grain ovate- oblong, 4 mm. long. Far North. Spring. A very beautiful delicate grass. 2. E. leptocarpa, Benth.. Resembles the preceding, but the spikelets are pale or lead- colored, narrow-linear 3-6 mm. long, ? mm. broad, 4-10 flowered, light or purplish ; flowering glume obtuse, often notched, 2 mm. long; rhachilla not disarticulating ; palea ciliate on the nerves or almost glabrous, usually deciduous; grain oblong linear, 14 mm. long. Far North and North-West ; Fowler’s Bay. Most of the year. 3.-E. pilosa (L.), Beauv. Glabrous annual, often reaching 60 cm.; leaves narrow ; panicle large and loose, with long spreading branches; spikelets linear, 6-18-flowered, 3-10 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, usually lead-colored, on pedicels of 2-4 mm.; rhachilla not disarticulating ; flowering glumes closely imbricate, subacute, 14 mm. long, lateral nerves faint ; paleas ciliate, persistant ; pedicels only slightly diverging, so that the spike- lets lie almost parallel to the panicle-branches ; grain ovoid, ? mm. long. Murray lands ; Far North. Summer. 4. E. trichophylla, Benth. Stems slender; lower leafblades villous; panicle rather loose, about 15 cm. long; spikelets linear, 8-12-flowered, 4-6mm long, 1 mm. broad, light-colored or purplish ; glumes obtuse, 1j mm. long, the lateral nerves conspicuous ; grain obovoid, $ mm. long. From Fowler’s Bay northward. Summer. 5. E. diandra, Steud. Leaves narrow, glabrous; panicle an interrupted spike of 5-15 cm.: spikelets lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 6-16-flowered, sessile in dense sessile clusters, forming short distant branches towards the base of the panicle ; flowering glumes white or purplish, with conspicuous green lateral nerves; palea nearly as long ; stamens 2, small, purple; grain ovoid, 3-2 mm. long; rhachilla not articulate. Tanunda; Bordertown ; Oodnadatta. 6. E. conecinna, Steud. Rather short grass, with flattish leaves, hairy at orifice of sheath ; panicle contracted, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets lanceolate, clustered, sessile, 8-16 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, very flat, 10-34-flowered, often purplish; rhachilla finally disarticulating ; flowering glumes 3 mm. long, with prominent nerves ; palea ? as long as the glume with long cilia on the nerves; grain ovoid, ? mm. long. Country north of Lake Eyre. 7. E. speciosa, Steud. Leaves subulate, glabrous ; panicle narrow, sometimes 25 cm. long, the lower branches erect and distant ; spikelets finally linear, lead-colored, erect, flat, 10-40-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, under 2 mm. broad, sessile or almost so ; palea ciliolate, not 4 as long as flowering glume; grain ovoid, scarcely } mm. long. Far North. 8. E. Brownii, Nees. Leaves narrow, sometimes bearded behind the ligule; panicle 3-15 cm. long, narrow or loose and spreading; spikelets 5-9 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, ~ lanceolate, 6-18-flowered, shortly pedicellate, distant or clustered (in the latter case approaching E. diandra) ; flowering glumes lead-colored, with conspicuous lateral nerves ; palea nearly as long; stamens 2-3; grain ovoid, almost globular, $ mm. long; rhachilla tardily articulate. Mount Lofty Range ; South-East. 60. Distichlis. — GRAMINEAE, 79 * 9. E. major, Host. Annual; leaves glabrous, except for long hairs at orifice of sheath, the blades with small tuberculate teeth along the edges; panicle compact, with short spreading-erect branches ; spikelets becoming lead-colored, 5-15 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; 10-26-flowered, shortly pedicellate ; flowering glume obtuse, almost notched, with very prominent nerves ; palea broad, nearly as long; grain ovoid, ? mm. long ; rhachilla not disarticulating. Murray district ; northern areas. Summer.—Mediterranean region. *10. E. minor, Host. Differs from the preceding by the narrower spikelets (2 mm. broad), less crowded on the panicle-branches. The tufts of long hairs at the orifice of the leaf sheath, outside the ligule, and the tubercles on the blade, serve to distinguish it from panicled forms of HL. Brownit. Flinders Range and Far North. Spring and Summer.—Mediterranean region. 11. E. eriopoda, Benth. Perennial; stems slender, rising from a swollen, densely woolly base ; leaves setaceous ; panicle narrow and spikelike, or broad with divaricate branches ; spikelets spreading, shortly pedicellate, 5-15 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 10-40-flowered, flat, glabrous, obtuse ; palea broad, nearly as long as the glume, ciliate ; grain ovoid. North of Renmark ; Far North and West. Spring and summer. Var. laniflora. Flowering glumes woolly towards the base with long marginal hairs; palea: ciliate on nerves, the hairs longer towards the base.—E. laniflora, Benth. Same localities. 12. E. setifolia, Nees. Perennial, with a swollen, slightly woolly base ; leaves setaceous; or rarely flat and tapering; panicle narrow, with short branches; spikelets numerous, shortly pedicellate, 8-20 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, 12-60-flowered, violet or straw-colored ; palea narrow, almost glabrous ; grain ovoid-oblong but small.—Z. chaetophylla, Steud. — Throughout the Far North, including the Flinders Range. 13. E. faleata, Gaudich. Slender perennial with setaceous leaves and a spreading panicle of 5-10 cm. ; spikelets few, shortly pedicellate, purple or brown, linear and almost cylindrical (1 mm. broad), straight or somewhat falcate, 10-30-flowered, 5-15 mm. long ; flowering glumes obtuse, closely ADEHEP Cts but rather distant from each other, the lateral nerves faint.—E. lacunaria, F. v. M. River Murray ; Far North and West. 14, E. Dielsii, Pilger. Near the preceding, but the spikelets are sessile or almost so, not so slender (1} mm. broad), more frequently curved, crowded, 5-25 mm. long, 10- 50- flowered ; base of plant somewhat swollen.—Z. falcata, Benth. non Gaudich. River Murray ; ; Far North and West. 60. DISTICHLIS, Rafin. (Greek distikhos, in 2 rows: position of the leaves.) 1. D. spicata (L.), Greene. Low stiff grass, with creeping stems and almost pungent spreading distichous leaves; spikelets flat, dioecious, 8-12-flowered 10-15 mm. long, in a short raceme; glumes many-nerved, keeled, acute.—D. maritima, Rafin. Usually in sand on the sea-coast, and also near salt lakes in northern districts. Summer. 61. SCHISMUS, Beauv. (Greek skhisma, division: the flowering glume is split at the top.) *]. §. ealyeinus (L ), Coss. et Dur. Small annual; leaves inrolled-setaceous, glabrous, with long hairs at orifice of sheath ; panicle narrow ; spikelets 6-8-flowered ; outer glumes subequal, 5-nerved, as long as or rather shorter than the flowers ; flowering glume broad, 9-nerved, pubescent, bifid and usually mucronate in the notch.—S. marginatus, Beauv. Country between Terowie and Cockburn. Aug.-Nov.—Mediterranean region ; South Africa. 62. POA, L. (Greek poe, grass.) Spikelets compressed laterally, several-flowered, paniculate; rhachilla articulate : outer glumes 2, 1-3-nerved, shorter than the flowers, persistent ; flowering glumes 5-9- nerved, keeled, awnless, often woolly on the back; grain glabrous, with a punctiform hilum, usually free from the palea. A. Perennials. B. Panicle long and loose. C. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate. Uppermost leafblade as long as sheath .......... P. caespitosa 1. Uppermost leafblade much shorter than sheath .. P. pratensis 2. C. Spikelets broad-lanceolate, quivering ............ P. Drummondiana 3. B. Panicle short, contracted. Base DUNDOUST Seis. eo Ott. Lea es eee P. bulbosa 4. Ase MOU WULUOUS F. 3i/28 sic Set sete Mane. Aeiee s P. caespitosa, var. A. Annuals. Midwermis Slniics:a-NEIVEd 202i. 1. '6 2 oe eels ines «ai cies P. annua 5, Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved .-...........0c00cve . P. lepida 6, 80. GRAMINEAE. 63. Glyceria. _ 1. P. eaespitosa, Forst. Rather tall, variable perennial, with long setaceous, rarely flat leaves ; ligule very short; panicle pyramidal, often purple, the long lower branches naked towards base and spreading in flower; spikelets rather lanceolate than ovate, 4-8-flowered ; flowering glume 5-nerved, more or less ciliate or woolly on the nerves ; grain oblong, sometimes subadherent to palea. Common in moist districts. Oct.-Dec. Var. tenera, Benth. A small form, with weak filiform leaves, and the panicle usually reduced to a few small spikelets.—South-East. Var. Billardieri, Hook. f. A maritime form with shorter, contracted panicles, often straw-colored, the lower branches short.—P. Billardieri, Steud.—Sea-coasts of. Kangaroo Island and South-East. Var. plebera, Benth. Tall and leafy ; leaves flat with a long obtuse ligule; flowering glumes obtuse or notched, woolly-ciliate towards base; grain ovoid.—P. plebeia, R. Br. Should probably be considered a distinct species—Morgan; near Lake Frome; Fowler’s Bay. *2. P. pratensis, L. Perennial with creeping rootstock, resembling the preceding, but the panicle shorter (4-8 cm. long), the spikelets broader; 3-5-flowered, and the flowering glumes more woolly ; leaves narrow, channelled, the blade of the uppermost one much shorter than the sheath; grain always free. : Adelaide plains ; Mount Lofty Range ; South-East. Oct.-Dec.—Almost cosmopolitan. 3. P. Drummondiana, Nees (1843). A handsome perennial, with flat leaves, quivering spikelets like those of Briza minor on capillary pedicels, forming a loose panicle, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 6-8-flowered, broadly ovate; flowering glumes obtuse, spreading, 5-nerved, ciliate in the lower part, especially on the 2 marginal nerves; at the base of the stem are 2 or 3 globular nodules.—P. nodosa, Nees (1846-47). Scrub near Roseworthy ; Gladstone; along coast westward of Streaky Bay. Sept.-Dec. * 4. P. bulbosa, L. Stems slender, swollen into a bulb at base; leaves very narrow ; panicle contracted, 1-4 cm. long; spikelets ovate, 4-6-flowered ; flowering glumes faintly 5-nerved, with long woolly hairs on the median and marginal nerves; flowers often transformed into buds (viviparous form). Near Adelaide ; Eyre’s Peninsula; South-East. Oct.-Dec.—Europe. *5. P. annua, L. Annual Meadow-grass. Small weak annual, with flat or channelled leaves ; panicle with spreading branches, the lowest solitary or 2-3 together; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; flowering glume 5-nerved, silky-ciliate towards base. Settled districts ; a weed in gardens. Spring and summer.—Cosmopolitan. 6. P. lepida, F. v. M. Annual, with leaves flat or channelled and a long ligule ; panicle narrow, 3-8 cm. long; spikelets 5-9-flowered, subsessile ; flowering glumes 3-4 mm. long, 7-9-nerved, silky-ciliate in lower half. From the Murray westward to Fowler’s Bay, but not common. Aug.-Nov. 63. GLYCERIA, R. Br. (Greek glykeros, sweet : alluding to the herbage and seeds of G. fluitans.) Differs from Poa in the flowering glumes rounded on the back, the lateral nerves straight and not converging on the midnerve, the stigmatic hairs branched, and the 2 lodicules sometimes united into 1. Perennials. Stennis tall cicid. (btanCnGm cr cer) kee Oren tell irre G. ramigera |. Stems not rigid or branched. Flowering glumes hairy near base..............-...--- G, Fordeana 2. Flowering glumes glabrous. Panicle loose, with large spikelets .................. G. fluitans 3. Panicle dense, with short spikelets ................. G. stricta 4. 1. G. ramigera, F. v. M. Cane-grass. Stems stout, rigid, to 3 m. high, the upper branches clustered ; stem-leaves few and short; panicle spreading, 10-20 cm. long ; spikelets linear, 6-12-flowered ; flowering glumes hyaline, obtuse, with 3 short nerves ; palea readily splitting into 2 parts; lodicules distinct; grain ovoid, loose within the pericarp.—Poa ramigera, F. v. M. Near River Murray; Far North. Sept.-Jan. 2. G. Fordeana, F. v. M. Under 1 m. high; leaves flat, scabrous; panicle loose, 10-20 cm. long; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, 8-12-flowered ; flowering glumes obtuse, 5-7- nerved, with a tuft of white hairs near the base and pubescent in the lower part. Recorded from the River Murray and the Wimmera district in Victoria, so that it ' probably occurs in this State. 3. G. fluitans (L.), R. Br. “Wanna Grass. Rather stout aquatic grass, with creeping stems ; leaves flat; panicle long, loose, unilateral, narrow, the slender branches bearing 1-3 linear spikelets, 15-30 mm. long, 6-14-flowered ; flowering glume stiff, 7-nerved ; lodicules united ; grain ovoid. Mount Lofty Range ; South-East. Nov.-Jan.—Cosmopolitan. 64. Sclerochloa. GRAMINEAE. 81 4.-G. stricta, Hook. f. Leaves long, setaceous, erect, with broad sheaths clasping the base of the narrow panicle, which is 5-15 cm. long; spikelets linear, 6-12-flowered, 6-10 mm. long; flowering glumes obtuse, 5-nerved, glabrous; lodicules not united : grain oblong.—Poa syrtica, F. v. M. Beside fresh or brackish water in all parts of the State. Aug.-Dec 64. SCLEROCHLOA, Beauv. (Greek skleros, hard ; khloe, grass.) * 1. §. dura (L.), Beauv. Small, stiff, glabrous annual; stems covered by the broad leafsheaths up to the short unilateral spikelike panicle, which is surpassed by the flat leatblades ; spikelets 3-5-flowered ; outer glumes unequal, the 2nd longer, 7-nerved ; flowering glumes truncate, keeled, 5-nerved ; grain oblong, tapering into a bifid beak. Near Spalding. Oct.-Dec.—Mediterranean region. 65. FESTUCA, L. (Latin name of a weed which grew among barley.) ie Spikelets several-flowered, paniculate ; outer glumes narrow, keeled, the lst usually l-nerved, the 2nd 3-nerved; flowering glumes rounded on back, at least in the lower part, the upper part often keeled, 5-nerved, acute, or tapering into a short straight awn, terminal or nearly so; grain furrowed on the inner face, adherent to the palea.. A. Perennials ; awn short or absent ; outer glumes subequal. 7 B. Leaves cylindrical. Leaves ricid, aslong as stems, .......0 00.22.0008 EF. littoralis 1. Leaves soft, much shorter than stems ...........:. F. duriuscula 2. B. Leaves flat ; stem and panicle long ............... fF. elatior 3. — A. Annuals. C. Spikelets spreading at summit; outer glumes very unequal ; awn rather long. Panicle long, arched ; Ist glume minute ............ F. Myuros 4. Panicle shorter ; Ist glume } length of 2nd.......... F.. bromoides 5. C. Spikelets compact; outer glumes almost equal; no Cato ep fy Ste aang eA ae OM ee en ae BESO, UE Ff. rigida 6. 1. F, littoralis, Labill. Leaves erect, cylindrical, straw-colored, rigid, pungent, often exceeding the panicle; panicle spikelike, 6-10 cm. long, straw-colored ; spikelets few, flat, erect, 14-16 mm. long, 4-6-flowered ; outer glumes about 8 mm. long, both sub-5- nerved ; flowering glume rather longer, sub-7-nerved, ciliate on the nerves towards base, mucronate.—Schedonorus littoralis, Beauv. Robe and other places near the coast. Summer. 2. F. duriuscula, L. Sheep's Fescue. Rather slender, but the erect stems stiff ; leaves short, setaceous, mostly basal; panicle contracted, 3-10 cm. long, with solitary branches ; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, 6-8-flowered ; flowering glume faintly 5-nerved, terminating in an awn about 3 its length. Barossa and Flinders Ranges. Oct.-Dec.—Also common in Europe and Asia. * 3. F. elatior, L., var. arundinacea, Hack. Rather tall, with flat scabrous leaves ; panicle loose, 10-30 cm. long; spikelets 10-14 mm. long, 4-8-flowered ; flowering glume 8 mm. long, faintly 5-nerved, the central nerve excurrent in a very short point or awn.. Moist plains in South-East. Nov.-Jan.—Europe. *4. F. Myuros, L. Rat’s-tail Fescue. Annual with subulate leaves covering the stem to the base of the panicle, which is long, narrow, unilateral and often arched ; spikelets flat, with 4-6 divergent flowers; outer glumes very unequal, the lower one minute ; flowering glume cylindrical, with a terminal awn rather longer than it.—Vulpia Myuros, Gmel. Throughout the State. Sept.-Nov.—Almost cosmo- politan. * 5. F. bromoides, L. Differs from the preceding in having a long naked stem below the panicle, which is shorter ; lst glume about } as long as the 2nd.—Vulpia bromoides, S. F. Gray. Same places and season. *6. F. rigida (L.) Kunth. ard Fescue. Small stiff annual, with narrow leaves; panicle narrow, oblong, unilateral, rather compact, 4-8 cm. long ; spikelets linear, 6-10-flowered ; outer glumes almost equal ; flowering ere obtuse, scarcely 2 mm. long.—Scleropoa rivida, 5 | Cte eR Te eA Neal cit, oh aa Fic. 21.—Festuca rigida. A common weed. Sept.-Nov.—Europe ; Asia. 82 GRAMINEAE, - 66 Brame 6f. BROMUS, L: (Greek bromos, some kind of oat.) Spikelets several-flowered, paniculate ; outer glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the flowers; flowering glume rounded or rarely keeled on the back, with 5 or more nerves, awned a little below the bifid summit; palea strongly ciliate on the nerves; styles inserted on one side of the pubescent summit of the ovary ; grain linear-oblong, adhering to the palea. A. Spikelets expanded at top after flowering, owing to the divergent flowers. B. lst glume l-nerved, 2nd 3-nerved. Coe Panicle very long and lagse’ =... 1... seen B. maximus 1. C. Panicle shorter, compact. Panicle somewhat loose ; stem glabrous ......... B. madritensis 2. Panicle very dense ; stem pubescent ............ B. rubens 3. iB Ustiglume 3-neryed, 2nd S-nervedi.).: 0. 0) ae B. arenarius 4. A. Spikelets contracted at top, even after flowering ; outer glumes several-nerved. Spikelets flat ; panicle loose....,.........-......% B. unioloides 5. Spikelets thick ; panicle damse ... ne. -2-. sen ssee: B. mollis 6. *]. B. maximus, Desf. Great Brome. Erect annual with pubescent stems; leaves: villous ; panicle rather loose, erect or drooping at top; spikelets scabrous, 6-10 cm. long with the awns, 6-10-flowered : flowering glume with 7 prominent nerves and an awn about twice its length. Throughout the settled districts. A form with very stiff, rough awns (B. rigidus, Roth), is known in the country as “ Jabbers,”’ Oct.-Nov.—Europe. *2. B. madritensis, L. Madrid Brome. Slender annual with glabrous stems; leaves pubescent ; panicle turning purple, rather dense, with short branches; spikelets 3-5 cm. long with the awns, 7-12-flowered; flowering glumes narrow, faintly 7-nerved and finally curved out- wards ; awn slender, a little longer than glume. Common at least as far north as Quorn. Oct.-Nov. —Mediterranean region. * B. rubens, L. _Red Brome. Near the preceding, but has pubescent stems and a very dense ovoid purplish panicle. with very short branches; the same divergent and scabrous flowering glumes and slender awns. From Jamestown northwards, at least as far as Marree ; Kyre Peninsula. Sept.-Nov.—Mediterranean region. 4. B. arenarius, Labill. Sand brome. Annual, with soft, densely pubescent or villous leaves ; panicle loose, drooping; spikelets 3-4 cm. long with the awns, pale or purplish, 6-14-flowered; Ist glume 3-nerved, 2nd 5-nerved, sometimes sub-7-nerved; flowering glume 7-nerved, with a slender awn about its own length. Throughout the State, from the sea-coast to the Far North but not common. Aug.-Oct. Fie. 22.—Bromus madritensis. *5. B. unioloides, H. B. et K. Prairie-grass. Stout annual or biennial; lower leaf- sheaths villous; panicle long, loose, pyramidal, spikelets very flat, narrowed towards summit, 6-8-flowered ; Ist glume 7-nerved, 2nd 9-nerved; flowering glume keeled, 9-13- nerved, with a very short awn; ovary 3-horned. Settled districts. Oct.-Jan.—North and South America. *6. B. mollis, L. Soft Brome. Annual, with softly villous leaves; panicle ovoid or oblong, dense after flowering, erect, with branches shorter than the spikelets; which are pubescent or glabrous, 5-11-flowered ; Ist glume 5-nerved, the 2nd 7-nerved; flowering glume 7-nerved, with an awn nearly as long as itself. Settled districts. Oct.-Jan.—Europe. 67. BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv. } (Greek brakhys, short ; podion, a little foot : the pedicels of the spikelets are very short.) *]1. B. distachyum, R. et S. Small annual, with kneed stems and pubescent nodes ; leaves flat, short; spikelets very slightly compressed, 7-15-flowered, 2-4 subsessile in a short erect spike ; outer glumes unequal, the lst 5-nerved, the 2nd 7-nerved ; flowering glumes convex on the back, conspicuously 7-nerved, stiff, with a straight terminal awn longer than the glume; palea nearly as long, ciliate ; ovary hairy at top. Adelaide plains; Mount Lofty Range. Oct.-Dec.—Mediterranean region. Tribe 9.—Chlorideae. Spikelets 1 or several-flowered, sessile or- subsessile in 2 rows and forming a 1-sided spike; the rhachis of the spike not articulate. 68. Cynodon. GRAMINEAE, 83 68. CYNODON, Rich. (Greek kynodon, dog’s-tooth: a translation of chiendent, the French name of this grass.) 1. ©. dactylon, Rich. Cowch-grass. Perennial, with creeping stems and short usually flat leaves ; spikelets small, 1-flowered, sessile in 2 rows on one side of the flattened rhachis of 2-5 slender spikes, digitate at the top of the stem ; flowering glume boat-shaped, keeled, awnless, longer than the outer glumes. Southern districts, usually in moist places. Summer.—A cosmopolitan grass. e C. ciliaris, Benth., which has 2 spikes, the flowering glume shorter than the outer ones, and with a ring of spreading hairs near the top, has been found at Charlotte Waters, and probably exists in our Far North. 69. CHLORIS, Swartz. (Greek khloros, green: alluding to the leaves.) Spikelets with 1 bisexual flower, sessile, or shortly pedicellate, alternately arranged in 2 rows on one side of spikes which are digitate at the top of the stem; outer glumes 2, persistant ; flowering glume with a straight terminal awn; above the bisexual flower are 1 or rarely more stalked empty terminal glumes. Perennials. A. Flowering and terminal glumes acute. Spikelotsvcrowdedie tio. sdc 5 5. tos colamle Vite wale iret Ch. divaricata 1. Spikelets rather distamtsevae ntsc. sees nha as Ch. acicularis 2. A. Flowering and terminal glumes obtuse. Hlowerme glume’ glabrous. \.2 6.4.6 ea se Ch. truncata 3. Klowerme,slume bearded ssc...) 2a es Ch. barbata 4. A. Flowering and terminal glumes broad. scarious ........ Ch. scariosa 5. 1. Ch. divaricata, R. Br., var. minor, J. M. Black. Short, glabrous ; spikes 4-6, 3-6 cm. long, finally divaricate, spikelets close together (about 1mm. apart); flowering glume narrow, 5 mm. long, with an awn 10-17 mm. long between ane 2 short lobes of the glume ; terminal glume 2-lobed, with an awn of 5-10 mm. Flinders Range and Far North. Summer. PLaTEe 4.—(2) a, barren flower; 6, fertile flower. 2. Ch. acicularis, Lindl. Spider Grass. Erect to 1m. high; spikes 3-12, 7-16 cm. long ; spikelets less close together (2-3 mm. apart) ; flowers as in the preceding, but the terminal lobes less conspicuous and often not reaching to the base of the awn, which is more spreading. River Murray; Flinders Range; Far North. 3. Ch. truncata, R. Br. Star Grass. Variable in height; leafsheaths broad; spikes 5-10, 4-15 cm. long; spikelets shortly pedicellate, 3mm. long; both the flowering and terminal empty glumes truncate and notched, with slender awns of 6-12 mm. From Adelaide northwards at least as far as northern end of Flinders Range. Summer. 4. Ch. barbata, Swartz, var. decora, Benth. Near the preceding, but the spikes are denser and the flowering glume has a tuft of long hairs near the summit on each sige, and the outer nerve is ciliate ; spikes 6-15, 3-6 cm. long. North of Oodnadatta. 5. Ch. seariosa, F. v. M. Spikes 3-6, 24-3 cm. long ; flowering glume raised on a hairy stalk, broad, ciliate with long hairs near ‘the hyaline entire summit, below which rises a fine awn; terminal empty glumes usually 4, the lowest 2 ovate, 5-nerved, spreading, rigid, whitish, the upper ones smaller. Near Oodnadatta. 70. ASTREBLA, F. v. M. (Greek a, not ; streblos, twisted : referring to the awn.) Spikelets 3-6-flowered, sessile or nearly so in the alternate notches of the rhachis of 1 or 2 unilateral terminal spikes; outer glumes 2, acute, many-nerved, persistant ; flowering glumes silky-hairy, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes erect and rigid, the central lobe tapering into an awn. Spikes 3-10 cm. ; awn very little longer than lateral lobes... A. pectinata 1. Spike 10-15 cm. ; awn much exceeding lateral lobes....... A. triticoides 2. 1. A. pectinata, F. v. M. Mitchell Grass. Leaves flat: spike 3-10 cm. long, rather broad, the spikelets close together; flowering glume villous except on the lanceolate lateral lobes, which are slightly exceeded by the central awn. Far North, and westward to the Musgrave Ranges. Spring and summer. 84 GRAMINEAE. 70. Astrebla. 2. A. triticoides, F.v.M. Mitchell Grass. Spikes 10-20 cm. long, narrower, the spikelets more distant, the rhachis flexuose ; the awn considerably longer than the lateral lobes. Flinders Range and Far North. = LIE y PuiatE 4.—(1) Helipterum oppositifolium, S. Moore; (2) Chloris | divaricata, R. Br. var. minor, J. M. Black. 71. Dactyloctenium. GRAMINEAE. 85 71. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. (Greek daktylos, finger; ktenion, a little comb: the spikes are digitate and comblike. ) 1. D. aegyptium, (L.), Willd. Short annual; leaves flat, with a few hairs seated on tubercles ; spikelets 3-4-flowered, arranged alternately and closely in 2 rows along one side of the rhachis of 4-10 short digitate spikes ; rhachis ending in a naked point ; outer glumes 2, shorter than the flowers ; flowering glumes broad, keeled, pointed ; seed rugose, at first enclosed in a loose pericarp.—Eleusine aegypliaca, Pers.; H. cruciata, Lamk. Far North and West. Spring and summer. Common in most warm countries. 72. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (Greek leptos, slender ; khloe, grass.) 1. L. digitata (R. Br.) comb. nov. Stems stout, rigid, tall; leaves short; spikelets 5-6-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, sessile in 2 rows on one side of 6-20 slender spikes, 5-10 cm. long, apparently digitate like those of Chloris, but really arranged in whorls or rising separately from near the top of the stem ; outer glumes much shorter than the flowers: grain smooth —L. subdigitata, Trin. ; Hleusine diyitata, Spreng. Near Oodnadatta. Tribe 10.—Hordeeae. Spikelets 1 or several-flowered, sessile, in 2 opposite rows on the rhachis of a simple spike. 73. LOLIUM, L. (Latin name for Darnel.) Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, sessile in the alternate notches of the rhachis of a spike and appressed to it by one of their-sides (backs of the glumes); outer glume 1 except in the terminal spikelet, stiff, convex, several-nerved ; flowering glumes 5-nerved ; grain adhering to the palea. A. Piowers oblong, swollen in fruit .-......5......05.5..- L. temulentum 1. A. Flowers lanceolete, not swollen in fruit. Perennial ; outer glume much shorter than flowers ... JL. perenne 2. Annual ; outer glumes equal to or longer than flowers = L. subulutum 3. *1. L. temulentum, L. Darnel ; Drake. Glabrous annual, with a stiff. stout spike ; spikelet oblong-cuncate, 3-9-flowered, broad-topped in fruit; outer glume equalling or larger than the flowers ; flowering glume awnless or awned below the suminit, coriaceous, narrower than the palea. Settled districts. Oct.-Jan.—Europe; Asia. *2. L. perenne, L. ye-yrauss. Perennial; outer glume shorter than flowers ; spikelets 3-12-flowered, lanceolate in outline ; flowering glume membranous, awnless. Settled districts. Oct.-Mar.—Temperate parts of the globe. The cultivated variety or species (J. italicum, A. Braun) has awned flowering glumes and sometimes more numerous flowers. Jtalian Rye-grass. * 3. L. subulatum, Vis. Stiff annuai, resembling Lepturus cylindricus ; spike thick and long ; spikelets lanceolate, 3-6-flowered ; outer glume equal to or longer than the flowers ;. flowering glume membranous, awnless, or with a vey short awn or point.—JL. rigidum, Gaudin var. subulatum, Fiori. Settled districts. Oct.-Dec.—Mediterranean region. 74. LEPTURUS, R. Br. (Greek leptos, slender ; oura, tail: alluding to the slender spikes.) Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile, solitary and half-imbedded in the alternate notches of a slender fragile spike; outer glumes 1 or 2, stiff, 5-nerved; flowering glume shorter, hyaline. Annuals. eae OAM Dis Fo Schade ioe Pies to, Osos, chee e le Cay gad pak L. incurvatus 1. “LEST attd 10s Gs ae a na PP eee me Sela teehee Nr Da Tye L. cylindricus 2. i ae Ye ineurvatus, Trin. Spikes slender, acute, cylindrical, stiff, usually curved ; outer glumes 2 in all the lateral spikelets, placed side by side and one partially overlapping the other. Near salt or fresh water in all districts except the Far North. Oct.-Dec.—Also European. 2. L. eylindrieus, Trin. Like the preceding, but the spikes rather thicker and usually straight ; the lateral spikelets have 1 outer empty glume, only the terminal one having 2. Southern districts and South-East. Oct.-Jan.—Also European. 86 GRAMINEAE. 65. Agropyrum, 75, AGROPYRUM, Beauv. . (Greek ayros, a field ; pyros, wheat: ‘ wild wheat.’’) Spikelets several-flowered, compressed, solitary and sessile in alternate notches of the rhachis of a spike, one face of the spikelet (sides of the glumes) appressed to the rhachis ; outer glumes 2, shorter than the flowers ; flowering glumes rounded on back with usually 5 nerves converging at summit ; ovary pubescent at top. Spikelets broad; long-awned >. ¢2):ha la ee ae cease eee A. scabrum 1. Spikelets narrow, short-awned................2......+.3 A. repens 2. 1. A. seabrum (Labill.), Beauv. Variable perennial, sometimes over 1 m. high; leaves scabrous on edges, more or less hairy ;_ spikelets distant, 6-12-flowered, on a fragile axis, 5-7 cm. long with the scabrous awns, which are 2-4 cm. long, the upper flowers and awns finally divergent ; flowering glumes narrow, rigid. Throughout the State as far north as the Flinders Range. Oct.-Dec. *2. A. repens (L.), Beauv. Hnglish Couch-grass. Perennial with creeping rootstock ; leaves scabrous on upper face ; spikelets thick, rather distant on a stiff axis, 4-6-flowered : outer glumes hali or more as long as the flowering glumes, which are 5-nerved near the summit and usually taper into a short stiff awn. | Here and there in settled districts. Oct.-Jan.—Europe ; Asia. 76. HORDEUM, L. (Latin name for Barley.) Spikelets 1-flowered. subcylindrical, arranged side by side in 3’s in the alternate notches of the fragile rhachis of a dense cylindrical spike ; outer glumes 2, narrow, awned, placed side by side in front of the spikelet; flowering glume convex, 5-nerved, long-awned ; grain hairy at top, adherent to the flowering glume and palea. Leaf-sheaths glabrous; central outer glumes dilated and Ciliates jets Be Lae be oh hae ee hoe eset: Ae nee ae LL. murinum 1. Leaf-sheaths hairy : all outer glumes bristle-like............ L. maritimum 2. *|. H. murinum, L. Barley-yrass. Annual, with villous leaf-blades but glabrous sheaths ; spike 3-10 cm. long, bristly ; central spikelet of the trio tertile, with the outer glumes lanceolate and ciliate, the 2 lateral spikelets barren, with 1 or both outer olumes resembling bristles; flowering glumes tapering into awns 3 times their length and much longer than the outer glumes. Throughout the State. Oct.-Dec.—Cosmopolitan. *2. H. maritimum, With. Sea Barley. Resembles the preceding but the spikes are. smaller, the sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent, the upper leaves glabrous; the 2 lateral spikelets have awns shorter than their outer glumes, and all the outer glumes are bristle-like and not dilated or ciliate. Sea-coasts, and also inland at such places as Jamestown and Bordertown. Oct.-Dec. Europe. Faminty 21.—CYPERACEAE. Flowers bisexual or unisexual in little spikelets consisting of several scale-like bracts called glumes ; perianth none or reduced to hypogynous bristles or scales; stamens usually 1-3, rarely 4 or 6; anthers basifixed, 2-celled ; ovary free, 1-celled, with | erect anatropous ovule ; style divided into 2-3 stigmatic branches; fruit an indehiscent dry nut (achene), flattened when the stvle is 2-branched, trigonous when it is 3-branched ; seed erect, albuminous ; stems usually solid. often trigonous ; leaves narrow, with closed tubular sheaths. Grass or rush-like herbs usually perennial. The Sedye Family. A. Flowers bisexual; fruits more than | in each spikelet. B. Glumes in 2 opposite rows (distichous). C. All glumes fruit-bearing except 1 or 2 at base ..... CYPERUS 1. C. Barren glumes usually several. Flowers 2 or more, bract usually 1, narrow .... ScHOENUS 2. Flowers 2; involucral bracts with very broad Shiéaths sho. st orb ks ie ee eee ee ee GYMNOSCHOENUS 3. B. Glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla. D. Base of style thickened. Base persistant on nut 02s... oe a eee HELEOCHARIS 4. Base ‘deciduous from ‘mut %. 1223.62 0k Sone FIMBRISTYLIS 5. D. Base of style not thickened. Hypogynous bristles or scales absent or 3-6... Scirpus 6. Fiypovynous. scales 2, flat) ici i. 2 cee yuo eee LIPOCARPHA 7. A. Flowers bisexual ; fruit solitary in each spikelet ; glumes imbricate all round. E. No hypogynous bristles or scales. 1. Cyperus. CYPERACEAE. 87 F. Spikelets paniculate. Werwest MOWER TOM e ccc: cash oscteccuee ayer sfa. cheat CLADIUM 9. ewestiflower sterile 02 2535.5 sco cual 6 5 feces GAHNIA 10. Bee picelebs SOMGATy vac oie shee wire clain ooh ab wl ehetabe wo ane,’ Caustis 11. Peperyposwnous scales Gi. 2sosis ya's ' al 6 ha, ae we ates LEPIDOSPERMA 12. A. Flowers unisexual; glumes imbricate all round. Nut enclosed inva iutriclesc i ei 2 oh pe ierlatels es Carex 13. Nut notrenclosed im! acaitmicle (2 ...c285 682 2 ot, Sad alee ei JHORIZANDRA &. 1. CYPERUS, L (Latin, from Greek kypetros, some species of Sedge.) Spikelets several flowered, with distichous glumes; stamens 1-3; styles 2- or 3-fid ; no hypogynous bristles. Usually perennials with simple stems ; spikelets in sessile heads, or on the rays (branches) of an umbel, having at the base an involucre of leafy bracts. A. Style 2-cleft ; rhachilla not winged. B. Nut compressed laterally (with 1 edge next rhachilla) C. Eragrostis 1. B. Nut compressed dorsally (with the flat or concave face next rhachilla). Dwarf annual ; spikelets numerous in a head........ C. pygmaeus 2. Perennial ; spikelets 1 or 2 together................ C. distachyus 3. A. Style 3-cleft ; rhachilla not or scarcely winged ; spikelets capitate or clustered. C. Spikelets few, pale-colored in a single sessile cluster ; small annuals. Pe One involucral: bract.erect, —j<). jcrait.io bee eee «= C. tenellus 4. D. Involucral bracts spreading. Glumes nerveless on: sides... . 0... -..25.-220 5 C. enervis 5. Glumesmerved-onvsides: 7.5. 2 fish dyes e. C. gracilis 6 C. Spikelets numerous; glumes with recurved points ; annualeste. = 5 eae te ones Brattain aan abate UVES EN SOG. oh PON C’.. squarrosus 7. C. Rather tall perennials. K. Nut not $ as long as glume; _ bracts 3-9, almost CCAR y Meg ces Cette nes Sod aye feaeno Wo avacse «Gee sade aele's C. vaginatus 8. KE. Nut as long as glume; spikelets small, capitate ; DETCUS thai. Rater per he Ho stole a2 Savers) sieve ye C. difformis 9. E. Nut shorter.than glume; stems trigonous; 2 in- volucral bracts long. Spikelets in umbellate heads’... .55 150-0... . 2 4) C. fulvus 10. sprkeletsem: sessile heads) oi... ye) sicrn sie ap diets wes’ C. Gilesw 11. A. Style 3-cleft ; spikelets spicate on the umbel-rays. F. Rhachilla not winged ; spikes loose ................ C. Iria 12. F. Rhachilla with scarious wings (persistant bases of the glumes). G. Stems stout, acutely 3-angled. Umbel small ; spikelets 10-30 mm. ........... C. alterniflorus 13. Umbel large ; spikelets 8-12 mm. ............ C. exaltatus 17. G. Stems slender, acutely 3-angled. Rootstock bearing tubers ; spikelets flat ...... C. rotundus 14. Rootstock without tubers; spikelets scarcely HSE CCUM oh aor are ae eae eet than Bes ops eee hap C. subulatus 15. G. Stems stout, bluntly 3-angled; spikelets flat, Be MISN DLO WAR fs <5 cpace, interes pan tebe! ele slchee es hie C. Gunn 16. 1. C. Eragrostis, Vahl. Leaves shorter than stem; spikelets usually in a compound umbel, with 2-4 involucral bracts; spikelets flat, dark-brown, 12-24-flowered, 6-12 mm. long; glumes obtuse with a green keel and nerveless sides ; ; nut less than 4 the length of the glume, biconvex. Recorded by Bentham for “ Torrens River, F. Mueller,” but does not appear to have been found since. 2. C. pygmaeus, Rottb. Low annual, with narrow leaves ; spikelets small and numerous crowded into a globular compound head with 3-5 broad-based involucral bracts far sur- passing it; style 2 or rarely 3-cleft; nut ovoid, shorter than glume, plano-convex or trigonous. River Murray, on moist ground. Summer. - 3. ©. distachyus, All. Slender perennial; leaves very short or reduced to sheaths at the base; spikelets solitary or twin, dark-brown, 6-24-flowered ; involucral bracts 2, the lower one long, erect ; nut much shorter than glume, plano-convex. Country about Lakes Torrens and Eyre. Spring.—Also in the Mediterranean region. 88 CYPERACEAE. 1. Cyperus. PLATE, 5.—Fig. (1) 1, spikelet; 2, glume; 3, glume and nut; 4, pistil and stamens. Casuarina strieta ave Cyperus distachyus sz C.distyla Pent. PuatTe 5.—(1) Cyperus distachyus; (2) Casuarina stricta; (3) C. distyla. 4. C. tenellus, L. f. Dwarf annual, with filiform stems and leaves; spikelets 1-3 together, flat, 10-24-flowered, the involucral bract erect; glumes keeled, with about 4 prominent nerves on each side; nut trigonous, more than 3 as long as glume. Mount Lofty and Barossa Ranges; South-East. Summer. 1. Cyperus. CYPERACEAE. 89 5. C. enervis, R. Br. Resembles C. gracilis, but the spikelets are 6-14 mm. long, 12-24- flowered ; glumes mucronate, with 2 nerves on each side of and close to the keel, the broad sides nerveless. River Murray; Flinders Range. Summer. 6. C. gracilis, R. Br. Small perennial, with filiform leaves; spikelets 4-6 mm. long 3-4 mm. broad, 6-12-flowered, few together, with 3 filiform very long involucral bracts; glumes with a short spreading point and 3-4 nerves on each side; nut thick, trigonous, nearly as long as glume. Far North. Spring. 7, C. squarrosus, L. Small annual; leaves narrow or rather broad; spikelets flat, linear, 4-10 mm. long, 10-20-flowered, numerous in dense heads or umbellate, with 2-4 involucral bracts; glumes 5-7-nerved, tapering into a long, recurved point; nut about 4 as long as glume. Far North. Spring. 8. C. vaginatus, R. Br. Variable perennial, leafless except for brown sheaths at base of the rigid cylindrical stems; spikelets very flat, reddish-brown, lanceolate or linear, 5-14 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, 8-40-flowered, either in a dense compound cluster with 3-5 short rigid involucral bracts and striate stems (var. densiflorus, Benth.), or clustered on the rays of a simple umbel with 6, rarely 7-9 broad involucral bracts 2-25 cm. long, almost equal; glumes 2-3 mm. long, acute, with broad brown nerveless sides, closely imbricate ; nut about 4 as long as the glume, trigonous. Throughout the State. Summer. 9. C. difformis, L: Leaves flat, long; spikelets dark-red, linear, 2-4 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. broad, 8-18-flowered, in dense globular heads, sessile or on the slender rays of an umbel; involucral bracts 1-3, leafy ; nut trigonous, ovoid, nearly as long as the small, broad glume. Murray country and Far North. Spring and summer. 10. C. fulvus, R. Br. Stems trigonous; leaves rather narrow, long, rather scabrous ; spikelets 6-12 in clusters on a simple umbel of 4-6 rays; 2 involucral bracts much longer than inflorescence, and 1 or 2 shorter ; spikelets golden or reddish-brown, 8-16-flowered ; glumes loosely imbricate, 3-4 mm. long, with 2-3 prominent nerves on each side of keel ; nut trigonous, more than 4 as long as glume. Everard and. Musgrave Ranges. Spring. 1l. C. Gilesii, Benth. Resembles the preceding in the spikelets and loose glumes, of a golden color, but the spikelets are longer (8-20 mm.), 20-40-flowered, usually arranged in a sessile cluster, and the glumes are finely pointed, the lower ones deciduous ; involucral bracts about 3, 2 longer than the inflorescence ; stems trigonous ; nut more than 3 as long as glume. __ Far North. Spring. 12. C. Iria, L. Stem-triquetrous ; leaves flaccid ; spikelets 5-15 mm. long, flat, golden- brown, 6-20-flowered, spicate on the umbel-rays; involucral bracts 2-4; glumes obtuse, 5-nerved on keel, the lower ones deciduous, nut trigonous, a little shorter than glume. Far North. Spring. 13. C. alterniflorus, R. Br. Stem triquetrous ; leaves long, with scabrous edges ; spikelets spreading, golden or reddish-brown, 10-30 mm. long, 12-34-flowered, spicate on few rays of a simple or compound umbel; involu- cral bracts about 4, 1 or 2 very long, scabrous; glumes 4 mm. long, loosely imbricate, with 3 nerves on each side of keel; nut triquetrous, oblong, more than } as long as glume. River Murray ; Flinders Range and Far North. Spring. 14. C. rotundus, L. Nut-yrass. Rootstock tuberous; - leaves tapering, shorter or longer than the triquetrous stem; spikelets from pale-yellow to dark-brown, flat, acute, 10-15 mm. long, about 16-flowered, in short spikes on the 4-8 unequal rays of an umbel, or almost contracted into a cluster; involucral bracts 2-4; glumes with 4 nerves on each side of the keel, clesely imbricate; nut triquetrous. scarcely 4 the length of the glume. Far North; in the South it is a bad weed in gardens and parks, and probably introduced. Summer.—Almost cosmopolitan. | 15. C. subulatus, R. Br. Differs from the preceding by a rootstock without tubers. Recorded by Bentham for Lake Fyre. Fig 23.—Cyperus rotundus. 90: CYPERACEAE. 2. Schoenus. 16. C. Gunnii, Hook. f. Stem triquetrous, rather stout and tall; leaves long and scabrous on margin ; spikelets flat, reddish-brown, 5-12 mm. long, 6-12-flowered in dense heads or very short spikes on the rays of a simple or compound umbel, the longest rays 7-8 cm. long; involucral bracts 2-3, very long (sometimes to 1 m.), and 1 or 2 smaller, all scabrous; glumes 3-4 mm. long, with 2-3 prominent nerves on each side of keel, loosely imbricate ; nut triquetrous, ? length of glume. Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges; Mount Gambier in moist places. ‘Summer. 17. C. exaltatus Retz. Stem tall, stout, triquetrous; leaves broad, scabrous on margin ; spikelets numerous, golden, linear, 8-12 mm. long, 14-30-flowered, spicate on the rays of a large compound umbel; rhachilla distinctly winged ; 2 or 3 of the involucral bracts much longer than the umbel; glumes obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved on keel, the lower deciduous ; nut trigonous } as long as glume. River Murray; Far North, near waterholes. Spring and Summer. Var. minor. Umbel smaller; spikelets 3mm. long, 6-flowered. River Murray. 2. SCHOENUS, L. (Latin for some grass or reed, from Greek skhoinos.) - Spikelets 2-5-flowered, capitate or paniculate, the uppermost flower often male or sterile ; glumes distichous, some of the outer ones empty; stamens usually 3; style- branches 3 ; nut more or less trigonous or 3-ribbed ; rhachilla flexuose between the flowers : hypogynous bristles rarely absent. Perennials. A. Stems with leafy bracts and filiform basal leaves. B. Spikelets minute. with 1 fertile flower ............. S. axillaris 1. B. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, in terminal and axillary clusters. Spikelets dark-brown. Hypogynous bristles present’... 0). 5. j.08: 2.3 S. apoyon 2. Hyjogvnous bristles absent 5........5.5.8 0.0. S. tesquorum 3. Spikelets: pale-coloned! 4. Sera winc 2 ao mvs cease aie eee S. sculptus 4. A. Leaves only at base of stem; small plants. C. Hypogynous bristles present. Leatsheaths densely bearded .................. S. deformis 5. Leafsheaths not bearded)’. 210.1) nuemicn. = eee as S. nitens 6. C. Hypogynous bristles absent ; dwarf plants. Fertile flower l; nutiwrinkled). <7). 7 hes S. Teppert 7. Hertile flowers 2; nut smooth’ 20).5-7 eo) S. discifer 8. A. Leaves reduced to sheathing bases. D. No hypogynous bristles: stamens usually 6. Spikelets in terminal thead.....-- 2s... 2.- oe. S. aphyllus 9. Spikelets in narrow panicle 22. .02.).2- sees: S. brevifolius 10. D. Hypogynous bristles 6; spikelet solitary ........... S. tenuissimus 11. 1. S. axillaris (R. Br.), Poir. Small, weak plant with narrow leaves; spikelets 2-3 together in the axils, 2-flowered, but usually only 1 flower fertile ; hypogynous bristles 5-6, slender; nut ovoid, white, 3-ribbed. Marshy places in Mount Lofty Range; South-East. Sept.-Jan. 2. S. apogon, Roemet Sch. Stems slender, 2-30 cm. high, with filiform leaves ; spikelets dark-brown, 4-6 mm. long, 2-flowered, few together in terminal and axillary clusters ; hypogynous bristles 6; nut white, globose, 3-ribbed.—S. Brown, Hook. f. From South-East to Flinders Range; Eyre Peninsula. Aug.-Dec. 3. S. tesquorum, J. M. Black. Stems filiform compressed, striate, 20-40 cm. high, with 2-3 leafy distant bracts with dark closed sheaths; basal leaves capillary ; spikelets reddish-brown, 6-7 mm. long, 2-flowered, pedicellate in clusters of 2-4, usually 1 cluster terminal and another in the next leafy bract lower down on the stem; hypogynous bristles none; nut white, trigonous, obovoid. From near Millicent eastward to Nangwarry, S.E. 4. §. seulptus, Boeck. Like the preceding, but the spikelets not so dark and the upper ones sometimes solitary, all 4-5-flowered ; hypogynous bristles none, or rarely 2-3 very slender ones ; nut ovoid, shortly beaked, white, 3-ribbed and deeply pitted between the ribs. Kangaroo Island; Eyre Peninsula. Oct.-Nov. 5. §. deformis, R. Br. Small; leaves at base of stem with sheaths densely bearded at the orifice and short recurved blades; spikelet solitary and terminal, within the sheath of a small bract, 3-4-flowered ; hypogynous bristles 6, densely hairy. Memory Cove, near Port Lincoln. Does not seem to have been rediscovered since Robt. Brown’s day. . 3. Gymnoschoenus. CYPERACEAE. 91 6. S. nitens (R. Br.), Poir. Stems slender, from a creeping rootstock: leaves at base of stem, short, filiform; spikelets brown, 2-3-flowered, solitary or several in a terminal head, with an erect involucral bract continuing the stem; glumes broad, subdistichous ; hypogynous bristles 6, with long hairs towards the base ; nut obovoid, shining, trigonous. Reedbeds, near Adelaide; Yorke Peninsula; Kangaroo Island; South-East. Nov.- Jan. 7. S. Tepperi, F. v. M. Dwarf; leaves basal, filiform, usually curved, longer than the stem, which bears | spikelet with 1 fertile flower; no hypogynous bristles; nut white, trigonous, rugulose. Mount Lofty Ranges; Kangaroo Island; Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas. Summer. 8. §. discifer, Tate. Dwarf; leaves basal, linear, flat; spikelet with 2 fertile flowers, solitary at summit of short stem and with an erect involucral bract; no bristles; nut ovoid, raised on a thin disk. Dudley Peninsula, K.I. Oct.-Dec. 9. S. aphyllus, Boeck. Stems wiry, with brown sheathing bases, glabrous at orifice ; spikelets 2-flowered, 5 mm. long, in a terminal head, which is equalled or scarcely exceeded by the brown outer involucral bract ; no bristles; stamens 3-7; nut obovoid, obtusely trigonous ; glumes ciliolate. From River Murray northwards. Sept.-Jan. 10. §S. brevifolius, R. Br. Stems wiry, slightly compressed, 30-40 cm. high, with brown glabrous sheathing bases; spikelets dark-brown, 2-3-flowered, 7-10 mm. long, few and pedicellate in the axils of sheathing bracts with a short, erect, obtuse lamina, forming a narrow panicle 5-10 cm. long; glumes all ciliate; hypogynous bristles 3, very short ; nut obovoid. Myponga. Nov.-Dec. 11. §. tenuissimus (Hook. f.), Benth. Stems filiform, with 2 longitudinal groves ; leaves reduced to basal sheaths ; spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, 10-15 mm. long, with 1 fertile flower; hypogynous scales 6; nut obovoid, smooth.—Lepidospora tenuissima, B.-v; Ma Square Waterhole; Encounter Bay ; South-East. Summer. 3. GYMNOSCHOENUS, Nees. (Greek gymnos, naked ; skhoinos,a reed: alluding to the long naked stems.) 1. G. sphaerocephalus (R. Br.), Hook. f. Stems rigid, slender, over 1 m. high, with long, channelled leaves; spikelets with 2 flowers, the lower male, the upper bisexual, numerous in a dense globular head, with a few broad involucral bracts at base ; glumes subdistichous ; hypogynous bristles 3, slender; stamens and style-branches 3; nut crowned by the base of the style.-—Schoenus sphaerocephalus, Poir. South-East. Oct.-Dec. 4, HELEOCHARIS, R. Br. (Greek helos, heleos, a marsh ; khairv, to delight in.) Spikelets many-flowered, cylindrical, terminal, solitary, the glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla ; hypogynous bristles 3-8; stamens 1-3; style-branches 2-3; nut crowned by the thickened persistant base of the style; leaves reduced to sheathing bases. A. Stems hollow, stout, apparently articulate ............ H. sphacelata 1. A. Stems solid, cylindrical. B. Stems rather slender. Spikelet 10:30 am long i. pos os oh erseeteie s e H. acuta 2. Spikelet) 6-10 mm long si 2)5 ls dari. See eete ssi a H. multicaulis 3. Banspemanaielike, short. 4.024: cuio cin ais hanced ew ee H. acicularis 4. 1. H. sphacelata, R. Br. Stems thick, erect, hollow, tall, with transverse partitions, rising from a creeping rootstock; spikelet 3-6 cm. long; glumes flattish, obtuse, stiff ; nut compressed-globose, finely pitted, shorter than the 6-8-bristles. In marshes throughout the southern districts and South-East, and as far north as the Flinders Range. Nov.-Jan. 2. H. acuta, R. Br. Stems slender, usually about 30cm. high, from a creeping root- stock ; spikelet linear oblong, 1-3 cm. long, acute ; glumes almost acute, with a green keel and brown sides; nut biconvex, with 5-6 bristles; upper leaf-sheath truncate, with: a minute point. Near water, from the South-East to the Far North. Sept.-Feb. 3. H. multicaulis, S21. Stems more slender and often shorter than in the preceding, filiform ; leafsheaths obliquely truncate ; spikelet oblong, 6-10 mm. long: nut obovoid, prominently 3-ribbed, smooth, surrounded by 5-6 bristles shorter or longer than itself, and crowned by a conical beak. Mount Lofty Ranges; Kangaroo Island; South-EKast. Oct.-Jan. 92 CYPERACEAE. 5. Pimbristylis. 4. H. acieularis (L.), R. Br. Stems capillary, 3-7cm. long; leafsheaths truncate ; spikelet 2-4 mm. long, few-flowered ; hypogvnous bristles small or absent ; nut obovoid, 3-ribbed, finely striate. River Murray. Summer. 5. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (Latin fiinbriae, a fringe ; stylus, style: the whole style is often fringed or ciliate.) Spikelets several-flowered, in heads or irregular umbels; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, the lowest 1-4 empty; no hypogynous bristles; style 2-3-cleft, thickened at base, but articulate on the ovary and wholly deciduous. A. Stvle-branches 2; nut compressed. BS Weak annual >-nut cmooth=. 32 oon tt ee ee F. squarrosa 1. B. Erect perennials. Nut striate and wrmkled= i. 3 ose is sea ce F. diphylla 2. Nutcsmoothi....7e a eect een cee ee eee ee F. ferruginea 3. A. Style-branches 3. Spikelets ovoid; umbellate.2.. feces cee ace F. Neilsonai 4. Spikelets linear. clustered ...... Tote seca F. barbata 5. 1. F. squarrosa Vahl. A small tufted annual ; leaves filiform, pubescent on the broad sheaths ; umbels simple or compound. with involucral bracts equalling or much longer than the inflorescence ; spikelets straw-colored, 2-5 mm. long, the glumes pointed and keeled ; base of style hairy : nut biconvex, finely striate.—F. velata, R. Br. River Murray ; Warburton River (near Lake Eyre). Summer. 2. F. diphylla, Vahl. Perennial with slender stems, 20-40 cm. high ; leaves few, narrow, mostly basal; umbels usually compound and loose with very short involucral bracts ; spikelets brown, ovoid-oblong, 5-7 mim. long; nut biconvex, whitish, longitudinally striate and transversely rugose under lens; stamens usually 3; style ciliate. Far North. Spring and summer. 3. F. ferruginea, Vahl. Stems angular and less slender; umbel usually nate with few ovoid-oblong spikelets, 10-12 mm. long, the glumes shortly pointed and hoary- pubescent ; 2 or 3 of the involucral bracts long ; ‘stamens 3; nut obovoid, biconvex, smooth. Warburton River (near Lake Eyre). Sumner. 4. F. Neilsonii, I’. v. M. Spikelets 8-12 mm. long, clustered on the few short rays of a simple umbel; glumes obtuse; stamens 3; style glabrous, 3-branched ; nut trigonous, pear-shaped, tuberculate. Far North. 5. F. barbata (R. Br.), Benth. Stems slender, 8-20cm. high, with short capillary leaves and sheaths bearded at summit; spikelets linear, brown, 4-6 mm. long, 4-10 in a terminal head, exceeded by one of the involucral bracts ; stamen usually 1 ; style glabrous, 3-branched ; nut obovoid, finely granular, the villous base of the style persistant for a long time. Far North. 6. SCIRPUS, L. (Latin for a reed or rush.) Spikelets several-flowered, clustered, umbellate, or rarely solitary ; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, the lowest 1 or 2 sometimes empty ; stainens 1-3 ; style deciduous, 2-3-cleft ; nut with or without hypogynous bristles. A. Sinall and slender plants (except S. nodosus); no hypo- gynous bristles (except in S. supinus). B. Style-branches 2; spikelets solitary ...............- S. fluitans 1. 3. Style-branches usually 3. C. Stems not rivid ; spikelets usually in lateral clusters. ' D. Spikelets small (2-4 mym.). BE... Nut. furrowed lengthwise . j.5...82 = + ae tee S. setaceus 2. EK. Nut granular. F. Sides of glumes thin. Spikelets TO ccc oe Siler esos ae eae S. cernuus 3. Spikelets "428° Fir 4 ase ae eee: eae S. stellatus 5. iE Sides of clumesstitl, shiming “ee ee aee S. antarcticus 4. D. Spikelets over 4 mm. long. . Nut, white; 'sinooth 2.2522 Shee eee S. inundatus 6. Nut: black; wrinkled... 2...9i2 seam ass ene S. supinus 7. C. Stems rigid ; spikelets in a dense head.............. ~ S. nodosus 8. A. Tall stout plants ; hypogynous bristles 3-6. G. Spikelets in a lateral cluster.................. etieat, 4s S. americanus 9. G. Spikelets in a terminal irregular umbel. : 6. Scirpus. CYPERACEAE. 93 H. Involucral bract short, erect ; style-branches 2. Bristles filiforni ‘scabrous. <2... é.dcis se ac% so vleselers S. lacuster 10. Bristles or scales flattish, plumose .............. S. littoralis 11 H. Involucral bracts spreading ; stem triangular; style- Brae crate Vue oe rane As calor shel aya AB ae? co, Suen ot ae S. maritimus 12 e 1. §. fluitans, L. Stems filiform,. weak,-creeping.or floating.; .leaves linear, alternate at the nodes; spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid, 3-4 min. long, tew-flowered, the lowest glume longer than the others; stamens 3, sometimes:2; nut- broad, smooth, whitish, plano-convex.—Isolepis fluctans, R. Br. In or near water, in southern districts. Sumner. 2. §. setaceus, L. ‘Stems filiform, 3-15cm.; leafblades very short, filiform ; spikelets 1-3, usually lateral, 3-4 mm. long, the short involucral bract solitary and erect ; glumes few, with a green keel and sides turning brown; nut alinost globular, whitish, ribbed Moist spots as far north as Flinders Range. Summer. 3. S. cernuus, Vahl (1806). Resembles the preceding, but the stems are even weaker and often curved; spikelets usually solitary, sometimes 2-3, 2-4 mm. long, with a very short erect, or longer spreading bract; glumes thin, striate, brownish, acute; stamens 2-3, or sometimes | only, especially in specimens with 2-3 spikelets; nut ? mm. long, obovoid, trigonous, obtuse, but pointed at summit, minutely granular, finally almost black and shining.—S. riparius, Poir (1820); Isolepis riparia, R. Br. (1810). Common in southern districts near water. Summer. 4. §. antareticus, L. Usually a neat little tufted plant 3-6 cm. high, sometimes taller ; leaves short linear ; spikelets 1-6, few-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, with an erect or spreading bract longer than the cluster; glumes boatshaped, stiff and shining, with a green keel, the sides with curved nerves and a reddish-brown spot; nut obovoid, trigonous, 1 mm. long, finely granular, obtuse at summit, and sometimes with a minute blunt point, at first yellow, becoming brown, not shining; stamens 2-3.—S. cartilagineus, Poir; Isolepis cartilaginea, R. Br. Throughout the State, at least as far as the northern part of the Flinders Range. Sept.- Dec. 5. §. stellatus, C. B. Clarke. Stems, leaves, and bract like the preceding, but the spike- lets are in clusters of 4-8, the glumes greenish with a short spreading point ; nut obovoid, triquetrous, ? mm. long, with a conical point, minutely granular, black, shining. Naracoorte; Penola. Summer. 6. S. inundatus (R. Br.), Poir. Stems usually long and rather stout, but flaccid; leaf- sheath basal, with a short point; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, usually 3-12 in a cluster, which is often proliferous ; glumes rather numerous, with a green keel and striate brown sides ; stamen |; nut 14 mm. long, trigonous or plano-convex, obtuse but pointed, white, smooth and shining. In marshes or beside water in the southern districts and South-East. Summer. 7. §. supinus, L. Stems tufted, spreading or ascending ; basal leafsheaths terminating in a short blade; spikelets 1-6 together, 5-10 mm. long, much surpassed by the erect involucral bract ; glumes acute, keeled, deciduous ; stamens 2-3; nut obtusely trigonous (plano-convex), obtuse at summit, finally black, strongly transversely wrinkled, usually with 5-6 short hypogynous bristles at base.—Isolepis supina, R. Br, Near Finke River, and therefore probably exists in our Far North. 8. §. nodosus, Rottb. Rootstock creeping; stems erect, subcompressed, 50-100 cm. high, stout and rigid by the sea, more slender inland ; leaves reduced to sheathing bases ; spikelets brown, clustered in a dense ovoid or globular head, the short stiff involucral bract continuing the stem; glumes obtuse ; nut smooth, plano-convex, about 3 as long as the glume.—lIsolepis nodosa, R. Br. Sandhills near sea, and inland near water. Summer. 9. S. americanus, Pers. (1805). Rootstock creeping; stems rather stout, triquetrous ; leaves chiefly basal, plano-convex ; spikelets brown, 6-10 mm. long, ovoid, usually 3-4 in a lateral cluster, surpassed by the erect involucral bract ; glumes notched and mucronate ; style-branches 3 ; nut plano-convex, smooth ; hypogynous bristles usually 6.—S. pungens, Vahl (1806). In fresh and brackish water throughout the State. Oct.-Mar. 10. §. laeuster, L. Tall plant, with stout cylindrical stems; leaves almost reduced to sheathing bases; spikelets brown, 5-10 mm. long, numerous in an irregular umbel, which is shorter than the erect involucral bract ; glumes keeled, mucronate, sometimes notched ; style-branches usually 2; nut plano-convex, smooth, shining; hypogynous bristles usually 6, as long as or longer than the nut, with reflexed teeth. In fresh or brackish water throughout the State. Oct.-Mar. 94 CYPERACEAE. . 7. Lipocarpha. 11. S. littoralis, Schrad. Very near the preceding, but the umbel is looser, the oblong spikelets attain 15-20 mm. when ripe, and the hypogynous bristles are not filiform, but are rather linear scales a little longer than the nut, channelled on the inner side and ciliate with flat hairs directed upwards. Same localities and season. 12. §. maritimus, L. Rootstock creeping; stems tall, triquetrous, with long leaves ; spikelets golden-brown, ovoid, 10-18 mm. long, clustered in a usually dense umbel ; involucral bracts 3, exceeding the inflorescence; glumes notched or jagged, the keel ending in a spreading awn ; style-branches 3: nut shining, trigonous ; bristles 6. In water near sea, and also inland. Sept.-Feb. 7. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br. (Greek liparos, shining ; karphos, chaff: alluding to the silvery glumes of L. argentea.) 1. L. mierocephala (R. Br.), Kunth. Annual, with slender stems and narrow leaves ; spikelets many-flowered, usually 3 together in a terminal cluster, ovoid, 3-4 mm. long ; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, small, pointed; style-branches 2; nut com- pressed and enclosed in 2 hypogynous scales. On the Murray in Victoria, and in the MacDonnell Ranges ; therefore probably to be found in South Australia. 8. CHORIZANDRA, R. Br. (Greek khorizo, to separate ; aner, andros, a male: referring to the separate male flowers.) 1. Ch. enodis, Nees. Stems slender but wiry, from a creeping rootstock ; inner leaves stemlike, the outer reduced to sheathing bases ; spikelets consisting of 1 terminal female flower surrounded by several male flowers of 1 stamen, each enclosed in a 3-toothed ciliate glume ; spikelets numerous, compacted in a dense globular lateral reddish-black head, with a stiff erect involucral bract continuing the stem; style-branches 2; nut biconvex, ribbed. Wet places in the southern districts and Eyre Penisula. Oct.-Dec. 9. CLADIUM, P. Browne. (Greek kladion, a branchlet: alluding to the panicled inflorescence.) Spikelets paniculate, with 1-3 bisexual flowers, but usually the lowest only fertile ; glumes few, imbricate all round, the one bearing the fertile flower usually the largest, 1-3 outer ones empty; stamens and style-branches mostly 3; no hypogynous bristles. Perennials with a creeping rootstock. United by Mueller and Tate with Gahnia. A. Leaves almost reduced to the sheath. B. Stems slender, stiff. Spikelets wUwimMeSMMlis sie oc 08% cre paotage orn syed lave, abe C. gunceum 1. Spikelets ow, p-nctie.oe o0 ssvetteot win ite rekene ine ome C. Gunnii 2. Bo Stems capillary, flomiple -2 0.4 ce Ai ees C. capillaceum 3. A. Leaves developed. C. Panicle composed of dense umbels ..................- C, Mauriscus 4. C. Panicle loose or narrow. D. Leaves cylindrical. K. Stems hollow, transversely partitioned ........... C. articulatum 5. FE. Stems solid ; panicle loose. Leaves'tew, short 48 5 Gal Bee nee ee eee C. glomeratum 6. Leaves mani; lone 650522 eis teen ieee chun C. filum 7. ID. Leaves anculats)...080. Sis ont ei ee ee C. tetragunum 8. D: Lewves Harttened | sci sites Bees tel tete el panne C. acutum 9. 1. C. junceum, R. Br. Stems slender but rigid, 30-60 cm. high ; leaves almost reduced to sheaths on the stem and at base ; spikelets few, reddish-brown in a spikelike panicle only 1-2cm. long; glumes acute, ciliate on keel, nut blackish, trigonous towards base. Southern districts; Eyre Peninsula; Flinders Range ; South-East. Sumner. 2. © Gunnii, Hook. f. Stems as in the preceding ; leaves reduced to sheaths, or | or 2 with a stemlike blade; panicle narrow, 3-5 cm. long, interrupted, with erect branches ; spikelets few, rather distant, 5-6 mm. long, 1-flowered; glumes acute; nut trigonous, shining, with a cushion-like summit. Mount Lofty Range. Recorded by Bentham, but does not appear to have been found since. 3. C. eapillaceum (Benth.), C. B. Clarke. Stems capillary, leafless except for sheathing eee foes narrow, acute, 3-4 mm. long, 1-flowered, forming a slender panicle of 1-2¢m.; nut white, globular, 3-ribbed, crowned by the thickened “persistant base of the style as ‘long as itself, —Elynanthus capillaceus, Benth. ; Schoenus capillaris, F. v. M. © Kangaroo. Island. 10. Gahnia. CYPERACEAE. 95 4. C. Mariseus (L.), Pohl. Stems hollow, stout, 1-2 m. high; with long flat tapering leaves, scabrous on keel and margins; panicle long, leafy, formed of distant pedunculate umbels; spikelets brown, numerous, with 2 bisexual flowers, only the lower one fertile ; glumes obtuse; stainens 2; nut ovoid-conical, shining. Mount Lofty Range; South-Hast. Dec.-Jan. 5. C. articulatum, R. Br. Stems (1-2 m.) and leaves hollow, with transverse partitions ; panicle long, drooping, interrupted ; spikelets numerous, brown, 3-5-flowered, | flower fertile, but not always the lowest ; glumes acute ; nut trigonous, whitish, with a cushion- like suminit. Mount Lofty Range; Flinders Range; South-East. Nov.-Jan. hie 6. C. glomeratum, R. Br. Stems rigid; leaves stem-like or short; panicle narrow, often with a flexuose rhachis ; spikelets brown, in ovoid erect clusters, with broad scarious sheathing bracts at base; flowers 3-5, 1 lower one fertile; glumes acuminate, ciliate ; nut trigonous, smooth, often reddish, crowned by the pubescent base of the style. . - Mount Lofty Range; South-East. Oct.-Jan. 7. C. filum (Labill.), R. Br. Stems tall, leafy ; leaves long, tapering into long subulate points, passing into the floral bracts; panicle long, narrow, each branch and spikelet subtended by a bract, the outer ones leaftlike, the inner ones passing into the glumes ; spikelets pale-brown, numerous and crowded ; flowers ¥, the lower one fertile; glumes acute; stamens 3; nut narrow-oblong, trigonous, 5mm. long. smooth. Resembles Gahma trifida externally. Mount Lofty Range; Adelaide Plains near coast; South-East; Eyre Peninsula ; Kangaroo Island. June-Nov. 8. C. tetragonum (Labill.), comb. nov. Stems and leaves compressed-angular or dis- tinctly quadrangular ; panicle oblong, reddish-brown, 5-10 en. long, interrupted towards basc ; floral bracts short, the upper ones glume-like ; spikelets numerous, 1-flowered ; glumes acute, ciliate ; nut with a cushion-like summit.—C. tetraquetrum, Hook. f. (1860) ; Lepidosperma tetragona, Labill. (1804). Mount Lofty Range. Oct.-Dec. 9. C. acutum (Labill.), Poir. Stems (15-30 cm. high) and leaves flat with obtuse margins, rigid ; panicle 14-8 cm. long, when long interrupted trom near the top, the branches erect and flexuose ; the lowest floral bract with a short sheath and leaflike pungent blade ; spikelets 1-flowered; glumes acute; nut dark and shining when ripe.—C. schoenoides, R. Br. (1810); Schoenus acutus, Labill. (1804). Mount Lotty Range; South-East; Eyre Peninsula. Nov.-Jan. 10. GAHNIA, Feorst. (After Henry Gahn, a Swedish botanist.) Spikelets paniculate, with 1 bisexual flower and usually 1 male flower below it ; glumes imbricate all round, 3-5 outer ones empty, the flowering glumes thinner and smaller than the others; no hypogynous bristles; stamens 3-6; filaments lenythened. persistant ; styles usually 3; nut obovoid. Perennials. A. Glumes acute. B. Tall plants. Spikelets almost black, distant ................. G. radula 1. Spikelets: brown, clustered. .). fons age De os G. trifida 2. B. Plants about 30 cm. high; leaves pungent. | MAANCS S'MOOUA) eee Fs Sine ote Ses Re TE Nn eager G. lanigera 3. Wea VES SCADLOUS es eed) haope es oR soa ae . G. deustu 4. menGlusaes obtuse ; nuts Ted. 7.2.6). gta. oo be..se.. Gi psittacorum 5. 1. G. radula (R. Br.), Benth. Stems 50-100 cm. high; leaves inrolled, with long subulate points, scabrous downwards; panicle 12-35 cm. long, black, with erect or erect- spreading branches, the lower floral bracts like the leaves; spikelets numerous, not clustered, 2-flowered, only the upper one fertile; stamens 3; nut obovoid, trigonous, dark. Mount Lofty Range (doubtful) ; South-East. Oct.-Jan. 2. G. trifida, Labill. Cutting-grass. Stems rigid, usually over 1 m. high; leaves inrolled, with long subulate drooping points, very scabrous on the lower face; panicle erect, narrow, interrupted, 20-40 cm. long; floral bracts leaflike; spikelets brown, densely clustered, usually 1-flowered; glumes acuminate; stamens 4-5; nut ovoid, black, shining, bluntly trigonous, 2 mm. long. Mount Lofty Range; Kangaroo Island ; South-East. Sept.-Dec. 3. G. lanigera (R. Br.), Benth. Stem slender, 20-30 cm. high; leaves erect, subulate, smooth, pungent-pointed, the brown sheaths woolly at the orifice; panicle slender, narrow, 4-12 cm. long, often surpassed by the lowest of the leaflike floral bracts ; spikelets 96 CYPERACEAE. 11. Caustis. dark-brown, 2-flowered, only the upper one Jeol: ; stamens 3; nut obovoid, obtusely trigonous, smooth, whitish. . on Southern districts ; Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas. Most of the year. 4. G. deusta (R. Br.), Benth. Resembles the preceding, but is a stouter plant 30-50 cm. high ; leaves with woolly orifices to the almost black sheaths and subulate blades which are scabrous downwards, especially near the involute margins; ‘panicle narrow, 20-30 em. long, with erect distant branches and several long, leaflike bracts ; spikelets becoming black, 2-flowered ; glumes acuminate, the outer ones ciliate ; stamens 5-6; nut smooth, trigonous. Southern districts, at least as far south as Coonalpyn; Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas. Aug: - Dec. ; 5. G. psittacorum, Labill. Stems stout, about 2 m. Hien leaves inrolled, scabpeoee with long subulate points; panicle compound, oblong, 40-60 cm. long, the branches erect or drooping, the lower bracts leaflike; spikelets numerous, at first brown, finally black, 2-flowered ; outer glumes obtuse and mucronate, the flowering ones very obtuse or notched; stamens 4; nut ovoid, trigonous, bright-red, 3-4 mm. long. Mount Lofty Range; the Coorong. Dec.-Feb. 11. CAUSTIS, R. Br. (Greek kaustos, burnt, scorched : from the appearance of the sheathing bases.) 1. C. pentandra, R. Br. Stems erect, from a creeping rootstock, the branches stiff, plano-convex ; leaves reduced to black, closed, pointed sheaths ; spikelets brown, narrow, 12-15 mm. long, erect, usually 2 from the same sheath, of which 1 is pedicellate ; glumes stiff, acuminate, outer empty ones 4-5, then a male flower, and above it a fertile flower with 5 stamens; style-branches 3; nut crowned with the larger persistant pubescent base of the style ; no hypogynous bristles. eP Square Waterhole (Mount Lofty Range); Kangaroo Island: South-East. Nov.-Jan. 12. LEPIDOSPERMA, Labill. (Greek lepis, lepidos, a scale ;. sperma, seed: alluding to the hypogynous scales sur- - rounding the nut.) Spikelets paniculate, with 1 fertile flower and usually 1 or more male flowers below it ; glumes few, imbricate all round the rhachilla, a narrow empty one above the fertile flower ; stamens usually 3; style 3-fid, deciduous ; nut trigonous with a pale cushion-like summit ; hypogynous scales 6, enlarged and thickened under the fruit ; leaves basal. Perennials. A. Stems hollow, biconvex, tall; leaves equitant. . Stems over Om. broad... 7 eee Na Geen .. LL. exaltatum 1. Stemseundeni6) nina bread . seine, oo ieee L. longitudinale 2, A. Stems solid, compressed, hard ; leaves equitant. B. Stems with sharp edges, not viscid. C.Stema. 5-20 mint, broad. ne eke ge ee eee L. gladiatum 3. C. Stems 3-7 mm. broad Panicle:short and dense 42/72. 6. Gree ee L. concavum 4. Panicle long and marrow -%.:0.. 7-4... ,.... J, laterale 5. C. Stems about 2 mm. broad. Upper bracts long and awned ................ L. congestum 6. Upper bracts olume-like <7 teae ate ee a L. lineare 7. B. Stems with-rough viscid edges....:°. 22. 54.4." L. viscidum 8. A. Stems cylindrical, usually slender. D. Panicle narrow, 3-7 cm. long. Leaves:cylindricall ’. ... . S2.5 6065.2 ee es L. canescens 9. Leaves flattish’ = 22ic . 27s GMs a he eee L. semiteres 10. D. Panicle interrupted, spikelets clustered, black. Panicle 8-10 cm. long; spikelets 4-6 mm. ...... L. striatum 11. Panicle 2-3 cm. long; spikelets 10 mm. ........ L. carphoides 12. 1. L. exaltatum, R. Br. Stems 1-2 m. high, 6-7 mm. broad, biconvex with acute edges ; pith continuous; leaves similar; panicle 10-25 cm. long, narrow, the lowest subtending bract 4-10 cm. long; spikelets brown, 6-7 mm. long, densely crowded on the erect panicle-__ branches, with 1-4 barren flowers besides the fertile one; scales under the nut united towards base, acuminate, the points quite glabrous. In the South-East from Glenelg River westwards; Square Waterhole (Mount Lofty Range). Summer. 2. L. longitudinale, Labill. Not very satisfactorily distinguished from the preceding, except that the pith is interrupted, the stem usually rather narrower, the pa looser and not so long. 2 Myponga (Mount Lofty Range). Summer. 13. Carex. CYPERACEAE. OT 3. L. gladiatum, Labill. Sword Rush. Stems rigid, over 1 m. high, 8-20 mm. broad, biconvex with sharp edges ; leaves similar but flatter ; panicle dense, thick, or the lower branches spreading, 4-15 cm. long ; spikelets pale-brown, 6-8 mm. long, with or without a barren flower below the fertile one; scales thick, with ciliate points. On sandy coasts. Summer. 4. L. coneavum, R. Br. Stems 20-50 cm. high, flat, or slightly convex on one side, 3-5 mm. broad ; leaves the same ; panicle narrow, dense, 3-8 cm. long; lowest bract $ as long, or sometimes as long as panicle, the upper bracts long-awned, glumes brown, acu- minate ; hypogynous scales broad, shortly pointed, ciliate at summit. Southern districts. Summer. 5. L. laterale, R. Br. Stems 40-100 cm. high, 4-7 mm. broad, flat or somewhat concave ; . panicle narrow, loose, 10-20 cm. long, the spikelets distinct or rarely clustered, with 1 barren flower below the fertile one ; glumes acuminate ; lowest bract much shorter than panicle ; scales with long ciliate points, sometimes as long as the shining nut. Southern districts as far east as Lameroo; South-East. Most of the year. 6. L. congestum, R. Br. Stems 10-20 cm. high, flat or biconvex, 2-3 mm. broad ; leaves similar; panicle almost spikelike, 24-7 cm. long, the spikelets clustered ; subtending bracts all awned, pungent-pointed ; spikelets about 4 mm. long. EKyre Peninsula. Perhaps only a form of L. concavum. 7. L. lineare, R. Br. Stems 20-60 cm. high, 14-24 mm. broad, biconvex with acute edges; leaves similar; panicle narrow, 2-5 cm. long, with almost erect branches ; lowest bract sometimes long; spikelets not numerous, 5-6 mm. long, acute; scales with ciliate points. ; Mount Lofty Range. Summer. 8. L. viscidum, R. Br. Scarcely differs from L. concavum and L. laterale except in the rough brown viscid margins of the stems and leaves, and represents probably a form of those species in which these resinous exudations take place. The viscid line sometimes almost or quite disappears. Southern districts. Summer.. 9. L. eaneseens, Boeck. Stems slender, 25-60 cm. high, cylindrical, or slightly com- pressed and with blunt edges, ?-14 mm. broad; inner leafblades cylindrical or biconvex and grooved on inner face ; panicle narrow, 3-5 cm. long, almost spikelike, or usually with erect branches near base; spikelets grey, distinct, often curved, 6-8 mm. long; scales with short ciliate points. Southern districts; Kangaroo Island; South-East. Summer. 10. L. semiteres, F. v. M. Like the preceding, but the inner leafblades are flatter. Mount Lofty Range. These 2 species are poorly distinguished and should probably be united. 11. L. striatum, R. Br. Stems about 1 m. high, cylindrical, rigid, 2-4 mm. diam. ; pith interrupted; panicle pyramidal, 8-10 cm. long, with spreading-erect branches ; floral bracts short. black, mucronate ; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, in dense clusters along the branches, 2-flowered, the lower flower barren ; glumes brown, finely pubescent, the lower ones obtuse-mucronate ; hypogynous scales broad, with a short ciliate point. Mount Ilbillie, Everard Range. Differs from description in the number of barren flowers and may be an undescribed species. 12. L. earphoides, Ff. v. M. Stems filiform (? mm. diam.), rigid, grooved on one side, about 40cm. high; leaves similar; panicle short, sometimes with a flexuose rhachis supporting th clusters or partial spikes, which are often finally fanshaped ; subtending bracts and glumes black, the former awned ; spikelets with 1 barren and 1 fertile flower ; scales broad, with points ciliolate at summit; nut pointed. - Southern districts; Eyre Peninsula; South-East. Summer. 13. CAREX, L. (Latin name of some kind of rush.) Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets, which are terminal, or also distant along the stem; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla; ovary enclosed in a membranous sack or utricle, from which the 2- or 3-fid style emerges; stamens usually _ 3; nut compressed or trigonous, enclosed in the persistant utricle. Perennials (“‘ Sedges ’’) with grass-like leaves and usually with creeping rootstock, inhabiting moist places. A. Spikelets all androgynous ; style-branches 2. B. Spikelets few, in a terminal spike. PSWIRCISUS Nd ola Bhatia Flash te was Aue Unayen as oe C. inversa 1. AS EES Cel RE RE PPD Scorn nme Notre hag ee CO. chlorantha 2. B. Spikelets numerous, in a long narrow panicle. RIE IS CLIO LOIS 5 Fans. dens cassettes Was Won veges sneneh: C. appressa 3. PCI CV MEAT ICH soc enn windorain, dete aoe wine Seve . OC. tereticaulis 4. 98 CYPERACEAE. 13. Carex. A Spikelets few or many, the uppermost male, the lower chiefly female. C.Stiyle=branehes 2.) ics... ass) oe ee eee Ee C. Gaudicha..diana 5. C. Style-branches 3; 1 or more terminal spikelets male. D. Spikelets erect, mostly sessile. EK. Utricle thick, glabrous. Male spikelets usually 2 or more ........... C. pumila 6. Male spikelet solitary © 1302) 143 een ~ OC. Gunniana 8. K.. Wtricle*thin, pubescent; i202... nse eee oe C. breviculmis 7. D. Spikelets long-stalked, drooping ...............: C. pseudocyperus 9. 1. C. inversa, R. Br. Stems slender, 10-30 cm. high; spikelets ovoid, 6-10 mm. long; sessile in a terminal cluster or one lower down ; floral bracts leaflike, much longer than the inflorescence ; male flowers usually at base of spikelet; utricle compressed, obovate, prominently nerved, ciliate on the edges, with a short bifid beak. Southern districts; South-East. Sept.-Dec. 2. C. echlorantha, R. Br. Stems 15-60 cm. high, smooth and glabrous ; leaves shorter ; spikelets 6-12, sessile in a dense terminal spike of 14-2} cm. ; floral bracts glume-like but awned ; male flowers at summit of spikelets; utricle compressed, with ciliate edges and a short bifid beak. Lake Edward (South-East). Summer. 3. C. appressa, R. Br. Stems tall, triquetrous, scabrous on the edges towards summit ; leaves flat, with scabrous margins ; spikelets numerous erect, in a narrow spikelike panicle, 5-25 cm. long; floral bracts usually inconspicuous; utricle as in the preceding.—C. paniculata, F. v. M. non L. Southern districts ; Flinders Range. Summer. 4. C. tereticaulis, F. v. M. Like the preceding, except that the stems are smooth, cylindrical, or obscurely trigonous. Same districts and season. 5. C. Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. Stems slender, triquetrous with scabrous margins, sometimes short; leaves often longer, flat; spikelets 3-8, cylindrical, 14-6 cm. long, distant, sessile except the lowest, which may be shortly pedunculate, the upper 1 or 2 male, the others female, sometimes with a few males at summit ; lower floral bracts long ; glumes dark-brown, obtuse ; utricle 2-3 mm. long, flat, striate, with a short bifid beak ; style-branches 2.—C. vulgaris, Fries, var. Gaudichaudiana, Boott; C. caespitosa, R. Br. non L. Southern districts ; Flinders Range. Sept.-Dec. 6. C. pumila, Thunb. Stems triquetrous, 10-30 cm. high ; leaves keeled in lower part, flat above ; spikelets 4-7, the males terminal, 1-4, and close together; the remainder female, or with a few males at top, distant, the lowest shortly pedunculate ; floral bracts long; female glumes reddish-brown, acute ; utricle about 5 mm. long, golden-brown, thick in texture, with a short 2-toothed beak ;_ style-branches 3. Southern districts; South-East; Flinders Range. Summer. Var. Bichenoviana, Kikenth. Stouter and taller than the type; male spikelets 6-20, in a terminal cluster ; female spikelets about 3, the lowest pedunculate ; utricle 4 mm. long, often barren.—C. Bichenoviana, Boott. Reedbeds ; Grange Road. Summer. Fig. 24 Carex pumila, var. Bichenoviana. 7. C. breviculmis, R. Br. Stems 1-15 cm. long; leaves and bracts narrower than in the preceding ; spikelets 3-4, the terminal male; female glumes with a long mucro, equalling or exceeding the utricle, which is 4 mm. long, including the short stipes and conical beak, and is minutely pubescent. Mount Lofty Range; South-East. Summer. 8. C. Gunniana, Boott. In our specimens usually smaller than C. pumila ; spikelets 3-6, the male one terminal, solitary, the lowest female spikelet sometimes on a long peduncle ; female glumes obtuse, golden, with a green keel and mucro; utricle pale or greenish, with a slightly longer and more slender beak. Southern districts and South-East. Summer. 1. Spirodela. CYPERACEAE. 99 9. C. pseudocyperus, L. Stems triquetrous, 50 cm. to Im. high, scabrous on margins ; leaves flat ; spikelets 3-6, pedunculate, drooping, 3-6 cm. long, all near together towards the top of the stem, the uppermost male, the others female ; floral bracts leafy, much exceeding the inflorescence ; glumes pointed ; utricle spreading, narrow, shortly stalked, strongly nerved, tapering into a long 2-cleft beak. Mount Lofty Range; Kangaroo Island; River Murray ; South-East. Summer. Famity 22.—LEMNACEAE. Flowers very rare, unisexual, the males consisting of 1 stamen and the females of 1 carpel, growing on the leaf and sometimes contained in a minute spathe; fruit a small utricle. Small floating plants, free in the water, each consisting of a leaflike lamina or shoot (here called “‘leaf’’) and propagating themselves by similar lateral growths from the edges of the leaves. Duckweeds. The disk-like laminas are considered by some botanists to be modified stems, by others to be true leaves. A. Leaves with roots growing from the undersurface. iReote 2 orunore.to-eachs leafiess, ©. 6% a.ite es seals SPIRODELA 1. Raoul: toreach leah ise st: ols ssa hero ete te eee LEMNA 2. PREC AVCSEWIENOWUGTOOUS firs es ehh ek ee ee ee eee WoLFria 3. 1. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. 1. S. oligorrhiza (Kurz), Hegelm. Leaves ovate, thin, 3-4 mm. long, with several lateral converging nerves, and each leaf with 2-5 roots from the lower surface ; flowers. issuing from a slit in the edge of the leaf 1 female and 2 males within a minute spathe.— Lemna oligorrhiza, Kurz. Reedbeds, near Adelaide. 2. LEMNA, L. (Greek name of a water-plant. ) Flowers as in Spirodela, but only 1 root to each leaf, and the nerves inconspicuous or none. masbeaves lanceolate oroblong .« «ccc ecece sda nels « L. trisulca 1. A. Leaves ovate or suborbicular. ect Co uev ibm nee fied cue ion cee taiacels, Set emcee esd open ta ak L. minor 2. BCA OSCOMVEK1 DOLOW 2 onc soe aie oor Shes cases, aus L. gibba 3. 1. L. trisulea L. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, thin, petiolate, 10-12 mm. long with the petiole; 3 or more united together, often dichotomously. River Murray ; South-East. 2. L. minor, L. Leaves broadly ovate, opaque, flat, 2-4 mm. long, separating when _ Mature. In still water in southern districts. 3. L. gibba, L. Leaves obovate, flattish above, convex and spongy below. -Mount Gambier. 3. WOLFEFIA, Hork. et Schleid. (After J. F. Wolff, German physician and botanist, 1778-1806.) 1. W. arrhiza (L.), Wimm. Very small floating plant; leaf about 1 mm. diam., thick, very convex beneath, without roots; flowers rising on the surface of the leaf, without a spathe ; stamen solitary with an almost sessile anther. River Murray. FamMILy 23.—RESTIONACEAE. Flowers unisexual and mostly dioecious, or rarely bisexual, arranged in spikelets or panicles, each flower in the axil of a rigid glume ; perianth of 6 or fewer glume-like seg- ments, rarely none; male flowers of 3 stamens; anthers l-celled ; female flowers with a 1-3-celled ovary, and 1-3 slender styles or branches; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous ; fruit a capsule or nut ; seed albuminous. Rush-like perennials, the leaves almost reduced to brown distichous sheathing bracts imbricate at the base of and distant along the stem, split on one side and not tubular, as in Cyperaceae. A. Ovary 3-celled; flowers panicled: ...............4.: Lepyropia 1. A. Ovary 1-celled. : B. Styles or style-branches 3. Female spikelets several-flowered .............. LEPTOCARPUS 2. Bemale spikelets U-flowered) . 22 cee. secs es HYPOLAENA 3. B. Style undivided. Vemale spikelets l-flowered’ . 4.22 .20.0% .n.00% Loxocarya 4. Female spikelets several-flowered .............. LEPIDOBOLUS 5. 100 RESTIONACEAE. | .Begeeneae 1. LEPYRODIA, R. Br. (Greek lepyrodes, furnished with bracts.) 1. L. Muelleri, Benth. Stems simple, ‘erect, 40-60 cm. high, from a creeping scaly rootstock ; sheathing bracts appressed, with a short filiform blade, those under the inflorescence looser ; flowers monoecious, in compound distant pale-brown spikes, forming a narrow panicle ; upper floral bracts and glumes acuminate or obtuse ; perianth-segments 6, about 3mm. long, acute; ovary 3-angled, 3-celled ; capsule opening at the angles. Swamps at Tarpeena (South-East). 2. LEPTOCARPUS, R. Br. (Greek leptos, thin ; karpos, fruit.) Flowers dioecious ; perianth-segments 6 or 5; stamens and style-branches 3; spikelets of both sexes several-flowered ; ovary 1-celled; fruit angular, dehiscent. Male spikelets 2-4 mm. long ; females erect, free.......... L. tenax 1. Male spikelets 5-12 mm. long ; females in short clusters.... L. Brownii 2. 1. L. tenax, R. Br. Stems simple, 50 cm. to 1 m. high, with dark appressed sheathing bracts at intervals ; male spikelets about 3 mm. long, numerous in a loose panicle, reddish- brown ; glumes obtuse ; perianth-segments hyaline, obtuse, 1 mm. long ; female spikelets erect, about 10 mm. long, sessile, in a dense erect panicle, the lowest branch often distant ; glumes acuminate; the 2 outer perianth-segments complicate and keeled, longer than the inner ones. Mount Lofty Range; South-East. Summer. 2. L. Brownii, Hook. f. Stems as in the preceding, the sheathing bracts shorter ; male spikelets 5-12 mm. long, shortly pedicellate, few, in a short spreading panicle; glumes acuminate ; perianth-segments linear; female spikelets of 3-6 flowers (but each flower looking like a 1-flowered spikelet). the spikelets clustered in a short panicle or head each flower with an acuminate glume and bracteole at base; outer perianth-segments glumelike, the inner smaller but thick. Eyre Peninsula; South-East. Summer. 3. HYPOLAENA, R. Br. (Greek hypo, below ; laina, a cloak: alluding to the bracteoles and empty glumes at the base of the spikelets.) Flowers dioecious; perianth-segments 6; male spikelets several-flowered, female 1-flowered ; stamens 3; style-branches 2-3: ovary l-celled; fruit an indehiscent nut. Male spikelets solitary, sessile within sheathing floral bracts 4H. laterzflora 1. Male spikelets pedicellate in a small panicle.............. H. fastigiata 2. 1. H. lateriflora (R. Br.), Benth. Stems slender, branched and flexuose; sheathing bracts and floral bracts with short subulate spreading blades and woolly at the orifice ; spikelets sessile, solitary within the distant floral bracts; male flowers with 6 equal perianth-segments; female spikelets 4-6mm. long, with acuminate rigid glumes ; perianth-segments 4 or 6, hyaline ; nut almost globular.—Calostrophus lateriflorus, F. v. M. Mount Lofty Range. Summer. 2. H. fastigiata, R. Br. Stems with flexuose branches and dark sheathing bracts with an erect mucro; male spikelets 6-8mm. long, on slender white-tomentose pedicels, numerous in a loose terminal panicle ; 2 outer perianth-segments complicate and keeled, the next one flat and the 4 inner ones smaller; female spikelets 6-10 mm. long, usually terminal and solitary; perianth-segments broadly ovate and resembling hypogynous scales round the nut. Mount Lofty Range; Kangaroo Island; Flinders Range; Eyre Peninsula; Keith ; South-East. Summer. 4. LOXOCARYA, R. Br. (Greek loxos, oblique ; karyon, a nut.) 1. L. fasciculata (R. Br.), Benth. Stems 10-20 cm. high, glabrous or pubescent ; sheathing bracts brown, broad and loose at summit, truncate-mucronate, almost all enclosing a dense cluster of angular barren often curved branches, 1-23 cm. long; female spikelets sessile (male pedicellate ?) in the cluster of branches, 1-flowered, 4-5 mm. long; glumes 6-7, closely imbricate, emarginate-mucronate, ciliate, 4-8-nerved; style simple, the stigmatic portion rather longer than the base ; perianth-segments none. Male spike- lets not seen. ; Warunda and Edilillie, E. P. Summer. This may prove to be a variety of, or a distinct species from the West Australian plant, which has long hairs on the stems and more slender barren branches. 5. Lepidobolus. RESTIONACEAE. 101 5. LEPIDOBOLUS, Nees. (Greek lepis, lepidos, a scale ; bolos, throwing away: the sheathing bracts of the stems are very deciduous. ) 1. L. drapetocoleus, F. v. M. Stems simple, rigid, but flexuose in upper part, with distant brown rings which are the remains of the sheathing bracts ; flowers dioecious, both male and female in many-flowered spikelets, which form terminal, globular heads, 5-7 mm. diam. ; glumes brown, truncate-mucronate ; perianth-segments 5, the 2 outer concave, keeled, the 3 inner ones flat ; style simple. Southern districts; South-East. Summer. FamiLy 24.—CENTROLEPIDACEAE. Flowers bi- or unisexual, surrounded by 1-3 capillary scales, or naked, arranged in ter- minal heads or spikes ; stamen 1, with a 1-celled anther ; carpels 1 or more, when several they are superposed spirally in 2 rows, each with a slender style and 1 pendulous ovule ; pericarp membranous; seed albuminous. Small annuals, with filiform radical leaves, the sheaths open on one side. Flowers in a depressed head, surrounded by bracts ....... TRiTHURIA I. Flowers in a flat spike, with several distichous bracts ..... BRIZULA 2. Flowers in a short spike or head, within 2 alternate bracts.. CENTROLEPIS 3. 1. TRITHURIA, Hook. f. (Greek treis, three ; thyrion, a little door: alluding to the valves of the fruit. ) 1. T. submersa, Hook. f. Dwarf glabrous annual, 1-3 cm. high, with filiform leaves and scapes, usually red; flowers several, without perianth, closely packed in a terminal head, with 4 lanceolate 1-nerved bracts at base, 3-4 mm. long; styles 3, septate, often bifid; capsule triquetrous, opening from the base in 3 valves and 3 filiform nerves. River Murray ; Kangaroo Island; South-East. Summer. 2. BRIZULA, Hieron. (Diminute of Briza, because the flower-spikes resemble the spikelets of that grass.) Flowers monoecious, solitary within distichous bracts, forming a flat terminal spike, the males (each of a single stamen, with or without a scale) few at the base of the spike, the females (each of a single carpel) above; style undivided. pypile CUTNEAZUM ONEISIOG: .c.570.. Ge Uist > ete miceei ole w oa etenso i B. gracilis 1. Rape ee CLCE Dai fens caen an eays fo intestate Hearne de B. pumilio 2. 1. B. gracilis (Sond.), Hieron. Scapes filiform, 15-25 mm. high; spike ovate, 4-5 mm. long, bent to one side; bracts about 8, hairy, the lowest much longer than the others and containing | or 2 male flowers, each within a hyaline scale ; the female flowers without scales.—A phelia gracilis, Sond. Beside creeks in southern districts and South-East. Sometimes grows with Cyperus tenellus, which it resembles. Summer. 2. B. pumilio (F. v. M.), Hieron. Like the preceding in size, but the bracts 8-16, more pointed, with broader membranous margins; spike erect, the 2 lowest bracts spreading and often long, each containing 1-3 male flowers within scales ; female flowers also within folded unequal-sided scales. / Southern districts and South-East. Summer. 3. CENTROLEPIS, Labill. (Greek kentron, a spur ; lepis, a scale: the 2 floral bracts have long points.) Flowers bisexual, each with 1-3 hyaline scales and forming a spike or head enclosed within 2 herbaceous floral bracts; stamen 1; carpels 3 or more, united in spiral rows, each with an undivided style, free or united towards base. A. bracts much exceeding flowers. Lower bract with a curved awn, 5-10 mm. long..... C. polygyna 1. Lower bract with a straight awn, 10-35 mm. long.... C. aristata 2. A. Bracts not twice as long as flowers. IBESEES, SUB DEOUSS oo ui sola, dino ate os Reed bran aston h C. glabra 3. BEDE DAMEN acd ioc. s.9'e%s ask cats hbletot Be cette ed 1 SG oye C. fascicularis 4. A. Bracts scarcely exceeding flowers. EER Se WDNR 28 sons pz ace ok» 6 oth eatiee dn age Dud ws «eR ha oaks C. strigosa 5. ES CDS CLA OLOUS: oo 5. 0 cnn to osc han Sig oto Raeteeodm Aa hs C. Drummondii 6. 102 CENTROLEPIDACEAE. 3. Centrolepis. 1. C. polygyna (R. Br.), Hieron. Scapes 1-3 cm. high; leaves much shorter; spike narrow; floral bracts brown, glabrou., rigid, the lower tapering into an awn, usually curved and often twice as long as the flower; flower solitary, with 1 scale; carpels 5-25; styles united near base. Southern districts; Murray lands; Eyre Peninsula; South- East. Summer. 2. C. aristata (R. Br), Roem. et Schult. Scapes 1-5 cm. high, compressed; leaves often as long; spike broad; bracts brown, glabrous, both long-awned, the lower with a flat awn 10-35 mm. long, or 3-8 times as long as the bract and flowers ; flowers usually 10-15 in each bract, each with 2-3 scales; carpels 3-6. South-East to Flinders Range; Eyre Peninsula. Summer. Fia 25. Centrolepis polygyna. ae —\ VR WS SS 1, 2 ADOLE GS cA ‘ 3. C. glabra (I. v. M.), Hieron. Scapes and leaves filiform, reddish ; bracts glabrous erect, the lower one 3-4 mm. long, including the short awn, the upper bract narrower, unawned ; flowers in spike 4, without scales; carpels 7-8. Murray River; Dismal Swamp, near Mount Gambier. Summer. 4. C. fascicularis, Labill. Scapes and leaves filiform, glabrous or sprinkled with hairs ; bracts ovate, erect, covered with long rigid hairs and terminating in glabrous awns about. their own length ; flowers 4-8 in each bract, each with a large scale and sometimes also a. smaller one; carpels 2-4; styles almost free. Mount Lofty Range; South-East. Summer. 5. C. strigosa (R. Br.), Roem. et Schult. Near the preceding, but the hairy floral bracts more spreading, with a point or awn usually about 4 their length; flowers 5-10 in each bract, each with 3 unequal fringed scales ; carpels 5-6. South-East to Flinders Range; Eyre Peninsula. Summer. 6. C. Drummondii (Nees), Hieron. Scapes capillary, 3-5 cm. high ; leaves much shorter, minutely papillose ; spike lanceolate or oblong ; bracts glabrous but minutely papillose, about 4mm. long, shortly mucronate below the scarious summit, the upper one affixed 1 mm. above the lower, the 2 not close together, as in most other species ; flowers 6-8 in the spike, each with 1 or 2 unequal narrow scales; carpels 4-8; styles united in lower part. Wooltana Station, near Lake Frome. Summer. Famity 25.—XYRIDACEAE. Flowers bisexual, each solitary within a broad imbricate rigid bract, and the whole forming a terminal head ; calyx irregular, of 1 broad thin segment enveloping the corolla, and 2 smaller lateral bract-like segments ; corolla tubular below, 3-lobed above ; perfect stamens 3, attached to the base of the corolla-lobes and alternating with 3 staminodia ; ovary superior, imperfectly 3-celled, with numerous ovules ; style 3-branched ; placentas basal or parietal. TeV Ss: (The Greek name for a species o f Iris.) 1. X. opereulata, Labill. Perennial with slender scapes, 30-50 cm. high ; leaves linear, with shining brown sheaths; flowerhead ovoid or globular, the bracts broad and almost black; the 2 lateral calyx-segments opaque, concave, with a ciliate keel; corolla- lobes conspicuous, yellow, ovate; capsule circumsciss near the summit; staminodia hair-tufted. Myponga, Square Waterhole (Mount Lofty Range); Encounter Bay. Summer. X gracilis, R. Br., which only differs from the above in being rather smaller, the lateral calyx-segments not keeled, and the placentas shorter, is recorded from the Glenelg River, Victoria, and may, therefore, be discovered in our State. Famity 26.—ERIOCAULACEAE. Flowers very small, unisexual, crowded in a solitary terminal head on a simple scape ; each flower within an imbricate bract, the outer rows mostly female and th» inner male ; petianth-segments 4-6, membranous; stamens usually 6 ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendu- lous ovule in each cell; capsule splitting loculicidally. 1. Eriocaulon. ERIOCAULACEAE. 103 1. ERIOCAULON, L. (Greek erion, wool; kaulos, stem: alluding to the scapes of some species.) 1. E. submersum, Tate. Scapes 2-5cm. high; leaves lanceolate, in radical tufts, shorter ; heads small, globular, glabrous ; bracts ovoid, scarious, shining ; female flowers of 2 concave keeled scarious outer segments and 4 flat oblong inner ones, 2-celled ovary and 2-branched style; male flowers of 2 concave hyaline outer segments and 3 smaller concave inner ones higher up on the stalk which supports the 6 anthers. In water at Publichouse Springs, between Lakes Blanche and Frome. Famity 27.—COMMELINACEAE. Flowers bisexual, axillary, enclosed in a complicate leafy bract or spathe ; sepals 3, imbricate ; petals 3, colored; stamens 6, but some often barren; ovary superior, 2-3- celled ; ovules orthotropous, attached to axile placentas; style simple; fruit a capsule. 1. COMMELINA (Plum.), L. (After Jan and Kaspar Commelin, Dutch botanists of the 17th and 18th centuries.) 1. C. ensifolia, R. Br. Weak, almost glabrous herb; leaves lanceolate, channelled, 4-10 cm. long, with stem-clasping base ; spathe usually on a short stalk rising from the side of the stem opposite to the leaf, broad, oblique, leafy, closed at the base and con- taining a peduncle bearing 1-6 flowers on exserted pedicels ; 2 outer sepals larger than the 3rd; petals blue, about twice as long, 2 clawed, the 3rd almost sessile ; ovary 2-3-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; seeds smooth. Near Oodnadatta. Spring. Famity 28.—JUNCACEAE. Flowers small, bisexual, with bracteoles at base and usually arranged in clusters ; perianth glume-like persistant, of 6 lobes or segments in 2 rows, spreading when in flower; stamens 6 or 3 attached at the base of the perianth; anthers 2-celled; ovary superior, l- or 3-celled, each cell with 1 or several ovules attached to parietal or basal placentas ; style 3-branched, capsule opening loculicidally by 3 valves; embryo small, straight, within the albumen; leaves narrow; mostly radical, sometimes reduced to sheathing bracts. Leaves glabrous, cylindrical or channelled; capsule 3- celled with MuMerous SEEUS) <. o-. osc spore) kd. Oe Juncus Il. Leaves hairy, flat ; capsule with 1 cell containing 3 seeds.: LuzuLa 2. 1. JUNCUS, L. (Latin name for a rush.) Stamens 6 or 3; ovary with 3 parietal placentas often meeting in the centre and dividing the ovary more or less perfectly into 3 cells ; seeds minute, numerous, with a membranous testa often loose and transparent at the ends. Plants mostly growing near water and the perennial species usually with strong creeping rootstocks. Rushes. A. Small annuals. Stem-leaves absent ; flowers in a terminal cluster .. J. capitatus 1. Stem-leaves present; flowers solitary or in small CUUSUCES reece teeters Sepeyes dt Ree OPO ths jac Shale eons J. bufonius 2. A. Perennials. B. Leaves flat or broadly channeled. Po] G11 2) 1s ee ie ee EIS ENR RIE Sal Hea = ABER Ne 2 Seer auee Ar OA J. planifolius 3. SATE TC) 1 M0 Ae eu bimaes ac ode en Me Ma Ca ML Oa Keg J. caespiticius 4. B. Leaves linear, channeled ; flowers divaricate ........ J. plebeius 5. B. Leaves cylindrical, stem-like. C. Leaves and floral bract jointed, flaccid. Flowers numerous in the clusters :..........:; J. holoschoenus 6. Flowers few in the clusters........... Gdhets «stations J. lamprocarpus 7. C7 Leaves MOU JOUER, TIGIG Fs. 2 ole: ihn > oe, encieacee oeree J. maritimus 8. B. Leaves reduced to sheathing bracts ; floral bract erect and continuing the stem. Dy Stems: stout; stamens. 6.0 i Ase. os.) ee eS ees J. pallidus 9. D. Stems slender. E. Panicle-branches almost straight. BIO Wers IUMICrOUS 2.25) 2% dre Paced ee See J. polyanthemus 10. LOWES LOW > oie 5 the cries oho wee ee, «nme ae J. pauciflorus 11. E. Panicle-branches curved like a sickle .......... J. radula 12. 104 JUNCACEAE. J. Juncus: * 1. J. capitatus, Weig. Annual, with simple, filiform stems, 2-8 cm. high ; leaves all radical, linear-channeled ; flowers brown, 3-10 in a terminal cluster, usually solitary and surpassed by a leafy bract ; outer perianth-segments with long curved points; stamens 3; capsule almost globular, shorter than perianth. Southern districts; South-East; Eyre Peninsula. Sept.-Dec.—Almost cosmopolitan. 2. J. bufonius, L. Toad Rush. Annual, with branching stems, 3-25 cm. high; leaves linear-channeled, radical and at the base of the branches; flowers pale-colored, solitary along the branches or 2-4 together ; floral bracts linear-channeled, usually shorter than the infloresence ; perianth 6-9 mm. long, the segments lanceolate, unequal ; capsule oblong, shorter than the 3 inner segments ; stamens 6 or 3. Southern and Murray districts; Flinders Range; Eyre Peninsula. Sept.-Dec.—Most temperate regions. Fig 26.—Juncus capitatus. 3. J. planifolius, R. Br. Stems leafless, slender, 10-15 cm. high; leaves radical, flat, or slightly channeled, grass-like, 3-8 mm. broad ; flowers brown in globular clusters, on the branches or in the forks of a terminal umbel-like infloresence, sometimes reduced to a single terminal cluster ; perianth-segments only 2 mm. long; capsule ovoid, as long as the perianth ; stamens 3. Southern districts and principally in the Mount Lofty Range; Flinders Range ; South- East. Nov.-Feb. 4. J. caespiticius, E. Mey. Near the preceding, but the leaves more channeled, only about 2 mm. broad, inflorescence denser, perianth 3 mm. long and stamens 6. The narrow floral bract is longer than the infloresence, whereas in J. planifolius it is usually shorter. Mount Lofty Range; South-East. Nov.-Feb. 5. J. plebeius, R. Br. Resembles J. bufonius, but is perennial, 6-15 cm. high, the leaves linear-channeled, radical, and sometimes longer than the stem ; flowers divaricate, 2-6 together in clusters, sessile or pedunculate towards the end of the stem, with a long leafy bract under the lowest cluster ; stamens 6; capsule as long as the 3 inner perianth- segments.—J. homalocaulis, F. v. M. Swamp near Kybybolite (South-East). Summer. 6. J. holoschoenus, R. Br. Stems almost cylindrica!, usually 30-50 cm. long, but some- times dwarf; leaves mostly basal, hollow with pithy transverse partitions which make them appear jointed, especially when dried ; flowers rather numerous in globular clusters, and forming a branching or compact panicle; floral bract leafy, jointed; perianth brownish, 4 mm. long, equalling the narrow, triquetrous capsule ; stamens 6.—J. prisma- tocarpus, Benth. partly, not of R. Br. Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges; Murray lands; South-East, Summer. 7. J. lamproearpus, Ehrh. Stems and leaves as in the preceding, but the clusters smaller, with only 2-8 flowers; perianth brownish, 3 mm. long, the segments equal and the inner ones obtuse ; capsule abruptly mucronate, shining, and exceeding the perianth ; stamens 6. Mount Lofty Range. Summer.—Also in all the other continents. 8. J. maritimus, Lamk. var. australiensis, Buch. Stems from a creeping rootstock, about 1 m. high, rigid, cylindrical ; leaves almost as long, stem-like, with pungent points ; flowers dark-brown in small clusters forming a compound somewhat lateral panicle, often surpassed by the erect rigid floral bract ; segments 3 mm. long. equalling the mucronate almost black shining capsule ; stamens 6. Near fresh or brackish water in southern districts; South-East; Eyre Peninsula. Summer. 9. J. pallidus, R. Br. Pale Rush. Stems stout, 50 cm. to 2 m. high, 4-7 mm. diam., with continuous pith; leaves reduced to brown basal bracts; flowers straw-colored, numerous, distinct in a rather loose or dense lateral panicle with a long erect bract ; perianth 3-34 mm. long, the segments all acute, slightly surpassed by the ovoid capsule ; stamens 6. Southern districts to Flinders Range; South-East. Summer. 10. J. polyanthemus, Buch. Variable, and in its larger forms approaching the preceding ; stems 20-80 cm. high, 1-4 mm. diam., with interrupted pith; leaves reduced to basal l. Juncus. JUNCACEAE. 105 bracts ; flowers greenish, in a loose or dense lateral panicle, with an erect bract usually much exceeding it ; perianth 2-3 mm. long, about as long as the obtuse capsule, which is sometimes very small ; stamens 3, rarely - 4. Southern districts to Flinders Range; Murray River; South-East. Summer.— Scarcely differs from the European J. effusus, L. (J. communis, E. Mey), except that the latter has continuous pith, and our plant should, perhaps, be considered an Australian variety. 11. J. paueiflorus, R. Br. Rather difficult to distinguish from slender specimens of the preceding, but the flowers are fewer and the capsule rather longer than the perianth ; stamens 6 or 3; pith interrupted or continuous. Same localities and season. 12. J. radula, Buch. Stems in our specimens 10-20cm. high, slender, somewhat compressed ; basal bracts and the whole plant straw-colored ; panicle lateral, short but loose, the ultimate branches curved and bearing the flowers so as to resemble a scorpioid cyme ; stamens usually 3; segments equal, acute, 3 mm. long, of the same length as the obtuse capsule. ' Strzelecki Creek. This is the smooth variety, laevior, Buch. The type, which has the stem scabrous below the inflorescence, came from near the Murray. 2. LUZULA, DC. (Neo-latin, from Italian /uzziola, lucciola, the fire-fly : probably alluding to the shining and quivering character of the spikes.) 1. L. campestris, DC. Field Woodrush. Perennial with a swollen base, 10-30 cm. high ; leaves grass-like, ciliate with long white hairs, mostly basal and 1 or 2 on the stem ; flowers brown, several in dense ovoid spikes on the unequal filiform branches of an umbel, and | or 2 spikes sessile ; bracteoles at base of each flower scarious ; perianth-segments 6, equal, acuminate; stamens 6; capsule ovoid, 3-valved, each of the 3 seeds with a hyaline appendage at base. Southern districts, especially in the Mount Lofty Range Eyre Peninsula; South East. Aug.-Nov.—Cosmopolitan. Famity 29.—LILIACEAE. Flowers regular, bisexual or rarely dioecious; perianth colored or sometimes scarious, with 6 segments free or united towards the base, usually arranged in 2 rows; stamens usually 6, inserted at the base of the perianth ; anthers 2-celled, usually opening inwards ; ovary superior, 3-celled, with 1 to numerous ovules in each cell, arranged on axile placentas, rarely I-celled; styles 3, or united into 1; fruit a berry or capsule, usually loculicidal. Perennial herbs, with a bulbous, tuberous, or fibrous rootstock. PME AN WOTTY 0c 5 26a, se 68a joys SK es Ce TR tl See DIANELLA 1. A. Fruit a capsule or rarely dividing into nutlets. B. Style 3-branched. @- Hlowers bisexual. wmbellate .6..05.. 08.5% ee ‘BURCHARDIA 2, C. Flowers unisexual. Flowers few ; leaves flaccid, stem-clasping .... ANGUILLARIA 3. Flowers numerous ; leaves rigid .........0.... LOMANDRA 4. B. Style undivided, the terminal stigma entire or 3-lobed. D. Perianth-segments twisted spirally after flowering. E. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Be PECL ais PUIG EA nope yd 2's soe eicce-s cies ha, oe eevee A THYSANOTUS 5, F. Petals not fringed. IO WEES MACEIROSCe ras ot acta ws aa ie ee ale ois CAESIA 6. NIG WETS COLYITDOSE. gt-gn meee oan ere dt A ons CHAMAESCILLA 7, E. Fruit separating into 1-3 indehiscent nutlets. Filaments glabrous ..... eres Be otic Oe CORYNOTHECA 8. IMGIMICTIES WCALGEM”, air =e oi. 2a ceed te eee TRICORYNE 9. D. Perianth-segments not twisted after flowering. G. Filaments bearded. lowers wellow. acer. etce ees: ets ee BULBINE 10. Blowers purple or whitisi... 04264 20 ssa. wc ARTHROPODIUM 11. G. Filaments glabrous. : H. Anthers with papillose appendages .......... DicHopogon 12. H. Anthers without appendages. I. Flowers whitish. iBiowers.1m. globular Weadsi 05 2.1% os ert BARTLINGIA 13. Flowers in a: long dense spike .......... XANTHORRHOEA 14, IBIOWwerSltt a. TACCINO, We 8.3 ae la eee ASPHODELUS 15. I. Flowers blue, solitary,.terminal:............ CALECTASIA 16. 106 LILIACEAE. 1. Dianella. 1. DIANELLA, Lamk. (Diminutive of Diana, the goddess of hunting.) Perianth blue, of 6 segments, each with 4-5 parallel nerves; stamens 6; filaments thickened near the anther; ovary 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style slender with a capitate stigma; fruit a globular or ovoid bluish berry; seeds black, shining. Perennials, with rigid stems and long distichous mostly basal leaves, with long sheaths. ° mAnthersmearhy lack | iacsccc mee wine Sees eae eget eee D. revoluta 1. Anthers\hoht=yellow,.. «ai... i) seca cis oe ee eee ee eee D. laevis 2. 1. D. revoluta, R. Br. Leaves to 1m. long, the rigid blades with revolute margins covering the midrib, the sheaths closed at summit ; panicle large and loose ; anthers almost black, and immediately below the anther a shorter broad yellow appendage which is con- sidered to be the swollen summit of the filament, the slender part being usually geniculate. Southern districts to Flinders Range; Eyre Peninsula; South-East. Often found near the sea. Oct.-Dec. 2. D. laevis, R. Br. Leaf-blades flat or scarcely recurved on the margins, the sheaths quite open; anthers light-yellow, much longer than the swollen orange summit of the filament. Not so common as the preceding ; Mount Lofty to Flinders Ranges. Oct.-Dec. 2. BURCHARDIA, R. Br. (After J. H. Burchard, M.D., an English botanist.) 1. B. umbellata, R. Br. Stems erect, 15-50 cm. high ; leaves stem-clasping, | or 2 at the base and 1 or 2 shorter ones on the stem; flowers several in a terminal umbel; perianth white, of 6 de- ciduous segments; stamens 6, the filaments, gradually swollen below the anther; style cleft into 3 recurved lobes ; capsule trigonous, opening septicidally in 3 valves. Southern districts; Eyre Peninsula; South- East. Oct.-Dec. 3: ANGUILLARIA, R. Br. (After Luigi Anguillara, 1512-70, Professor of Botany at Padua.) 1. A. dioica, R. Br. Stems simple, 5-20 cm. high, rising from a bulbous rootstock ; leaves 2-3, with a broad stem-clasping base and tapering upwards; flowers more or less dioecious, but sometimes bisexual ; perianth-segments 6, free, usually white, with a lilac gland, which is sometimes bifid, below the middle of the segment; ovary 3-celled, with 3 distinct styles; capsule oblong, loculicidal, : obtusely trigonous.—Wurmbea dioica, F. v. M. Fig. 27.—Anguillaria dioica. All over the State. July-Sept. 4. LOMANDRA, Labill. (Greek loma, margin ; aner, andros, a male: alluding to the circular margin of the anthers in some species. ) Flowers small, dioecious ; male perianth of 6 free or partly united segments ; stamens 6 ; female perianth of 6 segments; ovary 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell; style 3-cleft nearly to the base ; fruit a subglobular capsule, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Peren- nials, with narrow hard linear leaves, the sheathing bases of which are often split into silky filaments. Some species are popularly called “ Iron-grass.”’ A. Male flowers clustered in a long whorled panicle. B. Flowers sessile. Bracts short, obtuse .(:) 02.5 acti. ceeen ee eee L. dura 1. Bracts with long acute points ...............0. L. longifolia 2. B. Blowers pedicellate:. ..... <.0- 2206), seer eee L. multiflora 3. A. Male flowers scattered in short racemes or panicles. C.-Blowers on ‘lone pedicelss..... Geteese eee tan eee L. effusa 4. C. Flowers subsessile, minute. Segments actiminate->.;......c.ce boar reer L. micrantha 5. Sesmentsiobtuse ...d.0.. 5. ba. Hee Sees L. filuformis 6. A. Male flowers in globular clusters on a short spike or panicle. eaves narrow and long 1. 5 3:2)...c. te a eee L. glauca 7. Leaves reduced to sheathing bases; pungent barren Stems leaflike (ios ois 244 oa oe eu eee L. juncea 8. A. Male flowers in large woolly heads or cylindrical spikes L. lewcocephala 9. 4. Lomandru. LILIACEAE. 107 1. L. dura (F. v. M.), Ewart. Leaves 30-50 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, rigid, glaucous ; flowers of both sexes clustered along the branches of a rigid whorled panicle ; bracts small ; outer segments of male perianth scarious, free, the 3 inner yellow, fleshy, and united in lower part; 3 stamens attached to centre of inner lobes, the 3 others attached near the base of tube; capsule globular, smooth, 5 mm. diam.—Xerotes dura, F. v. M. Southern districts to Flinders Range ; Eyre Peninsula. Sept.-Nov.: 2. L. longifolia, Labill. Leaves mostly radical, about 50 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, usually 2-toothed at summit; flowers in clusters along the whorled branches of a rather long panicle, the clusters subtended and usually much exceeded by long rigid lanceolate bracts; inner perianth-segments yellow, the outer rather stiff; stamens attached to base of segments; capsule hard, shining.—Xerotes longifolia, R. Br. South-East. Oct.-Dec. 3. L. multiflora, (R. Br.), J. Britten. Leaves radical, long and rather narrow ; flowers’ clustered in a whorled pyramidal panicle; the males pedicellate, with short scarious bracts and bracteoles at base; perianth segments almost free; 3 stamens attached $ way up, the other 3 basal; female flowers sessile ; capsule trigonous, finally black and trans- versely wrinkled.—Xerotes Browni, F. v. M. Mount Lofty Range. Oct.-Nov. 4. L. effusa (Lindl.), Ewart. Leaves 10-80 cm. long, very rigid, about 2 mm. broad, 2-toothed at summit; flowers scattered in an almost sessile panicle, the males on long pedicels with a conspicuous membranous bract at base of each; segments free, thin acute, 3-6 mm. long; female flowers on shorter pedicels or sessile ; capsule striate length- wise.—Xerotes effusa, Lindl. Southern districts; Murray lands; Eyre Peninsula. May-Sept. 5. L. micrantha (Endl.), Ewart. Leaves filiform, 10-30 cm. long; flowers small, distinct, subsessile, in a short panicle or raceme, with bracts sometimes as long as the flower, perianth-segments 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, the 3 inner ones greenish ; capsule depressed- globular, smooth.—Xerotes micrantha, Endl. Mount Lofty Range; Eyre Peninsula. Oct.-Dec. 6. L. filiformis (Thunb.), J. Britten. Leaves up to 50 cm. long, usually 2-3 mm. broad, channeled, striate, glossy green, sometimes very narrow; flowers shortly pedicellate, in a narrow panicle or simple dense almost sessile raceme ; bracts membranous, short; perianth-segments 2-3 mm. long, obtuse, the 3 inner yellow, fleshy ; capsule globular, smooth.—Xerotes Thunbergu, F. v. M. Mount Lofty Range. Oct.-Dec. 7. L. glauea (R. Br.), Ewart. Leaves 5-50 cm. long, narrow-linear, 1-2 mm. broad ; male flowers in globular clusters, forming a short interrupted spike or panicle ; perianth funnel-shaped 2-4 mm. long, lobed above the middle, with 2 broad bracteoles at base ; djobes yellow, tube purplish; stamens inserted on the lobes; female flowers in rather large solitary subsessile globular heads, the segments 4-5 mm. long; capsule scarcely exceeding the persistant perianth, slightly marked with transverse wrinkles. Murray lands; South-East; Eyre Peninsula; north of Fowler’s Bay. Aug.-Nov. L. elongata (Benth.), Ewart, which scarcely differs from the preceding except that the female flowers are exceeded by their long-pointed bracteoles, is recorded by Bentham from Lake Bonney. 8. L. junecea(F’. v. M.), Ewart. Rootstock creeping ; leaves reduced to brown sheathing bases, but the cylindrical rigid pungent-pointed barren stems have the appearance of leaves ; flowering stems much shorter, with 3-5 globular heads of flowers enclosing the stem, and usually distant from each other; male flowers shortly pedicellate, each with 2 fringed bracteoles at base; perianth 5 mm. long, funnel-shaped, the outer segments Scarious, free, concave, about 4 as long as the 3 inner, which are united in a tube in the lower part ; stamens inserted at the base of the 3 white obtuse lobes ; capsule acuminate, smooth. Southern districts; Eyre Peninsula. Aug.-Oct. 9. L. leucocephala (R. Br.), Ewart. Leaves 30-80 cm. long, usually 14-3 mm. broad ; flowers in dense globular or ovoid heads, 10-20 mm. diam, enclosing the stem and distant, or united in a terminal cylindrical spike; bracteoles deeply fringed and finally splitting into fibres which make the heads appear woolly ; bracts sometimes exceeding the flowers ; male perianth pedicellate, 6-8 mm. long, funnel-shaped, the outer segments concave, hyaline almost free, much shorter than the 3 inner ones, which are tubular towards the base ; anthers as in the preceding ; capsule hard, smooth, shining.—X erotes leucocephala, R. Br. Sandy soil along the coast, and most inland parts of the State; some specimens from Ooldea and farther north have leaves 4-5 mm. broad, with resinous margins. Flowering most of the year. 108 LILIACEAE. 5. Thysanotus. _ 3 5. THYSANOTUS, R: Br.: (Greek thysanotos, fringed : alluding to the 3 inner perianth-segments.) Perianth of 6 free segments, 3-nerved along centre, the 3 inner broader and more or less fringed on the edge, twisted spirally after flowering; stamens 6, attached to the base of the segments and bent over to one side of the ovary ; ovary 3-celled, with 2 super- posed ovules in each cell; style filiform, undivided; capsule globular, 3-valved, with black carunculate seeds. Often called “ Fringed violets.’’ Perennials with radical leaves and usually blue or violet flowers. A. Stems twining. Perianth lOsmimidlonio 35.5 sane ae ae oe Th. Paterson 1. Perianbh!> mim lone 5 22k wercseiel cre sees teeunciece Th. exiliflorus 2. A. Stems erect. B. Roots tuberous. C. Bracts few. Leaves few ; flowers large... . s.32.. es Th. tuberosus 3. Leaves many; flowersismally7 5.5... 4. 04 e Th. tenellus 4. ¢. Bracts many together, white, broad ............. Th. Baueri 5. B. Roots without tubers ; stem with forked branches .. Th. dichotomus 6. 1. Th. Patersonii, R. Br. Roots tuberous; radical leaves filiform, withering early, the others reduced to small bracts under the branches; stem wiry, twining, branched ; flowers usually solitary at the ends of the short branches, violet, with 2 small bracts a. little below the perianth, which is 8-10 mm. long; capsule rather shorter. Southern districts to Flinders Range ; Pinnaroo; South-East; Eyre Peninsula. Sept.- Nov. 2. Th. exiliflorus, F. v. M. Resembles the preceding, but the tubers longer and more cylindrical ; the flowers greenish, 4-5 mm. long, with the 2 bracts at a greater distance ; perianth-segments sc arcely twisted and the 3 inner ones very minutely fringed ; capsule as long as perianth. Innamincka; Ooldea. Aug.-Oct. 3. Th. tuberosus, R. Br. Roots tuberous; leaves few, linear, sometimes long; scape erect, rigid, 20-50 cm. high, bearing a long, loose panicle, with long branches bearing 1 or 2 umbels of 1-3 flowers each ; bracts lanceolate with | brown nerve ; ; perianth 12-15 mm. long ; 3 of the anthers longer than the others and beaked. Southern districts to Flinders ‘Range ; South-East. Oct.-Jan. Th. exasperatus, F. v. M., which is stated by Bentham to differ from Th. tuberosus in nothing except that the stamens are nearly of equal length, is recorded from the Flinders Range. It is probably only a form or variety. 4. Th. tenellus, Endl. Roots tuberous; leaves numerous, persistant, linear, more than 4 as long as the stem, with scarious sheaths; stem 15-20 cm. high ; flowers 2-3 in pedunculate umbels, forming a short panicle ; bracts small; perianth about 8 mm. long, the inner segments narrow and minutely fringed; 3 anthers much longer than the others, but not beaked. Alberga River (Far North). Aug.-Oct. 5. Th. Baueri, R. Br. Roots tuberous; leaves few, short, withering early; stem 20-30 cm. high, sometimes simple, with sessile umbels of flowers along the upper part, more often considerably branched, the bracts numerous, white and conspicuous; perianth 8-10 mm. long; 3 anthers slightly longer than the others. Southern districts to Far North ; Fowler’s Bay ; South-East. Oct.-Dec. 6. Th. dichotomus (Labill.), R. Br. Roots fibrous, without tubers; leaves short, withering early; stem 30-60 cm. high, rigid, with long, often dichotomous branches ; umbels 1-3- flowered, with small usually 3-nerved bracts at base of the pedicels; perianth 12-15 mm. long ; 3 anthers longer than the others and with curved beaks. Resembles Th. tuberosus. Southern districts; Eyre Peninsula. Oct.-Jan. F1G. 28.—Thysanotus dichotomus. 6. Caesia. LILIACEAE. 109 6. CAESIA, R. Br. (After Federico Cesi, Italian naturalist, 1585-1630, who is said to have been the first to discover the spores of ferns, and whose name was Latinized as Caesius.) 1. C. vittata, R. Br. Roots tuberous ; leaves mostly basal, linear or lanceolate ; stem- erect, 20-30 cm. long, simple or slightly branched ; flowers blue, in small clusters along the upper $ of the stem on filiform pedicels about as long as they ; perianth of 6 3-nerved segments, spirally twisted after flowering ; stamens 6 ; filaments clavate ; style undivided; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; capsule depressed, 3-lobed ; seeds black, carunculate. Southern districts; South-East. Sept.-Nov. A specimen from Brighton, with the perianth about 6 mm. long, but with leaves as broad as the others, may represent C. parviflora, R. Br., if that be a distinct species. . CHAMAESCILLA, F. v. M. (Greek khamai, dwarf ; par the squill or sea onion, a liliaceous plant of the Mediterranean region.) 1. Ch. corymbosa (R. Br.), F. v. M. Leaves radical, grass-like, channeled ; stem erect, 10-15 cm. high, bearing near the summit a corymb of bright-blue flowers; perianth- segments 6, free, 3-nerved along the centre, 8-10 mm. long, spirally twisted after flowering ; stamens 6, with filiform filaments; ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell ; capsule laterally compressed and acutely 3-lobed, truncate at summit ; seeds compressed, black, glossy. Southern districts ; Eyre Peninsula; South-East. Sept.-Nov. 8. CORYNOTHECA, F. v. M. (Greek koryne, club; theke, case: alluding to the shape of the fruit.) 1. C. micrantha (Lindl.), Macbride. Radical leaves short, withering early, those of the stem reduced to a few minute scales; stems rigid, filiform, repeatedly branching dichotomously ; flowers small, distant along the branches; perianth 2 mm. long; of 6 segments, twisted after flowering ; ovary 3-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell; fruit an obovoid indehiscent nutlet, contracted into a stipes at base, with 1-2 black carunculate seeds.—C. dichotoma, F. v. M. Far North-West. C. lateriflora, F. v. M., with longer leaf-scales and flowers 3-4 mm. fone, occurs in Western New South Wales, Peal may be found in our North-East. 9. TRICORYNE, R. Br. (Greek treis, three ; korynz,club: referring to the fruit.) 1. T. elatior, R. Br. Stems 10-50 cm. high, stiff, branched ; radical leaves grasslike, those of the stem shorter or reduced to bracts; flowers yellow, few in terminal umbels ; perianth of 6 free segments, twisted after flowering, about 8 mm. long ; stamens 6, the filaments bearded about the middle ; ovary 3-lobed and 3. celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style undivided ; fruit divided to the base into 3 (or fewer by abortion) 1-seeded nutlets ; seeds black. - Southern districts to Flinders Range; Eyre Peninsula; South-East. Oct.-Feb. 10. BULBINE, L. (Latin name for some kind of bulbous plant.) Perianth-segments 6, free or almost so, l-nerved, twisted after flowering ; stamens 6, 3 or all of the filaments bearded above the middle ; ovary 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style with a capitate stigma; capsule opening loculicidally in 3 valves; seeds » angular, blackish. Perennial herbs, with succulent, radical leaves and racemes of yellow flowers. ibtilaments bearded’: iy.0i0 6 Rt ws ae eee Se tae «Boece B. bulbosa 1. Galy-s GSiameuts bearded 2.54 0 5.52 Pee crt o Mh et B. semibarbata 2. 1. B. bulbosa (R. Br.), Haw. Roots thickened into a bulb-shaped tuber ; leaves broad- linear, channeled; stems (or scapes) simple, erect, 20-50 cm. high; pedicels erect, lengthening after flowering, each with a scarious bract at base; perianth-segments 10-15 mm. long ; filaments equal, all with a circle of clavate hairs below the anther. Southern districts to Flinders Range; Murray lands; Eyre Peninsula; South-East. Sept.-Oct. 2. B. semibarbata (R. Br.), Haw. Resembles the preceding, but the perianth is smaller (about 6 mm. long); the 3 filaments opposite the outer segments short and glabrous ; the 3 opposite the inner segments longer and bearded ; seeds usually reticulate-grooved. Same localities and also the drier northern and western regions. Aug.-Oct. 110 LILIACEAE. 11. Arthropodium. 11. ARTHROPODIUM, R. Br. (Greek arthron, a joint; podion, a little foot: alluding to the jointed pedicels.) Perianth of 6 free segments, not twisted after flowering, 3-nerved along the centre, the inner ones broader, undulate on the edge and sometimes shortly fringed ; stamens 6, the filaments densely bearded with clavate hairs in the upper part; anthers oblong; ovary 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; capsule 3-valved ; seeds black, angular; leaves basal, grass-like ; flowers in loose racemes on pedicels articulate above the middle. Flowers 2-3 in-the cluster <5). 02k ca chee eee A. paniculatum 1. Mowers usually, solitary.5- 2. «c,d. se heen ee A. minus 2. 1. A. paniculatum (Andr.), R. Br. Roots tuberous; stem erect, usually branched, 20-50 cm. high ; flowers white or purplish, 2-3 together on filiform pedicels, with a scarious bract at base; perianth-segments 6-7 mm. long; anther as long as the bearded part of the filament and shorter than the whole filament. South-East. Oct-Nov. . 2. A. minus, R. Br. A smaller plant, 6-20cm. high; flowers smaller and almost always solitary; the hairy part of the filament continued downwards in 2 short lobes which reach almost to the base of the filament. Southern districts as far as Bordertown ; Eyre Peninsula to Fowler’s Bay. Oct.-Nov. 12. DICHOPOGON, Kunth. (Greek dikhos, double ; pogon, a beard: the anthers have 2 beardlike appendages.) Similar to Arthropodium, except that each anther has 2 small papillose appendages at base, the appendages being also slightly attached to the summit of the filament, which is otherwise glabrous. Capsules Creche ci Mnome saaersseeey« Gren alent ster ekceed tetra D. strictus 1. Capsules meflexed <5.) aetotials «cts canete oe Rodtee ee oe eee: D. fimbriatus 2. 1. D. strictus (R. Br.), J. G. Bak. Stem stiff, 20-60 cm. high, usually branched at base; flowers purple, scented, almost always solitary, in a long raceme; pedicels lengthening and spreading-erect under the erect globular capsule ; perianth-segments 10-12 mm. long; anthers dark-purple, with a short yellow appendage hanging from the base of each cell.—Arthropodium strictum, R. Br. Southern districts to Flinders Range; South-East. Sept.-Dec. 2. D. fimbriatus (R. Br.), comb. nov. Near the preceding, but the flowers are usually in clusters of 2 to 4; pedicels and capsules turned downwards.—D. Siebertanus, Kunth ; Arthropodium fimbriatum, R. Br. Southern districts. Sept.-Dec. Both these species grew formerly on the park lands of Adelaide, but are almost extinct there now. 13. BARTLINGIA, F. v. M. (After F. G. Bartling, a German botanist (1798-1875). Laamannia, R. Br. (1810), not of Forst. (1776).) 1. B. sessiliflora (Dene), F. v. M. Small perennial, with wiry slender usually branched stems, 3-8 cm. high ; leaves subulate, 1-3 cm. long, mostly in tufts, with scarious sheaths ciliate or woolly on the margins; flowers few, sessile in axillary heads, which are sub- sessile or on short recurved peduncles and surrounded by an involucre of scarious bracts, the inner bracts white and woolly at base ; perianth-segments 6, 4 mm. long, the 3 inner white and rather longer than the outer ones; ovary 3-celled, with 2-4 ovules in each cell ; capsule globular, enclosed in the persistant perianth ; seeds black, granular.—Laxmannia sessiliflora, Dene. Southern districts; South-East. Sept.-Nov. 14. XANTHORRHOBEA, Sm. (Greek xanthos, yellow; rheo, to flow: alluding to the resin (“ gum ”) that flows from the stem.) Perianth persistant, of 6 free segments, the 3 outer scarious below, green towards summit, concave, the 3 inner ones white, with short rounded laminae ; stamens 6, usually exserted ; ovary 3-celled, with few ovules in each cell, tapering into an undivided style ; capsule hard, shining, 3-valved, protruding from the spike ; seeds black, flat. Erect perennials, with a thick, woody stem or trunk, conspicuous or not rising above the ground ; leaves long, rigid, brittle, pungent-pointed, in a dense tuft at the top of the stem; scape _ or peduncle solitary, erect, simple, bearing a dense cylindrical spike of many flowers, each flower surrounded by numerous bracts and bracteoles. Grass-tree, yacca, blackboy. A purely Australian genus of slow-growing long-lived plants. The stem, marked on the outside by the bases of the fallen leaves, doubtless lengthens with age, but in some species it is usually wanting, or very short. Bush fires appear to stimulate the subsequent Asphodelus. LILIACEAE. 111 flowering, and also to lead to branching of the stem in such species as X. quadrangulata and X. Tateana. The existence of some species is threatened by the fact that it is necessary to destroy the stem in order to obtain the commercially valuable resin. Peeteaves 2 mm. broad, quadrangular .........4....-.6: X. quadrangulata 1. A. Leaves 3-10 mm. broad, flattish or triquetrous. Pemeaves:o-o mM. DrOaAd: css Sul ie wk ael ae ee ee X. australis 2. B. Leaves 8-10 mm. broad. SEmea PsemtrORisMOttinn.c.”. lo-cisees «1, thar syebe ene essai adeMe X. semiplana 3. Syoerne let arin nil odyaepe meee ste teens te tein aise. nese aherh Spe X. Tateana 4. : 1. X. quadrangulata, F. v. M. Stem of old plants ce 13-3 m. high, rarely (in some northern specimens) very ‘a short ; leaves }-1 m. long, 2 mm. broad, quadrangular, re or sometimes almost rhomboid in transverse section ; scape 75 cm. to 1 m. long, 23 cm. diam.; spike equalling or rather longer than the scape, 3-6 cm. diam.; perianth-segments about 10 mm. long; Z capsule sharply acuminate. | LU Mount Lofty Range; northern agricultural areas ; Flinders Range. Feb.-Apl. 2. X. australis, R. Br. Usually stemless, but some- times with a stem 20 cm. to 1 m. high; leaves flat on one side or angular on both sides, 3-5 mm. broad, 50-80 cm. long; spike 40 cm. to 14 m. long, 1-2 cm. diam., usually but not always longer than the spike, which varies from 30 cm. to 1:25 m. in length, 3-5 cm. diam. ; outer perianth-segments and bracts acumi- nate ; stamens twice as long as the perianth ; capsule rather obtuse. In the South-East; near Naracoorte, Millicent, Penola, Glencoe. Mar.-Apl. Fic. 29 —Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata. 3. X. semiplana, F. v. M. Stemless or with a very short stem; leaves 1-2 m. long, 8-10 mm. broad, flat on one side with a raised midrib, angular on the other, so as to be subtriquetrous in section ; scape and spike usually about the same length, about 1-3 m. long; scape 3-4 cm., and the spike 5-6 cm. diam. ; capsule sharply acuminate. Mount Lofty Range. Summer, and sometimes in winter. 4. X. Tateana, F.v. M. Stem 1-4 m. high, often branched ; leaves as in the preceding, but sometimes slightly angular on both sides; spike stout, as in the preceding, 2-4 m. long and usually somewhat longer than the scape. Kangaroo Island, producing much valuable resin ; also perhaps at Encounter Bay and Marble Range, E.P., but on the mainland this species tends to run into X. semiplana, to which it is closely related. 15. ASPHODELUS, L. (Greek asphodelos, some liliaceous plant.) * 1. A. fistulosus, L. Wild Onion. Stem and leaves hollow, the latter radical and cylindrical; flowers white, in long racemes ; perianth of 6 spreading segments ; filaments papillose near base; stigma 3-lobed; capsule globular, wrinkled transversely, with 1-2 black, triangular seeds in each of the 3 cells. A bad weed in the settled districts. July-Sept.—Mediterranean region. 16. CALECTASIA, R. Br. (Greek kalos, beautiful; ektasis, development: alluding to the blue spreading perianth-lobes. ) 1. C. eyanea R. Br. Blue Tinsel Lily. Stems shortly branched and covered with pubescent leaf-sheaths ; leaves short, subulate, crowded; flowers blue, solitary at the end of the branches ; perianth persistant, consisting of a tube 7-8 mm. long, and 6 spread- ing, rigid, lanceolate lobes; stamens 6, inserted at the base of the lobes and with erect linear anthers; ovary l-celled, with 3 erect ovules; style filiform. Near Robe, and probably elsewhere in the South-East, but apparently rare. 1, AMARYLLIDACEAE. 1. Hypoais. Famity 30.—AMARYLLIDACEAE. Differs from Liliaceae chiefly in the ovary, which is inferior; anthers opening inwards and usually versatile ; capsule loculicidal. Perennial herbs, with mostly radical leaves. Hlowers solitary, tulbeless= 2 <8 i +.0i. 5.251 ee eee Hypozxis 1. Flowers in a terminal umbel, with tubes. iHlowers large: wathout corona, .... eee nee erie Crinum 2. Flowers small, the filaments united in a corona ........ Calostemma 3. 1, HYPOXIS, (Greek hypoxys, somewhat acid, but said to ee been applied by Linnaeus in the sense of “‘ acute beneath,” because the capsule is contracted at the base.) Perianth persistant, divided to the inferior ovary into 6 spreading segments ; stamens 6; ovary 3-celled, with many ovules in each cell; style short, with 3 erect linear stigmas. Small herbs with radical leaves and bulbous rootstocks covered by fibres. The segments and stamens are sometimes 4, and the cells and stigmas 2. Star-grass. Stamens subequal; bractIlarge\: 4.029. eee eee H, glabella 1. Stamens unequal; bracts 25 smalls. eee H, pusilla 2. 1. H. glabella, R. Br. Glabrous herb ; leaves linear, sometimes longer than the scape, which is 6-25 cm. long, with a long sheathing bract about the middle ; flowers terminal and solitary ; perianth-segments 10-18 mm. long, green below and bright-yellow above ; capsule ovoid. Southern districts ; South-East. Aug.-Oct. 2. H. pusilla, Hook. f. Like the preceding, but not so tall, and the flowers smaller; bracts 2, bristle-like, and the scapes often forked and bearing 2 flowers ; 3 stamens usually shorter than the others. Southern districts; Murray lands; Eyre Peninsula. Aug.-Dec. Our form has not the very small flowers or the globular capsule of the eastern type. 2. CRINUM, L. (Greek krinon, a lily.) 1. C. pedunculatum, R. Br. Murray Lily. Leaves long, radical, flat; scape about 50 cm. high ; flowers white, fragrant, 5-15 in a terminal umbel, on pedicels of 2-4 cm. long, surrounded by a few large membranous bracts; perianth deciduous, of 6 lanceolate spreading lobes, 5-7 cm. long, with a slender tube of about the same length ; stamens 6, affixed at the base of the lobes; ovary 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style long, filiform ; capsule ovoid, shortly beaked.—C. flaccidum, Herb. Near River Murray; Flinders Range; Far North. Dec.-Apl. 3. CALOSTEMMA, R. Br. (Greek kalos, beautiful; stemma, crown: alluding to the inner crown (corona) of the perianth. ) Perianth deciduous, with a short slender tube and a funnel-shaped deeply 6-lobed limb ; stamens 6, inserted at the summit of the tube, the filaments winged and the wings united so as to form a tubular toothed corona; ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 ovules; style filiform ; fruit globular, succulent, usually 1-seeded. Bulbous herbs, with radical leaves ; flowers in an umbel surrounded by 2 or 3 membranous bracts. Hlowers purpley