RAR iwi Wl ESS HE wi = SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. FLOBA -_ SOUTHERN UNITED STATES: FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. yf A. W. CHAPMAN, M.D. 9 2 . THE FERNS BY PROF. DANIEL C. EATON. SECOND EDITION. wd Cc OrYRI GH BEA _ APR 13 1883.» “De No At EOS NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO. 1883, Copyright, By A. W. CHAPMAN, 1883. UNIVERSITY PRESS: JOHN WILSON AND Son, CAMBRIDGE. PREFACE. WHEN the first edition of this work was issued, some portions of the country embraced within the limits assigned to it were imperfectly investigated or wholly unexplored. But the discoveries in Southern botany made during the last few years by Feay, Garber, Curtiss, and others, of tropical forms on the peninsula and keys of Florida, by Dr. Gattinger of Northern forms which extend into Ten- nessee and the mountains of North Carolina, and by cor- ‘respondents from other States, have become so numerous that a new edition of the Southern Flora is required to embrace them. In this edition I have concluded to incorporate these additions in the form of a Supplement to the first edition, avoiding any material alterations in it. And now, since the different sections of all the States which are included in the limits embraced by this work have been pretty thoroughly explored, and future acqui- sitions will, probably, be comparatively few in number, the time seems to have arrived when the promise pro- visionally made in the Preface to the first edition may be at least partially fulfilled. al PREFACE. It is my intention, therefore, to commence the prepara- tion of a final edition, which shall include in their proper place all the acquisitions made to our Flora since the publication of the first edition, with the changes in no- menclature introduced during that time; and I invite ~ a continuance of the co-operation and assistance of all who are interested in the successful prosecution of the work. APALACHICOLA, FLORIDA, December 26, 1882. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION . i - : : : : : - SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY . < GLossARY OF BoTANICAL TERMS . a - : ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS . SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK . : : i ; DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT . ‘ 3 : - ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. FLORA. — PH2ZNOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS . CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS . SUPPLEMENT ; : i : : A 3 INDEX 3 3 £ E 3 = : ‘ : INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT 7 : - x 7 Ne INTRODUCTION. L SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. Wegetable Tissue. 1. Puants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted. 2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts. 8. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering by their contiguous surfaces. 4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 5. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands; while in others they are lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants; viz. Organs of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit. 2. The Root. 7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a common centre; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter; and jibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. x INTRODUCTION. 9. But roots under favorable circumstances are developed from other parts of the plant. These are called Secondary Roots. 10. Aerial Roots are those which spring from the stem or branches above ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower joints of the stem; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil. form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems are also of this class. 11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendrum are ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or branches of trees, but draw their nourishment from the air. 12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 3. The Stem. 13. The Stem, or Ascending Azis, is that part of the plant which grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stemless or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Jnternodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- minate the axis; azillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem; and adventi- tious, when they are developed from any other part. 15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called branchlets. 16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caudex. 18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, while the older portion decays. 19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils. 20. A Corm is a solid globular subterranean stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below. 21. A Bulb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicated or coated, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other; and sca/y, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bulblets. 22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and forms a new plant. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. x1 23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity. 24, Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips. . 25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- ed into tendrils. 26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, T7ees. 4. Internal Structure of Stems. 27. The stems of Phenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels; and upon the arrangement of ‘the latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle. 32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark; but are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 5. The Leaves. 33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed from axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant. 34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation. xii -- INTRODUCTION. 35. A complete leaf comprises the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules; but these three parts are not always present in one leaf. 36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single piece, however cut or divided ; and compound, when of two or more distinct pieces (leaflets), which separate by a joint. 37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Petiolule. 38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the stem above. ‘The stipules of a leaflet are called Stzpels. 39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called Venation. 40. There are two modes of venation; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticulated, or netted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and secondary branches (venlets), which again unite to form a kind of network. 41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches. 42. The manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their venation. 43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatifid, when the incisions (sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole; and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate. 44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 45. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, are called Bracts; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 6. The Flower. 46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 47, The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence. 48. There are two modes of inflorescence; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud; and the definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Xili 49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be avillary; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Lract. 50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis. 51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme. Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and Willow. . 54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in the Indian Turnip. 55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels. 56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 58. A Head.is an umbel with sessile flowers. ‘The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively ae the Jnvolucre, and those of the umbellets, the Involucel. 59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward. 61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner one the Corolla, —an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and one or more central organs, called the Pisti/s. These are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. b Xiv INTRODUCTION. 64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously colored. Its leaves (Petals), when of the same number as the sepals, always alternate with them. They are also often united by their contiguous margins, to form a monopetalous corolla. 65. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- tinguished, they are collectively termed the Perianth. 66. A flower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the floral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and pistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are borne in separate flowers ; regular, when the sepals or petals are of uniform shape and size; and regular, when they are unlike in shape or size. 67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into monecious, when: those far- nished with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pistils ( pistillate or fertile flowers) are borne on the same plant; diwcious, when they are borne on separate plants ; and polygamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow- ers are borne on the same or different individuals. 68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their @stivation. They are valvate, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping; induplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after it; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 7 The Stamens. 69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by which it is supported. 70. They are hypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary; eptpetalous, when on the co- rolla; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous), or into two, three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.). 71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective. 72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length; versatile, when fixed by the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot; introrse, when it faces inwardly toward the pistils; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious). 73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk. 8. The Pistils. 74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. . XV 75. A Pistil consists-of three parts, —the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. 76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds. 77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma. 78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpe, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels. 80. The line next the axis, or which corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture; and that which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture. 81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine, and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the Chalaza. . 83. The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to bring the apex near the chalaza; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ;' the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 9. The Fruit. 84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them. 85. In some, the walls, or Pericurp, remain closed; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves. 86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use. 87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only; as the fruit of the Milkweed. ratty 88. A Legume is asimple fruit, opening at both sutures; as in the Pulse Fam- ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Loment. 89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal ; xvi INTRODUCTION. and septicidal, when it opens at the ventral suture, or through the partitions. When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling off entire, like a lid, the dehiscence is ctrcumscissile. 90. A Silique is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentz con- * nected by a persistent false partition. A short and broad silique is a Silicle. These are peculiar to the Mustard Family. 91. A Pepo is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds often embedded in the pulpy placente. 92. A Pome is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the cells are enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx. 93. A Berry is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp. 94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp; as the Peach, Holly, &e. 95. An Achenium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it becomes a Caryopsis; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open irregularly, a Utricle. 96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls; as the Acorn and Hickory-nut. 97. A Samara is a diy, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing ; as that of the Maple and Elm. 98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 10. The Seed. 99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Lmbryo, or the rudiment of a future plant. The outer coat, or Jntegument, is called the Testa. It varies greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the entire seed, or form a tuft (Coma) at one or both extremities. 100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mh- cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. ‘The scar left on the seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- centa. This is called the Aril. 101. The Testa includes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive substance, called the Albumen. 102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons. 103. The Radicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud (Plumule), to form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- perior when it points to its summit. 104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whorl), while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous. 105. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XVii 106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phenogamous Plants, or those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant. 107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 11. Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. 108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as those of Phenogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- growers. 109. The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained in the body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 12. Classification. 110. Classification consists in the arranging of plants possessing like structure, habits, &c., into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them by appropriate characters. 111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary state, and it then becomes a Variety. 112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied species, the result is a Hybrid. 113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into Classes. 114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses. 115. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System of Linnzus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other relationship. In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost universal use, and is the one adopted in this work. b* I. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. *,* The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paragraphs of the preceding Sketch ; but those preceded by ‘‘ Flora, p.’’ refer to the pages of the Flora. Abortive: not fully developed. Abruptly pinnate, 43. Accumbent: Flora, p. 24. Achenium, 95. Achlamydeous: without floral envelopes. Acrogens: Flora, p. 585. Acuminate: tapering into a slender point. Acute: pointed. Adherent: growing fast to another body. Adnate: same as Adherent. Adnate Anthers, 72. Aerial Roots, 10. Hstivation, 68. Air-Plants, 11. Aggregate: crowded together. Albumen, 101. Alburnum, 30. Alternate: scattered; one after another. Alveolate: deeply pitted. : Ament, 53. Amentaceous: bearing aments. Amphitropous, 83. Anatropous, 83. Androgynous: containing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiosperme: Flora, p. 1. Annual: lasting only one year. Annular: disposed in, or forming, a ring or circle. Anterior: applied to that part of an axil- lary flower which is farthest removed from the main axis. Anther, 71. Apetalous: without petals. Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt point. Appendage: something added to a part. Appressed: lying near to; pressed against. Aquatic: growing in water. Arborescent: tree-like. Areolation: spaces between the leaf-veins. Aril, 100. Arilled: covered with an aril. Paee: furnished with thorns, prickles, C. Articulated: divided into joints; connect- ed by a joint. Ascending: curving outward and up- Assurgent: ward. Attenuated: gradually narrowed. Auriculate: eared; bearing small lateral lobes. Awl-shaped: narrow and sharp-pointed. Awn: a rigid bristle-like appendage. Awned: bearing an awn. Axil: the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem. Axillary: borne in the axil. Axis: the central line of a body; the part around which others grow. Baccate: berry-like; juicy. Barbed: bearing rigid points which are directed backward. Bark, 31. Basal: belonging to the base. Beaked: ending in a stout point. Bearded: bearing tufts or lines of hairs. Bell-shaped: expanding from a short and rounded base, into a spreading border. Berry, 93. Bidentate: two-toothed. Biennial: lasting two years. Bifid: two-cleft. Bifoliolate: bearing two leaflets. Biglandular: bearing two glands. Bilabiate: two-lipped. Bipinnate: twice pinnate. Biternate: twice ternate. Bladders: small sacs filled with air. Blade: the expanded portion of a leaf, &e. Boat-shaped: see Carinate. Brachiate: with pairs of opposite branches spreading at right angles. Bract, 45. Bracted: furnished with bracts. Bractlet, 45. Bristle: a rigid hair. ‘ Bristly : beset with, or like, bristles. _ Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into numerous hairs or filaments. Bud, 14. Bulb, 21. Bulbous: shaped like a bulb. Bulblet, 21. GLOSSARY. Caducous: falling away early. Czespitose: growing in a tuft. Callous: thickened. Calyx, 63. Gan bin, 31. Campanulate: see Bell-shaped. Campylotropous, 83. Capillary: hair-like. Capsule, 89. Capsular: relating to, or with the char- acters of a capsule. Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a sharp longitudinal ridge. Cariopsis, 95. Carpel: a single pisti!, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. Carpellary: pertaining to a carpel. Carpophore: Flora, p. 157. Cartilaginous: hard and tough. Caruncle: an appendage of the hilum. Caudate: tailed. Caudex, 17. Caulescent: furnished with a stem. Cauline: pertaining to the stem. Cell: one of the cavities of the fruit or of the anther, &c. Celled: divided into cells. Cellular Tissue, 3. Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48. Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. Chaff: thin scales or bracts. Chaffy: furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. Chalaza, 82. Channelled: with a deep longitudinal furrow. Character: a phrase employed to.distin- guish a genus, &c. from all others. Chartaceous: of the texture of paper. oo the green matter of leaves, C: Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs. Circinate: rolled inward at the apex. Circumscissile, 89. Cirrhose: bearing tendrils; tendril-like. Clasping: enclosing by its base, as a leaf the stem. Clavate: club-shaped. Claw: the stalk of a petal. Clawed: raised on a claw. Climbing: clinging to other objects for support. Club-shaped: terete and gradually thick- ened upward. Clustered: crowded. Coated Bulb, 21. Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs. Cochleate: coiled like a snail-shell. Coherent: growing together. Column: the axis of a compound pistil; the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- ily; the united stamens and pistil of the Orchis Family. Commissure: Flora, p. 157. Comose: bearing a coma, 99. Compound: composed of similar simple parts, 36. xix Compressed: flattened. Cone: the scaly fruit of the Pine. Confluent: running together. Conglomerate: heaped together. Conical: cone-shaped. Connate: growing together at the base, as opposite leaves around the stem. Connective, 71. Connivent: brought near together. Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. Contorted: twisted; bent. Contorted zestivation: see Convolute. Contracted: narrowed; not spreading. Convolute, 68. Cordate: heart-shaped. Coriaceous: of the texture of leather. Corm, 20. Corneous: hard like horn. Corniculate: bearing a horn or spur. Corolla, 64. Corymb, 56. Corymbose: branched like a corymb ; arranged in corymbs. Costate: ribbed. Cotyledons, 104. Creeping: prostrate, and rooting. Crenate: having sharp notches on the edge separated by rounded teeth. Crenulate: slightly crenate. Crested: bearing an elevated ridge. Crown: an appendage of the corolla at the base of the limb. Crowned: bearing anything at the apex. Cruciform: shaped like a cross. Crustaceous: hard and brittle, like a shell. Cryptogamous Plants, 107. Cucullate: see Hooded. Culm, 16. Cuneate: wedge-shaped. Cup-shaped: shaped like a bowl or cup. Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp point. Cuticle 31. Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal thickness. Cyme, 60. Cymose: arranged in a cyme. Decandrous: having ten stamens. Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the close of the season. Declining: leaning to one side. Deeompound: several times divided. Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at the summit. Decurrent: with the edges extending be- - low the main point of attachment. Definite: few; a number easily counted. Definite Inflorescence, 48. Deflexed: bent downward. Dehiscence: the manner in which closed organs regularly open. Dehiscent: opening regularly. Deltoid: triangular. Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by coarse and spreading teeth. Denticulate: slightly toothed. xx Depressed: flattened horizontally. Descending: directed downward. Diadelphous: collected in two sets. Diandrous: having two stamens. Dichlamydeous: having both calyx and corolla. Dichotomous: forked. Diclinous, 66. Dicotyledonous: having two cotyledons. Didymous: twin. Didynamous: having four stamens, with two of them longer than the others. Diffuse: loosely spreading. Digitate : when the apex of the petiole bears five or more leaflets. Dimorphous: of two forms. Dicecious, 67. Discoid: Flora, p. 184. Disk, 73. Also the central part of the head of composite flowers. Dissected: divided into many lobes. Distichous: two-ranked; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis. Distinct: separate. Divaricate: widely spreading. Divided: parted nearly to the base. Dorsal: pertaining to back or outside. Dorsal Suture, 80. Downy: bearing soft short hairs. Drupe, 94. Drupaceous : with the characters of a drupe. Duramen, 30. Dwarf: below the common size. Eared: see Auriculate. Echinate: beset with prickles. | Elliptical : in outline twice as long as wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end. Elongated: unusually long; extended. Emarginate: notched at the apex. Embryo, 102. Emersed: raised out of water. Endocarp: the inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous (stems), 32. Enneandrous: having nine stamens. Ensiform: sword-shaped. Entire: with margins not toothed or di- vided. Epigynous, 70. Epiphytes, 11. Equilateral: equal-sided. Equitant (leaves): two-ranked, with their _ bases clasped one within the other, and their sides facing the horizon. Erose: with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnawed. : Evergreen: lasting through the winter. Exogenous, 28. Exserted: protruding out of the surround- ing parts. Exstipulate: without stipules. Extrorse Anthers, 72. Falcate: scythe-shaped. Family, 113. INTRODUCTION. Fan-shaped: folded or plaited like a fan. Farinaceous: mealy. Fascicle: a cluster. Fascicled: collected in a cluster. Fastigiate: rising to the same level; flat- topped. Feather-veined, 41. Female (flowers): bearing only pistils. Ferruginous: of the color of iron-rust. Fertile: bearing fruit. Fibre, 4. Fibrous Roots, 8. Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and contracted in the middle. Filament, 69. Any thread-like part. Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads. Filiform: thread-like. Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a fringe. Fistulous: hollow. Fleshy: soft and juicy. Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward. Floating: resting on the surface of the water. Floccose: bearing tufts of deciduous hairs. Flora: a systematic description of the plants of a country. Floral: belonging to the flowers. Floret: one of the flowers of a cluster. Flower, 61. Flowering Plants, 106. Flowerless Plants, 107. Foliaceous: leaf-like. Foliolate: bearing leaflets. Follicle, 87. Follicular: like a follicle. Forked: divided into two branches. Free: separate; disconnected. Fringed: see Ciliate. Frond: the leaf of a Fern. Fructification: the fruiting state. Fruit, 84. Frutescent: shrubby. Fugacious: continuing for a short time. Fulvous: tawny. Funiculus, 82. Funnel-shaped: gradually dilated upward from a tubular base. Furrowed: grooved lengthwise. Fusiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end. Geminate: by pairs. Geniculate: bent abruptly. Genus, 115. Germination, 105. Gibbous: puffed out. ' Glabrous: free from roughness, or hairs. Glands: small knobs or excrescences. Glandular: bearing glands. Glaucous: covered with a minute whitish powder. Globose: Globular: Glomerate: collected in a close cluster. round; spherical. GLOSSARY. Glumaceous: glume-like, or bearing glumes. Glumes: the scale-like bracts, &c. of grasses and sedges. Granular: covered with grains. Gymnospermous Plants: Flora, p. 481. Gynandrous, 70. Habit: the general appearance of a plant. Habitat: the native situation of a plant. Hairs: hair-like appendages of the cuticle. Hairy: furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped: dilated at the base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped: ovate, with a sinus at the base. Heptandrous: having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26; of the color and texture of a leaf. Herbarium: a collection of dried plants. Hilum, 100. Hirsute: beset with coarse hairs. Hispid: beset with rigid hairs. Hoary: grayish-white. Homogeneous: uniform in substance. Hooded: rolled inward or arched. Horn: an appendage like a horn. Horny: of the texture of horn. Hyaline: thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70. Imbricated, 68. Imperfect (flowers), 66. Incised: cut into notches or lobes. Included: enclosed; opposed to Exserted. Incumbent: Flora, p. 24. Incurved: bending inward. Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. Indehiscent: not opening. Indigenous: native to a country. Induplicate: folded inward. Indusium: Flora, p. 586. Inferior: below, 103. Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with air. Inflexed: bent inward. Inflorescence, 47. Innate (anther), 72. Inserted on: used in the sense of growing from a part. Insertion: the mode of attachment. Internodes, 14. Interrupted: not continuous; not jointed. Interruptedly pinnate: with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones. Intervals: Flora, p. 157 Introrse (anthers), 72. Introduced: brought from another coun- try. Inverted: turned upside down. Involucel, 58. Involucre, 58. Involute: with the margins rolled inward. Irregular (flowers), 66. Xxi Jointed : separating across into pieces ; furnished with joints. Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ; Flora, p. 86. Keeled: see Carinate. Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length. Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- chis Family. Labiate: divided into an upper and lower lobe or lip. Laciniate: divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate: formed of thin plates. Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &c. Lanceolate: lance-shaped. Lanuginous: woolly. Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36. Leathery: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88. Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31. Ligulate: strap-shaped. Ligula: Flora, p. 545. Limb: the expanded part of a leaf, &e. Linear: long and narrow, with parallel margins. Lip: see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe: one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate: crescent-shaped. Lyrate: pinnatifid, with the upper lobes enlarged. Marginal: borne on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin. Medullary Rays, 30. MedulMiry Sheath, 29. Membranous: of the texture of mem- brane. Mericarp: Flora, p. 157. Micropyle, 100. Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf. Monadelphous, 70. Monandrous: bearing one stamen. Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a string of beads. Monochlamydeous: bearing only one row of floral envelopes. Monocotyledonous, 104. Moneecious, 67. Monopetalous: with the petals united into one piece. Monosepalous: with the sepals united into one piece. Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt slen- der point. Muricate : points. beset with hard wart-like Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed. XXii Necklace-shaped: see Moniliform. Nectary: any honey-bearing part. Nerved (leaves), 40. Netted-veined, 40. Neutral (flowers): without stamens and pistils. Nodding: turning outward or downward. Nodes, 14. Nodose: knotty. Nut, 96. Nutlet: same as Achenium. Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate: inversely lance-shaped. Oblique: unequal-sided. Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, with nearly parallel margins. Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow end downward. Obtuse: blunt; not pointed. Ochrea, 38. Octandrous: having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. Opaque: dull. Opposite: placed directly against each other, as leaves on the stem; placed before, as stamens before the petals. Orbicular: circular. Organs, 6. Orthotropous, 83. Oval: same as Elliptical. Ovary, 76. Ovate: ego-shaped. Ovoid: a solid with an oval outline. Ovule, 76. Palate: a prominence at the throat of some bilabiate flowers. Palea: Flora, p. 545. Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes or divisions spread from a common centre. Palmately-veined, 41. Panicle, 59. Papery: of the texture of paper. Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86. Papillose: studded with minute wart-like prominences. Pappus: the limb of the calyx of com- posite flowers. Parallel-veined, 40. Parasitical: supported and nourished by other plants. Parietal, 81. Parted: divided nearly to the base. Partial: pertaining to the parts of a com- pound organ. Pectinate: cut into fine parallel lobes. Pedate: nearly as palmate, but with the lateral lobes divided. Pedicel, 50. Pedicelled: raised on a pedicel. Peduncle, 50. Peduncled: raised on a peduncle. Peltate: fixed to the stalk at a point within the margins. Pendent: hanging, drooping. INTRODUCTION. Pendulous: somewhat drooping. Penicillate: see Brush-shaped. Pentandrous: having five stamens. Pepo, 91. Perennial: lasting from year to year. Perfect Flowers, 66. Perfoliate: growing around the stem. Perianth, 65. Pericarp: the walls of the fruit. Perigynium: Flora, p. 582. Perigynous, 70. ; Persistent: remaining late, as opposed to deciduous. Personate: bearing a palate. Petal, 64. Petaloid: petal-like; colored like a petal. Petiole: the stalk of a leaf. Petioled: borne on a petiole. Petiolule: the stalk of a leaflet. Petiolulate: raised on a petiolule. Pheenogamous Plants, 106. Pilose: beset with stiff straight hairs. Pinne: the primary divisions of a pin- nately compound leaf. Pinnate, 48. Pinnately divided, 43. Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a pinnately compound leaf. Pistil, 74. Pith, 29. Pitted: marked with fine indentations. Placenta, 81. Plaited, 68; folded lengthwise. Plumose: feathery. Plumule, 103. Pollen, 71. Pollinia: the pollen-masses of the Milk- weed. Polyandrous: bearing many stamens. Polypetalous and Polysepalous: applied to a corolla or calyx with separate petals or sepals. Polymorphous: of various forms. Pome, 92. Prickles: sharp and rigid appendages of the cuticle. ; Prickly: beset with prickles. Primine, 82. Prismatic: angular, with flat sides. Process: a prominence or projection. Procumbent: resting on the ground. Produced: prolonged. Proliferous: where a cluster of flowers arises out of another cluster. Prostrate: see Procumbent. Pubescence: hairiness in general. Pubescent: hairy or downy. Pulverulent: covered with fine powder. Punctate: dotted. Pungent: ending in an abrupt hard point. Pyramidal: pyramid-shaped. Pyriform: pear-shaped. Quinate: bearing five leaflets. Raceme, 55. Rachis, 50. GLOSSARY. 57; the marginal flowers a head or Baye, e3 ‘the partial stalks of an umbel. Radiate or Radiant: bearing rays; di- ing from a centre. Radical: neat or belonging to the root. Radicle, 103. Raphe, 83. Receptacle, 61. ‘ id Reclining: leaning or falling to one side. ee bent gradually backward. ) Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if broken. : Regular: of uniform shape and size. Reniform: see Kidney-shaped. Repand: wavy. Resupinate: turned upside down. Reticulate: disposed in little spaces, like network. Revolute: rolled backward. Rhizoma, 18. Rhombic or Rhomboidal : shaped. — Ribs, 33; longitudinal ridges. Ribbed: bearing ribs. Root, 7. Rootlet, 7. Rootstock, 18. Rostrate: beaked. Rotate: wheel-shaped; with a short tube and « spreading limb. Rudimentary: imperfectly developed. Rugose: uneven; wrinkled. Ruminated (albumen): divided lobes. Runcinate: same as lyrate, but with the lobes directed backward. Runner, 28. diamond- into Sagittate: arrow-shaped. Samara, 97. Scabrous: rough. Scales: reduced leaves, or any small and thin appendage. Scaly: beset with scales; of the texture of scales. Scape, 50. Scarious: very thin and colorless. Seurfy: covered with minute scales. Secund: one-sided. Seed, 99. Segment: one of the parts of a divided leaf, &c. Sepal, 63. Septicidal, 89. Serrate: with the margin cut into teeth like a saw. Serrulate: finely serrate. Sessile: not raised on a stalk. Setaceous: bristle-like. Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is wrapped round the stem. Sheathing: enclosing the stem like a sheath. Shield-shaped: see Peltate. Shrub, 26. Silicle and Silique, 90. XXiil Silky: clothed with fine appressed shin- ing hairs. Silvery: white and shining. Simple: of one piece. Sinuate: with the margins cut into rounded incisions (sinuses) which are separated by rounded lobes. Solitary: standing alone. Sorus: the fruit cluster of ferns, Spadix, 54. Spathe, 54. Spatulate: dilated into a broad and rounded summit, from a slender base. Species, 111. Specific: pertaining to a species. Spike, 52. Spikelet: a small spike, or a branch of a spike. Spindle-shaped: see Fusiform. Spine, 24. Spiny: armed with spines; spine-iike. Spiral Vessels, 5. Sporangia: Flora, p. 585. Spores: Flora, p. 585. Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx or the corolla. Spurred: furnished with a spur. Squarrose: covered with spreading scales. Stamen, 69. Staminate: bearing stamens. Standard: Flora, p. 86. Stellate or Stellar: radiating from a common centre. Stem, 18. Stemless, 13. Sterile: unfruitful; imperfect. Stigma, 78. Stigmatic: belonging to the stigma. Stipe: the stalk of an ovary or of a fern- leaf. Stipel, 38. Stipellate: furnished with stipels. Stipule, 38. Stipulate: furnished with stipules. Stolon, 22. ° Stoloniferous: bearing stolons. Stomata, 33. Strap-shaped : long and flat, with par- allel margins. Striate: marked with fine furrows. Strigose: bristly with rigid appressed hairs. Strobile, 98. Style, 77. Subulate: awl-shaped. Sulcate: marked with deep furrows. Suspended: hanging. Suture, 80. Syngenesious, 72. System, 115. Tap-root, 8. Tendril, 25. Terete: cylindrical; round. Ternate: of three leaflets; three in a whorl. XXiV Testa: the covering of the seed. Tetramerous: in parts of four. Tetrandrous: having four stamens. Thorn, 24. Throat: the orifice of a tubular corolla, calyx, &e. Tomentose: clothed with a close velvety pubescence. Toothed: see Dentate. Top-shaped: like an inverted cone. Torose, or Torulose: knotted; knobby. Torus, 61. Tree, 26. Triandrous: having three stamens. Tribe: a subdivision of an order. Trichotomous : dividing into branches. Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. Truncate: ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tube: the united part of a calyx or co- rolla. Tuber, 19. ' Tubercle: a wart-like appendage; Flora, - 504. Tubereled! bearing tubercles, or crowned with a tubercle. Tuberous: like a tuber. Tubular: shaped like a tube. Tumid: swelled; thickened. Tunicated Bulb, 21. Twin: in pairs; a pair united. Twining: rising by coiling around a support. three Umbel, 57. Umbelled: arranged in an umtel. Umbellet, 57. Unarmed: destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. Uncinate : hooked. Undulate : wavy. Unequally pinnate, 43. Unguiculate : clawed, INTRODUCTION. Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. Urceolate : urn-shaped ; pitcher-shaped. Utricle, 95. Utricular : formed like a utricle. Valve, 85. Valvate, 68: opening by valves. Variety, 111. Vascular Tissue, 5. Vaulted : arched. Veins, 383. 4 Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins. Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins. Venation, 39. Ventral Suture, 80. Ventricose : inflated. Vernation, 34. Versatile, 72. Vertical: with the edges directed upward and downward, and the sides facing the horizon. Vessels, 2. Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly. Virgate : wand-like; long and slender. Viscid : clammy; glutinous. Vittee : Flora, p. 157. Waxy: like beeswax. Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped: see Rotate. Whorl: a collection of parts arranged in a ring or circle. Whorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing: Flora, p. 86; any thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. Wood, 30. Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. eo) : clothed with long and dense soft airs. Il. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. — Adanson. Aiton. Allioni. Andrews. : Arnott. Aublet. Baldwin. Bartram. Palisot de Beauvois. Bentham. Bigelow. Boerhaave. Brongniart. Buckley. Cassini. Catesby. Cavanilles. Chapman. Choisy. Darlington. De Candolle. Alphonse de Candolle. Desfontaines. Desveaux. Dewey. Dillenius. Ehshart. Elliott. Endlicher. Engelmann. Fischer. Forster. Geertner. Gaudin. Gingins. Gmelin. c Good. = Griseb. Gronov. Haw. H. B.K. Hoff. Hook. Houst. Huds. Jacq. Juss. L. or Linn. Lag. Lam. Lehm. LT’ Herit. Lindl. Marsh. Mart. Mey. Michz. Miche. f. Mill. Mench. Muhl. Murr. Neck. Nees. Nutt. Panz. Pers. Plum. Poir. Raf. R. Br. R. ¢ 8. Goodenough. Grisebach. Gronovius. Haworth. Humboldt, Bonpland, and Hoffmann. [ Kunth. Hooker. Houston. Hudson. Jacquin. Jussieu. Linnzus. Lagasca. Lamark. Lehmann. L’ Heritier. Lindley. _ Marshall. Martius. Meyer. Michaux. Michaux the younger. Miller. Mcenchausen. Muhlenberg. Murray. Necker. Nees von Esenbeck. Nuttall. Panzer. | Persoon. Plumier. Poiret. Rafinesque. Robert Brown. Roemer & Schultes. XXVi1 INTRODUCTION. hich. =) Richard: Tourn. = Tournefort. Salisb. Salisbury. Trin. Trinius. Schk. Schkuhr. Tuck. Tuckerman. Schrad. Schrader. Vent. Ventenat. Schred. Schreber. Wahl. Wahlenberg. Schw. Schweinitz. Wang. Wangenheim. Scop. Scopoli. Walt. Walter. Shuttlw. Shuttleworth. Wallr. Wallroth. Sulliv. Sullivant. Wendl. Wendland. Torr. Torrey. Willd. Willdenow. IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. @) An annual plant. 2) A biennial plant. )} A perennial plant. © The length in feet; as, ‘2° long,’’ two feet long. ’ The length in inches; as, ‘2! long,’’ two inches long. ” The length in lines; as, ‘2! long,’’ two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well known. Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the two; as, ‘‘ ovate-lanceolate,’’ between ovate and lanceolate. Two figures connected by a dash, as “stem 49- 6° long,’”’ denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet. Nn. sp. epee that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously n. gen.) characterized. VY. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. Havine acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place they occupy in the system. His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use. : Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the Series of Paznocamovus Puants, with which we find it to agree in having flowers. Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the CLass oF DicorrLeponovus Prants; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the Susciass of ANGIOosPERMOUS PLants. The double floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Potyprr- ALOUS DIVISION. Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. ‘Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1-celled, or soli- tary and 2—many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected XXVill INTRODUCTION. with the. petals, or free from them. In ours they are free. Lastly, whether they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are ¢re united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant to the natural order, T1L1AcEm%, 59,— the number referring to the page of the Flora where the order is described. Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement. We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this instance, by comparing the plant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus T1xi1a, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or Basswood. Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, Phanogamous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the CLass of MonocoryLeponous PLANTS, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters. Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours itis free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1-celled, or 3—6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- trorse. In ours they are introrse. This brings us to the natural order Lir1acem, described on page 480 of the Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, TuLrpa- cem. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it our plant must belong. Turning to page 485, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Series I PHANOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant. Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral en- velopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Susciass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla; the latter of separate petals. * Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so. 4+ Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Leaves opposite, entire. Page Leaves dotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACEH, 38 Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiatg-peltate. CLUSIACE®, 42 Leaves alternate. Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled. Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows. Petals imbricated in the bud. Anthers 4-celled. Dicecious vines. MENISPERMACEH, 15 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLIACEA, 12 Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACEA, 14 Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACEA, 18 Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACER, 2 Sepals and petals persistent. CABOMBACEA, 18 xxx INTRODUCTION. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Placenta central. Sepals 2, deciduous. Anthers introrse. PORTULACACE®, 48 Sepals 5, persistent. Anthers extrorse. DROSERACEA, 386 Placente parietal. Calyx persistent. Capsule 3-valved: placente 3. CISTACEM, 35 Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lobed. PAPAVERACEA, 21 Juice watery. Placental. Leaves 2-3-ternate. CIMICIFUGEA, 2 Juice watery. Placentz 2. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. CAPPARIDACE®, 31 Ovary solitary, 2-many-celled. Stamens connected with the base of the petals. Stamens united inacolumn. Sepals valvate. MALVACE®, 52 Stamens united ina ring. Sepals imbricated. CAMELLIACEA, 60 Stamens free from the petals. Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. CLUSIACEM, 42 Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. TILIACEM, 59 Stamens separate. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves tubular. SARRACENIACEA, 20 Ovary many-celled. Leaves flat. NYMPHAHACEA, 19 + + Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers dicecious. Fruita drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. SIMARUBACEA, 67 Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded Aquatic herbs. CABOMBACEA, 18 Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Fleshy herbs. CRASSULACEA, 149 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Fruit alegume. Leaves stipulate. LEGUMINOSZ, 86 Leaves opposite. Fruit a capsule, with parietal placente. Leaves entire, dotted. HYPERICACER, 38 Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotless) CARYOPHYLLACEM, 465 Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. BURSERACEA, 67 Fruit a berry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. BERBERIDACEA, 16 Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Flowers irregular: stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. POLYGALACEM, 82 Flowers regular: stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. TILIACEA, 59 Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves. Flowers moneecious. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-valved. Stamens united. EUPHORBIACEM, 399 Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-winged, indehiscent. CYRILLACEA, 272 Fruit many-seeded, 3-valved. ERICACEA, 257 Ovary solitary, 4-celled. Stamens 8. Style single. Low fleshy root-parasites, with scale-like leaves. MONOTROPEA, 258 A shrub, with alternate leaves and bractless flowers. CYRILLACEA, 272 Styles 4. Flowers cymose. Capsule 4-lobed, spreading. CRASSULACEA, 149 Ovary solitary, 5-celled. Stamens 10. Style single. Stamens monadelphous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. CEDRELACE®, 62 Stamens separate. Leaves opposite, pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACEHR, 63 Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, simple. PYROLEA, 258 Styles 5. Cells of the fruit separating into 1-seeded nutlets. GERANIACEA, 64 Cells of the fruit united. Leaves trifoliolate. OXALIDACEA, 63 Ovary solitary, 7-celled. Anthers opening by terminal pores. ERICACEA, 257 Ovary solitary, 10-12-celled. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACER, 63 + + + Stamens exceeding the petals in number, but not twice as many. Ovary l-celled. Petals 4: stamens 6. Sepals 2. Flowers irregular. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. FUMARIACER, 22 Sepals 4. Flowers regular. Embryo large. Albumen none. CAPPARIDACEA, 31 Ovary 2-celled. Petals 8. Stamens 8, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACER, 82 Petals 4. Stamens 6. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFERA, 23 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXi Ovary 3-celled. Leaves opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 9. Leaves simple, dotted. HYPERICACEM, 388 Petals 4-5. Stamens 7. Leaves palmately 7-foliolate. SAPINDACEHX, 78 Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves alternate. Petals 5-8. Stamens 10. Fruit indehiscent, 3 - 4-winged. CYRILLACEA, 272 + + + + Stamens (the fertile ones) as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers moneecious. Stamens united into a 5-lobed disk. SCHIZANDRE, 12 Flowers dicecious. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves simple. MENISPERMACEA, 15 Anthers 2-celled. Leaves pinnate, dotted. RUTACEA, 66 Flowers perfect. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. RANUNCULACEM, 2 Style lateral. Ovules erect. SURIANACEA, 149 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Flowers irregular. Fruit alegume. Albumen none. LEGUMINOSAE, 86 Capsule 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. VIOLACEZH, 32 Flowers regular. Flowers moneecious ; the fertile ones apetalous. Fruit utricular. EUPHORBIACEA, 399 Flowers perfect. Stamens opposite the petals. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACEA, 16 Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens and petals 3. Stigmas many-parted. CISTACEM, 35 Stamens and petals 5. Leaves a pair, opposite. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded. PORTULACACE®, 48 Leaves alternate, numerous. Capsule 2-valved. BYTTNERIACEA, 58 Leaves at the base of a naked stem. Fruitautriclee PLUMBAGINACEZ, 278 Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves opposite, dotted, exstipulate. Albumen none. HYPERICACE®, 38 Leaves opposite or whorled, dotless, stipulate. Albumen present. ILLECEBREM, 45 Leaves alternate. Capsule 1-celled. Leaves compound. Fruit a legume. MIMOSEA, 88 Leaves simple. Stamens with sterile ones between. PARNASSIACEA, 37 Sterile stamens none. DROSERACEA, 36 Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Trees or shrubs. Fruit a double samara. Leaves simple, opposite. ACERACEH, 80 Fruit a single samara. Leaves trifoliolate, alternate. RUTACE, 66 Fruit a berry. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. VITACER, 70 Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect, racemose. Stamens 5. CYRILLACEA, 272 Flowers dicecious, clustered. Stamens 2. EMPETRACEA, 410 Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Stamens united, the alternate ones sterile. GALACINEA, 268 Ovaries 4-celled, aggregated into a head. Dicecious. BATIDACEA, 411 Ovary 5-celled. Style single. Petals stalked. BYTTNERIACEAR, 58 Ovary 5-celled, or falsely 10-celled. Styles 5. Petals sessile. LINACEA, 62 ~ ++ + + Stamens fewer than the petals. Stamens 2. Petals 4, cruciform. Fruit a silicle. CRUCIFERZA, 238 Stamens 2-38. Petals 5. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACEA, 45 Stamens 4. Petals 5. Flowers irregular. Leaves alternate. KRAMERIACER, 86 * * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx, or on a more or less perigynous disk. + Calyx not adherent to the ovary. a+ Stamens as many as the petals. Stamens monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. PASSIFLORACEA, 147 Stamens separate, opposite the petals. Calyx truncate. Ovules 2 in each cell. Woody vines. VITACE®, 70 Calyx valvate. Ovules single in the cells. Trees or shrubs. RHAMNACEA, 72 XXXli INTRODUCTION. Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. Herbs. Leaves alternate. Calyx deciduous. Leaves opposite. Calyx persistent. Trees or shrubs. Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. Styles 2. Fruit a drupe. Ovary I-celled. Albumen none. Ovary 2-5-celled. Seeds with albumen. Capsule fleshy. Seeds arilled. } Capsule 1-celled. Capsule 2 - 4-celled. Fruit a capsule. Capsule 8-celled, inflated. Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked Leaves simple. TURNERACER, 146 LYTHRACEA, 138 ACERACE®, 80 ANACARDIACER, 68 CELASTRACE, 75 STAPHYLEACER, 177 ESCALLONIER, ++ ++ Stamens more numerous than the petals. Ovaries more than one. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sepals and petals numerous. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Fruita drupe. Style arising from the base of the ovary. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a legume. Flowers mostly irregular. Ovary solitary, 2 —5-celled. Style single. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled. Leaves compound, dotted. Petals valvate. Leaves compound, dotless. Petals imbricated. Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Fruit a capsule. Leaves opposite. Fruit a double samara. Styles 2-3, each 2-3-parted. Capsule 2 - 3-celled. Styles 3, entire. Petals clawed. Fruita drupe. sae + + Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary l-celled. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. Capsule 3-valved. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves rough. Ovary 2 - 6-celled. ROSACER, 117 CRASSULACER, 149 CALYCANTHACER, 129 CHRYSOBALANEZ, 118 AMYGDALES, 118 LEGUMINOSE, 86 LYTHRACER, BURSERACER, 67 SAPINDACER, 78 SAXIFRAGACE®, 151 ACERACER, 80 EUPHORBIACER, 399 MALPIGHIACER, 81 133 PORTULACACER, 43 LOASACE, 146 Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACEA, 181 Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. Styles or stigmas 2 or more. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into 2 pieces. Fruit berry-like, of 2-5 nutlets. Flowers not umbelled. Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. Flowers moncecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded. Fruit indehiscent, 1 — 2-seeded. Stipules between the petioles. Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Stamens numerous. Leaves dotless. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves dotless. Leaves alternate. Flowers umbelled Leaves compound. Flowers not umbelled. Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers dicecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled. ONAGRACEA, 137 UMBELLIFERZ, 157 ARALIACEA, 166 SAXIFRAGACE, HALORAGE, 151 137 HYDRANGEZ, RHIZOPHORACER, MYRTACEA, CORNACES, COMBRETACEZ, ARALIACE, POMEZ, HAMAMELACEA,, CORNACER, ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXili Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 2-winged nut. Ovary 2-5-celled. Fruit a 1—5-seeded berry. Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentz. GROSSULACE, 145 Ovary 1-celled, with numerous placente. CACTACEA, 144 i STYRACACER, 270 Division II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla; the latter of more or less united petals. * Calyx free from the ovary. + Flowers regular. ++ Fertile stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit a l-seeded fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrubs or trees. OLEACEA, 368 Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets. Ovary 4-lobed; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATA, 310 Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. VERBENACEZ, 305 Fruit a 2-celled capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. PLANTAGINACEA, 277 Capsule 2-valved. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACEA, 287 Ccrolla-lobes twisted in the bud. ACANTHACEA, 302 ++ ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Herbs. Capsule I-celled, many-seeded. PRIMULACEA, 279 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACEA, 278 Calyx not plaited. Fruita drupe. Embryo transverse. MYRSINACEA, 276 Anthers extrorse. Ovary l-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTACEA, 276 Ovary 3-8-celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACEA, 274 a+ ++ a+ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovaries 2, separate. Juice milky. i Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. ASCLEPIADACEA, 361 Stamens separate and free from the stigma. APOCYNACE, 358 Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. DICHONDREA, 341 Ovary solitary. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe l-seeded. Corolla-lobes long. OLEACEA, 368 Ovary 4-celled. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla-lobes short. VERBENACE, 305 Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4—9-seeded. AQUIFOLIACEA, 268 Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. SOLANACEA, 347 Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. BORRAGINACEA, 328 Fruit a capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. PLANTAGINACES, 277 Capsule dehiscent by valves. Ovary l-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. HYDROPHYLLACEA, 333 Leaves entire, smooth. GENTIANACEA, 352 Ovary 2 -5-celled. Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite leaves. LOGANIEA, 173 XXXIV INTRODUCTION. Stipules none. Capsule few-seeded. Stems twining. Leaves alternate. Stems twining. Leaves none. } Stems not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. POLEMONIACEA, 387 Capsule many-seeded. Style single. CONVOLYULACER, 340 | Capsule 2-celled. Corolla plaited in the bud. SOLANACEA. 347 Capsule 2-celled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACEA, 287 Capsule 5-celled. Stamens elongated. ERICACEA, 257 Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled. HYDROLEACEA, 33805 s+ +b ++ ++ Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. MIMOSEZX, 8&8 Leaves simple. Flowers dicecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. EBENACE, 2738 Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous. Stamens united into acolumn. Anthers 1-celled. MALVACE, 52 Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. CAMELLIACEA, 60 Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule many-seeded. ERICACEA, 257 Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. OLACACEAE, 61 + + Flowers irregular. Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. FUMARIACEM, 22 Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4. Ovary l-celled. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. LENTIBULACEA, 282 Stamens 4. Fruit l-seeded, reflexed. PHRYMEA, 3806 ; Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. OROBANCHACEA, 286 Ovary 2-celled. Albumen copious. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACEA, 287 Albumen none Placenta with hooked appendages. Corolla twisted in the bud. ACANTHACEA, 302 Placenta not appendaged. Capsule large. BIGNONIACEA, 284 Ovary 4-celled. Ovary 4-lobed; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATA, 310 Ovary not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACEA, 305 x * Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary. Anthers united. - Anthers contorted. Vines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACEAM, 148 Anthers straight. Flowers inaraceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACEA, 253 Flowers in araceme. Fruit a 1—4-seeded drupe. RUBIACEA, 172 Flowers ina head. Fruit a dry achenium. COMPOSITA, 184 Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled. 5 Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. RUBIACER, 172 Stipules none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. CAPRIFOLIACEA, 169 Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. VALERIANACE, 183 Anthers separate. Leaves alternate. Herbs. Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. CAMPANULACER, 256 Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule valvate. PRIMULACE, 279 Shrubs. Flowers irregular. Stigma within a ciliate cup. GOODENTIACEA, 255 Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. VACCINIEA, 257 Flowers regular. Anthers opening lengthwise. STYRACACEA, 270 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV Division II. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or altogether wanting. * Amentaceous trees or shrubs. Flowers mona@cious or diacious. + Sterile flowers only in aments. Leaves simple, stipulate. Inyolucre scaly. Seed entire. CUPULIFERA, Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. JUGLANDACEA, an + + Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments. Aments globose. Calyx none. Fruit 2-beaked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. HAMAMELACEA, Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded, hairy. Aments single. PLATANACEA, Aments oblong or linear. ; Ovary i-celled. Drupe l-seeded. Stipules none. MYRICACEA, Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. SALICACEA, Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged. BETULACEA, Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx. . MORACEA, * * Flowers not in aments. + Calyx and corolla none. Ovaries 8-4, united below. Flowers perfect, spiked. SAURURACEA, Ovary single. Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. CALLITRICHACEA, Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. PODOSTEMACEA, Involucre 8-12-parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACEA, Involucre 4 —5-toothed, cup-like, containing one fertile flower and several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACEA, + + Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. Ovaries more than one. ‘Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. ROSACEA, Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. Embryo minute. RANUNCULACEA, _. Embryo and seeds large, curved. MENISPERMACEA, Ovary solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. SAXIFRAGACEA, Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. LORANTHACEA, Anthers on filaments. Drupe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. CORNACEA, Drupe dry. Albumen copious. SANTALACEA, Drupe dry. Albumen none. COMBRETACEA, Ovary 6-celled, many-ovuled. Calyx tubular. ARISTOLOCHIACEA, Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. dela eae dissected. es Ovary 2-38-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate. HAMAMELACEA, Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. MYRTACEA, Calyx free from the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules and seeds numerous. Vines. Fruit berry-like. PASSIFLORACEA, Stems erect. Capsule circumscissile. CELOSIEA, 420 418 156 417 426 429 428 414 397 398 399 398 399 117 2 15 151 397 167 895 136 371 137 156 130 147 379 XXXVi INTRODUCTION. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. POLYGONACEA, 384 Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. ILLECEBREA, 45 Stipules not sheathing nor scarious. Flowers perfect Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. PETIVERIEA, 374 Flowers imperfect. Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 8 - 5-lobed. CANNABINACEA, 414 Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. URTICACEA, 411 Trees or shrubs. : ¢ Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. ULMACEA, 416 Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle. MORACEA, 414 Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves without stipules. Stamens more numerous than the calyx-lobes. Anthers opening by valves. LAURACEZ, 398 Anthers opening lengthwise. r Calyx 5 - 6-parted. POLYGONACEA, 384 Calyx entire. Berry oval. THYMELEACEA, 395 Stamens equalling in number or fewer than the calyx-lobes. Flowers with scarious bracts. AMARANTACEA, 378 Flowers without scarious bracts. Calyx corolla-like, plaited. NYCTAGINACEH 372 Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. CHENOPODIACEA, 375 Ovary 2 — 12-celled. Leaves whorled A heath-like shrub Calyx of imbricated scales. EMPETRACEA, 410 A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. MOLLUGINE®, 45 Leaves opposite. Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent. FRAXINEA, 369 Fruit a double samara Calyx deciduous. ACERACEH, 80 Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. RHAMNACEA, 72 Flowers dicecious. Stamens hypogynous. FORESTIEREA, 369 Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Herbs. LYTHRACEA, 183 Leaves alternate. Ovules and seeds 1 —2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dicecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. EUPHORBIACEA, 399 Flowers polygamous. Capsule 3-4-winged. SAPINDACER, 78 Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. PHYTOLACCACEA, 374 Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. ULMACEA. 416 Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule circumscissile. Capsule 3-celled Flowers solitary. PORTULACACEA, 48 Capsule 5-celled Flowers cymose. CRASSULACEA, 149 Susctass I. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules naked (not contained in an ovary), supported by an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct applica- tion of the pollen. Stem branching. Leaves simple. ; CONIFER 481 Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. CYCADACE, 487 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXVil Crass I. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS ‘ PLANTS... Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and in- creasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and paraliel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. * Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadiz. Stemless, floating herbs. Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACEA, 442 Leayes clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACEZA, 439 Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACEA, 489 Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAIADACEA, 444 Stem not immersed, erect. TYPHACEA, 4438 * * Floral envelopes (perianth) single or double, not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIDACEA, 452 Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HYDROCHARIDACEA 450 Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACEZ, 474 Flowers perfect. _ Ovary l-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACEA, 451 Ovary 3-celled. Stamen1. Flowers irregular. CANNACEA, 465 Stamens 8. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACEA, 472 Stamens 8 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. HMODORACEZ 469 Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACEA, 466 Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx). Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. ARACEA, 489 Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAITADACEA, 444 Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINEA, 447 Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. ROXBURGHIACEA, 479 Perianth double (calyx and corolla). Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACEM, 492 Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACEA, 475 Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three PONTEDERIACEA, 496 Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers introrse (except Lilium). Style single. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Styles 3. Anthers extrorse (except Tofieldia). Styles 3 or 1. SOMES ence Calyx and corolla unlike. LILIACEA, 480 Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACEA, 447 Ovary solitary. = Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALMA, 437 Epiphytes Plants scurfy. BROMELIACEZ, 470 d XXXVill INTRODUCTION. Herbs. Stamens6. Leaves3inawhorl. Flower single. _ TRILLIACE® 475 Leaves alternate, sheathing. — COMMELYNACE, 497 Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACEA, 498 Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACEA, 499 Stamens 8 or 4. Flowers moncecious, capitate. Scape leafless. ERIOCAULONACEA, 502 * * * Flowers glumaceous, 1. e. with scale-like bracts, i place of proper floral envelopes. Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACES, 504 Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINEA, 545 Series II CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. _ Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. Ciass II. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only. . Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACEA, 585 Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585 Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACEA, 600 Fructification borne at the base of the leaves. HYDROPTERIDES, 602 FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PHENOGAMOUS on FLOWERING PLANTS. VEGETABLES furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds which contain an embryo. Ouass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS on EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Susciass l. ANGIOSPERM. Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla; the latter of separate petals. | 1 2 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Orper I. RANUNCULACER. (Crowroot Famiy.) Herbs or climbing shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com- monly divided, their petioles dilated at the base, without stipules. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, distinct, often colored. Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi- nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1-celled, 1- many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy or horny albumen. Synopsis of the Genera. Trine Il CLEMATIDEAR. Sepals valvate in the bud, colored. Petals stamen-like or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an achenium.— Chiefly vines. Leaves opposite. 1. ATRAGENE. Petals small and stamen-like. 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. ' Tre Il ANEMONEAS. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium.— Herbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming an involucre. 38. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf-like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers. 4. HEPATICA. Involucre calyx-like and close to the flower. 5. THALICTRUM. Flowers panicled and without an inyolucre (except in No. 6). Achenia ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbed. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect. Leaves simple, lobed. Tre Ill RANUNCULEZ. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium.— Herbs. Leaves alternate. 7. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia spiked. Leaves radical, linear. 8 RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy. Tass IV. HELLEBORINER. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of various forms, or none. Fruit a 1-many-seeded follicle. Leaves alternate. 9. CALTHA. Petals none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves compound. 11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 5, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves compound. 12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular; the outerone spurred. Petals 4, small; two of them spurred, the others stalked. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed. 18. ACONITUM. Sepals 5. irregular; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long- stalked, hooked petals; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed. 14. ZANTHORHIZA. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2-lIobed. Follicle 1-2-seeded. Shrubby. Leaves compound. Tre V. CIMICIFUGEZ. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 15. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1-2-seeded berries. Stems 1-flowered. Leaves simple, lobed. 16. ACTHA. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in short oblong racemes. Leaves compound. 17. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 3-5, 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-seeded follicles. Ra- cemes elongated. Leaves compound. RANUNCULACE&%. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 1. ATRAGENE, L. Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreading, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Achenia capitate, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard- ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitary, showy. 1. A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate; leaflets stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles opposite ; sepals oblong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April - May. — Flowers 2'—3’ in diameter, purple. 2. CLEMATIS, L. Virern’s-Bower. Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragene. — Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dicecious. * Flowers solitary, nodding: calyx thick or leathery. + Stems erect, mostly simple, herbaceous. 1. C. ochroleuca, Ait. Silky-pubescent ; leaves ovate or roundish, en- tire, reticulate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above; tails of the achenia (15! long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May-June. — Stems 1° high. Flowers yellowish, 1! long. 2. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly pubescent; leaves oblong, varying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often divided lobes; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2'—3/ long) very slen- der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - 13° high. Peduncles 8’—10! long. Flowers purple, yellowish within, the sepals woolly on the margins. a- + Stems climbing, herbaceous. 3. C. ovata, Pursh. Smooth; stems erect or climbing; leaves broadly ovate, short-petioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com- pound or cordate; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten- nessee. — Flowers purple ?, inclined. — Probably a form of the next. (* ) 4. C. Viorna, L. Smoothish ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, oval, or ob- long-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobed, the lowest pair often ternate; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re- curved point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (13/ long) plumose. — River-banks. May -August.— Flowers nodding. Sepals thick, reddish purple, 1/ long. 5. C. erispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or ternate ; those of the upper leaves entire, of the low- est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (1! long) rigid ; silky-pubescent. (C. Walteri, Pursh. C. cylindrica, Sims. C. line- 4 RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ariloba, DC., an early state, when all the leaflets are linear.) — Swamps and banks of rivers. May and June.— Stems 2°-4° high, somewhat shrubby at the base. Flowers 1/-13! long, pale bluish-purple. 6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oval, entire or 2—3-lobed, obtuse or mucronate, coriaceous, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (13’ long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina. May-July. — Calyx downy, dull purple. * * Flowers panicled: calyx thin, spreading, white: stems woody. 7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or cordate- ovate, lobed or toothed; panicle trichotomous, many-flowered, leafy ; flowers dicecious or polygamous ; sepals obovate, smoothish ; tails of the achenia long, plumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2'-3! long. 8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent; leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, mostly cordate, 3-toothed or lobed ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches divaricate, opposite, 3—5-flowered ; flowers dicecious; sepals oblong, hoary ; tails of the achenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July.—Stem climbing high. Leaves and flowers _smaller than the last. 9. C. holosericea, Pursh. Silky-pubescent; leaves ternate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dicecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals lin- ear, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — South Carolina, Walter. — Flowers small, white. ( * ) 3. ANEMONE, L. Winp-FLower. Sepals 4-20, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens indefinite. Filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous. Ovule solitary. Achenia capitate, compressed, pointed by the short, naked or woolly, straight or hooked, persistent style. Seed suspended.— Perennial herbs, with naked stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 opposite or whorled and divided leaves, which form an involucre remote from the flower. Radical leaves lobed or divided. 5 1. A. nemorosa, L. (Woop Anemone.) Smooth or pubescent; stem 1-flowered ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions ovate- lanceolate, lobed and toothed, longer than the peduncle ; sepals 4 —6, oval, white ; achenia 15-20, pointed by the hooked persistent style. — Open woods along the mountains and northward. March-April. — Stems 4!—6/’ high. Radical leaf solitary. 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (Carorrna AnEmoNE.) Stem slender, 1-flowered ; peduncle many times longer than the small, sessile, 3-leaved, 3-toothed involucre ; radical leaves 2—3, long-petioled, ternate, deeply parted, lobed and toothed ; sepals 14-20, oblong, white ; achenia numerous in a cylin- drical-oblong head, woolly. — North Carolina and westward. March.— Stems 6’-12! high. Flowers 1! in diameter. RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) | 5 8. A. Virginiana, L. (Vireinia Anemone.) Stem hairy or woolly, at length many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, the earliest one simple; lateral ones several times forking, and bearing a 2-leaved involucre and a single flower at each joint ; proper involucre 3-leaved, the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate or oblong lobed and toothed divisions; sepals 5, oval, greenish, acute ; achenia numerous, in an oblong head, woolly. — Open woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. July —- September. — Plant 2°-3° high. Flower 8-9" in diameter. Radical leaves 3-4, similar to the involucre. 4. HEPATICA, Dill. Liver-tear. Flowers and fruit as Anemone. Involucre close to the flower, 3-leaved, resem- bling a calyx; its leaves sessile, ovate, entire. — A low, perennial herb, with scape-like, 1-flowered stems, and 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate, persistent, radi- cal leaves. 1. H. triloba, Chaix. Lobes of the leaves rounded, entire ; stems hairy ; flowers purplish or white ; achenia oblong, hairy. — Shady woods, Florida and northward. February - March. — Stems 3/- 6! high. 5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meavow-Rte. Sepals 4-10, imbricated in the bud, colored, spreading, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Filaments filiform, clavate or flattened. Ovaries 3-15, l-ovuled. Achenia sessile or stalked, furrowed or inflated, pointed by the sessile persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended.—Perennial herbs. Leaves compound. * Flowers polygamous or diccious: sepals shorter than the stamens : stigma elon- gated: achenia nearly sessile, ribbed: leaves alternate, decompound : involucre none: flowers small, panicled. 1. T. dioicum, L. Stems erect; leaves long-petioled; leaflets thin, © roundish, crenately 5-7-lobed, smooth; flowers numerous; sepals greenish; stamens and stigma filiform; achenia sessile, or (in var. sTIPITATUM, Torr. J Gray) distinctly stalked. (T.rugosum & T. Carolinianum, DC.) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July-August. — Stem 19-13° high. 2. T. debile, Buckl. Stems low (8/—- 12’), procumbent or ascending, much branched ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets small, stalked, rounded, crenately lobed, smooth ; flowers few on axillary or terminal peduncles ; achenia oblong, strongly ribbed, short-stalked, as long as the slender style. — Rich woods, near Allenton, Wilcox County, Alabama (Buckley). March and April.— Stems branching at the base, slender. 3. T. Cornuti, L. Radical leaves long-petioled; stem-leaves sessile (the common petiole wanting) ; leaflets thick, oval or oblong, 3-lobed or entire, often cordate, smooth, or pubescent beneath; sepals white ; stamens and stigma slightly clavate; achenia short-stalked. (T. revolutum, DC.) — Meadows and woods, Florida and northward. June-August.— Stems 3°-4° high. Radical leaves very large. Leaflets varying greatly in size. 1* 6 RANUNCULACEA. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * Flowers perfect: sepals longer than the stamens: stigma short : achenia raised on a stipe, inflated, veiny: leaves ternate or biternate, alternate: flowers few, panicled. : 4. T. clavatum, DC. Stems slender, sparingly branched, naked below; leaves petioled, biternate ; leaflets thin, rounded, crenately lobed, glaucous be- neath; panicle corymbose, few— many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; achenia 5-10, somewhat crescent-shaped, short-pointed, long-stalked. — Mountains of North Carolina to Alabama. July. — Stems 1°- 2° high. 5. T. nudicaule, Schweinitz. Stem slender, naked below, sparingly branched above ; radical leaf solitary, long-petioled, biternate ; stem-leaves very small, ternate ; leaflets thin, roundish, obtusely lobed, slightly cordate ; panicle 4—-—8-flowered ; flowers minute, greenish ; ovaries short-stalked. — Banks of the Yadkin River, North Carolina.— Stem 2° high. (+) * * * Flowers perfect: sepuls longer than the stamens: stigma depressed.- achenia sessile, ribbed : stem-leaves whorled : flowers umbelled. 6. T. anemonoides, Michx. Radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; leaflets oval or roundish, cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; stem-leaves 2-8, sessile, ternate ; the long-stalked leaficts forming an involucre apparently of 6-9 simple leaves ; umbel 3 -6-flowered ; sepals 6-10, white. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, April and May. — Roottuberous. Stems 6’-10! high. Flow- ers 3/— 3! in diameter. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. Sepals 3-5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite ; filaments clavate. Ovaries numerous, l-ovuled. Stigma recurved. Achenia capitate, gibbous, 4-sided, beaked by the hooked persistent stigma. Seed erect.— Erect, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately-lobed leaves, and corymbose flowers. 1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Smooth; stem (2°-4° high) simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves uniform, reticulate, divided into 5-9 lanceo- late, toothed and serrate lobes ; those of the root broad (4’- 6’), long-petioled ; corymb many-flowered.— Margins of mountain streams, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 7. MYOSURUS, L. Mouse-ratt. Sepals 5-7, imbricated in the bud, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear- spatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled, Style subulate. Achenia 3-angled, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep- tacle. Seed suspended.— Small annuals, with linear radical leaves, and small, solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scape. Rs 1. M. minimus, L. Scapes 2/-6/ long, longer than the leaves ; achenia beakless. — Augusta, Georgia (Zlliott), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike linear, 1‘- 2! long. RANUNCULACER. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 8. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowroor. Burrercvupr. Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous, l-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect.— Herbs. Leaves alternate, the radical ones long-petioled. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, white or yellow. § 1. Petals white, with a yellow pit at the base: achenia ruqose. 1. R. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed; leaves petioled, divided into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long- peduncled. (R. Pantothrix, DC.) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts. July and August. }}.— Stems 19-2° long. Leaves circular in outline. § 2. Petals yellow, with a small scale at the base. * Achenia muricute : annuals. 2. R. parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent; leaves small, the lower ones circular, 3-lobed, acutely-toothed ; the upper 3-parted or entire; flowers very small; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexed sepals ; achenia narrowly margincd, pointed with the short, recurved style. (R.trachyspermus, Lil.) — Waste places. April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6’- 12! high. “Leaves rarely 1' wide. 3. R. muricatus, L. Nearly smooth; lower leaves 3-lobed, crenate ; petals 5, longer than the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style, broadly margined. — Waste places around Charleston (£iliott). March-April. Introduced. — Stem 12/-18! high. * %* Achenia smooth: chiefly perennials. ~- Leaves undivided. 4. R. alismezefolius, Geyer. Smooth; stems ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (R. Flammula, Fil. &c.) — Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May-July. — Stems 1°-2° long. Leaves 2’/-4' long. Flowers 3!’—5" wide. 5. R. pusillus, Poir. Smooth; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate or roundish, the others lanceolate or linear, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi- nute; petals 1—5, as long as the calyx; achenia in globular heads, barely pointed. (R. oblongifolius, EUl., a broader-leaved form.) — Muddy banks, Geor- gia to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stem 6/-12! high. Leaves 1’ long. Flowers 2’ wide. Stamens 5-9. + + Leaves (at least those of the stem) ternately lobed or divided. ++ Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. 6. R. abortivus, L. Smooth; lowest leaves orbicular, cordate, undivided, crenate, those of the stem 3-5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ; the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo- bose heads, pointed with a very short recurved beak. — Low greens: March and April. — Stem 1°-13° high. eck RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7. R. recurvatus, Poir. Hirsute; leaves all petioled, 3 -5-lobed ; the lobes wedge-shaped, sharply toothed ; petals minute, shorter than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — Low grounds. April and May. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 8. R. sceleratus, L. Smooth; leaves 3-parted, with the divisions wedge- shaped, obtusely lobed and toothed; the uppermost sessile ; petals as long as the calyx ; achenia in oblong or cylindrical heads, pointless. — Ditches and swamps, Charleston (£iliott). Introduced from Europe. April and May. — Stems thick, 1° high. 9. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute; leaves ternate; leaflets long- stalked, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate, acutely lobed and toothed ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. June.— Stem 2°-3° high. Pe- tioles elongated, very hairy. ++ ++ Petals much larger than the calyx: achenia in globose heads. 10. R. Purshii, Richardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones reniform, 3- 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sepals reflexed ; achenia pointed with a short straight beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May—-July.— Stems 2°-4° long. Men R. repens, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves ternate, or the earliest ones 3-lobed ; leaflets 3-lobed, toothed ; achenia strongly margined, pointed with the broad and straight or slightly-curved beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear- . ing long runners. — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. y in the river swamps of the low country. March and April. Var. 6. hispidus. Hirsute; stem crect; leaves ample; peduncles long, with the hairs appressed. (R.hispidus, J/z. KR. Marilandicus and tomentosus, Poir: the latter a form with softer pubescence. ) Var. y. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (1°-2° long) ; leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, JZuhl.) 12. R. palmatus, Ell. Hirsute with appressed hairs; leaves small (1' wide), ternate or 3-parted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; achenia strongly margined, straight-beaked. (R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens, Middle Florida to South ~ Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high. 13. R. bulbosus, L. Hairy; stem erect (1°-13° high) from a bulb-like base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-parted, with toothed lobes ; those of the upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (1' wide) ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May. 14. R. acris, L. Hairy; stem tall (2°-3°), branched above; leaves 3-parted, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely- toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-parted, with linear entire lobes ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak.— Low waste places, sparingly introduced from Europe. ¢ RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) a 9. CALTHA, L. Marsu Maricotp. Sepals 4-10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous ; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-15, many-ovuled. Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorled, sessile, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 1. C. palustris, L. var. parnassifolia, Torr.§ Gr. Stem 1-leaved, 1 -flowered ; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly reniform, sharply toothed ; se- pals oblong. (C. ficarioides, Pursh.) — Cedar swamps, South Carolina (Pursh), Tennessee, and northward. 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals 5-6, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5 and minute, or none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-20. Ovules few or many, in1-2rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile, membranaceous. Seed horizontal. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with alternate compound leaves, and solitary white flowers. 1. I. biternatum, Torr.& Gr. Stem (6/-12! high) slender, sparingly branched ; radical leaves biternate, on long petioles ; stem-leaves ternate, nearly sessile; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none; ovaries 1-5; follicle 2-seeded. (Enemion biternatum, Raf?) — Shady ‘woods, West Florida and westward. April. — Root commonly bearing small tubers. The plant re- sembles Thalictrum anemonoides in general appearance. ll. AQUILEGIA, L. Corumerne. Sepals 5, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Stamens indefinite. Filaments filiform, elongated. Ovaries 5, many-ovuled. Follicles sessile, connivent, many-seeded, tipped with the elongated, filiform, persistent styles. Seeds horizontal. — Erect, perennial, branching, leafy herbs, with alternate ternately-compound leaves ; those of the root long-petioled. Flowers showy, nodding, solitary, or somewhat corymbed. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Stems 2° high, smooth or slightly pubescent ; radical leaves biternate, stem-leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leaflets roundish or obovate, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet, yellow within ; stamens and styles exserted. — Rocky woods, West Florida and northward in the upper districts. April and May. 12. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost larger, and produced backward into a hollow spur; the others flat. Petals 4, dissimilar ; the two upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal, the two lower stalked ; sometimes (as in the annual Larkspur) all united. Stamens numerous, included ; filaments subulate. Ovaries 1-5, 1-celled, many- 10 RANUNCULACE&. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short-pointed. Seeds in two rows, horizontal. — Erect herbs, with alternate petioled and palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy; leaves 3 -5-parted, the divisions cleft into 3-5-linear, toothed or entire, acute lobes ; racemes many- flowered ; pedicels and follicles erect; spur slightly curved, twice as long as the calyx. (D. virescens, Nutt., with wider-lobed leaves, and larger greenish flow- ers.) — Rich soil, Florida and northward. May. \}.— Stems 1°-2° high. Leaves 2!’-3' wide. Sepals sky-blue, or sometimes whitish, tipped with brown. Lower petals 2-cleft, bearded. 2. D. tricorne, Michx. Stem simple, downy; leaves as in No.1; ra- ceme few-flowered ; pedicels and follicles diverging ; spur straight, as long as the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. lL. — Root tuberous. Stems 1° high. Raceme 6-12-flowered. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded. 3. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem tall, branching and hairy above; leaves large, the lower 3-5-parted, the divisions cleft into 2-3-lanceolate or oblong coarsely-toothed lobes, the upper 3-parted with sparingly toothed or entire lobes ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels diverging ; follicles erect ; spur straight, rather longer than the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June-— August. lJ. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 4!-6!/ wide. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded, brownish. D. Consorrpa, L., the common annual Larkspur of the gardens, is becom- ing naturalized in some places. 13. ACONITUM, L. Monxksuoop. Wo.rsBane. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost large and helmet-shaped, the two lateral rounded, the lower smaller and oblong. Petals 2 or 5, the two upper long-stalked, produced backward into a short in- curved spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous ; filaments short, subulate. Ovaries 3-5, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short pointed. Seed horizontal, rugose. — Erect or trailing, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem smooth, vine-like, erect; leaves 3-—5-cleft, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; flowers large, blue ; upper sepal helmet-shaped. — Shady banks of streams among the mountains and northward, rare. June and July. — Stem 2°-6° long. Leaves rather rigid. 2. A. reclinatum, Gray. Stem smooth, reclining ; leaves deeply 3-7- cleft ; the lobes cuneate, acutely toothed ; racemes numerous, few —- many-flow- ered, flowers white ; upper sepal elongated-conical, soon becoming horizontal. — High mountains of North Carolina. July and*August. — Stems 4° - 8° long. Leaves thin. _ RANUNOULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 14. ZANTHORHAIZA, Marshall. ' Sepals 5, regular, lanceolate-ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed, short-stalked. Stamens 5-10: filaments short. Ovaries 5-10, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Style subulate, incurved, at length dorsal. Follicles sessile, gibbous. Seed solitary, pendulous.— A smooth trailing shrub with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled. Leaflets 3-5, ovate and lanceolate-ovate, incisely lobed and toothed from near the acute base. Flowers small, in slender compound racemes, appearing before (below) the leaves, dark purple. 1. Z. apiifolia, L’ Her. — Shady banks, Florida, and along the mountains of Georgia and northward. March and April. — Stems 2°-3° high. 15. HYDRASTIS, L. Sepals 3, ovate, membranaceous, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, ripening into 1-2-seeded, capitate, bright crimson berries. Style short. Stigma 2-lipped.— Stem erect from a thick, knotted rhizoma, simple, 1-flowered, leafy above. Leaves broadly cordate, palmately 5-7 cleft, the lobes toothed and serrate ; radical one solitary, long-petioled. Stem-leaves 2-3, the uppermost sessile under the stalked, greenish-white flower. 1. H. Canadensis, L.— Rich shaded soil along the mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and northward. Apriland May.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 4!-9/ wide, hairy when young. 16. ACTA, L. Baneverry. Sepals 3-5, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 4-10, spatulate, entire. Stamens numerous; the filaments filiform. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, becoming a many-seedcd berry in fruit. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Stems simple, bearing one or two twice or thrice ternately compound leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white flowers. 1. A. alba, Bigel. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves large, 2—3-ternate ; leaf- lets thin, ovate or cordate-ovate, acutely toothed ; pedicels of the fruit very thick, red; berry white. (A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Rocky woods along the mountains of South Carolina (Zihott), and northward. May. — Plant 2° high. 17. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bucsane. Sepals 4-5, ovate or orbicular, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 1-8, small, stalked, 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous: filaments fili- form, elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit. _ — Perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in elongated slender racemes. * Ovary mostly single: stigma large, depressed: seeds horizontal, smooth. 1. C. racemosa, Ell. (Brack Snaxeroor.) Leaves thrice ternate; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the terminal ones mostly 12 MAGNOLIACE&. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 3-lobed ; racemes elongated, downy ; follicle broadly ovate, sessile. — Woods in the upper districts and northward. July. — Stem 3°-8° high. Leaflets 2! long. Racemes 6/-12/ long. Flowers fetid. * * Ovaries 3-8: stigma minute: seeds vertical, chaffy. 2. C. cordifolia, Pursh. Leaves twice ternate; leaflets rigid, ovate or cordate-ovate, 2—3-lobed, incised and serrate ; racemes panicled, elongated ; follicles oblong, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 3°-4° high. (*) 3. C. Americana, Michx. Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets thin, ovate, incisely toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-cleft or 3-parted ; racemes pani- cled, elongated ; follicles obovate-oblong, slender-stalked. — Alleghany Moun- tains, from Georgia northward. August and Sept. — Stems 3° -4° high. OrvER 2. MAGNOLIACE,. (MacGno.ia Famity.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, and regular, solitary, hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals mostly simi- lar, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled, 1—2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or confluent in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. SuporDER I. WINTEREZ. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries in a single whorl, l-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding. SuborpEer IJ. SCHIZANDREZS. Flowers monecious. Stamens united. Ovaries im- bricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens 5, united into a 5-lobed disk. SuporDER IT]. MAGNOLIEZAS. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ova- ries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone-like heads or spikes. — Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. 3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrse. 4. LIRIODENDRON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. 1. ILLICIUM, L. AwnIse-TREE. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 or 6. Petals 9-30, in rows of three, spreading. Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Anthers introrse. Ovaries 6 or more in a single whorl, sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style subulate, recurved. Folli- cles coriaceous, spreading, at length 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Smooth anise- scented shrubs. Leaves evergreen, entire, mostly clustered at the summit of the branches, petioled. Stipules none. Peduncles in terminal clusters, 1-flowered, nodding. MAGNOLIACEH. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 13 1. I. Floridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; petals 20-30, lanceolate and linear, widely spreading, dark purple.— Sandy swamps, Florida and westward. May.— Shrub 6°-10° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers flat, 1’ in diameter. 2. I. parviflorum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute; petals 6-12, ovate or roundish, concave, yellow. — Southern districts of Georgia and Hast Florida. May and June. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. Flowers moneecious. Sepals 5-6, ovate, concave, greenish. Petals 5-6, obovate-oblong, crimson. Stamens 5: filaments united, forming a circular, 5- lobed disk: anther-cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, imbricated in a head, in fruit forming 1-2-seeded berries, which are scattered on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. — A climbing shrub ; with alternate, oblong, membranaceous, deciduous leaves, and small long-peduncled flowers, from axillary buds. Stipules none. 1. S. coccinea, Michx. Leaves acuminate, long-petioled, 3’— 4! long, often somewhat toothed; uppermost flowers mostly staminatc; berries oval, red. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May and June. — Stem climbing high. ; 3. MAGNOLIA, L. Umprepua-rree. CucuMBER-TREE. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, concave, spreading, de- ciduous. Stamens very numerous: anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, im- bricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of fleshy, 2-seeded, persistent follicles, opening on the back. Seeds berry-like, suspended by a slender cord of spiral vessels. — Aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered at the summit of the branches. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Stipules large, adnate to the petiole, at length deciduous. * Leaves perennial. 1. M. grandiflora, L. (Maenoria.) Leaves coriaceous, oblong, or ob- ovate, smooth and glossy above, rusty-pubescent beneath, flat or concave ; petals mostly 9, obovate, concave, clawed. — Light fertile soil in the middle and lower districts, South Carolina and westward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves 6’—12' long. Flowers 6/-9! wide, white, changing to brown. Cone of fruit oval, 3’-4' long. 2. M. glauca, L. (Sweer Bay.) Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate and oblong, silky-pubescent, at length smooth above, glaucous beneath; petals 9, obovate, concave. — Swamps, Florida and northward. May and June.—A shrub or small tree. Leaves mostly deciduous northward, 4’-6/ long. Flowers 2’ wide, white, very fragrant. Cone of fruit oval, 1’- 14! long. * * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base. 3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, obovate-oblong, acute, downy beneath, at length smooth; petals 9, oblong-lan- 2 14 ANONACEA. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) ceolate, acute. (M. tripetala, Michx.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. May and June. — A small tree, with irregular branches. Leaves 1°-13° long, on short petioles. Flowers 4/-6’ wide, white. Cone of fruit oblong, 4!/-6/ long, rose-colored. 4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy beneath; petals 6 — 9, oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June and July.— A large tree. Leaves 6-9!’ long. Flowers 3/-4!' wide, dull yellow and greenish. Cone of fruit cylindrical, 2/-3/ long. * * *& Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base. 5. M. cordata, Michx. Leaves oval or roundish, slightly cordate, acute, white-downy beneath; petals 6--9, oblong, acute.— Upper districts in rich shaded soil. Apriland May.— A small tree. Leaves 4!—6! long. Flowers 4!— 5! wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3’ long. 6. M. Fraseri, Walt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, spatulate-obovate, smooth on both surfaces, cordate and 2-eared at the base, on slender petioles; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculate at the base. (M. auriculata, Zam. M. pyramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten- nessee and westward. May and June.— A small tree. Leaves 8/-12! long. Flowers 6! wide, white and fragrant. 7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, oblong-obovate, cordate or slightly eared at the base, glaucous be- neath; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row narrower. — Shady woods in light soil, Florida to Tennessee: rare. April and May.—A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1$°-3° long. Flowers 8’-—12! wide, white, fragrant. Cone of fruit ovate. 4, LIRIODENDRON, L. Tuvtir-rree. Waitt Porrar. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, erect. Stamens numerous: anthers extrorse. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of samareeform, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded, deciduous carpels. — A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers large, terminal. 1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on slender petioles, mostly rounded at the base, somewhat 3-lobed; the middle lobe appearing as if cut off, leaving a shallow notch; flowers bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May-June. Orver 38. ANONACEAS. (Custarp-AppLe FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves, and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An- thers adnate, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many, MENISPERMACEA. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 15 - distinct or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large. Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen. 1, ASIMINA, UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 161 of the involucre subulate, as long as the hemispherical head; bracts subulate acute, twice as long as the calyx. (E. filiforme, Shuttl.) —Damp sandy soil along the coast of West Florida. July and August. @ — Stems 1°-2° long. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers very small, blue. 5. DAUCUS, Tourn. Carror. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovate or oblong; the carpels with 9 unequal bristly or prickly ribs, and a single vitta under the larger ribs. — An- nual or biennial herbs, with pinnately finely dissected leaves and involucre, and white or yellowish flowers. 1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual; stem rough with rigid reflexed hairs ; leaves twice pinnate, with the divisions linear; bristles of the fruit barbed. — Dry sterile soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June.— Stem 1°-3° high. Umbels long-peduncled. 6. CICUTA, L. Warer-Hemtocx. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs ; the in- tervals with single vittz, and 2 on the inner face.— Smooth perennial marsh herbs, with hollow stems, and twice pinnately or ternately divided leaves. Invo- Incels many-leaved. Flowers white. i. C. maculata, L. Stem large (3°-6° high), purplish; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant very poisonous. 7. CRYPTOTMNIA, DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides. Carpels equally 5-ribbed, with very slender single vittz in each interval, and one under each rib. — A smooth perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long petioles. Leaflets large, ovate, doubly serrate and mostly lobed. Rays of the umbel few and very unequal. Involucre none. Involucels filiform. Flowers white. 1. C. Canadensis, DC. (Chzrophyllum Canadense, Pers.) — Rich shady soil, North Carolina to Mississippi, and northward. July.— Stem 2° high. 8. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed on the sides, often rough or bristly. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vittee, and 2 on the face.— Slender smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Umbels few-rayed. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved. 1. L. divaricatus, DC. Annual; stem (6/-18’ high) widely branched ; leaves 2—3-pinnatifid, with the divisions filiform; umbel 3-4-rayed. (Sison pusillum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Fruit very small, roughened with minute scales. 14* 162 UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 9. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Calyx-teeth subulate, persistent. Fruit ovate; the carpels strongly 3-ribbed on the back, and with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Inter- vals with single vittze.— Smooth annuals, growing in marshes. Leaves pin- nately dissected, with the filiform divisions often whorled. Involucre and invo- lucel conspicuous. Flowers white. 1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbels 3-10-rayed ; leaves of the involucre mostly 3—5-cleft; fruit ovate. (Ammi capillaceum, Michr.) — Brackish marsh- es, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1° -2° high, much branched. Earliest leaves simple, or simply pinnate. 2. D. costata. Stem tall, branching above; leaves of the involucre 10 - 12, many-parted ; fruit ovate, deeply sulcate. (Ammi costatum, Ell.) — Swamps of the Ogeechee River, Georgia. October and November. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Fruit larger than in No. 1. 3. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbels many-rayed ; leaves of the involucre 5-6, entire ; fruit globose. —'Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward. — Stem 2°-6° high. 10. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch. Calyx-teeth 5, or obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened on the sides, the carpels equally 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittz. Flowers white. 1. H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate; umbels short-peduncled, opposite the leaves ; involucre 1-2-leaved or none; involucel 5-6-leaved. (Sium nodiflorum, LZ.) — Ditches, &c. around Charleston. Introduced. April-June.—Stems 2° long. ll. SIUM, L. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the sides ; the carpels with 5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several vittze. — Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate; the immersed ones dissected into numerous capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. 1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, finely and sharply serrate; calyx-teeth minute; fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along streams, commonly in water, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July.— Stem 2° high. 12. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened at the sides, or twin, ovate-oblong. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with or without vittee. — Smooth herbs, with en- tire simple leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. B. rotundifolium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; umbel 5-rayed ; in- volucre none; leaves of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Fields, North Caro- ~ lina. — Introduced. UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 163 13. ZIZIA, DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, twin. Carpels 5-ribbed, the cross - section nearly orbicular. Vittz 3 in each interval, and 4 on the commissure. — A smooth perennial herb, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. Z. integerrima, DC. Stem slender; leaflets oblong-ovate, entire ; rays of the umbel long and slender; involucre none. (Smyrnium integerrimum, L.)— Rocky woods, Mississippi, and northward. May and June.— Stem 1°- 2° high. 14. THASPIUM, Nutt. Calyx-teeth short or obsolete. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish at the sides. Carpels commonly equally and strongly 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittze. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 2-ternately-divided leaves (the lowest often en- tire), and yellow or purple flowers. Involucre none. . * Calyx-teeth short, obtuse. 1. T. barbinode, Nutt. Stem pubescent at the joints; leaves 1-2-ternate, more or less pubescent; leaflets cuneate-ovate, entire toward the base, toothed above, the terminal one narrowed into a long stalk ; fruit oblong, the ribs mostly unequal; flowers pale yellow. — River-banks, West Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem branching above, 2°-3° high. Leaflets 3/-1/ long, often 2—3-lobed. 2. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Branches and umbels roughish-puberulent ; leaves 1-3-ternate; leaflets 1-2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong; fruit oblong, narrowly 8 - 10-winged, the intervals minutely scabrous. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2°-5° high. * * Calyzx-teeth obsolete. 3. T. aureum, Nutt. Leaves 1 -2-ternate; the leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lateral ones unequal at the base; fruit oval, the ribs thick or winged. (Smyrnium aureum, ZL.) — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 1°-2° high. Lowest leaves sometimes cordate and undivided. Flowers yellow. 4. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Leaves crenate; the lowest ones usually sim- ple and cordate, the others trifoliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the base; fruit roundish, ribbed or winged. (Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. S. atropurpureum, Lam.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Stem 1°-2° high. Flowers yellow or dark purple. | 15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Nownpo. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels with 5 acute equal and somewhat winged ribs. Vittz numerous. Involucre short, 2—6-leaved. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 —3-ternately divided. Flowers white. 1. L. actzifolium, Michx. Stem tall (3°-6°), smooth, branched ; leaves 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, toothed; umbels very numerous, pani- 164 UMBELLIFEREZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) cled ; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs wing-like; vittze 3 in each interval, and 6 on the commissure. —Rich soil, in the upper districts. July and August. — Root large, aromatic. 16. ANGELICA, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs dilated into wings. Vittee single in each interval, and 2-4 on the commissure. ~ Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with compound leaves, no involucre, and white flowers. 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Stem smooth; leaves twice ternate, or the di- visions quinate; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cordate, sharply toothed ; fruit broadly winged; commissure with 2 vittee. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. August.— Stem 3° high. Petioles large and sheath- ing. 17. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Calyx-teeth short. Fruit flattened. Carpels ribbed as in Angelica. Vittz very numerous, entirely surrounding the loose seed. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 -2-ternate, with pinnate divisions. Leaflets toothed. Upper petioles inflated. Involucre none. Involucel many-leaved. Flowers white. 1. A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gray. Upper part of the stem and umbels softly pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate; fruit pubescent. (A. tri- quinata, Ell. Ferula villosa, Walt.) —— Dry hills, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem 2°-3° high. 2. A. dentata, Chapm. Stem slender, smooth; umbels slightly pubes- cent ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed; fruit smooth. — Dry pine barrens, Florida. September.— Stem 2°-38° high, branching above; tecth of the small (3’) leaflets spreading. 18. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewhat flattened on the back, 5-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vitte 2-3 in each interval, and 4-8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves thin, finely 2-3-pinnately compound. Involucre none. Involucels subulate. Flow- ers white. 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid, with linear-oblong ‘lobes, the petioles inflated; rays of the umbel slender; fruit broadly oval. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August.— Stem 3°-5° high. 19. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit obovate, compressed. Carpels with 5 sharp and slender ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittz, and 2 on the commissure. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with terete petioles destitute of leaflets. Involucre and involucel 5-6-leaved. Flowers white. UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 165 1 T. teretifolia, DC. (Sium teretifolium, Hl.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2°-4° high. Peti- oles with cross partitions. 20. ARCHEMORA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval or obovate, flattened on the back. Carpels with 5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vitte, and 4-6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, with pinnately-divided leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnate; the leaflets (3-9) varying from lin- ear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. (Sium rigidus, tricuspidatum, and denticulatum, Ell.) —Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem 2°-5° high. 2. A. ternata, Nutt. Leaves ternate, with the leaflets linear, entire and strongly nerved ; the lowest ones on very long petioles. (Neurophyllum longi- folium, Torr. § Gray.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. November. — Stem slender, 2° high. Petioles of the lower leaves 1° or more long. Root bearing tubers. 21. HERACLEUM, L. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with the 2 lateral ribs distant from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins. Vitte shorter than the carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — Stout per- ennial herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided or lobed leaves on inflated peti- oles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. Mar- ginal flowers commonly larger and radiant. 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Villous; leaves very large, ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 4°-8° high, strongly furrowed. 22. CHAROPHYLLUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or linear, tapering at the apex, contracted at the sides. Carpels deeply furrowed on the commissure, with 5 obtuse equal ribs. Intervals with single vittze. — Herbs, with compound finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stem weak, slightly pubescent; leaves ter- mately divided ; the divisions bipinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes; umbel sessile, of 2-3 long rays; involucel 4—5-leaved, few-flowered ; fruit oblong, abruptly pointed, finely ribbed. — Shady river-banks, Mississippi to North Caro- lina, and northward. April and May. @ or @ — Stem 6! -18! long. 2. C. Teinturieri, Hook. & Arn. More pubescent; lobes of the leaves narrower and acute; fruit oblong-linear, more strongly ribbed and tapering at the apex ; otherwise like the last.— Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. March and April.— Stem erect, 1° high. 166 ARALIACEEZ. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 23. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit clavate, angled. Carpels with bristly ribs, fur- rowed on the commissure. Vittz none.— Perennial herbs with aromatic roots. Leaves 2-ternate, with the leaflets ovate, toothed or serrate. Umbels opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucel 2 -5-leaved. Flowers white. 1. O. brevistylis, DC. Styles very short, conical ; fruit somewhat taper- ing at the apex.— Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June, — Plant hairy, 1°-13° high. Leaflets thin, acuminate, pinnatifid. Orprr 67. ARALIACEZE. (Guinsene FAmIry.) Umbelliferous herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly as in the last order ; but the flowers (chiefly polygamous) with flat and spreading petals, the styles and carpels of the baccate fruit usually more than two, and the embryo at the apex of copious fleshy albumen. 1. ARALIA, L. Sarsapariita. Calyx-teeth 5, or none. Petals, stamens, and spreading styles 5. Berry drupaceous, 5-lobed, 5-celled.— Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound. Umbels corymbed or panicled. Flowers whitish. Berry black. * Stems herbaceous. 1. A. racemosa, L. Stemsmooth, leafy, widely branched ; leaves ternately decompound ; leaflets large, broadly cordate, doubly serrate; umbels very numer- ous, panicled. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Root thick, aromatic. Stem 3°-5° high. 2. A. hispida, Michx. Stem leafy, somewhat shrubby at the base, bristly , leaves bipinnately compound ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, sharply serrate ; umbels in naked peduncled corymbs.— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem 19- 2° high. 3. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem naked, short, bearing 3 long-peduncled um- bels at the apex; leaf solitary, radical, long-petioled, ternately divided, the divisions quinate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May.— Root long and slender, aromatic. Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves. * * Stems woody. 4. A. spinosa, L. Stem simple, prickly; leaves very large, crowded at the summit of the stem, bipinnately compound; leaflets thick, ovate, crenate, glaucous beneath ; umbels in very large hoary panicles. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 10° -15° high. 2. PANAX, L. GInsene. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Berry fleshy, drupaceous, 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, bearing at CORNACEEZ. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 167 the summit a single long-peduncled umbel of greenish flowers, surrounded by a whorl of three 3 -7-foliolate leaves. Berry red or greenish. 1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform; leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate, serrate, stalked ; styles 2, berry crimson.— Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July.— Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2’-3/ long. 2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, serrate, ses- sile ; styles 3; berry greenish. — With the last. — Plant 4/—6/ high. OrpER 68. CORNACE. (Doewoop Famity.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed exstipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, 4—5-toothed. Petals 4—5, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4 — 10, inserted into the margin of the disk that crowns the ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a berry-like 1- 2-celled, 1—2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Coty- ledons large and foliaceous. 1. CORNUS, Tourn. Docwoop. Cornet. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capitate. Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches opposite (except No. 1). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and subtended by a colored involucre. ; * Flowers white, in a loose open cyme : involucre none. 1. C. alternifolia, L’Herit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at each end, pale and pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped branch- es, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree. 2. C. stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, smooth, whitish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the summit; drupes and anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Branches brown. 3. C. paniculata, L’Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat panicled, loose-flowered ; drupes white, depressed-globose.— North Carolina and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4°-8° high. Branches gray. 4. C. sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, the lower sur- face, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent ; drupes pale blue. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. 5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate-ovate or ob- long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlets and flat cymes ; 168 CORNACEE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) drupes pale blue.— Dry woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Branches slender and sometimes warty. * * Flowers capitate, subtended by a white 4-leaved involucre. 6. C. florida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers greenish; drupes ovoid, red.— Oak woods, common. May. — A small tree. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves of the imvolucre emar- ginate and thickened at the summit, showy. 2. NYSSA, L. Sour Gum. Flowers dicecio-polygamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5-10. Petals and pistil none. Fertile flowers single or few in ahead. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, minute, or want- ing. Stamens 5-10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolute. Stigma decurrent. Ovary I-celled. Drupe l-seeded.— Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, greenish, on axillary or lateral peduncles. * Sterile flowers in loose clusters. 1. N. multiflora, Wang. Leaves oval or obovate, mostly acute, tomen- tose when young, at length shining above; fertile peduncles long and slender, 3 — 8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Rich upland woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. May.—A tree 30°-50° high, with widely spreading branches. Leaves rather thick, dark green, 2/—5/ long. Fertile peduncles 13/—- 3! long. Drupe 3! long. 2. IN. aquatica, L. Branches, leaves, &c. tomentose when young, at length nearly smooth; leaves short-petioled, varying from lanceolate to orbicu- lar, obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate; peduncles short, the fertile ones 1 —- 2- flowered ; drupes oval, blue.— Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May.—A large tree, or in pine-barren swamps sometimes a mere shrub. Leaves 1!—2/ long. Peduncles $!—1! long. Drupe smaller than in the last. 3. N. uniflora, Walt. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, entire or sharply toothed, tomentose beneath, the lower ones often cordate ; fer- tile peduncles elongated, 1-flowered; drupes ovate-oblong; dark blue. (N. tomentosa, Mfichr. N. grandidentata, AZichx. f:) — Deep swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April.—A large tree. Leaves 4'~6! long. Drupe 8’/-12" long. * * Sterile flowers capitate. 4. N. capitata, Walt. (OcrEcurr Limes.) Leaves large, short-petioled, oblong, oval or obovate, mucronate or acute, tomentose beneath; flowers below the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; drupe ob- long, red.— Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and westward. — A small tree. Leaves 3!—5/ long. Drupe I’ long, agreeably acid. CAPRIFOLIACEX. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 169 Division I. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla; the latter of more or less united petals. Orper 69. CAPRIFOLIACE. (HoneysuckLe Famity.) Chiefly trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4 - 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla tubu- lar or rotate, 4—5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2—5-celled, with 1- many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly baccate or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stigma capitate. . SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla campanulate. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Erect shrubs. 2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Erect shrubs. jt _ 8. LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1-38-celled. Chiefly woody vines. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3-5-seeded. Herbs. _* * Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3-5, sessile. Flowers in cymes. 5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3-—5-seeded. 6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowzzrry. Calyx-tube globose, the limb 4—5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate, nearly regular, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other two with a single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers in axillary spikes or clusters. 1. S. vulgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small axillary clusters; corolla smoothish within; berries red. (Symphorea glome- rata, Pers.) — Dry soil among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July- Sept. — Shrub 2°-3° high. 2. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Calyx oblong or cylindrical, narrowed above, with 5. subulate teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Low shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate serrate deciduous leaves, and axillary and terminal cymose flowers. 1. D. trifida, Mcench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, distinctly petioled, pubescent, especially on the veins above; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; capsule 15 170 - CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) ovoid-oblong, narrowed into a neck above. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2°-4° high. Flowers greenish-yellow. 2. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and somewhat clasping; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule cylindrical-oblong, nar- rowed into a short neck above.— With the preceding. — Leaves and capsule larger than in that species. 3. LONICERA, L. Woopsine. Honeysucx.re. Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gibbous near the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-—3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Berry 1-—3-celled, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twining shrubs, with entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked whorls. 1. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pale and tomentose beneath, the upper pair shorter and connate; spikes ter- minal; whorls distinct; corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet or orange with- out, yellow within. (Caprifolium, //.) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. April—Sept.— Leaves perennial. Corolla 2! long. 2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the 2 or 3 upper pairs connate; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal; corolla bi- labiate, the tube long and slender.— Mountains of Carolina, and northward. May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1}! long, with a red or purplish tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red. 3. L. flava, Sims. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem scarcely twining ; leaves oval or obovate, the upper pairs connate; whorls of flowers crowded, ter- minal; corolla slender, bilabiate.— Banks of rivers in the upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. June and July. — Corolla 1’ long, bright yellow ; the 4-cleft limb nearly as long as the tube. 4. I. parviflora, Lam. Smooth; stem twining; leaves elliptical, glau- cous beneath, all more or less connate; whorls of flowers crowded, peduncled ; corolla short, bilabiate, gibbous at the base; stamens hairy below. — Mountains of North Carolina. — June. — Corolla 8-10" long, yellow and purplish. 4. TRIOSTEUM, L. Frver-wort. Calyx ovoid, with 5 leafy linear-lanceolate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular, equally 5-lobed, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a dry drupe containing 3 bony nutlets. — Perennial hairy herbs, with large leaves, narrowed but connate at the base, and sessile axillary flowers. 1. T. perfoliatum, L. Stem soft-hairy ; leaves oval, acuminate, entire, hairy above, tomentose beneath ; flowers commonly clustered, brownish-purple. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June and July. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 4!-7! long. 2. T. angustifolium, L. Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, hirsute above, pubescent beneath; flowers mostly solitary, yellowish. — Shady rich soil among the mountains. June. — Plant smaller than the last. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 171 5. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Exper. Calyx-lobes minute or none. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Fruit a globular baccate drupe, containing three 1-seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and white flowers, in ample terminal cymes. 1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 7-11, oblong, serrate, smoothish, acute, the lower ones often 3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit black. — Low grounds, common. June and July. — Stem 4°- 16° high, the straight young shoots with large pith. 2. S. pubens, Michx. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath ; cymes paniculate, pyramidal; fruit red.— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Shrub 6°-10° high. Cymes smaller than in the last. 6. VIBURNUM, L. Haw. Stoz. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-3-celled, one of the cells containing a single ovule, the others empty. Drupe baccate, containing a single compressed bony nut. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves lobed or undivided, the petioles sometimes winged. Flowers in terminal cymes, small, white; the marginal ones occasion- ally radiant and sterile. * Sterile and radiant flowers none. +- Cymes sessile. 1. V. prunifolium, L. Leaves thin, obovate or roundish, mostly obtuse, finely and sharply serrate, smooth and glossy, or the veins beneath and more or less dilated petioles rusty-pubescent ; cymes large, 4-5-rayed ; drupe oblong- ovoid, black. — Dry rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May.— A small tree. Fruit edible. 2. V. Lentago, L. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply ser- rate, smooth above, the lower surface and dilated wavy petioles roughened with minute scales when young; cymes 4-rayed; fruit oval, black.— Mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — A small tree. 8. V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves small, thick, obovate, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly crenate or entire, smooth; cymes 3-rayed; drupe ovoid, black. (V. levigatum, Azt.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3/-1/ long. Cymes small. + Cymes peduncled. ++ Leaves palmately lobed. 4. V. acerifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves roundish or broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed above the middle; cymes 7-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. May and June.—A slender shrub, 2°-4° high. Leaves 2/— 3! wide, becoming smooth above, sometimes almost entire. ++ ++ Leaves undivided. 5. V. nudum, L. Rusty-pubescent; leaves varying from oval to lanceo- late, entire or nearly so, thick, becoming smooth above, prominently veined be- 172 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) neath ; cymes rather short-peduncled, 5-rayed; fruit ovoid, blue. — Swamps, common. April and May.— Shrub 8° - 12° high. 6. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneath with tufted hairs in their axils, otherwise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely ser- rate, acute, plicate by the strong impressed veins; cymes long-peduncled, 7- rayed ; calyx smooth, with the lobes obtuse; fruit small, roundish, deep blue. — Rich damp soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March -May. — A large shrub. 7. V. scabrellum, Torr. & Gray. Hairy throughout, and the leaves be- neath stellate-tomentose ; leaves ovate or roundish, often cordate, or rarely cune- ate at the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate, short-petioled ; calyx-lobes hairy, acute; corolla hairy ; cymes 7-rayed ; fruit roundish, deep blue. — Swamps or rocky hills, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 8°-12° high.. Leaves thick, 1/-2/ long, or sometimes twice that size. 8. V. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy above, tomentose beneath, on very short petioles or the uppermost subsessile ; cymes small, smoothish, 7-rayed ; fruit oblong, black. — Mountains of North Carolina. June.— + + Ovaries and fruit separate. 3+ Albumen horny. 9. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended. 10. PSYCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect. ++ ++ Albumen fleshy. 11. STRUMPFIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united. Leaves whorled. 12. GUETTARDA. Corolla salver-form. Anthers subsessile, separate. 18. ERITHALIS. Corolla subrotate. Filaments slender. SuporpeR Il. CINCHONE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite. * Fruit baceate, indehiscent. 14. HAMELIA. Fruit 5-celled. Stigma entire. 15. RANDIA. Fruit 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. * * Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent. 16. PINCKNEYA. Shrub. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged. 17. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged. 18. OLDENLANDIA. Herbs. Capsule often free from the calyx above. Seeds wingless. SusporpEerR UI. LOGANIEZE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx free from the ovary. Fruit capsular. Leaves opposite. * Herbs. 19. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular. Style single, jointed. 20. MITREOLA. Corolla short, 5-lobed. Styles 2, united above. 21. POLYPREMUM. Corolla short, 4-lobed. Style single. * * Evergreen woody vines. 22. GELSEMIUM. Corolla campanulate. Seed winged. 1. (GALIUME <1, Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3—4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2, united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1-seeded closed carpels. Albumen horny. — Slender herbs, with square stems and whorled leaves. Flowers minute. — The following species are all perennials. * Fruit baccate: peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : leaves 4 in a whorl. 1. G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, slightly roughened, hairy at the joints; leaves small (2’/-6/), rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rough on the margins and veins beneath, acute; berry roughened, bluish-black. (Rubia Brownei, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May-Sept.— Stems 1°-2° long. Root yellow. Flowers greenish-white. 15 * 174 RUBIACEEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 2. G. uniflorum, Michx. Smooth; stems mostly simple, slender, erect ; leaves linear, acute, rough on the margins, punctate beneath ; berry smooth, black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems numerous, 1° high. Flowers white. * * Fruit dry: peduncles commonly 3 -many-flowered. 3. G. trifidum, L. Stems slender, weak, smooth or rough-angled, at length diffuse ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu- late-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper ones often opposite ; peduncles 1 —3-flowered; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3; fruit smooth. (G. tinctorium, LZ.) — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Flowers white. Plant dries black. 4. G. triflorum, Michx. Stems weak, diffuse, very rough; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be- neath hispid; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; fruit densely uncinate-hispid. — Low shaded places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July.— Stems 2°—3° long. Flowers greenish-white. A smoother form is G. cuspidatum, Mull. 5. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or roughened on the angles, branching ; leaves small (4//-8!), 4 in a whorl, oval, slightly pointed, more or less hairy and roughened, dotted ; peduncles 2 —3 times forking; fruit pedicelled, bristly with hooked hairs. (G. Bermudianum, £ll., apparently a diseased state.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June-Sept.— Stem 1°-3° long. Flowers purple. 6. G. cirecsezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so; leaves large (1/-13'), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent; peduncles forking, then spreading and spike-like; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, nearly sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems several, sparingly branched, 1° high. Flowers purple. 7. G. latifolium, Michx. Stems erect, smooth; leaves thin, 4 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nerved, dotted, minutely fringed on the mar- gins ; peduncles filiform, 2-3 times forking; fruit smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July.— Stems 1°-13° high. Leaves 1/-2! long. Flowers purple. 2. SPERMACOCH, L. Calyx 2-4-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1-seeded carpels, separating from the apex downward, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Seeds grooved on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight-veined, their bases connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers small, in axillary sessile clusters. 1. S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-angled, smooth, erect; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath; clusters globose, RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 175 dense, many-flowered; corolla barely longer than the lanceolate calyx-teeth, white, woolly within; stamens and style included; fruit obovate. — Banks of rivers, Florida and westward. June. }} — Stem 1°-2° high. 2. S. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, rough above and on the margins; clusters few- flowered ; corolla white, hairy within, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; stamens and slender style exserted; fruit turbinate.— Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. | — Stem 6/-12! high. 3. S. tenuior, L. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branching from the base, terete, smooth; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote; clusters small, mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla barely longer than the subulate teeth of the calyx; stamens and style included; fruit ovoid, hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil. @)— Stem 3/—12! long. 4. S. involucrata, Pursh. Stem alternately branched, very hispid; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces; stipules with many bris- tles; heads terminal, involucrate; stamens exserted. — Carolina, Frazer. — About a foot high. Leaves somewhat oblique. Flowers white with a very long tube. Pursh. (*) 3. BORRERIA, Meyer. Carpels of the fruit separating from the apex downward, both opening length- wise on the inner face. Otherwise like Spermacoce, both in character and habit. 1. B. micrantha, Torr. & Gray. Annual; stem erect, slender, simple or branched above, 4-angled, smooth; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins obscure; clusters dense, globose, axillary and terminal; calyx-teeth 4, subulate, longer than the minute (white) corolla; fruit ovoid, hairy. — Waste places, Flor- ida. June-August. — Plant 6-18! high, pale green. Leaves 1! long. 2. B. podocephala, DC., var. pumila. Stems low (3/-6/), smooth, erect or ascending, branching at the base ; leaves smooth, linear, with the mar- gins revolute, those in the axils clustered, the floral ones mostly 4, longer than the solitary terminal long-peduncled globose head; stipular bristles 2-4; fruit pubescent, ovoid, crowned with two subulate spreading calyx-lobes; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, mostly 3-lobed, smooth within; stigma capitate. — Pine Key, South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 4. DIODIA, L. Characters chiefly of Spermacoce, but the two bony indehiscent carpels closed on the inner face.— Herbs. Corolla-tube often long and slender. Flowers few or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves. 1. D. Virginiana, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent, or hirsute; stem prostrate, 4-angled; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers single, or 2-6 in a cluster; corolla hairy within, the tube long 176 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) and slender; fruit ovoid, strongly ribbed, crowned with the 2 (rarely 4) linear or lanceolate calyx-teeth. (D. tetragona, Walt. DD. hirsuta, Pursh.) — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept.— Stem 1°-4° long. Flowers white or purplish. 2. D. teres, Walt. Annual; stem erect, widely branched from the base, terete, bristly or hairy; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, rough ; flowers soli- tary or 2-3 together; corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit obovate, even, crowned with the 4 short calyx-teeth. (Spermacoce diodina, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July—Sept.— Stem 6/-12! high, some- times prostrate. Flowers purplish. 5. ERNODEA, Swartz. Calyx ovate; the limb 4 - 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, slender ; the lobes 4-6, revolute. Stamens exserted; anthers linear, erect. Style slen- der, longer than the stamens. Fruit obovate, somewhat fleshy, the two separa- ble horny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A somewhat shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate leaves, and solitary sessile axillary flowers. : 1. E. littoralis, Swartz. — South Florida, along the coast. March and April. — Stems straight, rigid, 4-angled, smooth. Branches short, alternate. Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile in the upper axils, yellow. Fruit roundish. 6. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-Busu. Calyx obconical, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slender, exserted. Stigma capitate.” Fruit dry, obconical, separating from the base into 2—4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Albu- men horny. — Aquatic shrubs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire sti- pules, and white flowers collected into a globose long-peduncled head. Recep- tacle hairy. 1. C. occidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur- face of the ovate-oblong acute leaves pubescent; peduncles terminal, and in the upper axils. — Ponds and marshes, Florida, and northward. July and August. — Stem 4°-12° high. Leaves petioled, 3/-5’ long, sometimes 3 in a whorl. Heads 1! in diameter. 7. MITCHELLA, L. Flowers by pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- nel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy within, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slen- der. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx.— A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with small broadly-ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal flowers. 1. M. repens, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April.— Stem 1°-2° long. Leaves 6/’/-10" long, mostly some- what cordate, shining above, on slender petioles. Corolla 3/ long. Fruit red. RUBIACEH. (MADDER FAMILY.) 177 8. MORINDA, L. Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into ahead. Calyx obscurely toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, short. Style slender. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit composed of 2—4 one-seeded carpels, all united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Stipules within the leaves. Flowers terminal, or opposite the leaves. 1. M. Roioc, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing; leaves smooth, lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate oblong and abruptly acute, short-petioled ; stipules broad and short; flowers small, crimson. — South Florida. March and April. 9. CHIOCOCCA, Browne. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers linear, included. Style slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed of two oblong I-seeded nutlets. Seeds suspended.— Shrubs. Leaves smooth, petioled. Stipules connate. Flowers in axillary racemes, white or yellow. 1. C. racemosa, Jacq. Erect; leaves oblong (2!—3! long), acute at both ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many-flowered ; corolla many times longer than the calyx-teeth, white, turning yellow. — Varies with the stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller (3! — #/ long), more rigid, and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South Florida. — Fruit white. 10. PSYCHOTRIA, L. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4 —-5- lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupaceous, composed of two 1-seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled when dry. Seeds erect. Albumen horny.— Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, narrowed to a petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. P. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, the lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous-pubescent ; stipules clasping, ovate, acute or acuminate, deciduous; corymbs terminal, trichotomous at the base. — South Florida. — Leaves 2’- 3! long. Fruit ovate, red. 2. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves oblong, acuminate at each end, undulate, rugose, and, like the branches, smooth; stipules round, membranaceous, decidu- ous ; cyme sessile, twice trichotomous, shorter than the leaves; corolla naked at the throat, hairy at the insertion of the filaments ; fruit (dry) ovoid, 10-ribbed. — South Florida. — Leaves about 3’ long. Flowers small. ll. STRUMPFIA, Jacq. Calyx-limb 5-parted,; the lobes acute, erect. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the lobes erect, lanceolate, spreading at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments very short ; 178 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) anthers thick, cohering in an ovoid-oblong 5-angled tube. Style single, as long as the anthers, villous ; stigma obtuse, 2-lobed. Ovary 2-4-celled with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a 2-4-celled, 1-4-seeded drupe. — A low maritime shrub. Branches roughened by the persistent stipules, trichotomous. Leaves ternate, very rigid, linear, obtuse, entire, the margins revolute. Flowers small, in axillary racemes, shorter than the Ieaves. Corolla pubescent. Drupe small, red. 1. S. maritima, Jacq.— South Florida, Dr. Blodyett. 12. GUETTARDA, L. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb tubular, scarcely toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 4—9-lobed, naked in the throat. Anthers 4-49, sessile in the throat of the co- rolla. Style simple. Stigma mostly capitate. Fruit composed of 4—9 one-seeded bony carpels, united.— Trees or shrubs, with ovate or lanceolate leaves, and lanceolate deciduous stipules. Peduncles axillary, forking. Flowers sessile. 1. G. Blodgettii, Shuttl. Leaves membranacceous, elliptical, slightly mu- cronate, feather-veined, rough above, the lower surface, especially the veins, like the branches and cymes, covered with appressed silky, hairs ; cymes shorter than the leaves, 5 —10-flowered ; flowers silky, tetramerous (rarely trimerous) ; stigma entire ; fruit globose, composed of 4 nutlets surrounded by 8 empty cells; calyx- limb truncate, cleft on one side. — South Florida. — Leaves 1-15! long. Fruit as large as a pea. 2. G. ambigua, DC. Leaves coriaceous, elliptieal or somewhat obovate, cordate at the base, rugose, muricate above, the lower surface, like the branches and cymes, rusty-tomentose; cymes longer than the leaves, several-flowered ; fruit globose, 4-seeded, without empty cells. — South Florida. — Leaves larger than in No. 1. 13. ERITHALIS, Browne. Calyx ovoid, obscurely 4—10-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, 4 —10-parted, with linear spreading lobes. Stamens 4—10, inserted on the base of the corolla: anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma 2-lipped. Fruit globose, ribbed, com- posed of 4-10 one-seeded bony carpels. Seeds suspended. — Smooth shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, broad and short mucronate sheathing stipules, and axillary panicled flowers. 1. EH. fruticosa, L. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, shining, narrowed into a petiole; panicles about as long as the leaves, many-flowered; flowers mostly tetramerous, small; fruit 5-ribbed, 6-10-celled. — South Florida. — Leaves 2'—3’ long. Flowers small, white. 14. HAMELIA, Jacq. Calyx oval, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-angled, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 5, inserted into the tube of the corolla: anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma obtuse. Berry ovoid, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute, RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 179 compressed. — Shrubs, with opposite or whorled oblong petioled leaves, lanceo- late stipules, and orange-colored flowers, in axillary and terminal cymes. 1. H. patens, Jacq. Pubescent; branches angled; leaves 3 in a whorl, oblong, acute; cymes terminal, peduncled, umbellate; corolla cylindrical, the lobes concave at the apex, and mucronate on the back. — South Florida. — Leayes 3!-5! long. Flowers crimson. Berry black. 15. RANDIA, Houst. Calyx obovate, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 5, sessile in the throat of the corolla, linear. Style simple, short. Stigma clavate, 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat dry, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. — Branching mostly spiny shrubs, with opposite leaves, and solitary stipules between the petioles. Flowers solitary or in short racemes. | 1. R. aculeata, L. Spiny; leaves small, obovate, smooth, coriaceous ; flowers solitary, axillary ; corolla (white) hairy in the throat, the tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, the limb convolute in the bud. (R. latifolia, Zam.) — South Florida. — Branches rigid. Leaves 5/’—10" long, rather longer than the subulate spreading spines. Corolla 3//-4! long. Fruit ovoid, as large as a pea, about 6-seeded. Sinuses of the calyx hairy. . 2. R.? clusizefolia. Spineless; leaves large, clustered at the end of the branches, obovate, smooth, mucronate ; stipules large, ovate, persistent ; racemes terminal, corymbose, shorter than the leaves; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla smooth within, fleshy, the tube many times longer than the calyx, the limb lanceolate, convolute in the bud. (Gardenia clusizefolia, Jacg. 2) — South Flor- ida. — Leaves 3! — 4' long, 2' wide, apparently somewhat fleshy, black when dry. Corolla 1’ long. 16. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Georera Bark. Calyx oblong-obovate, 5-lobed ; the lobes lanceolate, deciduous, or one of them, in the outer flowers, often transformed into a large colored leaf. Corolla tubular, hairy, with 5 linear-oblong revolute lobes, slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, exserted: anthers oblong. Stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, papery, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and at length septicidally to the base. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, horizontal, membranaceous, winged. — A shrub or small tree, with pubescent branches. Leaves large, oval or oblong, acute, smoothish above, the lower surface, like the terminal compound cyme, hoary- pubescent. Stipules linear, deciduous. 1. P. pubens, Michx.— Marshy banks of streams in the pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May and June.— More conspicuous for its ovate pink-colored floral leaves, than for its purplish spotted corolla. 17. EXOSTEMMA, DC. Calyx obovate or tubular; the limb 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube very long, terete; the limb with 5 long linear recurved lobes, valvate in the bud. 180 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) Stamens 5, exserted. Style filiform, thickened above. Stigma obtuse or 2-lobed Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and septi- cidally nearly to the base, many-seeded. Seeds circular, imbricated, winged. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stipules solitary. Flowers white or reddish. l. HE. Caribeeum, R. & 8. Smooth; branches slender; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; corolla as long as the leaves. — South Florida. — Shrub 6°-12° high. Corolla 2/ long, fragrant. 18. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. Buvers. Tlowers tetramerous (except No. 8). Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, salver-shaped, or wheel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule roundish or obcordate, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, which is often free from the calyx. Seeds few or many, wingless. — Chiefly small herbs, with opposite leaves. Stipules united with the petioles, sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers:small, white or pur- plish. * Corolla salver-shaped, longer than the calyx, smooth: flowers dimorphous, — some of them bearing exserted stamens and an included style, while others bear included stamens and an exserted style: peduncles axillary, solitary: capsule broad, free at the apex. 1. O. coerulea, Gray. Annual or biennial, smooth; stems tufted, fork- inz; leaves lanceolate, those at the base spatulate, clustered ; peduncles clon- gated, erect or spreading. (Houstonia cerulea, Z. H. patens, Ell.) — Moist banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — Stems 3’-6' high. Corolla blue or white, yellow in the throat. 2. O. serpyllifolia, Gray. Perennial, smooth; stems filiform, prostrate, branching ; leaves ovate or roundish, abruptly contracted into a long and slen- der petiole ; peduncles elongated, terminal and in the forks of the stem. (Hous- tonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) — High mountains of North Carolina. — Stems 6’- 12/ long. Peduncles 1’-2! long. 3. O. rotundifolia, Gray. Perennial; stems diffuse, creeping; leaves round or oval, fleshy, abruptly contracted into a short petiole; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit; flowers white. (Houstonia rotundi- folia, Michx.) — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. February and March, and bearing apetalous fruiting flowers through the year. * * Corolla funnel-shaped : flowers diceciously dimorphous : capsule free at the apex : stem 4-angled : flowers in terminal cymes. 4. O. purpurea, Gray. Pubescent; stem branching, erect; leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate, sessile, 3-5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the capsule; corolla purple or nearly white, slightly hairy within; capsule roundish. (Hous- tonia purpurea, L.) — Woods, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stems 8’-12!' high. Calyx-lobes occasionally 3-4 times the length of the capsule. RUBIACEH. (MADDER FAMILY.) 181 Var. longifolia, Gray. Smooth; leaves lanceolate or linear, 1-ribbed, the lowest spatulate-oblong; calyx-lobes as long as the globose capsule. (Hous- tonia longifolia, Willd.) — With the preceding. Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Branches and pedicels filiform, spreading; leaves remote, narrow-linear; flowers and capsules smaller. (Houstonia tenuifolia, Nutt.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. 5. O. angustifolia, Gray. Smooth; root woody; stems clustered, erect, branching above; leaves linear; cymes crowded, with the central flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, very hairy within; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx- teeth. (Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. g- Gray.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stems 1°-2° high. Var. filifolia. Stem shrubby at the base, diffusely branched ; leaves filiform, remote; cymes scattered, 3-flowered, the slender pedicels equal and spreading ; capsule obcordate, rather longer than the calyx-teeth, the upper half free. — South Florida.— Stem slender, 6’-10’ long. Flowers and capsules very small. * * * Corolla wheel-shaped, shorter than the calyx-lobes: flowers axillary and termi- nal, single or clustered, sessile: stamens and style very short: capsule enclosed in the calyx-tube: perennial: stipules fringed. 6. O. Boscii. Stems 4-angled, smooth, diffuse; leaves linear; flowers sin- gle, or 2-3 together; corolla white or purplish; capsule ovoid. (Hedyotis Boscii, DC.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 6/- 10’ long. 7. O. glomerata, Michx. Stems terete, smooth or pubescent, branching ; leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled; clusters dense, many-flowered; corolla greenish-white. (Hedyotis glomerata, E/l.) — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 10/- 15! high. * * & * Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx-teeth: flowers axillary and terminal, pentamerous : capsule top-shaped, included in the calyx-tube: annual : stipules fringed. 8. O. Halei. Stem weak, diffuse, forking; leaves oval-oblong, acute at each end, somewhat fleshy; flowers solitary, or in short 3-—5-flowered cymes, white. (Hedyotis Halei, Torr. § Gray.) — Banks of rivers, South Florida, and westward. July. 19. SPIGELIA, L. Piyxroor. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes linear-subulate, persistent. Corolla tubular-fun- nel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers linear. Style slender, jointed, hairy above. Stigma capitate. Capsule composed of two few- seeded carpels, which at length separate at the base and open loculicidally. — Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in one-sided terminal spikes, rarely solitary. 1. S. loganioides, A. DC. Stem simple, ascending, somewhat 4-angled, the upper part and joints slightly puberulent; leaves ovate or obovate, sessile, the upper surface and margins roughish; flowers axillary, solitary, or the ter- minal ones three in a cluster; tube of the corolla more than twice as long as the 16 182 RUBIACEE. (MADDER FAMILY.) calyx-lobes. (Ccelostylis, Torr. §- Gray.) —Near Fort King, East Florida. —~ Stem 6’-10' high. Leaves 4!-9! long. Corolla 4" long, white. 2. S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem erect, simple, 4-angled, roughish; leaves roundish, ovate, or oblong, sessile, acute, the upper surface and margins roughened; spikes terminal, few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla connivent; sta- mens and style included. — Light dry soil, West Florida. May and June. — Stem 6’-10/ high. Corolla 6-10" long, pale rose-color. 3. S. Marilandica, L. Stem simple, erect, smooth, 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, sessile, pubescent on the veins; spikes termi- nal, many-flowered, sometimes forking; corolla long, slender, the lobes spread- ing; anthers and style exserted. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June.— Stem 1°-2° high. Corolla 14! long, scarlet, yellow within. — A popular vermifuge. 20. MITREOLA, L. Mrirre-worr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the tube roundish, bearded in the throat. Stamens 5, included: anthers ovate. Styles 2, short, united above. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-parted, mitre-shaped, many-seeded, the two lobes opening on the inner face near the apex. Seeds oval, concave. — Smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white flowers in terminal and axillary cymes, with the simple branches recurved in the bud. 1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching; leaves thin, oblong, acute, narrowed into a petiole. (Ophiorhiza lanceolata, Ell.) — Muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June-Sept. @— Stem 4-angled, 1°-2° high. Leaves 2'-3! long. 2. M. sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 4-angled; leaves thick, ovate or roundish, strongly veined, sessile, rough on the margins; flowers and capsule very small. (Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Afichx.) — Varies with lanceolate obscurely-veined leaves, and larger flowers and fruit. — Grassy swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July-Sept. (j)—Stem 6’-18' high. Leaves 6//- 10" long. Plant pale green. 21, POLYPREMUM, L. Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent. Corolla wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat, 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style single, very short. Stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, compressed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.— A low smooth perennial herb, with 4-angled forking stems, linear acute leaves, their bases united by the membranaceous stipules, and solitary ses- sile white flowers in the forks of the stem. 1. P. procumbens, L.— Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. — June — Sept. — Stems 6/—10', erect or prostrate, clustered. lowers very small, the corolla barely longer than the calyx-lobes. ; VALERIANACEH. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 183 22. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YeELtow JEssaMINE. ‘Flowers dimorphous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5- lobed ; the lobes rounded, emarginate, spreading, guincuncial in the bud, the “sinuses impressed. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla: anthers oblong-sagittate, extrorse. Styles united, filiform, partly persistent. Stigmas 4, linear, spreading. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-celled, opening septicidally to the middle, and loculicidally at the apex, each valve tipped with the persistent base of the styles. Seeds several, oval, flat, winged, obliquely imbricated in two rows. — A smooth woody vine, with opposite evergreen leaves, minute stipules, and large yellow fragrant flowers, in axillary bracted and cluster-like racemes. 1. G. sempervirens, Ait.— Margins of swamps, and river-banks, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem twining, pur- plish. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or subcordate at the base, short-petioled. Racemes few-flowered. Pedicels scaly. Corolla 1'- 13! long. Orper 71. VALERIANACEA. (VAvceRIAN FaAMILy.) Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and cymose flowers. — Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, mostly 5- lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, fewer than the corolla- lobes, and inserted into its tube. Ovary 3-celled, two of which are empty, the third containing a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit 1-3-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. 1. VALERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN. Limb of the calyx composed of several plumose bristles, at first incurved, afterward spreading. Corolla gibbous at the base, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennials. 1. V. scandens, L. Smooth; stem climbing ; leaves on slender petioles, ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, entire; cymes paniculate, diffuse, axillary and terminal ; corolla very short. — East Florida. 2. V. paucifiora, Michx. Smooth; stem (1°-38°) erect, or decumbent at the base, simple ; leaves membranaceous, toothed or serrate, the radical ones mostly entire, ovate or cordate, long-petioled, the others pinnately 3 -7-lobed ; cymes terminal, in a close panicle ; tube of the pale pink corolla long and slen- der. — Mountains of Tennessee, and northward. June and July. 2. FEDIA, Mench. Lams-Lerruce. Calyx-limb toothed or obsolete. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite entire or lobed leaves, and white or purplish flowers in crowded bracted cymes. 184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. F. radiata, Michx. Leaves oblong, the upper ones clasping and toothed at the base ; fruit mostly downy, ovoid, with a furrow between the parallel and contiguous empty cells; flowers white. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. February and March. — Stem 6! - 12! high. Orver 72. COMPOSITZe. (Composite Famiry.) Flowers clustered in a dense head upon a common receptacle, and sur- rounded by an involucre. Calyx united with the ovary ; the limb (pap- pus) either obsolete, or forming a cup-like or toothed border, or divided into chaffy scales or bristles. Corolla superior, flat or funnel-shaped, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, valvate in'fhe bud. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and insertedsinto its tube: anthers cohering in a cylinder (syngenesious). StyJe single: stigmas 2. Fruit (achenium) dry and seed- like. Seed solitary;erect, withoyt albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Involucre composed of short or leafy bracts (scqles of the involucre), arranged in 1—many series. Receptacle naked, or fiirmfished with scales (chaffy). Heads with the flowers all tubu- lar (discoid}s,or all strap-shaped, or the marginal ones strap-shaped or ligulate (radiate). f Artificial Synopsis of the Genera. Susorprr J. TUBULIFLORZ. Corolla of the. perfect flowers tubular, equally 5- (rarely 3-4-) lobed. Ray-flowers, when present, ligulate, either pistillate or neutral. § 1. Heads discoid. * Heads with the flowers all perfect. No. Pappus none. Leaves resinous-dotted. Flowers yellow. ° c ° FLAVERIA. 55 Pappus bristly or hairy. Flowers yellow. Receptacle pointed. : : ° 5 . 4 . ° - BIGELOVIA. 21 Receptacle flat... ae jh 0. os Se, taste Stake - Nos. 1 & 83 in SOLIDAGO. 20 Receptacle convex. ca As o kates erie Paap meee city RUGELIA. 75 Flowers white, blue, or purple. Receptacle chaffy. Leaves opposite. Flowers white. : : : 3 . - MELANTHERA. 40 Leaves alternate. Flowers purple. Ai . : - CARPHEPHORUS. 8. Receptacle bristly. Leaves spiny. 5 See ten ies 3 Bical Tans Ph th CIRSIUM. 78 Leaves not spiny, cordate. j : 5 ° : . ° 5 LAPPA. 79 Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucreinasingle row. . . ° ° : . CACALIA. 73 Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. Pappus double, the outer row very short. c A . ° - VERNONIA. 1 Pappus single. Achenia ribbed or striate. Pappus plumose. Flowers cream-colored. . 5 e - KUHNIA. 10 Pappus scabrous. Leaves cordate. . 2 5 : 6 BRICKELLIA. 11 Pappus scabrous. Leaves not cordate. P s a 4 - LIATRIS. 9 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 Achenia not ribbed, 5-angled. No. Receptacle conical. . : 5 - 5 . . . CONOCLINIUM. 14 Receptacle flat. Stems climbing. . : . . . - MIKANTIA. 13 Receptacle flat. Stemserect. . ° 5 * . . EUPATORIUM. 12 Pappus scaly. Flowers blue or purple. Pappus a cup-shaped border of united scales. . ; - C@LESTINA. 5 Pappus slender, almost bristly. Pappus deciduous. Heads large and single. . 5 ies » STOKESIA. 2 Pappus persistent. Heads small, in 3-bracted clusters. . ELEPHANTOPUS. 3 Pappus of 5 oval almost bony scales. Leaves whorled. . 5 SCLEROLEPIS. 7 Flowers white. Receptacle naked. Leaves entire, linear or lanceolate. e ; - ° 3 - PALAFOXIA. 57 Leaves entire, ovate or cordate. . a - F . » ' « AGERATUM. 6 Leaves pinnately lobed. . . «© + « =« +« © + HYMENOPAPPUS. 58 Receptacle chaffy. Achenium top-shaped. Scalesof the pappus5-6.. . . MARSHALLIA. 63 Achenium flat. Pappus 2-awned. 4 ciahis ° ° . ACTINOMERIS. 49 Flowers yellow. Pappus 2-4-awned. Awns of the pappus deciduous. . - - 5 - : : HELIANTHUS. 47 Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid upward. - - - : COREOPSIS. 50 Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid downward. - 4 ° . . BIDENS. 6&2 * * Heads with flowers variously imperfect. Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers perfect. Pappus bristly. Scales of the involucre in a single row. ° 2 ‘ : ERECHTHITES. 72 Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. Involucre persistent. Leaves sinuate-lobed. : - . . . CONYZA. 26 Involucre persistent. Leaves entire. Antherstailed. . A ° PLUCHEA. 28 Involucre persistent. Leaves entire Anthers tailless. - GNAPHALIUM. 70 Involucre deciduous. Heads spiked. : ; ‘ ; ; PTEROCAULON. 29 Pappus not bristly, 5-lobed. Py edits Fic eae ec IM tg AI ae TANACETUM. 67 Pappus none. : ° : ° : 5 - 5 - ARTEMISIA. 68 Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers staminate. Pappus none. Style rigid, persistent. . é 7 4 : : SOLIVA. 69 Pappus none. Style deciduous. Heads nodding. . oie Nee é 5 IVA. 35 Marginal flowers neutral. Central flowers perfect. : ° ° CENTAUREA. 77 * x * Heads dicecious or moneecious. Staminate and pistillate heads on the same plant. Fruiting involucre 1-seeded, naked or tubercled. . . .» « ~~. AMBROSIA. 36 Fruiting involucre 2-seeded, armed with hooked spines. . . ; XANTHIUM. 387 Staminate and pistillate heads on separate plants. Anthers tailed. Hoary herbs. . i 4 é é F - »« ANTENNARIA. 71 Anthers tailless. Smooth shrubs... . . . 20 VG a) 2 BACCHARIS.. 27 ' § 2. Heads radiate. Rays pistillate. Flowers all fertile. Receptacle naked. Rays yellow. Leaves opposite. Pappus none. : . - é 5 - A » ee . FLAVERIA. 55 Pappus scaly. /s.0 os Se sla aces Sy age fe eel mk OL Use: | ye Rays yellow. Leaves alternate. Scales of the involucre in 1 row. A s 4 : : A . SENECTO. 7 Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. 5 - 4 - “ . JIELENIUM. 59 Scales of the involucreinsevera'rows. . . . « « « « INULA. 2 186 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Rays white or purple. Pappus none. . : . ; : ‘ : : : LEUCANTHEMUM. Pappus bristly. . ° . . . , : : ERIGERON. Receptacle pitted. Rays white or purple. Pappus double. . 5 ‘ 5 : , 5 : . DIPLOPAPPUS. Pappus single. Rays about 5. Acheniasilky. . . SERICOCARPUS Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus bristly. . ° . - ASTER. Pappus single. Rays numerous. Pappus scaly. BOLTONIA. Rays yellow. Pappus double, of the ray and disk flowers alike. . . Pappus double, of the ray flowers none. Pappus single. Leaves opposite. Leaves alternate. Leaves alternate. Receptacle chaffy. Involucre double, the outer 4-leaved, 4-angled. . . Involucre imbricated or spreading. Maritime shrubs. Pappus 4-toothed. . . : Herbs. Receptacle conical or elongated. Heads large, single or corymbose. . Heads racemed or clustered. 5 Heads panicled. ° . BS in? Rays persistent. Corolla-lobes velvety. . - : Rays deciduous. Achenia 3 - 4-angled. . . Rays deciduous. Achenia compressed. . ; . Receptacle flat. Leaves lobed, alternate. . C 4 ° . Leaves not lobed. Pappus 2-awned. ° ; és Leaves not lobed. Pappus none. 4 ° 5 Flowers of the disk sterile. Rays yellow. Pappus none. “ . ° ° ° 5 Rays yellow. Pappus a toothed crown. . : . “ Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia winged. Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Achenia wingless. Rays white. Receptacle conical. . : ° . ° . Rays neutral (without pistils). Receptacle naked, or nearly so. Achenia villous. Pappus scaly, long-awned. ° ° . Achenia smooth or the angles hairy. Pappus awnless. . Receptacle deeply pitted. Margins of the pits entire. Perennial. ° . ‘ - Margins of the pits toothed. Annual. . ° ° . . Receptacle chaffy throughout. Involucre double. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. Awns of the pappus hispid upward. 5 5 e 3 Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beakless. Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beaked. Involucre simple or imbricate. Pappus a cup-shaped border, or none. Chaff of the receptacle elongated, spine-pointed. - Chaff of the receptacle not elongated nor spine-pointed. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. Achenia winged. Leaves divided. Receptacle elongated. Achenia winged. Leaves undivided. Receptacle convex. Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus deciduous. ° Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus persistent. . Receptacle chaffy at the apex. Acheniaribbed. . ° . o ry : CHRYSOPSIS. . HETEROTHECA. ARNICA. SOLIDAGO. ISOPAPPUS. TETRAGONOTHECA. . BORRICHIA. . : ZINNIA. HELIOPSIS. ° SPILANTHES. ° ACHILLEA. . VERBESINA. . - ECLIPTA. POLYMNIA. - CHRYSOGONUM. SILPHIUM. - BERLANDIERA. : PARTHENIUM. . GAILLARDIA. : - LEPTOPODA. . - BALDWINIA. ACTINOSPERMUM. COREOPSIS. BIDENS. COSMOS. e . e e ECHINACEA. . - RUDBECKIA. - LEPACHYS. - ACTINOMERIS. . HELIANTHUS. A HELIANTHELLA. MARUTA. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187 _ Susorper II. LABIATIFLORZ&. Corolla of the perfect flowers 2-lipped ; the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed. No. Herb stemless. Scape l1-flowered. Flower nodding. . : : CHAPTALIA. 80 SusporDeER III. LIGULIFLORZ. Corolla of all the flowers li- gulate. Pappus none. Achenia many-ribbed. . = ; 5 . ‘ : . APOGON. 8&1 Pappus scaly and bristly. Scales of the pappus 5, with 5 intermediate bristles. . . : - - KRIGIA. 82 Scales of the pappus and bristles numerous. : . 5 . - - CYNTHIA. 8&8 Pappus hairy. Pappus tawny or dirty-white. Flowers erect, rose-color. Leaves filiform. ~ ‘ : : . -LYGODESMIA. 86 Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia beakless. . - 5 : . - HIERACIUM. 84 Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia long-beaked. . - = ° PYRRHOPAPPUS. 88 Flowers nodding, whitish or purplish. P : 4 : r NABALUS. 85 Pappus clear white (except in one Muigedium). Achenia conspicuously beaked. Achenia ribbed. Stemless herbs. F : : é 5 TARAXACUM. 87 Achenia flat. Stems leafy. : . 3 : P » : LACTUCA. 89 Achenia beakless or nearly so. Flowers blue. Achenia slightly beaked. - : : - » MULGEDIUM. 90 Flowers yellow. Achenia beakless. . . - - - - - SONCHUS. 91 SusporpDER I. TUBULIFLOBZ. Trine I. VERNONIACEZ. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular and per- fect: branches of the style terete, filiform, hairy all over ; the stigmatic lines only on the lower part. — Herbs, with alternate leaves and purple flowers. Prcrtis alone has pistillate rays and yellow flowers. 1. VERNONIA, Schreb. Inon-wEeEp. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all equal and tubular. Involucre shorter than the flowers; the scales closely imbricated in several rows. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the exterior consisting _ of very short scale-like bristles, the interior of copious capillary bristles. — Per- ennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose purple flowers. 1. V. oligophylla, Michx. Stem nearly naked; leaves rough above, pubescent beneath, denticulate; those at the base large, oval or oblong, the others small, distant, lanceolate; corymb few-flowered, spreading; involucre bell-shaped, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, fringed. — Damp soil, Geor- gia to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high, sparingly branched. 2. V. ovalifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent, very leafy, corymbose- branched above; leaves roughish above, pubescens beneath; the lowest ones oval or oblong, toothed-serrate ; the upper lanceolate and entire; involucre bell- 188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) shaped ; scales ovate, acute, fringed. — Dry rich woods, Middle Florida. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 3. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem more or less pubescent, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, mostly roughish above, smooth or pubescent beneath; corymbs spreading ; involucre hemispherical, the scales fringed, ovate, ending in a long filiform point, or simply acute. (V. tomentosa, Hil. V. pre- alta, Willd.) — River-banks and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July—Sept.— Stem 3°-6° high. Scales of the involucre purple, and usually covered with web-like hairs. 4. V. fasciculata, Michx., var. altissima, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, and, like the lanceolate serrate leaves, smoothish; involucre small, hemispheri- cal; the scales ovate, acute or mucronate, fringed, appressed. (V. altissima, Nuit.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and ween September. — Stem 6°-10° high. Leaves 6/-12! long. 5. V. angustifolia, Michx. Stem slender, smooth or hairy, very leafy ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smoothish, or pubescent and roughish, the low- est ones sparingly denticulate, the upper entire, with the margins revolute; cor- ymbs mostly umbel-like ; involucre bell-shaped; the scales lanceolate, fringed, acute or conspicuously mucronate. (V. scaberrima, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June-August. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 2. STOKESIA, L’Her. Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers much larger, deeply split on the inside, and ray-like. Involucre subglobose, bracted, the outer scales prolonged into a leafy bristly-fringed appendage, the inner ones lanceolate and entire. Re- ceptacle naked. Achenia short, 3-4-angled, smooth. Pappus composed of © 4—5 filiform chaffy deciduous scales. — A sparingly branched downy-stemmed perennial. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, entire, the upper ones sessile, and, like ~ the bracts, fringed at the base, the lowest narrowed into a slender petiole. Heads few or solitary, large, terminal. Flowers blue. 1. S. cyanea, L’Her. — Wet pine barrens, South Carolina, and westward, very rare. — Stems 1°-145° high. Heads 1’ wide. 38. ELEPHANTOPUS, lL. Eteprnant’s-Froor. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded in terminal 3-bracted clusters. Flowers all equal and similar. Involucre compressed; scales 8, in 2 rows, dry, oblong, acute, dotted. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply split on one side, palmate. Achenium oblong, ribbed, hairy. Pappus bristly from a dilated base, double or single. — Erect hairy corymbose-branched perennials, with alternate ample leaves, ~ and purple or white flowers. 1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Stem leafy, hairy; leaves thin, oval or oblong, incurved-serrate, hairy, tapering into a petiole; bracts ovate, longer COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 than the heads; scales of the involucre slightly hairy. — Damp shady soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 3/-6! long, 2!-4! wide. Flowers purple. 2. E. tomentosus, L. Rough-hairy ; stem nearly naked ; radical leaves spreading, obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole; stem-leaves (1-2) small, lanceolate; bracts ovate or cordate, usually shorter than the heads ; scales of the involucre very hairy. (E. nudicaulis, Ell.) —Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June-August.— Stem 1°-2° high. Radical leaves 4’-10! long, 2’ wide, spreading on the ground. Flowers pale purple. 4, PECTIS, L. Heads several-flowered, radiate. Rays pistillate. Disk-flowers somewhat 2- lipped, perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5-8, in a single row. Recepta- cle naked. Branches of the style short, obtuse. Achenium linear. Pappus composed of about five unequal bristle-pointed scales. — Chiefly annuals. Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted, bristly on the margins. Flowers small, yellow. 1. P. linifolia, L. Stem diffusely branched (6/-12! high) ; leaves linear, connate ; heads small, on long and slender bracted peduncles; scales of the in- volucre slightly produced at the base; achenia hairy. — South Florida. Trize II. EUPATORIACE. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular and perfect: branches of the style, usually elongated, club-shaped, minutely pubescent ; the stigmatic lines obscure. — Flowers white, blue, or purple. 5. CQfLESTINA, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly hemispherical; the scales numerous, imbricated. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus cup- shaped, truncate or more or less prominently toothed. — Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in close corymbs. Flowers blue or purple. 1. C. maritima, Torr. & Gray. Stem diffuse, somewhat shrubby at the base, smooth ; leaves ovate, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole; corymbs few-flowered ; receptacle naked; pappus a whitish truncated margin. — South Florida. — Stem 19-2° long. Flowers blue. 6. AGERATUM, L. Receptacle always naked. Pappus composed of 5-10 distinct scales. Oth- erwise like Celestina. 1. A. conyzoides, L. Leaves ovate, rhombic, or cordate, on rather long petioles; scales of the pappus 5, slightly serrate, awn-pointed from a broad base. — Wet places near Savannah, Georgia. May.— Pubescence and form of the leaves variable. Flowers white or blue. 190 COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 7. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in two rows, equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Scales of the pappus 5, almost horny, oval.— A smooth aquatic perennial herb, with whorled linear leaves, and 1-3 heads of purple flowers, terminating the stem or peduncle-like branches. 1. S. verticillata, Cass. (Sparganophorus verticillatus, Michx.) — Shal- low ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems ascending, 1° high. Leaves 5-6 ina whorl. Heads 3! wide. 8. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. (Liarnris, Ei.) Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows, ovate or lanceolate, appressed. Receptacle chaffy. Achenia 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous unequal bearded bristles. — Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads corymbed. Flowers purple. 1. C. Pseudo-Liatris, Cass. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem simple, rigid ; leaves linear, appressed, the lowest crowded, elongated ; corymb small, dense, mostly simple; pedicels bracted; scales of the involucre lance- olate, acute, hairy. — Open grassy pine barrens, West Florida. September. — Stem 6/-18’ high. Heads rarely racemose. 2. C. tomentosus, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, tomentose; leaves smooth or hairy, gland-pointed ; the lowest oblong or lanceolate, 3-ribbed, nar- rowed into a long clasping petiole, the others numerous, small, oblong or oyal, sessile ; corymb loose-flowered ; scales of the involucre very tomentose, the outer ones short, ovate, the inner oblong, acute. (L. Walteri, Ell.) — Low pine bar- rens, North and South Carolina. September. — Stem 2° high. 3. C. corymbosus, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, hairy; leaves smooth or more or less hairy; the lowest cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1- or obscurely 3- ribbed; the others numerous, small, oblong, sessile; heads about 20, closely corymbed ; scales of the involucre nearly smooth and equal, oval, very obtuse, broadly margined. (L. tomentosa, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem 2°-4° high. 4. C. bellidifolius, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, obtuse; heads few in a loose corymb; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, sparingly fringed on the margins; pappus slightly plumose. — Dry sand-hills, Wilmington, North Carolina. September. — Stems several from the same root, 12/-18' high. Heads sometimes panicled. 9. LIATRIS, Schreb. Burron-SnaKeroot. Heads few- or many-flowered, the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia nearly terete, narrowed at the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous plumose or bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs (rarely shrubby), with mostly tuberous roots COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191 and simple stems. Leaves alternate, usually entire. Flowers purple, often va- rying into white, commonly dotted with resinous particles. § 1. Root tuberous: leaves very numerous, linear or lanceolate, the lowest broader and tapering at the base, the upper sessile: heads in spikes or racemes: achenia hairy: pappus plumose or bearded: stems simple, or in more vigorous plants sometimes branching below the spikes, and bearing fewer-flowered heads. * Scales of the involucre with petal-like or leafy tips: pappus plumose. ‘1. L. elegans, Willd. Heads very numerous in a cylindrical raceme, 4 — - 5-flowered; inner scales of the involucre petal-like, purple; stem tomentose ; leaves smooth, the lowest lanceolate.— Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Car- olina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° high. Heads showy. 2. L. squarrosa, Willd. Heads few or numerous, large, many-flowered, cylindrical; scales of the involucre with leafy spreading tips; stem pubescent; leaves smoothish or hairy, long, linear, rigid, 3-5-ribbed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August.— Stem 1°- 143° high. Heads 1’ long, sessile or terminating short branchlets. Corolla-lobes hairy. . * ** Scales of the involucre not appendaged. + Heads 3-6-flowered: pappus conspicuously plumose. 3. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth; stem slender; leaves linear, dotted; heads 3-—4-flowered, rather closely spiked; scales of the invo- lucre smooth, lanceolate or linear, acuminate and spreading at the apex, as long as the pappus. — Near Columbus, Georgia. August and September. — Stem 1°-2° high. Spike 6’—10/ long. 4. I. tenuifolia, Nutt. Smooth; stem tall and slender; leaves narrow- linear or filiform, the lowest long and crowded; heads 5-flowered, in a long and close raceme; scales of the involucre barely pointed, smooth, purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 2°-4° high. Racemes often 1-sided. « + Heads 3-many-flowered: pappus densely bearded. 5. L. paucifiora, Pursh. Stem pubescent, declining; leaves linear, short, smooth; heads 4-—5-flowered, in a long 1l-sided raceme; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, or pubescent on the margins. (L. secunda, Hil.) — Dry sandy ridges in the middle districts. Alabama to North Carolina. September. — Stem 2°-3° long. 6. L. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem tomentose; leaves smooth or pubescent, linear, rather obtuse; the uppermost very short and_ bract-like; heads mostly 3-flowered, cylindrical, densely spiked ; scales of the involucre lan- ceolate, acuminate, smooth; the outer ones much shorter and broader; corolla and very hairy achenium large. — Dry sandy ridges, Florida. July—-Sept. Stem 1° - 2° high. 7. L. gracilis, Pursh. Stem tomentose and somewhat hoary; leaves smooth or nearly so, the lowest lanceolate, obtuse, long-petioled, the others lin- ear, appressed or spreading, short; heads small, 3-7-flowered, sessile or on slender tomentose and bracted pedicels; scales of the involucre oblong, rather 192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) obtuse or mucronate, more or less pubescent; the edges not margined and com monly ciliate. — Sandy pine barrens, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Septem- ber.— Stem 1°~2° high. Varies greatly in the length and direction of the pedicels. 8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Stem usually smooth, and striped with greener lines; leaves more or less hairy on the upper surface, and fringed near the base ; the lowest lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, the upper linear ; heads in spikes or racemes, often very numerous; involucre broadly obconical, 7 -14-flowered ; the scales oblong-spatulate, rounded at the apex, narrowly mar- gined. (L. gracilis, £//., a more slender form, with the fewer-flowered heads on longer pedicels.) — Light dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sep- tember. — Stem 2°-6° high. 9. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth; stem very leafy; leaves linear, erect ; the lowest very long, obtuse, 3—5-ribbed; the uppermost small and bract-like ;, heads sessile, cylindrical, 8 -12-flowered, crowded in a long cylindrical spike; scales of the involucre smooth, obtuse, narrow-margined, purple. (I. resinosa, Nutt., a small form with 5-flowered heads.) —Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem rigid, 2°-5° high. © Spikes sometimes 2°-3° long. Styles elongated. 10. L. pilosa, Willd. More or less pubescent with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated, hairy ; heads in a loose simple raceme, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the turbinate or campanulate involu- cre glabrous, not punctate, with slight scarious margins, the exterior narrowly oblong, short, very obtuse; the innermost linear; achenia pubescent, nearly as long as the densely bearded (almost plumose) pappus. — Henderson County, North Carolina, Curtis. — A stout plant, with the heads 8-10" long. 11. L. seariosa, Willd. Stem stout, pubescent; leaves mostly pubescent, the lowest large, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, the upper linear, acute; heads large, 15-40-flowered, roundish, sessile or pedicelled; scales of the involucre spatulate or obovate, rounded at the apex, usually with broad and colored mar- gins ; the outer ones with spreading tips. (L. spheroidea, Michz.) — Dry light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September. —- Stem 3°-6° high. Heads sometimes 1! wide. 12. L. heterophylla, Brown. Leaves lanceolate, smooth; the upper ones linear-lanceolate and much smaller; heads about 10, roundish, spiked, crowded, 15 -16-flowered ; scales lanceolate, with pointed spreading tips. — Geor- gia to North Carolina, not common. § 2. Root not tuberous: leaves obovate or oblong: heads few-flowered, corymbed or panicled: pappus minutely bearded. 13. Lh. odoratissima, Willd. (Hounp’s Toneusz.) Stem herbaceous, smooth; leaves smooth and often glaucous, obtuse ; the lowest spatulate-obovate, 3-5-ribbed, the upper oval or oblong, small, sessile; heads 7 -- 8-flowered, dis- posed in an ample spreading corymb or panicle. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. —Stem 2°-3° high. The withering leaves exhale the odor of vanilla. COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193 14. Ly. paniculata, Willd. Stem viscid-pubescent ; leaves smooth; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, small; heads mostly 5- flowered, in small lateral and terminal corymbs, forming a dense oblong panicle. — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 15. L. fruticosa, Nutt. Stem shrubby, smooth; branches naked above ; leaves obovate, not ribbed, the lowest ones opposite; heads corymbose, 5-flow- ered; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, dotted. — East Florida. — Leaves 1’ long. : 10.. KUHNIA, L. Heads 10—25-flowered. Flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre few and loosely imbricated in 2-3 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenium cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row of strongly plumose bristles. — A perennial herb, with lanceolate or linear dotted leaves, and heads of yellowish-white flowers in panicled corymbs. 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stem pubescent, or somewhat viscid, mostly branched; leaves toothed or entire, pubescent, or smoothish beneath, the lower - ones sometimes opposite ; corymbs loose or crowded. (K. Critonia, and K. glu- tinosa, Ell.) — Light and dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2°- 4° high. ll. BRICKELLIA, Ell. Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated, the outer ones shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia cylin- drical, 10-striate. Pappus a single row of bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs, with dotted opposite 3-ribbed leaves, and large heads of pale purple flowers, in terminal corymbs. 1. B. cordifolia, Ell. Stem erect, tomentose, mostly branching; leaves ovate, serrate, mostly cordate, petioled, the upper ones often alternate ; heads large, 30 - 40-flowered ; achenia nearly smooth. — Light rich soil, Western Geor- gia and Florida, and westward. Aug. — Stem 2°-4° high. Flowers showy. . 12. EUPATORIUM, Toum. Txorovenwort. Heads 3—many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, the scales in a single row, or imbricated in 2-several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled, the sides smooth and even. Pappus a single row of slender rough bristles. — Perennial and mostly resinous-dotted herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and white or purplish flowers. § 1. Heads corymbed. * Scales of the cylindrical involucre numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, the outer ones shorter: heads few- or many-flowered : leaves chiefly opposite. 1. E. iveefolium, L. Herbaceous; stem (3°-—5°) erect, terete, rough- hairy, at length much branched; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, nearly 17 194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) sessile, 3-nerved, sparingly serrate; corymbs dense; heads 15-—20-flowered ; scales of the involucre very obtuse, strongly striate. — Near Natchez, Mississippi, and South Florida. July- November. — Flowers blue. * * Scales of the involucre purplish, scarious, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the outer ones much shorter: leaves whorled: flowers purplish. 2. E. purpureum, L. Smooth or pubescent; stem simple, tall, often spotted or dotted; leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl, varying from lanceolate to ovate, coarsely serrate, roughish ; corymbs large, compound ; heads 5 —10-flow- ered. — Swamps, rarely in dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug.- Sept. — Stem 3°-10° high, solid or hollow, even or grooved. A vari- able species, including E. ternifolium, E. maculatum, and E. verticillatum, Fill. * * * Scales of the involucre (green or white) imbricated in 2-8 rows, the outer ones shorter: heads 5 -20-flowered : leaves, achenia, §c. dotted with resinous glands : flowers white. -— Heads 5-flowered: leaves undivided, sessile or narrowed into a stalk-like base (except No. 13.) 3. E. hyssopifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves opposite, the upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or toothed, 3-ribbed at the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. (E. linearifolium, Walt.) — Varies with the leaves narrow-linear and entire, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, and numerous smaller ones in the axils. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. ‘Leaves rigid, sometimes all alternate. 4. FE. cuneifolium, Willd. Pubescent; leaves short, obovate-oblong, sparingly serrate near the summit, or entire, 3-ribbed, mostly very obtuse ; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. (KE. glaucescens, Ell.) — Rich shaded soil, Florida to South Carolina. Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 1! long, pale and somewhat glaucous on both sides. 5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, virgate, minutely pubes- cent and roughened; leaves somewhat remote, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, very rough on both sides, obscurely 3-ribbed; corymbs ample, hoary ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, white and scarious at the apex, as long as the flowers. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. 6. EK. parviflorum, Ell. Tomentose; stem slender, simple or branched above; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, lanceolate, acute, strongly serrate, 3-ribbed near the base, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs large ; scales of the in- volucre lanceolate, obtuse, shorter than the flowers, scarcely longer than the mature achenia. — Margins of ponds and wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept.— Stem 2° high. Leaves 2’ long, strongly veined. Flow- ers smallest of all. 7. EK. seabridum, EIll.? Stem stout, tomentose; leaves opposite, ovate- lanceolate, acute at both ends, thickly and unequally serrate, rough above, tomen- tose and somewhat glaucous beneath, 3-ribbed from near the base; corymbs COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195 ample, dense; scales of the involucre lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, Middle Florida to South Carolina. August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 13’ long. 8. E. rotundifolium, L. Stem pubescent, mostly simple; leaves short, broadly ovate or roundish, obtusely serrate, roughish, mostly truncate at the base, 3-ribbed and somewhat rugose ; corymbs large ; scales of the involucre lanceo- late, acute, shorter than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina, and westward. August.— Stem 2° high. Leaves 1’ long. 9. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Rough-pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, coarsely serrate and sometimes toothed near the base, 3-ribbed ; the upper ones small and remote, corymbs dense, depressed in the centre; scales of the involucre lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. (KE. verbenzefolium, Michx.) —Damp soil, Florida and northward. Sept.— Stem virgate, 2° -3° high. Leaves 1/-13! long, the base rounded or truncate. Branches of the corymb alternate. 10. KH. album, L. Rough-pubescent or hairy; leaves oblong or lanceolate, narrowed at the base, toothed-serrate, strongly veined ; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre lanceolate, smooth, or the outer ones pubescent, longer than the flowers, the acuminate or mucronate tips white and scarious. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2! long. ill. E. altissimum, L. Stem tomentose; leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, pubescent, strongly 3-ribbed, sharply serrate above the middle, narrowed at the base; corymb dense, hoary ; scales of the involucre shorter than the flow- ers, linear-oblong, obtuse. — Sterile soil, North Carolina and westward. Sept. — Stem 3°-7° high. Leaves 3!- 4! long. 12. Ei. sessilifolium, L. Smooth; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rounded and closely sessile at the base; corymb tomentose ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse. (EK. truncatum, Ell.) — Open woods, in the upper dis- tricts, Alabama and northward. Sept.— Stem 2°-4° high, mostly branching above. Leaves 3/-6/ long, thin and veiny. 13. E. mikanioides, n. sp. Stem ascending from a creeping base, branching and tomentose above ; leaves opposite, long-petioled, deltoid, glandu- lar-serrate or toothed, truncate or abruptly acute at the base, resinous-dotted above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; the petioles somewhat connate ; corymb ample; scales of the involucre about 10, lanceolate, acute; anthers slightly exserted ; achenia 5-angled, glandular.— Low sandy places, on St. Vincent’s Island, West Florida. Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-13! long, some- what fleshy. + + Heads 6 -15-flowered : leaves opposite. ++ Leaves sessile or perfoliate. 14. EK. pinnatifidum, Ell. Pubescent; leaves lanceolate, pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest ones whorled ; heads 6 — 9-flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 2°-38° high. 196 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 15. KE. perfoliatum, L. Pubescent or hairy; leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate, crenate-serrate, rugose, sessile and clasping at the base, or connate-perfoli- ate ; heads about 10-flowered; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute. — Low ground, Florida and northward. Sept.— Stem stout, 2°-3° high. Leaves 6/-8! long. ++ ++ Leaves petioled. 16. K. serotinum, Michx. fPubescent; stem tall, mostly branching ; leaves long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 8-ribbed ; heads 12—15-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept.— Stem 3°-6° high. Leaves 4/—9/ long. 17. EK. villosum, Swartz. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves. short- petioled, ovate, obtuse or mucronate, rusty-pubescent, denticulate or entire, 3- ribbed ; corymb dense; heads 10-15-flowered; scales of the involucre about. 10, equal, linear, obtuse, shorter than the flowers ; anthers slightly exserted ; achenia hispid; pappus shorter than the flowers. — South Florida. — Leaves rigid, 1-13! long. * *& *& * Scales of the involucre (green) equal, in a single row: heads 8 - 30-flow- ered: leaves, achenia, §c. not resinous-dotted : leaves on slender petioles. 18. E. ageratoides, L. Smooth; leaves thin, ovate or slightly cordate, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; heads 10 —- 20-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear, acutish, slightly pubescent; achenia smooth. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept.— Stem commonly branching, 2°-3° high. Leaves 3’-5! long. Flowers white. 19. EH. aromaticum, L. Pubescent; leaves thickish, ovate, or the low- est cordate, crenate-serrate, roughish, on short petioles, barely acute ; heads 8- 15-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear; achenia smooth. (EH. ceanothi- folium, Willd.) —Dry open woods, common. Sept.— Stem 2° high. Leaves 1/—2/ long. Flowers white. | 20. EH. incarnatum, Walt. Pubescent; stem slender, reclining, diffusely branched ; leaves on long petioles, deltoid, acuminate, truneate or coidate at the. base, coarsely serrate; corymbs numerous, small; heads about 20-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, 2-ribbed; achenia hispid.— Rich shaded soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 2°-4° long. Leaves 1/-2/ long. Flowers pale purple. § 2. Heads in panicled racemes: leaves pinnately divided. 21. EK. foeniculaceum, Willd. Stem tall, pubescent, paniculately much branched ; divisions of the leaves filiform, smooth; heads 3 —5-flowered; scales of the involucre smooth, margined, notched at the apex, mucronate ; achenia smooth. — Chiefly in old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3°- 8° high. Flowers white. 22. EB. coronopifolium, Willd. Pubescent; stem paniculately branched ; divisions of the leaves linear ; heads crowded, 5-flowered ; scales of the invo- lucre mucronate, pubescent, margined; achenia smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct.—Stem 2°-4° high. Flowers white. — Probably a broader-leaved form of the preceding. COMPOSITHZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197 13. MIKANIA, Willd. Heads 4-flowered. Scales of the involucre 4. Receptacle naked, flat. Anthers partly exserted. Corolla, achenia, &c. as in Eupatorium.— Chiefly climbing herbs, with opposite mostly cordate leaves, and whitish flowers. 1. M. scandens, Willd. Smooth or pubescent; leaves on slender peti- oles, acuminate, toothed or entire; corymbs numerous, on short axillary branches or peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear, acute; achenia minutely glandular. (M. pubescens, Muhl.) — Swamps, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem twining. 14. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, imbricated in 2-3 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers included. Achenia angled, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled serrate leaves, and heads of purple or blue flowers in a terminal corymb. 1. C. celestinum, DC. Smoothish; leaves deltoid-ovate, the lowest often cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate; heads 30 — 60-flowered; flowers blu- ish-purple. (Eupatorium ccelestinum, £.)—Rich soil, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Tree IT. ASTEROIDEZ. Heads discoid or radiate; the rays pistillate : branches of the style, in the perfect flower, flattened, linear or lanceolate, equally pubescent above on the outside ; the conspicuous stigmatic lines terminating where the exterior pubescence commences. 15. SHRICOCARPUS, Nees. Heads 12 -15-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 5, white, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular and perfect. Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the scales cartilaginous, whitish, closely imbricated in several rows, with greenish and more or less spreading tips. Receptacle pitted, toothed. Achenia short, obpyramidal, silky. Pappus simple, composed of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads crowded in a dense corymb. Disk-flowers yellow. 1. S. conyzoides, Nees. Stem slightly pubescent, corymbose above; nearly terete; leaves ciliate on the margins, otherwise smooth, the lower ones spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle, the upper oblong or lanceolate and entire ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus rust-color. (Aster conyzoides, Willd.) — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, in the middle and upper districts, Georgia and north- ward. August. — Stem 1°-2° high. 2. S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth; stem angled; leaves lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest spatulate ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus white. (Aster solidaginoides, Willd.) — Low ground in the upper districts. August. — Stem slender, 2° high. Heads smaller than in the last. £e* 198 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 3. §. tortifolius, Nees. Closely pubescent ; leaves short, obovate, rarely serrate, vertical ; involucre top-shaped ; the scales oblong and slightly spreading at the tips; pappus copious, white. (Aster tortifolius, Micha.) —Sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1’ long. 16. ASTER, Tourn. Asrer. Srarworr. _ Heads many-flowered ; the rays (white, blue, or purple) in a single series, pis- tillate. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, mostly with herbaceous or leafy tips. Receptacle flat, pitted. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus a single row of numerous rough capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely annua!) herbs. Leaves alternate. Disk-flowers yellow, often changing to purple. §1. Brorra.—Jnvolucre obovate-bell-shaped ; the scales (pale) closely imbricated, and nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: achenia somewhat 3-angled: bristles of the pappus rigid : leaves large; the lower ones cordate: heads corymbed. 1. A. corymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, smooth; leaves on slender peti- oles, thin, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; the lower ones cordate, the upper oblong ; involucre shorter than the disk, the scales obtuse; rays 6-9, white. — Shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia and northward. Sept. and Oct. —Stem 1°—2° high. Leaves 2/—4! long. Corymbs loose. 2. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout, rough-pubescent; leaves large, rather thick, rough, mucronate-serrate, acute ; the lowest broadly cordate, on slender naked petioles; the upper ovate, on short and winged petioles; invo- lucre nearly as long as the disk ; the exterior scales rigid, with spreading fringed tips; rays about 10, pale purple. — Low shady woods, in the upper districts of Georgia, and along the mountains, northward. Sept.— Stem 14°-2° high. Leaves 4!- 6/ long, 2/-—4! wide. § 2. Catxyiastrum. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, coriaceous, usually with herbaceous spreading tips: rays 12 or more: achenia nearly smooth: pappus of unequal rather rigid bristles, somewhat thickened upward : leaves rigid, none of them cordate: heads large and showy. 3. A. mirabilis, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem corymbosely branched above; leaves ovate, mucronate-serrate, sessile ; the lowest abruptly narrowed into a petiole; involucre hemispherical; the scales oblong-linear, ob- tuse and recurved at the summit; achenia nearly smooth, striate. — Columbia, South Carolina, Prof. Gibbes. Sept. — Stem 1°-2° high. — Stem-leaves 1/3! long. Rays about 20, blue or violet, elongated. 4. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stem corymbose and glandular-pubescent above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough on the upper surface, sessile and entire; the lowest tapering into a petiole, and sparingly serrate; heads not numerous, single, terminating the branches ; involucre nearly hemispherical, as long as the disk; the scales linear-oblong, with obtuse and spreading glandular tips. (A. surcu- losus? Ell., with obovate-oblong, mostly serrate leaves, and broader scales of the involucre.) — Pine barrens, Florida and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Rhizoma slender. Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2'-—4! long. Heads 3! in diameter. Rays about 20, 1’ long, deep violet. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199 5. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stem slender, slightly pubescent, corymbose at the summit; leaves rough, oblong, partly clasping, entire ; the lowest obscurely cre- nate and narrowed into a petiole; heads corymbose ; involucre (whitish) obconi- cal, as long as the disk; the scales very unequal, acute, the lower ones much shorter, green and slightly spreading at the tips. — North Carolina and Tennes- see. Sept.—Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/—2! long. Heads smallest of this group. Rays about 12, violet. 6. A. surculosus, Michx. Stems several from a creeping caudex, slen- der, pubescent above; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth, the margins rough and sometimes sparingly serrate, clasping; the lowest narrowed into a petiole; heads solitary, or 3-5 in a simple corymb; involucre broadly top-shaped, nearly as long as the disk ; the scales linear-spatulate, with abruptly pointed spreading herbaceous tips; the outer ones lanceolate and leaf-like. — Margins of swamps, North Carolina. Sept.—Stems $°-13° high. Lowest leaves 4'—6' long. Heads 3/ wide. Rays numerous, violet. 7. A. paludosus, Ait. Stem slightly roughened; leaves linear, rigid, acute, entire, partly clasping, often fringed near the base; heads 3-8, racemed or corymbed ; involucre hemispherical, as long as the disk; the scales nearly equal, linear-spatulate, with mucronate green and spreading tips. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2/-4' long. Heads 3/—#! wide. Rays numerous, deep blue. 8. A. spinulosus, n.sp. Rhizoma tuberous; stem rigid, sprinkled with white jointed hairs; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, pungent, appressed, the mar- gins fringed with bristly hairs; the lowest ones very numerous and elongated ; heads 4—8 in a simple spike; involucre bell-shaped, rather shorter than the disk ; scales equal, lanceolate-subulate, rigid, erect, spine-pointed, bristly near the base; achenia strongly ribbed. — Damp pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast. June-August. — Stem 10/-15/ high. Lowest leaves 6’—12’ long, 1/'-—3! wide; the upper ones 1’ long. Heads }/ wide. Rays 12-15, pale blue. Pappus tawny. 9. A. eryngiifolius, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma tuberous; stem rigid, sprinkled with jointed hairs; leaves lanceolate-linear, pungent, the lowest mostly entire; the others erect, and fringed with spiny teeth; heads very large, solitary or 3—4 in a loose raceme; involucre hemispherical, shorter than the disk; scales very numerous, herbaceous, rigid, lanceolate, tapering into a long and slender recurved tip; achenia short, oblong. — Low pine barrens, Florida. June-Au- gust. — Stem 1°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4/-6! long. Heads 1/ or more in diameter. Rays numerous, white. § 3. AsTER proper. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous tips: rays numerous: achenia flatiened: pappus of soft capillary bris- tles, not thickened upward: autumnal plants. * Leaves uniform, small, sessile, entire, silky or silvery on both sides, mucronate: scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - several rows: rays violet-purple. 10. A. sericeus, Vent. Stem with numerous branches, bearing the large heads (single or 3 in a cluster) at their summits; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sil- 200 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) very ; scales of the involucre leafy and spreading ; achenia smooth. — A Western species, a form of which, with narrower and less silvery leaves and scales, grows _ on the mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 10!-20' high. Leaves 3/-1! long. Heads showy. 11. A. concolor, L. Stem mostly simple, slender, bearing towards the summit, the middle-sized heads in a long often compound raceme; leaves lance- olate, silky when young; the lowest ones oblong; scales of the obovoid involu- cre lanceolate, appressed, the subulate tips spreading; achenia silky. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and northward. — Root sometimes tuberous. Stem 1° -3° high. Leaves erect }/-1! long. * * Leaves rough, all sessile or clasping and entire: heads chiefly solitary, terminat- ing the branchlets: scales of the obovoid or bell-shaped involucre imbricated in several rows, coriaceous, with herbaceous slightly spreading tips: rays purplish-blue: achenia hairy. ~- Leaves very small, sessile: heads small: scales of the involucre spatulate. 12. A. squarrosus, Walt. Stem slender, diffuse; leaves oblong or tri- angular-ovate, reflexed, very rough, sessile; the lowest spatulate. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina.— Stem 1°-2° high. Lowest leaves }/ long, the others 2-3" long. E 13. A. adnatus, Nutt. Stem with the slender branches erect; leaves ob- long, very rough, the midrib partly adnate to the stem, free at the apex; the lowest wedge-obovate, free.— Sandy barrens, Florida and Alabama. — Stem 1°-2° high. Heads smaller than in the preceding. + + Leaves all clasping and auricled at the base: heads large: scales of the invo- lucre linear. 14. A. patens, Ait. Stem pubescent, loosely panicled above; leaves ovate-oblong, with very rough and wavy margins; those on the slender and spreading branchlets very small. — Var. pHLOGIFOLIUS. Leaves larger, thinner, and less roughened, contracted below the middle; heads often racemose on the short lateral branches. — Dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. —Stem 1°-3° high. ‘Leaves 1/- 2! (in the var. 3/-6/) long. Heads showy. * * & Leaves (and stems) smooth: the lowest tapering into a petiole, the others sessile or clasping: heads middle-sized, showy: scales of the obovoid involucre whitish, the short green tips scarcely spreading: rays bright blue: achenia mostly smooth. 15. A. levis, L. Very smooth and often glaucous; stem rigid, panicled above, bearing the showy heads on short rigid branchlets ; leaves oblong or lan- ceolate, coriaceous, mostly entire and rough on the margins; the upper ones sessile or clasping ; scales of the involucre rigid, appressed, with abruptly pointed herbaceous tips. — Open woods in the upper districts. — Stem 2°-3° high. 16. A. gracilentus, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth; stem slender, loosély panicled above, bearing the heads at the end of slender leafy branchlets; leaves linear, elongated; the lower ones coarsely toothed above the middle, the upper . slightly clasping and entire ; scales of the involucre much shorter than the disk, — COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201 lanceolate, acute, appressed. — Lincolnton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem pur- ple, 2°-3° high. Lower leaves 5!/-6! long, 3!’ wide. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. 17. A. virgatus, Ell. Stem very smooth, straight, bearing the heads in a single raceme at the summit of the long and slender branches ; leaves linear- lanceolate, entire, rough on the margins, partly clasping, the lowest broader and narrowed at the base; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate; the outer ones spreading. — Western districts of Georgia, and westward. — Stem 3°-4° high. Lower leaves 3/—6’ long; those of the branches small and numerous. 18. A. concinnus, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, somewhat loosely cor- ymbose ; the branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins; those of the branchlets oblong, entire; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely imbri- eated. (A. cyaneus? il.) — Florida to North Carolina.— Stem 2°-8° high. Achenia pubescent. * * * * Lower leaves large, cordate, on long rn heads middle-sized or smail, racemed or panicled: scales of the involucre somewhat membranaceous, with short green tips: rays blue or violet. +— Leaves entire, or nearly so. 19. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem roughish, rigid, racemose-compound at the ~ summit, the branches slender; leaves rigid, rough; the lowest ovate-lanceolate or oblong; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile ; those of the branches subu- late, appressed ; scales of the obconical involucre closely imbricated, abruptly ‘acute. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia and northward. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Rays bright blue. 20. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem smoothish, slender, racemose-panicled at the summit; leaves nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acute; those of the stem all on slender petioles, and obtuse or cordate at the base, commonly entire; those of the branches oblong, sessile; scales of the bell-shaped involucre linear, closely imbricated, rather obtuse, choco than the disk. — Mountains of ‘Georgia and westwaid. — Stem 2°-4° high. Rays violet-blue. 21. A. undulatus, L. Pubescent; stem racemose-panicled above; leaves varying from lanceolate to broadly ovate, often wavy or slightly serrate on the margins, roughish on the upper surface; the lowest on long and slender petioles, which are dilated and clasping at the base; the upper on broadly winged peti- oles, or sessile and clasping; scales of the obovoid involucre linear, appressed, acute. (A. diversifolius, A. sagittifolius, and A. scaber, Ell.; the last with smaller leaves, and very rough on both sides.) — Woods, common and very va- riable. — Stem 2°-3° high. Heads small. Rays pale blue. 22. A. asperulus, Torr. & Gray. Roughish; stem racemose-panicled above, or simple; lowest leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, sparingly serrate, on slender (not clasping) petioles; the upper oblong, narrowed at the base, sessile or on short winged’ petioles; those of the branches minute ; heads loosely racemed or panicled, small; scales of the hemispherical involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry gravelly soil, West Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale blue. 202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) + + Lowest leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small. 23. A. cordifolius, L. Stem commonly smooth, racemose-panicled above; leaves smooth, or rough above and pubescent beneath, all cordate, serrate, and. slender-petioled, or the uppermost on short winged petioles, or sessile and entire; heads very numerous in panicled racemes ; scales of the obconical involucre loose- ly imbricated, with obtuse or slightly pointed green tips. — Open woods, in the upper districts. — Stem 1°-—3° high. Leaves commonly thin. Rays pale violet. 24. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, racemose-branched above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent; the lowest cordate, on long and mostly margined petioles ; the upper abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; those of the branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire; heads in dense compound racemes ; scales of the oblong involucre rather loosely imbri- cated, linear-subulate, the tips green and spreading. (A. paniculatus, Fil.) — Rich woods, Florida and northward. — Stem 2°-3° high. Heads more crowded than those of the preceding. Rays purple. * * &* * * Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile ; radical ones spatulate-lanceo- late, serrate: heads small and numerous, racemed: scales of the involucre in several rows, rigid, with spreading or recurved green tips. 25. A. ericoides, L. Smooth; stem much branched; leaves linear-lance- olate, acute at each end; those of the branches subulate; heads racemose, mostly on one side of the spreading branches ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, with acute or subulate tips. — Var. vrttosus. Stem and broader leaves rough- hairy, and the smaller heads in shorter and more dense racemes. — Var. PLATY- PHYLLUS. Stem (3°-4°) and larger leaves clothed with soft white hairs; heads larger. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Stem 1°-2° high. Rays white or pale blue. 26. A. multifiorus, Ait. Whitish-pubescent; stem very leafy, and much branched ; leaves linear, obtuse at each end, often bristle-pointed, spreading or recurved, the upper ones sessile or somewhat clasping; heads densely racemose on the short and very leafy branches, or sometimes solitary at their summits ; scales of the involucre broadest at the apex, obtuse or short-pointed.— Dry sterile soil, in the upper districts. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves about 1! long. Rays white. * OK * * * & Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, sessile, usually narrowed at the base: heads small or middle-sized: scales of the involucre membranaceous, with ap- pressed or slightly spreading tips: rays pale purple or white. «— Heads small. 27. A. racemosus, Ell. Rough-pubescent; stem much branched, bear- ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of the slender erect branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu- late; the inner ones as long as the disk; rays very short. — Damp rich soil, Paris Island, South Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple. 28. A. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem slender, pani- cled above, bearing the solitary or loosely racemose heads on the slender branch- lets; leaves very rough, entire; the lowest ovate, on slender margined petioles, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203 the others sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost very small, erect ; scales of the involucre in 3 —4 rows, linear, acute. — Dry pine barrens, Florida and Geor- gia.— Stem 1°-2° high. Lowest leaves 1/ long, the upper ones 2” - 3" long, similar to those of No. 13. 29. A. dumosus, L. Smoothish; stem slender, racemose-panicled, bear- ing the small heads chiefly on slender and very leafy branchlets ; leaves linear, entire, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, serrate ; those of the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse: scales of the involucre closely imbricated in 3-6 rows, with obtuse green tips. (A. foliolosus, El.) — Dry or damp soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Rays pale purple or white. 30. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slender point ; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading branch- es; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3-4 rows. — Var. FRAGILIS. Leaves mostly entire ; heads fewer, often solitary on the branchlets. (A. tenuifolius, ll.) — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2°-3° high. Rays pale purple or white. 31. A. miser, L. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple, and bearing the small heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with the heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes ; leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to wedge-obovate, acute at each end, sharply ser- rate in the middle; the lowest spatulate, the uppermost entire; scales of the inyolucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and very variable. — Stem 1°-4° long. Rays white or purplish. A. diffusus, A. divergens, and A. pendulus, of Aiton, are forms of this. + + Heads middle-sized. 32. A. simplex, Willd. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corymbose or racemose-branched ; heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu- minate at both ends, smooth, rough on the margins, the lower ones sharply ser- rate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. — Stem 3°-6° high, sparingly or diffusely branched. Leaves 2/- 4! long. Rays pale blue. 33. A. tenuifolius, L. Nearly smooth; stem paniculately branched ; the rather small heads disposed in panicled racemes ; leaves long, narrow-lance- olate, tapering to a long and slender point ; the lower ones commonly serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-subulate, appressed. — Low ground in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 3’-6' long. Rays short, pale purple or white. * & * & * * *& Leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasp- ng: heads large or middle-sized: scales of the involucre nearly equal, with spread- ing green tips: rays mostly large and numerous, blue or purple. 34. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout; leaves oblong- lanceolate, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute or tapering at each end; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish 204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) acute herbaceous tips; rays pale blue or purplish. — Georgia and South Caro- lina. — Stem 1°-4° high. Leaves thickish, the lowest 5’/-6’ long. Heads sometimes 1/ in diameter. 35. A. longifolius, Lam. Stem nearly smooth, corymbose-panicled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, shining above, the lowest narrowed at the base, and serrate in the middle, the upper sessile or partly clasping; heads solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involucre linear, with green and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips; rays purplish- blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 1°-3° high. Leaves 3/- 6! long. Heads showy. 86. A. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, corym- bose-branched ; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, oblong- lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping; the lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse, crenate ; heads corymbed at the ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, with long and spreading tips ; rays pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ul.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 4’-6/ long, or the lowest 1° long. 37. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panicled above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, very rough above, auriculate and clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two OWS } rays numerous and showy.— Swampy thickets along the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 3°-5° high, commonly purplish. Rays violet-purple. 38. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, corymbose at the summit; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate in the middle, contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at the base, rough above; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, imbricated in 3-4 rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods, North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 1°-3° high. Leaves thin, 5/-6’ long. Rays pale pur- ple. * *K * & * * * * Leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, sessile or clasping: heads large, in corymbs or racemes: scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading green summits: rays numerous, showy. 39. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly branched ; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly reflexed ; heads very large, solitary, terminating the branches; scales of the involucre rigid ; the outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute; rays violet. (A. ciliatus, Walt. ?) — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 1/-2' long. Heads 1’ in diameter. 40. A. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth throughout; stem simple, slen- der; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, acuminate, sessile ; heads in a simple or slightly compound terminal raceme; scales of the involucre linear-spatulate, coriaceous, the green and spreading tips barely acute ; rays purple. — Mountains of North Carolina.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 3'-4! long Heads 3!- 3! in diameter. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205 41, A. Carolinianus, Walt. Stem long and trailing; the branches and leaves closely pubescent; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly contracted into a short auriculate-clasping petiole; heads single, or somewhat racemose at the ends of the branches; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, with recurved subu- late tips; rays slender, pale purple. — River-swamps, Florida to South Caro- lina. — Stem 4°-10° long. Leaves 1/-—2! long. 42. A. Novee-Anglis, L. Stem hairy or hispid, corymbose above; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarcely narrowed at the auriculate-clasping base; heads corymbed; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbri- cated, viscid ; rays violet-purple.— Upper districts, in low ground, and north- ward, —Stem 2°-4° high, mostly purple, Leaves 2’-3' long. Heads 3! or more in diameter, numerous and showy, § 4. OrtHomenris.— Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, scarious on the margins, without herbaceous tips: pappus soft-hairy. 43, A. acuminatus, Michx. Pubescent; stem erect, corymbose above ; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base ; heads corymbed, on slender naked peduncles; scales of the involucre linear- lanceolate ; rays white. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°-1}° high. Leaves thin, 3!— 5/ long, strongly veined. §5. Oxyrripotium. — Scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips, scarious on the margins : pappus soft-hairy : stems smooth and slender: leaves narrow, entire, mostly fleshy. * Perennial: scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows: rays conspicuous. 44, A. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above; lower leaves long (3! — 9’), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, erect; heads large, solitary, terminating the slender branches; scales of the involucre lanceolate, rigid ; rays showy, purple; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Pine- barren swamps, West Florida. Oct.— Stem 2°-3° high. 45. A. flexuosus, Nutt. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear ; heads few, scattered, terminal, small ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and passing into bracts ; achenia slightly hairy, 5-ribbed. — Salt marshes, common. Oct.— Stem 1°-3° long. Rays white or pale purple. * * Annual: scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows: rays short. 46. A. linifolius, L. Stem paniculately much branched ; leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering at each end; those of the branches linear or filiform, sessile ; heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the cylindrical involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in two rows, not longer than the disk; achenia somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed.— Wet places along the coast, Florida, and north- ward. Oct.— Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves sharply serrate. 47. A. divaricatus, Nutt. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subu- late ; the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; heads small, loosely panicled, on spreading peduncles; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays dn a single row, longer than the disk ; achenia 4-ribbed, hairy. — Salt marshes, 18 206 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1°-3° high. Lowest leaves oval or lanceolate, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. Rays blue. 48. A. exilis, Ell. Very glabrous; stem slender, tall, sparingly branched ; leaves very long, linear-subulate ; heads in racemes; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, half as long as the rays. — Damp soil, in the Western districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct.— Stem 4°-5° high. Lowest leaves 4'—6’ long, 1/' wide. Rays pale purple. Achenia pubescent. 17. ERIGERON, L. Freasane. Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Rays very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, in 1-2 rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles; or with an outer row of short chaffy scales or bristles. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Rays white or purplish. * Pappus double. 1. KE. strigosum, Muhl. “Annual, rough-pubescent; stem slender, corym- bose-panicled above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, taper- ing into a slender petiole, the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile, distant ; heads small, corymbose-panicled ; rays white or rose-color ; outer pappus short and chaffy. — Dry old fields, common. June. — Stem 2° high. : * * Pappus single. +— Annual: rays shorter than the disk. 2. HK. Canadense, L. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem much branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, cy- lindrical; rays white; disk-flowers 4-toothed. — Old fields, common. May - Sept. — Stem 1°-3° high. + + Perennial : rays conspicuous. 3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Hairy; stem corymbose-branched above ; leaves thin, toothed or entire; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper oblong- lanceolate, clasping ; rays very numerous and narrow, purplish. (E. quercifo- lium, Zam., with the lowest leaves pinnately toothed.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. May.— Stem 2° - 4° high. 4. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. Hairy or villous; stem simple; lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper oblong, sessile and entire; heads large, solitary or corymbose ; rays broadly linear, bluish-pur- _ ple. — Open woods and banks in the upper districts. March and April. — Stem 1° high, stoloniferous. 5. BE. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem simple, scape- like; radical leaves clustered, thick, spatulate or obovate, entire or slightly toothed ; the others small and remote ; heads corymbed ; rays (about 30) white. (E. nudicaule, Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Rhizoma thick. Stem 1° -2° high. 18. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbri- cated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Pappus of capillary COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 bristles in two rows, the outer row much shorter. — Perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads single or corymbose. Rays white or purple. * Rays purple. 1. D. linariifolius, Hook. Stem rigid, simple, closely pubescent; leaves numerous, linear, spreading, the margins very rough ; heads solitary or some- what racemose; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, ap- pressed ; achenia silky.— Dry open woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 1/ long. ; * * Rays white. 2. D. cornifolius, Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at each end, hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender spreading peduncles ; achenia smooth. — Upper districts of Carolina, and north- ward. August.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2/—4! long. 3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose above ; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth; heads numer- ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse; achenia hairy.— Swamps, Flor- ida, and northward. September. — Stem 2°-4° high; the branches spreading. Leaves 13/- 2! long. 4. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate; scales of the involucre acutish; achenia hairy. — Swamps in the upper districts. September. — Stem 3°-6° high. Branches erect. Leaves 3/—5! long. 5. D. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Closely pubescent; stem simple, scaly at the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on long and naked (whitish) peduncles ; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia hairy. (Aster obovatus and A. dichotomus, E//.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May -July.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-2! long. 19. BOLTONIA, I’Her. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing-margined. Pap- pus composed of several short chaffy scales; that of the disk-flowers mostly with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial herbs, resembling Asters. 1. B. diffusa, Ell. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves linear, entire ; heads small, terminal ; achenia narrowly margined, hairy ;. pappus very short, 2-awned. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3°-4° high. Rays purplish. 2. B. glastifolia, L’Her. Stem paniculate; leaves rigid, lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire; heads rather large ; achenia broadly margined ; pappus of few short bristles, and 2-4 long awns.— River swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3°-5° high. Rays white. 208 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 3. B. asteroides, L’Her. Stem paniculate, the branches short; leaves lanceolate, entire ; achenia smooth, narrow-margined ; pappus very short, with- out awns. — Swamps, North Carolina. Stem 2°-3° high. Heads intermediate in size between the two preceding. 20. SOLIDAGO, L. GoLpEn-rop. Heads few or many-flowered. Rays 1-16, rarely wanting, pistillate. Disk- flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with spread- ing tips. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate. Achenia terete, many-ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely shrubby) erect plants, with alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers. § 1. Curysastrum. — Scales of the involucre with herbaceous spreading tips : bristles of the pappus unequal, some of them thickened upward : racemes short, Jorming a long and narrow leafy panicle. 1. S. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones coarsely serrate ; racemes composed of 3-6 large 10 — 15-flowered heads ; rays none ; achenia smooth. (Aster? discoideus, ll.) — Rich woods, Florida, Geor- gia, and westward. September. — Flowers yellowish-white. Stem 3°-5° high. 2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above; leaves large, smoothish, oblong, acute, serrate, the lower ones tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire; racemes shorter than the leaves, composed of 3-6 clustered heads ; rays 12-16, showy; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. September. — Stem 2°-4° high. Low- est leaves 6/- 8’ long. Heads 16 — 24-flowered. § 2. VireaurEA. — Scales of the involucre appressed : rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, rarely wanting : racemes racemose, corymbose, or panicled. * Racemes not 1-sided ; leaves feather-veined. +- Racemes axillary, cluster-like, usually shorter than the leaves: the uppermost often crowded and racemose : leaves uniform, serrate. 8. S. pubens, M. A. Curtis: Stem simple, slender, pubescent ; leaves thin, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pubescent; ra- cemes dense, the upper ones racemose; heads 8—14-flowered ; rays 4-7; scales of the involucre obtuse, villous-pubescent; achenia hoary.— Upper and moun- tainous parts of North Carolina, Curtis. August. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 3/-5! long. 4. §. Buckleyi, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, coarsely serrate, smoother above; racemes loose, all separate and much shorter than the leaves; heads 15 - 20-flowered ; rays 4-6; scales of the involucre rather acute, nearly smooth ; achenia short and smooth. — Interior of Alabama, Buckley. October — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3! long. 5. S. latifolia, L. Stem smooth, simple, angled; leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, unequally toothed-serrate, mostly COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209 pubescent beneath ; racemes roundish or oblong, much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones more or less racemose; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 3-4 ; scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse ; achenia silky-pubescent. (S. flexi- caulis, Ell.) — Shady woods in the upper districts. September.— Stem 1°-2° high, often flexuous. Leaves 3/-5! long, 2/-3! wide. Racemes sometimes longer than the leaves. 6. S. ezesia, L. Stem slender, often branching, smooth and glaucous ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate ; racemes all dis- tinct, roundish, much shorter than the leaves; the lowest rarely elongated ; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 3-4, large, bright yellow; scales of the invo- lucre smooth, obtuse; achenia pubescent.— Damp shady woods and banks, Florida and northward. September. — Stem 2°-3° high, often purple. Leaves 3'—5' long, 3!-1! wide. Racemes in all the upper axils. 7. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish; stem tall, not glaucous, straight and mostly simple, striate-angled; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceo- late, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate above the middle, sessile; racemes dense, much shorter than the leaves ; heads 8—12-flowered; rays 4-6; scales of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse; achenia hoary-pubescent. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. September. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 5/- 6! long. 8. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish; stem terete, simple and slender, puberulent above; leaves very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate ; the upper ones small and bract-like ; racemes sessile, the up- permost approximate and nearly as long as the leaves; heads about 15-flow- ered; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. September.— Leaves and flowers smalier than the last. 9. S. lancifolia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem tall, simple, angled ; leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, sessile ; racemes approximate, peduncled, somewhat compound ; the upper ones longer than the reduced leaves ; heads nearly sessile; scales of the involucre oblong, very obtuse, minutely gran- ular ; achenia hairy.— Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 8° high. Leaves 4’-5/ long. Heads large. + + Racemes crowded in racemose or pyramidal terminal panicles, longer than the leaves (except No. 15): lowest leaves large, commonly tapering into a petiole, the uppermost small, sessile and entire. 10. S. bicolor, L. Pubescent; stem simple, or branching above ; lowest _ leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle racemose, the lowest racemes shorter than the leaves ; heads about 20-flowered ; rays 7-9, short, whitish ; scales of the involucre obtuse.— Dry soil in the upper districts, and northward. September.— Stem 1°-2° high. Radical leaves 2/-5/ long. 11. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely pubescent; stem simple, virgate ; low- est leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle dense, racemose or pyramidal ; heads about 30-flowered ; rays about 10; scales of the involucre subulate; acheniasmoothish. (S. pubescens, EJ.) — Dry sandy soil, Mississippi, and northward. 16.* 210 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. pulverulenta. Upper leaves shorter, oblong-obovate ;. scales of the (20 —25-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate ; achenia smooth. (S. pulveru- lenta, Nutt.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2°- 4° high, often purplish. Lowest leaves 2'- 4! long. Flowers middle sized, bright yellow. 12. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely pubescent ; stem mostly simple, straight, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, rough on the margins, _ all but the lowest entire, and nearly sessile ; panicle racemose or oblong; heads large, 20-25-flowered ; rays about 10, showy ; scales of the involucre linear, pubescent; the outer ones more or less spreading ; acheniasmoothish. (S. elata? Ell) —Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 1/- 2’ long. 13. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, mostly simple, smooth below, pubés- cent above ; leaves smooth, the lowest large (5'- 8! long, 13/— 2’ wide), serrate ; the upper ones lanceolate ; panicle compact, pyramidal; heads rather large, crowded, 15 — 20-flowered; rays 6-8, showy; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Varies, with the stem and lower surface of the broader (2’—3') leaves villous; the fewer, larger, and more scattered heads about 30-flowered (S. petiolaris, il.?); or every way smaller; the short racemes forming a narrow racemose panicle (S. erecta, Ell.). — Dry soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward ; the first variety only in the upper districts. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high, often purplish. 14. S. verna, Curtis. Closely pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem sim- ple, or panicled above; leaves thin, roughish, the lowest oblong, abruptly nar- rowed into a long and slender petiole, the upper ones sessile and entire; racemes very slender, spreading, forming an open somewhat corymbose panicle; heads rather large, scattered, about 30-flowered ; rays narrow ; scales of the involucre linear ; achenia pubescent. — Pine barrens, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Curtis. May and June. — Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 3! —- 5! long. 15. S. glomerata, Michx. Smooth; stem stout, simple; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, the lowest tapering into a petiole ; racemes cluster-like, much shorter than the leaves; the upper ones approximate and racemose ; heads very large, 30—40-flowered ; rays 10— 12; scales of the involucre acute, smooth; achenia pubescent. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 4/—.9/ long. ~- + + Racemes corymbose. 16. S. rigida, L. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem stout ; leaves rigid, oval or oblong, serrate, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; corymb compact ; heads very large, 30-—35-flowered ; rays 7—10; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia and north- ward. Sept.— Stem 3°-4° high. Lowest leaves 6/—9/ long. 17. S. corymbosa, Ell. Stem erect, smooth; the branches rough-hairy ; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper ovate; all fleshy, rigid, smooth, but very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, the lower re- curved ; rays long. — Middle districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct.— Stem stout, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 4°-—6° high. Lower leaves 4/-6/ long. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays about 10. (*) 18. S. spithameea, M. A. Curtis. Stem low (8/-12'), rigid, soft-hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, sharply serrate, acute; the lowest tapering into a petiole; corymb dense, compound; heads 25 — 30-flowered, rays 6-7, short; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute; achenia pubescent. — On the summit of Roan and Hanging Rock Mountains, North Carolina, Curtis. Sept. — Stems tufted. Leaves 1/-3! long. * * Racemes 1-sided, mostly compound, spreading or recurved (in Nos. 20 and 21 often erect), commonly disposed in a pyramidal panicle. +— Smooth species, growing in marshes: stems virgate : leaves very numerous, more or less fleshy ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper small and passing into bracts: heads middle-sized : achenia pubescent. 19. S. flavovirens, n. sp. Smooth throughout; stem stout, simple ; leaves oblong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowest serrate, on winged petioles, the upper entire, narrowed at the base; panicle pyramidal; heads 10 —12-flowered ; rays mostly 3, showy; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept.— Whole plant yellowish-green. Stem 2°-6° high. Lowest leaves 5/-10! long, somewhat fleshy, obscurely ribbed. Heads rather large. 20. S. virgata, Michx. Smooth; stem slender, rarely branched ; leaves somewhat fleshy, entire; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly serrate, veiny ; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, erect, or pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1-sided; heads 12—16-flowered ; rays 5-7 ; scales of the involucre lanceolate,-acute. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mis- Sissippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high. 21. S. angustifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem slender, simple, or branched above; leaves fleshy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and 1-sided ; heads rather small, about 10-flowered ; rays 5, narrow; scales of the involucre linear, - obtuse. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct.— Stem 2° —4° high. 22. S. sempervirens, L. Stem simple, or branched above; lowest leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire, fleshy, long-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, ses- sile or partly clasping ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads rather large ; rays 7-10; scales of the involucre linear, acutish. (S. limonifolia, Pers.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct.— Stem 3°-8° high. Leaves varying in thickness, the lowest 6/—12! long. +- + Stems (smooth) commonly branching: leaves not fleshy, serrate, veiny ; the lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole: panicles pyramidal, or racemose on the spreading branches. 23. S. patula, Muhl. Stem stout, strongly angled ; leaves large, ovate or oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; pedun- cles pubescent ; rays6—7; achenia sparsely pubescent. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Leaves 6!-12! long. 212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. strictula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with few elongated rough- pubescent branches; leaves smaller; racemes short, forming a long and slender. compound raceme. (S. salicina, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4°-6° high. 24. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth; leaves sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, the lowest elliptical or lanceolate-oblong, somewhat 3-ribbed, on winged and ciliate petioles ; the upper sessile ; panicle dense, somewhat corym- bose ; heads small, crowded, 18 — 20-flowered ; rays 8-12, small; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. (S. juncea, Avt., a form with narrower and less strongly serrate leaves, the upper ones entire.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2°- 4° high. 25. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or more or less pubescent; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal ; heads about 12- flowered ; rays 5; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. —Va- ries, with longer, narrower, and more sharply serrate leaves, and slender racemose panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. (S. juncea? El.) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high, often pur- plish. Heads larger and leaves more rigid than in the last. 26. S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem slender ; lowest leaves spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex ; the others linear and entire ; heads rather large, 9- 12-flowered, forming a narrow compound raceme at the summit of the stem and branches; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° high. + + + Leaves very numerous, gradually diminishing in size upward, veiny, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into a short petiole : heads small. 27. S. altissima, L. Stem hirsute ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, serrate, rough above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, often rugose, promi- nently veined ; panicle leafy, often narrow and elongated; the racemes slender and recurved ; scales of the 10-15-flowered involucre linear; rays 6-9, small; achenia pubescent. (S. rugosa, S. ulmifolia, and S. aspera, Ell.) — Low thick- ets, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2°-6° high, commonly branching. Leaves variable in texture and pubescence, being thin and smoother in shady places, and more rigid, rougher, and often rugose in places more ex- posed. 28. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, or softly pubescent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on the upper surface, paler and pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; panicle loose, spreading ; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 4-5; scales of the involucre acutish; achenia nearly smooth. — Low ground in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves thin, 2/—3! long. : 29. S. Elliottii, Torr.& Gray. Smooth; stem mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper often entire ; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal panicle; scales of the 13-20- COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213 «flowered involucre linear, obtuse; rays 5-7; achenia minutely pubescent. (S. elliptica ? Ell.) — Damp soil near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 3°-6° high. Leaves very numerous, 2!/-3! long. 30. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above; leaves very numerous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyramidal or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 12-15-flowered ; rays 7-10, small ; scales of the involucre linear; achenia slightly pubescent. (S. pyrami- data, Pursh. S. villosa, Ell.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct.— Stem 2°-8° high. Leaves 2/—3/ long. 31. S. odora, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, smooth on both surfaces, rough on the margins, punctate with pellucid dots, often reflexed ; panicle pyramidal, mostly one-sided ; heads 5-7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy; achenia hairy. (S. retrorsa, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida and northward. Oct. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. — Plant anise-scented. 32. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pubescent above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often twisted, pubescent on the margins and midrib ; panicle dense, pyramidal; heads small, 6-9-flowered ; rays 3-4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1/-2! long. 33. S. brachyphylla, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly branched ; leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular; racemes short, forming a compound ra- ceme toward the end of the spreading branches ; scales of the 3-—5-flowered involucre rigid, obtuse; rays none; achenia pubescent, as long as the rigid pappus. — Dry light soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept.— Stem 29-3° high. Leaves 1/- 2! long. a + + + Lowest leaves cordate, on long petioles: heads in simple or compound ra- cemes, 8 — 10-flowered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy achenia. 34. S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish; stem slender, sparingly branched above; leaves sharply serrate, acute, the lowest broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire ; racemes slender, often simple ; rays 1-3; pappus as long as the achenium.— Dry open woods, West Florida, and westward. Oct. — Stem 2°-3° high. 35. S. cordata, Short. Pubescent; stem sparingly branched above; leaves acute, on wingless petioles ; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, the others ovate, sharply serrate, on short petioles ; the uppermost entire, sessile ; racemes compound, terminating the spreading branches, composed of crowded cluster- like racemes ; the lower ones scattered ; scales of the 8—10-flowered involucre - rigid, obtuse; rays 5-6; pappus much shorter than the achenium. (Brachy- cheta, Torr. § Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and nerth- ward. Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 3/-5! wide. 214 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) + + + + + Leaves more or less prominently 3-ribbed. 36. S. nemoralis, Ait. Plant grayish, minutely pubescent and rough- ened; stem mostly simple; leaves obscurely 3-ribbed; the lowest spatulate- oblong or lanceolate, serrate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward the base, mostly entire; panicle dense, oblong or pyramidal, recurved ; heads 10 — 12-flowered ; rays 6-7; achenia hairy. — Old fields and open woods, common. — Stem 1°-2° high. 37. S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, minutely pubescent and roughish; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-lanceolate, entire ; the low- est sparingly serrate; panicle pyramidal; heads rather large; rays 10-12; achenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2°- 8° high. Leaves 2!-3/ long, 3!’—4!' wide, faintly ribbed. 38. S. Canadensis, L. Stem pubescent and often rough ; leaves lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath ; pan- icles pyramidal, dense; heads small; rays very short; achenia pubescent. — Varies (S. procera, Fil.), with a more hairy stem, less serrate leaves, the upper entire, and larger heads and rays. — Margins of fields, &c. Florida, and north- ward. Oct. —Stem 3° - 8° high. 39. S. serotina, Ait. Stem smooth, often purple; leaves lanceolate, acu- minate, serrate, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; panicle pyramidal, of numerous recurved racemes; rays short; mature achenia smooth.— Low ground, Florida, and northward. Oct.— Stem stout, 4°-8° high. Heads larger than in the last, but smaller than those of the next species. 40. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem smooth; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acumi- nate, sharply serrate, rough on the margins; panicle large, pyramidal, pubes- cent; rays small; achenia pubescent. — Margins of fields, &c., Alabama, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. § 3. Curysoma.— Stem shrubby: leaves impressed-punctate, veinless: rays 1-8: receptacle conical, naked. 41. S. pauciflosculosa, Michx. Stem, leaves, and involucre viscid ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest scale-like; pani- cle 1-sided; the clusters erect, on naked peduncles ; heads 4 —7-flowered ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, Florida to South Carolina. Oct.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-2! long. Rays large. § 4. Euruamia. — Herbaceous : leaves narrow, entire, 1 - 5-nerved: heads corym- bose : rays more numerous than the disk-flowers: receptacle bristly: involucre viscid. 42. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose ; leaves linear- lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3 —-5- nerved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters ; rays 15 - 20. — Damp soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2°- 38° high. \ 48. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth; stem corymbosely much branched ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted ; heads few in a cluster, ea Se COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 often pedicelled, top-shaped ; rays about 10.— Low sandy places, common. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. ' 21. BIGELOVIA, DC. - Heads 3-4-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin- drical-club-shaped, as long as the flowers; the scales linear, rigid, appressed, somewhat viscid. Receptacle narrow, cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, hairy. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Styles scarcely exserted. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with narrow obtuse and entire leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, disposed in a compound corymb. 1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate; lowest leaves spatulate- lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved ; the others scattered, linear. (Chrysocoma nu- data, Michr.) — Var. virGATA. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, l-nerved ; the others narrow-linear or filiform ; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept.— Stem 2° high. 22. ISOPAPPUS, Torr. & Gray. Heads several-flowered. Rays 5-12, pistillate. Involucre cylindrical-cam- panulate; the scales lanceolate-subulate, imbricated in 2-3 rows, appressed. Receptacle alveolate. Achenia terete, silky. Pappus a single row of nearly equal capillary bristles. —Biennials. Stems paniculate. Leaves alternate, nar- 1 . Heads scattered, on slender peduncles. Rays yellow. 1. I. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray. Hispid and glandular; stem erect, the slender branches spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; involu- cre soft-hairy; rays 5-8. (Chrysopsis divaricata, Nutt.) — Sandy fields and woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept.— Stem 1°-4° high. Panicle large. Heads 15-20-flowered. 23. HETEROTHECA, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in few rows, linear. Receptacle alveolate, bristly. Achenia of the rays oval, des- titute of pappus, those of the disk-flowers obovate, compressed, hairy, with a double pappus; the outer one short and chaffy, the inner bristly. — Biennial rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate leaves, and corymbose-panicled heads of yellow flowers. 1. H. scabra, DC. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or clasp- ing ; the lowest petioled, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base; involucre thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. (Chrysopsis scabra, Nutt.) — Dry sandy places along the coast, South Carolina, and westward. Sept.— Stem rigid, 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/— 92! long. 24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Pappus of the ray and disk-flowers alike, double; the exterior row chaffy, or of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterotheca. — 216 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Biennial or perennial hairy or silky herbs, with linear or oblong mostly entire leaves. Heads mostly corymbed. Flowers yellow. * Leaves narrow, nerved, entire: achenia oblong-linear, narrowed at each end, pubes- cent : perennials. 1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. Stem leafy, white with appressed silky shin- ing hairs, as also the linear leaves; heads numerous, rather small, on slender and more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glan- dular. (C. argentea, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, common. Sept. — Stem 1°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4/- 8! long. 2. C. oligantha, Chapm. Stem nearly naked and glandular above, the lower part, like the linear or lanceolate leaves, silky with appressed shining hairs ; heads 1-4, on long erect glandular peduncles, rather large ; involucre bell-shaped, the scales glandular-pubescent. — Low pine-barrens, Florida. April and May.—Stem 1° high. Stem-leaves clasping ; those of the root elon- gated. 3. C. pinifolia, Ell. Smooth; stem rigid; leaves linear, crowded, rigid ; corymb large; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. — High sand-hills in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 13°-2° high. Stem-leaves 4'-6!' long, the uppermost filiform. Heads large. Exterior pappus somewhat chaffy. * * Leaves veiny, oblong or lanceolate: the lowest narrowed at the base, the upper sessile: achenia obovate, compressed. 4. C, Mariana, Nutt. Perennial; stem simple, covered with loose silky deciduous hairs ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, entire or slightly serrate; the upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corymb small, mostly simple and umbel- late, cone-like in the bud; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy pine- barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept.— Stem 1° - 2° high. 5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial; stem very leafy, mostly branching, villous with loose silky hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest ones crowded, obtuse and densely villous, the upper mostly acute and often smooth- ish ; corymb large, compound; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — Var. HYS- SOPIFOLIA (C. hyssopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth leaves, except the tuft at the base.— Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 2°- 3° high, commonly ascending... Leaves 1/— 2' long. 6. C. gossypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout ; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire; the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile ; corymb simple. (C. dentata, Ell., leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept.— Stem 1°- 2° high. 7. C. seabrella, Torr. & Gray. Pulverulent-scabrous throughout; stem stout, corymbosely branched above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, en- tire, equally somewhat glandular-scabrous on both sides, sessile, the lower ones narrowed at the base ; heads numerous, in a compound corymb; peduncles and lanceolate obtuse scales of the involucre puberulent-glandular. — Pine woods, Florida, Sept. and Oct. — Stem 29 high. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 8. C. villosa, Nutt. Rough-hairy and somewhat hoary throughout; stem rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; the upper ones sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; heads large, in a simple corymb. —Dry soil, Alabama, and westward. Sept. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/ long, fringed near the base. 9. C. decumbens, n. sp. Stems decumbent, simple, silky-villous; leaves villous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, leafy in the axils; the lowest spatulate-oblong, clustered; heads large, in a loose corymbose panicle; the peduncles and involucre glandular-pubescent ; rays about 25, showy ; achenia hairy, furrowed ; exterior pappus bristly.— Sandy shores on St. Vincent’s Island, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. @— Stems 2°-4° long. Upper leaves 3/-1/ long, the lowest 3’-4/. Heads largest of all. 25.. INULA, L. Execampane. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the base. Pappus single, of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flow- ers yellow. 1. I. Helenium, L. Stem stout; leaves large, ovate, denticulate, tomen- - tose beneath; the lowest ones petioled, the upper clasping ; heads very large, somewhat corymbose ; outer scales of the involucre broadly ovate, leafy ; rays numerous, narrow; achenia 4-sided, smooth.— Mountains of North Carolina. Introduced. 26. CONYZA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the exterior flowers pistillate, fertile, in several rows ; the corolla filiform, 2—3-toothed ; a few of the central flowers staminate, with a tubular, 5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre in several rows. Receptacle punctate. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Branching herbs, with toothed-lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbs or panicles. 1. C. ambigua, DC. Rough-hairy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, lobed, the upper entire, linear; heads panicled. (C. sinuata, E/l.) — Around Charles- ton. Introduced. April—July. — Stem 2° high. 27. BACCHARIS, L. Heads dicecious, many-flowered ; the flowers alltubular. Corolla of the sterile flowers 5-cleft ; of the fertile ones filiform, nearly entire, without anthers ; style exserted. Scales of the oblong or hemispherical involucre imbricated in sev- eral rows. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of the sterile flowers capillary, in a single row, as long as the involucre; of the fertile flowers in 1 - several rows, commonly much longer than the involucre. — Smooth and resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. | 1. B. halimifolia, L. Branches angled; leaves obovate, or oblong-ob- ovate, toothed above the middle, the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; heads pedun- 19 218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) cled, the terminal ones clustered; pappus of the fertile flowers 3-4 times as long as the involucre.— Low ground, near the coast, Florida and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Shrub 2°-12° high. 2. B. glomerulifiora, Pers. Branches angled; leaves wedge-obovate, coarsely toothed, rigid; the uppermost obovate, entire ; heads very numerous, in dense sessile axillary clusters ; pappus of the fertile flowers twice as long as the involucre. (B. sessiliflora, Michx.) — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. November. — Shrub 6°- 12° high. 3. B. angustifolia, Michx. Branches numerous, angled ; leaves linear, entire ; heads single, or 2-4 in a terminal cluster; achenia smooth. — Saline marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct.— Shrub 4°- 8° high. Heads small. 28. PLUCHEA, Cass. Heads many-flowered ; the central flowers mostly perfect, but sterile, with the corolla dilated and 5-cleft; the others pistillate, slender, slightly toothed. Anthers -bicaudate. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, mostly naked. Achenia grooved or angled. Pappus a single row of capil- lary slightly scabrous bristles. — Odorous mostly pubescent and glandular herbs, with alternate ovate or oblong serrate leaves. Heads of purplish flowers corymbose. 1. P. bifrons, DC. Stem simple, or sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, acute, denticulate, strongly reticulated and rugose, cordate and clasping ; heads clustered ; involucre pubescent and viscid. (Conyza bifrons, Ell.) — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem 1°-2° high. Flowers pale purple or white. 2. P. feetida, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular; leaves large, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs axillary and terminal; heads rather small, numerous, on slender pedi- cels ; involucre smoothish, often purplish. (Conyza Marylandica, Ell. ?) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. September. — Stem 2°-5° high. Leaves 5’—8! long, resinous-dotted. Flowers purple. 3. P. camphorata, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular-viscid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, denticulate, nearly sessile ; heads rather large, in a dense corymb, on short and stout pedicels ; scales of the invo- lucre pubescent, the inner ones long-acuminate. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem 1°-2° high; the branches few and erect. Leaves 2!-3! long. Flowers light purple. 4. P. purpurascens, DC. Tomentose and glandular; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply and somewhat erosely serrate, on slender petioles ; heads rather small, on slender pedicels, loosely corymbose ; scales of - the involucre pubescent, the inner ones lanceolate, acute. — Swamps and low ground, Florida. September. — Stem 1°-2° high, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves 2/-4!' long. Flowers bluish-purple. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 29. PTEROCAULON, EI. Heads and flowers chiefly as in Pluchea. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, _ imbricated in several rows, caducous. Receptacle minutely hairy. Achenia angled, pubescent. Pappus of numerous equal capillary bristles, longer than the involucre.— Perennial herbs. Leaves lanceolate, densely tomentose and hoary beneath, the margins broadly decurrent on the stem. Heads compactly spiked. 1. P. pyenostachyum, Ell. Stem rarely branched, 1°-2° high ; leaves wavy, smooth above ; spike thick, woolly ; flowers white. — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. Traise IV. SENECIONIDEZ. Heads discoid or radiate: branches of the style, in the perfect flowers, linear, convex externally, hairy or brush-shaped at the apex, and truncate, or produced into a conical or hispid appendage ; the stigmatic lines terminating at the appendage, not confluent. 30. POLYMNIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, in a single row; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows; the outer leafy, spreading ; the inner smaller, membranaceous, clasping the obovoid fertile ache- nia. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none. — Coarse branching perennial herbs, with angular or lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbose panicles. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent ; lowest leaves opposite, peti- oled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed ; outer scales of the invo- lucre acuminate, hairy and viscid ; rays shorter than the involucre. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2°-5° high. Heads small. _ Rays pale yellow. 2. P. Uvedalia, L. Stem smooth, or rough-pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, 3 — 5-lobed, coarsely toothed, rough above, pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into a sinuate-winged petiole; outer scales of the involucre ciliate, obtuse ; rays much longer than the involucre. — Rich soil, Florida, and north- ward. July and August. — Stem 3°-6° high. Rays bright yellow. 31. CHRYSOGONUM, L. Heads many-flowered; the rays 5, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows; the exterior oblong, leafy ; the inte- rior roundish, clasping the oval compressed 4-angled fertile achenia. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Pappus a slightly lobed cup-shaped crown, divided on the inside to the base. — A, low hairy stoloniferous perennial herb, with oval or spatulate- oblong opposite crenate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers borne on a long peduncle. 1. C. Virginianum, L.— Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. February — April. — Plant at first simple, producing from a tuft of radical leaves a single peduncled head, afterward stoloniferous and branching. 220 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 32. SILPHIUM, L. Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate, fertile, in a single row. Disk-flowers cylindrical, sterile ; the style undivided. Scales of the involucre leafy, imbricated in several rows; the innermost smallest, chaff-like. Receptacle small, with linear acutish chaff. Fertile achenia in 3-4 rows, round or obovate, flat, broadly winged, 2-toothed or emarginate at the apex ; the sterile ones slen- der. Pappus none, or represented by the two teeth of the achenia. — Tall resinous herbs, with alternate opposite or whorled leaves, and large heads of yellow flow- ers in corymbose panicles. * Stems terete, nearly naked: leaves alternate ; the lowest large, serrate or variously lobed, long-petioled ; the others small and scattered. 1. S. laciniatum, L. Stem hispid or smooth; leaves very rough or his- pid, on clasping petioles, pinnately parted; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, acute, lobed or toothed ; heads large, spicate or racemose; scales of the invo- lucre ovate, tapering into a long and spreading point, ciliate ; achenia round- obovate, emarginate. — Varies with the more numerous sessile and clasping leaves less deeply parted. (S. gummiferum, ///.) — Prairies of Alabama, and westward. July and August.— Stem 6°-8° high. Lowest leaves 1°-2° long. Heads 13/-2/ in diameter. 2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. Stem smooth, naked above; leaves rough- hairy, undivided, cordate-oval or oblong, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre oval or obovate, obtuse, smooth; achenia obovate, emarginate or 2-toothed. (S. pinnatifidum, <£/l., leaves pinnatifid.) — Open woods in the western districts of Georgia, and west- ward. July-Sept.— Stem 4°-8° high. Radical leaves 2° long. Heads 1! wide. . 3. S. compositum, Michx. Smooth; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform, angularly toothed or variously lobed, long-petioled ; heads small, corymbosely panicled ; scales of the involucre obovate or oblong, obtuse; achenia roundish, deeply emarginate; rays 6-10." (S. terebinthinaceum, Ell., leaves reniform, an- gularly toothed or lobed.) — Var. Micuauxi1, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or ternately divided; the divisions lobed or toothed. — Var. OVATIFO- ium, Torr. & Gray. Leaves ovate, angularly toothed. — Sandy open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July-Sept.— Stem 3°-6° high. Leaves 6/-12! long. Heads 3! in diameter. * * Stems leafy : leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or whorled. +— Stems terete. 4. 8. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth; leaves rough, lanceolate, slightly serrate, on short bristly petioles ; the upper ones alternate or opposite ; the lower 3-4 in a whorl ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre ovate or oval, fringed on the margins; achenia oblong-obovate, 2-toothed. (S. ternatum and S. atropurpureum, Willd.) — Open woods along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July-Sept.— Stem 4°- 6° high. Leaves 4!-6/ long. 5. S. Asteriscus, L. Stem smooth or hirsute ; leaves rough, opposite or alternate, or the lower ones sometimes 3 in a whorl, lanceolate or oblong, toothed, \ COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221 en short hirsute petioles; the upper ones sessile and commonly entire; heads somewhat corymbose, rather large; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, acute, short-ciliate ; the interior oblong, obtuse; achenia broadly obovate, 2- toothed. — Var. penTatum. Lower leaves on rather long petioles, sometimes incisely toothed ; achenia slightly emarginate at the apex. (S. dentatum, Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept.— Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 3!—5’ long. Rays showy. 6. S. leevigatum, El!. Smooth ; leaves thick, lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, opposite, coarsely serrate, on short petioles ; the upper nearly sessile ; heads small, loosely corymbose; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, spread- ing; achenia oval-obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate and slightly 2-toothed at the apex.— Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. July- Sept. — Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 6’— 8! long. 7. S. seaberrimum, Ell. Stem rough-hairy; leaves mostly opposite, ovate, acute, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short. petioles; heads corymbose; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate; achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, deeply notched at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. August and Sept.— Stem stout, 3°-4° high, becoming smoothish. Leayes 3’-4! long. Heads larger than in the last. + + Stems square. 8. S. perfoliatum, L. Stem and branches smooth or hairy ; leaves large, opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough on both sides, or pubes- cent or hairy beneath, their bases, or winged petioles, united; the uppermost commonly entire, simply serrate ; corymb trichotomous ; the central heads long- peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse; achenia broadly obovate, emarginate. (S. connatum, Z. S. integrifolium, i/.?) — Banks of streams along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July-Sept.— Stem 4°-6° high. Leaves 6’-12! long. - Heads large. 338. BHERLANDIERA, DC. Heads many-flowered. Ray-flowers few, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in three rows, the innermost largest, membranaceous, adherent to the fertile achenia. Receptacle chaffy; the chaff dilated upward, obtuse, hooded, partly embracing the sterile achenia ; the inner ones gradually narrower. Fertile achenia in a single row, obovate, flattened, wingless, pubescent on the inner face, the apex entire. — Perennial downy or hoary herbs, with alternate leaves, solitary or corymbose heads, and yellow rays. 1. B. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem leafy, hoary-tomentose; leaves oblong-ovate, crenate, hoary beneath, closely pubescent above ; the lowest taper- ing into a petiole ; the upper cordate, sessile ; heads at length numerous, corym- bose-panicled. (Silphium pumilum, Michr.)— Dry pine barrens, Florida to North ‘Carolina, and westward. June-August.— Stem 1°-3° high. Leaves 2'-3' long. 19% 222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2. B. subacaulis, Nutt. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves chiefly radical, clustered, sinuate-pinnatifid ; heads solitary on the peduncle-like stem, or few on the peduncle-like branches of the short and nearly leafless stem. — East Florida and Georgia. May - August. — Peduncle 6/-8/ long. Leaves 3! long. 34. PARTHENIUM, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5, in a single row, short, obcordate, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers slightly united. Scales of the involucre in two rows, ovate or roundish. Receptacle conical, chaffy ; the chaff dilated upward. Achenia smooth, compressed, thick-mar- gined. Pappus of two awn-like or roundish scales. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. 1. P. integrifolium, L. . Perennial; stem erect, simple, rough; leaves undivided, ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate ; the lowest narrowed into a long petiole ; panicle dense, corymbose ; involucre hoary ; pappus minute, awn-like. — Dry soil among the mountains, Alabama, and northward. August.— Stem 1°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4/-6/ long. Rays conspicuous. 2. P. Hysterophorus, L. Annual, pubescent; stem diffuse; leaves pinnatifid, with linear toothed lobes ; heads loosely panicled ; scales of the pap- pus oval. — Waste places, East and South Florida, and westward. 35. IVA, L. Heads few- or many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the marginal ones (1-5) with a short corolla, pistillate and fertile; the central ones 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single row, oval or obovate, distinct or partly united, or 6-9 and imbricated. Chaff of the small receptacle linear or spatulate. Achenia biconvex, obovate. Pappus none. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and small axillary nodding heads of whitish flowers. * Scales of the involucre 3-5, ina single row. 1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply toothed-serrate, 3-ribbed, smoothish; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular ; fertile flowers 5. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 2. I. microcephala, Nutt. Annual, rough with rigid appressed hairs ; stem slender, much branched; leaves narrow-linear, entire; heads minute, 6 - 12-flowered ; scales of the involucre 4—5, obovate, ciliate; fertile flowers 1-3. — Dry barren soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. * * Scales of the involucre 6 —9, imbricated in 2-4 rows. 8. I. imbricata, Walt. Somewhat shrubby, smooth ; leaves fleshy, lance- olate, the lower ones slightly serrate and 3-ribbed, the upper alternate and entire; heads many-flowered ; outer scales of the involucre orbicular ; the inner obovate, COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223 toothed-margined ; fertile flowers 2-4, the short corolla 5-parted. — Varies with smaller and fewer-flowered heads, and the corolla of the fertile flower truncate. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°-2° high.” Leaves 1! long. 36. AMBROSIA, Tourn. . Heads moneecious, in racemes or spikes ; the upper ones sterile, nodding ; the _ lower pistillate and fertile. Involucre of the sterile flowers hemispherical, com- posed of 7-12 united scales, 5-20-flowered. Receptacle naked or with slender chaff. Corolla 5-toothed. Involucre of the fertile flowers 1-flowered, ovoid or turbinate, entire, closed, pointed, commonly with a row of tubercles or spines - near the apex. Corolla and stamens none. Achenia globose or ovoid. Pap- pus none. — Herbs. Leaves mostly pinnately lobed. Fertile flowers single or clustered at the base of the sterile spike, or in the axils of the upper leaves, bracted. Flowers whitish. ; * Leaves undivided or 3 —5-lobed, opposite: receptacle naked. 1. A. trifida, L. Stem tall (6°-10°), 4-sided, rough-hairy ; leaves rough, palmately 3-—5-lobed, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate and serrate, or all undi- vided ; fruit obovate, 6-toothed around the base of the conically beaked apex, clustered. (A. integrifolia, MuAl.) — River-banks and rich soil, Florida and northward. . Aug. and Sept. * Leaves pinnately lobed ; the upper ones mostly alternate: receptacle commonly chaffy. 2. A. crithmifolia, DC. Stem prostrate and shrubby at the base; the branches velvety pubescent ; leaves bipinnatifid, thickish, softly pubescent ; spikes few, the terminal one elongated ; fruit downy, unarmed. — Sandy shores at Key West, forming large clusters. 3. A. artemisizefolia, L. Annual, erect, hairy or smoothish ; leaves bi- pinnatifid, with linear lobes ; the upper often entire ; spikes single or panicled ; fertile flowers single, clustered, or sometimes spiked ; fruit nearly globose, armed with six short teeth. (A.elatior, Z. A. paniculata, Michx., spines of the fruit obsolete.) — Cultivated ground, everywhere. July—Sept. — Stem 1°-4° high. 4. A. hispida, Pursh. Hispid and hoary throughout; leaves bipinnatifid, with toothed lobes; racemes terminal, somewhat panicled. — South Carolina, Catesby.— Stem 1° high. Heads larger than in No.1. (*) 37. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocxresur. Heads moneecious, spiked ; the upper ones many-flowered, sterile, with the scales of the involucre separate, in a single row; the receptacle oblong, chaffy, and the short corolla 5-toothed ; the lower ones fertile, consisting of two pistil- late flowers, enclosed in a 2-celled oblong closed involucre, which is armed externally with numerous hooked spines or bristles, and terminated by one or two stout beaks. ‘Corolla filiform. Achenium oblong, solitary in each cell. — Coarse annual herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed and petioled. 224 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. X. strumarium, L. Stem spineless, rough, branched; leaves large, broadly cordate, 3 —5-lobed ; the lobes toothed, acute and rough on both sides ; fruit oval, pointed by two straight and smooth beaks. — Var. ECHINATUM. Leaves obtuse, less strongly lobed; the incurved beaks and spines. of the larger (1’) fruit bristly. — Cultivated fields and waste places, common. July —-Sept.— Stem 1°-4° high, often spotted. 2. X. spinosum, L. Stem armed with triple spines, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire or 3-lobed, hoary-tomentose beneath ; fruit pointed by a single beak. — Waste places around the larger seaports, and. sparingly in the interior. Introduced. Aug. and Sept. — Stem. 2°-3° high. 38. ECLIPTA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers short, pistillate, in a single row; those of the disk tubular, 4-toothed, perfect. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, with bristly chaff. Achenia 3-4-angled, hairy at the apex. Pappus none.— Rough branching annuals, with opposite lanceolate leaves. Heads small, axillary, on peduncles of varying length. Flowers white. 1. E. erecta, L. Stem erect or diffuse, terete, tumid below the joints, sprinkled, like the leaves, with appressed rigid hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed into a petiole ; peduncles single or 2-3 together. (HK. procumbens, and E. brachypoda, Michx.) — Wet places, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6/—-3° long. 2. E. longifolia, Schrad. Stem erect, rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate: or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile and clasping; peduncles longer than the heads. — Wet places, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 4! - 6’ long. J 39. BORRICHIA, Adans. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, in a single row; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbri- cated; the exterior ones leafy. Receptacle flat, with rigid’ persistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3-—4-angled. Pappus a 3-—4-toothed border. —Fleshy maritime shrubs. Leaves: opposite and slightly connate. Heads soli- tary, peduncled. Flowers yellow. 1. B. arborescens, DC. Smooth, or the young branches pubescent ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, abruptly pointed, entire; scales of the involucre as long as the disk ; the inner ones and chaff of the receptacle obtuse. —Key West. Dec. — Shrub 5°-10° high. 2. B. frutescens, DC. Branches and leaves hoary-tomentose; leaves varying from spatulate-linear to obovate-oblong, entire or toothed near the base ; seales of the involucre shorter than the disk, the inner ones and chaff of the re- ceptacle spine-pointed. (Buphthalmum frutescens, Z )— Saline marshes, Flor- ida to North Carolina. June-— Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225 40. MELANTHERA, Rohr. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 rows. Chaff of the convex receptacle rigid, per- sistent, partly sheathing the flowers. Achenia 4-angled, short, truncate at the apex. Pappus of 2—several rough rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Rough perennial herbs, with branching 3-4-angled stems, opposite undivided or 3- lobed serrate petioled leaves, and scattered heads of white flowers, on long peduncles. Anthers black. 1. M. hastata, Michx. Stem commonly spotted; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire, or more or less hastate-3-lobed, serrate; scales of the . involuere lanceolate, acute; chaff of the receptacle spine-pointed.— Light rich soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° — 6° high. 2. M. deltoidea, Michx. Leaves deltoid-ovate, undivided ; scales of the involucre ovate; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, mucronate. — South Florida. Al. ZINNIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, tubular, with 5 velvety lobes. Scales of the involucre imbricated, oval or round- ish, margined. Chaff of the conical receptacle clasping the disk-flowers. Tay- flowers oblong, rigid persistent. Achenia of the disk compressed, with a 1 —2- awned pappus; those of the rays 3-angled, destitute of a pappus. — Annual herbs, with sessile entire 3-ribbed leaves, and solitary heads, on long inflated peduncles. 1. Z. multifiora, L. Stem erect, hairy, branching; leaves oblong-lanceo- late ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; pappus of the disk-flowers l-awned ; rays red or purple. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Introduced. July- Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Rays sometimes fading into yellow. 42. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows; the exterior longer, leafy. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, partly clasping the smooth 4- angled truncated achenia. Pappus none.— Perennial herbs. with the habit of Helianthus. Rays yellow. 1. H. leevis, Pers. Smooth; stem slender, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed at the base, on slender petioles; peduncles elongated; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays deciduous. — Dry open woods, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 2! -3' long, sometimes scabrous. 43. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (6 —9) pistillate; those of the disk tu- bular, 5-toothed, perfect. Involucre double, 4-sided; the exterior of 4 ovate 226 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) leaves partly united below; the interior of about 8 small chaffy scales. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, acute. Achenia obovoid, nearly terete, truncated. Pappus none.— A low hairy and clammy perennial herb, with large sessile or connate, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed leaves, and large solitary heads of yellow flowers, on long peduncles. 1. T. helianthoides, L.— Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems several, stout, 1°-14° high. Leaves 4/-6! long. Head 2! in diameter. 44, ECHINACEA, Mench. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, but sterile, drooping ; those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated in three or more rows, spreading. Receptacle at length conical. Chaff of the receptacle rigid, spine-pointed, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia short, 4-sided, crowned with a cup-shaped toothed pappus.— Perennial sparingly branched herbs, with alternate undivided 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, and large heads ter- minating the peduncle-like summit of the stem or branches. Rays red, purple, or white. * Rays elongated, purple or white. 1. E. purpurea, Meench. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches, smooth or hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rough; the lowest ones ovate, on long petioles; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows, ciliate ; rays about 12, lanceolate, purple. — Varies with the stem and leaves smooth; rays strap-shaped, white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June-August. — Stem 2°-5° high. Rays 2'—3! long. 2. EK. angustifolia, DC. Hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, en- tire, 3-ribbed ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole; scales of the involucre imbricated in 2-3 rows; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies and low barrens, Alabama, and westward. May-July. — Stem 1°-3° high. Lowest leaves 3° long. * * Rays short, dark red. 3. HE. atrorubens, Nutt. Smooth, or rough throughout with white ap- pressed hairs ; stem simple, furrowed ; leaves rigid, entire, shining ; the lowest linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, 3-ribbed ; the upper few and remote, linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre in three rows ; rays about 9, wedge-shaped, shorter than the ovate dark purple disk ; chaff of the receptacle short-cuspidate, about as long as the disk-flowers ; pappus 4-toothed. — Low pine barrens, Geor- gia and Florida. June-August.— Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 3° long. Heads 3/ in diameter. Plant turns black in drying. 45. RUDBECKIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, per- fect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. Receptacle conical or cylindrical; the chaff not rigid, and mostly‘shorter than the disk- flowers. Achenia smooth, angled, truncated. Pappus a narrow border, or none. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227 — Perennial or biennial herbs, with alternate simple or lobed leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays yellow or party-colored. Disk dark purple or yellowish. * Disk ovate or globose. + Leaves undivided : stem simple or sparingly branched. 1. R. hirta, L. Hirsute ; stem and branches naked at the summit; leaves 3-ribbed, lanceolate or oblong, serrate, the upper ones sessile, the lowest nar- rowed into a petiole; disk roundish, purplish brown; chaff of the receptacle acute, hairy at the apex; appendages of the style subulate. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August.— Stem rigid, 1°-2° high. Rays longer or shorter than the involucre. 2. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy; stem simple or sparingly branched, naked at the summit; leaves 3-ribbed, mostly serrate ; the lowest oval or oblong, on slen- der petioles ; the upper ones spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, slightly clasping ; rays commonly longer than the involucre ; disk roundish, dark purple; chaff of the receptacle smoothish, rather obtuse ; appendages of the style short-conical. (R. discolor, Hil. R. spathulata, Michx., a smoothish mountain form, with spat- ulate mostly entire leaves, and smaller heads.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. August and September. — Stem 1°-3° high. Rays often turning reddish at the base in withering. 3. R. mollis, Ell. Stem hirsute-villous, branching ; leaves oblong, ob- scurely serrate, sessile and partly clasping, soft-tomentose on both sides; the lowest somewhat spatulate ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-lanceolate, villous, reflexed, half as long as the (12-20) rays; disk brownish; chaff of the receptacle rather obtuse, tomentose at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia. August — October. — Stem 2°-3° high. 4. R. Heliopsidis, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma prostrate ; stem pubescent, with few peduncle-like branches at the summit; leaves ovate or oval, slightly serrate, obtuse, smoothish, 5-ribbed, petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong, shorter than the brownish-purple subglobose disk, and (10-12) oblong-linear rays ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, pubescent at the apex ; achenia of the rays 3-angled, as large as those of the disk. — Pine barrens near Columbus, Georgia, and Alabama. August and September. — Stem 2° high. + + Leaves divided : stem paniculately or corymbosely branched. 5. R. triloba, L. Biennial, rough-hairy; stem much branched ; lowest leaves long-petioled, ovate or oval, simple, or with two small lateral lobes, serrate ; lower stem-leaves 3-lobed ; the upper simple, sessile, often entire; heads small, . numerous; scales of the involucre narrow-lanceolate, shorter than the rays; disk almost black; chaff of the receptacle awl-pointed, smooth, as long as the flowers. — Var. PINNATILOBA, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and more slender, and the lower stem leaves pinnately lobed. — Dry soil, West Florida and northward. August and September. — Stem 2°-5° high. Leaves sometimes all undivided. Rays about 8. 6. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, tall (4° - 6°), branching ; leaves rough; the lowest pinnately divided, the divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or 228 - . COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) pinnatifid; the middle ones 3—5-parted ;, the uppermost often undivided, toothed ; disk yellowish, ovate or conical ; rays large, drooping; chaff of the receptacle truncate, pubescent at the apex, about as long as the 3-angled achenia. (R. digi- tata, Mil. R. levigata, Pursh.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and August. — Leaves large. Rays 1/-2' long. 7. R. heterophylla, Torr.& Gray. Pubescent ; stem corymbose above ; leaves coarsely serrate, rough above, tomentose beneath ; the lowest orbicular- cordate or 3-5-parted, on long petioles ; the middle ones 3-lobed; the upper- most ovate, sessile and entire; disk globose, yellowish ; rays drooping ; chaff of the receptacle acute ; achenia 3-sided. — Swamps, Middle Florida. August. — Stem 3°-4° high. Leaves and heads much smaller than in the preceding. * * Disk columnar, elongated : stems tall, simple. 8. R. maxima, Nutt. Smooth; leaves large, membranaceous, oval or oblong, slightly toothed or entire, feather-veined, the lower ones petioled, the upper clasping; head solitary, long-peduncled; rays large, drooping.— Wet pine barrens, West Florida and westward. August.— Stem 4°-9° high. Low- est leaves 8’/-12/ long. Rays 2’ long. 9. R. nitida, Nutt. Smooth and shining; stem tall, naked above; leaves rigid, oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed or entire, 3-—5-ribbed ; the lowest long- petioled; the upper partly clasping, small; rays large, drooping; disk brown. -— Borders of swampy thickets, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July.—Stem 5°-5° high. Lowest leaves 4/ - 6’ long. * * * Lower leaves opposite: disk ovate, yellow: chaff of the receptacle cuspidate, ribbed: achenia biconvex, striate, hairy, rounded at the apex: pappus none. 10. R.? Porteri, Gray. Rough with short scattered hairs ; stem panicu- lately branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at each end, fringed at the base ; exterior scales of the involucre linear, as long as the disk ; the interior shorter, resembling the chaff of the receptacle; rays 7-9, longer than the disk. — Stone Mountain, Georgia. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 46. LEPACHYS, Raf. Scales of the involucre few and small. Chaff of the oblong or columnar receptacle truncate and thickened at the apex. Achenia flattened and margined. Pappus 2-toothed or none. Otherwise like Rudbeckia. —Perennials. Leaves pinnately divided. Rays large, drooping, yellow. 1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Rough with short appressed hairs; stem. sparingly branched ; divisions of the leaves 3-7, lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire ; disk yellowish, oval or oblong, shorter than the rays ; pappus obscurely 2-toothed. (Rudbeckia tomentosa, ElJ.) — Dry soil, West Florida, Georgia, and westward. July—Sept.— Stem 3°-4° high. Rays 2! long. 47. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunrrower. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral; those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows, with or without COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229 leafy spreading tips. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy. Achenia 4-angled, usu- ally compressed. Pappus of 2 (rarely 3-4) caducous chaffy scales or awns. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, commonly 3-ribbed, undi- vided leaves. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. Disk yellow or dark purple. Rays yellow. * Annual: disk dark purple: chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed: leaves on long and slender petioles: achenta pubescent. 1. H. debilis, Nutt. Roughish; stem slender, decumbent, branching ; leaves rarely opposite, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, wavy-serrulate; heads. small ; scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, slender-pointed ; pappus 2-awned. — Shores of East Florida.— Stem 1°-2° long. Rays 10-14. 2. H. preecox, Gray & Engelm. Rough with scattered rigid hairs, villous when young ; stem erect, paniculately branched, somewhat spotted ; leaves thin, coarsely serrate, acuminate, undulate, the lowest deltoid-ovate, cordate, opposite, the upper ones ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate ; rays 15 - 20. — Sandy shores, West Florida, and westward. July—Sept.— Stem 2° - 3° high. * * Perennial.: disk dark purple. +- Rays minute or wanting. 3. H. Radula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, ascending, leafy ahd hirsute towards the base, naked and smoothish above ; leaves thick, entire, rugose, hir- sute, the 4 radical ones large, roundish or rhombic; spreading ; the lower ones obovate, opposite ; the uppermost small, linear; scales of the involucre oblong- ovate ; rays mostly wanting ; chaff of the receptacle acuminate. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Oct.—Stem 2° high. Heads rather large. + + Rays conspicuous. 4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem rough-hairy or smoothish, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, elongated, entire, with the margins revolute ; the lowest ones opposite ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; chaff of the recep- tacle 3-toothed ; rays 12-18, showy. — Varies, with broader leaves, and the disk at first yellow. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, common. Oct. — Stem 2°-6° high. Leaves 3! -6! long. 5. H. heterophyllus, Nutt. Hirsute or hispid; stem slender, mostly simple, naked above ; leaves opposite, thick, entire ; the lower ones lanceolate or oblong, tapering into a petiole; the others linear, remote; scales of the invo- lucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed, the middle tooth cuspidate ; rays 15-20, elongated. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida. to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct.—Stem 2°-4° high. Lowest leaves 2'-6' long. Rays 13! long. 6. H. atrorubens, L. Hirsute or hispid; stem sparingly branched and somewhat naked above; leaves opposite, oval, serrate, the lowest large and long- petioled ; the upper small, sessile, distant ; scales of the involucre oval or oblong, obtuse ; chaff of the receptacle acute; rays about 12; achenia pubescent at the apex. (EH. sparsifolius, EHll.)— Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2°-5° high. Lowest leaves 4/-6! long. Heads rather small. 20 230 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 7. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem leafy, stout, mostly simple, rough; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate or entire, thick and rigid, very rough on both sides, narrowed into short connate petioles ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute, appressed ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; rays 20-25. (H. scaberrimus, Ell.) — Western districts of Georgia, Elliott, and westward. Sept.— Stem 1°- 3° high. Heads showy. * & * Perennial: disk yellow: heads large or middle-sized. 8. H. leetiflorus, Pers. Stem stout, rough, branching ; leaves oval-lance- olate, acuminate, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short petioles; the uppermost often alternate ; heads solitary or corymbose, on naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, appressed; chaff of the receptacle somewhat 3-toothed or entire; rays 12-16, elongated. (H. tricuspis, Eil., with the leaves all nearly entire ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed.) — Dry soil, in the Western districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem 39-42 high. Leaves 5/-8/ long. Rays 1}! long. 9. H. occidentalis, Riddell, var. Dowellianus, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth; stem branched above ; leaves triple-nerved, rather thick, slightly den- tate, on margined petioles, and with a short scattered pubescence; the lowest ones opposite, large, broadly ovate, subcordate, obtuse ; the upper alternate, ob- long-ovate ; peduncles long and slender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu- minate, slightly ciliate, shorter than the disk, appressed ; rays 12 -15.— Macon County, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4°-5° high. Lower leaves 7/- 8! long, 5/—6! wide. Rays 1’ long. 10. H. mollis, Lam. Villous or tomentose and somewhat hoary; stem mostly simple; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, slightly serrate, cordate and clasping ; the upper ones often alternate ; heads few, on short peduncles; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute; chaff of the receptacle entire; rays 15-25. (H. pubescens, E//.) —Dry open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept.— Stem 2°-38° high. Leaves 2/-3/ long. Heads thick. ll. H. giganteus, L. Stem hirsute, rough, branching above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly sessile, rough above, paler and rough-hairy beneath, slightly 3-nerved at the base, all but the lowest ones alternate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, spreading, hirsute ; rays 15- 20. — Low ground in the upper districts, and northward. Sept.— Stem 3°-10° high. Leaves 2/—5/ long. Rays 1! long. 12. H. tomentosus, Michx. : Stem stout, hirsute, branching ; leaves all alternate, or the lowest ones opposite, very rough above, tomentose beneath, slightly serrate ; the lowest large (6/—12!), ovate, on short winged peticles; the upper ones oblong; heads large; scales of the involucre numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, villous, spreading; rays 15-20. (H. spathulatus, EU., with the leaves all opposite, scales of the involucre shorter.) —- Open woods, and mar- gins of fields, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.—Stem 4°-8° high. Rays 1'-13! long. 13. H. doronicoides, Lam. Stem tall, branched, smooth below, hirsute above ; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231 above, pubescent beneath ; the lower ones often slightly cordate, on short winged petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, hirsute, about as long as the disk ; rays 12-15. — Southern States, Torr. § Gray, and westward. Sept. — Stem 5°-8° high. Lowest leaves 6/-12/ long. Heads large. Rays 13! long. 14. H. strumosus, L. Stem simple or branched, rough above, smooth below; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, short-petioled, very rough above, paler and smooth, or roughish, or sometimes softly pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acumi- nate, as long as the disk, spreading; rays 8-10. (H. mollis, Hl.) — Dry soil, common. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high, sometimes glaucous. Leaves 3/- 4! long. 15. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branched, smooth below, rough above ; leaves thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper sur- face, smooth or roughish beneath, abruptly short-petioled ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, spreading ; the exterior ones longer than the disk ; rays 8-10. (H. strumosus and H. tenuifolius, H//.) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2°-5° high. Leaves 3/—6’ long, obtuse at the base. 16. H. hirsutus, Raf. Stem hirsute, simple or forking at the summit ; leaves opposite, short-petioled, tapering from the broad and rounded, sometimes slightly cordate base, acuminate, serrate, very rough above, paler and rough- hairy beneath; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, as long as the disk; rays about 12. (H. diversifolius, HUl., with the leaves broader; the upper oval, and nearly entire.) — Dry soil in the upper districts. Sept. — ‘Stem 2°-5° high. Leaves 3/—5/ long. 17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem smooth, simple, or races branched at the summit; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded or truncate at the base, very rough above, smooth or rough-pubescent beneath ; heads few, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear-lance- olate, spreading, as long as the disk; rays 8-12. (H. truncatus, H//.) —Dry woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 3/-5/ long. * & * * Perennial: disk yellow : heads small : leaves narrow. 18. H. microcephalus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves opposite, or the upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, rough above, paler and tomentose beneath, on short petioles ; heads numerous, on pubescent peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceo- late, appressed; rays 5-8. (H. divaricatus, Ell.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3°-5° high; the branches forking. Leaves 3!/- 10! long. 19. H. Schweinitzii, Torr. & Gray. Stem hispid, branching above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly serrate, nearly sessile, very rough above, hoary-tomentose beneath ; the lower ones opposite, the upper alternate and en- tire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, with spreading tips; rays about 8. — Upper districts of North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 3°-5° high. Leaves 3/—- 5/ long. ; 20. H. leevigatus, Torr.& Gray. Stemsmooth and glaucous, the branches forking ; leaves smooth on both sides, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, ob- 232 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) long-lanceolate, acute, entire or serrulate, obscurely 3-ribbed, nearly seésile , scales of the involucre ovate, acute, appressed with spreading tips; rays 6-8. — North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 4°-5° high. Heads twice as large as those of No. 18. 21. H. longifolius, Pursh. Very smooth throughout; stem slender, branching; leaves mostly opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire; the lowest tapering into slender petioles and sparingly serrate; heads few; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, as long as the disk ; rays about 10. — Damp rich soil in the Western districts of Georgia, Kiliott.— Stem 3°-4° high. Leaves 6! - 8’ long. Rays small.— Resembles an aquatic Coreopsis. H. annuus, the common SuNFLOWER, and H. TuBERosvus, the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, are commonly cultivated species. 48. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. Achenia 4-angled, compressed, slightly winged, crowned with a ciliate border, or the angles prolonged into persistent, often lacerated, chaffy scales; otherwise like Helianthus. — Slender perennial herbs, with narrow leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers. l. H. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute; stem simple; leaves alter- nate or opposite, lanceolate-linear, entire; scales of the involucre lanceolate, appressed ; pappus of two obtuse lacerated scales.— East Florida. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leayes 1/-2/ long. Rays nearly 2! long. a 2: OS tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute; stem simple, or corymbose at the summit; leaves narrow-linear, entire, the lower ones opposite or whorled ; the upper alternate; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, spreading ; pappus of 2—4 acute awns.— Dry sandy pine barrens. West Florida. June and July. — Stem 1°-2° high. Rays 1/-13! long. 49. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 4-14, neutral, or wanting. Scales of the involucre in 1-3 rows, leafy. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy; the chaff embracing the outer edge of the laterally compressed obovate mostly winged achenia. Pappus of two persistent awns (obsolete in No. 5). — Peren- nial herbs, with ovate or lanceolate serrate often decurrent leaves. Flowers yel- low or white. * Stems tall, branching: pappus 2-awned. 1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem pubescent, winged above ; leaves alternate or Opposite, rough, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end; heads corymbose; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, linear-spatulate, spreading ; achenia broadly obovate, winged ; awns of the pappus rigid, spreading ; rays 4 -12, yellow. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.— Stem 4°- 8° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. 2. A. alba, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, or pubescent and often slightly winged above; leaves ‘alternate, rough, lanceolate; heads loosely corymbose ; COMPOSITEZ. (COMROSITE FAMILY.) 233 scales of the involucre in a single row, lanceolate-subulate ; achenia mostly broadly winged ; awns of the pappus slender; flowers white ; rays none. — Rich soil, im the lower districts, Georgia and South Carolina, and westward, rare. Sept. — Stem 4°- 8° high. Leaves 5/— 8! long. 3. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hirsute, strongly winged ; leaves alter- nate, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rough-hairy above, downy and hoary beneath ; heads few, corymbose; scales of the involucre in 2—3 rows, broadly lanceolate, appressed; rays 8-14, yellow; achenia slightly winged; awns bristle-like. — Near Louisville, Georgia, and westward. July.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 3! long. Rays 1}! long. 4. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hirsute; stem wingless, somewhat naked and corymbose above ; leaves opposite, oblong, sessile, barely acute, the uppermost small and mostly alternate ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre short, in 2-3 rows; rays 7 -12, yellow; achenia obovate-oblong, mostly wingless ; awns short. (Helianthus ? aristatus, Ell.) —Dry sandy woods, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2’—3! long. } * *& Stems low, simple: pappus obsolete: rays none. 5. A. paucifiora, Nutt. Stem wingless, simple, smooth below, naked and rough above ; leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, rigid, obtuse, strongly reticulate, rough with short rigid hairs ; heads solitary or 2-38 together, terminal; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, lanceolate, appressed ; flowers orange-yellow; the marginal ones abortive; achenia oblong-obovate, narrowly winged, with a cup-shaped disk ; pappus wanting. — Low pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2! long. Involucre, chaff, and achenia dark brown. 50. COREOPSIS, L. Ticxszezp. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers commonly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double; each row of about 8 scales; the outer ones narrow and spreading ; the inner membranaceous and appressed. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Chaff membranaceous, mostly deciduous with the achenia. Achenia compressed, often winged, not narrowed nor beaked at the apex, awnless, or with a pappus of two upwardly hispid or serrulate awns or scales. — Herbs. Leaves entire or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or corymbose. Disk dark purple or yellow. Rays yellow, rarely rose-color. * Rays none. 1. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem diffusely branched ; leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate-lanceolate coarsely serrate divisions ; the up- permost often simple ; heads small, on short peduncles ; exterior involucre folia- ceous, longer than the heads ; achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, hairy. — Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July—Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. * * Rays entire, or emarginate at the apex, yellow. = Leaves petioled: achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, 2-toothed or awned : scales of the involucre equal, the outer ones separate. 2. C. aurea, Ait. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves smooth or slight- _ ly pubescent, 5-7-parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, serrate, toothed or 20 * 234 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) lobed, or all linear and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre linear-spatulate ; achenia smoothish, with two short triangular teeth. (C.mitis, Michz. C. arguta, Pursh.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug.—Oct.— Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves polymorphous; the uppermost commonly undivided. Rays showy. 8. C. trichosperma, Michx. Smooth; stem somewhat 4-angled, branch- ing; leaves pinnately 5-7-parted; the divisions lanceolate or linear, sharply serrate or toothed; the upper ones 3 —5-cleft; exterior scales of the involucre linear, obtuse; achenia hispid above, crowned with two triangular hispid teeth. — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. —Stem 3°-6° high. Lower leaves 6/-12! long. Heads about 1’ in diameter. 3. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem tall, pubescent; the branches leafy to the summit; leaves rough-pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, fringed with fine prickles ; the lowest petioled, pinnatifid; the upper sessile, entire or pinnately lobed; heads bracted ; scales of the involucre webby when young, tipped with a weak prickle; flowers purple. — Fields and thickets, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 3°-10° high. Heads about 1! in diameter. Involucre somewhat viscid. 4. C. Nuttallii, DC. Stem angled, paniculately branched, smooth or hairy ; the branches naked at the summit ; leaves clasping, soft-hairy, becoming smoothish above, pinnatifid ; the numerous spreading lobes lanceolate, 3-toothed, tipped with strong spines, and ciliate on the margins; heads numerous, small, bractless ; scales of the involucre appressed, viscid, tipped with a short, at length spreading prickle ; corolla white or pale purple. (Cnicus glaber, Fil.) — Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug.— Stem 3°-8° high. Heads 8/’-10/’ in diameter. 5. C. Virginianum, Michx. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, hoary-tomentose ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth above, hoary beneath; the margins revolute, toothed or pinnatifid, and spiny; scales of the involucre viscid, spiny; flowers purple. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Heads 3! in diameter. 4 + Scales of the involucre spineless, or the outer ones spine-pointed. 6. C. muticum, Michx. Stem tall, branching, commonly hairy; leaves with scattered hairs above, pubescent or at length nearly smooth beneath, bristly- ciliate on the margins, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes lanceolate, 2 —3-toothed, Spiny; scales of the involucre unarmed, webby, viscid; flowers purple.— Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 3°-8° high. Heads 1’ in diameter. 7. C. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with 1-3 nearly naked branches, hoary-tomentose; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, hoary beneath, entire, the margins fringed with bristly hairs, and spiny ; the earliest ones pin- 248 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) natifid ; scales of the involucre cuspidate, viscid, not webby ; flowers purple. a : licen swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and he — Stem } 2° — 3° high, rigid. Heads 1’ in diameter. 8. C. repandum, Michx. Webby throughout when young; stem simple, ] very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate and closely — fringed with bristly spines; heads mostly solitary ; flowers purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. ~ 9. C. horridulum, Michx. Webby when young, at Iength smoothish ; stem thick, branching; leaves clasping, pinnatifid, armed with long and stout spines ; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear pectinate spiny bracts ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, spine-pointed ; flowers purple or yellow- — ish. — Sandy‘soil, Florida, and northward. April and May.— Stem 1°89 high, often purple. 79. LAPPA, Tourn. Burpock. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Scales of { the globose involucre imbricated, coriaceous, with subulate spreading hooked tips. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, transversely rugose. Pappus of numerous short caducous bristles. Anthers caudate at the base. — Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate petioled leaves. Heads small. Flowers purple or white. rt 1. L. major, Gert. Leaves undulate on the margins, pubescent beneath; the uppermost ovate; heads corymbose ; involucre smooth or webby. = Wests places, North Carolina. Introduced from Europe. SusporpDER Il LABIATIFLOR ZA. Trine VI. MUTISIACEZ. Heads with the flowers dissimilar or rarely dice- cious; the marginal ones pistillute or neutral, ligulate or bilabiate: style as. in Tribe V. 80. CHAPTALIA, Vent. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Ray-flowers pistillate, in two rows, the outer ones ligulate, the inner ones ligulate or 3- 5-toothed and filiform. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile, bilabiate, the outer lip 3-cleft, the inner 2-cleft. Anthers cau- date. Scales of the cylindrical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in few rows. Receptaclenaked. Fertile achenia oblong, smooth, narrowed at each end. Pappus of numerous bristly hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs ; the simple scape bearing a single head of white or purplish flowers. Leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath. 1. CG. tomentosa, Vent.— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Feb.—April. — Scape tomentose, 6!—12! high. Leaves spatulate-lanceolate. or oblong. Heads nodding. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 249 SuBORDER lil. LIGULIFLORZ. Trizse VII. CICHORACEA. Sityle cylindrical above and pubescent, like the rather obtuse branches ; the stigmatic lines terminating below or near the middle of the branches. — Plants with milky juice : leaves alternate. 81. APOGON, EI. Heads 10-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre mostly 8, somewhat in two rows, nearly as long as the corolla, connivent in fruit. Receptacle naked. Achenia ovoid-oblong, terete, ribbed and transversely striate, smooth. Pappus none. — A low smooth and branching annual, with lanceolate entire or toothed leaves, and single or umbellate heads cf yellow flowers, borne on slender pe- duncles. : 1. A. humilis, Ell. — Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem-leaves clasping ; the uppermost mostly opposite. — Plant 6’-—12! high. 82. KRIGIA, Schreb. Heads 15-30-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6-15, somewhat in 2 rows, equal. Receptacle naked. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pappus double; the outer of 5 broad chaffy scales ; the inner of 5 rough bristles. — Small annual herbs, branching at the base, with naked peduncle-like stems, each terminated by a small head of yellow flowers, Leaves chiefly radical, mostly lyrate or toothed. 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Proper stem short, Simple or forking; scapes at length several, slightly pubescent, elongated in fruit; leaves somewhat glau- cous ; the lowest rounded, entire;. the others spatulate-oblong, pinnatifid. (K. dichotoma, Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March—May. — Scapes at length 1° high. 2. K. Caroliniana, Nutt. Stem short; scapes pubescent or somewhat hispid near the apex ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or spar- ingly toothed, or-the upper ones variously lobed. (K. leptophylla, DC.) — Dry sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March.— Scapes 3/—12! high. 83. CYNTHIA, Don. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 12-15. Achenia short, ob- long or top-shaped, obscurely 4-angled, not beaked. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous, very small chaffy scales; the inner of numerous bristles. — Perennial nearly smooth herbs, bearing single heads: of yellow flowers on long more or less glandular peduncles.or scapes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid. 1. C. Virginica, Don. Root fibrous ; stem branched above, bearing 3- 5 heads on slender umbellate peduncles ; radical leaves oval or spatulate-oblong, toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper ones clasping and entire; achenia oblong. — Sandy soil in the upper districts. May —July.— Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Stemless or nearly-so; roots bearing small tu- bers; scapes several, bearing single heads ; lowest-leaves. spatulate-oblong ; the 250 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) others linear, elongated, entire or toothed ; achenia somewhat top-shaped. — Var. MONTANA. Stem manifest, decumbent ; upper leaves nearly opposite. (Hyoseris montana, Michx.?) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward ; the variety on the mountains of North Carolina. March -May.— Scapes 6’—12! high. 84. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or in 2 rows; the outer row short. Receptacle nearly naked. Achenia not beaked, commonly terete or spindle-shaped, ribbed. Pappus a single row of persistent brownish- white hairs. — Perennial herbs with alternate entire or toothed leaves, and single, corymbose, or panicled heads of yellow flowers. — Involucre, in our species, in 2 rows, the outer short and bract-like. 1. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem stout, leafy, hirsute below, rough above ; panicle somewhat corymbose ; leaves oval, sessile ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, hirsute; peduncles and involucre tomentose and glandular-hispid ; achenia cylin- drical. (H. Marianum, £il.) — Open woods in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°-3° high. Heads large, many-flowered. 2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem leafy and hirsute below, naked and smoother above ; leaves entire or denticulate, hirsute ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper small, sessile ; panicle narrow, elongated ; achenia narrowed upward. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1°-2° high. Lowest leaves spreading 6n the ground. 3. H. venosum, L. Stem slender, nearly leafless, smooth ; lowest leaves oblong-obovate, smooth, or hirsute on the veins beneath, often veined with purple ; the others (1-3) small and remote ; heads small, in a spreading corym- bose panicle, smoothish ; achenia linear.— Shady soil in the upper districts. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 4. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, villous below ; leaves thin, lanceolate, denticulate, acute, smooth; panicle divaricate; heads small, 12 —20- flowered ; involucre smooth ; achenia short, not narrowed upward. — Open woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2°-—3° high. Peduncles filiform. 85. NABALUS, Cass. Heads 5 -20-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, composed of 5-14 linear scales, and several short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear-oblong or cylindrical, furrowed, glabrous, not narrowed upward. Pappus of numerous straw-colored or brownish bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs, with bitter tuberous roots, entire or variously lobed leaves, and nodding heads of yellowish white or purplish flowers, in short racemes or clusters. 1. N. albus, Hook. Smooth; stem paniculate, purplish ; leaves acutish, angled, toothed, or variously 3 - 5-lobed or parted ; the lowest petioled ; the up- permost nearly sessile ; racemes short, spreading; involucre purplish, of about COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251 8 scales, 8—12-flowered ; pappus light brown ; flowers white or cream-color. — Open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3°-4° high. 2. N. altissimus, Hook. Smooth; stem simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves thin, ovate or cordate, petioled, acuminate, denticulate, or the lower ones palmately 3 —5-cleft or parted ; heads in small axillary and terminal clusters, forming a long panicle; involucre slender, greenish, of about 5 scales, 5 —6-flowered ; pappus dirty white or straw-colored. — Varies with the wavy- toothed leaves, deltoid ; the lowest hastate -3-angled or parted. (Prenanthes deltoidea, Ell.) — Woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high. Flowers yellowish, or greenish white. 38. N. Fraseri, DC. Smooth or slightly pubescent; stem corymbosely panicled above ; leaves deltoid, mucronate, pinnately 3-— 7-lobed, on winged peti- oles; the upper lanceolate, often entire; clusters small, terminal; involucre greenish, smooth or hairy, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw- color. — Varies with the lanceolate or oblong leaves mostly sessile, or the upper- most clasping ; the 12—15-flowered involucre hirsute with long purplish hairs. (Prenanthes crepidinea, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°-4° high. 4. N. virgatus, DC. Smooth; stem simple, virgate; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost small, entire ; the lowest deeply pinnatifid, on margined petioles ; clusters of heads small, racemose; involucre smooth, purplish, of about 8 scales, 8—12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept.— Stem 2°-4° high. Flowers purplish. 5. IN. ecrepidineus, DC. Smoothish; stem tall, corymbosely panicled ; leaves oblong-ovate or somewhat hastate, acute, unequally toothed, the lowest on winged petioles; involucre brown, hairy, of 12-14 scales, 20-35-flowered ; pappus light brown. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept.— Stem 5°-8° high. Lower leaves 8/-12/ long. Flowers yellowish-white. 86. LYGODESMIA, Don. Heads 5-10-flowered. Involucre elongated, cylindrical, of 5—8 linear scales, and a few short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear, elongated, smooth, striate, not narrowed upward. Pappus of copious smoothish white hairs in several rows. — Perennial smooth herbs, with linear or filiform leaves. Heads solitary. Flowers rose-color. 1. L. aphylla, DC. Stem simple or forking ; lowest leaves filiform, elongated ; the others remote, small, and bract-like; heads showy. (Prenanthes aphylla, Nutt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 87. TARAXACUM, Haller. Danpetion. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double; the exterior of small spreading scales; the interior erect in a single row. Reeeptacle naked. Achenia oblong, 252 COMPOSIT®. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ribbed ‘or ‘angled, muricate on the ribs ; the apex abruptly produced into a long beak. Pappus of copious white hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs. Scapes hol low, bearing a single head of yellow flowers. Leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid. 1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes acute, toothed ; heads showy. — Damp soil, sparingly naturalized. 88. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, of numerous subulate scales; the inner ones erect and partially united, often with a‘callous appendage at the apex. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia oblong, nearly terete, 5-furrowed ; the apex narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft reddish or brownish hairs. — Smooth armmual herbs. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the naked stem or peduncle-like branches. Flowers yellow. 1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate, mostly toothed or pinnatifid ; achenia shorter than the filiform beak. (Borkhausia, Ell.) — Fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - July.— Stem 1°— 2° high. 89. LACTUCA, L. Lerrtucs. Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre imbricated ; the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed parallel to the scales, smooth, abruptly narrowed into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft white hairs. — Tall herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaves. Heads paniculate. Flowers white, purple, blue, or yellow. 1. L. elongata, Muhl. Smooth or nearly so; stem tall (4°- 8°), simple or paniculate; leaves elongated, lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping ; the upper ones mostly entire ; the lower pinnatifid ; panicle long, leafless; flowers yellow. — Var. INTEGRIFOLIA. Leaves all undivided, or the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers yellow or purplish. — Var. GRAMINIFOLIA. Smaller (2°- 3°), leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, all entire, or the lowest ones sparingly toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers purple.— Dry soil, Florida, and northward. July —Sept. 90. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia smooth, laterally compressed, narrowed into a short beak, which is expanded into a ciliate disk at the apex. Pappus of co- pious white or tawny hairs. — Tall herbs. Leaves pinnatifid or undivided. Flowers mostly blue. * Pappus white. 1. M. acuminatum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, on winged petioles, the lowest some- times sinuate-lobed ; heads racemed, on spreading peduncles. (Sonchus, il) ‘ E wen é; . ~~ adsl a a Se ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee eee eee — LOBELIACEE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 258 — Margins of fields, &c., Florida, and northward. Sept. @-— Stem 3°-6° high. Leaves 3/—6! long, often hairy beneath. Flowers blue. 2. M. Floridanum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above; leaves all pinnatifid and toothed, with the terminal lobe larger and 3-angled, or the upper- most lanceolate, sessile or clasping ; heads racemose-panicled; flowers blue. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. * * Pappus tawny. 3. M. leucophzeeum, DC. Smoothish ; stem panicled above; leaves numerous, irregularly pinnatifid, with coarsely-toothed lobes ; the terminal lobe 3-angled, or in the upper leaves often linear and entire ; racemes panicled. — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. @)— Stem 3°-12° high. Leaves 6’- 12' long. Flowers pale blue. 91. SONCHUS, L. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked nor narrowed at the apex. Pappus of copious soft white hairs.— Annuals. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Heads some- what umbelled. Flowers yellow. 1. S$. oleraceus, L. Smooth; stem branching; leaves pinnatifid, with ‘spiny-toothed lobes, clasping ; the lowest petioled; achenia transversely rough- ened. — Waste places. Introduced. June—Aug.— Stem 1° -.2° high. 2. S. asper, Vill. Smooth, or the upper part of the stem and peduncles hispid ; leaves entire, clasping, fringed with weak spines ; the lowest oblong- obovate, the upper lanceolate; achenia smooth. — Fields, Florida, and north- ward. June —-Aug.— Stem 2°- 3° high. Orper 73. LOBELIACEM. (Loperia Famity.) Chiefly herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers irregular. — Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the 2-celled ovary. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, valvate in the bud; the tube split on one side to the base. Stamens.5, inserted on the calyx; the anthers, and commonly the filaments, united into.a tube. Style solitary: stigma 2- lobed, surrounded with a ring of hairs. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight in fleshy aloumen.— Acrid poisonous plants. 1. LOBELIA, L. Loperta. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip small, erect or reflexed, 2-parted, the lower spreading, palmately 3-cleft; the tube straight. Anthers, or a part of them, bearded at the apex, curved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- ‘seeded.— Stems erect. Leaves undivided; the serratures glandular Flowers ‘blue, white, or scarlet, in terminal ‘racemes or spikes. 22 (254 LOBELIACEZ. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) * Flowers scarlet. 1. L. cardinalis, L. (Carprnat-FLowrR.) Smooth or slightly pubes- cent ; stem stout, simple; leaves lanceolate, denticulate; bracts leafy; stamens and style much longer than the corolla.— Muddy banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July-—Sept. 1}— Stem 2°-3° high. Raceme many-flowered. lowers very showy. : * * Flowers blue and white. + Sinuses of the calyx with deflexed appendages. 2. L. syphilitica, L. Hairy; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute at each end, coarsely serrate; racemes leafy, many-flowered; calyx hairy; the lanceolate denticulate lobes half as long as the large (1/ long) light blue corolla.— Swamps along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug.and Sept. 1}— Stem 1°- 3° high. 3. L. puberula, Michx. Softly pubescent or villous, or sometimes nearly | smooth; leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, lanceolate or oblong, glandular-den- ticulate ; spikes mostly l-sided; calyx top-shaped, the linear lobes nearly as long as the tube of the bright blue corolla.— Swamps and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. \j—Stem 1°-2° high. Co- rolla half as large as in the preceding. Appendages of the calyx obtuse. 4. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; flowers small, crowded in an elon- gated spike ; appendages of the calyx 10, subulate, as long as the.tube. — South Carolina and northward. July and Aug. }}—Stem 1°-1}° high. Corolla 3!’ -4!' long. . 5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem thick, virgate, angled, smooth or pubescent ; leaves short (4//- 12! long), fleshy, oblong-linear, obtuse, toothed, spreading or reflexed; the lowest wedge-shaped; calyx hirsute, the ovate-lanceolate lobes strongly toothed, the 5 appendages obtuse; corolla pale blue. — Damp open pine barrens, Florida, Alabama, and westward. Oct. }— Stem 1°-13° high. Leaves very numerous. + + Sinuses of the calyx without appendages. 6. L. amcena, Michx. Smooth or rough-pubescent; leaves scattered, oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the lower ones tapering into a long petiole, the uppermost nearly sessile; racemes 1-sided, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear- subulate, mostly glandular ; corolla (1/ long) bright blue. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Sept.and Oct. lj— Stem 2°-4° high. Low- est leaves 3/- 6! long. Bracts small. 7. L. glandulosa, Walt. Smooth or pubescent; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless above; leaves thick, linear or linear-lanceolate, glandular-den- ticulate, sessile, the uppermost scattered and bract-like; racemes 1-sided, 3—9- flowered, the flowers distant; calyx smooth or hirsute, with linear glandular lobes ; corolla (8/'— 10" long) pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, North Carolina, and westward. Oct. \}— Stem 2°-4° long. Lower leaves 2!- 4! long. 8. I. inflata, L. Pubescent or hairy; stem leafy, branching from the base; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, sessile; racemes leafy below; corolla small, GOODENIACEH. (GOODENIA FAMILY.) ~ 255 _ pale blue ; mature capsule ovoid, inflated. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts, and northward. Aug. and Sept. @ or @ — Stem 1°-12° high. Corolla 2!/- 3” long. 9. IL. spicata, Lam. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; lowest leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered; flowers small, in a long and dense raceme, on short pedicels; corolla pale blue. (LL. Claytoniana, Michx.)— Dry soil in the middle and upper dis- tricts, Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. @?— Stem 1°- 2° high. Corolla 4!’ -5" long. 10. L. Nuttallii, R.&S. Stem very slender, mostly simple, roughish ; leaves small, entire; the lowest clustered, spatulate or obovate; the others dis- tant, linear; flowers small, scattered in a long and slender raceme, on filiform pedicels which are longer than the bracts. (LL. Kalmii, il.) — Low pine bar- rens, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 1°-13° high. Corolla 3/’— 4" long, pale blue. 11. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem slender, creeping at the base, sparingly branched above; leaves small (6" long), subulate, scattered, the lowest scale-like ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels and slen- der calyx-lobes spreading ; corolla (3!- 5’ long) bright blue. — Margins of me: barren ponds, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Smooth; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless ; radical leaves fleshy, spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, crenulate; the others - small, linear and remote; racemes slender, loose; bracts minute; corolla small, white or pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Micsiesippe and north- ward. May- Aug. 1 — Stem 2°-4° high. Lowest leaves 3/-9/ long. Co- rolla 3! long. Orper 74. GOODENIACE®. (Goopenta Famry.) Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and irregular flowers. — Calyx tubular, 3—5-lobed or entire, more or less ad- herent to the 1—4-celled ovary. Corolla irregular, unequally 5-lobed, induplicate in the bud; the tube split on one side, or 5-parted. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the filaments and anthers rarely united. Style commonly single: stigma thick, surrounded with a cup-shaped mostly. ciliate membrane. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. SCAIVOLA, L. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla villous within, 5-lobed, with the lobes nearly equal and winged ; the tube split on one side. Filaments and anthers free. Drupe 1-4-celled, the cells 1-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Pedun- cles axillary, dichotomous. Flowers blue or white. 256 CAMPANULACEH. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 1. §. Plumieri, Vahl. Shrubby, fleshy, smooth ; leaves oblong-obovate; entire, bearded in the axils; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx tubular, truncate, obscurely 5-toothed ; corolla thick, split to the base; stamens: short; ovary 4-ovuled; drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Sea-shore, South Florida. Orper 75. CAMPANULACE. (Campanura Famizy.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and regular mostly blue flowers. — Calyx 3-5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the broad fila- ments and anthers distinct. Style single, hairy above. Stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2—several-celled, many-seeded, splitting at the apex, or opening by lateral valves or holes. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 1. CAMPANULA, L. BELLFLower. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla. 5-lobed, mostly bell-shaped. Filaments dilated at the base. Stigmas 3, slender Capsule short, 3-celled, opening by lateral valves. — Flowers spiked or panicled. . * Flowers panicled, on slender spreading pedicels: corolla small (3''— 4’), bell-shaped. 1. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem weak, reclining, the angles, as also the margins and midrib of the linear nearly entire leaves, hispid backward; panicle few-flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular; corolla white. (C. erinoides, Juhl.) — Swamps among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°-14° high. Lowest leaves narrowly obovate. 2. C. divaricata, Michx. Smooth; stem terete, paniculate above; the branches somewhat naked, spreading; leaves scattered, ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate at each end, coarsely serrate ; calyx-lobes subulate; style slightly ex- serted ;, corolla blue, nodding. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July and August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 3. C. flexuosa, Michx. Branches erect; leaves lanceolate, the upper ones approximate; otherwise like the preceding.— Mountains of Carolina. Michaux. (*) * * Flowers spiked, single or 2—8 together : corolla large, somewhat wheel-shaped: 4. C. Americana, L. Stem tall, smooth or hairy, mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; spike elongated, leafy ; corolla (1' wide) blue. (C. acuminata, Michx.) —Dry rocky soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2°-4° high. Spike 1°-2° long. Style exserted. 2. SPECULARIA, Heist. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens free; the fila- ments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. — Low annuals. Flowers axil- lary. Corolla blue. ERICACE, (HEATH FAMILY.) Bog 1. S. perfoliata, A.DC. Pubescent; stem angled, simple or branched ; leaves round-cordate, crenate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed at the base ; flowers single or clustered, sessile, the lower ones apetalous. (Campanula, Z.) — Fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May —- Aug. — Stem 1° high. OrpER 76. ERECACEA. (Heats Famity.) Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs, with undivided alternate ex- stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla 4—5-parted or toothed, or 4-—5-petalous, imbricated in the bud. Sta- mens free from the corolla, and as many or twice as many as its divisions: anthers 2-celled, often variously awned, opening commonly by terminal pores. Style 1: stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit 3—10-celled. Seeds anatropous, attached to a central placenta. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. SusporpDER I. VACCINIEZ. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla superior. Anther-cells prolonged into a slender tube. Fruit a berry. — Shrubs. Corolla monopetalous. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Berry 8-10-celled; the cells I-seeded. Anthers awnless. 2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4-5-celled, or partially 8-10-celled by false partitions, many- seeded. SuporDER II. ERICINEZ. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla hypogynous. Fruit a capsule. — Shrubs or small trees. Tre. ANDROMBEDE SZ. — Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Corolla monopetalous. 38. EPIGZA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves cordate. * x Anther-cells opening at the apex. Corolla monopetalous. 4. GAULTHERIA. Calyx becoming berry-like in fruit. Anthers 4-awned at the apex. 5. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Valves of the capsule entire. 6. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Pericarp separating into two layers; the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 7. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud. Capsule globular. Seeds pendulous. 8. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud. Capsule pyramidal. Seeds ascending. * * »* Anthers inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Corolla 5-petalous. 9. CLETHRA. Stamens10. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Tre Il RHODORE. — Capsule septicidally dehiscent. * Corolla monopetalous. 10. KALMIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 cavities in which the anthers are lodged. 11. MENZIESIA. Corolla (small) ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included. 12. RHODODENDRON. Corolla (large) funnel or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, exserted. x * Corolla of 5 or 7 separate petals. f 13. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla 5-petalous. Anthers opening-lengthwise. 14. BEJARIA. Corolla 7-petalous. Anthers opening at the apex. 22 * 258 ERICACEE. (HEATH FAMILY.) SuBORDER III. PYROLEZ. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla 5-petalous. — Low nearly herbaceous plants. Leaves evergreen. »* Capsule 6-celled. 15. PYROLA. Flowers racemose, on scape-like stems. Style filiform, elongated. 16. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers umbellate. Style very short, top-shaped. x» x Capsule 3-celled. 17. SHORTIA. Flower solitary, terminating the scape-like scaly stem. SuBorDER IV. MONOTROPEZ. Calyx of 4-5 scale-like or bract-like sepals. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-petalous. Seeds very minute. — Fleshy scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, and destitute of green foliage. 18. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla monopetalous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 2-celled. 19. MONOTROPA. Corolla 4-5-petalous. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. SusporDER I. VACCINIEAK. Tue WuorttesBerry FAMILY. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, Kunth. Huckieserry. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10: anthers awnless. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Low branching mostly resinous-dotted shrubs, with white or reddish nodding flowers, in lateral bractced racemes. 1. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse, rugose, glaucous, and, like the spreading branches, slightly pubescent; corolla small (2/’), short-bell-shaped, reddish; berry depressed-globose, blue, glaucous ; bracts small, oblong. (Vaccinium frondosum, il.) — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — Shrub 1°- 2° high. 2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. Branches and racemes pubescent ; leaves thick, oblong-obovate, serrulate, mucronate, soon smooth and shining; corolla (4’’ long) bell-shaped, angled, white; bracts ovate, leafy ; berry globose, smooth, black. (Vaccinium dumosum, £/l.)— Var. H1IRTELLA. Stem taller (1°- 2° high) ; branches, leaves, and berries hirsute or hairy.— Low sandy pine barrens and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May.— Shrub 6'-12' high. Berry 4-6! in diameter. 3. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched; leaves oblong or obovate, entire, coated, like the branchlets, &c., with resinous viscid globules ; ra- cemes few-flowered ; bracts small, deciduous; corolla small, ovoid or cylindrical, reddish ; berry black, smooth. (Vaccinium resinosum, E/l.) —Sandy woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 2°- 3° high. 4. G. ursina, Gray. Leaves large (2/-—3! long), thin, lanceolate-oblong, acute, entire; the veins, like the branches, rusty-tomentose ; racemes remotely few-flowered ; bracts minute ; corolla bell-shaped; berry black. (Vaccinium ur- sinum, M, A. Curtis.) — Mountains of North Carolina. — Shrub 2°- 3° high. ERICACEHZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259 2. VACCINIUM, L. Huvckxieserry. BLveBerry. Corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate, 4—5-toothed or parted. Sta- mens 8-10: anthers awnless, or 2-awned on the back ; the cells prolonged into a tube, and opening at the apex. Berry 4-5-celled, or by false partitions 8 - 10- celled, many-seeded.— Shrubs. Flowers nodding, solitary, clustered, or racemed, white or reddish. Pedicels 2-bracted. §1. Oxycoccus.— Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the narrow divisions re- curved: stamens 8: anthers awnless : pedicels axillary, solitary. 1. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping; leaves evergreen, small ($’ long), oblong, obtuse, pale or whitish beneath ; pedicels longer than the leaves ; corolla rose-color ; berry large, red. — Cold mossy swamps, North Caro- lina, and northward. July.— Stems 1°-2° long. Berry very sour, 3’ in-diameter. 2. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Stem erect (2°-4° high); leaves decid- uous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, hairy beneath; pedicels shorter than the leaves ; flowers pale rose-color; berry small, red.— High mountains of North Carolina. July.— Branches flexuous. Berry insipid. § 2. Viris-Ipm#a.— Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla cylindrical or globose-campanulate, 4 —5-toothed: stamens 10: anthers awnless: flowers in short bracted racemes: leaves persistent. 8. V. crassifolium, Andr. Smooth; stems (1°-2°) filiform, procum- - bent; leaves small (3!-7!'), short-petioled, oval or obivng, thick and shining, the revolute margins entire or slightly serrulate; racemes short, cluster-like, few- flowered ; corolla small, globose-campanulate, 5-toothed ; berry black. (V. myr- tifolium, Michx.)— Sandy pine-barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. April. — Corolla white or rose-color. § 3. BatropenpRon.— Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions: corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft: stamens 10, hairy: anthers 2-awned on the back: flowers in leafy racemes, seemingly axillary. 4. V. stamineum, L. Tomentose; leaves deciduous, ovate or oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; often whitish beneath ; anthers exserted ; berry greenish, globose or pear-shaped. — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. May and June.— Shrub 3°-10° high. Branches spreading. Corolla short, drying purplish. 5. V. arboreum, Michx. Arborescent, smoothish; leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, shining above; the veins beneath more or less pubescent ; co- rolla large, angled, white ; anthers included ; berry globose, black. — Open woods, Florida to North Carolina. May.— Stem 8°-15° high. Flowers very numer- ous. Berry mealy, ripening in the winter. § 4. Cyanococcus. — Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions: corolla cylindrical, urceolate or obovate: stamens 10, hairy: anthers awnless: flowers in short small-bracted racemes or clusters. * Leaves evergreen, small. : 6. V. nitidum, Andr.2 Smooth and shining throughout; stem much branched ; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, acute, glandular-serrulate, punctate © 260 ERICACER. (HEATH FAMILY.) beneath ; calyx-teeth obtuse, and, like the pedicels and broadly oval bracts, red- dish; corolla ovoid or obovate, white; berry somewhat pear-shaped, black. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. March and April. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 3! long. 7. V. myrsinites, Michx. Stem much branched, pubescent; leaves lan- ceolate, oblong, or obovate, bristly-serrulate, shining above, paler beneath, glau- cous when young; calyx-teeth acute, reddish, like the pedicels and oblong bracts ; corolla cylindrical or obovate, white, purplish in the bud; berry globose, blue. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Shrub 6/—18/ high. Leaves 3/-1/ long. * * Leaves deciduous. 8. V. tenellum, Ait. Stem much branched; the spreading greenish branches pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate, acute at the base, slightly serrulate near the apex, pubescent when young ; corolla oblong, white ; calyx-teeth obtuse; bracts oblong-linear ; berry globose, black or with a blue bloom. — Varies with the branches and leaves more pubescent, almost vil- lous, and the calyx-teeth narrower and acute. (V. galezans, Michx.) — Margins of pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Shrub 1°-3° high. Leaves 3’-1! long, commonly thin and deciduous, but along its southern limits mostly coriaceous and persistent. 9. V. Elliottii. Stem tall, slender, with spreading branches; leaves dis- tichous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, bristly serrulate from the obtuse or rounded, base, pubescent on the veins; clusters sessile, 2-4-flowered; corolla reddish, cylindrical, short-pedicelled; calyx-teeth triangular; berry mostly solitary, small, globose, black. (V. myrtilloides, E/l., not of Michx.) — River-swamps, Florida to South Carolina. March.— Shrub 4°-8° high; the branches smooth and’ mostly flexuous. Leaves 3/- 3" long. 10. V. corymbosum, L. Stem tall (4°-10°); leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to broadly oval, entire or nearly so, pubescent when young, be- coming smoothish especially above (1/-2!' long); racemes or clusters numerous,. mostly on leafless branches; corolla cylindrical or oblong; berry globose, black or blue.— Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. Feb. to, April. — Varies greatly in the thickness, pubescence, and form of the leaves, and includes several nominal species. 11. V. Constableei, Gray. Stem low (1°-3°); leaves oval, pale, glau- cous, glandular-mucronate, entire or obscurely serrulate, ciliate; racemes very short, sessile; corolla short-cylindrical; berry blue. — On the summit. of Roan Mountain, North Carolina, July.— Leaves 13!-2!’ long. Racemes 5-10- flowered. é 12. V. hirsutum, Buckley. Hirsute throughout; stem low (1° high), much branched ; leaves ovate, entire, slightly mucronate , racemes short; corolla oblong, contracted at the: apex, the teeth. short; berry globose. —Mountains of Cherokee County, North Carolina. Buckley. ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 261 SusorRDER IL ERICINEZE. Tue Heate Famity. 3. EPIGAA, L. Grovunp Lavret. Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored ; the lobes acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10: anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.— A prostrate shrubby plant, hispid with rust-colored hairs. Leaves evergreen, cordate-oval, entire, reticulated. Flowers in dense bracted racemes, white, fragrant. 1. EK. repens, L. Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem 6’-12/ long. Racemes shorter than the leaves. 4. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. WIntTERGREEN. Calyx 5-lobed, becoming berry-like in fruit. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anther-cells 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule enclosed in the berry-like calyx, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white or red flowers. 1. G. procumbens, L. Smooth; stem creeping; the short (3!-5/) branches erect, naked below; leaves: oval or obovate, serrulate, shining; pedi- cels axillary, 1-flowered, nodding; fruiting calyx bright red. Shady woods and banks, especially among the mountains, North Carolina and northward. June. — Whole plant aromatic. 5. LEUCOTHOR, Don. Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, unchanged in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, or the cells 1 - 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Stigma capitate. Capsule depressed-globose, not thickened at the sutures, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds pendulous. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and. white flowers in axillary or terminal one-sided racemes. * Anthers awnless or nearly so: racemes axillary, shorter than the evergreen leaves. 1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves oval or oblong, abruptly acute, spinulose- serrulate toward the apex, on short petioles ; racemes short, dense-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; anther-cells 2-horned. (Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Sandy swamps, and banks of streams in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. and March.— Stem and branches curving. Leaves 2'- 4’ jong. 2. LL. Catesbeei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose- serrulate throughout, on conspicuous petioles ; racemes, dense-flowered ; calyx- lobes ovate-oblong ; anther-cells not horned. (Andromeda spinulosa, Pursh.) — Banks of streams along the mountains, Georgia and North Carolina. March and April. — Stem 2°- 4° high. : 3. L. acuminata, Dunal. Stem tall, with straight and hollow branches ;. leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire ; corolla cylindrical ; anthers 262 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) gibbous near the base. — Margins of swamps, East Florida to South Carolina, Elliott, and mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. April. — Shrub 3°-12° high. Leaves reticulated. * * Anther-cells 1 — 2-awned at the apex: racemes terminal, longer than the serrulate pubescent deciduous leaves: calyx bracted. 4. L. racemosa, Gray. Branches and racemes straight; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, soon smooth.; racemes long, single or somewhat paniculate ; corolla cylindrical-ovate ; anther-cells 2-awned ; capsule not lobed. (A. race- mosa, Z.) — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. April and May. — Shrub 4°-10° high. 5. L. recurva, Gray. Branches and racemes recurved; leaves ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the veins; racemes long, single; corolla cylindrical ; anther-cells l-awned ; capsule 5-lobed. (Andromeda recurva, Buckl.) — Moun- tains of North Carolina, Buckley. April. — Shrub 3°- 4° high. 6. CASSANDRA, Don. Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, 2-bracted. Corolla cylindrical- oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp separating at maturity into 2 layers, the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. — A small shrub, with evergreen serrulate leaves, and solitary axillary nodding flowers. 1. C. ealyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, mucronate, paler and scurfy beneath, the floral ones oval; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, small, white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. (Andromeda calyculata, Z.)— Varies with the leaves and calyx-lobes narrower. (Andromeda angustifolia, Pursh.) — Swamps in the mountains of South Carolina, and northward. April.— Shrub 2°-3° high. Leaves 1! long. 7. ANDROMEDA, L. Calyx deeply 5-parted, valvate in the early bud. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anther-cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many- seeded. Seeds pendulous or spreading. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in lateral and terminal racemes or clusters, nodding. * Flowers in racemes: corolla ovoid or urn-shaped: anther-cells 1-awned on the back: leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 1. A. floribunda, Pursh. Young branches, leaves, and racemes hirsute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, bristly-serrulate ; racemes dense-flowered, crowded in a terminal panicle; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. — Damp soil along the moun- tains. April. — Shrub 3°-10° high. Flowers very numerous. 2. A. phillyresefolia, Hook. Smooth; stem alternately leafy and bracted ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate near the apex; racemes solitary, axillary} loosely 4—12-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; corolla ovoid ; capsule depressed-globose. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, chiefly near the coast, West Florida. January - March. — Shrub 1°-2° high. ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 263 * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters: capsule more or less ribbed at the sutures, the ribs separating at maturity. « Corolla ovate, cylindrical, or somewhat bell-shaped: anthers or filaments awned: capsule ovate, truncate: shrubs smooth throughout. 3. A. nitida, Bartr. Branches 3-angled ; leaves evergreen, ovate or ob- long, entire, shining ; clusters axillary, very numerous, 6 —12-flowered ; sepals lanceolate-ovate, spreading ; corolla cylindrical-ovate, gibbous at the base ; fila- ments 2-awned at the apex.— Low pine barrens, common. March - May. — Shrub 2°-6° high. Corolla white, red, or purple, odorous. 4. A, Mariana, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, obtuse or acute, entire ; flowering stems commonly leafless; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, half as long as the large (3! long) cylindrical white corolla; filaments 2-awned near the apex. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 2°- 4° high, often simple. Leaves 2/- 3 long. 5. A. speciosa, Michx. Leaves deciduous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, serrate, often whitish beneath; flowering stems mostly leafless; calyx-lobes ovate, several times shorter than the large bell-shaped white corolla; anther- cells 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — Shrub 3°- 4° high. + + Corolla small, nearly globular, scurfy: anthers and filaments awnless: cap- sule globose: shrubs pubescent, or scurfy. 6. A. ferruginea, Walt. Branches and young leaves scurfy; leaves evergreen, obovate or lanceolate-obovate, rigid, at length smooth above and whitish beneath ; the margins mostly revolute ; clusters few-flowered. (A. ri- gida, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. — A low shrub or small tree. Branches very leafy, rigid. Leaves $!—- 1! long. 7. A. ligustrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, oblong or oblong-obovate, serrulate, acute, pubescent like the branches, paler beneath; clusters few-flow- ered, disposed in compound more or less leafy panicled racemes ; filaments hairy, awnless. (A. frondosa, Pursh., with racemes more leafy and the fila- ‘ments slightly awned at the apex.) — Margins of swamps, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. May.— Shrub 3°-4° high. Leaves 2’ long. Flowers very small. 8. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Souvr-woop. Sorret-Tree. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, opening by terminal chinks; the cells acuminate. Capsule conical, 5-angled, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds ascending. — A small tree, with deciduous oblong serrulate acuminate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long and slender 1-sided terminal panicled racemes. 1. O. arboreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, Z ) — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Tree 15°-40° high. Leaves 4! 6’ long, sour. Corolla pubescent. 264 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 9. CLETHRA, L. Calyx 5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-petalous. Stamens 10: anthers obcordate, inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Style slen- der, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.—Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, oblong or obovate, serrate, deciduous. Flowers white, in ter- minal racemes. Stamens and style exserted. 1. C. alnifolia, L. Shrubby; branches and racemes tomentose; Jeaves short-petioled, obovate or wedge-oblong, acute, smooth on both sides; racemes simple or panicled ; style and filaments smooth; bracts partly persistent. (C. paniculata, Pursh.) — Varies, with the leaves hoary beneath, rough above (C. tomentosa, Zam.), or on both sides (C. scabra, Pers.) ; style hairy ; bracts caducous. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July.— Shrub 4°—8° high. Leaves 2’-3/ long. Flowers fragrant. 2. C. acuminata, Michx. Arborescent; branches and racemes white- tomentose ; leaves thin, smooth, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on slender petioles ; racemes solitary ; style smooth; filaments hairy. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and Aug.— Leaves 3’- 4! long. Bracts caducous. ¢ 10. KALMIA, L. Lavret. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla depressed-campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed, with 10 cavities at the sides in which the anthers are lodged. Filaments elastic. Style single. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire alternate opposite or whorled evergreen leaves, and showy white or rose-colored flowers. * Flowers in corymbs. . 1. K. latifolia, L. (Cazico-susu.) Branches smooth; leaves mostly alternate, petioled, elliptical, acute at each end, green on both sides; corymbs terminal, viscid; corolla large, varying from white to deep rose-color.— Shady . banks, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4°-10° high. Leaves shining. 2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHerr Laurer.) Branches smooth; leaves petioled, opposite or three in a whorl, narrowly oblong, obtuse, pale or glaucous - beneath; corymbs lateral, glandular; flowers small, deep rose-color. — Barren hills, chiefly in the upper districts. April and. May.—Shrub 2°-38° high. Leaves and flowers smaller than those of the preceding. 3. K. cuneata, Michx. Branches pubescent; leaves sessile, alternate, wedge-oblong, pubescent beneath, bristle-pointed; corymbs lateral; flowers white. — Swamps, South and North Carolina, not common.— A small shrub. 2 * * Flowers solitary, axillary. 4. K. hirsuta, Walt. (Wicxy.) Hirsute; stems low, very leafy ; leaves small (3/ long), oblong or oval, mostly obtuse and alternate, the margins revo- lute; calyx-lobes leafy ; flowers numerous, approximate, pale or deep rose-color ; pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Geor- gia. June to Sept. — Shrub 6/-18/ high. ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 265 ll. MENZIESIA, Smith. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included: anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, opening septicidally, many-seeded.— Shrubs, with entire alternate membranaceous leaves, and nodding aces eudaube flowers in terminal clusters, appearing with the leaves. 1. M. globularis, Salisb.— Mountains of North Carolina. July.—A straggling shrub, 3°-6° high. Leaves deciduous, oblong, acute, hairy, glaucous ‘beneath, glandular-pointed. 12. RHODODENDRON, L. Ross-Bay. HoneysucKkte. Calyx mostly minute, 5-toothed. ‘Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, usu- ally somewhat irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, mostly declined: anthers opening by terminal pores. ‘Style‘single, elongated: stigma capitate. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like.— Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters from large scaly buds. §1. Azatea.—Corolla funnel-shaped, mostly glandular-viscid externally: stamens 5: the long filaments and style exserted: leaves deciduous. * Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 1. R. nudiflorum, Torr. Branchlets hairy; leaves obovate or ine pubescent, soon smoothish.above; calyx-lobes minute ; tube of the corolla finely pubescent, rather longer than the lobes ; corolla white, eae to deep rose-color, or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May.— Shrub 4°-6° high. There are many va- rieties. 2. R. calendulaceum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or obo- ‘vate, hairy; calyx-lobes conspicuous ; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the lobes. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May.— Shrub 3°-10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy. * * Flowers appearing after the leaves. 3. R. viscosum, Torr. Branchlets bristly; leaves coriaceous, obovate, ‘with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous ‘beneath; corolla glandular-viscid, white; calyx-teeth minute, rounded. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Shrub 4°- 6° high. Capsule hispid. 4. R. arborescens, Torr. Branchlets smooth; leaves smooth, obovate, ciliate on the margins, pale beneath; corolla glandular-viscid, rose-color; calyx- lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Shrub 3°- 10° high. Flowers fragrant. -§2. RuaopopenpRON. — Corolla bell-shaped, smooth: stamens 10: leaves coria- ceous, evergreen. , 5. R. maximum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth and green on both sides; calyx-lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or rose- 23 266 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) color, spotted within with yellow or green.— Shady banks of streams on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July.— Stem 6°-20° high. Leaves 4’—10' long. Corolla 1’ in diameter. 6. R. Catawbiense, Michx. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end, mucronate, smooth; the young ones and branchlets tomentose ; calyx-lobes small; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest sum- mits of the mountains of North Carolina. June.— Shrub 3°-6° high. Leaves 3/- 5! long. 7, R. punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptical, acute at each end, glabrous ; the lower surface and dense corymbs thickly dotted with resinous globules ; calyx-lobes small, rounded; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, rose-color, spot- ted within, longer than the pedicels; capsule elongated. — Varies with smaller (1’-13/) oval or obovate obtuse leaves, minute calyx-lobes, and shorter capsule (4-5" long). — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina; the variety in the sandy pine barrens of West Florida. May and June. — Shrub 4°- 6° high. Leaves 2'- 3! long. 13. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spreading petals. Stamens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrub, with very numerous thick, oval, entire evergreen leaves, and small white flowers in terminal clusters. 1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens, and on the mountains of Carolina. May.— Shrub 6/-10/ high. Leaves 4! long, alternate or opposite, glossy. 14. BEJARIA, Matis. Calyx 7-lobed or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 oblong spreading petals. Stamens 14: anthers versatile, opening by terminal pores. Style elongated : stigma de- pressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes or corymbs. 1. B. racemosa, Vent. Branches rough with scattered rigid hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth; racemes terminal, elongated; calyx 7-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and East Florida. June and July.— Shrub 3°-4° high. Flowers white, showy. SuBpoRDER I. PWROLEZ. Tue Prrora FAmIty. 15. PYROLA, LI. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10: anthers some- what 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long, mostly declined: stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening through the cells from the base upward; the sutures pubescent. Seeds ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 267. very minute, numerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, with creeping roots, and evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in a simple raceme at the summit of the nearly naked scape. 1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, nearly entire, shorter than the petioles ; racemes many-flowered ; stigma 5-crenate. — Drv woods in the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 1° high. 16. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prince’s Pine. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the filaments dilated in the middle: anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, 5-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose, opening from the apex downward; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever- greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish umbellate nodding flowers on long peduncles. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, serrate above the middle, not spotted ; umbels 4-7-flowered ; filaments smooth. — Open woods, North Carolina, and northward. June.— Branches 6!- 10! high. Leaves glossy. 2. C. maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, toothed- serrate throughout, blotched with white ; umbels 2-— 5-flowered ; filaments vil- lous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. — Smaller than the preceding. 17. SHORTIA, Gray. Calyx 5-sepalous, scale-like, imbricated in the bud. Capsule shorter than the calyx, nearly globose, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placenta large, central. Seeds small, numerous. Embryo terete, straight, shorter than the albumen. Style filiform, somewhat persistent. Corolla and stamens unknown. — A smooth perennial nearly stemless herb. Leaves roundish, subcordate, crenate. serrate, long-petioled. Scape scaly-bracted towards the summit, 1-flowered. 1. S. galacifolia, Gray. — High mountains of Carolina, Michauz. SusBoRDER IV. MONOTROPEZE Tue INpDIAN-PIPE Famiy. 18. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Calyx of 5 sepals, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 10: anthers shorter than the filaments, fixed near the apex, awnless; the cells opening at the apex. Style short and thick: stigma large, 5-angled. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled. Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3/- 4’), smooth, brownish, scaly. Spike several-flowered. Flowers flesh-colored, odorous. 1. S. odorata, Ell. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward, rare.. April. — Parasitic on the roots of herbs. Flowers nodding. 268 GALACINEE. (GALAX FAMILY.) 19. MONOTROPA, L. Inpray-Pire. Calyx of 2-5 deciduous sepals. Corolla 4 — 5-petalous, gibbous at the base, deciduous. Stamens 8-10: anthers reniform, opening across the apex. Stigma broad, 4—5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 -10-furrowed, 4 - 5-celled. Seeds very nu- merous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers solitary or racemose, nodding. Capsules erect. Herbs parasitic on roots, or decayed vegetable matter. § 1. Monorropa, Nutt. — Stem 1-flowered: sepals 2—4 : petals 5: anthers open- ing by 2 chinks: style short and thick. 1. M. uniflora, L.— Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem smooth, 4/-10’ high, white, turning black in drying. Flower showy. § 2. Hypopirys, Dill. — Stem several-flowered ; the upper flower commonly with 5 petals and 10 stamens ; the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens: sepals as many as the petals: anthers opening by 2 unequal valves; the smaller one erect: style longer than the ovary. 2. M. Hypopitys, L. (M. lanuginosa, Michx.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 4/- 8! high, pubescent, reddish. Orper 77. GALACINE. (Garax Famtry.) Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate- spatulate, deciduous. Stamens ‘hypogynous; the filaments united into a 10-toothed tube ; those opposite the petals sterile, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing a roundish 1-celled anther, which opens across the top. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled,, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, fixed to the central placenta. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.— A smooth perennial stemless herb, ‘erect from a creeping scaly rhizoma. Leaves all radical, evergreen, round- cordate, crenate, petioled. Scape (1°-2° high) simple, bearing a long spiked raceme of small white flowers. 1) Gane ? Characters of the order. 1. G. aphylla, L.— Open woods on the mountains of North Carolina. June and July. — Rhizoma deep red. Orper 78. AQUIFOLIACE. (Hotry Famity.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or green- ish flowers. — Calyx 4-—9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 4—9- AQUIFOLIACEE. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 269 parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its base: anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary free from the calyx, 4—9-celled. Stigma lobed, nearly sessile. Drupe berry-like, composed of 4-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds anatropous, sus- pended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. To eR OL. Bonny. Flowers perfect or diceciously polygamous, of 4-9 parts. Drupe containing 4-9 nutlets.— Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly soli- tary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or peduncled clus- ters or cymes. § 1. Agquirotium. — Parts of the flower 4: drupe red: nutlets ribbed or veiny on the back: leaves evergreen. 1. I. opaca, Ait. (Hoxiy.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cymose, on slender peduncles ; calyx-lobes acute. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A small tree. 2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young branches, lower surface of the leaves, and clusters more or less pubescent; leaves varying from obovate to oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, mucronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the middle, on short petioles; sterile peduncles many-flowered, the fertile ones shorter, and mostly 1-flowered ; calyx-teeth acute; nutlets 3-ribbed on the back. (I. laurifolia, Nutt. I. ligustrina, Hil.) — Var. MyRTIFOLIA. Leaves small (}/-1’), linear-oblong, entire, or,on the young branches, sharply 2—4-toothed toward the apex. (I. myrtifolia, Walt.) — Margins of swamps and pine-barren ponds, South Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May.— A handsome shrub or small tree. Leaves 2’—3! long. 3. I. Cassine, L. (Yauron.)— Leaves small (}/-1’ long), oval or ob- long, obtuse, crenate ; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes minute, obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Shrub 8° - 12° high, slender, the short spreading branches often spine-like. Fruit clustered, abundant. . § 2. PrinoipEs.— Parts of the flower 4—6: drupe.red or purple: nutlets 4-6, ribbed on the.back: shrubs: leaves deciduous. 4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, pu- bescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole; flowers on short pedicels, in sessile clusters; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. (I. prinoides, Ait.) — Varies with the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels. — River-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A large shrub. Leaves thin, 1/-2! long. Drupe red. 5. I..ambigua. Branches slender; leaves oval or oblong, acute or some- what acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or rarely, like the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers clustered, longer than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, solitary ; calyx-teeth ob- 23 * 270 STYRACACEE. (STORAX FAMILY.) tuse, ciliate. (I. monticola, Gray?) — Sandy margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1/-4! long. 6. I. Amelanchier, M. A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath ; fruiting pedicels solitary, as long as the petioles ; drupe large, red; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on the back ; calyx-teeth acute.— Swamps, Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. — Leaves about 2! long, 1! wide. Drupe 3!/- 4" in diameter. § 3. Prinos.— Parts of the flower mostly 6 - 9 : nutlets smooth and even on the back. * Leaves deciduous: drupe red. 7. I. verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceo- late, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers all clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels; fruit abundant. (Prinos verticillatus, Z.) — Low ground, West Florida, and northward. April.— A large shrub. Leaves about 2’ long. Pedicels shorter than the petioles. 8. I. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, acute at each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers scattered gener- ally in pairs, 6-parted ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; drupes small. (Prinos lanceolatus, Pursh.) — Lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina, Pursh. June. (* * * Leaves smooth, evergreen: drupe black. 9. I. glabra, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4- toothed near the apex; sterile peduncles many-flowered ; the fertile, 1-flowered ; flowers all 6-9-parted. (Prinos glaber, Z.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May.— Shrub 2° - 4° high. 10. I. coriacea. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or with sharp scat- tered teeth, viscid when young; peduncles 1-flowered, the sterile ones mostly clustered, the fertile solitary ; flowers 6-—9-parted. (Prinos coriaceus, Hil.) — Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May.— Shrub 4° - 8° high. Orver 79. STYRACACE,. (Strorax Famiy.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers perfect. — Calyx 4-8-toothed, or entire, free, or adherent to the 2-5-celled ovary. Corolla hypogynous, or inserted on the calyx, 4 — 8-lobed or 4 —8- petalous. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, twice as many as its divisions, or more numerous, separate, or monadelphous or polyadel- phous at the base. Style single. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, 1—5- celled. Seeds anatropous, mostly solitary in each cell. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle slender. TribBE I. STYRACEA. Calyx4-8-toothed, or entire: stamens 2-4 times as many as the divisions of the corolla: ovules partly erect or spreading, and partly pendulous: pu- bescence stellate. 1. STYRAX. Fruit capsular, 1-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, or partly adherent. 2. HALESIA. Fruit drupaceous, 2-4-winged, 2—4-celled. Ovary wholly united with the calyx. STYRACACEH. (STORAX FAMILY.) 271 Tase ll. SYMPLOCINEZE. Calyx 5-cleft: stamens indefinite: ovules pendulous: pubescence simple. 8. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers in sessile clusters. Fruit baccate. 1. STYRAX, Tourn. Srorax. Calyx 5 - 8-toothed, free, or partly adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Corolla deeply 5-parted, with spreading or reflexed lobes, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens 10, free or adnate to the tube of the corolla. Style filiform. Ovary completely or partly 3-celled. Capsule globose, 3-valved, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with a downy or scurfy stellate pubescence. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers white, in leafy racemes. 1. S. pulverulentum, Michx. Leaves small (1/-13/ long), elliptical or obovate, entire or toothed, the lower surface and branches scurfy ; racemes lateral, 3-7-flowered, often by pairs, hoary; calyx-teeth subulate. — Pine- barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. April and May.— Shrub 2°-12° high. Racemes 1/-2! long. Flowers fragrant. 2. S. grandifolium, Ait. Leaves large (2’-4/ long), oval or obovate, acute, mostly entire; the lower surface, like the branches and many-flowered racemes, hoary; calyx furrowed, with triangular acute teeth.— Rich woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May.— Shrub 4°-6° high. Racemes 3/—5/ long. 3. S. Americanum, Lam. Leaves thin, obovate, or oblong-obovate, acute, smooth ; racemes scurfy, not hoary, 4 —6-flowered, terminal; calyx-teeth short, subulate. (S. glabrum and S. leve, Hil.) — Banks of streams, in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. May.— Shrub 4°-—8° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. Racemes 1! long. 2. HALESTIA, Ellis. Snowprop-Tree. Calyx obconical, slightly 4-—8-toothed, adnate to the 3-4-celled ovary. Corolla inserted on the calyx, 4-lobed or 4-petalous. Stamens 8-16, separate or united below, free from the corolla: anthers linear. Ovules 4 in each cell, 2 of them erect, and 2 pendulous. Drupe dry, 2-4-winged, 1 -3-seeded. Seeds cylindrical.— Shrubs or small trees. Leaves ample. Flowers in short lateral racemes, appearing with the leaves, white, drooping. * Ovary 3-celled: corolla 4-petalous : stamens mostly 8, distinct : drupe 2-winged. 1. H. diptera, L. Leaves oval, coarsely serrate, pubescent, 4/—5/ long ; racemes 2-4-flowered, the flowers on long pedicels; corolla 1’ long ; anthers spreading ; drupe compressed, 1! long.— Rich woods, Florida and Georgia. March and April. * * Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-lobed: stamens mostly 12, united below the middle: drupe 4-winged. 2. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, at length smoothish, 2'-4! long; flowers 2-4 in a cluster, 8/’/- 10" long; anthers erect. — River- banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 272 CYRILLACEA. (CYRILLA FAMILY.) 3. H. parviflora, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent on both sides, glaucous beneath, slightly toothed, when young entire ; racemes somewhat compound, 4-5-flowered, leafy; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx tomen- tose ; the teeth ovate, acute; corolla small, tomentose, 4-parted ; stamens 8; drupe slightly and unequally winged. —In Florida, Michaux. — Leaves 2’ long. Corolla 10’ long. (*) 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Calyx 5-cleft, more or less adherent to the 2 -5-celled ovary. Corolla 5 —10- petalous. Stamens 15 or more, monadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted at the base of the corolla: anthers roundish. Ovules 2-4 in each cell, suspended, anatropous. Style slender: stigma entire or 3-5-parted. Berry 1 =5-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, serrate. Flowers axillary, in racemes or clusters. 1. S. tinetoria, L’Her. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, partly per- sistent ; clusters sessile, 6 -12-flowered ; calyx smooth, top-shaped, the lobes obtuse ; corolla yellow; stamens in 5 sets; stigma entire, berry 1-seeded. — Low woods and banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March.— A small tree. Leaves 3/4! long, sweetish. Flowers very numerous. Orper 80. CYRILLACEA,. (Cyrritra Famiry.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, and perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes.— Calyx of 4-5 sepals. Petals 5-8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-— 10, inserted with the petals: anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-—4-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma entire or 2 ~4-lobed. Fruit 2—4-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior. 1. CYRILLA, Garden. Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu- ous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading: anthers oval. ‘Style persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded; the pericarp spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entire. Racemes clustered at the base of the branches of the season, rigid, spreading. Flowers small, un short 2-bracted pedicels. 1. C. racemifiora, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (2! - 4! long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate, tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1-seeded. — Varies with smaller (1/—12') oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globose drupe tipped with the short and thick style. — Shady banks, and (the variety) in pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Racemes 3/-6/ long. EBENACEZ. (EBONY FAMILY.) 273 2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. Tir. Calyx minute, composed of 5-8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5-8, ‘obovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows; the filaments erect, thick, contracted above the middle; those opposite the petals longer: anthers round. Stigma sessile, 3—4-lobed. Drupe dry, 3 -4-winged, 3-4-celled, with a single linear seed in each cell.— A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, smooth, and somewhat glaucous. Racemes terminal, many- flowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding. 1. C. ligustrina, Banks. (Mylocarium, Willd.) — Pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March and April. — Leaves 2/ long. Racemes 2/—4! long. Flowers white, fragrant. 3. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. Calyx minute, 4-sepalous. Petals 4, oblong-linear, slightly adhering at the base. Stamens 8, included: anthers sagittate, thickened at the apex. Style slender, slightly exserted: stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, the cells many- ovuled. Fruit unknown. — A smooth shrub, 4°-10° high. Leaves elliptical- lanceolate, acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath. Racemes terminal, bract- less, simple or compound. 1. EH. racemosa, Muhl.— Near Waynesboro’, Georgia, Elliott. — June. Orper 81. EBENACE. (Exzony Famiry.) Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers polygamous; the sterile cymose ; the fertile ones larger, sohtary. — Calyx free from the 3—12-celled ovary, persistent, 3 — 7-lobed. Corolla 3-—7-lobed, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly 16, inserted on the base of the corolla, often. united by pairs; the filaments short and hairy: anthers introrse. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell, anatropous, suspended. Styles distinct, or united below. Fruit baccate, roundish, few-seeded; the seeds large, compressed. Embryo in the axis of hard albumen. MRadicle superior. 1. DIOSPYROS, L. Persimmon. Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-6-cleft. Stamens in the sterile flower mostly 16; in the fertile 8, with the anthers sterile. Styles 2 or 4, united below. Ovules solitary in the cells. Berry 4-8-seeded. _1. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, mostly smooth, petioled ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla 4-cleft ; styles 4, each 2-lobed ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods and old fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June.—A small tree. Flowers greenish. Berry eatable when fully ripe. » 274 SAPOTACEE, (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) OrpER 82. SAPOTACEA. (Sapopiria Famiy.) Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate entire exstipulate short- petioled leaves, and regular perfect (small) flowers, commonly in sessile axillary clusters. — Calyx free from the 3-12-celled ovary, 4—§8-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4—8-cleft, mostly with one or two ap- pendages between each lobe. Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, alternating with as many scale-like or petal- like sterile ones, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers extrorse. Ovules anatropous, single, suspended from the central angle of each cell, or ascending from its base. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds few. Albu- men fleshy or oily, or none. Embryo straight. Synopsis. * Calyx 5-parted. + Corolla with a single appendage between the lobes. 1. SIDEROXYLON. Sterile stamens none. Fruita drupe. Albumen copious. + + Corolla with two appendages between the lobes. 2. DIPHOLIS. Seed with copious albumen. Sterile stamens fimbriate. Ovary smooth. 38. BUMELIA. Seed without albumen. Sterile stamens entire. Ovary hairy. * * Calyx 6- 8-parted. 4. MIMUSOPS. Appendages of the corolla two between the lobes. Stamens 6-8. 1. SIDEROXYLON, L. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. Stamens 5, the sterile ones none. Ovary hairy, 5-celled. Drupe mostly 1-celled, l-seeded. Albumen copious. — Tropical trees. Flowers clustered. 1. S. pallidum, Spreng. Smooth; leaves membranaceous, elliptical, ob- tuse, wavy on the margins, on slender petioles; clusters few-flowered ; drupes purplish, ovoid. — South Florida. — Leaves 5!- 6’ long. Drupe 9’! long. 2. DIPHOLIS, A.DC. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with an ovate-lanceolate fimbriate sterile one. Ovary smooth. Berry juiceless, 1-seeded. Albumen copious, fleshy. — A small tree, with silky branches. Leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole. Flowers clustered, on short pedicels. 1. D. salicifolia, A. DC.— South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. Leaves 2'-3! long. Calyx silky. Drupe small, oblong. 3. BUMELIA, Swartz. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with a petal-like sterile one. Ovary 5-celled, hairy. SAPOTACEH, (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 279 Berry ovoid, 1-seeded. Albumen none.— Spiny shrubs, with hard wood. Leaves deciduous, oblong, narrowed into a petiole. Flowers clustered, white or greenish. 1. B. lycioides, Gert. Leaves obovate-oblong, smooth on both surfaces; clusters many-flowered, smooth; pedicels twice as long as the flower, rather shorter than the petioles; corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx.— River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves 2/-4! long. Flowers greenish. Berry ovoid. 2. B. tenax, Willd. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, thin, the lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with silky brown hairs ; pedicels three times as long as the flower, shorter than the petioles ; corolla white, barely longer than the calyx.—Dry soil, South Carolina, and westward ; not common. — Leaves 13/- 23/ long. Berry oval. 3. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Leaves obovate-oblong or obovate, coriaceous, the lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with a dense rusty villous pubescence ; corolla white, twice as long as the calyx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July.—A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2!-3! long. Berry small, ovoid. 4. B. reclinata, Vent. Smooth; branches diffuse; leaves obovate, often emarginate; clusters few-flowered.— Varies with the branchlets, leaves, and clusters sprinkled with appressed silky fulvous hairs; flowers smaller. — River- banks, Florida to South Carolina. June and July.—Shrub 3°-4° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. Flowers white. Berry globose. 5. B. parvifolia, A. DC. Smooth throughout; lateral branches short and. spine-like ; leaves small, coriaceous, lanceolate-spatulate or oblong-obovate, obtuse, clustered ; flowers few in a cluster, on short pedicels ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, the two outer ones smaller; corolla yellowish-white ; berry large, oblong. (B. angustifolia, Nutt.) — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1! long. Berry 3! - 4" long. 4. MIMUSOPS, L. Calyx 6-8-parted ; the lobes in two rows. Corolla 6 - 8-cleft, with 2 appen- dages between the lobes. Stamens 6-8, with as many 2-lobed sterile ones inter- posed. Ovary 6-8-celled, hirsute. Berry globose, 1-2-celled. Albumen fleshy.— Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, clustered at the summit of the branches. Flowers axillary, white. 1. M. Sieberi, A. DC. Branches short, thick, tubercular; leaves rigid, smooth, oblong, emarginate at the apex, obtuse at the base, on stout petioles; pedicels as long as the petiole, recurved ; calyx-lobes coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, as long as the corolla.— South Florida. — Leaves 2'-3' long; the midrib stout, the lateral veins obscure. 276 MYRSINACEX. (MYRSINE FAMILY.) OrpEeR 83. THEOPHRASTACE®. (Turopnrasta FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves coriaceous, often resinous- dotted, without stipules. Flowers perfect, thick, white, orange, or red. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. Stamens 5, fertile, opposite the lobes of the corolla: anthers ex- trorse, 2-celled, the thickened connective prolonged above the cells. Ovary free, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Stigma capitate. Fruit globose. Seeds few, enclosed in gelatinous pulp. Em- bryo in the axis of copious albumen. KRadicle inferior. 1. JACQUINIA, L. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla bell-shaped, with ovate obtuse appendages. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla: filaments broad and flat. Style cylindrical from a conical base: stigma capitate, 5-angled. Berry pointed, 3- 10-seeded. Albumen hard. — Leaves entire, short-petioled. Flowers in racemes. 1. J. armillaris, Jacq.? Branches puberulent; leaves wedge-obovate,. smooth, emarginate, 3-nerved, punctate, short-petioled, the margins revolute; racemes chiefly terminal, somewhat fleshy, many-flowered, rather longer than the leaves; bracts ovate; pedicels erect, club-shaped ; corolla short, bell-shaped, fleshy, the tube shorter than the rounded lobes; stamens short; the filaments dilated and connate at the base, lining the base of the corolla; fruit subglobose. — South Florida.— Leaves 1'-1}/ long. Fruit 5" in diameter, orange-red. Orprer 84. MYRSINACEA. (Myrsine Famity.) Trees or shrubs, often glandular-dotted, with alternate exstipulate mostly entire leaves, and regular, often monecious or diccious, white or rose-colored flowers. — Calyx 4-6-parted. Corolla 4-6-cleft. Sta- mens 4-6, opposite the lobes of the corolla: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary mostly free, 1-celled, smooth: ovules 1—many, imbedded in the cavities of the central placenta. Style simple. Fruit drupaceous, glo- bose, somewhat fleshy, commonly 1-seeded. Seeds roundish, concave at the base. Embryo transverse, in hard albumen. 1. MYRSINE, L. Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx 4 -5-parted. Corolla 4 -5-cleft, imbri- eated in the bud. Stamens 4—5, inserted on the base of the corolla: anthers longer than the filaments, opening from the base upward. Style short: stigma. capitate. Ovules 4-5, amphitropous. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, on short pedicels. PLANTAGINACEH, (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 277 1. M. Floridana, A. DC. Smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, on short petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 5; drupes small, longer than the pedicels. -~ South Florida. — Leaves 2'/-3! long. Drupes 1” in diameter. 2. ARDISIA, Swartz. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5; the anthers mostly longer than. the filaments, opening from. the apex downward. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Style slender: stigma acute. Drupe globular, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. A. Pieckeringia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, ob- tuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, pale beneath ; panicles terminal, short ; corolla dotted with minute black globules. — South Florida. July. — Leaves 2! long. Drupe 14” in diameter, shorter than the pedicel. OrpeR 85. PLANTAGINACE. (Prantain Famity.) Chiefly stemless herbs, with radical mostly ribbed leaves, and small whitish spiked or capitate flowers, borne on a naked scape. — Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals, with scarious margins. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-parted, withering. Stamens 2-4, included or exserted, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes: anthers 2-celled, deciduous. Style slender. Ovary free, 2—4-celled. Capsule 2-celled, © few —many-seeded, opening transversely. Seeds attached to the de- ciduous partition. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. l. PLANTAGO, L. Puantarn. Characters same as the order. : * Flower perfect. 1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smooth or pubescent, 5 -7-ribbed, mostly toothed, narrowed into a broad concave petiole; scape pubescent; spike long-cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; capsule many-seeded. — Low ground around dwellings. Introduced. May -Aug.— Scape 6/- 12! high. Leaves 4! - 6! long. 2. P. cordata, Lam. Smooth; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, toothed, 7—9-ribbed, on long flat petioles ; spike long-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; bracts roundish ; capsule 2-4-seeded.— Low ground, in the upper districts of Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. April-June. | — Scape 1° high. Leaves 3! - 8! long. 3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves smooth or pubescent, oblong, entire or obscurely denticulate, 3-5-ribbed ; spike cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; bracts acute, shorter than the smooth calyx ; capsule conical, 4-seeded. — Hills near Decatur, Alabama. Rugel.— Plant small. Scape slender. 24 278 PLUMBAGINACEH. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 4. P. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed, long-petioled ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; capsule 2-seeded. — Pastures and waste ground. Introduced. — Scapes 1° - 2° high. Spikes 1! - 2! long. 5. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, toothed or entire, narrowed into a long petiole; scape much longer than the leaves, pubescent below; spike long, loosely flowered ; bracts ovate; calyx-lobes obtuse; capsule 2-seeded. (P. interrupta, Lam.) — Moist pine barrens, Georgia and South Caro- lina. June -Sept. — Spikes 6/-9/ long. * * Flowers diecious: annuals. 6. P. Virginica, L. Pubescent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed or entire, 3—5-ribbed, on rather short petioles ; spike cylindrical, densely-flowered ; stamens 4; capsule 2-4 seeded. (P. purpurascens, Nutt.) —Low sandy soil, very common. April—June.— Scapes 1! (and then 2-4-flowered) - 1° high. Leaves }/- 6! long. 7. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, linear, entire, or with scattered spreading teeth; spikes linear, closely flowered ; the lower flowers scattered; stamens 2, exserted; capsule many- seeded, twice the length of the calyx.— Waste places and fields, Florida and northward. April and May.— Scape 2/-6! high, commonly longer than the leaves. P. pusILLA, Nutt. (which may be found within our limits) differs from No. 7 in having the ovoid 4-seeded capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. OrpEeR 86. PLUMBAGINACE. (Leapwort F amity.) Herbs or shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. — Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalous, with the 5 stamens opposite the lobes or petals, and inserted on their claws or on the receptacle. Styles 5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the solitary anatropous ovule suspended from the apex of the filiform cord which arises from the base of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. 1. STATICE, L. Marsa Rosemary. Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, 5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by their claws. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles separate or nearly so: stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial herbs, growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like stems. 1. §. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into a long petiole; scape scaly, widely branching; flowers mostly single, in 1-sided ae PRIMULACEE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 279 spreading spikes ; calyx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of the scarious limb alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Scape }°-2° high. Leaves 3’-6! long. Flowers blue. 2. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leapwort. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle splitting into valves from the base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes. 1. P. seandens, L. Shrubby; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a clasping petiole; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the corolla ; lobes of the corolla ovate, white; style smooth.— South Florida. — Leaves 2!/-3/ long. Spike elongated. Orper 87. PRIMULACEA®, (Primrose Famiry.) Herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4 -5-lobed, persistent. Corolla 4—5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, oppo- site the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary free, or partly adherent to the calyx, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, valvate or circum- scissile. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Ovary free from the calyx. + Capsule opening by valves or teeth. 1. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves pectinately dissected. 2. LYSIMACHTIA. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stems leafy. Leaves opposite, entire. 8. DODECATHEON. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stemless. Leaves radical. 4+- + Capsule opening transversely. 4. ANAGALLIS. Parts of the flower 5. Leaves opposite. Stamens bearded. 5. CENTUNCULUS. Parts of the flower 4. Leaves alternate. Stamens beardless. * * Ovary partly adherent to the calyx. 6. SAMOLUS. Stamens 5, with sterile filaments interposed. Capsule valvate. 1. HOTTONIA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Style slender. Capsule globose, at length splitting into 5 valves, which cohere at the base and apex. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous.— Aquatic perennial herbs, with pectinately dissected leaves. Flowering stems mostly clustered, nearly leafless, inflated, bearing at the joints whorls of small white flowers. 1. H. inflata, Ell. Flowering stems 3 -several in a terminal cluster, much inflated ; upper stem-leaves crowded, with filiform divisions; bracts entire. — Ponds and ditches in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. % 280 PRIMULACEH. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 2. LYSIMACHIA, L. LoosEestrire. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5; the filaments often monadelphous at the base, and commonly with the rudiment of a sterile one interposed. Style slender. Capsule globose, 5—10-valved, few - many- seeded. Seeds amphitropous. — Perennial herbs, with entire opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or racemose yellow flowers. * Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. L. stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching; leaves very numerous, opposite, dotted, lanceolate, acute at each end; racemes long, leafy at the base; pedicels slender; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, marked with dark lines ; filaments monadelphous, unequal ; sterile ones none; capsule 5-valved, 3-5-seeded.— Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute. (L. angustifolia, Michx. L. Loomisii, Torr., corolla-lobes broader.) — Low ground in the middle and upper districts. July. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2'long. Flowers small. 2. La. Fraseri, Duby. Stem glandular-pubescent at the summit, erect; leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers in a leafless panicle; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the mar- gins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire; filaments monadel- phous, unequal ; sterile ones none.— South Carolina. Fraser. (*) 3. L. Herbemonti, Ell. Stem erect, smooth, simple ; leaves (and flow- ers) four in a.whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted ; flowers racemose, or. short pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, dotted ; filaments monadelphous at the base. (L. asperulzfolia, Poir ?)} — Near Colum- bia, South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina, Curtis, Croom. — Stem 2° high. Leaves faintly 3 —5-nerved. * * Flowers acxillary. 4. Iu. quadrifolia, L. Stem pubescent, simple; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, dotted, sessile; peduncles filiform ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, dotted, filaments monadelphous. — Shady woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 5. L. ciliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance- olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles; corolla longer than the calyx, with broadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; pedun- cles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michx.) with the leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole; the uppermost, like the peduncles, often whorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Mich.) with the lowest leaves obovate, the others long, lanceolate; or (L. angustifolia, Zam.) with linear nearly sessile leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — Woods and thickets, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2/-4! long. 6. I. radicans, Hook. Smooth throughout; stem long, prostrate; the slender branches often rooting at the apex; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acute, on long and slender petioles; peduncles longer than the leaves; corolla. PRIMULACEZ. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 281 as long as the calyx.— Swamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper districts. July. —Stem 2°-3° long. Flowers smaller than in any form of the preceding. 7. L. longifolia, Pursh. Smooth; stem erect, mostly simple, 4-angled; leaves linear, obtuse, sessile, with the margins revolute, the lowest ones spatu- late; corolla large, with roundish abruptly acute lobes. — Wet banks, South Carolina, and northward. July to Sept.— Stem 1°-3° high. Leaves 2/-4/ long, rather rigid. Corolla 8!/— 9! in diameter. 38. DODECATHEON, L. American Cows tip. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla-tube very short, the 5-parted limb reflexed. Stamens 5, the filaments monadelphous at the base: anthers long and linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Stem- less herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. Flowers umbellate, terminating the naked scape, white or purple. 1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate; umbel bracted, many-flowered ; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods, North Carolina and Tennessee. May and June. \}— Scape 1° high. Leaves 4! - 6’ long. 4. ANAGALLIS, L. Pimprernet. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Sta- mens five: filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, many- seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. 1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled; leaves ovate, sessile; peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit ; flowers red. — Fields and pastures. Introduced. July. @— Stem 6! long. 5. CENTUNCULODUS, L. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta- mens 4, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening transversely. — Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers. 1. C. minimus, L. Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched ; leaves obovate, acute; flowers often clustered. (C.lanceolatus, Michr.) — Low ground near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem 1/- 6’ long. 6. SAMOLUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5, included. Capsule 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded.— Smooth and some- what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. 24 # 282 LENTIBULACEZ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 1. S. floribundus, Kunth. Stem at length much branched ; leaves obo- vate, the lowest tufted, spreading, the others scattered ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels long, filiform, minutely bracted in the middle; capsule globose, longer than the calyx; flowers minute. — Brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May-July. @ — Plant 6’- 12! high, pale green. 2. S. ebracteatus, Kunth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, naked above ; leaves spatulate-obovate; racemes few-flowered ; pedicels bractless ; capsule shorter than the calyx ; flowers conspicuous. — Saline marshes, Florida, and westward. May and June.— Stem 1°- 2° high. Orper 88. LENTIBULACE®. (BiappEerwortT Famity.) Aquatic or marsh herbs, with entire or dissected leaves, and irregular flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spurred at the base. Stamens 2, short, included: anthers 1-celled. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free central globose placenta. Style short: stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening irregularly. Embryo straight and thick. Albumen none. l UTRICULARIA, L. Btiapperwort. Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the projecting palate; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an ap- pressed or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means of small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe- duncles 1 - many-flowered. * Stem floating: upper leaves whorled, on inflated petioles ; the others scattered and Jinely dissected: flowers yellow. 1. U. inflata, Walt. Scape 5 -10-flowered; corolla large (3! wide); the lower lip 3-lobed, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the upper concave, nearly entire; fruit nodding. — Var. minor. Every way smaller; scape 2-flowered.— Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 2° long. Scape 6/- 12! high. * & Stem floating: leaves all scattered and finely dissected: flowers yellow. 2. U. vulgaris, L. Leaves decompound ; scape scaly, 5 —12-flowered ; throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate; the lobes nearly entire, with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading spur; fruit nodding.— Ponds and still water, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May-July. — Stem 2°-3° long. Scapes 6/-12! high. Co- rolla 3’ wide. 3. U. striata, Leconte. Leaves decompound; scape slender, sparingly bracted, 5 - 6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearly equal, 3-lobed ; LENTIBULACEZ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 2838 the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with reflexed margins, as long as the linear nearly appressed notched spur; palate dotted with brown ; fruit erect. (U. fibrosa, £//.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Scapes 10! high. Corolla 3! wide. 4. U. fibrosa, Walt. Small; leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like ; scape 1—3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost bractless; lips of the small (4! —5//) corolla equal, roundish ; the upper one slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, rather shorter than the subulate appressed spur; palate globose, 2-lobed ; fruit erect, on stout pedicels. (U. longirostris, Leconte. U. biflora, Lam.%) — Ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May and June.— Stem 4/-6! long, with clus- tered branches. Scape 2’-4' high. 5. U. gibba, L. Stem short, with clustered branches; leaves sparingly divided ; scape 1 — 2-flowered ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, longer than the gibbous obtuse appressed spur; fruit erect. (U. fornicata, Leconte.) — Shallow ponds, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June.— Stem 2/-3! long. Scape 1/-3! high. * * * Stem floating: leaves whorled, finely dissected: flowers purple. 6. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform; scape mostly 1-flowered ; upper lip of the corolla truncated; the lower 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes sac-like, longer than the subulate spur.— Shallow ponds, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. June.— Stem 1°-2° long. Scape 2/-3! high. Co- rolla 4" wide. * * * * Stemless: scape rooting, scaly: leaves linear and entire, or none: air- bladders few or none: flowers yellow. 7. U. cornuta, Michx. Scape 2 - 4-flowered ; pedicels short, as long as the calyx; lips of the large (3! wide) corolla obovate, unequal ; the lower one larger, abruptly pointed, entire, as long as the horn-shaped acute depending spur, the margins strongly reflexed. (U. personata, Leconte, the more numerous (4 - 12) and scattered flowers much smaller.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scape 1° high. 8. U. subulata, L. Scape setaceous, 3 - 9-flowered ; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the small (3'- 4'’) corolla 3-lobed, longer than the appressed conical green-pointed spur; leaves, when present, linear, fugacious. (U. setacea, Michxr.) — Wet sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. -May.— Scape 2! - 8! high. 9. U. bipartita, Ell.? Scape filiform, 1-3-flowered; pedicels long and slender ; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as the conical obtuse spur; lower lip of the calyx sometimes 2-cleft; fruit erect. — Miry margins of ponds near Tallahassee, Florida, to South Carolina. Sept. — Scape 4/- 6!’ high. Corolla 6!’- 8! wide. 2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. Borrerwort. Upper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobed. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed, spurred at the base; 284 BIGNONIACEE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) palate hairy. — Stemless herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered, entire, with the margins commonly involute. Scape naked, commonly viscid. * Flowers yellow. 1. P. lutea, Walt. Clammy-pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate; corolla large, with the rounded lobes 2-4-cleft; spur subulate.— Open flat pine bar- rens, common. Feb.- April. — Plant yellowish. Scape 6/—12' high. Corolla 1/-13' wide, nodding. * * Flowers purple, often changing to white. 2. P. elatior, Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate ; scapes villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-cleft, rounded ; spur obtuse. — Mar- gins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scapes 8/-12! high. Corolla 1’ wide. 3. P. australis, Nutt. Smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat; co- rolla 5-parted, the wedge-obovate lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. — Shallow ponds, West Florida, near the coast. March.— Scapes 1° high. Co- rolla 1/ wide. 4. P. pumila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovate ; lobes of the corolla obcordate ; spur somewhat sac-like, obtuse. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March and April.— Scape 2/- 6! high. Corolla 3!/—! wide. OrpER 89. BIGNONIACEAR. (Bienonta Famiry.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple or compound leaves, and regular or somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed, or truncate and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2-lipped. Fertile sta- mens 2, or 4 and didynamous, inserted on the corolla: anther-cells diverg- ing. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the base surrounded with a glandular disk. Style filiform: stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-celled, many-seeded. Embryo flat. Albumen none. Synopsis. SusorperR I. BIGNONIE. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Cap- sule 2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged. Cotyledons notched at each end. — Leaves opposite. 1. BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2. TECOMA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves compound. 38. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple. SuBporDER Il. SESAMEZ. Herbs. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds wing- less. Cotyledons thick, entire. 4. MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. BIGNONIACEH. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) © 285 1, BIGNONIA, Tourn. Cross-vine. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous; anthers smooth. Valves of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it at maturity. Seeds flat, winged.— Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound. 1. B. capreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated by 2 cordate-obleng entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendril between ; pedi- cels clustered, axillary, elongated. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. April. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets 3‘-6! long. Corolla 2’ long, red without, yellow within. Capsule 3° long. . 2. TECOMA, Juss. TRrumpPret-FLOWER. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile sta- mens 4, didynamous. Valves of the capsule convex, contrary to the parti- . tion. Seeds winged. — Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound, deciduous. 1. T. radicans, Juss. — Stem climbing by rootlets ; leaves pinnate, more or less pubescent ; leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate ; racemes terminal, few-flowered. (Bignonia radicans, L.) — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Corolla 2'—3' long, scarlet without, yellow within. Capsule 4’ — 5! long. 2. T. stans, Juss. Stem erect; leaves smooth, pinnate, long-petioled ; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, finely serrate ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx tubu- lar; stamens 5, the fifth bearing an abortive anther.— South Florida. March - May.— Stem 3°- 4° high. Corolla 13! long, yellow. 3. CATALPA, Scop. Calyx 2-lipped Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles. ae 1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent; panicle trichotomous, many-flow- ered; calyx purple; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within, the lobes undulate ; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. (C. cordifolia, E//.) — River-banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May.— Corolla 1/ long. Cap- sules 1° long. 4. MARTYNIA, L. Unicorn-Prant. Calyx 5-cleft, 2-3-bracted. Corolla irregular, tubular-bell-shaped, unequally 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woody, falsely»4-celled, ending in two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wingless. — Viscid 286 OROBANCHACEH. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) branching annuals. Leaves petioled, entire, roundish, the upper ones alternate. Flowers racemed. 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems thick, at length prostrate; leaves round-cordate ; corolla (13' long) whitish, spotted with yellow and purple; cap- sule crested on one side, shorter than the beaks.— Waste places. Introduced. July and Aug. : OrvEer 90. OROBANCHACE. (Broom-rape Famiy.) Low, leafless, scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, with bilabiate didynamous flowers. — Calyx 4 —5-toothed or parted. Corolla withering-persistent, tubular, the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens in- serted on the tube of the corolla: anthers persistent. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2—4 parietal placente. Style simple, curved at the apex: stigma thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds very small, ana~ tropous, with the minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. — Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or spiked. Synopsis. 1. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers polygamous, spiked ; the lower ones fertile, the upper sterile. Ca lyx 2-bracted, 5-toothed. Stem branching. 2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers perfect, spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, cleft on the lower side. Stem simple, thick and fleshy. 38. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx bractless, 5-cleft. Corolla nearly equally 5-lobed. 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Brrcn-nrors. Flowers polygamous; the upper ones slender and sterile, the lower abbreviated and fertile. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 placentz on each valve.— Stem smooth, slender, much branched, purplish. Flowers small, in loose slender spikes. Corolla purplish. 1. EK. Virginiana, Bart.— Under Beech-trees, in deep shades, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug.— Stems 6/-12! high. Flowers scattered. Corolla of the sterile flowers 4!’ — 6! long, 4-toothed, curved. 2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. ( Squvaw-roor.) ig Flowers perfect, densely spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, tubular, 4-toothed, cleft on the lower side. Upper lip of the corolla arching, notched ; the lower short, 3- toothed. Stamens exserted. Capsule 2-valved, with 2 placentz on each valve. — A thick and fleshy whitish simple herb, covered with imbricated scales. Flow- ers yellowish, spreading. 1. C. Americana, Wallr. (Orobanche, Z.) —Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — Stems clustered from matted roots, 4! ~ 6! high, 3/ thick. —_ SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 3. (APHYLLON,) Mitchell. _ Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, bractless. Corolla tubular, curved, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. Capsule 2-valved, with 4 equidistant placentze.—Stemless or nearly so. Flowers purplish, on a long scape or peduncle. -.1. A. uniflorum, Torr. & Gray. — Stem very short and scaly ; peduncles 1 -several, 3’—5/ high, pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods, Florida, and northward. OrpeR 91. SCROPHULARIACEZ. (Fiewort Famiry.) Chiefly herbs. Leaves commonly opposite, without stipules. Calyx 4 —5-cleft or parted. Corolla 4 — 5-lobed, regular, or bilabiate ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 5), mostly didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anther-cells often sepa- rate, opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2-celled, many-ovuled. Placente central. Style simple or 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, many- (rarely 1—few-) seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in copious albumen. Synopsis. § 1. Upper lip of the corolla exterior in the bud (except Mimulus). Capsule commonly septicidally dehiscent. * Stamens 5, all perfect. Corolla regular. 1. VERBASCUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments, or a part of them, bearded. Leaves alternate. * * Fertile stamens 4; the fifth sterile.or rudimentary. Flowers cymose. Leaves opposite. 2. SCROPHULARIA. Fifth stamen scale-like. Corolla globose or oblong; four of the lobes short and erect. 3. CHELONE. Fifth stamen shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, inflated, contracted at the throat. Seeds winged. 4. PENTSTEMON. Fifth stamen as long as the others. Corolla dilated upward. Seeds wingless. * * * Fertile stamens 4: sterile ones none. Flowers axillary or racemed. - LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule toothed at the apex. MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla large. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted, the three outer lobes much larger. Corolla short. AD ON * * x * Fertile stamens 2: sterile ones 2 or none. 8. GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments entire, included. Capsule ovate or globose. 9. ILYSANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule oblong. 10. MICRANTHEMUM. Calyx 4-parted. A scale-like appendage below the filaments. § 2. Upper lip of the corolla interior in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidally dehiscent. * Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped ; the lobes nearly equal. + Stamens 2, distant. Capsule mostly obcordate. ll. AMPHIANTHUS. Style 2-cleft. Flowers solitary, terminating the central scape and in the axils of the tufted radical leaves. 12. VERONICA. Style simple. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. + + Stamens 4-5, equal. Peduncles axillary, 2 or more together. 13. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 14. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or whorled. 288 SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) + «- + Stamens 4. Flowers racemed or spiked. a+ Anthers 1-celled. 15. BUCHNERA. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens didynamous. Flowers spiked. a+ a+ Anthers 2-celled. Stamens equal. 16. SEYMERIA. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Stamens included. 17. MACRANTHERA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stamens long-exserted. i+ ++ ++ Anthers 2-celled. Stamens didynamous. 18. OTOPHYLLA. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leaves 2-eared at the base. 19. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awned at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. 20. GERARDIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, purple. Leaves narrow, entire. * * Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens. + Anther-cells unequal. ‘ 21. CASTILLEIA. Anther-cells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored. + + Anther-cells equal. 22. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 10-12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many- seeded. Leaves entire, alternate. 23. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-shaped, few-seeded. Leaves pinnatifid. 24. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, 1-4-seeded. Upper leaves bristly-toothed at the base. 1. VERBASCUM, L. Mouttern. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed; the lobes nearly equal, roundish. Stamens 5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in racemes. 1. V. Thapsus, L. Woolly throughout; stem stout, simple; leaves slightly crenate, rugose; the lowest large, oblong, petioled, the others broadly decurrent on the stem; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellow. — Old fields and waste ground. Introduced.— Stem 2°-—5° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Raceme rigid, 1° — 2° long. 2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly branched or simple; leaves smooth. oblong, acute, serrate or pinnately lobed ; the lowest petioled; the upper clasping; racemes elongated, glandular, the flowers scattered ; corolla bright or pale yellow; filaments all bearded with purple hairs. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. — Stem 2°-3° high. 3. V. Lychnitis, L. Plant mealy-white; stem branching and angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, greenish above; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow; filaments bearded with white . hairs.—In Carolina, Muhlenberg. Introduced. ; 2. SCROPHULARIA, L. Fieworr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, 5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect, with the two uppermost longer ; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined ; the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed. near the orifice of the tube of the corolla: SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 989 anther-cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish-purple flowers in loosé cymes, forming a narrow panicle. 1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided; branches elongated, spreading ; leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base; flowers small. (S. Marilandica, 2.) — Shady banks and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2°-5° high. 3. CHELONE, Tourn. Snaxke-HEap. Calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalous, bracted. Corolla inflated-tubular, contracted at the throat, bilabiate; the upper lip concave, emarginate; the lower obtusely 3-lobed, woolly in the throat. Stamens 4, with the filaments and cordate anthers woolly, and a fifth sterile one shorter than the others. Seeds imbricated, broadly winged. — Smooth perennial herbs, with opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers in short dense bracted spikes. 1. C. glabra, L. Stem simple or branched, 4-sided ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, on very short petioles; spike terminal, imbricated, nearly sessile, simple or branched; bracts and sepals ovate; corolla white or rose-color. (C. obliqua, Z.)—- Wet banks of streams, Florida and northward, rare in the lower districts. Sept.—-Stem 2° high. Leaves 2'-4! long, some- times pubescent beneath. Corolla 1'— 13! long, concave beneath. 2. C. Lyoni, Pursh. Stem simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, serrate, conspicuously peti- oled, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath ; spike sessile, simple or branched ; bracts and calyx-lobes ovate, ciliate; flowers purple. (C. latifolia, MuAl., leaves acute at the base.) — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° hich. Leaves 4’-6/! long, thinner, and the flowers smaller than in the preceding. 4. PENTSTEMON, WL ’Her. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla inflated-tubular, or somewhat bell-shaped, open at the throat, bilabiate; the upper lip rounded, concave, emarginate or 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, declined at the base, and a fifth sterile one as long as the others, and commonly bearded above. Capsule 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds wingless. — Erect perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and white or purple flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open narrow terminal panicle. * Leaves pinnately divided. 1. P. dissectus, Ell. Smooth or minutely pubescent; divisions of the leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lobed ; cymes few-flowered, long-pedun- cled ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded and nearly equal lobes; an- ther-cells smooth, spreading ; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — Dry soil in the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx-lobes: small, acute. Corolla 9’~10" long, purple. 25 290 SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) * * Leaves undivided. 2. P. pubescens, Solander. Pubescent or smooth; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire, sessile or clasping ; the lowest ovate or oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; cymes spreading, few-flowered ; tube of the corolla grad- ually dilated above the middle; the lower lip longer than the upper; sterile stamen bearded down one side; anthers smooth. (P. levigatus, Soland., a smooth form.) — Dry open woods and fence-rows, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. —Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 3'- 5’ long. Corolla 1! long, pale purple. 3. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or entire, clasping ; the lowest oblong, narrowed into a petiole; cymes few-flowered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of the corolla abruptly dilated near the base; the lips nearly equal; sterile stamen bearded down one side. — Dry soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high. Co- rolla 9-12’ long, white or pale purple. Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (3°- 4° high) ; leaves thicker; cymes many-flowered, forming a large spreading panicle; corolla smaller. — Pine bar- rens, Florida. 5. LINARIA, Juss. Toan-Frax. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base; the upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed; the throat commonly closed by the prominent palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, opening at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — Herbs, with alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or racemose flowers. ~ * Stems with prostrate branches at the base, which bear broader opposite or whorled leaves. 1. L. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth; stem erect, slender, mostly simple; leaves linear, flat, scattered; those on the radical branches oblong; racemes — straight ; pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3/’—4") blue and white corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. (An- tirrhinum Canadense, LZ.) — Cultivated ground, common. April and May. @) — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. L. Floridana, n. sp. Stem smooth, ascending, paniculately much branched ; leaves scattered, fleshy, terete, linear or club-shaped; those on the radical branches obovate ; racemes elongated, flexuous, glandular-hairy ; pedicels spreading, 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; lobes of the small (2!) blue corolla truncate or emarginate; spur very short. — Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida. April and May. @ — Stem 3/-12' high. * *& Prostrate branches none. 8. L. vulgaris, Miller. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, crowded; raceme dense; flowers large (1! long), yellow ; spur subulate ; seeds flattened, margined. — Waste places, North Carolina, and northward. Naturalized. Aug. }— Stem 1°-3° high. SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 291 4. L. Elatine, Miller. Hairy; stem prostrate, slender, branching ; leaves small, ovate and hastate; the lowest sometimes opposite and toothed ; pedicels axillary, filiform, commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers small, yellow and purplish ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. -~ Waste places, North Carolina. Nat- uralized. (@)— Stem 4! - 12’ long. 6. MIMULUS, L. Monxey-rrower. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, sharply 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed; the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didyna- mous: anther-cells somewhat confluent. Stigma ovate, 2-lipped. Capsule locu- licidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Erect smooth perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and axillary purple flowers. i. M. ringens, L. Stem compressed, 4-angled, the angles wingless; leaves oblong or lanceolate, denticulate, cordate and clasping at the base; pe- duncles longer than the flowers. — Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves thin, 2’-4! long. Corolla showy, the palate greenish and pubescent. 2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem square, with winged angles; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at the base into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the flowers.— Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.—Stem 2° high. Leaves 2’- 5! long. Calyx-teeth small. 7. HERPESTIS, Gertn. Calyx 5-parted; the 3 outer lobes, especially the upper one, broader. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed or bilabiate, with the upper lip 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous: anther-cells contiguous or divaricate. Style dilated and flattened at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, axillary, or in leafy terminal racemes. * Stems 4-angled : leaves serrate : peduncles 2-bracted at the base : exterior calyx-lobes oblong: corolla white. 1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rather obtuse, serrate above the middle ; lower peduncles as long as the leaves, the upper much longer; tube of the corolla striped with blue; the upper lip rounded. (Gratiola acuminata, Walt.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. —Stem 1° ~—13° high. Leaves 1! - 2! long. 2. H. peduncularis, Benth. Smooth; stem decumbent, diffuse, creep- ing near the base; leaves small, obovate-oblong, entire near the base; peduncles filiform, 3 — 4 times as long as the leaves. — Key West. — Stems 6/- 12! long. Leaves 4!’-6" long. Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 292 SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) * * Stems terete, succulent, creeping : leaves ovate or roundish, entire: exterior calyzx- lobes cordate or ovate: peduncles 2-bracted at the apex. 3. H. Monnieria, Kunth. Smooth; stems diffuse, creeping; leaves fleshy, wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crenate; corolla bell-shaped, with the rounded lobes nearly equal; peduncles as long as the flowers; exterior calyx- lobes ovate. (H. cuneifolia, Pursh.)— Ditches and muddy banks along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June ~Sept. 1}— Stem 1° -2° long. Leaves 1’ long. Corolla white or pale blue. 4. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stem villous, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves smoothish, ovate, cordate and clasping, obtuse; peduncles shorter than the flowers ; exterior calyx-lobes cordate ; base of the ovary surrounded by a 12-toothed disk. (H. rotundifolia, H//., not of Pursh.) — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July-Sept. 1|— Flowering stems 6'-8! high. Leaves $/ long, crowded. Flowers blue. Plant odorous. 8. GRATIOLA, L. Hepce-Hyssop. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal, narrow. Corolla bilabiate, with the upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, the anterior ones sterile or wanting. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 4-valved, many- seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary white or yellow flowers. Calyx mostly 2-bracted. * Connective of the anthers dilated, the cells transverse : stems tender: flowers peduncled. a Sterile stamens minute or none. 1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem branching from the base, glandular-pubes- eent above; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, sessile, the lower ones nar- rowed at the base; peduncles slender, the upper ones longer than the leaves ; corolla white, with the yellowish tube twice as long as the calyx ; capsule ovate, acute. — Muddy banks and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May.— Stem 6/-12' high. Leaves 1! long. Corolla 5!"~6" long, hairy within. 2. G. Floridana, Nutt. Stem simple or branched, smooth ; leaves lance- olate or oblong, obtuse, entire or nearly so, narrowed at the base, sessile, the lowest slightly petioled; peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves; lobes of the corolla emarginate, white; the slender yellowish tube three times as long as the calyx. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, West Florida. April. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1’ long. Corolla 8” long. Capsule globose. 3. G. spheerocarpa, Ell. Smooth; stem thick, ascending, branching at the base; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, serrate above, narrowed and entire towards the base, sessile, the lowest mostly obovate ; peduncles thick, shorter than the leaves, sometimes shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, the tube twice as long as the calyx; capsule globose. — Springs and branches, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March-May.—Stem 4/-12! high. Leaves 1! long. Corolla 3’ long. | SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 293 + + Sterile stamens manifest. 4. G. viscosa, Schwein. Viscid-pubescent; stem ascending, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, clasping, 3-nerved ; peduncles as long as the leaves; lobes of the corolla white, emar- ginate, the tube yellowish and bearded within; calyx-lobes lanceolate, much longer than the small globose capsule.— Ditches and-muddy places in the ‘upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. June— Aug. — Stem 6/-12! high. Leaves 3}! long. Corolla 5!'-6" long. Bracts wider than the calyx-lobes. 5. G. Drummondi, Benth. Viscid-puberulent ; stem decumbent at the base, ascending ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, 3-nerved, clasping ; bracts and calyx-lobes subulate, much longer than the capsule. — In Georgia, Boykin, and westward. ; 6. G. quadridentata, Michx. Pubescent and somewhat viscid; stem decumbent at the base, ascending, simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 4-toothed ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves; corolla yellowish-white ; capsule small, globose, much shorter than the linear unequal calyx-lobes ; bracts minute. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. June—Aug.— Stem 4'—6!' high. Leaves 3’ long. Corolla 5! long. 7. G. aurea, Muhl. Smooth; stem decumbent, creeping, the flowering branches ascending, 4-angled ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the upper ones longer; bracts as long as the calyx ; corolla bright yellow.— Wet pine barrens in the lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April—June.— Stem 1°-2° long. Leaves 3'-1' long. Corolla 6” long. 8. G. officinalis, L. Smooth; stem erect, 4-angled above; leaves lance- olate, serrulate or entire, slightly clasping; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla pale yellow, striped with red, bearded with yellow hairs within ; capsule acute, as long as the calyx.— Swamps, in the Southern States, Leconte. — Stem 1°-2° high. Corolla 8/!— 10” long. * * Connective of the anthers not dilated; the cells vertical: stems rigid, hairy: Jlowers sessile: sterile stamens manifest. 9. G. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute; stem erect, simple or branching at the base ; leaves ovate or roundish, sparingly toothed, sessile or slightly clasp- ing; corolla tubular, white, scarcely longer than the calyx.— Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June-Aug.— Stem 8/-16! high. Leaves 3' long. Corolla 4" long. 10. G. subulata, Baldwin. Shrubby, hispid; stem much branched, mostly prostrate ; leaves linear, entire, the margins revolute; calyx-lobes sub- ulate, unequal; corolla salver-shaped, somewhat persistent, the upper lip roundish, the lower 3-parted ; the slender curved tube three times as long as the calyx, hairy within; lobes of the stigma emarginate; capsule- acute. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida, near the coast. July - Sept. — Stem 3/-6/ long. Leaves 3/’—6" long. Corolla 6’ long. 25 * 294 SCROPHULARIACEX. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 9. ILYSANTHES, Raf. | Calyx 5-parted, bractless. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip short, erect, 2-cleft ; the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included; the two anterior ones sterile, 2-lobed, with one of the lobes tipped with a gland, the other smooth, acute. Capsule ovate or oblong, as long as the calyx. — Smooth annuals, growing in wet or muddy places. Stems 4-angled. Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, often reflexed in fruit. Flowers small, purplish. 1. I. grandiflora, Benth. Stem creeping, very leafy ; leaves roundish, entire, nerveless, partly clasping ; peduncles 2-3 times.as long as the leaves ;. sterile stamens lobed at the middle.—In Georgia, Nuttall. — Leaves 3! — 4" long. Corolla larger than in the next. 2. I. gratioloides, Benth. Stem erect, at length diffusely branched ; leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, acute, obscurely toothed or entire; lower peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, the upper much longer, spreading ; corolla pale blue, twice as _ long as the calyx; capsule oblong, acute, scarcely longer than the calyx. (Lindernia dilatata and attenuata, Hil. Gratiola anagallidea, Michr. G. tetra- gona, //l.?) — Springs and rivulets, common. May-Sept.— Stem 6/- 12! long. Leaves $/-1! long. Corolla 3-4" long. 8. I. refracta, Benth. Stem erect, very slender, forking ; radical leaves — tufted, oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base; the others remote, small, lanceolate, sessile ; peduncles filiform, many times longer than the leaves, re- | flexed in fruit; corolla pale blue variegated with purple; capsule oblong-linear, twice as long as the calyx. (Lindernia monticola, Nutt.) — Springs and muddy banks of rivulets in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Caro- lina. July—Sept.— Stem 6/-12! high. Radical leaves 1’ long. Corolla 3!'—4" long. 4. I. saxicola. Stems clustered, leafy, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, entire, obtuse, sessile ; the radical ones densely tufted, narrowed into a petiole; peduncles rather stout, 3 - 4 times as long as the leaves, widely spreading or reflexed in fruit; corolla blue, variegated ; capsule ovoid, rather longer than the calyx. (Lindernia saxicola, M. A. Curtis.) — On rocks at Tolula Falls, Georgia, and Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. lb ?— Stems 3/-5' high. Stem-leaves 2!/-4" long. Corolla 4” long. \ i \ 10. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. Calyx 4-parted, or 4-cleft. Corolla somewhat bilabiate ; the upper lip shorter, entire ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2, included ; the filaments with a gland-like appendage at the base: anther-cells diverging. Style short: stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, few-seeded ; the delicate partition vanishing at maturity. Seeds oblong, reticulate. —A small smooth perennial herb, with diffuse creeping stems, roundish opposite entire leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers. | SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 295 1. M. orbiculatum, Michx. (M. emarginatum, Z//. Hemianthus mi- cranthemoides, Nutt. Herpestis micrantha, Eil.? not of Pursh.) — Muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June-Oct.— Stem 6/-12/ long. Leaves 3-5! long, sometimes emarginate. Corolla not longer than the minute (3/’) calyx. ll. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, 4-cleft; the upper and lower lobes rather longer. Stamens 2: anther-cells distinct. Style minutely 2-cleft at the apex, acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal. Seeds oblong, rugulose. — A very small annual, with the linear obtuse leaves clustered at the summit of the short stem, and minute white flowers, some of which are borne on short naked recurved peduncles from the axils of the leaves, and others on a slender (1! long) terminal 2-bracted scape. 1. A. pusillus, Torr.—In shallow excavations of flat rocks, Newton County, Georgia, Dr. Leavenworth. March and April. 12. VERONICA, L. Sprepwe tt. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or salver-shaped, 4 -—-5-lobed. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the eorolla. Stigma capitate. Capsule compressed and obcordate, or oblong and obtuse, septicidal or locu- licidal. Seeds few or many, flattened or concave on the inner face. — Chiefly ‘herbs, with the stem-leaves opposite or whorled, the floral ones alternate. Flowers small, axillary, racemed or spiked, blue or white. * Leaves whorled : corolla tubular: capsule oblong. 1. V. Virginica, L. Perennial, smooth or pubescent; stem tall, erect; leaves 4-7 in a whorl, lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flowers very numer- ous, crowded in axillary (whorled) and terminal spikes; stamens long-exserted ; corolla white or purple. (Leptandra, Nutt.) — Mountain-meadows, Georgia, and northward. June - August. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 2/- 4! long. * * Stem-leaves opposite: corolla wheel-shaped : capsule obcordate. + Flowers in dense axillary racemes. 2. V. officinalis, L. Perennial, pubescent ; stem prostrate, rooting at the base ; leaves obovate-elliptical, or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate, short-petioled ; racemes alternate, many-flowered ; corolla blue. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July.— Stem 6/-12! long. Racemes 2!-4/ long. + + Flowers scattered, in leafy terminal racemes. 3. V. serpyllifolia, L. Perennial, smoothish; stem ascending, diffusely branched ; leaves oval or roundish, crenate, short-petioled, the floral ones lance- olate and entire ; pedicels as long as the calyx; corolla blue. — Low pastures in the upper districts. May - Sept. — Stem 4/-6/ long. Leaves 4!’—6/! long. 4. V. peregrina, L. Annual, smooth; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves sessile, oblong, toothed ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; the floral 296 SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) ones entire; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla white, minute.— Cul- tivated ground, very common. April—June.—Stem 2/-12! high. Leaves 3/-1! long. 5. V. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy; stems ascending, branched at the base ; leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones lanceolate, entire, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla pale blue. — Cultivated ground. Intro- duced. May and June. — Stems 6/—12' high. Leaves 4/— 6’! long. 6. V. agrestis, L. Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves all petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate; peduncles much longer than the ealyx, recurved in fruit; corolla blue, striate. — Cultivated ground. Intro- duced. Feb.—May.— Stem 6/-12/ long. Leaves 6/'-9! long. Fruiting calyx much enlarged. 13. CAPRARIA, L. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, smooth within. Stamens 4-5: anthers sagittate. Style slender: stigma thick, ovate, at length 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, single or by pairs, mostly 1- flowered. s 1. C. biflora, L. Shrubby, smooth or pubescent; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, narrowed and entire below the’ middle ; peduncles filiform, mostly by pairs, shorter than the leaves; calyx- lobes linear; corolla deeply 5-cleft; stamens 5, included. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 1!-13/ long. Flowers white ¢ 14. SCOPARIA, L. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, 4-cleft, hairy in the throat. Sta- mens 4. Style club-shaped at the apex. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves membranaceous, entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves. Peduncles axillary, com- monly by pairs, 1-flowered. 1. S. dulcis, L. Annual, smooth; leaves ovate or oblong, toothed, mostly three in a whorl, much longer than the peduncles; calyx-lobes oblong ; flowers small, white. — South Florida. — Stem 1°-3° high. Leaves $!—1}/ long. 15. BUCHNERA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes wedge- obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included: anthers 1-celled. Style simple, club-shaped at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, straight, loculicidally 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Rough herbs, turning black in withering. Leaves opposite, toothed or entire; the uppermost small, and passing into the bracts of the many-flowered spike. Flowers blue. —— - SCROPHULARIACEX. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 207 1. B. elongata, Swartz. Rough with short rigid hairs; stem mostly simple; leaves entire or slightly toothed, l-nerved, or obscurely 3-nerved ; the lowest obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the lower stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate ; the uppermost distant, acute ; spikes interrupted, long-peduncled; flowers opposite or alternate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and west- ward. July and Aug. —-Stem 1°-2° high. Corolla 4!!--5’’ long. 2. B. Americana, L. Very rough, with bristly hairs; stem often branch- ing above; leaves prominently 3-nerved, mostly toothed ; the lower ones oblong, obtuse, the others lanceolate, acute; calyx-teeth acuminate. — Low pine barrens, _ Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug.— Stem 2°-38° high. Corolla 6'/- 7’! long. 16. SEYMERIA, Pursh. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong. Stamens 4, equal, the filaments woolly: anthers oblong, opening at the apex, awnless. Style simple, obtuse. Capsule ovate, flattened above, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, covered by the loose hyaline testa. — Chiefly annuals. Stems erect, branching. Leaves opposite, pinnately divided. Flowers yellow, in ter- minal leafy-bracted racemes. 1. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so; stem with elongated erect-spreading branches ; leaves pinnate, the entire or lobed divisions filiform ; capsule smooth, acute at the base, shorter than the pedicel. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2°-4° high. 2. S. pectinata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent; stem with ascending branches ; leaves pinnatifid, the entire obtuse divisions oblong-linear; capsule hairy, obtuse at the base, as long as the pedicel. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward July — Sept. — Stem 6/- 18! high. 17. MACRANTHERA, Torr. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes elongated. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed ; the teeth reflexed. Stamens 4, equal, long-exserted, woolly: anthers large, oblong, ap- proximate. Style simple, filiform, elongated: stigma minute, flat. Capsule ovate, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A tall biennial, with pinnatifid opposite leaves, and showy orange-colored flowers, in terminal leafy racemes. 1. M. fuchsioides, Torr. Smoothish; stem branching, 4-sided ; earliest leaves ovate-oblong, entire ; those of the stem lyrate-pinnatifid, with the lobes denticulate ; the uppermost toothed-serrate ; pedicels slender, recurved, the upper ones longer than the floral leaves; flowers erect; calyx-lobes lanceolate, denticulate, rather shorter than the corolla. — Var. LeconTer has the shorter and narrower lobes of the calyx entire. (M. Lecontei, Torr.) — Marshy banks of pine-barren streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3°-5° high. Earliest leaves 6’- 8’ long; those of the stem 2’-4/ long. Co- rolla 9!’ — 12!’ long. — The plant turns black in drying. 298 SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 18. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the lobes leafy, unequal. Tube of the corolla dilated upward, sparse-hairy within, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, included: anthers oblong, awnless; those of the shorter stamens much smaller. Style elongated, dilated and flattened at the apex, entire. Capsule sub-globose, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. O. Michauxii, Benth. Hairy: stem erect, simple; leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, sessile; the upper ones mostly 2-eared at the base; flowers opposite, in a leafy spike. (Gerardia auriculata, Jfichx.) — Low ground, Ten- nessee, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. @%—Stem rigid, 2° high, Leaves 1/—2’ long. Corolla 9/’ -12!' long, purple. 19. DASYSTOMA, Raf. Fase Foxcrove. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- shaped, woolly within, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous : anthers oblong; the cells parallel and awned at the base. Style filiform, thick- ened and slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Capsule ovate, acute, loculicidally 2- valved, many-seeded.— Tall herbs, with opposite ovate or oblong mostly pin- nately divided or lobed leaves, and large yellow flowers in a leafy raceme. Fil- aments woolly. 1. D. pubescens, Benth. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lowest ones pinnatifid; calyx longer than the pedicel, with oblong obtuse lobes. (Gerardia flava, Z.)— Dry woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July-Sept. f — Stem 2°-4° high, mostly simple. Leaves narrowed into a short petiole. Corolla 13! long. 2. D. quercifolia, Benth. Smooth and glaucous; stem simple or branched ; lowest leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the others pinnatifid, or the uppermost lanceolate and entire; calyx shorter than the pedicel, with lanceolate or subulate acute lobes. (Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh.) — Rich woods and river-banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July-—Sept. i — Stem 3°-6° high. Lobes of the leaves toothed. Corolla 2! long, the tube more slender and with smaller lobes than the preceding. 3. D. pedicularia, Benth. Smooth or somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes finely toothed; flowers opposite; calyx shorter than the pedicel; the toothed lobes as long as the tube. (Gerardia pe- dicularia, Z.) — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, much branched. Leaves about 2! long, the lobes numerous and short. Corolla 12/’—15” long, with a rather slender tube and short lobes. 4. D. pectinata, Benth. Pubescent or somewhat villous ; leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, finely pinnatifid and toothed ; the earliest ones entire; flowers alternate, scattered on the outside of the ascending branches; calyx longer than the pedicel ; the pinnatifid lobes longer than the tube. — Dry sand- ridges in the pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. @— SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 299 Stem 2°-4° high, widely branched. Corolla 13/ long, with a wider tube ané larger lobes than in No. 3. 20. GERARDIA, L. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; the teeth short, acute, entire. Corolla tubular- bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading ; the throat oblique. Stamens 4, didynamous, the longer ones commonly woolly: anthers woolly, connivent in pairs; the cells diverging and pointed at the base. Style slender, dilated, and flattened upward. Capsule ovoid or globose, smooth, loculicidal. Seeds nu- merous, angled, reticulated. — Chiefly slender branching annuals. Leaves oppo- site, or rarely alternate, narrow, entire. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, showy, purple ; the tube of the corolla mostly dotted with red and yellow, often woolly at the throat. * Perennial. 1. G. linifolia, Nutt. Smooth; branches elongated, erect; leaves erect, linear ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the uppermost longer ; calyx truncate, with minute teeth; lobes of the corolla nearly equal, fringed on the margins; capsule large (3" wide), globose, one third longer than the calyx.— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 1! long. Corolla 1’ long, pubescent. * * Annuals. +- Corolla small, the 2 upper lobes short, truncate and erect. 2. G. divaricata, n.sp. Stem 6’ -12! high, smooth, widely branched from the base; leaves all opposite, spreading or reflexed, filiform, roughish on the margins, 3’ long; the uppermost minute ; pedicels all opposite, setaceous, spreading, the upper ones 4-5 times as long as the leaves; calyx-teeth subulate, one third as long as the tube; corolla 3! long, the lobes ciliate; capsule ovoid, twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. 8. G. filicaulis. Stem 6’- 12! long, filiform, reclining, smooth and glau- cous ; branches alternate, setaceous; leaves minute, 1” long, subulate, rough; flowers few, terminal ; calyx-teeth triangular, one fourth the length of the tube ; corolla 4-5! long, compressed, the lobes slightly fringed ; capsule globose, one third longer than the calyx. (G. aphylla, var. filicaulis, Benth. ?) — Low grassy pine barrens, West Florida. Sept. + + Lobes of the corolla nearly equal, spreading. ++ Pedicels as long, or twice as long, as the calyx, shorter than the leaves. 4. G. aphylla, Nutt. Stem 2°-3° high, smooth, 4-angled, sparingly branched near the summit ; leaves minute, 1! long, subulate, appressed ; flowers mostly alternate, on one side of the spreading branches ; pedicel as long as the calyx ; calyx-teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla 3! long, hairy within, the upper lobes reflexed ; capsule globose, 2!’ long, twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. 5. G. purpurea, L. Stem 1°-3° high, smooth, the branches elongated ; leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, rough above, 1/- 14! long ; flowers opposite or nearly so, the stout pedicels as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth con- 300 SCROPHULARIACER. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) spicuous, triangular, sometimes half as long as the tube, spreading; corolla 8! -10’ long, the lobes minutely fringed ; capsule globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. Var. fasciculata. Stem taller (3°-5°), much branched above, rough; leaves rough on both sides, clustered, the uppermost, like the flowers, alternate ; calyx-teeth more pointed; corolla larger. (G. fasciculata, Ei.) — Brackish soil, along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. 6. G. maritima, Raf. Smooth; stem 8/-16! high, 4-angled, with numer- ous short and leafy branches near the base; leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse, oppo- site, the upper ones small and remote; pedicels as long as the calyx and the floral leaves; calyx-teeth short, obtuse; corolla 6/’-8" long, slightly oblique at the throat, the upper lobes fringed, and villous within; capsule globose, twice as long as the calyx. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Var. major. Stem 2° high, much branched ; leaves flat, acute; floral leaves longer than the pedicels; calyx-teeth triangular, acute; corolla and capsule larger. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Corolla 1/ long. 7. G. setacea, Ell. Very smooth; stem 1°-2° high, much branched, slender ; leaves 1’ long, setaceous, opposite ; pedicels stout, club-shaped, three times as long as the calyx, mostly alternate, or terminating the seta- ceous peduncle-like branchlets; calyx-teeth short, subulate; corolla 1! long, woolly within, the rounded lobes thickly fringed; capsule ovoid, barely ex- ceeding the calyx. (G. Plukenetii, //. ?)— Damp or dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. ++ ++ Pedicels much longer than the calyx, commonly longer than the leaves. 8. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Stem smooth, 1°-14° high, much branched; leaves linear, smooth, or rough on the margins, 1/— 13! long ; pedicels filiform, about as long as the leaves, opposite; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, 4 as long as the tube ; corolla 3’ long ; capsule globose, as long as the calyx. — Var. FILI- FORMIS. Stem and pedicels rough; leaves filiform, clustered ; corolla larger (#/ long). — Light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. 9. G. filifolia, Nutt. Stem 1°- 2° high, much branched, smooth ; Icaves very numerous, all alternate and clustered, smooth, fleshy and somewhat club- shaped ; pedicels alternate, twice as long as the leaves; calyx-teeth subulate, one fourth the length of the 5-angled tube ; corolla 3’ long ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx.— Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. 10. G. parvifolia. Stem rough, striate, 12/- 18! high, the slender branches erect; leaves 4/’/- 6! long, opposite or alternate, linear, very rough, rather ob- tuse; pedicels filiform, 2-4 times as long as the minute floral leaves ; calyx- teeth minute, obtuse; corolla 3! long, pale purple or white. (G. setacea, var. parvifolia, Benth.?) — Grassy margins of ponds, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Unlike the other species, this remains unchanged in drying. 21. CASTILLETA, L. Calyx tubular, compressed, cleft at the summit; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx; the upper lip long, narrow, curved, SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 301 laterally compressed, and enclosing the four didynamous stamens; the lower lip short, 3-lobed : anther-cells oblong-linear, unequal; the outer one fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. — Herbs, with alternate entire or incisely-lobed leaves, the uppermost colored. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. 1. C. coccinea, Spreng. Stem hairy; radical leaves clustered, nearly entire ; those of the stem pinnatifid, with the lobes linear; the floral ones 3- lobed, bright scarlet at the summit; corolla greenish-yellow. — Damp soil in the upper districts. June-Aug. @ — Stem 1°-13° high. 22. SCHWALBEA, L. Calyx tubular, oblique, 10 — 12-ribbed, 4-toothed, the upper tooth very small, _ the lowest elongated, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip oblong, arched, enclosing the four didynamous stamens; the lower rather shorter, obtusely 3-lobed: anther-cells parallel, equal. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. S. Americana, L. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. }}— Stem simple, 1°-13° high, pubescent. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile; the lower ones oblong, the uppermost linear, small. Flowers in a spiked raceme. Corolla 1! long, yellow and purple. 23. PEDICULARIS, L. Calyx tubular, more or less cleft at the apex, variously 2—5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip compressed, curved and bearded at the apex, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens; the lower lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes larger and rounded: anthers transverse. Capsule ovate or lanceo- late, compressed, the upper portion empty. — Herbs, with finely and pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, hairy (6/-9/ high); leaves alter- nate, smooth, oblong or lanceolate, pinnatifid; the lobes oblong, simply or doubly crenate ; spike dense, capitate, elongated in fruit; corolla pale yellow and purple; the upper lip hooked, 2-awned under the apex ; capsule lanceolate, exserted. — Shady woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. 11 — Stem bearing slender leafy and rooting runners. Fruit- ing spike 3’-5’ long. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (1°-3°), smooth, simple or spar- ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the tecth erenate ; spike dense; corolla pale yellow, the upper lip curved, awnless, the lower erect; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted.— Swamps on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 24. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate ; the tube dilated above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight ; the lower rather longer, 26 302 ACANTHACEER. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) spreading, biconvex, with three short lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, under the upper lip: anthers approximate, oblong, hairy ; the cells nearly equal, slightly pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule compressed, oblique, loculicidally 2-valved, 1 - 4-seeded. — Annual herbs, with opposite lan- ceolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 1. M. Americanum, Michx. Stem naked below, leafy and commonly branched above the middle; leaves lanceolate, entire, short-petioled ; the upper ones broader and sharply toothed at the base; flowers greenish-yellow. — Dry woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6/—-12! high. Leaves 2’ long. Flowers 4-5! long. Orver 92. ACANTHACEZ. (Acantuus F amity.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undivided exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile sta- mens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers 2-celled. Ovary free. Style single: stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculici- dally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4—several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen, mostly supported by curved appendages of the placentz. Radicle inferior.— Stems commonly swol- len between the joints. Synopsis. * Capsule oblong, bearing the seeds at the base. Appendages of the placentz none. 1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely-bracted scape. Leaves radical. * * Capsule club-shaped, bearing the seeds above the base, appendaged. 2. DIPTERACANTHUS. Corolla nearly regular. Stamens 4. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. 3. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one lower than the other. Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 4. DICLIPTERA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one behind the other. Flowers in leafy-bracted heads or clusters. 1. ELYTRARIA,. Vahl. Calyx 4-5-parted, the lateral lobes narrower. Corolla salver-shaped or bilabiate, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, the 2 anterior ones sterile: anther-cells parallel. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed near the base of the capsule, without appendages. — Low herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered. Scape covered with imbricated bracts. Flowers spiked, 2-bracted. 1. BE. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, narrowed downward, entire or wavy on the margins, smooth or pubescent; bracts of the scape alternate, rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; those of the spike ovate ; corolla white, salver-shaped, the lobes nearly equal; capsule cylindrical. — Banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. | — Scapes 6’—12' high. Leaves 2/-4! long. ACANTHACEZ. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 303 2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. Calyx 2-bracted, 5-parted, with linear or bristle-like lobes. Corolla funnel- . shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes equal, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers sagittate. Style simple, or 2-cleft at the apex. Capsule narrowed below the middle, flattened contrary to the partition, 4-12-seeded. Seeds borne above the middle, supported by curved appendages of the placentze. — Perennial herbs, with tumid joints, entire opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered nearly sessile flowers. Corolla white, blue, or purple. § 1. CaLopHanes. — Anther-cells pointed at the base: style simple: capsule 4-seeded. i. D. oblongifolius. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 4-angled, erect from a creeping base, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or obovate, obtuse, the upper ones narrower and often acute ; flowers soli- tary or 2-3 in a cluster; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the oblong bracts, and tube of the spotted purple corolla. (Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem 6/-12! high. Leaves 3/-1' long. Corolla 1’ long, rather exceeding the leaves. 2. D. riparius, u.sp. Stem minutely pubescent, erect from a creeping base, simple, slender ; leaves smooth, membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, slightly crenate, tapering into a long and slender petiole; flowers clustered, sessile ; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the spatulate-oblong bracts ; corolla white, 3-4 times shorter than the leaves. — Shady banks of Little River, Middle Florida. June and July.— Stems 1°-135° high. Leaves 1/-13! long. Co- rolla $/ long. , 3. D. humistratus. Stem smooth, diffuse, creeping; leaves oblong-oval, entire, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers nearly sessile, solitary or 2-3 in a clus- ter; bracts oblong-spatulate, shorter than the setaceous calyx-lobes ; capsule lanceolate, smooth. (Ruellia humistrata, Michx.) — Grassy places, Florida to South Carolina. — Plant small. Leaves 3/ long. 4. D. linearis, Torr. & Gray. Small, rough-pubescent; stem prostrate, diffuse, very leafy; leaves oblong-linear, entire, narrowed toward the base, ob- tuse ; calyx-lobes setaceous, hairy; bracts similar to the leaves; capsule oblong, 4-angled, at length 4-valved, 2-4-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 6/ long. Leaves 4/’—6"” long. § 2. DiprERacantuus. — Anther-cells pointless : style 2-cleft at the apex: capsule 8 - 12-seeded. 5. D. ciliosus, Nees. Hirsute with white hairs; leaves oval or ovate- oblong, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster; tube of the corolla twice as long as the setaceous calyx-lobes, and much longer than the short funnel-shaped throat; capsule smooth. (Ruellia ciliosa and R. hybrida, Pursh.) — Dry soil, Georgia, near Savannah, Pursh., and westward. July and Aug. — Stem varying from a few inches to 3° high. Leaves 1/-2! long. Corolla 2! long, pale blue. O04 ACANTHACEH. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 6. D. strepens, Nees. Smooth, pubescent, or hairy ; leaves varying from lanceolate to orbicular, mostly narrowed into a petiole; flowers sessile or pedun- cled ; tube of the corolla barely longer than the linear or lincar-lanceolate hairy calyx-lobes, and about the length of the funnel-shaped throat ; capsule smooth. (Ruellia strepens, Z.) — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. June -Sept.— Stem 2/-3° high. Leaves 1'-4! long. Corolla 1/-2/ long, blue or purple. A polymorphous species. Later flowers sometimes fruiting in the bud. 7. D. noctiflorus, Nees. Closely pubescent; stem simple, rigid; leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly toothed ; flowers solitary, pedun- cled ; corolla large; the elongated tube twice as long as the linear hairy calyx- lobes ; capsule pubescent. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Corolla 2/-4/ long, white. 3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip emarginate; the lower 3- lobed, rugose or veiny in the middle, spreading. Stamens 2: anther-cells sep- arated, one placed lower down than the other. Stigma simple, acute. Capsule flattened, narrowed downward, bearing the seeds above the middle. Seeds mostly 4, supported by the appendages of the placentz. — Perennial smooth herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and short-bracted mostly alternate flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 1. D. Americana, L. Stem tall, angled ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate ; spikes oblong, dense or somewhat capitate, on peduncles as long as the leaves. (Justicia ensiformis, Ell.? J. pedunculosa, Micha.) —In slow-flowing streams, South Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. —Stem 2° high. Leaves and peduncles 4/-6’ long. Spike 3/ long. Flowers pale purple. 2. D. ovata, Walt. Stem low (4! -8! high), 4-angled ; leaves ovate-lance- olate, rather acute, narrowed into a short petiole; the lowest small, lanceolate ; spikes 3 ~4-flowered, on simple peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla small, pale purple, the lower lip striped with deeper lines. (Justicia humilis, Michr.) — Muddy banks of streams, Florida to South Carolina.— Leaves 2’—4’ long, 1/-13! wide. Var. lanceolata. Stem taller (1°-14°); leaves smaller, lanceolate, acu- minate, nearly sessile; peduncles longer than the leaves ; spikes many-flowered, 1-sided, often branching. — River-banks, Florida. July. Var.? angusta. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, reflexed, the lower ones ~ very remote; peduncles as long as the leaves; spikes several-flowered, the lower flowers often opposite. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida. May.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 1!-2! long. Corolla 4-5" long. 3. D. crassifolia, n. sp. Stem rigid, angled; leaves fleshy, linear, chan- nelled, acute ; the lower distant, small and obtuse; peduncles stout, erect, longer than the leaves, exceeding the stem; spike few-flowered; corolla large, bright purple; the lower lip striped with deeper lines; capsule 2-seeded ; seeds circular, smooth. — Wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. April and May. — Stem 6'-12' high. Leaves 4/-6/ long. Peduncles 4’- 9’ long. Corolla and capsule 1! long. VERBENACE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 305 4. DICLIPTERA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted, mostly leafy-bracted. Corolla bilabiate, mostly reversed ; the lower lip 3-lobed ; the upper 2-cleft or entire. Stamens 2: anther-cells equal, one placed behind the other. Capsule oblong or oval, bearing 2 or 4 sceds be- low the middle ; the partitions at length free from the valves. — Herbs, with sim- ple leaves, and purple, scarlet, or white flowers in axillary and terminal heads or spike-like cymes. 1. D. brachiata, Spreng. Smooth or nearly so; stem 6-angled, with numerous spreading branches; leaves thin, oblong-ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted into a long and slender petiole; spikes solitary or 2-3 together, interrupted, unequal; bracts oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, at length inflated ; corolla small, purple. (Justicia brachiata, Pursh.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. —Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. D. Halei, Riddell. Stem tomentose, mostly simple; leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate but rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, sprinkled on the upper surface and veins bencath with very short hairs ; the lower ones smaller and obtuse; spikes axillary and terminal, short-peduncled, leafy at the base, compact, few-flowered; bracts oblong or oval, mucronate, short-stalked, and, like the linear-spatulate bracteoles, and subulate calyx-lobes, fringed with long hairs; capsule oval, 4-seeded. (Justicia lwtevirens, Buckley? Rhytoglossa viridiflora, Nees.) —Shady banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. June- September. — Stem 3°-2° high. Leaves 2’- 4! long. Corolla 4//-5"' long, white. 3. D. assurgens, Juss. Smooth or minutely pubescent; stem angled, much branched; leaves elliptical, acute, on slender petioles; flowers mostly single, scattered in 1-sided spike-like cymes; bracts small, unequal, the interior ones subulate, the exterior larger and somewhat spatulate; calyx-lobes subulate, unequal ; corolla (scarlet) curved, nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, the lower minutely 3-toothed ; anthers slightly exserted ; style hair-like, elon- gated. — South Florida. — Stem 19-2° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. Corolla 9! — 12!' long. Orper 93. VERBENACEZ. (VERVAIN FamILy.) Chiefly herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled mostly rough stems, and oppo- site and exstipulate leaves. Flowers spiked, capitate, or cymose. — Ca- lyx 4 —5-cleft or parted, free. Corolla regular and salver-shaped, or more or less bilabiate, 4—5-lobed. Stamens 4—5, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 1 —8-celled, with 1 or (in Avi- cennia) 2 ovules in each cell. Style simple, terminal. Fruit dry or bac- cate, 1 — 8-celled, commonly separable into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight. 20. 306 VERBENACEZ. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Synopsis. TribEI. VERBENE. — Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the cell, anatropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in spikes or heads. * Herbs. Fruit dry. 1. PRIVA. Stamens4. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets, enclosed in the inflated calyx. 2. VERBENA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 4 one-celled nutlets. Fruiting calyx not inflated. 38. STACHYTARPHA. Stamens 2. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets, imbedded in excayations of the thickened rachis. 4. LIPPIA. Stamens4. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. / * x Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. LANTANA. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. z . CITHAREXYLUM. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets surrounded by the cup-shaped calyx. Flowers spiked. 7. DURANTA. Fruit of 4 two-celled nutlets enclosed in the beaked calyx. Po Tre Il. VITEZE. — Ovule solitary, suspended from the inner angle of the cell, am- phitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in cymes. Fruit baccate. 8. CALLICARPA. Fruit of 4 separate 1-celled nutlets. Shrubs. Tre II. AVICENNIZE. — Ovules by pairs, suspended from the apex of the cell, amphitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in imbricated spikes or heads. Fruit capsular. 9. AVICENNIA. Embryo large, germinating within the capsule. Trees. TreeIV. PHRYMEZ. — Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the 1-celled ovary, orthotropous. Radicle pointing upward. Cotyledons conyolute around their axis. Flowers in elongated slender spikes. Fruit a caryopsis. 10. PHRYMA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit reflexed. 1. PRIVA, Adans. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didy- namous, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style persistent. Fruit dry, separating into two 2-celled spiny-angled nutlets, and included in the inflated membrana- ceous calyx. — Perennial herbs, with serrate petioled undivided leaves,and mi- nute flowers in a loose slender spike. 1. P. echinata, Juss. Smooth or hispid ; stem branching ; leaves cordate- ovate, acute, coarsely serrate; flowers alternate; fruiting calyx bristly with hooked hairs, ovoid; fruit ovate, 4-angled, the angles armed with tubercular spines, pointed by the persistent bent style. — South Florida. — Leaves 1’-2! long. Spikes 6’-9/ long, terminal and in the forks of the stem. 2. VERBENA, L. Vervain. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, bearded in the throat; the limb somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 separate 1-seeded nutlets. — Herbs, with serrate or pinnately divided leaves, and mostly small flowers in lengthen- ing slender spikes. VERBENACEZ. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 307 * Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a gland-like appendage: flowers showy. 1. V. Aubletia, L. Hairy; stem creeping at the base, ascending, fork- ing; leaves ovate-oblong, 3-cleft, with the lobes toothed, narrowed into a slender petiole; the lower ones smaller, rounded, toothed ; spikes terminal and in the forks of the stem, long-peduncled, closely flowered ; calyx long, slender, the unequal teeth subulate; corolla showy, purple.— Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May - August.— Stem 6/-12/ high. Corolla 3’ long. * * Anthers without appendages: flowers small. «=— Leaves undivided. 2. V. urticifolia, L. Rough-hairy; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate- oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate-serrate, contracted at the base into a long petiole ; spikes very long, filiform, axillary and terminal ; flowers minute, white or pale blue. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug.-Oct.— Stem 2°-5° high. Leaves very rough, 2! - 6! long. 3. V. hastata, L. Rough-hairy; stem branching; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, tapering into a long petiole ; the lowest broader, and often hastate-lobed at the base; spikes linear, short, close- flowered ; flowers violet. (V. paniculata, Zam.) — Low ground, in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July —-Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Flowers larger than in No. 2. 4. V. angustifolia, Michx. Rough-hairy ; stem simple or branched above; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, coarsely serrate, tapering from near the apex to the sessile base ; spikes linear, terminal, close- flowered ; flowers purple. — Drv woods, Florida to Mississippi, and -northward. July —Sept.— Stem 6/-12/ high. Flowering spikes 2/—3/ long. 5. V. Caroliniana, Michx. Rough with short rigid hairs ; stem simple, ascending ; leaves oblong, or the lowest oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, sharply and doubly serrate, entire toward the narrowed base, sessile ; spikes 1 —3, elon- gated ; flowers flesh-color.— Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Aug.— Stem 4/- 6! high, shorter than the spikes. Leaves 1! -2! long. Nutlets tardily separating. a + Leaves pinnatifid. 6. V. officinalis, L. Stem smoothish, erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, pinnately lobed or toothed, narrowed and entire near the base, sessile, pubescent beneath; spikes linear or filiform, panicled; bracts shorter than the calyx; flowers purple. (V. spuria, ZL.) — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. July and Aug. — Stem 1°- 3° high. 7. V. canescens, Kunth? Hirsute and hoary; stems numerous, pros- trate, diffuse; leaves small, pinnately toothed or lobed, oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; spikes terminal, dense; bracts linear, entire, spreading, much longer than the flowers, the lower ones recurved; flowers purple. — Streets of Apa- lachicola, Florida, and along the Central Railroad in the middle districts of Georgia. Aug. — Stems 4’- 6/ long. Spikes 3/-6/ long. Leaves 6’ - 9!’ long. 308 VERBENACEX. (Vv ERVAIN FAMILY.) 3. STACHYTARPHA, Vahl. Calyx tubular, compressed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, the upper pair sterile. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate, Fruit of two 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets.— Herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled forking stems, and opposite undivided leaves. Flowers in straight and rigid spikes, imbedded in excavations of the thickened rachis, and covered by the imbricated bracts. 1. S. Jamaicensis, Vahl. Herbaceous, smoothish; stems ascending ; leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, tapering into a slender margined petiole; spikes linear, terete, elongated; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, with scarious rough margins; flowers small, blue.— South Florida. — Leaves 2'-4! long. Spikes 8’- 12! long. 4, LIPPIA, L. Calyx tubular, membranaceous, 2-4-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, somewhat bilabiate, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style short: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit of two 1-seeded sepa- rable nutlets. — Herbs, with 4-angled stems, opposite or whorled simple leaves, and small flowers in dense spikes or heads. 1. L. nodiflora, Michx. Stem creeping, finely pubescent, the flowering branches erect ; leaves obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, rough, tapering and entire below the middle, serrate above; heads dense, globose in flower, oblong or cylindrical in fruit, on axillary peduncles which are 2-3 times as long as the leaves; flowers white or purple. (Zapania nodiflora, Lam.) — Damp sandy soil near the coast, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May - Sept.— Flowering stems 6/-12' high. Leaves 1! long. 5. LANTANA, L. Calyx minute, slightly 4-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip notched or entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style short: stigma oblique. Fruit fleshy or berry-like, of two mostly rugose or tuberculate 1-seeded nutlets, enclosed in the enlarged membranaceous calyx. — Shrubs, with simple rugose serrate leaves, and axillary peduncled capitate bracted flowers. 1. L. involucrata, L. Var. Floridana. Stem much branched, pu- bescent; leaves small (3/- 1‘), oval or obovate, crenate, rounded at the apex, densely pubescent when young, at length rough above, contracted into a slender petiole; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves, the upper ones corymbose ; heads small; bracts ovate, as long as the tube of the small (2”-3!') white? corolla; the outer ones empty and narrower, involucrate. — South Florida. 2. L. Camara, L. Stem pubescent, hirsute, or spiny; leaves ovate- oblong, acuminate, crenate, short-petioled, very rough above, pubescent beneath; peduncles as long as the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the tube of the yellow corolla; involucre none.— St. Mary’s, Georgia, Elliott. June - Nov. — Shrub 2°-4° high. Leaves 2! long. VERBENACES. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 309 6. CITHAREXYLUM, L. Calyx cup-shaped or somewhat tubular, slightly 5-toothed. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-lobed, the throat pubescent. Stamens 4-5, included: anthers sagit- tate. Ovary 4-celled. Style thickened upward: stigma notched. Drupe juicy, of two 2-seeded bony nutlets, partly included in the enlarged indurated calyx. — Trees or shrubs, with entire mostly glandular-petioled leaves, and small flowers in slender spikes or racemes. 1. C. villosum, Jacq. Branches 4-angled, hairy or tomentose; leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, tomentose and pale beneath, roughened and shining above, narrowed into a short biglandular petiole ; spikes declining, loose-flowered ; corolla smooth externally, the tube as long as the calyx, the lobes rounded or notched; stamens 4; drupe globose, half included in the enlarged calyx. — South Florida. — Leaves 2/-5! long. Spikes 2’-4' long. Corolla 2” long. Drupe 4” in diameter. 7, DURANTA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bilabiate, pubescent in the throat ; the upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Ovary 8-celled. Style short: stigma oblique. Drupe baccate, of four 2-seeded bony nutlets, included in the enlarged beak-pointed calyx.— Shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, dotted. Flowers showy, in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. D. Plumieri, Jacq. Spineless or spiny; branches and racemes pubes- cent; leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire, or serrate near the apex, tapering into a slender petiole; racemes curving, loose-flowered; lower bracts leafy ; drupe globose. — South Florida. — Leaves 1/- 2! long. Corolla 5” long, lilac. Drupe yellow. 8. CALLICARPA, L. Frencu Mutperry. Calyx small, cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Sta- mens 4, equal, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Style slender; stigma capitate. Drupe baccate, of four separate 1-seeded nutlets.— Shrubs, with a glandular or scurfy mostly stellate pubescence. Leaves opposite, undivided, serrate, petioled. Flowers in axillary forked cymes. 1. C. Americana, L. Branches and leaves scurfy; leaves ovate-ovlong, acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, hoary beneath, becoming smooth- ish ; cymes many-flowered, as long as the petioles corolla blue; drupe purple. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June and July. — Shrub 3°- 8° high. Leaves 4’ -6/ long. 9. AVICENNIA, L. _ Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 4, equal, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with two collateral amphitropous suspended ovules in each cell. Style short or none. Capsule 2) 310 LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) ovate, coriaceous, indehiscent. Embryo large, naked, germinating within the capsule, — Low evergreen trees, with extensively creeping roots, forming impen- etrable thickets on the muddy shores of the sea. Leaves opposite, entire, smooth above, hoary and velvety beneath. Flowers in dense heads, on axillary and terminal peduncles. 1. A. oblongifolia, Nutt.?- Tomentose throughout, except the upper surface of the rigid oblong obtuse short-petioled leaves ; peduncles three together, terminal, shorter than the leaves ; heads oval; sepals and bracts orbicular ; co- rolla tomentose on both sides; style exserted.— Key West. Oct. — Branches terete. Leaves 2’-3! long. Peduncles 4-angled. Heads 3! long. Corolla 3" long. 2. A. tomentosa, Jacq. Leaves obovate-elliptical, very obtuse, tapering into a petiole, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath; spikes short, the lower flowers mostly scattered; corolla-lobes truncate, silky below, smooth above ; stigma nearly sessile.—South Florida. Nuttall.— Leaves 3! long. Corolla white. 10. PHRYMA, L. Lopseep. Calyx tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-pointed teeth; the lower shorter, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip notched, the lower longer, 3- lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender: stigma 2-cleft. Fruit oblong, pointed by the persistent style. — A perennial branching pubescent herb, with opposite ovate or oblong: coarsely-serrate long-petioled leaves, and small opposite purplish flowers in a slender terminal spike. Fruit reflexed. 1. P. leptostachya, L.— Rich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug.—Stem 1°-3° high, tumid above the joints. * Leaves 3!—5! long. Orper 94. LABIATA. (Mint Famrty.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite 4-angled branches, and opposite exstip- ulate leaves. Flowers opposite, solitary, or oftener in close axillary spiked or capitate cymes (whorls). Calyx 3-10-cleft or toothed. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 4—5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, diandrous or didynamous. Ovary 4-cleft or 4-parted, the lobes surround- ing the base of the single style. Ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 1—4 one-seeded nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight or (in Scutellaria) curved. Radicle short, inferior. — Plants commonly dotted with minute glands, which are filled with an aromatic volatile oil. Synopsis. Tre Tl OCIMOIDEZ. — Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower pair longer, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 1. OCIMUM. Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurrent Lobesof the corolla nearly equal. 2. HYPTIS. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Lowest lobe of the corolla longest, saccate, bent downward. LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) 311 Treell. SATUREIES. -- Stamens 2 or 4, straight and spreading, or connivent under the upper lip ; the upper pair shorter, or abortive. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smooth, distinct. * Corolla-lobes nearly equal. Stamens distant. 8. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4. Whorls spiked. Nutlets obtuse. 4. LYCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2. Whorls axillary. Nutlets truncate. * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens straight, distant, spreading. 5. CUNILA. Stamens2. Calyx equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. 6. PYCNANTHEMUM. Stamens 4. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed, naked in the throat. 7. COLLINSONIA. Stamens 2or4. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed. Co- rolla fimbriate. « * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens ascending and spreading above, or connivent under the upper lip. + Fertile stamens 2, the two sterile ones small. 8. HEDEOMA. Calyx 13-nerved, 2 lipped; the lower lip hispid. «+ + Fertile stamens 4. Calyx 13-nerved. 9. MICROMERIA. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Flowers solitary. Low herbs, 10. CALAMINTHA. Calyx 2-lipped. Flowers incymes. Anthers awnless. Chiefly shrubs. li. DICERANDRA. Calyx 2-lipped. Anther-cells awned. Branching annuals. 12. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattened on the upper side. Tube of the corolla curved upward. Tree. MONARDEJZE. — Stamens 2, ascending and parallel. Anthers 1-celled, or with 2 confluent cells. Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 18. SALVIA. Connective of the anther elongated, oblique ; the upper cell fertile; the lower abortive or wanting. 14. MONARDA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx-teeth equal. 15. BLEPHILIA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper teeth awned. TrRiBEIV. NEPETE/®. — Stamens 4, the upper pairlonger. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 16. LOPHANTHUS. Upper stamens curving downward; the lower ascending. Anther-cells parallel. 17. NEPETA. Stamensall ascending. Anther-cells diverging. 18. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. TriszE V. STACHYDE. —Stamens 4; the lower pair longer, parallel, ascending, Upper lip of the corolla concave or keeled. Calyx 3-10-toothed or lobed. Nutlets smooth, distinct. * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 1S. BRUNELLA. Lips of the calyx toothed. Flowers 8 in a cluster, spiked. 20. SCUTELLARIA. Lips of the calyx entire; the upper one appendaged. Flowers single, opposite. ' x ¥* Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth or lobes spineless. 21. MACBRIDEA. Calyx 3-lobed. Flowers capitate, in crowded 4-flowered whorls. 22. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers opposite, spiked. Nutlets 3-angled. 93. LAMIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Nutlets truncated. * * * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth rigid or spiny. 24. MARRUBIUM. Calyx-teeth 10, nearly equal. Stamens included. Herbs woolly. 25. LEONOTIS. Calyx-teeth 8-10. very unequal. Stamens exserted. Whorls globose. 26. LEONURUS. Calyx-teeth 5. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. Leaves incisely lobeds 27. STACHYS. Calyx-teeth 5. Nutlets truncate, sharp-angled. Leaves undivided. Trwe VI. AJUGEZE. — Stamens 4, ascending, parallel, exserted. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, their bases partially united within. * Stamens barely exserted, nearly equal. 28. ISANTHUS. Lobes of the corolla and calyx nearly equal. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. 312 LABIAT&. (MINT FAMILY.) * * Stamens long-exserted, didynamous. 29. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla nearly equal. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers solitary. 30. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Calyx 5-toothed. Whorls crowded. 1, OCIMUM, L. Basit. Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, angled, deflexed in fruit; the upper tooth roundish, with the margins decurrent. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip 4-cleft ; the lower entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynamous; the lower pair longer, resting upon the lower lip of the corolla. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Glands of the disk 1-4. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or globular. — Chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs. Whorls 6-flowered, in a terminal bracted spike or raceme. 1. O. Campechianum, Miller. Stem branched, pubescent, especially at the joints ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, narrowed into a slender pubescent petiole, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath, dotted ; raceme many-flowered, pubescent; bracts ovate ; calyx hispid on the nerves, the lower teeth awned ; corolla small, slightly exserted ; stamens smooth. — South Florida. — Stem 6/-12' high. Leaves 1/- 2! long. Flowers purple. 2. HYPTIS, Jacq. Calyx tubular, with 5 equal subulate teeth. Corolla 5-lobed; the four upper lobes short, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest longer, saccate, abruptly deflexcd, thickened at the base. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in the bud in thie lower lobe of the corolla. Nutlets smooth, ovoid. 1. H. radiata, Willd. Herbaceous; stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or toothed, tapering into a petiole, smooth ; heads peduncled, in the axils of the upper leaves, globose, surrounded by an involucre of several lanceolate whitish bracts, pubescent; corolla small, white, dotted with purple. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. July—Sept.— Stem 2°- 4° high. 3. MENTHA, L.” Mrnr. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla equally 4-lobed, the upper lobe notched or entire. Stamens 4, equal, distant, straight: anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth, obtuse. — Pungent aromatic herbs. Whorls (in our species) approximate, forming a dense or interrupted terminal spike. ; 1. M. viridis, L. Stem and leaves smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, un- equally serrate, nearly sessile ; bracts leafy, and, like the calyx, smooth or hairy ; spike cylindrical, interrupted below ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate. (M. tenuis, Michx.) — Damp soils. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. July - Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Flowers pale blue. 2. M. rotundifolia, L. Soft-hairy; stem erect; leaves roundish, rugose, crenate, sessile, hoary beneath; spikes oblong, interrupted ; bracts lanceolate ; > LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.) 313 fruiting calyx roundish, the teeth short and acute. — Near Wilmington, North Carolina. Introduced — Stem 1°- 2° high. Corolla white. 3. M. piperita, L. Smooth; stem creeping at the base, ascending, branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; spikes slender, interrupted ; bracts mostly longer than the whorls, the upper ones linear; calyx-teeth hairy.— Low ground. Introduced. July - Sept.— Stems 1°- 2° high. Flowers white or blue. 4. LYCOPUS, L. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 4-5-toothed, naked at the throat. Corolla bell- shaped, exserted, equally 4-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, exserted ; the upper pair sterile, included or wanting: anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex, narrowed at the base. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with long runners at the base. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid. Whorls dense, axillary. Flowers small, sessile. 1. L. Virginicus, L. Stem smoothish; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed- serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, roughened above; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, obtuse ; corolla small, exserted ; sterile stamens minute.— Ponds and ditches, Florida? and northward. Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-2! long. Flowers white. 2. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem smooth, much branched; leaves pinnatifid- toothed, ovate-oblong, tapering at each end; the upper ones narrower ; calyx- teeth 5, lanceolate-subulate, acute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx; sterile stamens minute or none. (L. exaltatus, Pursh.) Var. intermedius. Closely pubescent or tomentose; stem simple or branched, very leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pale beneath; whorls dense; calyx-teeth subulate, pubescent, nearly as long as the corolla; seeds pitted. Var. angustifolius, Benth. (L. angustifolius, Hil.) Pubescent; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, toothed- serrate or entire, resinous-dotted ; calyx-teeth subulate.— Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug.-Oct.— Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 2’- 4’ long. Flowers white. 5. CUNILA, L. Dirtayny. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, distant, exserted : anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial herbs. Flowers small, in corymbose or crowded whorls. 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem slender, much branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, subsessile ; cymes loose, axillary and terminal, peduncled, mostly shorter than the leaves, corymbose; calyx- teeth lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July -Sept.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 1’ long. Flowers purple. 20 314 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) 6. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Horss-minv. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed, or slightly 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, nearly equal, straight, spreading, commonly exserted: anther-cells. parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth.— Perennial mostly pu- bescent or hoary herbs, with erect branching stems. Floral leaves often white- tomentose. Cymes mostly terminal, bracted. Corolla small, white or purplish. —- Plants aromatic and pungent. * Calyx more or less 2-lipped, the subulate teeth often bearded with weak jointed hairs : cymes mostly terminal, widely spreading in fruit: bracts longer than the flowers: leaves pubescent, the uppermost whitened. 1. P. incanum, Michx. Stem densely pubescent and hoary; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, short-petioled, hoary-tomentose beneath ; calyx-teeth subulate, and, like the bracts, commonly bearded with weak hairs. (P. Loomisii, Nutt.) — Var. Turia. (P. Tullia, Benth.) Leaves smaller and smoother ; cymes larger and more expanded ; calyx-teeth longer. — Var. aL- BESCENS. (P. albescens, Gray.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth above, hoary beneath ; calyx-teeth triangular lanceolate, obtuse, not bearded. — Dry woods and fence-rows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 1!- 2!’ long. Flowers white. 2. P. dubium, Gray. Stem villous-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth or nearly so, entire; cymes hoary, dense-flowered, short- peduncled ; calyx-teeth subulate, tipped, like the bracts, with a tuft of weak hairs ; the 2 lower ones shorter. — Mountains of North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 2!- 3’ long. * * Calyzx-teeth nearly equal. + Calyx as long us the corolla; the teeth subulate and awn-pointed, like the rigid bracts: cymes dense-flowered. 3. P. aristatum, Michx. Tomentose and hoary, or sometimes hairy ; stem branched ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, sparingly serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, the uppermost somewhat whitened ; cymes mostly terminal ; ovary bearded.— Var. HYSSOPIFOLIUM, Gray. Stem simple or corymbose above ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire.— Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 13°-3° high. Leaves 1/—2! long. = + Calyx-teeth beardless and awnless: cymes capitate, mostly terminal: bracts shorter than the flowers: leaves subsessile. 4. P. pilosum, Nutt. Softly pubescent or villous; branches short, erect ; leaves lanceolate, entire, acute at each end, none of them whitened ; cymes small, compact, corymbose; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and, like the bracts, hoary-tomentose, or, in var. LEPTODON, Gray, subulate and villous. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2° high. Leaves 1/- 2! long. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315 5. P. muticum, Pers. Smooth or tomentose ; stem corymbosely branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled, the uppermost whitened ; cymes small, com- pact, corymbose, minutely hoary-tomentose ; calyx-teeth short, triangular-ovate, obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1/—2! long. ~ + + Cymes capitate, in compact corymbose clusters: bracts shorter than the flowers: stem and rigid entire leaves smoothish. 6. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base; cymes numerous, pubescent; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular. — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2° high. Leaves 1!-2! long. 7. P. linifolium, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves very numerous, linear, sessile ; cymes smoothish ; bracts linear, acute ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, rigid, acute. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. 8. P. nudum, Nutt. Smooth; stem simple or corymbose at the summit, straight; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base; cymes smooth ; exterior bracts narrow-lanceolate, the inner short, subulate; calyx- teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, and, like the corolla, pubescent. — Low pine barrens, Dale County, Alabama, to the mountains of North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3/- 1! long. + + + + Cymes axillary and terminal, large, dense-flowered : bracts ciliate. 9. P. montanum, Michx. -Stem slender, smooth, simple or branched ; leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, tapering into a short petiole, the lowest rounded at the base; cymes globose, the upper ones closely sessile ; bracts numerous, ciliate; the exterior ovate, very acute, as long as the flowers, the inner ones linear ; calyx-teeth short, acute; ovary bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and Aug.— Stem 1°-3° high. Leaves 2/—3! long. 7. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse-Bacm. Calyx obovate, enlarged and deflexed in fruit, 2-lipped; the upper lip flat- tened, truncate, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, dilated at the throat; the four upper lobes equal, the lowest larger, declining, toothed or fimbriate. Stamens 2 or 4, long-exserted, spreading : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Strong-scented perennial herbs. Leaves large, coarsely serrate, dotted beneath. Flowers yellowish, solitary, opposite, in racemes or panicles. Petioles tumid at the base. * Fertile stamens 2. 1. C. Canadensis, L. Nearly smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, Iong-petioled, the uppermost smaller, sessile; panicle elongated; bracts minute, very acute ; flowering calyx very small, the upper lip much shorter than the lower, with 316 LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY,) subulate teeth; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, yellowish. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 4/-9! long. Corolla 3-5" long. 2. C. scabriuscula, Ait. Stem smoothish; leaves petioled, ovate, acute, dentate, rounded at the base, smooth above, the uppermost sessile ; bracts small, subulate-acuminate ; panicle elongated, leafy at the base; calyx-teeth short, acute ; stamens included or exserted. — Rich woods, Florida, Pursh, to South Carolina, Elliott. Sept.— Stem 8° high. Leaves 2’ 3! long, on short petioles. Corolla half as large as in the preceding, the lowest lobe purple. | 3. C. punctata, Ell. Stem pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, mucronate-serrate, pubescent and dotted beneath; panicle pubescent, leafy at the base; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth large, lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, $}-4 as long as the yellowish corolla; sterile stamens included, capitate. — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 4’/-6’ long. Corolla 4-6" long, hairy within. 4. C. ovalis, Pursh. Stem slender, pubescent above; leaves ovate or round-ovate, acute, smooth, with few very coarse mucronate teeth, the lower ones barely longer than the very slender petiole, the upper sessile; racemes panicled ; calyx pubescent, with unequal subulate teeth; bracts ovate, acumi- nate. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Leaves (excluding the petiole) 2’ long, 14’ wide. * * Fertile stamens 4. 5. C. verticillata, Baldw: Stem simple, smooth below; leaves 4, mem- branaceous, elliptical, acute, rather finely serrate, acute or obtuse at the base, short-petioled, approximate, the lower surface, like the simple long-peduncled raceme, viscid-pubescent ; lower flowers whorled, the upper opposite; bracts minute ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, half as long as the corolla — Light shaded soil, Georgia, chiefly in the upper districts. Sept.— Stem 1° high. Corolla yellow or purplish. 6. C. anisata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent; stem stout, simple or branched ; leaves large, oval or ovate, acute, mucronate-crenate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base, the wppermost sessile ; panicle many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx- lobes large, ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal ; corolla large, yellow. — Dry shaded soil, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 4’- 8! long. Corolla 3/—- #/ long. 8. HEDEOMA, Pers. Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous under the base, equally 5-toothed or bilabi- ate, with the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, ascending : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with small leaves, and axil- lary few-flowered cymes. 1. H. pulegioides, Pers. Annual, pubescent, much .branched; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, pale beneath, contracted into a slender LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) 317 petiole ; whorls 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; lower lip of the calyx hispid. —Dry hills in the upper districts. June~-Sept.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 1! long. Corolla small, pale blue. 9. MICROMERIA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, mostly hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat, notched or entire, the lower spreading, 3- lobed ; the straight tube commonly shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, arching inward: anther-cells parallel, or at length diverging Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with the small white or purple flowers solitary, or few in a whorl, chiefly axillary. 1. M. Brownei, Benth. Smooth; stem prostrate or ascending, mostly simple ; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, crenate or entire, short-petioled ; flowers sol- itary, opposite, on widely spreading peduncles, exceeding the leaves, erect, pur- ple. — River-banks, Florida. July and Aug.— Stem 6/-12! long. Leaves 4!’ - 6” long. 10. CALAMINTHA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip spreading, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, bearded or naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped, open at the throat; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-lobed, the tube commonly exserted. Stamens 4, didynamous, arching inward: anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with white, scarlet, or _ purple flowers §1. CauamintHa. Herbs: cymes peduncled, compound, small-bracted ; the upper ones forming a 1-sided compound raceme: flowers small. 1. C. Nepeta, Link. Villous; stem much branched, ascending; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; cymes numerous, dichotomous, loose- ° flowered; calyx bearded in the throat, half as long as the purple corolla. — Waste places and road-sides, Georgia to North Carolina, introduced. July — Sept. — Stem 1°-2° long. Leaves 3! long. § 2. Caromexissa. Shrubs: cymes nearly sessile, axillary, few-flowered, often leafy-bracted : pedicels elongated: throat of the calyx bearded : flowers showy. 2. C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Stem much branched, closely pubescent ; leaves rigid, smooth, oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate, finely dotted, narrowed into a slender petiole; axillary leaves small and clustered; cymes 6-flowered, the lower bracts leafy ; corolla white or purple, spotted. — Sandy or rocky banks, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub 1°-2° high, the flowering branches simple. Leaves 1!-13/ long. Corolla 1’ long. _ 8. ©. coccinea, Benth. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves obovate- oblong, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, tapering into a short petiole; flowers solitary, or in 3-flowered bracted cymes; corolla large, scarlet.— Sandy shores of St. Andrew’s Bay, West Florida. Oct. and Nov.— Stem 2° high, the outer bark loose and shreddy. Leaves }'’ long. Corolla 13! long. 27 * 318 LABIATH, (MINT FAMILY.) 4. C. dentata, n.sp. Densely tomentose ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves small, obovate or wedge-shaped, rounded and 2-4-toothed at the apex, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 3 together; calyx smooth, the upper lip emarginate or obscurely 3-toothed, much shorter than the lower ; upper stamens abbreviated, sterile. — Sand ridges near Aspalaga, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high. Leaves very numerous, 3! long. 5. C. canescens, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-tomentose; stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear, entire, obtuse, with the margins revolute; cymes very numerous, 1 -3-flowered ; calyx smooth or hairy, the upper lip obtusely 3-toothed ; corolla hairy, white or purple, dotted in the throat; anthers hairy. — Dry sands along the west coast of Florida, flowering throughout the year. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves $/-§! long. Corolla 3! long. ll. DICERANDRA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or minutely 3-toothed, the lower scarcely longer, 2-cleft, the throat bearded. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, spreading, exserted : anther-cells distinct, diverging, awned at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Smooth annuals, with narrow leaves. Cymes loose, spreading, several-flow- ered, forming a leafy terminal raceme. Flowers purple. 1. D. linearifolia, Benth. Stem mostly branching, erect; leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate or entire, obtuse, sessile ; cymes peduncled, 3 — 9-flowered ; calyx purple, declined in fruit. (Ceranthera linearifolia, K//.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Oct. and Nov.—Stem 1° high. Leaves 1’! long. Flowers very numerous, purple, dotted. Style hairy. 2. D. densiflora, Benth. Stem loosely branched ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, or the uppermost linear; cymes sessile, 5-10-flowered. — East Florida, Bentham. — Cymes more compact, calyx smaller, and the awns of the anthers shorter, than in No. 1. 12. MELISSA, L. Baum. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, the lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, curved and connivent under the upper lip: anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with few-flowered 1-sided axillary cymes, and white or yellow flowers. 1. M. officinalis, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, crenate, trun- cate or cordate at the base; cymes 3-—6-flowered, with ovate bracts.— North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 13. SALVIA, L. Sace. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 2-lipped; the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 319 notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe larger, entire or notched. Stamens 2, short: anther-cells linear, widely separated by the elon- gated oblique connective ; the upper one fertile, the lower imperfect or wanting. — Cymes in spikes, racemes, or panicles. * Upper lip of the calyx entire: lower anther-cell wanting. 1. S. azurea, Lam. Smooth ; stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones serrate, tapering at the base ; racemes elongated ; whorls nearly sessile, 6 — 12-flowered ; calyx longer than the pedicel, the teeth ovate, acute; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, white or bluc; style bearded. — Dry light or sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. July and Aug.— Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 14’-—3/ long. Corolla 6” - 8! long. 2.8. urticifolia, L. Stem (1°-2°) mostly simple, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid ; leaves thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly contracted into a winged petiole, the upper surface and veins beneath sparse-hairy ; racemes terminal; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous; whorls 6-12-flowered, remote; calyx bell-shaped, longer than the pedicel, broadly 3-toothed, about half as long as the blue and white corolla; style bearded. Var. major. Leaves rigid, narrower, acuminate, crenate, with longer and _ broader-winged petioles; the lower surface, like the taller (4° -6°) branching stem, hoary-tomentose ; racemes axillary and terminal; flowers smaller. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward: the variety in Middle Florida. July - Sept. — Leaves 2!—4! long. Corolla 4! - 5! long. 3. S. serotina, L. Stem tomentose, branching; leaves ovate, mostly acute, crenate-serrate, tomentose, paler beneath, cordate or truncate at the base, petioled ; racemes many-flowered; whorls mostly 6-flowered, the lower ones rather distant, the upper much crowded ; calyx glandular, longer than the pedi- cel, acutely toothed, the upper lip purple; corolla small, twice as long as the calyx ; style beardless ; the lower lobe spatulate, acute, the upper short, subulate, reflexed. — South Florida. Nov. —Stem rigid, 1° high. Leaves 1’ long, twice as long as the petiole. Corolla blue and white, 3!’- 4! long. 4. §. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem much branched, shrubby at the base; branches erect, filiform, pubescent; leaves small, thin, oval or ovate, slightly crenate, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, about as long as the very slen- der petiole ; racemes filiform, few-flowered ; whorls distant, 2-6-flowered; calyx somewhat glandular, acutely toothed, slightly inflated in fruit; corolla very small; lower lobe of the style spatulate obtuse.— South Florida. — Stem 6! - 12/ high. Leaves 6'/'-9! long. Flowers blue, smaller than in No. 3. * * Upper lip of the calyx broad, 3-toothed : lower anther-cell pollen-bearing, but sterile. 5. S. lyrata, L. Hairy ; stem erect, sparingly branched; leaves chiefly radical, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly discolored; stem-leaves 2 or 4, smaller; the upper pair lanceolate and entire; raceme many-flowered ; whorls 6-flowered, distant in fruit, longer than the ovate-lanceolate bracts; upper lip of the bell-shaped calyx truncate, with short erect teeth; corolla-tube elongated, 320 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) widening upward, the middle lobe of the lower lip dilated and notched. — Var. OBOYATA is less hairy, with the obovate leaves merely toothed or wavy on the margins. (S. obovata, Hil.) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3/-6/ long, commonly purple beneath. Racemes in fruit 6’-12’ long. Corolla 9-12! long, blue, white- spotted in the throat. 6. S. Claytoni, Ell. Leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate, toothed, rugose; teeth of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. — Dry sandy pastures, around Beaufort, South Carolina, Hiliott. North Carolina, Curtis ; flowering through the summer. — Root thick, perennial. Stem 1° high. Leaves pubescent on the veins and margins. Bracts cordate-ovate, acuminate, toothed. S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the common GARDEN SAGE. S. coccrnEA, L., is common in gardens, and occasionally spontaneous around dwellings. 14. MONARDA, lL. MHorsz-Mint. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, bearded in the throat. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-toothed. Stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, and oftener ex- serted: anther-cells linear, diverging, confluent. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs. Leaves undivided. Whorls large, dense-flowered. Bracts colored. * Upper lip of the corolla linear, acute. 1. M. didyma, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rounded at the base, petioled, smooth or hispid; whorls mostly solitary, terminal; calyx smooth, incurved; corolla large, bright red.— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem erect, 2° high. Leaves 2'-—3' long. Bracts lanceolate, red. Corolla 1’ long. 2. M. fistulosa, L. Stem branching, more or less pubescent, commonly hairy at the joints; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, mostly rounded or truncate at the base ; whorls terminal ; calyx slightly incurved, hispid in the throat; corolla slender, rose-color. (M. Clinopodia, and M. mollis, L.) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2°-5° high. Leaves smoothish, tomentose, or hispid, 1‘-3/ long. Bracts pale purple. * % Upper lip of the corolla broader, notched. 3. M. punctata, L. Closely and finely pubescent; stem much branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acutish, slightly serrate, narrowed into a petiole , whorls lateral and terminal ; bracts ovate or oblong, purple; corolla yellowish , the lower lip dotted with brown, the upper keeled ; stamens not exserted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug.- Oct. — Stem 1°-3° high. Leaves 1/— 2! long. 4. M. gracilis, Pursh. Very smooth; whorls lateral and terminal ; exte- rior bracts linear, ciliate ; corolla short; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate. — Mountains of Carolina, Zyon.— Stem obtuse-angled. Whorls small, naked. Calyx pubescent, ciliate. Corolla very slender, smooth, yellowish- white. (*) LABIAT#. (MINT FAMILY.) 321 15. BLEPHILIA, Raf. Calyx ovate-tubular, 13-nerved, beardless in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip with three awned teeth, the lower 2-cleft, awnless or short-awned. Anthers 1-celled. Otherwise like Monarda. — Stem erect. Whorls several, lateral and terminal, the upper ones crowded. 1. B. ciliata, Raf. Stem hirsute; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, smoothish above, paler and tomentose beneath; whorls globose, crowded, or the lower ones distinct ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-ciliate ; calyx and corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, LZ.) — Dry soil, in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. July and Aug.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 2/- 3! long Corolla 3’ long, blue. 2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Stem hirsute; leaves long-petioled, ohlong-ovate, serrate, smooth or hirsute; whorls globose, distinct, or the upper ones crowded, the lower axillary ; bracts linear-subulate, long-ciliate; corolla slightly pubes- cent. (Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.)— Damp woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug.— Stem 2°-3° high, branching. Leaves thin, 3‘- 4! long. Corolla pale blue. 16. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, slightly incurved, with the mouth oblique, and un- equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip deeply notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, distant or spread- ing, the upper pair longer: anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Erect perennial herbs. Whorls numerous, crowded in a cylindrical spike. 1. L. scrophularisfolius, Benth. Stem pubescent, leaves petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath ; spike interrupted at the base; calyx-teeth whitish, lanceolate, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 3°-4° high. Spikes 4/-15! long. Bracts ovate. Corolla purplish. 2. I. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth; leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, serrate; spike interrupted at the base; calyx-teeth green, ovate, barely acute. — Woods, North Carolina, and northward. Aug.— Stem 4°-6° high. Bracts ovate. Corolla greenish-yellow. 17. NEPETA, L. Carnipr. Lower lip of the corolla 2-cleft or entire. Stamens ascending: anthers ap- proximate by pairs, the cells diverging. Otherwise like Lophanthus. — Corolla blue or white. 1. N. Cataria, L. Erect, hoary-pubescent; leaves petiolate, cordate-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate; whorls many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a thick dense raceme, the lower axillary; bracts as long as the pedicel ; calyx- teeth lanceolate-subulate, the upper ones longer ; corolla small, white. — Waste grounds, introduced. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 322 LABIAT. (MINT FAMILY.) 2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Stem prostrate or creeping, pubescent; leaves round-cordate, obtuse, serrate, petioled; whorls in nearly all the axils, few- flowered ; corolla blue.— Low shady places, near dwellings. Introduced, — Stem 4/-12' long. Leaves 3’-1! long. Anthers forming a cross. 18. CEDRONELLA, Mench. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-toothed ; the mouth oblique. Corolla dilated at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip straight, 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the upper pair longest : anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme. 1. C. cordata, Benth. Stem low, pubescent, bearing long runners; leaves long-petioled, cordate, crenate, smoothish; the floral ones ovate; raceme few- flowered, I-sided; cymes 1 ~3-flowered; calyx and pale-blue corolla large. (Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) — Shady banks, on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June.— Stem 3° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 1! long. Corolla 13’ long. Plant pleasant-scented. 19. BRUNELLA, Tourn. Serr-nean. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 10-nerved, flat above, 2-lipped; upper lip broad, truncated, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-tube slightly inflated under the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip roundish, arching, entire, the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe rounded, concave, crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the smooth filament prolonged above the anther: anther-cells spreading. — Herbs, with 6-flowered densely-spiked whorls. Floral leaves orbicular, imbrieated, persistent. 1. B. vulgaris, L. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem erect, mostly simple ; Ieaves ovate or oblong, serrate, petioled ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; flowers — purple. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Stem 6! — 12’ high. Spikes thick, lateral and terminal. 20. SCUTELLARIA, L. Sxuttcar. Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, entire and closed after flowering ; the upper lip furnished with a helmet-shaped appendage on the back, and falling away at maturity, the lower persistent. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, entire or notched, with the small lateral lobes united with its sides, the lowest lobe large and spreading. Stamens 4, ascending: anthers ciliate, approximate by pairs, those on the shorter filaments 1-celled, on the longer ones 2-celled, cordate. — Perennial mostly inodorous herbs. Flowers opposite, solitary, in the axils of the upper, mostly bract-like leaves, rarely in lateral racemes. Corolla blue or white. * Flowers in terminal racemes. + Leaves cordate, ovate or oblong, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones shorter than the flowers, entire. 1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Softly pubescent; stem stout, branched above; leaves large, long-petioled, all broadly cordate, rugose and reticulate; the floral LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 323 ones ovate, sessile ; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, viscid; calyx hairy ; lateral lobes of the corolla conspicuous. (S. cordifolia, Muhl.) —Dry open woods in the upper districts. July-Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 2'~ 4! long. Racemes 3/-6/ long. Corolla 6’’/- 8” long, blue and white. Var. minor. Small (6/- 12’); leaves tomentose, finely crenate ; the lowest ones orbicular, the upper ovate-lanceolate, truncated at the base (3/-1/ long), the floral ones narrower. (S. saxatilis 8% pilosior, Benth. ?) — Dry woods, near Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia. August. 2. S. arguta, Buckley. Stem somewhat procumbent, pubescent; Icaves ovate, cordate, coarsely crenate, on long pubescent petioles, nearly smooth ; racemes axillary and terminal; flowers small. —- Biack Mountain, North Caro- lina, Buckley. July and Aug. — Stem 8/-12/ long. Leaves 14/- 2! long, paler beneath, shorter than the petioles. 3. S. canescens, Nutt., var.? punctata. Stem erect, tomentose, branched above; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, smoothish, paler and strongly veined beneath, resinous-dotted on both sides, short-petioled, the lower ones cordate, the upper and floral ones lanceolate, tapering at the base ; racemes simple, axil- lary and terminal, pubescent, many-flowered ; corolla blue and white. — Dry open woods, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug.—Stem 2° high. Leaves 1}/-2!' long, 2-3 times as long as the pubescent petioles. Corolla 8!/—9" long. 4. §. serrata, Andr. Smooth; stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate, acute, smooth and green on both sides, decurrent into the margined petiole, the floral ones small, lanceolate; racemes short, simple, few-flowered, l-sided; calyx mostly hairy ; corolla large, blue.— Dry woods, North Carolina. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 1/-13! long. Corolla 1! long. 5. S. pilosa, Michx. MHairy; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves distant, ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate; the lowest rounded at the base, the upper ones abruptly short-petioled, the floral ones spatulate, obtuse ; racemes short, few-flowered ; corolla pale blue. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/- 2! long. Co- rolla 8!’-9" long. 6. S. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, branching, villous ; leaves large, lanceo- late, acute at each end, coarsely toothed, villous beneath, hispid above ; racemes paniculate, with the flowers crowded. — Georgia, between the Ocmulgee and Flint Rivers, Elliott. May-July. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 3/-43! long, on petioles 3/ long. (*) a— +— Upper and floral leaves alike, entire, nearly sessile; the lower broader, petioled, and mostly crenate. 7. S. integrifolia, L. Pubescent throughout; stem mostly simple (6/- 12’ high) ; leaves small (’-1' long), lanceolate, obtuse, entire, tapering down- ward, sessile; the lowest ovate or obovate, short-petioled, crenate or entire, the lower floral ones sometimes longer than the flowers; racemes leafy, few - many- flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Var. major. Stem taller (1°-2° high), branching; leaves larger (1/- 2! long); the upper oblong, entire, tapering into a petiole, the lower ovate or cor- 524 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) date, coarsely crenate, long-petioled, rounded at the apex. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 8/’—10” long, blue or white. + + + Leaves all linear and entire; the lowest bract-like. 8. S. Floridana, n. sp. Minutely pubescent; stem slender, branching ; leaves linear, obtuse, entire, sessile, with revolute margins ; the lowest minute and bract-like, the floral ones shorter than the flowers; racemes loose, few- flowered ; corolla large, much dilated at the throat, the nearly equal lips broad and obtuse ; filaments hairy at the base.— Pine-barren swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1! long, 3-1! wide. Corolla 1’ long, deep blue, the lower lip white in the middle. * * Flowers small, in axillary racemes. 9. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem elongated, diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, the lower rounded at the base ; racemes slender, 1-sided ; corolla blue. — Shady swamps, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. July—Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves membra- naceous, 2'—3/ long. Corolla 2! long. * * * Flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. 10. S. galericulata, L. Stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, smooth or pubescent; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers nearly sessile, turned to one side. — Wet shaded places, North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1’—13/ long. Corolla 7!’- 8" long, blue, the lower lip white in the middle, spotted with blue. 11. S. parvula, Michx. Stem low, pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, obtuse, mostly entire, nearly sessile, strongly veined ; flowers small, peduncled. — Rocky woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Fibres of the root often bearing small tubers. Stem 6’-9' high. Leaves 4’/- 6! long. Corolla blue, 2!/’- 3" long. 21. MACBRIDEA, Ell. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; the upper lobe lanceolate, entire, the two lower ones oblong, notched or entire. Corolla inflated, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, concave, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip. Filaments hairy: anthers approximate by pairs, the cells diverging, hairy within, denticulate on the margins. Nutlets smooth. — Erect mostly simple perennials. Whorls crowded in a dense cone-like terminal head. Corolla large, white or purple. 1. M. pulchra, Ell. Smooth or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate, dotted ; the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, the floral ones ovate, acute; whorls 4-flowered ; calyx striate, the lobes entire; corolla purple, the tube striped with purple and white, the upper lip entire. — Pine-barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 1°-15° high. Corolla 13! long. ~ LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 325 2. M. alba, n.sp. Smooth or hirsute; leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, toothed, rounded at the apex narrowed to the sessile base; the lowest oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; the floral ones ovate or orbicular, obtuse ; whorls 4-flowered; calyx nerveless, with the two larger lobes notched ; corolla white, the upper lip emarginate.— Low pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast. July and Aug. — Stem 1°-13° high. Leaves 2’ long, or the radical ones 4!— 5/ long, and, like the calyx and corolla, thick and somewhat fleshy. 22. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, inflated in fruit, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anthers approximate, with the cells parallel, ciliate. Nutlets smooth, acutzly 3-angled. — Smooth perennial herbs, with erect mostly simple stems, and opposite showy purplish flowers, in terminal spikes or racemes. 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Leaves large (6/-9! long), oblong, sharply serrate, the lowest narrowed into a petiole; spikes thick, dense-flowered ; calyx- teeth acute; corolla 1/long. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L.)— Varies through several intermediate forms, including Dracocephalum variegatum, Vent., and D. obovatum, £/l., into var. DENTICULATA, with lanceolate or linear denticulate or entire leaves, and smaller (6’’- 9’! long) flowers in a long loosely flowered spike. — Low ground and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June- Aug. — Stem 2°-4° high. Racemes simple or compound. ° 23. LAMIUM, L. Deap-Nerrte. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth subu- late, not spiny. Corolla slender, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip ovate or oblong, narrowed at the base; the lateral lobes small, at the margins of the throat; the lowest lobe large, notched, contracted at the base into a short stalk. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anther-cells at length spread- ing. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex.— Herbs. Leaves incised; the lower ones petioled, the floral ones sessile, longer than the dense whorls. 1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, incisely crenate-lobed ; the floral ones clasping, the others long-petioled; tube of the corolla straight, the lateral lobes truncate; anthers hairy. — Cultivated ground and waste places, common. May. @— Stems 4/-12/ high. Corolla smali, purple, often im- perfectly developed. 24. MARRUBIUM, L. Horenovunp. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-10-toothed; the teeth spiny, mostly spreading in fruit. Corolla-tube included in the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, included: anther-cells diverging. Lobes of the, style short, obtuse. Nutlets obtuse at the apex. — Chiefly tomentose or woolly perennial herbs, with rugose leaves, and axillary whorls. 28 326 LABIATA, (MINT FAMILY.) 1. M. vulgare, L. Woolly; stems branching at the base, ascending; leaves petioled, ovate or roundish, crenate, the floral ones smaller, but longer than the capitate many-flowered whorls; calyx-teeth 10, recurved-spreading ; corolla small, white. — Waste ground and road-sides. Introduced. — Stems 1°-2° high. 25. LEONOTIS, R. Brown. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, incurved, unequally 8-10-toothed ; the teeth straight, spiny, the upper one largest. Corolla slender, 2-lipped; the upper lip long, arching, entire, the lower very short, 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anther-cells diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, trun- cate. — Tall herbs, with very large globose whorls in the axils of the upper leaves. Flowers yellow or scarlet. 1. L. nepetzfolia, R. Br. Annual; stem tomentose, simple or branched ; leaves remote, long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate, the floral ones lanceolate ; whorls 1-several; calyx 8-toothed ; corolla villous, scarlet. — Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. June-Aug. Introduced. — Stem 1°- 6° high. Whorls 1’—2' in diameter. Corolla 1’ long. 26. LEONURUS, L. Mornerwort. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth spiny and at length spread- ing. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending: anther-cells parallel, naked. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate.— Herbs, with incisely lobed leaves; the floral ones longer than the dense whorls. Bracts subulate. 1. L. Cardiaca, L. Stem (2°-4° high) square, pubescent; leaves long- petioled, the lower ones round-cordate, palmately lobed and toothed ; the floral ones wedge-shaped, 3-cleft toward the apex; whorls distant, 6 - 15-flowered ; corolla villous, purplish, spotted with brown in the throat. — Waste places. Introduced. June-July. 27. STACHYS, L. Hence-Ner tte. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- or 10-nerved, 5-toothed ; the teeth equal, or the upper one larger, more or less spiny (in our species),-spreading in fruit. Co- rolla hairy within, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe much larger. Stamens 4, ascending: anthers 2-celled. Nutlets not truncate. — Chiefly hairy or hispid herbs, with few-flowered whorls in terminal racemes. * Perennial. 1. S. aspera, Michx. Stem erect, with the angles rough with recurved bristly hairs, rarely smoothish ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at the base, smooth, or sprinkled with hairs above ; the floral ones longer than the calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the lower ones distant ; calyx-teeth spine-pointed. (S. hispida, Pursh. S. tenuifolia, Willd) LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) 327 — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. June-Aug.— Stem 1}°-2° high. Leaves 2/—3! long. Corolla purple. 2. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth or nearly so; stem erect, slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly serrate ; raceme short, of few 4-6-flowered whorls ; calyx smooth, with spiny spreading teeth, 4-4 as long as the smooth violet corolla.— Wet pine barrens, in the middle districts of South Carolina, and northward. June —- Aug. — Stem 1°-14° high. Leaves 1! — 2’ long. * * Annual. 3. S. Floridana, Shuttl. Smooth or hirsute ; stem slender, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, or the upper ones sessile, acute or obtuse, serrate, truncate, or the lowest subcordate at the base; whorls few or numerous, distant, 6 -—10-flowered ; calyx pubescent, with lanceolate-subulate rigid teeth; corolla twice as long as the calyx, purple. (S. annua, Walt. ?) — Low grounds, Middle and South Florida. July. — Stem 10/—15' high. Leaves 1! long, the lowest shorter than the petiole. 28. ISANTHUS, Michx. Calvx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, incurved-ascending, exserted: anthers 2-celled. Nutlets obovoid, impressed-reticulated, laterally cohering at the base. — An annual pubescent and somewhat viscid branching herb, with lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed acute leaves, and small pale blue flowers, on 1 -3-flowered axillary peduncles. 1. I. eceruleus, Michx.—Dry soil in the upper districts. July - Aug.— Stem terete, 1°-13° high. Leaves 1/— 13! long, 3-nerved below the middle. 29. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Brve-Curts. Calyx short, reversed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the 3 lower teeth long, connate; the 2 upper ones very short. Corolla slender, nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens 4, long-exserted, partly coiled: anther-cells diverging. Nutlets pitted, united at the base. — Branching annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary blue flowers on lateral peduncles. 1. T. dichotomum, L. Pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly smooth ; stem much branched, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a petiole. (T. lineare, Nutt. is a smoother form, with linear leaves.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 30. TEUCRIUM, L. Germanpver. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed; the 4 upper lobes short, the lowest large, oblong or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, didynamous, the lowest pair longest, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla: anther-cells confluent. Nutlets rugose. 328 BORRAGINACEE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 1. T. Canadense, L. Stem tomentose, erect, simple or branched; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent above, white-velyety beneath ; flowers mostly alternate, in a long hoary spiked raceme, longer than the subulate bracts; calyx bell-shaped. (T. Virginicum, Z)—Swamps and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July-Sept. 1, — Stem 2°—3° high. Leayes 2’—6/ long. Flowers purplish. ae OrpER 95. BORRAGINACE. (Borace Famiry.) Herbs or shrubs, with terete or irregularly angled stems, and alternate entire exstipulate mostly rough-hairy leaves. Flowers usually in 1-sided spikes or racemes, which are coiled in the bud. — Calyx free, 5-cleft or 5-parted, valvate in the bud, persistent. Corolla regular (except No. 6), hypogynous, 5-lobed, imbricated or (in Myosotis) convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 4-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit various. Albumen scarce or none. Cotyledons flat or folded. Radicle superior. Synopsis. Tring Il. CORDIE. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, twice 2-lobed at the apex. Fruit a 4-celled drupe. Cotyledons folded. Albumen none.— Shrubs. Flowers in heads or spikes. 1. CORDIA. Calyx opening regularly, not circumscissile. Trt Il. EHRETIEZS. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, 2-lobed at the apex. Fruit a 4-seeded berry. Cotyledons flat. Albumen scanty. — Shrubs. 2. EHRETIA. Style slender. Flowers corymbose. 8. TOURNEFORTIA. Style short. Flowers cymose or spiked. Tre II. HELIOTROPEAX. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, simple. Fruit separating into 2 or 4 nutlets. — Chiefly herbs. 4. HELIOTROPIUM. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, each 1-seeded. 5. HELIOPHYTUM. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded. Tring IV. BORRAGEZS. Ovary deeply 4-parted, enclosing the base of the simple style. Fruit of 1-4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs. * Throat of the corolla naked. Nutlets not hispid. + Corolla irregular. 6. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-shaped, unequally lobed. + + Corolla regular. ONOSMODIUM. Lobes of the corolla erect, acute. Nutlets smooth and stony. LITHOSPERMUM. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets smooth or rugose. . MERTENSIA. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets somewhat fleshy. 10. MYOSOTIS. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Nutlets smooth. * * Throat of the corolla closed with scales. Nutlets hispid. 11. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-shaped. Nutlets depressed. 1 so 90 * — ee ae | . | BORRAGINACEZ. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 329 1. CORDIA, Plum. Calyx ovate or beil-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, not circumscissile. Corolla funnel or salver form, 4—5-lobed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style ter- minal, twice 2-cleft, mostly exserted. Drupe ovate or globose, pulpy, | - 4- seeded, commonly enclosed in the enlarged calyx.— Trees or shrubs. Leayes toothed or entire. Flowers spiked or capitate, white. 1. C. bullata, L. Rough throughout with white bristly hairs; leaves oblong-ovate, serrate-toothed, rugose, paler beneath, abruptly petioled ; flowers capitate, on peduncles which are shorter than the leaves, and nearly terminal, but elongated and lateral in fruit ; calyx ovoid, the subulate bristly teeth spread- ing; corolla short, hairy in the throat; stigmas club-shaped ; drupe 1-seeded. — South Florida. — Leaves }/-11/ long. Heads 4//- 5! in diameter 2. EHRETIA, L. Calyx tubular, 4—5-toothed. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5: anthers ovate. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style terminal, 2-cleft at the apex. Berry composed of 2 more or less separable 2-seeded nutlets. — Tropical shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers corymbose, white. 1. KE. Beurreria, L. Smooth; leaves petiolate, obovate or oblong-obo- vate, entire, mucronate, obtuse, or notched at the apex, paler beneath ; corymb many-flowered, divaricate ; calyx leathery, the teeth acute, pubescent on the margins ; stigmas depressed ;- nutlets 4, apparently 2-celled, 1-seeded, finely furrowed on the back. — South Florida.— A small tree. Leaves 1}/-3/ long, acute at the base. Flowers white and fragrant.- 2. BK. Radula, Poir. Stem smooth; leaves obovate, entire, rounded or notched at the apex, tapering at the base into a short petiole, smooth beneath, very rough and at length white-spotted above ; corymb few-flowered ; pedicels minutely bracted and sparingly hispid; calyx 4--5-toothed; the teeth ovate, acute, pubescent on the margins; lobes of the corolla rounded, wavy; stigmas peltate, depressed in the centre; berry ovate, separable into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — South Florida. — Leaves 1’-13/ long. Corolla 6” long. 3. TOURNEFORTIA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included. Style short, terminal; stigma conical. Berry composed of two 2-seeded nutlets, which are either united or separable, or by abortion 1-2-seeded. — Erect or twining shrubs, with entire leaves, and white or yellowish flowers, in 1-sided bractless often cymose spikes. * Fruit ovate, separable into two 2-seeded nutlets : corolla-lobes ovate, plicate. 1. T. gnaphalodes, R. Br. White-silky throughout; stem thick, erect; leaves very numerous and imbricated, linear, obtuse, fleshy, tapering to the base; peduncles axillary; spikes 2-—4-parted, dense, recurved; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; corolla fleshy ; anthers ovate; berry deeply excavated at the base.— 28.* 330 BORRAGINACEE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 2°-4° high. Leaves 8! long. Corolla small, white. * * Fruit globose, more or less lobed, composed of 1-4 nutlets, each 1-seeded : corollas lobes narrow, acute. 2. T. volubilis, L. Stem twining, and, like the lower surface of the leaves and spikes, tomentose ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, petioled, roughish above, paler beneath; spikes lateral and terminal, very slender, cymose, short- peduncled, spreading; tube of the corolla contracted in the middle, the lobes linear-subulate ; anthers connivent; berry small, 1 -3-seeded. — South Florida. — Leaves 1/-1}' long. Corolla 2" long. 4. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-form, open at the throat, folded between the 5 lobes. Filaments and style very short. Stigma somewhat coni- cal. Fruit separable into four.1-seeded nutlets.— Herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves rarely opposite. Spikes l-sided. Flowers white or blue. 1. H. Curassavicum, L. Annual, smooth, fleshy; stems at length prostrate and diffuse; leaves alternate or opposite, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, narrowed at the base; spikes peduncled, simple or 2-parted, coiled in the bud; flowers small, sessile, white, bractless ; nutlets smooth. — Saline marshes, Flor- ida to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6/-18' long. Leaves 1/-2/ long. — Plant dries black. 2. H. myosotoides, n. sp. Annual; stem erect, branched, rough with rigid white appressed hairs ; the young branches hoary ; leaves oblong or lance- olate, obtuse, hispid on both sides, narrowed to the base, the lower ones opposite ; spikes filiform, elongated, 1-sided; flowers short-pedicelled, some of them leafy- bracted, others bractless ; exterior calyx-lobes larger ; corolla minute (3/! long), white ; anthers hairy at the apex; nutlets united, hispid at the apex, with the sides concave.— South Florida.— Stem 4'!- 6’ high. Leaves 3/ long. Corolla slightly hispid. 5. HELIOPHYTUM, DC. Throat of the corolla bearded, or closed by 5 inflexed folds. Fruit separating into two 2-celled nutlets. Otherwise like Heliotropium. 1. H. Indicum, DC. Annual; stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves oblong- ovate, often cordate, toothed or wavy on the margins, rugose, slightly roughish, decurrent into a long petiole ; spikes hairy, coiled, at length elongated; corolla blue ; nutlets spreading. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June - Oct. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2/-4! long. Fruiting spike 6/-—9! long. 2. H. parviflorum, DC. Perennial, hirsute; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, tapering into a slender petiole, the lower ones mostly opposite ; spikes slender; corolla white, bearded in the throat ; nutlets uneven, united. — South Florida.— Stem shrubby at the base, 6/-18! high. Leaves membranaceous, 1!-2' long. Corolla 1’ long. Spikes 2/-4/ long. BORRAGINACEH. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 331 6. ECHIUM, Tourn. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed, naked at the tiroat. Stamens 5, unequal, mostly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets 4, closed at the base, uneven or rough. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and blue or purple flow- ers in spiked often panicled racemes. 1. E. vulgare, L. Hispid with bristly spreading hairs; stem simple, erect (19- 2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers large, in short axillary racemose spikes; corolla purple, pubescent, twice as long as the lanceolate calyx-teeth, shorter than the stamens and style.— Fields, North Carolina. Introduced, June—Aug. @) 7. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes linear and acute. Corolla ovate-tubular, naked in the throat, with five acute, connivent lobes. Anthers nearly sessile, sagittate, included. Ovary 4-parted. Style smooth, exserted. Nutlets 1-4, ovoid, shin- ing. — Erect hispid herbs, with entire somewhat ribbed sessile leaves, and green- ish flowers in a terminal bracted raceme or spike. 1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Rough with spreading white rigid hairs ; stem stout, branched ; leaves oblong-ovate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, hairy ; anthers oblong; calyx-lobes scarcely twice as long as the dull white nutlets. — Dry soil in the upper districts. June. 1}—Stem 3°-4° high. Leaves 2!- 3! long. Racemes leafy. 2. O. Virginianum, DC. Rough with appressed bristly hairs; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, bristly ; calyx-lobes 3 — 4 times as long as the white polished nutlets. (O. hispidum, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May and June. }{— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2! long. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Racemes leafy. 8. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Gromwe tt. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes equal. Corolla funnel or salver form, obtusely 5-lobed, smooth, gibbous or hairy in the throat. Anthers oblong, nearly sessile, included. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, ovate, stony, truncate at the base. — Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with red roots, alternate entire leaves, and variously colored flowers in leafy-bracted racemes or spikes. * Annual: nutlets roughened. 1. L. arvense, L. Rough with appressed hairs; stem nearly simple, or branched from the base; leaves lanceolate ; the upper ones sessile and acute, the lower obtuse, tapering at the base ; flowers scattered ; corolla yellowish-white, about as long as the linear-subulate lobes of the calyx; nutlets 4. — Cultivated grounds and waste places, Florida, and northward. March and April. Intro- duced. — Stem 6/-18' high. Leaves 1! - 2! long. 332 BORRAGINACEE. (BORAGE FAMILY,) * * Perennials: nutlets smooth, white. 2. L. tuberosum, Rugel. Hispid with scattered rigid hairs ; stem erect, branching above; leaves somewhat 3-nerved ; radical ones large (4! — 6! long), obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole, dotted with white above ; the middle ones oblong, sessile; the floral ones (1’ long) elliptical ; calyx-lobes linear, as long as the tube of the small yellowish-white corolla, and twice as long as the mostly solitary polished nutlet. — Rocky banks of the Apalachicola and Chipola Rivers, Florida. March and April. — Plant 6’-10/ high, increasing in fruit to 2° or more. Roots bearing oblong tubers, 3. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with rigid glossy hairs; stem mostly sim- ple, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile ; the lowest scale-like ; the floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; corolla large, yellow; the tube hairy at the base within, rather longer than the linear calyx-lobes; nutlets ovate, polished. (Batschia Gmelini, Michr.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem 1°-1}° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. Corolla 6//- 8” long. 4, L. canescens, Lehm. Stem villous, erect, nearly simple; leaves lan- ceolate, sessile, obtuse, somewhat silky with appressed glossy hairs; the lowest small and scale-like ; corolla large, yellow; the tube 2—8 times as long as the calyx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. April and May. — Stem 6/- 12! high. Corolla smaller than in the preceding. : 9. MERTENSIA, Roth. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, naked, or with 5 folds in the throat. Stamens partly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets somewhat fleshy, not flattened at the base.— Smooth or soft hairy perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and showy purplish-blue flowers in corymbed or panicled racemes, the upper ones bractless. 1. M. Virginica, DC. Smooth; stem erect, simple; leaves membrana- ceous, elliptical or obovate-oblong, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole; racemes corymbose ; corolla large, naked and expanding at the throat, slightly lobed ; the tube 4 times as long as the calyx, villous at the base within; fila- ments longer than the anthers. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — River-banks and along mountain streams, South Carolina to Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2/-3/ or the lowest 4!-6’ long. Corolla 1’ long, sometimes white. 10. MYOSOTIS, L. Forcert-me-nor. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud; the tube - as long as the calyx, with 5 obtuse appendages in the throat. Stamens very short, included. Nutlets 4, elliptical, compressed, smooth, with a minute scar at the hase. — Low hairy herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and small white or blue flowers in terminal bractless racemes. HYDROPHYLLACER. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 333 1. M. laxa, Lehm. Smooth, or slightly roughened with appressed scat- tered hairs; stem weak, slender, creeping at the base, branching; leaves lance- olate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate; racemes elongated in fruit ; flowers distant, on widely spreading pedicels; calyx hispid with straight hairs, the teeth equal and obtuse; corolla pale blue. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. (@)—Stem 1° high. Leaves 1/- 14! long. 2. M. verna, Nutt. Hirsute with rigid spreading hairs; stem erect (4!/—- 8! high), branching above ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; the lower ones spatulate, ob- tuse; calyx longer than the appressed pedicel, hispid, with the hairs near the base hooked; the teeth unequal, acute. — Var. MACROSPERMA is every way larger (1°- 14° high) ; calyx with all the hairs hooked, the lower teeth twice as long as the upper ones.— Dry places in the upper districts, and northward ; the variety, Florida, and westward. March and April. (@— Corolla white or pale blue. ; ll. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hounn’s-Toncue. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales. Stamens included. WNutlets 4, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, covered all over with barbed or hooked bristles. — Racemes with the lower flowers commonly bracted, the upper ones bractless. 1. C. officinale, L. Villous; stem leafy, branched above; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, acute; the upper sessile, the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; racemes hoary, nearly bractless; nutlets flattened anteriorly and slightly mar- gined; corolla reddish-violet.— Waste grounds, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. — Stem 13°- 2° high. 2. C. Virginicum, L. Hispid; stem simple, stout, naked above ; leaves oval or oblong ; the lowest petioled, the upper auriculate and clasping ; racemes single or corymbose, bractless; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; nutlets rounded anteriorly; corolla pale blue. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June.— Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 6’- 9! long. Nutlets 1-4. 3. C. Morisoni, DC. Hairy; stem erect, rather slender, widely branched ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute; the lowest tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, slender, villous, bracted; pedicels short, recurved in fruit; corolla small, about as long as the calyx, white or pale blue. (Myosotis Virginiana, Pursh.) —Dry woods in the upper districts of South Carolina and northward. June and July. — Stem 2°- 3° high. OrpvEer 96. HYDROPHYLLACEA,. (WateRLEAF FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate or (the lowest) opposite palmately or pinnately divided leayes, and regular flowers, either solitary in the axils, or in 1-sided recurved spikes or racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the 334 HYDROPHYLLACE&. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) lobes imbricated in the bud, and often with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla obtusely 5-lobed, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes: anthers versatile. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentz, each bearing 2 or more amphitropous ovules. Style slender, 2-cleft. Capsule globose or oblong, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds reticulated. Embryo small in the axis of hard albumen. Synopsis. * Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx without appendages. Stamens exserted. Stems erect. 2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx appendaged at the sinuses. Stamens included. Stems prostrate. * * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. 38. PHACELIA. Calyx without appendages. Capsule 4-—many-seeded. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Warertrar. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate; without appendages. Corolla broadly tubular, 5-cleft, about as long as the calyx, with 5 linear appendages on the tube within, opposite the lobes. Stamens and style exserted: anthers linear. Ovary hispid. Placentz 2, thick and fleshy, connected with the pericarp at the base and apex; each 2-ovuled. Style filiform, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1 -4-seeded. — Erect perennial mostly hairy herbs, with long-petioled pinnately or palmately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in peduncled cymes, without bracts. 1. H. Virginicum, L. Stem leafless below, sprinkled, like the leaves, with rigid hairs ; leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate cleft or toothed lobes, paler beneath ; peduncles forking, longer than the petioles; cymes dense; calyx- lobes linear, hispid ; filaments slightly hairy. — Low woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June.— Stem 1°-2° high. 2. H. Canadense, L. Smoothish; leaves orbicular-cordate, palmately 5-7-lobed, sharply toothed; cymes dense, on forking peduncles which are shorter than the petioles; calyx-lobes sparingly hispid ; filaments densely bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. June. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3/-5/ in diameter. Corolla white. | 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted, with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla tubular or short bell-shaped, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base of the filaments. Stamens included: anthers ovoid. Ovary hispid, 2-12-ovuled. Placentz large, lining the walls of the pericarp. Style 2-parted. Capsule globose, 1 — 2-seeded. — Tender prostrate annual herbs, with divided leaves, and solitary long pedun- cled flowers opposite the leaves. 1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Pubescent, or at length smoothish ; stem filiform, diffuse; leaves thin, long-petioled, alternate, 3-lobed ; the lobes HYDROPHYLLACEZ. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 335 obovate or wedge-shaped, crenately toothed; the lowest ones mostly opposite, and 3—5-lobed ; flowers minute, white, on slender spreading peduncles, which are shorter than the petioles; ovary 4-ovuled; capsule 1 -2-seeded. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -June.— Stem 3’-1° long. Leaves }/-1/ long. Corolla 1 long. Seeds bony. 3. PHACELIA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged in the sinuses. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included or exserted: anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary 2-—many-ovuled ; the 2 narrow placentz often projecting inwards, and forming an imperfect partition in fruit. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved, 4 - many-seeded. —- Low chiefly annual herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in one-sided racemes. §1. PHacetia. — Ovules and seeds 4: corolla variously appendaged within, the lobes entire. 1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Hairy; stem erect, much branched ; leaves long-petioled, 3—5-lobed, with the lobes oblong-ovate, acutely toothed ; the lower ones short-stalked, the upper confluent ; racemes loosely many-flowered, gland- ular ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes linear, hispid; stamens bearded below, equalling or longer than the corolla. — Shaded banks, Alabama to North Carolina. May and June.— Stem 6’-12! high. Corolla blue, 3! wide. § 2. Cosmantuus. — Ovules and seeds 4: corolla not appendaged within, the lobes Jimbriate: filaments hairy below. 2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Stems erect or ascending, clustered, smooth or hairy, branched ; leaves hirsute ; the lower ones petioled, almost pinnate, the upper clasping, pisnatifid, with the lobes acute ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx- lobes lanceolate-linear, bristly-ciliate; corolla blue. (P. fimbriata, Pursh.) — Shady banks, North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May and June. — Stem 8’-12' high. Corolla 3’ wide. 3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Smoothish or slightly hairy; stems spreading or ascending; leaves few, the lowest petioled, with 3-5 roundish leaflets; the upper ones pinnately 5-7-lobed, with the lobes obtuse ; racemes 3 -10-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse; corolla white. — High mountains of North Carolina, Michaux, Buckley. May.— Stems 5! -8! long. § 3. Evuroca.— Ovules more than 4: corolla usually with minute appendages within, the lobes entire. 4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Pubescent; stems several, spreading, branching; leaves petioled ; the lowest 3 - 7-lobed, the upper 3-parted ; racemes loosely 5- 15-flowered ; pedicels slender, much longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes linear- oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla small, pale-blue or white. — Shady banks, North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3/-8! high. -Corolla 3"- 4" wide. Capsule few-seeded. 5. P. pusilla, Buckley. Pubescent and somewhat glaucous; stems as- cending, branched; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the segments obovate, abruptly 336 HYDROLEACEA. (HYDROLEA FAMILY.) acuminate ; pedicels short or elongated ; sepals linear-oblong, acute, two thirds the length of the pale blue or white corolla; stamens exserted — Praities of Alabama, Buckley. - April. OrpvDER 97. HYDROLEACEA. (HypRoLea FAMILY.) Glandular-pubescent or bristly herbs, with entire alternate leaves. Flowers regular, axillary and solitary or clustered, or im terminal corymbs or coiled bracted spikes. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat bell- shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes, the filaments oftener hairy. Styles 2, separate: stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule many-seeded, more or less 2-celled by the meeting of the 2 pari- etal placente, 2- or rarely 4-valved, opening through the middle of the cells, or at their margins. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 1. HYDROLEA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes spreading. — _ Stamens somewhat exserted, with the filaments dilated at the base: anthers sagittate. Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imper- fectly 4-celled by the introversion of the placentsz, 2-valved.— Herbs, grow- ing in water or muddy places, with entire leaves, often with spines in their axils, and blue axillary or corymbose flowers. 1 H. corymbosa, Ell. Spineless; stem erect, hirsute, and branching above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile; the veins and margins slightly pubes- cent ; flowers in a close terminal corymb ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, hispid, 4 as long as the corolla. — Pine-barren ponds, in St. Stephen’s, South Carolina, Elliott. July and Aug.— Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 1! -14/ long. Corolla ‘azure, with yellowish veins and 5 white spots near the base.” Capsule 2-valved. . 2. H. quadrivalvis, Walt. Spiny; stem ascending from a creeping base, hispid, mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent on the veins, tapering into a petiole; flowers axillary, the lower ones clustered, the upper sol- itary, short-peduncled; calyx-lobes linear, nearly as long as the corolla; sta- mens included; capsule almost 4-celled, by the introversion of the placente, 2-valved. — Pools and muddy banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug.— Stem 1°-3° long. Leaves 3/—4! long. 2. NAMA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included, the filaments equal : anthers reniform. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule oblong, many-seeded, seemingly 2-celled by the meeting of the placente at the axis, 2- or at length 4-valved. Seeds pitted. — POLEMONIACEH. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 337 Diffuse, hairy herbs, with alternate, entire leaves, and axillary and terminal sin- gle, clustered, or cymose purple or white flowers. 1. N. Jamaicensis, L. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely branched, angled or slightly winged by the decurrent leaves; leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, short-pedun- cled; calyx-lobes linear, ciliate, as long as the corolla; capsule oblong, splitting loculicidally into 2 valves, and at length septicidally into 4 valves, leaving the 2 placentze free. — South Florida. — Stem 12/-18' long. Leaves $/-1! long. Corolla small, purple, ciliate. Capsule 4-angled, smooth. Order 98. POLEMONIACE. (Poremonium Famity.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and regular solitary or cymose flowers. — Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, with membranaceous-mar- gined lobes, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute or (in No. 4) imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, with 3=many amphitropous ovules attached to the cen- tral placenta. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds angular. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy. Radicle inferior. Synopsis: Tree li POLEMONIES. — Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Anther-cells parallel, opening lengthwise. 1. PHLOX. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequally inserted on the tube. Leaves entire. 2 GILIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Filaments equally inserted near the throat of the corolla. Leaves pinnately divided. 3. POLEMONIUM. Corolla short-bell-shaped. Filaments inserted on the throat of the co- . rolla. Leaves pinnate. Trell DIAPENSIEZ. — Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. Anther- 23! wide. Spike 6/— 12/ long. § 5. Ecurnocauton. Jlowers in terminal clusters: calyx 4 —5-parted: stamens 6 or 8: styles 2-3: achenium lenticular or 3-angled: cotyledons accumbent. — Stems weak, branching, armed on the angles, petioles, §c. with recurved prickles. 13. P. arifolium, L. Leaves hastate, acuminate, membranaceous, mi- nutely dotted and hairy, long-petioled, the lobes acute ; peduncles rather short, bristly ; flowers white, somewhat spiked ; stamens 6; styles 2; achenium len- ticular. — Rice fields and wet places, South Carolina, and northward. June—- Oct. @—Stems 2°-3° long. Leaves 3!-4! long. Calyx often 4-parted. 14. P. sagittatum, L. Leaves small, sagittate, acute, short-petioled, smooth; peduncles elongated, smooth; flowers white, capitate; stamens 8; styles 3; achenium 3-angled.— Wet places, Florida, and northward. June- Oct. @— Stem 1°-3° long. Leaves 1/—2! long. §6. Trytarta. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes: calyx greenish white, 5-parted, the outer lobes keeled or winged on the back: stamens 8: styles 3, very short: achenium 3-angled : cotyledons accumbent.— Annuals, with twining stems and cordate leaves. 15. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem roughish, prostrate or twining, or when small erect ; leaves long-petioled, sagittate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes acute or POLYGONACEZ. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) ‘ 891 obtuse ; sheaths naked ; flowers in axillary clusters, or forming long interrupted and leafless racemes ; fruiting calyx ovate, minutely puberulent, closely invest- ing the dull black achenium, the outer lobes keeled. — Cultivated ground. In- troduced. July -— Sept. — Stems 1° -3° long. 16. P. cilinode, Michx. Minutely pubescent; stem twining; leaves ovate, cordate or somewhat hastate at the base, acuminate, petioled ; sheaths with a row of reflexed hairs at the base; flowers in loose simple axillary and panicled racemes ; fruiting calyx smooth, nearly including the smooth and shin- ing achenium, the outer lobes slightly keeled. — Dry rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem.3° - 9° long. 17. P. dumetorum, L. Smooth; stem twining; leaves ovate, acuminate, long-petioled, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base ; sheaths naked; flowers | in long axillary more or less leafy racemes ; fruiting calyx somewhat spatulate, emarginate, much longer than the smooth and shining achenium, the outer lobes winged and decurrent on the pedicel. (P. scandens, Z.)— Low margins of fields and thickets, Florida, and northward. June-Sept.— Stem 6°-12° long. 4. THYSANELLA, Gray. Flowers polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, unchanged in fruit; lobes erect, unequal; the 2 outer ones cordate at the base; the inner ones smaller, pectinate-fimbriate. Stamens 8, the filaments filiform. Styles 3, fili- form : stigmas entire, obtuse. Achenium ovate, 3-angled, nearly included in the persistent calyx. Cotyledons on the outside of the albumen. — An erect smooth and branching annual, with long linear acute leaves, truncate cylindrical sheaths, fringed with long bristles, and white or rose-colored flowers in closely bracted spikes. 1. T. fimbriata, Gray. (Polygonum fimbriatum, Zl.) — Dry pine bar- rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct.— Stem branching above, 2° high. Leaves 1/- 2! long. Sheaths smooth, adnate to the leaves, not longer than the fringe, the lower ones imbricated. Spikes 2/-3/ long, panicled, erect, the upper ones pistillate, the lower staminate. Bracts pointed with a long and slender awn. Outer calyx-lobes oblong, entire in the staminate flowers, fimbriate, like the inner ones, in the pistillate ones. 5. COCCOLOBA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the tube enlarged and more or less fleshy infruit. Stamens 8. Filaments subulate. Styles 3: stigmas entire. Achenium nearly globose, included in and partly united with the persistent calyx. Embryo straight in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with alter- nate leaves, truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. j 1. C. uvifera, Jacq. (Sea-Grarz.) Smooth; leaves short-petioled, cori- aceous, orbicular-cordate or reniform ; racemes terminal, rigid, erect ; pedicels 392 POLYGONACES. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) single ; stamens included ; achenium ovate, acute. — South Florida, along the coast.— A shrub or small tree, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves 3/— 5! wide, very thick. Racemes 6! long. 2. C. Floridana, Meisner. Smooth; leaves petioled, somewhat coria- ceous, elliptical, obtuse at each end; racemes slender, terminal and on short lateral branches, recurved; pedicels 2—3 together, about the length of the calyx; stamens exserted; achenium ovoid, obtuse. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 2/-3’ long. ‘Sheaths loose, brown. Racemes 2'!-3/ long. Ache- nium 4/—5" long. 6. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted, the tube enlarged in fruit and enclosing the free achenium. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 3, slender: stigmas entire. Ovule borne ona slender cord from the base of the ovary, pendulous. Achenium obtusely 3-angled. Seed 6-furrowed. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen. — A smooth vine, climbing by terminal tendrils. Leaves ovate or cordate-ovate, petioled, acute, deciduous. Sheaths obsolete. Flowers greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender pedicels, which become indurated and flattened in fruit. 1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem shrubby, 10°-20° long. Leaves 2/-3! long. Racemes 3/- 6'long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, 3-5-flowered. Fruiting pedicels curved. 7. ERIOGONUM, Michx. Flowers perfect or polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. Calyx deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 9. Ovary free, 3-sided. Styles 8: stigmas capitate. Ache- nium 3-angled or 3-winged. Embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, or more or less curved. —Downy or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled. Sheaths none. Inflorescence various. 1. BE. longifolium, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy below ; leaves smooth or villous above, white-tomentose beneath, the lowest clus- tered, oblong-linear, long-tapering at the base, the upper scattered, the uppermost bract-like ; involucre stalked, many-flowered, obtusely 5-toothed; calyx herba- ceous, equal, woolly without. — Sand ridges, East Florida. ,— Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 3!— 5! long. 2. EH. tomentosum, Michx. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy throughout; leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath, the lowest clustered, obovate-oblong, long-petioled, the others in whorls of 3-4, elliptical, sessile; involucre sessile, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx white, unequal, woolly with- out. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July-—Sept. 1{—Stem 203° high. Lowest leaves 4/—6’ long. Flowers very numerous on one side of the spreading branches. LAURACEH. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 393 OrperR 111. LAURACEA. (Lavrei Famiry.) Aromatic trees or shrubs (except Cassyta), with alternate simple mi- nutely dotted leaves, without stipules, and perfect or polygamous clustered flowers. — Calyx 6 — 9-parted, imbricated in 2 rows. Stamens 6 or more, in 1-4 rows: anthers adnate, 2—4-celled, opening by lid-like valves. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule. Style simple, thick: stigma obtuse. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seed without albumen. Embryo large. Radicle superior. Synopsis. Trmel LAURINEA. Fruit naked. — Trees or shrubs. * Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner ones sterile. 1. PERSEA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Trees with evergreen leaves. * * Flowers dicecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. 2. SASSAFRAS. Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled. 8. BENZOIN. Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled. 4. TETRANTHERA. Involucre 2—4leaved. Anthers 4-celled. Tree Il. CASSYTEZS. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy calyx. — Leafless twining par- / asites. 5 CASSYTA. Flowers perfect. Stamens9. Anthers 2-celled. 1. PERSEA, Gertn. Rep-Bay. Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 12, in 4 rows, the inner ones sterile and gland-like. Filaments pubescent, the inner fertile ones biglandular. Anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer rows introrse, of the inner row extrorse. Stigma disk-like. Drupe ovoid.— Trees or shrubs, with evergreen entire petioled leaves, and greenish or white flowers, in axillary pe- duncled clusters or panicles. 1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. Branchlets smoothish; leaves oblong or lance- olate-oblong, smooth and deep green above, glaucous beneath, obscurely veined ; flowers silky, in cymose clusters, on peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx- lobes unequal, persistent; drupe blue. (Laurus Carolinensis, L.) — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. July.— A tree 20°-40° high. Leaves 2/- 3! long. Var. palustris. Shrubby; the branchlets, lower surface of the leaves, and flowers densely tomentose; leaves strongly veined, pale green, varying from oval to lanceolate; peduncles longer than the petioles. — Ponds and pine-barren ‘swamps. July. — Shrub 4°-10° high. Leaves 3/-6/ long. Flowers larger than the preceding form. 2. P. Catesbyana. Smooth; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, reticulate, shining, on short margined petioles; flowers minute, in narrow axillary panicles which are commonly shorter than the leaves; calyx white, pubescent within, the nearly equal lobes deciduous ; filaments very short, the innermost 394 LAURACEE. (LAUREL FAMILY.) bearded at the apex; drupe black. (Laurus Catesbyana, Michx.) — South Flor- ida. — Shrub 6°-9° high. Leaves 3/-5/ long. Fruiting pedicels club-shaped. 2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Involucre none. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted, spread- ing. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows, all fertile, the 3 inner ones biglandular at the base ; those of the fertile flowers 6, sterile: anthers linear, 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Style subulate: stigma disk-like. Drupes blue, on thick red pedicels. — Trees, with entire or 2-3-lobed deciduous leaves, and greenish flowers in clustered racemes, appearing before the leaves. 1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire or 2-—3-lobed, smooth or pubescent ; racemes short, silky; flowers sometimes white. (Laurus Sassafras, LZ.) — Dry open woods and old fields, Florida, and northward. March.—A small tree, with spicy bark. 3. BENZOIN, Nees. Srice-Busn. Involucre 4-leaved. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted. Sta- mens of the sterile flowers 9 (more numerous and rudimentary in the fertile flowers), in 3 rows: filaments slender, the inner ones lobed and glandular at the base: anthers ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, introrse. Style short. Drupe obovoid, red, the pedicels not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and dull yellow flowers in lateral sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves. 1. B. odoriferum, Nees. Branches slender, smooth; leaves oblong-obo- vate, acute at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, soon smooth; clusters numerous, smooth. (Laurus Benzoin, ZL.) — Banks of streams and low woods, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. —A shrub 6°- 10° high, with spicy — bark. Leaves 3! — 5/ long. 2. B. melisseefolium, Nees. Leaves oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, silky on both sides, as also the branchlets and clusters, at length smooth above; drupes obovoid. (Laurus. melisseefolia, Walt.) — Margins of ponds, West Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. —A shrub 2°-38° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. 4. TETRANTHERA,. Jacq. Involucre 2-4-leaved. Flowers dicecious. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Sta- mens of the sterile flowers 9, in 8 rows; those of the fertile flowers numerous and rudimentary : anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Stigma peltate. Drupe globose. — Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in clustered umbels. . 1. T. geniculata, Nees. Branchlets smooth, zigzag, spreading; leaves small, oval or oblong, soon smooth, deciduous ; involucre 2 — 4-flowered ; flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves; drupe red. (Laurus geniculata, Walt.) — Shallow pine-barren ponds, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March.—A THYMELEACEZ., (MEZEREUM FAMILY.) 395 large shrub, with numerous spreading and forked branches. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, $/- 1! long. 5. CASSYTA, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, the exterior lobes minute. Sta- mens 12, in 4 rows, the inner row sterile: anthers 2-celled, the inner ones extrorse, the outer introrse. Style very short: stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy persistent tube of the calyx.— A leafless parasitic plant, with twining filiform stems, and spiked flowers. 1. C. filiformis, Miller. — South Florida. — Spikes 2-4-flowered. Calyx- lobes thick, triangular, acute. Anthers oval, obtuse. Orver 112. THYMELEACE®. (Mezereum Famity.) Shrubs, with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, with- out stipules, and regular perfect flowers, with a tubular or bell-shaped 4—5-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as many as the calyx-lobes, in 2 rows: anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style sim- ple: stigma capitate. Drupe with a single suspended anatropous seed, containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle superior. 1.. DIRCA, L. Learnerwoop. Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex- serted. Style filiform. Albumen none.— A low branching shrub, with alter- nate petioled oblong or obovate at length smooth and deciduous leaves, and light yellow flowers, from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves. 1. D. palustris, L.— Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 2°-3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches. Leaves 2’ long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedicels. Drupe small, red. Orver 113. SANTALACEA. (Sanpatwoop Famity.) ’ Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple entire exstipulate leaves. — Calyx tubular, 4 — 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube coherent with the ovary. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite the lobes, and inserted on the fleshy disk at their base. anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 anatropous ovules suspended from the apex of the free central placenta. Style single. Fruit 1-seeded. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen. Cotyledons cylindrical. Radicle superior. 396 SANTALACEEZ. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) Synopsis. x Flowers perfect. 1. COMANDRA. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves ak ternate. x * Flowers diccious. Shrubs. 2. DARBYA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves opposite. Flowers umbelled. 8. PYRULARIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves alternate. Flowers spiked 4. BUCKLEYA. Calyx-limb double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4 Anthers free. Albumen fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal. 1. COMANDRA, Nuit. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the persistent lobes alternating with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5: anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. — Smooth peren- nial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, in axillary and terminal umbel-like peduncled clusters. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem branching above ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong ; peduncles several, corymbose, 3- 5-fiowered, mostly longer than the ~ leaves ; style slender ; fruiting calyx urn-shaped. (Thesium umbellatum, Z.)— Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May.— ~ Stem 8/-10! high. Leaves 3/-1! long. 2. DARBYA, Gray. Flowers dicecious. Sterile flowers top-shaped, 4—5-cleft, the lobes ovate, spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted into the sinuses of the crenately 4 — 5-lobed disk : filaments short: anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fertile flowers unknown. — A small shrub, with oppo- site oval membranaceous short-petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. 1. D. umbellulata, Gray.— Near Milledgeville and Macon, Georgia, Dr. Boykin, Prof: Darby. Lincolnton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Shrub 1° -13° high. Leaves 1’ long, smooth. Peduncles 3 — 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves. 8. PYRULARIA, Michx. O11-Nor. Flowers dicecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5 roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the glands. Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick: stigma depressed-capitate. Drupe pear-shaped, fleshy. Albumen oily. — A low branching shrub, with al- ternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short terminal spike. 1. P. oleifera, Gray. (Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl ) — Shady banks on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May.— Leaves petioled, obovate-oblong, acute at each end, pubescent, 3’/-4' long. Drupe 1’ long. SAURURACE®. (LIZARD’S-TAIL FAMILY.) 397 4, BUCKLEYA, Torr. Flowers dicecious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-parted ; the exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior triangular-ovate, slightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens of the sterile flower 4. Disk of the fertile flower 4-lobed, fleshy. Style short: stigma 4-lobed. Drupe oblong, compressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — An erect shrub, with straight and slender branches. Leaves scarcely petioled, nearly opposite, distichous, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Flowers ter- minal, greenish, the sterile ones umbellate, the fertile solitary. 1. B. distichophylla, Torr.— Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley.— Shrub 6°-7° high. Leaves thin, 1/-13! long. Calyx-tube 4-5" long, scarcely longer than the exterior spreading lobes, much longer than the inner ones. Drupe 3! long. Orper 114. LORANTHACER. (Mistirron Famiry.) Parasitical shrubby plants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, with- out stipules, and perfect or dicecious flowers. — Calyx of 2-8 sepals, dis- tinct. or united into a tube, valvate im the bud, sometimes wanting. Sta- mens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, commonly with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or none. Fruit berry-like. Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the fleshy albumen. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Misrteroe. Flowers dicecious, in short jointed spikes. Calyx of the sterile flower globular, 2-4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-celled. Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 1-seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of various trees, with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers in axillary spikes. 1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. April and May.— Plant yellowish, 2°-3° long. Branches opposite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than the leaves. Berry white, glutinous. Orver 115. SAURURACE. (Lizarp’s-Tait Famity.) Perennial marsh herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, with sheathing stipules, and perfect flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. — Calyx and corolla none. Stamens few or many, hypogynous: anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovaries 8=5, more or less united. Ovules few, orthotropous, ascending. Embryo minute, cordate, contained in a eavity at the apex of the albumen. Fruit follicular, 1 - few-seeded. 34 3898 CALLITRICHACEZ. (WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.) 1. SAURURUS, L_ Lizarn’s-Tart. Stamens 4-8, with long club-shaped filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, com- posed of 3-4 partly united 1-2-seeded carpels, pointed with as many stigmas. — Flowers white. 1. S. cernuus, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, or oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spikes white, terminal, nodding at the apex ; flow- ers numerous, each from the axil of a small bract.— Marshes and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. May-Aug.— Rhizoma creeping. Stem 1°-2° high. Spikes 4/- 6! long. Orpver 116. CERATOPHYLLACEX. (Hornwort FAMILY.) Submerged aquatic herbs, with filiform jointed and branching stems, finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12 linear leaves. Anthers 12-24, oblong, 2-3-toothed, sessile. Ovary solitary, simple, with a single suspended orthotropous ovule. Achenium compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen none. Cotyledons 4. Plumule conspicuous. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornworr. 1. C. demersum, L. Leaves rigid, 6-9 in a whorl, once or twice forking, with the lobes spiny-toothed ; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular-roughened on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely-spreading slender spines. —In still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct.— Stems 1°- 4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much crowded. 2. C. echinatum, Gray? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times forking, the ultimate segments bristly-toothed; ovaries warty, unarmed; ache- nium oblong, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed with 5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent’s Isl- and, West Florida. May.— Stems 6! -12! long. 3. C. submersum, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristly- toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, with rounded margins, unarmed.— South Florida, Dr. Blodgett.— Stems 6/-12! long. Orper 117. CALLITRICHACEAR. (WartTER-STARWORT FAMILY.) Small aquatic annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary axillary polygamous flowers without floral envelopes. Stamen mostly solitary, 2- . bracted in the sterile flower. Filament slender: anther reniform, the PODOSTEMACEM. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 399 cells confluent. Styles 2, slender: stigmas acute. Capsule 4-angled, 4- celled, with a single suspended anatropous seed in each cell, indehiscent. Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumen. Radicle long, superior. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CALLITRICHE, L. Warer-Srarworrt. 1. C. verna, L. Floating leaves spatulate or obovate, crowded, the lower ones distant, linear; fruit nearly® sessile, 2-bracted, keeled on the back. (C.° heterophylla, Kil.) —Var. TerrestTRIs. Smaller (2!—3/ long); stems much branched, creeping on damp earth; leaves (1//- 2” long) all linear. — Ditches and shallow water, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems several, 6'-12/ long. Leaves 3! long. OrpER 118. PODOSTEMACEZE. (RIvER-WEED Fami ty.) Moss-like aquatic plants, with minute flowers, from a spathe-like in- volucre, and destitute of floral envelopes. — Stamens 5-12: anthers 2-celled. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, and pointed by as many persistent styles. Seeds numerous, on a thick central placenta, destitute of albumen. 1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. River-weep. Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedicelled. Filaments elongated, borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, united below, and bearing only a single anther. Styles 2, simple. Capsule ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds imbricated. — Submerged aquatic plants, attached to rocks and pebbles by disk-like expan- sions of the stem. Leaves 2-ranked, divided into filiform segments. 1. P. ceratophyllum, Michx. Leaves rigid, sparingly divided, sheath- ing at the base; flowers solitary, on slender pedicels ; capsule oval, 8-ribbed. — Rocky ‘places in rivers, Georgia, and northward. July. — Plant olive-green, 1/-4! long. 2. P. abrotanoides, Nutt. Leaves much divided, with hair-like seg- ments ; flowers 2-3 together, on short pedicels; capsule oblong, 10-ribbed. — Gravelly places in the Chattahoochee River, Nuttall.— Plant larger than the last. Orprer 119. EUPHORBIACER. (Spurce Famity.) Plants commonly with acrid milky juice, and monecious or dicecious often petalous flowers. —Calyx 2-8-lobed, mostly valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigmas 2—several, simple or divided. Fruit of 2- several (mostly 3) 1-2-seeded carpels united around a ventral axis, sep- arating at maturity, rarely 1-celled or indehiscent. Seeds suspended, anatropous. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 400 EUPHORBIACEZ. (SPURGE FAMILY.) Synopsis. § 1. Ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. Flowers moncecious. * Flowers without floral envelopes, enclosed in a common cup-shaped involucre. 1. EUPHORBIA. Fertile flower solitary in the 4- 5-toothed involucre. Sterile flowers sev- eral, each reduced to a single stamen. * * Flowers in bracted spikes or racemes ; the upper ones sterile, the lowest fertile. a- Flowers apetalous. ++ Stigmas and cells of thecapsule 6-7. 2. HIPPOMANE. Carpels woody, indehiscent. Spikes terminal. Staminate flowers clus- tered. ++ i+ Stigmas and cells of the dehiscent capsule 3. 8. STILLINGIA. Calyx 2-38-toothed. Anthers erect. Staminate flowers clustered. 4. EXCG@CARIA. Calyx 3-parted. Anthers pendulous. Staminate flowers single. 5. ACALYPHA. Stigmas many-parted. Flowers spiked. Bracts of the pistillate flowers leafy, toothed. 6. TRAGIA. Stigmas 3, simple. Flowers racemed. Bracts small, entire. + + Staminate flowers (except No. 1 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with petals. 7. CROTON. Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, distinct. CROTONOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule l-celled. Stamens 5, distinct. APHORA. Pistillate and staminate flowers 5-petalled. Capsule 8-celled. Stamens 10. monadelphous. Sas * * * Flowers cymose or panicled, apetalous. 10. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, corolla-like. 11. RICINUS. | Flowers in crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous. § 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells. * Flowers moneecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs. 12. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 18. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct. * x Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs. 14. DRYPETES. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurce. Flowers moneecious, destitute of calyx and corolla; the single pistillate, and several monandrous staminate ones included in a cup-shaped or top-shaped 4 -5- toothed involucre, which has commonly thick and often colored glands between the teeth. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule exserted, 3-celled: carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded.— A polymorphous genus of plants with acrid milky juice. § 1. Leaves without stipules. * Stem erect, umbellately branched above: involucres solitary, terminal and in the forks of the branches: leaves of the stem alternate, those of the branches opposite or whorled. «= Glands of the involucre 5, with white petal-like appendages: leaves entire peren- nials. 1. EB. corollata, L. Stem smooth or pubescent; branches 4-6, twice or thrice forking, mostly short and fastigiate; leaves thick, oblong or oval, obtuse, pale and mostly hairy beneath ; involucres pedicelled ; appendages of the (green) EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 401 glands orbicular, showy ; capsule and seed smooth. (E. paniculata, Ell.) —Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ell. Stems slender; branches mostly 3, forking, elongated, spreading ; leaves varying from linear to obovate ; involucres small, scattered ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong. — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward; the var. in sandy pine barrens. July —- Sept. — Stem 1°-2° high. 2. EK. discoidalis, n. sp. Smooth or pubescent; branches commonly 2, divaricate, forking; leaves linear, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; involucres on slender pedicels; glands deep red, bordered by the narrow appendages ; seeds obovate, pale, minutely pitted. — Dry sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. Aug.-Oct. Plant 6/-18/ high; the stem much shorter than the branches. Leaves 2'/—3/ long, 1//—2! wide. Involucres scattered. 3. EK. Curtisii, Engelm. Smooth; stems filiform; branches mostly 3, erect, sparingly divided; leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, short-peti- oled, spreading or recurved; involucres minute, scattered, on long capillary pedicels; glands green, margined by the white crenate appendages; capsule erect, short-stalked, round-angled; seed globose, smooth.— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Plant 6/-—9/ high, sometimes branching from the base. Leaves 3! -13! long. + + Glands of the involucre 5, without appendages. ++ Annuals. 4. KB. commutata, Engelm. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, umbel- lately or alternately branched ; leaves thin, obovate, entire, the lower ones peti- oled, those of the branches round-kidney-shaped, sessile; involucres nearly sessile, shorter than the floral leaves; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned ; cap- sule smooth, round-angled ; seeds ovoid, pitted.— Dry soil, Aspalaga, Florida, and probably elsewhere, previously confounded with E. Peplus, Z., which has a wing-crested capsule.— Stem 6/-12' high. Leaves 3/-1! long. Plant pale green. : 5. E. obtusata, Pursh. Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-5; leaves sessile, serrulate, obtuse ; those of the stem wedge-oblong, of the branches ovate ; involucre nearly sessile; glands oval; capsule round-angled, warty; seeds smooth. (KE. Helioscopia, Ell.?)— Shady woods, South Carolina, and north- ward. July —-Sept.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 1! long. ++ ++ Perennials. 6. E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Stem tall; branches 5-8, forking; leaves entire, slightly pubescent beneath ; those of the stem oblong, of the branches oval or roundish, obtuse, truncate at the base ; involucres nearly sessile; glands obliquely oval ; capsule obscurely warty; seeds smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July.— Stem 2°-4° high. 7. EH. Floridana, n. sp. Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-4, forking ; leaves entire, sessile ; those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, reflexed ; of the branches cordate-ovate, clasping, acute ; involucres short-pedi- celled, green, with the ovate lobes nearly entire, much shorter than the truncate crenate stalked glands ; capsule acute-angled, and, like the seeds, smooth. —- Dry 34 * 402 EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) pine barrens, Middle Florida. June-Aug.— Stem 1°-2° high. Branches of the more sterile plants successively forking and widely spreading. Leaves 1-2! long. 8. E. inundata, Torr. Smooth; stem erect, 3-branched or alternately branched from near the base, few-flowered ; leaves erect, lanceolate, entire, acute, sessile ; those of the branches oblong-ovate, clasping ; involucre long-peduncled, reddish, the pubescent lobes 3-toothed ; glands orbicular, peltate, entire ; capsules acute-angled, smooth, like the globose seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida. April - June. — Stems 6/-12’ high, from a thick woody root. Leaves 2!—3! long. 9. E. telephioides, n. sp. Smooth and somewhat fleshy; stem thick ; branches 3, short, forking; leaves of the stem large, oblong-obovate, obtuse, erect, with membranaceous margins ; those of the branches small, ovate, clasp- ing; involucre purple, slender-stalked, the lobes ovate, entire, ciliate, mcurved ; glands peltate, roundish, entire; capsule acute-angled, smooth: seeds smooth. — Low sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. May and June. — Plant light-green, 2’-5/high. Stem-leaves 2/- 3’ long, often longer than the branches. Floral leaves 4” - 6” long. * * Stem erect, successively forking : leaves commonly opposite : involucres in the forks dark purple: glands 5, without appendages : perennials. 10. EK. Ipecacuanhee, L. Stems several from a long perpendicular root, slender, commonly forking from near the base ; leaves of the stem and branches similar, opposite, or the lowest rarely alternate, entire, obtuse, varying from lin- ear to round-obovate, short-petioled ; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the leaves ; involucre small; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, round-angled ; seeds minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2’- 12’ high. Leaves 3/-1! long. 11. EH. nudicaulis, n. sp. Smooth; stems slender, forking above ; leaves minute (3 long), oval or obovate, the lowest alternate, those of the branches opposite ; involucres minute, on short peduncles ; glands top-shaped. — Low pine barrens, near St. Joseph’s, West Florida. June.—Stems 1° high. Capsule and seeds unknown. * *& & Branches and leaves alternate: involucres terminal, clustered or single: glands without appendages. 12. E. cyathophora, Jacq. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, branching from the base ; branches elongated, leafy at the summit; leaves petioled, oblong, fid- dle-shaped, toothed or entire, the uppermost deep red at the base; involucres clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lobes and a single gland ; capsule smooth ; seeds globose, warty. — Var. graminifolia (E. graminifolia, Michr.) has the leaves all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around dwellings, apparently intro- duced. May-Oct.— Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2! long. 13. HE. trichotoma, H.B. K. Shrubby ; stem irregularly much branched, very leafy; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate, sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, peltate ; capsule smooth, short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3//—4!! long. EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 403 § 2. Leaves stipulate, all opposite: glands of the involucre 4: annuals. * Stems erect or ascending: seeds 4-angled, transversely rugose. 14. H. hypericifolia, L. Smooth throughout; stem ($°- 1° high) erect ; branches alternate, 2-ranked; leaves ($/-1! long) petioled, lanceolate-oblong, oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both margins ; stipules reflexed ; involucres in dense lateral long-peduncled cymose clusters ; appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather acutely angled, smooth ; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. — Var. communis, Engelm. Stem often pubescent, ascending (1°-14° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at the base, often blotched with red, sharply serrate on the lower margin, entire below the middle on the upper; clusters terminal ; appendages of the glands rounded, entire; capsule round-angled, smooth ; seeds larger, nearly black.— Cultivated grounds, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. 15. EH. pubentissima, Michx. “ Perennial, erect, very pubescent; stem somewhat dichotomous; leaves opposite, sessile, oval, slightly cordate, obtuse ; peduncles solitary ; interior segments of the involucre (glands) white.” Jh- chaux. — “‘ Pine barrens in the middle districts of Georgia and Carolina. — Leaves nearly 1’ long. Flowers in the forks; peduncles nearly as long as the leaf.” Elliott. (*) 16. EH. glabella, Swartz? Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, with the margins invo- lute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal clusters ; glands pel- tate, orbicular, bordered by a white appendage ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed bluish, faintly rugose.— Sandy sea-shore, South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3//- 5" long. Stipules fringed. 17. EK. pilulifera, L. Pubescent; stem erect, forking from the base; leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, serrate ; invo- lucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters; glands without appen- dages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — South Florida. — Stem 4/- 6! high. Leaves 5!/’- 8" long. * * Stems prostrate, diffuse: leaves small: involucres small and mostly crowded near the summit of the branches. 18. H. maculata, L. Pubescent; leaves oblong, serrate, oblique at the base, petioled, often blotched with purple; stipules 2-parted; capsule acute- angled, hairy; appendages of the glands transversely oblong, white ; seed 4- angled, smooth, faintly wrinkled or pitted on the concave sides. (E. depressa, Torr.) — Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. June -Oct.— Stems 6/—12/ long. Leaves 3//-4" long. 19. EH. ineequilatera, Sonder. Smooth; leaves oval or obovate, oblique and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled ; stipules ovate, entire or sparingly short-fringed ; appendages of the glands white, transversely oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular-roughened and faintly wrinkled on the sides. — South Florida. May-Oct.— Stems 6/-12! long. Leaves 2//—5! long. 404 EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 20. H. cordifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaves petioled, oval or roundish, entire, obtuse, cordate or truncate and oblique at the base; stipules slender, deeply parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands conspicuous, oblong or roundish, white; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, smooth and even.— Sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — July —- Sept. — Stems 6/-18/ long. Leaves 4/'-6/! long, pale green. 21. KH. polygonifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, entire, oblique, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, petioled ; stipules by pairs, 2-3-parted ; glands of the involucre slightly margined by the narrow appendages, rather shorter than the subulate obtuse lobes; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed large, obovate, not angled, smooth and even. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Oct.— Stems 4'-12/ long. Leaves 3/ long. Involucres densely bearded within. Seed whitish. 2. HIPPOMANE, L. Flowers moncecious, apetalous, in thick cylindrical spikes. Sterile flowers clustered in the axil of a broad entire bract. Calyx top-shaped, 2-lobed. Sta- mens 2, exserted : anther-cells separate. Fertile flower solitary at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-parted, many-bracted. Ovary sessile, 6-7-celled. Style short and thick: stigmas 6-7, acute, spreading. Fruit fleshy, of few woody l-seeded indehiscent carpels.— A small tree, with milky poisonous juice, and short and thick branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petioled, ovate, serrulate, acute or acuminate, smooth, approximate at the summit of the branches. Peti- oles biglandular at the apex. Spikes greenish. 1. H. Mancinella, L.— South Florida.— Branches roughened with the scars of the deciduous leaves. Leaves 1/—2! long. Spikes 2! long, terminal, solitary. Clusters of flowers with a gland-like bract on each side. Fruit re- sembles an apple. 3. STILLINGIA, Gard. Flowers moncecious, apetalous, spiked. Sterile flowers clustered, cup-shaped, 2-4-toothed or crenate. Stamens 2-3, exserted: anthers erect. Fertile flow- ers few at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-lobed. Style short: stigmas 3, entire, spreading. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled 1-seeded 2-valved carpels. — Smooth herbs, shrubs, or trees, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. 1. S. sylvatica, L. (QuEEN’s Deticut) Herbaceous ; stems clustered, erect or ascending from a thick woody root, umbellately branched ; leaves some- what crowded, nearly sessile, thickish, varying from linear-lanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, terminal, and in the forks of the stem, longer than the leaves; glands cup-shaped ; stamens 2, capsule roughish ; seed globose. — Light dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April-Sept.— Stems 1°-3° high. Leaves 1/-2! long. Spikes 2/-3 long. EUPHORBIACEZ. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 405 2. S. aquatica, u.sp. Shrubby ; stem single, erect from a fibrous spongy root, umbellately or alternately branched above, thickened near the base ; leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, tapering at each end, short-petioled, sharply serrulate, the uppermost yellowish ; stipules bristly ; spikes mostly shorter than the leaves, terminal and in the forks of the stem; glands peltate; stamens 2; capsule smooth ; seeds globose, pitted, silvery-coated. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May-Sept.— Stem 3°-6° high. Leaves 2/—4/ long. 8. S. ligustrina, Michx. Shrubby; branches alternate, slender; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, entire ; stipules ovate ; spikes short, often by pairs, shorter than the leaves, lat- eral and terminal; stamens 3; capsule and oval seed smooth. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May—-Aug.—Shrub 6°- 12° high. Branches spreading. Leaves 1/—3/ long. 4. S. sebifera, Michx. Arborescent; leaves long-petioled, rhomboidal, acuminate, entire; spikes terminal, densely flowered ; sterile flowers pedicelled ; calyx 4-toothed; stamens 2; capsule roughish; seeds white.— Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast; introduced from China. June and July.—A tree 20° - 40° high. 4. EXCCICARIA, L. Flowers moneecious or dicecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in cylindrical spikes, sessile. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 2-4, partly monadelphous: anthers pendulous. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the sterile spike, sessile or peduncled. Calyx 3-sepalous; style 3-parted: stigmas entire, spreading. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs or trees, with milky juice, and alternate serrate or crenate leaves. 1. HE. lucida, Swartz. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, pctioled, obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate, crenate; fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, long- peduncled, nodding ; capsule round-angled, smooth, like the ovoid seed. — South Florida. — Tree 30°-40° high. Leaves 1/-14/ long. 5. ACALYPHA, L. Flowers moncecious, apetalous, in axillary and terminal spikes. Staminate flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-16, with the filaments united at the base ; anthers pendulous. Pistillate flowers at the base of the staminate ones, or on separate spikes, surrounded by a leafy toothed bract. Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled, l-seeded, 2-valved carpels.— Herbs, with watery juice, and alternate serrate leaves. * Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike. 1, A. Virginica, L. Annual, smoothish or hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large 5 -9-lobed bracts, with 1 - 8 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubescent. — 406 EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) Fields and around dwellings, Florida, and northward. July—Sept.— Stem 1°-—2° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 4/—5/ long. 2. A. gracilens, Gray. Annual, downy; stem slender, erect or ascend- ing; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire; staminate spikes mostly many-flowered and longer than the ovate-serrate or toothed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base; capsule hairy. — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July — Sept.— Stem 6/-18’ high. Leaves 1/-13! long. 8. A. corchorifolia, Willd. Perennial; stems several from a thick and woody root, prostrate, pubescent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short- petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy ; pistillate flowers numerous, crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded by a round-ovate hairy toothed bract; capsule bristly; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Stems 4/-6!' long. Leaves rigid, 6//-8!' long. Spikes mostly terminal. * * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spikes. 4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual; stem erect, much branched, pubes- cent; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-petioled ; stami- nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pistillate spike terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule bristly ; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July —-Sept.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 2/-3! long. 6. TRAGIA, Plum. Flowers moncecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or numerous, caducous. Calyx 3-4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and sepa- rate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx 5-8-parted. Style 3-cleft: stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate. Racemes opposite the leaves and terminal. Bracts small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish. 1. T..urens, L. Low, downy or hairy; stem at length much branched ; leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, and serrate or toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire, obtuse, paler be- neath; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and many-flowered. (T. linearifolia, £i/., the narrow-leaved form.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May-Aug. }.—Stem 6’-12' high. Leaves 1/—2! long. 2. 'T. urticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs ; stem erect, spar- ingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, trun- cate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath , racemes shorter than the leaves, the sterile flowers somewhat crowded ; capsule very bristly. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June-Sept. 11— Stems 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1'-2! long. EUPHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 407 7, CROTON, L. Flowers moneecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4 - 6- cleft or 4-—6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No.1). Stamens 5 — 20, distinct: anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 -8-cleft or 5 -8-parted. Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-38, once-thrice 2-cleft. Capsule of 3 (rarely 1 - 2) 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx- lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stellate pubescence, and alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of the stem. * Styles very short: stigmas 18 - 20: petals none: stamens mostly 12: capsule 3-celled. 1. C. maritimum, Walt JHerbaceous ; whole plant covered with a rough scurfy stellate and somewhat hoary pubescence ; stem stout, bushy, umbellately branched ; leaves thick, long-petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; spikes long-peduncled, capitate, few-flowered, the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse lobes ; capsule much longer than the calyx; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July — Oct.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 2'-3' long. Flowers occasionally polygamous. * * Styles 3, twice 2-parted or 2-cleft: stigmas 12: petals of the sterile flowers 5 - 6, of the fertile none: stamens 8-15: capsule 3-celled. 2. C. balsamiferum, Willd. Shrubby; stem smooth, whitish ; branches stellate-pubescent, roughish; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acute, crenulate, sprinkled with rigid stellate hairs, hoary when young; spikes woolly, at length elongated ; sterile flowers numerous, the fertile ones few; calyx of the sterile flower 5-parted, longer than the woolly-margined petals ; style twice 2-parted ; the divisions long, filiform ; stamens about 15; capsule much longer than the calyx; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida.— Shrub 1°-2° high. Leaves thin, 1'- 13’ long. 3. C. Hlliottii. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender, erect, umbellately much branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong, entire, obtuse at each end, green above, pale beneath, the lowest scattered, the others mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; sterile flowers few, minute; calyx 5-parted, unequal, longer than the petals; stamens 8-10; fertile flowers several, clustered ; calyx 5-8-parted, with oblong obtuse lobes, as long as the capsule ; style twice 2-parted: seeds oval, smooth, flattened on the inner face. (C. ellipticum, Hl.) — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July—Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 13/-2! long. 4. C. argyranthemum, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through- out with stellate silvery scales; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo- vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes sessile, oblong, obtuse ; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded; calyx 5- 6- parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy, styles long and slender, 4-cleft at the apex; capsule much longer than the calyx — Dry sandy pine 408 EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) barrens, Georgia and Florida. June-Sept.— Stem 6/-12/ high. Leaves 1!— 13! Jong. * * * Styles 3, 2-cleft : stigmas 6: petals of the sterile flowers longer than the calyz, of the fertile ones minute, subulate: stamens 8: capsule 3-celled. 5. C. glandulosum, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs ; stem umbel- lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu- lar at the apex; spikes small; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ; petals 4 ; fertile flowers few, with the calyx 5-parted. — Dry waste places, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. July-Sept.—Stem 6/ - 18! high. * & ® *& Styles 2, 2-parted: stigmas 4: petals 5 in the sterile flowers, none in the fertile: stamens 5-10: capsule 1 - 2-celled. 6. C. monanthogynum, Michx. Annual; stem erect, twice or thrice umbellately branched, the spreading forking branches, like the leaves and racemes, stellate-tomentose ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate or oblong, entire, obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes’ in the forks of the branches, few-flowered ; the sterile flowers corymbose; the fertile (1-2) nodding.— Dry sterile soil, South Florida to North Carolina. June-Sept.—Stem 1° high. Leaves 1/ long. 8. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. Flowers moncecious, in terminal and axillary clusters. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5. Filaments separate, dilated upward. Fertile flowers below the sterile. Calyx 3-—5-parted. Petals none, Petal-like glands 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1-seeded.— A low and slender branching annual. Leaves linear or lanceolate, short-petioled, entire, green and hairy above, the lower surface, like the branches, covered with silvery scales. Flowers minute. 1. C. linearis, Michx.—Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. - Sept. — Stem 6/-12! high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves 4/—1! long, alternate or opposite. 9. APHORA, Nutt. Flowers moneecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spatulate petals alternating with 5 flattened glands, as long as the calyx. Stamens 10-12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous below. Fer- tile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. Style 3-parted, the divisions 2-cleft. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice. | 1. A. Blodgettii, Torr. Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval or oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple ap- pressed hairs, abruptly short-petioled ; sterile flowers 3-5, fertile mostly solitary ; EUPHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 409 ealyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; petals greenish-white ; capsule rough-hairy; seed globose, wrinkled. — South Florida. — Shrub 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-2! long. 10. CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl. Flowers moncecious, apetalous, cymose. Calyx corolla-like. Calyx of the sterile flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, the 5 inner ones with mona- delphous filaments. Fertile flowers intermingled with the sterile ones. Calyx of 5 sepals, convolute in the bud. Styles 3, many-parted. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers. 1. C. stimulosus, Gray. Herbaceous, bristly with stinging hairs; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate in outline, pal- mately 3-5-lobed or parted, the divisions toothed, pinnatifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid, often discolored; calyx showy; capsule oblong; seed oblong, smooth, spotted.. (Iatropha stimulosa, Michr.)— Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April-Sept. 1} —Stem 3°-2° high. Flowers sometimes dicecious. ll. RICINUS, Tourn. Castor-orn Puanr. Flowers monecious, apetalous, in a dense.oblong panicle, the upper ones fertile. Calyx 3-—5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous; the filaments much branched: anther-cells distinct, pendulous. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule spiny or bristly, of 3 oblong 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, or (tropical) shrubs or trees, with petioled peltate lobed leaves. Panicles lateral and terminal. 1. R. communis, L. Stem large, glaucous ; leaves orbicular in outline, palmately 7-9-lobed ; the lobes oblong or ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, smooth ; petioles glandular ; panicles in the forks of the stem, and opposite the leaves, dense, glaucous. Capsules oblong, spiny.— Waste places. Introduced. June—Oct. @—Stem 3°-10° high. Leaves 1° in diameter. Stipules large, deciduous. Panicle 6’- 12! long. 12. PHYLLANTHUS, Swartz. Flowers monecious, apetalous, axillary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. Glands 5-6. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, of three 1-celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Smooth herbs, with 2-ranked leaves and branches. Flowers small, greenish. 1. P. Carolinensis, Walt. Annual; branches erect-spreading ; leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled; flowers mostly by pairs, one sterile, the other fertile, on short nodding pedicels; calyx 6-parted, the lobes oblong, obtuse, strongly 1-nerved, membranous on the margins ; capsule smooth; seed semicircular, 3-angled, striped with lines of minute raised points. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Aug.-—Sept.—Stem 8/-16! high. Leaves 3/-1' long. 30 410 EMPETRACEZ. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 2. P. Niruri, L. Annual? branches short, very slender, recurved ; leaves crowded, oval (2!/— 4! long); calyx 5-parted; seed white, smooth, 6-furrowed on the back and 3-furrowed on the sides ; otherwise mostly like No. 1.— South Florida. — Stem 6/ high. 13. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. Flowers monecious, apetalous, spiked. Calyx bract-like, 4-parted. Sterile flowers numerous. Stamens 4, with club-shaped exserted filaments. Fertile flowers few, at the base of the sterile spike. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, thick, recurved. Capsule of three 1-celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — A pubescent creeping perennial herb, with erect simple branches, bearing at the summit several large ovate toothed alternate abruptly long-peti- oled leaves, and near the base several thick bracted spikes. 1. P. procumbens, Michx.— West Florida, and westward, in rich shady woods. Feb. and March.— Flowering stems 1° high. Leaves 3/=4/ long, often discolored. Flowers odorous. 14. DRYPETES, Vahl. Flowers dicecious, apetalous, in axillary clusters. Calyx 4-6-parted, lined in the centre with a wavy-lobed disk. Stamens 4-10, inserted under the disk : anther-cells distinct. Ovary resting upon the disk, 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Styles 2, short, spreading. Fruit drupaceous, 1 -2-celled, 1 -2-seeded. — Trop- ical trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous entire smooth petioled leaves, and minute many-bracted flowers. 1. D. crocea, Poit. Branches smooth; leaves oblong, acute at each end, somewhat coriaceous, finely veined ; clusters many-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; calyx 4-parted, and like the ovary and slightly 4-angled 1-seeded drupe, tomentose ; stamens 4, exserted ; styles thick, obtuse. South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3/— 4! long, smooth and shining. Flowers greenish-white. 2. D. glauca, Vahi. Branches whitish, warty ; leaves glaucous, oblong, obtuse or gland-pointed, coriaceous ; clusters few-flowered, as long as the peti- oles; calyx 5-parted; stamens 10; drupes oval, tomentose.— South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves 2! - 3! long. EvrnorsiA LATHyrus and marGinaTa, Dr. Curtis informs me, are nat- uralized in North Carolina, and MercuRIALIS ANNUA is spontaneous around Charleston. Orper 120. EMPETRACE. (Crowserry FAmity.) Shrubs, with evergreen linear alternate or whorled leaves, without stipules, and small dicecious or polygamous flowers. — Calyx bract-like, of 2—8 sepals, imbricated. Corolla of 2-8 petals similar to the calyx, hypogynous. Stamens 2-3, alternate with the petals, exserted: anthers = ~~ a BATIDACEH. (BATIS FAMILY.) All 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary 2-9-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Style short or none: stigma lobed or incised. Drupe berry-like, globose, of 2-9 one- seeded nutlets. Seeds erect. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. 1. CERATIOLA, Michx. Calyx bracted, of two fringed sepals. Corolla 2-petalled. Stamens 2: an- ther-cells globose. Ovary resting on a fleshy disk, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style short: stigma many-cleft. Drupe 2-seeded.—A heath-like erect verticillately much branched shrub, with small linear shining whorled leaves, and axillary (whorled) reddish flowers. 1. C. ericoides, Michx. Dry barren sands, Florida to South Carolina. November. — Shrub 2° — 5° high, the young branches pubescent. Leaves 3 in a whorl, 4” — 6" long, the margins revolute. Petioles yellowish, appressed. Drupe yellowish, somewhat persistent. Orper 121. BATIDACEX. (Batis Famity.) Represented only by 1. BATIS, P. Browne. Flowers dicecious, in axillary fleshy conical spikes. Bracts of the sterile flowers round-cordate, persistent. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat compressed, unequally 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, clawed. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, partly exserted: anthers oblong, introrse. Fertile flowers consoli-- dated. Bracts deciduous. Calyx and corolla none. Ovary 4-celled, with a single erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile,’ broad, obscurely 2-lobed. Drupe 4-seeded. Seed oblong, without albumen. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle inferior.— A smooth maritime shrub, with the habit of Salicornia. Leaves opposite, fleshy, club-shaped, semi-terete. Stipules none. Petals white. 1. B. maritima, L.— Salt marshes, Apalachicola, and southward. June- Sept.— Plant pale green, strong-scented. Stems prostrate, 2°-3° long, the short branching flowering stems erect. Leaves 1! long. Spikes 3/’-5/ long. ORDER 122. URTICACE®. (Nettie Famiy.) Herbs, with watery juice, often armed with stinging hairs. Leaves un- divided, stipulate. Flowers monecious or dicecious, apetalous, clustered, eymose, spiked, or panicled. — Calyx of the sterile flower 4 — 5-parted or 4—5-sepalous. Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals. Filaments inflexed in the bud, expanding elastically: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Calyx of the fertile flower 2-4-sepalous. Ovary sessile, free, 1-celled, 412 URTICACEZ. (NETTLE FAMILY.) with a single erect orthotropous ovule. Stigma simple or tufted. Ache- nium commonly enclosed in the dry persistent calyx. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Plants armed with stinging hairs. 1. URTICA. Stamens4. Stigma tufted. Achenium straight. 2. LAPORTEA. Stamens 5. Stigma subulate. Achenium oblique. * * Plants destitute of stinging hairs. + Flowers in cymose clusters. 8. PILEA. Clusters naked. Calyx-lobes unequal. Leaves opposite. 4. PARIETARIA. Clusters invyolucrate. Calyx-lobes equal. Leaves alternate. + + Flowers in spiked clusters. 5. BEHMERIA. Stigmas subulate, leaves opposite or alternate. 1. URTICA, Tourn. Nettie. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 4-parted. Sta- mens 4, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flower 4-sepa- lous, unequal; the inner ones dilated in fruit, and enclosing the achenium. Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium straight, ovate, smooth, compressed. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, opposite leaves, and greenish flowers, in panicled spikes or close clusters. * Flowers in panicled or simple spikes. 1. U. gracilis, Ait. Stem tall, 4-angled, smoothish, slender ; leaves long- petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acute, rounded at the base, 3-—5- nerved, smoothish, the petioles bristly ; spikes very slender, loosely panicled. (U. procera, Willd.) — Low ground in the upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. l— Stem 3°-4° high, mostly simple. Leaves thin, 4!—6/ long. 2. U. dioica, L. Hispid throughout; stem 4-angled, pubescent above, branching ; leaves rather short-petioled, ovate, cordate, acuminate, coarsely ser- rate, pubescent beneath; spikes much branched; flowers often dicecious. — Waste places. In Carolina, Pursh. Introduced. June-Aug. i}— Stem 29- 3° high. Leaves 3/- 4! long, thicker than in No. 1, and flowers larger. 3. U. ecapitata, Willd. Stem 4-angled, roughish ; leaves large, long- petioled, rough, oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved ; those on the branches alternate ;- spike solitary, leafy at the summit.— Wet shaded places, North and South Carolina, Curtis, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem 3°- 5° high. * # Flowers in simple clusters shorter than the petioles. 4. U. urens, L. Stem 4-angled, hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, 5-nerved, hairy; clusters by pairs in each axil, loose, peduncled.— Damp soil. Introduced. Dec.-Feb. @ —Stem 1° high. 5. U. Chameedryoides, Pursh. Stem smooth; leaves small, nearly ses- sile, ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy beneath, hairy and bristly above; clusters nearly sessile, globose, dense; calyx hairy.—St. Simon’s Island, Georgia, Elliott. Feb. and March. — Stem 4’ -6’ high. URTICACEH. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 413 2. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Flowers monecious or diccious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 4-sepalous, the 2 inner ones larger. Stigma subulate, hairy on one side. Achenium oblique, tubercular-roughened. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, alter- nate long-petioled serrate leaves, and minute flowers in spreading cymes. 1. IL. Canadensis, Gaudich. Stem hispid; leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or cordate at the base; the veins and petioles hispid ; cymes very slender, single or by pairs, the upper mostly fertile, the lower sterile. (Urtica Canadensis and U. divaricata, Z.) — Low shaded places, Florida, and north- ward. July and Aug. 1} —Stem 2°-4° high. 3. PILEA, Lindl. Flowers moneecious or dicecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 3 -4-parted. Stamens 3-4. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3-lobed, the lobes unequal or nearly equal, commonly with an inflexed scale-like sterile stamen at the base of each. Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight. — Low herbs, destitute of stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, long-petioled. Flowers in axillary cymose clusters. 1. P. pumila, Gray. Stem angular, simple, smooth, pellucid; leaves membranaceous, ovate or elliptical, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, slight- ly hairy above; cymes much shorter than the petiole. (Urtica pumila, ZL.) — Wet shaded places, Florida, and northward. July-Sept. @— Stem 6/-12! high. Upper leaves 1'—2' long, the lower not longer than the petiole. 2. P, herniarioides, Lindl. Stems erect or creeping, branched, tender, pellucid ; leaves small, round-obovate, entire, opaque, transversely marked on the upper surface with white raised lines; clusters shorter than the petiole; flowers minute. — Shaded moist places, Key West. November.— Stems 2!/—4/ long. Leaves 1’’—2!' long, rather longer than the petiole. Achenium very minute, oblong, terete. 4, PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pe.xirory. Flowers polygamous, in axillary cymose clusters, supported by a bract-like involucre. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-—5-sepalous. Stamens 4-5, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 4-parted. Stigma tufted. Ovary surrounded by four sterile, or sometimes perfect, stamens. Achce- nium ovoid. — Weak downy herbs, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, long-petioled. Flowers minute, greenish. 1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Pubescent with straight hairs; stem sim- ple or sparingly branched ; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, roughened with minute elevated dots; clusters dense; flowers shorter than the involucre. — Shaded rocks in the upper districts. May-July. @—Stem 4!/-12! high. Leaves 6’’—9!! long. 30 * 414 CANNABINACEZ. (HEMP FAMILY.) 2. P. debilis, Forst. Pubescent with straight and hooked hairs inter- mixed; stem much branched, pellucid; leaves ovate, mostly acuminate, but obtuse, roughened with elevated dots; clusters loose, spreading ; flowers as long as the involucre. (P. Floridana, Nutt.) —Damp shaded sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June-Aug. @— Stem $°- 13° long Leaves 6!/-9!' long, about the length of the slender petiole. 5. BOZHMERIA, Jacq. Fatse-NEttie. Flowers moneecious or dicecious, in spiked clusters. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular, 4—-5- toothed or entire. Stigma subulate, hairy. Achenium elliptical, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Rough herbs with alternate or opposite petioled leaves. 1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Pubescent and rough with straight and hooked hairs ; leaves opposite and alternate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate, rounded and 3-nerved at the base, on long or short petioles ; spikes axil- lary, mostly leafy at the summit, the fertile ones compactly flowered, short; the sterile interrupted, and sometimes longer than the leaves. (B. lateriflora, Muhi.) — Swampy thickets, Florida, and northward. July-Sept. 1, —Stem 1°-3° high, mostly simple. Leaves 2'-5/ long. OrpER 123. CANNABINACEA. (Hemp Famity.) Erect or twining herbs, with opposite incised or lobed and stipulate leaves, and dicecious flowers. Sterile flowers racemose or panicled. Ca- lyx 5-sepalous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx 1-leaved, embracing the 1-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect. Stigmas 2, subulate, pubescent. Fruit in- dehiscent. Albumen none. Embryo coiled or curved. | 1. HUMULUS, L. Hor. Sterile flowers panicled. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes. Bracts leafy, imbricated, 2-flowered, forming in fruit a membranaceous cone. Calyx enlarged in fruit. Embryo spirally coiled. — A rough perennial twining herb, with cordate 3 -5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. 1. H. Lupulus, L.— Low grounds along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 6°-10° high. Leaves petioled, serrate. Achenium covered with resinous yellowish odorous grains. OrpEeR 124. MORACEA. (Motperry Famiry.) Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, with large decidu- ous stipules, and moneecious or dicecious flowers, crowded in spikes or MORACEZ. (MULBERRY FAMILY.) 415 heads, or enclosed in the fleshy receptacle. — Calyx of the sterile flowers 3-—4-lobed. Stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx. Filaments inflexed in the bud, elastic. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3 —5-sepalous. Ovary 1-—2-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Styles 2. Achenium 1-seeded. Embryo curved, in fleshy albumen. 1, MORUS, Tourn Motperry. Flowers moneecious, spiked ; the sterile and fertile flowers in separate spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Styles filiform. Achenium ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx. — Trees, with rounded leaves, and axillary spikes. 1. M. rubra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrate, petioled, rough above, white tomentose beneath, on young shoots 3 — 5-lobed ; stipules linear ; sterile spikes slender, drooping ; the fertile ones ovoid or oblong, resembling a blackberry in fruit. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March.— A small tree. 2. M. alba, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acute, serrate, oblique at the base, smooth and shining, sometimes lobed ; fruit whitish.— Around dwellings. In- troduced. — A small tree. 2. FICUS, Tourn. Fic. Flowers moneecious or dicecious, lining the inside of the fleshy closed recep- tacle. Calyx of the sterile flowers 3-parted. Stamens 3. Calyx of the fertile flowers 5-cleft, pedicelled. Styles lateral, slender. Achenium fragile. Embryo hooked. — Trees or shrubs, with entire cr lobed leaves, and large convolute stip- ules. Flowers axillary. 1. F. aurea, Nutt. Branches pale, smooth, furrowed; leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, entire, narrowed but obtuse at each end,.stout-petioled ; re- ceptacle orange-yellow, globose, bracted, on short and thick pedicels. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3’-4! long. Fruit about 4’ in diameter. 2. F. pedunculata, Willd. Branches terete, uneven; leaves ovate or oyal, coriaceous, entire, smooth, obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, slender-petioled ; receptacle yellowish, globose or obovate, slightly bracted, as long as the slender pedicels. — South Florida.— Tree 20°-40° high, multiply- ing by means of aerial roots. Leaves 2'- 23' long, 13’ wide. Receptacle rather smaller than in No. 1. 3. F. brevifolia, Nutt. Branches smooth; leaves cordate-ovate, entire, obtuse, smooth, on short petioles; receptacle purplish-red, depressed-globose, single, short-peduncled, with 2-cleft bracts. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — A small tree. Leaves 2! long, with impressed veins. F. Carica, L., is the commonly cultivated Fie. _ BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA, Vent., the ParpeR Muxperry of our yards, belongs to this family. 416 ULMACEH. (ELM FAMILY.) OrpveR 125. ULMACE. (Em Famity.) Trees, with watery juice, alternate undivided stipulate leaves, and per- fect or polygamous apetalous flowers. — Calyx 4—9-lobed. Stamens 4-9, inserted on the base of the calyx, erect in the bud. Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules solitary, suspended. Styles 2, spreading. Fruit membranaceous or drupaceous. Embryo straight or curved, without albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy. Synopsis. * Fruit dry. Anthers extrorse. 1. ULMUS. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit winged. 2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Fruit wingless. * * Fruita drupe. Anthers introrse. 8. CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Cotyledons curved. 1. ULMUS, L. Ex. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, slender, ex- serted : anthers extrorse. Ovary 2-celled. Styles short. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Embryo straight. — Trees. Leaves short-petioled, mostly oblique, doubly serrate, straight-veined. Stipules deciduous. Flowers greenish or purplish, clustered, appearing before the leaves. 1. U. fulva, Michx. (Stirprry Exm.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves thick, ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly serrate, slightly oblique at the base, very rough above, pubescent beneath; calyx and short pedicels pubescent; fruit orbicular, pubescent on the sides, smooth on the margins, with the obtuse teeth erect ; expanding buds rusty-tomentose.— Rich woods, West Florida, and north- ward. Feb. and March.— A small tree. Leaves 4/-8/ long. Fruit 8!/-9! wide. Inner bark very mucilaginous. 2. U. Floridana, n.sp. Branchlets smooth; leaves thick, oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, broadly serrate, oblique at the base, smooth above, more or less pubescent beneath ; pedicels very slender, somewhat racemose, and, like the calyx, smooth; fruit orbicular, fringed on the margins, with the short and broad teeth erect. — Banks of the Chipola River, at Marianna, West Florida. Feb. and March. — A tree 30° - 40° high, with brittle branches. Leaves 3/— 4! long. Fruit 2/’-3/! in diameter. Bud-scales downy on the margins. 38. U. Americana, L. (Etm.) Branchlets and buds smooth; leaves thin, obovate-oblong, or oval, oblique at the base, sharply serrate, abruptly acu- minate, smooth above, pubescent, or at length smooth beneath ; pedicels clustered, slender, smooth, like the calyx; fruit oval or obovate, downy on the margins, with the sharp teeth connivent.— Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 2'-4! long. Fruit 6” long. Var.? aspera. Leaves larger (3’-6’) on shorter petioles, oval-oblong, acu- minate, very oblique or half-cordate at the base, very rough above, pubescent PLATANACEM. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) 417 beneath; pedicels and calyx smaller.— Swamps of the Apalachicola River, Florida. Jan. and Feb. — A small tree. 4. U. alata, Michx. (Wuanoo.) Branches corky-winged ; leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, commonly even and rounded at the base, rough above, pubescent beneath, nearly sessile, flowers clustered, on slender pedicels; fruit oval, downy on the margins. — Rich soil, Florida to North Car- olina. — A small tree. Leaves 1/-13! long. 2. PLANERA, Gmel. Pxianen-TREE. Flowers polygamous, clustered. Calyx bell-shaped, 4—5-cleft. Stamens4-5: anthers extrorse. Ovary l-celled. Styles short. Fruit nut-like, coriaceous, wingless. Embryo straight, without albumen. — Small trees, with the foliage of the Elm. ‘1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, acute, serrate, rough- ish ; flowers in small roundish clusters, appearing before the leaves; nut ovate, covered with warty scales. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — A tree 20°-30° high. Leaves 1! - 14! long. 3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nertie-Tree. Flowers perfect or polygamous, apetalous. Calyx of five sepals. Stamens 5: anthers introrse. Ovary l-celled. Styles 2,slender, pubescent. Drupe globose. Embryo curved around scanty gelatinous albumen. Cotyledons wrinkled. — Trees Leaves petioled, commonly oblique at the base. Flowers axillary, soli- tary, or few in a cluster, greenish. 1. C. occidentalis, L. Young leaves and branchlets silky; leaves (2! long) ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, abruptly contracted at the base, soon smooth, ferrugineous beneath ; fertile flowers mostly solitary, on drooping pe- duncles ; the sterile ones 2-4 in a cluster; drupe dark purple, with a thin sweet pulp. — Rich soil, Georgia, and northward. March.— A tree 40° — 60° high. — Var. INTEGRIFOLIA. (C. integrifolia, Nutt.) Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate (2'-3/ long), acuminate, entire, rounded, or the lower ones cordate at the base, roughened with minute elevated points.— Sandy soil, Aspalachicola, Florida (perhaps introduced), and westward. —A small tree. Branches and leaves 2-ranked. — Var. pumina. (C. pumila, Pursh.) Shrubby; leaves (1! -13/ long) ovate, acute, serrate, obtuse at the base, pale beneath, very rough above; drupe glaucous. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. —Stem 5°- 10° high. OrvER 126. PLATANACE. (PLANE-TREE FAmILy.) Large trees, with alternate palmately-lobed petioled stipulate leaves, and monecious flowers, in axillary long-peduncled globose heads. — Calyx and corolla none. Anthers on short club-shaped filaments, numerous, 418 JUGLANDACEH. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 2-celled, adnate to the truncated connective. Ovaries numerous, obconi- cal, hairy at the base. Ovules 1-2, orthotropous, pendulous. Style sub- ulate. Nut 1-seeded. Seed cylindrical. Embryo in the axis of scarce fleshy albumen. — Flowers intermixed with copious club-shaped scales. — Consisting of the single genus. 1:‘-PLATANUS, L. Puans-Trez. Sycamore. 1. P. occidentalis, L.— Leaves (4'-9/ wide) round-cordate, angularly lobed and toothed, covered when young with dense whitish down, soon smooth ; stipules toothed ; heads pendulous (8’”- 12" in diameter). — River-banks, Flor- ida, and northward. March and April. —A large tree, with the white bark separating in thin plates. OrpER 127. JUGLANDACEA, (Watnot Famity.) Trees, with alternate odd-pinnate exstipulate leaves and monecious apetalous or minutely petalled flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous aments. Calyx 2-—6-parted, the stamens few or numerous. Fertile flow- ers single or clustered. Calyx 3-5-parted, the tube adherent to the incompletely 2—4-celled ovary. Fruit drupaceous, with a bony endocarp. Seed 4-lobed, without albumen, orthotropous. Cotyledons oily, 2-lobed. Radicle short, superior. 1. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory. Pienur. Aments of the sterile flowers mostly three together, on a common peduncle, lateral. Calyx unequally 3-parted. Stamens 3-6. Fertile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-parted. Petalsnone. Stigma large, 4-lobed. Nut smooth, 4 - 6-angled, incompletely 4-celled; the coriaceous epicarp (husk) partly or completely 4-valved. — Trees, mostly with scaly buds. Leaflets serrate. Fruit roundish. * Epicarp very thick, 4-valved : seed thick, edible. 1. C. alba, Nu. (Sueri-parx Hicxory.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 5), lanceolate-oblong, or the upper ones obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent be- neath ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut roundish, thin-shelled, compressed, 4-angled, slightly pointed. — Rich woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with shaggy and scaly bark. 2. C. suleata, Nutt. Leaflets 7 - 9, obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent beneath; fruit oval, 4-angled above; nut oblong, thick-shelled, conspicuously pointed, slightly compressed. — Rich woods in the upper districts of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. March and April.— A large tree, with scaly bark. 3. C. oliveeformis, Nutt. (Psecan-nur.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate- oblong, serrate falcate, acuminate ; nut olive-shaped, smooth, thin-shelled, some- what 4-angled. — River-bottoms, Mississippi, northward and westward. — A - large tree with smoothish bark. JUGLANDACEH., (WALNUT FAMILY.) 419 * * Epicarp partly 4-valved: seed thin: bark not scaly. 4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (Hicxory.) Leaflets 7-9 (mostly 7), large, oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath ; sterile aments tomentose; fruit large, globose; epicarp thick, coriaceous, parted nearly to the base; nut thick-shelled, oval, somewhat 6-angled.— Rich soil, Florida, and northward. March and April; — A large tree with rough bark. 5. C. glabra, Torr. (Pie-nur.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 7), ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, smooth ; fruit obovate, obcordate, or pear-shaped ; epicarp thin, parted to the middle, coriaceous ; nut thick-shelled, sometimes angled. (C. por- cina, Nutt.) — Woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree with smoothish bark. s 6. C. microcarpa, Nutt. Leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glan- dular beneath, acuminate ; aments smooth; fruit roundish; epicarp thin; nut thin-shelled, slightly 4-angled. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April and May.— A large tree. Fruit 3’ in diameter. 7. C. myristiceeformis, Michx. “ Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, smooth, the terminal one sessile; fruit oval, rugose, rough; nut oval, slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard.””— South Carolina, at Goose Creek, Michaux. Berkeley District, Ravenel. Nuts resembling nutmegs. 8. C. amara, Nutt. (Birrer-nut.) Leaflets 9-11, oblong-lanceolate, acute, smoothish ; fruit globular; epicarp thin, parted to the middle; nut thin- shelled, obcordate ; seed much wrinkled. — Low ground, Florida, and north- ward. March and April.— A tree of moderate dimensions, with smooth bark, and very bitter and astringent seeds. 9. C. aquatica, Nutt. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ser- rate, smooth ; fruit roundish, 4-ribbed ; epicarp thin, 4-parted to the base; nut compressed, thin-shelled, 4-angled ; seed much wrinkled. — River-swamps, Flor- ida to South Carolina. March and April. —A small tree with rough bark. Seeds very bitter and astringent. 2. JUGLANS, L. Watnour. Borrernoct. Sterile aments lateral, solitary. Calyx 5-—6-parted. Stamens numerous. Fertile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4, minute. Stigmas 2, long, recurved. Fruit oblong or globose. Epicarp indehiscent. Nut incompletely 4-celled, furrowed or sculptured. — Trees with naked buds. Leaflets serrate. 1. J. nigra, L. (Buack Watnout.) Leaflets 11-21, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, or oblique; fruit globose, rough-dotted ; nut furrowed. — Rich woods, es and northward. March and April. — die, tree 30° — 50° high. 2. J. cinerea, L. (Butrernut.) Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base, pubescent ; the petioles, fruit, &c. viscid ; fruit oblong; nut deeply sculptured, acute. — Rocky woods im the upper districts. March and April. — A tree 30°- 40° high. 420 CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.) OrpvER 128. CUPULIFERA. (Oax Famity.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed straight-veined stipulate leaves, and moneecious apetalous flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous slender or capitate aments. Calyx scale-like, or regular and 4 — 6-lobed. Stamens few. Fertile flowers single or clustered, furnished with an invo- lucre which encloses the fruit, or forms a cup at its base. Ovary 2-7- celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell. Stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. Cotyle- dons thick and fleshy. adicle superior. Synopsis. * Fertile flowers single, or few in a cluster. 1. QUERCUS. Nut solitary, with the base enclosed in a scaly involucre. 2. CASTANEA. Nuts 1-8, enclosed in a 4-valved spiny involucre ; sterile aments elongated, erect. 3. FAGUS. Nuts 2, 8-angled, enclosed in a somewhat spiny 4-valved involucre: sterile aments capitate, pendulous. 4. CORYLUS. Nut solitary, bony, enclosed in a leafy lacerated involucre. * * Fertile flowers spiked. 5. CARPINUS. Nuts 1-2, in the axil of an open leafy involucre. 6. OSTRYA. Nut solitary, enclosed in a membranaceous inflated involucre. 1. QUERCUS, L. Osx. Sterile ament slender, bractless, pendulous. Calyx unequally 6 - 8-parted: Stamens 6-12, slender: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers axillary, solitary, or few in a cluster. Calyx 6-cleft or denticulate, adnate to the 3 — 4-celled ovary. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigmas obtuse. Nut (Acorn) oblong or hemispherical, © partly (rarely wholly) enclosed in the cup-shaped scaly inyolucre. Cotyledons very thick, plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs, with simple entire or lobed leaves. Stipules caducous. § 1. Fruit biennial. * Leaves entire, short-petioled ; those on vigorous shoots often lobed or toothed. 1. Q. Phellos, L. (Wi1ttow-Oax.) Leaves (2/—3! long) lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, bristle-awned, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young, becom- ing smooth on both sides; fruit small, sessile; cup flattish, enclosing the base of the hemispherical nut. — Margins of swamps and streams, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — A slender tree, 40° - 50° high. Var. laurifolia. (Q. laurifolia, Michx.) Leaves larger (3'—4! long), oblong-lanceolate ; cup deeper and more pointed at the base.— Light uplands, Florida to North Carolina. — A tree commonly larger than the preceding. Var. arenaria. (Q myrtifolia, Willd.2) Shrubby (4°-8° high); leaves small (3/-13/ long), rigid, oblong or obovate, obtuse or barely pointed, with the margins revolute. — Dry sand ridges, along the coast of Florida and Georgia. 2. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Surnere-OaK.) Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, mucronate, pale and downy beneath, deciduous ; CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.) 421 fruit middle-sized ; cup narrowed at the base, enclosing one half or one third of the nearly hemispherical nut, the broad and whitish scales closely appressed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tree 40°-50° high. Leaves 3/—5/ long. 8. Q. cinerea, Michx. (Hicu-crounp WiLtow-Oax.) Leaves peren- nial, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucronate, white tomentose beneath ; fruit small, sessile ; cup shallow, narrowed at the base, pale, enclosing one third of the hemispherical nut.— Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. —A small tree, fruiting abundantly. ‘Leaves 2/-—3/ long, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young. Var. pumila, Michx. (Q. pumila, Walt.) Shrubby (1°-38° high) ; branches slender; leaves lanceolate, wavy, at length smooth on both surfaces. — Flat or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — Roots creeping. 4. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oax.) Branchlets tomentose; leaves coria- ceous, perennial, oblong, obtuse, somewhat rugose, smooth and shining above, hoary-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute ; fruit long-peduncled ; cup top- shaped, hoary, enclosing the base of the oblong chestnut-brown nut. — Dry or wet soil, in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina.— Commonly a large tree with spreading branches. Leaves 2/-4! long. Var. maritima. (Q maritima, Willd.) Shrubby (4°-10° high) ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, concave, mostly acute; fruit larger.— Sand ridges along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Var. dentata. (Q. nana, Willd.?) Dwarf (1°-2° high); earliest leaves flat, wedge-obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronate, toothed, at length smooth, the others lanceolate and entire; fruit sessile or short-peduncled, often clustered. — Flat pine barrens, Florida. — Leaves nearly sessile. - * *& Leaves 3-lobed at the summit, bristle-awned. 5. Q. aquatica, Catesb. (WatrerR-Oax.) Leaves perennial, short-peti- oled, obovate-oblong or wedge-shaped, smooth on both sides, obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, often entire, or on young shcots pinnatifid-toothed or lobed, mostly awnless when old; fruit small, mostly sessile; cup shallow, flat, en- ‘closing the base of the hemispherical downy nut.— Swamps and wet banks, Florida, and northward. — A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves 2/-3! long, with tufts of down in the axils of the veins when young. Var. hybrida. Smooth, with ash-colored branchlets; leaves oblong or wedge-oblong, entire, emarginate, or 3-lobed at the summit, tapering or abruptly contracted into a short petiole; fruit very small, closely sessile; cup shallow, flattened, enclosing the base of the ovate nut.— Rocky banks of Schurlock’s Spring, West Florida, and of the Flint River at Albany, Georgia. — A lofty tree. Leaves 3/-4! long. Fruit 4//-5” long. 6. Q. nigra, L. (Brack Jack.) Leaves short-petioled, coriaceous, broad- ly wedge-shaped, rounded at the base, mostly 3-lobed at the summit, bristle- awned, smooth above, rusty-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; fruit middle-sized, on short and thick peduncles; cup top-shaped, with coarse truncate scales, enclosing one third or one half of the oblong-ovate nut. (Q. ferruginea, Michz.) 36 / 422 CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.) — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — A small tree. Leaves 4/—9’ long. Intermediate forms between this and No. 7 are not uncommon. * * * Leaves long-petioled, sinuate-pinnatifid, bristle-awned, deciduous. a— Leaves smooth or nearly so. 7. Q. Catesbeei, Michx. (Turxry-Oax.) Leaves somewhat coriaceous, broad, narrowed into a short petiole, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes very acute from a broad base, spreading, mostly falcate and entire ; fruit rather large, short- peduncled ; cup thick, turbinate, with broad obtuse scales, enclosing half of the ovoid nut; the upper scales inflexed and lining the inner edge of the cup. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina,— A small tree. Leaves 6/—9! long. 8. Q. tinctoria, Bartr. (Buacx Oax.) Leaves obovate-oblong, with deep or shallow open sinuses, and about 6 sharply-toothed lobes, obtuse or trun- cate at the base, pubescent when young, at length only in the axils of the veins beneath ; cup top-shaped, with broad scales, enclosing about half of the round- ish depressed nut. (Q. discolor, Act.) — Dry woods," chiefly in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. — A large tree, with the outer bark dark-brown, the inner thick and yellow. Leaves turning light-brown after frost. Nuts 6! - 8’ long. 9. Q. coccinea, Wang. (Scarier Oax.) Leaves long-petioled, oval or oblong, with deep and broad sinuses, and 6 —8 entire or sparingly toothed lobes, truncate at the base, smooth and shining on both sides; cup top-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing one half or one third of the ovoid nut. — Dry woods, Florida, and northward ; more abundant in the upper districts. — A large tree, not easily distinguished from the preceding, and probably only a form of it. Leaves turning bright scarlet after frost. 10. Q. rubra, L. (Rep Oax.) Leaves oblong, with open shallow sinuses, and 8-12 entire or sharply toothed lobes, smooth on both sides, paler beneath ; fruit large, cup shallow, flat, with fine scales, enclosing the base of the ovate or oblong nut. — Rocky woods, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. Leaves turning dark red after frost Nut 1/ long. 11. Q. Georgiana, M. A. Curtis. Shrubby; leaves small, very smooth, somewhat obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, with deep or shallow open sinuses, and 3-5 triangular-lanceolate entire acute or obtuse lobes; fruit short-pedun- cled ; cup smooth and shining, saucer-shaped, enclosing one third of the oval- globose nut.— Stone Mountain, Georgia, Ravenel. — Shrub 6° - 8° high, grow- ing in clusters. Leaves 3/—4/ long. Fruit abundant. Nut 3’ long. + + Leaves tomentose beneath. .S° 12. Q. falcata, Michx. (SpanisH Oax.) ‘Leaves oblong, rounded at the base, 3-5-lobed ; the lobes entire or sparingly toothed at the apex, the terminal one commonly narrow and elongated; fruit rather small; cup somewhat top- shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing half of the globular nut.— Var. PAGoDz- FOLIA, Eil., has larger leaves, with 11-13 nearly opposite and spreading lobes. — Dry woods, Florida, and northward.— A large tree. Leaves 4/-—5' long, entire near the base. Nut 3’ long. CUPULIFERE. (OAK FAMILY.) 423 = 13. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (Brar-Oax.) Shrubby; leaves obovate, with 8-5 angular or short and broad mostly entire lobes, acute at the base, white- tumentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth and dark green above ; fruit short-peduncled ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing about one third of the ovate nut. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — A shrub 3°-4° high. Leaves 3'-5/ long. Fruit abundant. § 2. Fruit annual: leaves awnless, deciduous. * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 14. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. (Post-Oax.) Leaves with 5-7 broad rounded or notched lobes separated by wide open sinuses, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, pubescent beneath ; cup hemispherical, enclosing one third or one half of the oval nut. — Cold clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A tree 40°-50° high. Nut 3’ long. Leaves 4/-6/ long. Var. parvifolia. Leaves smaller (14/-3/ long), oblong, obtuse, entire or sinuate-toothed, nearly smooth on both sides, rusty-pubescent, like the branchlets, when young ; nut larger.— Sand-ridges near the coast, West Florida. — A shrub or small tree. 15. Q. alba, L. (Wuirr Oax.) Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, with 7-9 mostly obtuse and entire narrow lobes separated by narrow sinuses, nar- rowed into a petiole, densely tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth or glaucous beneath ; fruit large, nearly sessile ; cup hemispheri- cal, enclosing one third of the oblong-ovate nut.— Damp woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward.— A large tree with white bark. Leaves 4/-6/ long. Nut about 1! long. 16. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Mossy-cup Oax.) Leaves thin, obovate- oblong, pubescent or pale beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled, slightly or strongly few -many-lobed ; the lobes rounded, entire or obtusely toothed ; fruit large; scales of the cup thick, the upper ones produced into long awns; nut ovoid, included, or half enclosed in the cup. — Woods and river-banks, North Carolina, and northward.— A middle-sized tree. Leaves 6/-15’ long. Nut 1’—13/ long. 17. Q. lyrata, Walt. (OvER-cur Osx.) Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at the base, 7-9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath, or at length smoothish, shining above, the lobes triangular, acute, and entire; fruit sessile; cup round-ovate, with rugged scales, almost covering the roundish nut. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina.—A large tree. Leaves 5!- 8’ long, short-petioled. Fruit 1’ long. * & Leaves toothed. 18. Q. Prinus, L. (Swamp Cuesrnut-Oax.) Leaves oblong or obo- vate-oblong, obtuse, with rounded teeth, smooth and shining above, pale and pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; fruit large, short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, rugged with tubercular scales, enclosing the base of the roundish or oblong-ovate nut. — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. — A large tree. Nut about 1/ long. 424 CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.) Var. monticola, Michx. (Rock Curestnut-Oax.) (Q. montana, Willd.) A smaller tree (30°-40° high), with more compact and durable wood; fruit smaller; nut oblong. — Rocky woods along the mountains. Var. Michauxii. (Q. Michauxii, Nutt.) Leaves smaller (4’-5! long), rather rigid, velvety beneath, often obtuse or slightly cordate at the base; nut ovate (13! long). — Low ground, Florida to South Carolina. — A large tree. Var. discolor, Michx. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, coarsely and obtusely toothed or somewhat lobed, dark-green above, white-tomentose beneath ; fruit long-peduncled, cup tubercular, hemispherical; nut oblong-ovate (1’ long). (Q. bicolor, Willd.) Swamps along the mountains. — A large tree. 19. Q. Castanea, Willd. (Cuestnur-Oax.) Leaves oblong, varying to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed, with the points incurved, mostly acute at the base, smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit small, sessile or short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, en- closing one third of the oblong nut. — Rocky woods, West Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — A large or middle-sized tree. Leaves 3'-6/ long. Nut 7/'— 9" long. : 20. Q. prinoides, Willd. (Curnquarin-Oax.) Shrubby ; leaves lance- olate-oblong, acute at each end, acutely toothed, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, enclos- ing about one half of the round-ovate nut. (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. — Shrub 2°-6° high. Leaves 3! -4! long. Nut 8/!-9/' long. 2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Cuestnvut. Sterile flowers in separate clusters, in long erect cylindrical aments. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 1-3, enclosed in the bell-shaped, at length globose, 4-valved and very prickly involucre. Calyx 5-6-lobed, superior. Abortive stamens 5-12. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules single or by pairs in each cell. Stigmas 3-6, bristle-like, spreading. Nuts 1-3, roundish, compressed, or plano-convex. Cotyledons very thick. — Trees or shrubs, with oblong petioled sharply-serrate straight-veined leaves. 1. C. vesea, L. (CHeEstnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth on both sides ; nuts mostly 3, the middle one flattened, the 2 outer ones plano-convex, dark brown.— Dry woods, West Florida, and northward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 6’—7! long. 2. C. pumila, Michx. (Curinquarin.) Leaves oblong, acute, or obtuse, finely serrate, hoary-tomentose beneath; nuts solitary, nearly globular. (C nana, Muhl., a form with larger leaves and nuts.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. April-May. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves, involucre, and nut smaller than those of the preceding. 3. FAGUS,. Tourn. BEeEcu. Sterile flowers capitate, on long and drooping peduncles, with deciduous bracts. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-6-cleft. Stamens 8-12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flow- CUPULIFERE. (OAK FAMILY.) 425 ers solitary or by pairs, peduncled, surrounded with numerous linear bracts and a 4-lobed involucre. Calyx of 4-5 subulate lobes. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, filiform. Nuts commonly 2, acutely 3-angled, en- closed in the soft-spiny 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — . Trees, with whitish bark, and straight-veined leaves expanding with the flowers. 1. F. ferruginea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate or rhombic, acute, finely serrate, silky on both sides when young, when old only on the veins beneath ; spines of the involucre short, recurved. — Damp sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. April. — A large tree, with widely spreading branches. 4. CORYLUS, Tourn. Hazer-nvr. Sterile flowers in cylindrical pendulous bracted aments. Calyx 2-cleft, partly united with the bract. Stamens 8: anthers I-celled. Fertile flowers clustered. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Involucre tubular at the base, leafy and lacerated at the summit, enclosing a single bony (edible) nut. — Shrubs, with broadly cordate doubly serrate petioled leaves. Flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Americana, Walt. (Hazet-nut.) Branchlets glandular; leaves round-cordate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, pubescent; involucre roundish at the base, dilated and flattened above the nut, glandular hairy ; nut roundish, some- what flattened. — Rich soil along the margins of woods and thickets, West Flor- ” ida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 5°- 6° high, tough and flexible. Leaves 4!/-6/ long. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Beaxep Hazet-nut.) Branchlets smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, rather thin, pubescent ; involucre bristly, prolonged into a tube above the nut, 2-cleft and toothed at the summit; fruit nearly globular. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. March - April. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 5. CARPINUS, L. Hornseam. Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, supported by scale-like bracts. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments. Stamens 8-14: filaments short: an- thers l-celled, hairy at the apex. Fertile flowers spiked. Bracts 2-flowered, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. . Stigmas 2, filiform. Nut solitary, an- gular, sessile in the axil of an open 3-lobed leaf-like involucre. — Trees, with simple ovate or oblong straight-veined deciduous leaves, folded in the bud. Flowers expanding before the leaves. 1. C. Americana, Michx. (Horngeam.) Branchlets smooth and slen- der ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, sharply and doubly ser- rate, rounded at the base, more or less pubescent. Fertile spikes terminal, long-peduncled, 6 — 12-flowered ; involucre unequally 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer and serrate on one side; nut small, ovate, compressed, 8-ribbed. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March.—A small tree, with hard and close- grained wood. 36 * 426 MYRICACEEH. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 6. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornpeam. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments, each in the axil of a scale-like bract, destitute of a calyx. Stamens with the filaments irregularly united. Fer- tile flowers in a short terminal crowded spike, each enclosed in a membranaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, bearded at the apex. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruiting involucre inflated, nerved, hairy or bristly at the base, enclosing the solitary pointed nut. — Small trees, with ovate or oblong serrate short-petioled deciduous leaves. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 1. O. Virginica, Willd. (Hor-Hornpeam.) Leaves ovate-oblong, sharp- ly and simply serrate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubes- cent; fertile spike cone-like, short-peduncled ; the imbricated involucres oblong, mucronate, bristly at the base. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with hard and close-grained wood. OrpEeR 129. MYRICACEAE,. (Wax-MyrtLe FAmIicy.) Chiefly shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, with or without stipules, and moneecious or dicecious flowers, disposed in aments, destitute of calyx or corolla, each in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2-10; the short filaments free or partly united: anthers 2-celled. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, surrounded at the base with a row of scales. Ovule solitary, orthotropous or amphitropous. Involucre none. Stigmas 1-2, elongated. Fruit a dry 1-seeded drupe. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle superior. Synopsis. * Seed orthotropous. Plants dotted with resinous glands. 1. MYRICA. Flowers dicecious. Filaments united below. Leaves serrate or entire. Stip- ules none. 2. COMPTONIA. Flowers moncecious. Filaments forking. Leaves pinnatifid. Stipules half-cordate. * * Seed amphitropous. Plant destitute of glands. 3. LEITNERIA. Flowers dicecious. Filaments distinct. Stigma solitary. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. MYRICA, L. Wax-Myrtite. Bayperry. Flowers in short axillary aments, dicecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2-10, with the filaments united below. Ovary enclosed in a cup of 3-5 rounded scales. Ovule orthotropous. Stigmas 2 (rarely 4), flattened on the inner face, widely spreading. Nut glo- bose, covered with waxy grains. — Shrubs or small trees, dotted with minute resinous and odorous glands. Branches clustered. Leaves short-petioled, serrate or entire. Stipules none. 1. M. cerifera, L. (Wax-Myrrie. Bayserry.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, entire, or with a few sharp \ MYRICACEZ. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 427 serratures near the apex, smooth, or pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a petiole; sterile aments very numerous, oblong; bracts wedge-shaped ; stamens 4; fertile aments small; bracts rounded, obscurely 3-lobed ; scales of the ovary 4, ciliate; stigmas 2; fruit abundant, white.— Margins of swamps, mostly near the coast, Florida, and northward. March and April.— A shrub or small tree. Leaves persistent along our southern limits, but northwardly deciduous, 13! - 4! long. Var. media, Michx. Branchlets smooth or hairy ; leaves Jarver, obovate- oblong, entire, or slightly serrate near the apex, mostly rounded or emarginate at the summit ; aments and nuts larger ; scales of the sterile flower roundish. — Wet pine barrens. — Shrub 2°-4° high. Leaves mostly deciduous. Var. pumila, Michx. Low (1°-2° high), much branched ; leaves smaller (3'-2! long), persistent, varying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or linear-spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near the apex; amenis minute, ovoid, few-flowered. — Sandy pine barrens. 2. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, very entire, tapering into a petiole, with the margins revolute ; sterile aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the back ; stamens about 10, monadelphous; fertile aments small, elongated in fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4; scales of the ovary 5; nuts large, black, commonly soli- tary. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, common near the coast. Feb.—March.— A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark. Leaves about 2! long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3!’ long. 2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-Fern. Flowers monecious. Sterile ament cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acumi- nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. Fertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovary surrounded by 5-6 long and slender persistent scales; ovule orthotropous. Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow pinnatifid leaves, and small semicordate stipules. 1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous; fertile aments at the base of the sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and north- ward. April. — Plant 1°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3! - 4! long, resembling those of a fern. 3. LEITNERIA, N. Gen. Flowers in aments, dicecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts Ovate, acuminate, imbricated, staminiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones empty; stamens 5-10, free: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fertile ament few- many-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, short, in fruit elongated ; bracts ovate, ap- proximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly smooth, with the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, channelled. 428 BETULACEH. (BIRCH FAMILY.) Drupe oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base: epicarp thick, coriaceous, smooth : endocarp crustaceous. Albumen none. Embryo large, filling the cell. Coty- ledons oval, compressed. Radicle superior. — A stout shrub, 2°- 6° high, with soft wood and smooth light-brown bark, without resinous dots. Branches short and thick, hoary-pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (4/- 6! long), acute at each end, entire, smooth and shining above, hoary-tomentose beneath, straight-veined, on long spreading or recurved hoary petioles, decidu- ous. Stipules none. Aments developed before the leaves, from the axils of the preceding year, the sterile ones 1’-1}/ long, the fertile 6’’- 8” long. Drupe 4! long, green, slightly curved. 1. L. Floridana.— Salt or brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Feb. and March. OrvEeR 130. BETULACE. (Birog Famtry.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, and moneecious amentaceous flowers, placed 2-3 together in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4: filaments distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 2, elon- gated. Fruit a winged or angled 1-celled 1-seeded nut, forming, with the imbricated persistent bracts, a cone-like spike. 1. BETULA, Tourn. Brrcu. Sterile aments drooping. Bracts 3-flowered, 2-bracteolate, peltate. Calyx scale-like. Stamens short: anthers I-celled. Fertile aments oblong or cylin- drical. Bracts 3-flowered. Calyx none. Stigmas filiform. Nut broadly winged. Cotyledons oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with the outer bark often separable into thin papery sheets. Leaves petioled, serrate. Fruiting bracts membranaceous. 1. B. nigra, L. (Brack Brrcen.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, smooth above, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the short petioles and branchlets, becoming rusty or smoothish; sterile aments long and drooping ; the fertile ones oblong, short-peduncled, with the woolly bracts cleft into three linear-oblong nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, Michx.) — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March.— A middle-sized tree, with reddish-brown bark, and long spreading branches. 2. B. excelsa, Ait. (YrEtLow Brrcw.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth on both sides, on short pubescent petioles; fruiting aments oval-oblong; lobes of the bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading and hairy, acute. (B. lutea, Michr.)— Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. March and April. — A tree 40°-60° high, with yellowish bark. Leaves 2’ — 3! long. : 7 3. B. lenta, L. (Cuerry Bircs.) Branchlets smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, cordate, finely and doubly serrate, silky when young, at | | SALICACE®. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 429 length only on the petioles and veins beneath ; fruiting aments oblong ; lobes of the bracts widely spreading, acute, smooth. — Cool shady banks in the upper parts of Georgia, and northward. March.— A middle-sized tree, with dark brown rugged bark, and close and fine-grained wood. Young twigs spicy and aromatic. 2. ALNUS, Tourn. Atper, Sterile aments elongated, drooping. Bracts peltate, 5-bracteolate, 1 — 3-flow- ered. Calyx 4-parted or (in No. 2) scale-like. Stamens 4: anthers 2-cclled. Fertile aments short, erect. Bracts fleshy, 2-flowered. Calyx of four minute scales, adherent to the bracts. Bracts of the fruiting ament woody, persistent. Nut angled or winged. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves petioled, serrate, the stalked buds covered with a single scale. Fertile aments racemed. 1. A. serrulata, Ait. Leaves obovate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, serru- late, commonly pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; stipules oval, obtuse ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-peduncled; fruit ovate, wingless. —: Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Jan.-—March.— Shrub 3°-12° high. Leaves 2'—4! long, thickish, and partly persistent at its southern limits. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted. 2. A. viridis, DC. Leaves oval, rounded at both ends, slightly oblique at the base, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent on the lower surface, or only on the veins and petiole , stipules ovate; calyx of the sterile flowers scale-like ; fruiting aments ovoid, long-peduncled ; fruit winged. High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April. — A low much branched shrub. Leaves 1!-2! long. Orper 131. SALICACEA. (Wittow Famiry.) Trees or shrubs, with soft wood, alternate simple stipulate leaves, and - dicecious amentaceous flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, each solitary in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2—many. Ovary 1-celled or im- perfectly 2-celled, with numerous erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 2, very short, more or less united: stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds minute, clothed with long silky hairs. Albumen none. Cotyledons elliptical, flattened. MRadicle point- ing downward. ‘1. SALIX, Tourn. Witrrow. Bracts of the aments entire. Flowers each with 1-2 small glands. Stamens 2-6, free, or their filaments cohering at the base. Stigmas short, 2-lobed. — Leaves commonly narrow, short-petioled. Stipules scale-like and deciduous, or leafy and persistent. Buds covered with a single scale. Aments mostly erect, appearing with or before the leaves. 430 “SALICACER. (WILLOW FAMILY.) * Aments small, sessile: ovary silky: stamens 2. — Low canescent shrubs, with small leaves. Aments developed before the leaves. 1. S. tristis, Ait. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire or wavy, at least on the margins, tapering at the base, nearly sessile, cov- ered with a grayish down, at length smoothish above ; stipules minute, caducous ; flowering aments small, globular; the oval bracts hairy on the margins; style short; ovary slender, long-beaked. — Dry barren soil, in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. March and April.— Shrub 1°-2° high. Leaves 1’ -2/ long. 2. S. humilis, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, narrowed into a petiole, smoothish above, grayish-pubescent beneath, often slightly serrate near the summit; stipules small, semi-cordate or lunate, entire or toothed ; flowering aments ovoid or oblong, often drooping, with the lanceolate bracts villous ; style conspicuous; ovary slender. (S. conifera, Muhl. §. Muh- lenbergiana, Willd.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, often bearing cone-like excrescences. 3. S. rosmarinifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, flat, pubescent above, silky beneath; ovary lanceolate, villous; styles elongated. — Swamps and low ground, Florida? and northward. — Shrub 2°-4° high. Branches silky. Leaves 1/-2! long. Stipules subulate. Bracts oblong, obtuse, hairy on the margins. * * Aments large, cylindrical, sessile, silky-villous, developed before the leaves : ovaries woolly.— Large shrubs. 4. §. discolor, Muhl. Branchlets pubescent; leaves oblong, petioled, acute at each end, serrate in the middle, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath; stipules semi-lunar, toothed; aments woolly, with glossy hairs; sta- mens 2; ovary white-silky, sessile. — Low ground, Carolina, Pursh, and north- ward. April.— Shrub 8°-10° high. Leaves 2/-4! long. Aments 1/-13/ long. * * * Aments large, cylindrical, on leafy peduncles or branchlets, appearing with the leaves: ovaries smooth, stalked. | 5. S. Floridana, n. sp. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth above, glaucous beneath, finely serrate, rounded at the base, the petioles pubescent ; stipules small, caducous ; fruiting ament oblong, dense ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, smooth. — Rocky banks, West Florida, fruiting in April. — Shrub 8°- 12° high. Leaves thin, 2/-3/ long. Fruiting aments 2/-3! long, 1! in diameter, enveloped in the copious wool of the seeds. Flowers not seen. 6. S. nigra, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, peti- oled, pubescent when young, becoming smoothish and green on both surfaces ; stipules small and caducous, or sometimes lunate, toothed, and persistent ; aments elongated, the fertile ones slender, loose-flowered ; bracts deciduous ; sta- mens 3-6, hairy below ; capsule ovate, acuminate, pointed by the conspicuous style. (S. Houstoniana, Pursh.) — Swamps and muddy banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. A shrub or small tree, with brittle branches. Leaves 2! - 3! CONIFERE. (PINE FAMILY.) 431 long, sometimes pubescent at maturity, like the branchlets. Fertile aments 3/- 4! long. The WEEPING-WiLLow (S. Babylonica, Tourn.), and the YetLtow WILLOW or GOLDEN OSIER (S. vitellina, Smzth), are introduced species. 2. POPULUS, Tourn. Corron-Woop. Portar. AspEn. | _ Bracts of the aments toothed or lobed. Flowers from an oblique cup-shaped disk. Stamens few or numerous, with the filaments free. Stigmas elongated, 2-parted.— Trees. Leaves ovate or roundish, on long and often laterally com- pressed petioles. Buds covered with imbricated, often resinous-coated scales. Aments slender, drooping, appearing before the leaves. 1. P. angulata, Ait. Branches thick, smooth, and sharply angled; leaves large, smooth, deltoid-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, truncate at the base, obtusely serrate with incurved teeth; the conspicuous veins and compressed peti- ole yellowish. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree. Leaves 6'-8! long, longer than the petiole. 2. P. grandidentata, Michx. Branches terete; leaves round-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed, hoary-tomentose when young, like the branchlets, at length smooth, scarcely longer than the slender compressed petiole; fruiting aments elongated, pubescent. — Low woods in the upper districts, and northward. March and April.— A middle-sized tree, with smooth gray bark. Leaves 3! — 5! long, and nearly of the same width. 3. P. heterophylla, L. Branches terete; leaves oyate, mostly obtuse, serrate, with obtuse, incurved teeth, rounded or with a small sinus at the base, hoary-tomentose on both sides when young, like the nearly terete petioles and branchlets, at length only on the veins beneath; fruiting aments smooth. — River-swamps in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. March and April.— A large tree. Leaves 3’-5/! long. The Lomparpy Popr.ar (P. dilatata, A7t.), and the Wuite Popuar (P. alba, Z.), are introduced species. Suspciass Il. GYMNOSPERM 2. Ovules naked (not enclosed in an ovary), commonly sup- ported by an open scale or leaf, and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. OrDER 1382. CONIFER. (Pine Famity.) _ Trees or shrubs, with branching stems, composed of glandular or disk- bearing woody tissue without ducts, resinous juice, linear or needle-shaped 432 CONIFEREZ. (PINE FAMILY.) mostly persistent leaves, and moneecious or dicecious amentaceous flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Ovules orthotropous. Fruit a cone or drupe, Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyledons 2 or more. Synopsis. SusporRDER I. ABIETINEZ. Fertile flowers consisting of numer- ous bracted imbricated carpellary scales, bearing two collateral inverted ovules at their base, and forming a cone in fruit. Buds scaly. 1. PINUS. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster, mostly elongated, sheathed at the base. 2. ABIES. Leaves single, short, destitute of a sheath. SUBORDER II. CUPRESSINEZ. Fertile flowers consisting of few bractless mostly peltate carpellary scales, bearing one or several erect ovules at their base, becoming fleshy or indurated, and forming in fruit a drupe or cone. Buds naked. 3. JUNIPERUS. Fruitadrupe. Leaves minute, imbricated. 4. CUPRESSUS. Fruita globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves imbricated, persistent. 5. TAXODIUM. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves spreading, on slender deciduous branchlets. 6. THUJA. Fruit an oblong cone, with imbricated oblong scales. Leaves minute, imbri- cated on the flattened branches, persistent. Susporper IJ. TAXINEZ. Fertile flower solitary, without a car- pellary scale. Fruit adrupe. Buds scaly. 7. TAXUS. Drupe surrounded by a fleshy cup. Albumen homogeneous. 8. TORREYA. Drupe naked. Albumen ruminated. 1, PINUS, Tourn. Pine. Flowers moneecious. Sterile aments spiked or clustered. Stamens numer- ous on the axis, with very short filaments: anthers with a scale-like connective, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments terminal, single or clustered. Car- pellary scales in the axils of deciduous bracts, each bearing two collateral in- verted ovules at the base, indurated in fruit, and forming a cone; the apex commonly thickened, angular, and spiny. Seeds nut-like, lodged in an excava- tion at the base of the scale, and furnished with a thin deciduous wing. Embryo in the axis of oily albumen. Cotyledons 3 - 12, linear. — Trees. Leaves ever- green, needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, their bases enclosed in a thin scarious sheath. ; * Leaves two in each sheath. 1. P. pungens, Michx. (Tasre-Mountarn Prive.) Leaves from a short sheath, crowded, short and rigid ; cones large, commonly 3-4 in a whorl, ovate, sessile, the thick scales pointed at the apex, and armed with a very stout spine, which on the upper scales is incurved, on the lower ones recurved. — Mountains, rarely. west of the Blue Ridge, Georgia to North Carolina, and northward. —A \ CONIFERE. (PINE FAMILY.) 433 tree 40°- 50° high, with i:gid and irregular branches. Leaves about 2! long. Cones 3! long, yellowish-brown. Buds resinous. 2. P. inops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrug Prine.) Branchlets smooth and glaucous ; leaves from short sheaths, scattered, short and rigid, flat on the inner face; cones solitary, conical-oblong, mostly reflexed, short-peduncled ; scales armed with a siraight subulate rigid spine.— Dry sandy or gravelly ridges in the middle districts, South Carolina, and northward. — A tree 15°-30° high, with rough blackish bark, and spreading or recurved flexible branches. Leaves 1/—2! long, dark green. Cones light brown, about 2! long, opening at ma- turity. 3. P. glabra, Walt. Branches and branchlets smooth, whitish; leaves slender, scattered ; cones generally solitary, somewhat cylindrical ; spines nearly obsolete. — In close rich soil, near Black Oak, South Carolina, Ravenel. —A tree 40°—60° high, with smoothish bark and soft white wood, branching from near the ground. Leaves 3/-4! long. Cones about 2! long. ‘‘ Wings of the seed lighter colored, more tapering, longer and less gibbous than those of P. mitis.”” This species of Walter, long overlooked, but lately revived by Mr. Ravenel, is, if I mistake not, not uncommon in the low hummocks of this State, and is distinguished here, as in South Carolina, as the SpRucE-PINE. ‘4. PR. mitis, Michx. (Suort-LEAvED Pine.) Leaves from a long sheath, crowded, very slender, concave on the inner face, dark green; cones small, mostly solitary, oval or conical-oblong; the thin scales flattened at the apex, and armed with a weak incurved spine. (P. variabilis, Pursh.) — Light clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A. large tree, with rough bark, and fine-grained _ Valuable wood. Leaves 3/-5/ long, sometimes three in a sheath. Cones light brown, about 13/ long, opening at maturity. Wings of the seed reddish. * %* Leaves three in each sheath. | 5. P. rigida, Miller. (Pircu-Pinz.) Leaves crowded, from a very short sheath, rigid, flattened on the inner face; cones single or clustered, sessile, ovate, the scales armed with a short and rigid recurved spine. — Sandy barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree, with thick blackish rugged bark, and hard resinous wood. Branches numerous, rigid, rough with the persistent bases of the leaf-bracts. Leaves 3!-5!' long. Cones 2'—3! long, light-brown. 6. P. serotina, Michx. (Ponp-Pine.) Leaves somewhat crowded, from a short sheath, elongated; cones mostly opposite, round-ovate, sessile; the scales rounded at the apex, and armed with a very small and weak spine. — Borders of ponds and swamps in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. —A small tree, with rough bark and sappy valueless wood. Leaves 5/-8/ long. Cones 2/—3! long. 7. P. Teeda, L. (Losrorry or Oxp-Frexp Pine.) Branches scaly; leaves from a long sheath, slender, elongated; cones large, solitary, oblong- conical, with the scales armed with a short and rigid straight spine. — Light 37 434 CONIFERZ. (PINE FAMILY.) and mostly damp soil, Florida to. North Carolina.— Commonly a lofty tree, with very thick and furrowed bark, and valuable, but sparingly resinous wood ; but in old fields low, with spreading branches. Leaves 6!—10! long, rarely 2 or 4 in a sheath, dark green. Cones 3/— 5! long. 8. P. australis, Michx. (Lone-LEavep or YELLOW Pine.) Leaves very long, from long sheaths, crowded at the summit of the thick and very scaly branches ; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong, the thick seales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. palustris, Z., the prior but inappropriate name.)— . . Sandy soil, constituting almost the entire growth of the Pine Barrens. — A lofty tree, with thin-scaled bark, and very valuable resinous wood, dividing near the summit into few spreading branches. Leaves 10/-15/ long. Leaf-bracts sca- rious, fimbriate. Cones 6/- 10! long. * *& * Leaves five in each sheath. 9. P. Strobus, L. (Wuire Pine.) Leaves slender, from a very short and deciduous sheath ; cones long, cylindrical, recurved, with the loosely im- bricated scales neither thickened nor spiny at the apex. — A tree of moderate dimensions on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, but northward one of the loftiest of trees, and greatly valued for its soft white wood. Leaves 3/-4! long. Cones 4'-6! long. 2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. ° Chiefly as in Pinus, but the aments mostly solitary ; anthers opening Jength- wise or transversely ; scales of the cone not thickened at the apex, nor spiny ; wings of the seed persistent. — Leaves single, short. * Cones lateral, erect ; with the scales deciduous at maturity: anther-cells opening transversely. 1. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Sinver or Batsam Fir.) Leaves somewhat distichous, linear, flattened, obtuse or emarginate, whitened beneath, the lower ones somewhat recurved, the uppermost erect ; cone oblong-ovate ; bracts long, oblong-wedge-shaped, short-pointed, reflexed at the summit.— High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A small tree. Leaves 6//-8” long. Cones 1/- 2! long. * * Cones terminal, pendulous, with the scales persistent: anther-cells opening lengthwise. 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Hemiock-Sprucs.) Leaves distichous, ‘flat, linear, obtuse, dark green above, whitened beneath ; cones small, oval or oblong, with the few scales smooth and entire. — High mountains of North Car- olina, and northward. — A large tree with the horizontal branches gradually diminishing upward, forming a pyramidal spire. Leaves 3’ long. Cones 8”- 9" long. 8. A. nigra, Poir. (Biack Spruce.) Leaves scattered on all sides of the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, erect, dark green; cone ovate or ovate- CONIFERZ. (PINE FAMILY.) 435 oblong; the scales with a thin wavy or denticulate margin. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tall but slender tree. Leaves 3 long, rigid. Cones 1/-13! long. 4. A. alba, Michx. (Wuite Spruce.) Leaves inserted on all sides of the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, incurved, light green; cones oblong-cylin- diical, with the scales entire.— High mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. — A small tree, with more slender and less crowded leaves than those of the preceding. Cones 1/-2! long. 38. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. Flowers mostly dicecious. Aments lateral and terminal, small, few-flowered. Stamens several: anther-cells 3-6, inserted beneath the peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Carpellary scales 3-6, 1-3-ovuled, partly united, fleshy, and forming in fruit a berry-like drupe containing 1 -3 erect bony seeds. Cotyle- dons 2, oblong. — Trees, with subulate or scale-like persistent leaves. 1. I. Virginiana, L. (Rep Cepar.) Branches terete; leaves opposite or by threes, minute, rhombic-ovate, closely imbricated, depressed on the back ; those on young shoots subulate and spreading ; drupes small, blue, 1 —2-seeded. — Dry, rocky, or even wet soil, Florida, and northward. March.— A small tree, with reddish, fine-grained, durable, and odorous wood, and spreading branches. Leaves dark green. 4. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cyrprzss. Flowers monecious. Aments terminal, few-flowered. Anther-cells 2-4, inserted under the lower edge of the peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Carpel- lary scales peltate, bearing several erect ovules on their stalks, becoming woody in fruit, and forming a globular dehiscent cone. Seeds winged at each end. Cotyledons 2-3, obtuse. — Trees, with minute imbricated leaves. 1. C. thyoides, L. (Wuite Cepar.) Branchlets compressed, crowded, distichous ; leaves ovate, imbricated in 4 rows, with a roundish gland on the back ; anther-cells two under each scale; cones small.— Swamps, Florida, and northward. April. — A middle-sized tree, with fibrous bark, and light durable wood. Branches spreading. Cones 3//-4!' in diameter, borne on short scaly stalks. 5. TAXODIUM, Richard. Cypress. Baip-Cyrpress. Flowers monecious. Sterile aments small, in a long drooping spiked panicle. Scales peltate. Anther-cells 2-5, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments single or by pairs, with the peltate scales 2-ovuled. Cone globular. Scales very thick, angular, slender-stalked, separating at maturity. Seeds 3-angled, wingless. Cotyledons 6-9, linear. — Trees, with distichous deciduous leaves. 1. T. distichum, Rich. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, on very numerous short and slender deciduous branchlets, linear, acute, 2-ranked or im- 436 CONIFER. (PINE FAMILY.) bricated. (Cupressus disticha, Z.) — Ponds and deep swamps. Florida, and northward. Feb. and March.— A very large tree, with pale smoothish bark, light durable wood, and few fastigiate branches at the summit. Leaves 4! - 6! long. Cones #/-1! in diameter. Attached to the roots are hollow conical knobs called Cypress-Knees. 6. THUJA, Tourn. Arspor-Vits. Flowers monecious. Aments small, terminal. Anther-cells 4, with a scale- like connective. Carpellary scales imbricated in four rows, with two erect ovules at the base. Cone oblong, the few scales imbricated, expanding at maturity, persistent. Seed winged. Cotyledons 2, oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with scale- like imbricated persistent leaves. 1. T. occidentalis, L. (Arsor-Vitz.) Branches flat, distichous ; leaves ovate, obtuse, with a gland on the back, imbricated in four rows; cones oblong, nodding, with the outer scales oblong, obtuse; seeds broadly winged, emarginate at each end. — Rocky banks on the mountains of Carolina, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree. Cones 3/ long. 7. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. Flowers dicecious, axillary; the sterile ones in globular few-flowered aments. Anther-cells 3-8, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted, consisting of a single ovule on a cup-shaped disk, which becomes large and berry-like in fruit, and surrounds the nut-like seed. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with scattered branches, linear rigid distichous leaves, and scaly buds. 1. T. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves narrowly linear, mucronate, conspicuously petioled (about 9! long), the outer margin revolute; fruit abundant; the fleshy disk of the seed bright red. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. — A small tree, 10° —20° high. 8. TORREYA, Arnott. Flowers dicecious, axillary; the sterile ones in globose or oblong aments. Anther-cells 4, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, con- sisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with imbricated persistent scales. Disk none. Seed large, ovoid, naked. Embryo at the apex of hard ruminated albu- men. Cotyledons 2, linear. — Trees, with whorled branches. Leaves distichous, rigid, persistent. Buds scaly. 1. T. taxifolia, Arn. Branchlets opposite, 2-ranked; leaves linear, spiny- pointed, nearly sessile, light green ; sterile aments yellow, crowded ; seed ovoid, drupe-like. — Rich soil, along the east bank of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. March. — A middle sized tree, with durable strong-scented wood, and horizontal branches. Leaves very rigid, and pungent, 1/long. Seed smooth and glaucous, similar in shape and size to a nutmeg. CYCADACEEZ. (CYCAS FAMILY.) 437 OrpeR 133. CYCADACE®, (Cycas Famity.) Trees or shrubs, with simple trunks, increasing by a terminal bud, like the Palms, and composed of a large pith, mixed with woody bundles or plates, enclosed in a cylinder of woody fibre and spiral vessels. Leaves pinnate, coiled in the bud, like Ferns. Flowers diccious, destitute of .calyx and corolla. Sterile flowers consisting of 1-celled anthers inserted under the peltate scales of a cone-like ament. Fertile flowers consisting of naked ovules inserted under the scales like the sterile flowers, or on the margins of contracted leaves. Seed nut-like. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Radicle ending in a long spiral cord. Cotyledons 2. 1. GAMIA, L. Flowers in cone-like aments, with the peltate scales inserted on all sides of the common rachis. Anthers numerous. Ovules by pairs, pendulous. Seed round- ish, drupe-like. — Leaflets thickened at the base and articulated with the petioles, with numerous simple veins. 1. Z. integrifolia, Willd. (Coonriz.) Stem short, globular or oblong ; leaves petioled, spreading, with the numerous lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaf- lets entire, or serrate near the apex; aments oblong, obtuse, short-peduncled. — Low grounds, South Florida.— The stem abounds in starch, from which. the Florida Arrowroot is obtained. Cuass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS orn ENDOGENOUS PLANTS, Stems composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and. increasing in diameter by the deposi- tion of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledons single. OrpER 134. PALMA. (Parms.) Chiefly trees, with a thick woody stem (caudex), growing by a terminal bud, pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, which are plaited in the bud, and a spadix of small perfect or polygamous flowers. Sepals and petals 3, free or more or less united, persistent. Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous or pe- rigynous: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, commonly with a 37 * 438 PALME. (PALMS.) single erect orthotropous or anatropous ovule in each cell. Styles 3, mostly united: stigmas entire. Fruit a drupe or berry. Embryo cylin- drical, placed in a cavity of the hard albumen, near the circumference of the seed. — Stems erect or creeping. Leaves long-petioled. Spadix axillary. 1 SABAL, Adans. Patmerto. Flowers perfect, sessile, bracted. Calyx cup-shaped, cleft. Corolla 3- petalled. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; the filaments subulate, distinct. Anthers cordate-ovate, horizontal. Ovary 3-celled. Styles united, 3-angled: stigma capitate or obtuse. Fruit a l-seeded drupe. Embryo dorsal. Albumen ho- mogeneous, horny. — Stems simple or branched, erect or creeping. Leaves fan-shaped, long-petioled, with the divisions 2-cleft at the apex and often with long thread-like filaments interposed. Spadix long, branching, with sheathing spathes at the joints. Flowers small, whitish, rigid. Drupe oblong or globose. Sheaths of the leaves commonly composed of dry interlaced fibres. 1. S. Palmetto, R.& 8S. (Cassace-Patmetto.) Stem erect, tall, sim- ple, leafy at the summit; leaves large, cordate in outline, pinnatifid-fan-shaped, recurved at the summit, mostly shorter than the smooth concave petiole; the very numerous divisions deeply cleft, and with thread-like filaments at the si- nuses ; spadix smooth and spreading, commonly shorter than the leaves ; petals slightly united at the base; style thick; drupe globose. (Chamezrops Palmetto, Michx.) — Sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June.— Stem 20°-40° high. Leaves 5°- 8° long, their bases long-persistent. Drupe black, 4/’- 5’ in diameter. 2. S. serrulata, R.& 8. (Saw-Patmerto.) Stem creeping, branching ; leaves circular in outline, fan-shaped, bright-green, shorter than the slender plano-convex more or less spiny-edged petiole ; the numerous (15 ~ 380) erect divisions slightly cleft at the apex, and without thread-like filaments in the si- nuses ; spadix densely tomentose, much shorter than the leaves; petals scarcely united ; style slender; drupe ovoid-oblong. (S. minima, Nutt.? Chamerops, Pursh.) — Sandy soil in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June. — Stem 4°-8° long. Leaves 2°-4° high. Drupe black, 8-9" long. 3. S. Adansonii, Guerns. (Dwarr Patmerro.) Stem short, buried in the earth; leaves circular in outline, glaucous, fan-shaped, slightly pinnatifid, longer than the stout concave smooth-edged petiole; the numerous (20-30) divisions slightly cleft at the apex, sparingly filamentose at the sinuses; spa- dix erect, smooth, slender, much longer than the leaves; petals united at the base ; style thick ; drupe globose. (S. pumila, HJ.) — Low grounds in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Leaves 2°-3° high. Spadix 3°-6° high. Drupe 4! in diameter, black. Nut hemispherical. 2. CHAMAGROPS, L. Flowers polygamous, bracted. Calyx 3-cleft. Corolla 3-petalled. Stamens 6 — 9, with the filaments connate at the base: anthers oblong. Ovaries 3, more ARACEH. (ARUM FAMILY.) 439 or less united. Stigmas acute, stigmatic on the inner face. Drupes 1-3, one- seeded. Kmbryo dorsal, in horny somewhat ruminated albumen. — Low palms, with fan-like long-petioled leaves, destitute of thread-like filaments. Sheaths soon dry and net-like. Spadix dense-flowered, branching. Spathe 2-4-leaved. Flowers yellowish. Drupe globose or ovoid. 1. C. Hystrix, Fraser. (BivuE Patmerro.) Stem short, proliferous; — leaves circular in outline, with numerous 2 -4-toothed divisions, on triangular rough-edged petioles ; sheaths persistent, composed of oblique fibres interwoven with numerous erect strong spines; spadix small, short-peduncled; spathes about 4, oblong, woolly, acutely 2-lipped ; petals ovoid ; drupe ovoid. — Low shady woods in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 2°-3° long, erect or creeping. Leaves somewhat glaucous, 3° - 4° high. Spadix 6’-12/ long. Partial spathes none. Drupe 6/’-9” long. Orver 185. ARACEAE. (Arum Famity.) Acrid chiefly stemless herbs, from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, with entire or divided often veiny leaves, and perfect or monecious flowers borne on a spadix, and commonly enclosed in a spathe. — Calyx and corolla wanting, or the former with scale-like sepals. Stamens short, hypogynous: anthers extrorse, commonly sunk in the thick connective. Ovary 1-several-celled, with 1-—several ovules in each cell. Stigma ses- sile. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Embryo straight. Albumen mealy or fleshy, sometimes wanting. Synopsis. * Calyx and corolla none. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. Flowers monoecious. +- Fertile flowers numerous. Spadix free. 1. ARISAMA. Spathe thin, convolute at the base, arching above. Spadix barren above. Leaves 3 -several-lobed. 2. PELTANDRA. Spathe (green) thick, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins. Spa- dix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. 3. XANTHOSOMA. Spathe convolute at the base, open and white above. Spadix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. + + Fertile flower solitary. Spadix adnate to the spathe. 4. PISTIA. Free-floating aquatics. Fertile flowers solitary. * x Calyx manifest. Flowers perfect. +- Spadix enclosed in a spathe. SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe thick and fleshy, conyolute, pointed. Spadix globular. Sepals and stamens 4. = + + Spadix naked. . ORONTIUM. Spadix terminating the club-shaped white-topped scape. - ACORUS. Spadix attached to the side of the flattened leaf-like scape. 1 0 1. ARISASMA, Mart. Inpian Turnip. | Spathe convolute below, dilated and commonly arched above, withering. Spadix covered below with monecious flowers (the lower ones fertile), elon- 440 ARACEH. (ARUM FAMILY.) gated and naked above. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 4 in a whorl, very short: anther-cells 2-4, distinct, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6 erect orthotropous ovules. Stigma sessile. Fruit a 1 —few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Root tuberous. Petioles of the com- monly divided and veiny leaves elongated and sheathing the scape. Fruit-clus- ters naked. 1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (WaxKz-Roprn.) Leaves two, trifoliate; leaf- lets sessile, oblong-ovate, acuminate; spathe tubular, dilated, flattened and incurved above, acuminate, green, or variegated with white and purple, longer than the club-shaped obtuse often dicecious spadix. (Arum triphyllum, LZ.) — Low rich woods, Florida, and northward. March.— Plant 1°-1}° high. Leaf- lets 3'-6/ long. Root depressed, rugose, intensely acrid. 2. A. polymorphum. Leaf solitary, 3-5-foliolate; leaflets varying from oblong to obovate, acute or slightly acuminate, nearly sessile, the lateral ones entire, 2-lobed or 2-parted to the base; spathe, &c. as in the preceding. (Arum polymorphum, Buckley. A. quinatum, Nutt. ?)— Mountains of North Carolina. — Plant 1° - 13° high. 3. A. Dracontium, Schott. (Dracon-root.) Leaf solitary, pedately 9 - 13-foliolate; leaflets petioled, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate; spathe tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender spadix. (Arum Dracontium, Z.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Plant 1°- 13° high. Berries numerous on the flat rhachis, 1 — 3-seeded. 2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow-Arum. Spathe elongated, fleshy, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins, curved at the apex, persistent at the base. Spadix long, wholly covered by the mo- noecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 5-6, imbedded in the thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, with sev- eral orthotropous ovules. Berry 1-3-seeded. Seed gelatinous, without albu- men. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — A fleshy stemless marsh herb, from a creeping rhizoma. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole sheathing the base of the thick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the fleshy persistent base of the spathe. 1. P. Virginica, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, finely veined, and — with 2-3 intramarginal nerves, the lobes obtuse ; scapes shorter than the leaves recurved in fruit; spathe lanceolate, acute, longer than the cylindrical spadix, both early decaying above the fertile flowers ; berries green, in a globose cluster, l-seeded. (Arum Virginicum, Z.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. April and May.— Plant 1° high. Spathes 2!- 4! long. 3. XANTHOSOMA, Schott. Spathe convolute at the base, straight. Spadix sterile in the middle. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells numerous, adnate to the conical truncate td ARACEE. (ARUM FAMILY.) 44] connective, opening atthe apex. Ovaries numerous, crowded, somewhat 4-celled, with numerous horizontal ovules in each cell. Style short and thick: stigma broad, depressed, lobed. Berry red, many-seeded.— Herbs. Petioles of the sagittate leaves sheathing the base of the scape. 1. X. sagittifolium, Schott. Stemless ; leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes oblong, obtuse ; spathe hooded at the summit, oval-lanceo- late, white, longer than the spadix.— Marshes and springy places, near Savan- nah, Elliott, and Wilmington, Curtis. May and June. 1|— Root tuberous. Petioles 12’-15! long. Leaves 5’—7! long, the lobes somewhat spreading and generally obtuse. Scape as long as the petioles. | 4. PISTIA, L. Spathe tubular at the base, spreading above, united with the spadix. Flowers few, moncecious, the upper ones staminate and supported by a cup-shaped invo- lucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 3-8, opening transversely. Ovary 1-celled, with several erect orthotropous ovules. Style thick : stigma disk-like. Berry few-many-seeded. Embryo at the apex of the albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous roots, and entire clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils. 1. P. spathulata, Michx. Leaves arranged in a circle, round-obovate, abruptly contracted into a short petiole, with the nerves projecting beneath (la- melliform) ; roots numerous, elongated; spathe short-peduncled, white. — In still water, East Florida, and westward. — Leaves 1/-2/ long. 5. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisbh Skunx-CAppace. Spathe hooded-shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, early decaying. Spadix pedun- cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, hooded, berry-like in fruit. Corollanone. Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style pyramidal, 4-angled; stigma minute. Berries with the sepals united ina mass. Seeds globose, without albumen. Embryo thick -and fleshy.— Perennial garlic-scented herbs, from a deep and thick rhizoma, with large stout-petioled veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes, appearing be- fore the leaves. 1. S. foetidus, Salisb. Leaves thin, oval, cordate, short-petioled ; spathe ovate, incurved, spotted with purple and yellow; spadix dull-purple, much shorter than the spathe, enlarged in fruit. (Pothos feetidus, Mfichx.) — Bogs and swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Feb. and March.— Leaves 1°-2° long. Spathe 2!-4' long. Spadix in fruit 2!/-3! in diameter. Seeds about the size of a pea. 6. ORONTIUM, L. Gotpen-Cxvs. Spathe none. Spadix cylindrical, covered with the yellow perfect flowers. Sepals and stamens 4-6. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 442 LEMNACEZ. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) with a single amphitropous ovule. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit green. Seed without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — A perennial aquatic herb, with oblong long-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadix terminating the club- shaped scape. 1. O. aquaticum, L. Rhizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on stout terete petioles ; scape terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix, sheathed below, commonly curved. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Leaves about 1° long. Scape 19 = 2° long. Spadix 1/-2/ long; the upper flowers mostly tetrandrous. 7. ACORUS, L. Catamus. Sweet Fraa. Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the per- fect flowers. Spathe none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Filaments slender: anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2-3- celled, with several orthotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma minute. Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 - few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of the albu- men. — Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves erect, long, flattened, 2-edged. Scape leaf-like, elongated above the spadix. 1. A. Calamus, L.— Wet places, Florida, and northward, apparently in- troduced. April.— Rhizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves 19 -2° high, linear-lanceolate. Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellow- ish, 2/- 3! long, spreading. OrpvER 1386. LEMNACEA, (Duckweep Famity.) Minute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferous stems (fronds), and usually simple roots, pendent from beneath. Flowers monecious, mostly from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe membranaceous, pitcher-shaped, bursting into two unequal lobes, soon vanishing, commonly enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to single slender filaments bearing a 2-celled anther, and a single sessile 1-celled ovary, which forms in fruit a 1—7-seeded utricle. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. l. LEMNA, L. Dvckweep. Spathes marginal, 3-flowered. Anthers opening transversely Stigma funnel- form. Ovules erect from the base of the cell, anatropous or half-anatropous. — Stems increasing by lateralbuds. Roots terminating in a calyptre-like append- age. — The flowers of these plants are seldom seen. 1. L. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate, flattened, single or variously clustered ; root single ; ovule solitary, half-anatropous ; seed horizontal. — Pools, ditches, &c., Florida, and northward; common near the coast, and probably intermixed with L. perpusilla, Torr. — Stems 1// - 2" long. TYPHACEH. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY:) 443 2. L. polyrhiza, L. Stems roundish or obovate, flat and paie above, convex and dark purple beneath, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 2. — Ponds, Florida, and northward. — Less common than the preceding. Stems 2!' 4" long. Orper 1387. TYPHACEZ. (Cart-rait Famiry.) Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved leaves, and moneecious flowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, desti- tute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs or scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2-4 together, on long and slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Embryo straight in copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the fertile, continuous or distant. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. Car-rart. Flowers densely crowded on a long cylindrical terminal spadix, enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs; the sterile ones sessile on the upper part of the spa- dix, the fertile on slender stalks. Style filiform : stigma lateral. Embryo cylin- drical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Stems straight, from a thick rhizoma, clothed below with the sheathing bases of the elongated linear leaves. Spathes bract-like and deciduous, or none. 1. 'T. latifolia, L. Stem terete, jointed below; leaves nearly as long as the stem, erect, flat, reticulated and somewhat glaucous ; sterile and fertile por- tions of the spadix contiguous, cylindrical. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high, scape-like above. Leaves about 1! wide. Spadix about 1° long. —T. angustifolia, Z., if found within our limits, may be known by narrower leaves which are channelled near the base, and by the interval which separates the sterile and fertile portions of the spadix. . 2. SPARGANIUM, L. Bur-reep. Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, surrounded by several scales like a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly bracted. Ovary sessile, pointed by the short persistent style. Stigma lateral. Fruit nut- like. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Marsh or aquatic plants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile leaves, the lowest ones sheathing. Heads of flowers scattered. 1. S. ramosum, Huds.? Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper ones gradually shorter, concave and clasping at the base, the lower sheathing and elongated ; heads 5 — 9, disposed in axillary and terminal interrupted spikes ; the lowest one larger and pistillate, the others wholly staminate ; scales wedge-shaped ; stigma subulate, simple. (S. Americanum, £/l.)— Lagoons and ditches, Florida, and northward. July.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves as long as the stem, 8/!-12!! wide. Heads of fertile flowers 8-10” in diameter. dis NAIADACEH. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) OrpER 138. NAITADACEAS. (Ponpweep Famiry.) Aquatic herbs, with slender jointed leafy immersed stems, and perfect moneecious or dicecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or with scale-like sepals, Stamens 1—4: anthers 1—4-celled. Ovary 1-celled, forming a 1-seeded achenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed without al- bumen. Embryo straight, curved, or coiled. — Leaves sheathing, or with sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly enclosed in a spathe. Synopsis. * Flowers moncecious or dicecious. . NAIAS. Stigmas 2-4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled. . ZOSTERA. Stigmas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spathe. Leaves alternate. . ZANNICHELLIA. Stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre. aon * * Flowers perfect. 4. RUPPIA. Fruit long-peduncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none. 5. POTAMOGETON. Fruit sessile, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved. 1 WATAS) "L: Flowers moneecious or dicecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx and co- rolla, Sterile flower monandrous, enclosed in a spathe. Anther 4-celled, open- ing at the apex, the filament lengthening. Fertile flower naked; the sessile ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2-4, subulate. Ovule erect. Achenium minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior.— Stems filiform, fork- ing. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath at the base. Flowers solitary, minute. 1. N. flexilis, Rostk. Stem immersed (1°- 2° long) ; leaves 3 ina whorl, narrow-linear, membranaceous, spreading, minutely denticulate on the margins, the lower ones often remote ; stigmas 3-4; achenium elliptical, acute, smooth, — yellowish. (Caulinia flexilis, Willd.) —In ponds and still water, South Caro- lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves about 1’ long. Var.? fusiformis. Stem (6’-12' long) almost capillary, very leafy throughout ; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2/’— 4" long) ; achenium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — Brackish water along the coast. West Florida. July and Aug. 2. GOSTERA, L. EEeE.-crass. Flowers monecious, naked ; the sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in the sheath-like base of the leaves. Anthers oblong, 1-celled, filled with fine filaments instead of pollen-grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a single pen- dulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent style. Stig- mas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. Cotyledons in- flexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo. — Marine herbs, with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated sheathing leaves. | NAIADACEE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 445 1. Z marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointed; leaves thin and tender, faintly 3-5-nerved; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix.— Deep salt- water coves. West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 3. ZANNICHELLIA, L. Flowers monecious, axillary. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked filament bearing a 2-4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com- posed of 2-6 sessile 1-celled ovaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, and pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule suspended, orthotropous. Achenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slender. coiled. — Sub- merged aquatic plants, with filiform branching stems, and very narrow and entire alternate leaves, with sheathing stipules. 1. Z. palustris, L. Stems tufted, filiform, alternately branched ; leaves nairowly linear, entire, acute, 1-nerved ; anther 2-celled, on a long and slender filament; achenia 3-6 in a cluster, commonly raised on a short common pe- duncle, each stalked, linear-oblong, somewhat compressed and curved, smooth and wingless, about one third longer than the persistent style. — Fresh or brack- ish water, West Florida, and northward. May-Aug.—Stems 1°-3° long. Leaves 1’ - 2! long. 4. RUPPIA, L. Dirtcn-erass. Flowers perfect, naked, two or more on a slender spadix, enclosed in the spathe-like sheaths of the leaves, but soon long-exserted. Stamens 2, closely sessile : anther-cells large, distinct. Ovaries 4, sessile, containing a single sus- pended campylotropous ovule. Stigma peltate. Achenium stalked, obliquely ovate. Embryo pointed by the short plumule. — Salt-water herbs, with filiform branching stems, and alternate linear or bristle-like sheathing leaves. 1. R. maritima, L.—In shallow water, along the coast, Florida, and northward. May-Aug.— Stems immersed, 1°-3° long, mostly creeping at the base. Leaves filiform, 1’-3! long, with dilated membranaceous sheaths. Fruiting peduncles 1/-4' long. Achenium pointed. 5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Ponpweep. Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, roundish, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals: filaments short: anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, sessile. Ovules ascending, campylotropous. Style short or none: stigma peltate. Achenia 1-4, compressed. Embryo curved or coiled. — Aquatic herbs, with immersed slender and jointed stems. Leaves stipulate, alternate and opposite, either all immersed and commonly membranaceous, or the upper ones floating and more rigid. Spikes peduncled, axillary and terminal. * Leaves all immersed and alike. + Leaves filiform. 1. P. pectinatus, L. Stem slender, flexuous; the branches diffusely forking, distichous ; leaves long, thickish, slightly channelled, approximate on 38 ‘ 446 ‘NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) the branches; stipules small, united with the long and sheathing base of the leaves ; spikes slender, interrupted, on long filiform peduncles ; achenium obovate, smooth, slightly compressed, keeled on the back. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and northward. June- Aug. — Stems 2°-3° long. Leaves 3!/- 4’ long. Spikes 1/-2/ long. 2. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly branched; leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile; stipules free from the leaves, connate, sheathing ; spikes short-peduncled, 4 -6-flowered, globose in fruit; achenium round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on the back. — Shallow ponds, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1°-2° long. Leaves 1/-2/ long. Peduncles 3/-1! long. a + Leaves lanceolate or cordate : stipules free, sheathing. 8. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate, cordate, clasping, obtuse, many-nerved, those at the branches and peduncles opposite ; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on stout peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; achenium obliquely obovate, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and north- ward. July—Sept.— Stems 1°-2° long. Leaves 6-8! long. 4. P. lucens, L.? Stems sparingly branched; leaves lanceolate, acute, contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, 5-9-nerved, wavy on the margins ; stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back; spikes cylindrical, many-flow- ered, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves; achenium (immature) oval, compressed, rounded on the back, short-pointed.— Fresh water, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug.— Stems 2°-3° long. Leaves 2/—3/ long, equalling the spikes. * * Leaves of two forms ; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the floating ones long- petioled and somewhat coriaceous. 5. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem simple; leaves many-nerved; the floating ones varying from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or obtuse or cordate at the base; the others large, oblong, gradually or abruptly short- petioled, undulate ; stipules connate and keeled on the back; peduncles stout, thickened upward ; spikes long, cylindrical, dense-flowered ; achenium smooth, 1 - 3-keeled on the back. — Fresh-water ponds and streams, Florida, and north- ward. June—-Aug.— Leaves 2'—9! long. P. natans, L. probably occurs within our limits, but I have not seen specimens.: It may be known by longer-petioled (4/-12/) leaves, more slender peduncles, and rounded stipules and achenia. 6. P. heterophyllus, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; floating leaves small, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform petioles ; immersed leaves long, sessile, linear or lanceolate; stipules connate, 2-ribbed; peduncles thickened up- ward ; spikes narrowly cylindrical ; achenium smooth, slightly keeled on the back. — Shallow ponds, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Floating leaves 1/- 2' jong. Immersed leaves 4!- 6! long. 7. P. hybridus, Michx. Small; stems very slender, branched ; floating leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shinjng and strongly ALISMACEE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) = == 447 impressed-nerved, longer than the filiform petioles ; immersed leaves filiform, scattered ; spikes oval or oblong, short-peduncled ; achenium nearly circular, concave on the sides, rugose or tuberculate, and 1 -—3-ridged on the back; embryo coiled. (P. setaceus, Pursh. P. heterophyllus, £ll.?) — Shallow ponds, Florida, and northward. June- Aug. — Floating leaves 6-8" long, com- monly 5-nerved. Orper 139. ALISMACEA. (Warter-Piantain F amity.) Marsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks, nerved and reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-hke stems, bearing the perfect or monecious flowers in spikes or whorled racemes. — Sepals and petals 3, or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or numerous: anthers 2- celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1 — 2 anatropous or campylotropous erect ovules. Style short or none. Achenium coriaceous, 1—2-seeded. Em- bryo straight or curved, without albumen. Synopsis. SusporpER I. JUNCAGINEZ. Sepals and petals (when present) greenish. Ovule anatropous. Embryo straight. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes. SuBoRDER IJ. ALISMEZ. Petals white, deciduous. Ovule cam- pylotropous. Embryo curved or hooked. 2. ALISMA. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorled. Racemes compound. 38. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Achenia clustered in a head. 4. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monecious. Achenia clustered in a head. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Flowers perfect, in a spiked raceme. Sepals 3. Petals 3, and greenish, like the sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, nearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3-6, united around a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, l-ovuled. Stigmas plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-ranked. Flowers small, bractless. 1. T. triandrum, Michx. Leaves erect, linear-subulate, semi-terete, di- lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape; flowers very numer- ous, on short pedicels; sepals oval, deciduous ; petals none; anthers and ovaries 3; fruit globose-triangular, pointless, when dry 3-winged by the compressed 3-ribbed achenia; embryo oblong. — Salt marshes along the coast, West Florida to North Carolina. Aug.-—Sept.— Scape and leaves 3° - 1° high. 2. ALISMA, L. Warer-Prantain. Flowers perfect in a whorled panicle. Sepals 3. Petals 3, involute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 6-12. Ovaries numerous in a simple whorl. Style 448 ALISMACEH. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) short. Achenium I-seeded, 2-3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. Leaves mostly oval or cordate, nerved, shorter than the scape. Flowers white. 1. A. Plantago, L. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, rounded or cordate at the base,.3 - 9-nerved ; panicle large, lax, the whorled branches and elongated filiform pedicels bracted at the base; achenia obtuse, 15-20 in a whorl. (A. trivialis, and A. parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and margins of ponds in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 2! - 4! long. Panicle 1°-2° long. 3. ECHINODORUS, Richard. Flowers perfect, mostly in whorled racemes. Sepals 8. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or numerous. Ovaries few or many, im- bricated, forming ribbed achenia in fruit, usually beaked with the persistent style. — Herbs, with petioled nerved leaves. Heads mostly bur-like. 1. EK. parvulus, Engelm. Small; leaves lanceolate or spatulate, mostly acute, finely nerved and somewhat pinnately-veined, commonly shorter than the single or clustered 1 —-6-flowered scapes; flowers mostly clustered or umbelled, on long bracted pedicels which are recurved in fruit, stamens 9; achenia few, shorter than the ovate sepals, obovate, flattened at the sides, and surrounded with 5 prominent ribs, beakless. — Margins of shallow ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Scapes 1’-4! high. Achenia black and shining. 2. KE. rostratus, Engelm. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or rounded or cordate at the base, 5-nerved, about as long as the petiole ; scape rigid, erect, longer than the leaves; whorls few; pedicels erect or spreading ; sepals ovate, many-nerved, shorter than the oval bur-like head ; sta- mens 12; style longer than the ovary; achenia numerous, strongly 3-ribbed on the back, with fainter lateral and intermediate ribs, beaked with the long persist- ent style. — South Florida, and westward. — Scape simple, 3/- 8! high, or oc- casionally 2° high and paniculately branched. Leaves 1’-2!' long. Flowers 5!” wide. 8. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, obtuse, 7 - 9-ribbed ; scape elongated, prostrate, rooting and proliferous; whorls several, remote; pedicels slender, spreading, or recurved ; stamens about 20; style shorter than the ovary; heads globose, longer than the many-nerved sepals; achenia very numerous, short-beaked, ribbed and slightly denticulate on the back. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July — Sept. — Scape 2°-4° long Leaves 3/-8! long. Flowers 8/'— 12! wide. 4. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-crass. Flowers moneecious, in a whorled raceme, the upper ones sterile. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or many. Ovaries crowded in a globular head. Achenia flat, membranaceous, winged. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with scape-like stems, and variously-shaped nerved and ALISMACEA. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 449 reticulated sheathing leaves, which are often without a blade. Flowers white, commonly 3 in a whorl from the axils of persistent bracts. * Filaments long and slender. 1. S. falcata, Pursh. Tall; leaves erect, rigid, broadly lanceolate, acute at each end, pinnately nerved, on long and stout petioles ; scape longer than the leaves, often branching above; pedicels of the sterile flowers slender, longer than those of the fertile ones; bracts and sepals ovate, obtuse, granular-roughenced ; stamens numerous, with hairy filaments ; achenia obliquely obovate, wing-keeled, strongly beaked. (S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Lakes and rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June—Sept.— Scape 2°-5° high. Leaves 1°- 2° long. Flowers 1‘-13! wide. 2. 8. variabilis, Engelm. Leaves mostly sagittate, acute or obtuse, vary- ing from linear to broadly ovate, smooth, or rarely, like the scape, bracts, and sepals, pubescent; bracts acute; flowers mostly large; pedicels of the sterile flowers twice as long as those of the fertile ones; achenia obovate, beaked; fila- ments smooth. (S. sagittifolia, hastata, pubescens, &c. of authors.) — Marshes, ditches, &c., Florida, and northward. July-Sept. — Scape 1°-3° high, an- gled. Leaves 2'- 12! long. * * Filaments short, thickened at the base. 3. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak ; leaves linear or lanceolate, and acute at each end, or elliptical, and obtuse or sagittate at the base; bracts obtuse; sterile flowers on long and slender pedicels ; the fertile ones nearly sessile ; achenia narrowly obovate, long-beaked.— Margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. — Leaves 2'-4' long. Scape few-flowered, the lowest whorl only bearing fertile flowers. 4. S. simplex, Pursh. Scape slender, commonly prostrate in fruit, simple or branched; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nerved, erect, the earliest mostly destitute of a blade; bracts membranaceous; flowers small, all on long filiform pedicels; stamens 10-12, hairy at the base; achenia obovate, wing-keeled, beakless. (S. graminea, Michx.) — Shallow ponds in the pine bar- rens, Florida, and northward. May - Oct. — Scape 10/- 15! high, usually longer than the leaves 5. S. natans, Michx. Small; leaves floating, ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse at each end or the lowest slightly cordate, 5-7-nerved, about as long as the few-flowered scape; bracts membranaceous, acute; pedicels of the fertile flowers stouter than those of the sterile ones, recurved in fruit; stamens 7 or 8; achenia obovate, 3-ribbed on the back, short-beaked. — Shallow ponds and streams, Florida to South Carolina. June - Sept. — Scapes 3'-6! long. Leaves 1/-2/ long. Var. lorata. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, without a blade, nerveless ; scapes floating or erect; flowers sometimes dioecious; achenia conspicuously beaked, pimpled. — Brackish water, along the west coast of Florida. May -—-Sept. — When growing in deep water the floating scapes are 2°-3° long; when on muddy banks, only 3’—5! high, and the short leaves bear much resemblance to those of Crantzia lineata. In this state it is probably S. pusilla, Pursh. 38 * 450 HYDROCHARIDACEX. (FROG’S-BIT FAMILY.) Orver 140. HYDROCHARIDACEA,. (FrRoe’s-BirT FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with monecious or dicecious flowers, from a membrana- ceous spathe. Sepals and petals 3, or the latter wanting, distinct in the sterile flower, united into a tube in the fertile, and coherent with the 1—-9- celled ovary. Stamens 3-12. Ovules numerous, ascending, orthotropous. Stigmas 3-9. Fruit indehiscent, many-seeded. Embryo straight, without albumen. Synopsis. * Ovary I-celled. Stigmas 3. 1. ANACHARIS. Flowers polygamo-diccious. Spathe sessile. Stamens 9. Leaves short, opposite or whorled. 2. VALLISNERIA. Flowers dicecious. Spathe peduncled. Stamens 38. Leaves long, linear. * * Cells of the ovary and stigmas 6-9. 8. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monecious. Stamens 6-9, monadelphous. Leaves cordate, petioled. 1 ANACHARIS, Rich. Flowers diceciously polygamous, enclosed in the bud in a 2-cleft axillary sessile spathe. Sterile flowers minute. Sepals and petals 3. Anthers 9. Fer- tile flowers pistillate or perfect. Sepals and petals united into a very long and slender 6-parted tube. Stamens 3-6, perfect or sterile. Ovary 1-celled, with three parietal placentz, few-ovuled. Style capillary, adnate to the tube. Stig- mas 3, each 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous. — Perennial herbs, with elongated filiform branching immersed stems, and small and very numer- ous opposite or whorled leaves. Fertilization effected by the sterile flowers breaking away from the stem, and expanding at the surface among the floating stigmas. 1. A. Canadensis, Planch. Stem much branched; leaves 3-4 in a whorl, sessile, varying from linear to elliptical, 1-nerved, pellucid and minutely serrulate. (Udora Canadensis, Nutt.) —In slow-flowing streams and ponds, Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 3!'- 6" long. 2. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Taps-crass. Flowers dicecious. Sterile flowers numerous, minute, crowded on a spadix, which is enclosed in an ovate 3-leaved short-stalked spathe. Calyx 3-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Fertile flowers solitary, enclosed in a tubular spathe, and borne on a very long and mostly spiral scape. Sepals and small petals 3, united and coherent with the cylindrical 1-celled many-ovuled ovary. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, fixed to three parietal placentz.— Aquatic herbs, with creeping stems, and elongated strap-shaped leaves. Fertilization effected mostly as in Anacharis. | ee Oe Le ST BURMANNIACEE. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) 451 1. V. spiralis, L. — Slow-flowing streams and ponds, Florida, and north- ward. July-Sept. \ — Plant creeping, proliferous. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, 5 —9-nerved, sharply serrulate, 1°-3° long, 6-12! wide. Scape of the sterile flowers 1'- 4! long, of the fertile ones 2°-5° long. Fruit 1/—3! long, often curved. 3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. Flowers moneecious, from a membranaceous mostly sessile spathe, peduncled. Sterile spathe entire, 2 -3-flowered; the fertile 3-leaved, 1-flowered. Sepals and petals 3, united in the fertile flower, and coherent with the ovary. Stamens 6-12, monadelphous : anthers linear. Ovary 6 — 9-celled, with as many central placentz, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. —A fioating aquatic herb, with copious pendent roots, long-petioled round- cordate and many-nerved leaves, and small white flowers. 1. L. Spongia, Richard. Stems extensively proliferous ; leaves purplish beneath, and with air-cells near the base ; sterile peduncles tender, soon vanish- ing ; the fertile ones commonly short and thick, recurved in fruit ; petals oblong, alternating in the fertile flower with a pair of minute sterile filaments. (Hydro- charis spongiosa, Bosc.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. y. — Leaves 2! - 4! wide. Orper 141. BURMANNIACEZ. (Burmannia Famity.) Small herbs, with filiform stems, scale-like leaves, and regular perfect flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a tubular unequally 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, with the tube coherent with the 1 or 3-celled many- ovuled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth: anther-cells separate, 2-lobed, opening crosswise. Style slender: stigmas 8, dilated. Placentz 3, central or parietal. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, with a loose or reticulated testa. 1. BURMANNIA, L. Tube of the perianth mostly 3-angled or 3-winged, 6-cleft, withering-persist- ent; the three interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, inserted opposite the interior lobes of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with three thick 2-lobed cen- tral placente. Stigmas globose, dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule splitting at the apex into 3 valves. — Radical leaves crowded and grass-like, or none; those of the stem minute, scale-like. Flowers racemose or clustered. 1. B. biflora, L. Stem simple, or forked above, 1-several-flowered ; leaves subulate, scattered ; perianth blue, broadly 3-winged, the exterior lobes erect, ovate, acute, the interior linear and incurved; seeds oblong, striate. (Tripte- rella coerulea, Michx.) — Grassy or mossy margins of swamps and ponds, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept.-Nov.— Stem 1/-5/ high. In this and the following species the seeds escape through irregular fissures at the sides of the capsule. 452 ORCHIDACEE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 2. B. capitata. Stems setaceous, simple; leaves subulate, scattered; flowers several in a terminal cluster, white, tinged with blue ; perianth 3-angled, wingless, the interior lobes linear, erect ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate. (Tripterella capitata, Michx.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept.- Nov.— Stems 2/-6/ high. 2. APTERIA, Nutt. Perianth terete, tubular-bell-shaped, 6-cleft, with the 3 interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, opposite the interior lobes of the perianth, the filaments flat and orbicular at the apex: anthers. closely adhering to the globose stigmas. Ovary 1-celled, with three 2-winged parietal placentz. Capsule obovate, split- ting from the base into three valves, which remain attached to the apex of the persistent placentz. Seeds ovoid.— A small perennial herb, with subulate bract-like leaves, and scattered nodding flowers. 1. A. setacea, Nutt. Deep shady woods, along the margins of swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem erect or ascending, purple, filiform, simple or branched, 2!-8! high. Leaves scattered. Flowers few, distant, on nodding pedicels. Perianth white, 5’ long. Orprer 142. ORCHIDACEZ. (Orcuis Famity.) Perennial herbs, with simple stems, from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, nerved leaves, and irregular often showy flowers. — Perianth 6-parted, united below with the 1-celled ovary; the three outer divisions (calyx) and commonly two of the inner ones (petals) similar in form; but the third, posterior, or, by the twisting of the ovary, anterior one (Ladbellum or Lip) differs from the others in form, and often bears a spur or prominence at the base beneath. Stamens 3, united with the style into a column, one or (in Cypripedium) two only bearing a 2-celled anther. Pollen- grains cohering in 2, 4, or 8 waxy or powdery masses (Pollinia). Cap- sule with three parietal placente, splitting at the sides into three valves. Seeds very numerous, minute, covered with a loose membranaceous testa. Albumen none. — Plants mostly smooth and more or less succulent. Leaves almost always alternate, sheathing and entire. Stems leafy or scape-like. Flowers bracted, solitary, spiked, or racemed, and remark- able for their various and singular forms. | Synopsis. I. Anther solitary, fixed to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous. Tre ltl MALAXIDE A. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses, without stalks or connect- ing tissue. — Roots tuberous. * Stems leafy. 1. MICROSTYLIS. Lip cordate or sagittate. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. 2. LIPARIS. Lip entire. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453 * * Stems sheathed. 3. CORALLORHIZA. Spur of the lip short and adnate to the ovary. Root branching, toothed. \ 4. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless. Root of two solid connected tubers, bearing a single leaf. TrBell. EKPIDENDREZ. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses connected by elastic tissue. 5. EPIDENDRUM. Pollen-masses 4. Claw of the spurless lip adnate to the column. 6. TIPULARIA. Pollen-masses 4. Lip free, spurred. Stem sheathed. 7. BLETIA. Pollen-masses 8. Lip free, hooded, spurless. Treelll ARETHUSE SS. — Pollen in loose powdery masses. Lip crested. 8. CALOPOGON. Pollen-masses 2, bipartible. Column incurved, winged at the apex. 9. POGONIA. Pollen-masses 2. Column wingless, club-shaped. 10. ARETHUSA. Pollen-masses 4. Column petal-like. Root a solid tuber. II. Anther solitary, adnate to the column, erect, persistent. Tree IV. OPHRYDEZE. — Anther adnate to the apex of the column, the cells sep- arate. Pollen cohering in numberless waxy grains, which are collected by elastic tissue into a large mass, and attached to a gland of the stigma by an elastic stalk. Lip spurred. 11. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma covered with a common hood-like fold of the stigma. 12. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma naked. 13. PLATANTHERA. Anther-cells diverging from the base. Glands of the stigma naked. 14. HABENARIA. Anther-cells diverging. Glands naked. Throat of the stigma furnished with variously shaped appendages. Tree V. NEOTTIE. — Anther attached to the back of the column, parallel with the stigma ; the cells approximate. Pollen powdery. * Pollen-masses 2. 15 SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire; clasping the column, obtuse. 16. GOODYERA. Lip sessile, entire, contracted above the middle, slender-pointed. 17. LISTERA. Lip 2-cleft. Stem with a pair of ovate opposite leaves. * * Pollen-masses 4. 18. PONTHIEVA. Claws of the petals and lip adnate to the column. Itt. Anthers two, fixed beneath the lateral lobes of the column. TrisngE VI. CYPRIPEDIEZ. — Column appendaged by the petal-like sterile stamen. 19. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Leaves large, plaited. 1. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Apperr’s-Mouru. Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform. Lip cordate or sagittate, entire or nearly so, sessile. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. Anther lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Stem 1 -2-leaved, sheathed below. Flowers racemed or spiked, minute, greenish. 1. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the 5-angled stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short, with the unexpanded flowers crowded in a globular head, elongated in fruit; pedicels slender, much longer than the flowers ; lip auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the apex. (Malaxis ophi- oglossoides, Muhl.) Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4’-8! high. Leaf 1'-2! long. Flowers 3! wide. 454 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 2. M. Floridana, n.sp. Leaves 2, near the base of the 3-angled stem, unequal, ovate, or elliptical, mostly acute, sheathing; raceme slender, acute, elongated in fruit, many-flowered ; pedicels longer than the flowers; sepals ob- long, spreading, with the margins revolute ; petals filiform, reflexed, twisted ; lip round-auriculate-cordate, abruptly narrowed and entire at the apex, depressed at the sinus; capsule oblong or obovate. — Wet shady woods, Apalachicola, Flor- ida. July and Aug.— Stem 6’-12! high. Leaves 1/-4! long. Flowers 1" wide. 2. LIPARIS, Richard. Twaystanpe. Sepals spreading. Petals linear or filiform, spreading or reflexed. Lip entire, flat, often with two tubercles above the base. Column long, semi-terete, incurved, margined at the apex. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Leaves 2, sheathing the base of the scape-like stem. Flowers racemed, greenish or purplish. 1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, sheathed at the base; scape 3-angled, 10 - 20-flowered, longer than the leaves; sepals linear, whitish ; petals filiform, reflexed, yellowish; lip large, wedge-obovate, concave, abruptly pointed, brownish-purple. (Malaxis liliifolia, Swartz.) — Low shady woods and banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 5/-10' high. Leaves 2!-4/ long. Lip 3’ long. 38. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Corat-roor. Sepals and petals alike, oblong or lanceolate, connivent. Lip clasping the base of the straight 2-edged column, spreading and concave above, 2-ridged near the base, spurless, or with the spur adnate to the ovary. Anther lid-like. Pol- len-masses 4, incumbent. — Low dull-colored leafless herbs, with coral-like roots, sheathed stems, and racemose flowers. 1. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Root pinnately branched and toothed; stem tumid at the base, slender above ; sheaths 3, elongated ; racemes 10 — 15-flowered ; sepals and the rather shorter spotted petals erect, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip entire, longer than the sepals, distinctly clawed, the spreading limb oval, concave, 3-nerved, with two tooth-like ridges in the throat, white spotted with purple; the margins crenulate below the middle and involute above; margins of the col- umn thickened and incurved at the base; capsule oval, nodding. — Shady woods, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem 8/-16' high. Lip 4" long. 2. C. micrantha, n.sp. Root toothed; stem low, rigid; sheaths 2, abruptly pointed ; raceme 6-12-flowered ; flowers very small (1'-13" long), erect ; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, erect; lip short-clawed, entire, oval; concave, denticulate on the margins, without teeth or ridges, shorter than the sepals, white spotted with purple; capsule obovate, nodding. — Shady woods, Florida and Georgia. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3/ - 6! high. 3. C. innata, R. Brown. Root branching; stem slender; sheaths 3; the upper one elongated and often leaf-like at the apex; raceme 5- 12-flowered ; lip ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 455 somewhat hastate, 3-lobed above the base, with two distinct ridges on the face, white spotted with crimson; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, brownish ; cap- sule oval or elliptical. — Damp shady woods, Georgia, and northward. Sept. and Oct.— A vernal species in the Northern States. 4. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Purry-roor. Sepals and petals alike, linear-oblong, erect. Lip spurless, short-clawed, 3-lobed and 3-ridged at the throat. Column straightish, cylindrical. Anther lid-like, slightly lateral. Pollen-masses 4.— Root tuberous, proliferous, very glutinous within, first bearing a single large plaited and petioled leaf, which is persistent through the winter, and afterward a 3-sheathed scape, with a raceme of yellowish flowers at the summit. 1. A. hiemale, Nutt. (Corallorhiza hiemalis, iJ. Limodorum trifidum, Michz.) — Rich woods, chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and May.— Leaf oval, many-nerved, 4/-6!' long. Scape 12/-15/ high, 10 -15-flow- ered. Sepals and petals yellowish, tipped with brownish purple. Lip whitish, spotted, the middle lobe rounded and crenulate on the margins. Capsule re- flexed. 5. EHEPIDENDRUM, L. Treez-Orcuis. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, widely spreading. Lip with the claw wholly or partly adnate to the elongated margined or winged column, en- tire or parted, mostly rigid or tubercled on the face. Spur none, or adnate to the ovary. Column prolonged at the apex into a toothed or fimbriate cup. Anther lid-like, somewhat 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, lenticular, stalked. — Stemless herbs, from a tuberous or creeping rhizoma, clinging to the bark of trees by thick and matted roots. Leaves sheathing, rigid, perennial. Scape sheathed or bracted, bearing a raceme of greenish and purplish flowers. 1. E. conopseum, Ait. Scape few-many-flowered ; leaves 1-3, coria- ceous, lanceolate, acute, spreading ; bracts subulate, the lowest somewhat leafy ; sepals spatulate, obtuse, with revolute margins ; petals linear-spatulate, obtuse ; lip 2-tubercled at the base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded and crenulate, the middle one notched at the apex, the claw wholly adnate to the slightly margined column.— On various trees, but chiefly on Magnolias, Florida to South Caro- lina. Aug.— Scape 2/-8' high. Leaves 1/-3/ long. Flowers 4-5! long, green tinged with purple. 2. E. venosum, Lindl. Scape tumid at the base, 5-—7-flowered ; leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, abruptly pointed ; bracts short, ovate; sepals and petals spatulate-lanceolate, acute; lip 3-parted, 2-crested in the middle; the lateral lobes oblong, acute; the middle one wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, the claw partly adnate to the 2-winged column. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Scape 1° high, invested with numerous short whitish sheaths. Leaves 4!/—5/! long. Flowers 8" long. 456 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 6. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Lip long-spurred, 3-lobed, the lateral - lobes short and triangular, the middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, ascending. Column slender, wingless. Anther lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, stalked, waxy. — Root tuberous, proliferous, first producing a single ovate leaf, on a sheathed petiole, afterward a slender sheathed scape, ending in a long raceme of numer- ous greenish flowers. 1. T. discolor, Nutt.— Shady banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Scape about 1° high. Leaf 1!- 2! long, acute, somewhat plaited and many- nerved, purple beneath. Flowers small, nodding, bractless. Spur about 1! long. 7. BLETIA, Ruiz and Pavon. Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, spreading. Lip spurless, jointed, 3-lobed, crested on the face. Column free, elongated, semi-terete. Anther lid-like, fleshy. Pollen-masses 8, by pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape from tuberous rootstocks, sheathed or scaly, many- flowered. Leaves sheathing the base of the scape, narrow, plaited, sometimes wanting. Flowers spicate or racemose, mostly showy. 1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless; scape stout, terete, tapering into the many-flowered spike ; sheaths several, short, the upper ones passing into the ovate acuminate bracts; flowers spreading, brownish, striped with purple; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, oblique; lip concave, emarginate, with a 6-ridged crest along the middle, the lateral lobes erect. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Root consisting of horizontal, jointed tubers. Scape 1°-14° high. Perianth #! long. 2. B. verecunda, Swartz. Scape leafy at the base, many-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, plaited, strongly nerved ; petals and sepals greenish, the former con- nivent; lip saccate, wavy and furrowed, emarginate.— Open pine barrens, Middle and East Florida. July.— Scape 1°-13° high. Leaves 6! — 9! long. 8. CALOPOGON, R. Brown. Sepals unequal, the two lateral ones broader and oblique. Lip (by the untwisted ovary) brought to the upper or inner side of the flower, dilated at the apex, bearded on the face, and narrowed into a hinge-like claw. Column long, incurved, winged at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, sessile. Pollen- masses 2, powdery.— Scape erect from a solid tuber, sheathed at the base, bearing below the middle a single narrow sheathing leaf, and terminated with a loose spike of showy flowers. 1. C. pulchellus, R.Br. Scape 2-8-flowered; leaf linear-lanceolate, erect, keeled, many-nerved ; flowers large, mostly approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the lanceolate obtuse petals; lip broadly obcordate, acutely 2-eared at the base; filaments of the crest decurrent on the claw, the lower ones purple and united; ovary Ps ORCHIDACEE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 457 straight, 2-5 times as long as the lanceolate-subulate bracts. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. June.— Scape 13°-2° high. Leaves 6/-12! long. Flowers 1’-13! wide. 2. C. pallidus, n.sp. Scape 10 -20-flowered ; leaf linear, erect, keeled, few-nerved ; flowers scattered, white tinged with purple; lateral sepals obliquely oblong, shorter than the linear-lanceolate acute petals; lip wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, obtusely 2-eared at the base; filaments of the crest mostly united and purple at the base; ovary straight, scarcely longer than the subulate bract.— Wet pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast, to North Carolina. May.— Scape 1°- 13° high. Leaves 6/-9/ long. Flowers 9!//-—12” wide. 3. C. parviflorus, Lindl. Scape 3 -6-flowered; leaf linear, concave, appressed to the scape; flowers approximate, bright purple; lateral sepals oblong, curved, acute, longer than the oblong-lanceolate, obtuse petals; lip wedge-obovate, emarginate, winged at the base; filaments of the crest all yellow and distinct; ovary curved, four times as long as the ovate-acuminate bract. (C. pulchellus, var. graminifolius, £//.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scape 6/- 12! high. Leaves 3'-5’ long. Flow- ers 8/’— 10! wide. 4. C. multiflorus, Lindl. Scape 7-14-flowered; leaves mostly two, linear, rigid, concave, erect; flowers approximate, deep purple; lip wedge- shaped, pointed, winged at the base, bearded in the middle with uniform, filiform hairs; sepals and petals ovate, acute. — South Florida. — Plant 1° high. Leaves 3!-5' long. Flowers of the size of the preceding. 9. POGONTIA, Juss. Sepals and petals alike, or the former narrower and elongated. Lip mostly crested and 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless. Anther lid-like, stalked. Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems erect from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, sheathed at the base, few-leaved, 1- or few-flowered. Leaves alternate or whorled. Flowers nodding, showy. * Sepals and petals nearly alike, erect. 1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root fibrous; leaves 2, sessile, lanceo- late, the upper one terminal and smaller; flower mostly solitary, terminal, sessile, pale rose-color ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval or oblong petals ; lip spatulate, flat, yellow-crested, fimbriate on the. margins, longer than the petals, and twice as long as the thick column. — Swamps, Florida, and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 6/-12' high. Flowers $! long. 2. P. pendula, Lindl. Root tuberous; leaves several, short, alternate, ovate, clasping; flowers 3-7, axillary, long-peduncled, drooping, whitish ; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughened but not crested, rather shorter than the petals, longer than the column. (Tri- phora pendula, Nutt.) — Rich shady woods, Middle Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4/- 8! high. Leaves 6!’- 9’ long. 39 458 ORCHIDACEH. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) * * Sepals (brown) linear, spreading, much Bae than the erect petals: en crested, 3-lobed. 3, P. Tee R. Br. Leaves 2, sessile, lanceolate, one near the middle of the stem, the other smaller and bract-like at the base of the solitary terminal flower; sepals purplish-brown, broadly linear, and, like the flesh- colored lanceolate petals, recurved at the apex; lip half-cylindrical, wavy and crenulate on the margins, 3-lobed at the apex, greenish veined with purple; crest beardless. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem 1°- high. Leaves 2/—5!/ long. Sepals 1/- 13! long. 4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves 5, obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, whorled at the base of the solitary reddish-brown flower; sepals linear, spread- ing, 8 times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, and yellowish 3-lobed wavy lip. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. May.— Stem 1° high. Leaves enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2/ long. 10. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and connivent over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated and bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, expanded and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells approxi- mate. Pollen-masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid globular tuber, sheathed, bearing a single large terminal flower. 1. A. bulbosa, L.— Bogs on the mountains of Carolina, Michaux, and northward. May.— Scape 6/-9/ high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost enclosing a linear late-developed leaf. Flower 1/- 2! long, 2-bracted, bright purple and fragrant. ll. ORCHIS, L. Orcuis. Sepals and petals nearly equal, arching and connivent over the column, or the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depending, spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, enclosed in a common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, leafy at the base. Flowers showy, spiked. 1. O. spectabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oblong, about as long as the 3 — 5-flowered 5-angled scape; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the flowers ; sepals and petals connivent, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, entire, crenulate, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, and northward. May. — Root of thick clustered fibres. Scape 4!/— high. Flowers 6//—8" long. 12. GYMNADENIA, R. Brown. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over the short column. Lip ORCHIDACEH. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 459 adnate to the base of the column, spurred at the base. Anther erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses waxy, fixed by a stalk to the naked glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked. * Ovary twisted ; the lip therefore anterior. 1. G. flava, Lindl. Stem slender (1° high); lowest leaf (4'-6! long) lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the uppermost passing into the subulate bracts of the short (1/-2/ long) oblong densely many-flowered spike ; flowers orange-yellow; lip ovate, slightly crenate; spur filiform, depending, shorter than the ovary. (Orchis flava, Nutt., not of Linn.) — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 2, G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9/-12! high) scape-like above; lowest leaf (4’-6/ long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (1!— 2’ long) loosely 4-— 12-flowered ; flowers yellowish-green ; lip truncate, 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving upward, longer than the ovary. (Orchis clavellata, Michx.) — Low shady woods in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July. * *® Ovary straight : lip posterior. 8. G. nivea, Gray & Engelm. Stem slender (1°-13° high); leaves nu- | merous, one or two of the lower ones linear (4’—8! long), the others small and’ bract-like ; spike (2’ — 4’ long) cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white ; lateral sepals ovate, slightly eared at the base ; petals and entire lip linear-oblong ; spur filiform, ascending, as long as the white roughish ovary. (Orchis nivea, Nutt.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. q 13. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals mostly spreading or reflexed. Lip entire or variously lobed or divided, spurred at the base. Column short. Anther-cells diverging. Stigma without appendages, with the glands naked. — Root composed of thick fleshy fibres. Stems mostly leafy. Flowers spiked or racemed, commonly showy. * Lip entire, neither toothed nor fringed. 1. P. orbiculata, Lindl. Leaves two, at the base of the scape-like bracted stem, large, orbicular, fleshy, spreading on the ground, silvery beneath ; flowers greenish-white, in a narrow and loose raceme, longer than the bracts ; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, spreading, the upper orbicular; petals narrower; lip linear-spatulate, entire, recurved ; spur very long, club-shaped, curved. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Scape 1°-14° high. Leaves 5! -8/ in diameter. * & Lip 3-toothed or 3-lobed: flowers spiked : stem leafy. 2. P. flava, Gray. Leaves 3-4; the two lower-ones lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate (4/- 8! long), the others small and bract-like; flowers small, brownish green, in a loose and slender many-flowered spike; sepals and petals oval ; lip oblong, hastate -3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle one 460 ORCHIDACEE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) crenulate at the apex and bearing a tooth-like appendage at the throat; spur club-shaped, mostly shorter than the short ovary. (Orchis flava, Z. QO. fuces- cens, and O. bidentata, El/.) — Low shady banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. —Stem 1° high. Flowers 2’/ in diameter. 3. P. bracteata, Torr. Lower leaves obovate, the others smaller, lanceo- late; flowers small, greenish ; sepals and narrow petals erect ; lip oblong-linear; slightly 3-toothed at the tip, longer than the obtuse sac-like spur. (Orchis viridis, Pursh.) —High mountains of Carolina, Pursh.— Stem low. Bracts large, conspicuous. * * * Lip undivided, fringed: flowers spiked : stems leafy. 4. P. ciliaris, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4/-12! long) lanceolate or oblong, the upper small and bract-like: spikes oval or oblong, rather loosely flowered; flowers large, bright yellow; lateral sepals round- obovate, reflexed ; petals lanceolate, incised or slightly fringed at the apex; lip clawed, roundish in outline, long-fringed ; spur filiform, commonly longer than the long tapering ovary. (Orchis ciliaris, 2.) — Var. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS (Or- chis blephariglottis, Willd.) has white flowers, and shorter fringe of the lip. — Swamps and bogs, chiefly in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug.— Stem 15°-2° high. Spike 13/-2/ in diameter. Ovary 9-15" long. Flow- ers 6//— 8 wide. 5. P. cristata, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4/—8! long) lanceolate, the uppermost bract-like ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow- ered ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral sepals rounded, spreading, concave; petals oblong, incised at the apex ; lip sessile, ovate in outline, pinnatifid-fringed ; spur filiform, half as long as the tapering ovary. (Orchis cristata, Mich.) — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. —Stem 1°-2° high. Spike 1’ in diameter. Ovary 5//- 6" long. Flowers 2!/— 3! wide. * * * *® Lip 3-parted, fringed or denticulate: flowers in spiked racemes: stem a + Flowers yellowish-white. 6. P. lacera, Gray. Stem slender; lower leaves oblong, the uppermost small, passing into the lanceolate bracts ; raceme oblong, loosely flowered ; pet- als oblong-linear, entire; lip pendent, the wedge-shaped lobes deeply dixided into few spreading capillary filaments; spur as long as the ovary. (Orchis/la- cera, Michx.) — Swamps and low ground in the upper districts, and northward. July. — Stem 1°-2° high. Lower leaves 3/- 6’ long. Raceme 3/ -5! long. + + Flowers purple: lip clawed. 7. P. psycodes, Gray. Stem stout; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, the upper small, passing into the linear-subulate bracts; flowers pale purple, crowded in a dense oblong raceme ; lateral sepals roundish, obtuse; petals obo- — vate, minutely denticulate at the apex; lip nearly twice as long as the sepals, spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes bordered with a short fringe. (Orchis psy- codes, Z.) — Swamps and shaded banks, North Carolina, and northward. July: — Stem 2° high.. Lower leaves 3/- 6! long. Flowers very numerous. Lip - 3! long. ORCHIDACEEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 461 8. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Stem stout; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, a few of the upper ones small and lanceolate like the bracts; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flowers large, pale purple; lateral sepals ovate, acutish ; pet- als oblong, denticulate on the margins; lip twice as long as the sepals, spread- ing, the broad wedge-shaped lobes long-fringed ; spur longer than the ovary. — Wet meadows, North Carolina, and northward. June.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 4’- 6! long. Flowers not numerous on the raceme. Lip 6//—9/' long. 9. P. peramcena, Gray. Stem stout; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, the upper lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flow- ers large, violet-purple; lateral sepals broad-ovate; petals round-obovate, mi- nutely denticulate ; lip spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes finely toothed, entire, or the middle one2-lobed ; spur longer than the ovary. (Orchis fissa, Pursh.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July.—Stem 2°-4° high. Lip 9" long. 14. HABENARIA; Willd. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones reflexed. Petals entire or 2-3-parted. Lip pendent, entire, or 2—3-parted, spurred. Anther-cells erect, separate, diverg- ing. Stigma bearing two various-shaped appendages. Glands naked. Pollen- masses 2, waxy, stalked. — Herbs with tuberous roots, leafy stems, and spiked flowers. 1. H. repens, Nutt. Root a creeping tuber; stem erect or ascending, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-ribbed ; spike slender, many-flow- ered; bracts lanceolate, the lower ones longer than the flowers; lateral sepals oblong, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted, the lower lobe capillary, longer than the linear upper one; lip 3-parted, barely longer than the sepals, the lateral lobes capillary, the middle one filiform; spur as long as the ovary; appendages of the stigma tubercular.— Swamps and ditches in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° long. Leaves 6/-12/ long. Spikes$°-1° long. Flowers small, greenish. 2. H. Michauxii, Nutt. Root a globular watery tuber ; stem erect ; leaves oval or oblong, mostly acute, many-nerved, the upper smaller, and similar to the ovate-lanceolate clasping bracts; spike slender, loosely few-flowered ; lateral sepals oblong-ovate, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; petals unequally 2-parted, the lower lobe capillary and twice as long as the lanceolate upper one; lip twice as long as the sepals, 3-parted, the capillary lateral lobes longer than the linear middle one; spur twice as long as the ovary; appendages of the stigma tuber- cular.— Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida, to South Carolina. August.— Stem 6/-18' high. Leaves 2’-3/ long. Spike 3’-5'long. Flowers white, twice as long as those of the preceding. 15. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Twistep Orcuts. Sepals and petals nearly equal ; the lateral sepals diverging, dilated at the base, the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip clawed, concave, furnished with two callosities near the base, clasping the short column below. Stigma ovate, 39 * 462 ORCHIDACEH. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) beaked. Anther attached to the back of the column. Pollen-masses 2, obovate, 2-cleft, fixed to a common gland of the stigma, powdery. — Root composed of few clustered tubers or fleshy fibres. Stem leafy at the base, sheathed above. Flowers small, white, in a regular 1-sided or spirally twisted spike. * Flowers on all sides of the untwisted spike. 1. S. eernua, Richard. Stem smooth below, the upper portion and thick crowded spike pubescent; lowest leaves long, linear-lanceolate, the others bract- like and sheathing ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the capsule ; flowers recurved ; lip longer than the sepals, contracted above the middle, wavy at the recurved abiase apex, 2- toothed at the base. — Grassy swamps and mead- ows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. October.— Stem 6/—12! high. Leaves 4/—8/ long. Flowers yellowish-white, 3/' - 4!’ long. * *& Spikes twisted, bringing the flowers into a single straight or spiral row. 2. S. brevifolia, n. sp. Stem pubescent above; leaves all bract-like and sheathing, or the lowest expanding into a short (1/-2') lanceolate or linear early withering blade ; flowers all on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, hori- zontal, pubescent; bracts ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the ovary; sepals and petals equal; lip oblong or elliptical, very entire, wavy on the margins, re- curved at the acute or obtuse apex, and with two tooth-like prominences at the base. — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. Oct. and Nov. — Root of 3 fleshy fibres. Stem 1° high. Flowers 10-20, 3//— 4! long, white. 3. S. odorata, Nutt. Stem stout, leafy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others diminishing upward and passing into the large lanceolate acu- minate bracts; spike thick, pubescent, densely flowered, spiral; bracts much longer than the ovary, the lower ones as long as the recurved flowers; sepals and petals equal; lip entire, recurved, oblong, dilated and crenulate at the apex, and with two tooth-like hooked prominences at the base. — Muddy banks of rivers, near Marianna, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. October. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Lowest leaves 9/-15/ long, 1/-2/ wide. Flowers yellow- ish-white, 3! long, fragrant. 4. §. tortilis, Willd. Stem tall and slender, pubescent above; lowest leaves linear, the upper small and bract-like ; spike slender, pubescent, spiral ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the ovary; lip oblong, entire, recurved and crenulate at the apex, scarcely longer than the petals, with two gland-like prominences at the throat. — Low or marshy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May.— Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 6/-10/ long. Flowers 3!' long, white. 5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Stem very slender, smooth eran scape-like ; lowest leaves (early withering) lanceolate or elliptical, spreading; spike very slender; flowers minute, on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, smooth; bracts ovate-lanceolate, clasping, shorter than the capsule; lip finely crenulate on the margins, recurved and acute at the apex, with two raised ear-like promi- nences at the base; anthers 4-cleft.— Damp soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem sheathed, 6’-12’ high. Lowest leaves 1!-2/ long. Flowers 1” long. ORCHIDACEH. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 463 16. GOODYERA, R. Brown. RatTTLEsNaKE PLANTAIN. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the two lateral sepals including the base of the sessile lip, the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip concave or sac-like, contracted above the middle into a recurved and channelled point. Anther at- tached to the dorsal apex of the short and free column. Pollen-masses 2, entire, powdery. — Stems leafy or scape-like, from a slender creeping rootstock, bearing a spike of small white flowers. * Stem scape-like, bracted: lip spurless: column manifest: anther round, beakless, . radical leaves clustered. 1. G. pubescens, R. Brown. Scape pubescent; radical leaves thick, ovate, discolored and reticulated above, contracted into a spreading petiole; spike lan- ceolate, densely many-flowered, pubescent; bracts lanceolate ; sepals and petals roundish; lip sac-like, ending in a short, ovate point; stigma rounded. — Deep shady woods, Florida, and northward. August.— Scape 1° high. Leaves 2! long. Spike 2/-4! long. 2. G. repens, R. Brown. Low; scape slender, pubescent; radical leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, reticulated ; spike slender, loosely few-flowered, 1-sided or somewhat spiral; bracts linear-lanceolate; lip sac-like, ending in an oblong point; stigma 2-toothed.— Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Scape 5!— 8/ high. Leaves 1! long. * * Stem leafy: lip spurred: column inconspicuous : anther ovate, beaked. 3. G. quercicola, Lindl. Stem ascending; leaves thin, ovate or oblong- ovate, acute, on slender petioles, which are dilated, membranaceous, and sheath- ing at the base; spike short, oblong, densely flowered ; bracts scarious, oblong- ovate, mostly shorter than the flowers; sepals and petals oblong, obtuse; lip concave, ending in a broadly-ovate acuminate and recurved point; spur pouch- like, shorter than the ovary ; stigma 2-lobed. — Low shady woods, Florida, and westward. August.— Plant tender, 6’-12! high. Leaves and spike 1’ long. 17. LISTERA, R. Brown. Sepals and petals alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip longer than the sepals, 2-cleft. Column short. Stigma with a rounded beak. Anther ovate, attached to the dorsal summit of the column. Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems low, from clustered fibres, bearing two opposite sessile leaves, and a loose raceme of small greenish flowers. 1. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, closely sessile; raceme smoothish, few — several-flowered ; bracts minute; lip linear, 3-4 times as long as the sepals, deeply 2-cleft, the divisions filiform ; column very short. — Wet shady woods, Florida, and northward. July.— Stem 4/-8! high. Leaves 3'-1! long. 2. L. convallarioides, Hook. Leaves broadly cordate or roundish; raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts half as long as the pedicels ; lip oblong- obovate, 2-lobed at the apex, and 2-toothed at the base, twice as long as the se- 464 ORCHIDACEE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) pals; column manifest.— Damp mossy woods, on the mountains of North Carolina. July.— Stem 4/-8/ high. Leaves }/- 1! long. 18. PONTHIEVA, R. Brown. Sepals and petals nearly alike, the two outer sepals spreading, the upper one connivent with the petals. Petals, like the lip, adnate to the middle of the col- umn. Lip posterior, clawed, ovate, concave, spreading. Column 2-lobed, beaked. Anther dorsal, linear, stalked, 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, linear, pow- dery. — Low herbs, with clustered roots, chiefly broad radical leaves, and green- ish flowers on a pubescent scape. 1. P. glandulosa, R. Brown. Leaves many-nerved, oblong, spreading, narrowed into a short petiole ; scape slender, many-flowered ; bracts lanceolate ; lateral sepals flat. (Cranichis multiflora, Nutt. Ophbrys pubera, Michx.) — Low shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Scape 19-149 high. 19. CYPRIPEDIUM, lL. Lapy’s Suirper. Sepals 3, the two lower ones mostly united into one under the lip, spreading. Petals narrower. Lip large, inflated, and sac-like. Column short, 3-lobed, the two lateral lobes each bearing a 2-celled anther on the under side, the middle one (sterile stamen) petal-like. Pollen granular. Stigma thick, triangular. — Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited, sheathing. Flowers large, mostly solitary, leafy- bracted, nodding. * Stem leafy : sepals and petals longer than the yellow lip, the latter linear and twisted. 1. C. pubescens, Willd. Pubescent; stem sheathed at the base; leaves 4—6, ovate-oblong, acute or. acuminate; flowers 1-3; sepals greenish, striped with deeper lines, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower sometimes 2-cleft at the apex ; petals linear, spirally twisted ; lip large (1/-14’ long), laterally flattened, spotted within; stigma triangular, obtuse.— Rich woods in the upper districts, and northward. May and June.— Stem 1°-15° high. Leaves 4/-6/ long. Flow- ers inodorous. 2. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Very near the preceding, but every way smaller; lip half as large, depressed above; stigma triangular, acute ; flowers fragrant. — Rich woods in the upper districts. May and June. * * Stem leafy: sepals and petals white, flat, obtuse, not longer than the lip. 3. C. spectabile, Swartz. Pubescent; leaves 6-7, oval, acute; sepals oval or oblong, rather longer than the lanceolate petals ; lip (13/ long) much inflated, white tinged with purple, about as long as the sepals. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May and June.— Stem 2° high, commonly 2-flowered. Leaves 4/-6!' long. Flowers very showy. * *& * Scape naked, 1-flowered, 2-leaved at the base. 4. C. acaule, Ait. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse; sepals greenish, oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the linear petals, much shorter than the large (2! long) obovate purple and veiny lip. — Dry woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. May and June. — Scape 8/-12/ high. Leaves $° long. CANNACEE. (CANNA FAMILY.) 465 Orper 1483. CANNACEAS, (Canna Famity.) Perennial herbs, destitute of aroma, with alternate sheathing leaves, the very numerous nerves parallel, and diverging from the strong midrib, and superior irregular monandrous flowers. Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted; the three exterior divisions alike; the three interior ones very unequal, and often variously imperfect. Stamen and stigma mostly petal-like. Anther 1-celled. Ovary 1 —3-celled, with 1—many anatropous or cam- pylotropous ovules. Embryo straight or hooked, in hard albumen. — Rhi- zoma often tuberous, and abounding in starch. 1. THALIA, L. Calyx minute. Corolla tubular; the three exterior divisions similar and equal ; the interior unequal ; the anterior one broad and hooded, the interior lateral one elongated and clawed, the exterior lateral one furnished with two bristles on one side, and partly adnate to the slender stamen on the other. Style thick, spiral : stigma perforated, 2-lipped, the lower lip long and pendent. Capsule utricular, I-celled, 1-seeded. Seed ovoid, erect, campylotropous. Embryo hooked, in hard albumen. — Stemless herbs from fibrous roots. Scape elongated. Petioles terete, dilated and sheathing at the base. Flowers in bracted panicled spikes, commonly two together, and included in a 2-valved spathe. i. T. dealbata, Roscoe. Plant dusted over with a minute white powder, otherwise smooth; leaves distichous, long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acute ; scape terete, reed-like ; panicle erect, dense, smooth, the branches not longer than the lanceolate deciduous bracts at their base; spikes erect; valves of the spathe unequal, ovate, coriaceous ; flowers small, purple. — Ponds and marshes, South Carolina, and westward. June-—Sept.— Scape 39-5° high. Leaves 6/-9/ long, on petioles 1° - 2° long. 2. T. divaricata, n.sp. Plant not powdery; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, rounded at the base, long-petioled ; panicle large, divaricate, the branches much longer than the linear deciduous bracts, hairy at the joints; spikes 6 - 10-flow- ered, zigzag, pendulous ; valves of the spathe unequal, oblong, membranaceous, hairy; flowers small, purple, seed ovoid, enclosed in a loose membranaceous pericarp. — Ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. and Oct.— Scape 5°-10° high. Leaves 1°-2° long. Panicle 2°-4° wide, purplish. 2. CANNA, L.. Inpian-Suor. Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ; the three exterior divisions equal; the interior bilabiate, with the upper lip 2 —3-parted, or sometimes wanting, the lower entire. Filaments petal-like. Anther marginal. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style petal-like. Stigma marginal. Capsule covered with a dense bristly coat, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placentz central. Seeds globose, anatropous. Embryo straight in horny albumen. — Stems leafy. Leaves narrowed into a sheathing petiole. Flowers spiked, showy. 466 AMARYLLIDACEZ. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 1. C. flaccida, Roscoe. Stem stout, very leafy below; leaves ovate-lance- olate, acuminate, narrowed into a long and sheathing petiole ; spike few-flowered ; sepals green, lanceolate, acute, half as long as the tube of the corolla; corolla funnel-shaped ; the exterior divisions similar to the sepals, reflexed ; the three in- terior ones yellow, very thin, oblong-obovate; two of them collateral and adnate below; stamens petal-like, obovate, thickened below, very thin and expanding above, one of them bearing the linear anther on its margin, the other two larger and united into one; style adnate to the tube of the corolla; stigma thick, spat- ulate, embracing the anther in the bud; capsule oval, 3-angled, few-seeded, mem- branaceous at maturity, and bursting irregularly at the sides; seeds black, borne on a spongy cord. — Miry swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. June- Aug. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaves 9/-15' long. Corolla 3/ -4' long. Orper 144. AMARYLLIDACEA. (Amary iis Famity.) Chiefly stemless smooth and succulent herbs, with linear leaves, and smooth (not scurfy or woolly) often showy flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a 6-parted corolla-like perianth, imbricated in the bud, the tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6: anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous, attached to the central placente. Style single. Fruit 1-3- celled, valvular or indehiscent. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen, the radicle resting on the umbilicus. Synopsis. * Root bulbous. 1. AMARYLLIS. Tube of the perianth short, crownless. Stigmas 3. 2. PANCRATIUM. Tube of the perianth elongated. Stamens connected with a cup-shaped crown. Stigma entire. 8. CRINUM. Tube of the perianth elongated, crownless. Stigma entire. x * Root tuberous. 4. AGAVE. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers spiked. Leaves thick and fleshy. 5. HYPOXYS. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers umbelled. Leaves grass-like. 1 AMARYLLIS, L. Perianth corolla-like, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 6-parted, spreading above, naked at the throat, the tube short or wauting. Stamens free: anthers versatile. Style elongated, declining: stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds black, compressed or angled. — Scape erect from a coated bulb, ending in a 1 —2-leaved one- or many-flowered spathe. 1. A. Atamasco, L. (AramascoLity.) Scape terete, somewhat lateral, 1-flowered; leaves linear, concave, fleshy; spathe 1 leaved, 2-cleft; perianth short-stalked, bell-shaped, white tinged with purple; style longer than the sta- mens; seeds angled. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. March and | April. — Scape 6/-12' high, commonly shorter than the glossy leaves. Flower 2’-—3! long. . AMARYLLIDACEH. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 467 2. PANCRATIUM, L. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted; the narrow divisions spreading; the tube slender and elongated. Stamens united below with a cup-shaped or funnel- shaped variously toothed crown, exserted : anthers versatile, linear. Style elon- gated, declining: stigma entire. Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled. Seeds often bulb-like. — Scape from a coated bulb, compressed or 2-edged, bearing the large and fragrant leafy-bracted flowers in a cluster at the apex. Leaves strap-shaped. § 1. Pancratium. Tube of the perianth dilated and funnel-shaped at the apex: crown almost wholly adnate to the tube, the border divided into six 2-cleft teeth, alter- nating with the stamens: capsule many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. 1. P. maritimum, L. Leaves glaucous, erect, longer than the slightly compressed many-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth linear-lanceolate, shorter than the slender (3'-4/) tube, greenish without; stamens short. (P. Carolinianum, /.)— Salt marshes, South Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. _ —Scape 1°-1$° high. § 2. Hymenocatuis. Tube of the perianth straight, not dilated at the apex: crown Sree, funnel-shaped or saucer-shaped, the border irregularly toothed: capsule 1-3- seeded, bursting at the sides. 2. P. rotatum, Ker. Bulb bearing runners; leaves flat above, concave toward the base; scape 2-edged, 2-6-flowered, glaucous ; divisions of the peri- anth white, linear, spreading or recurved, longer than the green tube; crown saucer-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, with the border irregularly toothed. (P. Mexicanum of authors.) — Low banks and swamps, Florida to North Caro- lina. April and May. — Scape and leaves 1° - 2° high. 8. P. coronarium, Leconte. Bulb without runners; leaves linear-strap- shaped, flat above, half-cylindrical near the base; scape solitary, green, 2-edged, 4-flowered ; divisions of the perianth linear, spreading, white; crown large, fun- nel-shaped, with six truncate lobes at the stamens, and several fine teeth at the ‘sinuses. — Rocky islets in the Savannah River at Augusta, and in the Congaree at Columbia, Leconte. — Scape and leaves 2° long. 4. P. occidentale, Leconte. Bulb without runners; leaves linear-strap- shaped, obtuse, concave, and, like the 2-edged 6-flowered scape, glaucous ; divis- ions of the perianth white, linear, spreading and recurved at the apex; crown funnel-shaped, with six toothed lobes alternating with the filaments; capsule many-seeded. — Upland meadows, in the western districts of Georgia, Leconte. — Stem and leaves 2° long. § 3. Ismene. Tube of the perianth curved, dilated at the throut : crown nearly free, somewhat 12-toothed: capsule few-seeded. 5. P. nutans, Gwal. Leaves long, strap-shaped, sheathing; scape 3-4- flowered, solitary, 2-edged; flowers nodding; divisions of the perianth lanceolate- linear, white, longer than the green tube ; stamens incurved, scarcely longer than the crown. — South Carolina, Herbert. — Leaves 2° long. 468 AMARYLLIDACEE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 3. CRINUM, L. Tube of the perianth crownless at the apex. Otherwise like Pancratium ver in character and habit. 1. C. Americanum, L. Leaves strap-shaped, concave, obtuse, remotely denticulate, spreading ; scape compressed, with rounded edges, 2 —-4-flowered ; bracts lanceolate recurved ; ovaries sessile, with a linear bractlet at the base of each ; flowers large, fragrant; leaves of the perianth white, lanceolate, shorter than the green tube; filaments and style purple above; stigma truncate, entire ; ovules 3 in each cell, erect ; capsule globose, membranaceous, indehiscent ; 1 - 6- seeded, pointed with the long persistent tube of the perianth ; seed large, corm- like ; embryo oblong, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen; radicle inferior. — River-swamps, Florida, and westward. May-Sept. Scapel1°-2°high. Peri- anth 6/- 8/ long. 4. AGAVE, L. Perianth corolla-like, funnel-shaped, 6-parted, persistent. Stamens exserted : anthers linear, versatile. Style filiform, exserted: stigma 3-angled or 3-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds flat, black and shining, attached to the central placente.— Scape bracted. Leaves fleshy, spiny or cartilaginous on the margins. Flowers in simple or panicled spikes, bracted. 1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves lanceolate, thick and rigid, spine-pointed, denticulate on the margins; scape simple, smooth; flowers small, yellowish, scattered in a simple spike ; perianth strongly nerved; filaments and style spotted. —Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July.— Scape 3°-5° high. Leaves -—12' long. Capsule globose, 3-lobed. 5. HYPOXYS, L. Srar-crass. Perianth 6-parted, persistent, the spreading divisions colored within. Stamens short, unequal: anthers erect. Ovary 3-celled, with the numerous amphitropous ovules attached to the central placentz in two rows. Style short and thick : stigmas 8. Capsule top-shaped, many-seeded, opening transversely near the summit, the upper portion, with the withered perianth, falling off like a lid. Seeds globular, with a beak-like projection near the base. MRadicle inferior — Low pubescent herbs, from a tuberous root, with grass-like leaves, and a naked scape, bearing the few yellow flowers in a terminal bracted umbel. 1. H. erecta, L. Hairy; leaves linear, channelled ; scapes 1 —4, filiform, 2-—4-flowered ; bracts subulate, much shorter than the slender unequal pedicels ; divisions of the perianth oblong, greenish and hairy without, yellow within; cap. sule 8-celled. — Varies, with the more rigid leaves nearly smooth, the 2-3-flow- ered scape flattened, and the bristle-like bracts longer than the nearly sessile almost woolly perianth.— Low ground, Florida, and northward. March and April.— Scapes 2/-9’ long. Leaves at length much longer than the SCApE. Flowers 8! wide. HEZMODORACEE. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 469 2, H. juncea, Smith. Sparingly hairy ; leaves filiform ; scapes 1 - 3, fili- form, 1—2-flowered ; bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous pedicels ; divis- ions of the perianth oblong, the three exterior ones greenish and hairy without ; -partitions of the capsule vanishing at maturity ; seeds black, minutely pitted. (H. filifolia, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Geor- gia, and westward. March and April.— Scape 4/-9/ long, at length procum- bent. Flowers 9"! - 12/! wide. Orper 145. HA MODORACEX. (Bioopwort Famity.) Perennial fibrous-rooted herbs, with leafy or scape-like stems, mostly equitant and sword-shaped leaves, and regular woolly or scurfy flowers. — Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, more or less cohering with the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6: anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled. Ovules mostly few, anatropous or amphitropous, attached to the central placente. Styles 3, united, deciduous, or persistent and separating: stigma entire. Capsule enclosed in the persistent perianth, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Embryo small, in hard albumen. Synopsis. 1. LACHNANTHES. Perianth woolly: stamens 3: style deciduous: flowers cymose: stem leafy. 2. LOPHIOLA. Perianth woolly: stamens 6: style persistent: flowers corymbose: stem leafy. 8. ALETRIS. Perianth scurfy : stamens 6: style persistent: flowers spiked: stem scape-like. 1. LACHNANTHES, EI. Perianth woolly without, 6-lobed ; with the exterior lobes smaller ; the tube ad- nate to the ovary. Stamens 3, slender, exserted, opposite the interior lobes of the perianth: anthers linear. Style filiform, declined, deciduous: stigma entire. Capsule globose, 3-angled. Seeds amphitropous, few, thin, orbicular, concave, fixed by the middle to the thick globose placentz.— A leafy-stemmed plant, with orange-colored juice. 1. L. tinctoria, Ell. Root red, fibrous; stem mostly simple, villous above; leaves linear-sword-shaped, smooth, the lower ones crowded and equitant, the others smaller and remote; flowers 2-ranked, crowded in lateral and terminal compound woolly cymes, yellow within; exterior lobes of the perianth linear ; valves of the capsule separating from the placente ; seeds black.— Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July-Sept.— Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves 1°=13° long. Flowers 3/ long. Bracts linear. 2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Perianth woolly without, and at the throat within, nearly equally 6-lobed, spreading ; the tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Stamens 6, slender: 40 ; 470 BROMELIACE. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) anthers oblong. Style subulate, erect, persistent and separable: stigma entire. Capsule ovate, coriaceous, 3-ribbed and 3-furrowed. Seeds anatropous, few, linear-oblong, curved, fixed at the base. 1. L. aurea, Ker. Stem erect, finely pubescent above, mostly simple; lowest leaves linear-sword-shaped, acute, equitant, the others diminishing up- ward, remote ; flowers small, yellow within, in close or open corymbose woolly racemes. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.)— Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 4/ -12! long. Flowers 3" long, nodding in the bud. 3. ALETRIS, L. Srar-crass. Perianth tubular, scurfy and viscid without, smooth within, 6-cleft, the tube adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 6, very short, included: anthers Sagittate. Style subulate, erect, persistent, and separable: stigmas 3. Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Seeds ovate, ribbed, fixed at the base. — Perennial herbs, with slender scape-like linear-bracted stems, bearing at the base a cluster of flat spreading leaves, and at the summit numerous small white or yellow flowers in a spiked raceme. 1. A. farinosa, L. Leaves lanceolate, very acute, sessile; spike short (3/-12'), rigid; flowers approximate or crowded; perianth white or yellow, nearly sessile, cylindrical, with narrow and spreading lobes; style slender, sub- ulate, 3-cleft ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, longer than the perianth. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May and June.—Scape 2°-38° high. Leaves 3!—6! long. Perianth 4” long. 2. A. aurea, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, very acute, narrowed at the base ; raceme elongated (1°-2°), slender; flowers scattered ; perianth white or yellow, short-stalked, globose-ovate, with broad and connivent lobes ; style short, ° somewhat conical, obscurely 3-cleft; capsule ovate, as long as the perianth. — Low sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June.— Scape 2°-3° high. Leaves 2/-4' long. Perianth 2! - 3” long. Orper 146. BROMELIACE. (Pine-Aprre Famity.) Chiefly scurfy epiphytes, with fibrous roots, rigid leaves, and regular conspicuously bracted mostly spiked flowers. — Perianth free, or more or less adnate to the 3-celled ovary, 6-parted, imbricated, the three outer divisions calyx-like. Stamens 6: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules nu- merous, anatropous, erect or pendulous. Placentz central. Style single: stigmas 3. Fruit berry-like, or 3-celled, 3-valved capsule. Seeds stalked. Embryo small, at the base of copious mealy albumen. 1, TILLANDSIA, L. Lone Moss. Arr-Prant. Sepals rigid. Petals imbricated and tube-like below, spreading above. Sta- mens filiform, hypogynous. Ovary free. Style slender. Capsule linear or BROMELIACEH. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) 471 linear-oblong, cartilaginous, septicidally 3-valved, each valve separating into 2 plates. Seeds erect, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long and hairy stalk. — Radical leaves mostly crowded, imbricated. Petals fugacious. * Stem rigid, erect : flowers spiked, blue. +- Leaves broad at the base, gradually narrowed upward. 1. T. utriculata, Leconte. Leaves scurfy and glaucous, subulate and recurved at the summit, very much dilated, concave and imbricated at the base, shorter than the rigid mostly branching stem; the uppermost small and sheath- ing; flowers scattered ; sepals oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the oblong pu- bescent membranaceous bracts, much shorter than the capsule; petals pale blue, twice as long as the sepals, slightly spreading at the apex; stamens exserted. — South Florida. June and July. — Stem 2°-3° high. The dilated and imbri- cated bases of the leaves form a kind of cup which commonly contains a consid- erable quantity of water. 2. 'T. bracteata, n. sp. Leaves scurfy, concave, gradually narrowed up- ward, subulate and erect at the apex, the uppermost reduced to ovate pointed bracts ; stem branched, longer than the leaves; spikes compressed, 2-edged ; bracts ovate, coriaceous, smooth, closely imbricated in two rows, keeled on the _ back, longer than the linear acute keeled sepals. — South Florida.— Stem 2° high. Leaves 1°-13° long. 3. T. bulbosa, Hook. Small, very scurfy ; leaves broad and clasping at the base, concave, imbricated, nearly equal, spreading above, shorter than the spike ; spike simple, few-flowered ; bracts oblong, scurfy, imbricated in two rows, longer than the sepals, and half as long as the capsule. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 4’ high. Spike 3/-4! long, 6-7-flowered. Leaves 3/-4/ long Corolla purplish blue. + + Leaves linear or filiform, from an abruptly dilated base. 4. T. juncea, Leconte. Stem slender, leafy; leaves scurfy, linear, con- cave, recurved, longer than the stem, the lowest ones imbricated, the upper sheathing ; spikes branched, few-flowered; bracts imbricated, smoothish, acute, longer than the sepals; petals deep blue, three times as long as the sepals, re- curved at the apex.— South Florida.—Stem 1° high. Spikes 2/-4/ long. Leayes 1°-14° long. 5. T. Bartramii, Ell. Stem slender, leafy; leaves smooth, erect, filiform, straight and rigid, as long as the stem, the upper ones short and sheathing ; spike branched, few-flowered ; bracts scurfy, imbricated, longer than the sepals, nearly as long as the capsule, the lower ones awned ; petals blue, spreading at the apex.— Southern districts of Georgia, Elliott, to South Florida.— Stem 1° high. Spikes 3'-4/ long. Leaves bristle-like at the summit. 6. T. ezespitosa, Leconte. Stems low, clustered ; leaves reddish, longer than the stem, scurfy, bristle-awl-shaped, erect, semi-terete, concave at the base, the upper ones scale-like ; spike 3 - 4-flowered ; bracts imbricated ; petals blue, longer than the bracts, recurved at the apex. (T. pinifolia, Leconte?) — East Florida, Leconte. — Plant reddish, 4! - 5! high, growing in large roundish clusters on the trunks of trees. 472 IRIDACER. (IRIS FAMILY.) 7. T. recurvata, Pursh. Leaves scurfy, bristle-awl-shaped, curved, nearly terete, shorter than the stem; stem naked above, 1 - 2-flowered ; corolla longer than the calyx. — East Florida, Leconte. — Stem 6/ high. Leaves ash-color, 2- ranked, narrowly channelled. * * Stems filiform, pendent : Jiowers solitary, green. 8. T. usneoides, L. (Lone Moss.) Scurfy and hoary; stems (19-20 long) branching ; leaves 2-ranked, linear-awl-shaped, recurved ; flowers sessile at the summit of the branches, small ; sepals longer than the bracts, half as long as the linear recurved green petals. — Humid situations in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. J une — Sept. Orver 147. IRIDACEA. (Ins F amity.) Herbs, with linear or sword-shaped equitant nerved leaves, and fuga- cious often showy flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. — Perianth 6-parted, the divisions spreading and equal, or the inner ones smaller, convolute in the bud. Stamens 3, distinct or united: anthers extrorse. Ovary adnate to the tube of the perianth, 3-celled ; the numerous anatropous ovules fixed to the central placentz. Style single: stigmas 3. Capsule loculi- cidally 3-valved. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. 1. IRIS. Stigmas petal-like, covering the stamens : capsule angular. 2. SISYRINCHIUM. Stigmas filiform : capsule globular : stem flat. 8. NEMASTYLIS. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted: stem terete. l. IRIS,¢ L. Brive Frac. FLoWER-pxE-Lucer. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the exterior divisions recurved, and often crested or bearded within, the interior mostly smaller and erect. Stamens 3, opposite the outer divisions of the perianth, concealed by the dilated petal-like 2-lipped spreading stigmas. Style 3-angled. Capsule 3 -6-angled. Seed nu- merous, flattened, packed in 2 rows in the cells. — Perennial herbs, with creep- ing or tuberous rootstocks, simple or branched stems, linéar or sword-shaped leaves, and showy flowers from a scarious spathe. * Stems tall, leafy : divisions of the perianth unequal. 1. I. versicolor, L. Stem nearly terete, simple or branched; leaves sword-shaped ; flowers terminal, single or spiked, crestless ; perianth pale blue, variegated with white, yellow, and purple, the inflated tube shorter than the obtusely 3-angled ovary ; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, with the lips entire, or slightly crenate'; capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled. — Wet places, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 13°-2° high. Lowest leaves 13° - 20 long, 1/- 13! wide. Perianth 2/ long. 2. I. hexagona, Walt. Stem terete, simple; leaves linear-sword-shaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, solitary, crested ; perianth deep blue, variegated: with white, yellow, and purple; the cylindrical angular tube longer than the IRIDACE. (IRIS FAMILY.) — 473 6-angled ovary; stigmas much longer than the anthers, nearly as long as the interior perianth, the large lips cut-toothed ; capsule oblong-cylindrical, 6-angled. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. April. — Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 2°-3° long. Flowers 4’ long. 3. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem simple, furrowed and 1-angled below; leaves linear-sword-shaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, single or by pairs, crestless, dull yellow; tube of the perianth somewhat inflated, as long as the 6-angled ovary; stigmas scarcely longer than the anthers, about half as long as the petals, the lips nearly entire ; capsule tumid, 6-angled. — Swamps in the lower districts of Georgia, Kiliott, and westward. April and May.— Stem 38° high. Leaves 2° long. Flowers 2/ long. 4. I. tripetala, Walt. Stem terete, simple, or with peduncle-like branches; leaves rather short, sword-shaped, glaucous; flowers terminal, solitary, crestless, blue, variegated with yellow and purple; inner divisions of the perianth very short, wedge-shaped, abruptly pointed ; stigmas 2-toothed at the base, and with toothed lips ; ovary 3-angled, longer than the short terete tube of the perianth ; capsule oval, 3-angled. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. —Stem 19°-2° high. Leaves 1° long. Flowers 2/-3! long, some- times by pairs. Limb of the sepals roundish. _5. I. Virginica, L. Stem slender, simple; leaves elongated, grass-like ; flowers 2—6, terminal, on a long and slender peduncle, crestless, blue and white; ovary 3-angled, 2-furrowed on the sides, much longer than the very short tube of the perianth; capsule 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, North Caro- lina, Tennessee, and northward. June.— Stem and lower leaves 2° long. Flowers 13’ long. * *& Stems low, with sheath-like leaves: divisions of the perianth nearly equal. 6. I. verna, L. Stem very short, concealed by the short spathe-like leaves, 1-flowered ; proper leaves linear-sword-shaped, glaucous; perianth pale blue, erestless, the divisions about as long as the filiform partly concealed tube ; capsule 3-angled. — Pine barrens. of the middle districts, mostly in dry soil, Alabama to North Carolina. April — Leaves 5’-8’ long. Limb of the peri- anth 1’ long. ; 7. I. eristata, Ait. Stem 1-3-flowered ; leaves lanceolate (3/-5!' long) ; outer divisions of the perianth crested, much shorter than the filiform tube; capsule acutely 3-angled; otherwise like the preceding.— Mountains of North Carolina. May. 2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Brvs-srzp Grass. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 3, monadelphous : anthers sagittate. Style short: stigmas 3, simple, filiform and involute. Capsule and seeds roundish. — Grass-like herbs, with fibrous roots, and scape-like 2-edged stems Flowers small, in an umbellate cluster, successively developed from a rigid 2-leaved spathe. 40 * 474. DIOSCOREACEE. (YAM FAMILY.) 1. S. Bermudiana, L. Leaves linear, erect; stem simple or sparingly branched, naked or 1-2-leaved, more or less broadly 2-winged; leaves of the spathe equal and shorter than the flowers, or the lower one much longer than the flowers ; perianth blue, yellow in the centre; the divisions notched and bristle-awned at the apex. (S. mucronatum, Michx.)— Grassy meadows, or sometimes in dry soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.— Stem 6/- 18! high. Leaves mostly shorter than the stem. Flowers 4-6 in a spathe, 4! wide, opening in the evening. 3. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt. Perianth 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal and spreading. Stamens 3, dis- tinct, with the subulate filaments much shorter than the elongated linear anthers. Style short, 3-lobed, with the lobes 2-parted, each division produced into filiform radiating stigmas. Capsule oblong, truncated. — Herbs with coated bulbous roots, linear plicate leaves, and very fugacious flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. 1. N. eccelestina, Nutt. Bulb small, roundish; radical leaves few, elon- gated, sheathing; those of the stem diminishing upward, the uppermost bract- like; flowers mostly solitary, terminal ; divisions of the perianth oblong-obovate ; capsule obtusely 3-angled; seeds angular, brown. (Ixia ceelestina, Bartram.) — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 14°-2° high. Flowers bright blue. OrpverR 148. DIOSCOREACE. (Yam Famity.) Twining herbs, with tuberous roots, ribbed and reticulated leaves, and small regular dicecious flowers, in axillary spikes or panicles. — Perianth 6-parted, the tube (in the fertile flower) adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules anatropous, 1-2 in each cell. Styles 3, more or less united below. Fruit mostly capsular, 3-6- seeded. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. 1. DIOSCOREA, Plum. Yam. Tube of the perianth 3-winged. Stamens inserted at the base of the limb. Capsule 6-seeded, membranaceous, 3 winged, opening septicidally through the wings. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Leaves petioled, mostly cordate and entire.. Petioles tumid at the base. 1. D. villosa, L. Stem smooth (10°-15° long); leaves alternate, oppo- site, or whorled, broadly cordate, acuminate, 7 -9-nerved, smooth, or pubescent beneath, mostly longer than the slender petiole ; flowers very small, whitish ; the sterile ones in scattered clusters on the very slender branches of the axillary panicles , the fertile in a simple spike; stigmas notched at the apex; capsule oval or obovate, strongly 3-winged, nodding. (D. quaternata, Walt.) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. July. SMILACEEH. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 475 Orper 149. SMILACEA. (Smizax Famity.) Herbs or climbing shrubs, not essentially distinct from the Lily Family, but with ribbed and veiny reticulated leaves, and separate styles or stig- mas. — Leaves not sheathing, often bearing tendrils. Fruit baccate. SusporpER J. EUSMILACE. (Smizrax Famity.) Flowers di- cecious, in axillary and umbel-like clusters. Anthers 1-celled. Stigmas 1—3, sessile or nearly so. Ovules 1-2 in each cell of the ovary, ortho- tropous, suspended. — Tendril-bearing vines. Flowers small. Leaves alternate. 1. SMILAX. Cells of the ovary l-ovuled. Woody vines. 2. COPROSMANTHUS. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Climbing herbs. SuporDER IJ. TRILLIACEZX. (Tritztium Famiry.) Flowers perfect, terminal. Anthers 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 3. Ovules sev- eral in each cell of the ovary, anatropous, horizontal. — Erect herbs. Leaves whorled. 3. TRILLIUM. Exterior leaves of the perianth calyx-like, persistent. Stem 1-flowered. Leaves 8 in a whorl, terminal. : 4. MEDEOLA. Leaves of the perianth alike, deciduous. Stem few-flowered. Leaves 3-7 in a whorl, lateral and terminal. 1. SMILAX, Tourn. Curva Brier. Flowers dicecious. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, the leaves nearly equal and alike, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth: anthers erect, l-celled. Ovary free from the perianth, 1—3-celled, with a single orthotropous pendulous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 1-3 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, slender, spreading, or recurved. Berry 1-3-celled, 1-3-seeded. Seeds globu- lar or angled. Embryo minute, in horny albumen. — Woody and commonly thorny or prickly vines, climbing by means of a pair of tendrils attached to the petioles. Leaves alternate, ribbed, and reticulate-veined, mostly smooth and shining. Flowers small, greenish, in stalked axillary clusters. * Peduncles longer than the petioles or pedicels. + Peduncles flattened: berry black. 1. S. tamnoides, L. Stem scurfy when young, armed with stout subulate prickles ; branches mostly unarmed, compressed - 4-angled ; leaves deltoid-ovate, or hastate —3-lobed, truncate or slightly cordate, rarely acute at the base, 5-7- ribbed, often discolored ; the margins, ribs, and petiole smooth, or fringed with fine prickles ; peduncles about twice as long as the petioles ; stigmas 1 -3, mostly solitary; berry commonly 1-seeded. (S. Bona-Nox, hastata, hederzefolia, &c. of authors.) — Swamps and thickets, Florida, and northward. May. > 2. S. Pseudo-China, L. Lower part of the stem beset with numerous black needle-shaped prickles; branches unarmed, slightly angled; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often contracted in the middle, rounded or cordate at the base, 476 SMILACEH. (SMILAX FAMILY.) abruptly pointed, more or less bristly-ciliate on the margins, 5-nerved, peduncles three times as‘long as the petioles, many-flowered ; stigmas 3; berry 3-seeded. (S. panduratus, Pursh.) — Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April and May. 3. S. glauca, Walt. Stem armed with few and scattered prickles, very slender; branches terete, unarmed; leaves ovate or oval, entire, obtuse, mu- cronate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, white beneath, 3—-5-ribbed, the margins entire; peduncles very slender, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, few- flowered ; stigmas 3; berry 3-seeded, glaucous. (S. caduca, Willd.) — Shady margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. May. — Leaves 2/-4! long. + + Peduncles terete: berry whitish. 4. §. pumila, Walt. Softly pubescent; stem low (1°-3° high), terete, un- armed; leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, mucronate, persistent, mostly discolored and at length smooth above, pale beneath, 5-ribbed; peduneles about twice as long as the petioles, rigid, dense-flowered ; stigma single; berry ovoid, whitish, l-seeded. (S. pubera, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts. October. — Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2/—4! long. * * Peduncles not longer than the petioles. +— Berries red. 5. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, armed with a few scattered prickles near the base, otherwise unarmed; branches obscurely 4-angled; leaves deciduous, membranaceous, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, mucronate, acute, round- ed or rarely slightly cordate at the base, 5-ribbed ; peduneles flattened, as long as the petioles and pedicels; perianth rather large (3! long), brownish; stigmas 3; berry (acuminate, Walt.) globular, 3-seeded. (S. caduca, £/l.) — Pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem seldom more than 6° long. Leaves 2/-4! long. 6. S. lanceolata, L. Stem tall, mostly unarmed ; branches terete ; leaves evergreen, rather thin, varying from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, ‘acute at each end, 5-ribbed, paler beneath ; peduncle terete, as long as the petiole, many-flowered ; stigmas 3; berry globular, 3-seeded. — Rich woods and margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem sometimes 20°-30° long. Root- stock tuberous. Leaves 3!/—4! long. + + Berries black. 7. S. laurifolia, L. Stem stout, armed with strong prickles; branchlets l-angled, unarmed ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, varying from ovate to lance- olate, obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels; stigma solitary ; berry globular, 1l-seeded. (S. alba, Ph.?)— Swamps and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem climbing high. Leaves: 3'—5! long. Berries maturing in the fall of the succeeding year, very abundant. 8.8. auriculata, Walt. Stem commonly low and straggling, slender, armed with short prickles; branches flexuous, 4-angled; leaves evergreen, rigid, small, strongly 3-ribbed, varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire or hastate — 3-lohed, acute at each end; peduncles shorter than the pedicels, many-flowered ; stigmas SMILACEH. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 477 2-8; berry small, globular 2-3-seeded. (S. ovata, Pursh? Ell.) — Dry sand- ridges along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem trail- ing, or covering small bushes. Leaves 1!- 2! long, strongly reticulated. Flowers small, very fragrant. 9. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem climbing high, armed with scattered prickles ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, ovate or round-ovate, entire, abruptly pointed, mostly rounded or slightly cordate at the base; peduncles few-flowered, rather longer than the pedicels, flattened; berry globular, 3-seeded, blue-black. (S. eaduca, £. S. quadrangularis, Muhl.)—-Swamps in the middle and upper dis- tricts, and northward. June. — Plant yellowish green. Leaves 2'-4! long. 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled.— Stems herbaceous, unarmed. Peduncles and petioles elongated. Berry blue-black. Otherwise like Smilax. 1. C. herbaceus, Kunth. Stem erect (1°-3° high), mostly simple, leafy above; leaves few, oblong or oval, mucronate, pubescent, 5-nerved, the upper ones whorled, the lower bract-like; peduncles few (3/—4' long), below the leaves ; berry 2—3-seeded. (Smilax herbacea, L.)— Dry fertile soil, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Flowers fetid. * 2. C. peduncularis, Kunth. Stems curving or climbing (3° 5° long), branched, leafy; leaves alternate, round-cordate, acuminate, smooth; peduncles numerous, axillary (4/-6! long) ; berry 6-seeded. (Smilax peduncularis, Muii.) — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June. — Flowers fetid. 3. C. tamnifolius, Kunth. Stems erect or climbing; leaves hastate, cordate, obtuse, mucronate, 5-nerved, smooth, the upper ones narrower ; pedun- cles longer than the petioles; berry 2-3-seeded. (Smilax tamnifolia, Michz.) — Pine barrens, South Carolina, and northward. July. 3. TRILLIUM, L. Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, the three exterior leaves calyx-like, per- sistent, the interior withering. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth. Filaments short: anthers adnate, linear, 2-celled. Ovary 6-ribbed, 3-celled, with numerous anatropous horizontal ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas 3, slen- der, stigmatic within, recurved, persistent. Fruit a roundish 6-sided many- seeded purple berry. — Low perennial herbs, with tuberous rootstocks, and simple stems, which are sheathed at the base, and terminated with a whorl of _ three broad leaves and a single sessile or peduncled showy flower. * Flower sessile, erect. 1. T. sessile, L. Rootstock horizontal ; stems slender, commonly two or more in a cluster; leaves sessile, broadly oval, widest in the middle, abruptly short-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3--5-nerved, variegated above with paler _ and deeper green; petals dark purple, lanceolate, erect, much longer than the lanceolate spreading sepals — Rich shady woods, in the upper districts, and 478 , SMILACEH. (SMILAX FAMILY.) northward. March and April. — Stems 6’-12/ high. Leaves 1/-3! long. Pet: als 10/’-15" long. 2. T. discolor, Wray? Rootstock tuberous, vertical ; stem stout, solitary ; leaves sessile, varying from ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, tapering from near the base to the apex, 3-7-nerved, variegated above with green and brown or dark purple; petals erect, oblong, obtuse, narrowed below, dark purple varying into green, rather longer than the lanceolate, spreading sepals ; filaments very short, purple. — Rich woods, in the middle and lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. Feb. and March. — Stem 6/-12! high. Leaves 3/-5! long. Petals 13/- 2! long. * * Flower on an erect or declining peduncle. 3. T. pusillum, Michx. Stem slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, 3-nerved ; peduncle erect, shorter than the spreading flower ; petals lanceolate, pale flesh-color, acutish, one third longer than the lanceolate obtuse sepals ; filaments slender, as long as the anthers ; stigmas united below into a slender style, longer than the filaments. — Pine barrens in the low country of Carolina, Michaux. North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 6!- 8! high. Leaves 14/- 2’! long. Flower 8'/- 10! long. 4. T. erectum, L. Stem solitary; leaves sessile, broadly rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, acute at the base; peduncles longer than the spreading flowers (13'-3/ long), at length declined; petals oval or oblong, obtuse or acutish, dark-purple, rather longer than the lanceolate-ovate acute sepals; fila- ments shorter than the anthers, or the short and distinct stigmas. (T. rhomboi- deum, Michx.) — Varies with smaller white or yellowish flowers. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May.—Stem 1° high. Leaves 3/— 5! long, and of the same width. Flowers 1/-14/ long, fetid. 5. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Stem solitary ; leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly acuminate, nearly sessile; peduncle longer than the erect-spreading flower, erect or slightly declined; petals obovate, white, much longer and broader than the lanceolate acutish sepals; filaments slender, shorter than the anthers, nearly equalling the short recurved stigmas. — Shady woods on the mountains of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. May.— Stem 1°-13° high. Leaves 3/—5/ long. Petals 2! long, changing to rose-color. 6. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Stem solitary; leaves ovate, long- acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; peduncle (1'—2/ long) erect, longer than the widely-spreading flower; petals oblong, acutish, wavy, much longer than the lanceolate sepals, white, striped with purple at the base; stigmas slender, longer than the anthers; berry red. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 3'-5/ long. Flowers 9”-12" long. * * * Flower on a recurved peduncle. 7. T. cernuum, L. Stems 2-3 together; leaves broadly rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, short-petioled; peduncle mostly shorter than the small flower; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, wavy, recurved, rather longer than : a | j | a f ROXBURGHIACEH. (ROXBURGHIA FAMILY.) 479 the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas short, distinct, exceeding the short erect anthers. — Shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1°-13° high. Leaves 2’- 6’ long, and nearly as broad. Petals 8” — 12" long. 8. T. stylosum, Nutt. Stem solitary, slender; leaves oval or oblong, acute, short-petioled ; peduncle shorter than the large flower ; petals rose-color, oblong, obtuse or abruptly pointed, wavy, spreading, much longer and broader than the lanceolate sepals; stigmas slender, united below the middle, much shorter than the long recurved anthers. (T. nervosum, and T. Catesbzi, El.) — Low shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 1°- 13° high. Leaves 4’ long. Petals 1}!- 2! long. 4. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth 6, similar, deciduous. Stamens 6, erect, hypogynous: anthers linear-oblong, fixed near the base, introrse. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with six anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 3, slender, recurved, stigmatic within. Berry globose. 1 M. Virginica, L. Rhizoma horizontal, tuberous ; stem simple, slen- der, clothed with loose deciduous wool, bracted below, bearing above the middle a whorl of 6-8 oblong-lanceolate acute leaves, and at the summit a smaller whorl of 3-4 ovate leaves,*which surround the 2-8 small greenish nodding flowers ; styles red. — Shady banks, Middle Florida, and northward. June. — Stem 2° high. OrperR 150. ROXBURGHIACEZ. (RoxsurcHia FAMILY.) Herbs or twining shrubs, with petioled parallel-nerved reticulated leaves, and perfect axillary racemose flowers. —Perianth 4-leaved or 4-parted. Stamens 4, hypogynous: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary free, or united with the base of the perianth, 1-celled. Stigma sessile. Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Placenta parietal. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds fixed to hairy or fibrillous cords, erect or pendulous. Embryo minute or slender, in fleshy albumen. 1. CROOMIA, Torr. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent, the spreading nerveless oval divisions imbricated in the bud. Filaments separate, thick, erect, inserted on the base of the perianth opposite its lobes: anthers short, oblique, with the connective mi- nute or wanting. Ovary globose-ovate, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 4-6. Fruit follicular, beak-pointed, at length 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, obovate, sus- pended from the apex of the nerve like, at length free placenta, nearly covered by the fibres of the cord. Embryo minute, obovate.—A lcw perennial herb, 480 | LILIACEA. (LILY FAMILY.) from a slender creeping rhizoma. Stem simple, sheathed at the base, leafy at the summit. Leaves 4-6, alternate, oblong-cordate, 5—-9-ribbed. Peduncles few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish, on jointed nodding pedicels, which are thickened upward. 1. C. pauciflora, Torr. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. April. — Stem 6’-12' high. Leaves 2'—4' long, thin, spreading. OrpveR 161. LILIACE. (Liry Famity.) Chiefly herbs, with sessile or sheathing parallel-nerved leaves, and per- fect flowers. — Perianth corolla-like, 6- (rarely 4-) leaved or lobed, free from the 2-3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), hypogynous or perigy- nous: anthers introrse (except in No. 9). Styles united. Stigmas 3, distinct or united. Fruit a capsule or berry, few —- many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo small, in fleshy or hard albumen. - Synopsis. Tree I. ASPARAGEZ. Fruit a berry. Divisions of the perianth more or less united (except No. 4). — Leaves broad. 1. POLYGONATUM. Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular. Stems leafy. 2. SMILACINA. Flowers ina terminal raceme. Perianth spreading. Stems leafy. 8. CONVALLARIA. Flowers racemed. Perianth 6-lobed. Scape naked. 4, CLINTONIA. Flowers umbelled. Perianth 6-leaved. Scape naked. Tre TI. ASPHODELEZ. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth united at the base. —Stems scape-like.. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate. ¥* Root a coated bulb. 5. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a scarious spathe. Seeds smooth and black. 6. NOLINA. Flowers racemed, white. Stigmas 3. Seeds roughened, brown. * * Root a tuberous rhizoma. 7. SCHENOLIRION. Flowers racemed, white. Seeds smooth and black. Leaves equitant. Tre III. TULIPACEKA. Fruita capsule. Divisions of the perianth distinct, de- ciduous. — Stems leafy. * Bulbous-rooted herbs. Seeds pale. 8. ERYTHRONIUM. Seeds ovoid, with a membranaceous appendage at the apex. Stem 2-leaved. 9. LILIUM. Seed flat, winged, not appendaged. Stem many-leaved. * * Palm-like arborescent plants. Seeds black. 10. YUCCA. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Capsule dry or pulpy. Leaves spiny-pointed. 1. POLYGONATUM, Desf. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted on the middle of the tube, in- cluded: anthers sagittate, fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, with 3-6 ovules in each cell. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Berry few-seeded.— Rhizoma creeping. Stem simple, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. Peduncles axillary, 1 -few-flowered. Flowers drooping, on bractless pedicels. LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 481 1. P. biflorum, Ell. Stem terete or furrowed, smooth, curving above; leaves 2-ranked, sessile or slightly clasping, oblong, 3-7-nerved, smooth, or pubescent beneath; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 1 - 4-flowered ; flowers greenish; filaments granular-roughened ; berry dark-blue. (P. pubes- cens, and P. multiflorum, Pursh.) — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 1°- 2° high, naked below. Leaves 3/-4/ long, acute or obtuse. Flowers 4! — 5" long. . f 2. SMILACINA, Desf. Sotomon’s Seat. Perianth 4- or 6-parted, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 6, inserted on the base of the perianth: anthers ovate. Ovary 2-3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Style short and thick: stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1 - 2-seeded. — Stems simple, erect, leafy. Flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme or panicle. § 1. Smiracina. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. 1. S. racemosa, Desf. Pubescent; rhizoma thick; stem flexuous, cury- ing and leafy above; leaves numerous, 2-ranked, oblong, acuminate, nearly sessile, strongly ribbed ; flowers numerous, in a close raceme or panicle; berry red, spotted. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 3! - 5! long. § 2. Marantrnemum. Dvwisions of the perianth and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled.’ 2. S. bifolia, Ker. Smooth; rhizoma slender; stem low, erect, 2-leaved above ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile or clasping, finely nerved ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; berry red, spotted.— High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. —Stem 3'-6' high. Leaves 1/-2! long. 3. CONVALLARIA, L. Lity or tae Vattey. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of . the perianth, included : anthers fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into the thick style. Ovules 4-6 in each cell. Stigma truncate. Berry globose, few-seeded. — A perennial stemless herb, with a creeping rhizoma, and white racemose flowers. 1 C. majalis, L.— High mountains of North Carolina. May. — Smooth. Rhizoma slender. Leaves two, oblong, their long petioles convolute, one within the other. Scape semi-terete, bearing a l-sided raceme of fragrant nodding flowers. Berry red. | 4, CLINTONIA, Raf. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. Filaments filiform; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2 -3-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Style elongated: stigma obtuse. Berry 2 - many-seeded. — Stemless herbs, with creeping rootstocks, large radical sheath- 4] 482 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) ing leaves, and an umbel of white or greenish flowers terminating the naked seape. Berries blue. 1. C. umbellata, Torr. Leaves 2-4, oblong, ciliate on the keel and margins ; scape pubescent ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers small (3’’— 4" long), white spotted with green or purple; ovules 2 in each cell. (Smilacina umbel- lata, Desf) — Shady woods on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Scape 8/-12/ high, rather longer than the leaves. 2 C. borealis, Raf. Leaves obovate-oblong, ciliate on the margins, acute ; scape and 2-7-flowered umbel pubescent ; flowers (6’/— 9" long) greenish yel- low ; ovules numerous. — Cold swamps on the high mountains of North Caro- lina, and northward. June. — Scape and leaves 8’— 10’ high. 5. ALLIUM, L. Ownron. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. ‘Filaments subulate, the interior ones more or less dilated at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Style filiform: stigma entire. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, single or few in each cell, angled, black. — Strong-scented stemless herbs, with bulbous roots, and a naked scape, ending in an umbel of small flowers, from a 2 —3-leaved spathe.— Flow- ers sometimes changed into bulblets. * Ovules solitary in the cells. 1. A. tricoccum, Ait. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat, long-taper- ing toward the base, early withering ; umbel small, dense, many-flowered, erect; - leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, longer than the stamens.— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July.— Bulbs clustered. Scape 1° high. Flowers white. * * Qvules 2 in each cell. 2. A. cernuum, Roth. Leaves linear, channelled; scape angled; umbel many-flowered, nodding ; leaves of the perianth acute; stamens exserted; ovary 6-toothed. — Mountains of South Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape 1°-13° high. Flowers rose-color, on slender pedicels. 38. A. Canadense, Kalm. Leaves narrowly linear, concave ; scape terete 5 umbel erect, bearing a cluster of bulbets, intermingled with a few stalked rose- colored flowers ; spathe 1-2-leaved; leaves of the perianth obtuse, as long as the stamens; ovary 6-toothed. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb white and scarious. 4. A. mutabile, Michx. Leaves very narrow, concave; scape terete; umbel erect, many-flowered ; spathe 3-leaved; leaves of the perianth acute, as long as the stamens, white changing to rose-color.— Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June.— Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb composed of a network of fine fibres. * & * Ovules several in each cell. 5. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves linear, concave; umbel erect, 3—10-flow- ered; spathe 2-leaved; perianth longer than the stamens, white, the exterior LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 483 leaves green on the kecl. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scape 6’-12'/ high. Pedicels 1/-2! long. Flowers 5” long. Leaves streaked on the back. 6. A. Carolinianum, Red. Scape naked ; leaves linear, even beneath ; spathe 2-leaved; umbel fastigiate; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse ; sta- mens subulate, twice as long as the perianth; capsule many-seeded. — In Caro- lina. — Bulbs clustered. Flowers white, rose-color without. ( * ) 6. NOLINA, Michx. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent ; the divisions similar, oblong- lanceolate, 1-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth ; filaments subulate: anthers cordate. Style very short, persistent: stigmas 3, recurved. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled, with two anatropous collateral ascending ovules in each cell. Capsule membranaceous, obovate, wing-angled, 3-valved, mostly l-seeded. Seed oblong-obovate, dull brown and roughish, slightly incurved ; longitudinally grooved on the inner face. Embryo slender, straight, shorter than the fleshy albumen. — Root large, bulbous. Leaves numerous, all radical, very long and narrow, recurved, keeled, rough on the margins. Scape branch- ing above. Flowers small, white, crowded in long bracted racemes. Pedicels jointed, reflexed in fruit. 1. N. Georgiana, Michx. —Dry sand-hills in the middle districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April and May.— Bulb very large, tunicated. Scape 2°-3° high, with a few scales near the base. Leaves 1°-2° loug, dry and harsh. 7. SCHGENOLIRION, Torr. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent ; the divisions 3 -5-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth: filaments subulate: anthers cor- date-sagittate, introrse. Style subulate, persistent: stigma minutely 3-lobed. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with two anatropous ascending ovules in each cell. Capsule coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved, 1-6-seeded. Seeds globose or angular, smooth, black, and shining. Embryo straight, as long as the fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbs. Root a tuberous rhizoma. Scape branching above. Radical leaves smooth, equitant, sheathing, linear, concave, rounded on the back, the others small and bract-like. Flowers small, white, in loose bracted racemes. Pedicels spreading, jointed. 1.8. Michauxii, Torr. Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the bracts; divis- ions of the perianth oblong, the nerves somewhat distant. (Phalangium croceum, Michrx. Ornithogalum croceum, £//.)-— Swamps, chiefly in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May and June.— Rhizoma cylindrical. Scape 2° high, slender. Leaves 1° long. 8. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Doe’s-roorn Viotet. Perianth corolla-like, with six spreading or recurved deciduous separate leaves; the three inner ones grooved and 2-toothed at the base. Stamens 6, 484 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) slender: anthers oblong-linear, erect. Style slender: stigma 3-lobed. Capsule obovate, 3-angled, many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, with a loose membranaceous appendage at the apex. — Low herbs from a scaly bulb. Stems low, scape-like, bearing near the middle a pair of oblong spotted sheathing leaves, and at the apex a single nodding flower. 1. EK. Americanum, Smith. Bulbs deep, the younger ones bearing only a single leaf; leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering into the sheathing base, va- riegated with pale and deep green; flowers (1! long) yellow, spotted near the base; style club-shaped, 3-angled; stigma obscurely 3-lobed.— Rich woods, Middle Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. i 9. LILIUM, L. Lity. Perianth corolla-like, 6-leaved, deciduous, the leaves spreading or recurved above, sessile or clawed, with a nectariferous groove near the base. Stamens 6, elongated ; anthers linear, extrorse in the bud, versatile. Style filiform, elon- gated ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds flat, membrana- ceous, horizontal, crowded in the cells. — Leafy herbs, from scaly bulbs. Leaves scattered or whorled, sessile. Flowers large, erect, or nodding. * Flowers erect : leaves of the perianth spreading, clawed. 1. L. Philadelphicum, L. Leaves lanceolate, the upper ones whorled ; flowers 1-3, reddish-orange spotted with purple; leaves of the perianth lanceo- late, abruptly pointed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 1°-2° high. Flowers 2! long. 2. L. Catesbeei, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate, all scattered and erect; flower solitary, terminal, scarlet, variegated with yellow and purple; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins of the claws involute; the three inner ones broader and ribbed on the back; capsule oblong, nearly terete. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-2/ long, obscurely nerved. Flowers 3'— 4! long. * * Flowers nodding ; leaves of the perianth recurved, sessile. 8. IL. Canadense, L. Stem commonly few-flowered; leaves in remote whorls, lanceolate, 3-nerved, hairy on the nerves beneath ; flowers long-peduncled ; leaves of the perianth recurved, yellow spotted with purple. — Mountain-mead- ows, Georgia, and northward. June and July.— Stem 2°-38° high. Leaves and flowers 2'-3/ long. 4. I. superbum, L. Stem commonly many-flowered ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lower ones whorled, the upper scattered ; leaves of the perianth reyolute, rather obtuse, orange spotted with purple. — Rich soil in the middle and upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem. 3°-6° high. Flowers, when numerous, disposed in a pyramidal raceme. Var. Carolinianum. (L. Carolinianum, Michr.) Leaves often all scat- tered, broader, more tapering at the base, faintly nerved; flowers 1-3; leaves of the perianth acute. — Swamps in the lower districts. July. — Stem 2°-3° high. MELANTHACEE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 485 10. YUCCA, L. Spayisn Bayonet. Perianth cup-shaped, corolla-like, 6-leaved. Sepals and petals nearly alike, late-deciduous. Stamens 6, with thick granular club-shaped filaments: anthers small, oval. Ovary 3-celled, 3-sided, grooved at the angles. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, oblong, concave, 2-cleft, Ovules numerous, in two rows, the rows sep- arated by a false partition. Capsule oblong, 6-celled, pulpy and indehiscent, or dry and loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, smooth and black.— Plants with thick palm-like leafy stems (caudex), numer- ous rigid and spine-pointed leaves, and white showy panicled flowers. * Stem short: capsule dry, 3-valved. 1. Y. filamentosa, L (Brar-Grass.) Stem short and leafy; leaves rather rigid, spreading or recurved, varying from linear to broad-lanceolate, green or glaucous, with thread-like filaments on the margins ; scape elongated, branching and pubescent above; leaves of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white tinged with yellow or purple; capsule with 3 rounded angles, loculicidal at the apex, and at length separating at the inflexed sutures into three 2-cclled carpels. (Y. puberula and Y. glaucescens, Haw.) — Light or sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June.— Stem rarely more than a foot above the ground. Leaves 1°-2° long. Scape 4°- 6° high. * * Stem tall: capsule pulpy, 6-angled,. indehiscent. 2. Y. gloriosa, L. Stem mostly simple, leafy at the summit; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth on the margins; panicle large, smooth, pyrami- dal, short-peduncled ; flowers white, single or clustered ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Leaves 1°-13° ae Panicle 2° - 3° long. 3. Y. aloifolia, L. Stem mostly branching, leafy above; leaves linear- lanceolate, very rigid, strongly spine-pointed, very rough on the margins, the lower ones reflexed ; panicle short, smooth, densely flowered, nearly sessile ; divis- ions of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, white tinged with purple. (Y. Draconis, I. Y. serrulata, Haw.) — Sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 4°- 8° high. Leaves and panicle 1°—15° long. 4 Y. recurvifolia, Salisb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, recurved, with the margins sometimes filamentose; interior leaves of the perianth wider than the exterior. — On the sea-coast of Georgia, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem about 3° high. Flowers white, tinged occasionally with green and purple. (*) Orper 152. MELANTHACE. (Coxicuicum Famiy.) Perennial herbs, with parallel-nerved leaves, and regular flowers. Perianth of 6 nearly equal divisions, free from or coherent with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (in Pleea 9-12), inserted on the base of the perianth: anthers extrorse (except in Tofieldia and Pleea). Styles 41 * 486 MELANTHACEE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 3, distinct or more or less united. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute, in copious albumen. Synopsis. Susorper I. UVULARIE. (Tue Bettwort Famity.) Peri- anth corolla-like, bell-shaped, the divisions distinct and deciduous. Styles partly or wholly united. Fruit a few-seeded capsule or berry. — Stems forking and leafy above, sheathed below. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, sessile or clasping. Flowers perfect, solitary, nodding. 1. UVULARIA. Fruit a 3-lobed loculicidal capsule. Flowers on short lateral branches. 2. PROSARTES. Fruit a 3-6-seeded berry. Flowers terminal, on straight peduncles. 8. STREPTOPUS. Fruit amany-seeded berry. Flowers axillary, on bent peduncles. Suporper Il, MELANTHIEZX. (Tue Cortcuicum Famity.) Perianth spreading; the divisions mostly distinct, often clawed, withering- persistent. Styles separate. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. — Stems leafy at the base, simple or branched. Flowers in racemes or panicles, sometimes polygamous or dicecious. x Anther-cells confluent. + Leaves of the perianth biglandular near the base. 4, MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Filaments partly adhering to the claws of the perianth. 5. ZIGADENUS. Flowers perfect. Filaments free from the perianth. + + Leaves of the perianth glandless. 6. STENANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, coherent with the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens. 7. VERATRUM. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, free from the ovary, longer than the stamens and short styles. Flowers polygamous. ° 8. AMIANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth obovate, free, shorter than the stamens and slender styles. Flowers perfect, racemed. 9. SCHCENOCAULON. Leaves of the perianth oblong, shorter than the stamens, much longer than the very short styles. Flowers perfect, spiked. * * Anther-cells distinct. + Capsule loculicidal. 10. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Capsule 6-seeded. Radical leaves grass-like. 11. CHAMALIRIUM. Flowers dicecious. Capsule many-seeded. Radical leaves obovate. + + Capsule septicidal.e Leaves equitant. Anthers introrse. 12. PLEEA. Stamens 9-12. Anthers versatile. Bracts spathe-like. 18. TOFIELDIA. Stamens 6. Antherserect. Bracts short. 1. UVULARIA, L. Bettwort, Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, grooved at the base within, deciduous. Filaments short: anthers linear, adnate. Style deeply 3- cleft: stigmas spreading. Capsule 3-lobed or 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Seeds few, obovoid, half encircled by the tumid raphe. — Low herbs, MELANTHACEE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 487 from a slender, creeping rhizoma. Leaves sessile or perfoliate. Flowers nod- ding, solitary, lateral or at the apex of a 1-leaved branch, yellow. * Leaves rounded at the base, perfoliate. 1. U. perfoliata, L. Leaves ovate or oblong, glaucous beneath, the sides revolute when young; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, granular-rough- ened within, pale yellow; capsule obovate, truncate. (U. flava, Smith.) — Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April. — Stem 8/- 12! high. Leaves 14/- 23! long. Flowers 1! long. 2, U. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves oblong, pale or closely pubescent beneath, the young ones revolute on the margins ; leaves of the perianth linear- lanceolate, acute, smooth within, greenish yellow; anthers obtuse; capsule obovate. — Woods and thickets, in the upper districts of Georgia, and north- ward. April.— Larger than the preceding. Leaves 2’-5/ long. Flowers 13! long. * * Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile. 8. U. sessilifolia, L. Smooth; leaves lanceolate-oblong, glaucous be- neath; flowers on short naked peduncle-like branches, opposite the leaves ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, obtuse, barely longer than the 3-cleft style ; anthers obtuse ; capsule obovate, stalked. — Rich soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. April. —Stem 6’-12/ high. Leaves 1/-13! long. Flowers 8’ long. 4. U. Floridana, n.sp. Smooth; leaves oblong, slightly clasping, glau- cous beneath; flowers on a slender 1-leaved branch; leaves of the perianth linear-lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the 3-cleft style; anthers pointed. — Low shady woods, Middle Florida, March. — Stem 4!-6! high. Leaves thin, 1’ long. Flowers 8" long, pale yellow. 5. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly pubescent; leaves green on both sides, oval, rounded at the base and somewhat clasping, rough on the margins; style 3-parted nearly to the base, as long as the short-pointed anthers ; capsule ovate, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Flowers yellowish-white. 2. PROSARTES, Don. ~ Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, deciduous. Filaments filiform, much longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. Styles united: stigmas spreading. Berry ovoid, acute, 3-6-seeded.— A low forking herb. Peduncles terminal, not bent nor twisted. 1. P. lanuginosa, Don. (Streptopus lanuginosus, Michx.) — High moun- tains of North Carolina. June.— Leaves 2/-3! long, sessile, ovate-oblong, acu- minate, oblique or slightly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, pubescent. Peduncles 1-2, terminal, slender, pubescent. Leaves of the perianth }/ long, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, greenish. Style smooth Berry red. 3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, with the divisions distinct, deciduous, the inner ones keeled. Anthers sagittate, fixed near the base, entire, or 2-pointed at 488 MELANTHACE®. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) the apex, longer than the filaments. Styles united: stigma 3-cleft or entire. Berry nearly globose, many-seeded. — Erect herbs, with spreading braucues. Leaves clasping. Peduncles opposite the leaves, bent or twisted in the middle. 1. S. roseus, Michx. Stem much branched, with the branches flexuous and sprinkled with hairs ; leaves ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, slightly clasping, ciliate on the margins, 5-7-nerved ; flowers mostly solitary, small, rose-color, nodding; anthers 2-pointed at the apex; stigma 3-cleft. — Shady woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May.— Stem 2° high. Leaves 2/— 4! long, green on both sides. Flowers 3!/ - 4! long. 4. MELANTHIUM, L. Flowers moneciously polygamous. Divisions of the perianth spreading, long-clawed, somewhat cordate or hastate and biglandular at the base; the fila- ments partly adhering to their claws: anthers reniform, becoming peltate, the cells confluent. Styles 3, subulate. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, several-seeded. Seeds flat, winged. — Stems tumid at the base, rough-pubescent above. Leaves long, lin- ear. Flowers panicled, cream-color, turning brownish. 1. M. Virginicum, L. Stem tall, simple, the upper portion, Itke the loose panicle, pubescent and somewhat hoary , lowest leaves long, broadly lin- ear and clasping, the upper small and sessile ; flowers shorter thgn the pedicels, the upper ones perfect ; leaves of the perianth oblong or roundish, often acute, the slender claw adnate to the lower half of the filaments; glands conspicuous. (M. hybridum, Walt., the claws concave and adnate to the filaments below the middle; glands connivent or obscure.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 3°- 4° high. Lowest leaves 1°- 14° long. 5. ZIGADENUS, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth ovate or oblong, spreading, sessile or nearly so, 1 — 2-glandular at the base. Filaments free from the perianth, and of equal length: anthers broadly cordate, becoming peltate. Styles 3, slender, spreading. Capsule membranaceous, 3-angled, septicidal at the apex, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, wingless, or slightly margined.— Stems smooth and simple. Lowest leaves crowded, linear. Flowers white, in crowded panicles. 1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stem rigid, leafy; lowest leaves broadly linear, elongated, glaucous beneath, the upper small and scattered ; panicle small, rigid ; bracts ovate; leaves of the perianth oblong, short-clawed, often with a white callus on one or both sides at the base; glands prominent; stamens and styles subulate ; seeds oblong — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. —Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 19-14° long. Panicle 6/-12! long, commonly dense. Flowers 1! in diameter, as long as the pedicels. 2. Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat naked above; leaves narrowly linear, green on both sides ; panicle slender; bracts lanceolate ; leaves of the perianth oval or obovate, sessile, the glands obscure or wanting ; MELANTHACES. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 489 stamens and styles filiform; seeds narrowly margined, winged at the apex, (Helonias graminea, £ll,) — Mountain swamps, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2°-4° high. Lowest leaves 1°-2° long. Panicle 8/ - 12! long. Flowers 4’ in diameter, much shorter than the slender pedicels. 6. STENANTHIUM, Gray. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, united at the base, and adnate to the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens. Glands none. Anthers roundish, becoming peltate. Styles short, subulate: stigmas minute. Capsule ovate, membranaceous, septicidal at the apex, several- seeded. Seeds nearly wingless.— Stem smooth, slender, tumid at the base. Lowest leaves elongated, channelled. Flowers small, greenish-white, in a simple panicle. 1. S, angustifolium, Gray. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh.) — Shady woods and banks, Florida, and northward. June and July.—Stem 2°-3° high. Lowest leaves 1°-2° long. Panicle 1°-2° long, composed of simple spiked racemes ; the lower flowers often sterile. Perianth about 4!’ in diameter, nearly sessile, twice as long as the stamens. 7. VERATRUM, Tourn. Farse HeLiepore. Flowers polygamous. Leaves of the perianth spreading, distinct, oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base, free from the ovary, glandless, longer than the stamens. Styles short, subulate. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-pointed, the cells opening above at the inner suture. Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. — Stems leafy, tumid at the base, pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, plaited. Flowers in ample panicles, green or purplish-brown. 1, V. viride, L. Stem stout, leafy throughout; leaves broadly oval, acute, strongly plaited, clasping, pubescent beneath ; panicle pyramidal, composed of numerous dense racemes; divisions of the perianth oblong, smooth, yellowish green, longer than the pedicels and twice as long as the stamens. — Mountain meadows, Georgia, and northward. April and May.—Stem 3°-7° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers large.— The plant is possessed of active, but deleterious properties. : 2. V. intermedium, n.sp. Stem slender, leafy; lowest leaves nearly smooth, lanceolate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole, strongly plaited ; the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered, pubescent beneath ; — panicle large, composed of long and slender loosely-flowered racemes ; leaves of the perianth spatulate-oblong, dark brown within, hoary puberulent without, as long as the pedicels, rather longer than the stamens ; ovary woolly ; lobes of the capsule winged ; seeds linear-oblong, broadly winged. — Rich shady hummocks, Middle Florida. July.—Stem 3°-5° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers 6-8! wide. Intermediate between V. Woodii, Robbins, and the next, of which it may prove to be a variety. J 3. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender, naked above; leaves varying from lanceolate to oval, smooth, slightly plaited, narrowed into sheathing peti- 490 MELANTHACEZ. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) oles; panicle slender, long and spreading, loosely flowered ; leaves of the pert- anth greenish, spatulate, smooth, rather shorter than the pedicels, twice as long as the stamens ; ovary smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2°-5° high. Lowest leaves 9/-12' long. Flowers 4/!—5!' wide. 8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Ftry-Porson. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, sessile, spreading, glandless, shorter than the slender stamens. Anthers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Styles slender: stigmas minute. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, few-seeded. Seeds oblong or linear, wingless. — Stems simple, smooth, tumid or bulbous at the base, scape-like above. Lowest leaves long and crowded. Flowers white, in a simple raceme. 1. A. muscsetoxicum, Gray. Stem bulbous at the base, somewhat angled ; lowest leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, channelled, the uppermost small and bract-like; raceme cylindrical, densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oblong, nearly equalling the stamens; styles spreading; seeds ovoid, red. (Helonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem 1°-2° high. Flowers small, turning greenish. 2. A. angustifolium, Gray. Stem tumid at the base, slender, terete; leaves linear, acute, channelled, somewhat glaucous, the lowest very long, the uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme oblong, mostly densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oval, shorter than the stamens; styles erect; seeds linear. (Helonias angustifolia, Michx.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers turning purple. 38. A.? aspericaule, Gray. Stem and flowers pulverulent-roughened ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; flowers in a small (2! long) spike-like panicle, composed of spiked racemes. — Near Columbia, South Carolina, Curtis. — Plant imperfectly known. 9. SCHGENOCAULON, Gray. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, linear-oblong, glandless ; filaments subulate, at length twice as long as the perianth : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Ovary 6-8-ovuled. Styles very short: stig- mas minute. Capsule and seeds unknown. — Scape very slender, bulbous at the base. Leaves all radical, very long and narrow, dry, channelled. Flowers small, pale green, crowded in a slender spike. 1. S. gracilis, Gray. (Helonias? dubia, Michx.) —Dry sands, Georgia and Florida. April and May.— Leaves 1°-2° long, scarcely 1” wide. Scape 2°- 3° high, rush-like. Spike 3/—4! long. \ 10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth widely spreading, sessile, oval, as long as the subulate filaments. Anthers round-ovate, 2-celled. Styles filiform: MELANTHACEE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 491 stigmas decurrent within. Capsule roundish, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, oblong, wingless.— Stem bulbous at the base, simple, leafy. Leaves dry, rigid, rough on the margins, very narrow, dilated at the base; those of the stem very numerous and needle-shaped. Flowers white, in a simple dense raceme. | 1, X. asphodeloides, Gray. (Helonias asphodeloides, Z.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and northward. May and June.— Stem 3°-5° high. Radical leaves spreading, 1° or more long, very slender-pointed. Flowers 2! long. Stamens dilated below. ll. CHAMAILIRIUM, Willd. Flowers dicecious. Leaves of the perianth linear-spatulate, shorter than the filiform filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish. Styles club-shaped: stigmas decurrent. Capsule ovoid, 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at the ends.— Stem simple, from a thick rhizoma, leafy. Lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, the others linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, white, in a simple spiked raceme. 1. C. luteum, Gray. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June.— Stem 1°-2° high, furrowed. Radical leaves clustered, 2'- 4! long, spreading; the uppermost small and bract-like. Racemes 6/-12' long, the sterile ones slender and drooping at the summit; the fertile rigid and erect. Perianth inconspicuous. 12. PLEBA, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth sessile, widely spreading, lanceolate, rigid. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth: filaments slender: anthers linear, introrse, 2-cleft at the base, versatile. Styles short, subulate. stigmas simple. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-lobed, many-seeded; the cells opening down the inner suture. Seeds oblong, bristle-pointed.— Stems smooth and slender, from clustered rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, very narrow, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers few in a simple raceme, white. Bracts spathe-like, clasping. 1. P. tenuifolia, Michx.— Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Florida to North Carolina. Oct.—Stem rush-like, 2° high. Radical leaves erect, rigid, perennial, 6-9’ long. Raceme rigid, 6 -9-flowered, the erect pedicels enclosed in the rigid clasping bracts. Flowers 1’ wide, greenish without. 13. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth spreading, sessile, oblong or obovate. Filaments subulate - anthers innate or introrse, 2-celled. Styles subulate : stig- mas terminal. Capsule 3-angled, septicidally 3-partible, many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Stems simple, scape-like, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves linear, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers small, whitish, in spikes or racemes. Pedicels commonly minutely 3-bracted under the flower. 492 JUNCACE®. (RUSH FAMILY.) § 1. Torrexpra proper. Racemes simple, the flowers successively opening from the base upward (centripetal): anthers introrse: seeds without appendages, — Smooth. herbs. 1. T. glabra, Nutt. Stem leafy at the base, and sparingly above; leaves linear; racemes densely flowered; stamens slightly exserted; styles very short. (T. glaberrima, Macbride.) — Low pine barrens, in the middle and lower dis- tricts of North and South Carolina. Oct.— Stem 1°-2° high. Raceme 2’- 4! long. Flowers white. § 2. TriantHa. Racemes compound; the flowers successively opening from the apex downward (centrifugal): anthers innate: seeds with tail-like appendages at each end. — Pubescent herbs. 2. T. pubens, Ait. Stem and pedicels rough-puberulent; leaves long, linear; racemes (3/-6/ long) loosely flowered ; pedicels mostly three in a clus- ter, longer than the greenish-white flowers ; capsule as long as the perianth. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept.— Stem 19 -1}° high. Leaves 6-12! long. 3. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem and pedicels clammy-pubescent; leaves short, linear-sword-shaped ; racemes (1! long) dense-flowered , pedicels 3-5 in a cluster, shorter than the yellowish flowers ; capsule longer than the perianth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June,—Stem 1°~-13° high. Leaves 4/ - 6! long. OrvER 153. JUNCACEA. (Rvs Famity.) Tough grass-like herbs, with naked or leafy and jointed stems, flat or terete leaves, and regular cymose-clustered or panicled flowers. — Peri- anth of six nearly equal calyx-like persistent divisions. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the base of the sepals: anthers 2-celled, introrse, fixed at the base. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 -3-celled, 3— many-ovuled. Style single: stigmas commonly 3, hairy. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. 1. LUZULA. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy. 2. JUNCUS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placente separating with the partitions. Smooth herbs, with alternate leaves. 8. CEPHALOXYS. Capsule many-seeded; the placentee united into a 3-winged central col- umn. Stem-leaves nearly opposite. 1. LUZULA, DC. Woopn-Rusz. Sepals flat. Stamens 6. Style very short: stigmas filiform, villous. Cap- sule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds erect from the base of the cell. — Peren- nial herbs, with flat mostly hairy leaves, and umbellate or spiked flowers, JUNCACEE. (RUSH FAMILY.) 493 - 1. L. campestris, DC. Stem leafy; leaves linear, hairy; flowers in dense ovoid umbellate spikes; capsule roundish ; seeds with a conical append- age at the base. (Juncus campestris, ZL.) —Dry woods and banks, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems clustered, 1° high. 2. L. pilosa, Willd. Stem leafy; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, hairy ; flowers single, umbellate ; capsule ovate ; seeds with a curved appendage at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May.— Plant 6/-9/ high. 2. JUNCUS, L. Rvsu. Outer sepals keeled. Stamens 3 or 6. Style very short: stigmas villous. Capsule 3-celled, or imperfectly 3-celled ; the partitions adherent to the valves, and bearing the placentze at their inner edges. Seeds numerous, often append- aged, horizontal. — Chiefly perennial. Leaves alternate, often knotted by cross partitions. Flowers mostly green, clustered, cymose, or panicled. § 1. Stems scape-like, jointless, sheathed or leafy at the base: stamens 6 or (in No. 1) sometimes 3. * Panieles lateral: stem sheathed at the base. 1. J. effusus, L. Stem soft and spongy; sheaths dark brown ; panicle diffuse or contracted ; flowers single; sepals lanceolate, as long as the obovate obtuse obscurely 3-angled light brown capsule. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward; common. May- Sept. — Stems tufted, 2° - 4° high. * * Panicles lateral: stem leafy at the base: leaves terete, pungent. 2. J. setaceus, Rostk. Stem and leaves slender; sheaths light brown; panicle simple, few-flowered; flowers single; sepals rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rather longer than the globose pointed green capsule.— Low grounds and swamps, Florida, and northward. May -July.— Stems growing in small tufts, 1° -3° high. Capsule coriaceous. 3. J. maritimus, Lam. Stem and leaves stout and rigid, hard-pointed ; panicle compound ; flowers small, 4-8 in a cluster; sepals lanceolate, as long as the small obovate obtuse dark brown capsule. (J. acutus, Muhl.) — Brackish marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Z * * *® Panicles terminal, forking: leaves channelled or grooved ; the upper ones form- ing an involucre under the panicle. 4. J. tenuis, Willd. Stems tough, not tumid at the base, several-leaved ; leaves narrowly linear, channelled ; involucre longer than the panicle ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, one third longer than the ovoid capsule. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June.— Stem 6/-12! high. Panicle small, the flowers mostly on one side of the branches. Capsule light green. 5. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stem tumid at the base, 1-3-leaved; leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; involucre mostly shorter than the cymose panicle ; flowers single; sepals rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 42 494 JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) very acute, as long as the globose dark green capsule. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina. May and June.— Stem 1°-8° high. Panicle dense or elon- gated. § 2. Stems jointed, leafy : clusters or panicles terminal. * Leaves terete or somewhat flattened, knotted: stamens 3. 6. J. scirpoides, Lam. Rigid; stem stout, erect; leaves terete, panicle erect, contracted, the few large globose green or brownish heads composed of several more or less distinct smaller ones; sepals lanceolate-subulate, as long as the lanceolate taper-pointed 3-angled capsule; seed ovoid, reticulated, without appendages. (J. echinatus, Jl.) — Varies with the smaller more numerous and crowded heads conspicuously lobed by the more distinct clusters, and with broader and shorter sepals and capsules. — Sandy swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July—Sept.— Stem 2° high, from a thick and creeping rhizoma. Heads 4-7! in diameter. 7. J. polycephalus, EIl., Michx. in part. Stem tall, slender, compressed near the base ; leaves long, flattened, and often somewhat sword-shaped ; panicle large, widely spreading, the numerous globose many-flowered pale heads sessile, or on long diverging peduncles ; sepals linear-subulate, shorter than the lance- olate-subulate 3-angled capsule; seeds oblong, striate, barely pointed. — Ponds and miry margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept.— Stem 2°-4° long. Leaves weak, 1° - 2° long, sometimes 3’ wide. Var.? depauperatus, Torr. Stem and leaves more slender; heads small- er and fewer-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule — Wet places, Georgia, and northward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent and rooting. 8. J. paradoxus, Meyer. Stem rigid, erect, terete; leaves terete ; panicle erect ; heads pale, 8—15-flowered, sessile, and on short erect peduncles; sepals lanceolate-subulate, rigid, shorter than the oblong 3-angled abruptly pointed capsule ; seeds with along and slender appendage at each end. — Wet places, South Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° -2° high. 9. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stem erect, terete, like the slender leaves ; panicle mostly simple, erect ; heads (2//-3! long) 3-8-flowered; sepals linear- lanceolate, half as long as the lanceolate-oblong abruptly pointed 3-angled light brown capsule ; seeds with a short appendage at each end. — Sandy wet places in the middle districts of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept.— Stem 8/- 15! high. Root fibrous. Capsule 2” long. 10 J. Elliottii. Stem slender, nearly terete; leaves terete, grooved near the base within ; panicle erect, simple or compound ; heads (1" - 2” long) 5-8- flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, as long as the ovoid obscurely angled obtuse deep chestnut capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, without appendages. (J. acumina- tus, Ell., not of Michx.) — Bogs and ditches, Florida to North Carolina. June— Aug. — Root fibrous, often bearing small tubers. Stem 1°-2° high. Heads commonly very numerous. Capsule 1" long, shining. ~ - O ee e y q : : JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) 495 * * Leaves terete, knotted: stamens 6: flowers clustered.. ll. J. caudatus, n.sp. Rigid throughout; stem stout, from a thick and creeping rhizoma; leaves commonly 3, short and pungent; panicle erect, com- pound, mostly contracted; clusters numerous, more or less crowded, 2 -4-flow- ered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, unequal, the inner ones half as long as the oblong obtuse-angled acute capsule; seeds with a long and tail-like appendage at each end, white and shining. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Middle and West Florida, Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2'- 6’ long, strongly knotted. Capsules light brown, turning almost black. * * * Leaves terete, obscurely knotted: stamens 6: flowers solitary, in slender 1-sided cymose panicles, often transformed into a tuft of rudimentary leaves. 12. J. abortivus, n. sp. Rhizoma creeping, thick and woody; stems slender (1°- 2° high), terete; leaves filiform, rather rigid; panicle compound, diffuse, the branches almost hair-like ; flowers minute, scattered; sepals oblong, the inner ones obtuse, with membranaceous margins, as long as the (immature) subulate capsule; style slender.— Grassy margins of ponds, near the coast, West Florida. July—Sept.— Plant deep green. Flowers all abortive or bud- like. 13. J. Conradi, Tuckerm. Rhizoma creeping, filiform; stems slender (6’-10' high); leaves filiform, tender; panicle compound, diffuse; the small flowers somewhat scattered ; sepals acutish, shorter than the oblong taper-pointed capsule; seeds without appendages. — Sandy margins of ponds and swamps, South Carolina, and northward., July. — Leaves more slender, and the divis- ions of the panicle shorter and more rigid than those of the preceding species. * * * * Leaves knotless, concave or flattened. 14. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stems flattened (1°-2° high) ; leaves linear, flat or concave; panicle mostly simple; heads few-many-flowered, rarely soli- tary or by pairs; flowers triandrous; exterior sepals lanceolate or ovate-lance- olate, awn-pointed ; the interior oblong, obtuse, broadly margined, about as long as the globular dark brown capsule; seeds oblong, acute at each end. (J. aris- tulatus, Michx. J. cylindricus, Curtis, the many-flowered heads cylindrical.) — Var. BIFLORUS. (J. biflorus, H//.) Stems taller (2°-3° high): panicle decom- pound, diffuse; heads very numerous, 2-4-flowered; seeds narrower and more pointed. — Ditches and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July-Sept.—. The variety is confined to the pine barrens of the lower districts. 15. J. bufonius, L. Annual; stems low (2/-8! high), tufted; often branched ; leaves very narrow; panicles forking; flowers solitary or 3-6 in a cluster; sepals whitish, lanceolate, acute, longer than the oblong obtuse pale capsule. — Damp cultivated ground, apparently introduced. April and May. 3. CEPHALOXYS, Desv. Flowers as in Juncus. Stamens 3. Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, the par- titions separating from the valves at maturity, and forming, with the united placentz, a free 3-winged central column. Seeds ovoid, without appendages. — 496 PONTEDERIACEH. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) A smooth herb, with fibrous roots, flat and branching stems, short sword-shaped equitant leaves, and clustered greenish flowers. 1. C. flabellata, Desv. Stems mostly creeping or floating ; leaves linear- sword-shaped ; those of the stem nearly opposite ; heads cymose, scattered, top- shaped, several-flowered ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-subulate, slender-pointed, the exterior ones strongly keeled, and as long as the linear-oblong obtuse capsule, much shorter than the flat interior ones; filaments exserted. (Juncus repens, Michx.) — Miry banks of streams and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems $°-3° long. Orper 154. PONTEDERIACE. (PICKEREL-WEED F amity.) Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with perfect mostly irregular flowers from a 1-leaved spathe. — Perianth corolla-like, unequally 6-cleft or 6- parted, imbricated in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3-6, more or less unequal, and unequally inserted on the throat of the perianth: anthers 2-celled, erect, introrse. Ovary free. Style single: stigma 3-—6- lobed. Capsule 1—3-celled, 1-many-seeded. Seeds anatropous.. Embryo slender in mealy albumen. 1. PONTEDERIA, L. Wamrrr. PickeREL-weEeEp. Perianth funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, with the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted, the curved tube fleshy and coiled in fruit. Stamens 6, unequally inserted; the three lower ones exserted, the three upper short and often imperfect: anthers oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled, two of the cells empty, the other with a single sus- pended ovule. Style slender. Capsule (utricle) 1-seeded. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. Stem erect, bearing above the middle a single short-petioled leaf, and at the summit a hairy spike of blue flowers, from a 1-leaved spathe. Radical leaves long-petioled, sheathing. 1. P. cordata, L. Stem and terete petioles erect (2°-3° high) ; leaves (3’-8' long) varying from round-cordate to lance-oblong, obtuse, finely nerved ; spike dense, cylindrical (2'-4/ long), the peduncle enclosed in the convolute spathe ; upper lobe of the hairy perianth spotted. with yellow, the tube 6-ribbed. (P. lancifolia, MuAl., and P. angustifolia, Pursh, are narrow-leaved forms.) — Miry margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July—Sept. 2. SCHOLLERA, Schreb. Perianth salver-form, nearly equally 6-lobed, the tube elongated and filiform. Stamens 3, nearly equal: filaments subulate: anthers sagittate-oblong, yellow. Style long and slender. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, with three parietal placentz many-seeded.— A small aquatic herb, with slender branching stems, linear sessile leaves, and a small terminal yellow flower. COMMELYNACEH. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 497 1. S. graminea, Willd. Stem submerged, forking, leaves thin, pellucid ; flowers expanding at the surface of the water; spathe convolute; lobes of the perianth linear, spreading. (Leptanthus, Michx.) —In flowing water, North Caro- lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stems 1°-2° long. Leaves 3’-6/ long. Tube of the perianth 13! long. Orper 155. COMMELYNACE. (Spiprerwort Famicy.) Herbs, with chiefly fibrous roots, jomted and leafy stems, and perfect or somewhat polygamous often irregular flowers. — Perianth of three her- baceous or colored persistent sepals, and three fugacious petals. Stamens. 6, hypogynous, perfect, or a part of them sterile: anthers 2-celled, often of two forms. Styles single: stigma entire. Ovary free from the peri- anth, 2—3-celled, with 1—several orthotropous ovules in each cell. Cap- sule loculicidally 2—3-valved, 1—several-seeded. Embryo pulley-shaped, placed in a cavity of the albumen opposite the hilum. — Plants somewhat succulent. Stems often branching. Sheaths of the leaves entire or open. 1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-rirower. Flowers irregular. Sepals mostly colored. Petals fugacious, two of them kidney-shaped and long-clawed, the other smaller. Stamens unequal, three of them fertile, the others with 4-lobed sterile anthers: filaments beardless. Cap- sule 1 —3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded, or one of them frequently empty. — Stems branching. Leaves flat, oblong, or lanceolate, on sheathing petioles; the floral ones cordate and spathe-like, folded, and enclosing the few-flowered peduncle. Flowers blue. 1. C. communis, L.? Stem smooth, filiform, and creeping; leaves short (1'- 2’ long), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse ; sheaths fringed at the throat; spathes nearly crescent-shaped, obtuse at the base, lateral and terminal; peduncles by pairs; one of them bearing 3-4 small fertile flowers, which are included in the spathe ; the other long-exserted, filiform, 1-flowered ; odd petal lanceolate, sessile ; seeds reticulated. — Low grounds, Georgia to North Carolina. July-—Sept. @ ? — Stem 1°- 2° long. 2 C. Virginica, L. Pubescent; stem erect; sheaths hairy; leaves (4/- 6' long) oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, rough above ; spathe (when opened) round ovate, contracted at the base ; sterile peduncle included; petals large, the odd one lanceolate ; capsule 2 -3-seeded. (C. erecta, Hil.) — Varies (C. angus- tifolia, Michx.) with the stems smooth, ascending ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, rather rigid. and, like the sheath, nearly smooth; flowers smaller, seeds pulveru- lent. — Light or sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May-Sept. | —Stem 1°-2° high The spathes contain a viscid secretion until the seeds mature. 3. C. erecta, L. Stem stout, erect; leaves (3!-5/ long) lanceolate or ob- long, acute, very rough above, the sheaths fringed with brown hairs; spathes 42* 498 MAYACACEEH. (MAYACA FAMILY.) crowded, short-stalked, hooded, narrowed at the base ; sterile peduncle included; petals nearly alike, the odd one smaller ; seeds transversely oblong. (C. hirtella, Vahl. C. longifolia, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. } —Stem 1°-14° high. 2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Sprperworr. Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals similar, ovate, fugacious. Sta- mens all fertile, the filaments hairy: anthers kidney-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Capsule 2-3-celled, the cells 1—2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with narrow keeled leaves, both the floral ones and those of the stem. Flowers in umbel-like clusters, axillary and terminal, expanding in the morning. Fruiting pedicels recurved. 1. T. Virginica, L. Smooth, or villous with glandless hairs; leaves linear, broadest at the base, mostly purple-veined ; clusters axillary and termi- nal, sessile, many-flowered ; flowers closely packed in 2 rows in the bud, each with an ovate scarious bract at the base ; petals blue, like the style and densely . bearded filaments, twice as long as the lanceolate-ovate sepals. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March-May.—Stems 3°-2° high. Flowers 1’ in diameter. : 2. T. pilosa, Lehm. Stem often branched, and, like the sheaths, villous or nearly smooth ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, pubescent on both sides ; clusters axillary and terminal, sessile, dense, many-flowered ; the pedicels and oblong sepals villous with glandular hairs; seeds transversely oblong, pitted on the back; petals blue. — Light soil in the upper districts. May-July.— Stem 19-14° high. Leaves 1/-13! wide. Flowers 3’ in diameter. 3. T. rosea, Vent. Stem simple, slender, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, fringed on the margins; clusters solitary or by pairs, on long (3/— 6’) terminal peduncles, few-flowered ; petals bright rose-color, three times as long as the ovate-lanceolate sepals. — Light fertile soil, Georgia to North Carolina. June- Aug. — Stem 6’-8/ high. Flowers 3! in diameter. Orper 156. MAYACACEZ®. (Mayaca Famity.) Creeping moss-like marsh herbs, with very numerous narrow and pel- lucid leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Represented only by 1. MAYACA, Aublet. Flowers regular, perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, obovate, deciduous or withering-persistent. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the base of the sepals, persistent: anthers erect, spoon-shaped, imperfectly 2-celled, emarginate at the apex, introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules few, orthotropous, fixed to three parietal placente. Style single, terminal, persistent : stigma mi- nutely 3-lobed. Capsule rugose, 3-valved; the valves bearing the placentz in XYRIDACEZ. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 499 the middle. Seeds globose, furrowed and pitted, pointed at the apex. Embryo ~ minute at the apex of the albumen.— Stems branching, tender. Leaves alter- nate, linear, emarginate. Flowers white or purple. , 1. M. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Fruiting peduncles longer than the leaves, recurved; capsule few-seeded; flowers (3//— 4’! wide) white or pale purple. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) —Springy places, Florida to North Caro- lina. June and July.— Stems 2/-6/ long. Leaves 3!/—4!! long. OrpeR 157. XYRIDACE®. (YELLOW-EYED Grass FAMILY.) Perennial stemless marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, sword-shaped equi- tant leaves, and perfect irregular fugacious flowers, collected in a dense imbricate-bracted spike. Sepals 3; the two lateral ones glumaceous, keeled, persistent ; the inner one hyaline, enfolding, in the bud, the petals and caducous stamens. Petals 3, rounded, distinct, or united by their long claws. Stamens 3, and inserted on the summit of the claws of the petals, or 6, and the alternate ones sterile, hypogynous, and commonly bearded with jomted hairs: anthers erect, 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary free, 1—3-celled. Style single, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, orthotropous. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albu- men.— Scape commonly twisted or spiral, 2-edged near the summit, with a spathe-like sheath at the base. Spikes mostly solitary. 1, XYRIS, L. YeEttow-erYep Grass. Petals distinct. Stamens 6, the alternate ones hypogynous, sterile, commonly bearded at the summit, and slightly cohering with the claws of the contiguous petals. Stigmas entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, the valves bearing the pla- centz in the middle. Seeds very numerous, finely ribbed.— Spikes ovoid or oblong. Bracts coriaceous or somewhat crustaceous, rounded, closely imbri- cated, convex and discolored on the back; the lower ones empty. Keel of the lateral sepals mostly winged and variously lacerated. Flewers yellow. § 1. Sheath of the scape longer than the leaves. Biennials? 1. X. brevifolia, Michx. Scape nearly terete, smooth; leaves narrowly linear, smooth on the edges; spike globose, light brown, few-flowered ; bracts soon lacerated at the apex; lateral sepals lanceolate, rigid, crenulate on the wingless keel; petals obovate, rounded ; sterile filaments sparingly bearded. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Plant light brown. Scape 6'-12! high, clustered. Leaves 1’-3/ long. Spike 2/’- 3!’ long. Petals 2” long. 2. X. flabelliformis, n.sp. Scape filiform, smooth, terete below, slightly compressed above ; leaves very short, linear-lanceolate, smooth, spreading like a 500 XYRIDACEH. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) fan, laterally curved; spikes oblong, mostly acute, few-flowered, angular; bracts light brown, entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, short-fringed on the wingless keel ; petals obovate; sterile filaments often beardless.— Low pine barrens, near the coast, West Florida. April and May. — Scape 4’-12!/ high. Leaves 3'-1! long. Spikes 2//- 4’ long. Petals 2! long. § 2. Sheath of the scape shorter than the leaves. Perennials. * Sterile filaments bearded : sepals included. +— Lateral sepals fringed on the keel. 8. X. ambigua, Beyr. Scape rigid, finely furrowed, rough, 2-edged above, l-angled below; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the edges; spike ovate-lanceolate or oblong, even, often acute, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, oval, not crowded on the spike; lateral sepals lanceolate, tapering at each end, shining, narrowly winged; petals round obovate; seeds ovoid.— Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept.— Scape 2°-3° high, mostly solitary. Leaves 6/-12' long. Spikes 9//-15" long. Petals 3’ long. 4, X. stricta, n. sp. Scape flattened and broadly margined, rough-edged above, smooth and 1 -2-angled below, slightly striate; leaves long, linear, smooth; spikes oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered; bracts dark brown, orbicular, crowded on the spike; lateral sepals broadly winged above the middle, narrowed below; petals small, wedge-obovate; seeds ovoid. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, West Florida. July - Sept.— Scapes slender, clustered, 2°-3° high. Leaves 1°-13° long. Spikes 9//-12/' long. Petals 2” long. 5. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Somewhat bulbous; scape smooth, 2-edged above, nearly terete below; leaves linear, smooth; spikes globose, few-flowered ; lateral sepals lanceolate, wingless. (X. bulbosa, Kunth.) — Swamps in the upper dis- tricts of Georgia, and northward. Ju!y-Sept.—Scape 6/-12! high. Leaves 4'—8/ long. Spike 3!’- 5! long. + + Lateral sepals broadly winged, and variously toothed or fimbriate. 6. X. Elliottii. Scape slender, flattened and 2-edged throughout, or I- edged below, roughish and mostly spiral; leaves narrowly linear, sharp-edged, twisted ; spike few-flowered, elliptical, obtuse ; lateral sepals linear, the wing cut-toothed above the middle ; petals obovate. (X. brevifolia, Ell. ex descr.) — Wet grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July.— Scape 1°- 13° high. Leaves 6'~9/ long. Petals 3!' long. 7. X. difformis, n.sp. Scapes clustered, slender, smooth, widely 2-edged above, terete or 1 -2-angled below; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, smooth ; spikes’ many-flowered, ovate, acute, even, often 2- 4-cleft ; lateral sepals lanceolate, with the broadly winged keel incised-fimbriate; petals obovate; seeds elliptical, smooth. — Swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Scapes 1°-13° high. Leaves 9'—15' long. Spikes 6-9" long. Petals small. . 8. X. serotina, n.sp. Scapes clustered, twisted and mostly spiral, rough- angled and 2-edged above, striate; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, rough on the edges; spikes many-flowered, ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, even; bracts round- XYRIDACEH. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 501 obovate, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, narrowly winged above, fim- briate and at length incised ; petals small, obovate ; seeds ovoid, pulverulent. — Varies with shorter leaves (2/- 3’), and smaller globose or ovate heads. — Pine- barren swamps, West Florida. Sept. and Oct.— Scapes 1°-14° high. Leaves 8'-12! long. Spikes 6/-9/ long. Petals 2! long. 9. X. elata, n. sp. Scapes elongated, slender, smooth, terete below, 2-edged above; leaves long, linear, smooth; spikes rugose, oblong or oval, often acute, many-flowered ; scales dark brown; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed on the narrowly winged keel; petals wedge-obovate ; seeds elliptical, smooth. — Sandy swamps near the coast, West Florida. July and Aug. — Scapes 3°-4° high. Leaves 14°-2° high. Spikes 3’-1! long. Petals 2/! long. 10. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scapes several, smooth, rigid, 1-2-angled below, compressed and 2-edged above ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong-ovate, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, thick, the margins thin and soon lacerate; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, the - narrowly-winged keel cut-fringed above the middle ; petals obovate; seeds ovoid. — Shallow ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Scapes 1°-2° high. Leaves 6/-15’ long. Spikes 6-12" long. 11. X. iridifolia, n. sp. Rigid, smooth and shining; scape stout, terete or l-angled below, dilated and 2-edged above; leaves long, strap-shaped ; spikes -oval or oblong, obtuse, rugose, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, very thick, strongly convex ; lateral sepals linear, membranaceous, the keel fimbriate and at length incised throughout ; petals round-obovate ; seeds lanceolate, angled, pulverulent. — Shallow ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug.- Oct. — Scape 2° -3° high, 2/'-3” in diameter. Leaves 2°-25° long, 3/-1/ wide. Spikes 1! long. Petals 3” long. 12. X. platylepis, n. sp. Scapes mostly twisted and spiral, angular below, 2-edged above, roughish; leaves linear and lanceolate, twisted, smooth ; spikes large, oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts pale brown or whitish, orbicular, thin, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, the keel nar- rowly winged, fimbriate toward the apex ; petals small ; seeds elliptical, smooth. (X. flexuosa, Ell.) — Low sandy places, Florida to South Carolina. July - Sept. — Scape 2°-3° high. Leaves 9/-15’ long. Spikes $/-14! long. * *& Sterile filaments bearded : sepals exserted. 13. X. fimbriata, Ell. Not bulbous; scape tall, furrowed, rough, 2-edged above; leaves long, strap-shaped, smooth; spikes ovate, acute, many-flowered ; lateral sepals long-fimbriate above the middle; petals small.— Ponds and miry places, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 3°-4° high. Leaves 13°-2° long. Spikes 9//-12" long. Petals 3” long. 14. X. torta, Smith. Bulbous; scape nearly terete, 1-edged, smooth, mostly spiral ; leaves linear, rigid, concave, with rounded edges, mostly spiral ; spikes pale, lanceolate or cylindrical, acute; lateral sepals winged and fimbriate above the middle; petals large, round-obovate. — Sandy, often dry soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept.— Scape 13°-2° high. Leaves few, 6/- 12! long, 502 ERIOCAULONACEE. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) tumid and dark brown at the base. Spikes 1’ 1}/ long. Petals 9” long, ex. panding at midday. * * * Sterile filaments beardless: leaves filiform. 15. X. tenuifolia, n.sp. Smooth ; scape slender, terete or 1-angled ; leaves filiform or bristle-like, compressed ; spikes ovoid, few-flowered ; lateral sepals lanceolate, the narrowly winged keel cut-serrate ; petals obovate; seeds linear- oblong, smooth. — Open grassy pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Scapes clustered, 10/-12' high. Leaves 4/—6/ long. Spikes 2-4" Jong. Petals 3!’ long. 16. X. Baldwiniana, R.&S. (X. juncea, Baldw.) ‘ Root perennial ; scape terete, sheathed at the base, 6!-12/ high; leaves 4/— 8! long, terete, hol- low, acute; head oval; bracts nearly round; calyx about as long as the bracts, the keel slightly toothed, filaments naked.” Baldwin in Ell.— Damp pine bar- rens, near St. Mary’s, Georgia. May and June. (*) OrpDER 158. ERIOCAULONACE. (Pirewort Fami ty.) Perennial chiefly stemless marsh herbs, with narrow tufted leaves, and minute monecious or diccious flowers, collected in a dense hairy chaffy- bracted head. — Stam. Fl. Sepals 2-3. Corolla tubular, bilabiate or 3-toothed, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2—6: anthers introrse.— Pist. Fl. Sepals and petals 2-3, Ovary 2 -3-celled, with a single orthotropous ovule in each cell. Style 2-3-parted. Capsule loculici- dally 2-—3-valved, 1-3-seeded. Embryo minute at the apex of the albumen. — Leaves concave and partly clasping at the base. Scape furrowed and commonly twisted, with a spathe-like sheath at the base. Exterior scales broader, empty, and involucrate. Flowers fringed with white club-shaped hairs. Corolla white. Synopsis. 1. ERIOCAULON. Stamens4. Anthers 2-celled. Style 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped. 2. PHPALANTHUS. Stamens 3. Anthers 2-celled. Style 3-parted, the lobes entire. 8. LACHNOCAULON. Stamens 3. Anthers 1-celled. Style 2-3-parted, the lobes entire, or 2-cleft. 1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pireworr. Flowers moncecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Sepals 2-3. Co- rolla of the staminate flowers tubular, 2-lipped or 3-lobed; of the pistillate flowers 2—8-petalous. Stamens 4 or 6: anthers 2-celled. Style 2—3-parted: stigmas 2-38. Capsule 2—3-celled, 1-3-seeded. —Scapes single or numerous, mostly from a short and villous rootstock. Lobes of the corolla furnished with a blackish gland on the inner face, commonly bearded with club-shaped hairs. — The following species are all tetrandrous, with a 2-parted style and a 2-celled capsule. ERIOCAULONACEH. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 503 1. EH. decangulare, L. Leaves mostly rigid, varying from lanceolate to linear-subulate, concave, obtuse ; scapes commonly several from a thick and creep- ing rootstock, stout, smooth, 10-12-furrowed; head (2!’—7!’ in diameter) com- pact, hemispherical, at length globose ; scales of the involucre numerous, small, oblong, acutish, closely imbricated, straw-colored, or light chestnut, passing into the linear-spatulate acuminate bearded bracts, which are longer than the flower. (E. gnaphalodes, Ell/., not of Michx.) — Boggy places, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scapes 2°- 38° high. Leaves 4/-12' long, 2'’- 6” wide. 2. EH. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flat, very acute, rigid, or the immersed ones thin and pellucid ; scapes few or single, slender, 9 — 11-furrowed ; head hemispherical (4/’- 8’ wide) ; scales of the involucre few, ob- long or roundish, very obtuse, turning lead-color ; bracts shorter than the flower, spatulate, their broad and bearded summit obtuse or more or less mucronate- pointed, turning blackish. (E. compressum, Zam.) — Swamps and shallow ponds, Florida, and northward. April-June. —Scapes 13°-2° high. Leaves 2/-6/ long, concave at the base. 3. E. Ravenelii, n. sp. Smooth throughout; root fibrous; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, thin, and pellucid; scapes low and slender, clustered, slightly furrowed; heads small (1//—2/ in diameter), globose, few or many-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, in one or two rows, oblong, very obtuse, whitish, pellucid, longer than the immature head, and, like the oblong ob- tuse or barely pointed dark brown scales, beardless; flowers naked, or with few hairs at the base, dark brown, shorter than the bracts ; style occasionally simple; _ seeds minutely pubescent. — Wet places, St. John’s (Berkeley) Parish, South Car- olina, H. W. Ravenel.— Scapes weak, 1'-6/ high. Leaves 1/-2/ long. 2. PHPALANTHUS, Martius. Flowers monecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed. Stamens 3: anthers 2-celled. Pustillate Fl. Sepals and petals 3. Style 3- parted, the divisions entire: stigmas 8. Capsule 3-celled. — Habit of the pre- ceding. 1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Leaves short (1/-2/ long), subulate, smooth, or sparingly pubescent; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-furrowed, and like the sheaths hairy; heads hemispherical, yellowish-white; scales of the involucre oblong, acute, smooth and shining; flowers slender, pedicelled; sepals linear, acute ; corolla of the staminate flowers funnel-shaped ; of the pistillate flowers composed of 3 slender petals, cohering above the ovary; stamens and styles exserted. (Eriocaulon flavidulum, Michr.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scapes 6/-12/ high. 3.. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Flewers moneecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none. Sta- mens 8, with the filaments united below into a club-shaped tube: anthers 1- celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none, or reduced to tufted hairs. Style club-shaped, 2 -3-parted, the divisions entire or 2-cleft: stigmas 2-6. Cap- 504 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) sule 2~3-celled. — Habit of the two preceding. Bracts and sepals blackish, fringed with club-shaped hairs. 1. L, Michauxii, Kunth. Leaves linear (1/-2! long), hairy, becoming smoothish ; scapes slender, hairy, 4-furrowed (1° high); heads globose; bracts and sepals spatulate, obtuse, fringed with white hairs; divisions of the style 3, each 2-cleft. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May and June, growing in tufts. — Heads 2! wide. 2. L. glabrum, Kornicke. Leaves linear, smooth (1/ long); scapes numer- ous, smooth, 5-furrowed (3’—5’ high); heads globose, becoming oblong, dark brown; bracts and sepals spatulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly fringed with short brownish hairs ; divisions of the style 3, entire. — Sandy springy places, St. An- drews Bay, West Florida. Oct.—Scapes 30 or more in a cluster. Heads 3! long, not unlike those of Eleocharis obtusa. Orper 159. CYPERACEAE. (Srpce Famity.) Slender herbs, with simple solid mostly 3-angled stems (culms), and grass-like leaves, with closed sheaths. Flowers spiked, each in the axil of a single (rarely 2—4) scale-like bract (scale). Perianth composed of hypogynous scales or bristles, or none. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect anatropous ovule, forming in fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achenium (nut), which is often crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (tubercle). Stamens 1-12: anthers erect. Style 2-3-cleft or parted. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. TrBeEI. CYPEREZ. —Flowers perfect: spikelets 1-many-flowered: scales one to each flower, imbricated in 2 rows: perianth bristly, or none. * Perianth none: nut beakless. 1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few-many-flowered: inflorescence terminal. 2. KYLLINGIA. Spikelets 1-flowered: inflorescence terminal, capitate. * * Perianth bristly: nut beaked. 3. DULICHIUM. Spikes lateral and terminal: spikelets many-flowered. ~ TrRBEII. LIPOCARPHEZX.— Flowers perfect: spikes many-flowered: scales 2-4 to each flower; the exterior ones imbricated in many rows: perianth none. 4. HEMICARPHA. Inner scale 1: involucre mostly 1-leaved, erect. 5. LIPOCARPHA. Inner scales 2: leaves of the involucre 2 or more, spreading. TRBEIII. SCIRPEZ. — Flowers perfect: spikes commonly many-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in several (rarely 2) rows, all fruitful, or the lowest empty: perianth bristly, hairy, or wanting. * Perianth of 3 bristles, alternating with 3 stalked scales. 6. FUIRENA. Nut pointed: scales of the clustered axillary and terminal spikes awned. * * Perianth bristly, occasionally wanting. 7. ELEOCHARIS. Nut tubercled: culms leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing one terminal spike. CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505 8. SCIRPUS. Tubercle none: culms mostly leafy at the base or throughout: spikes come monly few or many: perianth of 3-6 bristles. 9. ERIOPHORUM. Perianth of numerous long and woolly hairs: otherwise like Scirpus. * * * Perianth none: style tumid at the base. + Scales imbricated in several rows: spikes terete. 10. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style deciduous: stigmas 2: nut lenticular or globose. J1. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Style deciduous: stigmas 3: nut 3-angled. 12 ISOLEPIS. Style persistent at the base: stigmas 3: nut 3-angled. + + Scales imbricated in 2 rows: spike compressed. 18. ABILDGAARDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-angled nut. Tre TV. RHYNCHOSPORES®. — Flowers perfect or polygamous: spikelets com- monly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few —several rows, the lower ones empty, the upper mostly sterile: perianth bristly, or none. * Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora). 14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, dilated and persistent at the base: nut lenticular or globose. 15. CERATOSCHNUS. Style entire or minutely 2-cleft, the lower half persistent: nut flat. 16. CHATOSPORA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous: nut 3-angled: spikelets terminal. * * Perianth none. 17. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose: flowers perfect. 18. DICHROMENA. Spikes compressed, capitate: most of the flowers imperfect. 19. CLADIUM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose. Tre V. SCLERIE JX. — Flowers monecious: sterile spike many-flowered: scales one to each flower, imbricated in few rows: fertile spike 1-flowered, with two or more scales: perianth none. 20. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled. Trine VI. CARICH A. — Flowers monecious, very rarely dicecious: sterile and fertile flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes: scales one to each flower, imbricated in few—many rows: nut enclosed in a sac: perianth none. 21. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal. 1. CYPERUS, L. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbricated in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous. Nut lenticular or 3-angled. — Culms 3-angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally sheathed at the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single or umbellate heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Rays sheathed. § 1. PYCREUS. Style 2-cleft: nut lenticular: spikes more or less umbelled. Annuals : spikelets linear or linear-oblong, flat, many- (10-40-) flowered : rachis narrowly margined: scales compressed-keeled, 5-nerved. * Spikelets clustered on the common rachis. 1. C. flavescens, L. Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the spikelets ; spikelets 3-several in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, spreading, 20- 30-flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; stamens 3; nut orbicular, black, smooth and shining; culms clustered, 4!/—10/ 43 ; 506 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) high; leaves and 8-leaved involucre narrowly linear. (C. fasciculatus, Z/.?) — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 2. C. rivularis, Kunth. Umbel of 3-4 rays, one or two of them longer than the spikelets; spikelets 3-6 in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, many-flow- ered ; scales pale straw-color, ovate, obtuse, appressed; rachis margined; sta- mens 2; nut round-obovate, transversely roughened, black and shining; culms 6!-12/ high, slender; leaves and 3-leaved involucre linear.— Marshy banks of streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. 3. C. diandrus, Torr. Umbel of 2-5 short and unequal rays, the longer ones longer than the spikelets; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, acute, brownish or dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, green on the keel; rachis margined ; stamens 2; nut oblong-obovate, roughish, dull gray.— Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug.— Culms 4/-10! high. Invo- lucre 3-leaved. This and the preceding are probably only diandrous forms of path * * Spikelets scattered on the common rachis (spiked). 4. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Umbel sessile or of 3-6 rays, 1-2! long; spike- lets numerous on the rays, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish brown, 12-20-flowered, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, ob- long-ovate, acute or mucronate, appressed; stamens 2; nut oblong-obovate, very obtuse, grayish and minutely pitted; culms clustered, 3-angled, 4/—15! high ; leaves and involucre narrowly linear. (C. flavescens, E//. C. holosericeus, » Link.?) — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Plant commonly yellowish and glossy throughout. Spikelets rarely crowded in a terminal head. 5. C. flavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets very numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 12 —30-flowered ; scales loosely imbricated, yel- lowish, round-obovate, emarginate, with broad and scarious margins, at length spreading ; rachis broadly margined ; stamens 3; nut obovate, black, smooth and shining, barely shorter than the scale; culms thick, obtuse-angled, 1° - 3° high ; leaves broadly linear, glaucous beneath, as long as the culm. — Low grounds and ditches, Georgia and South Carolina. May -Sept. — Involucre 3-5-leaved. Spikelets 6/’-9" long. 6. C. microdontus, Torr. Umbel of 4-8 rays, simple or somewhat compound; spikelets numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 15 — 25-flowered, pale brown; scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated ; rachis slightly margined ; stamens 2; nut linear-oblong or somewhat club-shaped, short-pointed, grayish and minutely pitted; culms filiform, 3-angled, 6’- 12’ high; leaves and elon- gated involucre very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Rays 1/-2/ long. Spikelets 4-7” long. § 2. CYPERUS Proper. Style 3-cleft: nut 3-angled: joints of the rachis winged by the adnate decurrent scales, rarely wingless. 1. Sprcati. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets few - many-flowered, distinct, spreading, forming loose or compact spikes at the summit of the rays: scales rigid, 7-11-nerved : joints of the rachis commonly conspicuously winged : stamens 3. _CYPERACE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507 * Spikelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common rachis, forming oblong or cylindrical spikes. 7. C. strigosus, L. Umbel large, 4 - 8-rayed, simple or compound, much shorter than the involucre; involucels bristly, shorter than the dense oblong spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, compressed, 6 — 10-flowered ; scales somewhat scattered on the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely - appressed, much longer than the linear-oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ; culms (1°-3° high) tumid at the base, as long as the broadly linear leaves. — Swamps and damp soil, Florida, and northward. July-Sept.— Rays 4'-6/ long. Spikelets }'- #' long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed. 8. C. stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6 —9-rayed, shorter than the 3 - 6-leaved involucre ; sheaths of the rays truncate ; involucels bristly, shorter than the ovate compact spikes; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, com- pressed, 5—8-flowered ; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, involute, spreading, much longer than the oblong-linear acute dull and minutely pitted nut; culms smooth (2°- 3° high) ; leaves very rough on the margins, whitish beneath.— Swamps and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.— Stem rather slender, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 6/’- 8!’ long. 9. C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Umbel compound, 4-6-rayed; rays short with the sheaths pointed; spikes loose, mostly shorter than the leafy in- volucels ; spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, terete, 10 — 12-flow- ered ; scales scattered on the short-jointed broadly-winged rachis, oblong, obtuse, faintly nerved, appressed; nut oblong, compressed-3-angled ; culms slender, obtuse-angled ; involucre 4-6-leaved. (C. speciosus, Vahl?) Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward.. Aug. and Sept. @— Culm 2°-3° high. Spikelets 6" — 8” long, flexuous in fruit. Var.? elongatus, Torr. ‘Culm tall and slender; rays elongated; spike- lets subulate, obtusely quadrangular ; scales lanceolate, acute.”” Torr. — North Carolina, Curtis. — Rays 3'-5/ long. Spikelets crowded, 6 — 8-flowered. 10. C. tetragonus, Ell. Umbel simple or compound, of 6-12 slender rays ; spikes cylindrical, loose; spikelets horizontal, short (2-3! long), oblong, 4-angled, 4—6-flowered ; scales ovate, mucronate, appressed, 9 - 11-nerved, twice as long as the oblong dull nut; culms mostly slender, 1° - 2° high, acutely rough-angled at the summit, as long as the green rough-edged leaves; invo- lucre many-leaved. — Dry sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Caro- lina. Aug. and Sept. 1} — Spikes 1/-13/ long, 5” wide, those on the longer rays commonly compound. Rays 3/-5/ long. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 11. C. ligularis, L. Umbel compound, of 4-6 rays; spikes ovate or ob- long, dense; spikelets spreading (4! long), linear-lanceolate, compressed-4-an- gled, 8 -10-flowered, acute ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, spreading, 9 — 11-nerved, thrice the length of the oblong-obovate pointed blackish nut; culms obtuse- angled, shorter than the (3°-4° long) whitish long-tapering leaves. — Sandy shores at Key West. Oct. }} — Culm 2°-3° high. Leaves rough-edged. Rays 2/-3' long. Spikelets light brown. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 508 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * * Spikelets compressed, somewhat 2-ranked, mostly few and scattered on the com- mon rachis: perennials, with creeping tuber-bearing rootstocks: flowers mostly abortive. 12. C. repens, Ell. Umbel mostly simple, erect, 5—-6-rayed, shorter than the 3-—5-leaved involucre; spikelets linear, spreading, 12- 24-flowered, the lower ones often clustered; scales oblong, obtuse or short mucronate, com- pressed-keeled, thin-margined, spreading at the apex, yellowish brown ; nut ob- long, triquetrous, acute. — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. July — Sept. — Culms 1°-13° high, acute-angled, longer than the erect smooth leaves. Rays 2'-4’ long. Spikelets 6-8! long. Whole plant yellowish. 13. C. lutescens, Torr. & Hook. Umbel simple, large, 5-—7-rayed, short- er than the 3—5-leaved involucre ; spikelets horizontal, flat, linear, 30 — 40-flow- ered, the lowest 2-3 in a cluster; scales light brown, oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded on the back, slightly spreading at maturity ; nut obovate-oblong ; culms stout (2°- 3° high), acute-angled, shorter than the broadly linear leaves. — Key West. Nov.— Leaves 3-6! wide, very smooth. Rays 4’-8! long. Spike- lets 1’ long, 13’’ wide, serrate, the lower ones with a bristly involucel. 14. C. rotundus, L. Umbel simple or compound, 3- 8-rayed, mostly longer than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes composed of 3-9 scattered linear flat 20 - 30-flowered spikelets ; scales oblong, obtuse, appressed, 7-nerved on the green keel, the membranaceous sides dark chestnut ; nut obovate ; culms smooth, slender, longer than the broadly linear crowded spreading rough leaves. (C. Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.— Culm 9/-18' high. Rays slender, 2‘-4' long. Spikelets 3/-1/ long. 2. SparstFitort. Umbel compound: spikelets compressed, many-flowered, scattered in loose spikes at the filiform summit of the rays: scales thin, 5-nerved, separate : joints of the rachis slightly margined : stamens 2. 15. C. Iria, L. Umbel 6-8-rayed, erect, shorter than the 3 -4-leaved in- volucre; spikelets erect-spreading, oblong-linear, 12 — 24-flowered ; scales spread- ing, nearly orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, 5-nerved on the green keel, the thin whitish sides minutely pitted ; nut oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed ; style very short; culms (1° high) slender, acute-angled, longer than the smooth narrow leaves. — Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel. Probably introduced from Eastern Asia. 3. Patmati. Unmbel compound or decompound, diffuse: spikelets 2-ranked, com- pressed, many-flowered, 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the general and par. tial rays: scales closely imbricated, 3—7-nerved, decurrent on the rachis: sta- mens 3. * Culms terete, knotted, leafless : involucre very short : nut oblong. 16. C. articulatus, L. Umbel compound, many-rayed, spreading or re. curved; involucre of three bract-like pungent leaves; spikelets long (3/—13' long), linear, spreading, 30- 40-flowered ; scales whitish, oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509 on the back, thrice the length of the linear-oblong dull nut; rhizoma creeping, bearing tuber-like buds; culms stout (3°—5° high), tumid at the sheathed base. — Marshes near the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Aug.-—Sept. \ — Flowers mostly abortive. * * Culms 3-angled, knotless: involucre leafy: nut obovate. 17. C. Haspan, L. Umbel many-rayed, decompound, spreading, the fili- form rays mostly longer than the 2-leaved involucre; spikelets small (4! -5!/ long), 3-5 in a cluster, linear, acute, 20-40-flowered ; scales light reddish- brown, very small, oblong, mucronate, 3-nerved, free at the apex; nut white, round-obovate, granular-roughened ; culms tender, sharply angled ; leaves lin- ear, smooth, shorter than the culms (1°- 13°), often reduced to membranaceous sheaths. (C. gracilis, Muhl. C. leptos, Schultes.) — Ponds and ditches, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. July — Sept. 18. C. dentatus, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 4-7-rayed, shorter than the 3—4-leaved involucre ; spikelets 3-5 in a cluster (3!’- 7" long), ovate-ob- long, obtuse, flat, 12-30-flowered ; scales ovate, acute, compressed, 7-nerved on the green keel, membranaceous on the reddish brown sides, spreading at the apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, whitish ; rhizoma creeping, bearing tubers ; culms slender (1° high), obtuse-angled, longer than the rigid keeled leaves. — Sandy swamps and banks, South Carolina, Torrey, and northward. Sept. — Rays 1’-2' long. 19. C. Lecontii, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 6-12-rayed, shorter than the 3-leaved involucre; spikelets commonly three in a cluster, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, 30-70-flowered (3'- 1’ long) ; scales closely imbri- ‘cated, ovate, obtuse, compressed, yellowish, faintly 7-nerved, appressed at the apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, blackish; culms rigid, obtuse-angled, as long as the rigid leaves. — Low sandy places along the coast, East and West Florida. July-Sept. 1} — Rhizoma creeping Culms 6’-12’ high. Rays 2'~6/ long. Rachis with very short joints. Whole plant pale straw-color. 4. Gromerati. Umbel sumple or compound: spikelets many-flowered, compressed, numerous in a cluster, forming more or less dense heads at the a of the com- mon and partial rays: rachis wingless: stamen solitary. * Umbel compound: spikelets ovate or oblong, flat: scales 3-nerved, concave on the back, acute: nut minute, lanceolate or oblong. 20. C. virens, Michx. Umbel spreading, compound, many-rayed ; invo- lucre 4-6-leaved, many times longer than the umbel; spikelets (4” - 6" long, and about 20 in a cluster) oblong, 30-40-flowered, pale green ; scales oblong- lanceolate, straight ; nut lanceolate, acute at each end; culms stout (2°-4° high), rough-angled above; leaves broad, elongated, reticulated, rough on the margins. Miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July-Sept. | — Plant pale green. Rays 3'!-4! long. Spikelets turning yellowish. 21. C. vegetus, Willd. Umbel often decompound, many-rayed, widely spreading; involucre 4-leaved, many times longer than the umbel; spikelets short (14/'-2" long), ovate, 10- 15-flowered, very numerous in the heads ; scales 43 * ~ 510 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) lanceolate, incurved, spreading at the apex; nut minute, linear-lanceolate, slen- der-pointed ; culms slender (2°-3° high), obtuse-angled or nearly terete ; leaves narrow, rigid, rough on the margins near the summit. — Low pine barrens and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1} — Culms tumid at the base. Leaves of the involucre horizontal. Heads light brown. — 22. C. Drummondii, Torr. Umbel compound, of 4-6 primary rays, and as many smaller ones, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets (10-20 in a cluster) oblong or oblong-linear, 40- 50-flowered; scales yellowish, ovate, straight, free at the apex; nut oblong, pointed, abruptly contracted at the base, minutely wrinkled; culms (6/—15! high) obtuse-angled, very rough, longer than the narrow leaves. — Sandy swamps, Middle Florida, and westward. Septem- ber. @) * * Umbel simple or sessile: spikelets lanceolate or linear, compressed: scales 8-10- nerved, tapering into a long spreading or recurved point: nut obovate-oblong: low tufted annuals. 23. C. inflexus, Muhl. Umbel of 1 -2 short rays or sessile, much shorter than the 2—3-leaved involucre; spikelets very numerous in the clusters (green), oblong-linear (2” long), 10-20-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, 8-nerved, gradu- ally pointed ; culms weak, acute-angled (2/-6/ high), as long as the smooth narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy places, Apalachicola, Florida, (apparently introduced,) to North Carolina, and northward. July-Sept.— Sheaths of the leaves green. 24. C. confertus, Swartz. Umbel of 1-2 short rays or sessile, shorter than the 2-leaved involucre ; spikelets 8-20 in a cluster, lanceolate, 12 — 20-flow- ered, reddish brown (3" long) ; scales rigid, oblong, 10-nerved, abruptly pointed ; culms acute-angled (1/-4! high), as long as the linear smooth leaves; sheaths dark brown. — South Florida. November. Spikelets less crowded than in the preceding. 5. Capitati. Unmbel simple or sessile: spikelets inserted on all sides of the common rachis, forming clusters or heads: joints of the rachis mostly winged: scales rigid, 5-11-nerved: stamens 3. * Spikelets few in loose clusters. 25. C. filiformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile; spikelets 6-12, erect, terete, subulate, 6 -12-flowered; scales scattered, appressed, oblong, mucronate, finely nerved; rachis very slender, flexuous; nut oblong, acute; culms tufted, filiform, acute-angled, longer than the bristle-like leaves; involucre 2-leaved, the lower one elongated and erect.— Key West. November. }} — Culms 4'-10' high, tumid at the base. Spikelets 4!/’-6" long. 26. C. compressus, L. Umbel simple or compound, often sessile, shorter than the 4-6-leaved involucre ; spikelets spreading, linear, flat, 12 -30-flowered ; scales ovate, acuminate, closely imbricated, keeled , nut broadly obovate, acute- angled, black and shining; culms obtuse-angled, longer than the pale green leaves. — Cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. @— Culms 4/-12! high. Umbel spreading, sometimes reduced to few CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) d11 spikelets or a single one. Spikelets somewhat glaucous, 4//—6" long, serrated by the projecting points of the scales. 27. C. trachynotus, Torr. Umbel simple, of 3-5 short erect rays; in- volucre elongated, 3-leaved ; spikelets several in a cluster, lanceolate, compressed, 12-20-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate, acuminate, loosely imbricated in fruit, hispid-serrulate on the keel, the broad margins embracing the pear-shaped acutely angled nut; culm flattened on one side, rounded on the other, as long as the slender keeled leaves. — Dry sandy soil, South Florida. May —-Nov.— Culms 9/—15! high, straw-color, like the leaves. Spikelets 3! long. * *& Spikelets numerous in compact globular or oblong heads. ~~ Perennials: culms tumid or tuberous at the base. 28. C. fuligineus, n.sp. Head solitary, globose, shorter than the 2-leaved involucre; spikes lanceolate, acute, compressed, 8 —- 12-flowered ; scales (black) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate; nut oblong-obovate; culms filiform, obtuse-angled, thrice the length of the narrow rigid leaves. — Key West. No- vember. — Culms 3°-1° high. Sheaths of the leaves blackish. Head 5! in diameter. Scales 9-nerved. 29. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Umbel of 1-2 spreading rays or none; invo- lucre 3-4-leaved ; spikelets 15 - 20, in a dense globose head, linear-lanceolate, 6-10-flowered ; joints of the rachis barely margined; scales (greenish) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, loosely imbricated ; nut obovate; culms (10’-15! high), slender, wiry, longer than the linear leaves. (C. mariscoides, Fil.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Heads 3/ in diameter. 30. C. Grayii, Torr. Umbel of 4-6 erect rays, shorter than the 3-4- leavéed involucre; spikelets 6-9 in a rather loose head, linear or linear-lanceo- late, 5 - 7-flowered ; joints of the rachis winged; scales (brownish) closely im-. bricated (spreading in fruit), ovate or oblong, obtuse; nut obovate; culms (8'~ 12’ high) filiform, wiry, longer than the bristle-shaped leaves. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 31. C. ovularis, Torr. Umbel 3- 6-rayed, rarely wanting; heads small, globose or oblong; spikelets (13//-2" long) angular, obtuse, 2 -4-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely imbricated; nut oblong; culms filiform, smooth ; rather acute-angled, much longer than the rigid filiform leaves. (Mariscus ovularis, Vahl. M. cylindricus, E//.) — Wet or dry soil, Florida, and ' northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms $°-2° high. Heads 2-3’! in diameter. 32. C. retrofractus, Torr. Umbel of about 8 slender (2!-6/ long) rays, longer than the involucre ; heads obovate; spikelets subulate, reflexed, terete ; scales 4—5, the two lower ones ovate and empty, the upper lanceolate, acute ; nut linear-oblong: culm tall (2°-—4°), downy and roughish, like the broadly linear leaves. (Mariscus retrofractus, Vahl.) — Barren sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept.— Leaves much shorter than the culm. a + Annuals: roots fibrous. 33. C. Baldwinii, Torr. Umbel 6 -12-rayed, shorter than the involucre ; heads globose or oblong ; spikelets linear, somewhat compressed, acute, 6 —12- 512 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) flowered ; scales (greenish or yellowish) oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely im- bricated ; nut oblong; culms (1°- 2° high) obtuse-angled, longer than the linear leaves. (Mariscus echinatus, FJ.) — Cultivated ground, Florida to North Caro- lina, and westward. July - Sept. — Spikelets 3/’- 6’ long. 34. C. divergens, Kunth. Umbel none; head globose, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flat, acute, 5—-7-flowered ; scales ovate, mucronate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scarious sides broadly decur- rent; style deeply 2-3-parted ; stamens 2-3; nut (immature) oblong, lenticu- lar or 3-angled; culms low (2/-3/), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter than the smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle Florida. August. — Head 3/— 4” in diameter, composed of 3-4 compact clusters ; spike- lets 1/’ long, white. § 3. PAPYRUS. Style 3-cleft: nut 3-angled: scales of the rachis at length free and deciduous. Inflorescence as in No. 7. 35. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. Umbel 3-12-rayed, simple or compound, shorter than the 3 -10-leaved involucre ; spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear, compressed, spreading, 12-50-flowered; scales minute, oblong-ovate, obtuse, greenish and faintly nerved on the back, yellowish and glossy on the sides; scales of the rachis lanceolate, acute; nut oval, compressed-3-angled, smooth and shining ; culms obtuse-angled ; leaves rough on the margins, pale beneath ; involucels leafy, longer than the spikes. (C. tenuiflorus, AJ.) — Ponds and — ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. @— Culms $°-4° high. Leaves 1//—14" wide, Spikelets 2-8" long. 2. KYLLINGIA, L. Spikelets compressed, mostly 1-flowered. Scales commonly 4, imbricated in two rows, the two lower ones small and empty, the third perfect, the fourth im- perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style elongated, 2-cleft. Nut lentic- ular. — Culms jointless, 3-angled, leafy at the base. Involucre 3-—5-leaved. Spikelets collected in single or clustered sessile heads. Plants odorous. 1. K. pumila, Michx. Heads (green) mostly 3, globose or ovate; spike- lets 1-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end; scales 3, the lowest minute, the middle one ovate, compressed, mucronate, mostly serrulate on the keel, en- closing the upper one; nut obovate; stamens 2; culms weak, acute-angled ; leaves and 3—4-leaved involucre linear.— Wet places, Florida to North Caro- lina. July—Sept. @— Culms tufted, 4!- 10! high. 2. K. sesquifiora, Torr. Heads (white) 1-3, ovate or oblong ; spikelets ovate-oblong, acute, 1-flowered, or imperfectly 2-flowered ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones minute, the third and fourth alike, ovate, acute, smooth, the fifth en- closed in the fourth ; stamens 2; nut obovate; culms erect, obtuse-angled ; leaves and 8 —5-leaved involucre broadly linear. — Low exposed places and along roads, Middle Florida. Aug.-—Sept. i} —Culms 4’-12! high. Plant pale green, pleasant-scented. CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513 3. K. monocephala, L. “Heads single, globose, compact; spikelets {-flowered, monandrous, ovate, acuminate, the 2 superior scales striate, nearly smooth on the sides, serrulate-ciliate on the keel, the 2 inferior minute; nut somewhat orbicular ; involucre 3-leaved, one of the leaves erect, the others hori- zontal.” Yorr.— Low moist places near Darien and Sunbury, Georgia. — Rhi- zoma creeping Culms 1° high. Head greenish, generally inclined. Leaves abruptly pointed. 3. DULICHIUM, Richard. Spikelets linear, compressed, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, decurrent on the joints of the rachis. Perianth composed of 6 -9 downwardly hispid rigid bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lanceolate, compressed, long-beaked. — Perennial. Culms terete, jointed, leafy. Leaves numerous, 3-ranked, linear or lanceolate, short and spreading. Spikes numerous, solitary in the upper axils, simple or the lower compound. Spikelets 8-14, 2-ranked, spreading, 6-10-flowered. Scales lanceolate, many-nerved, closely imbricated. Bristles nearly twice as long as the compressed or concave nut. 1. D. spathaceum, Richard. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and north- ward. Aug.-Sept.— Culms 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-3’ long. Spikelets 6! - 12'' long. Peduncles of the lower spikes longer than the sheaths. 4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Spikes many-flowered, ovate, one or few in a terminal (apparently lateral) cluster. Scales imbricated in many rows, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single, behind the flower, very thin, minute, Perianth none. Stamens 1-2. Style 2-cleft. — Small tufted annuals with naked culms, narrow radical leaves, and an erect mostly 1-leaved involucre. 1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Culms erect, nearly terete (2/- 4! high) ; leaf solitary, linear-subulate, concave, smooth, shorter than the culm ; involucre 1-2-leaved, the lower one erect and continuous with the culm, much longer than the spikes, the other short and reflexed or wanting ; spikes, 2 (rarely one), seemingly lateral ; scales brown, ovate-oblong, reticulated, the stout and greenish midrib prolonged into a thick and obtuse erect point; stamens 2; style deeply 2-parted, smooth; nut oblong-obovate, minutely pitted in lines. —Low sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. -Sept. — Sheaths brown. Spikes 2!'-3" long. 5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Brown. Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales spatulate, imbricated in many rows, deciduous, the lowest empty. Interior scales 2, parallel to the exterior ones, membranaceous, enclosing the flower and nut. Stamens 1-2. Style 2—3-cleft. Nut compressed, 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes in a terminal cluster. Involucre leafy. 1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culms clustered, terete; leaves much shorter than the culm, linear, concave, smooth ; involucre 2—6-leaved, spreading O14 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) or recurved; spikes small, ovate, 3-9 in a cluster; scales spotted; scales of the perianth very thin, the nerves at length free and bristle-like below ; nut ob- long, contracted into a short neck. (Kyllingia maculata, Michx.) — Springy or miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July-Sept.— Culms 4!- 8! high. Spikes 1! - 2" long, green. 6. FUIRENA, Rott. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows, awned at the apex. Perianth consisting of three petal-like stalked scales alternating with as many bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut 3-angled, raised on a stalk, and pointed with the persistent base of the style. — Culms terete, jointed. Spikes single or clustered, lateral and terminal. Scales hairy. 1..F. scirpoidea, Vahl. Rhizoma thick and creeping; culms slender ; leaves reduced to pointed sheaths, smooth; spikes 1-3, terminal, ovate, sup- ported by a small bract-like involucre ; scales obovate, 9-nerved, pointed with a short erect awn; stalks of the oval barely pointed petal-like scales longer than the hispid bristles. — Wet sandy places, near the coast, Florida and Georgia. May Sept. — Culms 1° high. 2. F. squarrosa, Michx. Culms clustered, smooth, or pubescent near the summit; leaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins, like the lower sheaths, hairy ; spikes oblong, in lateral and terminal clusters; scales oblong- obovate, with the long pale awn recurved ; petal-like scales ovate, acute ; bristles as Jong as the stalk of the obovate nut.— Var. nispipa. (F. hispida, El.) Leaves, sheaths, and upper portion of the culm bristly-hairy ; petal-like scales acuminate ; bristles nearly as long as the nut.— Swamps, Florida, and north- ward. July—Sept. 1,— Culms $°-2° high. Leaves 2/-5/ long. Terminal cluster occasionally compound. ) 7. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Sprrxe-Rusu. Spikes many- (rarely 2—4-) flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides of the rachis, or somewhat 2-ranked, the lowest usually empty, bract-like, and persistent. Perianth of 3-8 bearded bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens1-3. Style 2-3-cleft. Nut compressed, biconvex, or 3-angled, crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (tubercled).— Commonly perennials, with creeping rootstocks. Culms jointless, leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing at the apex a single spike. § 1. ELEOCHARIS Prorer. Spikes many-flowered : scales imbricated in several rows. * Spikes cylindrical, scarcely thicker than the soft cellular culms: nut biconvex, pitted or wrinkled in longitudinal lines. + Scales rounded, thick and faintly nerved : style 3-cleft : bristles 6, sparingly bearded or smoothish, as long as the nut. (Limnochloa, Nees.) 1. EK. equisetoides, Torr. Culms stout, terete, knotted by cross parti- tions, roughish; scales pale, round-ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, scarious on CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 515 the margins; bristles hispid; nut pale brown, obscurely wrinkled, shining, crowned with a sessile conical-beaked acute tubercle. (Scirpus equisetoides, Fil.) — Ponds, Florida, and northward. July-Sept. \— Culms 1°-2° high, 3/ in diameter. Sheaths brown. Spikes 1’ long. 2. KE. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culms unequally 4-sided, with the angles acute; scales pale, roundish, very obtuse, scarious on the margins; bristles slen- der, bearded, unequal; nut broadly obovate, finely pitted, dull white ; tubercle ovate or conical, free around the base, much shorter than the nut. (Scirpus quadrangulatus, Michx.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July —- Sept. i— Culm 2°-3° high, 1’/-2/’ in diameter. Sheaths purplish. Spikes 1’ long. ‘3. E. cellulosa, Torr. Culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above; scales pale brown, round-obovate, white and scarious on the margins ; bristles rather rigid, nearly or quite smooth; nut oblong-obovate, conspicuously pitted, narrowed into the conical (at length flattened) tubercle. — Marshes, Apalachi- cola, Florida, and westward, near the coast. Aug. and Sept. | — Rootstocks creeping, slender. Culms 1°-2° high, 14” in diameter. Upper sheath elon- gated. Spikes 3/-1/ long, spirally twisted. « + Scales oblong, nerved on the back, thin on the margins : style 2 — 3-cleft : bristles 7, strongly bearded, longer than the nut. 4. FE. Robbinsii, Oakes. Culms erect, rather slender, acutely 3-angled, intermixed with hair-like abortive ones; spike 6-—8-flowered, acute; scales greenish, obtuse, rather distant on the flattened rachis, closely imbricated ; style 2-cleft ; bristles unequal, as long as the nut and tubercle; nut (1/' long) deeply pitted in lines, scarcely shorter. than the subulate tubercle. — Shallow ponds, near Quincy, Florida, and in New England, Oakes, Olney; but not as yet de- tected at any intermediate point. Aug.— Rhizoma filiform. Culms 6/— 12! high. Spikes }/ long. 5. HE. elongata, n. sp. Culms floating, slender, terete, mingled with hair- like abortive ones; spike 12-20-flowered, acute; scales rather distant on the compressed rachis, oblong-ovate, obtuse, green on the back, dark brown on the sides ; style 3-parted ; bristles rather longer than the obovate biconvex or some- what 3-angled faintly pitted nut; tubercle minute. — In still water, near Apala- chicola. July. 1} — Rootstocks filiform. Culms 2°-3° long, all but the summit immersed. Spikes 6-9! long. Nut 4" long. * %& Spikes thicker than the culm: style 3-cleft: nut 3-angled. + Brisiles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle: nut longitudinally furrowed and pitted. 6. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms somewhat compressed, tough and wiry ; spikes pale, ovate or oblong, acute; scales oblong, rigid, 1-nerved; nut obovate, as large as the ovate compressed 3-angled tubercle ; bristles rigid, his- pid. — Varies with larger spikes and pubescent bristles. (Scirpus tuberculosus, Michx.) — Wet places, chiefly along the coast, Florida, and northward. March -Sept. 1, — Culms 6'-12/ high. Spikes 3//-4” long (6//-8" in the var.). Nut shining. d16 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 7. EH. simplex, Torr. Culms unequally 3-sided, acute-angled; spikes short, ovate, acute; scales ovate-oblong, whitish, with brownish sides; nut obovate, flat on the inner face, twice as long as the conical-beaked compressed acute tubercle; bristles rigid. (E. tortilis, Schult. Scirpus simplex, Hil.) — Miry places along streams, Florida to. North Carolina. May-Sept. lt — Culms 1°-14° high, very slender, twisted when dry. Spikes 2!’-3/ long, angular, few-flowered. 8. EK. prolifera, Torr. (Cyp. p. 315, not of p. 442). Culms filiform, dif- fuse or prostrate, compressed; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, proliferous or rooting ; scales whitish, thin, oval, obtuse ; nut obovate, compressed-3-angled ; tubercle half as long as the nut, conical, 3-angled, free at the base; bristles; stout. (E. vivipara, Link.) — Marshy banks of ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina, May-Sept. 1} — Culms 10/-20! long, tough and wiry. Spikes 2!’- 4!’ long, very rarely fruiting. i + Bristles 4-6, longer than the smooth nut. 9. KE. intermedia, Torr. Culms bristle-form, diffuse, furrowed ; spikes oblong-ovate, acute, 8- 10-flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, thin, brown on the sides ; nut (yellowish) obovate, narrowed at the base, flat on the inner face, beaked with the subulate tubercle; bristles 6, stout, as long as. the nut and tubercle. — Wet places and in shallow streams, Georgia, and northward. — Culms $° long. Spikes 2/’-3// long. Nut minutely striate. 10. EK. albida, Torr. Culms terete, spongy ; spikes pale, oval or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, white or brownish ; nut broadly. obovate, whitish, flat on the inner face, smooth and shining; tubercle minute, free at the base ; bristles 6, reddish, longer than the nut.— Wet sandy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May-—Sept. lk— Rhizoma filiform, creeping. Culms 2/-6! high. Spikes 2-3! long. _ 11. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, wiry; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 12 - 20-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, light brown ; nut obovate, flat on the inner face, tapering into. the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 4-6, stout, twice as long as the nut. — South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1°-13° high. Spikes 3/'- 4! long. + + + Bristles 2-6, not exceeding the nut, often wanting. 12. EH. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, ovate, obtuse, white on the broad margins ; style 2-3-cleft ; nut black, obconical, 3- angled or biconvex, truncate at the apex, and capped with the triangular minutely pointed white tubercle ; bristles 3, as long as the nut, sometimes want- ing. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. June-Sept. | — Culms 1°—13° high. Spikes 4-5! long, 2! thick, occasionally proliferous. 13. EK. arenicola, Torr. Rhizoma long and creeping; culms slender, slightly compressed, striate, tough and wiry ; spikes: ovate, or at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, brown at the. summit, white on the margins; nut (yellowish) obovate, compressed-3-angled,, CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 517 contracted into a neck at the base of the short conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 4-6, reddish, not longer than the nut.— Sandy sea-shore, West Florida to South Carolina. May-Sept. 1} — Rhizoma and sheaths black. Culms 6/- 15’ high. Spikes 3//-6/' long, occasionally 2-3-cleft. Nut minutely pitted. 14. E. tricostata, Torr. Rhizoma stout, creeping; culms nearly terete, striate, wiry; spikes cylindrical-oblong, acutish, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ;, nut obovate, with strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical tubercle ; bristles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May- Sept. | — Rhizoma and sheaths pale. Culms 1°-13° high. Spikes 2/-4! long. Nut very small, minutely wrinkled. 15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4-angled, the sheaths purple ; spikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with the broad depressed short-pointed tubercle; bristles 2-3, much shorter than the nut, fugacious. — Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 8’-12/ high, almost bristle-form. Spikes 3//-4! long. Nut pale brown. 16. E. microcarpa, Torr. Culms bristle or hair-like, 4-angled ; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, 10—many-flowered, often proliferous; scales oblong, obtuse or acutish, membranaceous, brownish, with white margins; nut very minute, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and crowned with the depressed minutely pointed tubercle ; bristles 3-6, rarely as long as the nut, occasionally wanting. Var.? filiculmis, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, dark brown; nut obovate- oblong, narrowed at the apex, and crowned with the conical 3-angled tubercle; bristles rigid, rather longer than the nut. — Low sandy places, Florida to North Carolina, and (the var.) northward, chiefly near the coast. May - Sept. — Culms tufted, 3/- 9!’ high. Spikes 1’-2/ long. Lowest scale larger and per- sistent. Nut strongly 3-angled. * & *& Spikes thicker than the culm: style 2 —3-cleft : nut lenticular. ~— Culms 4-angled, bristle-like. 17. E. bicolor, n. sp. Culms erect or procumbent, 4-angled or 4-furrowed ; spikes ovate, obtuse, 8-12-flowered ; scales thin, loosely imbricated, ovate, ob- tuse, white on the keel and margins, the sides dark brown; style 2-3-cleft; nut very minute, white, obovate, lenticular, smooth, twice as long as the three fuga- cious bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, one third as long as the nut.— Sandy margins of ponds, near Quincy, Florida. Aug. @’— Culms tufted, 1/-6!' long, when growing in water finely knotted. Spikes 13/’ long. 18. EK. multiflora, n. sp. Culms tufted, erect, 4-furrowed, the sheaths dark brown; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, at length very many- (70-100-) flowered ; scales oval, very obtuse, thin, brown on the sides, white on the mar- gins; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; nut very minute, pear-shaped, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, tipped with the somewhat peltate tubercle; bristles di 518 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) none. — Margins of ponds and streams, West Florida. June—-Aug. @)— Culms 3/~5! high. Spikes 1//-2!/ long, the lower scales deciduous as new flowers are developed. Nut black, smooth and shining. +- + Culms terete or compressed, more or less spongy. 19. EK. capitata, R. Brown. Rhizoma slender, creeping; culms com- pressed; spikes short, ovate, 12~—16-flowered ; scales membranaceous, whitish, oblong, obtuse, deciduous; nut black and shining, broadly obovate, biconvex, tipped with the short conical tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Springy or miry places, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June—Sept. | — Culms 1/-4' high. Spikes 1//-2!/ long. Scales often brown when young. Nut very small, 20. EH. olivacea, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, diffuse; spikes ovate, acutish, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, purplish on the sides, green on the keel, the margins white; nut obovate, dull, dark olive; tubercle distinct, conical-beaked ; bristles 6-8, about half as long as the nut. — Wet sandy places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2/-5/ long. Spikes 3/’ long, 20-30-flowered. 21. EK. palustris, R. Brown. Rhizoma creeping; culms slender, terete, striate; spikes oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, many-flowered; scales oblong, membranaceous, brown on the sides, at length whitish, the upper ones acute; nut dull yellow, obovate, tumid, minutely dotted; tubercle short, triangular- ovate, compressed ; bristles 4, slender, commonly as long as the nut. (Scirpus palustris, ZL.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. June-Sept. y — Rhizoma black. Culms 1°-3° long. Spikes 3-5! long. 22. E. obtusa, Schultes. Culms tufted, terete, thick and spongy; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, commonly brown on the sides, green on the keel, with broad and white margins; style 2-3-cleft; nut (light brown) obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, scarcely wider than the short compressed acute tubercle; bristles 6, rigid, twice the length of the nut. (Scirpus capitatus, Ell.) — Muddy margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. Common. June-Sept. — Culms 6/-18! high. Spikes 2!'- 4!’ long. § 2. CHAETOCYPERUS. Spikes few-flowered, compressed: scales membranaceous, imbricated in 2-3 rows: style 3-cleft. Culms capillary. 23. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms (2/-12! high) angled; spikes ovate, 5-6-flowered, acute; scales oblong, with reddish sides; nut oblong, white, nearly terete, longitudinally ribbed and pitted, pointed with the conical or de- pressed tubercle; bristles 3—4, shorter than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scir- pus trichodes, Muhl.) — Margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. June- Sept. 24. BE. pygmea, Torr. Culms short (1/-2! high), grooved on one side; spikes ovate, 3 —6-flowered; scales whitish, ovate; nut ovate, pale, prominently 3-angled, smooth and shining, narrowed above into the minute tubercle ; bristles 6, longer than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scirpus capillaceus, Ell.) — Muddy CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519 or sandy banks near the coast, Florida, and northward. April-July. — Rhizoma very slender, bearing minute tuber-like buds. Spikes 1/’-2/' long. 25. KH. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms (4/-6/ long) grooved, diffuse, wiry ; spikes oblong, flat, 3 -5-flowered, proliferous and rooting; scales 4-6, 2-ranked, lanceolate, obtuse, finely nerved, the lower ones longer; nut smooth, oblong, strongly 3-angled, crowned with the conical 3-angled sessile tubercle; bristles 4-6, unequal, the longest as long as the nut.— Swamps, Florida and Georgia. June-—Sept. {— Sheaths light brown. Spikes 2! long. 8. SCIRPUS, L. Butrusn. Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended by a 1-many-leaved involucre. Scales imbricated in several rows. Nut obtuse, or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. — Culms jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed only at the base. Otherwise like Eleo- charis. — All perennial except No. 2. § 1. Culms jointless: leaves or sheaths radical. * Spike solitary, terminal. 1. S. czespitosus, L. Culms tufted (6/-10/ high), terete, wiry; sheaths numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf; spike 3-8- flowered ; involucre 2-leaved, as long as the spike, pointed; nut oblong, com- pressed-3-angled, abruptly pointed, half as long as the smooth capillary bristles. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. Spike 1-2” long. * * Spikes 2-many, apparently lateral: the 1-leaved involucre erect and continuous with the culm. +— Spikes in sessile clusters. 2. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms terete, slender, commonly leafless; spikes 2-5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical; involucre elongated; scales round-ovate, obtuse mucronate; style 2—3-cleft; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth, shorter than the 4-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams, South Carolina, and northward. @— Culms 3°-13° high. Spikes 3/’-5” long. 3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culms stout, acutely 3-angled, two of the sides concave, leafy at the base; leaves channelled, sharply keeled; involucre slender (3'-4! long); spikes 3-6, light brown, oblong; scales membranaceous, oval, 2-cleft, mucronate-awned, slightly ciliate ; anthers slender-pointed; style 2-cleft ; nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3-5 hispid bristles. (S. Americanus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast, West Florida, and northward. June-—Sept.— Culm 2°-3° high. Leaves 2-3, mostly shorter than the culm. Spikes 4//- 6” long. 4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culms stout, with three-winged angles, and three deeply channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves; invo- lucre short (3/-1/ long) rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; scales 520 CYPERACER. (SEDGE FAMILY.) smooth, orbicular, 2-cleft, mucronate ; anthers obtuse; style 2-cleft; nut round- obovate, plano-convex, as long as the 6 hispid bristles. — Brackish marshes, West Florida, and northward. June-Sept.— Culms 2°-4° high. Leaves 2/—4! long, Spikes 2/’ long. + + Spikes umbelled. 5. S. lacustris, L. Culm tall (3°-8° high), terete, leafless, or the radical sheaths leafy-pointed ; involucre 1-leaved, pungent, shorter than the decompound umbel ; spikes ovate or oblong, mostly clustered ; scales ovate, emarginate, rough- awned, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the back and green keel ; style 2-cleft ; nut obovate, pointed, plano-convex, shorter than the 3-6 strongly hispid bristles. (S. validus, Vahl.) — Varies, with the broader keeled and fimbriate bristles rather shorter than the round-obovate nut.— Fresh or brackish marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July—Sept. 6. §. leptolepis. Culms 3-angled, leafy at the base (2°-3° high); leaves long, sharply keeled, triangular-compressed near the obtuse curved apex, the immersed ones flat and pellucid; involucre slender (7! long), leaf-like, with shorter ones at the divisions of the compound umbel; spikes single, oblong or cylindrical, many-flowered, acute; scales light brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute, smooth, membranaceous, mucronate, and, like the three obtuse anthers, finely spotted; style 3-parted; nut whitish, 3-angled, oblong-obovate, long-pointed, shorter than the 5 slender and minutely denticulate bristles. (S. maritimus, var. cylindricus, Torr.?) — Lakes and ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. Dr. Hale. September. § 2. Culms jointed, leafy throughout: umbel terminal: involucre 2-several-leaved, spreading. * Bristles hispid downward. 7. S. maritimus, L. Culm sharply 3-angled, rough above ; leaves longer than the culm, keeled; umbel simple, 1 —3-rayed, bearing single or 2 - 3 spikes in a cluster, or the spikes all clustered and sessile ; involucre 2 - 4-leaved, much longer than the umbel ; spikes large, ovate or oblong-ovate, dull brown; scales thin, ovate, pubescent, tipped with a spreading awn; nut round-obovate, plano- convex or lenticular, smooth and shining, twice the length of the 4 weak bristles. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. meaue 2° ~ 3° high. Spikes 6/’- 10" long, 4! in diameter. 8. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth; leaves long, rough on the margins ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small, 3-8 ina cluster, ovate, yellowish-brown; scales ovate, mucronate, keeled; bristles 6, slender, hispid near the summit, mostly tortuous, 2-3 times as long as the pale compressed-3-angled pointed nut. (S. exaltatus, Pursh.)— Shady swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 2°-5° high. Spikes 1! long. 9. S. divaricatus, Ell. Culm round-angled, many-jointed; leaygs flat, broadly linear; umbel large, widely spreading or drooping, decompound, longer than the 3-leaved involucre; spikes all single, oblong-linear, scattered ; scales ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, brown on the sides ; bristles hair-like, rather roughened than hispid, crisped at the summit, longer than the obovate pointed equal-sided CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 521 acute-angled nut. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, and of Flat Creek, near Aspalaga, Florida, to South Carolina; not common. Aug.— Culm 2°- 4° high, often proliferous at the joints. Umbel 6/-12/ long. Spikes 2’’-3/ long. * & Bristles 6, capillary, smooth, crisped and entangled. ('Trichophorum.) 10. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Culm nearly terete, with the joints remote ; leaves linear, elongated, keeled; umbel terminal, decompound, spreading or recurved, shorter than the 3-—5-leaved involucre; spikes single or clustered, ovate; scales thin, lanceolate, obtuse; bristles many times longer than the oblong compressed-3-angled beak-pointed nut, at length exserted, and covering the spike with woolly down. (Trichophorum cyperinum, Pers.) —Swamps and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culm 2°-4° high. 11. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm 3-angled; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate ; umbels lateral and terminal, longer than the 1—3-leaved involucre; spikes all ‘single, cylindrical ; scales rigid, keeled, mucronate ; bristles barely exserted ; nut as in the preceding. Swamps, Georgia, and northward. June —- Aug.— Culm 2°-3° high. Spikelets 3-4! long. 9. ERIOPHORUM, UL. Corrton-Grass. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in manyrows. Perianth composed of numerous (rarely 6) smooth and flat hairs, much longer than the scale, and forming a woolly or silky tuft. Stamens commonly 3. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. - Nut 3-angled or lenticular. — Perennials, with leafy culms, in our species, and clustered or umbelled spikes. 1. EK. Virginicum, L. Culm nearly terete, rigid; leaves narrowly linear, elongated ; spikes densely clustered, nearly sessile, erect ; involucre 2— 3-leaved ; wool reddish, thrice the length of the brownish scales ; nut compressed-3-angled, acute. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. June—-Aug. — Culm 29- 3° high. Leaves 10/-18! long. 2. E. polystachyon, L. Culm terete; leaves broadly linear, 3-angled at the summit ; spikes umbelled, distinct, on slender at length nodding peduncles; involucre 2-leaved, shorter than the umbel; wool white, many times longer than the dark brown scales ; nut obtuse. — Meadows and bogs in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 1°-2° high. Leaves 3/-6/ long. 10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in several rows. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, commonly flat and fringed on the margins, tumid - at the base, deciduous. Nut lenticular. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Tnvolucre 1-several-leaved. Spikes terminal, umbellate or clustered. * Spikes umbelled. 1. F. spadicea, Vahl. Perennial; culms clustered, nearly terete, rigid (2°~ 3° high) ; leaves long, linear or filiform, concave, rough on the margins; umbel simple or compound, erect; involucre 2-3-leaved; spikes ovate or ob- 44 * 522 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) long, dark brown; scales smooth, rigid, rounded; nut obovate, acute, slightly furrowed and pitted. (Scirpus castaneus, Michx. S. ferrugineus, Hill.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. Var. puberula. (Scirpus puberulus, Michx.) Culms single, slender (1° - 2° high) ; leaves filiform, involute, and, like the spikes, densely pubescent and somewhat hoary ; nut round-obovate, obtuse. — Low pine barrens. 2. F. laxa, Vahl. Annual; culms (6/—18/ high) slender, and, like the narrowly linear leaves, often pubescent ; umbel mostly simple; involucre 2 —4- leaved ; spikes oblong-ovate ; scales orbicular, mucronate; nut obovate, strongly furrowed and pitted, warty on the edges. (Scirpus sulcatus, il.) — Low grounds, in fields and waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Umbel occasionally reduced to a single spike. * & Spikes clustered, sessile. 3. F. congesta, Torr. Annual; culms densely tufted (3! -6/ high), bris- tle-like, like the rough leaves ; spikes 5-10 in a terminal cluster, oblong or cylin- . drical, pale, or at length yellowish brown ; involucre 4-leaved, erect-spreading, longer than the culm; scales lanceolate, tapering into a slender spreading point ; nut oblong-obovate, crossed with faint lines. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Spikes 2” - 3!’ long. ll. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Spikes terete, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few (4-8) rows. Peri- anth none. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes umbelled. 1. T. autumnalis. Culms slender, flat, 2-edged, 6’/- 12! high, tufted ; involucre 2-leaved, mostly shorter than the simple compound or decompound umbel ; spikes linear-lanceolate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, imbricated in 4 rows ; stamens 2; nut white, obovate, obtuse, often warty. (Scirpus autum- nalis, L.) — Low piauaded Florida to Mississippi, and northward, very common. . dJuly-Oct. @® 12. ISOLEPIS, R. Brown. Spikes few-many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few —several rows. Peri- anth none. Style 3-cleft, the tumid base persistent at the apex of the 3-angled nut. — All annuals (in our species), with filiform or bristle-form culms and leaves. Spikes umbelled or clustered. Leaves radical. * Spikes umbelled. (Scales pubescent.) 1. I. capillaris, R.& 8S. Culm (4/-6! high) smooth, furrowed, and, like the rough-edged leaves, bristle-like ; spikes 3-4, in a simple umbel, oblong, 6 - 8- flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, Beenie keeled, brown on the sides, imbricated in 4 rows; nut obovate, obtuse, nearly equal-sided, transversely wrinkled ; sta- mens 2. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Moist sandy places, Florida, and northward. June — Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves bearded at the throat. Involucre 2-3- leaved, scarcely longer than the umbel. CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523 2. I. ciliatifolia, Torr. Culms tufted, filiform, angled (6’~12’ high) ; leaves bristle-form, hispid on the edges, the sheaths bearded at the throat; um- bel compound; spikes several (1/’-2" long), 6 -12-flowered, linear-oblong ; scales oval, strongly keeled, brown on the sides; nut obovate, very obtuse, nearly equal-sided, obscurely wrinkled. (Scirpus ciliatifolius, El’.) — Dry sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 3. I. coarctata, Torr. Culms (1° high) terete, filiform ; leaves bristle- form, smooth, with the sheaths bearded; umbel compound, contracted ; spikes (37 long) linear-oblong, 10-15-flowered ; scales ovate, acutish, imbricated in 4 _ rows ; nut flat on the inner face, obtuse-angled in front, obscurely dotted. (Scir- pus coarctatus, Hil.) — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast. Sept. and Oct.— Rays of the umbel 3' long. * & Spikes clustered in a terminal head. 4. I. stenophylla, Torr. Culms (2/-4/ high) densely tufted, 3-angled, and, with the bristle-form leaves and involucre, bristly-ciliate ; involucre much longer than the head, 3-4-leaved, dilated and ciliate at the base; spikes 4-6, oblong-linear, 8—10-flowered ; scales lance-ovate, slender-pointed, hispid on the 3-nerved keel; nut (bluish) obovate, obtuse, wrinkled. (Scirpus stenophyllus, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 5. I..Warei, Torr. Culms filiform (1°-14° high), smooth, 3-angled,. much longer than the bristle-form hispid leaves; sheaths bearded at the throat with long silky hairs; leaves of the involucre rigid, twice as long as the head, orbicular and cut-fringed at the base; spikes 8-10 in a head, ovate, many-flow- ered ; scales ovate, mucronate, many-nerved; nut obovate, obtusely angled, obscurely wrinkled. — Dry sands near the coast, West Florida. Sept. — Heads +’ in diameter. 138. ABILDGAARDIA, Vahl. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 or (by the twisting of the rachis) 3 rows, keeled, decurrent on the rachis, deciduous. fPerianth none. - Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled.— Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes solitary, clustered or umbelled. 1. A. monostachya, Vahl. Culms filiform, tufted (6’- 10! high) ; leaves shorter than the culm, filiform, obtuse, concave; spikes solitary (rarely by pairs), _ ovate, acute, compressed, 8 —- 12-flowered, much longer than the bract-like mu- ~ eronate 1-leaved involucre ; scales broadly ovate, acute or mucronate, compressed- keeled, with broad and white margins; stamens 3; nut somewhat pear-shaped, 3-angled, warty, yellowish-white. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 14. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beax-Rusn. Spikes 1 -several-flowered. Scales imbricated in few rows, the lowest empty, the upper usually bearing imperfect flowers. Perianth of 3-6 (rarely 12-20) hispid or plumose bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular or globose, crowned with the dilated and persistent base 024 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) of the style (tubercled). Perennials, with jointed and leafy culms. Spikes small, disposed in axillary and terminal corymbs or clusters. § 1. ERIOCHATE. Bristles of the perianth 6, plumose. 1. R. plumosa, Ell. Culms (6!/-12! high) and leaves filiform ; spikes few, in about three small clusters at the summit of the culm; nut nearly globu- lar, strongly wrinkled, pointed with the short ovate smooth tubercle ; bristles rather longer than the nut, plumose throughout or nearly to the summit. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. : Var. intermedia. Culms taller (1°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear ; clusters 4-6, forming an interrupted spike at the summit of the culm; nut obo- vate, pointed with the conical-beaked pubescent tubercle; bristles plumose only at the base, or below the middle. — Sandy pine barrens, often dry places, Florida. 2. R. semiplumosa, Gray. Culms erect, rigid (1°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear ; spikes oblong-ovate, dark brown, crowded in a terminal head, or rarely in a remote axillary one ; nut globose-obovate, faintly wrinkled, pointed with the short broadly conical smooth tubercle; bristles exceeding the tubercle, plumose below the middle. — Dry sandy ridges, near the coast, West Florida. July and Aug. — The leaves, like those of the preceding species, have a joint- like contraction near the middle. é 3. R. oligantha, Gray. Culms (6/-12/ high) and smooth leaves bristle- like, reclining ; corymb terminal, of 3-6 large (4! long) ovate-lanceolate whitish stalked spikes ; nut oval, lenticular, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle dilated at the base, conical, flat; bristles longer or shorter than the nut, plumose below the middle. — Low open pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. § 2. RHYNCHOSPORA Proper. Bristles of the perianth 3-20, smooth, scabrous, or hispid. * Nut transversely wrinkled or uneven : bristles denticulate or hispid upward. «- Bristles shorter than the nut. 4. R. rariflora, Ell. Culms and leaves bristle-form; corymbs 2-3, re- mote, spreading; spikes few and scattered, ovate; nut broadly obovate, bicon- vex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the 6 fragile bristles; tubercle flat, broadly conical, § as long as the nut.— Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July.— Culms 1°-14° long, commonly reclining. Spikes pedicelled. 5. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culms erect, slender, nearly terete ; leaves nar- rowly linear or bristle-form ; corymbs 1 —3, remote, erect ; nut obovate, flat, about twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle compressed-conical, dilated at the base, + the length of the nut.— Wet ground, South Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 1°- 3° high. Corymbs many-flowered and somewhat spreading, or few-flowered and capitate. | 6. R. eymosa, Nutt. Culms (2°-38° high) 3-angled; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs mostly 3, distant, open or contracted ; spikes ovate, clustered, light brown ; scales mucronate ; nut broadly obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled, twice as long as the 3-6 bristles; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, 4 as CYPERACEEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525 long as the nut.— Var. GLopuLARIS. Smaller (6/-15! high) ; corymbs reduced to few globose-ovate dark brown clustered spikes ; nuts smaller, and deeper fur- rowed. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. June and July. 7. R. compressa, Carey. Culms'stout, 3-angled (2°-3° high) ; leaves lin- ear, rigid ; corymbs 3 -- 5, remote, spreading ; spikes ovate, numerous, in dense bracted clusters; scales acute; nut obovate; the flat or somewhat depressed sides strongly wrinkled and pitted, twice as long as the 6 bristles; tubercle conical-beaked, with the dilated base wider than the nut. — Margins of pine- barren ponds, West Florida. June and July. — Radical leaves numerous, 1° long. + + Bristles equalling or longer than the nut (in No. 9 variable). 8. R. stenophylla, n.sp. Culms and leaves setaceous ; corymbs 1-2, small, erect; spikes 5-7, distinct, lanceolate-oblong ; nut obovate, biconvex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle; bristles 6, slen- der, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Low grassy pine barrens, Apala- chicola. June and July.— Culms tufted, 1° long. 9. R. microcarpa, Baldw. Culms (2° high) erect, slender, nearly terete ; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-6, slender, spreading, compound; spikes small, round-ovate, scattered; nut round-obovate, lenticular, strongly wrinkled, tipped with the very short and broad tubercle; bristles 5-6, as long as the nut. — Varies with the spikes clustered, and the 3 bristles not half the length of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. 10. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culms nearly terete, slender (2°-3° high) ; leaves narrowly linear; corymbs 4-5, narrow, remote, compound, drooping ; spikes scattered, lanceolate; nut lanceolate-oblong, compressed, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, very slender, twice the length of the nut.— Swamps and banks of streams, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. 11. R. decurrens, n. sp. Culms (2°-3° high) erect, nearly terete, very slender and bending near the top; leaves linear, elongated, flat and somewhat glaucous; corymbs 5-6, remote, compound, the bristle-like branches spreading or drooping ; spikes (1 long) ovate, scattered, pedicelled ; nut obovate, lentic- ular, slightly wrinkled and pitted ; tubercle compressed, crescent-shaped, with the edges decurrent, } the length of the nut; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Marshy banks of lakes and rivers, West Florida. June and July. 12. R. patula, Gray. Culms 3-angled (2°-3° high), slender above; leaves linear; corymbs 3-5, remote, compound, widely spreading ; spikes scattered, ovate, on slender stalks ; nut round-obovate, lenticular ; tubercle flat, conical, half the length of the nut, ciliate on the edges; bristles 6, rather longer than the nut. — Varies with the spikes lanceolate, the narrower nut contracted at the base, and the bristles twice the length of the nut.— Banks. of pine-barren streams, Florida and Georgia. June and July. 13. R. Elliottii, Dietr. Culm (2°- 3° high) 3-angled ; leaves linear (1! ~ 2!! wide) ; corymbs 3-5, compound, the lower ones remote ; spikes small, ovate, crowded ; nut obovate, flattened, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle broadly conical, flat, as long as the nut; bristles 6, strongly hispid, as long as the nut and 526 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) : tubercle. (R. multiflora, Gray. Scirpus schcenoides, KJ.) — Margins of ponds in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Nuts 3" long, several on a spike. 14. R. caduca, Ell. Culms stout (3°-4° high), 3-angled; leaves broadly linear (3//— 4! wide) ; corymbs 4-6, compound, remote, the branches and short pedicels erect; spikes very numerous, approximate, ovate; scales caducous ; nuts 4—8 on the spike, obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled; tubercle flat, con- ical, ciliate, 4 as long as the nut; bristles 6, slender twice as long as the nut. — Swamps and wet banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Spikes 2" long. Nut twice as large as in No. 13. 15. R. miliacea, Gray. Culms tall’ (3°-4° high), 3-angled ; leaves flat (3/’- 4'' wide) ; corymbs 6 - 8, distant, compound ; the branches and slender pedicels spreading horizontally ; spikes ovate ; scales caducous ; nuts 4-8 on the spike, round-obovate, biconvex ; tubercle compressed, conical; bristles 6, slender, as long as the nut and tubercle. (R. sparsa, ll.) — Bogs and deep miry places, Florida to North Carolina. June and July.— The nuts of this and the preced- ing species remain on the spike after the scales have fallen away. 16. R. punctata, Ell. Culms (1°- 2° high) slender, 3-angled; leaves short, linear-lanceolate ; corymbs 3-4, cluster-like, the lateral ones simple, dis- tant, and long-peduncled ; spikes ovate ; nut obovate, compressed, with transverse pitted furrows, rather shorter than the 6 slightly hispid bristles ; tubercle conical, compressed, shorter than the nut. — Near Savannah and St. Mary’s, Georgia, Elliott. May and June. 17. R. Grayii, Kunth. Culm solitary, 3-angled (2°- 3° high); leaves lin- ear, rigid, shining ; corymbs 3-4, distant, capitate ; spikes few, large, ovate ; nut round-obovate, tumid, slightly pitted, dull; tubercle short-conical, dilated at the base ;. bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle; stamens 3-6. (R. distans, Ell. R. Elliottii, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. * *& Nut smooth and even: bristles hispid upward. 18. R. megalocarpa, Gray. Culms stout (2°-3° high), 3-angled ; leaves rigid, linear, shining ; corymbs 4-6, distant, spreading or somewhat contract- . ed; spikes (3’’ long) ovate, single; nut large (2’ long), orbicular-obovate, biconvex, light brown, turning blackish; tubercle short-conical from a spreading base ; bristles 6-10, commonly shorter than the nut; stamens 12. (R. dode- candra, Baldw.) — Dry sands along the coast of West and East Florida, and Wilmington, North Carolina. May—Aug. 19. R. Baldwinii, Gray. Culms (2°- 3° high) sharply 3-angled, rough ; leaves short, glaucous, smooth, very acute ; corymbs 1-38, contracted or nearly capitate; spikes ovate, dark chestnut; nut ovate, lenticular, twice as long as the flat conical tubercle; bristles 12-14, longer than the nut; stamens 6.— Wet pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June and July. 20. R. ciliata, Vahl. Culms blunt-angled (1° -2° high) ; leaves short, glau- cous, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, fringed on the margins ; corymbs mostly solitary, capitate ; spikes light brown, ovate; nut oval, lenticular, minutely roughened ; CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527 - tubercle flat, conical; bristles 6, 4 the length of the nut; stamens 3.— Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June— Aug. — Leaves 2/—4/ long. Lat- eral corymb (when present) remote. 21. R. fascicularis, Nutt. Culms obscurely 3-angled, commonly slender, (2°-3° high) ; leaves pale, narrowly linear; corymbs 2—3, distant, capitate, or sometimes compound ; bracts conspicuous; spikes light brown, oblong-ovate, densely clustered ; scales mucronate-awned; nut oval or orbicular, lenticular, dark brown, usually pale in the middle and on the prominent edges ; tubercle white, broadly or narrowly conical, obtuse, compressed, $- 3 the length of the nut ; bristles 4-6, varying from one half to nearly twice the length of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. Var. distans. (R.distans, Nutt.) Every way smaller; culms (6/—18! high) erect; corymbs capitate, by pairs at the summit of the culm, and often with a third rather distant lateral one; spikes ovate ; bristles 6, as long as the nut, rarely twice as long. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Var. trichoides. Culms (6/-12! long) prostrate, and, like the leaves, bristle- form; corymb solitary, capitate ; spikes few; nut orbicular, three times as long as the 3-6 bristles. — Open pine barrens, West Florida. 22. R. filifolia, Gray. Culms (1°-2° high) filiform, erect; leaves seta- ceous ; corymbs 2 —4, distant, capitate ; spikes densely clustered, lanceolate ; nut minute, obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, twice as long as the compressed triangular-ovate ciliate tubercle; bristles 6, rigid, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culm nearly terete. Spikes brown. Nut pale, with thickened edges. 23. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culms rigid, acutely 3-angled, glaucous- green, rough above; leaves erect, ciliate-serrulate; corymb terminal, capitate, compact; spikes very pale-ferruginous, lanceolate, 1-flowered; nut obovate, smooth, compressed, reddish brown, with a paler disk; tubercle very short, de- pressed, apiculate; bristles 3, one fifth the length of the nut; stamens 33 style 2-cleft. — Wilmington, North Carolina. Curtis. June. — Culm 12!-20! high. Nut 1” long. 24. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms and leaves filiform or setaceous; cor- ymbs 2-8, distant, capitate, brown ; spikes densely clustered, ovate-lanceolate ; nut oval, dull, as long as the slender subulate tubercle; bristles 6, twice as long as the nut. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 1°-2° high. * * * Nut smooth and even: bristles hispid downward. 25. R. alba, Vahl. Culms (1°-2° high) slender, 3-angled above ; leaves narrowly linear or setaceous; corymbs mostly 2, capitate, white, turning brownish, the lower one long-peduncled ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, 1-flowered ; nut obovate, lenticular, twice as long as the compressed subulate tubercle ; bristles 10-20, rigid, as long as the nut and tubercle, ciliate at the base.— Wet springy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 26. R. glomerata, Vahl. Culms (2°-3° high) 3-angled ; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-12, often by pairs, capitate, dark brown; spikes ovate-lanceo 528 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) late; nut obovate from a stalk-like base, lenticular ; tubercle subulate, as long as the nut, with its dilated base equalling it in width ; bristles 6, stout, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle.— Var. panicuLaTa. (R. paniculata, Gray.) Culms stout (3°-4° high) ; leaves flat (2'’—3!' wide) ; corymbs compound, paniculate, with the very numerous spikes clustered at the summit of the branches. — Bogs and springy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 27. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culms (2°-3° high) nearly terete ; leaves nar- rowly linear; corymbs 4—8, mostly by pairs, globose, compact; spikes numer- ous, lanceolate-oblong, dark brown; nut broadly obovate from a stalk-like base, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, and much wider than the base of the subulate tubercle; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Bogs and shady swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. § 8. HALOSCHCENUS. Perianth none. 28. R. pusilla, n. sp. Culms (6/-12! high) and leaves bristle-form ; corymbs 2-38, distant, erect-spreading, the upper one compound; spikes minute, ovate, mostly scattered on the branches, 3-flowered; scales ovate, brown; nut white, oblong-obovate, compressed-lenticular, contracted at the base, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle depressed-conical, free at the base. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June. 29. R. divergens, n. sp. Culms (6/-12/ high) and leaves filiform or bristle- form; corymbs 2-3, distant, spreading; spikes small, scattered, pedicelled, 3- flowered ; scales brown, ovate; nut obovate, biconvex, minutely pitted ; tubercle depressed, sessile, minutely pointed in the centre. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June. ; 30. R. Chapmanii, M. A. Curtis. Culms (12'-20! high) densely tufted, erect, setaceous or filiform, like the short and flat leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal, capitate ; spikes whitish, lanceolate, densely clustered, 1-flowered ; scales 5, the uppermost fertile ; nut oval, lenticular, smooth and shining; tubercle short, ses- sile, broadly conical; stamens 1-2. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- lina. July and Aug. 15. CERATOSCHGNUS, Nees. Hornep-Rusa. Spikes few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty, the upper with staminate or abortive flowers. Perianth of 4-6 bristles, which are dilated and connate at the base. Stamens 3. Style elongated, entire or slightly 2-cleft at the apex. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent and hispid lower half of the style. — Perennials. Culms jointed, leafy. Spikes scattered in an open corymb, or clustered in a globose head. 1. C. corniculatus, Nees. Culms stout (3°-4° high), 3-angled; leaves flat, scabrous on the edges (6//- 10” wide) ; corymbs 3-5, erect, compound ; spikes brown, ovate-lanceolate; style very long, the lower and persistent portion up- wardly scabrous ; nut narrowly obovate, smooth, the sides concave and minutely dotted ; bristles 5 -6, rigid, smoothish, half as long as the nut; tubercle subulate, 3-4 times the length of the nut. (Rhynchospora longirostris, El.) — Ponds CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) — 529 and ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. —- Leaves 1°-2° long. Nut and tubercle nearly 1' long. 2. C. macrostachyus, Gray, var. patulus. Corymbs very large, decompound, diffuse; style minutely 2-cleft; nut broadly obovate ; bristles slen- der, twice as long as the nut; otherwise like No. 1. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. August. — Culms 3°-4° high. Terminal corymbs often 1° in diameter. 3. C. capitatus, n. sp. Culms (2°-38° high) nearly terete, straight, like the long narrow erect and channelled leaves; spikes densely clustered in 1-6 globular heads, the lateral heads long peduncled and somewhat corymbosce; scales about 9 (the fourth fertile), whitish; style very long, minutely 2-cleft ; nut obovate, lenticular, obscurely wrinkled, hispid on the margins above, shorter than the 6 slender bristles ; tubercle bristle-awl-shaped, twice as long as the nut. — Pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June - Aug.— Leaves 2! - 4!! wide, as long as the culm. Head composed of 30 or more spikes. Nut and tubercle 3” long. 16. CHAITOSPORA, R. Brown. Spikes few- (1-8-) flowered. Scales imbricated in two rows; the lower ones empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 3-6 scabrous or plumose bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base, nearly deciduous. Nut triangular, mostly pointed by the persistent base of the style. — Leaves radical, narrow. Spikes in a terminal cluster, subtended by a 1 -2-leaved in- volucre. 1. C. nigricans, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect, slightly compressed, smooth and rigid, jointed near the summit ; leaves rigid, erect, semi-terete, rough on the margins, shorter than the culms; sheaths black; involucre 2-leaved, the lowest longer than the ovoid dark brown head; spikes ovate-lanceolate, compressed, 6 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate, compressed-keeled, the lowest mucronate; rachis zigzag; bristles 6, unequal, compressed, dilated at the base, hispid upward, longer than the globose-3-angled white and polished nut. (Schcenus nigricans, ZL.) —Damp soil, near Marianna, West Florida, and salt marshes, near St. Mark, Middle Florida. May. \j— Culms 1°-13° high. Although differing in some particulars, the Florida plant is probably not distinct from that of the eastern hemisphere. 17. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales imbricated in several rows, membrana- ceous, all bearing perfect flowers. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut biconvex, transversely wrinkled, crowned with the persistent base of the style. — Culms leafy. Spikes ovate, disposed in spreading lateral and terminal corymbs. 1. P. rhynchosporoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete ($°- 2° high); leaves narrowly linear, longer than the culm; corymbs 2-3, widely spreading, the terminal one mostly compound ; spikes pedicelled ; scales ovate, acute ; nut 45 030 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) orbicular, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle compressed, very short, sessile, but not decurrent on the edges of the nut. (Scirpus nitens, Vahl.) — Shallow pine- barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. @W— Culms commonly root- ing at the lower joints. P. scrrPorpEs, Torr., if within our limits, may be known by its neal smooth nut, and slender nent liice decurrent tubercle. 18. DICHROMENA, Richard. Spikes compressed, few-flowered, aggregated in a terminal head, and sur- rounded by an involucre of several leaves, which are commonly white at the base. Scales imbricated in few rows, most of them bearing abortive flowers. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular, crowned with the broad and persist- ent base of the style. Perianth none. Perennials. Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Scales white, membranaceous. 1. D. leucocephala, Michx. Culms (1°-13° high) slender, 3-angled ; leaves narrowly linear ; involucre of 4-7 narrow leaves ; nut orbicular, wrinkled ; tubercle flat, broadly conical, sessile, but not decurrent.— Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.— Involucre unchanged in drying. 2. D. latifolia, Baldw. Culms stout (2°-8° high), nearly terete; leaves broadly linear, elongated ; leaves of the involucre 8-9, tapering from the broad (3'’- 4" wide) base to the slender summit, becoming reddish ; nut round-obovate, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, obtuse, the sides decurrent on the edges of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May-July. — Heads larger than those of the preceding. 19. CLADIUM, Browne. Spikes ovate, 1- 2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens2. Style 2-3-cleft, the divisions often 2—3-cleft, de- ciduous. Nut globose-ovate, the pericarp thickened and corky near the apex. Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in axillary and terminal cyme- like panicles. 1. C. effusum, Torr. (Saw-Grass.) Culms (4°- 8° high) nearly terete ; leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, diffuse ; spikes small, 3-4 in a cluster, deep brown; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a perfect flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty; nut ovate, pointed, wrinkled. (Schcenus effusus, Swartz.)— Fresh or brackish marshes along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. 20. SCLERIA, L. Novt-Rusn. Flowers moneecious. Sterile spike few -many-flowered. Scales loosely im- bricated in 2-3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the base of the sterile spike. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Nut globose or ovate, stony or bony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy culms. Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal. CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531 §1. SCLERIA Prorrer. Nut supported by an annular or 3 - 6-lobed disk. * Nut smooth: stamens 3. 1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (2°- 3° high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy; spikes disposed in 3 -6 clusters at the summit of the culm, and 1-2 distant lateral ones on long and drooping peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow ring at the base of the globose- ovate yellowish white nut.— Low grounds, Florida, and northward. June- August. 2. S. oligantha, Ell., Michx.? Culms (1°-2° high) slender, smooth, sharply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves; spikes 3-5, sin- gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1-2 distant lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles ; bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute globular lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut.— Thickets and margins of fields, Florida to South Carolina. July. * * Nut reticulated: disk of 3 flattened lobes : stamens 2. 3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1°-14° high), scabrous below ; leaves narrowly linear ; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the lateral ones on a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and pitted; lobes of the disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. 4. S. laxa, Torr. Culms weak, rough on the angles; leaves linear, obtuse ; spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping peduncle ; nut globose, wrinkled and somewhat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the nut. (S. reticularis, H//.)—-Damp pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Oct. — Culms 1°-13° long. Nut 13/’- 2’! in diameter. * * * Nut warty: disk bearing 3-6 globular lobes: stamens 3. 5. §. ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid (14°- 2° high), smooth below, sparingly fringed on the angles above ; leaves 2, narrowly linear (1" wide), rigid, smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins; sheaths pubescent ; clusters ter- minal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, closely beset with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of the nut and at the base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — Dry pine bar- rens. Florida to South Carolina. June—Aug.— Rhizoma thick and creeping. 6. S. Elliottii. Culms stout ($°-1° high), densely rough-fringed on the angles throughout ; leaves 3-4, broadly linear (2!!/—3! wide), closely fringed on the margins and midrib beneath; sheaths pubescent; clusters 2, the lateral one remote, on a short erect peduncle; sterile spike small, few-flowered ; nut globose, deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty projections at the base ; lobes of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella, Ell., Michx.% not of Swartz.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. = 7. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villous throughout; culms (6'- 12! high) slender; leaves narrowly linear ; clusters small, of 1 —few spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect peduncle; ster- ile spike few-flowered ; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with minute 532 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) warts, those at the base elongated; lobes of the disk 6, distinct, globose. (S. Caroliniana, Willd., the villous form.) Var. glabra. Smooth throughout, or the leaves and bracts scabrous at the summit; culms erect (1° high), rigid, but slender, like the erect leaves ; clusters terminal; spikes many-flowered ; lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobed. This also varies, with longer (2°- 24°) diffuse culms, and with 1 - 2 distant ‘axillary clus- ters on long (5’-10’) drooping peduncles.— Low sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward ; the varieties chiefly southward. May- Aug. 3 § 2. HYPOPORUM. Disk none: nut concave and often pitted at the sides of the triangular base. * Clusters of spikes terminal, leafy-bracted. 8. S. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms rough above (2°- 3° high) ; leaves mostly 2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2’’ long) dull white, globose-ovate, obscurely angled, longitudinally furrowed, concave at the sides of the abruptly contracted base, slightly pointed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast. June and July. 9. S. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender (1° high), smooth, like the filiform leaves ; nut small (1 long), ovate, dull white, furrowed lengthwise, the sides at the base concave and pitted. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. — Plant brownish, tufted. * * Clusters of spikes (small) numerous, scattered near the summit of the culm, form- ing an interrupted compound spike: bracts mostly short. 10. S. filiformis, Swartz. Glaucous; culms slender (13° - 2° high), smooth; leaves narrowly linear, rough on the margins and keel, ciliate at the throat ; clusters 3-4, erect, few-flowered, the lowest remote, leafy-bracted ; scales lanceolate, rough-pointed ; stamens 3; nut obovate, obscurely 3-angled, smooth and glassy, concave at the base, not pitted. — South Florida. Oct. 11. S. verticillata, Muhl. Culms very slender (6/- 12! high), smooth, like the narrowly linear or filiform leaves and sheaths; clusters 3-5, erect; scales smooth; nut very small, globose-3-angled, pointed, rough with raised wavy ridges, not pitted at the base. — Varies with hairy sheaths, more numer- ous (6-9) clusters, and reticulated nuts. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward, June and July. 12. S. Michauxii. Culms (6’-12' high) smooth; leaves linear, and, like the sheaths, hairy; clusters 4-6, nodding; scales bristle-awned; nut globose- 3-angled, very minute, pointed, smooth, not pitted at the base. (S. interrupta, Michz., not of Richard.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. 21. CAREX, L. Sepes. Flowers moneecious, rarely dicecious, spiked. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes. Scales imbricated in few - many rows. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, exserted from a sac (perigynium) which encloses the ovary and the lenticular biconvex or 3-angled nut. — Peren- _ CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533 nials, with grass-like leaves. Spikes from the axils of scale-like or Icaf-like bracts, simple or compound. § 1. VIGNEA. Stigmas two: nut lenticular, or more or less compressed. A. Spikes bearing both sterile and fertile flowers. * Spikes with the sterile and fertile flowers variously disposed. 1. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, distinct, oblong-lanceolate, com- pressed ; perigynia lanceolate, erect, finely nerved, ending in a long flat rough- margined 2-cleft beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale. — Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Culms tufted, weak and slender, 1°-—14° high. Leaves narrowly linear. Spikes occasionally wholly sterile or fertile. Perigynia somewhat 2-ranked. * & Spikes with the upper flowers sterile, the lower fertile. ~— Spikes indefinite, disposed in a close panicle. ++ Perigynia sessile. 2. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle long, drooping, the-upper spike-like branches densely clustered, the lower elongated, distinct, and spreading ; perigy- nia obovate, biconvex, nerved, abruptly short-beaked, about the length of the ovate pointed white-margined scale.— Wet margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. May.— Culms erect, stout, 2°-3° high. Panicle 4!-6! long. Bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form. Perigynia dark brown at maturity. 3. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Panicle spike-like, erect; clusters of spikes 8-12, short, oval, the upper ones densely crowded; perigynia small, ovate, compressed, short-beaked, 2-clefé at the orifice, faintly nerved at the broad base; seales yellowish, mucronate. (C. multiflora, Juhl.) — Swamps, South Caro- lina, and northward. May.— Culms 13°-2° high. Panicle 2/—3/ long, cylin- drical. Bracts of the lower spikes setaceous or leaf-like, often exceeding the panicle. Perigynia yellowish at maturity. ++ ++ Perigynia short-stalked, truncate at the base. 4. C. erus-corvi, Shuttleworth. Panicle very large, the lower branches long and distinct, the upper short and crowded; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, strongly nerved, dilated at the base, tapering into a long and slender rough-edged deeply 2-cleft beak, thrice the length of the ovate mucronate scale. — River- swamps, West Florida, and westward. May.— Culms thick and spongy, sharp- angled, and, like the broad (3/- 4! wide) leaves, glaucous. Panicle 4!—9! long, oblong or spike-like. Perigynia widely spreading, brown at maturity. 5. C. stipata, Muhl. Panicle oblong; the short ovate branches densely clustered ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering into a stout rough-edged erect-spreading 2-cleft beak, 2-3 times the length of the scale. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May.— Plant yel- lowish. Culms 1°- 2° high, sharp-angled, thick and spongy. Leaves 4!’—9! broad. : 45 * 534 “CYPERACE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) + + Spikes 4-10, disposed in a simple spike or head, or (in No. 6) the lowest ones compound. 6. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, ovoid, the upper ones crowd- ed, the lower scattered and often compound; pcrigynia flattened, ovate, acute at the base, narrowly margined, nerveless, spreading, with a short and rough 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the thin ovate scale. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° high. Leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. Common spike 2/-4/ long. Perigynia yellowish. _ 7. C. Muhlenbergii, Schkr. Spikes 5-8, ovoid, approximate, or crowd- ed in an oblong head ; perigynia round-ovate, plano-convex, strongly nerved, with a short and broad rough-edged 2-cleft beak, barely longer than the ovate short-pointed scale. — Dry sterile soil, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 12'/—18/ high, rigid, rough above, twice as long as the narrow leaves. Head or spike 1/ long. Bracts bristle-form, longer than the spikes. 8. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, crowded in a compact ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, few-nerved, short and rough-beaked, as long as the ovate long-pointed scale. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Culms 9’- 15! high, naked above, rough on the angles, tough and wiry. Leaves nar- row. Head 3! long. Bracts bristle-like. 9. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, 8-10-flowered, the two upper ones ap- proximate, the others scattered , perigynia oblong, plano-convex, rough-beaked, spreading at maturity, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse or short-mucronate scale. (C. radiata, Dew., a form with more slender culms, and 3 - 4-flowered spikes.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° high, smooth, longer than the narrow leaves, Common spike 2/-3' long. Bract of the lowest spike commonly exceeding the culm. 10. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, crowded, or the lower ones dis- tinct, ovoid, the lowest short-bracted ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, smooth-beaked, 2-cleft, at length widely spreading or reflexed, barely longer than the ovate long- pointed scale. — Open woods, Florida, and northward. — Culms slender, 1° high, rough-angled above. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Common spike about 1’ long. * *& *& Spikes with the lower flowers sterile, the upper fertile. 1l. C. stellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, obovoid, distinct, the uppermost club-shaped at the base, perigynia ovate, rounded at the base, tapering into a short and rough 2-cleft beak, finely nerved, spreading and finally recurved, rather longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Shady river-swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6/—12/ high, weak. Leaves narrow and tender. Spikes small. Var. sterilis. Sterile and fertile spikes on separate culms, or some of them either sterile or fertile on the same culm, otherwise like the preceding, and grow- ing in similar places. (C. sterilis, Willd.) Var. conferta. Culms taller (2° high) and stouter ; spikes larger and more crowded; perigynia round-ovate, twice as long as the broadly ovate barely pointed scale. — Pine-barren swamps. CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 535 12. C. canescens, L., var. vitilis, Carey. Spikes 5-7, small, scat- tered, roundish, 6 —10-flowered; perigynia ovate, plano-convex, short and rough- beaked, spreading and tawny at maturity, rather longer than the ovate acute white scale. (C.sphzrostachya, Dew.) — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms weak and slender, 10/-15! high, longer than the nar- row and tender leaves. 13. C. scoparia, Schk. Spikes 6-8, approximate, ovate or oblong, many- flowered ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, narrowly margined, acute at the base, ta- pering into a long 2-cleft rough beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate pointed seale, turning light brown at maturity. —Swamps, South Carolina, and north- ward. — Culms 1°- 2° high, rough above, longer than the narrow leaves. Var. lagopodioides. Spikes 10-15, obovoid; perigynia lanceolate, re- maining pale green at maturity, nearly twice as long as the rather obtuse scale. (C. lagopodioides, Schk.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms commonly taller than the preceding. 14. C. straminea, Schk. Spikes 3-6, distinct, ovoid; perigynia ovate or round-ovate, broadly winged, abruptly narrowed into a short 2-cleft beak, somewhat tawny and spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. Var. festucacea. Spikes 6-8, pale, obovoid or somewhat club-shaped, scattered ; perigynia ovate, less broadly margined, tapering into a more slender beak, erect and pale green at maturity. (C.festucacea, Schk. C. foenea, Torr., §c., a form with more rigid culms, and more crowded and glaucous spikes.) — Swamps, very common. — Culms 1°- 2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, shorter than the culm. 15. ©. foenea, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, large (6//-8/! long), ovoid, approxi- mate; perigynia flat, broadly obovate, wing-margined, abruptly contracted into a very short beak, longer than the lanceolate scale; nut oval, stalked. (C. alata, Torr.) — Marshes, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° - 3° high, leafy below the middle. Spikes brownish at maturity. Perigynia 23” long. B. Terminal spikes sterile: the others fertile or with few sterile flowers at the summit : perigynia beakless. * Scales awnless, black or brown: bracts scarcely exceeding the culm: leaves narrowly linear, glaucous. 16. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spike solitary, peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly 8, linear-club-shaped, loosely flowered below, spreading, the lowest peduncled ; perigynia elliptical, tapering and at length spreading or recurved at the apex, nerveless or nearly so, as long as the oblong black scale ; culms smooth (1° high) ; leaves narrowly linear. (C. verrucosa, Schw., not of Ell.) — Mountain swamps, North Carolina, and northward. 17. C. stricta, Good. Sterile spikes 1-2; fertile spikes 2-4, linear-cylin- drical, sessile or the lowest short-peduncled, erect, dense-flowered; perigynia elliptical, erect, nerveless, commonly shorter than the narrow obtuse reddish- brown scale; culms (2° high) rough-angled ; leaves linear. (C. acuta, Ell., &c., not of Zinnceus.) — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. 536 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * * Scales awned, green: fertile spikes on nodding peduncles: bracts long and leaf. like: leaves broadly linear. 18. C. erinita, Lam. Sterile spikes mostly 2, often with fertile flowers intermixed ; fertile spikes 3-4, long-cylindrical, dense-flowered, on long drooping peduncles ; perigynia round-ovate or obovate, somewhat inflated, 2-nerved, ab- ruptly short-pointed, shorter than the long and rough-awned scale ; culms rough- angled above (2°-8° high). — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. — Spikes 13'-3! long. 19. C. Mitchelliana, M.A. Curtis. ‘“ Spikes in threes, peduncled, some- what distant, oblong, slightly nodding; terminal spike staminate at the base and summit; the lowest peduncle scarcely sheathed; perigynia ovate, acute, gla- brous ; scales oblong, the lowest with a long cusp much exceeding the fruit, the upper about equalling it.— Wet places, Chatham County, North Carolina.” — Curtis. — Culm slender, 18’ high, rough above. Spikes 1 long. § 2. CAREX Proprsr.. Stigmas 3: nut 3-angled. A. Spike solitary. * Dicecious. 20. C. Boottiana, Benth. Culms slender, naked, rough, shorter than the linear bright-green radical leaves; spikes (rarely 2) many-flowered, purplish, cylindrical, erect ; fertile spike dense-flowered ; perigynium obovate, obtuse or abruptly short-beaked, ciliate and 2-toothed at the orifice, nerved, pubescent, cili- ate-toothed on the angles, shorter and narrower than the oblong-acute or abruptly pointed purple scale. — North Alabama, Peters, and westward. — Culms 6'- 8! long. Spikes 1/-2! long. * * Monecious. Spike sterile above, fertile below. 21. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Spike linear, few-flowered; perigynia lanceolate-oblong, many-nerved, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as the oblong mucronate scale; bract scale-like or occasionally leafy and exceeding the spike; culms tufted, filiform, weak (6/-12! high), rough above, longer than the very narrow leaves. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. 22. C. Fraseri, Sims. Spike oblong, many-flowered, the fertile portion globose ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, abruptly short-pointed, longer than the oblong obtuse hyaline scale; leaves very wide (1! or more), obtuse, serrulate and wavy on the margins, convolute below, and sheathing the base of the naked smooth. culm. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. — Leaves 6’ - 12! long, longer than the culm. 23. C. Steudelii, Kunth. Spike linear (6”-10!' long); sterile flowers 20-25; perigynia 1-4, ovoid, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted into a slender compressed rough-edged beak, longer than the ovate white green-keeled scale; leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, longer than the bristle-like prostrate culms. — Shady banks, Florida, and westward. — Culms 3/-6/ long. Plant whitish. 24, C. Willdenovii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, forming a minute linear spike; perigynia 6-9, oblong, with 3 rough angles; lower scales longer than CYPERACEEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 037 the spike, often leafy ; otherwise like the last. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward. — Plant deep green. B. Spikes two or more. (In No. 25 oftener solitary.) * Terminal spike sterile below (often wholly so in Nos. 26 and 35), fertile above, the others chiefly fertile. + Perigynia inflated, contracted into a long and slender beak. 25. C. squarrosa, L. Spikes 1-4, oval, thick (/-%'), erect, peduncled ; perigynia horizontal, obovate, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted into a long subulate smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the lanceolate acute scale. — Swamps and meadows, near the mountains, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 8/— 16! high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. 26. C. stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 4-7, the terminal one small, often wholly sterile or fertile, the others cylindrical, erect, dense-flowered, the upper ones approximate and nearly sessile, the lower scattered, on exserted peduncles ; perigynia horizontal, contracted into a long and slender 2-cleft beak, shorter than the awn-like scales. —Swamps and meadows, upper districts of Georgia to Missis- sippi, and northward.— Culms 1°-13° high, flexuous above, shorter than the broad leaves and bracts. a- + Perigynia beakless. ++ Spikes approximate, ovoid or cylindrical, dense-flowered, sessile, or on short and erect peduncles : bracts short. 27. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, oblong, the upper one pedun- cled, the others sessile or nearly so; perigynia whitish, smooth, elliptical, com- pressed-3-angled, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, commonly shorter than the ovate acute or awn-pointed blackish scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and north- ward — Culms 1°-13° high, rough above, longer than the narrow glaucous leaves. 28. C. hirsuta, Willd. Spikes 2-4 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, ovoid or oblong, many-flowered ; perigynia pubescent or at length smoothish, ovate, compressed-3-angled, strongly nerved, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, about as long as the oblong mucronate white scale.— Damp soil, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — Culms erect, 1°-13° high, rough-angled, and, like the narrow leaves and sheaths, more or less pubescent. 29. C. triceps, Michx.? Spikes 3-4, ovoid or oblong, sessile, few-flow- ered; perigynia smooth, round-pear-shaped, obscurely angled, faintly nerved, contracted into a short and entire point, as long as the oblong obtuse or barely pointed white scale. — North Carolina (Curtis), Tennessee, and northward.— Culms 1° high, very slender. Leaves and sheaths smooth. 30. C. virescens, Muhl. Spikes 2-3, cylindrical, short-peduncled, dense- ly many-flowered ; perigynia small, pubescent, ovoid, strongly nerved, 3-angled, acute and entire at the apex, as long as the ovate mucronate white scale. — Low grassy meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1°-2° high, rough. Leaves and sheaths hairy. 538 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) ++ ++ Spikes remote, linear or cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, on long and mostly drooping peduncles : bracts long and leaf-like : perigynia smooth, somewhat inflated, Sew and faintly nerved. 31. C. oxylepis, Torr. & Hook. Spikes 4-5, linear, all on long bristle- like partly included nodding peduncles, distant ; perigynia oblong, acute-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed white scale. — Low ground, Florida, and westward. — Culms slender, 13°- 2° high, the lower part, like the leaves and sheaths, pubescent. 32. C. eestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes 3-5, linear or filiform, loosely flowered, erect, the lowest on nearly exserted peduncles, the upper almost sessile ; perigynia oblong, obtuse-angled, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as the ovate obtuse or emarginate scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. — Culms 1° -1$° high, smooth. Lowest sheaths pubescent. 33. C. gracillima, Schw. Spikes 3-5, distant, linear, on slender and nodding peduncles ; perigynia oblong, obtuse, entire and oblique at the orifice, about twice as long as the oblong obtuse short-awned scale. — Wet meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culm 1°-2° high. Spikes 1/-13/ long, thicker than those of the preceding. Sheaths smooth. 34. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 3-4, remote, oblong-cylindrical, all on slender nearly exserted peduncles, nodding ; perigynia ovate-oblong, in- flated, round-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the oblong awned scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Culms 13° - 2° high. Leaves and sheaths more or less pubescent. Spikes rather dense-flowered. 35. C. miliacea, Muhl. Spikes 4, linear, all on exserted nodding peduncles, the terminal one often wholly sterile; perigynia yellowish, ovate, compressed- 3-angled, nerveless or nearly so, tapering into a spreading slightly emarginate point, as long as the oblong mucronate scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and. northward. — Culms weak, 1°-15° high. Sheaths smooth. Lower perigynia scattered. * * Terminal spikes sterile, the others fertile, or with few sterile flowers at the summit. -— Perigynia small (1''-8"' long), slightly or not at all inflated, obtuse or short-beaked. ++ Fertile spikes sessile, ovoid or oblong, dense-flowered ; perigynia pubescent, short- beaked or pointed. 36. C. filiformis, L. Sterile spikes 2 or more, slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-3, distant, oblong ; perigynia ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, densely pubescent, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted into a short emarginate point, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Bogs and swamps, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 2° high, smooth. Leaves filiform, elongated. Bracts leafy, many times longer than the spikes. 37. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2, thick, short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-2, approximate, ovoid or oblong; perigynia oblong-ovate, 3-angled, densely pubescent, strongly nerved, tapering into a distinct beak, with a white membranaceous 2-cleft orifice, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Sandy swamps in the upper districts, and northward. — Culms rigid, acute- CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 539 angled, 1°-2 high. Leaves short, linear. Bracts short, the upper one shorter than the spikes. 38. C. dasycarpa, Muhl. Sterile spike single, short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2—3, approximate, oblong; perigynia woolly, oblong, 3-angled, striate, ‘scarcely beaked, with the orifice entire, twice the length of the ovate barely pointed pale scale; nut stalked. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 6/-— 12! high, rough-angled. Leaves pubescent. 39. C. tenax, Chapm. Culms (10/- 15! high) and rigid channelled leaves rough, but not pubescent; spikes and ovate beaked and less pubescent perigynia larger ; nut sessile; otherwise like the preceding, and possibly a stouter form of it. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. 40. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes mostly 2, ovoid, approximate, 4 — 6-flowered, the lower one with a short or scale-like colored bract; perigynia nearly globose, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong-ovate dark brown scale. (C. margi- nata, MuAl.) — Var. Muntenserett, Torr. & Gray. Fertile spikes mostly 8, 6 -10-flowered, distinct, the lowest leafy-bracted ; perigynia ovate, tapering - into a short beak; scales light brown. (C. varia, Muhl.) — Dry woods, in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward.— Culms 4'-8' high, longer than the leaves. 41. C. lucorum, Willd. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes 3 - 4, ovoid, few-flowered, approximate, or the lowest remote and usually leafy-bracted ; peri- gynia ovoid, more or less pubescent, acute at the base, tapering into a slender rough 2-cleft beak, about the length of the ovate-oblong acute scale; leaves narrowly linear. — Var. NIGRO-MARGINATA. (C.nigro-marginata, Schw ) Peri- gynia 3-angled ; scales with brown or black sides ; culms 1/- 2! high. — Var. Fiorimpana. (C. Floridana, Schw.) Perigynia compressed-3-angled or lentic- ular (but the stigmas 3); scales white or margined with black; culms 2/—12/ long, prostrate or erect.— Var. Emmonsit. (C. Emmonsii, Dew.) Perigynia 3-angled, acuminate at each end, nearly smooth; scales white; culms bristle- form, prostrate. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. ++ ++ Fertile spikes linear or cylindrical, remote, all, or the lowest, on distinct and commonly elongated peduncles. = Perigynia striated with numerous fine nerves : sterile spike always single. 7 Perigynia smooth, nearly terete, obtuse or barely pointed: bracts long and leaf-like : spikes erect. 42. C. grisea, Wahl. Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3 - 4, lin- ear-oblong, rather loosely-flowered (4/’- 8’ long), the upper one nearly sessile ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, pointless, somewhat inflated, twice as long as the white ovate rough-awned scale.— Varies (C. flaccosperma, Dew.), with longer (1! or more) cylindrical spikes, and nearly awnless scales. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Culms smooth, 1°-14° high. Leaves and bracts broadly linear. Upper spikes commonly approximate, the lowest very remote, on a long erect peduncle. Perigynia often indented near the apex. 040 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Var. angustifolia, Boott. Sterile spike long-peduncled; fertile spikes mostly 3, linear, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest at the base of the culm; perigynia 4-8, lanceolate-oblong, 3-angled, alternate and 2-ranked, pointless and entire at the apex, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale.— Dry open woods, Florida. — Culms filiform, 8/-12’ high. Leaves and bracts linear. Lowest sheaths dark-brown. 43. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3-4, linear-cylindrical, densely many-flowered, yellowish, the upper one nearly sessile, the lowest distant and long-peduncled ; perygynia small, globose-ovate, con- tracted into a minute mostly recurved entire or emarginate point, longer than the ovate obtuse or barely pointed scale.— Meadows and banks of streams, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6’-12' high. Leaves and bracts broadly linear, 3-nerved. 44. C. conoidea, Schk. Sterile spike long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, oblong or cylindrical, densely many-flowered, remote ; perigynia small, oblong- ovoid, obtuse, striate with impressed nerves, smooth and shining, equalling or the lower shorter than the ovate pointed or short-awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 6/-12’ high. Leaves and bracts lin- ear. Spikes }/— 3/ long, the lowest long-peduncled. 45. C. tetanica, Schk Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1 - 3, linear-cylindrical, remote, loosely flowered ; perigynia obovate, narrowed at the base, contracted into a short bent point, longer than the ovate acute or short- awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1° high. Leaves and bracts narrowly linear. + + Perigynia smooth (except No. 51), 3-angled, with a recurved or spreading point : lowest peduncles elongated and often recurved. Bracts leafy: scales white. 46. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sterile spike peduncled, exceeding the bracts; fertile spikes 2-3, remote, linear, loosely 8-—12-flowered ; perigynia oblong- obovate, tapering into a smooth spreading entire beak, longer than the oblong mucronate scale. (C. anceps, Willd. C. plantaginea, Ell. C. ignota, Dew.) — Plant more or less glaucous. Culm 10/— 15! high, usually compressed-3-angled above. Leaves linear or lanceolate, tender. Sheaths smooth. Var. striatula. Culms, leaves, and especially the sheaths, rough ; sterile spike sessile or nearly so, shorter than the bracts; fertile spikes 8-5, rather closely 12 -20-flowered, the 2-3 upper ones commonly approximate; perigynia obovate, abruptly short and bent-pointed. (C. striatula, Michr. C. blanda, Dew. C. conoidea and C. tetanica, Ell.)-Dry open woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward ; common, and varying greatly in the form of the perigynia and width of the leaves. 47. C. styloflexa, Buckley. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 3, oblong, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest on along and mostly nodding peduncle ; perigynia lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, tapering into a spreading rough-angled mostly emarginate beak, longer than the oblong mucro- nate scale. — Shady swamps, Middle Florida, to the mountains of North Caro- é CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 541 lina. — Culms filiform, 1° - 14° high, and, like the sheaths of the linear leaves, roughened downward. 48. C. digitalis, Willd. Sterile spike small, sessile, or nearly so; fertile spikes commonly 3, remote, very slender, loosely 5 —8-flowered, all on long bristle-like peduncles, the lowest near the base of the culm and generally re- clining ; perigynia alternate, ovoid, with a short and spreading entire point, twice the length of the ovate acute green-keeled scale; leaves linear, green; culms 6/-12! high. — Var. eLauca. Leaves and bracts wider (4! — 6’), glau- cous, 3-nerved ; fertile spikes thicker, the two upper ones approximate and short- peduncled; perigynia larger, thrice the length of the barely-pointed scale. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Bracts sheathing, leafless or nearly so: scales brown or black. 49. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, the lowest at the base of the culm, linear, erect, loosely few-flowered, the peduncles mostly in- cluded in the brown leafless sheaths; perigynia oblong-obovate, short-pointed, longer than the ovate acute black scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Leaves all radical, 1’ or more wide, about as long as the slender culm. 50. C. Caroliniana, Buckley. Fertile spikes 3, loosely 3-6-flowered, remote, all on long bristle-like drooping peduncles, which are partly included in the sheaths of the short bracts; the lowest near the base of the culm ; peri- gynia ovoid, short-pointed, rather longer than the oblong mucronate dark-brown scale. — Table Mountain, South Carolina, Buckley. — Radical leaves 4! —6! wide, 3-nerved, exceeding the tufted culms. 51. C. Baltzellii, Chapm. Sterile spike rigid, often with a few fertile flowers at the base; fertile spikes 3-6, linear-cylindrical, closely many-flowered, one (rarely two) on an erect peduncle which is included in a leafless sheath at the base of the sterile spike, the others on long recurved or spreading radical peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit; perigynia obovate-oblong, pubescent, abruptly short-pointed, as long as the obovate obtuse mucronate reddish-brown scale. — Dry sandy soil, Middle Florida. — Leaves all radical, 2-4’! wide, glaucous, very rough above, longer than the culm. = = Perigynia with few and scattered nerves, commonly a little inflated, straight- beaked or pointed: spikes all, or the lowest, on long and mostly nodding peduncles : bracts leafy. + Spikes linear or filiform, loosely flowered : perigynia lanceolate or oblong. 52. C. venusta, Dew. Fertile spikes 3-5, linear (1’-13' long), remote, or the two upper ones approximate and erect; perigynia oblong, acute at each end, rough-hairy, notched at the orifice, twice as long as the oblong obtuse scale. — Low banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2°-3° high. Sheaths of the linear leaves very rough. 53. C. debilis, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, remote, filiform, drooping ; _ perigynia alternate, lanceolate, smooth, acute at the base, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong obtuse one-nerved scale; sheaths smooth. — 46 542 CYPERACEA. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Swamps and low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Culms very slender, 1° -2° high. 54. C. juncea, Willd. “Spikes 2-4, slender, erect, brownish purple, the sterile one filiform, the fertile loosely-flowered, somewhat remote, the lowest on an exserted peduncle; perigynia 3-angled, spindle-shaped, rough at the apex, with the orifice entire ; scales ovate, obtuse, and longer than the perigynia, or lanceolate, mucronate, and about equalling them.” Boott. (C. miser, Buckley.) — Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina, Buckley. — Leaves somewhat bristle-form, shorter than the culm. t t Spikes cylindrical or oblong, densely many-flowered: perigynia ovate or roundish. 55. C. scabrata, Schw. Sterile spike short, single; fertile spikes 4—5, - rather distant, on erect exserted peduncles; perigynia ovate, rough, spreading, with few rather prominent nerves, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong acute brownish scale. — Shady swamps, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms (1°-13° high) and broadly linear thin leaves very rough. Bracts leaf-like, destitute of sheaths. 56. C. flacca, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1-2, long and rigid; fertile spikes 2-3, cylindrical, all on drooping peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit; perigynia yellowish, compressed-3-angled, round-elliptical, slightly roughened, emarginate or entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong obtuse or pointed black scale. — Marshes, Alabama to North Carolina (Curtis), and northward.— Culms 1°-2° high, rough-angled, longer than the rigid glaucous leaves. 57. C. glaucescens, Ell. Sterile spike single, long-peduncled; fertile spikes 4-10, cylindrical (1/—2! long), all on long and drooping peduncles, mostly sterile at the summit; lowest bract exceeding the culm, the others shorter and bristle-like ; perigynia glaucous, ovate, compressed-3-angled, nerveless, except at the angles, narrowed into an emarginate point, longer than the brown rough- awned scale. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 29 - 4° high, rough-angled above. Leaves glaucous, as long as the culms, bristle-like at the summit. 58.°C. verrucosa, Ell. Sterile spikes 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, often with fertile flowers variously intermixed ;. fertile spikes 4-10, cylindrical or oblong, the upper ones sessile and erect, the lower long-peduncled and droop- ing; perigynia glaucous, globose-obovate, 3-angled, strongly nerved, abruptly contracted into a short and entire point, about as long as the brown rough- awned scale. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms, leaves, and bracts as in the preceding. 59. C. Cherokeensis, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-4, slender; fertile spikes 5-15, often 2-3 from the same sheath, oblong or cylindrical, sterile at the sum- mit, all on long and nodding peduncles; perigynia whitish, oblong, compressed- 3-angled, short-beaked, with the orifice membranaceous and obliquely 2-cleft, longer than the oblong acute scale; stigmas elongated. — Banks of the Apala- chicola River, Florida, to the mountains of Georgia, and westward. — Plant whitish. Culms 1°-2° high, smooth, like the linear leaves. ! CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 043 ~— + Perigynia large (3''-6" long), and commonly much inflated (except Nos. 60 and 61), conspicuously nerved, tapering into a conical or long and subulate 2-cleft beak. ++ Sterile spike single: styles persistent, contorted: perigynia smooth: spikes many- flowered (except No. 66). 60. C. comosa, Boott. Fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, approximate, on ex- serted nodding peduncles (13! —23/ long) : perigynia (2” long) oblong, spreading or reflexed, tapering into a long subulate deeply 2-cleft beak, with bristly, spread- ing teeth, longer than the awned scale. (C. furcata, Hl.) — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough-angled above. Leaves broadly linear, and, like the bracts, exceeding the culm. 61. C. hystricina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3, oblong or cylindrical, on nod- ding peduncles ; perigynia oblong-ovate, many-nerved, spreading, tapering into a minutely 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong awned scale; nut obovate, smooth. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward.— Culms 1°-13° high, rough above, shorter than the leaves and bracts. Spikes 1’~ 13! long. 62. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile spikes 1 - 8, sessile, approximate, or the lowest remote and short-peduncled, ovate or cylin- drical-oblong ; perigynia ovate, spreading, few-nerved, the long subulate beak cleft on the inner side, and minutely 2-toothed, twice as long as the lanceolate awned scale; nut ovoid, roughish. — Meadows and low grounds, Florida, and northward. — Culms 1°-15° high. Leaves and bracts elongated. 63. C. gigantea, Rudge. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong or cylindrical; the upper approximate and nearly sessile, the lowest distant and short-peduncled, erect; perigynia (6//~7! long) widely spreading, strougly many-nerved, taper- ing from an ovate and obtuse base into a long subulate rough 2-cleft beak, with hispid teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale; nut depressed, 3- angled. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Culms 2° high, smooth, shorter than the broad linear leaves and bracts. 64. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3-4, approximate, sessile, or the lowest short-peduncled, erect, oblong, thick (1’ in diameter); perigynia (6-7! long) erect-spreading, tapering from the ovoid acutish base into a subulate smooth or slightly roughened beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale; nut rhombic-oblong. — Deep river-swamps, Flori- da, and northward. — Culms and leaves as in the preceding. 65. C. Halei, Carey. Sterile spike slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, remote, ovoid or oblong (1' in diameter), erect, the lowest commonly on a partly exserted peduncle, the others nearly sessile; perigynia large (6” long), tapering from a greatly inflated and rounded base into a smooth and slender 2- cleft beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, more than twice as long as the ob- long acuminate scale ; nut rhomboid. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. — Culms 1° high, smooth and slender, as long as the narrow smooth leaves. Spikes whitish, 1/-1}’ long. 66. C. subulata, Michx. Sterile spike small ; fertile spikes 3-4, remote, few-flowered, the lowest on a partly exserted peduncle, erect; perigynia 4-6, 044 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) subulate, smooth, reflexed, the rigid teeth reflexed and appressed to the slender beak, 4 times as long as the awn-pointed scale. — Deep swamps, Fayetteville, North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. — Culms smooth, filiform, 19-149 high, longer than the linear leaves. «+ ++ Sterile spike single: style deciduous, straight or nearly so: fertile spikes few- JSlowered. 67. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, remote, 8 —10-flowered, on erect peduncles, sterile at the summit; perigynia (6 long) horizontal, lance- olate, tapering into a smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, one third longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed scale.— Wet margins of streams, Florida, and northward. — Culms smooth, 2° high, commonly exceeding the linear and flat leaves. 68. C. turgescens, Torr. Fertile spikes 2, near or remote, on short in- cluded peduncles, ovoid, 8—12-flowered ; perigynia erect-spreading (4” long), lance-ovate, strongly nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, with hispid erect teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms smooth, 2°-3° high, longer than the narrow rigid and channelled leaves. 69. C. Elliottii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes mostly 3, approximate and nearly sessile, or the lowest remote and long-peduncled, globose, 8 - 16-flowered, sterile at the apex ; perigynia small (3’/ long), oblong-ovate, compressed, spread- ing, few-nerved, tapering into a short smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. (C. Castanea, Ell.) — Boggy margins of pine- barren streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 1°-2° high, rough above, longer than the narrowly linear leaves. 70. C. intumescens, Rudge. Fertile spikes 2-4, approximate, the up- per sessile, the lower peduncled, globose, 10-15 flowered; perigynia large (6"” long), spreading, tapering from a rounded and greatly inflated base into a short and smooth 2-cleft beak with hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate acuminate scale. (C. folliculata, £//.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 1°-14° high, rough above, shorter than the broadly linear deep-green leaves and bracts. ++ a+ ++ Sterile spikes 2 or more: fertile spikes many-flowered. = Perigynia pubescent. 71. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Sterile spikes about three, linear, long-pedun- cled ; fertile spikes 2, cylindrical, on short and mostly included peduncles; _peri- gynia thin, rough-hairy, tapering from a rounded ovate base into a rather slender rough beak, with long and spiny teeth, longer than the oblong acute awnless scale. — Deep marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 2°-38° high, rough above. Leaves linear, elongated. 72. C. striata, Michx Sterile spikes 2-4, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-4 (mostly 2), remote, sessile, or the lowest long-peduncled, oblong or eylin- drical ; perigynia thick, ovate, pubescent above the middle, contracted into a short and whitish 2-cleft or emarginate beak, longer than the oblong acute scale. GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 045 (C. bullata, HJ.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 13°-2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled, rather rigid. Perigynia occa- sionally nearly smooth. = = Perigyna smooth. 73. C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 4-6, dark brown; fertile spikes 2- 3, oblong-cylindrical, sterile at the summit (13’-2' long), on erect peduncles , perigynia ovate-oblong, obscurely nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong brown awned scale. — Deep marshes, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms stout, 2°-38° high, rough above, shorter than the broad (3’) smnoothish and glaucous leaves and bracts. & 74. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong or oval (1’ long), sessile, or on very short exserted peduncles ; peri- gynia globose-ovate, much inflated, strongly nerved, smooth and shining, slender- beaked, longer than the oblong acute scale. — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1°- 13° high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. OrpeR 160. GRAMINEZ. (Grass Famity.) Chiefly herbs: Stem (culm) mostly hollow and with closed joints. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, narrow and entire. Sheaths open or split on one side, and usually prolonged into a membranaceous or fringed appendage (ligula) at the base of the blade. Flowers in spiked or panicled spikelets, consisting of 2-ranked imbricated bracts or scales; of which the exterior or lower ones, subtending one or more flowers, are called glumes, and the two inner ones, enclosing the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, and 1-11 (commonly 3) hypogynous stamens, are called palee. Perianth none, or composed of 1-3 minute hypogynous scales (squamu- le). Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Styles 2-3, with hairy or plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (grain). Embryo placed on the outside and near the base of mealy albumen. — Root fibrous. Synopsis. Tree Il. ORYZEZE. — Spikelets 1-flowered, mostly imperfect. Glumes none. Palez 2. Stamens 1-11. 1. LEERSIA. Flowers perfect, compressed, panicled. Palese unequal, ciliate. 2. ZIZANIA. Flowers monecious; the pistillate and staminate ones in the same panicle. 59. LUZIOLA. Flowers monecious; the pistillate and staminate ones in separate panicles. 3. HYDROCHLOA. Flowers monecious ; the pistillate and staminate ones in separate spikes. 60. MONANTHOCHLOE. Flowers dicecious, in terminal spikes. Tree Il. AGROSTIDE. — Spikelets 1-flowered, or with the pedicel of a second flower above. Glumes 2. Palez mostly 2, the lower one often awned. Stamens 1-3. Spikelets in open or closely spiked panicles. * Glumes united at the base, strongly compressed-keeled. 4. ALOPECURUS. Lower palea awned on the back, the upper wanting. Flowers spiked. 46 * 046 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) * * Glumes distinct, concave or keeled. Palesze membranaceous. Grain free. Spikelets in Open or contracted panicles. 5. SPOROBOLUS. Flowers awnless. Seed loose in the globose or obovoid pericarp. 6. VILFA. Flowers awnless. Seed adhering to the closely investing pericarp. 7- AGROSTIS. Palez shorter than the nearly equal glumes, the lower awned on the igs the upper sometimes wanting. 8. POLYPOGON. Pale much shorter than the long-awned glumes, the lower one truncated and toothed. Stamens 8. Panicle spike-like. 9. CINNA. Palez rather longer than the acute glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. Stamen 1. Panicle loose. ; 10. MUHLENBERGIA. Lower glume smaller than the upper one. Paleze bearded at the base, the Jower one mucronate or awn-pointed. Stamens 3. 11. BRACHYELYTRUM. Lower glume obsolete. Lower palea long-awned. A pedicel of a second flower at the back of the upper palez. Stamens 2. 12. CALAMAGROSTIS. Palezx surrounded with a tuft of long hairs, the lower awned on the back. * * * Pale raised on a hairy stalk; the lower one awned, indurated, and involute, closely investing the grain. 18. STIPA. Lower palea with a single contorted awn jointed with its apex. Panicle short. 14. STREPTACHNE. Lower palea with a single straight or curved awn continuous with its apex. Panicle elongated. 15. ARISTIDA. Lower palea triple-awned. Panicle elongated. Tring IJ. CHLORIDE. — Spikelets 2.- several-flowered (in No. 16 one-flowered), in 1-sided spikes. Rachis jointless. Upper flowers imperfect. Glumes and pales 2. Spikes racemed or digitate, rarely single. * Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. (See Paspalum.) 16. SPARTINA. Spikelets flat, imbricated in alternate spikes. x * Spikelets 2--3-flowered, only the lowest flower perfect. 17. GYMNOPOGON. Spikelets linear, scattered. Lower palea and rudiment awned. Spikes racemed. 18. EUSTACHYS. Spikelets roundish, crowded. Lower palea mucronate. Spikes digitate. 19. CYNODON. Lower palea awnless. Culms creeping. Spikes digitate. * * * Spikelets 4-- 5-flowered, one of the middle ones only perfect. 20. CIENIUM. Lower palea stout-awned on the back. Spike solitary. * * * * Spikelets mostly several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect. 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Spikes digitate. Upper glume awned. Palez pointed. 22. ELEUSINE. Spikes digitate. Glumes and pales awnless. 23. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikes racemed, long and slender. Glumes awnless. Trine IV.§ KESTUCACE A. — Spikelets panicled, few -many-flowered ; the upper and (in No. 86 and 87) the lower flowers also imperfect. Glumes 2. Paleze 2, membranaceous or rarely indurated, awnless, or the lower one with a straight awn at or near the apex. Stamens 1 - 3. * Grain smooth, free from the pales. Lower flowers perfect. + Lower palea 3—5-toothed or awned. 24. TRICUSPIS. Spikelets 5-7-flowered. Lower palea slightly 2-cleft, the 3 hairy nerves percurrent. 25. TRIPLASIS. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lower palea deeply 2-cleft, and with a plumose awn between the teeth. A GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) d47 + + Lower palea entire, awnless or (in No. 33) awn-pointed. ++ Glumes unlike, the lower one linear, the upper obovate. 26. EATONIA. Spikelets 1-5-flowered. Culms slender, tufted. ++ ++ Glumes alike. Lower palea rounded on the back, not keeled. 27. MELICA. Spikelets 3-5-flowered. Lower palea many-nerved. 28. GLYCERIA. Spikelets 5-many-flowered. Lower palea strongly 7-nerved. 29. ARUNDINARIA. Spikelets loosely many-flowered. Culms woody. 30. »kIZOPYRUM. Spikelets dicecious. Lower palea rigid. ++ ++ ++ Glumes alike. Lower palea keeled. 31. POA. Pale falling away together, the lower one 5-nerved, and with cobwebby hairs at the base. Spikelets 3 —-6-flowered. 32. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea falling before the upper one, 3-nerved, not hairy. 33. DACTYLIS. Lower palea awn-pointed. Panicle contracted, composed of 1-sided clusters. * * Grain adherent to the upper palea, downy at the apex. 34. FESTUCA. Lower palea entire, acute or awn-pointed. 35. BROMUS. Lower palea 2-cleft, awned between the teeth. * * * Grain free, smooth. Lowest flowers of the spikelet imperfect. 36. UNIOLA. Spikelets broad and flat, many-flowered. Paleze coriaceous. 37. PHRAGMITES. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered, silky bearded on the rachis. Paleze thin. Tree V.§ HORDEACE. — Spikelets 2-several-flowered, sessile, on opposite sides of the jointed rachis, spiked. Glumes 1-2, rarely wanting. Palez 2. 388. ELYMUS. Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets. 39. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes none. 40. LOLIUM. Spikelet solitary at each joint of the rachis. Glume 1. Tree VI. AVENACE J. — Spikelets panicled, 2 - several-flowered, the terminal flow- ers mostly imperfect. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Lower palea witha twisted, bent, or straight awn on the back, or below the apex. 41. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower palea thin, rounded on the back, awned below the middle. 42. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Lower palea thin, compressed-keeled, bear- ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft apex. 43. DANTHONIA. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Lower palea rigid, many-nerved, bearing a flattened and twisted awn at the 2-cleft apex. 44. ARRHENATHERUM. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, and bearing a long bent awn below the middle. Tre Vil PHALARIDE. — Spikelets in spike-like panicles 3-flowered, the upper or middle flower perfect, the two lateral ones imperfect or mere rudiments. Glumes 2. Palez 2, indurated in fruit. 45. ANTHOXANTHUM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of one awned palea. Perfect flower diandrous. ; 46. PHALARIS. Lateral flowers rudimentary. Perfect flower triandrous. Tre VIII. PANICE ®. — Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, or the lower wanting. Lower flower imperfect, either staminate or neutral, with the lower palea membrana- ceous and similar to the upper glume, the upper one mostly wanting. Palez of the perfect flower coriaceous. Grain mostly grooved or flattened on the outside. Flowers in spikes or panicles. * Lower glume and upper palea of the sterile flower wanting (the spikelet- appearing like a single flower, with 2 glumes and 2 palez). 47. PASPALUM. Spikelets alike, plano-convex, in 1-sided spikes. 548 GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 48. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets of two kinds; one disposed in a terminal panicle, perfect but seldom fruiting ; the other fruitful, on long solitary. radical peduncles. * * Glumes 2, the lower one often minute, rarely wanting. 7 49. PANICUM. Spikelets single, without a bristly or spiny involucre. 50. SETARIA. Spikelets crowded in spike-like panicles, subtended by a bristle-like involucre. 51. CENCHRUS. Spikelets single, or few in a cluster, enclosed in an indurated and spiny in- yolucre. Spikelets spiked. ; 52. STENOTAPHRUM. Spikes and spikelets mostly as in Rottboellia, but the flowers as in Panicum. Tre IX. ROTTBQALLIACE A. — Spikelets 1-2-flowered, by pairs, imbedded in an excayation of the thick and jointed rachis, one stalked and imperfect, the other sessile and perfect; or the upper spikelets all staminate and the lower pistillate. Lower glume coriaceous or cartilaginous. Palez awnless. 58. ROTTBC@LLIA. Spikelets 2 on each joint, one stalked and sterile, the other sessile and perfect. ; 54. MANISURIS. Spikelets 2 on each joint, the one at the top of the joint sterile, the other at the base globose and fertile. 55. TRIPSACUM. Upper spikelets by pairs, all staminate; the lower ones single, and pis~ tillate. Tre X. ANDROPOGONE ZK. — Spikelets 2-3 on each joint of the slender hairy or plumose rachis. Glumes more rigid than the thin-awned pales. 56. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the plumose or hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other stalked and imperfect or rudimentary. 57. ERIANTHUS. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the rachis, both fertile and surrounded by a hairy involucre. 58. SORGHUM. Spikelets panicled, 2-3 together, the lateral ones rudimentary. 1. LEERSIA, Swartz. Fase Ricr. Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with the leaves and sheaths roughened with minute recurved points, the 1-flowered (whitish) spikelets crowded in l-sided panicled racemes. Pedicels jointed. Glumes none. Palez 2, charta- ceous, strongly compressed, fringed on the keel, the lower one much wider. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas 2. Grain compressed. 1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle large, diffuse; spikelets oblong, flat, loosely imbricated ; stamens 3.— Ditches and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culm 3°-4° long, commonly prostrate at the base. Leaves spreading. Base of the panicle mostly enclosed in the sheath of the subtending leaf. Spikelets strongly fringed, about 3’ long. 2. Is. Virginica, Willd. Panicle nearly simple, the lower branches spread- ing; spikelets small, concave, sparingly fringed, closely imbricated ; stamens 1-2. (L. imbricata, Zam.?)— Swamps and margins of streams, Florida, and northward July and Aug. — More slender than the last, and with spikelets half as large. 3. L. lenticularis, Michx. Panicle diffuse; spikelets oval, flat, strongly fringed, closely imbricated ; stamens 2. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug.— Culm 2°-3° long. Leaves widely spread- ing, somewhat glaucous. Spikelets 3” long. GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 549 4. IL. hexandra, Swartz. Panicle contracted, erect, simple; spikelets lanceolate or oblong ; stamens 6.— In lakes and ponds, often in deep water, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, 1°-6° long, mostly branching. Leaves narrow, rather rigid. Panicle 2/-—3/ long, exserted. Spike- lets short-fringed, 2” long, loosely imbricated. 2. GIZANIA, Gronoy. Witp Rice. Rank water grasses, with broad flat leaves, and large diffuse panicles of mo- neecious 1-flowered spikelets, on club-shaped jointed pedicels. Glumes none, or reduced to a cup-shaped ring at the base of the spikelet. Palez: 2, membrana- ceous, the lower one rough-awned in the pistillate spikelet. Stamens 6. Stig- mas elongated, brush-shaped. Grain cylindrical, free. 1. GZ. aquatica, L. Lower portion of the panicle staminate and widely spreading, the upper pistillate and erect, with straight branches ; awn straight, elongated ; styles 2; grain linear.— Deep marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July. — Culms 4°- 8° high. Leaves rough beneath. Panicle 1°— 2° long. 2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Panicle diffuse; staminate and pistillate spike- lets intermixed ; awns short; styles united, elongated; leaves smooth, with rough edges; grain oval.— With the preceding. April and May.— Culms 4°-6° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. 3. HYDROCHLOA, Beauv. A small floating or creeping grass, with short oblong-linear flat leaves, and simple spikes of small monecious 1-flowered (white) spikelets, mostly included in the sheaths of the upper leaves. Spikelets 3-4 in a spike, the upper one staminate and exserted. Glumes none. Palez 2, hyaline, the lower one emar- ginate, the upper acute. Stamens 6. Styles 2: stigmas elongated. Grain ovoid, free. 1. H. Carolinensis, Beauv. (Zizania fluitans, Michxr.) — Floating in still water or creeping on muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culm filiform, branching, $°-2° long. Leaves 1/-2/ long. 4. ALOPECURUS, L. Foxrait Grass. Flat-leaved grasses, with the 1-flowered spikelets closely crowded in a simple spike-like cylindrical panicle. Glumes 2, compressed, boat-shaped, sharply keeled, united below, awnless. Lower palea compressed, awned on the back below the middle, the upper wanting. Stamens 3. Styles 2, rarely united be- low. Grain free, smooth and lenticular. 1. A. geniculatus, L. Low; culms ascending, bent at the lower joints ; awn longer than the obtuse hairy glume. — Wet cultivated grounds, Florida and northward. April. — Culms 6’-12! high. Leaves 2'- 4' long, with the sheaths shorter than the joints. Spikes 1'- 13’ long. 590 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) The Meapvow Foxrtait (A. pratensis, Z.), a taller species (2°-3° high), with acute glumes, is scarcely spontaneous at the South. The same observation applies to the Trmotuy or HEerRp’s-Grass (Phleum pratense, Z.), which differs from Alopecurus in having two pales and awned glumes. 5. SPOROBOLUS, Brown. Drop-srep Grass. Tough wiry and tufted or creeping perennial grasses, with narrow leaves, and 1-flowered awnless spikelets, disposed in open, or crowded in spiked panicles. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, the lower one shorter. Palez 2, mostly longer than the glumes, and of the same texture. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Grain oval or globose, loose in the thin membranaceous pericarp, deciduous. Panicles exserted. * Panicles open. 1. S. junceus, Kunth. (Wrre-Grass.) Panicle narrow, the short and spreading branches whorled; spikelets on one side of the branches, short-stalked ; glumes smooth, the upper one acute, 2-3 times longer than the lower, and about equal to the obtuse pales ; culms (1°- 2° high) erect; leaves chiefly radical, fili- form and elongated, involute, those of the culm short and remote. (Agrostis juncea, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, common. April and May, and often in October. ; 2. S. Floridanus, n. sp. Panicle diffuse, large; spikelets (purplish) on long hair-like stalks; glumes acute, the lower one barely shorter than the obtuse paleze, the upper one a third longer; leaves rather rigid, flat, pungent, very rough on the edges. — Low pine barrens, Middle and West Florida. September. — Culm 2°-4° high. Leaves 1°-2° long. Panicle 1°-13° long. * * Panicles spiked. 3. S. Indicus, Brown. Culms erect; panicle elongated, linear; leaves long, flat; paleze twice as long as the glumes, the upper one truncated. (Agrostis Indica, ZL.) — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. May - Sept. — Cu:ms 2°-3° high. Leaves with bristle-like summits. Panicle 6’/-18/ long, turning blackish. Spikelets crowded on the short appressed branches. 4. §. Virginicus, Kunth. Culms creeping, short-jointed, the short and mostly clustered branches erect; leaves 2-ranked, soon convolute, short and rigid; panicle small, lanceolate; glumes nearly equal, acute, rather’ longer than the palez. (Agrostis Virginica, ZL.) — Saline marshes and banks along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Flowering stems 6/-12/ high. Leaves 2/-4! long. Panicle 1!-2/ long, pale or purple. 6. VILFA, Adans. Rusu-Grass. Panicles contracted or spiked, more or less included in the sheaths of the leaves. Grain oblong or linear, adherent to the closely investing pericarp. Otherwise as in Sporobolus. 1. V. aspera, Beauv. Perennial; culms tall and slender; leaves elon- gated, rough above, bristle-like at the summit; panicles partly included in the GRAMINEEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) dd1 upper sheaths; paleze rough-hairy, unequal, awl-pointed, 2-3 times as long as the rough-keeled glumes and linear grain. (Agrostis aspera, Michr.