Chapman's Southern Flora Third Khition Issued March la, 1S97. FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES: CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. BY A. W. CHAPMAN, M.D., LL.D. THIRD EDITION. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. : CAMBRIDGE BOTANICAL SUPPLY COMPANY. r: ' 1897. Copyright, 1S8S, 18ff7, Bv A. VV. Chapman. University Press : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U.S.A. PREFACE. This work, originally designed to be the joint production of the late Eev. Dr. Curtis and myself, ultimately fell to my sole charge. With limited equipment for such an undertaking, and fully occupied in the discharge of the active duties of my profession, in moments of leisure dur- ing three or four years the task was completed, given to the press, and favorably received by my contemporaries both at home and abroad. In this edition, in order to incorporate the contents of the two supplements of the last edition, and additional matter since accumulated, and still to retain the volume within handy limits, it became necessary to rewrite or abbreviate portions of the former editions. The nomenclature of the first edition, which was that in general use at the commencement of my botanical career, three quarters of a century ago, is mainly retained. In a region so vast, with surface and climate so varied as that embraced within the limits assigned to this work, there still must remain much to reward the labors of future ex- plorers, and many new species have been proposed by recent collectors as occurring within my limits. These, which are unknown to me, when duly confirmed, together with cor- rections of such errors as may be detected in the present volume, will have place in future issues. Apalachicola, Florida, December 4, 1896. CONTENTS. PAGE ix Introduction , Sketch of the Elements of Botany Glossary of Botanical Terms .... Abbreviations of the Names of Authors . Signs used in this Work Directions to the Student Artificial Analysis of the Natural Orders . FLORA. — Ph^nogamous or Flowering Plants . . . i Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . . 621 In^^-X 645 IX xviii XXV XX vi xxvii xxix INTRODUCTION. L SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. Vegetable Tissue. 1. Plants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted. 2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody I'issue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts, 3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering by their contiguous surfaces. 4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 6. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of tliese, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants ; viz Organs of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit, a. The Root. 7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a qommon centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter ; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. X INTKOHrCTlON. 9. But roots iiiiiUt favornhlo oircumstixnccs arc developi'd from otlu-r parts of llic i)luiit. Tlii'se an* called Sirondary Roots. 10. Airidt liouls are those wliieli spring from the stem or hraiichiR above ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, tiiey proceed from the lower joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems arc also of this class. 11. Ej>i))lii/l(S or Air-Plants, of which the Tillaiidsiii and Epidcndrnm arc ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or braiuhes of tiees, but draw their nourishment from the air. 12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on otlier phuits ; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 3. The Stem. 1.3. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be steinlcss or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are {protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are tcrmimil, when they ter- minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- tious, when they are developed from any other part. 15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called branchlets. 16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Onidex. 18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at tlie apex, while the older portion decays. 19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils. 20. A Corm is a solid globular subteirancan stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below. 21. A Bnlh is a short subterranean stem, made uj) of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicnted or coaled, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other; and scaly, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are home in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bulhhts. 22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and forms a new plant. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity 24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips. 25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- ed into tendi'ils. 26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 4r. Internal Structure of Stems. 27. The stems of Pheenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and annually increased, in all pei-ennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 31. The Bai'k, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in wliich the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle. 32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 5. The lieavea. 33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed frbm axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant. 34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation. Xii 1NTI{«)1>ICTI<)N'. .15. A ('(iniple'ti' K-:if (•()in[)risi's tlic Bhxih , tlio Slnlk, ami a pair of Stipules; liiit those tlirec parts are not always present in one leaf. 3G. Tlio Blade, Linih, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single ])ieee, liowever cut or divided ; and cumimunil, when of two or more distiiut pieces (Itajiits), which .separate hy a joint. .'?7. Tiic Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. Tiie stalk of a leallet is called a Piliolule. 38. Tiie Stijiiiles arc ajjpendages of various forms, placed one on each side at tiie base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, wlien they occasionally ft)rtn a slieath (Ocltrea) artiund the stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stiptls. 39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called Venation. 40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. paralkl-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticulated, or netied-veinid, when the veins divide into numerous primar\' and secondary branches (veinhts), which again unite to form a kind of network. 41. The latter mode embraces both the pinmitdy reined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- tervals lateral veins; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches. 42. The manner in which leaves arc divided corresponds with that of their venation. 43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatijid, when the incisions (sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole ; and pinnatelji divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- natel}'' veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate. 44. So, also, the palmately A'cined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 4.5. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers arc developed, arc called Bracts; and those which arc borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 6. The Flower. 46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which arc concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its jjarts are a niodirtcation, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 47. The manner in which the flowers are an-angcd on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence. 48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Xlii 49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rac/iis. 51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Anient, Spudix, Raceme Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and Willow. 54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Sputhe, as in the Indian Turnip. 55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels. 56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, the Involucel. 59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward. 61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and orfe or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. ^ ' b xiv INTRODUCTION. 64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously colortd. Its leaves (I'dals), when of the same number as the sepals, always iilteniatc with them. They aii; also often united liy their eontiguous margins, to form a tnonopetaluus corolla. 65. When the ealyx and corolla arc so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- tinguished, they are colleetively termed the Ptrlnnth. G6. A tiower is com/ilcte when all its parts are present ; iucom/ihlc, when the Horal enveloi)es, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the suimens and pistils are borne in the same flower ; impcrftct, or diclinous, when they arc borno in separate flowers ; reyular, when the sej)als or petals are of uiiifmin shape and size ; and iirer/ular, when they arc unlike in shape or size. 67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into monoecious, when those fur- nished with stamens (staminate or sterile Jloivers) and those furnished with |)istils (pistillate or fertile Jlowers) are borne on the same plant; diacious, when they are borne on separate plants ; and pohjfjmhous, when both j)erfect and imjierfcct flow- ers are borne on the same oriliflerent individuals. 68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their ^Estivation. They are valvate, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; indiiplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 7. The Stamens. 69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by which it is supported. 70. They are hi/pogj/nous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, when on the calyx ; epigynoiis, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co- rolla ; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous) , or into two, three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.). 71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective. 72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex. of the filament; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot; introrse, when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious). 7.3. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk. 8. Tlie Pistils. 74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ovaiy, the Stijle., and the Stigma. 76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds. 77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma. 78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more cai-pels, united by their margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels. 80. The line next the axis, or whicli corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture ; and that which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture. 81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules ; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine, and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the Chalaza. 83. The Ovule is ortliotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the apex at the opposite extremity; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 9. The Fruit. 84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them. 8.5. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves. 86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use. 87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only ; as the fruit of the Milkweed. 88. A Legume is a simple fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament. 89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidali Xvi INTUOnrCTION. and septicidul, when it opens at tlie vcntnil suture, or tlirou'Ji the partitions. When it opens transversely, tlic upper portion fulHng otl" entire, Uke u lid, the deliisecnee is circiiinscissiU'. 90. A Sllique is a slender two-valved eapsule, with two parietal j)laeentffi con- nected by a ]>ersistent false partition. A short and broad silicjue is a Silicle. These are jicculiar to the Mustard Family. 91. A Pi/io is the lieshy iudehiseent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds often embedded in the pulpy plaeent:e. 92. A Pume is the indchiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the cells arc enclosed in the enlarged and He.shy tuijc of the calyx. 93. A Berry is an indehisceut fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft jiulp. 94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp; as the Peach, Holly, &c. 95. An Achcnium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indchiscent fruit, the walls of which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it becomes a Caryopsis ; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open irregularly, a Utricle. 96. A Nut is a dry, iudehiseent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn and Hickory-nut. 97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing; as that of the INIaple and Elm. 98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 10. The Seed. 99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument^ is called the Testa. It varies greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the entire seed, or form a tuft (Coma) at one or both extremities. 100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- centa. This is called the Aril. 101. The Testa mcludes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive substance, called the Albumen. 102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons. 103. The Radicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud [Plumule), to form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- perior when it points to its summit. 104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whori), while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous. 10.5. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and moisture, it develops into a growing plant. Tiiis is termed Germination. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XTIJ 106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phtenogamous Plants, or those which hear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant. 107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place of seeds they croduce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 11. Cryptoganf»ous or PloAverless Plants. 108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as those of PhiBHogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- growers. 109 The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained in the body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 1$2. Classification. 1 10. Classification consists in the airanging of plants possessing like structure, habits, &c., into groups, designating theni by proper names, and defining them by appropriate characters. 111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary state, and it then becomes a Variety. 112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied species, the result is a Hybrid. 113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into Classes. 114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses. 11.5. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other relationship In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost universal use, and is the one adopted in this work. n. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. %* The mimbcrs annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the pamcmplis of the preceding Skctcli ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the piiges of the Flora. Abortive : not Ailly developed. AbiTjptly pininite, 43. Accumbent: Flora, p. 24. Achenium, 95. Achlamydeous: -withoiit floral envelopes. Acrogens: Flora, p. 585. Acuminate : tapering into a slender point. Acute : pointed. Adherent : growing fast to another body. Adnate : same as Adherent. Adnate Antliers, 72. Aerial Roots, 10. ^Estivation, 68. Air-Plants, 11. Aggi-egate: crowded together. Albumen, 101. Alburnum, 30. Alternate: scattered; one after another. Alveolate : deeply pitted. Ament, 53. Amentaceous : bearing aments. Amijliitropiius, 83. Anatropous, 83. Androgynous : containing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiospemia? : Flora, p. 1. Annual: lasting only one year. Annular: disposed in, or forming, a ring or circle. Anterior: applied to that part of an axil- lary flower which is farthest removed from the main axis. Anther, 71. Apetalous: without petals. Apiculate : tipped with a short abnipt point. Appendage: something added to a part. Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against. Aquatic : growing in water. Arborescent: tree-like. Areolation : spaces between the leaf- veins. Aril, 100. Arilled: covered with an aril. Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles, &c. Articulated: divided into joints; connect- ed by a joint. Ascending: ) curving outward and uj)- Assurgent: j ward. Attenuated : gradually narrowed. Auriculate: eared; bearing small lateral lobes. Awl-shaped: narrow and sharp-pointed. Awn: a rigid bristle-like appendage. Awncd : bearing an awn. Axil: the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem. Axillary: borne in the axil. Axis: tlie central line of a body; the part around which others grow. Baccate : berry-like ; juicy. Barbed: bearing rigid points which are directed backward. Bark, 31. Basal: belonging to the base. Beaked : ending in a stout point. Bearded: bearing tufts or lines of hairs. Bell-shaped: expanding from a short and rounded base, into a spreading border. Beny, 93. Bidentate : two-toothed. Biennial : lasting two vears. Bifid: two-cleft. Bifoliolate: bearing two leaflets. Biglandular: bearing two glands. Bilabiate : two-lipped. Bipinnate: twice pinnate. Biternate: twice ternate. Bladders : small sacs filled with air. Blade: the expanded portion of a leaf,&c. Boat-shaped : see Carinate. Brachiate; with pairs of opposite branches spreading at right angles. Bract, 45. Bracted : furnished with bracts. Bractlet, 45. Bristle : a rigid hair. Bristlv: beset with, or like, bristles. Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into numerous hairs or filaments. Bud, 14 Bulb, 21. Bulbous : shaped like a bulb. Bulblet, 21. GLOSSARY. Caducous : fallinp; a^vay early. Ctespitose: gi-owing in a tuft. Callous: thickened. Calyx, 63. Cambium, 31. Campanulate: see Bell shaped. Campylotropous, 83. Capillary: hair-like. Capsule,' 89. Capsular: relating to, or with the char- acters of a capsule. Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a sharp longitudinal ridge. Cariopsis, 95. Carpel: a single pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. Carpellary : jjertaining to a carpel. Carpophore : Flora, p. 157. Cartilaginous: hard and tough. Carancle : an appendage of the hilum. Caudate : tailed. Caudex, 17. Caulescent: furnished with a stem. Cauline: pertaining to the stem. Cell : one of the cavities of the fniit or of the anther, &c. Celled: divided into cells. Cellular Tissuq, 3. Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48. Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. Chaff: thin scales or bracts. Chaffy : furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. Chalaza, 82. Channelled : with a deep longitudinal furrow. Character : a phrase employed to distin- guish a genus, &c. from all others. Chartaceous : of the texture of paper. Chlorophyll : the gi-een matter of leaves, &c. Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs. Circinate: rolled inward at the ajjex. Circumscissile, 89. Cirrhose: bearing tendrils; tendril-like. Clasping : enclosing by its base, as a leaf the stem. Clavate: club-shaped. Claw : the stalk of a petal. Clawed: raised on a claw. Climbing: clinging to other objects for support. Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- ened upward. Clustei'ed: crowded. Coated Bulb, 21. Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs. Cochleate : coiled like a snail-shell. Coherent: growing together. Column: the axis of a compound pistil; the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- ily; the united stamens and pistil of the Orchis Family. Commissure: Flora, p. 157. Comose: bearing a coma, 99. Compound: composed of similar simple parts, 36. Compressed : flattened. Cone: the scaly fniit of the Pine. Confluent: running together. Conglomerate : heaped together. Conical : cone-shaped. Connate: growing together at the base, as opposite leaves around the stem. Connective, 71. Connivent : brought near together. Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. Contorted : twisted ; bent. Contorted aistivation : see Convolute. Contracted : narrowed ; not spreading. Convolute, 68. Cordate: heart-shaped. Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. Conn, 20. Coi-neous : hard like horn. Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur. Corolla, 64. Corymb, 56. Corymbose : branched like a corymb ; arranged in corymbs. Costate: ribbed. Cotyledons, 104. Creeping : prostrate, and rooting. Crenate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by rounded teeth. Ci'euulate: slightly crenate. Crested: bearing an elevated ridge. Crown : an appendage of the corolla at the base of the limb. Crowned: bearing anything at the apex. Cruciform: shaped like a cross. Cnistaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. Cryptogamous Plants. 107. Cucullate: see Hooded. Culm, 16. Cuneate : wedge-shaped. Cup-shaped: shaped like a bowl or cup. Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp point. Cuticle 31. Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal thickness. Cyme, 60. Cyraose: arranged in a cyme. Decandrous : having ten stamens. Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the close of the season. Declining: le^aning to one side. Decompound: several times divided. Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at the summit. Decurrent: with the edges extending be- low the main point of attachment. Definite: few; a number easily counted. Definite Inflorescence, 48. Deflexed: bent downward. Dehiscence: the manner in which closed oi-gans regularly open. Dehiscent: opening regularly. Deltoid : triangular. Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by coarse and spreading teeth. Denticulate: slightly toothed. IN I KODCCTION. Dpprossoil: fliittencd horizontally. De.-ceiuiiiijj: (lirected ilowiiwurJ. Dhidt'lphous: collcc-tt'il in two sets. Diiindrous: liiivin;; two stiunens. Dlililaniyiicuus: liuviiig both calyx mid corolla. Difliotonious: forked. Dielinou^, 00. Diciityledonous: Iniving two cotj-lcdons. Kidynions: twin. Didyiianions: having four .stamens, with two of them longer than the otlicrs. DilVnse: loosely spreading. Digitate : when the apex of the petiole bears five or more leaflets. Diniorphons: of two forms. Diteeious, 07. Discoid: Flora, p. 184. Disk, 73. .\lso the central part of the head of composite flowers. Dissected: divided into many lobes. Distichous: two-ranked; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis. Distinct: separate. Divaricate: widely spreading. Divided: parted nearly to the base. Dorsal : pertaining to Lack or outside. Dorsal Suture, 80. Downy : bearing soft short hairs. l)rui)e, 'J4. Drupaceous : with the characters of a dni])c. Duramen, SO. Dwarf: below the common size. Eared: see Auriculate. Echinate: beset with prickles. Elliptical : in outline twice as long as wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end. Elongated: unusually long; extended. Emargiuate: notched at the apex. Embryo, 102. Emerscd : raised out of water. Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous (stems), 32. Enneandrous: having nine stamens. Ensiform : sword-shaped. Entire : with margins not toothed or di- vided. Epigynous, 70. Epi])hytes, 11. Equilateral : equal-sided- E(|uitant (leaves): two-ranked, with their bases clas])ed one within the other, and their sides facing the horizon. Erose : with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnawed. Evergreen : lasting through the winter. Exogenous, 28. Exserted: proti-uding out of the surround- ing parts. Exstipulate: without stipules. Extrorse Anthers, 72. Falcate : scvthe-shaped. Family, 113. Fan-shaped: fuldeil or jilMitcd like a fan. Farinaceou.s : mealy. Fascicle: a cluster. Fascicled: collected in a cliistiT. Fastigiate: rising t(j tiie .same level; flat- to])])ed. Feather-veined, 41. Female (flower.-): itearing only piBtils. Ferruginous: of the color of iron-inist. Fertile: bearing fruit. Fibre, 4. Fibrous Itoots, 8. Fiddle-sliajied : ol)long in outline, and contracted in the middle. Filament, 09. xVny thread-like part. Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads. Filiform : thread-like. Fimbri:vte : with the margin cut into a fringe. Fistulous : hollow. Fleshy: soft and Juicy. Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward. Floating: resting on the surface of the water. Floccose : bearingtuftsof deciduous hairs. Flora : a systenuitic description of the plants of k country. Floral: belonging to'the flowers. Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. Flower, 61. Flowering Plants, 106. Flowerle.ss Plants, 107. Foliaceous : leaf-like. Foliolate: bearing. leaflets. Follicle, 87. Follicular: like a follicle. Forked: divided into two branches. Free : separate : disconnected. Fringed: see Ciliate. Frond: the leaf of a Fern. Fructification: the fruiting state. Fruit, 84. Frutescent : shrubby. Fugacious : continuing for a short time. Fulvous: tawny. Funiculus, 82. I'nnnel-shaped : gradually dilated upward from a tuliular base. Furroweii : grooved lengthwise. Fusiform : sjiindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end. Geminate: by pairs. Geniculate: bent abruptly. Genus, 113. Gennination. 10.5 Gibbous: puffed out. Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs. Glands : small knobs or excrescences. Glandular: bearing glnnds. Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish powder. gKula;:j-"'^-P^---l- Glomerate: collected in a close cluster. GLOSSARY. Glumaceous ; glume-like, or bearing glumes. Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of grasses and sedges. Granular : covered with grains. Gyranospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431. Gynandrous, 70. Habit: the general appearance of a plant. Habitat : the native situation of a plant. Hairs: hair-like appendages of the cuticle. Haiiy : furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the base. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture of a leaf. Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. Hilum, 100. Hirsute: beset with coarse hairs. Hispid: beset with rigid hairs. Hoary: grayish-white. Homogeneous: uniform in substance. Hooded : rolled inward or arched. Horn : an appendage like a hom. Horny: of the texture of horn. Hyaline: thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70. Imbricated, 68. Imperfect (flowers), 66. Incised: cut into notches or lobes. Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted. Incumbent : Flora, p. 24. Incun^ed: bending inward. Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. Indehiscent : not opening. Indigenous : native to a countrj% Induplicate: folded inward. Indusium: Flora, p. 5S6. Inferior: below, 10.3. Inflated: puflTed out, as if distended with air. Inflexed; bent inwai'd. Inflorescence, 47. Innate (anther), 72. Inserted on : used in the sense of growing from a part. Insertion : the mode of attachment. Internodes, 14. InteiTupted: not continuous; not jointed. Interruptedly pinnate : with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones. Intervals: Flora, p. 157 Introrse (anthers), 72. Introduced : brought from another coun- trj% Inverted : turned upside down. Involucel, 58. Involucre, 58. Involute: with the margins rolled inward. Irregular (flowers), 66. Jointed : separating across into pieces ; furnished with joints. Keel : a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ; Flora, p. 86. Keeled: see Carinate. Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length. Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- chis Family. Labiate: divided into an upper and lower lobe or lip. Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate : formed of thin plates. Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &c. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. Lanuginous : woolly. Lateral: jilaced at, or pertaining to the side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36. Leathery: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88. Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31. Ligulate: strap-shaped. Ligula: Flora, p. 545. Limb: the expanded part of a leaf, &c. Linear : long and narrow, with parallel margins. Lip: see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate : crescent-shaped. Lyrate: pinnatifid,*with enlarged. the upper lobes Marginal: borne on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin. Medullarv Ravs, 30. Jledullary Sheath, 29. jMembranous : of the texture of mem- brane Mericarp: Flora, p. 157. Micropyle, 100. Jlidrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf. Monadelphous, 70. Monandrous : bearing one stamen. Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a string of beads. Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row of floral envelopes. Monocotyledonous, 104. jMoncecious. 67. Monopetalous : with the petals united into one piece. Monosepalous : with the sepals united into one piece. Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt slen- der point. Muricate : beset Avith hard wart-like points. Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed. INTRODUCTION. Necklace-slinpod: see Moniliforni. Ni'ctiirv: iiiiv lioiK'V-bi'iiring purt. NiM-vi-.[ (Iciivfs), 40. Nfttcil-vuiiicMi, 40. Neutnil (tio\vtM>): without stiunciis and I.i>tils. NuiUliii]i?: turning outwanl (jr downward. Nodes. 14. Nodose: knotty. Nut, 90. Nutlet: same as AcliiMiiuni. Obconlate: inversely lieurt-shaped. 01.)lanc-eohite : inversely lance-snaped. Oblique : unequal-sided. Oblonjr: narrower than Elliptical, with nearly i)arallel margiii>. Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow- end downward. Obtuse: blunt; not pointed. Ochrea, .38. Octandrous : having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. : having four ^taiuuns. Tliorn, 24. Throiit : the orilice of a tubuhir corolla, calyx, &c. Toiiiciitose: clothed with ii close velvety liiiliuscence. Toutlieil: M'e Dentate. Top-shaped: like an inverted cone. Torose, or Tunilose: knotted; knobby. Torus, 01. Tree, 2i}. Trianch'ous: having three stamens. Tribe: a subdivision of an order. Triehotomous ; dividing into three branches. Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. Truncate: ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tube : the united part of a calvx or co- rolla. Tuber, 19. Tubercle : a wart-like ai)pendage ; Flora, p. 504. Tubereled : bearing tubercles, or crowned with a tubercle. Tuberous: like a tuber. Tubular: shaped like a tube. Tumid: swelled; thickened. Tunicated pjulb, 21. Twin: in pairs; a pair united. Twining : rising by coiling around a support. Umbel. 57. Umbelled: arranged in an umlel. Umbellet, 57. Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. Uncinate : hooked. Undulate : wavy. Unequally pinnate, 43. Unguiculate : clawed. Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. UrccDlate ; urn-shaped; pitcher-shaped. I'triele, \)b. Utricular : formed like a uiriilc. Valve, 85. Yalvate, (5S : ojiening bv valves. Varietv, 111. Vascular Tissue, 5. Vaulted : arched. Veins, 33. Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins. \'ein)('ts : the ultimate branches of veins. ^'enation, 3'.i. Ventral Suture, SO. Ventricose : inflated. Vernation, 34. Versatile, 72. Vertical : with the edges directed upward and downward, and the sides facing the horizon. Vessels, 2. Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly. Virgate : wand-like; long and slender. Viscid : clammy; glutinous. VittiB : Flora, p. 157. Waxy : like beeswax. Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped : see Rotate. Whorl : a collection of parts arranged in a ring or circle. Whorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing: Flora, p. 80; any thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. ^\'ood, 30. Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. Woolly : clothed with long aud dense soft haks. ni. ABBEEVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Adans. = = Adanson, Good. = Goodenougli. Ait. Alton. Griseb. Grisebach. All. Allioiii. Gronov. Gronovius. Andr. Andrews. Brno. Haworth. Am. Arnott. H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, and Aubl. Aublet. Hoff. Hoffmann. [Kunth. Baldw. Baldwin. Book. Hooker. Bartr. Bartram. Houst. Houston. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Iluds. Hudson. Benth. Bentham. J acq. Jacquin. Bigel. Bigelow. Juss. Jussieu. Boerh. Boerhaave. L. 0)- Linn. Linnfflus. Brongn. Brongniart. Lag Lagasca. Buckl. Buckley. Lam. Lamark. Cass. Cassini. Lehm. Lehmann. Catesb. Catesby. merit. L'Heritier. Qiv. Cavanilles. Lindl. Lindley. Chapm. Chapman. Marsh. Marshall. Chois. Choisy. Mart. Martins. Darl. Darlington. Mey. Clever. DC. De Candolle. 3richx. Michaux. A. DC. Alphonse de Candolle. Midix.f. Michaux the younger. Desf. Desfontaines. Mill. Miller. Desv. Desveaux. Mcench. Jloenchausen. Dew. Dewey. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Dill. Dillenius. Murr. Murray. Ehrh. Elirhart. Neck. Necker. Ell. Elliott. Nets. Nees von Esenbeck. Endl. Endlicher. Nutt. Nuttall. Engelm. Engelmann. Panz. Panzer. Fisch. Fischer. Pers. Persoon. Forst. Forster. Plum. Plumier. Gcert. GjErtner. Poir. Poiret. Gavd. Gandin. Raf. Rafinesque. Ging. Gingins. R. Br. Eobert Brown. GmeL Gmelin. R. cj- S. Eoemer & Schultes. IXTUOULCTION. A'/< h. Richard. Tourn. = = Toumefort. SiilUb. Salisbury. Tiin. Triiiius. Schk. Selikuhr. Tuck. Tuc'kerniau. Sihrwl. Schrader. Vent. Veiiteiiat. Schrtb. Sc-hreber. Wahl. Wahlenberg. Schw. Schweinitz. Waiif/. Waiigeiiheim. S(OJ>. Scopoli. Walt. \\'alter. SliiiKlir. Sliuttleworth. WaUr. Wallroth. SuUiv. Sullivant. Weitdl. Wendhiiid. Tun: Torrey. mild. Willdeuow. IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (1) An annual plant. (2) A biennial plant. U A perennial plant. ° The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. ' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long. " The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well known. Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. Two figures connected by a dash, as "stem 4^-63 long," denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet, n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously n. gen. ) characterized. V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. Having acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place they occupy in the system. His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand belongs. Were he to attempt to compai'C it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its proper place in the Flora, some guide, sucli as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use. Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with tiie Series of Ph^enogamous Plants, with which we find it to agree in having flowers. Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the Subclass of Angiospekmous Plants. The double floral em'elopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Polypet- ALOus Division. Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1-ceIled, or soli- tary and 2 - many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celIed ; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected XXVllI INTnoniTTION. with the petals, or free from tlieni. In ours they ni"e fi-ee. Ln'-tly, wlicther they arc uiiiteil into a tulie, or in dusters, or are all separate. In ours they arc fro united in live eiusters, and the sepaU are deeiduous. This brinj^s our plant to the mitiiiiil orilir, Tiliaci;^, 59, — the number referring to the j)age of the Flora wiiere the order is deseribed. Turning to that Jjage, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement. We then i)roceed to lind tlie name of the genus. Tiiis is readily done, in this instance, by com|)aiing the iilant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus Tilia, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or Dasswood. Again, suppose the jilant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, Pluvncxjiunous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a wiiite mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, wiiich are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre ; the veins of tlie leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant difters widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and wc therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the Class of Monocotyledonous Plants, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters. Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaccous, falls under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully coinparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1-celled, or 3-6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- trorse In ours they are introrse. This brings us to the natural order Liliace.15, described on page 480 of the Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, Tclipa- CE^. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ). our plant belongs to the second; having a Palm-like stem. No 10, Yucca, alone remains; and to it our plant must belong. Turning to page 48.5, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Series I. PH.ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. * Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so. ■^- Stamens more than twice at many as the petals. Page Ovaries two or more, 1-celled. Shrubs, trees, or woody vines. Petals imbricate. Flowers small, dioecious. Woody vines, MENISPERMACE.^, 14 Flowers large, perfect. Trees, MAGNOLIACE^, 11 Petals valvate. Flowers solitary, nodding. Fruit pulpy. Shrubs. ANONACE.^, 13 Herbs, Leaves peltate. Aquatic. Ovaries in cavities at the top of a large receptacle, NELUMBONE^S, 18 Ovaries on the receptacle. Leaves glutinous beneath, CABOMBEiE, 17 Leaves not peltate. Stamens separate. Leaves cxstipulate. RANtJNCULACE.E, 2 Stamens monadelphons. Leaves stipulate. MALVACEiE, 45 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Leaves opposite, pellucid-punctate, entire, HYPER1CACE.E, 55 I CAPPARIDACE.E, 31 Stamens separate. HYPERICACE^, 55 Stamens united. CLUSIACE.E, IX) Stamens laouadelphous. MALVACE.E, 45 Stamens separate, or in clusters. TILIACE^, 54 XXX INTIJODICTIOX. Leaves alternate. Sepals 2. Leaves entire. Placenta central. i'ORTULACACE.E, 38 JLeaves lobed. Placenta parietal. PAPAVERACE.«, 30 Sepals 4. Fruit iiidehiscent. Leaves entire. Slirnbs. • Fruit valvate. Leaves 3- 7-foliolate. Herby Sepals 5. Leaves small, entire. Two outer sepals small and bract-like. C1STACE.E, 35 Leaves large, 3-ternate. Fruit a follicle. Cl.MICIFUG.*:, 2 Leaves all radical, fringed, irritable. DROSERACE.E, 10 Sepals united into a 4-5-toothed calyx. Leaves compound. Flowers capitate. MIMOSE.E, 'M, I'iG Ovary solitary, 2- or more-celled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Sepals 5. Sepals (i. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the base of the petals. CAMELLIACEiE, 01 Flowers monoecious. Stamens hypogynoua. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. Herbs. EUPHORBIACE.E, 421 Flowers irregular. Stamens G or 8. Petals 3. POLYGALACE.*;, 88 Flowers regular. Leaves exstipulate, opposite, entire. HYPERICACE.E, 55 Leaves exstipulate, alternate, tubular. SARRACENIACE.E, 18 Leaves stipulate. Stamens monadelphous. M.4.LVACE.E, 45 +- H- Stamens twice as many as the petals. Stamens 12-20. Leaves peltate, lobed. Flowers solitary, nodding. PODOPHYLLUM, 10 Stamens 10. Leaves compound. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Fruit a legume. LEGUMIXOS.E. 93 opposite. Fruit separating into indehiscent carpel.?. ZYGOPHYLLACE.E, 07 Leaves exstipulate, trifoliolate, the leaflets obcordate. Herbs. OX.VLIDACE.E, G5 pinnate. Flowers dioecious. Trees. BURSERACE.E, 71 pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers perfect. Trees. MELIACE.E, 03 Leaves simple. Herbs. Flowers monoecious. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. EUPHORBIACE.E, 421 Flowers perfect. Leaves alternate, or 3 in a whorl. Stamens 8 or 10. CRASSULACE^, 149 Leaves alternate, palmately lobsd. Fruit of 5 elastic carpels. GERANIACE^, 06 Leaves opposite, entire, dotted. Flowers yellow. HYPERICACE.E, 55 Leaves opposite, or whorled, not dotted. Flowers never yellow. Trees or shrubs. CARYOPHYLLACE.E, 39 Leaves stipulate, lobed. Fruit unciuate-hispid. TILIACE.E, 54 Leaves exstipulate, entire. Cells of the capsules l-seeded. CYRILLACE.E, 83 Cells of the capsule many-seeded. ERICACEAE, 279 Stamens less than 10 (two exceptions). Petals 3. Stamens 6 or 8, united in one or two sets. Flowers irregular. POLYGALACE^. 88 Petals 3. Stamens 6. Aquatic herbs, with finely dissected opposite leaves. CABOMBE.E, 17 Petals 3-5. Stamens 6-10. Leaves trifoliolate. Trees. BURSERACE.E, 71 Petals 4 -5. Stamens 8 or 10. Leaves simple, succulent. Flowers cymose. CRASSULACE^, 149 Petals 4. Stamens 8. heaves simple. Flowers racemose. A shrub. ELLIOTTI.V, 288 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXxi ■I- -1- H- Fertile stamens as many as the petals, or fewer. Ovaries more than one. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, punctate. RUTACEjE, G8 Woody vines. Anthers 4-oelled. Stamens separate. MENISPERMACE^, 14 Anthers 2-celled. Stamens united, disk-like. SCHIZANDRE^. 11 Flowers perfect. Petals gland-like. Leaves pinnate. ZANTHORHIZA, 10 Herbs. Leaves linear. Scape l-flowered. Achenia spiked. MYOSURUS, 6 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Leaves opposite or whorled. Sepals 2. Stem 2-leaved. Flowers racemose, purple. PORTULACACE^E, 38 Sepals 5. Leaves punctate. Placentae parietal. Flowers yellow. HYPERICACE.E, 55 Leaves not punctate. Placentae central. Flowers red or white. CARYOPHTLLACE.E, 39 Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves pinuately compound. Fruit a legume. LEGUMINOS^, 93 Leaves simple. Flowers irregular. Capsule many-seeded. VIOLACEJi, 32 Flowers regular, clustered. Capsule 1-seeded. BYTTNERIACE^, 53 Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Sepals 2. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Flowers irregular. FUMARIACE^, 21 Sepals 4. Stamens 6. Flowers regular. Fruit silique-like. CAPPARIDACE^E, 31 Sepals 5. Stem a naked or 1-leaved scape. Scape 1-leaved, l-flowered. Leaves smooth. PARNASSIACE^, 148 Scape naked. Flowers racemose. Leaves bristly, glandular. DROSERACE^E, 19 Scape paniculately branched. Flowers in 1-sided spikes, blue. PLUMBAGINACE^, 300 Sepals 5. Stem leafy. Flowers monoecious, the pistillate apetalous. EUPHORBIACEJi;, 421 Flowers perfect, irregular. Fruit spiny. Leaves entire. KRAMERIACE.S;, 92 Flowers perfect, regular. Leaves large, biternate. Fruit follicular. CIMICIFUGE^, 2 Flowers perfect, regular. Leaves small, entire. Outer sepals small and bract-like. CISTACE^, 35 Sepals 6. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACEiE, 15 Ovary solitary, 2- or more-celled. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate. Fruit a samara. OLEACEjE, 351 Leaves pinnate or lobed. Fruit a double samara. ACERINE^, 85 Leaves simple, club-shaped. Ovaries and fruit capitate. BATIDACE^E, 434 Leaves simple, heath-like, 3 in a whorl. Sepals, petals, and stamens 2. EMPETRACE^, 434 Flowers perfect. Leaves simple, with pellucid dots, entire. HYPERICACE^E, 55 Leaves digitate. Stem climbing. VITACE Ji, 73 Leaves alternate. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. SIMARUBACE..E, 70 Leaves trifoliolate. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a circular samara. PTELEA, 69 Leaves simple, evergreen. Flowers perfect. Fruit a 2-celled drupe. CYRILLACE^, 83 Leaves simple, deciduous. Flowers monoecious. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. EUPHORBIACE.E, 421 Herbs. Flowers irregular. Sepals 4, the lowest large and saccate, spurred. Capsule elastically dehiscent. BALSAMINACE.E, C7 xxxii ixTunniTTiox. Flowers Irreprular. Si'pals r>, tlie two lateral ones pctal-liko. BtamniB united ill 1- -J setH. I'ULVGALACEJE, 88 FlowiTH rt'ifular. Sepalri and {>ctal8 r>. Stamens united. StoineDS 5, united at tite base. Styles 5. Leaves exstlpulate, entire. LINAGES, Ot united at the ba.se or apex. Style single. Leaves stipulate. BYTTNKRIACEiE, 53 united in a tube. Style single. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves all radical. DIAF'ENSIACEiE, 290 Stamens 0, united In sets. Leaves opposite, entire, dotted. HYPERICACE^E, 55 Sepals and petals 4. Stamens G. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFEKiE, 23 * * Stamens and petals inserted on the ovary. Floating aquatic. Leaves and flowers long-stalked. Petals and stamens numerous. NYMPHEACEjE, 17 * • * Stamens and petals inserted on the cal)/ir, or on a more »r less perigynoui disk. t- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. Stamens fe>ver than the petals. A woody vine. Leaves opposite, entire. Fruit 3-winged. HIPPOCRATEiE, 7D Stamens as many as the petals. Leaves stipulate. Stamens monadelphous around the stipe of the ovary. Vines PASSIFLORACE.SI, 168 Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume 1 - several-seeded. LEGUMINOS^, 93 Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. Leaves pinnate. Calyx uncinate-hispid. Herbs. AGRIMONIA, 133 Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule Inflated, 3-lobed. Shrubs. STAPHYLEACE^, 84 Leaves simple. Sepals imbricate. Flowers small, in racemes or cymes. CELASTRACE.E, 78 Stamens separate, opposite the petals. Sepals valvate. Leaves entire. Shrubs or trees. RHAMNACE.!!, 75 Calyx truncate. Leaves mostly lobed. Woody vines. VITACE.1E, 73 Leaves exstlpulate. Ovaries, sepals, petals, and stamens 3 or 4. Small annuals. CRASSULACE.S, 149 Ovaries 5. Leaves simple. Flowers perfect, axillary. I sijh^ruBACE.E 70 Ovary solitary. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, terminal. I Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. Calyx valvate. LYTHRACE.fi, 157 Flowers dioecious. Calyx imbricate. ACERIXE^. 85 Leaves alternate. Calyx persistent. Aquatic shrub. ITEA, 140 Calyx deciduous. Low perennial. 1'URNERACE.ffi;, 1G7 Stamens more numerous than the petals. Ovaries more than one. Leaves alternate, stipulate, mostly lobed. Herbs or shrubs. ROSACES, 129 exstlpulate, mostly entire. Succulent herbs. CRASSULACE.®, 140 Leaves opposite, exstlpulate. Sepals and petals numerous and alike. Shrubs. CALYCANTHACE.a;, 142 Ovary solitary. Leaves simple, stipulate. Style basal, single. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Calyx lobes persistent. CHRYSOBALANEiE, 129 Style terminal, single. Fruit a drupe. Trees. Calyx lobes deciduous. AJfYGDALES, 129 Styles 3. Petals clawed. Leaves opposite. MALPIGHIACE.E, 88 ARTIFICIAIi AJfALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXUl Leaves simple, exstipulate. Style single. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers axillary. LYTHRACEjE, 157 Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Flovi^ers terminal, perfect. SAXIFRAGACEiE, 142 Leaves opposite, lobed. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a samara. ACERLNE^, 85 Leaves compound, alternate, pinnate. Flowers polygamous. Trees. BURSERACE^, 71 abruptly pinnate or biteruate. Flowers polygamous. Trees. SAPDJDACEiE, 84 pinnate or bipiunate. Stamens monadelphous. MELIACE^, C3 Stamens separate or dia- delphous. LEGUMINOS^, 93 Leaves compound, opposite, palmately 5-7 foliolate. Stamens 7. Fruit capsular. HIPPOCASTANE.E, 85 trifoliolate. Fruit drupaceous. AMYRIS, G9 ■t- ■•- Calyx: ad/ierent to the ovary. Herbs. Ovary 1-celIed. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACE^E, 38 Capsule 2-3- valved. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles separate. SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 Stamens numerous. Styles united. LOASACE^, 1C6 Ovary 2 - G-celled. Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACE^, 1,55 Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. ONAGRACEJS, 100 Styles or stigmas 2 or more. Flowers umbeUed. Fruit dry, separating into two pieces. UMBELLIFERjE, 173 Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets. ARALIACE^, 183 Flowers not umbelled. Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. S.\XIFRA6ACE^, 142 Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. HALORAGE^, 159 Fruit pulpy. Tendril-bearing vines. CUCURBITACE^, 1G9 Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded. HYDRANGEiE, 143 Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Stipules between the petioles. RHIZOPHORACE^, 152 Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Stamens numerous. MYRTACE^, 154 Leaves dotless. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. CORNACE.E, 184 Leaves dotless. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-ceIled. COMBRETACE^, 152 Leaves alternate. Flowers umbelled. Leaves compound. ARALIACEiE, 183 Flowers not umbelled. Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. POME^E, 130 Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. HAMAMELACE^, 151 Fruit dry, of three 1-seeded nutlets. RHAMNACE>E, 75 Leaves exstipulate. Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous. CORNACE^ Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 2-winged nut. r. OKI, .^w.. IK iji, STYRACACE^, Ovary 2-5 celled. Fruit a 1 - 5-seeded berry. ( Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. RIBES, Ovary 1-celIed, with numerous placentae. CACTACE^S!- 184 291 148 170 XXXIV INTRODUCTION. Division II. MONOI'KTALOrs EXOCKNOl'S PLANTS. Floral ciivi'ldpcs (luiitjlc, ronsisting of lioili calvx and corolla; the latter of more or less uuitiil petals. • Calijz free from the ovary. *■ Flowers reijular. ■w. Fertile stamens fewer than, the lobes of the corolla. Fruit a 1-seeiiud fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrub? or trees. Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets. Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. Fruit a 'J-celled capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. Capsule i-valved. Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla lobes twisted in the bud. OLEACEvE, 351 LABIATJi;, ."iTl VERBENACE-E, 307 PLANTAGINACE^, 390 SCROPHULARIACEjE, 306 ACANTHACEiE, 303 ■H- ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Herbs. Capsule 1-ceUed, many-seeded. PRIMULACE^, 297 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACEwE, 300 Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MTRSINACE.*;, 296 Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTEiE, 290 Ovary 3 -8 celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE.^. 294 ++ ++ 4.V Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovaries 2, separate. Juice milky. Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. Stamens separate and free from the stigma. Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. Ovary solitary. ASCLEPIADACE.S:, 343 APOCYNACE.E, ajl DICHONDRE^, 326 Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled, Ovary 4-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Corolla lobes long. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla lobes short. Ovary 4-lobed, the style between the lobes. Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4-9 seeded. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. Fruit dehiscent. Capsule circimiscissile. Flowers on a scape. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers capitate. Leaves entire, smooth. Ovary 2-5 celled. Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite Stipules none. Capsule few-seeded. Stems twining. Leaves alternate. 1 Stems twining. Leaves none. ' OLEACE.D, 351 VERBENACEiSE, 307 LABIATE, 371 ELICINE^, 81 SOLANACEiE, 321 BORRAGINACE^, 357 PLANTAGINACE.E, 390 HTDROPHYLLACE^, 354 MIMOSEiE, 90 GENTLANACE.E, 335 leaves. LOGANIACE^, 200 CONVOLVULACE^, 326 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV Steins not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. Stamens 5. Capsule 3-celled. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled. Capsule many-seeded. Style single. Capsule '2-celled, Capsule 2-celled. POLEMONIACE^, 333 ACANTHACE^, 363 SOLANACE.E, 321 Corolla plaited in the bud. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 306 Capsule 3-celled. Anthers opening transversely. DIAPENSIACE^, 290 Capsule 5-celled. Anthers opening by a terminal chink or pore. ERICACE^, 279 Capsule 2-celled. HYDROLEACE.E, 354 Styles i Stamens more numerous tluin the lobes of the corolla. MIMOSE^, 96 CRASSULACE^, 149 Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. exstipulate. Fruit of 4 carpels. Leaves simple. Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit pulpy. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous. Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes. Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. Caps"le many-seeded. Capsule 1-seeded, 3-valved. STYRACACEiE, 291 Corolla lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. 0LACACE.4;, 62 EBENACE^, 293 PASSIFLORACE^, 108 MALVACEAE, 45 CAMELLIACE^, 61 ERICACE^, 279 ■I- +- Flowers irregular. Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. PUMARIACEjE, 21 Stamens 6 or 8. Sepals 5, the outer ones petaloid. POLYGALACE^, 88 Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4. Ovary 1-ceUed. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. LENTIBULACEiE, ,301 Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. PHRYMEjE, 367 Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. OROBANCHACE^, 305 Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs or woody vines. Corolla large, tubular. Seeds winged. BIGNONIACE^, 303 Herbs. Capsule woody, 2-beaked. SESAMES, 303 Capsule many-seeded. Corolla imbricated in bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 306 Capsule few-seeded. Corolla twisted in bud. ACANTHACE^, 363 Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATJi, 371 not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACE^, 367 * * Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary. Anthers united. Anthers contorted. Vines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACE^, 169 Anthers straight. Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACE^, 275 Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1 - 4 seeded drupe. RUBIACE^, 190 Flowers in a head. Fruit a dry achenium. COMPOSITE, 203 Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled. Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. Stipules none. Chiefly shrubs or woody vines. Stamens 5. Herbs. Flowers cymose. Stamens 1-3. Flowers capitate. Stamens 4. RUBIACE^, 190 CAPRIFOLIACE.E, ISO VALERIANACE^, 202 DIPSACACE^, 203 XXXVI IXI'KnlHH THIN. Authors separate. Leaves altonuitc. Uer(>». Corolla lobes valvnte in tlie bud. Capsule openinR at the sidoH. CAMI'ANULACE.E, '.*78 Corolla lobes imbricated In thu bud. Capsule valvate. I'KIMULACK^U, •JITT SliruUs. Flowers irregular. Sti);uia within a ciliate cup. GUOUENIACK.K, Til Flowers regular. Autliers opening by a terminal chink. VACCINIK.fC, '/79 Flowers regular. Authurs openuig leiigtliwiae STYKACACE^, "JUl Flowers regular. Stamens 4-5, opposite the corolla lobes. ULACACE^, 02 Division III. Al'ETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Elural t'lIVt)l^>]K^•< single, con.si.stiiij; of a v:\\\\ only, or altugctlior wanting. » Amentaceous frees or shrubs. Flowers momecious or dUecioiu. -I- Only the sterile flowers in aments. Leafless. Branches grooved and sheathed. CASUARINA0EJ5. 4.''>4 Leaves simple, stipulate. Involucre scaly. Seed entire. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. CUPULIFER.E. 443 JUGLANDACE^, 441 ■t- -^ Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments. Aments globose. Calyx none. Fruit 2-beaked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. HAMAMELACKvE, l.")l Fruit nut-like. 1-seeded, hairy. Amenta single. Aments oblong or linear. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves persistent. Drupe waxy granular. Leaves deciduous. Drupe smooth. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged. Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx. * * Flowers not in nments. PLATANACEJi, 441 MYRICAOE/E, 449 LEITNERIACE.E, 4.V) SALICACE.*;, 4.-)2 BETULACE^, 451 MORACEiE, 437 ■t- Calyx and corolla none Ovaries 3-4, united below. Leaves cordate. Stamens 4-8, Ovary single. Leaves obovate. Stamens 2. Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. Involucre 8 - 12 parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACEiE, 419 Involucre 4-5 toothed, cup-like, containing one fertile flower and several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACE^, 421 PIPERACE.E, 418 CALLITRICHACE.E, 420 PODOSTEMACE.E, 420 1- ■<- Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. Ovaries more than one. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. Embryo minute. Embryo and seeds large, curved. Ovary solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. Anthers on filaments. Dnipe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. Drupe dry. Albumen copious. Root parasites. Drupe dry. Albumen none. Trees. ROSACE.aE, 129 RANUNCULACE^, 2 MENISPERMACE^, 14 SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 LORANTHACE^, 418 CORNACEiE, 184 SANTALACEJE, 416 COMBRETACE^, 152 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXVli 391 ICO 159 151 154 75 PASSIFLORACE^, 108 Ovary 2-6 celled. Herbs. Stamens 5-12. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves cordate. ARISTOLOCHIACE^, Stamens 4. Leaves not cordate, entire. ONAGRACEJi, Stamens 3 or S. Capsule 3- 4-seeded. Leaves dissected. HALORAGE^, Trees or shrubs. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate. HAMAMELACE^, Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. MYRTACE^E, Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Calyx lobes valvate. RHAMNACE.^, Calyx free from the ovary. Ovary l-celled. Ovules and seeds numerous. Fruit baccate. Tendril-bearing vines. Fruit a capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate. Capsule valvate. Leaves opposite. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. Stipules not sheathing nor scarious. Flowers perfect, spiked. Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. Herbs. PETIVERIE^, clustered. Drupe baccate. Shrubs. RHAMNACE^, Flovyers imperfect. Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3- 5-lobed: CANNABINACE^, Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. URTICACEJi;, Trees or shrubs. Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. ULMACE^, Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle. MORACE^E, Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves witliout stipules. Stamens more numerous than the calyx lobes. Anthers opening by valves. LAURACEJi, Anthers openmg lengthwise. Calyx 5-6 parted. POLYGONACE.E, Calyx entire. Berry oval. THYMELEACE^, Stamens equaUing in number or fewer than the calyx lobes. CELOSIE^, CARYOPHYLLACE^, POLYGONACE.E, ILLECEBRACE^, 398 39 406 396 437 434 439 437 414 400 416 Flowers with scarious bracts. Flowers without scarious bracts. Calyx corolla-like, plaited. Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. Ovary 2 - 12-celled. Leaves whorled. A heath-like shrub. Calyx of imbricated scales. A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. Leaves opposite. Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent, Fruit a double samara. Calyx deciduous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx, AMARANTACE^, 398 NYCTAGINACE^, CHEXOPODIACE.E, EMPETRACE^, MOLLUGINE^, 393 403 434 172 352 85 75 Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. FORESTIERE^, 352 157 172 FRAXINE^, ACERINE^, RHAMNACEiE, LYTHRACEiE, FICOLDE^, Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Valvate. Circumscissile. Leaves alternate. Ovules and seeds 1 -2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dicecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. EUPHORBIACE^, Flowers polygamous. Capsule 3 - 4-winged. SAPINDACE^, Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. PHYTOLACCACE.E, Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. ULMACE JS, Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule circumscissile. Capsule 3-celled. Flowers solitary. Capsule 5-celled. Flowers cymose. PORTULACACE^, CRASSULACE^, 421 84 395 439 38 149 INTltODUCTION. Subclass II. GYMNOSPEIIMOUS KXOGENOUS PLANTS Ovules naki'd (not contained in an ovary), supported l)y an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a brand), and fertilized by the direct tapplication of the pollen. Stem brambiiij;. Leaves simple. CONIFF,R;E, 455 Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. CYCADACK^IS, -kJU Class 11. .MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS ok ENlMXiK.XOL'S PJ.AXTS. Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and increasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheath, ing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral enve- lopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. * Floral envelopes none. Floicers on a spadlz. Stemless, floatinf; herbs. Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACE^E, 466 Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACE.E, 4(j5 Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a- spatlie. ARACE^, 4r>4 Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAIADACE^'E, 4()8 Stem not immersed, erect. TYPUACE.4;, 407 * * Floral envelopes { perianth) single or double, not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIUACEjK, 477 Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers mounecious or dinecious. Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HrDROCHARIDACEiE, 475 Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACE-E, 501 Flowers perfect. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens .3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACEiE, 47G Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACE^, 491 Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE.E, 499 Stamens 3 or G. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H.EMODORACK.ii, 496 Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACEJi, 492 Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx). Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary, ARACE.E, 404 Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIADACE.E, 408 Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINEiE, 520 Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves ovaL ROXBURGHIACEiE, 506 Perianth double (calyx and corolla). Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACEjE, .519 Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACE.^, 502 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXIX Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three. PONTEDERIACE^, 523 Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers iutrorse (except LUium). Style single. \ a.J % , -, } LILIACE^, 507 Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. ) Styles 3. 1 . ,. , , . rr « ,^- ^ c. I Q 1 } MELANTHACE^, 513 Anthers extrorse (except Toneldia). Styles 3 or 1. ) Calyx and corolla unlike. Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACEiE, 472 Ovary solitary. Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALMJ5, 461 Epiphytes. Plants scurfy. BROMELIACE^, 497 Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a vi^horl. Ploveer single. TRILLIACEjE, 502 Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE.E, 524 Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACEiE, 526 Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACE^, 526 Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless. ERIOCAULONACE^, 529 # « * Floivers glumaceoiis, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes. Bracts single. Slieaths closed. Fruit an aclienium. CYPERACE^E, 531 Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINEjE, 573 Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. Class III. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only. Spores of only one kind. Sporangia borne beneath peltate scales in a terminal spike. Stem leafless. EQUISETACE^, 621 Sporangia borne on the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. FILICES, 622 Sporangia borne in spikes or panicles. Fronds not circinate. OPHIOGLOSSACEiE, 636 Sporangia solitary in the axils of small leaves. LYCOPODIACE.^, 638 Spores of two kinds, large or small. Sporangia solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves. Stems branching. SELAGINELLAOE^, 639 Sporangia solitary in the dilated base of long clustered leaves. Stem corm-like. ISOETACE.E, 640 Sporangia enclosed in a peduncled sporocarp. Leaves 4-foliate. MARSILIACE^, 640 Sporangia enclosed in a sessile sporocarp beneath branching floating stems. SALVINIACE^, 641 FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PH.ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Vegetables furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds which contain an embryo. Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral • envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass I. ANGIOSPEKM"^. Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 1 2 UAXUNrULArK.lC. (cKOWKoOT I'AMII.V.) Oui>Ku 1. K^VNUNCULACE.l-:. (Ckowjuut Famu.v.) Chiefly lierbs, rarely shrubs (ir woody viiu's, with watery acrid juice. Leaves exstiinihite, ofteiier divided. Flowers liypoi^yuous, soiiietinies irregular. Sepals few or many, He])arate, ofteji colored. Petals com- monly as many as the sepals, and alternate with them, or wanting. Stamens mostly indefinite. Ovaries numerous and distinct, or few, or solitary, 1-celled. 1 -many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Seeds anat- ropous, with flesiiy or horny all)ujiien, and a miuute embryo Synopsis of the <«enera. ♦ Sepals valvate or with incurved luargius in tlie bud. Fruit an achenium. Tribe I. CLKMATIUKyE. Sepals colored. Petals none. Style persistent. — Chiefly vines, with opposite mostly teruately or pinnately divided leaves. 1. CLEMATIS. Flowers solitary or cymose, when vines climbing by the coiling tendril- form summit of the petiole. * * Sepals imbricated in the bud. Fruit an aeheuium. Tribe II. ANEMONE.E. Sepals colored. Petals none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled, variously lobed or divided. 2. ANEMONE. Flowers solitary. Stem leaves wliorled, forming an involucre vinder the Hower. Achenia not ribbed nor inflated. 3. ANEMORELLA. Flowers umbelled. Stem leaves involucrate. Achenium ribbed. 4. THALICTRUM. Flowers corymbose or panicled. Leaves alternate. Aeheuium ribbed or inflated. 5. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbose. Leaves alternate, lobed. Achenium 4- angled. Seed erect. Tribe III. RANUNCITLE^. Sepals mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or corymbose. 6. MYOSURUS. Sepals .spurred at the base. Leaves radical. Scape l-flowered. 7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Petals yellow or white, with a pit or scale at the base. Stem leafy. 8. ADONIS. Petals red, not pitted at the base. # * * Sepals imbricated in the bud. Fruit a follicle or berry. Tribe IV. HKL.L.EBOKINE.E. Sepals colored. Petals mostly irregular, or none. Fruit a 1 - many-seeded follicle. # Petals none. 9. CALTHA. Sepals yellow. Leaves entire. 10. ISOPYRUM. Sepals white. Leaves teruately divided. * « Petals 2 -10. 11. AQUILEGIA. Petals . 5, alike, hollow, spurred. Leaves compoundly divided. 12. DELPHINIUM. Outer sepal hollow, .spurred. Petals 4, unlike. Leaves lobed. 13. ACONITUM. Outer sepal large, hooded, enclosing the two stalked petals. 14. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, '2-Iipped. Sepals regular. 1.'). COPTIS. Petals . 5 -G, thickened and hooded at the apex. Scape l-flowered. IG. ZANTHORHIZA. A shrub. Flowers regular, 5-petalled. Follicle 1-2-seeded. Tribe V. CIMICIFUGE^. Sepals colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Leaves alternate. 17. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Fruit baccate. — Stem l-flowered. 18. ACT.EA. Petals entire. Racemes short. Fruit a berry. 19. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 2-cleft. Racemes long. Fruit a follicle. EANUNCULACE^, (CROWFOOT FAMILV.) 3 1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's Bower. ^Sepals 4, petal-like, valvate or with incurved margins in the bud, decidu- ous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, capitate, 1-ovuled, forming acheuia in fruit, with the persistent styles in the form of long, mostly plumose tails. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs or woody vines, with op- posite entire or divided leaves, and single or cymose perfect or polygamous flowers. § 1. Flowers solitari) ; outer stamens petal-like, sterile; huds scaly. — Atkagene. 1. C. verticillaris, DC. Stem woody, climbing; leaves ternate, the stalked leaflets cordate-ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, spreading, bright purple, 1'- U' long; sterile stamens spatulate ; tails of the achenia plumose. (Atragene Americana, Sims.) — Mountains of N. Carolina. April -]\Iay. § 2. Sterile stamens none ; buds not scuhj. — Clematis. * Flowers solitarij, perfect, nodding ; sepals thick, valvate ; stems herbaceous. -(— Stems erect, mostlii simple. 2. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Villous or silky-pubescent, rarely glabrous; stems rigid, 1° liigli ; leaves ovate or roundish, entire, reticulate, glabrate above; flower yellowish, 1' long ; tails of the villous achenia plumose. (C. ovata, Pursh, the smooth form.) — Rocky woods in the upper districts. May- June. 3. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, 1° - li° high, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire or three-lobed ; peduncles 8' - 1 0' long ; flower purple ; tails of the achenia 2' - 3' long, plumose. — S. Florida. •(— H— Stems climbing ; leaves pinnately divided. 4. C. erispa, L. (Blub Jessamine.) Glabrescent ; leaflets 3-9, thin, ovate or oblong, lobed or entire, acute, or (in var. Walter!, Torr. Sj- Gray) lance- olate or linear ; calyx l'-2' long, pale purple ; sepals recurved or revolute and wavy-margined above the middle ; tails of the achenia stout, pubescent. — Marshes and wet banks, middle and lower districts. May - June. 5. C. Viorna, L. (Le.\ther-Floaver.) Smoothish; leaflets 5-7, thin, oval or ol)long-ovate, lobed or entire; calyx V long, ovate, reddish brown: sepals tapering into a short recurved point ; tails of the achenia plumose. — Woods and along rivers, rare in the lower districts. May- July. 6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, coriaceous, oval, mostly entire, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate, purple ; sepals spreading at the point; tails of the achenia long and slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in lower districts. May - July. * * Flowers ci/mose, poli/gamo-diacious ; sepals tliin, spreading ; stems icoodij, climbing ; leaves ternately divided ; tails of the achenia plumose. 7. C. Virginiana, L. (Virgin's Bower.) Glabrate ; leaves ternate, the oblong or cordate-ovate leaflets 2' - 3' long, lobed or toothed ; cymes axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered ; sepals oblong, Y long, white or yellowish. — Eiver banks, chiefly in the upper districts. June - July. 4 KAXl'NC'ULACE.*:. (cHOW K()(»T lAMlLV.) 8. C. Catesbyana, I'lnsli. rnlKsccnt : leaves tiTiiato, (|ninate, or biter- natp ; lealiets ()\ale or omlate-ovate, usually ."Moljeii ; eyiiies few-Howereil, mostly coiiiiiouikI or jiuiiiik'tl ; He|ial8 white, toiiienlose. — Dry wiiiily soil near the coast. August. 2. ANEMONE, I.. Wim-Im...wi;r. Se])als 4 -."JO, eoloreil, imlniiated iu the liud, deeiduous. I'elals none. Stamens indetiuite, their filaments filiform. ( )varies mo.stly numerous. Ovule solitary. Aelu-nia even (not rihhed), capitate, comjiressed, jxiinted l»y the siiort persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked stems bearing at the summit 2- .5 op|)osite or whorleil leaves, whi'-li form an invo- lucre at the base of the I-Howered peilunde. Leaves lol)ed or divided. * Stem simple, \-JIli"'ri' rcmofe from the lomj-pfditncled floicer, lobed or divided. 3. A. nemorosa, L. (Wood Axemoxe.) I'ubescent ; stem 4' - 8' high from a slender scaly rootstock ; radical leaves (wanting on flowering ])lants) ternately divided, the wedge-slia])ed divisions lobed and toothed, or the lateral ones deeply 2-parted ( Var. (|uinquefolia), those of the involucre similar, longer than the petioles; sepals white, oval, or oblong, -J' long; achenia few, oblong, pubescent, pointed by the short hooked persistent style. — AVoodlands, moun- tains. March - April. 4. A. triflora, L. ? Divisions of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, entire, finely serrate, acute, equalling or shorter than tlie ))eti<)le ; aclienia numerous. — Mountains of Georgia. March. 5. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3' -lO' high, fromaglolmlar stolonifer- ous tulier; radical leaves ternately divided into linear toothed divisions ; in- volucre small, .se.«sile, 3 - 5-lobed ; peduncle long, pubescent; sepals 10-30, oblong-linear, white, the outer ones dotted with purjile ; achenia numerous in an oblong head, woolly. (A. heterophylla, .Y»^/., with coarser leaves and green- ish flowers.) — Dry woods, chiefly in the upper districts. March- April. * * Stem cymoselji branched, bearinq a 2-leaved involucel, and a single long- pediincled JInwer at each Joint. 6. A. Virginiana, L. (Wixd-Flowek.) Hirsute or villous. 2<^-30 high ; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly cordate, twice 3-lol)ed, the divis- ions acutely lobed and toothed ; involucres petioled, deeply 3-parted ; sepals 5, greenish, the two outer ones lanceolate, acute, tlie inner obovate ; achenia woolly, in an oblong head. — Dry woods in the up])er districts. July- Aug. KANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 3. ANEMONELLA, Spach. Rue-Anemone. Habit and flowers of Anemone, with the foliage of Thalictrum. Flowers umbelled. Style none. Acheuia few, smooth, oblong, strongly ribbed. 1. A. thalictroides, Spath. Glabrous, 6' -10' high, from clufitered tubers; leaves teruately compouud ; leaflets long-stalked, oval or roundish, cordate, shortly 3 - .5-lobed, of the involucre G -9 ; umbel 3 - 6-flowered ; seprls 6 - 10, oblong, white, 4" - 6" long. — Dry woods. April - May. 4. THALICTRUM, Touru. Meadow-Eue. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in tlie bud, colored, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens numerous. Ovaries 3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia furrowed or inflated, pointed by the persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial mostly glabous branching herbs, with alternate teruately compound leaves, and mostly diacious or polygamous small flowers. * Flowers diitcious or poli/guinous ; sepals s/iorier than tlie stamens ; stijle short; achenia ribbed. •i— Leaves 2-3-ternate, petioled ; leaflets roundish, eremite, ylaitcoKs ; anthers longer than the filaments ; achenia oval or oblong; pedicels long, axillari/ ; sepals greenish ; flowers dicecious. 1. T. debile, Buckley. Stem prostrate, 6' -12' long, from clustered tubers; pedicels mostly in pairs; stamens 10-15; acheuia 1-6, oblong. — Rocky woods, mountains of Georgia and Alabama. April- May. 2. T. dioicum, L. vStem erect, from a fibrous root ; pedicels 2 - 6 in a cluster; stamens 20 -30; achenia 4- 10, oval, sessile, or rarely stipitate. (Var. stipitatum, Torr. Sf- Graij). — Rocky woods, in the 'upper districts. March - April. H— -1— Lowest leaves petioled, decomponnd, the others sessile ; leaflets veri/ vari- able, entire or 3-lobed ; anthers shorter than the filaments; achenia acute; flowers panicled. 3. T. purpurascens, L. Stem .3° -5° high, generally purplish ; leaf- lets ovate or oblong, often cordate, strongly veined, 3-lobed or entire, mostly pubescent beneath ; flowers dioecious, greenish or purplish ; filaments long and drooping, slightly tliickened upwards ; anthers linear, mucronate. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July - August. 4. T. polygamum, Mulil. Like the la.st, but taller ; leaflets less strongly veined and thinner ; flowers polygamous, white ; filaments plainly thickened under the short oblong obtuse antliers. — Swamps and wet banks. July - August. * * Flowers perfect ; stigma sessile ; achenia stipitate, inflated, veiny ; flowers panicled; leaves petioled, hiternate. 5. T. Clavatum, DC. Stem l°-2°high, sparingly branched ; leaflets thin, obovate or rounded, 3-lobed ; panicle corymbose ; flowers white ; achenia 5-10, scimitar-shaped, short-pointed. (T. nadkuvle, Schweinitz.) — Moun- tains of X. Carolina. Julv. 6 EANUNCL'LACK-K. (o dry pine woods, W. Tloriila. 6. MYOSURUS, L. Mouse-Tail. Sepals 5-7, imhricated, spurred at the hase. Petals 5-7, lincar-spatulate. Stamens 5 - 20. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Aeiicnia 3-augled, imhrieated on tlie spike-like receptacle. Seed suspended. Small annuals, witji line:ir radical leaves, and a small yellowish flower on a naked scape. 1. M. minimus, I.^- Scape 2' -6' long, longer than the leaves; aciienia beakles.s. — Angii.-ia, Georgia ; Js:i.shville, Teuncssee. 7. RANUNCUIiUS, L. Crowfoot, Bltterclp. Sepals .3-5, regular, herbaceous, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 3- 10, with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Achenia capitate, compressed, mostly beaked bv the short persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the lowest petioled. Flowers axillary or corymbose, white or yellow. § 1. Petals with a pit at tin- base, iclu'te ; achenia rugose. 1. R. aquatilis, L. var. trichophyllus, Gray. Aquatic, filiform, immersed; leaves ]jetioled, divideil into very numerous capillary segments; peduncles opposite the leaves. — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts, Pnrsh. June - August. § 2. Petals )/ellow, u'ith a small scale at the base. * Achevia viuricate ; annuals. {Introduced.) 2. R. parviflorus, L. Softly villous, much branched, P - 1° high : lower leaves round-cordate, 3-lobed, toothed, the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers small ; petals 3 - 5, as long as the sepals ; styles recurved. — Roadsides and waste ground. April - ^Nlay. 3. R. murieatus, L. Nearly glabrous; stem 1°-U° high; petals 5, longer than the sejjals ; styles straight; achenia strongly margined; other- wise like the preceding. — Wa.ste grouud, Charleston (Elliott). April - May. * * Achetiia smooth ; chiefli/ perennials.^ H- Leaves undivided, denticulate or entire, lanceolate, the lower broader and petioled ; flowers small. 4. R. ambigens, Watson. Stem 10-2° long, ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; flowers 3"- 5'' wide, the petals longer than the calyx ; achenia tumid, slender-beaked. (R. alisma-folius, Grai/.) — Wet banks, chiefly in the upper (li.WKf>OT FAMII.V.) 14. R. bulbosus, I-. Sti'iii erect finm a soli. I hull.; leaves pimiately diviileil ; H()\voi*s large (T wide) ; adieiiia pninted with a sliort cui-ved lieuk. — N. Carolina. Introduced. 1"). R. acris, L., and of the l.st edition, i.-< jirobaldv not jicrniaiiently established within my limits. 8. ADONIS, L. riii:.vsANT's Eve. Differ.^ from the incceding mainly in the ab.sence of a pit (jr scale at the base of the j)etals, the spike-like arrangement of the achenia, and in the ])in- uate division of the lea\es. 1. A. autumnalis, L. Annual; leaves finely dissected; petals 6-8, crimson. — New Urleans. Introduced. 9. CALTHA, L. ^Mahsii Mahk-old. Sepals 4-10, regular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals noue. IStamens numerous. Ovaries 5- 15, forming numy-seeded follicles iu fruit. Stigma sessile. — Perennial smooth herb.s, with corilate or renifurm undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. I. C. palustl'is, L. Stem furrowed, simple or l)ranched, 6'- 10' high; leaves long -petioled, or the upper sessile, entire, crenate, or sharjily denticu- late, 2' - G' wide ; flowers single or corymbose, long-jjcduncled ; follicles spread- ing. — Marshes, N. Carolina {I/ijams), Tennessee [Gattinyer). 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals 5-6, regular, colored, deciduous. Petals none, or 5 and minute. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-20. Ovules few or many, in 1-2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile. Seed horizontal. — Low and tender perennial herbs, with alternate teruately divided leaves, and solitary white flowers. 1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Stem 6'- 12' high, from fibrous tuber-bearing roots; radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; stem leaves ter- nate. nearly sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; follicles 1-5, 2-seeded. — Shaded cliffs of the Chipola Kiver, W. Florida, Alabama {E. A. Smith). March -April. 11. AQUILEGIA, L. Columhine. Sepals 5, regular, coloreil, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Filaments long, filiform. Follicles 5, connivent, many-seeded, tipped with the long filiform persistent styles. — Erect branching herbs, with alternate 2 - 3-ternate leaves, and showy nodding .solitary flowers. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Stem l°-.3° high, smooth or slightly pubescent; radical leaves biternate, the leaflets roundish, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet stamens and .styles exserted. — Rocky woods, chiefly iu the upjjer districts. April- May. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 12. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, the upper oue prolonged backward iuto a hollow spur. Petals 4, and separate, or 2 and united, the 2 upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal. Ovaries 1-5. Follicles many-seeded. — Erect herbs, with alternate palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes. * Petals 4 ; follicles 3. Perennial. 1. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem 2° -4° high, branching and hairy above; leaves 4'- 6' wide, the divisions lanceolate or oblong ; racemes man v- flowered ; flowers blue; spur straiglit, rather longer than the calyx; follicles erect. — Mountains of Alabama to N. Carolina. June - August. 2. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy, l°-2° high; leaves 2' -3' wide, the divisions linear ; racemes many-flowered; flowers blue; spur curved, twice as long as the calyx ; follicles erect. — Light soil in the middle and upper districts. May -June. 3. D. trieorne, Michx. Stem smoothish, 1°- U° high from small clus- tered tubers; leaves 2' -3' wide, with oblong-linear divisions; racemes many- flowered, the pedicels shorter than the deep-blue flowers; s])ur straight, equalling the calyx ; follicles arcuate spreading. — Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. Ajiril - May. 4. D. virescens, Nutt. ? Stem downy, slender, 6'- 10' high; leaves 1' wide ; racemes 3 - 6-flowered, the pedicels longer than the yellowish white flowers ; spur longer than the caly.x. curved at the summit ; follicles arcuate- spreading. — Valley of the Coosa Kiver, Georgia. May -June. * * Petals 2, and united ; follicles single. Annual. 5. D. COnsolida, L- Smooth; divisions of the leaves narrow-linear; flowers white or various shades of blue or purple ; follicle glabrous. — Grain- fields and around homesteads. Introduced. 13. ACONITUM, L. Monkshood, Wolfsbane. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, tlie uppermost large, helmet-shaped, the 2 lat- eral large and rounded, the lower oblong. Petals 2 or 5, the 2 upper long- stalked, produced backward into a short spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-5. Follicles many-seeded. Seed rugose. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately dissected leaves, and racemose showy flowers. 1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem slender, 2° -6° long; leaves 3 - 5-cleft, the ovate-lanceolate lobes coarsely toothed; raceme few-flowered; sepals blue, the upper helmet-shaped. — Mountains of N. Carolina. June- August. 2. A. reclinatum. Gray. Stem reclining, 4° -8° long; leaves deeply 3 - 7-clef t, the cuneate lobes acutely toothed ; racemes few - many-flowered ; sepals white, the upper long-conical. — Mountains of N. Carolina. July - August. Ill KAXr.NCL'LACE.E. (CUOWKOOT FAMILY.) 14. HELLEBORUS, 1-. IIki.i.iik.kk. Sepals ;'), nuiiHled, jicrfisteiit. Petals 8-10, very small, tiilmlai, 2-li]»|ifii. Stainoiis iiuiiu'niiis. Fullick's 3-10, coriaceims, iiian\ -sueilod. — IViTiiuial hcrlis, with ](almatc' nr pcilate leaves, aud solitary iioddinjj flowers. I. H. viridis, I.. Sicm l°-2°liigli; lowest leaves jiedate, lon^'-jietiuled, the U|iiier palmate and uearly sessile, the divisions lanreolate ; sej)als oval, green; follicles obloug. — N. Carolina (JJijains). Intiudueed. 15. COPTIS, Salisb. GoLU-TiiKiiAD. Sepals 5-6, colored, regular, deciduous. Petals 5-6, thickened aud hooded at the apex. Stamens numerous. Follicles 3- 10, long-sti])itate (as if umbellate), ixdnted with the hooked style, few-.^ecded. — Perennial smooth herbs, with teruately divided leaves, aud 1 -4 small flowers at the summit of a uaked scape. 1. C. trifolia, Salisb. Scape 4' -6' high, from a slender yellow root- stock, 1 dowered; leaves persistent, trifoliolate, long-petioled, the leaflets obovate and slightly lobed ; flowers white. — Mountains of E. Tennessee {Gat- linger). June. 16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Ylllow Root. Sepals 5, regular, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed. Stamens 5- 10. Ovaries 5- 10, 2-ovuled. Style .subulate, incurved, at length dorsal. Follicles sessile. Seed solitary, susjiended. — A smooth slender shrub, 2° -3° high, with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled, the 3-5 ovate leaflets lobed and toothed. Flowers iu slender compound racemes, appearing before the leaves, dark purple. 1. Z. apiifolia, L'Herit. — Shady banks, chiefly in the upper districts. March- A])ril. 17. HYDRASTIS, L. Golden Se.al. Sepals 3, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stameus numerous. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 2-ovuled, ri])ening into a head of 1 -2-seeded crimson berries. — Stem 1° high, from a thick knotted rootstock, 2-leaved, l-flowered; leaves palniately 5-7-lobed, toothed and serrate, the lower ])etioled, the upper sessile under the short-stalked greenish white flower. 1. H. Canadensis, L. — liidi oj)en woods. Mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. 18. ACTJEA, L. Bani-rerry. Sepals 3-5, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals 4-10, eutire. Stamens nu- merous. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, ripening into a many-seeded berry. — Per- ennial herbs. Stem simple, bearing one or two large 2-3 teruately coinpnund leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white flowers. 1. A. alba, Bigel. (White Cohosh.) Smooth or nearly so, 2° high; leaves mostlv 2, long-petioled, the ovate leaflets acutely toothed ; raceme long-peduncled, the pedicels in fruit thick and red; berry white —Rocky woods. Mountains of Georgia, and northward. jNIay. MAGNOLIACE^. (mAGJVOLIA FAMILY.) 11 2. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. (Red Cohosh.) Like the pie- ced iug, but the pedicels not thickeued in fruit, aud the berries cherry-red. — Tennessee. May. 19. CIMICIFUGA, L. BuGBANE. Sepals 4-5, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals 1-8, 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous, the filiform filaments elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, ripening iuto many-seeded follicles. — Tall perennial herbs, with large ternately com- pound leaves, and long slender racemes of white fiowers. * Ovary mostly siiu/le ; stigma large, depressed ; seeds horizontal, smooth. 1. C. raoemosa, EU. (Black Sxakeroot.) Stem 4° -8° high; leaves 3-ternate, the ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaflets sharply toothed and serrate ; racemes 6'- 12' long, mostly branched, downy ; follicles ovate, sessile on the pedicel. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts. * * Ovaries 3-%; stigma minute ; seeds vertical, chaffy. 2. C. Americana, Michx. Stem 30-4° high; leaves 3-ternate ; leaflets ovate, sharply toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-lobed ; racemes some- what pauicled ; follicles 3^5, compressed, obovate-obloug, short- stipitate. Mountains of N. Carolina. June- July. 3. C. COrdifolia, Pursh. Stem 2° -3° high; leaves 2-ternate, ovate or cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobed, toothed and serrate ; racemes long, panicled ; fol- licles 2-3, oblong, sessile. — High mountains of N. Carolina. Rare. June- July. Order 2. MAGNOLIACE^. (Magxolia Family.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, and regular hypogj-nous flowers. — Sepals and petals mostly alike, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers adnata. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. "WINTERED. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries in a single wliorl, 1-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding. Suborder II. SCHIZANDRE.^. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Ovaries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens .5, united into a 5-lobed disk. Suborder in. MAGNOLTE.^i;. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone- like heads or spikes. — Chieiiy trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. .3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers intror^e. 4. LIRIODENDRON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. IL* MAONOLIACK.E. (mAUXULIA IA.MILV.) 1. ILLICIUM, L. Amsi-tkkk. Flowers jiorfcrt. Srpiils '.i or (>. IVtals l(-.'J(i, sjircjidiiifi. StamciiH uu- iiifroiis. Aiiiliers iiitrorsc. iMillicles 6 or iiiuro, in :i sinj^lc whorl, coriaceous, at Ifimtli 2 valvcil, l-sietled. Seed asceiiiling. — Smooth iinise-sceiited shrubs, witli entire exstijdilate ever^ri-en leaves. I'ediinclcs from terminal lunis, 1-Howered, noddinj;. 1. I. Floridanum, Kllis. Shrul> G°- 10° liiraiiclie», wlnn yf Drusera. Leaves spreading, on broadlv winged spatnlate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on the margins with stnmg bristles; sensitive ! Flowers iu a terminal umbel-like cyme, white, bracted. 1. D. muscipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs near the coast, North Carolina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April -May. — Scape 1° high, 8- 10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — F^or an interesting account of this re- markable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. I., 1834. Ordkr 9. PAPAVERACEiE. (Poppy Family-.) Herbs, with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. — Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbri- cated, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, with parietal placentae. Embryo minute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 1. ARGEMONE, L. Mkxicax Poppy. Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas sessile. Capsule oval, hispid, the 3 - 6 valves separating at the top from the persistent placentae. Seed globular, pitted, crestless. — Glaucous herbs, with yellow juice, sessile pinnatifiil l)ristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers. 1. A. Mexieana, L. Annual, hispid, l°-3° high, branching; leaves blotclicd with white ; flowers large and white, or smaller and yellow ; calyx hispid. — Waste ground. Introduced. 2. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Yellow Poppt. Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style conspicuous. Capsule oval, bristly, the 3-4 valves separating from the base from the persistent placenta. Seed FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 21 crested. — Perennial herbs, with yellow juice, 1 - 2-piunatifid leaves, and showy loug-peduucled yellow flowers. 1. S. diphyllum, Nutt. Stem 1°- 1^° high ; leaves petioled, 5- T-loted ; peduncles terminal, single or clustered; flowers 1' wide, bright yellow. — Rich woods. Tennessee. 3. CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule linear, 2-valved. Seed crested. — Herbs, with yellow juice, pinnately divided leaves, and small yel- low umbelled flowers. 1. C. majUS, L. Glabrous, branching, l°-2° high; divisions of the leaves lobed and toothed; umbel peduucled, 4-flowered ; capsule knotty. — Waste groimd. Introduced. 4. SANGXJINARIA, L. Puccoon, Bloodroot. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- ing from the filiform persistent placentiE. Seeds crested. — A stemless peren- nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with 5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked scape, fugacious. 1. S. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — Scape 4' - 6' high. Flowers 1' wide, apj^eariug with the leaves. Order 10. FUMARIACE^. (Fumitory Family.) Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves, without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4; the two outer or one of them spurred or gibbous at the base ; the two inner callous at the apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, commonly united in two sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, lijijogynous : anther of the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lat- eral ones 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled and 2-valved, with two parietal placentfB, or 1-seeded and indehiscent. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. 1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Climbing Fumitory. Petals united, free at the summit, the two outer gibbous at the base. Fila- ments united. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule linear-oblong, 4 - 8-seeded. Seed reniform, crestless. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves 3-pinnate, Avith ten- dril-like petioles. Flowers purplish, in axillary drooping panicles. 1. A. cirrhosa, Raf. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets thin, obovate, 2 - 3-lobed. Corolla thick and spongy. 2. DICENTRA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches. Petals connivent but scarcely united, the two outer spurred or gibbous at the base, the inner ^rested. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Stigma V .^ 22 FUMARIACE-IC. (kUMITOUY FAMILY.) 2-orcsted. Capsule 10-20-scc(ic(l. Seed crostod. — Stemless herbs, from creejiiiij!; or gnuiular rootstucks, with teriiiitcly divided lt)iif;-])etiijloiig. crested, golden yellow, and the spar mostly longer tlien the short pedicel ; later ones short and few-flowered, these very small and fertilized in the bud ; capsule erect-spreading, even ; seed smooth, turgid. — (C. aurea, var. australis, S. Fl.) — Cultivated ground in the lower districts. April- May. 3. C. flavula, D.C. Stem slender, 5'- 10' high ; leaf-lobes small and acute; racemes fow-flowered; corolla 3" -4" long, pale yellow, crested ; the short spur much shorter than the pedicel ; capsule slightly torulose, spread- ing or drooping ; seed rugose-reticulate, the margins acute. — Dry woods in the upper districts. May - June. 4. PUMARIA, L. FtMiTORY. Posterior petal spurred, united l)elow with the two inner ones. Stamen united in two sets of three each. Style deciduous. Fruit glolmlar, 1 -seeded, indehiscent ; jfeeds crestless. — Tender branching annuals, with finely dis- sected leaves, and small flowers iu lateral or terminal racemes. 1. P. ofiB.Cinalis, L. Leaves bipinnately divided, the narrow lobes widening upwards ; racemes many-flowered ; sepals sharp]}- toothed ; petals flesh-color, tipped with crimson. — Waste places, sparingly introduced. CRUCIFEB^. (mustard FAMILY.) 23 Order 11. CRUCIFER^:. (Mustard Family.) Herbs with pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogenous racemose or corymbose bractless flowers. Fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6 (rarely fewer) , two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by a membranaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentae, from which the two valves separate at maturity, or indehiscent and nut-like, or separating into 1-seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled with the large embryo, which is cui'ved or folded in various ways, or straight only in Leavenworthia. (The genera are distinguished chiefly by the fruit and seed ; the flowers being nearly similar throughout the order.) Synopsis. I. SILIQUOS^E. Fruit a silique, few- many-seeded. * Cotyledons flattened, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending radicle {accumbent). -I— Valves of the fruit nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell. 2. CARD AMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 3. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 4. LEAVENWORTHIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight. •t- -I— Valves of the fruit 1-nerved. 5. ARABIS. Silique linear, elongated : valves flattened. 6. lODANTHUS. Silique nearly terete : valves convex. Flowers purple. 7. BARBAREA. Silique terete or 4-sided. Seed wingless. Flowers yellow. * * Cotyledons flat, with one edge turned toward the partition, and the back of one of them applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent'). 8. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete. 9. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws. 10. ERYSIMUM. Silique 4-angled, valves keeled. Leaves entire. Flowers yellow. 11. HESPERIS. Silique nearly terete. Seeds triangular. Leaves toothed or serrate. 12. SINAPIS. Silique beaked. Seeds globular. Cotyledons folded. II. SILICULOS.E. Fruit a silicle. * Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular. H— Cotyledons accumbent. 13. DR.^BA. Silicle oval or oblong, many-seeded : valves 1-3 nerved. 14. LESQUERELLA. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless : flowers yellow. 15. ALYSSUM. Silicle orbicular, 2- 4-seeded : flowers white. -1— -1— Cotyledons incumbent. 16. CAMELINA. Silicle obovoid : valves l-nerved. * * Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. 17. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary. 18. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary. 19. CAPSELLA. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. III. LOMENTACEyE. Fruit separating transversely into joints. 20. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed. 24 CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.) 1. NASTURTIUM, H. IW. \Vater-Cbe88. Sili(|ue nearly tereU', linear or oblong, or siiort and silicic-like, usually curved ui)\vard ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell, not marj^ined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves pinuately lobed. Flowers white or yellow, small. * Petals yellow, minute (except No. 6). 1. N. tanacetifolium, Hook. & Am. Stems diffuse, 6'- 12' long; leaves bii)iuiiaiili(l, tlie lobes toothed ; silique oblong-linear, twice as long as the pedicel. — Ditches and wet ground in the lower districts. May- June. •2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, 10-2° high; leaves obloiig-uhovate, jiiiiiiatilid towards the base, tuutlied above; silicjue linear- oblong ; nearly sessile ; style short and thick. — Wet ground. South Carolina, Tennessee, and westward. May -June. 3. N. palustre, DC. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect, 1°- 3° high, branch- ing; leaves i)iniiatifid, the lobes oblong, tootlied ; silicjue short, ovate or oblong-ovate, barely half as long as the spreading pedicel ; style slender. — "Wet ground, chiefly in the upper districts. 4. N. obtUSUm, Nutt. Low and spreading ; leaves pinnatifid, the ob- long or rounded lobes sparingly tootlied ; silicjue oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the slender pedicel. — Banks of the Mississippi. 5. N. limosutn, Nutt. "Very smooth; leaves lanceolate, laciniately pinnatifid towards the base, nearly entire above, or angularly toothed, the lobes serrate or entire ; pedicels much shorter than the short silique ; stigma nearly sessile." — New Orleans (Nuttall). 6. N. sylvestre, E. Br. Stem ascending ; leaves pinnately divided into narrow toothed lo])es ; silique linear, mostly shorter than the slender pedicel ; style very short ; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. — New Orleans. Litroduced. * * Petals white, consjiicuous. 7. N". oflSclnale, K. Br. (Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- ing; leaves ]iinnate, the oblong or roundish lohes nearly entire ; .silique lin- ear, curved, longer than the spreading pedicel. — Cool springs and branches. Litroduced. 8. N. lacustre, Gray. Aquatic; stem 2° -3° long; immersed leaves pinnately divided into indefinite capillary segments, deciduous ; the emerged ones oblong ; sili(iue obovate, shorter than the pedicel ; style shorter than the ovary. — In a cool sjjring, Marianna, Florida, and New Orleans. Rare. 2. CARDAMINE, L. Silique linear flattened, the valves veinless, usually opening elastically from the base. Seeds wingless, disposed in a single row in each cell and sus- pended by a filiform stalk. Cotyledons accumbent. — Tender, mostly smooth herbs, with usually pinnately divided leaves, and white flowers. CRUCIFEK^. (mustard FAMILY.) 25 * Leaves entire : /lowers conspicuous : perennials. 1. C. rotundifolia, DC. Koot fibrous : stem simple, 6' - 12' high, soon bearing from the root or upper axils loug and leafy ruuuers ; leaves oval or roundish, with wavy or toothed margius, the lowest long-petioled ; silique subu- late ; seeds oval. — Cool springs. Mountains of North Carolina. June - July. 2. C. rhomboidea, DC. Root tuberous; stem without runners, 12'- 18' high ; lower leaves ronnd-cordate, petioled, the upper oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile ; silique fusiform ; seed roundish. — Wet springy places, chiefly iu the upper districts. May. * * Leaves pinnatelji divided : flowers small : annuals. 3. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy; stems branching, ^°-2° high; leaves piunate, the leaflets varying from oval to linear, toothed or entire ; silique narrow-linear, erect ; seeds minute, oval. — Wet ground, sometimes in dry soil. April - May. 4. C. Clematitis, Shutthv. Smooth, 6'- 12' high; leaves broadly 3- lobed and toothed, the lowest reniform, entire ; racemes short ; silique narrow- linear, compressed, tipped with tlie slender style. — Cool shaded banks, mountains of North (yarolina. July. 5. C (?) CUrvisiliqua, Shuttlw. Stem erect from the creeping base, 6'- 12' high, branching ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets few, oblong, the terminal one larger, oval or obovate ; racemes at length elongated ; silique subterete, incurved, the valves finely veined ; tipped with the short thick style ; seeds wingless, oval, emarginate. Wet places, ditches, etc. Florida. 3. DENTARIA, L. Toothwort. Silique linear. Seeds ovate, in a single row in each cell, on a flattened stalk, not margined. Style slender. — Perennial smooth herbs, erect from a fleshy rootstock, the simple stem bearing at the summit 2-3 palmately divided leaves, and a single long-peduncled raceme of large white or purple flowers. Eadical leaves mostly separate and solitary. * Rootstock continuous : flowers white. 1. D. diphylla, Michx. Stem 6'- 9' high; leaves 2, temate, long- petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, of the radical leaf ovate or roundish. — Rich woods. Mountains. April. 2. D. multifida, Muhl. Stem slender, 6' -12' high; leaves ternate, leaflets divided into tliree simple or pinnately parted linear entire segments. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. April. * * Rootstock jointed : floweis mostly purple. 3. D. laciniata, Muhl. (Pepper-root.) Stem 4'- 12' high ; leaves usu- ally 3, 3 - 5-nate ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, coarsely and sharply toothed or lobed ; the radical similar. — Rich woods in the middle and upper districts. March. 4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Stem 6' - 1 2' high ; leaves mostly 2, small (1' or less), ternate, the leaflets lanceolate or linear, entire; radical leaves with large ovate crenately toothed leaflets. — Rich woods in the upper dis- tricts. March. 2G CEUCIFER.E. (MUSTAKD FAMILY.) 4. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torn Silique oblong or oblong-linear, compressed, often contracted between the seeds. Seed.s in a single row in eadi cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial lierb.s, with short 1 - few- Howercii steins, pinnatitid leaves, and yellow, white, or ])iir])lish (lowers, on elongatelir). 2. CLEOME, L. Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6, the filaments distinct, Stigma sessile. Ca])sule sili(iue-like, stipitate, or nearly sessile, many-seeded. — Chiefly annuals, with jjalmately 3 - 7-1'oliolate leaves with .spiny .stipules, or none, and racemose bracted flowers. 1. C. pungens, Willd. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, the leaflets lanceolate ; bracts cordate ; flowers purple ; capsule shorter than the elongated stipe. — Waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° -4° high. 3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. Like the preceding, but the filaments partly aduate to the stipe of the ovary. 1. G, pentaphylla, DC. Stem 2° -3° high; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, the leaflets oblong obovate ; flowers white ; cap.sule hispid. — Waste ground. Introduced. 4. CAPPARIS, L. C.\PER-TREE. Sepals partly united, often with a gland at the base. Petals imbricated. Stamens numerous. Stigma sessile. Fruit mostly silique-like, stipitate, many-seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spiny or aduate stipules, and mostly showy flowers. 1. C. Jamaicensis, Jacq. Leaves elliptical, the lower surface, like the liranches and iuflorescence, covered with minute scales ; peduncles 2- flowered ; sepals ovate, valvate, about half the length of the white petals ; stamens 16-32, villous at the base ; capsule dry. — Keys of South FluriUHplcuous : slumcns iiiJeJinitc : ctijiside mnnji -seeded. 1. H. Carolinianum, Mic-lix. Hirsute; Iciives Iaiic-CM)l.ite, (li'iiticuljitts acute, sliort-pctioled, tlie lowest obovale, crowileil ; flowers larj^e, solitarv, borue above tbe axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Nortli Carolina aurl west- ward. March- April. — Stems G'- 12' high, asceuding from a shrubby base. Flowers 1' wide. 2. H. Georgianura,n.sp. Tomentosa; .stem 6' -9' liigli, miicli branched from near the base ; leaves lanceolate, flat, or tbe margins sliglitly revolute, 6" -9" long; flowers all single and opjjosite the leaves, or the uppermost racemose, the slender pedicels 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; petals 3" -4" lonj^. — Fields and pastures. Baiubridge, Georgia, Mobile (Mofir). May- June. 3. H. arenicola, Cliapm. Hoary; leaves sma'l, lanceolate, obtu.se, entire, witii till' sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2-4 in terminal umliellate clus- ters, on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast. West Florida. March - April. — Stems slirnliby and Itraiiched at the base, all but the short (2' -6') flowering steins Imried in tlie sand. Flowers ^' wide. « * Flowers of two kinds : the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller, clustered, with smalt petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few- seeded capsules, 4. H. COrymbOSUm, Michx. Tomentose and hairy ; stems erect, shrubby at the base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revolute ; flowers neai'ly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the earlier ones long-peduucled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth. 5. H. Canadense, Michx. Stem soon branching above, tomentose, and sparsely pilose ; leaves lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, rather sca- brous above, canescent-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute; j)rimary flowers large (V wide), solitary, the calyx pilose, later ones very small, clus- tered, tomentose. — Dry soil in the middle districts. April. — Stem 6' -12' high Leaves 9" - 1 2" long. 6. H. rosmarinifolium, Pursh. Tomentose ; stem strictly erect, sim- ple below, witli sliort flowering branches above, 10'- 15' high; loaves linear, 1' long, the margins revolute ; earlier flowers single, long-pedicelled, ^' wide, ""the later in axillary clusters, i" long. — Louisville, Georgia (.1/. //. Hopkins, whose ol)servations on this genus have afforded me valuable aid). 2. LECHEA, L. Pinweed. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Stig- mas 3, plumose, sessile. Capsule oval or globose, 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, 3 - 6-seeded. Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs branching above, and later at the base in the form of barren leafy shoots, witb entire leaves, and small mostly greenish flowers in panicled bracted racemes. CISTACE^. (rock-rose FAMILY.) 37 § 1. PlacenUe fragile, separating from the paiiitiuns, and ivrapped around the seeds. — Lechea. * Leaves of the barren shoots oblong or oval. 1. L. major, Michx. Stem 1° - 2° higli, the branches and barren shoots villous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lower and those on the barren shoots op- posite or whorled ; racemes short, closely 2 - 6-flowered, these longer than their pedicels. — Dry light soil. Common. 2. L. thymifolia, Michx. Stem l°-2° high, the erect branches very numerous and leafy ; leaves lanceolate, of the barren shoots elliptical, ojjposite or whorled ; racemes leafy, 3- 5-flov/ered; outer sepals longer than the ovoid capsule. — Dry saiidy soil. July. 3. L. racemulosa, Michx. Stem l°-2° high, the slender branches spreading ; leaves alternate, linear ; of the barren shoots oblong ; racemes very slender, partly bractless, 3 - 6-fiowered ; outer sepals shorter than the oblong capsule. — South Carolina and westward. July. 4. L. patula, Leggett. Stems 6' -12' high, widely branched; leaves linear, 2" -3" long, of the ascending barren shoots oblong; racemes short, 2 - .5-flowered ; flowers very small, diojcious ; sepals equal ; capsule 1-seeded. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. August. * * Leaves of the ban-en shoots linear. 5. L. tenuifolia, Michx. Stems clustered, 6' -12' high, the branches spreading ; leaves linear ; racemes vei-y slender, 5 - 12-flowered ; pedicels erect, shorter than the globular flowers ; outer sepals longer than the 1-nerved inner ones; capsule globose. — Dry sandy soil. July- August. 6. L. cinerea, Raf. Canescent, 1°-U° high, branching above ; leaves erect, linear ; racemes loosely 3-5-flowered; sepals villous, the outer ones shorter ; capsule 3-seeded. — Florida, near the coast, in damp soil. August. Var. Torreyi. Leaves and branches spreading or recurved; capsule 6-seeded. (L. Torreyi, Leggett.) — South Florida. § 2. Placentce frm, scarcehj recurved, adhering to the persistent partitions. — Lechidicm. 7. L. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching at the base, 6' -8' high ; leaves scattered, narrow-linear ; racemes loosely few-flowered, the spreading or reflexed pedicels much longer than the flowers ; petals purple ; stamens 10 or more; capsule globose. — Barrens of Tennessee, and west- ward. 3. HUDSONIA, L. Petals .5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 -30. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute hoary subulate imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches. 1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4 high; leaves loosely imbricated; pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate ; sepals acuminate. — Table Rock, North Carolina. 38 poktulacace.t:. (i'ikslane family.) 2. H. ericoides, L. Iloary-pubesccnt ; Hteiu erect, 6' high ; leaves sub- ulate, ert-it, or lousflv iiiil>riuateil ; jieiiuiu-les aliniit as long as the Howers; sepals barely acute ; capsule pubescent, mostly 3-seedecl. — Coast of North Carolina, and nnrtliward. May. 3. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Tumeutose, intricately branched, C high ; leaves minute, ovate-lanceolate, closely iniliricated ; tiowers nearly sessile ; sepals obtuse, the outer oues minute; capsule smoothish, mostly 1-seeded. — Coast of J^'orth Carolina, aud northward. May. , Order 15. POKTULACACE^. (Purslane Family.) Succulent plants, with entire leaves and regular hypogynou.s or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3 - 6, inibricat*?d in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or indefinite. Styles 3-6, mostly united below, stigniatic along the inside. Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds campylotropous, erect from the base of the cell, or attached to a cen- tral i^laceuta. Embryo slender, curved around mealy albumen. Synopsis. 1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens .I. Capsule .'Vvalved, 3 - 6-seeded. 2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10-30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 3. PORTULAC A. Petals 5 - G. Stamens 8 - 20. Capsule circumscissile. 1. CLAYTONIA, L. Si'iaxG-BEArxY. Sepals 2, free, per.sistent. I'etals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 - 6-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves and ter- minated with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored veiny flowers. Root tuberous. 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves long (3'-6'), linear, acutish; petals mostly emarginate, l)Ut sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts. Marcli. — riant 4'- 10' long. 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (l'-2'), ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North Carolina. March - April. — Smaller than the last. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, man3'-seeded. — Smooth and fleshy lierlis, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers. 1. T. teretifolium, Tursh. Stemthick, leafy ; leaves linear-cylindrical; cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Kocks, North Carolina. June - August, y. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5' - 8' long. CARYOPHYLLACE.^. (PINK FAMILY.) 39 3. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane. Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion cir- cumscissile and deciduous witli the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted with the 8 -20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3 - 8-parted. Capsule globose, 1-celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mostly alternate leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers. 1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- low; stamens 10- 12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate. 2. P. pilosa, L. Stem mostly prostrate and diffusely branched ; leaves linear, woolly in the axils ; flowers clustered, purple ; stigmas 4 ; stamens 10-15. — Waste grouud. Introduced. 3. P. halimoides, L. Stem thick, erect (3'- 6' high), branching ; leaves terete, woolly in the axils ; flowers few, in a terminal cluster, immersed in wool, and surrounded by a whorl of short subulate bracts ; petals 4-6, yellow ; stamens 8- 12. — Shell-Hummocks at Sarasota Bay ( Garher). Order 16. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (Pink Family.) Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whorled, often connate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stip- ules dry and scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. Ovary free, 1-5- celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules attached to a central placenta. Styles 2 - 5, distinct or partly united, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate, 1 - many-seeded. Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen. Synopsis. Tbibe I. SIL1ENE.E. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and stamens inserted on the stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none. 1. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 0-toothed. 2. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed. 3. AGROSTEarMA. Styles 5. Capsule 5-toothed. Tribe II. ALSINE^. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary. — Stipules none. * Valves of the capsule as many as the styles. 4. SAGINA. Styles and valves 4-5. 5. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3. « * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 6. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft. Petals entire. 7. STELLARIA. Valves of the capsule G - 10. Petals 2-cleft. 8. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8 -10-toothed. Tribe III. SPERGULiE.ai;. Sepals separate. Ovary sessile. Leaves stipulate. ^- Leaves opposite. 9. STIPULICIDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters. 40 CARYOPllYLLACE.K. (I'lNK KAMIl.V.) 10. SPKRGULARIA. LeavM all linear. Flowers aoliUry, axillary. *- -t- Jvcaves wliorled. 11. SPERGUL.\. Styles 5. Btaiuens 5 - 10. Capsule 5-valved. IJ. I'DLVCAUrON. Styles 3. Staiueus 3 - 5. Capsule 3-valveiL 1. SILENE, L. Catchfly. Sepals imitcd iiiiu a a-looilii-il iiiliu. Petals .'3, long-clawed, inserted with tlie 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, t(jnnnonly crowncil with two scales at the l)a.se of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, or 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth, niany-seeiled. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cy- mose, often shuwy. * Perennials : Jlowers showy. •^-~ Petals gash-Jiiiihriate, crownless. 1. S. stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, the uppermost oj)pi)site ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle; calyx inflated, bell-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. June -August. — Steins 2° -3° high, downy, branching above. 2. S. ovata, Pur.sli. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4' -.5'), opposite, oblong-ovate, acMiminate : flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ; calyx tubular. — Moimtains of Georgia and Carolina. July. — Stems stout, 2° -4° high. 3. S. Baldwinii, Xutt. Villims; stems low, slender, bearing runners at the creeping base; leaves opposite, spatulate; the upper ones oblong, sessile; cymes few-flowered; flowers very large, white or pale rose-color, on slender pedicels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. April- May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide. H— -i— Petals emarginate or 2-cleft, crowned. 4. S. Virginioa, L. Clammy-pul)escent ; leaves abruptly pointed, the lowest ones clustcrtNl, spatulate-obovatc, on fringed petioles, the upper small, remote, lanceolate, sessile ;. cymes loosely few-flowered ; caly.x tubular-club- shaped, ol)l()ng and nodding in fruit; petals crimson, lanceolate. — Rich open woods, chiefly in the uj)])er districts. June -July. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers 1' wide. 5. S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughish ; stem tall (3° -4°) and erect, branched above ; leaves ovate, the Tipper ones acuminate ; flowers bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and forming a strict panicle ; calyx long, cylindrical, .striate, dilated in fruit; petals oblanceolate ; stamens and style exserted. — Upper districts of Georgia and westward. July. 6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairy and viscid; stems weak, decumbent, branched ; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end, the lowest obovate ; flowers few, large, bright scarlet ; calyx cylindrical ; petals 2-cleft, with the lobes cut toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Alabama and Tennessee. June - August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy. 7. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; stems low, clus- tered ; lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ; ..i^ CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 41 cymes dense-flowered ; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, obovate, emargiuate or entire. — Rocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts. March -April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 8. S. nivea, DC. Glabrous or nearly so; stem slender, 2° -3° high; leaves distant, lanceolate, acuminate, nearly .sessile, 2' - 4' long; cymes few- flowered ; calyx cylindrical, at leugth inflated ; flowers white. — Mountains of East Tennessee, and westward. July. * * Annuals : flowers small, crowned, expanding at night. 9. S. Antirrhina, L. Stem slender, smoothisli, clammy below the upper joints ; leaves linear, acute, sessile, the lowest lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers panicled ; calyx smooth ; petals obcordate, rose-colored. — Dry old fields. May -June. — Stems 6' - 2° high, simple or branched. 10. S. quinquevulnera, L. .Hairy; stem branching ; leaves spatulate, the upper ones linear ; flowers in 1-sided racemes ; calyx hairy ; petals rounded, entire, pink or crimson with a paler border. — Near Charleston. Naturalized. — Stem 1° high. 2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapavort. Calyx tubular, terete, 5-toothed. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule sessile or short-stiped, l-ceUed, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at the apex. — Cymes dense-flowered. 1. S. officinalis, L. Perennial; stems stout, erect, smooth; leaves ovate, connate, strongly 3-ribbed ; petals crowned, white or rose-color, mostly double. — Waste places. Naturalized. — Stems 1 ° - 2° high. 3. AGROSTEMMA, L. Corn-Cockle. Calyx tubular, with 5 elongated linear deciduous lobes. Petals 5, entire, crownless. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled. 5-toothed. — Annual or biennial pubescent herbs, with linear leaves, and showy purple flowers on elongated peduncles. I. A. GithagO, L. Plant (1°- 2° high) whitened with long appres-sed hairs ; stem forking ; petals obovate, emargiuate, shorter than the lobes of the calyx. — Grain fields. Introduced. Juue-July. (l) — Peduncles 4' -6' long. Flowers 1' wide. 4. SAGINA. L. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4-10. Styles 4-5, alternate with the sepals. Cap.sule 4-5-valved; the valves entire, opposite the sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary flowers. 1. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; .stems erect or ascending, tufted; peduncles erect; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse; stamens 10. — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. — Stems 2' - 6 ' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharj^-pointed leaves. 42 CAHYnlMIYLLACK-K. (I'lNK FAMILY.) '2. S. prOCUmbenS, I^ stems |)ri>strate; leaves narrow-linear; pepalfl, jielals, and stanuus 4; cajK-iuk' 4-valvcMl. — Wet bauksi, Nurtli C'aroliua (Ili/tims), and uorthward. 5. ALSINE, Timru. Se]ials 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, the valves entire, opposite the iuner sejjals. — Low slender herbs, with linear or subulate leaves, and wliite cymose or solitary Howcrs. 1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stein.s tufted; leaves 8ul)ulate, rifjid, those of the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter thau the capsule. — Dry santl- hills iu the middle districts. April -May. "21 — Stems 6' -10' high. Cymes few-Howcred. I'cdicels rigid. 2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth; stems filiform, sparingly branched; leaves teuder, narrow-linear, oljtuse, spreading; cyme few-flowered, spread- ing; sej)als oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. — Moun- tains of North Carolina. July. ^? — Stems tufted, 4'-G' high. Cymes leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves ^'- I' long. 3. A. Grcenlandica, Gray. Very near the preceding ; stems lower (2'- 5' high), mostly simple; cymes le.ss spreading, with fewer and larger flowers; petals wedge-obovate, fully twice as long as the sepals; capsules rather acute. — High mountains of North Carolina. Sejjt. 4. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pul)escent ; stem filiform, diffusely branched from the base; leaves uarr(jw-linear, spreading; cyme spreading, few - many-flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the length of the lanceolate acute 3 - .'i-uerved sepals — Rocky woods, Tennessee and westward, and sparingly along the coast of Florida and Ala- bama. — Stems 6' - 10' high. 5. A. Michauxii, Fenzl. Smooth ; stems tufted, erect or diffuse, straight; loaves ]inear-sul)ulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered iu the axils; cymes spreading or contracted; petals oldong-ovate, twice as long as the rigid ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Areuaria stricta, J//c/(.r.) — Rocks and barren soil, Georgia and North Carolina. ]\Iay-June. — Stems 3' -10' high. 6. A. brevifolia. Stems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 2-5- flowered ; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, ob- tuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (T) — Stems 2' - 4' loug, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles. 6 ARENARIA, L. Sandwokt. Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon 2-cleft. Otherwise like Alsine. 1. A. diffusa, Fll. Downy; stem elongated, prostrate, alternately short-branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than tlie leaves, lateral, reflexed in fruit ; petals 1 - 5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. — Shady banks. May - Oct. IJ. — Stems 10-4° long. CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PIXK FAMILY.) 43 2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Dowuy ; stems erect or diffusely branched ; leaves small, ovate, acute, the lowest uarrowed iuto a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — Waste places. Introduced. April - May. (l) — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves i" long. 7. STELLARIA, L. Chickweed, Stakavort. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3 - 5, opposite the sepals. Capsule 1-celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles, becoming lateral in fruit. 1. S. pubera, Michx. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy in lines; leaves oblong, acutish, narrowed at the base, sessile ; petals longer than the sepals. — Kocky woods in the upper districts. April - May. — Stems 6' -12' high. Plowers showy. 2. S. media, Smith. Annual ; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter than the sepals — Yards and gardens. March -April. Introduced. 3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals twice as long as the .sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March -April. (T) — Stems l°-2°long. Petiole mostly longer than the limb. 4. S. uniflora, Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; leaves remote, narrow-linear, sessile; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect; petals obcordate twice as long as the calyx. — liiver swamps, East Florida to North Carolina. May. (T) ? — Stems 6' - 12' high. Leaves 1' long. 5. S. fontinalis, Robinson. Stems weak, diffuse (6'- 12' long) ; leaves linear-spatulate or oblong, spreading ; peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves ; flowers very small, mostly 4-androus ; petals none ; sepals 3-nerved, acute. (Sagiua fontinalis, Short i^ Peters.) — Springy places, Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger). April. 8. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 1 0. Styles 4-5. Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, solitary or cymose, peduncled. * Petals not longer than the sepals. 1. C. Viscosum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems a.scendiug ; leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovate; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as the slender capsule. — Fields. April - May. (T) — Stems 6' - 12' high. 2. C. VUlgatum, L. Hairy and clammy; stems ascending; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped ; cymes loose in tlie bud ; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields. April - May. ^ — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1. 11 CAKVOl'llVLLACK-E. (iMNK FAMILY.) ♦ ♦ Petals loiiijcr than the scjkiIs. .'}. C. arvense, I^- Hairy or downy; stems iiuiiicruus, naked above; leavi's narrowly or Ijroadly laueeulale; cynics r.iUicr fi'W-Howered ; petals oheurdatc, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Kocky or dry soil, cliietly in the upper districts. May -June. "21 — Stems G' - 12' high. Leaves seldom r long. Flowers J' wide. Capsule ratiier longer than the calyx. 4. C. nutans, liaf. C'lammy-puliescent; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-liowereii ; petals oblong, emarginate, ratlier longer than the obloug sepals. — Low grounds in the upper districts, (l) — Stems l^ high. Peduncles long. Cai)siile curved, three times as long as the calyx. 9. STIPULICIDA, Michx. Sepals 5, emarginate, wliite-niargined. Petals 5, spatulate, 2-toothed near the l)ase, longer than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, o])posite the inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1-ceDed, 3-valved, many -seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem leaves minute, subulate, with adnate pectinate stijjules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered, growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, iu a terminal cluster. 1. S. setacea, Miciix. — Low sandy jiine l)arreMs, Florida to North Carolina. April- June. — Stem 3'— 6' iiigli, the iminclies spreading and curving. 10. SPERGULARIA, I'ers. Sepals .5. Petals .5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3 - 5. Capsule 3 - 5-valved ; the valves when 5 alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime herb, witli opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous .scarious stij)ules. Flowers axillary, solitary, rose-colored. 1. S. salina, Presl. Stems difTusely branched, glandular, 4' -6' high; leaves linear ; sepals oblong, about as long as the pedicels ; petals red; seeds roundish, roughened with raised points. — Sandy coast. April. 11. SPERGULA, L. Siihuy. Sepals .5. Petals .5, entire. Stamens ,5 or 10. Styles .5. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opiiosite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. — Leaves whorled. Flowers cymose, white. 1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fle.shy, narrow-linear, several in a whorl ; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed ; stamens 10; seeds rough. — Cultivated fielils. Introduced. (T). 12. POLYCARPON, L. Se}>als 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter tlian the sepals. Stamens 3-5. Styles 3, very short. Capsule .3-valved. — Low annuals, witli whorled leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes. 1. P. tetraphyllum, T>. Stems (3' -6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatu- late-obovatc, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, the upper opposite; sepals acute; stipules coDispicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May- June. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 45 Order 17. MALA^ACE^. (Mallow Family.) Mucilaginous herbs or shrubs, with palmately veined alternate stip- ulate leaves, and regular monadelphous flowers on jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, united at the base, valvate in the bud, persistent, often with a calyx-like involucel. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous, united into a column which is continuous with the claws of the petals: anthers 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. Styles separate or united. Seeds kidney-shaped. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo large, curved, with leafy cotyledons. Pubescence commonly stellate. Pollen grains hispid. Synopsis. Teibe I. MAIiVE^. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, 1 - few-seeded, disposed in a circle around a central axis, separating at maturity from the axis and from each other. Anthers borne at the apex of the column. * Carpels 1-seeded. ■I- Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles. 1. MALVA. Carpels beakless. No process within. 2. CALLIRRHOE. Carpels beaked, and bearing a dorsal process above the seed within. ■I- -1- Stigmas capitate. 3. MALVASTRUM. Involucel 2- 3-leaved. Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior. 4. SIDA. Involucel none. Ovule resupiuate-pendulous. Radicle superior. * * Carpels 2 - few-seeded. 5. ABUTILON. Carpels 1-celled. Involucel none. 6. MODIOL.i. Carpels transversely 2-ceUed. Involucel 3-leaved. Teibe II. UKENE^. — Carpels half as many as the stigmas, separating at maturity. Anthers borne above the middle of the column. 7. PAVONIA. Involucel 5 - 15-leaved. Flowers axillary or racemose. 8. URENA. Involucel 5-cleft. Flowers racemose. Carpels hispid. 9. MAL.\CHRA. Involucel none. Flowers capitate. Teibe III. HIBISCE.3E;. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, united and forming at ma- turity a loculicidal capsule. Column bearing the anthers throughout, or from above the middle. 10. KOSTELrjTZKYA. Cells of the depressed capsule 1-seeded. 11. HIBISCUS. Cells of the globose or oblong capsule few - many-seeded. 12. THESPESIA. Capsule indehiscent. Involucel 3-leaved, entire. 13. GOSSYPIUM. Capsule dehiscent. Involucel 3-)eaved, gashed. 14. FUGOSIA. Capsule dehiscent. Involucel of 6 - 9 subulate leaves. 1. MALVA, L. Mallow. Involucel .3-leaved, persistent. Petals obcordate. Styles 9-20, filiform, stigmatic on the inner face. Carpels broadly reiiiform, beakless, 1-seeded, in- dehiscent, disposed in a circle around the central axis, from which they sep- arate at maturity. Embryo nearly annular. Eadicle inferior. — Herbs. Leaves rounded. Flowers axillary, not yellow. 1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stems several, prostrate ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate and crenately-lobed ; flowers single or clustered, white veined with purple ; carpels even. — Around dwellings. Introduced. '21. 46 :malva(K.k. (mam.ow family.) 2. M. sylvestris, L. Hirsute, erect, 2° -3° high; leaves sliarply ser- rate, 5-7-lube(l; Howera lonp-pedunoled, 2' wide, hrigiit |)iirj»le; carpela wrinkled. — Wa.ste ground. Introduceil. dune. 2. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. luvuhuel 1 -3-leaved and jjurrii.stent, or uone. I'etals wedge-shaped, entire, or ereuate. Styles a» iu Malva. Carpels uumerous, with a short and uaked beak, and a ligulate dorsal process below the beak witiiiu. Embryo curved. Radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs. Leaves palmately lobed, or angled. Flowers showy, ])nr])le or whitish. 1. C. triangulata, Gray. Rough-pubesceut ; stem ascending from a perpendicular rootstock, branching above; leaves triangular, coarsely aud uuequnlly crenate. the lowest ones long-petioled aud cordate, the upper 3- 5-lubed ; flowers approximate, panicled, longer than the pedicels ; involucel 3-leaved, the leaves linear; carpels at lengtli 2-valved. — Dry soil iu the u])|)er districts of Alabama to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers \'-\y wide, ])urple. 2. C. Papaver, Gray. Rough with scattered appressed aud rigid hairs; stems low, simple ; leaves 3 -5-parted ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate, toothed or entire; flowers few, solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; involucel 1- 3-leaved, or none ; petals finely crenate ; carpels iudehiscent. — Rich open woods, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May -Sept. — Stems 1° high. Flowers purple, 2' wide, on peduncles sometimes 1° long. 3. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (l°high); lower leaves triangular-cordate, incised; the upper 5-7-parted, laciuiate, the uppermost divided into linear segments; flowers corymbose, on slender pe- duncles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested aud strongly wrinkled on the back. — Barren oak lands, Tennessee. 3. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Involucel 1 - 3-leaved or none. Styles a - 20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels beaked or beakless, 1-seeded. Seed ascending. Embryo curved or annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubby plants, rough with rigid hairs. Flowers yellow. 1. M. tricuspidatum, Gray. Perennial or shrubby ; stem branching; leaves ovate or ohloiig-ovate, serrate, acute, petioled ; stipules lanceolate; flowers iu leafy spiked racemes ; petals obliquely truncated; carpels 10-12, more or less distinctly 3-toothed or awned at the apex. — South Florida — Stems 1° high. Involucel 3-leaved. 2. M. angustum, Gray. Annual; stem erect, branching; leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate, short-petioled ; stipules bristle-like ; flowers axil- lary, mostly solitary ; involucel setaceou.s, 2 - 3-leaved ; carpels 5, circular, awnless, at length 2-valved. — Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Calyx enlarged in fruit. 3. M. Rugelii, Watson. Stems erect, much branched, stellate-hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, slender-petioled ; flowers axillary, small, sin- MALVACEAE. (mallow FAMILY.) 47 gle, or the upper ones densely spiked ; iuvolucel 3-leaved, as long as the very hairy calyx ; petals yellow, oblique ; carpels 12, even, awnless. — South Florida. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Flowers ^ wide. 4. SIDA, L. Involucel none. Calyx angular. Styles .5 -15. Stigmas capitate. Ovaries 1-celled. Carpels erect, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked at the apex, separating at maturity from each other, and from the central axis. Seed resupinate, sus- pended, 3-angled. Embryo curved. Eadicle superior. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with chiefly undivided leaves, and small yellow, rarely red or white, flowers in their axils. * Leaves, at least the lower ones, cordate. +- Flowers dioecious, white. 1. S. Napsea, Cav. Nearly smooth, 4° -8° high; leaves thin, long- petioled, cordate-ovate, 5-lobed, acuminate, toothed or serrate ; peduncles few-flowered; petals obovate ; carpels 10, acuminate. — Shady banks, East Tennessee. June. -1— ■*-- Flowers perfect, yellow or red. 2. S. spinosa, L. Annual, minutely pubescent; branches erect ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, the slender petioles often with a tubercular spine at the base, the lower ones cordate ; stipules setaceous, half as long as the petioles ; flowers single or clustered, on short erect peduncles ; carpels faintly reticulated, each pointed with two erect subulate spines. — Waste places. July -Sept. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers .^' wide, yellow. 3. S. supina, L'Her. Perennial, tomentose ; stems divided at the base into slender simple a.'scending or prostrate branches; leaves all round-cordate, crenate ; stipules minute ; floAvers solitary ; the peduncles reflexed in fruit ; carpels downy, reticulated, almost beakle.ss. — South Florida. Oct. — Stems 6' -12' long; leaves i'-l' long. Flowers yellow, not half as large as in the preceding. 4. S. diffusa, HBK. Perennial; stems prostrate, hairy, 2° long; leaves V long, cordate oblong, serrate; stipules setaceous; peduncles 1' long, soli- tary ; flowers yellow ; carpels 5, pubescent, short-beaked. — Keys of South Florida. .5. S. cordifolia, L. Annual, villous ; stem tall, much branched ; leaves ovate, cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed, crenate-serrate ; flowers small, yellow, mostly crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; carpels 10-12, shorter than the slender retrorsely scabrous awns. — Cedar Keys, Florida. Introduced. Nov. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. « * Leaves not rordate. 6. S. earpinifolia, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching; leaves ovate- lanceolate, obtuse and 3nerved at the base, serrate; stipules linear; flowers axillary, the earlier solitary, the later ones clustered ; petals yellow, uneqnnlly obcordate; carpels 7-12, reticulate rugose. Var. brevicuspidata, Griseb. Stem 10-3° high, the branches and 48 MAJ.NACK.K. (MAM.oW FAMILY.) li'iivcs mostly disticlious ; leaves ()v:ite-ol)l<)iij^ ; tinwers 1' wide, (i(liri)leiuiiu8 ; carpels 10, 8liort-l)eakeil. (S. stipulate, C'tic. r than tlif potiolcs; involncfl of 5 - fi ovate loaves, wliich arc slipjlilly niiiled at the base ; earj)els olxivate, a\vnles«, stmnRly retieiilate. — South Georgia (Lccon^e). — Stem 4° -5° high. Leaves I' long. Flowers large, pale red. 2. p. racemosa, Swartz. Shrubby, tomentoae, sparingly branrhed ; leaves petinlcil, lonlate-ovate, acnininatc, sligiitly serrate, .3-nerved ; stipules subulate, deciduous; racemes terminal, leafless, few-flowered; involuccl 8- . leaved; petals twice as long as the calyx, convolute, "dull white tinged with vellow"; stigmas sessile, " car])els unarmed." — .Miairii and Key Biscayne (Giirber, C'(//7/.s,s). — Stem 6°-8° high. 3. P. spinif ex, Willd. Shrubby, hir.sute ; leaves long-petioled, oltlong- ovate or cordate, coarsely serrate ; flowers long-i)eduncled ; involucel 8-leaved, longer than the calyx, shorter than the yellow ctjnjlla ; carjjels armed with three stout retrorsely bearded spines. — Charleston {Rev. Dr. Bach man). Mayport, Florida (Curtiss). Introduced. — Stem 3° -5° high. Corolla 1' wide. 8. URENA, L. Involucel deeply 5-cleft. Calyx 5-parted. Petals oblique. Colunm short ; anthers few, terminal. Stigmas 10, capitate, capsule separating into 5 bristly- barbed 1-seeded carpels. — Branching shrubs. 1. U. lobata, L. Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves roundish, slightly cor- date, entire or obscurely 3-5-lobed, canescent beneath; flowers small, axillary, and crowded in a terminal raceme ; leaves of the involucel 5-7, subulate ; petals pale rose-color ; carjjels densely bristly. — Waste places. Introduced. 9. MALACHRA, L. Flowers capitate, surrounded by a 3-5-leaved involucre. Leaves of the iuvolucel 8- 12, linear or setaceous. Stigmas 10, capitate. Cap.sule separat- ing into five 1-seeded carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, rough with rigid, often stinging hairs. Flowers white or yellow. 1 . M. capitata, L. Bristly and tomentose in lines ; stem much branched ; leaves cordate, obscurely lobed and toothed; peduncles single or 2-3 in a cluster, axillary, 7-flowered ; involucre 3-leaved, cordate ; petals twice as long as the calyx, yellow ; capsule glabrous. — Key in Chuckolusky Bay, South Florida (Curtiss). — Stem 3°- .5° high. 10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (Hibisccs, L. in part.) Capsule depressed, the cells 1-seeded. — Otherwi-se as in Hibiscus. 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Rough-hairy; stem erect, stout, branching; lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper narrower and usuallv entire ; flowers (purple) in terminal racemes. — Var. althea;foi.ia. Densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves all undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed-serrate ; racemes dense- flowered ; capsule hirsute. — Marshes, near the coast, the var. South Florida July - August. MALVACEAE. (mALLOW PAMILY.) 51 2. K. smilacifolia, Chapm. Stem slender, the lower branches long (2" -3°) and trailing; leaves small, the lowest ovate, the others hastate -3- lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate, serrate ; racemes loosely few-flowered ; corolla rose-color, 2' wide ; column interruptedly antherif erous ; capsule hir- sute. (Hibiscus, Shuttlw.) — Low pine woods, South Florida. 11. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallovt. Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, like the calyx, persistent. Stig- mas 5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate leaves, and large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles. * Leaves of the involucel forked. 1. H. aculeatus, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided into 3 - .5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower aud mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-peduncled ; involu- cel 10-12-leaved; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and ponds, South Carolina, and westward. July. ^ — Stems 2° - 6° high. Flowers 4' wide. 2. H. furcellatus, Desrous. Shrubby ; stem tall, branching, tomentose ; leaves cordate, entire, finely .serrate, rough above; tomentose beneath ; leaves of the involucel 10, forked ; calyx hispid ; corolla yellow (3' long) ; capsule strigose; seeds smooth. — Eastern shore of South Florida (Curtiss). * * Leaves of the involucel entire. -k— Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous. 3. H. MoseheutOS, L. Tomentose ; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobed above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; flowers white or pale rose-color with a crimson centre ; seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers 4'- 5' wide. 4. H. incanus, Wendl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not lobed, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers pale yellow with a crimson centre, often umbelled ; peduncles mostly free from the petioles; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida to South Carolina. June -July. — Stems 2° -5° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Flowers 6' - 8' wide. 5. H. grandiflorus, IMichx. Tomentose ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, mostly 3-lobed, toothed-serrate, hcary beneath ; flowers very large, pale rose- color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from the petioles ; capsule vel- vety ; seeds smooth. — Marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and west- ward. July. — Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long and nearly the same in width. Flowers 10' -12' wide. 6. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- minate, serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; flowers purj)le ; peduncles slightly adhering to the petioles; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, ,152 MALVACK.K. (MAM.OW FAMILY.) Ciooro-ia. Julv-St'i>t. — Sums 4'- OMiigli. Leaves 4'-6' Imif^. riuwcra 6'-tt' wide. (•) 7. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth ; leaves thin, on long and slender peti- oles serrate, slightly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3- 5-loi)ed, the upper ovate-huueolato, entire or soniewluit hastate, with rounded lohes ; |ieduncle8 shorter than tiie ]»ctioles; calyx inflated; corolla tul>ular-cani])anu]ate, pale rose-color with a red centre; seeds silky. — Uiver hanks in the upper dis- tricts. July -August. — Stems 3° -4° high. Leaves 3' -.5' long. Corolla 2i' long. 8. H. COCCineus, Walt. Smooth ; stem glaucous ; leaves long-petioled, 5-l):irted to the liase, the lobes lanceolate, remotely toothed, with long-taper- ing entire tips ; corolla expanding, bright scarlet ; petals long-clawed ; seeds pubescent. — Deep marshes near the coast, Georgia, and westward. July- August.— Stems 4° -8° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Corolla 6' -8' wide. Column of stamens naked below. 9. H. semilobatus, n. sp. Glabrous ; stem simple, 4°- 5° high ; leaves 4' -6' lono-, ovate or rouudish, slightly cordate, 3-5-lobed above the middle, coarsely serrate, the lateral lobes short or angular, the middle one tapering into a long entire point ; petals crimson, obovate, 3' - 4' long ; column as long as the petals. (H. coccineus, var. Flora.) — Marshes near Jacksonville, Florida. June. ■i— -1— Annual herhs : cali/x inflated, veiny. 10. H. Trionum, L. (Bladder Kktmia.) Stem 4' - 12' high, branch- ing from the base ; leaves 3-parted, coarsely toothed ; calyx .5-winged ; petals yellow, with a black base ; capsule hirsute. — Grain fields. Introduced. -I— -1— ^— Trees or shrubs : stipules persistent. 11. H. tubiflorus, DC Hispid; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, crenate- .serrate, nfteii cordate, anil slightly 3-lobed ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla tulnilar-campaiiulate, crimson; column of stamens exserted ; .seeds .v^-oollv. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° -5" high, branching. Leaves J'-l' long. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1' long. 12. H. tiliaceus, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, slightly ere- Date, hoary-tonieutose beneath ; stipules large, oblong, clas])ing ; involucel 9 - 10-toothed ; capsule tomentose ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers yellow. H. ESCULENTUS, L. ( H. CoUinsianus, A'"»/^ ?) is the garden Okra. H. SyrIacds, L,, the Altii.ka, is everywhere cultivated. 12. THESPESIA, Correa. Livolucel 3-leaved. Calyx truncate. Stigmas 5, decurrent. Capsule 5- oelled, several-seeded, indehiscent. — Tropical shrubs or trees. 1 . T. populinea, Correa. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire ; involucel caducous ; flowers large, purplish ; capsule globose ; seeds with villous angles. — Kevs of South Florida. BYTTNERIACE^. (bYTTXERIA FAMILY.) 53 13. GOSSYPIUM, L. Cotton-Plant. Involucels 3-leaved, united at the base, incisely lobed and toothed. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Stigmas 3 - 5. Capsule 3 - 5-celled, few- or many- seeded. Seeds woolly. — Herbs or shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 1. G. hirsutum, L. Frutescent, hirsute; leaves 3-lobed, or entire, a linear gland on the midrib beneath ; flowers 3' wide ; leaves of the involucel cordate, 8-10-cleft, with narrow bristle-pointed lobes; capsule 3-4-ceUed^ few-seeded. — Thickets along the coast and Keys of South Florida. — Shrub 6° -12° high. 14. FUGOSIA, Juss. Involueel 6-9-leaved. Column of stamens naked above. Stigmas 3 or 4, separate or united. Capsule 3- or 4-celled, 3- or 4-valved, few- or many- seeded. Seeds vvooUy. — Shrubby tropical plants, with solitary axiUary yel- low flowers. 1. F. heterophylla, Vent. Smooth, erect ; stem angular, brandling; leaves lanceolate, obovate, or 3-lobed, 3-nerved ; peduncles long, dilated under the flower ; leaves of the involucel minute, subulate ; calyx dotted with black, the acute sepals 3-ribbed, much shorter than the showy petals ; stigmas 3, united; capsule 3-celled, 12 -20-seeded. — Keys of South Florida. — Stem 1 2' - 1 8' high. Corolla 1 ^' - 2' wide. Order 18. BYTTNERIACE^. (Byttneria Family.) Chiefly trees or shrubs differing from Malvaceae in having definite stamens, of which those opposite the petals are usually sterile, 2-celled anthers, with smooth pollen grains, and a straight embryo. — Ovary 3 - 5-ceUed, rarely l-celled. 1. AYENIA, L. Involucel none. Calyx 5-parted. Petals on long capillary claws, connivent over the stigma. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 1-2 sterile ones, their filaments united into a pedicellate cup. Style single. Stigma Saugled. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, the cells 1-seeded. — Low shrubby plants, with minute axillary flowers. Capsule rough. Albumen none. 1. A. pusilla, L. Stems mostly simple, prostrate, downy ; leaves (4" - 8" long) roundish or oblong, coarsely serrate ; peduncles solitary, reflexed in fruit; capsiile depressed, muricate. — South Florida. ^ — Stems 6' -12' long. Flowers purple. 2. WALTHERIA, L. Involucel 3-leaved, deciduous. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 5, united below. Ovary l-celled, 2-ovuled. Style single. Stigma penicillate or tuberculate. Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded. Em- 54 TILIACEX. (lINDEX FAMILY.) brvo in the axis o( fleshy alhumcn. — Ilerhs or shrubs, with altoniatc leaves, aud siiuill llowers iu axillary clusters. 1. "W, Americana, L. Stem erect, villous; leaves ovate or oldoup, acute or nlitusf, sirralc, jilioute, tomentose on hotii surfaces; heads of Howers gloliose, stalked, or sut)sessile and shorter than tiie jjetiolee, the ujiper ones often spiked ; calyx hirsute ; tlowers yellow. — South P'lorida. — Stem 2° -3° high, rigid. Leaves l' - 2' loug. 3. MELOCHIA, L. Involuccl 3-leaved or none. Calyx S-cleft. I'etals 5, convolute. Stamens 5, the lilaments more or less united near the base. Cells of the ovary 1 - 2- ovuk'il ; styles 5, separate, or partly united ; stigmas club-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, few-seeded. — Ilerlw or shrubs, with stellate pubescence, and clus- tered white or j)urple flowers. § RiEDLEiA. Capsule septicidal or loculicidal. Involucel 3-leai-ed. Flowers purple. 1. M. serrata, Beuth. Shrubby, pilose ; stem slender, branching (2° -4° hitch) ; leaves ovate, acute, uneijually serrate ; stipules linear, longer than the petioles; flower clusters axillary, globose, the up])er ones spiked; corolla showy, i)urple {V wide). — Pine woods, South Florida. Oct. 2. M. hirsuta, Cav. Herbaceous, pubescent and slightly hispid ; leaves ovate, subcordate, crenate-serrate ; stipules subulate, shorter than the petioles ; flower clusters terminal ; corolla pale purple, yellowish within. — Streets of Savannah (Feaij). East Florida {Curliss). — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla •J' wide. OiJDKR 19. TILIACE^E. (Linden Family.) Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. Flowers axillary or extra-axillary, hypogynous, polyandrous. Sepals 4-5, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals 4-5, convolute or im- bricated in the bud. Stamens distinct or united in clusters : anthers 2-celled, the pollen grains smooth. Style single. Stigma 4 - 10-lobed. Capsule 2- 5-cened, 1- many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo ia the axis of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat, leafy. 1. TILIA, Tourn. Linden, Basswood. Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united in 5 clusters, with a petal-like appendage (sterile stamen) o])i)osite each petal. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled, 1-2-seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves, and several-flowered axillary pe- duiules, which are connate below with a large ligulate veiny bract. Flowers cream-color. 1. T. Americana, L. Leaves smooth and green on both surfaces, o}>- liciuelv cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June. — A large tree. Leaves 4'- 5' wide. HYPEBICACE^. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 55 2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves hoary-tomentose on both surfaces, be- coming smoothish above, obliquely truncate at the base, mucrouate-serrate. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Leaves 4' - 5' wide. 3. T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves larger (6' -8' wide), deep green above, white-tomentose beneath. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June - July 2. CORCHORUS, L. Sepals 5. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, sep- arate. Style slender. Stigma dilated, crenulate. Capsule mostly elongated, silicjue-like, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with alternate serrate petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers on short peduncles opposite the leaves. Stipules deciduous. 1. C. pilolobus. Link. Stem much branched, hairy in lines; leaves ovate aud lanceolate, smooth ; peduncles 1-2-flowered; stamens numerous; capsule linear, compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Coast of Florida, and westward. — Stems l°-2° high. Capsule 2' long. 3. TRIUMPETTA, L. Sepals 5, linear. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 10-30, separate. Cells of the ovary 2-5, 2-ovuled. Capsule uucinate-hispid, 2 - 5-celled, mostly sepa- rable into as many 1 - 2-seeded carpels. — Chiefly shrubs, with lobed leaves, and small clustered yellow flowers. 1. T. semitriloba, L. Hirsute, much branched; leaves round-ovate, entire, or angularly 3-lobed; peduncles 3-flowered, clustered in the axils; sepals pointed, as long as the yellow wedge-shaped petals; stamens 10-15; capsule globose. — Manatee, Florida. Introduced. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Order 20. HYPERICACE^E. (St. John's-wort Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, without stipules, and regular hypogynous, mostly yellow flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbri- cated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and often united at the base into 3-5 sets : anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, often united, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, with strictly parietal placentae, or 2 - .5- celled by the meeting of the placentae at the axis, septicidally 2-5- valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, anatropous, without albumen. Synopsis. * Petals convolute in the bud. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 4. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens without interposed glands. * * Petals imbricated in the bud. 3. ELODES. Sepals and (rose-colored) petals 5. A gland between the sets of stamens. 5G HYrEKICACE.*:. (.ST. JOHN V WORT FAMILY.) 1. ASCYRUM, I.. St. ri;Ti;u's-wouT. Sepals 4, tlie two outer ones iiiutli larger. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, obli<|Ue. Stamens nunierou.s. Styles 2-4, distinct or united. Cajisules 2-4-valved, 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placenta;. — Smooth shrubs with 2-edged brunches. Flowers mostlv solitary, yellow. * Sti/les 2 : inner sepals small, 1. A. hypericoides, L. Stems single, l°-3° high, branching above; leaves ^linear-oblong ; flowers single or in threes, short-pedicelled ; outer sepals oval or round-cordate ; petals oblong ; styles shorter than the ovary ; cap.sule as long as the sepals. — Dry soil. July -August. 2. A. Crux-Andreae, L. Stems numerous, decumbent and creeping, the numerous branches (j'- 12' high, very leafy; leaves linear-obhmg, obtuse, narrowetl at the base, 6" - 8" long ; Howers tliree iu a terminal cluster, and single on short branchlets ; sepals and capsule like the preceding. — Dry open woods iu tiie upper districts. July. 3. A. pumilum, Michx. Dwarf ; leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse ; outer sepals round-ovate, the inner minute ; petals obovate ; pedicels long and slender, reHexed in fruit ; styles 2, united. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. March - April. — Stems 3' - 6' long, diffuse. Leaves 4" - 6" long. * * Stales 3 -4 : sepals nearly equal. 4. A. CUneif olium, n. sp. Stem widely branching, 6' - 9' long ; leaves cuueate, sessile, 6" -9" long; flowers large (!' wide), single, long-peduncled ; outer sepals orbicular, shorter than the obovate petals, twice as long as the oblong capsule ; styles 3, filiform, half the length of the ovary. — Low pine barrens. Florida. August -Sept. 5. A. stans, Michx. Stem and branches erect, l°-2°high; leaves 1' long, oblong, closely sessile ; flowers short-peduncled, single ; outer sepals round-cordate, as long as the obovate petals and oblong capsules ; styles 3-4, short, subulate. — Low ground. July - Oct. 6. A. amplexicaule, Michx. Leaves and outer sepals cordate-ovate, clasping ; inner se])als lanceolate, as long as the outer ones ; petals obovate ; styles 3; capsule ovoid, barely half as long as the sepals. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -Sept. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Branches many times forking. 2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wobt. Sepals 5, similar. Petals .5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, and commonly collected in 3-5 sets, without intervening glands. Styles 3-5, distinct or united. Capsule 1 - 5-celIed. — Herbs or shrubs. Flowers mostly cyraose, yellow. HYPERICACE^. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 57 § 1. Stamens numerous. * Capsules 3 - 5-ceUed : placentce central : styles connivent : shrubs. •t— Carpels {cells} united only at the axis : flowers in leaf y few-flowered axillary and terminal cymes : leaves narrow, and clustered in the axils, persistent. 1. H. aspalathoides, Willd. Stem l° -3° Wgh, widely branched; leaves 2" -6" long, liuear, obtuse, spreading, the margins revolute; sepals like the leaves, half tlie length of the slightly 1-toothed petals, and the oblong- linear obtuse-angled 3-celled capsule. — Wet pine barrens. July - August. 2. H. fascieulatum, Lam. Stem 6° -18° high, strictly erect, and with long erect straight branches; leaves 9"- 12" long, filiform, acute, erect; sepals about the length of the sharply 1-toothed petals, and the oblong rather acute-angled 3-celled capsule. — Shallow ponds near the coast. July. 3. H. galioid.es, Lam. Leaves liuear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the base, glossy above, rigid ; cymes lateral and terminal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, liuear, acute, shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Var. ambiguum. Leaves oblanceolate, mucronate, pale and thin ; sepals unequal, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, longer than the petals. — Eiver swamps, Florida. July - August. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Branches often elongated. Leaves I'-l^' long- 4. H. lobocarpum, Gattinger. Stem erect, 5° - 7° high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or barely acute, H'-2' long; cymes terminal, naked, many-flowered; sepals linear-lanceolate, 2" -3" long, shorter than the petals; capsule oblong, 5-celled, sharply 5-angled, scarcely longer than the very .slender style. — Deep marshes. West Tennessee ( Gattiiu/er). 5. H. densiflorum, Pursh. Stem 2° -4° high, much branched; leaves lanceolate, fiat, obtuse, mucronate, 1'- 2' long; cymes simple or compound, naked; sepals oblong or oval, i as long as the petals, and f the length of the ovate 3 - 5-ceUed capsule. — Low ground in the middle and upper dis- tricts. July - August. ^— ^_- Carpels partly united, formin>j a 3-&-celled capsule. 6. H. prolifleum, L. "Stem l°-4° high, with long rather simple shoots ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mo.stly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; fiowers numerous in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-celled." Gray, — North Carolina {Curtis). Tennessee {Gattinger). 7. H. ambiguum, FU. Stem 4° - 8° high, the long straight branches erect, very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, or linear, tapering to the base, 1'- 2' long; cymes axillary and terminal, 7- 14-flowered ; sepals unequal, linear, acute, as long as the oblong petals ; capsule ovate, 3 -4-ceUed. — Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July - August. — A low rigid form (1° - 2° high) occurs on the summit of Roan Mouutain (J. D. Smith). * * Capsule 3-celled : placenta central : styles separate : flowers dotted with black points. Herbs. 8. H. perforatum, L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; cymes corymbose, many-flowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel- 68 IIYPEKICACE.E. (sT. JOHn's-WOKT FAMILY.) lucid (lots ; sopalrt lancei)lato, arutc. — Old fields, sparin^'ly naturalized. .Tune- August. — bkk "26. AURANTIACEyE. (OisAXfJi- Family.) The OuAXGE, Lemon, and Limi: (species of Citiu's, L.) are com- monly cultivated in the wanner parts of the Soiltliern States, and the BiTTEH-swEET Ohaxge (C. yulgauis, Risso) is completely natural- ized in some portions of South Florida. Order 27. LINAGES. (Flax Family.) Chiefly herbs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hj^iogjnious racemose or panicled flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, united at the base. Styles 4-5, rarely united. Capsule globose, splitting into five 2-seeded carpels, which are more or less perfectly 2- celled and 2-valved. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Cotyledons ilat. 1. LINUM, L. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, aud styles 5. Capsvde partly or completely 10- celled, the sells 1-seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves narrow and mostly alternate. Peduncle 1-flowered, borne above or opposite the leaves. * Sti/les separate: capsule \0-valved. 1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem l°-2° high, pauiculately branched above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower mostly opposite, the npper linear ; flowers small, distant on tlie filiform branches ; sepals ovate, acute, as long as the depressed-globose capsule, mostly smooth on the margins. — Dry light soil. July- August. 2 L. Floridanum, Trelease. Stem nearly simple, virgate, l°-2o high ; leaves linear, erect ; flowers larger (|' wide), rather closely arranged on the short corymbose branches ; sepals shorter than the larger globo.se-ovate capsule, the inner ones glandular-ciliate. — Low pine barrens, Florida. July - August. 3. Ii, striatum, Walt. Stem striate with raised lines, widely branched ; leaves 1' long, lanceolate, acute; flowers very small, onesided on the leafy branchlets ; sepals ovate, as long as the small depressed-globose capsule. — Swamps in the upper districts. * * Styles more or less united : capsule b-valved. 4. L. sulcatum, Riddell. Annual; stem 1° high, simple or sparingly branched, sulcate ; leaves linear, acute, minutely biglandular at the base ; sepals glandular-hispid, as long as the ovoid capsule; styles united below the middle. — Drv soil, North Carolina. OXALIDACE.E. (wOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) 65 5. L. rigidum, Pursh. Stem simple or sparingly branched (6'- 12' high); leaves narrow-linear; flowers few, racemose, yellow; sepals acute, glandular on the margins; styles united to the top; capsule globose. — Miami, South Florida (Gurber). Order 28. OXALIDACE^E. (Wood-Sorrel Family.) Chiefly hei'bs, with soiu' juice, alternate compound leaves, and reg- ular hypogynous decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens more or less united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5- celled, the cells fe^Y-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 1. OXALIS, L. WoOD-SoRREL. Capsule 5-lobed ; tlie cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 - few- seeded. Seed-coat loose and separating — Leaves 3-foliolate- Leaflets obcordate. 1. O. violacea, L. (Purple Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root tuber- ous ; scapes umbellately 4 - 6-flowered ; flowers purple, nodding. — Rich woods, West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -June. — Scapes and petioles 5' - 9' high. 2. O. AcetOSella, L. (White Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root creep- ing ; scape l-flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Scape and petioles hairy, 2' - 5' high. 3. O. grandis, Small. Annual; stem simple, smooth or villous, I°- 2" high; leaves exstipulate, the large {\'-2' wide) leaflets margined with brownish purple; flowers yellow, umbellate or cymose, 5"- 7" long, tri- morphous. — Alabama (Mohr), and northward. May. 4. O. COrnieulata, L. (Yellow Woon-SoRREL.) Perennial, appressed- hairy ; stems creeping; leaves small, minutely stipulate; peduncles 1 -2- flowered ; flowers yellow, 2" -4" long; .styles as long as the longer stamens; capsule many-seeded. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. Var. macrantha, Trelease. Perennial, villous; peduncles 3-7-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers 3"- 6" long, trimorphous. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Georgia, and westward. April -IMay. Var. strleta, Sav. Annual, smoothish, stem erect, 6'- 12' high, at length much branched ; peduncles 3-9-flowered, twice as long as the leaves; stipules none; flowers 2" -3" long; st^ies as long as the stamens; capsule short, few-seeded — Waste and cultivated ground. April -May. 5. O. recurva, Ell. Pubescent, mostly simple, 4'- 8' high; leaves small, shorter than the 2 -6-flowered peduncles, petals obovate, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; styles shorter than the stamens, recurved. — Cultivated aud waste ground, North and South Carolina. April - May. 6 66 (iK]^A^•IA^K.^^. (cncuAxiuM rAMii.v.) Okdkk '20. LIMANTIIACKyE. (T imantiiis Family.) Low aiimial lifibs, with alternate pinnately divided leave.-<, and sol- itary axillary flowers. — Sepals valvate, persistent. Petals convolute, withering-persistent. Stamens twice as many as the sepals. Ovaries distinct, willi a single erect ovule, heconungrugose-tuberculate achenia at nialurity. Seed without alliuiiien. 1. FLCERKIA, WilUl. Sepals 3. Petals 3, oblong, onti 10. Stamens 6. Ovaries .3, united at base to tlio central axis. Style 3 cleft. Acbeiiia globose. Cotyledons thick. Radicle inferior. — A small tender decumlient annual, with 3 - o-lobed leaves, and small white ])eduncled flowers. 1. F. proserpinaeoides, Willd. — Marshes and sliady banks. Ten- nessee. May - July. Okder 30. GERANIACEiE. (Geranium Family.) Herbs or shrubby plants, -with tumid joints, alternate or opposite palmately lobed stipulate leaves, and hypogynous decandrous flow- ers. — Sepals 0, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convo- lute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mouadelphous at the base ; the 5 exterior ones shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled, and, with the persistent styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from which they separate elastically at maturity. Seed solitary, without albumen. Embryo convolute. 1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranesbill. Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, tlie inner ones with a gland at the base. Styles at maturity separating with the 1-seeded carpels, and coiled upward, the inner face naked. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lol)ed. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered. 1. G. maculatum, L. Peronnial, erect, hairy; leaves . 5 - 7-parted, the divisions acutelv lobed and toothed; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered, the terminal ones often umbellate ; petals large, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oldong awned sepals. — Open woods in the upper districts. A])ril-May. — Root tuberous, vei-y astringent. Stem 1*^-2° high. Flowers purple, 1' wide. 2. G. Carolinianum, L Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent; leaves 5-7-parted, the narrow divisions ol)tusely lobed and toothed ; pedun- cles 2-flowered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — Waste places, common. March -April. — Stems forking, 6' -18' long. Flowers pale purple. ZYGOPHYLLACE.E. (bEAIN^-CAPER FAMILY.) 67 Order 31. BALSAMINACE^^. (Balsam Family.) Smooth and succulent annual herbs, with undivided exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypogynous pentandi'ous flowers. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous ; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest large and saccate. Petals 4-5, distinct or united. Stamens 5, co- herent above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovuled. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Em- bryo straight, with thick cotyledons. 1. IMPATIENS, L. Jewel- Weed. Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments short, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically into 5 valves. Placental central, persistent. — Stems branching, somewhat pellucid. — Leaves serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. Earliest flowers fruiting in the bud. 1. I. pallida, Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Leaves ovate or oval, obtusely serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly spotted, dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 2. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers deep orange; lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved spur; otherwise like No. 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps. July - Sept. Order 32. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. (Pveax-Caper Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless stipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens distinct, often appendaged. Ovary 2 - 12-celled, with the styles united. Capsule composed of 2 - 12 indehiscent carpels, which separate from each other and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. Cotyledons flat. Radicle superior. Synopsis. 1. TRIBULUS. Carpels 5, transversely few-celled, few-seeded. Herbs. 2. KALLSTROMIA. Carpels 10, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Herbs. 3. GUAIACUM. Carpels 2-5, compressed, 1-seeded. Trees. 1. TRIBULUS, L. Sepals .5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10. Ovary S-celled, with 3-5 suspended ovules in each cell. Carpels of the fruit 5, spiny on the back, transversely divided into 2-5 one-seeded cells, separating at maturity, G8 laTAcK.K. (kuk family.) AviilioiU ii central axis. Alliiiiiifii none. — rro.strato lii'ih.>i. Loaves al)riij)tlv jiinnatf. J'eilunc-lcs solilary, l-llowert'd. 1. T. Cistoides, L. Leaves uneiiiial; IcaHet.s 6- 16, linearolilung, nm- crouate, silk\ licncatli ; peduncles as lung as the leaves; flowers large, yellow. — South FKirida. — Slenis \°-'2^ '""J?, liairy. IVtaLs 2-3 times a-s long as tiie calyx. 2. KALLSTROMIA, Scop. Sejjals 5-G, per.-tuse, entire, on slender stalks; branches of the panicle opposite; drupe, like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. Leaflets I'-l.^' long, shining above. Flowers yellowish white. .SJMAKUI3ACi:-K. (QUASSIA lA.MlLY.) OiiDKi! :U. SI3IAKUBAC'EyK. ((^iassia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with, usually, bitter milky juice, simple or pinnate exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect or i>olygamous hypogynous flow- ers. — Calyx 3 - 5-clef t, persistent. Petals ;5 - 5, deciduous. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted on a hypogynous disk. Ovary composed of distinct or united carpels, each l-'2-ovuled. Fruit dru- paceous. Albumen none. — The following genera represent as many tribes of the order. 1. SIMARUBA, Aul.let. Quassia. Flowers moiicpc-ions or tli(L'cious. Calyx 4 - 5-touthe(l. Petals 4 - .5, spread- ing. Stamens 8-10, witli the filaments adliereut to the back of a ciliate scale. Ovaries 4-5, surrounded J)y8-10 siale-like rudiments of stamens with a single suspended ovule in each. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abruptly piijiiate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greeuisii, in lateral and terminal panicles. 1. S. glauca, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dia'cious; stigmas 5, subulate, .sjireading; leaflets 4-8, alternate and o])posite, coriaceous, obovate or oblong, obtuse, paler beneath; drupe oval, mostly solitary. — South Flor- ida. — A large tree. 2. PICRAMNIA, Swartz. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 3-5parted. Petals 3-5, oblong. Stamens 3-5, opposite the petals, exserted. Stigmas 2, sessile. Fruit a 2-celled, 2- seeded drupe. — Small trees, with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. P. pentandra, Swartz. Leaflets 5-7, alternately distant, ovate- oblong, uhlu.su ; ])anicle simple, drooping ; flowers greenish ; stamens 5. — Miami, South Florida ( Garber). 3. SURIANA, Plum. Calyx 5-])artcd, persistent; the base filled with a fleshy torus, which bears the ovaries, petals, and stamens. Petals 5, oblong-obovate. Stamens 10, hairy, the alternate ones short and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect collateral orthotropous ovules in each." Styles 5, each arising from the central angle of the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, inde- hiscent. Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked. — A downy shrub, with alternate crowded exstij)ulate leaves, and perfect yellow flowers, iu small axillary Ijracted racemes. 1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4°-6° high. Leaves lincar-.-^patuhite, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of the branches- Racemes shorter than the leaves. ANACARDIACE^. (cASHEW FAMILY.) 71 Order 35. BURSERACE^:. (Torch-Wood Family.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, unequally-pinnate or trifoli- olate commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - 5-celled sessile ovary, 2 - 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 2-5, alternate with the calyx- lobes, and inserted under an orbicular or annular disk at the bottom of the calyx, mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them : anthers introrse. Ovules anatro- pous, pendulous, mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1 - 5. Fruit dru- paceous, dry; the pericarp often splitting into valves. Albumea none. Radicle superior. 1. BURSEEA, Jacqiiin. Flowers polygamous. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6-10. Disk creuulate. Fertile Fl. Calyx 3-pai'ted. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, 3-celled. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Drupe oblong, 1-seeded; the pericarp 3-valved. Cotyledons wrinkled. 1. B. gummifera, Jacquin. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foliolate, long-peti- oled, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded or sliglitly cordate at tlie base, at leugtli smooth on both sides; flowers small, whitish, in axillary racemes ; drupe purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree. Order 36. ANACARDIACE^. (Cashew Family.) Trees or shrubs, with milky or resinous juice, alternate exstipulate dotless leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, and inserted with them on the base of the calyx. Ovary solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit druiJaceous. Seeds without albumen. Radicle curved. 1. RHUS, L. Sumach. Calyx 5-parted. Petals .5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the disk which surrounds the base of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, incurved. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely simple. Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles. * Flowers polijgamous, in a close terminal panicle: drupe red, hair// : leaven pinnate. {Not jioisonous.) 1. R. typhina, L. Branches, petioles, and drupes villous ; leaflets 17-21, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, ])ale beneath. — Dry hillsides in the upper districts. June - July. — A slirub or small tree. 72 ANACAKlHACK.i:. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 2. R. glabra, L. Smooth ami filaiuous ; k-iiflcts 17 - .'Jl, ohloiiff-lancco- lati-, senate, aemiiiiiate, wliite lu'iicatli. — ()|)i'n woods in dry riili soil. July. — A .slinili (1- 10 lii,!:;li. I'etioles terete. .'1. R. COpallina, L. (Simai'II.) Uranelies and \viii<;-iiiargiiifl louse; berries small, i)lack, ripening late. — Hiver lianks and low gronuil. May-Juue. — Stem climi)ing liigii. Berries 2" -.J" in iliameter, sharply acid. 6. V. riparia, .Miehx. Leaves orliicuhir-<-onlate, with a rounded siims, 3' -6' wide, strongly .'{ - Tj-Iohed, coarsely toothed; stipules 2"-. "J" long; panicle small, the berries in compact clusters, 4" -5" in diameter, black with a bloom, sweet and juicy, ripening early. — Kiver banks, 'I'ennessee. 7. V. rupestris, Scheele. Stem low, erect, branching ; leaves 3' long, glabrous, cordate or truucate at the ba.se, rarely lobed, coarsely toothed; berries small, sweet and juicy. — Sandy banks, Teuuessee, and westward. May. — Teudrils weak aud deciduous, or uoue. §2. MusCADiMA. Bark pale and smooth; tendrils siin/ile; jiith continuous through the nodes ; seed transverseli/ wrinkled. 8. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Muscadixk, Bullace.) Leaves broadly cordate, toutlied-serrate, mostly smooth aud glos.sy, the sinus broad and rounded, or narrow and acute ; panicle small ; berry large. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North C'aroliua, aud westward. Juue. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 2' -3' wide. Berry i'-f in diameter, purple, pleasant flavored. — A form with .smaller leaves and berries, the latter very austere, aud sometimes called the Mustang Gkai'E, is common along the coast. 2. CISSUS, L. Flowers mostly perfect. Petals 4, and spreading, rarely 5, and cohering at the top. Stamens 4-5. Disk cup-shaped. Styles mostly slender. — Leaves simple or c(jiiip(nuid. Inflorescence cymose. Berries small, inedible. 1. C. bipinnata, Nutt. Leaves bijjinnate, smoothi.sli ; leaflets small, ovate, sli;ir])ly toiillicd ; flowers somewhat cymose, on along forkiiig j)eduncle ; petals 4 -.5, united at the ape.x, or spreading; style conical ; disk 4-.'J-lolied; berry 2-4-seedi'd. — Margins of .swamps. June -July. — Stem climbing. Leaflets Y -1' long. Berry small, black. 2. C. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid ; leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex ; flowers in com- pound umbels; petals 4; berry black, 1-seedcd. — Key West. — Tendrils stout and elongated. Leaflets ^' long. 3. C. incisa, Desmoul. Smooth; stem climbing, warty ; leaves trifolio late, very tliick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near tlie ba.se, the lateral ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, alL mucronate-toothed or serrate; cymes trichotomous ; petals 4 ; berry globose-ovate, nodding, pointed with the conspicuous slender .style, 1-seeded. — Sandy shores, Florida, and westward. — Stem 6° -12° long. Leaflets l'-3' long. Panicles cymose. Berry 5" -6" long. 4. C. Ampelopsis, Pers. Leaves simj)le, undivided, ovate, truncate, or cordate at the base, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent ; peduncles forking; petals and stamens .") ; .style slender ; disk cup-shaped ; berry 1 -3-.seeded. — Banks of rivers, P'lorida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high. Berry small, black. KHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 75 5. C. sicyoides, L. Pubescent ; leaves entire, oblong-ovate, cordate, 2' - 4' long, setaceously serrate, longer than the small trichotomous cymes; petals 4 ; styles long and slender ; berries globose, 1 -seeded. — Low banks. South Florida. — Stem climbing high. Leaves succulent. 3. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Flowers perfect. Petals 5, thick, spreading. Style short, conical. Disk uoue. — Stem climbing by expansion of the ends of tlie tendrils. Leaves digitate. Flower in corymbose cymes. Berry small, globose. 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. (Virginian Creeper.) — Low grounds. June. — Stem climbing by lateral tendrils. Leaflets 5, oblong-obovate, ser- rate above the middle, smooth. Berry sinaD, dark blue. Order 38. RHAMNACEtE. (Buckthorn Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly stipulate leaves, and small regular perigyuous greenish or whitish flowers. — Sepals 4-5, united below, valvate in the bud. Petals alternate with the sepals, concave or hooded, sometimes wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and in- serted with them into the margin of a fleshy disk, which lines the base of the calyx. Ovary 1 - 4-cened, with a solitary erect anatro- pous ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo large, iu the axis of scanty fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. Tbibe I. FRANGULE^. Fruit superior, drupaceous, fleshy or baccate. * Putamen entire, 1 - 3-celled. ■f- Petals none. 1. CONDALIA. Disk thick, filling the base of the calyx. Albumen entire. 2. REYNOSIA. Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube. Albumen ruminated. t- 1- Petals 4-5. 3. BERCHEMIA. Petals 5, as long as the calyx. Woody vines. * * Putamen separating into 2-4 nutlets. 4. SAGERETIA. Flowers in terminal spikes. Leaves opposite. .5. RHAMNUS. Flowers in axillary clusters. Leaves alternate. 0. CEANOTHUS. Flowers in thyrsoid panicles. Calyx white. 7. COLUBRIXA. Flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx green. Fruit dry. Tribe II. GOUANIE^. Fruit inferior, dry, 3-winged. 8. GOUANIA. A woody vine, climbing by tendrils. Flowers dioecious. 1 CONDALIA, Cav. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, adherent to the base of the ovary, the lobes deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4 or .5, alternate with the calyx lobes. Ovary 2-3- celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Style short ; stigma 2 -3-lobed. 76 KUAMNAi K.K. (iHCKTIIOKX KAMIl-V.) Drupe l-rt'lloil, l-sop»K'(i,tl;e seeil iiol grooved. — Mostlv s|»inv trees or slirubH, witli 8hort-ititi.>K'il leaves, and small clustered axillary flowers. 1. C ferrea, (iri.seb. Unarmed; branchlets jmlierulent ; leaves oval or olilon";, ol)tuse or emarginate, entire, smooth; umliel like elu.sters few-How- ered, .sessile or short peduueled; ealy.x lohes 4, ovate, acute; stamens 4; stisite In-anclies and leaves, and minute whitish spiked flowers. 1. S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stem vine-like (6° -18" long), with spine- like spreading liranches ; leaves (1' long) nearly sessile, ovate or olilong-ovate, acute, finely serrate, smooth and shining, persistent; spikes slender, inter- rupted, mo.stly pauicled ; petals minute ; drupe dark purple, globose. (Rham- nus miuutiflorus, J//cA.r.) — Dry sandy soil along the coast, F'lorida to North Carolina. Sept. — Drupes pleasantly acid. 5. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. Calyx 4 -.5 cleft, the tube urceolate, lined with a thin disk. Petals small, obovate, concave, often wanting. Ovary free, 2- 4-celled. Styles united be- low. Stigm.'us 2 - 4. Drupe baccate, composed of 2 -4 somewhat dehiscent RHAMXACE.E. (buCKTHOKM" FAMILY.) 77 nutlets. Raphe dorsal. Cotyledons leafy, revolute. — Shrul);*, w'itli alternate stipulate finely veined leaves, and small axillary clustered polygamous or dioecious greenish flowers. 1. R. lanceolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of the flowering branches oblong and obtuse, serrulate ; flowers clustered, on short pedicels, with long styles, or the more fruitful ones scattered on longer pedicels, and with short styles ; petals emarginate ; drupe 2-seeded ; seeds grooved. — Hills and river banks, in the upper districts, Alabama aud northward. June. — A tall shrub. Drupes black, as large as a grain of pepper. 2. R, Carolinianus, Walt. (Carolina Buckthorn.) Leaves oblong, wavy and finely serrulate on the margins, the slender petioles and many-flow- ered short-stalked umbels pubescent ; petals 5, minute ; stigmas 3 ; drupe globose, .3-seeded ; seeds e^en. — Fertile soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — A shruli or small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' lung. 6. CEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. Calyx colored, 5-cleft, with the tube adnate to the ovary and persistent, the lobes connivent, deciduous. Petals .5, longer than the calyx, hooded, long- clawed. Stamens exserted. Style 3-parted. Drupe dry, composed of three 2-valved 1-seeded nutlets. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. — Shrubby plants, with alternate serrulate minutely stipulate 3-ribbed leaves, and small flowers in lateral and terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. C. Amerieanus, L. Branches pubescent ; leaves deciduous, variable in size, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, more or less pubescent, petioled ; peduncles elongated, mostly 2-leaved above. — Dry woods. July. — Plant shrubby, 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3-ril)bed, varying from I' (C. intermedins. Ell.) to 3' long, often nearly smooth (C. herbaceus, Raf.). Flowers and pedicels white. 2. C. microphyllus, Michx. Stem erect, diffusely much-branched; leaves perennial, small, obovate, slightly crenate, 3-ribbed, glossy above, with scattered liairs beneath ; those in the axils clustered ; corj'mhs small, terminal. — Dry barrens, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April -May. — Shrub l°-2° high, yellowish. Leaves 2" -3" long. Pedicels and flowers white. Drupe black. 3. C. serpyllifolius, Nutt. Decumbent, diffusely branched ; branches filiform ; leaves very small, ovate elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, tlie lower sur- face, as well as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary ; flowers few, in a simple corymbose head. — Xear St. Mary's, Georgia. — Leaves 3" -5" long. Peduncles 12-1 5-flowered. 7. COLUBRINA, Rich. Calyx herbaceous, with spreading lobes. Nutlets opening at the apex and down the inner angle. Embryo in thin albumen. Otherwise chiefly as in Ceanothus. — Tropical shrubs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves, and small flowers in close axillary cymes. 78 CKLASTRACEvE. (sTAFK-TlfKK FAMILY.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. Liiives coriiut'ous, ci\iiic'-<)l)l()iig, ontirf, tlie lower siiiluce, as iilso tlie 1ii:iik1k'S uikI calvx, loverc-.l witli a dcusf nist- ctilored imhesccnce ; cyme small, shorter than tlie petiole; i)etals Hpalulate, einarj^inato, slmrter than the calyx; (lrn])e aloheil. — South ll'iriiUi. — Leaves 2' -4" long. Drupe 4" in diameter. 2. C. reclinata, Brougn. Nearly glabrous ; hranches pendulous ; leaves thin, elliptical, minutely pubescent beneath ; jjeduncles not lialf the length of the petioles ; sepals keeled within ; jjetals yellow, shorter than the sepals ; styles 3, distinct. — iSouth Florida. A large tree. 8. GOUANIA, Jac<|uin. Ciiaw-stick. Calyx 5-cleft, partly adnate to the ovary, the lobes spreading. Petals .5, shorter than the calyx, and inserted on the 5-lobed disk wbicli lines its tube, hooded, and enclosing the short stamens. Ovary 3-cellcd, 3-ovulcd. Style 3-cleft. Drupe dry, 3-lobed or 3-\vinged, separating from the central axis into three valveless nutlets. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. — Tropical, chiefly climl)ing shrul)S, with alternate stipulate toothed leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers in terminal sjiiked clusters. 1. G. Domingensis, L. Brauches pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, ta- pering into an obtuse point, serrate, petioled ; spikes elongated, bearing a tendril at the base; drupe globose, 3-winged. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers minute, yellow. Lobes of the disk emargiuate. Order 39. CELASTRACE^E. (Staff-trf.e Family.) Shrubs -with simple stipulate leave.s, and small regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 3-5, alter- nate witli the petals, and inserted with them on the disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with 1 - several erect ovules in each cell. Styles united. Fruit capsular or drupa- ceous. Seeds often arilled. Embryo in the axis of the albimien. — Flowers perfect or polygamous. Synopsis. Tribe I. CELASTRE.^. Sepals and petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5, distinct, irserted on the margins of the disk. Albiunen fleshy. * Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded drupe. 1. MTGrNDA. Ovary 4-celled. Stigmas 4. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. 2. GYMINDA. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious. 3. SCH.EFFERIA. Oviry 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Drupe 2-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. « * Fruit a 3 - 5-valved capsule ; seeds arilled. 4. EUOXYMTJS. Flowers perfect, in axillary cjimes. Calyx flat. Leaves opposite. 5. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous, in terminal racemes. Calyx cup-shaped. Capsule globose. Leaves alternate. CELASTRACE.E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 79 6. MATTENUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx flat. Capsule 3-angled. Leaves alternate. 7. PACHISTIMA. Flowers axillary, perfect. Capsule 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Tribe n. HIPPOCKATE.aE. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3, united below, hypogynous. Albumen none. 8. HIPPOCRATEA. Capsule 3-winged. Anthers transversely dehiscent. 1. MYGINDA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, united below. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-celIed, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 4-cleft. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite coriaceous leaves, and minute wliite or reddisli flowers on axillary forking peduncles. 1. M. Rhaeoma, Swartz. Branches slender, pubescent, angled; leaves oblong, olitiise, crenate, nearh' sessile, paler and often discolored beneath; peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, cymosely 2-4-flowered; calyx lobes round, pubescent ; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spi'cading j drupe obovate. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves i'-l' long' glabrous. 2. M. ilicif olia, Lam. Branches terete, pubescent ; leaves smooth, round-ovate, spinj'-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, umbellately 3-4-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, pointed with the persi-stent style. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves i'-f long. 3. M. latifolia, Swartz. Branches 4-angled ; leaves elliptical or obovate, obtuse, crenate, smooth, nearly sessile ; peduncles few-flowered, forking, ^' or less long, shorter than the leaves ; style distinct, 4-lobed ; drupe obovate. — Pine Key, South Florida (Cwrfiss). — Shrub 10° -15° high. Leaves V-2' long. Flowers and drupe red. 2. GYMINDA, Sargent. Flowers dioecious, tetramerous, cymuse. Disk cup-shaped, fleshy, 4-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Drupe 1-seeded. Radicle superior. Embryo large, in thin albu- men. — A smooth shrub or small tree, the branchlets 4-angled. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, obovate, short-petioled, the revolute margins obscurely crenate. Cymes axillary, few-flowered. Drupe black. 1. G. Grisebachii, Sargent. (Myginda? latifolia, \st edit. M. integri- folia, II BK.) — Keys of South Florida. 3. SCH^PFERIA, Jacq. Flowers dia^cious. Sepals 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-furrowed. Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Embryo in oily albumen. Radicle inferior. — "Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary clusters. 80 CKI.ASTltACK.E. (sTAKK-TKKK l-'AMILV.) 1. S. frutescens, .Iaii|. Sinontli; leaves olKivate-uliloiijr, entire, acute or t)l)tiise ; (lowers :i - .'> in a cluster, tlie slender jiodicels arisin;^ from a wart- like jic'ilunde; drnjie glohose. — South Florida. — A small tree with hard aud dose f;;rained wood. Loaves I}/ long, jialu greeu. 4. EUONYMUS, L. Si-ini.lk-tui:e. Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4 - 5 cleft. Petals 4 - .5, spreailing. Stamen.s 4 - ."), very shoit, inserted with the petals under the hroad and tieshy disk w Inch surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3- .'i-celled, with 2 erect or resupinatc ovules iu each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3- 5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seed enclosed in a red pulpy aril. — Erect or trailing shruhs, with 4-angled branches, opposite serrate leaves, aud greenish or purplish Mowers iu axillary pedunded cymes. 1. E. Americanus, L. Stuawberry Brsn. Flowers greenish, pen- tanierous ; jieilunclos 1-3-flowered; capsule warty; leaves short-peti(jled, varying from ovate or obovate to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady woods. May - June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 2. E. atropurpureus, >Jac(i. Flowers ])urple, tetramerous ; peduncles many-riowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long ])eti(»les, ser- rulate.— River banks, chiefly iu the upper districts. May -June. — Shrub 8°- 12° high. Leaves 2'-5' loug. Flowers dark purple. 5. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spread- ing. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals on the edge of the cup-shaped fleshy disk which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive iu the fertile flower. Ovary 2-4-celled, the cells 2ovuled. Style thick. Capsule globose, com- monly 3-celled and 3-valved. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, enclosed in a fleshy scarlet aril. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing shrubs, witli alternate leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary or ter- minal racemes. 1. C. scandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth ; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple ; capsule orange- colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North Carolina. June. 6. MAYTENUS, Jus.'*. Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5 cleft. Petals 5. Stamens .5, very short, inserted with the petals under t!ie edge of the flat circular disk which en- velopes the ovary. Ovary 2 -3-celled, w-ith a solitary erect ovule at tlie base of each cell. Style very short and thick. Stigma 2- 3-lobed. Capsule cori- aceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2 -.3-valved, yellow within. Seeds 1-3, en- closed in a thin pulpy aril. Embrvo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers chiefly in axillary clusters. ILICTNE^. (holly FAMILY.) 81 1 . M. phyllanthoides, Benth. Leaves fleshy, alternate, obluug-obovate, obscurely creuate aud reticulate, glabrous ; flowers miuute, clustered, appar- parentjy perfect; capsule obovate, 3-angled, 1-ceUed, 1-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Leaves T - 1^' long. 7. PACHYSTIMA, Eaf. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals and stamens 4, inserted on the edge of the disk that fills the throat of the calyx. Style very short ; stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidaUy 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seed arillate. — Low shrubs, with opposite persistent leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 1. P. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves oblong-linear, denticulate near the tip; flowers single, or clustered on the common peduncle ; petals oblong-ovate. — Rocky cliffs on the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. — Shrub 1° or more high. 8. HIPPOCRATEA, L. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals spreading, valvate or imbricate. Filaments recurved ; anthers 1 - 2-celled. Disk expanded. Ovary free. Style short, subulate, 3-cleft. Ovules 2 - 6 in each cell. Carpels 3, united at the base, 2-valved, or indehiscent, few-seeded. Seeds mostly winged. — Climbing shrubs. Cymes or panicles dichotomous. 1. H. OVata, Lam. Leaves elliptical-oblong, serrulate; panicles rusty- pubescent, mostly longer than the leaves ; petals oblong ; carpels oval or roundish. — Borders of the Everglades (Curt^'ss). Order 40. ILICINE^gE. (Holly Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or greenish flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 4 -9-parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its base : anthers opening length- wise. Ovary free from the calyx, 4 - 9-celled. Stigma lobed, nearly sessile. Drupe berry -like, composed of 4-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. 1. ILEX, L. HOLLT. Flowers perfect or dioeciously polygamous, of 4 - 9 parts. Drupe containing 4-9 nutlets. — Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly solitary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or peduncled clusters or cymes. § 1. Aquifolicm. — Parts of the flower ^•. drupe red : nutlets ribbed or veiny on the back: leaves evergreen. 1- I. opaca, Ait. (Holly.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cymose, on slender peduncles ; calyx lobes acute. — Sandy soil. April - May. — A small tree. 6 82 iLicixK.'t:. (holly family.) 2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young brandies, lower surface of the loaves, and clusters more or less pubescent; leaves varying from ohovateto oliiong-liuear, acute or obtuse, niucronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the miiidle, on short petioles; sterile ])eiluncles many-flowered, tiie fertile shorter, and mostly 1-flowered ; calyx teeth acute; nutlets .■j-ribl)ed on the back. (I. laurifolia, Nult. I. ligustrina. Ell.) — Var. myutifoha. Leaves small {Y - 1'), linear- oblong, entire, or, on the young branches, sharjily 2-4-toothed toward the apex. (I. myrtifolia, M'ltlt.) — Margins of swamps and pine l)arren ponds, South Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April- May. — A hantl- some shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 3. I. Cassine, L. (Yaipon.) — Leaves small (^'-1' long), oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate ; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile : calyx lobes minute, obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Caro- lina. April. — Shrub 8*^-12° high, slender, the short spreading branches often spine-like. Fruit clustered, abundant. § 2. Prixoides. — Ports of the flower 4 - G : drupe red or purple : nutlets 4-6, rihhcd on the hack : shrubs : leaves deciduous. 4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers on short pedicels, in sessile clusters ; calyx teeth smooth, acute. — Varies with the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels. — River swapips. April - May. — A large shrub. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Drupe red. 5. I. ambigua, Chapm. Branches slender ; leaves oval or oblong, acute or somewhat acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or rarely, like the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers clustered, longer than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, soli- tary ; calyx teeth obtuse, ciliate. — Sandy margins of swamps. April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l'-4' long. 6. I. longipes, Chapm. Smooth ; leaves 1 ' - 2' long, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, slender-petioled, appressed-serrate ; peduncles 1'-]^' long, the sterile clustered, the fertile single; calyx lobes acute; style very short. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. May. — Shrub 3° -6° high. 7. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves thin, oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrulate, downy ; sterile flowers very numerous, in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter than the petiole, soft-downy, like the calyx ; fertile peduncles very short. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. 8. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very shcrt-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (L ambigua, Torr.) — Mountains of North Carolina {Gray). — Leaves 3' -5' long. 9. I. Amelanchier, >L A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath; fruiting pedicels soli- tary, as long as the petioles ; drupe large, red ; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on the back; calyx teeth acute. — Swamps, ^Mississippi to North Carolina. — Leaves about 2' long, 1' wide. Drupe 3"- 4" in diameter. CYRILLACE.E. (CTRILLA FAMILY.) 83 § 3. Prinos. — Parts of the flower mosthj 6-9 : nutlets smooth and even on the back. * Leaves deciduous : drupe red. 10. I, verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge- lanceolate, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers all clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels ; fruit abundant. — Low ground. April. — A large shrub. Leaves about 2' long. Pedicels shorter than the petioles. 11. I. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, acute at each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers scattered generally in pairs, 6-parted ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; drupes small. (Prinos lanceolatus, Pursh.) — Lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina, Pursh. June. (*) * * Leaves smooth, evergreen : drupe black. 12. I. glabra, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4- toothed near the apex ; sterile peduncles many-flowered ; the fertile, 1- fiowered ; flowers all 6 - 9-parted. — Low pine barrens. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 13. I. lucida, Torr. & Gray. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or with sharp scattered teeth, viscid when young ; peduncles 1 -flowered, the sterile ones mostly clustered, the fertile solitary ; flowers 6 - 9-parted. (Prinos coriaceus. Ell. } — Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Order 41. CYRILLACE^E. (Cyrilla Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, and perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. — Calyx of 4-5 sepals. Petals 5 - 8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5 - 10, inserted with the petals : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma entire or 2 - 4-lobed. Fruit 2 - 4-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior. 1. CYRILLA, Garden. Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu- ous. Starriens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading : anthers oval. Style persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; the pericarp spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entire. Racemes clustered at the base of the branches of the sea.son, rigid, spreading. Flowers small, on short 2-bracted pedicels. 1. C. racemiflora, Walt. Leaves oldong or obovateoblong (2' -4' long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate, tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1-seeded. — Varies with smaller (I'-l^') oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globuse 84 SAri.NDACK.K. (S(tAl"-Iti:KI{V 1 AMILV.) (Iriiiic ti|)|n'il witli the sliorl ami tliick style. — Sliaily banks, ami (the variet\') iu j)iiR'-l)arreii ponds, Floriilu to North Carolina, and westward. July. — liaecnies ;3' - 6' lnn^. 2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. Tin. Calyx niinntc, composed of 5 - 8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5 - 8, ohovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows ; the filaments erect, thick, contracted al)ove the middle; those oj)posite the petals longer : anthers round. IStigma sessile, 3 -4-lobed. Drupe dry, 3-4- winged, 3 - 4-celled, with a single linear seetl in each cell. — A shruh or small tree. Leaves oblong, smooth, and somewiiat glaucous. Racemes terminal, many-flowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding. 1. C. ligUStrina, Banks. (Mylocarium, Willd.) — Pine barren ponds and swam])s, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March - April. — Leaves 2' long, llacemes 2' - 4' long. Flowers white, fragrant. Order 42. STAPHYLEACE^i:. (Bladder-xut Family). Erect shrubs, with opiaosite pinnate stipulate leaves, and perfect regular pentaudrous flowers. — Calyx o-parted, colored. Petals and stamens 5, perigynous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Ovules 1 -8 in each cell, attached to the central angle of the cell. Fruit capsular or bac- cate. Seeds bony, truncated at the base. Embryo straight in scanty albumen. 1. STAPHTLEA, L. Bladder-nut. Flowers perfect. Calyx erect, persistent. Petals ohovate, erect, alternate with the sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted with the jietals on the edge of the 5-lobed disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 3- celled, the cells sometimes separate above, 6 - 8-ovuled. Capsule 3-lobed, membranaceous, inflated, few-seeded. — Leaflets stipellate. Flowers white, in drooping compound racemes. 1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, the terminal one long-stalked ; racemes lateral and termi- nal ; styles 3, connivent ; capsule reticulated, 1 - 3 seeded. — Damp woods, in the upper districts. May. — Shrub 10° high. Capsules 2' long, 1' in diameter. Order 43. SAPINDACE.iE. (Soap-berrv Family.) Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with exstipulate alternate or opposite leaves, and chiefly irregular 7 - 12-androns flowers, imbricated in the bud. — Cah'x 4 - 5-lobed. Petals 4-12, inserted with the stamens on a hypogj-nous or somewhat perigynous disk, rarely none. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, the cells 1 - 2-ovuled. Seeds without albumen. Embi-yo mostly curved or convolute. Cotyledons incumbent, fleshy. SAPINDACE^. (SOAP-BERBT FAMILY.) 85 Synopsis. Tribe I. DODONE^. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Embryo spirally coiled. Cotyle- dous distinct. — Leaves alternate. 1. DODON^EA. Ovules 2 in each celL Petals none. Capsule 2 -4- winged. Teibe II. SAPINDE^. Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved or straight. Coty- ledons distuiot. — Leaves alternate. 2. HYPELATE. Ovules 2-3 in each cell. Petals 4 - 5, regular. Fruit drupaceous. 3. SAPINDUS. Ovules solitary. Petals 5, regular. Fruit baccate. 4. CARDIOSPERMUM Ovules solitary. Petals 4, irregular. Fruit a bladder-like capsiile. Tribe III. HIPPOCASTANE.33. Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo roundish. Coty- ledons very thick and partly united. Leaves opposite. 5. ^SCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4-5, unequal. — Leaves digitate. Tribe IV. ACERINE^E. Ovules 2 iu each celL Embryo coiled or folded. Cotyledons distinct. Styles 2, separate. Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. 6. ACER. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, palmately nerved. 7. NEGUNDO. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate. L DODONJEA. L. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals none. Sta- mens 5 - 8 ; anthers thick, on short filaments. Ovary 3 - 4-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; the upper one ascending, the lower pendulous Styles united. Capsule membranaceous, 2-4-winged, septicidally 2-4-valved, the cells 1-2- seeded. Embryo spirally coiled. ^ Trees or shrubs, with chiefly simple leaves, and axillary or terminal whitish or greenish flowers. 1. D. viseosa, L. Leaves viscid, obovate-oblong, entire, parallel-veined ; racemes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves ; capsule 3-wiuged, 3- seeded. — South Florida. — Shrubs 6° - 10° high. Flowers greenish. 2. HYPELATE, P. Browne. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 4 -.5, regular. Stamens 6 - 10, inserted on the inner face of the cup-shaped disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-3 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Stigma 2-lobed. Drupe globose, 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo erect. Trees with alternate trifoliolate or abruptly pinnate leaves, and clustered or panicled polj'gamous flowers. 1. H. trifoliata, P. Browne. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets obovate, coria- ceous, glabrous, entire ; panicles corymbose, slender, axillary, longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx 3 - 4-parted, pubescent within ; petals 4, ciliate ; drupe black, 1-seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree, with brittle branches. Leaflets 1' long, with fine oblique parallel veins. Flowers small, white. Stamens 6-8. 2. H. paniculata, Don. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 2 or 4, ob- long, obtuse, entire, smooth, opposite ; panicles axillary and terminal, with compressed branches ; flowers hoary-tomentose ; calyx lobes and petals 4, rounded ; cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — South Florida. — Branches purplish, dotted with white. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 86 SAPIXDACE.K. (SOAI'-BEUKY FAMIIA'.) 3. SAPINDUS, L. SoAP-itKitKv. Culvx r)-])iirtetl, tleciduous. I'otals 5, regular, with a scale at the base of each within. Staineus 8-10, inserted on the hvpogynous disk. .Styles united. Stigmas 3. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit liaccate, glo- bose or 2-3-lol)ed, 1 -3-seeded. Seeds bony. Embryo incurved. — 'I'rees, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small polygamous flowers iu axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. 1. S. marginatus, Wild. Petioles wingless; leaflets 9- 18, opposite or alternate, ovatc-laiict-ohite, unequal-sided, strongly veined above; i)anicles large, dense-flowered ; fruit glol)ose. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast, and westward. — A tree 20*^-40° high. Flowers white. 2. S. Saponaria, L. Petioles broadly winged ; leaflets 6 or 8, nearly opposite, rather rigid, oblong, obtuse, mostly equal-sided, pubescent beneath; panicle tomentose, canesceut ; fruit globose. — Coast of South Florida. — A small tree. 4. CARDIOSPEEMUM, L. Sepals 4, the 2 outer cues much shorter. Petals 4, irregular, each with a petal-like scale at the base within; those of the 2 outer petals entire, the others with a crested ajjpeudage on the inner edge. Stamens 8. Disk 2- glandular. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, inflated. Seed furnished with a cordate aril. — Herbs, cliinl>ing by tendrils. Leaves biternate. 1. C. Halicacabum, L. — South Florida, aj^pareutly native, and not uncommon in cultivation. — Annual. Stem slender. Leaflets ovate-lanceo- late, incisely lol)ed and toothed. Capsule pear-shaped, 1' iu diameter 5. .ffiSCULUS, L. HoRSECHESTNUT.. Buckeye Calyx 5-lobed, unequal. Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 5-8, usually 7, inserted on the aunnlar hypogynous disk. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule coriaceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2-3- valved, 1 -3-seeded. Cotyledons very large and thick, partly luiited. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite long-petioled digitate leaves, and showy polygamous flowers, in terminal panicles. § 1. JEsciJLUs proper. — Fruit pricUy. 1. J^. glabra, Willd. Stamens almost twice the length of the erect nearly equal pale yellow petals ; panicle oldong-ovate, loosely flowered ; leaf- lets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, unequally serrulate, smooth or slightly pu- bescent beneath. (yE. pallida. Will'/.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee. May - June. — A small tree with rough strong-scented bark. Flowers small. §2. Pavia. — Fruit smooth. 2. .Si. Pavia, L. Stamens slightly exserted ; claws of the two upper petals as long as the tubular calyx ; panicle oblong ; leaflets 5, varying from lanceolate to oval, short-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, or nearly so, on both surfaces. — Rich soil. March - May. — A shrub, or iu the upper districts a small tree. Flowers red. SAPINDACE.E. (SOAP-BERKY FAMILY.) 87 3. ^. flava, Ait. Stamens included ; claws of the lateral petals longer than the tubular-campauulate calyx ; panicle oblong, pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, obovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent beneath. — Rich soil, in the middle and upper districts of Georgia to North Carolina. April -May. — A shrub or small tree. Flowers pale yellow. JE. discolor, Pursh, is a forna of this species with more strongly serrate leaflets, and flesh-colored or dull purple flowers. 4. JS^. parviflora, Walt. Stamens 3 times as long as the corolla ; claws of the nearly similar petals longer than the obconical calyx ; panicle race- mose, very long; leaflets 5-7, oval-obovate, tomentose beneath. — Upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April-May. — Shrub 3°-9° high. Flowers white. Stamens 6 or 7. 6. ACER, L. Maple. Flowers polygamous. Petals usually 5-8, or none. Stamens 4-12. — Leaves simple, palmately lobed. Flowers clustered or racemose. * Flowers in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. 1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped Maple.) Racemes simple, drooping; flowers (15-25) large; petals obovate ; leaves slightly cordate, with 3 acuminate finely serrate lobes ; samara large. (A. striatum. Lam.) — Banks of mountain streams, Georgia and Carolina. May. — A shrub or small tree, with striped bark. Flowers greenish. 2. A. spieatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) Racemes compound, erect ; flowers small, very numerous ; petals linear-spatulate ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, coarsely serrate ; samara small. — With the preceding. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves pubescent beneath. * * Flowers on long and drooping umbellate or corymbose pedicels, developed from lateral and terminal buds. 3. A. saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease. Leaves 2'-4' wide, paler beneath, truncate, or cordate with a shallow sinus, 3-lobed, the lobes entire, contracted and acuminate above the middle, slender-petioled ; wings 6" -9" long, divergent, the pedicels long and mostly dichotomous; calyx and ovaries bearded. — Rocky banks, Georgia, Tennessee, and west- ward. March- April. 4. A. Floridanum, Chaprn. Leaves smooth and shining above, downy and canescent beneath, 2' - 4' wide, truncate and slightly cordate at the base, 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes short, obtuse, and mostly 3-toothed ; wings nearly erect ; calyx bearded. (Var. acuminatum, Trelease, the leaves green on both sides, the lobes acuminate.) — Rocky woods, Florida and westward, the var. in the upper districts. * * * Flowers on short a7id erect clustered pedicels, developed from lateral buds, and appearing before the leaves: fruiting pedicels long and drooping. 5. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (Silver Maple.) Leaves cordate, 3-5- lobed, sharply toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals none ; samara large, woolly when young. — Banks of rivers. Feb. - March. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with soft wood. Flowers yellowish. 88 POLYGALACEiK. (miLKWOKT FAMILY.) C. A. rubrum, L. (Ki;i» or Swami- Mai'lk.) Leaves 3-5-lol)C(l, or Uiulividinl, .siiiootli or puliesieiit, eilliur lurdatc ur rounded, or soiiieliiiies acute at the lijisc, toothed and serrate, white heneatli ; petals ohloiijj or linear; sa- mara small, smooth. — Swaiiiiis. I'eli. - .March. — A small tiee. Flowers aud fruit red. 7. NEGUNDO, Mauch. Ash-leaved Maple. Flowers diaeious. Caly.\ minute. Petas uone. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous, — A small tree, with smooth green bark. Leaves ])innately 3 - .'j-foliohite, the leaflets ovate or ohloug, lohed or toothed. Flowers small, greenish; the sterile ones on long and drooping clustered jjedicels, the fertile ones racemose, both from lateral l)uds appearing witii or before the leaves. 1. N. aceroides, Moench. — Uiver banks. March -April. Order 41. MALPIGHIACE.S:. (Malpigiiia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple dotless and inostly stipulate leaves, and regular racemose or corymbose flowers on usually jointed pedicels. — Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx lobes, unguiculate, sometimes wanting. Stamens 10, alternate with tlie petals, and inserted with them on a hypogynous disk : anthers round- ish. Ovary solitary, mostly 3-lobed, consisting of three more or less united carpels. Styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit composed of one to three l-seeded cells or carpels. Seeds pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons thick or leafy. 1. BYRSONIMA, Kich. Calyx with 10 glands at the base without. Petals 5. Stamens monadel- phous at tlie base. Styles 3. Fruit drupaceous, 3 celled, 3-seeded. — Racemes terminal, simple or branched. I. B. lucida, Rich. Smooth; stem much-branched ; leaves coriaceous, wedge-obovate, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, shining above, paler beneath, veinless ; racemes erect, bracted, simple, twice the length of the leaves ; pedi- cels slender, spreading- petals yellow, orbicular-cordate, wavy, long-clawed ; drupe smooth, globose. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. Drupe as large as a grain of pepper. Order 45. POL\)iM- lanceolate and scattered ; spike linear, loug-peduncled ; wings obo- vate, as long as tiie capsule; caruncle iialf as long as the oblong-obovate curved and very hairy seed. — Kich calcareous soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May -July. ^ — Stems 1° - 2° liigh. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 2' -3' long. Flowers white. 24. P. verticillata, L- Annual ; stems low, 4-augled, much branched ; leaves 4 - 5 iu a whorl, linear, acute, the u])per ones sciittered ; spikes lanceo- late ; wings roundish, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as tlie oblong hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil. June - August. — Stem 4' - 8' iiigh. Spikes i'- r loug. Flowers greenish white. 25. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very closely allied to the preceding, bat taller (6' -1.5' iiigh), tlie branches erect; leaves usually broader, only tlie lower ones verticillate ; spikes more slender, more loosely flowered ; wings white. — Gravelly hills in the upper districts. May. 26. P. leptOStachys, Shuttlw. Annual; stems filiform or setaceous, simple, or branched above, straight; leaves 4-5 in remote whorls, narrow- linear or filiform, acute ; spike linear, loiig-peduncled ; wings oval, nearly se.ssile, smaller than the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the smooth curved davate-obovate seed. — Dry sand hills, Florida. May -August. — Stems 10'- 15' high. Flowers greenish. § 3. Flowers axillary, and with imperfect radical ones, as in No. 19. 27. P, paucifolia, L. rereunial ; flowering stems erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; loaves large, ovate, alternate, narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones bract-like; flowers (1-3) pedunded, crested, very large; wings obovate ; lobes of the caruncle subulate, varying in length ; seeds hairy ; radical spikes bracted. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May. — Steins 4' -6' high, from a long prostrate base. Flowers %' long, jiurple. Order 46. KRAMERTACEiE. (Riiatany Family.) Silky-pubescent herbs or shrubs, with diffuse stems, alternate leaves, and ii-regular hj'pogynous purplish flowers, on axillary 2-bracted LEGUMINOS.li:. (pulse FAMILY.) 93 and jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals ; the 3 posterior ones long-clawed, often united ; the 2 anterior broad, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, the pos- terior ones distinct or united. Anthers 2-celled, opening by a termi- nal pore. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-seeded, woody, indehis- cent, armed with hispid prickles. Albumen none. Radicle concealed in the cotyledons. 1. KRAMERIA, Loefl. Charafters of the order. 1- K. lanceolata, Torr. Herbaceous; stems slender, prostrate, mostly brauchiug; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute; peduncles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted above the middle ; claws of the posterior petals, and stamens, united ; fruit globose, downy, armed with few strong spreading spines. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. — Root long and woody. Stems 1° long. Order 47. LEGUMINOS^E. (Pulse Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with chiefly compound alternate stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous or regular perigynous or hypogynous flowers. — Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or none. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, free, forming a legume in fruit. Seeds without albumen. Leaves almost always with entire margins. Synopsis. Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^E. Corolla of 5 (rarely fewer) irregular petals, inserted on the base of the calyx, rarely perigynous, imbricated in the bud, mostly papilionaceous ; viz. one upper and exterior, termed the vexiUum ox standard ; two lateral, called w/n^s ; and two lower and interior, oftener united by their contiguous margins, forming together the keel. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), separate, monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 & 1, or 5 & 5). Legume 1-celled (sometimes partly 2-celled by the introversion of the sutures), or sev- eral-celled by transverse partitions. Style simple. Cotyledons thick. Tribe I. LOTE.^. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10 (except No. 8). Legume con- tinuous (not jointed). Cotyledons leafy in germination. — Stems (except No. 12) not twining nor climbing. * Stamens monadephous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple, or palmately compound. 1. CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Legume inflate 1. Upper stipules decurrent. 2. LUPINUS. Calyx 2-lipped. Legume flattened. Stipules not decurrent. » * Stamens diadelphous : anthers alike. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely palmate or pinnate, the earliest ones alternate. 3. MEDIC AGO. Legume membranaceous, curved or coiled, 1 - many-seeded. Flowers racemed. 94 LEGL'MINOS.T=:. (I'ULSE FAMILY.) 4. MKLILOTUS. Lefnuiie coriaceous, straiglit, rugose or veined, 1 - 4-geeded. Flowers ra<"eim'd or Bpiki-d. 5. TRIFOLIUM. Legume emootli, nieiubranaceous, 1 -4-8eeded. Flowers capitate. 6. HOSACKIA. Legume straight, maiiy-seeded. Peduncle 1-3-flowered. • • • Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume mostly 1 -seeded and indehiscent. Plants dotted with small dark glands. Earliest leaves opposite. t- Legume included in the calyx. 7. PSORALEA. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, diadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. 8. PETALOSTEMON. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube, and adnate to the claws of four of the nearly regular petals. 9. DALEA. Stamens 9 or 10, the tube partly adnate to the claws of the petals. ■h- -I- Legume exserted. 10. AMORPHA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none. ♦ * * * Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many-seeded, 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves pinnate. ■1- Trees or s'arubs. 11. ROBIXIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 12. WISTARIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twin- ing shrubs. ■I- ■*- Herbs. 13. TEPHROSIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 14. INDIGOFERA. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled, 2 - many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 15. SESB.^NIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. « « « « « Stamens diadelphous. Leg^ume 2-celled lengthwise, or 1-celled, with one of the sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate. IC. ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid. Tbibe II. VICIE^E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing vines ; the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril. 17. VICIA. Style flliform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. 18. LATHYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Tribe III. HEDYSARE^. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa- rating transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or 1-jointed. — Stems not twining. * Flowers yellow. 19. .ESCHYNOMENE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect. 20. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 - 5-jointed. Flowers pei feet. 21. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious. 22. CHAPMAJTIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious. * • Flowers white or purplish. 23. LESPEDEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary. 24. DESMODIUM. Legume 2- C-jointed. Bristly. Racemes terminal. Tbibe IV. PHASEOLE-^. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy ; usually raised above ground in germination. — Chiefly twining vines. * Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. 25. RHYXCHOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate. LEGUMIXOSxE. (pulse FAMILY.) 95 * * Ovary few- or many-ovuled. ■(- Keel spirally twisted. 26. APIOS. Leaves pinnate, not stipellate. •27. PHASEOLUS. Leaves trifoliolate, stipellate. -1- -t- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of Galactia). ++ Legume terete, torulose. 28. VIGNA. Flowers yellow. Vexillum roundish. Stems twining. 29. ERYTHRINA. Flowers scarlet. Vexillum narrow, elongated. Stems erect. ++ ++ Legimie flattened. = Bracts opposite. Vexillum very large. 30. CLITORIA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum spurless at the base. 31. CENTROSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexillum spurred at the base. = = Bracts alternate. 32. AMPHICARPvEA Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Flowers of two kinds. Bracts persistent. 33. GALACTL\.. Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduous. Legume linear. 34. CANAVALIA. Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate. Hilum linear. Legume three-ridged on the back. 35. DIOCLEA. Stamens diadelphoua (9 & 1). Calyx 4-cleft. Hilum linear. Tribe V. DAL.BERGIE^. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume indehisceut. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. -^ Trees or shrubs. 3G. PISCIDIA. Legume compressed, 4-winged. Leaves pinnate. 37. ECASTAPHYLLUM. Legume flat, orbicular, 1-seeded. Leaves 1-foUolate. Teibe VI. SOPHORE.^. Stamens 10, separate. Legume not jointed. — Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. * Legume dehiscent. 38. BAPTISIA. Stamens deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate, few-seeded. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. 39. THERMOPSIS. Stamens persistent. Legume nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded Leaves trifoliolate. 40. CLADRASTIS. Stamens persistent. Legume flat, few-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Tree. * * Legume indehiscent. 41. SOPHORA. Legume moniliform. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs. Suborder II. CJESALPINIE^E. Corolla irregular and somewhat papilionaceous, or almost regular, imbricated in the bud; the upper petal interior. Stamens separate. Embrvo straight. 42. CERCIS. Flowers perfect, somewhat papilionaceous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves simple. 43. CASSIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Anthers dissimilar. Leaves pinnate. 44. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3 -5-parted. Leaves pinnate and bipinnate. 45. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Legume linear. Leaves pinnate. 4G. C^S.4.LPI\IA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx cup-shaped. Stamens 10. Legume broad. Leaves bipinnate. 47. PARKINSONIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx cup-shaped. Stamens 10. Le- gume linear. Leaves pinnate. OC LKlilMI.NOS.E. (I'L'LSK FAMILY.) SiiK^tDKU III. MIMOSI'LE. Corolla rofjiilar, hypo^^v nous, valv.ite in till' liml. Staint'iis (li.stiiict or uiiiti'd, often very numerous, in.seried with the j>etals. Kinbryo straijjht. — Leaves jiinnale, or 2- 3-i)innate. Flowers polygamous. • Flowers perfect, and staminate. Petals mostly uuit«d. ■<- Herbs. Leaves sensitive. 48. MIMOSA. Legume broad, tlat, jointed. Stamens 4 - .j. 49. SCHRANKL\. Legume linear, angular, joiiitless. Stamens 8 -10. ■>- -1- Trees or shrubs. 50. PITHECOLOBIUM. Legume coiled or twisted. Leaflets 4, large. 51. ACAC1.4.. Legume straiglit or bent. Leaflets numerous, small. * « Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct. 52. DESMANTHUS. Sterile filaments filiform or petal-like. Stamens 5 or 10. Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^S:. Pulse Family. 1. CROTALARIA, L. Kattle-box. Calyx .^-parted. Vexillum cordate : keel falcate. Stamens monadelphous. Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Legume inflated, oblong, many- seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with simple or compound leaves; the stipules often broad, decurreut, inversely sagittate. Racemes mostly opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow. Legumes dark purple. * Leaves simple. 1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual; .stems low, branching, villous or hairy; leaves nearly ses.sile, oval or oblong, hairy; racemes short, 2-3-flowered. — Barren sandy soil. June -July. — Stem 3'-6' high. Kacemes 2'-3' long. 2. C. OValis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or ascending, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled, oval or oblong, hairy; racemes long, 3-6-flowered. — Dry pine barrens. May -July. — Stem 6' -12' high. Racemes 4' -6' long. Flowers distant. 3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial ; stems slender, erect, roughened with scattered appressed hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, the lower ones oblong, the upper linear; racemes long, .5- 10-flowered. — Flat grassy pine barrens in the lower districts. May-June. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Racemes 6'-12' long. Flowers distant. 4. C. retusa, L. Annual ; stem erect ; leaves cuneate-oblong, retuse, glal)rous above, silky-pube.scent beneath, pellucid-dotted ; stipules minute or none ; racemes terminal, many-flowered ; legumes oblong, glabrous. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers large. 5. C. maritima, Chapm. Perennial?, silky-pubescent; stem decumbent, excessively branched ; leaves exstipulate, varying from oblong to linear, nearly sessile, more or less succulent ; racemes very numerous, opposite the leaves, 2-4-flowered; sepals lanceolate, as long as the small petals; legume oblong, glabrous. — Coast and Keys of South Florida. May. LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97 * * Leaves trifoJiolate. 6. C. pumila, Ortega. Shrubby or perennial ; stem slender, decumbent ; leaflets small, cuneate, emarginate, longer than the petiole ; peduncles longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; corolla small ; legume oval, pubescent, few- seeded. — Sandy beach at Casey's Pass, South Florida. Oct. — Stem 2°- 3° long. 7. C. incana, L. Annual, tall, much branched, pubescent ; leaves long- petioled ; leaflets round-obovate ; racemes stout, many-flowered ; keel of the corolla toraentose on the margins ; legume oblong, hairy. — South Florida, near the coast. — Stems 2° -4° high. 2. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. Calvx 2lipped, .^toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexed. Keel falcate, acute. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundish. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the seeds often separated by cel- lular partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmately 5 - many -foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes. 1. L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect; leaves palmately 7-9-folio- late ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; racemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish blue, rarely white. — Var. gracilis (L. gracilis, Nutt.) is a more slender and hairy form, with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil. April - May. 11 — Stem 1° - 1^° high. 2. L. villosus, Willd. — Biennial , villous and hoary'; stems thick, pros- trate or ascending ; leaves simple, lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute, long-peti- oled ; stipules linear-subulate, elongated, adnate below to the petioles ; racemes erect, densely many-flowered ; flowers pale red, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume very wooll^^ — Dry sandy barrens in the lower districts. April. — Stems \°-2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6'- 8' long. 3. L. dififusus, Xutt. Perennial ; silky-tomentose and hoary ; stems prostrate or erect, much branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, short-petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many- flowered ; flowers blue, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume woolly. — With the preceding. April -May. — Stems I°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 3. MEDICAGO, L. ■ Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla deciduous. Vexil- lum longer than the partly united wings and keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1), equal. Style smooth. Legume falcate or coiled, 1 -many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules adnate to the petioles, mostly incised. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. 1 . M. lupulina, L. Pubescent ; stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate, toothed; stipules nearly entire ; spikes globose, many-flowered ; flowers mi- nute ; legumes reniform, 1-seeded, black. — Waste places. Introduced, (l) — Stem l°-2° long. 7 98 LKorMixos.i:. (ri-Lsic family.) -. M. dcnticulata, \\'illtl. Slcms prostrate; leaflets ol)o\ ate or olicor- date, ileiiticiilate ; sii|iulcs eiliatc-tootlieil ; 8i)ike8 2-r)-flowere(i, the flowers puii)lisli ; lefxiiine flat, coiled, the thin marf^iii fringcrl with a double row of curved hooked liristles. — Waste ground. Introduced. 3. M. maculata, Willd. Like tlu- ])recedin{;;, l)Ut the leaflets mo.stly purplisli ill tlie centre, the stipules more strongly toothed, aud the margins of the leguuio tiiicker. — New Orleans. Introduced. 4. MELILOTUS, 'iV.iirn. .Mki.ii.ut, Sweet Clover. Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth long and e(|ual. Corolla deciduous. Wings and keel cohering. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1). Legume ovoid, cori- aceous, veiny or rugose, longer tlian the calyx, 1 - 4-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. — Smooth herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets often toothed. Stipules ad- nate to the petiides. Flowers yellow or white, in axillary racemes. 1. M. officinalis, Willd. stem erect, branching; leaflets obovate-ol> long, tootliod ; flowers yellow ; vexillum striped with brown, as long as the keel and wings ; legume obovate, rugose. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. d) and (2) — Stems l"-3° high. Legumes drooping, 2-secded. 2. M. alba, Lam. Stem erect, branching; leaflets oblong, truncate, ser- rate ; racemes elongated ; flowers white ; vexillum longer than the wings and keel; legumes ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — Cultivated grounds. Intro- duced. (T) — Legumes drooping. 3. M. parviflora, Desf. Annual; stems ascending; leaflets of the lower leaves roundish entire, of the ujjper oblong, denticulate ; flowers very small, densely spiked, yellow; legume ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — Waste ground. Introduced. 5. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. Calyx 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate or setaceous. Corolla withering or per- sistent ; the keel shorter than the wings, and united with tliem by tlieir claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ). Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded, often shorter than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets mostly toothed. Stipules adnate to the jjeti- oles. Flowers (in our species) capitate. * Fruiting calyx erect. 1. T. pratense, L. (Eep Clover.) Hairy; stems erect; leaflets ob- long-ovate or oval, often cmarginate, slightly serrulate ; heads large, ovate ; calyx teeth setaceous, hairy; flowers purple. — Around dwellings. Exten- sively cultivated, but scarcely naturalized, at least in the low country. — Stems \°-2° high. Leaves usually marked with a pale 3-angled spot abf)ve. 2. T. arvense, L. (R.^hrit-foot Clover.) Softly pubescent; stems erect; leaflets linear-oblong, minutely 3-toothed ; heads oblong; calyx teeth setaceous, plumose ; corolla white, with a purple spot on the wings. — Old fields, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced, (l) — Stems 8' -12' high. LEGUMIXOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 99 * * Fruiting calyx refiexed. 3. T. reflexum, L. (Buffalo Clover.) Pubesceut ; stems ascend- ing; leaflets roundish or ohcordate, toothed, the uppermost obloug; heads globose; calyx tube very short, the subulate teeth long and hairy ; vexillum broadly ovate, purple; the wings and keel white; legume 3-5-seeded. — Waste places and pastures. April - May. (T) and (2) — Stems 6'- 1 2' long. Heads large. 4. T. stoloniferum, Muhl. Very near the preceding, but smooth throughout ; stems creeping ; leaflets broadly ohcordate ; heads more loosely flowered ; legumes 2 - 3-seeded. — Open woods and pastures, Tennessee. May - June. 5. T. repens, L. (White Clover.) Smooth; stems creeping ; leaflets roundish or ohcordate; heads globose, long-peduncled ; calyx teeth short; flowers white; legume 4-.seeded. — Pastures aud around dwellings. Intro- duced. May. ^ — Stems 6' - 1 2' long. 6. T. procumbens, L. Pubescent ; stems slender, erect or procumbent ; leaflets small, thin, obovate or ohcordate, toothed, the middle one stalked ; heads small, ovate ; flowers yellow ; legume 1-seeded. — Waste places ; more commou in the upper districts. Introduced. (T) — Stems 6'- 12' long. 7. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Pubesceut; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf- lets small, ohcordate, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-peduncled ; flowers white, tinged with purple ; vexillum acute ; legume 4-seeded. — Fields aud pastures. March -April. ^ — Stems 6' -10' long, in .shady places erect. , 6. HOSACKIA, Dougl. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum as long as the keel and spreading wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless, many-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate. Stipules mostly mi- uute and gland-like. Peduncles 1 -several-flowered. 1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Hairy; stem much branched ; leaves trifolio- late, with oblong leaflets; peduncle 1-flovvered, longer than the leaves; keel acute ; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem 12'- 15' high. Flowers rose-color. 7. PSORALEA, L. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadelphous or partly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often wrinkled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Perennial usually glandular herbs. Stipules cohering with the petioles. Flowers axillary or terminal, purplish or white, racemose or spiked. * Leaves l-3-foIiolate. 1. P. virgata, Nutt. Smoothish; stem virgate, sparingly branched; leaves very remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate ; leaflets linear or oblong- linear, obtuse, the lower ones broader and long-petioled ; stipules setaceous ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves; spikes dense, cylindrical; bracts 100 LKOrMINOS.lC. (rrLSR FAMILY.) ovate, !K-uiniii:ito, and, like tlie calvx, ^^laiidiilaf ami liairy ; CDrolla vii)l('t. — Near St. MaryV, (Joorj^ia, and tlio adjatiMit parts of J-lnrida. July. — Stem 2' hi-ili. LcaHcts 2' - .5' lonj;. 2. P. melilotoides, .Miilix. (ilandular and sii.irinf^lv pubescent; leaves trifoliiilate ; ieatlels olilung lanceolate or elliptical; .>itij)ulc8 subulate; spikes oblong, on jiedundes 2-3 times as long as the leaves; bracts ovate, acumi- nate, veiny; corolla violet; legume rugose. — \'ar. (P. eglandulosa, Ell.) Glandle.xs or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — Dry soil, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. May -June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaficts 1'- 2' long. "5. P. Onobrychis, Niut. Pubescent; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate; racemes elongated, somewhat secund; calyx glandular, the teeth small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, muricate, wrinkled transversely. — Near S)iartanburg, South Carolina. June- July. — Stem 3°-5°high. Leaves very large. 4. p. canescens, Michx. Hoary-pubescent; lower leaves trifoliolate, the up]>er simjik', slmrt petioled ; leaflets obovate, glandular; racemes longer than tlie leaves, few-Howereil ; calyx inflated ; flcjwers blue, turning greenish ; legume even. — Dry ])ine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April - May. — Stem bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia. * * Leaves palmatelij 5 - l-fuliulate. 5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth; stem slender, declining, sparingly branched ; leaflets flliform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ; flowers violet; legumes rugose. — Dry ])ine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. May- June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 6. P. subacaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly .stemless; white with spread- ing hairs; leaflets obovate-oblong ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rigid; spikes dense, ovate or oblong. — Rocky hills near Nashville, Tennessee. April -May. — Leaflets 1' long. Peduncles 4' -6' long. Flowers purple- * * * Leaves pinnate. 7. P. multijuga, F.ll. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9- 10 pairs), oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, pubescent ; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana- ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaflets small. 15racts half as Icfng as the calyx. Flowers violet. 8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Calyx nearly equally .5-toothed or 5-clcft. Petals almost regular, on fili- form claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cor- date or oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. Legume iudeliiscent, I-seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular herbs, with une(iually pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers in terminal spikes or heads. § 1. Lower bracts involucrate, empty: calyx teeth setaceous, plumose: heads globular, corymbed. 1. P. COrymbosus, Michx. Glandular; stems erect, clustered, very leafy ; leaflets 5-15, cuueate-oblong, obtuse, 3" - 4" long ; bracts 9 or more, LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 101 roundish, ciliate ; calyx villous ; petals white, obtuse ; style aud ovarv bearded. — Dry piue barrens iu the middle and lower districts. — Sept. - Oct. — Stem 2° high. Var. trif oliatus. Glandless, or nearly so ; leaflets mostly 3, filiform ; bracts 3-4, broadly ovate, acute ; style bearded below the middle ; petals acute. — With the preceding. § 2. Lower bracts nut involucrate, nor empty: calyx teeth shorter than the tube: spikes single, terminal. * Petals white or Jlesh-colored. 2. P, gracilis, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate ; leaflets 5-7, oblong- linear, obtuse ; spikes oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vexillum obovate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and westward. August. — Stems 2° long. Leaflets ^ long. 3. P. qarneus, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy ; leaf- lets 5 - 7, linear, acute; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; calyx as long as the subulate bracts ; vexillum oblong. — Dry sandy soil, Florida aud Georgia, westward. — Stems 2° -3° high. Flowers white or reddish. 4. P. candidus, Michx. Stem rigidly erect; leaflets 5 - 9, lanceolate, obtuse ; spikes cylindrical in fruit ; calyx sulcate, half as long as the setaceous- pointed bracts, the teeth acute; vexillum "broadly cordate." — West Tennes- see, and westward. August - Sept. 5. P. multiflorus, Nutt. ? Glabrous ; stem corymbose-branched ; leaf- lets 3-5, filiform ; lieads numerous, globose; calyx smooth, longer than the subulate bracts, tlie short teeth obtuse ; legume partly exserted. — St. Peters- burg, Florida (C L. Brownell). — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 3" -4" long. Heads 3" wide. * * Petals purple or rose-color. 6. P. violaCGUS, Michx. Stem erect, corymbose above, very leafy; leaflets 3-5, narrow-linear ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; calyx silky, the short teeth obtuse, as long as the lanceolate acuminate silky bracts. — West Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 2° high. Flowers violet-purple. 7. P. roseus, Nutt. Leaflets narrower ; calyx smooth, the teeth as long as the tube, shorter than the setaceous bracts ; petals obovate, rose-color ; otherwise like the preceding. — Low pine barrens. East Florida. 8. P. folioSUS, Gray. Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets 16-29, linear-oblong, mucronate, the glands few aud small; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the rose purple flow- ers; calyx glabrous, the teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous tube {Gray). — Near Nashville, Tennessee. 9. P. decumbens, Nutt. Stems decumbent, branching from the base ; leaflets 6 or 8, linear-oblong, mucronate ; spikes ovate-oblong ; calyx shorter than the acuminate bracts, the teeth longer than the smooth tube; petals deep violet-purple, linear-oblong, obtuse at the base, vexillum cordate. — Northern Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 1° long. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. 102 LEGUMTXOS^. (I'ULSE FAMILV.) 10. P. Feayi, Cliaimi. Smooth; stems several, deeiimltcut, much braiulied ; leaves loiigiH-tioled, the 4-8 leaHcts soon involute-filiform, obtuse or truueate; heads globular, corymbose, loug-peduneled ; calyx tube smooth, twice the length of the ovate acute pubescent teeth, and smooth bracts ; jjetals bright rose-color; stamens long-exserted. — IJartow, South Florida {Feai/). — Stems 1°- l^° long. Leatiets 5" -8" long. Heads 3" -4" broad. 9. DALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexillum) free, cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united into a cleft tube. Legume I -seeded, memju-anaccous, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers. 1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with numerous liiicai-olilinig leatiets; s])ikes dense, cylindrical, silky-\*illons ; co- rolla small, ])alc violet, the vexillum white. — Kich soil, Alabama, and west- ward. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. D. Domingensis, DC. Erect, velvety-pubescent ; leaflets 12 or 14, obovate ; spikes capitate, short-peduuded ; calyx villous, the lobes subulate. — Key Biscayue, South Florida ( Curtiss). 10. AMORPHA, L. Calyx obcouical, 5-toothed, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. Wings and keel none. Stamens mona(lel])lious at the base, exserted. Legume 1 - 2- seeded, oblong, curved, glandular, indehiscent or nearly so. — Shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, the numerous leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers blue or white, in slender terminal and axillary racemes or spikes. 1. A. fruticosa, L. Stem 5° - 10° high, arborescent, pubescent or gla- brous; leaHets 5- 10 pairs, f'-l|' long, elliptical or oblong, obtuse or emar- giuate, the lowest commonly distant from the stem; racemes mostly 1-3, 4' - 6' long ; calyx teeth short, obtuse, or tlie 2 upper obtuse, the 3 lower or the middle one acute ; vexillum deep blue; legume mostly 1-seeded. — Mostly in low ground and river banks. May - July. Very variable. 2. A. herbacea, Walt, stem lower {■2°-4° high) ; leaflets 10-20 pairs, oval or oblong, 6" -9" long, the lowest near the stem; racemes spicate, 6'- 12' long, often panicled ; calyx teeth more or less villous; vexillum blue or white; legume 1-seeded. — Low sandy pine barrens, in the lower districts. June- July. 3. A. canescens, Xutt. Hoary-tomentose ; leaves se.ssile ; leaflets nu- merous, small, clliiitical , crowded ; spikes short, panicled, dense-flowered; calyx teeth acute, nearly ecjual ; legume l-seeded. — Near Augu.sta, Georgia, and westward. July - August. — Shrub 1 ° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue. 11. ROBINIA, L. Locust. Calvx short, 5-toothed or ri-cleft. tlie two upper teeth shorter and more or less united. Vexillum large, roundish; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 103 (9 & 1). Style bearded ou the side facing the vexillura. Legume com- pressed, mauy-seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees or shrubs, often with stipular spines, uueipially pinnate leaves, and showy white or rose-colored flowers in axillary racemes. 1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Locust, False Acacia.) Smoothish ; spines small on the older branches, straight; leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate or ellip- tical; racemes pendulou?, oblong, many-flowered; flowers white; legume 4 - 6-seeded. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. April - May. — A tree 30°- 60° high, witli hard and durable wood. Eacemes 3' - 5' long. Calyx spotted. Legume smooth, flowers fragrant. 2. R. viscosa, Vent. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and legumes gland- ular-viscid ; spines very small ; leaflets 11-25, ovate and oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short bristle ; flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3-5- seeded. — Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May -June. — A tree 20° -40° high. Flowers inodorous. 3. R. hispida, L. Branches, etc. more or less bristly; stipules very slender and bristle-like, deciduous ; leaflets 11 - 18, smootii, ovate or oblong- ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tipped with a long bristle; flowers large, in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bi-ight rose color. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, both the ordinary form, and the var. ROSEA {Pursh), with pubescent brandies and few-flowered racemes. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. \'ar. Elliottii. Branches, etc. pubescent; stipular spines very stout, spreading or recurved. (R. hispida, var. rosea. Ell.) — Pine barrens in the central parts of Georgia, and southward. — Shrub 3°- 5° high, with tliick and rigid branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, Ell.), is found at Columbia, South Carolina. 12. WISTARIA, Nutt. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the lower 3cleft. Vexillum large, with 2 parallel ridges at the base. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume coriaceous, nearly terete, contracted between the seeds, at length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and showy purple flowers, in a crowded raceme. 1. W. frutescens, DC. Young leaves and branches silky-pubescent; leaflets 9- 13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; stipels none; racemes on short branches, dense-flowered. — Margins of swamps in tlie lower districts. April - May. — Leaflets V long. Racemes 4' -6' long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 1 - several-seeded. Bracts large, caducous. 13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish, spread- ing or reflexed, usually white within, and reddish or purple and silky with- out ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadelplious or dia- delphous. Style smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, 104 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSK FAMILY.) iiianv-scfilcd. — rircmiial licrKs, witli iiiii'c|n:illy jiiiinatc leaves, witli the k-alii'ls uitiiositu nimruiialo and slraif^lil-veiiu'il, and white lluwers, turning ])ur|di.sli. » Kluwers siixjle or by pairs in the axils of the leaves ; the uppermost often crowded in a dense raceme. 1. T. Virginiana, I'ers. (Goat's Rue.) Soft-hairy and soniewliat hoarv or .>imoothish ; steins very leafy, clustered, erect, simple; leaflets 11- 25, oblong or linear-ohlong, acute or obtuse, siuootliisli above ; flowers yellow- ish wliite tinged with ])ur])le. — Dry soil. June -July. — .Stems l°-2° high, from long ami slender roots. Tlowers showy. * * Flowers in long-ped uncled racemes ojijiosite the leaves : vexillum pubescent ' externalljj. 2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems simple or diffu.sely branched ; leaves scattered, short-petioled ; leaflets 9-15, oval or cuneale-oblong, rounded and stn)ngly mucronate at tlie a))e.\, smooth- ish above; racemes 2-3 times as long as the leaves, 6 - lO-flowered ; lobes of the calyx linear-subulate ; flowers large. Varies with linear, acute, and reflexed leaflets, the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -July. — Stems l°-2° long. 3. T. hispidula, Tursh. Hirsute ; stems slender, terete, erect or pro- cuml)ent; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets; leaflets 11-15 (4" -8" long), oblong, acute or obtuse ; peduncles slender, terete, commonly longer tluin the leaves, 2 - 4-flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- July'. — Stems 6'- 18' long. Legume slightly hispid. 4. T. chrysophylla, Pursh. Prostrate, rusty-pubescent; stems dif- fusely branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (I'-lf long); leaflets (yellowish) 5-7, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, smooth above; peduncles longer than the leaves, terete, 2 - 3-flowered ; calyx teeth short, acute. — Varies with smaller (h' - \' long) leaves and flowers, the latter mo.stly solitary on the short peduncles. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stems 6'- 18' long. 5. T. ambigua, M. A. Curtis. Hoary-pubescent, or nearly smooth ; stems decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long-petioled (5'- 6' long) ; leaf- lets 7-15, distant, wedge-oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, paler and often smooth above, pur])lish and strongly veined beneath ; peduncles flattened, ei[nalling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx teetli short, acute. — Dry sandy soil, Fhn-ida to Nortli Carolina. June- July. 6. T. onobrychoides, Nntt. Softly pubescent; stem erect, mostly simple; lea\es ])etio]od; leaflets numerous, narrowly oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, nmcronate, soon smooth above ; racemes very long, erect, many-flowered ; legume nearly straight. — Pine barrens near Mobile (J/o/(r), and westward. — Stem 2"^ high. Leaflets 1' long. Kacemes l°-2° long. 7. T. leptOStachya, DC. Stem erect, branching, slightly pubescent; leaflets 12-14, wedge-oblong, when young silky beneath; stipules subulate; LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 105 racemes long and slender ; flowers distant ; legume erect. — Sandhills at Cajie Canaveral ( Curtiss). July. — Stem l°-2° high. 8. T. angUStissiraa, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stems slender, prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 10-15, linear, acute, mostly opposite ; racemes very slender, longer than the leaves, bearing 2-4 small scattered flowers ; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangular- ovate acute teeth. — South i'lorida [Rugel). — Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8" - \2" long, 1" wide, spreading. Corolla about 3" long. 14. INDIGOFEEA, L. Indigo. Calyx 5-cleft. Ve.xillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each side, often elastically reflexed. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 1 - many-seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated by membranaceous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and white, brownish, or purplish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping. * Racemes longer than the leaves. — Indigenous species. 1. I. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; stem erect, tall, branching; leaf- lets 10- 15, obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx teeth short, acute ; flowers yellowish brown ; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July -August. % — Stem 3° -5° high. Flowers small. Legume 4" - 5" long. 2. I. leptosepala, Nutt. Hough hairy; stem decumbent; leaflets 7-9, obovate-obloug or cuneate ; racemes 6-1 5-flowered ; calyx teeth slender- subulate ; flowers pale scarlet ; legume linear, even, 6 - 9-seeded. — Georgia, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume \\' long, straight, 4-angled. 3. I. subulata, Vahl. Somewhat shrubby, sparsely pubescent with ap- pressed hairs; stem filiform, decumbent; leaves distant ; leaflets 5, oblong, mucronate ; racemes loosely many-flowered, in fruit many times longer than the leaves ; calyx teeth subulate ; legume filiform, reflexed, nearly terete, 6 - 8-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 2' - 3' long. Legume 2' - 3' long. * * Racemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species. 4. I. tinctoria, L. Stem erect ; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath ; legume terete, torulose, curved. — Waste places. August. 5. I. Anil, L. Stem erect ; leaflets 7-15, oval ; legume compressed, even, thickened at each suture. — Waste places. These two species were formerly cultivated in some of the States, and em- ployed in the manufacture of Indigo. 15. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx bibracteolate, campanulate, truncate, 5-toothed. Petals clawed. Vex- illum round or reniform ; wings straight, as long as the curved obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth; stigma truncate. Legume con- tinuous, contracted between the seeds, 2 -many -seeded, the seeds separated by cross partitions. Cotyledons thick; radicle incumbent. — Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers in axillary racemes. lOG leguminos.t:. (pulsk family.) * Inner icall of the legume sejHiratiiKjfrmn the outer one (it inaturili/ in the form of a membranous stick enclosing the seeds. 1. S. vesicaria, Kll. Annual, 2*'-10°lii{,^h,filiil)rtiu.s; If.iflctsnniiirrons, 1' lonj;, linoar-ulihing, niiuToiiate ; racemes sliorter tlian the leaves, simple or coniitDund ; (lowers small, vclinw ; lej^nine olilong, 1^^' long, 2-seetle(l. ((ilot- tulimn, JJesr.) — Damj) ground near the coast. August. * * Inner and outer walls united : suture thick or winged. 2. S. macrocarpa, Mulil. Annual, .3°- 10° high, glabrous; leaflets very numerous, V- 1' long, oiilong-linear, olduse; racemes short, 1 -4-tlo\vered; Howers yellow, dotted, the vexillum orhicnliU"; legume 6'- 10' long, linear, compressed - 4-angle(l, many-seeded. — Marshes along the coast. August - Sept. 3. S. punicea, Henth. Trutcsceut, 2°-.')° high ; leallets 10-20, linear- ohlong ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers large, scarlet ; legume oblong, 4-wiuged, few-seeded. — Low ground. Sparingly introduced. 16. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vktch. Ciilyx 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the wings and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadeljihous. Legume commonly turgid, few -many -seeded, usually partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of one or both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and ax- illary spiked or racemose flowers. * Legume partli/ or completely 2-celled bij the introversion of the dorsal suture. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent , leaflets 21 -31, oblong, obtuse ; sti]jules (jvate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many-flowered ; calyx teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June -August. ^ — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets 1'- ly long. Flowers f long, pale yellow. 2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, iiearly smooth ; leaflets 15 -2.5, oblong- linear, ])ubes(ent l)eneath ; .stipules minute, spreading ; s])ikes longer than the leaves, loo.sely many-flowered ; calyx teeth broad and short ; legume curved, oblong, flattened edgewise. — Dry pine barrens in the mitldle districts. April. 11 — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Flowers white. 3. A. obcordatus, Ell. Smoothish; stems prostrate; leaflets small, 17- 25, obcordate ; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely^ 8- 15-flowered ; legumes crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny. — Dry sandy barrens in the lower dis- tricts. April -June. ^ — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaflets 3" -4" long. Flowers i)a]c ])nr])l(>. 4. A. caryoearpus, Ker. Stems prostrate or ascending, appressed- pubescent ; leaflets 16-24, oblong ; stipules ovate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes rather loosely flowered ; the flowers violet-purple ; legume ovate, acute, smooth, thick and succulent, corky when dry. — Near Nash- ville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 5. A. Plattensis, Nutt., var. Tennesseensis, Gray. Villous, ca- nescentj stems prostrate or ascending; leaflets about 20, oblong or linear- LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107 oblong, obtuse or emargiiiate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes short, 10- 15-flowered ; calyx teeth subulate ; legume ob- long, curved, thick and fleshy, many-seeded. — North Alabama and Tennessee. March -April. 2/ — Stems 4' -6' long. Flowers 8" -9" long, apparently purple. * * Legume l-celled : the ventral suture thickened and sometimes slightly inflexed. 6. A. villosus, Michx. Villous and hoary; stems pro.strate; leaflets about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emarginate ; stipules lanceolate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx teeth longer than the tube; legume oblong, curved, 3-augled, l-celled. — Dry pine barrens^ Florida to South Carolina. April - May. 2/ — Stems 4'- 6' long. Flowers small, dull yellow. 17. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch, Tare. Calyx tulnilar, 5-cleft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filiform, hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 2-valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules mostly semi- sagittate. Flowers axillary. * Peduncles shorter than the leaves, l-2-Jlowered. 1. V. sativa, L. (Vetch or Ta^e.) Pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10-12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, emarginate; flowers by pairs, nearly sessile, pale purple; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated grouuds. Introduced, (l) — Corolla Y long. Stem 1° - 2° long. 2. V. mierantha, Nutt. Smooth; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely acute; peduncles 1-2-flowered; flowers minute, pale blue; legume sabre- shaped, 4- 10-seeded. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, Florida to North Alabama, and westward. April. (T) — Stems 2° -3° long. Seeds black. * * Peduncles commonli/ longer than the leaves, 3 - manjj-Jlowered. 3. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hair}-; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, about as long as the leaves ; calyx teeth equal ; flow- ers small, bluish white ; legume short, oblong, 2-seeded. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. April - May. 4. V. acutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong, acute or truncate ; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered, usually longer than the leaves ; flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast. March -May. 2/ — Stems angled, 2° -4° long, brandling. 5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear- olilong, obtuse or Ijarely acute ; stipules small, subulate ; peduncles many- flowered ; calyx teeth sliorter than the tube ; flowers nearly white, tlie keel tipped with blue ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly in .the upper districts. April -May. ^ — Stems 3° -4° long, branching. Flowers 4" - 6" long. 6. V. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaflets 10-15, elliptical, rounded or emarginate at the tip ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered, flowers small, pale blue ; 108 HSGUMINOSiE. (pulse FAMILY.) calvx liuiry; leguinc liruadly sabrcsliaped, 5 - C-seo(le. D. CUSpidatum, Tnrr. &(!ray. SUiii sniDotli.trcct ; loavfs smooth, oviito or l:iiii(i>l:itf-ovatt-, aiuiiiinate; jtanirle mostly siiii]ile, elongated; How- crs anil bracts lar^e ; le>;;nme 4-G-jointe(l. the joints rhomhic-oldonp;, eon- necteil l>y a i>roail neck. — Dry open woods. .Inly- Aiij^u.st. — Stem ."3^-5° high. Leali.is .5 - ">' l..ng. Legume 1 i'-'i' long. 7. D. viridiflorum, Beck, stem stout, tomentose, rough above ; leaves large; leaHets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very mugh above, jiale ami velvety beneath; stijjules ovate, acuminate, rather snuill ; panicle large, lealless ; legume 3-4-jointed, on a stipe twice as long as the calyx, the joints half orbicular, connected by a narrow neck. — Rich open woods. August. — Stem 3°-4°high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Corolla turning greenish. 8. D. OChroleucum, M. A.Curtis. Stems decumbent, hairy ; leaflets smoothisli, ovate, reticulate ; stipules large, ovate ; racemes elongated ; corolla whitish; legumes twisted, 2-4-joiuted, the large joints rhomboid, smooth. — North Carolina, and northward. 9. D. humifusum, Beck. Nearly glabrous; stem prostrate; leaflets ovate, mostly obtuse, thin, faintly veined, I'-U' long; stipules small, lance- olate; flowers small, purple; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular, minutely scabrous. — ( )pcn wooils, Tennessee, and northward. 10. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, hairy; leaflets or- bicular, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, the termi- nal ones panided ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods. August. — Stem 3° -5° long. Flowers showy, occasionally yellowish white. * * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 3-5-jointed, nearly strair/ht on the upper suture, ike joints triangular, rarehj rounded on the lower suture. 11. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy; panicle leafy; flowers and bracts large; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry woods in the upper districts. August. — Stem 2° -3° high, furrowed. Upper leaves subsessile. 12. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy; \eaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle large, leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. — Open woods, common. August. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaflets l'-2' long. Bracts and flowers small. 13. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady pla-^es, North and South Carolina. — Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit. 14. D. laevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, obtuse, smooth, or slightly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium. Ell.) — Dry rich soil. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets V-2' long, the lateral ones occasionally wanting. LEGUMIXOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 113 ?5. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, with long and virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, ob- tuse, smooth or slightly pubescent ; legume 3 - 5-jointed, tlie joints triangular. — Shady woods. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets ratlier rigid. * * * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 2-3-jointed ; the joints small, oral, or ohliquelj obovate : flowers small. 16. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- cent al)Ove ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much longer than the short petiole; panicle leafless, very rough; flowers small; legume sessile, mostly 2-jointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. July - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 17. I>. strictum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, smooth or rougliish ; leaves on short petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the pedicels very slender ; legume stipitate, 1 - 3-joiuted. — Pine barrens. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - AP high. Leaflets 1' - 2'loug. 18. D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2° -3° high, brandling, softly pubescent ; leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets 1'- 2' long, rather rigid, linear- oblong, obtuse, scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; flowers crowded on the long branches of the panicle, short-pedicelled ; joints of the nearly sessile legume 2-3, hisj)id. — Dry open woods, Tennessee, aud northward. 19. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly shorter than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2-jointed. (H. ob- tusum, Ell.) — Dry open woods. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets rarely more than 1' long, sometimes oblong. 20. D. ciliare, DC. Very much like the last, but the stem and leaves rough-hair}^, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. — With the preceding. 21. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent ; leaflets (pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly reticulated on both sides ; panicle ample, leafy below ; legume mostly 3-joiuted. — Dry woods. August. — Stems 2° -3° high. Leaflets I'-S' long. 22. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or paniculate, rough; legume 2-3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens in the lower districts. August. — Stem l°-2°long. Leaflets seldom more than I' long. Racemes ]°- 2° long. 23. D. Floridanum, Chapm. Stem short, rigid, very rough; lower leaves 1 -3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or olituse, very rough above, pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules subulate ; panicle elongated, sparingly branched, leafless; legume 2-4-jointed, the stipe shorter than the calyx; joints obliquely obovate. — Dry sandy soil near the coast. Florida. July- August. — Proper stem 1° higli, the panicle 2°-3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small. 8 Ill LKCrMINOS.!-:. (PILSK FAMILY.) § 3. I^i/itiiii' scssilf, nearly even on both sutures, the juints quadram/ular. 24. D. triflorum, DC (Votping, jHilHsicnt ; leatlt-ts obconliite ; pe- tlmiclfS iixilliin, siiii;lf, di'J-.I toj^ctlier, l-lluwin-il ; li-jjiuno curvctl, 3-4- joiiiti'd. — M;iii;it(c, Smitli Flnrida. Iiitrcuiiiced. — Stem G'-12' l"iig. 25. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx 2-lii)pcd, with tiif iippi r lip 2-( liii uml the lower S-parted, or nearly eipially 4-i)arted. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1). Style smooth, siil)ulate. Legume ol)li)iig or seimitar-slia])ed, mo.xtly 1-2-seeded. Seeds earuiKuhite. — Krett or twining herbs or slirul)s, with 1 or 3-folis.ic. (itlsk famii.v.) » Fliiirtrs sidlUrid in Ion;/ raremi's: hijumis sriiiiildr-slKijird. 1. P. perennis, Walt. Stom iliniKinf;, )inlK'S(i'iit ; leadcts ovate, acute, entire, inciiiliiatiiutiiiis ; raceincs tifleii hruiicliiii^, twice as loiij; as tlu; leaves. — l^ow woods ami margins ol' fields. July -i\iii;iisU ^ — l.,ealiels 2'-4' long. Flowers purple. 2. P. sinuatus, Nutt. Stem]in).stratc,sniootliish; leaflets small (1' long), rouniiisii or ^-lolied, strongly reticulate, ratlicr rigiil ; racemes 6-8 times as long as the leaves, solitary, simple. — Dry samly jiine liarrens. Florida. July - August. "21 — Stem 8°- 12° long. Flowers pale jmrple. » * Flowers clustered iii the snmmil nf the jieduneles : lei/ume linear, nearli/ terete : seed scurf II . (Strophostvi.ks, Ell.) 3. P. diversifolius, Pers. Annual ; stems i)rostratc or trailing, mugli- liairy ; leiitleis cvnte. entire or 2-;Mol)e(l; peduncles twice as long as the leaves. — Sandy soil. Jniie-Sejit. — Stems 2° -4° long. Corolla purple, withering greenisli. 4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or hairy ; stems prostrate, leaflets varying from ovate to oljlong-linear, rarely 3-lobed ; peduncles 3-6 times as long as the leaves. — Woods and margins of fields. June-Sejit. — Corolla pale purple. 5. P. pauciflorus, Bentb. Annu.il, softly pubescent ; stem twining; leaflets r-l.\'long, obloug-ovate, obtuse ; peduncles often sliorter than the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers small, legume broadly linear, com])rcssed, hir- sute, few-seeded ; seeds oval, smooth. — Waste ground, ]\Iississi])pi, Tenuea- see, and westward. 28. VIGNA, Savi. Calyx 4-tootlied, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum de- pressed-orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. Stamens included in the keel, diadelphous, aud with the style bent upward. Style hairy above, appendaged below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, somewhat torulose, the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and racemose axillary flowers. 1. V. luteola, Benth. Annual, smooth or hirsute; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate; racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers yellow, crowded ; legume terete, liirsutc. — Bracki.sh maislies along the coast, .luly - Sept. 29. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx tubular-campaniilate, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long- petiolulatc. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. 1. E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, .several from a very thick root, prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long petioled ; leaflets ovate or somewhat hastate; vexillum lanceolate, folded; seeds scarlet. — Light LEGUMINOS.E (pulse FAMILY.) 117 sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April -May. — Stems 2° -4° high. Racemes l°-2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume opening by one suture opposite the seeds. Var. arborea. Stems woody, 10° -20° higli, widely branching at the summit ; racemes axillary, few-flowered ; flowers smaller ; legume erect. — South Florida. 30. CLITORIA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillnm very large, spurless on the back, obovate, emargiuate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, vein- less. — Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erector twining; leaflets ovate-ob- long, pale beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 -3-flowered; legume 3-4-seeded. — Dry soil. July -August. — Stem 1°-. 3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter thau the calyx. Legume l|'-2' long. 31. CENTROSEMA, DC. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexilluin very large, spurred on tlie back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly sessile, linear, compressed, the sutures tliickeued, the valves lined with an intra-marginal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C. Virginiana, Beuth. Rough with a short hooked pubescence; stem very slender, much branched ; leaflets ovate to linear-oblong, strongly reticulate ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 -4-flowered ; calyx teeth subulate, barely exceeding the ovate bracts ; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elon- gated, curved, many-seeded. — Dry soil. June- Sept. — Flowers 1|^' long. Legume 4' - 6' long. 32. AMPHICARP^A, Ell. Flowers of two kinds ; tiiose on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abor- tive, those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Ye.xillum obovate and partly enclosing the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or perennial herbs, witli trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplisli, iu simple or cnuipound axillary racemes. 1. A. monoiea, Nutt. Hairy; .'^tems much branched; leaflets rhombic- ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts striate ; calyx teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. Rich soil. August- Sept. 33. GALACTIA, P. Browne. Calyx 4-toothed, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re- flexed in flower. Stamens diadelplions. Legume more or less compressed, 2-valved, few - many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial lis LEGUMINOS.I?. (Pl'LSK FAMILY.) licrlis, with loiig-ovai, oljtu.se or emargiiiate at both ends, smooth ahove, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer than the leaves ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, thickeued at the .sutures, sprinkled with short ajipressed hairs, 6- lOseeded. — .South I'lorida. Aug. - .Si'pt. 2. G. pilosa, Ell. Tuliesccut or smoothish ; stem branching, twining , leaflets varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtu.se ; racemes (including the slender peduncle) 2' -10' long, rarely reduced to a single sessile flower; flowers mostly single, distant ; calyx smoothish ; legume straight, slightly compressed, lO-seeded. (G. mollis, Niitt.) — Dry soil, common. July- August. 3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and .somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros- trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, or the upper ones acute; racemes 6' -10' long, the flowers, 2-3 together, approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle; calyx, like the .straight 10-seedcd compressed legume, very villous and hoary. (G. j)ilosa, NiUt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens. July - August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. 4. G. flliformis, Bonth. Stem long, twining, villous ; leaflets oval or oblong, silky beneath, .shorter than the many-flowered curved racemes; flowers rather large, purple, the vexillum finely and obliquely striate with deeper lines; legume silky, falcate, compres.sed, 10-seeded. — Keys of South Flor- ida. Nov. 5. G. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. Iloary-pubescent ; stems prostrate; leaflets oval or oliloiig, rarely acute, reticulate; racemes simple or branched, often by ])airs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, approximate; legume flat, lO-seeded. — Var. microphtlla. Every way smaller, the leaflets (^'-f long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost sessile in axillary clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the coast of Florida. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaflets 1' - 2' long. 6. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets rather rigid, ot)loiig, rarely acute, smooth and shining above, .slightly hairy beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ; style elon- gated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4-6-seeded. — Dry pine barren.s. July -August. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers large, reddish purple. * *Leaves trifoliolafe, with nearhf sessile leaflets: stems erect. 7. G. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stems .slender, branching, and, as well as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, obtuse ; flowers few, somewhat clustered at the summit of the slender peduucle ; calyx woolly. — Dry sandy pine barrens of Middle Florida. July- LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 119 August. — Stems 1°- 1^° higli. Leaflets shorter than the petiole. Flowers small, ]iuiijlf. 8. G. sessiliflora, Torr. & Gray. Stem short, smooth, simple ; leaflets oblong or liuear-obloug, obtuse, smooth on both sides ; flowers crowded in nearly sessile axillary clusters ; calyx hairy. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers M'hite. Le- gume oblong-linear, tomeutose, 6 - 8-seeded. * * * Leaves pinnate : stems twining. 9. G. Elliottii, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, elliptical-oblong, emarginate, nearly smooth and .shining above, pubescent beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves, few-flowered near the summit of the peduncle ; corolla white tinged with red ; legume oblong compressed, villous, falcate, 3 - 5-seeded. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. May - June. — Plant some- times silky throughout. 34. CANAVALIA, DC. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip larger, with two rounded lobes, the lower entire or 3 clef t. Vexillum large, orbicular, with two ridges within; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong-linear, compressed ; the valves with a longitudinal ridge near the thickened upper suture. Seeds separated by interposed cellular tissue: hiluni linear. — Prostrate or twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and showy flowers in axillary racemes. 1. C. obtusifolia, DC. Smoothish; stem long, prostrate ; leaflets thick, oval or orbicular, pointless ; racemes stout, longer than the leaves, 6-8- flowered ; flowers rose-color ; legume 6-seeded. (C. rosea and C. miniata, DC.) — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July - Sept. — Stem 10° -15° long Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4'- 5' long, V wide. Seeds brown. 2. C. altissima, Macfadyen. Frntescent; stem climbing; leaflets ob- long, mi;cronate-awned ; racemes many-flowered, the petals large, purple ; legume slightly curved, ll-seeded, the seeds "ovoid, dark brown." — South Florida (Feay), climbing over the tallest trees. — Legume 8' - 1 0' long, 1' - \\' wide. 3. C. gladiata, DC. Annual; stem climbing; leaflets thin, ovate; ra- cemes many-flowered; petals white; legume falcate, 10- 12-seeded ; seeds oblong, brownish red. — South Florida. August. — Leaflets 3' -4' long. Legumes 1° long, \^' wide. Seeds V long. 35. DIOCLEA, HBK. Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cIeft. Vexillum obovate-oblong, with two callosities near the base, and a membranous expansion at the sides. Wings and keel nearly equal, oblong. Stamens diadel]3hous. Style hooked, glabrous. Leg- ume oblong, compressed, coriaceous, narrowly 2-winged, few-seeded. Seeds oval, separated by a thin membrane. Ililum linear. — Trailing vines, with trifoliolate leaves and red or purple flowers in axillary racemes. 1. D. Boykinii, Gray. Perennial, pubescent ; leaflets thin, large, or- bicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and densely IL'O I.KCilMINOS.E. (PITLSE FAMILY.) floworc'il at tlic suiiiiiiil . Jamaica Dcxiwooi). Calyx caiiijiaimlatL', o-luuilu-d. Kiil olituse. A'exilliiin roiiiided. Sta- nieii.-* diailtdplious at the biuse, iii()iiadelpli()u.>< above. Style (ilifonii, smooth. Legume stipitate, linear, eontraeted between the seeds, furnished with four nienibranaieuus longitudinal wings. Seeds compressed. — Tropical trees. Leaves uiie(|nally ](iniiate. Flowers in terminal ])anieles. 1. P. Erythrina, L. Young branehes, leaves, and panicle silky and hoary, at length snioothish ; leaflets 7 - 9, obhjng or obovate, al)rnptly acute, straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many- flowered, shorter than the leaves; ujiper teeth of the calyx ]>artly united; legume 6-seeded. — South Forida. March -April. — A small tree. Leaves deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad wings wavy. 37. ECASTAPHYLLUM, V. Urowne. Calyx campanulate, UMe(jnally 5-toothed. Vexillum orbicular. Stamens 8 or 10, diadeliilious. Ovary stipitate, 2-ovuled. Style short anil slender. Legume orbicular, compressed, mostly 1-seedcd. — Tropical shrubs, with pin- nate leaves, and small flowers in short axillary panicles. I. E. Brownei, Hers. Stem branching ; leaf reduced to a single ovate acute leaHet, ])ubescent above, pale and velvety beneath ; panicles duster-like, shorter than the petiole ; corolla white ; legume 1-seeded. — Banks of rivers, South Florida. Xov. — Shrub 4°- 8° high. Leaflet 3' - 5' long. 38. BAPTISIA, Vent. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft ; the up]ier lube broader anil mostly cmarginate. A^e.\'illnm roundish, with the sides reflexed ; wings and keel straight. Sta- mens 10, distinct, shorter than the wings, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval or oblong, inilated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style. — Erect widely liranching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, witlieriiig-]iersistent. Stipules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flow- ers showy in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary. * Leaves simple, xessile, or perfoliate. 1. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Smooth; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate, oljtuse ; stipules none; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, sessile or short-pedunded ; ovary villous and hoary; legume small, ovate, coriaceous, smooth. — Drv- pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. — Stem luuch branched, 2^-3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow. Plant dries black. 2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicular, glaucous; sti]jules none; flower axillary, solitary; k^gume small, ovate, cori- aceous. — Dry sandy soil in the middle districts of Georgia and South Caro- LEGUM1N0S.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 121 Una. May. — Stem 2"^ high. Leaves 2' -.3' long. Flowers small, yellow; ve.xillum orbicular, emargiuate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and style smooth. * * Leaves trifoliolale, petiolecl. ■*- Flowers yellow. 3. B. lanceolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying from lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base; stipules and bracts small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the a.xils, and in short terminal racemes, siiort-pedicelled ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous, slender-pjinted. — Dry pine barrens. Ajiril-May. — 8tem 2° high. Leaflets r-2' long. Plant turns black in drying. 4. B. villosa, Ell. Pubescent; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above ; lower stipules and lanceolate bracts persistent; racemes many-flowered, declining; ovary villou.s ; legume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in Xo. 3, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 5. B. megacarpa, C'hapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spread- ing branches ; leaves on slender petioles; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numerous, terminal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers large, pale yellow, on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Flor- ida. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 1^' - 2' long. Legume 1' - H' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 6. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Smooth ; branches slender, elongated ; leaves small, on sliurt petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge- obovate ; stipules and l)racts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ; flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small, roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil. May -June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets ^' - 1' long. Plant usually becomes blackish in drying. 7. B. stipulaeea, Ravenel. Smooth; branches spreading; leaves small, short-petioled, 2 - 3-f oliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly cla.sping; leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base; stipules and bracts large, round-cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose : pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubes- cent on the edges; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. (B. microphylla, Nutt.) — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina (Ravenel). June -July. — Stem 2° -3^ liigh. Leaflets ^'-f long. Plant nearly unchanged in drying. 8. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent; stem diffusely branched; leaves small, short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules sul)ulate and caducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia. May- June. — Stem 2° l)igh. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in drying. \2'2 LEOVMixos.t:. (pi'lse family.) 9. B. calycosa, Cunln-. Sniootliish, imicli braiuhed ; leaflets wedp;e- ohovnte; stipules ami bracts lanceolate, persistent; racemes numerous, ter- minal, the lohj^ (I - -') peilicels hiliracteulate ; luhes ng-ol)ovate, cuneate ; flowers in a long loo.sc central raceme, and in short racemes terminating the branches ; pedicels longer than the calyx in fruit ; segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume olilong, inflated, the stipe longer than the caly.x. — Society Hill, South Carolina (Curtis). May -June. — Stem diffusely branched, l°-2° liigh. Leaflets 1' long. Leg- ume 8" lung. I'lant unciianged in drying. •^ ■•- F lowers white. 11. B. alba, K. Bmwn. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- ous, hiirizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuneate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse; stipules and bracts minute, caducous; raceme usually soli- tary, central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindri- cal.— Dry woods, North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2°-3° high, often ])urple. Leaflets 1' long. Kacemes 1° -3° long. Corolla ^' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 12. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous; branches spreading, leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating the branches, hmg, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much inflated, long-stipitate. — Kiver banks. South Carolina, aud westward. March- A])ril — A stouter plant than the ])receding, with larger leaves and flowers, changing Idackish in drying. Legumes 1^' long. 13. B. leucophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, angled; leaves sliort-petinh'd ; leaflets varying from oltlanceolate to obovate, rigid, reticulate, soon smooth above ; stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, persistent; racemes stout, declined, 1-sided; flowers large, yellowish white, on long and slender erect pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume ovoid, long-pointed. — Dry rich oak woods, Georgia, and westward. April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Kacemes 4'- 12' long. Flowers 1' long, the vex- illum spotted with brown. Plant turns black in drying. •t- -1- -t- Flowers blue. 14. B. australis, K.Brown. Smooth; leaves all short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stii)ulcs leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles; ra- cemes large, erect, many-flowered; flowers (indigo blue) very large; bracts deciduous; legume oblong. — Banks of rivers, Georgia (Pnrsh), and west- ward. June -July. — Stem 2° -.3° high. Flowers T or more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 39. THERMOPSIS, K.Brown. Stamens mostly persistent. Legume linear or oblong linear, nearly sessile, flattened, many seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in Baptisia. Flowers yellow. LEGUMINOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 123 1. T. Caroliniana, M. A. Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-obloug, silky beneath ; stipules very large, ovate or oblong, clasping ; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, many-flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes obloug-linear, erect, straight, villous and lioary, 10- 12-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. May -July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Raceme 6' -12' long. Legume 2' long. 2. T. fraxinifolia, M. A. Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth above, glaucous aud slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter than the petioles ; racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spread- ing pedicels; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent; legume linear, falcate, pu- bescent, spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Legume 3' long. 3. T. mollis, M. A. Curtis. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branclied ; leaf- lets obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; ra- cemes declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, flat, short stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, vl//c/i.r.) — Rocky woods in the middle districts of North Carolina. April -May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' - 3' long, many-seeded. 40. CLADRASTIS, Raf. Yellow- Wood. Calyx 5-toothed ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large, roundish, reflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short-stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal drooping panicled racemes. 1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michx.) — Hillsides, in rich soil, Tennessee and Kentucky. May. — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth, parallel-veined, 3' -4' long ; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules none. Racemes 1° long. Flowers V long. 41. SOPHORA, L. Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or cohering at the base. Legume moniliform, wingless, many-seeded, inde- hiscent. Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary-tomentose ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- ceous, liecoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed. — South Florida, near the coast. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Flowers showy, yel- low. Legume stipitate, 5' long. SuBOKDER ir. CAESALiPINIE^E. (Brasiletto Family.) 42. CERCIS, L. Red-bud. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals ^11 di.stinct, the vexillum shorter than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many seeded ; iL'l LKtUMlNOS.K. (PILSK FAMILY.) the ii|)]ii'r MUmc wiiiiii''!. — Trees, willi liroailly enrdiite simple stipulate leaves, and reiltiisli ]itirple clustered flowers ajipeariiig before the leaves. 1. C. Canadensis, L. — Hieh soil. Fell. -March. — Tree 15°-20C high. Flowers wry nuim-rous, from lateral buds. 43. CASSIA, L. Sknx.v. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, iiiK'(iual. Stamens 5-10. Anthers mo.stly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Leg- ume many-seetled. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves aliruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. * Stamens ]0, unei/ual : jiuit oj' the utillurs ahoilice : sefials obtuse ; stipules deciduous. 1 C. OCCidentalis, I- Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ;. leaf- lets aliout 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; petiole with a globular gland at the base; racemes 2-4-tlowered, tlie u])])er ones crowdeil. — Waste places, common. — Stem 1'' - b^ liigli- Legume linear, comjtressed, slightly incurved, 3' -4' long. 2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slentler, leaflets 6, cune ate-obovate, w ith a tuotli-likc glauil lietween the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ; legume narrow-linear, 4-angIed, recurved. — Witli the preceding. — -Stem l°-4° iiigh. Legume 6'- 10' long. 3. C. Marilandica, L. rerennial, smoothisli ; leaflets 12-18, olilong, acute; jjetiole with a club-sliaped gland near the base; racemes several- flowered, the nj)j)er ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, curved. — Kirli soil. August. — Stem .'5''-4° li'g'i- Legume .3'-4' long. Var. ? Floridana. Leaflets .smaller {\V h>iig), often alternate; pedicels longer (l.^'long); legumes straight, flat, 3" wide ; .seeds orbicular; flowers not seen. — St. John's County, East Florida {Mr. Seddiiuj). 4. C. ligUStrina, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branclied ; leaflets 6- 10, olilong, mueronate, very oblicjue at the base, with a conical gland on the petiole or between the lowest pair of leaflets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on slender ])edicel.s ; se])als oblong-obovate ; petals veiny ; legume (3' -4' long) broaiUy linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded. — South Fhjrida. F"eb. — Leaflets 9"- 12" long. Legumes 4" wide. 5. C. biflora, L. Slirubby ; leaflets 4-10, oblong, narrowed at the ba. ; legume linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many-seeded. — Key West. — Leaflets 1' long. Legume 3' long, 2" wide. » * Stamens .5-10; anthers all perfect: sepals acute: stipules persistent: hf/umes erect. 6. C. Chamsecrista, L. Annual-; stem smooth or rnsty-liairy ; leaflets small, numerous, linear oblong, mueronate; stipules acuminate, nerved; flowers borne above the axils, large, clu.stered, on long pedicels ; anthers 10; style slender; legume linear, nearl^straight. — Dry barren soil. July -Au- gust.— Stem 1°-H^ high. Tart of the petals often purple at the base. LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 125 7. C. nictitans, L. Annual; pubescent; leaflets numerous, oblong lin- ear; stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2-3 in a cluster above the axils, on short pedicels ; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal. Var. aspera. (C. aspera, Ell.) Hirsute; stamens 7-9, very unequal ; ovary very hairy ; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, sensitive, like those of the preceding species. 44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals as many, or less by tlie union of the two lower ones. Stamen.s 3-5, distinct, inserted with tlie petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves aliruptly 1 - 2- pinnate, with oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greeuisli, in short spikes. 1. G. triacanthos, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong;, thorns mostly com- pound ; legume very long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Kich woods. June -July. — A large tree. Legume 12'- 18' long, 1' wide, twisted. 2. G. monosperma, Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly simple; legume short, obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy. — IJeep river .swamps, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 1' long. 45. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Coffee-Tree. Flowers polygamo-diacious, tomentose. Calyx narrowly funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, separate. Style long, exserted. Legume woody, pulpy within, few-seeded, the seeds large, compressed. — A slender tree, with thick thornle.'ss branches, very large bipinnate leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary racemes. 1. G. Canadensis, Lam. — Rich woods, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Leaves 2° -3° long. Leaflets ovate, the lowest pair borne on the common petiole, and larger. Legume 6'- 10' long, 2' wide, 6— 8-seeded. 46. C^SALPINIA, L. Sepals unequal, united into a cup-shaped base. Petals 5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 10, all fertile, the long filaments ascending, and hairy at the base. Style filiform. Legume echinate or unarmed, compressed, wingless, 1 - many- seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and racemose mostly yellow flowers. 1. C. paucifiora, Benth. & Hook. Glabrous, armed with rather stout .stipular and .stipellate recurved spines ; pinna 2-4 pairs; leaflets 3-5 pairs, obovate, rounded at each end (4" -5" long); racemes sim])le, loosely few- flowered ; sepals obovate-oblong, little shorter than the yellow corolla and the slightly exserted stamens; legumes short, short-stipitate, oljliquely acuminate, 1 - few-seeded. — Big Pine Key, South Florida (C'u;-^/ss). — A low shrub. IL'O LK<;rMiN(»s.i:. (i-i i.sk kamilv.) 2. C. Bonduc, Hoiitli. & Hunk. Loaflcts 5-8 jciiis, iil)Ii<|Uf'ly cival, imi- croiiiitf, tin- t*ti|)iiliir thorns 2-3; raceiiu'.s loiifj;, (ienscly iiiaiiy-lluweri'il ; cahx lolies (Idwiiv within, simrtcr than the lung rccurvid (ifcifluuus hraits ; legume ovati', l-sueilcd. — South Florida. — A tall .xliruli. J.,eallfts i'-l' long. Kaceines 1° loug. Tlowers yiUow. 47. PARKINSONIA, I'lum. Scp.lls .'), equal, recurved. TetaLs .'j, ovate, the njiper one roundi.<;h, long- elawed. Stamens 10. Style filiform. Legume linear-ohlong, compressed- moniliform, several-seeded. — A spiny shruh. J^eaves ])innale, with the petiole broadly winged, tlie numerous leaflets small, ofteu deciduous or abor- tive. Flowers showy, yellow, in terminal racemes. 1. P. aculeata, L. — Key West, escaped from cultivation. SuBOHDEK TTT. I?II]TIOSEy"E. Mimo.sa Family. 48. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive Plant. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals united into a 4-5-cleft tulmlar-canipanulate corolla. Stamens 4 - 1.5, distinct, much ex- serted. Legume comjjressed, mostly jointed, 1 - many-seeded ; the broad valves separating at maturity from the persistent margins. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate or spiked, on axillary peduncles. 1. M. strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scat- tered appres.scd rigid hairs; stem prostrate; leaves loiig-petioled ; pinna; 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves; heads of flowers elliptical; legume oval or oblong, 1 -3-jointed, hispid. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. July - August. — Flowers rose- color. M. PuniCA, L., the common Sensitive Plant, is partially naturalized in some localities. 49. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Brier. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta- mens 8- 10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, ])rickly, 1-celled, many- .seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. — Perennial prostrate herbs, with l)ij)innate sensitive leaves, and purjde floAvers in globose axillary peduncled heads. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes beset with short recurved prickles. * Lower surface of the leaflets reticulate with elevated veins. 1. S. uncinata, Willd.l Stem stout, grooved; leaves approximate; pinnas 4-7 pairs; leaflets 25-30, oblong, acute, 3" -4" long; peduncles mostly single, shorter than the leaves; legumes 2'-3' long, linear, short- pointed, thickly armed with rigid prickles, about the length of the peduncle. — West Tennessee, and westward. July. LEGUMINOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 127 2. S. Floridana, n. sp. Stem long, slender, 4-angled; leaves few and distant, long-petioled ; pinna 2-3 pairs; leaflets 30-40, oblong-linear, niu- cronate, 2" long ; peduncles single, shorter than the petioles ; legumes 3' - 4' long, filiform, armed with few weali and scattered prickles, long-pointed. — Sandy barrens, South Florida. * * Veins of the leaflets obscure on both surfaces. 3. S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Stem, etc. armed Avith scattered weak recurved prickles; pinnaj 4-G pairs; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical; pe- duncles single or by pairs, much shorter than the leaves; legume narrow-lin- ear, 3-4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a long subulate smoothish point. 4. S. horridula, (Michx.?). Stem prostrate, very prickly ; pinnae 5-8 pairs ; leaflets 30-40, linear, \" long; peduncles single, or 2-4 in a cluster, the uppermost often racemed ; legume terete, V-2' long, thickly armed with strong prickles, broadly linear, abruptly short-pointed, mostly shorter than the peduncle. (Mimosa, J//cAa:.) — Dry piue barrens in the lower districts. July -August. Var.? angularis. Stouter and less prickly; leaflets longer (2" long) ; legume 4-angled, armed with scattered prickles, longer than the peduncle. — Dry open woods in the upper districts. July. 50. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martins. Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx tubular-campauulate, 4-5- toothed. Corolla tnbular-funnel-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, long-exserted, monadelphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly linear, compressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or pulpy within. Seeds lenticular. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular spines. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and terminal. 1. P. Unguis-Cati, Benth. L'namied or spiny; leaves bipinnate; leaflets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much shorter than the common one ; heads globose, in a loose raceme ; calyx teeth short, ciliate ; corolla yellowish, smooth ; stamens crispid, twice as long as the corolla; ovary smooth. (Inga, Willd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets I'-l^' long, light green. 2. P, Guadalupense, Chapm. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 4, coriaceous, obliquely oblong or obovate, the common and partial petioles nearly equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves, or the upper ones racemose ; calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times as long as the corolla; ovary pubescent; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. (Inga, Desv.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1' long, deep green. Legume 2'- 4' long. Flowers yellowish. 51. ACACIA, Necker. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or united in a tube. Stamens numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla. Legume 2-valved, many-seeded. — Mostly trees or shrubs, with pinnately compound IL'S M.fUMINns.i:. (I'lI-SK KA.-MII.V.) leaves, and small llow-rs in si)ikc8 or heads. — Ours introdmcd, and sparingly spontancuus around lioniesteuds. 1. A. fllicina, W'illd. Ilerhaceous, unarineil, hirsute; stem erect; leaves hipinnatc ; jfallrts 50-00, very small, uldong-linear ; slipuU-s deiidu- ous; lioads ]Mduncled, axillary and terminal; flowers white; "legume Hat, few-seeded." — Gainesville, l-'lorida (Gttihrr). — Krom Mexico. 2. A. Farnesiana, W'illd. (nporoNAX.) Slunldiy. spiny, glabrou-s; pinna' aliout (J pairs ; leatiets 12-lf> j)airs, ohlonglinear ; sti|)ular spines long, straight; heads globose, on axillary single or clustered jjedundes; flowers yellow, fragrant; Ici^umo terete, torulose. — From West Indies. 3. A. Julibrissin, Willd. Arlioresceut, unarmed, glabrous ; i)inna;8- \-l pairs ; leaflets about ."iO pairs, oblong, obliijue ; heads in a terminal panicle ; flowers flesh-cijlor ; stamens longe.xserted ; legume flat, oldong, few-seeded. — From .i\sia. 4. A. glauca, Willd. Unarmed, glabrous; jiiniuv 4-.") pairs; leaflets 1:2- 1.') pairs, linear, distant, acute, glaucous beneath ; heads single or by i)air8 on axillary jK'duncles. — From West Indies. 5. A. latisiliqua, Willd. Unarmed, glabrous; pinnie ."> pairs ; leaflets 10 ]>air.s, elliptical; heads pauicled; flowers white; legume flat, stipitate, many-seeded. — A shrub or small tree. — From West Indies. 52. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Flowers polygamous. Calyx o-toothcd. Corolla of 5 oblong-spatulate pet- als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5-10. Filaments of the lower flowers sterile. Legume linear or oblong, continuous, 2-valved. — Herbs or shrubs, w'ith abruptly bi])inuate leaves, and heads or spikes of white flowers borne on axillary peduncles. Leaves sensitive. 1. D. depressus, Humb. «&, Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, slirubhy at the base; pinna; 2 pairs; leaflets oblong-linear, very obtuse, obliipie and almost truncate at the base; peduncles 2- 4-flowered, the two upper flowers (sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10; legume linear, many-seeded; seeds angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems l°-2° long. Legume 1'- \V long. 2. D. virgatUS, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothi.sh, angled ; pinnfE 1-7 pairs; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland helow the lowest pin nee ; heads few-flowered; stamens 10; legume straight, linear, 10-.30-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. D. brachylobus, Benth. Smooth; stem erect; pinnae 6- 14 pair.s, each with a minute gland at the base ; leaflets numerous, linear ; heads glo- bose; stamens 5; legumes oblong, curved, 4-6-seeded. ( Darlingtonia, DC.) — Mississippi (Carpenter). 4. D. luteus, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs; pinna; 4 -.5 pairs; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the margins, veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rough, minutely bractcd ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nod- ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILY.) 129 ding; petals distinct ; sterile filaments 8- 10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile ones 10, white; legume oblong, 5-8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and westward. June. % — Stems l°-2° long. Ordek 48. ROSACE^E. (Rose Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx of 3 - 8 (mostly 5) more or less united sejaals, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted with the few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk which lines the tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. Ovaries 1 - several, free, or more or less united with the calyx and with each other, 1 - f ew-ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, witli few exceptions, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Fruit various. Synopsis. Suborder L CHRYSOBALANE^. Calyx bractless, free from the sol- itary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. 1. CHRTSOBALANUS. Calyx limb persistent. Stone grooved. Shrubs. Suborder II. AMYGDALE^. Calyx bractless, free from the solitary ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe. Leaves simple. 1. PRUNUS. Calyx limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins. Suborder III. ROSACEA. Calyx 3- 5-cleft, the lobes often alternat- ing tvith as many bracts, free from the 1 - several ovaries. Style lateral or terminal. Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle, or a 1-seeded achenium. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound. * Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle. 3. PHYSOCARPUS. Petals imbricated. Carpels inflated, 2-valved. Seed albuminous. 4. SPIRvEA. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud. Carpels 1-valved. 6. GILLENIA. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud. * * Fruit a 1-seeded achenium. ■*- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and collected into a head. ++ Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 5). Achenia 1 - 4. 5. NEVIUSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx lobes serrate. 7. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15. Calyx bristly. 8. POTERIUM. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal. 9. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. ++ ++ Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4. = Seeds erect. 10. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous. 11. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2 -6. 9 130 kosaoe.t:. (rosk faaiilv.) = = Seeds suBpendod or ajsceiiding. 12. POTENTILLA. RerepUcIe flnt or convex, dry. 13. KK.\(iAKIA. K«'ci'i)tiu-lf conical, uiilurKi-d and fli'Hliy in fruit. vf 44 -M. Calyx oiH-n, brnctless. StamenH and juicy adicnia numerous. 14. RUBUS. Aclienia crowded on the conical receptacle. *- — Calyx tube tlesliy, urn-shaped ; tlie lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous, inserted on the receptacle which lines the inside of the calyx tube. 15. ROSA. Aclienia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. SinoKDKK IV. I'O.MEyE. VaUx includiiijj; ami colieriiif; with tlic 1 - .'> ovaries, very tliick aiul tlesliy in fruit. IG. CRAT.EGUS. Fruit of 1 -5 bony 1 -seeded nutlets. 17. PYRUS. Fruit of 2 - 5 cartilaRinous or membranaceous 2-seeded cells. 18. AMELANCHIER. Fruit of 3 - 5 2-seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition. 1. CHRYSOBALANUS, L. Calyx bell sliaped, r)-cleft, peisi.steiit. Petals .'i. Stamens about 20; the inner ones often shorter and sterile Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; the style arising from its base. Drupe 1 -seeded ; the stone grooved. — Un- armed shrubs. Le.aves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers small, in axillary nr tormiiial paniculate cymes. 1. C. oblongifolius, INIichx. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, smooth on botii sides, or hoary-])ubescent beneath, deciduous; cymes many- flowered ; stamens and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine bar- rens in the lower districts. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Flowers greeni.^h w hite. 2. C. Icaco, L. (Cocoa Plum.) Leaves round-obovate, smooth, coria- ceous ; cymes few-flowered ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large, roundish. —^ South Florida. — Shrub 4^- 12° high. Leaves 2' long, 1|' wide. Drupe yellow, purple, or black. 2. PRUNUS, L. Plum, Cherry. Calyx .5-cleft, deciiluous. Petals 5, spreading Stamens l.')-.30. Ovary ■with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy ; the stone even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white. § 1. Puuxus. (Plu^i.) — Drupe glaucot's : stone move or less compressed: haves convolute in the bud : Jioicers in lateral clusters, aji]iearing before the leaves: branches often Sj)ini/. 1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somewhat olwvate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply serrate, on glandular petioles; drupe large, globose. — Woods. March - April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long, smooth when old. Flowers very numerous. Plum reddish, |'-1' in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in September. 2. P. umbellata, Fll. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate, smooth, or soft-downy beneath ; calyx teeth emarginate, pubescent ; drupe ROSACEA. (rose family.) 131 globose ; stone slightly compressed. — Dry light soil, Florida and Alabama to South Carolina. Feb. - March. — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple, shining. Leaves I'-l^' long. Plum rarely^' in diameter, dark purplish or black, sour and bitter, ripening in August. 3. P. Chicasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceulate- acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and incurved ; flowers short-peduucled ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish red, glo- bose. — Old fields, forming thickets. March. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l^'-2' long. Plum about ^' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an agreeable flavor. 4. P. gracilis, Gray & Engelm. Low and bushy, the pubescent branches often spiny ; leaves short-petioled, ovate, acute, unequally serrate, glabrate above, pale and villous beneath, V-2' long; clusters 2-3-flowered; calyx pubescent; drupe, globose, 6" - 9" in diameter. — Lookout Mountain, Tennes- see ( Gattinger), and westward. 5. P. maritima, Wang. Low and straggling, spineless ; leaves ovate or obovate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrate ; clusters few-flowered ; drupe red or purplish, \' in diameter. — Alabama {Buckle i/). § 2. Cerasus. (Cherry.) — Drupe not glaucous: stone globular or slightly compressed : leaves folded in the bud, deciduous. — Spineless shrubs or trees. * Flowers clustered. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, green and smooth on both sides; flowers several in a cluster, on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red. — Mouutains of North Carolina. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. * * Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches. 7. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate, lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate, with the teeth callous and appressed ; racemes long, spreading ; drupe globose, purplish black. — Woods. April - May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 8. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the leaves, brandies, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acumi- nate ; racemes rather short and erect ; drupe red. -^ Light sandy soil in the upper districts. April. — Shrub 3° -9^ high. Leaves l'-3' long. Drupe astringent. §3. Laurocerasus. (Cherut Laurel.) — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular : flowers in racemes from ihc axils of evergreen leaves. 9. P. Caroliniana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Leaves coi-iaceous, smooth and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, white; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. - March. — A small tree. 10. P. sphserocarpa, Swartz. Racemes small, erect, shorter than the leaf; leaves elliptical, entire, shining; flowers scattered; drupe sub-globose. — Key Biscayne (Curtiss), South Florida. — A small tree, 10° -15° high. 132 ROSACE.^, (rose famfly.) 3. PHYSOCARPUS, .Maxim. Nine-bauk. Carpels inflatod, 2-valved, 2 - 4-8ee(led. Seeds roundish, cruataceous. Al- Imiiicn co|)ii)us. OtliorwiiJc like 5y>//(r(i. — Shrubs. Leaves palmately loliefl or veined. 1. P. Opulifolius, Maxim. Leaves Itrnadly ovate or cordate, S-lohed, doulily ii(ii:itv->cii;ite, smooth ; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short brandies, mostly pul)e.rous ; leaves I' -2' luug, obovate, iKUte, finely but ob- tusely serrate, tapering into a short petiole ; Howers £' wide ; calyx lobes lauccolale, glandular, longer tiiau the tulxj ; styles 3; fruit globular, .J' iu dianietet. — Rocky hillsides, >.'orth Cieorgia and Teuuessee. April. — A small tree. * * Curyiiiis siiiijilt, I - G-jlutcired. 12. C. SBStivalis, Torr. & (iray. (ilandle.ss ; leaves rigid, pubescent, be- coming smooth ai>ove, and rusty-j>ubescent on the veins beneath, cuneate- obovate, crenate above the middle, tajiering into a short petiole ; corymbs smooth, 3-5-flowered ; styles 4-5; fruit large, glol)ose, red. — Varies (C. lu- cida, Ell.) with smaller (!'), thinner, and smooth leaves, which are glossy above. — Margius of piue barreu ponds, Florida to South Carolina, aud west- ward. March -April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit juicy, edible. 13. C. flava, Ait. Glandular; leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate and slightly lobcd near the apex, smootli, tapering into a short petiole ; corynd)S smooth, 1 - 4-tiowored ; styles 4 - .5 ; flowers and pear-.shaped fruit large. — Shady sandy places, Florida to North Corolina, and westward. May. — Tree 15°- 20° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit greenish yellow. 14. C. glandulosa, Mie, and inserted on its inner face, becoming 1-seeded achenia in fruit. Seeds anatropous, without alhumen. Cotyledons convolute. 1. CALYCANTHUS, I.. Sweet-scented Shrlb. Calyx tulie clo.-ied, IcalV-braittil ; tlie luhes and j)eta]s in several rows, lanceolate, somewliat fleshy. Stamens deciduous. Mature fruit dry, pear- shaped, enclosing tiie large achenia. — Aromatic sliruhs, with opposite or forking branches, short-petioled deciduous leaves, and large brownish pur- ple terminal flowers. 1. C. floridus, L. Branchlets, jietiules, and peduncles hoary-pubescent; leaves oval or oldong, mostly acute or acuminate, very rough on the upper surface, tomentose and hoary beneath ; sepals and petals linear lanceolate, acute. — Banks of streams in the upper districts. April. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves 2' -.3' bmg. Flowers 1' in diameter, very fragrant. 2. C. ISBVigatus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pubescent or smootliish ; leaves oMong or elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, rough on the upper surface, paler and nearly smooth beneath ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, acute. (C. inodorus, Ell., leaves very rough above, but shining ; flowers inodorous.) — Banks of streams, Florida, Georgia, and west- ward. April-May. — Slirub 4^- 8° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. I'lowers 1^' in diameter. 3. C. glaucus, "Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles smooth ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green and roughish on the upper surface, smooth and glaucous beneatli ; flowers large, the sepals and petals lanceolate, and abruptly sharp-pointetl. — Low shady woods along the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. May -June. — Shrub 6° -8° high. Leaves rather rigid, 4'- 7' long. Flowers l^'-2' in diameter. The PoMEGKAyATE (PuxiCA Grakatcm, L.) belongs to the allied order Granate^. Order 50. SAXIFRAGACE^3i:. (Saxifr.\ge Family.) Cah-x of 4 - .5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less ad- herent to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely- wanting. Stamens as many, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted with SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 143 the petals on the calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly united below, and separate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Em- bryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stipules adnate to the petiole, or noue. * Stamens as many as the sepals. 1. LEPUROPETALON. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, beakless. 2. HEUCHERA. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked. 3. BOYKINIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked. * * Stamens twice as many as the sepals. 4- Capsule 2-celled. 4. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. Leaves entire or lobed. 5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound. •I- 4- Capsule 1-celled. 6. TIARELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, entire. 7. MITELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, piunatifid. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Stamens 8 - 10. Petals none. Suborder II. ESCALLONIES. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the bud. Stipules none. Leaves alternate. 9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 5. Flowers in a dense raceme. Suborder III. HYDRANGIEJE. Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 -10. Styles distinct. 11. DECUMARIA. Petals valvate. Stamens 20 or more. Styles united. 12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4- valved. Suborder IV. RIBESIES. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Stipules none. Fruit baccate. 13. RISES. Flowers in axillary racemes. Stems mostly spiny. 1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx tube turbinate, cohering with the lower portion of the ovary, 5- parted. Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. Capsule globular, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentte, many-seeded, locnlici- dally 3-valved at the apex. — A very small (^ high) tufted annual herb, with alternate spatulate leaves, and solitary terminal white flowers. 1. L. spathulatum, Ell. — Close damp soil, Georgia (near Savannah) and South Carolina. March - April. 2. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentte, many-seeded, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds rough or hispid. — Perennial herbs, with erect scape-like stems. Leaves chiefly radical, long- petioled, roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers small, panicled. Ml SAXTFUACAc K.K. (sAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) * Cnliji er/ual-siileil. 1. H. Americana, L. Scapo k-aHess, f^landular ; leaves creiiately or acutely T-'J-inln-il aixi toothed, the teeth niiuronate ; panicles long, narrow, loosely tlowereil ; ealyx as long iis the wiiite petals, much shorter than the stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky jdaces in the middle and u]iper districts. April- May. — Scape 2° -3° hi<^h, sometimes with one or two leaves. Le.aves 2' -4' wide, on j)etioles 4' -12' long. 2. H. villosa, Michx. Scape hracted or somewhat leafy, and, like the petioles ami lower surface of the leaves, shaggy with long sjtreading rusty- hairs ; leaves sharply ."j-T-loljed and toothed, panicle loose; flowers minute ; petals white, very narrow, about as long as the stamens, styles ehmgated. — Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. June -July. — Scajte l°-3° high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length. 3. H. Curtisii, (iray. Scape and petioles smooth; leaves lightly lolied ; . branches of the jjanide long, racemose, spreading; petals pur]»le ^ sj)atulate lanceolate, scarcely longer tlian the calyx; stamens slightly pubescent. — Buncombe County, North Carolina (Curtis). — Flowers larger than the last. 4. H. Hugelii, Shuttlw. Glandular-hirsute, and somewhat viscid ; scape slender (8'- 13' high), often leafy; panicle small (2'-5' long), the slender pedicels nodding ; petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx lobes ; filaments exserted; leaves thin, orbicular cordate (3' -6' broad), shortly and broadly 7 - 9-lobed, with rounded mucronate teeth, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petioles filiform. — Shaded rocks on tlie mountains of Alabama and North Carolina (Mohr, Eu(jel). * * Cill ijx oblique. 5. H. pubescens, Pur.sh. Glandular-puberulent ; stem (2°) leafy; leaves round- cordate, acutely 5-7-lobed and toothed, with the sinus closed; stipules obtuse, friuged ; flowers nodding ; calyx ovoid, yellowish green, the ovate lobes obtuse ; petals spatulate, white, and, like the smooth stamens and styles, included. — Mountains of North Carolina. June - July. 6. H. hispida, Fursh. Hir.sute or minutely glan(lular-iiul)e.scent ; leaves 5_9.],,l)('f hard alliunien. — Sj)iny or unarmed shruhs, with alter- nate palma'.ely veined and luhed leaves, withuut stipules, and witii axillary raeeinose or elustered flowers. * Slrws sjiiiii/ (tiiii<^) ; k-aves very iiuiiuTiiiis, alltiiiatf, liiitar, olitiise ; cvine cuin]ios(Ml uf .sevcnil rueurvcil or .spnaciiiig bramlios ; H(jwcrs jialo purpk- ; sfjialrt miiili slmrlor tliaii llio polals ; staiiu'iis 8, tlioso of tlie ci-niral Howcrs mostly Id; tarjiels tapering into the l.iiii^ and sli-nilcr stvk>. — With tlie i)reie(ling. May -June. 4. S. Nevii, (iray. Stems l.nv (.i'-o'), iu-ieending; knaves akcrnatc, scat- tered, linear-elavate. ohtnse ; llouers sessile, scattere1 3IYKTACK-E. (.MYKTLK FAMILY.) 1. T. CEtappa, L Leavoa sliort-petioletl, softlv j>iibo.>*('oiit wlicn young, at loiigtii siiHmiliisli, obovato, wetlgi'-sliapetl but truncated or sliglitly cordate at tlie basi', willi a depressed gland on each side of the inidrilt near the base; spikes wry sh-nder, sliorter than the leaves, the upper flowers sterile; drupe ovate, acute, compressed, with the margins somewhat winged. — South Florida. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - »' long. Flowers minute, pale greeu. ()iu)i;i; .jii. MYKTACE-12. (Myimlk Fa.milv.) Tree.s or .shnilt.s. Leaves oi)p()site, simple, entire, dotted and com- monly with an intra-margijuil vein. Stiimles none. — Calyx 4-6- cleft, valvate in tlie bud, the tulie adhereiit to the comjiound ovary. Petals 4 - G, in,serted with the numerous stamens on the throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Filaments long, free, or variously com- bined. Anthers intror.se, roundish, longitudinally dehiscent. Style solitary. Seeds without albumen, fixed to a central placenta. 1. EUGENIA, Micheli. Allspice. Caly.\-tube roundish, tlie limb 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens di.stiuct. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several ovules iu each cell. Fruit baccate, roundish, 1-2- celled, 1-2-seedeil. Cotyledous thick and united. Kadicle very short. — Flowers white, axillary, solitary, cymose, or clu.stered, 2-bracted. * Flowers in ax ill a ri/ cj/ines. 1. E. dichotoma, DC. Leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, rigid, and, like the branches, roughened with appressed hairs, at length smoothish, the margins revolute ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves, 3-7- flowered, the central flowers sessile ; calyx-tube obconical, 2-l)racted, downy and hoary, the lobes roundish, spreading ; petals orbicular, ciliate ; stamens numerous. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. Branches compressed. * * Flowers solitcirif or nmhellnte.. 2. E. procera, I'oir. Smooth; leaves ovate, tapering but ol)tnse at the apex, abruptly contracted at the l)ase into a short petiole ; peduncles solitary or 2-4 togetlier, filiform, not half the length of the leaves, 1-flowered ; calyx tube henu'spherii-al ; petals orbicular, ciliate; berry globose, 1-seeded. — South Florida. May. — A small tree. Leaves 1 ^' - 2' long. Flowers consiticuous, white and fragrant. Berry as large as a grain of pepper. 3. E. Garberi, Sargent. Branclilets sleiuler, terete ; leaves coriaceous shining, lung attenuate, obtuse, finely punctate-glandular beneath, the thick niargnis revolute; umbels pedunded, the slender ])edirels 1-flowered: berry globose, 1-seeded, scarlet. — Keys of S(mth Florida. — A tree .50° -60° high, with red l)ark and very hard wood, fruiting in March and April. 4. E. longipes, Berg. Smooth; branchlets very .slender; leaves (1' or less long) oblong-oval or obovate, short-petioled, obtuse ; flowers large, single, or by pairs, lateral, or at the base of the branchlets, on long (1'- \V) bibrac- MELASTOMACE^. (mELASTOMA FAMILY.) 155 teolate peduncles ; petals oblong, spreading, as long as the stamens and slen- der stylo; berry large. — No 'Name Key, South Florida {Curtiss). — A shrub or small tree. * * * Flowers minute, in very short cluster-like racemes. 5. E. raonticola, DC. Smooth ; leaves coriaceous, ov.ate-obloug, some- what tapering towards the apex, but obtuse or emargiuate, contracted at the base into a distinct petiole ; racemes clustered, several-iiowered, shorter than the petiole ; stamens numerous ; berry globose. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° -6° high. Branches compressed. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. Ber- ries abundant; as large as a grain of pepper, black. 6. E. buxifolia, Willd. ? Leaves smooth, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, short- petioled; racemes single or clustered, few-flowered about as long as the petiole; flowers minute; stamens few (9-12) or numer- ous ; berry 1 - 3-seeded. — South Florida. — Varies much in the size of the leaves and berries, length of the petiole, and number of stamens. 2. CALYPTRANTHES, Swartz. Calyx tube obovate ; the limb entire, opening across like a lid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Berry 1-celled, 1 -4seeded. Seeds roundish; testa smooth. Embryo curved ; the long and slender radicle coiled around the distinct unequal folded and contorted cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flowered. 1. C. Chytraculia, Swartz. Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate but obtuse, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; peduncles longer than the leaves, cymose-pauicled, tomentose ; flowers minute , berry dry, globose, 1 - 2-seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree. Order 57. MELASTOMACE.^. (Melastoma Family.) Herbs, shi-iilis, or trees, with opposite 3 - 9-ribbed leaves without dots or stiptiles. and showy flowers. — Caljrx urn-shaped, 4-6-lobed, persistent, cohering with the ovary below, or with its angles. Petals 4-6, twisted in the bud, inserted with the 4-12 stamens on the throat of the calyx. Anthers adnate, often appendaged, usually opening by terminal pores. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules numerous, attached to the central placentae. Style solitary. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds anatro- pous, without albumen. 1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Calyx tube prolonged and narrowed above the ovary, 4-cleft. Petals 4, roundish, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers 1-celled. opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 4-celled. many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 3 - S-ribbed. Flowers cvmose, terminal. 15C MELASTOMACE-K. (MELASTOMA lA.MlI.Y.) • Anthers lonij, litiear, curving upward (excei>l No. 6), saccate at the liase, and com iiioiili/ furnished with a hristle-like afi/untlaije at the insertion ot' tin lila- inents ; /loin rs jntrjiU' vr whitish. 1. R. Mariana, L. IJristlv ; .stem liranclic-d, terete »)r G-aii;;l((l ; leaves lameolale, at iiic, sliort-petiuled, bristly serrate; ealvx mostly smooth, cylin- drical ill liower, the neck in fruit as long as the glohosc? capsular portion ; flowers pur|»le. — N'uries witli narrower, often linear leaves, and smaller whitisli liuwers. (U. lanceolata. Wall.) — Swamps. .luly-Sept. — Stum 1°- 2° high. Leaves 3-ribhed. Flowers lA'-2' wiije, hairy externally. 2. R. Virginiea, I>. Bristly; stem 4 angled, nearly simple ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, barely acute, sessile, bristly serrate, the lowest roumled ; neck of tlie bristly fruiting calyx shorter than the capsular ])ortion ; the lobes ovate, acuminate. — Swamps, in the u])])(r districts. July -August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 3-.'}-ribl)ed. Flowers jturple. 3. R. stricta, I'msli. stem tall, smootli, 4-wingcd, bcardeil at the joints; leaves lanceolate and ovate lanceolate, acute or acuminate, o-rilibed, bri.stly serrate, sessile; cyme compound, calyx smoolli,urn-s]iaped, the lobes lanceo- late.— Margins of ponds in the pino l)arrens of tiie lower districts. July- August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves rugose, the lateral ribs obscure. Flowers jfurjjle. 4. R. glabella, Michx. Stem terete, smooth, mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, .sessile, entire or slightly serrulate, thick, smooth and glaucous ; calyx smo(jtli or bristly ; flowers large, bright purple. — Lov/ pine liarrens. June -August. — Root spongy. Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves sweetish. 5. R, aristOSa, Britten. Smooth; stem sharply angled, brandling, U^ high; leaves sessile, linear-oblong, bristly .serrulate, T or less long; cyme few-flowered ; calyx bristly, the lanceolate lobes as long as the neck ; petals deep pnrplc. —Low ground near Sumpterville, Soutli Cnrohna (J. D. Smith). 6. R. parviflora, n. sp. Sparsely bristly; stem low ((i'- 12' high), mnch branched, 4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, bristly serrulate, sliort-petioled, 1' long; cymes few-flowered; flowers ^' wide, white; anthers linear, straight, erect, appendaged, as long as the erect filaments ; style declining. — Shallow ponds, Apalachicola, F'lorida. June- July. * * Anthers short, ohlonp, erect, not appendaged: neck of the cali/x short. t- Flowers purple : leaves small, orate or roundi.t sici-ilc. # Sidmciis 8 : _//'«/< t'cen or irartj/. 1. M. laxum, Slmltlw. Stem long, slender; leaves 4 in awlmrl; tlie floral lines nMliucd to minute nearly entire spatulate bracts, shorter tiiaii the flowers, wliirh thus form an intermitted almost naked s]iiive; fruit roughened witli mintite warts, with the lolies ol)tnse. — I'onds and lakes. Middle and West I-"lorida. tluly. 2. M. verticillatum, L. Leaves ill whorls of 3-4, the floral ones lin- ear, i)i(tin;vtely toothed, mueh longer than tlie flowers; fruit smootli. — Still water in the lower districts. July. — Stem 2^-4° long, stouter than the last. * * S/iimf'ii.s 4 : fruit ridged and roughened. 3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem thick; leaves 4 -fj in a wliorl, the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the lower ones jjinnatifid ; frnit .sliglitly rougliened. — Ponds and ditches. July. 4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem short (6'- 12'); leaves 4-5 in a whorl, the divisions few and capillary, the floral ones linear, pectinately tootlicd ; fruit strongly ridged and roughened. — Siiallow ponds, Soutli Caro- lina. June -July. OuDKu GO. OXAGRACE^aE. (Evening-Primrose Family.) Calyx adherent to the ovary, and often produced into a tube beyond it, 2-(i-lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted on its throat, convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovaiy 2-4-celled. Placenta central. Style solitary : stigma capitate or 2- 4-lobe(l. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anat- ropous, with little or no albumen. — Chiefly herbs. Synopsis. * Calyx tube produced beyond the ovary. 1. 6AURA. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1 - 4-seeded. 2. OENOTHERA. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. * * Calyx tube not produced beyond the ovary. 3. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds comose. 4. JUSSI.EA. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-C. Capsule long. Seeds naked. 5. LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Capsule short, many-seeded. C. CIRC^A. Stamens 2. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-seeded. 1. GAURA, L, Calyx tube much produced beyond the ovary, the limb 3-4-lobed, reflexed, deciduous. Petals 3-4, clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Sta- mens 6-8. Style declined : stigma 4-lobed. Ovary 3 -4-celled. Fruit 3-4- OXAGRACE^. (evening-primrose FAMILY.) 161 angled, mostly 1-celled, 1 -4-seeded. — Herbs with alternate leaves, and white or purple flowers in a long-pediincled raceme or spike. 1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, be- coming smoothish, wavy-denticulate on the margins; petals spatulate, white; fruit obtusely 4-augled, acuminate at both ends, sessile. — Dry soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and northward. July -August. (2) — Stem 3^-8° high. Spikes compound. 2. G. longiflora, Spach. Canescent-pubemlent ; stem paniculately branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, wavy-denticulate, sessile ; spikes pauicled ; calyx lobes longer than the tube, and the long-clawed white petals ; fruit ses- sile, ovate, obtuse, sharply 4-angled. — Dry soil, North Georgia and Ala- bama. July. — Stem 4°- 6° high. Fruit 2" long. 3 G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stem simple, or sparingly branched, closely pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acute, coarsely toothed, often blotched with purple ; the uppermost linear and nearly entire ; fruit nearly sessile, acute at both ends, sharply 3 - 4-angled. — Dry old fields and sandy places near the coast. June- August. @ — Stem 2^-3° high. Flowers white. 4. G. fllipes, Spach. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, becoming smooth- ish; stem slender, ])auiculately branched; leaves linear, toothed, wavy; fruit ovoid, obtuse, sliarjjly 4-angled, on slender pedicels. — Dry pine barrens, Flor- ida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. (§) ' — Stem 2° - 3° high, very leafy. 2. CEWOTHERA, L. Evening-Primrose. Calyx tube produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-lobed, reflexed and de- ciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, many- seeded. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary or racemose chiefly yel- low flowers. Pollen grains triangular, connected by cobwebby hairs. * Capsule cijUndrical, sessile: flowers expanding at night: annuals or biennials. 1. CB. biennis, L. Hairy, hirsute, or smoothish; stem tall, often sim- ple ; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, wavy and toothed or serrate on the margins ; the earliest ones sometimes pinnatifid ; spikes leafy, at length elongated ; calyx tube longer than the lobes ; flowers large. — Fields and waste places, everywhere. June -Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Varies greatly in pubescence and size of the flower. 2. CE. heterophylla, Spach. Hir.sute; stem 2° -4° high, branching; earliest leaves tufted, oblanceolate, pinnately 12-20-lobed, the upper smaller and entire ; flowers few, terminal, often tripetalous ; petals rhombic-ovate ; capsule curved. — Valley of Flint River, Bainbridge, Georgia. July. 3. 0E3. humifusa, Nutt. Densely canescent-pubescent ; stem mostly de- cuml)eut and branching, l°-H°longj leaves lanceolate or wedge-obvate, mostly entire, I'- li' long, nearly se.ssile ; caly.x villous; style slightly e.x- serted ; capsule mostly curved, f long. (CE. sinuata, var. Torr. ^ Gray.) — Sandy coast. July - Nov. — Root mostly perennial. 4. CE, sinuata, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem rigid, erect or diffuse, simple or branched, 2'-l° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed or pm- 11 102 ON'ACKACK.K. (KVKMNCi-l'KIMUUSK FAMILY,) natitiii, the lowest jictioled ; tlowcrs snuill, axillary. ((K. iniiiiiiia, Purs/i, tin- "hvarf form, with a siiiij>le l-Howcred stem, ami entire leaves.) — Fields and wasU- j^roiinds. .June - Sept. * ♦ t'sulc ubocntc or clacale , furrowed , and mure or kss jnduiirled : Jiowers expandinij in sunsltinc. 5. CE. glauca, Michx. Smooth and somewhat j^laueoiis ; leaves sessile, oblonj^-o\ ate, wavy-ilentieul.ate, aeiite ; raeemes few-H(jwered, leafv ; flowers large; eapsule ovoid-ohloug, -i-wint^ed, ta])ering into a short j)edieel. — Moun- tains. May -July. ^ — Stem hranehing, 2°-3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' in diameter. 0. CE. fruticosa, L. Hairy or smoothish ; stem mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, iiMiiniiiiily wavy and I'emotely denticulate on the margins; raceme at tirst corymb-like, at lenuith elongated; flowers large; capsule 4-winged, with intermediate rihs, ohlong-davate, longer than the pedicel. — Fields and open woods. Juue-Sept. 2/ — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers r-2' in diameter. 7. CE. linearis, Michx. Stem slender, smooth below, pubescent above; the young branches hoary ; lowest leaves obovate, the others linear-lanceo- late, entire or sparingly denticulate; raceme short, many- flowered, leafy; cajisulc ol)Ovate, 4-winged, with conspicuous intermediate ribs, mostly shorter tlian the pedicel. — Dry light soil in the lower districts. April -June. — Stem 1° - I|° high. Flow^ers T in diameter. 8. CE. pumila, L. Low, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse ; raceme leafy ; flowers small ; capsule oblong-obovate, 4-wing-angled, nearly sessile. — Tennessee, and northward, and occasionally also around dwellings in the low country, from seeds introduced in Northern hay. June. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers k' in diameter. 9. CE. linifolia, Nutt. Low, smoothish ; stem at length much branched ; leaves very numerous, linear-filiform, the lowest spatulate; raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers small ; lobes of the stigma coherent into a globular head ; capsule obovate, 4-angled, nearly sessile. — Gravelly hills, near Scott's Mill, Warren County, Georgia, and westward. June. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Flowers 4" - 5" in diameter. « » * Stemless : flowers sessile at the base of the tufted leaves, pale yellow or ichite : capsule oval or oblong, broadly winged. 10. CE. triloba, Nutt. Perennial, nearly stemless, cjBspitose ; leaves pin- natifid, smoothish; calyx tube very long (3' -5'), filiform, the lobes longer than the somewhat 3-lobed pale yellow petals ; capsule sessile, 3-wiuged. — Nashville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger). 3. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-Herb. Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the apex. — Perennials, with alternate and opposite denticu- late leaves, and chiefly white or purple flowers. ONAGRACE.E. (EVE^flXG-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 163 1. E. angustifolium, L. Stem tall, simple, smoothish ; leaves alter- nate, lanceolate, entire or wavy ou the margins, paler beneath : racemes elongated, bracted ; flowers showy ; petals obovate, purple ; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule and calyx hoary-tomentose. (E. spicatum, Lam.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 2. E. coloratura, Muhl. Stem smoothish, ' much brancheil ; leaves mo.stly opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate ; raceme leafy ; flowers small, reddish ; petals 2-cleft ; stigma clavate ; capsule downy. — Swamps in the upper districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Stem pubescent, Ijranching above ; leaves linear, slightly denticulate, the lower ones opposite ; raceme leafy ; flowers small, white, or rose-color ; stigma clavate ; capsule hoary. — Mountains of North Carolina. August. — Stem l°-2° liigh. 4. JUSSI^A, L. Calyx tube long, 4-angled or cylindrical, not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-6-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens 8-12. Capsule mostly elongated, 4 - 6-celled, many-seeded, opening irregularly at the sides. — Marsh herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. * Capsule cylindrical. 1. J. pilosa, HBK. Hairy; stem erect, at length much branched; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers small ; calyx lobes mostly 6, as long as the petals ; capsule linear, cylindrical, much longer than the pedicel. — Marshes, Florida, and westward. June -Sept. (l) — Stem 2° - 5° high. Capsule H' long, slightly curved. 2. J. grandiflora, Michx. Hairy ; stem creeping at the base ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers large ; calyx lobes .5, half as long as the petals ; ovary (rarely maturing) rather shorter than the pedicel. — Marshes, South Carolina, and westward. May-Aiagust. % — Stem 2° - 3° long. Flowers 2' in diameter. Capsule cylindrical. 3. J, repens, L. Smooth, creeping or floating ; leaves oblong, obtuse tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large ; calyx lobes 5, shorter than the petals ; capsule cylindrical, much shorter than the long (2') peduncle. Ponds and ditches. New Orleans. August. * * Capsule, quadrangular. 4. J. deeurrens, DC. Smooth ; stem erect, branched, wing-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx lobes 4. nearly as long as the petals ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-angled, oblong-clavate. — Ditches, etc. July - Sept. (\) — Stem 6' - 3° high. 5. J. acuminata, Swartz. Smoothish ; stem angular, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, or the upper narrower, acute at both ends, short-petioled, 2' -3' long; flowers nearly sessile, 2" -3" wide ; sepals 4, ovate, .shorter than the oblong-obovate petals; capsule quadrangular, 6" -8" long, 8-ribbed. — Wet ground, South Florida. 104 OXAGKACK-K. (KVKMXO-I'Uni IJi iSE FAMILY.) 0. J. hirta, Vahl. Slinihby, hirsute; branches terete; leaves l)roadly hiiifpohito, acute at cacli cud ; ovary chxvate, jis long as tlie 2-)>racte(i jicdiccl ; calyx lolios 4, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, sliorter than the roundish petals ; capsule davate-oblong, ol)scurely 4-sided, longer than the bracts. — Muddy bauks of rivers. South Florida. — Shrub 5°-lO° high. 5. LUDWIGIA, L. Skku-hox. Calyx tube 4-angled or cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged beyond the ovary. I'etals 4, roundish or obcordate, often wanting. Stamens 4. Style short. Stigma capitate. Capsule variously deliisccnt, 4-cclIcd, many-seeded. — Perennial and mostly stoloniferous marsh herbs, with entire leaves, and yellow flowers. » Capsule cubical, indehiscent , discharging the seeds through a central pore of the convex disk: calyx lobes deciduous : petals large: stamens and style slendir: Icares alternate: flowers pedicelled. 1. L. alternifolia, L. Smoothish; stem much branched ; leaves lanceo- late, short])eti()led, acute ; calyx lobes spreading, al)out as long as the petals ; capsule large, wing-angled. — Shady swamps. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers axillary, or the upper ones somewhat racemed. 2. L. virgata, Michx. Tomentose ; stem slender, simple, or branching from the base ; leaves obtuse, sessile, the lowest oblong, the uppermost linear; flowers in elongated leafy racemes; petals twice as long as the reflexed calyx lobes; capsule strongly 4-augled. — Low pine barrens, sometimes in rather dry places. July -August. — Stem 2° -.3° high. Varies considerably in pubescence, and in size of the flowers and capsule. 3. L. hirtella, Raf. Hairy ; stem slender, sinijde or s])aringly branched ; leaves short, lanceclate or oblong, obtuse, sessile and rounded at the base ; flowers axillary ; petal: twice as long as the erect or spreading calyx lobes ; capsule strongly angled. — Flat pine barrens. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. * * Valves of the capsule separating from the concave disk, and irregularly from the persistent partitions and placenta : calyx lobes persistent : petals small m- none : stamens and style short: stems erect or ascending: leaves alternate : flowers sessile. -t— Petals conspicuous. 4. L. linearis, Walt. Smooth; stem (l°-3° high) virgately much branched; leaves linear, acute ; flowers small; capsule clavate-oblong, wiih 4 rcjuiided angles. 2-3 times as long as the triangular-ovate calyx lol)es. — Ditches and ponds in tlie lower districts. July -Sept. — Bark at the base of the stem spongy. •5. L. linifolia, Poir. Smooth; stem low (6' -12'), creeping at the base, branching; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, often obtuse; capsule linear- cylindrical, rather longer than the lanceolate calyx lobes. — Ditches and swamps in the lower districts. July - Sept. -I— -i— Petals minute or wanting. 6. L. cylindriea, Ell. Smooth ; stem angled above, often much branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, obscurely denticulate, acute, tapering into OXAGRACE.E. (eYEXING- PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 165 a petiole ; petals none ; capsules axillary, often clustered, cylindrical or ob- scurely 4-sided, many times longer than the small calyx lobes. — SAvamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem mostly bushy, 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 7. L. pilosa, Walt. Tomentose ; stem stout, terete, much branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute ; flowers in dense terminal spikes ; petals mostly wanting ; capsule globose - 4-sided, about as long as the spread- ing calyx lobes. — Ditches and ponds near the coast. July - Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, the branches spreading. Capsule whitish. 8. L. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem slender, angled above, short-branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers very small, axillary ; petals none ; capsule globose, pubescent, as long as the calyx lobes. — Margins of ponds in the lower districts, not common. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3^ high. Capsule 1 " - 2" long. 9. L. polycarpa, Short & Peters. Glabrous; stem angular, much branched ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base ; flowers approximate or crowded on the branches, apetalons ; capsule top-shaped, twice as long as the ovate calyx lobes. — Ponds and ditches, Tennessee. July 10. L. capitata, Michx. Smooth ; stem mostly simple, slender, angled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones broader and obtuse ; flowers in a compact oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes scattered ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4 angled, some- what narrower at the base, longer tliau the calyx lobes. — Wet pine l)arrens Florida to North Carolina. July - August. — Stem 2^ - 3° higti. 11. L. lanceolata, Ell. Smooth; stem stout, terete, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils, green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and tiie angles mar- gined, twice as long as the calyx lobes ; seeds cylindrical. — Ponds and swamps in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stent l°-2° high. Flowers small. 12. L. alata, Ell. Smooth ; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched near the summit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate, obscurely den- ticulate ; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; capsule cubic-obconical, with concave sides and winged angles, as long as the calyx lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, along the coast. July - August. — Stem 2° -.3"=^ high. 13. L. microcarpa, Michx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base, 3-angled, mostly simple ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; capsule mi- nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx lobes. — Muddy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - August. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Cap- sule scarcely larger than a pin's head. 14. L. Curtissii, Chapm. Smooth ; stem rigidly erect, simple, terete ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at the base ; flowers single, sessile, apetalons, bibracteolate ; calyx turbinate, terete, the triangular lobes as long as the tube. — Shallow ponds. East Florida ( Curtiss). July - August. — Stem l°-li°high. IGG LOASACE-TJ. (LOASA FAMILY.) 15. Ij. Simpsoni, Chainn. Glalirous; stoni 2'-9' Iii<;li, tercto, 8imi)le; loaves i' Iniig, sjiatiilatc-oljuvate, alteriiaU-, or the lowest ojijioslte ; flowers apetalous; eai)sule top-shapcil, obscurely angular, longer than the triangular calyx lohes. — Low grouud, Mauatee, South Florida. * # # Stems creeping : leaves opposite. -4— Petals none. 10. L. palustris, Kll. Smooth; stems iliffu.se; leaves obovate, tajjcriug into a long jjetiole ; rai)sule oblong or obconical, obscurely 4-si(le(J, longer than the calyx lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, commou. June - Sept. - - Stems 6' -12' long. 17. L. spathulata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves spalulatt-oliovate; capsule ovoid; otherwise like the preceding. — Margins of pine barren jiomls, Middle Florida. July -August. Very rare. -t- -t- Petals 4. 18. L. natans, Ell. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, acutish, tapering into a long petiole ; flowers short-pedicelled ; petals roundish, as long as the lobes of the calyx ; capsule ol)tuscly 4-angled, narrowed at the base. — Marshes and margins of streams, in the lower districts. July -Sept. — Resembles No. IG but is every way larger. 19. L. arcuata, Walt Smooth; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted at the base; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals; capsule davate, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, etc., Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems 4'- 8' long. 6. CIRCJEA, Tourn. Calyx tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2 cleft, deciduous. Petals 2, ol)Cordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2- celleil, 1-2-sceded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with oppo- site petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loo.se terminal racemes. 1. C. Lutotiana, L. Minutely pubescent; leaves ovate, acuminate, slightly toothed, usually longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; capsule his- pid.— Damp shades along the mountains. July. — Stem l°-2° high, tumid at the joints. Fruit reflexed. F'lowers reddish white. 2. C. alpina, L. Smooth ; stem low (3' - 8') ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, coarsely tootjied, as long as the petioles; pedicels minutely bracted ; capsule liairy. — With the preceding. Order 01. LOASACE^E. (Loasa Family.) Herbs, commonly armed with bristly barbed, often stinging, hairs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered. — Calyx tube adherent to the 1 -celled ovary, the limb 5-parted and persistent. Petals 5 or 10, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens mostly TURNERACE^. (tURNERA FAMILY.) 167 indefinite, in several parcels, inserted with the petals. Styles united. Capsule ii'regularly dehiscent. Seeds few or many, borne ou 3-5 parietal placentje, commonly with scanty albumen. 1. MENTZELIA, Plum. Calyx tube cylindrical or club-shaped. Petals convolute in the bud. Stamens commonly 30 or more, the exterior ones often dilated and sterile. Styles 3, united to the middle. Capsule 3-valved at the summit, with 3 parietal placenta. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Stems branching. Leaves toothed or .sinuate-pinnatifid. Flower.s yellow. 1. M. Floridana, Xutt. Leaves deltoid-ovate, toothed, truncate and 2- lobed at the ba.-;o ; stamens about 30; capsule 6-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem trailing, 2^- 6° long. Flowers small, golden-yellow. Order 62. TURNERACEiE. (Turner a Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and soli- tary axillary flowers. — Calyx free from the 1-celled ovary, colored, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the caljTc, con volute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the calyx be- low the petals. Styles 3, distinct, simple, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Stigmas 3 or 0, many-parted. Placentae 3, parietal. Capsule loculicidally 3- valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, arilled. Embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers sessile, or on bracted or jointed pedicels. 1. PIRIQUETA, Aublet. Calyx campanulate. Styles 3, 2-cleft or deej)ly 2parted. Stigmas 6, many-parted. Capsule opening to the base into 3 valves. — Herbs with stel- late pubescence. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. L P. Caroliniana. Hirsute with fulvous hairs, and stellate-tomentose ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, mostly serrate or toothed, nearly sessile ; pedicels (at least the upper ones) longer than the leaves, often bibracteolate ; petals ol)ovate ; styles 2-parted. (Turnera cis- toides, Ell.) — Dry light soil, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. 2/ — Stem 1^ high. Leaves 2' -3' long, the lowest ones broader. 2. P, tomentosa, HBK. Stellate-tomentose throughout ; stem simple ; leaves nearlv sessile, oblong, acute or obtuse, obscurely crenate, hoary beneath ; pedicels shorter than the leaves. — South Florida. — Stem 1^ high. Leaves rather rigid, 1' long. 3. P. glabra, Chapm. Stem slender, branching, smooth ; leaves smooth, linear, entire, the floral ones small and liract-like ; pedicels several times longer than the leaves, and, like tlie calyx, stellate-tomentose ; petals spatulate ; styles 2-cleft. (Turnera glabra, DC. ?) — South Florida. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 1' in diameter. 1G8 r-VS.SIFLOKACE.E. (rASSlOX-FLOWER FAMILY.) OuDKu G;). PASSIFLOKACI:^. (rAssiON-FLOWEU Family.) Vines or trees, Avitli alternate leaves, and perfect or didjcious flowers. — Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla o-i)etalled, niono- petalmis, or none. Stamens 5 or 10, separate or united, the anthers introrse. Fruit 1 or 5-celled, mostly puli\v and indehiscent. Pla- centa^ parietal. Seed enclosed in a pulpy aril. Embryo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Synopsis. SrnoRDER I. PASSIFLOREvE. Climbing vines, with stipulate leaves, and a.xillary perfect Howurs. — Calyx ."j-ijarted, with a crown of Klaments at the throat. Stamens 5, monadelj)hous around the stalk of the ovary. Styles 3. Fruit pulj)y. 1. PASSITLORA. Filaments of the crown separate. Petals 5, or none. ScBORDER II. PAPAYjE. Trees, with milky juice, palmately lobed ex- stipulate leaves, and dioecious flowers. — Staminate flowers niouopetalous, panicled. Stamens 10. Pistillate flowers 5-petalled. Stigmas 5, sessile. Fruit baccate. 2. CARICA. Corolla of the staminate flowers salver-shaped, 5-lobed. 1 PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-Flower. May-Pop. Calyx tube very short. Filaments of the crown in 2 or more rows. Fruit baccate. — Tendrils axillary. Peduncles jointed, I-flowered. 1. P. incamata, L. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, acute, serrate ; petioles biglandular; jieduncles 3-bracted ; sepals with a horn-like point below the apex, whitish within ; filaments of the crown in about 5 rows, the 2 outer ones as long as tlie sepals ; berry large, oval. — In open or cultivatetl ground, common. June -July. 11 — Fruit yellowish, as large as a lien's egg. Flow- ers purple and white. 2. P. lutea, L. Leaves cordate, broadly 3-lobed at the summit, with the lobes rounded and entire ; petioles glandless ; flowers small, greenish yellow ; peduncles by pairs, bractless ; filaments of the crown in 3 rows, shorter than the sepals. — Woods and thickets. June -July. 11 — Fruit oval, purple, -J' in diameter. 3. P. suberosa, L. Leaves smooth, slightly fringed on the margins, 5- nervcd at the base, divided above the middle into 3 ovate entire acute lobes, the middle lobe largest ; petioles short, biglandular above the middle; peduncles commonly by pairs ; flowers greenish ; petals none ; filaments of the crown shorter than the s('])als, purple at the base ; fruit purple. — South Florida. 4.- P. angUStifolia, Swartz. Lower leaves mo.'^tly 3-lobed, with the lobes lanceolate, obtuse, and entire ; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, and acute; petioles .sliort, biglandular; flowers small, solitary or by pairs, the pe- duncles short and bractless; petals none. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° CUCUKBITACE.E. (gOURD FAMILY.) 169 long. Leaves sometimes entire. Flowers 4" -6" wide, yellowish. Berry jjurple, as large as a pea. Filaments of the crown in 2 rows. Stamens occa- sionally 4. Stipules subulate. 5. P. pallida, L. Leaves on short biglandular petioles ; the lower ones 3 lobed, acute ; the upper ovate or oblong, undivided; stipules subulate; pe- duncles commonly by pairs, about the length of the petioles ; flowers very small ; segments of the crown few, filiform, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. 6. P, multiflora, L. Stem climbing high; leaves velvety-pubescent, ovate-obloug, entire, short-petioled ; flowers small, in axillary clusters ; invo- lucre none. — Miami (Garher), Umbrella Key (Curtiss), South Florida. — Stem woody, climbing over the tallest trees. Leaves 2' -3' long. 2. CARICA, L. Custard Apple. Flowers dicecious. Corolla of the staminate flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Corolla of the pistillate flower 5-petalled. Lobes of the stigma lacerate. Fruit pulpy, manv-seeded. — Trees, with simple stems, large loug-petioled lobed leaves, and a.xillary flowers. 1. C. Papaya, L. Trunk simple, leafy at the top (10°- 20° high); leaves mostly 7-lul)ed, broadly sinuate ; staminate flowers panicled ; pistillate flowers single or 2 - 3 together, and larger. — South Florida. — Flowers yellow. Order 64. CUCURBITACE^E. (Gourd Family.) Herbs, witli succulent stems, climbing by means of lateral tendrils. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers axillary, monoe- cious or dicecious. — Calyx o-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct or more or less united petals, coherent with the calyx. Sta- mens 3 - 5, free or variously united. Anthers long, straight or tortu- ous, commonly connate. Ovary 1 - 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Fruit (pepo) fleshy or pulpy, 1 - 3-celled. Seeds compressed, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Synopsis. 1. TRIANOSPERMA. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 3- seeded, smooth. 2. MELOTHRIA. Petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit many-seeded, smooth. 3. SICTOS. Petals 5, united at the base into a rotate corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit I- seeded, hispid. 4. ECHtNOCYSTIS. Petals G. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit 4-seeded. 1. TRIANOSPERMA, Torr. & Gray. Flowers monoecious or dicecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous. Style mostly 3-cleft. Fruit ovate or globose, smooth, few-seeded. 170 CACTACK.E. (cactus FAMILY.) 1. T. Boykinii, Kihmu. I\Htile circiuuscisBile. — Seaside plants, with nearly opposite leaves, and small axillary Howers. 1. CYPSELK.\. Sepals obtuse. Stamens 2 -3. Style 'J-parted. Capsule 1 -celled. 2. TR1.\NTHEMA. Sf pals mucronate. Stamens 5. Style entire. Capsule 1 - 'i-oelled. 3. SESUVIUM. Sepals mucronate. Stamens 5 ormore. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3- 5-celled. Tribe II. MOLL.UGINE.iE. Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla none. Stamens hypogy- nous. Capsule valvate. — Prostrate annual herbs, with whorled leaves, and axillary flowers. 4. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3-valved, 3-ceUed. Sepals white. 1. CYPSELEA, Turp. Calyx 5-parted. Petal.-J none. Stanieus 1-3, alternate with tlie calyx lobes. Styles 2. Capsule circumscissile. 1. C. humiftisa, Turp. Small, aunual, decumljent, glabrous, ])ranchiiig; leaves nearly • stem larj^e (.3°-G° hijjli), jmrplish ; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, aciite, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes and river banks. July. — Plant very poisonous. 8. APIUM, L. Calyx teeth .5, or obsolete. Fruit ovale or ol)lonp;, flattened on the sides, the carjjols c(pially 5-ribbed. lutervals witli single vitta;. Flowers white. 1. H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; uml)els short-j)eduiicled, opposite the leaves; involucre 1-2-leaved or none; invohuel .'J-6-leaved. — Ditches, etc. around Charleston. Introduced. A])ril- June. — Stems 2° long. 2. H. leptophyllum, DC. .Stem erect or diffuse; leaves ternately or bitern;itely divided, the divisions linear or setaceous; umbels nearly se.ssile, 1-3-rayed; involucre and involucel none; fruit ovate. — Ea.st Florida, and westward. Introduced. — Stem i° - 2° high. Fruit very small. 9. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, comj)ressed on tlie sides, often rough or bristly. Carpels S-ribbed, the intervals witli single vittae, and 2 on the face. — Slender smootli hei-bs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Umbels few-raved. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved. 1. L. divarioatUS, DC. Annual ; stem (6'- 18' high) widely branched ; leaves 2-.3-]iiiniatifid, with the divisions filiform ; uml)el ,3-4-rayed. (Sison pusillum, Micli.r.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Fruit very small, roughened with minute scales. 2. L. echinatus, Nutt. Leaves, etc. as in tlie preceding, but the fruit beset with rigid spreading hooked bristles. — Mol)ik' (Mohr), and westward. 10. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Calyx teeth subulate, persistent. Fruit ovate ; the carpels strongly 3-ribbed on the back, and with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Intervals with single vittaj. — Smooth annuals, growing in marshes. Leaves pinnately dissected, with the filiform divisions often whorled. Involucre and involucel conspicuous. Flowers white. 1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbels 3-IO-r.ayed; leaves of the^ involucre mostly 3 -.5 cleft; fruit ovate. (Ammi capillaceum, Michx.) — Brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June-July. — Stem l°-2° high, much branched. Earliest leaves simple, or simply pinnate. 2. D. Nuttallii, DC. LTmbels many-rayed ; leaves of the involucre .5-6, entire ; fruit globose. — Low ground, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stem 2° - 6° high. UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 179 11. CRYPTOT^NIA, DC. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit obloug, contracted at the sides. Carpels equally 5-ribbed, with very slender single vittte in each interval, and one under each rib. — A smootli perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long petioles. Leaflets large, ovate, doubly serrate and mostly lobed. Rays of the umbel few and very unequal. Involucre none. Involacels filiform. Flowers white. 1. C. Canadensis, DC. — Eich shady soil, chiefly in the upper districts July. — Stem 2° high. 12. SIUM, L. Calyx teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the sides ; the carpels with 5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several vittffi. — Marsh or aquatic perennial lierbs. Leaves pinnate; the immersed ones dissected into numerous capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. 1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, finely and sharply serrate ; calyx teeth minute , fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along streams, commonly in water. West Florida and North Carolina. Rare. July. — Stem 2° high. 13. THASPIUM, Nutt. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, nearly terete, the carpels .5-winged. Vittffi single in the intervals and two on the commissure. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 3-ternately divided leaves, or the lower ones entire, and yellow (rarely purple) flowers. Involucre none. Fruit all pedicellate. 1. T. aureum, Nutt. Glabrous; stem sparingly branched, 1°- 3° high ; radical leaves simple, cordate ; stem leaves ternate, the leaflets oblong-lanceo- late, sharply serrate ; flowers yellow or (in var. atropurpureum, C ^ R.) dark purple; fruit ovoid, 2" long, the ribs winged. — Dry open woods. May- July. 2. T. barbinode, Nutt. Stem 2° -3° high, widely branching, pubescent at the joints; leaves mostly 2- 3-ternate, the leaflets thin, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, coarsely seri-ate and often lobed ; flowers yellow ; fruit elliptical, 3" long, with three of the ribs more narrowly winged. — Woods and rocky hanks, chiefly in the up])er districts. May to July. Var. pinnatifidum, C. & R. More or less pubescent ; leaflets small (i' long), coarsely toothed; fruit smaller, puberulent. — Rocky banks of the Chipola River, West Florida. June. 3. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Branches and umbels roughish-puberulent ; leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong, narrowly 10-winged, 2" long, the intervals minutely scabrous. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2° -3° high. 14. ZIZIA, Koch. Habit and most of the characters of Thaspium, but the fruit laterally com- pressed, wingless, and the central one of each umbellet sessile. Flowers yellow. 180 UMBKLLIFER^-. (I'AKSLKY FAMILY.) 1. Z. aurea, Koch. Olalmms, 20-3° IiIkIi I leaves 1-3-ternate, tlie lowest Idiifjiictiuled ; lealletM ovate or ovate-laiiceuliite, .sharply serrate ; ravs stout, l.")-2.'»; fruit oljong, 2" long. — W'orxls ami low ground. Mav- July. Var. Bebbii, (". & H. More slender; leaflets coarsely serrate; rays fewer; fruit .smaller, oval. — Mountains of North Carolina and Georgia. 2. Z. COrdata, DC. Stem 2°-.3° higli ; lowest leaves simple, cordate, creiiatc, tlie upper ternate, siiarply serrate, lanceolate ; fruit ovate, 1 ^" long. — Copses and open woods. May - June. 15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Nondo. Calyx teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels with 5 acute e(iual and somewliat winged rihs. Vittre numerous. Involucre short, 2-6-lcaved. — rereiniial herl)s. Leaves 1 -3-teriiately divided. Flow- ers wliite. 1. L. actseifolium, Michx. Stem tall (3°-6°), smooth, branched; leaves S-ternatoly (li\ idcd ; leaflets ovate, toothed; umbels very nuuu-rons, panicled ; fruit ovatc-oblong, tlie ril)s wing-like ; vitta; 3 in each interval, and 6 on the commissure. — Kich soil, in the upi)er di.stricts. July -August. — Root large, aromatic. 16. CYNOSCIADIUM, DC Calvx teeth subulate. Fruit ovate, terete. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, the two lateral ribs united with the thick corky margin. Intervals with single vittae. — Smooth annuals, witli finely divided leaves, and very small white flowers. Leaves of the involucre few or none. 1- C. pinnatum, I^C. Leaves pinnately divided into few long linear segments; jjetals roundish, obtuse; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs not promi- nent. — Alabama {Prof. E. A. Smith), and westward. August. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Lowest leaves often entire. 2. C. digitatum, DC. Leaves palmately 3 - 5-parted, segments linear; calyx teeth prominent; fruit contracted at the top, .strongly riJjljed. — Ala- bama, and westward. — Stem l°-2° high. 17. ANGELICA, L. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit fl.attened. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs dilated into wings. Vitta; 1-6 in each interval, and 2-10 on the commis- sure.— Chiefly perennial herbs, with compound leaves, no involucre, and white flowers. * Vittfv single in each interval. 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Stem smooth ; leaves tw-ice ternate, or the divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cor- date, sharply toothed ; fruit broadly winged ; commissure with 2 vittse. — High mountains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° high. Petioles large and sheathing. UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 181 * * VittcE 3-6 in each interval, 2. A. hirsuta, Ton. & Gray. Upper part of the stem and umbels softly pubesceut ; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate ; fruit pubescent. — Dry hills, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. 3. A. deutata, Chapm. Stem slender, smooth ; umbels slightly pubes- cent; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed; fruit smooth. — Dry pine barrens, Florida. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, branching above; teeth of the small (^') leaflets spreading. 18. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewliat flattened on the back, 5-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vittae 2-3 in each interval, and 4 - 8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves thin, finely 2 - 3pinnately compound. Involucre none. Involucels subulate. Flowers white. 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid, with linear-ob- long lobes, the petioles inflated ; rays of the umbel slender ; fruit broadly oval. — High mountains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° -5° high. 19. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval or obovate, flattened on the back. Carpels with 5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittse, and 2 - 6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, from tuber-bearing roots, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel few- or many- leaved. 1. T. rigida, C. & R. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets (3-9) varying from linear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. — Swamps. August - Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 2. T. ternata, C. & R. Leaves ternate, with the leaflets linear, entire and strongly nerved ; tiie lowest ones on very long petioles. — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North. Carolina. Nov. — Stem slender, 2° high. Petioles of the lower leaves 1° or more long. 3. T. teretifolia, DC. Leaves reduced to rush-like petioles, the lowest equitant ; involucre and involucel each 5 - 6-leaved. — Wet pine barrens, in the lower districts. August - Sept. Stem 2° - 4° high. 20. HERACLEUM, L. Calyx teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with the 2 lateral ribs dis- tant from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins. Vittae shorter than the carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — Stotit perennial herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided or lobed leaves on inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many- leaved. Marginal flowers commonly larger and radiant. 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Villous; leaves very large, ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 4°- 8° high, strongly furrowed. 182 UMBELLIFEU.E. (PARSI.KV KAMn.V.) 21. POLYT^NIA, l»('. Calyx 5-11)111110(1. Fruit oval, i()iii])r«'sstli, leafy, widely braudied; leaves tt-niatily di'ioinpniiiKl ; leaMets largo, ln-nadly cordate, d<
    ly serrate; QiuWelri very iiuiiieruus, pauicled. — Kieii woods aluug tlie uiuuntaiiis. .July. — Hoot thick, aromatic. Stem .'J'-'-5'^ '''J?''* 2. A. hispida, Miiiix. Stem leafy, somewhat 8hrubl)y at the ha«e, bristly; leaves bijjiuiiately comitoiiiui ; leaHets lanceohite ovate, tiharply ser- rate ; umbels in uaked pedumled coryml)s. — Mountains of North Carolina. June -.Inly. — Stem 1° - 2'^ high. 3. A. nudicaulis, L. stem naked, short, hearing 3 long pedum Icil um- bels at tlie ape.x ; leaf solitary, radical, long-petioled, ternately divided, the divisions (piinate ; U^aflets ohlong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Koot long and slender, aromatic. Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves. * # Stems woody. 4. A. spinosa, L. (Herclles's Club.) Stem simple, prickly ; leaves very large, crowded at the summit of the stem, bipinnately compound ; leaflets tiiick, ovate, crenate, glaucous beneath ; umbels in very large hoary panicles. — Swamps. July - August. — Stem 10°- 15° high. 2. PANAX, L. Ginseng. Calyx minutely .5-toothed. Petals and stamens .5. Styles 2-3. Berry fleshy, drupaceou.s, 2-.3-lohed, 2-3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, bearing at the summit a single long-peduncled umbel of greenish flowers, surrounded l)y a whorl of three 3 - 7-foliolate leaves. Berry red or greenish. 1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform ; leaflets .5 - 7, oblong-obovate, serrate, stalked ; styles 2, berrv crimson. — Kich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, serrate, sessile ; styles 3 ; berry greenish. — With the last. — Plant 4'- 6' high. Ordp:r 69. CORXACE^E. (Dogwood Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed ex.stipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 1-2-celled ovary, 4 -5-toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-10, inserted into the margin of the disk that crowns the ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous. pendulous. Fruit a berry-like 1-2-celled, l-2-seede(l drupe. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Cotyledons large and foliaceous. 1. CORNUS, Tourn. Docwooo, Cornel. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capi- tate. Drupe 2celled, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches CORNACE^. (dogwood FAMILY.) 185 Opposite (except No. 1). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and subtended by a colored involucre. * Flowers white, in a loose open cyme: involucre none. I.e. alternifolia, L'Herit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at each end, pale aud pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped branches, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, aud northward. May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree. 2. C. Stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acu- minate, smooth, whitish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the summit ; drupes and anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April. — A shrift) or small tree. Branches brown. 3. C. paniculata, L'Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat pauicled, loose-flow- ered; drupes white, depressed-globose. — North Carolina, and northward. May- June. — Shrub 4° - 8^ high. Branches gray. 4. C sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, the lower surface, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent; drupes pale blue. — Low woods. May. — Shrub 6° - 1 0° high. 5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate-ovate or ob- long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlets aud flat cymes ; drupes pale blue. — Dry woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Branches slender and sometimes warty. 6. C. Stolonifera, Michx. Stem erect or declining, with reddish purple shoots ; leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate, closely pubescent, whitish beneath ; cymes small, dense, smooth ; drupes white. — Swamps and wet hanks, Ten- nessee, and northward. May. * * Flowers capitate, subtended by a white 4-leaved involucre. 7. C. florida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers greenish ; drupes ovoid, red. — Oak woods, common. May. — A small tree. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves of the involucre emarginate and thickened at the summit, showy. 2. NYSSA, L. Sour Gum. Flowers dicecio-polygamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or cymes. Calyx .5-parted. Stamens 5-10. Petals and pistil none. Fertile flowers single or few in a head. Calyx limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals .5, minute, or wanting. Stamens 5-10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolute. Stigma decurrent. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, greenish, on axillary or lateral peduncles. * Sterile flmvers in loose clusters. 1. N. sylvatica, Marsh. Leaves oval or obovate, mostly acute, tomen- tose when young, at length shining above ; fertile peduncles long and slen- der, 3-8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Rich upland woods, Florida to 186 C.VI'KIFOLIACE.K. (HOXEYSLXKLE FAMILY.) Missi8si|)]>i, ami nuitliward. May. — A trco 30°-50' '"'g''. witli widely spreadiiij; luaiK'lie.-*. Leaves ratlier thick, dark green, 2-5' lung. Fertile peduncles H'-3' long. Drupe y long. 2. N. Caroliniana, Poir. Branches, leaves, etc. tonientose when young, at lenglli nearly .ng-J)etiolet^ ovate or oblong, acute, entire ur shari)ly toothed, tomeutose beneath, the lower ones often cordate; fertile peduncles elongated, 1-flowered; drupes ovate-olilong, dark blue. — Dee]) swamps and ponds, middle and lower districts. April. — A large tree. Leaves 4' -6' long. Drupe 8" -12" long. * » Sterile /lowers capitate. 4. N. capitata, Walt. (Ogeechee Lime.) Leaves large, short-petioled, oblong, oval, or obovate, mucronate or acute, toraentose beneath ; flowers below the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; drupe oblong, red. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and westward. — A small tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. Drupe 1' long, agreeably acid. DiviJ^iON IL IMONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consistin^u of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. Order 70. CAPKIFOLIACE^. (Honeysuckle Family.) Chiefly trees or slirub.s, with opi)osite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx tube adherent to tlie ovary, the limb 4-5-toothed or lobed. Corolla tubular or rotate, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-5- celled, with 1-many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly baccate or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo smaU, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stifrma capitate. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla camiianulate. Berry 4-celled, '-'-seeded. Erect shrubs. 2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Erect shrubs. 3. LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1 - 3-celled. Chiefly woody vines. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3 - 5-seeded. Herbs. CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 187 * * Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3-5, sessile. Flowers in cymes. 5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pimiate. Berry 3-5-seeded. 6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded. 1. SYMPHOmCAilPUS, Bill. Sxowberry. Calvx tube globose, the limb 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanu- late, uearly regular, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other two with a single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers in axillary spikes or clusters. 1. S. vulgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small axillary clu.sters ; corolla smoothish within ; berries red. — Dry soil among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Shrub 2"^ - 3° high. 2. DIERVILLA, Touru. Calyx oblong or cylindrical, narrowed above, with 5 subulate teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Low shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate serrate decidu- ous leaves, and axillary and terminal cymose flowers. 1. D. triflda, Moench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, distinctly petioled, pubescent, especially on the veins above ; peduncles mo.stly 3-flowered ; cap- sule ovoid-oblong, narrowed into a neck above. — Mountains of North Caro- lina. June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers greenish yellow. 2. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, clo.sely sessile and somewliat clasping; peduncles many-flowered; capsule cylindrical-oblong, narrowed into a short neck above. — Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. — Leaves and capsule larger than in the last species. 3. LONICERA, L. Woodbine, Honeysuckle. Caly^i ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gib- bous near the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Berry 1 -3-celled, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twin- ing shrubs, with entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked whorls. \. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pale and tomeutose beneath, the upper pair shorter and connate ; spikes ter- minal; whorls distinct ; corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet or orange with- out, yellow within. — Margins of swamps. April -Sept. — Leaves perennial. Corolla 2' long. 2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining ; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the 2 or 3 upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal ; corolla bilabiate, the tube long and slender. — Mountains of Carolina and northward. May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1 h' long, with a red or purplish tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red. 188 CAPKIFOL1ACE.E. (hONEYSUCKLK FAMILY.) •'5- L. flava, SiiMS. Smootli and noiiR-wliat glaucoius ; stem scarcely twin- ing; leaves oval or olujvate, the upjur j>air8 connate; whorls of Howers crowded, terminal ; corolla slender, liilahiate. — Hanks of rivers in the uj»per districts. June -July. — Corolla 1' long, bright yellow; tke 4-cleft limb uearly iw long a.s the tube. 4. L. glauca, Hill. ISmooth; stem twining; leaves ellii)tical, glaucous beneatii, 2-3' lung, the upper pairs connate; whorls of Howers cnjwded, peduncled ; corolla short, bilabiate, gil)bous at the biurt-](i)iiited, entire or crenulate-serratc, 2' -3' long, smooth al)ove, the lower surface, like the jjeticjles and hranciilets, scurfy ; cymes 4-rayed ; fruit 3" long, ovoid, black. — Low ground, Is'orth Alahauia to North Carolina. 8. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneath with tufted hairs in their axils, otlicrwise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, sliglitly conlate, coarsely serrate, acute, plicate by the strong impressed veins; cymes long-jicduncled, 7-rayed; calyx smooth, witli the lobes ol)tuse; fruit small, roundish, deep blue. — Rich damp soil. March- May. — A large shrub. 9. V. molle, Michx. Stellate-pubescent; leaves 3'-4' long, thin, or- bicular-cordate, dentate-serrate, acute, hairy on the impressed veins, the short petiole, with the setaceous stipule-like appendages, and bracted cyme glandu- lar; calyx ciliate ; corolla large, the lol)es round; fruit "oldong-ovate." — Cliffs of the Coosa Kiver, near Rome, Georgia May. — Shruli 6° -8° high. Var. ? tomentOSUm. Leaves smaller (\y-2V long) and thicker, ovate or oblong-ovate, seldom cordate, softly pubescent beneath ; petioles and cymes glandless ; stipule-like appendages none ; corolla smaller ; fruit roundisii, blue. (V. scabrellum, /'/ora.) — Mostly in low groimd in tlie lower districts. — Shrub 8° -12° high. 10. V. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or oblong-ovato, coarsely serrate, hairy above, tomentose beneath, on very short petioles or the upper- most subsessile; cymes small, smoothish, 7-rayed; fruit oblong, black. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves r-2' long. * * Marginal flowers radiant and sterile. 11. V. lantanoides, Michx. Stem smooth and straggling; branches, cymes, and lower surface of the round-ovate, cordate, serrate leaves covered with tufted down ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid, black. — Deep shades on the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves 4' — 6' long. Sterile flowers 1' in diameter. Order 71. RUBIACE..^. (Madder Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire, opposite and united by in- terposed stipules, or whorled. — Calyx tube adherent to the ovary ; the limb 4 - 6-toothed or lobed, or obsolete. Corolla 4 - (3-lobed, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4-6, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 2- 10-celled, with 1 -sev- eral anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell. Style mostly solitary. Albumen hard or fleshy. RUBIACEiE. (madder FAMILY.) 191 Synopsis. Suborder I. COFFEES. Ovules aud seed solitary iu the cells (except No. 6). Calyx tube adherent to the ovary. §1. Leaves whorled. Stipules none. 1. GALIUM. Corolla rotate, valvate in the bud. Fruit 2-celled. Herbs. § 2. Leaves opposite, rarely three iu a whorl, with stipules interposed. * Herbs. Mature fruit dry. Flowers single or clustered. 2. SPERMACOCE. Carpels 2, one or both open on the inner face. Flowers clustered. Calyx lobes persistent. 3. RICHARDIA. Carpels 2-4, closed. Calyx lobes deciduous. Flower clusters terminal. 4. DIODIA. Carpels 2 - 3, bony and closed. Style 2-cleft. Albumen fleshy. * * Shrubs. Fruit dry. Flowers in globular peduncled heads. 5. CEPHALANTHUS. Carpels 2-4, separating at the base, closed. * * * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. Flowers mostly axillary. •1- Ovaries united, forming a compound berry in fruit. 6. MITCHELLA. Flowers by pairs. Stamens 4. Berry 4-seeded. 7. MORINDA. Flowers numerous. Stamens 5. Berry 1-seeded. H- -I- Ovaries and fruit separate. ++ Albumen horny. 8. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended. 9. PSTCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect. ■i-i- ++ Albumen fleshy. 10. STRUMPFIA. CoroUa bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united. Leaves whorled. 11. GUETTARDA. Corolla salvcr-form. Anthers subsessile, separate. 12. ERITHALIS. Corolla subrotate. Filaments slender. Flowers panicled. 13. ERNODEA. CoroUa salver-form. Flowers axillary, solitary. Suborder II. CINCHONE^. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite. * Fruit baccate, indehiscent. Shrubs. 4- Fruit 5-celled. 14. HAMELIA. Flowers cymose. Corolla cylindrical, crimson. ■I- 4- Fruit 2-celled. 15. GENIPA. Flowers cymose. Corolla salver-form, white. Berry large. 16. RANDIA. Flowers solitary. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. 17. CATESB^A. Flowers solitary. Corolla 4-lobed, valvate. * * Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent. ■t- Shrubs or trees. 18. PINCKNEYA. Shrubs or trees. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged. 19. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged. •I- •»- Herbs. Corolla valvate. Seed wingless. 20. HOUSTONIA. Corolla tunnel- or salver-form, 4-lobed, longer than the calyx, 21. OLDENLANDIA. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed, shorter than the calyx. 22. PENTODON. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed. Capsule included in the calyx. 1. GALIUM, L. Calyx teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3 -4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2, united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1- seeded closed carpels. Albumen horny. — Slender herbs, with scjuare stems and whorled leaves. Flowers minute. 192 KUBIACE^. (mADI)KK FAMILY.) • Annual : fruit dry. 1. G. Aparine, L. (Cleaveks.) Annual; («tenis weak, retrorsoly his- piil,2°-3° lung: leaves 6-8 iu a whorl, lameolate, hispid on the niargiuH aud mi(iril); jjcduncles long, 1 - 2-tiowered ; fruit bristly. — Waste places, spar- iugly introduced. 2. G. virgatum, Xutt. Low (6'- lO' high), .simple or branching at the base, snioulh nv liispid; leaves 4 in a wiiorl, sliurt (4" or 5"), ohlong-lanceo- latc, hispid-ciliate; peduncles axillary, short, l)racteolate, 1-flowered; fruit hispiil. — liarreus of Tennessee (O'dtlimjer), and westward. * * Perennial. ■*- Fruit harcate : peduncles 1 -3-Jlowered : leaves 4 in a irhorl. 3. G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, slightly roughened, hairy at the joints; leaves small (2" -6"), rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rough on tlie margins and veins beneath, acute; berry roughened, liluish lilack. (Rubia Brownei, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil near the coast. ilay-Sept. — Stems 1°- 2"^ long. Root yellow. Flowers greenish white. 4. G. uniflorum, Michx. Smooth ; stems mostly simple, slender, erect ; leaves linear, acute, rough on the margins, punctate beneath ; berry smooth, black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June -July. — Stems numerous, 1° high. Flowers white. •^ ■*- Fruit dry: peduncles commonly Q- many-flowered. •*-*■ Fruit hispid. J). G. triflorum, Michx. Stems weak, diffuse, very rough ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be- neath hispid; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; fruit deu.sely uncinate-hispid. — Low shaded places. July. — Stems 2° -3^ long. Flowers greenish white. A smoother form is G. cuspidatum, Muhl. , 6. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or rougliened on the angles, branching; leaves small (4" -8"), 4 iu a whorl, oval, slightly pointed, more or lesis hairy and roughened, dotted; peduncles 2-3 times forking; fruit pedicelled, bristly with hooked hairs. — Dry soil. June - Sept. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers purjjle. Var. puncticulosuni, Gray. Stem, leaves, etc. smooth or nearly so ; frnit often mucii larger. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward, 7. G. circsezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so ; leaves large (1'- \V), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent; pedun- cles forking, then spreading and spike-like; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, nearly sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods. July. — Stems several, sparingly branched, 1° liigh. Flowers purple. ** ** Fi'uit smooth. 8. G. trifldum, L. Stems slender, weak, smooth or rough-angled, at length diffuse ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu- late-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper ones often opposite ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered ; corolla lobes and stamens often 3. — Wet places. June -July. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Flowers white. Flant dries black. RUBIACE.E. (madder FAMILY.) 193 9. G. asprellum, Michx. Stem weak, 2° - 4° long, diffusely branched, retrorsely hi.spid ; leaves 6 in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, hispid on the midrib aud margins ; flowers very numerous, minute, white. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. 10. G. latifolium, Michx. Stems erect, smooth ; leaves thin, 4 iu a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nerved, dotted, minutely fringed on the margins; peduncles filiform, 2-3 times forking. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems 1° - li° high. Leaves V -2' long. Flowers purple. 11. G. Arkansanum, Gray. Stems low, smooth; leaves 4 in a whorl, lanceolate or linear, 1' or less long, ciliate on the margins ; peduncles forking. — West Tennessee (Gattinger), and westward. 2. SPERMACOCE, L. Calyx 2-4-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4- lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds grooved on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight-veined, their bases connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers small, in axillary sessile clusters. « Carpels separating at the apex, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. — Spermacoce. 1. S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-angled, smooth, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath ; clusters globose, dense, many-flowered ; corolla barely longer than the lanceolate calyx teeth, white, woolly withiu ; stamens and style included; fruit obovate. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. June. % — Stem 1°- 2° high. 2. S. tenuior, L. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, acute, rough above and on the margins ; clusters few-flowered ; corolla white, hairy within, 2- 3' times as long as the calyx; stamens and slender style exserted ; fruit turbinate. — Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and we.stward. July. % — Stem 6' - 12' high. 3. S- Portorieensis, Balbis. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branch- ing from the base, terete, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote ; clusters small, mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla barely longer than the subulate teeth of the calyx ; stamens and style in- cluded ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil. (T) — Stem 3' - 12' long. * * Carpels both opening on the inner face. — Borreria. 4. S. parviflora, Gray. Annual ; stem erect, slender, simple or branched above, 4-angled, smooth ; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins oliscure ; clusters dense, globose, axillary and terminal ; calyx teeth 4, subulate, longer than the minute (white) corolla ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — "Waste places, Florida. June - August. — Plant 6' - 18' high, pale green. Leaves 1' long. 13 194 RUBIACEiE. (mAPPKU KAMILY.) f). S. podoccphala, (iray. Stems low (.T- 6'), smooth, erect or aj^cenil- ing, Itraiuliiii^ ai llie liase; leaves smootli, liiuiar, witli tlu' iiiargiiiH revoliite, those ill the axils clustered, the floral ecac. Calyx 4 - "-parted, the lobes deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 3 - 6-lol)ed. Stamens 3-6, exserted. Style 3- or 4-cleft. Capsule separating into 2-4 one-seeded iudehisceut nutlets. — Hairy branching herbs. Leaves united by bristly .stij)ulos. Flowers white, in terminal sessile clusters. 1. H. scabra, St. Ililaire. Annual, hirsute, forking; leaves ovate, acute, the two upper pairs iuvolucre-like ; calyx lobes subulate ; nutlets 2-3, oblong. — Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Introduced. 4. DIODIA, L. Characters chiefly of Spermacoce, but the two bony indeliiscent car|)els closed on the inner face. — Herbs. Corolla tube often long and slender. Flowers few or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves. 1. D. Virginica, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent, or hirsute ; stem prostrate, 4-angled ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute, sessile; flowers single, or 2-G in a cluster; corolla hairy within, the tube long anil slender; frnit ovoid, strongly ribbed, crowned with the 2 (rarely 4) linear or lanceolate calyx teeth. — Wet places. Juue-Sept. — Stem l°-4° long. Flowers white or purplish. 2. D. teres, Walt. Animal ; stem erect, widely branched from the base, terete, l)ristly or hairy ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, rough ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 together ; corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit obovate, even, crowned with the 4 short caly.x teeth. — Dry sandy soil. July -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high, sometimes prostrate. Flowers purjilish. 5. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-Bush. Calyx obconical, 4toothed. Corolla tulnilar, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slender, ex.'serted. Stigma ca])itate. Fruit dry, obconical, separating from the base into 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Al- bumen horny. — Aquatic shrubs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire stipules, and white flowers collected into a globo.se long-pedunded head. Receptacle hairy. 1. C. OCcidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur- face of the ovate-oblong acute leaves pubescent ; peduncles terminal, and in the upper axils. — Ponds and marshes. July - August. — Stem 4° -12° high. Leaves petioled, 3' -5' long, sometimes three in a whorl. Heads 1' in diameter. RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 195 6. MITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berkt. Flowers by pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothecl. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy within, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slender. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx. — A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with small broadly ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal flowers. 1. M. repens, L. — Shady woods. March -April. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 6"- 10" long, mostly somewhat cordate, shining above, on slender petioles. Corolla I' long. Fruit red. 7. MORINDA, L. Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into a head. Calyx obscurely toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, .5-lobed, valvate in the Inad. Stamens 5, short. Style slender. Stigmas 2, filiform.. Fruit composed of 2-4 one- seeded carpels, all united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shi'ubs. Leaves opposite or wliorled. Stipules witliin the leaves. Flowers terminal, or op- posite the leaves. 1. M. Coioc, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing ; leaves smooth, lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate-oblong and abruptly acute, short- petioled ; stipules broad and short ; flowers small, crimson. — South Florida. March - April. 8. CHIOCOCCA, Browne. Snowberry. Calvx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers linear, included. Style slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed of two oblong 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds suspended. — Shrubs. Leaves smooth, petioled. Stipules connate. Flowers in axillary racemes, white or yellow. 1. C. raeemosa, Jacq. Erect; leaves oblong (2' -3' long), acute at both ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many- flowered ; corolla many times longer than the calyx teeth, white, turning yellow. — Varies with the .stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller (^'-f long), more rigid, and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South Florida. — Fruit white. 9. PSYCHOTRIA, L. Calj^x ovate, 5-toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupa- ceous, composed of two 1-seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled when dry. Seeds erect. Albumen horny. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, nar- rowed to a petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves lanceolate, or lanceolate-elliptical, acumi- nate at each end, the lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous- pubescent, sometimes glabrous ; stipules clasping, ovate, obtuse, deciduous ; 196 uri!i.\( K.i:. (mai)I>ku family.) corviiibs terininal, trii-liotoiuous at the Ikuso. — Soiitli Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit uvjitc, ri.'tuse, entire, the mar- gins revolute. Flowers small, in axillary racemes, shorter thau the leaves. Corolla pube.«icent. Drupe small, red. 1. S. maritima, Jac([. — South Florida, Bhxhjett. IL GUETTARDA, L. Calyx tube ovoid, the limb tubular, scarcely tootbed. Corolla salver- shaped, 4- 9-lobed, naked iu the throat. Anthers 4-9, sessile in the throat of the corolla. Style simple. Stigma mostly capitate. Fruit composed of 4-9 one-seeded bony carpels, united. — Trees or shrubs, with ovate or lance- olate leaves, and lanceolate deciduous sti])ules. Peduncles axillary, forking. Flowers sessile. 1. G. elliptica, Swartz. Leaves membranaceous, elliptical, slightly mucronate, fcatlier-veined, rough above, tlie lower surface, especially the veins, like the branches and cymes, covered with ap]>ressed silky hairs; cymes shorter than the leaves, .5 - 10- flowered ; flowers silky, tetramerous (rarely tri- merous) ; stigma entire; fruit globose, composed of 4 nutlets surrounded by 8 empty cells, calyx limb truncate, cleft on one side. — South Florida. — Leaves V -\V long. Fruit as large as a pea. 2. G. scabra, Lam. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical or somewhat obovate, cordate at tlie base, rugose, muricate above, the lower surface, like the branches and cymes, msty-tomentose ; cymes longer than the leaves, several- flowered ; fruit globose, 4-seeded, without empty cells. — South Florida. — Leaves larger thau in No. 1. 12. ERITHALIS, Browne. Calj'x ovoid, obscurely 4- 10- toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, 4-10- parted, with linear spreading lobes. Stamens 4- 10, inserted on the base of the corolla: anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma 2-lipped. Fruit globose, ribbed, composed of 4-10 one-seeded bony carpels. Seeds suspended. — RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 197 Smooth shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, broad and short mucrouate sheathing stipules, and axillary panicled flowers. 1. E. fruticosa, L. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, shining, nar- rowed into a petiole ; panicles about as long as the leaves, many-fiowered > flowers mostly tetramerous, small ; fruit 5-ribbed, 6- 10-celled. — South Flor- ida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers white. 13. ERNODEA, Swartz. Calyx ovate ; the limb 4 - 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, slen- der; tlie lobes 4-6, revolute. Stamens exserted; anthers linear, erect. Style slender, longer than the stamens. Fruit obovate, somewhat fleshy, the two separable liorny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A someAvhat shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate leaves, and solitary sessile axillary flowers. 1. E. littoralis, Swartz. — South Florida, along the coast. March - April. — Stems straight, rigid, 4-angled, smooth. Branches short, alternate. Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile iu the upper axils, yellow. Fruit roundish. 14. HAMELIA, Jacq. Calyx oval, .5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-angled, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 5, inserted near the base of the tube of the corolla : anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma obtuse. Berry ovoid, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute, compressed. — Shrubs, with opposite or -whorl ed oldong petioled leaves, lanceolate stipules, and orange-colored flowers, in axillary and terminal cymes. 1. H. patens, Jacq. Pubescent; branches angled ; leaves 3 in a whorl, oblong, acute ; cymes terminal, peduncled, umbellate ; corolla cylindrical, the lobes concave at the apex, and mucronate on the back. — South Florida. — Leaves 3' - 5' long. Berry black. 15. GENIPA, L. Calyx tube produced above the ovary, truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla sal- ver-form, 5-parted, convolute in the 1>ud. Stamens ,5, inserted near the throat of the corolla : anthers nearly sessile. Stigma clavate or 2-cleft. Ovary 1- celled, the two placentae nearly meeting at the axis. Berry large, pulpy within, many-seeded. — Tropical shrubs or trees. 1. G. clusisefolia, Grlseb. (Seven-Year Apple.) Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, obovate, glabrous ; stipules large, persistent ; racemes corymbose; corolla fle.shy. — Sontii Florida. — Shrub 6° -8° high. I^eaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 1' long, white, very fragrant. 16. RANDIA, Houst. Calyx obovate, .5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, .'j-lobed. Anthers 5, ses- sile in the throat of the corolla, linear. Style simple, short. Stigma clavate, 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat dry, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. — Branching mostly spiny shrubs, with opposite leaves, and solitary stipules be- tween the petioles. Flowers solitary or in short racemes. 198 buuiacejK. (>iA]inKi: iamily.) 1. R. aculeata, l^. Sjiiny ot unannod; leaves Hiuall, olwvatc, smooth, coriaceous; liowcrs solitary, axillary; corolla (wliiti,-) liairy in tlu- throat, tlie tuin' 2-3 tiiiK'S a.s long ;ui the calyx, the linih convolute in the huil. — South Florida. — IJranches rigid. J^eaves 5"- 10" l- iilate spreading .s])ij)os. Corolla 3" -4" long, i'ruit ovoid, as Luge as a pea, about O-seudcd. Sinu.ses of the calyx hairy. 17. CATESB^A, L. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-jjartLil. Corolla funnel sliaj)cd, 4-li)l)ed. Stamens 4, iuserted ou the base of the corolla. Stigma 2-lol)ed. Berry 2-celled, mauy- seedcd, the placeutie at the top of the partition. Seeds flat, imbricated. — Spiny siirubs, with small thick opijosite leaves, and axillary whiti.sh Howers, 1. C. parviflora, Swartz. Glal^rous; leaves oval or o1)ovate, mo.stly shorter than tiie spiiie.s, the margins rov(dute; flowers sessile; corolla small (4" loug), the tulKJ 4-angled ; berry globose. — Uahia Honda, South Florida (Curliss). — Shrub 4° -8° high. 18. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Geokcia Bark. Calyx oblong-obovatc, .5-lressc'il. Stamens 5, iuserteil near the base of the curolla : anthers oliloug-sagittate, exlrorso. Styles united, tilifomi, jjartlv pereiBtent. Stigmau 4, liueur, spreailing. Capsule oblong, ci>inj)re8se(J, 2-celle(l, oi)Ciiing septi- ridally to the middle, and loculicidallv at tlie apex, each valve tipped witii the persistent base of the styles. Seeds sevenil, oval, flat, winged, obliijuely imbri- cated in two rows. — A smooth woody vine, w ilii opposite evergreen leaves, minute stipules, and large yellow fragrant Howers, iu axillary bractcd and elustci'-like nui'tiics. 1. G. sempervirens, Alt. — Margins of swamjis.aud river banks, near the coast. Mareli - Ai)ril. — Stem twining, ])ur|)lish. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute orsubcordate at tlic; base, short-petioled. Kacemes few-tiowered. Pedicels scaly. Corolla I' - 1|' lung. Order 73. VALKKIANACE-^E. (Valerian Family.) Herbs with o2»po.site exstipulate leaves, and cyiiiose flowers. — Calyx tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, mostly 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, fewer than the corolla lobes, and inserted on its tube. Ovary ;3-celled, two of which are empty, the third containing a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit 1 - 3-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. 1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Valerian. Limb of tlio oaly.v composed of several j)luniose bristles, at first incurved, afterward spreading. Corolla gibbous at the base, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit Icelled, 1-seeded. — Perennials. 1. V. SCandens, L. Smooth; stem climbing; leaves on slender peti- oles, ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, entire ; cymes paniculate, diffuse, axil- lary and terminal ; corolla very short. — East Florida. 2. V. pauciflora, Michx. Smooth; stem (l°-,3° high ) erect, or de- cumbent at the base, simple ; leaves membranaceous, toothed or serrate, the radical ones mostly entire, ovate or cordate, long-petioled, the others pin- nately .3 - 7-lobed ; cymes terminal, in a close panicle ; tnl)e of the pale pink corolla long and slender. — Mountains of Tennessee, and northward. June- July. 2. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. Lamh Lf.ttuce. Calyx limb toothed or obsolete. Corolla funnel-shaped, .5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit •3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other Iseeded. — Annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite entire or lobed leaves, and white or purplish flowers in crowded bracted cymes. 1. V. radiata, Pufr. Leaves oblong, the upper ones clasping and toothed at the l)ase ; fruit mostly downy, ovoid, with a furrow ])etween the parallel and contiguous empty cells; flowers white. — River bank.*, Florida, and northward. Feb. - March. — Stem 6'- 12' high. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 203 2. V. olitoria, Poll. Flowers pale blue; fruit compressed, oblique, with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell, the empty cells large aud sometimes confluent ; stem and leaves as in F. radiata, — New Orleans. Introduced. 3. V. Woodsiana, Walp., var. patellaria, Gray. Flowers white; fruit circular, notched at both ends, the empty cells concave, broader than the fertile one, aud forming a wing around it. — Kashville {Dr. Gattinger). Order 7i. DIPSACACE^E. (Teasel Family.) Plants in habit and inflorescence resembling the next order, but with separate anthers, and albnminous suspended seeds, represented here by a single species of 1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. Teasel. Heads oblong. Involucre many -leaved. Flowers in the axil of a thin awn- pointed bract, aud enclosed in a 4-leaved iuvolucel. Calyx 4-augled, truncate, adnate to the l-ceUed, 1-ovuled ovary. Corolla 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. — Tall biennials. 1. D. sylvestris, ililler. Stem prickly, 3°-5° high; leaves ovate- lanceolate, the lowest oblong, crenate-serrate ; involucre longer than the head ; bracts straight awned ; flowers pale purple. — North Carolina. Intro- duced from Europe. Order 7.5. COMPOSIT^E. (Composite Family.) Flowers clustered in a dense head upon a common receptacle, and surrounded by an involucre. Calyx united with the ovary; the limb (pappus) either obsolete, or forming a cup-like or toothed border, or divided into chaffy scales or bristles. Corolla superior, flat or funnel- shaped, .5- (rarely 4-) lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted into its tube : anthers co- hei'in'^ in a cjlinder (synf/enesinu.i). Style single: stigmas 2. Fruit (achenium) dry and seed-like. Seed solitary, erect, wdthout albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves without stijiules. Invo- lucre composed of short or leafy bracts (scales of the involucre), arranged in 1 - many series. Receptacle naked, or furnished with scales (chaffy). Heads with the flowers all tubular (discoid), or all strap-shaped, or the marginal ones strap-shaped or ligulate {radiate). Artificial Synopsis of the Genera. Sdrorder T. TUBULIFLOKiE. Corolla of tlie perfect flowers tubu- lar, equally .5- {rarely .3-4-) lobed. Kay flowers, when present, ligulate, either pistillate or neutral. 204 COMl'OSlT.i:. (coMPOSITi: KA.MILV.) § 1. Heads (liHooid. • Heads with tlie fluwiTH all porfoct. Ho. Pappus none. Lpavos resinous-dotted, linear. Flowers yellow . . FLAVKRIA. CI) Piip]ius none. Li-aves opposite, ovate. Flowers yellow . . VKKUESINA. 5t< TappuH mine. Leaves alt«ruate. Flowers wlute .... UARTWKIGHTIA. & Pappus bristly or hairy. Flowers yellow. Receptacle iiointeJ ISIGKLOVIA. 21 Receptacle flat SOLIDAGO. 'ZU Receptacle convex BENECIO. 80 Flowers white, blue, or purple. Receptacle chatfy. Leaves opposite. Flowers white MKL.\NTHERA. 47 Leaves alternate. Flowers purple CARPHKPHORUS. 7 Receptacle bristly. Leaves spiny CNICU8. 84 Leaves not spiny, cordate ARCTIUM. 85 Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucre in a single row CACALIA. 83 Scales of the involucre iu 2 or more rows. Pappus double, the outer row very short VERNONIA. 1 Pappus single. Achenia ribbed or striate. Pappusplunio.se. Flowers cream-colored KUHXIA. 11 Pappus scabrous. Leaves cordate. Flowers purple . BRICKELLIA. 12 Papims scabrous. Leaves narrow. Heads raceiued . . . LIATRIS. 8 Pappus scabrous. Leaves oblong. Heads panicled . . TRILISIA. 9 Pappus scabrous. Leaves obovate. Stems woody . . GARBERIA. 10 Achenia not ribbed, iVangled. Receptacle conical CONOCLINIUM. 13 Receptacle flat. Stems climbing MIKANIA. 14 Receptacle flat. Stems erect EUPATORIUM. 13 Pappus scaly. Flowers blue or purple. Pappus a cup-shaped border of united scales AGERATUM. 4 Pappus slender, almost bristly. Pappus deciduous. Heads large and single STOKESIA. 2 Pappus persistent. Heads small, in 3-bracted clusters . ELEPH.4.XTOPUS. 3 Pappus of .5 oval almost bony scales. Leaves whorled . . SCLEROLEPIS. 6 Flowers white. Receptacle naked. ' [ POLYPTERIS. C7 Leaves entire, linear or lanceolate \ p\L\poXIA C8 Leaves entire, ovate or cordate AGKRATUM. 4 Leaves pinnately lobed HYMENOPAPPUS. GC Receptacle chaffy. Acheniura top-shaped. Scales of the pappus 5 -6 . . . M.\RSHALL1A. C.5 Acheniiim flat. Pappus 2-awned ACTINOMERIS. 59 Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. Awns of the pappus deciduous HELIANTHUS. 50 Awns of the pappu.s persistent, hispid upward COREOPSIS. 60 Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid downward BIDENS. C2 * * Heads with flowers variously imperfect. Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers perfect, but abortive. Pappus bristly. Scales of the involucre in a single row ERECHTHITES. 82 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 205 Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. No. Pubescence woolly. Receptacle partly chaffy FILAGO. 33 Pubescence woolly. Receptacle naked GNAPHALIUM. 32 Pubescence tomentose. Stem winged . . . . . PTEROCAULON. 30 Pubescence glandular. Heads corymbose PLUCHEA. 29 Pappus a 5-lobed border. Flowers yellow TANACETUM. 77 Pappus none. Leaves pinnately divided ARTEMISIA. 78 Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers staminate. Pappus none. Style rigid, persistent SOLIVA. 79 Panpus none. Style deciduous. Heads nodding IV A. 41 Marginal flowers neutral. Central flowers perfect . ... CENTAUREA. 86 * * « Heads dioecious or monoecious. Staminate and pistillate heads on the same plant. Fruiting involucre 1-seeded, naked or tubercled AMBROSIA. 42 Fruiting involucre 2-seeded, armed with hooked spines . . . XANTHIUM. 43 Staminate and pistillate heads on separate plants. Anthers tailed. Hoary herbs ANTENNARIA. 31 Anthers taiUess. Smooth shrubs BACCHARIS. 27 § 2. Heads radiate. Rays pistillate. Flowers aU fertile. Receptacle naked. Rays yellow. Leaves opposite. Pappus none. Heads 1 -rayed FLAVERIA. 69 Pappus scaly. Leaves fringed, dotted PECTIS. 73 Pappus scaly. Leaves divided DYSODIA. 72 Pappus capillary. Heads large ARNICA. 80 Rays yeUow. Leaves alternate. Scales of the involucre in 1 row SENECIO. 81 Scales of the involucre in 2 rows HELENIUM. 71 Scales of the involucre in several rows Heads large .... INULA. 28 Pappus double, of the ray and disk flowers aUke . . . CHRYSOPSIS. 24 Pappus double, of the ray flowers none .... HETEROTHECA. 23 Pappus single. Leaves alternate. Heads racemed or clustered . . SOLIDAGO. 20 Leaves alternate. Heads pauicled .... APLOPAPPUS. 22 Pappus of 2 - 8 bristles GRINDELIA. 25 Rays white or purple. Pappus none. Rays pale purple BELLIS. 19 Pappus none. Rays white CHRYSANTHEMUM. 76 Pappus chaffy. Rays white .... ... BOLTONIA. 18 Pappus bristly or capillary. Pappus double DIPLOPAPPUS. 16 Pappus single. Rays few SERICOCARPUS. 15 „ ( ASTER. 16 Rays numerous .....< „ •^ I ERIGERON. 17 Receptacle chaffy. Involucre double, the outer 4-leaved, 4-angled . . . TETRAOONOTHECA. 50 Involucre imbricated or spreading. Maritime shrubs. Pappus 4-toothed BORRICHIA. 45 Herbs. Receptacle conical or elongated. Rays persistent. Corolla lobes velvety ZINNIA. 48 Rays deciduous. Achenia 3 -4-angled .... HELIOPSIS. 49 Rays deciduous, Achenia compressed .... SPILANTUES. 51 I'UG tOMPOSIT.*:. ((•OMl'f>SITK FAMILY.) Receptacle flat. LicnveH lubud, alti-rimte ACHILLEA. Loaves lobeil, uppuHito WEDELIA. Leaves not lobed. Pujiptis 2-awued ..... VKK11KS1N.\. Leaves not lobed. Pappus none ...... KCLIITA. Flowers of the Jisk sterile. Rays yellow. l>a|>pus uoue I'OLYMKIA. Rays yellow. l'api)us none. Aclieuia prickly . . ACANTHOSPEKMU.\I. Rays yellow. Pappus a toothed crown CHKVSOGUNUM. Rays yellow. P.ippus 12-toothed or awued. Achenia winged . . SlLl'HIUM. Rays yellow. Pappus ".'-toothed or awned. Achenia wingless 1JEKLAXL)IKRA. Rays yellow. Pappus 2 toothed. Achenia wingless . Ll.NDHElMEKIA. Rays yellow. Pappus of the rays none, of the disk dowers bristle-like scales. AMPHIACHYRIS. Rays wliite. Receptacle couical PARTHENIUM. Rays neutral (without pistils). Receptacle naked or nearly so. Achenia villous. Pappus scaly, long-awned GAILLARDIA. Acheuia smooth or the angles hairy. Pappus awuless . . LLPTOPODA. Receptacle deeply pitted. Margins of the pits entire. Perennial BALDWINIA. Margins of the pits toothed. Ainmal ACTIN0SPER41UM. Receptacle chaffy throughout. Involucre double. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. Awns of the pappus hispid upward COREOPSIS. Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Acheuia beakless . . BIDENS. Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beaked • . . COSMOS. Involucre simple or imbricate. Pappus a cup-shaped border. Chaff of the receptacle elongated, spine-pointed . . . ECHINACEA. Chaff of the receptacle not elongated nor spine-pointed . . RUDBECKIA. Pappus none. Achenia not angled GYMXOLOMIA. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. Achenia winged. Leaves divided. Receptacle elongated . LEPACHYS. Achenia winged. Leaves undivided. Receptacle convex . ACTINOMERIS. Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus deciduous . . HELI.\N'THUS. Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus persistent . HELI.\NTHELLA. Receptacle chaffy at the apex. Achenia ribbed ANTHEMIS. ScBORDKR II. LABIATIFI/lK.E. Corolla of the perfect flowers 2- lipped ; the outer lip 3-lohed, the inner 2 lobed. Herb etemless. Scape l-flowered. Flower nodding .... CHAPTALIA. 87 Suborder III. LIGULIFLOR^E, Corolla of all the flowers ligulate. Pappus none. Achenia many-ribbed .... Pappus scaly. Flowers blue Pappus scaly and bristly. Scales of the pappus 5, with ii intermediate bristles Scales of the pappus and bristles numerous Pappus hairy. Pappus tawny or dirty white. Flowers erect, rose-color. Leaves filiform . Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia beakless Flowers erect, yellow. Adienia long-beaked Flowers nodding, whitish or purplish APOGON. CICHORIUM. KRIGIA. CYNTHIA. . LYGODESMIA. 93 . HIERACIUM. 91 PYRRHO PAPPUS. 95 . PRENANTHES. 92 COMFOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 207 Pappus clear white (except in one Mulgedium). Achenia conspicuously beaked. No. Achenia ribbed. Stemless herbs ...... TARAXACUM. 94 Achenia flat. Stems leafy LACTUCA. 96 Achenia bealiless or nearly so. Flowers blue. Achenia sliglitly beaked MULGEDIUM. 96 Flowers yeUow. Achenia beakless SONCHUS. 97 Suborder I. TUBUI.IFI.ORiE. Tribe I. VERNONIACE^E. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular and perfect: branches of the stijle terete, Jj I i form, hairy all over; the stigmatic lines only on the lower part. — Herbs, with edternate leaves and purple flowers. 1. VERNONIA, Sclireb. Iron-weed. Heads many-flowered, the flo-\\ers all equal and tubular. Involucre shorter than the flowers ; the scales closely imbricated in several rows. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pajjpus double; the exterior consisting of very sliort scale-like bristles, tlie intei-ior of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose purple flowers. 1. V. oligophylla, Michx. Stem nearly naked ; leaves rough above, pube.scent beneath, denticulate ; those at the ba.se large, oval or oblong, the others small, distant, lanceolate ; corymb few-flowered, spreading ; involucre bell-shaped, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, fringed. — Damp pine barrens. July. — Steni 2° high, sparingly branched. 2. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem more or less pubescent, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, mostl}- roughish above, smooth or pubescent beneath; corymbs spreading; involucre hemispherical, the scales fringed, ovate, ending in a long filil'orni point, or simply acute. — River banks and low ground. July -Sept. — Stem 3°-G° high. Scales of the involucre purple, and usually covered with web-like hairs. Var. latifolia, Gray. Stem 2°-3°hign; lower leaves oval or oblong, coarsely serrate, paler beneath, the upper lanceolate, entire ; scales of the involucre fringed, acute. — Dry woodlands, Georgia and Florida. July. 3. v. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentose; stem 2° -3° high ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate; heads rather small and crowded, globose, canescent ; scales of the involucre appressed, with spreading or recurved tips; achenia pubescent. — W. Tennessee {Gatlinger), and westward. 4. V. altissima, Nutt. Stem 4°-10° high, smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong, tlie lower coarsely serrate, mostly glabrous ; corymlis spreading ; heads scattered, the scales smooth, obtuse, appressed ; achenia slightly his])id. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts. July - August. 5. V. fasciculata, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, 2° -5° high, very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, varying to ol)long, acuminate, smooth above, puncticulate ; heads crowded ; scales of the involucre downy on the margins, acute ; achenia smooth. — River banks, Tennessee, and westward. August. I'dS COMPOSITiE. (COMFCISITK FAMILY.) 6. V. angUStifolia, Michx. stem uleiuliT, siimotli or hairy, verv leafy ; lea\e.s linrar i>v liiii.'ai-laii<-i'(>late, .sniKutliisli, nr pula-sc'eul and rouglii.sli, the lowest ones sparingly ilentiiulatf, tiie upper entire, with the margins revolute; C(iryml>s mostly nmliel-liled, uarrowed ijito a long ela.-us bearded. — Erect perennials. Leaves veiny, mostly serrate. Root fibrous. 1. T. odoratissima, Cass. (Hound's Tongie.) Stem herbaceous, smooth; leaves siiuh.iIi and often glaucous, obtuse ; tlic lowest spatulate- obovatc, 3-5-ribbed, tlic upper oval or oblong, small, sessile; heads 7-8- flowered, di.sposed in an aini>le si)reailing corymb or panicle. — Flat pine bar- rens in the lower districts. Sept. — Stem 2° -3- high. The withering leaves exhale the odor of vanilla. 2. T. paniculata, Cass. Stem viscid-pubescent ; leaves smooth ; the lowest spatulatc-laHceulate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, small ; heads mostly 5-flowered, in small lateral and terminal corymbs, forming a dense oblong panicle. — With the preceding. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 10. GARBERIA, Gray. Heads 5-flowered. Involucral scales in 4-5 rows, lanceolate, acute. Co- rolla slender, dilated funnel-shaped at the throat. Receptacle naked. Ache- nia 10-ribbed. Pappus copious, scabrous. — A branching shrub, with small obovate entire vertical leaves, and showy heads of purple flowers in a dense corymbose cyme. 1. G. fruticosa, Gray. — Dry .sandy pine barrens, South Florida. — Stem 4° -6° high. Leaves I' or less long. Heads 8" long. 11. KUHNIA, L. Heads 10- 25-flowered. Flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre few and loosely imbricated in 2-3 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenium cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row of strongly plumose bristles. — A perennial herb, w ith lanceolate or linear dotted leaves, and heads of yellowish white flowers in panicled corymbs. 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stem puliescent, or somewhat viscid, mostly branched ; leaves tootiied or entire, pubescent, or smoothish beneath, the lower ones sometimes opposite ; corymbs loose or crowded. — Light dry soil. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. 12. BRICKELLIA, Ell. Heads few- or many -flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated, the outer ones shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia cylindrical, 10-striate. Pappus a single row of bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs, with dotted opposite 3-ribbed leaves, and large heads of pale purple flowers, in terminal corymbs. COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 213 1. B. cordifolia, Ell. Stem erect, tomentose, mostly branching; leaves ovate, serrate, mostly cordate, petioled, the upper ones often alternate ; heads large, 30 - 40-flowered ; achenia nearly smooth. — Light rich soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers showy. 13. EUPATOmUM, Tourn. Thoroughwort. Heads 3 -many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, the scales in a single row, or imbricated in 2 -several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled, the sides smooth and even. Pappus a single row of slender rough bristles. — Perennial and mostly resinous-dotted herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and white or purplish flowers. § 1. Scales of the cijlindrical involucre numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, r if/id, striate, obtuse : heads many-Jiowered: flowers blue. 1. E. ivsefolium, L. Herbaceous; stem (3°-5°) erect, terete, rough- hairy, at leugtli much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, nearly sessile, 3-uerved, sparingly serrate ; corymbs dense; heads 15-20-flowered ; scales of tlie involucre very obtuse. — Mississippi, and westward. July - Nov. 2. E. COnyzoides, Vahl. Shrubby, stem much branched (4° -6° high), leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate or nearly entire ; corymb trichotomous ; heads 10-20-flowered, receptacle flat ; scales of the involucre rounded at the tip ; achenium scabrous on the angles. — Coast of South Plorida (Curtiss). 3. E. heteroclinium, Griseb. Pubescent; stem brauchiug above (2° high) ; leaves opposite, ovate, crenate-serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels 1-3 in the forks of the branches, longer than the cylindrical many-flowered heads ; scales of the involucre smooth, oblong, deciduous ; receptacle globular, naked ; achenium smooth. — Keys of South Florida. Nov. § 2. Scales of the involucre mostly loosely imbricated in few {rarely single) rows, thin: receptacle flat : heads corymbose {except Nos. 17 and 18). * Scales of the involucre purplish, scarious, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the outer ones much shorter: leaves whorled: flowers purplish. 4. E. purpureum, L. Smooth or pubescent; stem tall, often spotted or dotted ; leaves petioled, 3 -6 in a whorl, varying from lanceolate to ovate, coarsely serrate, roughish ; corymbs large, compound ; heads 5- 10-flowered. — Swamps, rarely in dry woods. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - 10° high, solid or hollow, even or grooved. Var. amCBnum, Gray. Leaves thin, opposite or ternate, ovate, coarsely unequally and sharply serrate ; corymbs loosely flowered ; heads 3-flowered. — Woodlands of the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high. * « Scales of the involucre {green or white) imbricated in ^-3 rows, the outer rows shorter: heads 5 - 20 flowered : leaves, achenia, etc. dotted ivith resinous glands: floivers white. H- Heads b flowered : leaves undivided, sessile or nary-owed into a stalk-like base {except No. 16). 5. E. hyssopifolium, L. Pubescent ; leaves opposite, the ujiper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or toothed, 3-ribbed 214 COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) at the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. — Varies with the leaves narrow-linear and entire, the lower ones 4 in a wliorl, and numerous smaller ones in the axils. — Low grouud. Sept. — Stciii 2^- .3^ l"i.i,'h. Leaves rigid, sometimes all alternate. 6. E. CUneifolium, Wiild. rubescent; leaves short, ol)ovate-oblong, sparingly serrate near the summit, or entire, 3-ribbed, mo!- -t- Lravcs (ill clasjiiii(/ and auriclid at the bast: heads lanjc : scales of the inculucre linear. 1j. a. pateus, Ait. Stem ])ube.scent, loosely paniiled abo\e; leaves ovate-oblung, witii very rough and wavy margins; those on the slender spread- ing branchlets very small. — Var. I'liLouii-oi.ius. Leaves larger, tiiinner, and less rougiiened, contracted below the middle ; heads often racemo?ie on the sliort lateral branches. — Dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves V-2' (in the var. 3'-6') long. Heads showy. ♦ 3. Leaves (and stems) smooth : the lowest tapering into a petiole, the others sessile or clasping : heads middle-sized, showy : scales of the ohocoid involucre whitish, the short green lijis scarcely spreading : rays bright blue : achenia moxtly smooth. If). A. Isevis, L. Very .smooth and often glaucous ; stem rigid, pauicled above, bearing the showy heads on short rigid branclilets ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous, mostly entire and rough on the margins ; the ujiper cues sessile or clasping ; scales of the involucre rigid, api)ressed, witii aljruptly pointed herbaceous tips. — Open woods in the upper di.stricts. — Stem 2° -3° high. 17. A. virgatUS, Kll. Stem very smooth, straight, simple or brandling; heads racemose ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, rough on tlie margins, partly clasping, the lowest broader and narrowed at the base; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, the outer ones spreading. — Upper districts of Georgia, and westward. — Stem 3° -4° high. Lower leaves 3' -6' long; those of the branches small and numerous. 18. A. COncinnus, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, somewhat loo.sely cor- 3'ml)ose ; tlie branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, partlv chisping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins, those of the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely imbricated. (A. cyaneus? Ell.) — Nortii Carolina ( Schweinitz). — Stem 2° - 3° high. Achenia pubescent. » 4. Lower leaves large, cordate, on long petioles : heads middle-sized or small, racemed or panicled : scales of the involucre somewhat membranaceous, with short green tips : rays blue or violet. •*- Leaves entire, or nearly so. 19. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem roughish, rigid, racemose-compound at the summit, tiie branches slender ; leaves rigid, rough ; the lowe.st ovate-lanceo- late or oblong ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile ; those of the branches subulate, appressed ; scales of the obconical involucre closely imbricated, abruptly acute. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. Rays bright blue. 20. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem smoothish, slender, racemose-panicled at the summit; leaves nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acute; those of the stem COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 221 all on slender petioles, and obtuse or cordate at the base, commonly entire ; those of the branches oblong, sessile ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre linear, closely imbricated, rather obtuse, shorter than the disk. — Mountains of Georgia, and westward. — Stem 2° -4° high. Rays violet-blue. 21. A. undulatus, L. Pubescent ; stem racemose-panicled above ; leaves varying from lanceolate to broadly ovate, often wavy or slightly serrate on the margins, roughish on the upper surface ; the lowest on long and slender petioles, wliich are dilated and clasping at the base ; the upper on broadly winged petioles, or sessile and clasping ; scales of the obovoid involucre lin- ear, appressed, acute. (A. scaber. Ell., with the smaller leaves very rough on both sides.) — Woods, common and very variable. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads small. Rays pale blue. •t- -1- Lowest leaves conspicuouslij serrate : heads small. 22. A. eordifolius, L. Stem commonly smooth, racemose-panicled above ; leaves smooth, or rough above and pubescent beneath, all cordate, serrate, and slender-petioled, or the uppermo.st on short winged petioles, or sessile and entire ; heads very numerous in panicled racemes; scales of the obconical involucre loosely imbricated, with obtuse or slightly pointed green tips. — Open woods, in the upper districts. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves com- monly thin. Rays pale violet. 23. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, racemose-branched above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent ; the lowest cordate, on long and mostly margined petioles ; the upper abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; those of the branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire ; heads in dense compound racemes; scales of the oblong involucre rather loosely iml)ricated, linear-subulate, the tips green and spreading. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads more crowded than those of the preceding. Rays purple. * 5. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile ; radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, serrate : heads small and numerous, racemed : scales of the involucre in several rows, rigid, with spreading or recurved green tips. 24. A. ericoides, L. Smooth ; stem much branched ; leaves linear-lan- ceolate, acute at each end ; those of the branches subixlate ; heads racemose, mostly on one side of the spreading branches ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, with acute or subulate tips. — Var. villosus. Stem and broader leaves rough-hairy, and the smaller heads in shorter and more dense racemes. — Var. PLATYPHTLLUS. Stem (3° -4°) and larger leaves clothed with soft ■white hairs ; heads larger. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. Rays white or pale blue. Var. Reevesii, Gray. Stem l°-2° high, branching from near the base ; smooth, or papillose-hispid ; leaves linear, the lowest hispid-ciliate; heads 3"- 4" long, on tliickly bracted pedicels. — Nashville, Tennessee. 25. A. polyphyllus, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; stem 4° -."5° high, much branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, the lower sharply serrate, 3' -5' long; heads racemose at the end of tlie branches; involucre scales linear or linear-subulate, appressed ; rays short, white. — North Carolina {Gray), and northward. I'L'l* COMPOSIT.K. (composite FAMILY.) 26. A. multiflorus, Ait. Wliitish-puliescent ; etein very leafy, ami niiKli bruiulit-d ; lia\e.s linear, ol)tu.>;e at eaeli end, often l)ri.xlle-j)ointeil, spreading or recurved, the upper oues 8es.sile or soniewliat clasping ; heads densely racemose on the short and very leafy branches, or sometimes solitary at tlieir summits ; scales of the involucre broadest at tiie apex, obtuse or short-pointed. — Dry sterile soil, in tiic ujijicr districts. — Stem l°-2'^high. Leaves about 1' long. Kays wliitc. « 6. Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblontj, sessile, usualli/ narrowed at the base : fieails small or middle-sized : scales of the inrohtcre memhrauaccous, with up- pressed or slightly spreading tij)S : i-ai/s pale purjile or white. ■♦- Heads sinall. 27. A. racemOSUS, Kll. Kough-jmbescent ; stem iiiiuh liraiu bed, bear- ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of the slender erect branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid ; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu- late ; the inner ones as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Damp ricli soil, Paris Island, Soutli Carolina — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple. 28. A. duraosus, L. Smoothish ; stem slender, racemose-panided, bear- ing the small heads ciiietly on slender and very leafy branchlets ; leaves linear, entire, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, serrate ; those of the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse scales of the in- volucre closely imbricated in 3-6 rows, with obtuse green tips. — Dry or damp soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2°-3° high. Kays pale purple or white. 29. A. vimineus, Lam. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slen- der point ; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading branches; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3-4 rows. — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high. Kays pale purple or wliite. 30. A. diffusus, Ait. Pubescent or hairy ; stem simple, and Ijearing the small heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with the heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes; leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to wedge-obovate, acute at each end, sharply serrate in the middle ; the lowest spatulate, the uppermo.st entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and very variable. — Stem 1° - 4° long. Kays wliite or purplish. Var. bifrons, Gray. Smooth throughout; stem simple, slender, 2° -3° high; leaves thin, lanceolate, remotely serrate, 4' - 6' long ; heads in small axillary and terminal panicles. — Shaded river banks, Georgia and Tennessee. I- -4- Heads middle-sized. 31. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corym- bose or racemose-branched : heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, smooth, rough on the margins, the lower ones sharplv serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. — Stem 3° -6° high, sparingly or diffusely branched. Leaves 2' -4' long. Kays pale blue. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 223 * 7. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasping : heads large or middle-sized : scales of the involucre nearly equal, with spread- ing green tips : rays mostly large and numerous, blue or purple. 32. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Stem nearly smooth, corymbose-panicled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, shining above, the lowest narrowed at the base, and serrate in the middle, the ujjper sessile or partly clasping; beads solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involncre linear, with green and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips ; rays purplish blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 3'- 6' long. Heads showy. 33. A. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, corym- bose-branched ; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, ob- long-lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping ; the lowest spatulateoblong, obtuse, crenate ; heads corymbed at the ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, with long and spreading tips ; rays pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, or the lowest 1° long. 34. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panicled above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, very rough above, auriculate and clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two rows; rays numerous and showy. — Swampy thickets in the upper districts. — Stem 3° - 5° high, commouly purplish. Kays violet-purple. Var. Isevicaulis, Gray. Stem smooth, green ; branches pubescent ; leaves wider and smoother. — Banks of the Coosa River, Rome, Georgia. 3.5. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, corymbose at the summit; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate in the middle, contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at the base, rough above ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, imbricated in 3 - 4 rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods. North Carolina, and north- ward. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves thin, 5'- 6' long. Rays pale purple. * 8. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, sessile or clasping : heads large, in corymbs or racemes : scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading green summits : rays numerous, showy. 36. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly branched; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly reflexed; heads very large, solitary, terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre rigid ; the outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute ; rays violet. — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Heads 1' in diameter. 37. A. Oblongifolius, Nutt. Stem hir.sute, corymbosely branched, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, acute, scabrous above ; heads terminating the .short branchlets, single or corymbo.se; scales nearly equal, glandular ; rays violet purple ; achenia pubescent. — Rocky banks, Tennessee, and northward. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. ' 38. A. Carolinianus, Walt. Stem shrubby, long and trailing; the branches and leaves closely pubescent ; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly 224 coMPOSiT.'E. (coMrnsiTK family.) coutracted into n short auriculate-clnflping ])etiole; heads single, or somewhat nxi muse lit the ends of tlie branelies ; sciik-s of the invohicre narrow-linear, with reenrvi'd subulate tips; rays slender, ])ale jiurjdi-. — Kiver swamps, Florida to Soutli (':iri>liii;i. — Stem 4^- lO-" lonj^. Leaves I'-a' long. 3U. A. Novae-AngliaB, L- Stem liairy or liispid, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, acute, puliescent, scarcely narrowed at tlic auriculate-clasp- iujx l>ase ; heads corymbcd ; scales of the involucre linear-suliulate, loosely imiiricated, viscid; rays violet-purple. — Upper districts, in low ground. — Stem 2° -4° high, mostly purple. Leaves 2'- 3' long. Heads Y t>r more in diameter, immerous and siiowy. §5. Oktiiomekis. — Scales of the involucre regularli/ imbricated, scarious on the man/ins, without herbaceous tips: pappus simple, soft-hair ij. 40. A. acuminatus, Miciix. Pubescent ; stem erect, corymbose above ; leaves large, oblung-lauceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base; heads corym bed, on slender naked peduncles; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate ; rays w-hite. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- 1^° 'ligt. Leaves thin, 3' -5' long, strongly veined. 41. A. ptarmacoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or scabrous; stems (6'- 15' higli) simple ; leave.s liacar-Iauceolate, 1 -3-nerved; heads small, in a flat corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, sliort ; rays white. — Northern States. Var. Georgianus, Gray. Taller {U°-2° high), and more slender, eor- ynibosely branched above ; lower leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; corymb larger £^nd more loosely flowered ; ray flowers sterile, the style short or abor- tive. — Mountains of Georgia. Sept. § 6. OxYTRiPOLicM. — Scales of the invohicre witlwut herbaceous tips, scarious on the marrjins : pappus simple, so/t-huiry : stems smooth and slender : leaves narroiv, entire. * Perennial : scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows: rays conspicuou>f. 42. A. Chapmani, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above ; lower leaves long (3' -9'), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, erect ; heads large, terminating the slender branches ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, rigid ; rays showy, purple ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. (A. ex- ilis, Ell. ? ) — Pine-barren swamps, West Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. 43. A. tenuifolius, L. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear; heads few, scattered, terminal, small : scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and passing into bracts ; achenia slightly hairy, .5-ribbed. — Salt marshes, common. Oct. — Stem l°-3° long. Rays white or pale purple. * * Annual : scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows: rai/s short. 44. A. SUbulatUS, Michx. Stem paniculately much branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end ; those of the branches linear or fili- form, sessile ; heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the cylindrical involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in two rows, not longer than the disk ; achenia somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed. — Wet places along the COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 225 coast, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves sharply serrate. 45. A. exilis, Ell. ? Stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subulate ; the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; lieads small, loosely panicled, on spreading peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in a single row, longer than the disk ; achenia 4-ribbed, hairy. — Marshes along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Lowest leaves oval or lanceolate, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. Rays blue. § 7. DcELLiNGEKiA & Ianthe. Pappus double, the miter row short and bristly, the inner long and capillary : scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips. * Involucre as lonrj as the disk: rays purple. 46. A. linariifolius, L. Stem rigid, simple, closely pubescent ; leaves numerous, liuear, .spreading, the margins very rough ; heads solitary or some- what racemose ; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, appre.ssed ; achenia silky. — Dry open woods. Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves r long. * * Involucre shorter than the disk: rays white. 47. A. infirmus, Michx. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at each end, hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender spreading peduncles; acheuia smooth.— L^pper districts of Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 48. A. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose above ; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth ; heads numer- ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Swamps. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the liranches spreading. Leaves 1^' - 2' long. 49. A. umbellatus, Mill. Stem smooth, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia smooth. — Swamps in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Branches erect. Leaves 3' - .5' long. 50. A. reticulatus, Pursh. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, scaly at the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on long and naked (whitish) peduncles; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia hairv. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 17. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Eays very numerous, pistil- late. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, in 1-2 rows. Receptacle flat, nakeil. Achenia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles ; or with an outer row of short chaffy scales or bristles. — Herts. Leaves alter- nate. Rays white or purplish. * Eays longer than the disk. •1- Very numerous, filiform . \. E. strigOSUS, Mithl. Annual, rough-pubescent; stem corymbose- panicled above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, tapering lo' 226 CdMloslT.i;. (I (..Mnol I K lAMILY.) into a slciultT petiole, lla- u|i]ict laiueolatc or liiiwir, sc-ssilc, (list ant ; lieada small, con iiil)osf paiiicled ; rays wliiu^ ; <>iiht i)a|)i»us sliurl and cliaffy. — Dry olil fid. Is, I'.miiiioii. .Imif. — Stem 2" liigli. Var. Beyrichii, CIray. liiiMiiiial, piilKTiilfiil ; stems slender, l°-2° hWh; leaves mostly entire, tiie lowest elnstered, lincar-spatulale, lung-pel i- oled, the upijer sessile ; iieads small; rays rose-eolor. — Sandy pine l.arnns. South Carolina, and westward. May. 2. E. annuus, Pers. Annual, hirsute, erect (2° -4° higli| ; lowest leaves oMoiig, pelioled, tootiied, the ujjper lanceolate, .sessile, mostly entire; heads coryml)ose ; rays wliite, not twice tiie length of the sparsely liirsiite iuvtducre ; inner ])ai)i)us of the ray flowers scanty or none. — VVa.ste phiccs. May -June. 3. E. Philadelphicus, L- Hairy; .stem corymbose hranehed ahuve; leaves thin, toothed or entire ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper ohlong- lauceolate, clasping ; rays very numerous and narrow, jmrplish. — Low ground. May. — Stem 2° -4° high. 4. E. quercifolius, Lam. "Resembles tlie preceding, but less hairy ; lower leaves mostly sinnate-])innatifi;l ; heads smaller, and rays siiorter. — Low ground, South ('andina, and westward. -t- -I- Jinijs less niiinerous, linear. 5. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. Hairy or villous; stem simjde ; lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper ol)long, sessile and entire ; heads large, solitary or corymbose ; rays broadly linear, bluish jiurple. — Open woods and banks in the up])er districts. Marcli- Ajiril. — Stem 1° high, stoloniferous. 6. E. nudiculis, ]Michx. Smootli or nearly so ; stem simple, scape-like ; radical leaves clustered, tliick, spatulate or obovate, entire or sliglitly toothed ; the otiicrs small and remote ; heads corymbed ; rays (about .30) white. — Pine- barren sw-amps. March - April. — Rliizoma thick. Stem 1°- 2° high. * Annitnl : rnj/s shorter than the disk. 7. E. Canadensis, L. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem muoli branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, cylindrical ; rays white ; disk flowers 4-toothed. — Old fields, common. May - Sept. — Stem I°-3^ high. 8. E. divaricatus, Miclix. Annual, decumbent, liirsute; leaves nar- row-linear ; heads loosely corymbose ; rays pur])le, not longer than the simple pappus ; achenium nearly smooth. — Mississippi, Tennessee, and northward. 9. E, linifolius, Willd. Stem erect, l°-4° higli, simple or liranched ; lowest leaves olilong, coarsely toothed, the upper linear, entire ; heads pani- cled ; flowers 5-toothed. — Waste places. Introduced. 18. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical invo- lucre imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemi- spherical or conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing- COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 227 margined. Pappus composed of several short chaffy scales ; that of the disk flowers mostly with 2-4 longer awns. — Tereuuial herbs, resembling Asters. 1. B. diffusa, Kll. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves linear, entire; heads small, terminal; achenia narrowly margined, hairy; pappus very short, two-awued. — Damp soil. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 3*^ - 4° high. Kays purplisli. 2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Stem paniculate; leaves rigid, lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire ; heads rather large ; achenia broadly margined ; pappus of few sliort bristles, and 2-4 long awns. — River swamps, ilorida, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 3^-5'^ liigb- Rays white. 3. B. asteroid.es, L'Her. Stem paniculate, the branches short ; leaves lanceolate, entire; achenia smooth, narrow-margined; pappus very short, without awns. — Swamps, North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads inter- mediate in size between the two preceding. 19. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate, in a single row. Scales of the in- volucre mostly in two rows, rather thin, equal. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenia obovate, compressed, wingless. Pappus none. — Low herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary terminal heads of white or purple flowers. 1. B. integrifolia, Michx. Annual, branching, smooth (6'- 12' high); leaves obovate, entire, the upper ones lanceolate, sessile; heads peduncled; rays pale purple ; aclienia rough. — Tennessee [Gattinger). March. 20. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. Heads few- or many-flowered. Rays 1-16, rarely wanting, pistillate. Disk flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with spreading tips. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate. Achenia terete, many- ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely shrubbj') erect plants, with alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers. § 1. Chrts.xstrtjm. — Scales of the involucre n-ith herhnceous spreading tips: bristles of the pappus unequal, some of them thickened upward: racemes short, forming n long and narroio leaftj panicle. 1. S. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones coar.sely serrate; racemes composed of .3-6 large 10-15-flowered heads; rays none; achenia smooth. (Aster? discoideus, Ell.) — Rich woods, Flor- ida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Flowers yellowish white. Stem 3° -5° high. 2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above; leaves large, smoothish, oblong, acute, serrate, the lower ones tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, composed of .3-6 clu.'itered heads; rays 12-16, showy; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 8' long. Heads 1 6 - 24-flowered. 228 COMIMISIT.K. (COMIMISITK I'AMIKY.) § 2. Vii»iAiitKA. — Sraivs of the irtvolmrr uppressed : mi/s iiioslli/ fewer than tlif (lis/, iliiiii IS, riiri-li/ Wduliiiij : nirrmrs rucemose, rori/mhus)', or panicled. * Ji' long. 4. S. Buckleyi, 'IV.rr. & Gray. Aillun,-; luiliesient ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, coarsely serrate, .smoother al)ove ; racemes loose, all separate and mucii shorter than the leaves; lieads 1 5 - 20 flowered ; rays 4-6; scales of the involucre rather acute, nearly siii(ii;tli ; achenia short and smooth. — Inte- rior of Alal)ama to North Canjlinu. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3' long. 5. S. latifolia, L. Stem smooth, .«ini])le; leaves oval or ovate, acumi- nate, une(|ually toothed-.lali-, aiiiininate at eaili i-ml, sliarplv soiratc, tlic lowest tapcr- iiii; into a lu-tiole; racemes cluster-like, imiili shorter tiiaii the leaves; the upper oues aitjtroximate ami raienmse ; heads \ery lar^t;, ."{0-40 Howered ; raws 10-12; scales of the involucre acute, smooth ; achenia jtuliesceiit — llii;li mountains of North Camlina. Sij)t. — Stem 1^-2 iiij^^h. l>eaves 4'- 9' lonir. ■I- -I- ■»- Jiuri'uu's cori/mbuse : lirnds vrri/ larr/e. 16. S. rigida, L. Hough-puljescent aud .somewhat hoary; stem stout; leaves ri;:;id, oval or ohlonj^, serrate, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a peti- ole; corynil) compact; heads ;J0 - 35-tlowercd ; rays 7-10; scales of the involucre obloni(, ohtuse ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia, and north- ward. Sc])t. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves G' - 9' long. 17. S. COrymbosa, Kll. Stem erect, smooth; the branches rough- hairy ; lower leaves ohlong-lauceolate, the upper ovate ; all fleshy, rigid, smooth, but very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, the low er recurved ; rays long. — Upper districts of Georgia and Tennessee. Sept. -Oct. — Stem stout, 4° -6° high. Lower leaves 4'-0' long. Heads about 30 flowered. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays about 10. 18. S. spithamaea, M. A. Curtis. Stem low (8' -12'), rigid, soft-hairy ; leaves oblouglauceoLitc, smooth, sharply serrate, acute ; the lowe.st tapering into a petiole; corymb dense, compound; heads 25-30-flowered, rays 6-7, short ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia pubescent. — Moun- tains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stems tufted. Leaves 1' - 3' long. * 9ff Racemes \-sided, mostli/ compound, sj)7-eadinfj or recurved (in Nos. 20 and 21 often erect), commonlij disposed in a pyntmidal panicle. 1 ■»- Smooth species, growing in marshes : stems virgate : leaves very numerous, more or less fleshii ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper small and passing into bracts: heads middle-sized: achenia puhearcnt. 10. S. flavovirens, Cliapm. Smooth tliroughout ; stem stout, simple; leaves oidong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowe.st serrate, on winged petioles, the upper entire, narrowed at the base; panicle ijyrainiilal ; heads 10-12- flowered ; rays mostly 3, sliowy ; .scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — M,arshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Whole ])lant yellowish green. Stem 2° -6^ high. Lowest leaves .5 '-10' long, obscurely ribbed. Heads rather larg«. 20. S. stricta, Ait. Smooth; stem slender, rarely branched; leaves somewhat fleshy, entire ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly ser- rate, veiny ; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, erect, or pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1-sided ; heads 12 - 16-flowercd ; rays .5 -7; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — I'ine barren swamps. Sept. — Stem .3'='- .5- high. 21. S. angUStifolia, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple, or branched above ; leaves flesliy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and Isided; lieads COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 231 rather small, about lO-tlowered ; rays 5, uarrow; scales of the involucre liuear, obtuse. — Coast of Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 22. S. sempervirens, L- Stem simple, or branched above ; lowest leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire, fleshy, loug-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, sessile or partly clasping ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads rather large ; rays 7-10; scales of the involucre liuear, acutish. — Salt marshes, Florida, and nojjthward. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 3'^ - 8° higli. Leaves varying in thickness, the lowest 6' - 12' long. 2 -t- Stems (smooth) commonly hranchtng : leaves not fleshy, serrate, veiny ; the lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole : panicles pyramidal, or race- mose on the spreadincj branches. 23. S. patula, Muhl. Stem stout, strougly angled ; leaves large, ovate or oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; peduncles pubescent; rays 6-7; achenia sparsely pubescent. — SwamiJ.s, Georgia, and northward. — Leaves 6' - 1 2' long. Var. strictula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with few elongated rough- pubescent branches ; leaves smaller ; racemes short, formiug a long and slender compound raceme. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 4° -6° high. 24. S. junCGa, Ait. Smooth; leaves sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, the lowest elliptical or lanceolate-oblong, somewhat 3-ribbed, on winged and ciliate petioles ; the upper sessile ; pauicle dense, somewhat corym- bose ; heads small, crowded, 1 8 - 20-flowered ; rays 8-12, small ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — Rich soil in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 25. S. arguta, Ait., var. Caroliniana, Gray. Inflorescence pubescent, otherwise glal irons ; stem 2° -4° high, branching above ; lowest leaves large (4' -6' long), ovate, sharply serrate, wiug-petioled, upper ones lanceolate, entire ; heads 3" long, Crowded in short terminal recurved racemes, about 20-flowered ; achenia pubescent. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. August. 2G. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above ; leaves lanceo- late or olilong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or more or le.ss pubescent ; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal ; heads about 12- flowered ; rays 5 ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — Varies, with longer, narrower, and more sharply serrate leaves, and slender racemose panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, often ])urj!lish. 27. S. braehyphylla, Clmpm. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly branclicd : leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular; racemes short, forming a compound raceme toward the end of the .spreading branches ; scales of the 3 -5-flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; r.ays none ; achenia pnliescent, as long as the rigid pappus. — Dry light .soil, Georgia, Fl< rida, nnl westward. Sept. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 232 COMI'OSIT.E. (C0Mri>SITK FAMILY.) 3 •*- Lvaves very numi'ruiis,i/ni(litulli/ diminisliiuij in size upward, rein i/, sessile, or lh>' Inirtst mirriiu'iil intu a s/mrl /icliolc: heads small. ti8. S. rugOSa, Mill- Sicm liirsiilc; leaves ovate or oblouf^, aeiile, ser- rate, rmigli iiliove, iiulieseciit, esperiallv on tlio veins beneath, often rnyose, . prominently veined ; jtaniile lealV, often narrow ami elongated ; the raeenies slender and reeurved ; sciiles of the 10- I'j-tlowered involucre linear; rays G-9, small; aehenia pubescent. — Low thickets, Florida, and ncjrthwarJ. Se])t. - Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high, commonly branching, l-eaves varia!>le in texture and ])ui)escence. 29. S. ulmifolia, Mubl. Stem smooth, or softly pubescent above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on the up])er surface, paler and pubescent ou the veins beueath ; panicle loose, spreading; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 4-5 ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia nearly smooth. — Low ground in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2^-3° high. Leaves thin, 2'-. '{'long. 30. S. Elliottii, Torr. & (iray. Smooth; .'^tem mo.stly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper ofteu entire ; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal jjanide; scales of the 13-20- flowered iuvolucre linear, obtu.se ; rays 5-7; achenia mumtely ])uliescent. (S. elliptica? Ell.) — Damp soil uear the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 3° - (r high. Leaves very numerous, 2' - 3' hjug. 31. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above ; leaves very nunicrnns, oldong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, puliescent on tiie veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyram- idal or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 1 2 - 1 5-flowered ; rays 7-10, small; scales of the iuvolucre linear; achenia slightly pubesceut. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 2°-8° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 32. S. odora, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, smooth on both surfaces, rough ou the margins, punctate with pellucid dots, often reflexcd; panicle pyramidal, mostly one-sided ; heads 5 - 7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy ; achenia hairy. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. — Plant anise- scented. 33. S. Chapmani, Gray. Stem 2°- 3° high, mostly simple ; leaves .short (\'-\V long), oliluDg-ovate, obtuse ormucronate-acute, the margins scabrous; heads 5 - 9-flowered ; rays 1-3, or none. (S. odora, in part, 1st edit.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida. Sept. 34. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pnbes- cent above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often twisted, pubescent on the margins and midrib; panicle dense, pyramidal; heads small, 6 - 9-flowered ; rays 3 - 4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia sliirhtly pubescent. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2^ - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, I' - 2' long. 3,5. S. gracillima, Torr. iSt Gray. Smooth ; stem slender ; lowest leaves spatulate-lauceolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex; the others linear and COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 233 entire ; heads rather large, 9-1 2-flo\vered, forming a narrow cumpound raceme at the summit of the stem and branches ; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens, IMiddle Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° high. 4 ■<- Lowest leaves cordate, on long petioles: Iteads in simple or compound racevies, 8-lO-Jlowered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy achenia. 36. S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stem slender, sparingly branched above ; leaves sharjjly serrate, acute, the lowest broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire ; racemes slender, often simple; rays 1 -3 ; pappus as long as the acheuium. — Dry open woods. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. 37. S. COrdata, Short. Pubescent ; stem sparingly branched above ; leave.s acute, on wingless petioles; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, the others ovate, sharply serrate, on short petiole.-* ; the uppermost entire, ses- sile ; racemes compound, terminating tiie spreading branches, composed of crowded cluster-like racemes ; the lower ones scattered ; scales of the 8-10- flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays .5 - 6 ; pappus much shorter tiian the acheuium. (BrachychiEta, Torr. ^ Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' wide. 5 -I- Leaves nearly sessile, more or less plainly 3-ribbed : panicles recurved. 38. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Glabrous; stem simple, rigid, l°-2° high; lea\es rather rigid, lanceolate, sharply serrate above the middle, the lowest tapering into a petiole, the upper linear, entire ; panicle short, dense ; heads 16 -20- flowered ; rays 8- 12; achenia slightly pubescent. — Dry soil, Tennessee, and westward. July. 39. S. Gattlngeri, Chapm. Low (1° high), simple, glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, entire, or obscurely denticulate near the apex, the u])permost (^' or less long) passing into the oblong-linear obtuse bracts of the widely spreading flat panicle ; heads ovoid ; 16 -20-flowered, the oblong scales obtuse ; rays few, notched ; pappus coarse, shorter than the flowers; ovary smooth. — Rocky barrens of Tennessee {Gattinger). 40. S. nemoralis, Ait. Plant grayish, minutely pvibescent and rough- ened ; stem mostly simple : leave.s oliscurely 3-ribbed ; tlie lowest spatulate- oblong or lanceolate, serrate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward the l)ase, mostly entire ; panicle dense, oblong or pyramidal, recurved ; heads 10- 12-flowered ; rays 6-7; aclienia hairy. — Old fields and open woods, common. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 41. S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem .simple, minutely puljes- cent and roughish ; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-lanceolate, entire ; the lowest sparingly serrate; panicle pyramidal; heads rather large ; rays 10- 12 ; achenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Cavoliiia. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, 3" - 4" wide, faintly ribbed. 1*34 COMPOSIT.U. (cOMPOSJTli FAMILY.) 42 S. Canadensis, 1>. Stem pubescent ami often rough ; leaves lanceo- hiic. iuiite or ai iiniiiiiitc, siiarply norrate, roiigli aijo\e, pHhcsfcnt hcneath ; panicles pvraniidal, dense; heads small; ravs \cry short; achenia ])uiiescent. — ^'ari('S (S. proccra, Kil.), with a more hairv stem, less serrate leaves, the- ujiper entire, and larger heads and ravs. — Margins of fields, etc., Florida, and norlhwanl. Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° higii. ' 43. S. serotina, .^^it. stem smooth, often j)ur])le; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glalirons ; jianicle jiyramidal, of numerous recurved ra- cemes; lays short; mature achenia smooth. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Oct — Stem stout, 4° -K^ higii. Heads larger than in the last. Var. gigantea. (iray. Stem and leaves as in tiie type, hut the latter more or less juiliescent l)eneath, and scabrous above. — With the preceding. 44. S. rupestris, Haf. Inflorescence sparsely pubescent, otherwise glabrous; sieni biaiuhing, 3° high ; leaves thin, lanceolate, sharply serrate, 3'-4' long, faintly riljbed ; panicle leafy ; heads 2" long; rays small. — Kooky river banks, Tennessee. August. §3. CiiuvsuMA. — Sti in shntbhij : leaves impressed-punctate, velidess : rays 1 - 3 ; recejitacle conical, naked. 4.'). S. pauciflosculosa, Michx. Stem, leaves, and involucre viscid ; leaves spatulate-lanceulate or linear, obtuse, entire, tiiQ lowest scalelike; panicle 1-sidcd ; the clusters erect, on naked ])eduncles ; heads 4-7-flowered ; scales of tlie involucre obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, Florida to South Carcjlina. Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Kays large. §4. EuTii.v.MiA. — Herbaceous: haves narrow, entire, I - 5-iierred : heads cor 1/ inliose : rays more numerous than the disk Jloicers : receptacle bristly: involiiirc vis.rid. 46. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose; leaves linear- lanceolate, roilghish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3 - .^-nerved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters; rays 15-20. — Damp soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 47. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth ; stem corymbosely much branclicd ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted ; heads few in a cluster, often pedicelled, top-shaped; rays about 10. — Low sandy places, common. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. 21. BIGELOVIA, DC. Heads 3- 4-flowored ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin- drical-club-shapeil, as long as the flowers ; the scales linear, rigid, appressed, somewhat vi.scid. Receptacle narrow^ cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, hairy. Pajipus simple, of numerous scabrous cai)illary bristles. Styles scarcely exserted. — Smooth erect perennial herbs, with narrow obtuse en- tire leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, dispo.sed in a compound corymb. 1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate ; lowest leaves spatu late-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved ; the others scattered, linear. — Var. vik- COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 235 GATA. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, 1 -nerved ; the others narrow-linear or filiform; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Tlorida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 22. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads many-flowered; the rays pistillate. Involucre hemispherical or bell shaped. Pappus single, of numerous capillary bristles, alike in the rays and disk. Eeceptacle alveolate. Achenia silky. — Annual or biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and scattered heads of yellow flowers. § J. Heads large: incolucre hemispherical : rays numerous : jnijipus brown. 1. A. rubiginosus, Torr. & Gray, var. phyllocephalus, Gray. Stem 2° -3° high, corymbosely branched, the branches short, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, with bristle-pointed spreading teeth ; heads, with involucre- like leaves at the ba.se ; achenia club-shaped ; bristles of the jjappus unequal. — Damp places, Funta Eassa, Soutli Florida. Oct. § 2. Heads small: involucre narrow-!iel.l-shfiped,with subulate scales : rai/s 5-8: pappus white. 2. A. divaricatus, Gray. Hispid and glandular ; stem erect, the slen- der branches spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly tootlied; involu- cre soft-hairy; rays 5-8. — Sandy fields and woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-4° high. Panicle large. Heads 15-20- flowered. 23. HETEROTHECA, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in few rows, linear. Receptacle alveolate, bristly. Achenia of the raj's oval, destitute of pappus, those of the disk flowers obovate, compressed, hairy, with a double pappus ; the outer one short and chaffy, the inner bristly. — Biennial rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate leaves, and corymbose-panicled heads of yellow flowers. 1. H. Lamarckii, Cass. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or clasping ; the lowest petioled, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base ; in- volucre thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. — Dry sandy places along the coast. South Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem rigid, l°-2° high. Leaves V-2' long. 24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Pajjpus of the ray and disk flowers alike, double ; the exterior row chaffy, or of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterotlieca. — Biennial or perennial hairy or silky herbs, with linear or oblong mostly entire leaves. Heads mo.stIy corymbed. Flowers yellow. * Leaves narrow, nerved, entire : achenia obi on q -I in ear, narrowed at each end, pubescent : perennials. 1. C. graminif olia, Xutt. Stem leafy, white with appressed silky shin- ing hairs, as also the linear leaves; heads numerous, rather small, on slender, more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glan- 1*30 COMrOSlT.E. (coMroSITK FAMILY.) pus somewhat chaffy. * * Leaves veini/, oblomj or lanreoliite ; the lowest narrowed at the base, the upper sessile : achenia obovute, compressed. 4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Perennial; stem simjile, covered with loose silky deciduous iiairs ; lowest leaves .spatulate-oblong, entire or .sligiitly serrate ; the upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corynil) small, mostly simple and umbel- late, cone-like iu the bud; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy j)ine barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. 5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial; stem very leafy, mostly branili- iug, villous with loose silky hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest ones crowded, obtuse and den.sely villous, the upper mostly acute and often smoothish ; corymb large, comj)ound ; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — Var. HYSsoi'iFOLiA (C. hy.s.sopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth leaves, excei)t tlie tuft at the ba.se. — Dry ])ine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, commonly ascending. Leaves l'-2' long. 6. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout ; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire; the lowest spatulate, the tip])er sessile; corymb simple. (C. dentata. Ell., leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed. C. de- cunil)ens, Flora, inflorescence glandular.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and nortliward. Sojit. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 7. C. SCabrella, Torr. & Gray. Biennial, glandular-scabrous through- out; the earliest leaves only villous; lowest leaves clustered, spatulate, entire, the others brf)adly or narrowly lanceolate, l'-2' long; coryml> compound; involucral scales linear, acute, rigid; pappus fulvous; aclienia silky. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Florida, (^)ct. 8. C. villosa, Nutt. Kough-hairy and somewhat hoary throughout ; stem rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; the upper ones sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; heads large, in a simple cor3Tnh. — Dry soil, Alabama, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long, fringed near the base. 25. GRINDELIA, Willd. Heads many -flowered. Bays j^istillate. Scales of the hemi'^pherical invo- lucre imbricated in several rows. lieceptacle flat. Achenia oval or obovate, COMPOSTT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 237 glabrous. Pappus of 2 - 8 rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. 1. G. laneeolata, Nutt. Glabrous, corymbosely branching (l°-2° high) ; leaves luiiceulate, sessile, sharply serrate ; involucre glutinous, the scales nearly e([ual, ending in a filiform point , bristles of the pappus mostly 2. — Tennessee, Alabama, and westward. 26. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt. Heads small, radiate. Eays pistillate, fertile. Disk flowers perfect but sterile. Scales of the top-shaped involucre few and rigid. Pappus of the disk flowers of 5 - 8 bristle-like scales ; of the rays minute or obsolete. — A low much branched glabrous annual, with linear alternate leaves and yellow pedicellate flowers. 1. A. dracuneuloid.es, Nutt. — Colbert County, Alabama (Mohr), and westward. August. 27. BACCHARIS, L. Heads dioecious, many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular. Corolla of the sterile flowers 5-cleft; of the fertile flliform, nearly entire; style exserted. Scales of tiie oblong or hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of the ster- ile flowers capillary, in a single row, as long as the involucre ; of the fertile flowers in 1 -several rows, commonly much longer than the involucre. — Smooth and resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. 1 . B. halimifolia, L. Leaves obovate, or oblong-obovate, toothed above the middle, the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; heads peduncled, the terminal ones clustered; pappus of the fertile flowers 3-4 times as long as the invo- lucre. — Low ground near the coast. Sept. - Oct. — Shrub 2°- 12° high. 2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Leaves wedge obovate, coarsely toothed, rigid ; the uppermost obovate, entire ; heads very numerous, in dense sessile axillary clusters ; pappus of the fertile flowers twice as long as the involucre. — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Nov. — Shrub 6°- 12= high. 3. B. angUStifolia, Michx. Leaves linear, entire ; heads single, or 2- 4 in a terminal cluster; achenia smooth. — Saline marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Shrub 4° -3° high. Heads small. 28. INULA, L. Elecampane. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the base. Pappus single, of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flowers yellow. 1. I. Helenium, L. Stem stout; leaves large, ovate, denticulate, to- mentose beneath ; the lowest ones petioled, the upper clasping ; heads very 238 COMPOSIT.E. (cOMroSITK KAMILV.) larj^o, soiiu'wliiit c-orymbose ; outer scales of tlie involiuTe lirou'lly ovate, leafy ; rays iiumcruiis, narrow ; aclieuia 4 si. S. ISBVigatum, KU- Stem smooth ; leiives wiibroiis, tliiik, lanceolate- oliliMiii, jiiiite at t;uli cud, o])po.site, <-oar.st'ly serrate, on short petioles ; tlie upper nearly sessile; heails small, loosely eorymhose; stales of the iuvoliure ovate, olituse, sjireadinji; ; aeheiiia ovaJ-ohovate, narrowly winged, eniargin'at*- and sliglilly 2-tootlied at the ajiex. — Upper districts of Georgia and Ahi- Itania. -Iiily - Se](l. — Stem 2°-3^ I'igh. Lowest leaves G'-8' long. 7. S. SCaberrimutn, l*'.ll. Stem mostly liisjiid ; leaves mostly opposite, ovate, acute, serrate, very rongli t»n l)otli sides, on sliort petioles; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate ; acheuia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, deeply notched at the apex. — Florida to Tennessee, and westward. August -Sept. — Stem stout, 3° -4° high, becoming smoutiiish. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 8. S. integrifolium, Michx. Stem 3° -6° high, simple, smootli or scal)rous ; lea\es uMnng-ovate, the lower 3' -5' long, sliort-j)etioled, often ser- rate, the upper sessile, denticulate or entire; heads small, corymbose; scales of the involucre round-ovate ; achenia 3" long, oljovate, narrowly winged, 2- toothed. — Tennessee, and northward. July. 9. S. brachiatum, natt. Stem 3° -5° high, smooth and glaucous; leaves loiig-pctinlcd, opjKisitc, ha-state-ovate or oblong-ovate, dentate, rough above, the u])per entire; tioweriiig liranches spreading, few-flowered ; iieads y long, long-pcduncled ; achenia broadly obovate, narrowly winged, emar- ginate; rays few. — Cum])crland Mountains, Tennessee. July. •f- -I- Stems sfjuare. If^. S. perfoliatum, L. Stem and branches smooth or hairy; leaves largo, opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough on both sides, or ])ubescent or hairy beneath, their bases, or winged petioles, united ; the up- permost commonly entire, simply serrate ; corymb trichotomoiis ; the central heads long-pedunded ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, emarginate. — Banks of streams along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 4° -6° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Heads large. 38. BERL^NDIERA, DC. Heads many-flowered. Ray flowers few, pistillate ; those of the disk tubu- lar, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in three rows, the innermost largest, membranaceous, adherent to the fertile achenia. Receptacle chaffy; the chaff dilated u])ward, obtuse, hooded, partly embracing the sterile achenia ; the inner ones gradually narrower. Fertile achenia in a single row, obovate, flattened, wingless, pubescent on the inner face, the apex entire. — Perennial downy or hf)ary herl)s, with alternate leaves, solitary or corymbose heads, and yellow rays. 1. B. tomentosa, Nutt. Stem leafy, hoary-tomentose ; leaves oblnng- ovate, crenate, hoary beneath, closely pubescent above ; the loAvest tapering into a petiole ; the upper cordate, sessile ; heads at length numerous, corym- bose-panided. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem l°-3°high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 243 2. B. subacaulis, Nutt. Rongh-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves chieflj- radical, clustered, siuuate-piuiiatifid ; heads solitary on the peduncle- like stem, or few on the peduncle-like liranclies of the short and nearlv leafless stem. — East Florida and Georgia. ^lay- August. — Peduncle 6' -8' lonf^. Leaves 3' long. 39. LINDHEIMERIA, Gray & Engelm. Ray flowers 4-5. Scales of the involucre in two rows, the outer ones linear, the inner ones oblong, adherent to tlie base of the fertile achenia, and to the adjacent scales of the receptacle. Achenium oval, flat, the narrow wings prolonged into a 2-toothed pappus. Otherwise like Berlandiera. 1. L. Texana, Gray & Engelm. — Alabama (Mohr), and w-estward. — Annual, hirsute, erect, l°-2° iiigh. Leaves oblong, dentate. Heads in a dichotomous panicle, nodding. Flowers yellow. 40. PARTHENIUM, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers .5, in a single row, short, obcordate, pistillate ; those of the di.sk tubular, 5-tootlied, sterile. Anthers slightly imited. Scales of the involucre in two rows, ovate or roundish. Receptacle conical, chaffy ; the chaff dilated upward. Achenia smooth, compressed, thick-margined. Pajipus of two awu-like or roundish scales. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. L P. integrifolium, L. Perennial; stem erect, simple, rough ; leaves undivided, ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate ; the lowest narrowed into a long petiole ; panicle dense, corj-mbose ; involucre hoary ; pappus minute, awn- like.— Dry woods in the upper districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4' -6' long. Rays cousjjicuous. 2. P. Hysterophorus, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem diffuse ; leaves pinnatifid, with linear toothed lobes ; heads loosely panicled ; scales of the pappus oval. — Waste places, Florida, and westward. 41. IVA, L. Heads few- or many-flowered ; the flowers all tulnilar ; the marginal ones (1 -.5) with a short corolla, pi.stillate nnd fertile; the central .5-toothed, sterile. Anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre 3 - 5, in a single row, oval or obovate, distinct or partly united, or 6-9 and imbricated. Chaff of the small receptacle linear or spatulate. Achenia biconvex, obovate. Pappus none. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and small axillary nodding hefids of whitish flowers. * Scales of the invohicre 3-5, in a single roic. 1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply toothed-serrate, 3 ril)bed, smoothish; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular; fertile flowers 5. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. August -Sept. — Shrub 4° -8° high. 2. I. miorocephala, Xutt. Annual, rough with rigid appressed hairs; stem .slender, simple or branched; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads minute, I'll Ci'Ml'oslT.K. (COMl'dSlTK rAMILV.) 0- Ii' itiiwcrod ; scales of tin- invohicro 4 - 5, rjliovate, ciliate; fertile flowers 1 -.3, — Dry l.arreii soil, Florida to Soiitli Carolina. >\u<^nst - S('j)t. — Stem l°-2M.i.-jli. 3. I. ciliata, Wiiid. Anmial, liisjiid ; stem l)rarKliiiig; leaves ovate, acuminate, ooarsidy si-rrate ; spikes dense, the bracts elongated ; .scales of the involture .'J -4, nmndisli, ciliate; fertile flowers mostly 3. — Mississi]i|ji iCdijiriilci), and westward. Sept. — Stem 2"^ -3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. * * Srdlts (if' till' iiiniliirri- (5-9, liiilin'riilcd in 2-4 roics. 4. I. imbricata, Walt. Somewiiat shruliby, smooth ; leave.-? fleshy, lanceolate, the lower ones slightly serrate and 3-ril)l)ed, the upper alternate and entire; heaular and iiurt't-ct. Stak's of tlie iiivolueie laiRc-i>ljitf, iu tliree or luiiiL' rows, sproatliiig. Keieptai-le at leiiglli conical. Cliaff of the recep- tacle ri'^id, s])ine-i)oiiiled, longer tiian tlie disk Howers. Achenia short, 4siiled, crowned with a cuit-shaped toothed j)apiius. — Perennial sparingly liranilied herlis, with alternate undivided ."J - S-rilihed leaves, and large heads terniiualing tiie peduncle-like suniniii uf the stem or branches. Ixays jiurple or wiiite. 1. E. purpurea, Miench. stem sini])le, or witli jieduncle-like iiranches, smooth or hairv ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, serrate, rough ; the lowest oues ovate, on long petioles; scales of the involucre imhricated iu 3-3 rows, ciliate ; ravs about 12, lauceolate, purple. — ^'aries with the stem and leaves smooth ; rays strap shaped, white. — Uich woods iu the upjjcr districts. June - August. — Stem 2" - 5° high. Kays 2' - 3' long. 2. B. angUStifolia, DC. Hirsute; stem simple ; leaves lanceohite, en- tire 3-rilil)ed ; tlie lowest ta])eriug into a long petiole; scales of the involucre imbricated in 2-3 rows; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies aud rocky woods iu the upper districts. May -July. — Stem 1°- 2^ high. Lowest leaves G' loug. 53. RUDBECKIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. Re- ceptacle conical or cylindrical ; the chaff not rigid, and mostly shorter than the disk flowers. Achenia smooth, angled, truncated. Pappus a luirrow border, or none. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate entire or lobed leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays mostly yellow. Disk dark purple or yellowish. § 1. Achenia quadrangular : chaff of the receptacle persistent. * Dish ovale or (jlohose. -t- Leaves undivided : stem simple or sparinghj branched. ++ Leaves linear, 3-rihbed, entire. 1. R. atrorubens, Kutt. Smooth, or strigo.se; stem simple, 2° high; leaves rigid, 4' -6' long, the lower clustered, the upper small and distant; head globose or ovate, .solitary ; rays wedge-shaped, deep crimson, shorter than the dark purple disk; pappus 4-toothed. — Margins of pine barren ponds. Georgia and Florida. June -July. 2. R. bupleuroides, Shuttlw. Smooth throughout; stem slender, branching; leaves f/- 12' long, thin, the lower long-petioled, the upper dis- tant ; heads globose ; rays linear, yellow, longer than the dark brown disk ; pappus cup-shaped. — With the last. June - July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. ++ *+ Leai^es broad, reini/ ; raijs ijeUow. 3. R. hirta, L. Hirsute ; stem and branches naked at the summit ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrate, the upper sessile, the lowest narrowed COMPOSURE, (composite family.) 24-9 into a petiole ; disk roundish, purplish brown ; chaff of tlie receptacle acute, hairy at the apex. — Dry soil. July -August. — Stem rigid, P-2° high. Rays longer or shorter than the involucre. 4. R. bicolor, Nutt. Hirsute; stem mostly simple, I'-l^' high; leaves oblong, sessile, tlie lowest petioled ; heads small ; scales of the involucre oblong ; rays yellow, the lower half browuisli purple. — Georgia. An immi- grant from tlie West. 5. R. fulgida, Ait. Pubescence hirsute, spreading ; stem mostly branch- ing, 2° higli ; leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole, slightly serrate, the upper sessile, or partly clas]uug ; heads loug- peduncled ; disk globose, i' wide ; rays 10-14, lanceolate. — Dry woodlands. August -Sept. 6. R. spathulata, Michx. Pubescence .strigose, appressed ; stem l°-2° high, often simple ; leaves generally broader, the lowest contracted into broadly winged petioles ; heads smaller; rays fewer (6-8) and broader, 6"- 8" long. — (Jpeu woods in the upper districts. Augixst - Sept. - 7. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Hirsute; stem branching, 2*^-3° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering at the base, serrate, and often coarsely toothed, the earliest ovate, contracted into a long (6'- 10') slender petiole; heads large, long-pedunded ; rays numerous, 1' long ; disk globose, dark purple. — Rich soil in the upper districts. August -Sept. 8. R. mollis, Ell. Stem villous, branching ; leaves oblong, obscurely serrate, sessile and partly clasping, soft-tomeutose on both sides ; the lowest somewhat spatulate ; scales of the involucre numerous, liuear-lauceolate, vil- lous, reflexed, half as long as the (12 -20) rays; disk brownish ; chaff of the receptacle rather obtuse, tomentose at the apex. — Dry soil, Plorida and Georgia. August - Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 9. R. Heliopsidis, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma prostrate ; stem pubescent, with few peduncle-like branches at tlie summit ; leaves ovate or oval, slightly serrate, obtuse, smoothish, 5-ribbed, petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong, shorter than the brownish purple snbglobose disk, and (10- 12) oblong-linear rays ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, pubescent at tlie apex. Low ground in tiie upper districts of Georgia and Alabama. August - Sept. — Stem 2° high. -1- H- Lriii-ps divided : stem panicnlutelij or corymhosehi hrunched. 10. R. triloba, L. Biennial, rough-hairy ; stem much branclied ; lowest leaves long petioled, ovate or oval, simple, or with two small lateral lobes, .serrate; lower stem leaves 3-lobed ; the upper simple, sessile, often entire; heads small, numerous; scales of the involucre narrow-lanceolate, shorter than the rays ; disk almost black ; chaff 6f the receptacle awl-pointed, smooth, as long as the flowers. — Dry ground along the mountains. August -Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Var. rupestris, Gray. Sj^arsely pubescent, stout ; lower leaves 3-parted ; heads globular, f wide, rays orange-yellow. — High mountains of North Carolina. Var. pinnatiloba, Torr. & Gray. More slender; lower leaves mostly pinnately .5 - 7-lobed ; involucral scales linear, acute. — Dry woods, Mariana, West Florida. August. 250 coMrosiT.E. (compositk family.) 11. K. laciniata, L. Stem t^muuth, tall (4°-G''), branchiiif; ; leaves rOii^^li ; tlie lowt-st |)iiiiiiitely divided, tlie divisions lanceolate or oliloiig, lobed or piiinatirtd; the iiiidille ones .3 - ."i-parted ; the uj)])erriiost often iindivided, tootlied ; disk yellowish, ovate or eonieal ; rays large, drooping ; chaff of tiie receptacle trnncate, jiuliescent at tin- ajtex, ahont as long :us the 3-angled achcnia. — Swamps, Florida, ami northward. July - August. — Leaves large. Hays l'-2' loiiir. N'ar. humilis, (Jray ; Stem 2^ -4'^ liigli, corymhosely branched ; lowest leaves mu.stly entire, round-cordate ; .stem leaves ."i - .5-lul)ed ; disli globose. — Kiver banks along the mountains of Cieorgia. August. 12. R. heterophylla, Torr. & (iray. I'ultcscent ; stem corymbose above; leaves coarsely serrate, rungii above, tomcntose beneath; tlie lowest orbicular-cordate or 3 - 5-partetl, on long jtctioles; the middle ones 3-iolied ; the upjiermost ovate, sessile and entire; disk globose, yellowish ; rays droo])- ing ; cliaff of the receptacle acute ; aclienia 3-sided. — Swamps, Miihlle Flor- ida. Augu.st. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves and heads uuuli smaller tiian iu the preceding. * * Dish columnar, elomjaled: stems tuU, simjile. 13. R. maxima, Nutt. Smooth; leaves large, membranaceous, oval or oblong, slightly toothed or entire, feather-veined, the lower ones petioled, the upper clasping ; head solitary, long-peduucled ; rays large, droojiing. — Wet jiiiie barrens. West Florida, and westward. Aiigust. — Stem 4° - 9° liigh. Lowest leaves 8' -12' long. Rays 2' long. 14. R. nitida, Nutt. Smooth and shining; stem tall, naked above; leaves rigid, oblong-lanceolate, sliglitly tootlied or entire, 3-5ribbed; the lowest long-petioled ; the upper partly clasping, small; rays large, drooping; disk brown. — Borders of swampy tiiickets, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem S° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. § 2. Achenia terete, striate: chaff of the receptacle deciduous. — Dracopis. 1.'). R. amplexicaulis, Vahl. Annual, glabrous, branching, l°-3*' high ; leaves olibuig, clasiiing; lieads terminal, showy ; .scales of the involucre .small; ilisk cylindrical, brown; achenia small. — New Orleans (JJr. Il(de), and w estward. 54. LEPACHYS, Kaf. Scales of the involucre few ami small. Cliaff of the oblong or columnar receptacle truncate and thickened at the apex. Aclienia tlattenelong-ovate ; rays mostly wanting ; chaff of the receptacle acuminate. — Low sandy -pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Oct. — Stem 2° higli. Heads rather large. -t- -I- Raijs conspicuous. 4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem rough-hairy or smoothish, simple, or paniculately branched ; leaves linear, elongated, entire; with the margins revolute ; the lowest ones opposite ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acumi- nate ; chaff of the receptacle 3-t()othed ; rays 12-18, showy. -^ Low ground, common. Oct. — Stem 2° -6° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. 'JoJ COMPOSITJE. (COMI-OMTK FAMILY.) 5. H. heterophyllus, Nntt. Hirsute <»r liispiil ; .stem slender, mostly siiii)ili', naked iil)()ve; lejives ojipitsite, thick, entire ; tiie lower liiiueolate e receptacle obtuse; rays 20-25. (II. scaber- rinius, Jill.) — Western districts of Georgia {Elliott), and westward. Sejit. — Stem l^-a*^ lii^j^flleads showy. * * Jt^fffimial : disk yellow : heads lanje or middle-sized. 8. H. Isetiflorus, Pers. Stem etout, rough, branching; leaves oval- lanceulaiv, acuminate, serrate, rigid, very rougii on both sides, on short peti- oles; U^ds solitary or corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute, iJciliate, appressed ; chaff of the recejitacle somewhat 3-toothed or en- tire ; rays 12 - 10, elongated. (H. tricuspis. Ell., with the leaves all nearly entire : i li.ifl ul' the receptacle 3-toothed.) — Dry soil, in the western districts of (Jeorgia, and westward. Sept.. — Stem .3° -4° high. Leaves 5'- 8' long. Rays 1 V long. 9. H. occidentalis, Kiddell, var. Dowellianus, Torr. & Gray. Nearlv smo(»th ; stem branched above; leaves jjubesrcnt, triple-nerved ; the lowest opposite, broadly ovate, obtu.se ; the upper alternate, oblong-ovate ; peduncles long and slender; scales of the invstly wiiiLifd acla'iiia. I'lijipus of two ]ii'rsistciit awns. — rcrcniiial herl)S, uitli laiKu 'late serrate often (lei'unont leaves. l*'lo\ver.s yellow or wliiie. 1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. stem jmlicsient, wiuf^ed above; leaves alter- nate or ojipusite, ovate laneuolate, acmiiiiiate at eaeli end ; Iieails eoryintiose; scales of tlie inviKr ones lanceolate, entire ; rays shorter than the oblong disk ; scales of the papi)us roundish, obtuse. — River banks and damp soil. North Carolina, and westward. —Stem much branched, l°-3° high. 5. H. nudiflorum, Xutt. I'erennial, stem pubescent ; leaves lanceo- late, entire or nearly so, decurrent ; heads globose, dark purple ; scales of the pappus ovate, .slightly denticulate, abruptly awn-pointed ; aehenia hairy on the angles. — River banks, Florida to North Carolina. May - June. — Stem 10-2° high. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 263 § 2. Rays neutrai: stems mostly simple : heads solitary : perennials. — Leptopoda. 6. H. Nuttallii, Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; leaves entire or obscurely serrate, lauceolate or linear, the lower ones decurrent, the lowest tapering into a petiole ; rays 20 - 30 in a single row ; scales of the pappus lacerate, and mostly bristle-pointed ; achenia smooth. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April -May. — Stem l°-2° high. 7. H. fimbriatum, Gray. Stem smooth, sometimes branching, the peduncle slightly pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire or ob- scurely serrate, decurrent ; scales of the pappus fimbriate. — Low pine bar- rens, Florida, and westward. April - May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 8. H. vernale, Walt. Closely pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, linear- lanceolate, sessile but not decurrent, denticulate ; the lowest spatulate-lanceo- late, toothed or piuuatifid ; scales of tlie pappus obtuse, with sliglitly lacerated margins. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April - May. — Stem 2^ high. 9. H. brevifolium, Gray. Stem pubescent above, often sparingly branched ; leaves entire, more or less decurrent, the upper ones lanceolate, the lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse ; scales of the pappus obtuse, slightly lacerate at the ajjex. — Wet places, Alabama to North Carolina. May - June. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Heads large. 10. H. Curtisii, Gray. Glabrous; stem often branching; leaves lanceo- late, entire, decurrent ; scales of the pappus obovate, nearly entire ; achenia hairy on tlie angles. — Raleigh, North Carolina ( Curtis). — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 72. DYSODIA, Cav. Heads many-flowered, the rays pistillate. Livolucre bracted, the scales partly united in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia 4-angled. Pappus of chaffy finely divided scales. — Branching odorous annuals, with pinuately divided leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. D. Ohrysanthemoides, Lag. Stem 1° high ; leaves opposite with very narrow toothed lobes; rays few and short; pappus bristly. — Waste ground, Tennessee, and westward. 73. PECTIS, L. Heads several-flowered, radiate. Rays pistillate. Disk flowers somewhat 2-lipped, perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5-8, in a single row. Re- ceptacle naked. — Branches of the style short, obtuse. Acheiiium linear. Pappus composed of about five unequal bristle-pointed scales. — Chiefly an- nuals. Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted, bristly on the margins. Flowers small, yellow. 1. P. linifolia, Less. Stem diffusely branched (6'- 12' high) ; leaves linear, connate ; heads small, on long and slender bracted peduncles ; scales of the involucre .slightly produced at the base ; achenia hairy. — South Florida. Oct. 2G4 coMrosiT.K. (coMrosiTi: ia.mikv.) 2. p. ciliaris, !•«• Stom erect, smouth ; loaves linear, liristly-f ringed lu'lciw tlic iiiidiilf ; licails nearly sessile ; rays 3 ; jiajijiiis of tiie disk (ii>\vers of 5 laiHiulali- acinninate seales, of the rays only .'i. — Iveys of Caxinitias Hay, youth Florida. Oet. — Stem G'- 1 2' liieiiked nor winged. Tapjiusof copious soft hairs. — Ilerhs, with entire or pinnately divided leaves. Heads corymbose. Flowers jellow. Pubescence mostly webi)y and deciduous. * Annual: heads radiate. 1. S. lobatus, I'ers. Smooth; stem furrowed, liolbnv ; loaves tender, lyrate-pinnatifid, with rounded- toothed lobes; the earliest orbicular, loug- petioled ; rays aliout 12. — Hiver bottoms. March- April. — Stem \°-3° hiij;ii. Lolling of tiie loaves variable. ** Perennial: heads radiate: loiresl leaves petioled, undivided; the others jiinnateli/ lohed or toothed ; the upjiermosl sessile. 2. S. aureus, L- Smooth, or more or less woolly when young ; stem {2° hio-h) sbnib'r; radical leaves longpetiolod, round-cordate, crenate ; the others lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, jiinuatitid ; rays 8- 12; achenia smooth. — Mountains of North (Carolina. July. Var. obovatUS, Torr. & Gray. Sinoothish ; leaves chiefly radical, thick, obovate or roundish, creuate, ou short winged petioles; those of tiie stem small, pinnatifid ; heads crowded; rays 9-12; achenia smooth. — Kocky places, West Florida to North Carolina. Ajiril-May. — Stem 1° high. Radical leaves 2' -3' wide. Var. Balsamitse, Torr. & Gray. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate or obovate; lower part of the stem often densely woolly ; achenia hairy. — Dry open woods ill the ii|i])or districts. May- June. 3. S. tomentOSUS, Michx. Woolly and hoary throughout; the leaves becoming smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, crenate, obtuse ; stem leaves few, scattered, lanceolate, acute, serrate or toothed ; rays 12 - 15 ; achenia hairy. — Damp soil, Florida to North Cai-olina. April -May. —Stems mostly simple, 2° - 3° high. Heads rather large. * * * Perennial: heads radiate : leaves all hipinnateli/ dissected. 4. S. Millefolium, Torr. & Gray. Woolly when young, at length nearly SHU )otli ; steins tufted, corymbose above; leaves lanceolate, with the divisions linear and toothed, the lowe.st ones petioled ; heads crowded ; rays 9-12. — M(mntainsof North Carolina [Buckleij). June. — Stems l°-2°high. * * * * Perenni(d : heads large, discoid : leai^es all entire. 5. S. Rugelia, Gray. Minutely pubescent ; rhizoma creeping ; stem simple, erect ; loaves ovate, acute at each end, denticulate; the lowest large (2' -4'), crowded, on long margined petioles, the others small, scattered, and nearly sessile ; heads on long bracted peduncles. — Smoky Mountains, Ten- nessee (Rufjel, Buckley). — Stem 1^ high. 82. ERECHTHITES. Raf. Fireweed. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the marginal flowers pistillate, very slender, 2-3-toothed; the others perfect, 4-5-toothed. Scales of the cylindrical COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 267 involucre in a single row, linear, acute, bracted. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, striate. Pappus of copious soft hairs. — Erect annual herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and corymbose heads of greenish flowers. 1. E. hieracifolia, Kaf. Stem mostly branched, smooth or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate or toothed ; the upper somewhat clasping; bracts subulate, minute ; pappus white. — Rich soil, common. July- Sept. — Stem l°-5°high. 83. CACALIA, L. Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. . Scales of the involucre 5-30, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked, or with a tubercular prominence in the centre. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial, mostly smooth and tall herbs, with alternate entire or lobed leaves, and corymbose heads of white flowers. * Rereptadejiat : involucre about \2-leaved, 2o -30-Jlowered. 1. C. suaveolens, L. Smooth; leaves ovate, hastate, acute, toothed- serrate, on winged petioles ; the uppermost sessile ; bracts filiform. — Low ground, West Florida, and northward. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high. * * Receptacle tubercular in the centre : scales of the involucre and flowers 5. 2. C. reniformis, Muhl. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, angularly toothed, on slender jietioles ; the lowest large, reniform, the upper ones roundish; corymb compound. — Damp soil in the mountains of Nortli Caro- lina and Tennessee. July -August. — Stem 4° -9° high. Radical leaves sometimes 2° in diameter, the teeth mucronate. 3. C. atriplicifolia, L. Stem terete, corymbosely branched above; leaves glaucous beneath, angularly lobed, the lobes mostly entire, mucronate ; the lowest ones reniform ; the upper rhomboid ; corymbs compound. — Woods and moist banks, Florida, and nortliward. August - Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves smaller and thicker than the last. 4. C. diversifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, petioled ; the lowest broadly cordate or cordate-ovate, obtusely toothed, the upper 3 - 5-lobed. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, Marianua, West Florida. May - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 5. C. OVata, Walt. Stem terete ; leaves glaucous beneath, 3-5-nerved, ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or wavy-toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; the upper ones sessile ; corymbs open. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July - August. — Stem 3° - 4* high. Lowest leaves 5' - 8' long. 6. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, oval or lanceolate-oblong, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; corymlts dense. — Swamps, Alabama, and westward. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - .5° high. Leaves tliick. 7. C. Floridana, Gray. Stem stout, furrowed, 2° -4" high; leaves oval, strongly nerved, dentate-serrate, the lower long-petioled ; lobes of the corolla as long as the throat. — Dry sandy barrens, East Florida. Sept. 8. C. lanceolata, Kutt. Stem terete ; leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or coarsely toothed, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous ; 268 coMPOsiT.E. (composite family.) the lowest taperiiifj into a long petiole, the upjjer sessilo. — Marshos, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. - Sept. — Stem 3°-5° liigli. Lowest leaves 1° or more long. Tkihe V. CYNAKEiE. Heads discoid ; the jhwcrs idl tubular ; the exterior ones sonu'times enktnjed and iui/-lik-e : style thickened at the summit ; t/ie stigmatic lines extending to the summit nf the branches, without appendages. 84. CNICUS, 'luurn. Thistle. Heads many-flowered, diseuid ; the flowers all similar and ])erfect. Scales of the involucre inil)ricaled in many rows, all but the innermost ones usually spinc-iiointed. Receptacle bri.stly. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth. I'ajipus uf numerous plumose hairs. — Herbs, with alternate se.ssile or decur- rent mostly pinnatifid and s])in\- leaves. Heads large, subglobose. Flowers purple or whitish. * Leaves decurrent. 1. C. lanceolatUS, Iloffm. Stem hairy, branched; leaves pinnatifid, spiny, hirsute above, woolly beneath ; scales of the involucre webby, tipped with strong erect spines ; flowers purple. — Waste ground in the upper districts. Introduced. Sept. (2) — Stem 2° - 3° high. * * Leaves sessile, ■t- Scales of the involucre tipped with spreading sjiines. 2. C altissimus, Willd. Stem tall, pubescent; the branches leafy to the summit ; leaves rougli-pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, fringed witli fine prickles ; the lowest petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper sessile, entire or pinnately lobed; heads bracted ; scales of the involucre webl)y when young, tijjped with a weak prickle; flowers purple. — Fields and thickets. August - Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high. Heads about 1' iu diameter. Involucre some- what viscid. Var. discolor, Gray. Leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid, tlie divisions narrow, 2 -3-lobed, spine-pointed, and fringed along tlie margins. — With the preceding. 3. C. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem angled, paniculately branched, smooth or hairy ; the branches naked at the summit ; leaves clasping, soft-hairy, becom- ing smoothish above, pinnatifid ; the numerous spreading lobes lanceolate, 3-toothed, tipped with strong spines, and ciliate on the margins ; heads numer- ous, small, bractless ; scales of the involucre appi'cssed, viscid, tipjiod with a short, at length s])reading prickle; corolla white or pale purple. — Dry light soil, Florida to S(jutli Carolina. July- August.. — Stem 3° -8° high. Heads 8"- 10" in diameter. 4. C. Virginianus, Fursh. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, hoary-tomentose ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth above, hoary beneath; the margins revolute, toothed or pinnatifid, and spiny ; scales of the involucre viscid, spiny ; flowers purple. — I'ine barren swamps, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads ^' in diameter. ■*- -t- Scales of the involucre spineless, or the outer ones spine-pointed. 5. C. muticus, Fursh. Stem tall, brandling, commoidy hairy ; leaves with scattered hairs above, pubescent or at length nearly smooth beneath, COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY. J 269 bristly-ciliate on the margins, deeply pinuatificl; the lobes lanceolate, 2-3- toothed, spiny ; scales of the involucre unarmed, webby, viscid ; flowers purple. — Swamps in the upper districts. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Heads r in diameter, 6. C. Lecontei, Gray. Stem simple, or with 1 -3 nearly naked branches hoary-tomentose ; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, lioary beneath, entire, the margins fringed with bristly hairs, and spiny ; the earliest ones piuuatifid ; scales of the involucre cuspidate, viscid, not webby ; flowers purple. — Pine barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July- August. — Stem 2°- 3° high, rigid. Heads 1' in diameter. 7. C. repandus, Ell. Webby throughout when young; stem simple, very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate and closely fringed with bristly spines ; heads mostly solitary ; flowers purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June- July. Stem l°-2° high. 8. C. horridulus, Pur,sh. Webby when young, at length smootliish ; stem tliick, branching ; leaves cla.sping, pinnatifid, armed with long and stout spines ; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear pectinate spiny bracts ; scales of the involucre liuear-subulate, spine-pointed ; flowers purple or yel- lowish.— Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. April -May. — Stem l°-3'^ high, often purple. 85. ARCTIUM, L. Burdock. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Scales of the globose involucre imbricated, coriaceous, with subulate spreading hooked tips. Eeceptacle flat, bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, trans- versely rugose. Pappus o'f numerous .shoi-t caducous bristles. Anthers cau- date at the base. — Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate petioled leaves. Heads small. Flowers purple or white. 1. A. Lappa, L. Leaves undulate on the margins, pubescent beneath; the upperniost ovate ; heads corymbose ; involucre smootii or webby. — Waste places, North Carolina. Introduced from Europe. 86. CENTAUREA, L. Star Thistle. Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers mostly large and sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle bristly. Achenia compressed. Pappus of rough bristles in one or more rows, sometimes wanting. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. 1. C. Calcitrapa, L. Stem diffusely branched, hairy ; leaves pinnately lobed ; the lobes linear, toothed ; heads .ses.sile ; involucre spiny ; pappus none. — North Carolina. Naturalized. — Flowers purple. 2. C. SOlstitialis, L. Stem branching, woolly ; lowest leaves pinnati- fid, the upper sessile, entire ; heads small, ovate, glabrous ; involucre spiny ; pappus double. — Coast of North Carolina. Introduced. 3. C. Benedicta, L. Stem low, spreading, villous ; leaves oblong, clasping, toothed, prickly ; heads ovoid, sessile, bracted ; spines of the invo- lucre pectinate ; flowers yellow ; achenia 10-toothed ; pappus double. — Waste ground. Introduced. 270 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) SrHoKDKK II. LAinATIFLOK.K. Tribe VI. MUTISIACI'L^l JIkhIs with the Jlvwvrs dissimilar or rarely diiecioHS ; the iiiiinjiiiiil imcs /listillnli t mostly opposite. — Plant 6'- 12' high. 89. KRIGIA, Schreb. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the iuA'olucre 6-15. Achenia short, ob- long or top-shaped, ob.scurely 4-angled, not beaked. Pappus double ; the outer of very small chaffy scales ; the inner of bristles. — Perennial or annual nearly smooth herbs, bearing single or umbellate heads of yellow flowers on long peduncles or scapes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid. § 1. Annual, nearly stemless: scales and bristles of the pappus 5: achenia top-shaped. — Krigia proper. 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Proper stem short, simple or forking ; .scapes at length several, slightly pubescent, elongated in fruit ; leaves somewhat glaucous ; the lowest rounded, entire ; the others spatulate-ol)long, piimatifid. — Dry sandy soil. March -May. — Scapes at length 1° high. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 271 § 2. Perennial, stemless or caulescent : scales and bristles of the pappus numerous: achenia cylindrical. — Cynthia. 2. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Root fibrous; stem branched above, bear- ing 3-5 heads ou slender umbellate peduncles ; radical leaves oval or spatulate- oblong, toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper clasping and entire ; achenia oblong. — Sandy soil in the upper districts. May- July. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. K. montana, Nutt. Stem short (2' -5' high), from a short root- stock; peduncles single, axillary and terminal, 6' -8' long; leaves clasping, the lower pinnatifid, the upper linear, entire. — Mountains of North Carolina. August. 4. K. Dandelion, Nutt. Stem short or none ; root fibrous, bearing one or more globular tubers ; leaves lanceolate and entire, or broader and pin- natifid; peduncles two or more, 6'- 12' long. — Damp rich soil, in the upper districts. April. 90. CICHORIUM, Touru. Chiccort. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, the exterior spreading. Achenia striate, compressed. Pappus of numerous chaffy scales in 1 - 2 rows. — Herbs. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Heads sessile. Flowers blue. 1. C. Intybus, L. vStem rigid, erect; leaves oblong, toothed, the lower pinnatifiJ. — Waste ground. Introduced. 91. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or in 2 rows ; the outer row short. Receptacle nearly naked. Achenia not beaked, com- monly terete or spindle-shaped, ribbed. Pappus a single row of persistent brownish white hairs. — Perennial herbs with alternate entire or toothed leaves, and single, corymbose, or pauicled heads of yellow flowers. — Invo- lucre, in our species, in 2 rows, the outer short and bract-like. 1. H. scabriim, Michx. Stem stout, leafy, hirsute below, rough above ; panicle somewhat corymbose ; leaves oval, sessile ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, hirsute; peduncles and involucre tomentose and glandular-hispid; achenia cylindrical. — Open woods in the upper districts. Augu.st-Sept. — Stem l°-3°high. Heads large, many-flowered. "^ 2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem leafy and hirsute below, naked and smoother above ; leaves entire or denticulate, hirsute ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper small, sessile ; panicle narrow, elongated ; achenia narrowed upward. — Dry sandy soil. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 1 o - 2° high. Lowest leaves spreading ou the ground. 3. H. venosum, L. Stem slender, nearly leafless, smooth ; lowest leaves oblong-obovate, smooth, or hirsute on the veins beneath, often veined with purple; the others (1-3) small and remote; heads small, in a spreading corymbose panicle, smoothish ; achenia linear. — Shady soil in the upper dis- tricts. May - July. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high . 4. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, villous below ; leaves thia lanceolate, denticulate, acute, smooth ; panicle divaricate ; heads small, 1 2 - 20- 1'72 (OMroSIT.K. ((X»MroSlTK ka.milv.) Howi'IvmI ; iiiviplucro siiiootli ; aclicnia sliort, nul iiarruwcd upward. — <(|icii wooils alniii^ tlio inimiilaiiis, < Jc(ir;;ia, ami iinrlliwanl. Augti.sl -Sejit. — Stem 2° -3° liij^li. reilumlfs lilifunn. :>. H. Marianum, \Vill«l. stem k-aiy , 2^ - :i° lii^li ; leaves oblong, hir- sule liciieatli, tlic luwe.st layering iiito llie densely iiirsute petiole, llie njiper distant, sessile ; heads small, ((irvmbuse ; involucre j^landiilar-liispid ; aclieuia slender, cylindrical. — Mountains of tieor^ia, and nortliward. .July. 92. PRENANTHES, ^'aill. Heads .'3- 2()-Howerc(l. Involucre cylindrical. comi)(jsed of 5-14 linear scales, and several sliort exterior ones, lieceptacle naked. Aclieiiia linear- oljliWij^ or cylindrical, furroweil, glabrous, not narrowed ui)ward. Tapjius of uunieroua straw-colored or brownish bristly hairs. — I'erennial herbs, with bitter tuberous roots, entire or variously Inbed lea\es, and nio.stly nodding heads of yellowish wliile or ])urplisli Howers, in slior( racemes or clusters. 1. P. crepidinea, .Michx. Smootiiish ; .stem tall, corynibo.sely panided; leaves (jblon^-o\ate or somewhat hastate, acute, une(iually toothed, the lowest ou winged petioles ; involucre Itrown, hairy, of 12-14 scales, 20-35-flowered ; pappus liglit brown. — Mountains of North Carolina and 'J'euue.ssee. Sept. — 8teui 5° - 8^ high. Lower leaves 8' - 12' long. Tlowers yellowish white. 2. P. alba, L. Smooth ; stem paniculate, purplish ; leaves acutish, anj^led, toothed, or variously 3 - 5-lobed or parted; the lowest petioled ; the upper- most nearly sessile; racemes short, spreading; involucre purplish, of about 8 scales, 8- 12-Howered ; pappus light brown; flowers wliite or cream-color. — Open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 30 - 4° high. 3. P. altissima, L. Smooth ; stem simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves thin, ovate or cordate, petioled, acuminate, denticulate, or the lower ones palmately 3-.5-cleft or parted; heads in .small axillary and terminal clusters, forming a long panicle ; involucre sleniler, greenish, of about .5 scales, 5 - 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white or straw-colored. — Varies with the wavy- toothed leaves, deltoid; the lowe.st hastate -3-angled or parted. — Woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Flowers yellowish, or greenish white. 4. P. serpentaria, Pursh. Smooth or sliglitly pubescent; stem corym- bosely panicled above; leaves deltoid, mucronate, pinnately 3-7-lo])ed. on winged petioles ; the upper lanceolate, often entire ; clusters small, terminal ; involucre greenish, smooth or hairy, of about 8 scales, 8 - 12flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Varies Avith the lanceolate or oblong leaves mostly sessile, or the uppermost clasping; the 12-1.5-flowered involucre hirsute with long purplish hairs. — Dry .sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 4° high. 5. P. virgata, Michx. Smooth ; stem simple, virgate ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost small, entire ; the lowest deeply pinnatifid, on margined petioles; clusters of heads small, racemose; involucre smooth, purplish, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw- COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 273 color. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° liigli. Flowers purplish. 6. P. aspera, Michx. Hough-pubescent ; stem simple ; leaves oval-ot)- loug, sharply toothed ; heads erect, clustered, forming a compound villous terminal raceme; involucre of 8 or 9 hirsute scales, 12- 14-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Barrens of Tennessee, and northward. — Stem 2^-4° high. Leaves small. Flowers cream-color. 93. LYGODESMIA, Don. Heads 5- 10-flowered. Involucre elongated, cylindrical, of 5-8 linear scales, and a few short exterior ones, lieceptacle naked. Achenia linear, elongated, smooth, striate, not narrowed upward. Pappus of copious smooth- isli white hairs in several rows. — Perennial smooth herbs, with linear or filiform leases. Heads solitary. Flowers rose-color. 1. Li. aphylla, DC. Stem simple or forking; lowest leaves filiform, elongated ; the others remote, small, and bract like ; heads showy. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. April- May. — Stem I°-2° high. 94. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of small spreading scales ; the interior erect in a single row. Receptacle naked. Achenia ob- long, ribbed or angled, muricate on the ribs ; the apex abruptly produced into a long beak Pappus of copious white hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs. Scapes hollow, bearing a single head of yellow flowers. Leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid. 1. T. oflB-Cinale, Weber. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes acute, toothed ; heads showy. — Damp .soil, sj)aringly naturalized. 95. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. Heads manv-flowered. Involucre double, of numerous subulate scales ; the inner ones erect and partially united, often with a callous appendage at the apex. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia oblong, nearly terete, 5-furrowed ; the apex narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft reddish or brownish hairs. — Smootli annual herbs. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the naked stem or peduncle-like branches. Flowers yellow. 1. P. Carolinianus, DC Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate, mostly toothed or pinnatifid; achenia shorter than the filiform beak. — Field.s. April -July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 96. LACTUCA, L. Lettuce. Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre imbri^ cated ; the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, smooth, beaked. Pappus of copious short white hairs. — Tall biennial herbs, with entire or pinnatifid clasping leaves. Heads paniculate. Flowers \vhite, pur- ple, blue, or yellow. 18 1,'74 COMl'OSIT.K. (('((Ml'MSlTK 1 AMILV.) • Arlii'iiia iibni]itli/ contracted into ajilifnnn hiak. 1. L. graminifolia, Miclix. (ilubrous, or nearly BO, stem simple, or paniculate ;ilii>M-, 2^-:")° liijiii ; leaxcs linear, acute, 4'- 12' loiij;, the lower mostly ]iinnatitiil in the middle, the earliest otiovate or uhlong, entire ; Howen* mostly lilue ; achenia ellijitical, longer than the beak. — Dry sandy soil iu the lower districts. .May - August. 2. L. Canadensis, L. (Wild Lettlck.) Glabrous; stem 3° -6° high, paniculate above , leaves piunatifid from the base, acute or acuminate, 6' -9' long, the upper toothed or entire; Howers yellow; achenia oval-obl<»ng, rather longer than the beak. — Margins of fields, and woods. July - .Sej)t. 3. L. integrifolia, Higel. Stem 3° -5° high, paniculate above, gla- brous; leaves oliloni^-lanceolate, acuminate, clasping, entire, or the lowest denticulate, rarely lobed, 3'- 6' long ; Howers dull yellow ; achenia oval, longer than the beak. — With the last, iu the upper districts. July- August. 4. L. hirsuta, Muhl. Stem hirsute near the base, 3° -4° high ; leaves deeply jiinnatitid, more or less hirsute, 3'- 4' lojig; Howers purplish or dull red ; achenia ol)longoval, about the length of the beak. — Upper districts of North Carolina (Curtis). ♦ # Achenia tapering into a short stout beak. — Mulgeuium. H- Pappus white. 5. L. acuminata, Gray. Smooth; stem panicled above; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, on winged petioles, the lowest some- times sinuate-lobed ; heads racemed, on spreading peduncles. — Margins of fields, etc. Sept. (2) — Stem 3° -6° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, often hairy beneath. Flowers blue. 6. L, Floridana, Ga^rt. Smooth ; stem panicled above ; leaves all pin- natiful anil tontlieil, with tiie terminal lobe larger and 3-angled, or the upper- most lanceolate, sessile or clasping ; heads racemose-pauided ; flowers blue. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6*' high. ■1- •*- Pappus tawny. 7. L. leucophaea, Gray. Smoothish ; stem panicled above ; leaves numerous, irregularly piunatifid, with coarsely toothed lobes ; the te'-minal lobe .3-angled, or in the upper leaves often linear and entire; racemes panicled. — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. (2) — Stem 3°- 12° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Flowers pale blue. 97. SONCHUS, L. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked nor narrowed at the apex. Pappus of copious soft white hairs. —Annuals. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Heads somewhat umbelled. Flowers vellow. 1. S. Oleraceus, L. Smooth; stem branching; leaves pinnatifid, with spiny-toothed lo})es, clasping ; the lowest petioled ; achenia transversely rough- ened. — Waste places. Introduced. June - August. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. LOBELIACE^ (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 275 2. S. asper, Vill. Smooth, or the upper part of the stem and peduncles hispid ; leaves entire, clasping, fringed with weak spines ; the lowest oblong- obovate, the upper lanceolate ; acheuia smooth. — Fields. Florida, and north- ward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Order 76. LOBELIACE^E. (Lobelia Family.) Chiefly herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers irregular. — Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adhei-ent to the 2-celled ovary. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, valvate iu the bud ; the tube split on one side to the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the calyx ; the anthers, and commonly the filaments, united into a tube. Style solitary: stigma 2-lobed, surrounded with a ring of hairs. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anat- ropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. — Acrid poisonous plants. 1. LOBELIA, L. Lobelia. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip small, erect or reflexed, 2-parted, the lower spreading, palniately 3-cleft ; the tube straight. Anthers, or a part of them, bearded at the apex, curved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- seeded. — Stems erect. Leaves undivided ; the serratures glandular. Flow- ers in terminal racemes or spikes. Calyx sometimes with an appendage between the lobes. * Flowers scarlet. L L. cardinalis, L. (Cardixal-flower.) Smooth or slightly pubes- cent ; stem stout, simple ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate ; bracts leafy ; sta- mens and style much longer than the corolla. — Muddy banks. July - Sept. 11 — Stem 2° - 3° high. Raceme many-flowered. Flowers very showy. * * Flowers blue or white. -i- Tube of the corolla A" or more long. 2. L. syphilitica, L. Hairy ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute at each end, coarsely serrate ; racemes leafy, many-flowered ; calyx hairy ; the lance- olate denticulate lobes half as long as tiie large (T long) light blue corolla. — Swamps along the mountains. August -Sept. ^ — Stem l°-3° high. 3. L. puberula, Miclix. Softly pubescent or villous, or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, lanceolate or oblong, glandular- denticulate; spikes mostly 1-sided; calyx top-shaped, the linear lobes nearly as long as the tube of the bright blue corolla. — Swamps and low ground. August -Sept. ::>/? — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla half as large as in the preceding. 4. L. amoena, Michx. Smooth or rough-pubescent ; leaves scattered, oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the lower ones tapering into a long petiole, the uppermost nearly sessile; racemes 1-sided, mnny-flowered ; calyx lobes linear- subulate, mostly glandular ; corolla (1' long) bright blue. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Sept. -Oct. ^ — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 6' long. Bracts small. 27G LoniCLIACK.K. (l.OIUa.IA FAMILY.) 5. L. glandulOSa, Wnlt. SukidUi nr imhoscciit ; stem mostly simple, uearlv lealless aliove ; leaves thirk, linear or linear-laticeolatu, ^Imidular-ilen- ticulate, sessile, the uppermost seatteretl ami hract-like ; racemes l-sidcd, .3- 9-Ho\vere(l, tlie Howers distant; ealyx smooth or iiirsute, witii linear Klandnlar lobes; corolla (8"- 10" long) pale itlue. — I'ine itarren s\vainj)S. Oct. y. — Stem 2^-4^ ioiii;. Lower leaves 2' -A' long. 6. L. Floridana, Ciiapm. Stem stout (;}°-r)'' iiigh); lowest leaves tliick, lanceolate or stra])-sliaped, sessile hy a liroad hase, denticulate (6'-9' long); tiie others small and distant ; raceme many-Howered ; jiedicels as long as the linear denticulate bracts; calyx tui)e obconical, in fruit enclosing the lower lialf of the ovoid capsule, the ovate lanceolate lobes mostly denticulate, corolla (8" - 9" long) l)lue, villous within, the lower lip reHexed. — Wet pine barrens, Florida. June -Sept. 7. L. brevifolia, Nutt. stem tliick, virgate, angled, smootii or pul)e8- cent; leaves siiort (4" -12" long), Hesliy, oblong-linear, ol)tuse, toothed, spreading or reliexed ; the lowest wedgc-sliaped ; calyx hirsute, the ovate- lanceolate lobes strongly t(jothed, tiie 5 ai>j)endages obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Damp open pine barrens, Florida, Alabama, and westward. Oct. % — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves very numerous. -1- ■*- Tithe of the corolla less than 4" long. ■*-* Stem leaves linear or lanceolate. 8. L. spicata, Lam. Closely pubescent ; stem slender, simple ; lowest leaves ol)oviite or oblong, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered; tlowers small, in a long dense raceme, on short pedicels, corolla pale blue. — Dry .soil in the middle and up])er districts. August -Sept. (2) ^ — Stem 1° - 2° iiigh. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 9. L. Nuttallii, K- & S. Stem very ."^lender, mostly simple, rougliish ; leaves small, entire; the low'est clustered, spatulate or obovate; the others distant, linear; tiowers small, scattered in a long and slender raceme, on fili- form pedicels which are longer than the bracts. — Low ground, Georgia, and northward. August -Sept. — Stem 1°-U°high. Corolla 3" -4" long, pale blue. 10. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem slender, creeping at tlie base, sparingly branclied above; leaves small (6" long), sulmlate, scattered, the lowest scale like ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels and slender calyx lobes spreading ; corolla (3" -5" long) l)right blue. —Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 11. L. paludosa, Nutt. Smooth: stem mostly simple, nearly leafless ; radical leaves s])atulate-lanceolate or linear, obtu.se, crenulate; the others small, linear and remote; racemes slender, loose; bracts minute; corolla small, white or pale hlue, the lower lip straight. — Pine barren swamps. May - August. ^ — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 9' long. Corolla ¥ long. 12. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Closely pubescent ; stem .slender, .simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; flowers small, crowded in an elongated spike ; appendages of the calyx 10, subulate, as long as the tube. — GOODEXIACE.E. (gOODEXIA FAMILY.) 277 South Carolina, and northward. July -August. % — Stem l°-li° high. Corolla 3" - 4" long. 13. L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem simple, or branching above (\°-2° high) ; leaves numerous, linear, glandular-denticulate ; racemes long, loosely flowered ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tube top-shaped, half the length of the denticulate lobes, in fruit oblong, covering the capsule ; corolla deep blue, more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, South Carolina ( (Jruy). August. ++ ++ Leaves ovate, toothed or serrate. 14. L. Cliffortiana, L. Annual; stem branching (1°-1|° high); leaves ovate, petioled, dentate, the upper ones narrower and sessile; racemes loosely many-flowered, tiie pedicels longer than thebracts and flowers; calyx tube obconical, enclosing the lower half of the ovoid capsule, the lobes subu- late. — Southern States ( Graij). Introduced. Var. Xalapensis, Gray. Stem weaker; leaves tliiuner; tube of the calyx enclosing only the base of the capsule ; seeds smooth. — Manatee, South Florida {Garber), East Florida {Miss Reynolds). 15. L. Feayana, Gray. Annual, smooth (4' -8' high) ; stem simple or branched , leaves few, the lowest orbicular, crenate, petioled, the others nar- rower, nearly sessile; racemes loosely 4- 10-flowered ; calyx tube obconical, in fruit enclosing the lower half of the capsule, the lobes subulate; seeds rough. — Damp places. East Florida. 16. L. Gattingeri, Gray. Smooth; stem weak, branching ; leaves thin, sessile, oljloug-uvate, obtuse, serrate, the lowest obovate ; racemes peduucled, very slender, many-flowered ; calyx tube ovoid, longer than its pedicel, shorter than the linear-subulate entire lobes; corolla (4" -5" long) deep blue. — Bar- rens of Tennessee. April. — Stem 10' -20' higli. Leaves 2' or less long. 17. L, inflata, L. Pubescent or hairy ; stem leafy, branching from the base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, sessile ; racemes leafy below ; corolla small, pale blue; mature capsule ovoid, inflated. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts. August -Sept. (T) or (2) — Stem 1°-1^'^ high. Corolla 2" -3" long. Order 77. GOODENIACE^E. (Goodexia Family.) Herbs or shrubs, witli water}' jtiice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and irregular flowers.— Calyx tubular, 3-5-lobed or entire, more or less adherent to the 1 - 4-ceIled ovary. Corolla irreg-ular, unequally 5-lobed, induplicate in the bud ; the tube split on one side, or 5-parted. Sta- mens 5, free from the corolla, the filaments and anthers rarely united. Style commonly single : stigma thick, surrounded with a cup-shaped mostly ciliate membrane. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. SC^VOLA. L. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla villous witliin, .5-lobed, with the lobes nearly equal and winged; the tube split on one side. Filaments and anthers free. Drupe 278 CAMPAXULACE.K. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 1 -4-folletI, the rella 1-seeded. — Ilorha or slirubs. Leaves alternate. Peduu- c'le.s axillarv, (iirlKjtoinou.s. Flowt'r.s blue or wliite. 1. S. Plumieri, V'ahl. .Slimhbv.tlcsliy.siiiootli; leaves oldung-obovatc, eutire, Ijearded in the a.xils; pedumh-.s sliurler than tiie leaves ; cal\x tul)iilar, truncate, -petalou8. Anthers o])ening lengthwise. 14. BK.IARIA. Corolla T-pctalous. Anthers opening at the apex. 15. ELLIOTTIA. Corolla 4-petalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. SiHoiiiiKH III. rVi;<»l.INi:.K. Calyx frt'C froiii the ovarv. Corolla polvpetalous, hypogynous. AiitluTs li-lionieil, resupiuate iu the Imd. Cap- sule lofuliciilal. 16. CLETHRA. Flowers racemose. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves deciduous. 17. PYROLA. Flowers racemose. Style filiform. Leaves persistent. 18. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers umbellate. Style broadly turbinate. Leaves persistent. Suborder IV. MONOTROPE^. Calyx of 4 - h .scale-like or l.ract-like sepals. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-petalous. Seeds very iniuute. — Fleshy scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, and destitute of green foliage. 19. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla monopetalous, bell-shaped, 5-lol)ed. Anthers 2-celled. 20. MONOTROPA. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. Suborder I. VACCII^IE^. The Whortleberry Family. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, Kuntli. Hlcklkkerky. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped, .'i-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers awn- less. Fruit a berry -like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Low branch- ing mostly resinous-(b)tted slirubs, with white or reddisii nodding Howers, in lateral bracted racemes. 1. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaves entire, oblong or obovatc, obtuse, rugose, glaucous, and like tlie spreading l)ranches sliglitly pubescent; corolla small (2"), short-bell-shaped, reddish ; berry dejjre.sscd-globose, blue, glaucous ; bracts small, oldong. — Low ground. April. — Shrub I°- 5° high. 2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. Branches and racemes pubescent ; leaves thick, obloug-obovate, serrulate, mucronate, soon smooth and shining ; corolla (4" long) bell-shaped, angled, white ; bracts ovate, leafy ; berry globose, smooth> black. — Var. iiiktklla. Stem taller (l°-2° high); brandies, leaves, and berries hirsute or hairy. — Low sandy pine barrens and swamps. April - May. — Shrub 6'- 12' high. Berry 4"- 6" in diameter. 3. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves oblong or obovate, entire, coated, like the branchlets, etc., with resinous vi.scid globules ; racemes few-flowered ; bracts small, deciduous ; corolla small, ovoid or cylin- drical, reddish; berry black, smooth. — Sand}' woods in the upper districts. April - May. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. EKICACEiE. (heath FAMILY.) 281 4. G. ursina, Gray. Leaves large (2'- 3' long), thin, lanceolate-oblong, acute, entire ; tlie veins, like the branches, rusty-tomentose ; racemes remotely few-flowered; bracts minute ; corolla bell-shaped; berry black. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Shrub 2° -3° high. 5. G. braehycera, Gray. Glabrous; stems 6' - 1 2' high ; leaves thick, obovate, crenate, persistent ; racemes short, closely few-flowered ; corolla bell- shaped, white or reddish ; filaments ciliate. — Mountains of East Tennessee. 2. VACCINIUM, L. Huckleberry, Blueberry. Corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate, 4-5-toothed or parted. Sta- mens 8-10: anthers awnless, or 2-awued on the back; the cells prolonged into a tube, and opening at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, or by false parti- tions 8-10-celled, many-seeded. — Shrubs. Flowers nodding, solitary, clus- tered, or racemed, white or reddish. Pedicels 2-bracted. § 1. OxYCOCCUS. Ovary 4-ceUed : corolla 4-parted, the narroiv divisions re- curved: stamens 8 : anthers awnless : pedicels axillarij, solitary. 1. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping; leaves evergreen, small (i' long), oblong, obtuse, pale or whitish beneath ; pedicels longer than the leaves ; corolla rose-color ; berry large, red. — Cold mossy swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Berry very sour, Y ia diameter. 2. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Stem erect (2° -4° high) ; leaves decid- uous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, hairy beneath ; pedicels shorter than the leaves; flowers pale rose-color; berry small red. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Branches flexuous. Berry insipid. §2. Vitis-Id.ea. Ovary 4 -5-celled : corolla cylindrical or globose-campanu- late,4 toothed: stamens 10: anthers awnless: flowers in short bracted racemes leaves persistent. 3. V. Crassifolium, Andr. Smooth; stems (l°-2°) filiform, procum- bent ; leaves small (.3"- 7"), short-petioled, oval or oblong, thick and shining, the revolute margins entire or slightly serrulate ; racemes short, cluster-like, few-flowered ; corolla small, globose-cam panulate, 5-toothed ; berry black. (V. myrtifolium, Michx.) — Sandy pine barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. April. — Corolla white or rose-color. §3. Batodendrov. Ovary more or less lO-celled by false partitions : corolla bell-shaped, deleft: stamens 10, hairy : anthers 2-awned on the back : flowers in leafy racemes, seeminyly axillary. 4. V. stamineum, L. Tomentose ; leaves decidmms, ovate or oblong, obtuse or .sliglitly cordate at the base ; often whitish beneath ; anthers ex- serted ; berry greenish, globose or pear-shaped. — Dry woods. May -June. — Shrub 3° -10° high. Branches spreading. Corolla short, drying purplish. 5. V. arboreum, Michx. Arborescent, smoothish ; leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, shining above ; the veins beneath more or less pubescent ; 282 ERICACE-E. (llKATH FAMILY.) corolla largp, angled, white ; anthers included ; berry globose, black. — Open wood.x. May. — .Stem S"*- 1;')^ high. Flowers very numerous. Berry mealy, ripening in tlie winter. §4. CvANOCoccrs. Ovary mure or less lO-ceUed hy fahe partitltms : corolla cylindrical, urceolatv or obovate ; stamens 10, hairy : anthers awnless : Jtowera in short small-bructed racemes or clusters. ♦ Leaves evergreen, small. 6. V. nitidum, Andr. Smooth and shining tlirougliout; stem much branched; leaves obovate or obloiig-obovate, acute, glandular-serrulate, ])unc- tate beneath ; calyx teeth obtuse, and, like the pediceLs and broadly oval l)racts, reddi.-ih ; corolla ovoid or obovate, white ; berry somewiiat jiear-shajied, black. Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. March- April. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves h' long. 7. V. myrsinites, Michx. Stem much branched, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, olilong, or obovate, bristh'-serrulate, shining above, sometimes glaucous; calyx teeth acute, reddish, like the pedicels and oblong bracts; corolla cylindrical or obovate, white ; berry globose, blue. — Sandy pine bar- rens. Marcli- April. — Shrub 6' - 18' high. Leaves ^ - 1' long. * * Leaves deciduous. 8. V. tenellum, Ait. Stem much ])ranched ; the spreading branches pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate, acute at the base, slightly serrulate near the apex, pubescent when young ; corolla oblong, white ; berry globose, black or with a blue bloom. — Margins of pine barren swamps. April. — Shrub l°-3° high. Leaves ^'- 1' long. 9. v. Elliottii, C'hapm. Stem tall, slender, with spreading branches; leaves distichous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, bristly serrulate from the ob- tuse or rounded base, pul)escent on the veins; clusters sessile, 2 - 4-flowered ; corolla reddish, cylindrical, sliort-pedicellcd ; calyx teeth triangular; berry mostlv solitary, small, glol)0.se, black, (V. myrtilloides, A'//., not of Michx.) — Kiver swamps, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Shrub 4°- 8° high; the branches smooth and mostly flexuous. Leaves i'-f long. 10. V. COrymbosum, L. Stem tall (4°-10°); leaves (l'-2' long) varying from ovate lanceolate to bi-oadly oval, entire or nearly so, pubescent when young, becoming smootliish especially above; racemes or clusters numerous, mostly on leafless branches ; corolla cylindrical or oblong ; berry globose, black or blue. — Margins of ponds and swamps. Feb. - April. Var. pallidum, Gray. Stem low (l°-3°) ; leaves oval, pale, glaucous, glandular-mucroiiate, entire or obscurely serrulate, ciliate ; racemes very short, sessile ; corolla short-cylindrical ; berry blue. — Mountains of North Carolina and Georgia. July. — Leaves U'- 2' long. Racemes .5 - 10-flowered. Var. fuscatum, Gray. Taller (4° -8° high) ; leaves acute at both ends, entire, pubescent beneath ; racemes chiefly on naked branches ; berries black. — Wet pine barrens. March. 11. V. formosum, Andr. Stem smooth ; leaves thickish (partly peren- nial), ovate or oblong, entire, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; racemes axillary ; ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 283 corolla cylindrical, red. — Florida, in shallow ponds. — Stem 2'^-3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 12. V. virgatum, Ait. Stem smooth, the branches and young leaves downy ; leaves thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute entire ; racemes mostly on naked branches ; coroUa cylindrical, white, or red like the bracts ; berry black. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 1' or less long. 13. V. vacillans, Solander. Stem smooth, with yellowish shining branches ; leaves ovate or obovate, nearly entire, pale and glaucous ; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, white ; berry blue. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. April. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 14. V. hirsutum, Buckley. Hirsute throughout; stem low (1° high), much branched ; leaves ovate, entire, slightly mucrouate ; racemes short, corolla oblong, contracted at the apex, the teeth short ; berry globose. — Mountains of Cherokee County, North Carolina {Buckleij). 3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowbekry. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Stamens 8 : anther cells unawned, opening from the tip to the middle. Berry white, globular, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A small creeping evergreen. Leaves ovate, acute, the mar- gins revolute, the lower surface, like the margins, bristly. Flowers smaU, axillary, ^\ilite, nodding. 1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. — Damp woods, Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Suborder II. ERICINE^. The Heath Family. 4. EPIGJEA, L. Ground Laurel. Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored ; the lobes acuminate. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-cleft, Stamens 10: anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule depressed globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate shrubby plant, hispid with rust-colored hairs. Leaves evergreen, cordate-oval, entire, reticulated. Flowers in dense bracted racemes, white, fragrant. 1. E. repens, L. (Mayflower.) Dry woods, Florida, and northward. ■ Feb. - March. — Stem 6' - 12' long. Eacemes shorter than the leaves. 5. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Wintergreen. Calyx 5-lobed, becoming berry-like in fruit. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anther cells 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule enclosed in the berry-like calyx, depressed-globose, 5-celled. 5-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white or red flowers. 1. G. proeumbens, L. Smooth; stem creeping; the short (3'- 5') branches erect, naked below ; leaves oval or obovate, serrulate, shining ; pedi- cels axillary, l-flowered, nodding ; fruiting calyx briglit red. — Sliady woods and banks, especially among the mountains, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Whole plant aromatic. 284 ERICACE-E. (lIKATM FAMILY.) 6. LEUCOTHOE, Don. Calyx deej>ly S-partcd, iiulniiated in llic l»iui, inulianged in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindriral, .o-tootlicd. iStaniens 10: anlliors awnless, or tlie cells 1 -2-a\vnt'd at the aj)e.\, openiiii; l»y a terminal pore. Stii^ina i-apitate. Cap- sule dejiressed-fjlobuse, not tiiici^ened at the sutures, 5-eelleil, .Vvalved, many- seeded. Seeds pendulous. — Shrubs, witli alternate leaves, and white Howers iu axillary or terminal one-.sided racemes. ♦ Anthers awnJess orneat li/ so : racemes axiUarij,shi)rler than the evergreen leaves. 1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves oval or oblong, abruptly acute, spinulose- serrulate toward the ape.x, ou sliort petioles ; racemes short, dense-llowered ; calyx lobes ovate, acute ; antlier cells 2-horued. (Andromeda, Lam.) — Sandy swamps and banks of streams in the lower districts. Feb. -March. — Stem and branches curving. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 2. L. Catesbaei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose- serrulate tbr<->ughout, on cou.spicuous petioles ; racemes dense-Howeix'd ; calyx lobes ovate-oblojig ; anther cells not horned. — Banks of streams along the mountains, Georgia and North Carolina. March -April. — Stem 2° -4° high. 3. L. acuminata, Dunal. Stem tall, with straiglit and hollow branches; leaves ovatc-lanceulatc, acuminate, nearly entire ; corolla cylindric;il ; anthers gil)bt)us near tiie base. — Margins of swami)s, East Florida to South Carolina. April. — Slirub 3°- 12° high. Leaves reticulated. ♦ * Anther cells 1 -2-aicned at the apex : racemes terminal, lonrjer than the ser- rulate puhf'scent deciduous leaves: calyx bracted. 4. L. racemosa, Gray. Branches and racemes straight ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, soon smooth ; racemes long, single or somewhat paniculate ; corolla cylindrical-ovate ; anther cells 2-awned ; capsule not lobed. — Margins of ponds and swamps, April - May. — Shrub 4°- 10° high. T). Ij, recurva, Gray. Branches and racemes recurved ; leaves ovate, acumiiiato, j)uhescent on tlie veins ; racemes long, single ; corolla cylindrical ; anther cells 1-awned ; capsule 5-lobed. (Andromeda, Buckl.) — Mouutaius of North Carolina (Buckle if). April. — Shrub 3°- 4° high. 7. CASSANDRA, Don. Calvx deeplv .'j-parted, imbricated in the bud, 2-l)racted. Corolla cylindri- cal-oblong, .5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. Capsule depressed, .5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp separating at maturity into 2 layers, the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. — A small shrub, with evergreen serrulate leaves, and solitary axillary nodding flowers. 1. C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, mucronate, paler and scurfy beneath, the floral otips oval; flowers in the axils of the uijjjcr leaves, small, white ; calyx lobes ovate, acute. — Swamps in the mountains of South Caro- lina, and northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' long. ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 285 8. ANDROMEDA, L. Calyx deeply 5-parted, valvate in the early bud. Corolla 5-toothed. Sta- mens 10 : anther cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, Svalved, many-seeded. Seeds pendulous or spreading. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in lateral and terminal racemes or clusters, nodding. * Flowers in racemes: corolla ovoid or urn-shaped : anther cells \-awned on the back: leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 1. A. floribunda, Pursh. Young branches, leaves, and racemes hir- sute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, bri.stly-serrulate ; racemes dense-flowered, crowded in a terminal panicle ; calyx lobes ovate, acute. — Damp soil along the mountains. April. — Shrub 3°- 10° high. Flowers very numerous. 2. A. phillyresefolia, Hook. Smooth; stem alternately leafy and bracted ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate near the apex ; racemes solitary, axillar}-, loosely 4-1 2-flowered ; calyx lobes lanceolate ; corolla ovoid ; capsule depressed-globose. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, chiefly near the coast. West Florida. Jan. - March. — Shrub l°-2° high. * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters: capsule more or less ribbed at the sutures, the ribs separating at maturity. ■*- Corolla ovate, cylindrical, or somewhat bell-shnped ; anthers or filaments awned : capsule ovate, truncate: shrubs smooth throughout. 3. A. nitida, Bartr. Branches Sangled ; leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong, entire, shining; clusters axillary, very numerous, 6- 12-flowered; sepals lanceolate-ovate, spreading; corolla cylindrical-ovate, gibbous at the ba.se ; filaments 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, common. March - May. — Shrub 2°-6° high. Corolla white, red, or purple, odorous. 4. A. ^Mariana, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, obtuse or acute, entire; flowering stems commonly leafless ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute, half as long as the large (|^' long) cylindrical white corolla; filaments 2-awned near the apex. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. April -May. — Stem 2° -4° high, often simple. Leaves 2' -3' long. 5. A- speciosa, Michx. Leaves deciduous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, serrate, often whitish beneath; flowering stems mostly leafless ; calyx lobes ovate, several times shorter than the large bell-shaped white corolla; anther cells 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — Shrub .3° - 4° high. I- -4- Corolla small, nearly globular, scurfy : anthers and filaments awnless. capsule globose : shrubs pubescent, or scurfy. 6. A. ferruginea, Walt. Branches and young leaves scurfy; leaves evergreen, obovate or lanceolate-obovate, rigid, at length smooth above and whitish beneath; the margins mostly revolute ; clu.sters few-flowered. (A. rigida, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — A low shrub or small tree. Branches very leafy, rigid. Leaves i'-l'long. 7. A. ligustrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, oblong or oblong-obovate, serrulate, acute, pubescent like the branches, paler beneath ; clusters few- 28G KKICACK.t;. (lIKATH K.VMII.V.) flowered, disposed in compound more or lesH leufy j)anieled raeemes; fila- ments liairy. — Margins nf s\v:unj)s. May. — Slirul) •■}°-4'^ high. JA-aves 2' long. Flowers very small. 9. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Solu-wood, Soukki.-tuke. Calyx 5-]»iirted. Corolla ovale, 5-to()tii«'d. Stamens 10: anthers awnlesB, opening l>y terminal chinks; the cells acnminate. Capsule conical, 5-angled, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds a.scending. — A small tree, with decidudus ol)- long .serrulate acuminate leaves, on sleniler petioles, and white flowers in long and slender 1 -sided terminal ])auicled racemes. 1. O. arboreum, DC. — Rich woods. April -May. — Tree 15*^-40° high. Leaves 4' -6' long, sour. Corolla puhescent. 10. KALMIA, L. L.^iREL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla depressed-campanulate or rotate, 5-lol)ed, with 10 cavities at the .sides in which the anthers are lodged. Filaments elastic. Style single. Stigma capitate. Capsule glohose, 5-celled, .5-valved, many- seeded. — Shruhs, with entire alternate opposite or whorled evergreen leaves, and showy white or rose-colored flowers. * Flowers in corymbs. 1. K. latifolia, L. (Calico-bush.) Branches smooth; leaves mostly alternate, petioled, elliptical, acute at each end, green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscid ; corolla large, varying from white to deep rose-color. — Shady banks. Florida, and northward. May- June. — Shrub 4°- 10° high. Leaves shining. 2. K. angustifolia, L. (Sheep LAiREr-.) Branches smooth ; leaves petioled, opposite or three in a whorl, narrowly oblong, obtuse, pale or glau- cous l)eneath ; corymbs lateral, glandular ; flowers small, deep rose-color. — Barren hills, chiefly in the upjier districts. April- May. — Shrub 2° -3° high. 3. K. cuneata, Michx. Branches pubescent ; leaves sessile, alternate, wedge-oblong, pubescent beneath, bristle-pointed ; corymbs lateral ; flowers white. — Swamps, South and North Carolina, not common. — A small shrub. * * Flowers solitari/, axillary. 4. K. hirsuta, Walt. (Wicky.) Hirsute; stems low, very leafy ; leaves small (.V long), oblong or oval, the margins revolute ; calyx lobes leafy ; flow- ers numerous, pale or deep rose-color ; pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. — Flat i)ine barrens, Florida and Georgia. June - Sept. — Shrub 6' - 1 8' high. 11. MENZIESIA, Smith. Calyx 4toothed. Corolla ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included : anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woody, 4- celled, 4-valved, opening septicidally, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire alternate membranaceous leaves, and nodding greenish white flowers in ter- minal clusters, appearing with the leaves. 1. M. globularis, Salisb. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — A straggling .shrub, 3° -6° high. Leaves deciduous, oblong, acute, hairy, glau- cous beneath, glandular-pointed. EEICACE.^. (heath FAMILY.) 287 12. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bay, Honetscckle. Calyx mostly miuute, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped or fuunel-shaped, usu- ally somewhat irregular, 5-lobed. Stameus 5 or 10, mostly declined: anthers opening by terminal pores. Style single, elongated : stigma capitate. Cap- sule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like. — Shrubs or small trees. Lea^•es alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters from large scaly buds. § 1. Azalea. — Corolla fannel-shaped, mostltj glandular-viscid externally : sta- mens 5-7, the long Jilaments and style exserted : leaves deciduous, * Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 1 . R. nudiflorum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, pubescent, suuu sniuotliish above ; calyx lobes minute ; tube of the corolla pubescent, rather longer than the lobes; coroUa white, varying to deep rose- color, or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams. April -May. — Shrub 4° -6° high. There are many varieties. 2. R. ealendulaceum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or obovate, hairy ; calyx lobes conspicuous ; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the lobes. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Shrub 3°- 10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy. 3. R. Vaseyi, Gray. Branchlets glabrous; leaves thin, oblong or ob- long-lanceolate, acute at both ends, the veins hirsute ; pedicels glandular, calyx truncate ; corolla glabrous, rose-color, the 3 upper lobes shorter and reflexed, all longer than the tube ; stameus 5-7, unequal ; capsule glandular. — Mountaius of Korth Carolina. May. * * Flowers appearing after the leaves. 4. R. visCOSUm, Torr. Branchlets bristly ; leaves coriaceous, obovate, with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, white ; calyx teeth minute, rounded. — Swamps. July - August. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Capsule hispid. 5. R, arborescens, Torr. Branchlets smooth ; leaves smooth, obo- vate, ciliate on the margins, pale beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, rose-color ; calyx lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Slirub 3° - 1 0° high. Flowers fragrant. §2. Rhododendron. — Corolla hell-shaped, smooth: stamens 10: leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 6. R. maximura, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth and green on both sides ; calyx lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or rose-color, spotted within with yellow or green. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 6° -20° high. Leaves 4'- 10' long. Corolla 1' in diameter. 7. R. Catawbiense, Michx. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end, mucronate, smooth ; the young ones and branchlets tomentose ; calyx lobes small ; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest summits of the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Shrub 3° -6° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 288 ERlCACK.i:. (lIKATir KAMILV.) 8. R. punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptieal, iitute sit each Piid.glabnms ; tlie ImviT siiilaie, uml ileiise coryiiilis, tliicklv dotted wiili resinous globules or scales; calvx lulies small, roiuided ; corolla small, somewhat fumiel-sliaped, rose-color, spotted within. — Along streams on the mountains. Also at Ku- faula, Alabama, and Augusta, Georgia. — Stems 4°-G° liigh, with spreading branches. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 9. R. Chapmanii, Gray. Stem 2° -4° high, with erect rigid branche.s; leaves 1'- 1 .\' long, sliort-petioled, obovate, obtuse, dotted beneath, the sides revtilute; corolla 1' long, pale rose-color, spotted within, the lolics a.s long as the funnel-shaped tube. — Sandy pine liarrens near the coast, West Florida. — April. 13. LEIOPHYLLUM, I'er.s. Calyx ."j-parted. Corolla of 5 s]jieading jjetaLs. Stamens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrub, with very numerous thick oval entire evergreen leaves, and small white fiowers in terminal clu.sters. 1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens, and on the mountains of Carolina. May. — Shrub 6'- 10' higli. Leaves ^' long, alternate or opposite, glossy. 14. BEJARIA, Mutis. Calyx 7-lobed or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 oblong spreading petals. Stamens 14: anthers versatile, opening by terminal pores. Style elongated: stigma depressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-Yalved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes or corymbs. 1. B. racemosa, Vent. (T.\r-Fi.owek.) Branches rough with scat- tered rigid hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; racemes terminal, elon- gated ; calyx 7-tootlied. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and East Florida. Juue- Julv. — Shrub 3° - 4° high. Flowers white, showy, glutinous. 15. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. Calyx minute, 4sepalous. Petals 4, oblong-linear, slightly adhering at the base. Stamens 8, included : anthers sagittate, thickened at the apex, open- ing lengthwise. Style slender, slightly exserted : stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, the cells many-ovuled. Fruit unknown. — A smooth shrub, 4°- 10® high. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath. Racemes terminal, In-actless, simple or compound. 1. E racemosa, Muhl. —Near Waynesboro' and Augusta, Georgia (Elliott, 0/«ej/), — June. Suborder III. PYROLlNEvE. The Pyrola Family. 16. CLETHRA, L. Calyx 5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-petalous. Stamens 10: anthers obcordate, inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Style ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 289 slender, 3-cleft. Capsule S-celled, S-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, oblong or obovate, serrate, deciduous. Flowers white, in terminal racemes. Stamens and style exserted. 1. C. alnifolia, L. Shrubby; branches and racemes tomentose ; leaves short-petioled, obovate or wedge-oblong, acute, smooth on both sides ; racemes simple or panicled; style and filaments smooth; bracts partly persistent. (C. pauiculata, Pursh.) — Varies, with the leaves hoary beneath, rough above (C. tomentosa. Lam.), or on both sides (C. scabra, Pers.) ; style hairy. — Swamps. July. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers fragrant. 2. C. acuminata, Michx. Arborescent ; branches and racemes white- tomentose ; leaves thin, smooth, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on slender petioles ; racemes solitary ; style smootli ; filaments hairy. — Moun- tains of North Carolina. July - August. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 17. PYROLA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10: anthers some- what 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long, mostly declined : stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule globose, 5-celled, .5- valved, opening through the cells from the base upward ; the sutures pubes- cent. Seeds very minute, numerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, with creeping roots, and evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in a simple raceme at the summit of the nearly naked scape. 1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, tliick, nearly entire, shorter than the petioles ; racemes many-flowered ; stigma 5-crenate. — Drv w-oods in the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June -July. — Scape 1° high. 2. P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oblong-oval, thin, denticulate, longer than their petiole ; racemes few - many-flowered ; cdlyx. lobes ovate, acute. — Moun- tains of Tennessee. July. 18. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prince's Pine. Calyx 5 cleft. Petals 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the filaments dilated in the middle : anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, ."i-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose, opening from the apex downward ; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever- greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish umbellate nodding flowers on a long peduncle. 1. C. umbellata, Xutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, serrate above the middle, not spotted ; umbels 4 - 7-flowered ; filaments smooth. — Open woods. North Carolina, and northward. June. — Branches 6' - 1 0 high. Leaves glossy. 2. C. maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, toothed- serrate throughuut, blotched with white; umbels 2 - .5-flowered ; filaments villous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts. June. — Smaller than the preceding. 19 L'*.)0 DIAI'EXSIACEiE. (niAI'KNSIA FAMILY.) Suborder IV. MOlMOTKOFE.li:. Tin. Indian-Pii'k Family. 19. SCHWEINITZIA, Kll. Calvx of 5 sepnls, persistent. Corolla piT.si.steut, Lell-sliaped, 5-lobed. Sta- meus 10: aiitliens shorter thau tiie tilaineuts, fixed uear the apex, awnless ; the cells opening at the apex. IStjle sliort and thick : stigma large, 5-angled. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3'-4'), siiiootii, brownisli, sraly. S])ike several-flowered. Flowers odorous. 1. S. odorata, Fll. stem 3' -4' liigli, smooth ; scales ovate, imbricated ; flowers spiked, crowded, nodding ; sepals oblong, nearly equalling the flesh- colored corolla. — Shady woods, North Carolina. April. — Flowers violet- scented. 2. S, ReynoldsiaB, Gray. Scales ovate and imbricated, or narrower and scaticred ; llowuis racemose ; sepals much shorter thau the white corolla. — Dry sandy thickets, near St. Augustine. Nov. 20. MONOTROPA, L. Indian-Pipe. Calyx of 2 - 5 deciduous .sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous, gibbous at the base, deciduous. Stamens 8-10: anthers reniform, opening across the apex. Stigma broad, 4 - 5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 1 0-furrowed, 4 - 5-celled. Seeds very numerous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers solitary or racemose, nodding. Capsules erect. Herbs parasitic on roots, or decayed vegetable matter. § 1. MoNOTHOi'A, Xutt. — Stem \-floicered : srpnis 2-4: petals 5 : anthers opfiiiiif/ hij 2 chinks: sltjle short and thick. 1. M. uniflora, L. — Shady woods. AiVgust-Sept. — Stem smooth, 4'- 10' high, white, turning black in drying. Flower showy. § 2. IIvpopiTYS, Dill. — Stem sereraJ-flowered ; the upper flower commonly with f> petals and \0 stamens : the others u-ith 4 petals and 8 stamens : sepals as many as the petals : anthers openinfj hi/ 2 unequal valves ; the smaller one erect : style longer than the ovary. 2. M. Hypopitys, L. — Shady -woods. August. — Stems 4' -8' high, pubescent, reddish. Order 80. DIAPENSIACEiE. (Diapensia Family.) Flowers regitlar, perfect. Calyx and corolla pentamerous, imbri- cate, h\T:)ogynous. Stamens fertile, or those opposite the petals sterile. Ovary 3-celled, ovules anatropou.s. Placentae central. Style single. Capsule 3-valved. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. — Low herba- ceous or shrubby plants, with simple alternate exstiptilate leaves, and single or racemose flowers. STYRACACE.E. (STOKAX FAMILY.) 291 Synopsis. Teibe I. DIAPENSI^. Shrubby. Leaves evergreen. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 5, adnate to the tube of the corolla. Anther cells awn-pointed at the base, opening transversely. Flowers solitary. 1. PYXIDANTHERA. A small creeping evergreen, with white flowers. Teibe II. GAL-ACINE^. Perennial stemless herbs, with persistent radical leaves. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals sterile. Anther cells opening lengthwise or transversely. 2. GALAX. Flowers small, racemed. Anthers opening transversely. 3. SHORTIA. Flowers large, solitary. Anthers opening lengthwise. 1. PYXIDANTHERA, Micbx. Calyx 3-bracted, .5-sepalous. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud. Stamens broad, adnate to the tube of the corolla: anther cells roundish, awned at the base, opening by a transverse line. Ovules 5-8 in each cell. Capsule few-seeded. — A small creeping evergreen, with ascending very leafy branches. Leaves linear, bearded at the base, the upper ones alternate. Flowers solitary, terminal. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla small, white. 1 . P. barbulata, Michx. — Dry pine barrens, North Carolina, and north- ward. April -May. — Stems 3' -6' long. Leaves 2" -3" long. 2. GALAX, L. Calyx 5-sepalous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10, united into a 10- toothed tube, the fertile ones shorter, bearing a 1 -celled anther. Stigma 3- lobed. — A smooth perennial stemle.ss herb, erect from a creeping scaly rhi- zoma. Leaves all radical, evergreen, round-cordate, crenate, petioled. Scape (l°-2° high) simple, bearing a long spiked raceme of small white flowers. 1. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods on the mountains. June -July. — Khi- zoma deep red. 3. SHORTIA, Gray. Calyx 5-sepalous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10, separate, the sterile ones small and incurved. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style slen- der. Cap.sule globose. L S. galacifolia, Gray. Leaves l'- 2' wide, oval or orbicular, serrate, shorter than the petioles; scape 3' -6' high; corolla 9" wide. — Mountains of North Carolina. April. Order 81. STYRACACE^. (Storax Family.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers per- fect.— Calyx 4-8-toothed, or entire, free, or adherent to the 2-5- celled ovary. Corolla hypogynous, or inserted on the calyx, 4 - 8-lobed or 4-8-petalous. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, twice as many as its divisions, or more numerous, separate, or monadelphous or polyadelphous at the base. Style single. Fruit capsular or drupa- I'DL' STYUACACE.K. (STOUAX FAMILY.) ceoiis, 1-5-celled. Seeds anatropoiis, mostly solitary in each cell. Embryo nearly as long as the altnimen. Cotyledons Hat. Kadicle slender. Synopsis. Tribe I. STYRACKyE. Calyx 4-K-tootli<'\vs. ('«irnllii O-B-cleft, with 2 appou- dages between the lobes. Stanieas 6-8, witli af many 2-lobed sterile oues iuter])osed. Ovary 6-8-celled, hirsute. Drupe globose, I-2-celled. Albu- men lieshy. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, clustered at the summit of the lirani lies. Flowers axillary, white. 1. M. Sieberi, A. DC. Branches short, thick, tnliercular ; leaves rigid, smooth, oblong, emarginate at the ape.x, obtuse at the ba.se, on stout ])etioles; ])e(licels as long as the petiole, recurved ; caly.x lobes coriaceous, ovate-lanceo- late, pubescent, as long as the corolla. — South Fluriila. — Leaves 2' -3' long the midrib stout, the lateral veins obscure. OiiDEii 81. MYKSINACE^. (Myksine Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate exstijiulate often dotted leaves, and perfect or unisexual 4 - G-nierous flowers. — Stamens oi> posite the lobes of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, the ovules borne on a free globose central placenta. Style simple. Fruit globose, drupaceous or baccate, 1 - many-seeded. Embryo in copious hard albumen. Synopsis. Tbibb I. MYRSINE.E. Appendages of the corolla uoue. Ovules embedded in cavi- ties of the placenta. Fruit 1-seeded. 1. MYRSINE. Flowers dioecious. Corolla imbricated in the bud. 2. ARDISIA. Flowers perfect. Corolla convolute in the bud. Tkibe II. THEOPHRASTEvE. Corolla appendaged between the lobes. Ovules not embedded in the placenta. Fruit few - many-seeded. 3. JACQUINIA. Flowers perfect, fleshy. Fruit a lO-seeded berry. 1. MYRSINE, L. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4-5 parted. Corolla 4-5-cleft, im- bricated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla : an- thers longer than the filaments, opening from the base upward. Style short : stigma capitate. Ovules 4-5, amphitropous. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, on short pedicels. I. M. Rapanea, R. & S. Smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, on short ]K'tii)les ; clusters few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx an]ier stem leaves erowded, with filiform divisions; bracts en- tire. — Ponds and ditches in the iipiter districts. June. 2. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loosestuiie. Calvx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes convolute, entire. Sta- mens 5, monadelphous, no sterile ones. Anthers oval. Style slender. Capsule globose, valvate, few - many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with entire, commouly dotted leaves, and solitary or racemose yellow flowers. 1. L. stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching; leaves opposite, lanceolate, or narrower, acute at each end ; racemes long, leafy at the b:i.se ; pedicels slender; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, marked with dark lines ; filaments unequal ; cajjsule 3 - 3-seedeil. — Low ground in the middle and npj)er districts. July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small. 2. L. Fraseri, Duby. Stem glandular-]>ubescent at the summit, erect ; leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short peti- ole ; flowers in a leaHe.ss panicle ; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the margins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire. — Mouutaius of Alaliaiiia, Xurth Carolina, and Teuue.ssee. 3. L. asperulaefolia, Poir. Stem erect, smooth, simple ; leaves (and flowers) four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted ; flowers racemose, on snort pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oldong-lanceolate, dotted. — Near Columbia, South Carolina {Elliott), North Carolina (Curtis, Croom). — Stem 2° high. Leaves faintly 3 -5-nerved. 4. L. quadrifolia, L. Stem pubescent, simple ; leaves 4 - .5 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, dotted, sessile ; peduncles axillary, filiform ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, dotted. — Shady woods in the upper districts. July. — Stem 2^ high. 3. STEIRONEMA, Kaf. Lobes of the corolla denticulate. Stamens separate, alternating with sterile filaments. Anthers linear. Flowers axillary. Otherwise like the last. 1. S. ciliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance- olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx, with l)roadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; peduncles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michr.) with the leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole ; the uppermost, like the peduncles, often whorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Michx.) with the lowest leaves obovate, the others long, lanceolate ; or (L. angustifolia. Lam.) with linear nearly sessile leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — Woods and thickets, chiefly in the upper districts. July- Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 2. S. radicans, Hook. Smooth throughout ; stem long, prostrate ; the slender branches often rooting at the apex ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, PRIMULACE^. (primrose FAMILY.) 299 acute, on long slender petioles ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla as long as the calyx. — Swamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper dis- tricts. July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Flowers smaller tlian in any form of the preceding. 4. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip Calyx 5 cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla tube very short, the 5-parted limb reflexed. Stamens 5, the filaments monadelphous at the base : anthers long and linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, Svalved at the apex, many- seeded. — Stemless herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. Flowers umbellate, terminating the naked scape, white or purple. 1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate ; umbel bracted, many-flowered ; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods in the upper dis- tricts. May - June. 11 — Scape 1° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 5. ANAGALLIS, L. Pimpernel. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Stamens five : filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, many-seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or wliorled leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. 1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled ; leaves ovate, sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit ; flowers red. — Fields and pastures. Introduced. July. (i\ — Stem 6' long. 6. CENTUNCULUS, L. Calyx 4 -5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4-5, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening trans- versely. — Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute axillary white flowers. 1. C. minimus, L. Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched; leaves obovate, acute ; flowers often clustered. — Low ground near the coast. March -April. — Stem l'-6' long. 2. C. pentandrus, R. Br. Stems erect, simple (4'- 8' high); leaves oval or roundish, mucronate ; peduncles 2-3 times the length of the pentan- drous flower; lobes of the calyx and corolla 4 or 5. — Low ground along the Caloosa River, South Florida. Oct. 7. SAMOLUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5, included. Capsule 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and some- what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. 1. S. floribundus, Kunth. Stem at length much branched; leaves obovate, the lowest tufted, spreading, the others scattered; racemes many- 300 I'Li'MRAr.ixACE.E. (lk.vdwokt 1 A.'MILV.) flowered; pedicels Iuiijli, filiform, niimitely br.acted in tiie middle; caj)sulo globose, longer than the calyx; liowers minute. — Wet places. May -July. (2) — I'laiit tj'- 12' lii{?li, pale greeu. 2. S. ebracteatus, Kunth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, naked above; leaves spatulale-obovate ; racemes few-Howered ; jiedicels bractless; capsule shorter than the calyx ; Hower.s consj)icuous. — Saline marshes, Flor- ida, aud westward. May- June. — Stem l°-2° higli. OuDKK 80. PLUMBAGIXACE^. (Lkadwout Family.) Herbs 01- shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. — Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalou8, with the 5 stamens opposite the lobes or petals, and inserted on their claws or on the receptacle. Styles 5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the solitary anatropous ovule suspended from the apex of the filiform cord which arises from the base of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent." Embryo straight in mealy- albumen. 1. STATICE, L. Marsh Rosemary. Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, .5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by their claws. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles sejjarate or nearly so : stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial herbs, growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape- like stems. 1. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into a long ])etiole ; scai)e scaly, widely l)rancliing ; flowers mostly single, in 1-sided spreading s])ikes; calvx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of the scarious limb alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. — Scape i° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers blue. 2. S. Brasiliensis, Eoissier. Leaves oblong, rounded or emarginate at the apex, thin ; sca])e and spreading panicle slender (l°-2° high) ; spikelets 1 -3-flowered, more or less distant; bractlets very unequal ; calyx smooth, the ovate lobes acute ; corolla white — Coast of Florida to North Carolina. 2. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leadwort. Calvx tubular, 5-ribbed, .5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle splitting into valves from the base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes. L P. scandens, L. Shrubby; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a clasping petiole ; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the corolla; lobes of the corolla ovate, white; style smooth. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike elongated. LENTIBULACE.E. (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 301 Order 87. LENTIBULACE^E. (Bladderwort Family.) Aquatic or marsh herbs, with entire or dissected leaves, and irregu- lar flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spurred at the base. Stamens 2, short, included : anthers 1-celled. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free central globose placenta. Style short : stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, open- ing irregularly. Embryo straight and thick. Albumen none. 1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the project- ing palate ; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an appressed or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means of small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe- duncles 1 - many-flowered. * Stem floatiiifj : upper leaves lohorled, on injiated petioles ; the others scattered and Jinelij dissected : Jiowers j/elloiv. 1. U. inflata, Walt. Scape 5 - l O-flowered ; corolla large (f wide) ; the lower lip .'3-lobed, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the up- per concave, nearly entire ; fruit nodding. — Var. minor. Every way smaller ; scape 2-flowered. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April- May. — Stem 2'^ long. Scape 6' - 12' high. * * Stem floating : leaves all scattered and finely dissected : flowers yellow. 2. TJ. vulgaris, L. ? Leaves decompound ; scape scaly, 5- 12-flowe red; throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate ; the lobes nearly entire with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading spur; fruit nodding. — Ponds and still water. May -July. Stem 2° -3° long. Scapes 6' -12' high. Corolla Y wide. 3. U. striata, Leconte. Leaves decompound ; scape slender, sparinjjly bracted, .5-6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearlv equal, 3-lobed ; the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with reflexed margins, as long as the linear nearly appressed notched spur ; palate dotted with brown. — Still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Scapes 10' high. Corolla Y wide. 4. IT. biflora, Lam. Small: leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like; scape 1-3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost bractless ; lips of the small (4" -.5")' corolla equal, roundish; the upper one slightly 3 lobed; the lower entire, rather shorter than the subulate appressed spur ; palate globose, 2-lobed. — Ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May -June —Stem 4'- 6'' long, with clustered branches. Scape 2' -4' high. 5. U. fibrosa, Walt. Scape filiform, 1-3-flowered; pedicels long and slender; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as the conical obtuse spur. — Miry margins of ponds. Sept. — Scape 4'- 10' high. Corolla 6" - 8" widQ. 302 LENTIBULACEyE. (lU.ADDKKWORT FAMILY.) 6. U. gibba, L- Stem sliort, with iliistereil liranches; leaves sparingly diviiU'tl ; scajie i -^-tiowered ; lips of the ecjrolla iiearl)' ecjiial, longer tlian the gihhous ohtuse appressetl spur. — Siialluw pouds, ISoutii Carolina (EUiutt), and uortiiward. June. — 8teni'*i'-3' lung. IScapo l'-3' high. * # * ^It III jiuatiiiij : leaves u'horleil,jiueli/ dissected : /lowers imr/de. 7. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform; scape mostly 1-tiowered; upi)er lip of llie ciirolla truncated; tiie lower 3-lubed, with the lateral lobes sac-like, longer than the subulate sj)ur. — Shallow pouds. June. — Stem 1°- 2'^ long. Scape 2' -3' higli. Corolla 4" wide. « » « « ^teinless : scape routliKj, scalij ; leaves linear and entire, or none : air-bladders Jew or none : Jiowers yellow. 8. U. COmuta, Miciix. Scape 2-4-flowered; pedicels short, as long as the calyx ; lips of tlie large (I' wide) corolla obovate, une(pial ; the lower one larger, abruptly pointed, entire, as long as tiie horn-shajted acute depending spur, the margins strongly retlexed. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scape 1° high. 9. U. juncea, Vahl. Scape loosely 3 - 1 2flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; corolla 4" -5" wide, the prominent palate closing the throat ; spur subulate, depending, as long as the corolla ; stamens sliglitly curved. — Marsliy margins of ponds and .streams, near the coast. Sept. -Oct. — Scape 6' -12' high. 10. U. longeciliata, A. DC. Scape 3 - 7-flowered (6' high), the pedi- cels shorter than the calyx ; upper lip of the small (5" long) yellow corolla obovate, the lower one nearly entire, with reflexed margin, as long as the horn-shaped spur ; leaves numerous, linear ; scales and bracts long-ciliate- deiitate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). 11. U. SUbulata, L. Scai)e setaceous, 3 - 9-flowered : pedicels much longer than tlie calyx ; lower lip of the small (3" -4") corolla 3-lohed, longer than the appressed conical green-pointed spur; leaves, when present, linear, fugacious. — Wet sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. Feb. - May. — Scape 2' - 8' high. 2. PINGTJICITLA, Tourn. BrxTF.uwf^uT. T'^pper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lohed. Corolla somewhat 2- lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed : the lower 3-lobed, spurred at the base ; palate hniry. — Stemless herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered, entire, W'ith the mar- gins commonly involute. Scape naked, commonly viscid. * Floii'prs ypJIow. 1. P. lutea, Walt. Clammy-pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate ; corolla large, with the rounded lobes 2-4-cleft; spur subulate. — Open flat pine bar- rens, common. Feb. -April. — Plant yellowish. Scape 6'- 12' high. Corolla V -\V wide, nodding. * * Flowers purple, often rhanqinff to vJiite. 2 P. elatior, Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate; .scapes villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-cleft, rounded ; spur obtuse. — BIGNONIACE^. (bKJNONIA FAMILY.) 303 Margins of ponds, Florida to Xorth Carolina. March - April. — Scapes 8' - 12' high. Corolla 1' wide. 3. P. planifolia. Smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat ; corolla 5-parted, the wedge-obovate lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. (F. australis, S. Flora, not of Null.) — Shallow ponds, West Florida, near the coast. March. — Scapes 1° high. CoroUa 1' wide. 4. P. puraila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovate ; lobes of the corolla obcordate, the spur short and obtuse, or subulate, and as long as the tube. (P. Floridensis, 5. Flora.) — Low sandv pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March- April. — Scape 2'- 6' high. Corolla Y - i' wide. Order 88. BIGNONIACE^. (Bignonia Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple or compound leaves, and regu- lar or somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Cal;y^ 2-lipped, 5-lobed, or truncate and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2- lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or 4 and didynamous, inserted on the corolla : anther cells diverging. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the base siuTounded with a glandular disk. Style filiform : stigma 2- lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-celled, many-seeded. Embryo flat. Albumen none. Synopsis. Suborder I. BIGNONIE^. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Capsule 2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged. Coty- ledons notched at each end. — Leaves opposite. 1. BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2. TECOMA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves compound. 3. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple. Suborder II. SESAMES. Herbs. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds wingless. Cotyledons thick, entire. 4. MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Cross-vine. Calyx cup- shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- shaped, .5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous; anthers smooth. Valves of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it at maturity. Seeds flat, winged. — Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound. 1. B. capreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated by 2 cordate-oblong entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendril between ; pedicels clustered, axillary, elongated. — Woods. April. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets 3' -6' long. Corolla 2' long, red without, yellow within. Capsule \° long. 304 IlICNDMACK-l-:. (niCXOMA KAMII.V.) 2. TECOMA, .Iii>s. Titi Mi'KT-i i.owKu. Calvx Ix-ll-sliaiKMl, 5-t«ji)tlu'il. Cuiollii fiinm-l-sliapud, 5-lol)e«l. Fertile sta- mens 4, ilidviiainoiis. \'alvc'8 of the eaipsnk- eoiivux, contrary to the j)arti- tion. Sei'tls winged. — Siiruhs or woody vines. I.,eave8 oj)i)o.' yellow. 3. CATALPA, Scop. Calyx 'i-lipped. Corolla bell-.*haped, somewhat 2-lipped, ."i-lobed. FertQe stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple, opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles. 1- C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent ; panicle trichotomous, many-flow- ered; calyx purple; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within, the lobes undulate; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. — River banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May. — Corolla 1' long. Capsules 1° long. 2. C. speciosa, Warder. Leaves cordate or truncate, downy beneath, inodorous; panicle large and loo.se; lower lip of the corolla notched, shorter than the upper, the broadly obconic tube striped within with brown and yel- low; capsule terete, furrowed; seeds acute. — Eiver banks, Tennessee, and westward. May. — Taller than the preceding, with thicker and rougher bark, larger flowers, and thicker capsules. 4. MARTYNIA, L. Umcorx Plant. Calyx .5-cleft, 2-3-bracted. Corolla irregular, tubular-hell-shaped, un- equally .-i-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woodv, falselv 4-celled, ending in two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wing- less.—Viscid branching annuals. Leaves petioled, entire, roundi.sh, the upper ones alternate. Flowers racemed. 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems thick, at length prostrate; leaves round-cordate; corolla (1^' long) whitish, spotted with vellow and purple; capsule crested on one side, shorter than the beaks. — Waste places. Intro- duced. July - August. OROBANCHACE.E. (bROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 305 Order 89. OROBAIS^CHACE^:. (Broom-rape Family.) Low, leafless, scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, with bilabiate didyna- mous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla withering- persistent, tubular, the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stanieus inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers persistent. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae. Style simple, ciu'ved at the apex : stigma thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds very small, anatropous, with the minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. — Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or spiked. Synopsis. 1. EPIPHEGTJS. Flowers polygamous, spiked ; the lower ones fertile, the upper sterile. Calyx '2-bracted, 5-toothed. Stem branching. 2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers perfect, spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, cleft on the lower side. Stem simple, thick and fleshy. 3. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx bractless, 5-cleft. CoroUa nearly equally 5-lobed. 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beech-drops. Flowers polygamous ; the upper ones slender and sterile, the lower abbrevi- ated and fertile. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 placentas on each valve. — Stem smooth, slender, much branched, purplish. Flowers small, in loose slender spil- ■<-- Stamens 3 - .">, equal. Peduncles axillary, 2 or more together. 14. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, .'")-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 15. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves oppoEite or wliorled. 16. HTDRANTHELIUM. Corolla 3-cleft. Stamens 3. ■<-■>-■*- Stamens 4. Flowers racemed or spiked. ++ Anthers 1-celled. 17. BUCHNER.'V. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens didynamoua. Flowers spiked. ++ ++ Anthers 2-celled. Stamens equal. 18. SEY\rERIA. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Stamens included. 19. MACRASTHERA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stamens long-exserted. SCKOPHULAKIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 307 ++<+++ Anthers 2-celled. Stamens didynamous. 20. OTOPHYLLA. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leaves 2-eared at the base. 21. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awued at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. Leaves mostly pimiatifid. 22. GERARDIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, purple. Leaves narrow, entire. * * CoroUa tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens. ■i- Anther ceUs unequal. 23. CASTILLEIA. Anther cells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored. ^- H- Anther cells equal. 24. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 10-12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many- seeded. Leaves entire, alternate. 25. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-shaped, few-seeded. Leaves pinnatifid. 26. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, 1-4-seeded. Upper leaves bristly- toothed at the base. 1. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. Calyx 5-partecl. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal, roundish. Stamens 5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in racemes. 1. V. Thapsus, L. AVooUy througliout ; stem stout, simple; leaves sliglitly crenate, rugose ; tlie lowest large, oblong, petioled, tlie others broadly decurrent on the stem ; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellow. — Old fields and waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° -5° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Haceme rigid, l°-2° long. 2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly branched or simple ; leaves smooth, oblong, acute, .serrate or pinnately lobed ; the lowest petioled; the upper clasping; racemes elongated, glandular, the flowers scattered ; corolla bright or pale yellow ; filaments all bearded with purple hairs. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. — Stem 2° -.3'" high. 3. V. Lychnitis, L. Plant mealy-white; stem branching and angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, gi-een- ish above; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow; filaments bearded with white hairs. — In Carolina, Muhlenberg. Introduced. 2. SCROPHULAIIIA, L. Figwort. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, 5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect, •with the two uppermo.st longer; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined; the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed near the orifice of the tube of tlie corolla : anther cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish purple flowers in loose cymes, form- ing a narrow panicle. 1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided; branches elongated, spread- ing; leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base; flowers small. — Shady banks and thickets. Sept. — Stem 2°- 5° high. 308 SCKoIMU'LAItlACK.K. (kKJWOKT KA.MIl.Y.) 3. CHELONE, rumn. Snaki;-iikai>. C'alvx .■j-iiiirtrd or r)-.s(|ialuu>, luiuiiil. ("omlla iiiHateil-tiiltular, contriuted at tlie tliroal, liilulnalu ; tlic upiM-r lip coiuavi-, emargiiiatc ; tlie lower ob- tusely .J-lohetl, woolly ill the throat. .Staiueus 4, wiiii the lilaiiieiitM and cor- date anthers woolh , and a fifth sterile one shorter than the otiiers. Seeds inihrieated, liroadly wingeil. — .Sniootli |ierenni:il herl)s, with opposite serrate leaves, and large wiiite or jmrple (lowers in short dense hraeted spikes. 1. C. obliqua, L. stem ni flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open narrow terminal jtaiiicle. * Leaven pinnateli/ divided. 1. P. dissectus, Ell. Smooth or minutely pube.scent ; divisions of the leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lobed ; cymes few-flowered, long- pednncled ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded and nearly equal lobes ; anther cells smooth, spreading ; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — Dry soil in the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx lobes small, acnte. Corolla 9"- 10" long, purple. * * Lenrex undivided. 2. P, pvibescens, Solander. Pubescent or smooth; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire, sessile or clasping; the lowest ovate or oblong, taper- ing into a slender petiole; cymes spreading, few-flowered ; tube of the corolla gradually dilated above the middle ; lower lip longer than the upper ; anthers smooth. — Dry open woods and fence-rows. June -July. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves .T-."/ long. Corolla 1' long, pale purple. 3. P. Igevigatus, Soland. Smooth or nearly so ; stem leaves ovate- lanceolate, serrate or entire, clasping ; the lowest oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes few-flowered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of SCKOPHULARIACE.E. (fiGWORT FAMILY.) 309 the corolla abruptly dilated near the base; the lips nearly equal. — Dry soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high. Corolla 9"- 12" long, white or pale purple. Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (3°-4°) high; leaves thicker ; cymes mauy-lloweretl, forming a large spreading panicle ; corolla smaller. — Pine barrens, Floriila. 5. LINARIA, Juss. Toad-Flax. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base ; the upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed; the throat commonly closed by the prominent palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, opening at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — Herbs, witli alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or racemose flowers. * Stems with prostrate brunches at the base, which bear broader opjioske or ichorled leaves. 1. L. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth; stem erect, slender, mostly .sim- ple ; leaves liiicar, Hat ; those on the radical branches oblong ; racemes straight ; pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3" -4") blue and white corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. — Culti- vated ground, common. April -May. (2) — Stem l°-2° high. 2. L, Floridana, Chapm. Stem smooth, ascending, paniculately much branched ; leaves fleshy, terete, linear or club-shaped ; those on the radical branches obovate ; racemes flcxuous, glandular hairy ; pedicels spreading, 3 - 4 times as long as the calyx ; lobes of the small (2") blue corolla truncate or emarginate; spur very short. — Sandy coast, Florida. April -May. @ — Stem 3'- 12' high. * * Prostrate branches none. 3. L. vulgaris, Miller. Smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, crowded ; raceme dense; flowers large (T long), yellow; spur subulate; seeds flattened, margined. — Waste places. Naturalized. [^ — Stem l°-3° high. 4. L. Elatine, IMiller. Hairy; stem prostrate, slender, branching; leaves small, ovate and hastate ; the lowest sometimes opposite and toothed ; pedicels axillarj% filiform, commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers snnill, yellow and purplish ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute. — Waste places. Natural- ized. 0 — Stem 4' - 1 2' long. 6, MIMTJLUS, L. Moxket-flower. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, sharply .5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed ; the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous : anther cells . somewhat confluent. Stigma ovate, 2-lipped. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Erect smooth perennial herbs, with oppo.iite leaves, and axillary purple flowers. 1. M. ringens, L. Stem compressed, 4-angled, the angles wingless; leaves oblong or lanceolate, denticulate, cordate and clasping at the base; ;;10 SCUdl'liri.AKlACK.l!:. (KKiWOUT ka:\iii.y.) podumles longer tliaii tin- flowers. — Swamps in tlif uppf-r ilistricU*. August. — Stini l°-i!^ li'gli- Leiives thin, 2' -4' long. ('on.ll:i sliowv.ilir palate grconi.-^li and pubestcnt. 2. M. alatUS, Ait. stum sipiari', with wingi'ti angles; luavt-s oldong- ovatc, ;i( iiininale, .serrate, taporing at the luLxe into a petiole; jjeduniies shorter than tiie Howers — Swanij.s. -Julv - August. — Stem 2' iiigh. l.eaves 2'- 5' long. Calyx teeth small. 7. HERPESTIS, (iartu. Calvx .") ]>artiMl ; tlie :i outer loins, espeeially the ui)per one, hroader. Corolla hell-shaped, :)-lul)eil or liilabiate, with the upper lip 2lohed or emar- ginate, the lower 3 lohed. Stamens 4, didynamous: antiier cells contiguous or (livarieate. Style dilated and flattened at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, nianv-seeded. — Low herl)s. with t)pposite leaves. Flowers opjw.site, axillary, or in leafy terminal raeemes. * Siciiis A-(tuiiiLLAKiAci:.E. (rnavoKT family.) 5. Q. viscosa, Sclnvciii. Viscifl-pubcHceiit ; ntcin nscciuliny ; leaved ovate laiuiiilaic, .sciiiiio, il;is]»iii<;, 3-iit'r\tMi ; peiluiiclfH as loiij^ i\n tlie leaves ; cori>ll;i wliiti', lii-iirdt'd within ; ralyx lubes laiufohue, miuli ioii}j;tT tliaii the siiiail <;li>b(>se lapsnle. — Ditches ami iiimblv plares in tlie ii]i|ier districts. June- Ani^ust. — Stem 6'- la' liigli. Leaves 4 1""K- Corolla 5"-6"loiig. Bracts wiiler than tlit' calv.\ L>bis. • 0. G. Drummoildi, IJenth. \'is(id |)nliernknt ; stem decumbent at the base, asii-nili:!ii ; Inncs lanceolate, acute, s]i:irin;il\ serrate, 3-ner\ed, clasping bracts and calyx lij'oej subulate, nmcli brnj^er tiian the cajisule. — W'hh the precoding. 7. G. ramosa, Walt. I'ubcscent aud somewhat viscid ; stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 4-tootlied ; ))eduucles mostly bjiiger than the leaves ; corolla yellowish white ; cnp.sule small, globose, much shorter than the linear unequal calyx loiies; bracts minute. — Mar^'ius of j»ine barren ponds, riorida to South Carolina, aud westward. June -August. — Stem 4'- 6' hi;^li. Leaves Y long. Corolla .5" long. 8. G. aurea, Muhl. Smicd, lot iilicidal. Seeds oblon<;, rn^ulose. — A very Hinail annual, with the linear ohtu.se leaves clus- tered at the summit <i, and otliers on a .^lender (T long) termiual 2-bracted .scape. 1. A. pusillus, 'I'orr. — In shallow excavations of Hat rocks, Newtou County, (.icori^ia (Dr. Ltdvcuwurlli). Marcii- i\|ii'il. 13. VERONICA, L. 8iki;i.wki,l. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or salver-shaped, 4-.5-lobed. Stamens 2, one each siile the upper loiie of the corolla. Sti<;;ma caj)itate. Ca])sule compressed and ol)cordate, or olilong and obtuse, septicidal or locu- licidal. Seeds few or many, flattened or concave on the inner face. — (Chiefly herbs, with the stem leaves ojjposite or whorled, the floral ones alternate. Flowers small, axillary, racemed or spiked, blue or white. * Liarea icliorled : corolla tubular : capsule oblong. 1. V. Virginica, L. Perennial, smooth or pubescent ; stem tall, erect; leaves 4-7 in a whorl, lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flowers very nu- merous, crowded in axillary (whorled) and terminal spikes; stamens long- exsertcd ; corolla white or purj)le. — Mountain meadows, Georgia, and north- ward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. * * St f- 111 leaves opposite: corolla wheel -shaped : capsule nhntnlate. -t- Flowers hi urillarij racemes. 2. V. officinalis, L. Perennial, pubescent ; stem prostrate, rooting at the base; leaves obovate-elliptical, or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate, short- petioled; racemes alternate, densely many flowered ; corolla blue. — Moun- tains of North Carolina. July. — Stem C- 12' long. Racemes 2' -4' long. 3. V. Anagallis, L. Stem erect from a creeping base; leaves sessile, fiblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or slightly serrate; racemes loosely many- flowered ; capsule orbicular. — Tn springs and branches, Tennessee. June. — Stem 1^ - li° high. Flowers blue. ■*-■*- Flowers srnttered, in lenfn terminal racemes, or a.rillari/. 4. V. serpyllifolia, L. Perennial, smoothish; stem ascending, diffusely branched ; leaves oval or roundish, crenate, short-jjetioled, the floral ones lanceolate and entire ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; corolla lilne. — T.ow pastures in the ui)per districts. May -Sept. — Stem 4' -6' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. 5. v. peregrina, L. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves .sessile, (ibbmLc, toothed ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; the floral ones entire : ])eiluncles shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, minute. — Cul- tivated ground, very common. April- June. — Stem 2'- 12' high. Leaves i'-l'long. SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 315 6. V. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy ; stems ascending, branched at the base ; leaves ovate, obtuse, creuate, petioled ; the floral ones lanceolate, entire, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla pale blue. — Cultivated ground. In- troduced. May -June. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4" -6" long. 7. V. agrestis, L. Anuual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves all petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate ; peduncles much longer than the calyx, recurved in fruit ; corolla blue, striate. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. Feb. - May. — Stem 6' - 1 2' long. Leaves 6" - 9" long. Fruit- ing calyx much enlarged. 14. CAPRARIA, L. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed smooth within. Stamens 4-5: anthers sagittate. St3'le slender: stigma thick, ovate, at length 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Perennial herbs, or f?hrubby plants. Leaves alternate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, single or Ifj' pairs, mostly 1 -flowered. 1. C. biflora, L. Slirubby, smooth or jiubescent ; stem erect, branching; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, narrowed aud entire below the middle ; peduncles filiform, mostly by pairs, shorter than the leaves ; calyx lobes linear; corolla deeply 5-cleft; stamens 5, included. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves- V-lV long. Flowers white ? 15. SCOPARIA, L. Calvx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, 4-cleft, hairy in the tliroat. Star mens 4. Style club-shaped at the apex. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves membi'anaceous, entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with ojiposite or whorled leaves. Peduncles axillary, com- monly by pairs, 1 -flowered. 1. S. dulcis, L. Annual, smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed, mostly three in a whorl, much longer than the peduncles; calyx lobes oblong; flowers small, white. — South Florida. — Stem l°-3°higli. Leaves i' -li' long. 16. HYDRANTHELIUM, HBK. Calvx 4-parted. Corolla short-funnel-shaped, 3-cleft. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat of tlie corolla. Style 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. — Aquatic herbs, with tlie habit of Callitriche. Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. 1. H. Egense, Poepp. Floating; stem filiform, brandling; lower leaves small (2" or 3" long), distant, oblong, the upper ones crowded, obo- vate ; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale). Introduced ? 17. BUCHNERA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes wedge- obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : antliers 1 -celled. Style simple, club-shaped at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, straight, loculicidally 2-valved, olO tJCKUl'llLLAUlACK.E. (KKiWOliT I A.MIl.V,) the valves ciitirp. Seed.s miitieroiiH, rcticnlatc. — Uougli licrlis, turning blaik in witlnrini^. Leaves opposite, ItKitlicd or entire; llie uppermost small, and passini,' into the liraets uf tiie nian\ -(lowered spike. Flowers blue. 1. B. elongata, Swartz. liougii, with siiort rigiil hairs; stem mostlv simple; leaves entire or slifjlitly toothed, l-nerve;ia, and westward. July- August. — 8tem l°-2Miigli. Corolla 4"- 5" long. 2. B. Americana, L. Very rougii, with bristly hairs; stem often brani'liing ahove ; haves liruminently .3-nerved, mo.stly toothed; the lower oblong, obtuse, the others lanceolate, acute; ealy.\ teetii acuminate. — Low woods in the upper districts. July- August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Corolla 6" -7" long. 18. SEYMERIA, I'uish. Calvx 5-parted. Corolla l)ell-sliaped, 5-lobed, the loI)CS oblong. Stamens 4, equal, the filaments woolly ; anthers oblong, opening at the ajiex, awnless. Style simple, ol)tu.se. Capsule ovate, flattened above, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, covered by the loose hyaline testa. — Chietly annuals. Stems erect, branching. Leaves opposite, piunately divided. Flowers yellow, iu terminal leafy-bracted racemes. 1. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so; stem with elongated erect-spreading branches; leaves pinnate, tiie divisions filiform; capsule smooth, acute at the base, shorter than the pedicel. — Low ]»ine barrens. August- Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. 2. S. pectinata, Pursh. Viscid-])uliescent ; stem with a.scending branches; leaves ])iiinatitid, the divisions oidong-linear ; capsule hairy, obtu.se at the base, as long as tiie pedicel. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Caro- lina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 3. S. macrophylla, Nutt. Tall and stout (4° -5° high), more or less pubescent, brandling; leaves large (6' -8' long), deeply pinnatifid, the ovate or lanceolate lobes toothed or pinnatifid, the floral ones entire ; raceiues short, dense ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes of the calyx, woolly within. — Mountains of Georgia, leune.ssee, and northward. 19. MACRANTHERA, Torr. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes elongated. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed ; the teeth reflexed. Stamens 4, equal, long-exserted, woolly : authers large, oblong, approximate. Style simple, filiform, elongated : stigma minute, flat. Cajisule ovate, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A tall biennial, with pinnatifid opposite leaves, and showy orange-colored flowers, in terminal leafy racenie.s. 1. M. fuchsioides, Torr. Smoothish ; stem branching, 4-sided; ear- liest leaves ovatenlilong, entire; those of tlic stem lyrate-pinnatifid ; the up- permost toothefl-serrate ; pedicels recurved, the flowers erect; calyx lobes lanceolate, denticulate, rather shorter than the corolla. — Var. Liccoxtei has the shorter and narrower lobes of the calyx entire. (M. Lecontei, Torr.) — SCKOPHULAKIACE^. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 317 Marshy banks of piue barren streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept.- Oct. — Stem 3° -5° high. Earliest leaves 6' -8' long; those of the stem 2'- 4' long. Corolla. 9"- 12" long. — The plant turns black in drying. 20. OTOPHYLLA, Beuth. Calyx deeply 5-clef t ; the lobes leafy, unequal. Tube of the corolla dilated upward, sparse-hairy witiiin, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, included : anthers oblong, awnless ; those of the shorter stamens much smaller. Style elongated, dilated and flattened at the apex, entire. Capsule sub-globose, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. O. Michauxii, Benth. Hairy; stem erect, simple ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, sessile ; the upper ones mostly 2-eared at the base ; flowers opposite, in a leafy spike. — Low ground, Tennessee, North Carolina, and northward. August. (T) ? — Stem rigid, 2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Co- rolla 9"- 12" long, purple. 21. DASYSTOMA, Eaf. False Foxglove. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- shaped, woolly within, S-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous : anthers oblong; the cells parallel and awned at the base. Style filiform, thickened and slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Capsule ovate, acute, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite ovate or oblong mostly pinnately divided or lobed leaves, and large yellow flowers in a leafy raceme. Filaments woolly. 1. D. pubescens, Benth. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lowest pinnatifid ; calyx longer than the pedicel, with oblong obtuse lobes. (Gerardia flava, L.) — Dry woods in the upper districts. July -Sept. 2/ — Stem 2° -4° high, mostly simple. Leaves narrowed into a short petiole. Co- rolla 1 V long. 2. D. quercifolia, Benth. Smooth and glaucous; stem simple or branched ; lowest leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the others pinnatifid, or the upper- most lanceolate and entire; calyx shorter than the pedicel, with lanceolate or subulate acute lobes. (Gerardia, Pursh.) — Eich woods and river banks. July -Sept. 'i^ —Stem 3° -6° high. Lobes of the leaves toothed. Corolla 2' long. 3. D. Drummondii, Benth. Closely pubescent; stem branching; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the upper ones dentate or serrate; calyx mostly longer than the pedicel, the broadly lanceolate lobes as long as the top-shaped tube. — Mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 2''-.3'' high. Corolla \V long. 4. D. laevigata, Kaf. Smooth, or nearly so, slender, sparingly branched ; lowest leaves mostly pinnately lobed and toothed, the others lanceolate, en- tire ; calyx longer than the pedicel, the lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla funnel-shaped (1' long). — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 5. D. patula, Chapm. Stem tall (3° - 4°) and slender, widely branched ; lower leaves pinnately lobed and toothed, the upper ones oblong, entire; ped- .')1S srKoniri.AKiAc'K.v,. (i-i(;\V(>i; i- ia.mii. v.) ii'cls limjj (!'- 1 i). s|iri"a(liii/; or reiurvcil ; calvx 1o1k< rallior longer than the tulte, iMitire ; torulla 1 i' lung. — Mountains ((fCk-orgia anil 'renncssee. August. 0. D. pedicularia, IJenth. Smootli or somewlnU i)ul)esi'eut ; leaves ovatt'-huuciplatf, pinnatitiil ; the lolios finely tootlied ; flowers opposite; calyx shorter tlian tlie pedicel ; tiie toothed lobes as long as tlie tube. — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in tlie upper districts. July- Augu.-^t. — Stem 2° high, much branched. Leaves about 2' long, tlie lobes numerous and short. Corolla 12"- 15" long, with a ratlier slender tube and short 1' long. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (l°-3°), smooth, simple or spar- ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the teeth crenate; spike dense ; corolla pale yellow, the up])er lip curved, awnless, the lower erect ; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted. — Swamps on the moun- tains of North Carolina, and northward. August -Sept. 26. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate ; the tube dilated above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight ; the lower SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 321 rather longer, spreading, biconvex, with three short lobes. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, hairy ; the cells nearly equal, slightly pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule compressed, oblique, loculicidally 2-valved, 1-4-seeded. — Annual herbs, with opposite lanceolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 1 . M. Americanum, Michx. Stem naked below, leafy and commonly branched above the middle ; leaves lanceolate, entire, short-petioled ; the upper ones broader and sharply toothed at the base ; flowers greenish yellow. — Dry woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 4" -3" Ions:. Order 91. SOLANACE^. (Nightshade Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice, alternate leaves, and regular axillary or supra-axillary flowers. — Calyx 4 - 7-cleft, or 4 - 7-toothed, persistent, often inflated in fruit. Corolla 5 - 10-lobed, plaited and valvate, convolute, or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-7, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-cened, opening lengthwise or by terminal pores. Style and stigma single. Fruit a 2-cened (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berrjr. Placentae adnate to the par- tition and projecting into the cells. Seeds campylotropous or amphi- tropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. — Chiefly narcotic poisons. Synopsis. § 1. Fruit a berry. * Corolla wheel-shaped or short bell-shaped. ■t- Anthers comiiveut. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 1. SOLANUM. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry juicy. 2. CAPSICUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless, or fleshy. ■*- -t- Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Fruiting calyx inflated. 3. PHYSALIS. Berry juicy. Calyx entire at the base. 4. NICANDRA. Berry dry. Calyx 10-toothed at the base. * * Corolla funnel-shaped. 5. LYCIUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juicy. Shrubs. § 2. Fruit a capsule. 6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or terete, circumscissile. Capsule spiny. 7. PETUNIA. Calyx terete, persistent. Capsule smooth. 1. SOLANUM, L. Nightshade. Calyx 5-toothed or o-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate, with the margins turned inward. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, ex- serted; the filaments very short : anthers opening by 2 terminal pores, con- nivent. Stigma obtuse. Berry juicy, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate or in pairs. Flowers opposite the axils, or above them. 21 322 SOLAN ACK-'i:. (XKillTSUADK FAMILY.) • Cmiimeil: cymes or rarnnes cori/mhed : corolla 5-parted. 1. S. nigrum, I- llerliaccous, mostly j)ul)esccut with simjilc hairs; stem erect, liram-hiiig ; the Itrauclilets wing-angled, and often more or less toothed ; leaves petioled, ohlong-ovate, tootlied or entire ; flowers somewhat umbelled,droo])ing, small, white ; berry black. — Around homesteads. .luly- Sept. — Stem l°-3'^ high, diffuse. Leaves 2'-4' long, when in pair.s, un- equal. Corolla 4"- 6" wide. Herry 2"-3" in diameter. •2. S. Bahamense, L. Shrubby, and very rough throughout with short rigid rusty stellate hair.s ; leaves oblong, entire, acute, tapering into a short petiole ; cvmes slender, long-pedunded, once or twice forking, many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers small, linear in the bud ; corolla white, lieeply parteii, the lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; anthers hairy. — South Florida. — . Leaves 2' - .3' long. Cymes 3' - 4' long. Corolla 5" wide. 3. S. verbascifolium, L. Shrubby, and hoary throughout with dense soft stellate hairs ; leave.-; large, ovate-oblong, acute at each end, entire ; cymes on long and very stout peduncles, forking, compactly many -flowered ; flowers globose-obovate in the bud ; calyx lobes ovate, acute ; corolla lobes oblong, obtuse ; anthers oblong, twice as long as the slender filaments ; ovary woolly. — South Florida. Oct. - Dec. — Shrub 4° - .5° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Co- rolla ^' wide. 4. S, Blodgettii, Chapm. Stem shrubby 1 smooth, the branches, like the upper surface of the leaves, roughened with a close stellate (greenish) pubescence; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, hoary -tomento.'ie be- neath, like the many-flowered forking cymes ; calyx small, obconical, with short rounded teeth ; corolla purple ? deeply parted, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, with lanceolate acute lobes ; anthers nearly sessile, linear, narrowed at the apex, shorter than the style. — South Florida. — Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers ^' in diameter. * * Prickly : flowers racemed : corolla mostly imrjnlarly lohed. 5. S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute with stellate hairs; stems erect; leaves ovate-obbnig, angularly lobed or pinnatifid, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; the veins and petiole, like the stem, armed with straight yellow prickles ; racemes simple, slender, 3 - several-flowered ; calyx lobes acumi- nate.— Dry waste places. June -Sept. [^ — Stem l°-l^°high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Corolla 9" - 12" wide, blue or white. Berry yellow. 6. S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Plant beset throughout with bristly hairs and stout prickles ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves ov.ate or oval, membrana- ceous, acutely lobed or toothed; racemes lateral, slender, 2-5-flowered; co- rolla lobes lanceolate, white ; berry globose, yellow. — Waste places. June - Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3'-6' long. Corolla 6"- 9" wide, the lobes recurved. 7. S. Sisymbriifolium, Lam. Glandnlar-villous and prickly; leaves large, deeply pinnatifid, the oblong divisions lobed and toothed; racemes man^'-flowered ; corolla 5-lobed, jjale blue; berry globose, partly included in the hispid calyx. — Waste places, Georgia and Florida. Introduced. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. SOLANACE.li;. (nightshade FAMILY.) 323 * * * Fruit included in the calyx: stamens and style declined: anthers tapering upwards, the lowest longer and incurved. 8. S. rostratum, Dunal. Stellate-pubescent aud prickly ; leaves 1-2- pimiatifid, the lobes obtuse ; corolla yellow, its lobes short, ovate ; calyx prickly. — Georgia, Tennessee, aud westward. — Stem l°-2^ high. Corolla I' in diameter. 2. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Red Pepper. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-7-toothed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-7-cleft, plaited. Stamens 5-7, inserted on the throat of the coroUa, exserted : anthers conni- vent, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Berry juiceless, partly 2 - 3-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with acrid juice, solitary flowers, and red berries. 1. C. frutescens, L. Shrubby, smooth; stem branching; leaves ob- long-ovate, obtuse, entire ; calyx obscurely toothed, long-peduucled, erect ; berry oblong, shorter than the peduncle. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers in the forks of the branches. Berry 4" -6" long. 3. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. Calyx 5-toothed, inflated in fruit, and enclosing the juicy berry. Corolla short-bell-shaped, plaited, 5-lobed or 5-angled. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Seeds flat, kidney-sliaped. — Diffusely branching herbs, with alternate peti- oled leaves, which are often by pairs, and solitary nodding flowers in their axils, or in the forks of the branches. Corolla (in ours) yellow, with mostly a dark brown centre. * Annual. ■^ Corolla pale yellow, 4" - 6" broad : anthers purple. 1 ■ P. angulata, L. Smooth throughout ; stem sharply 4-angled, erect or at lengtli diffusely branched; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply toothed ; calyx lobes triangular, as long as the tube ; corolla green in the throat; filaments smooth; fruiting calyx globose-ovate, equally 10-angled, reticulated with purple veins, depressed at the base. — Fields and waste ground. — July-Oct. — Stem l°-4° long. Leaves 2'-3' long. Fruiting calyx 1' long. 2. P. pubescens, L. Tomentose or villous with soft often viscid hairs ; stem diffnsely branched, terete ; leaves obtusely toothed, or entire, ovate, and mostly slightly coi-date and unequal at the base ; calyx teeth subulate, twice as long as the tiibe ; corolla brown in the throat ; filaments hairy ; fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, 5-angled, hollowed at the base. — Fields and waste grounds, common. July-Oct. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves V-2' long. Berry red. 3. P. obscura, Michx. Smooth or nearly so ; stem sharply angled, di- viding at the base into numerous long (l°-3°) procumbent branches; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, acnminate, obtusely toothed ; calyx teeth subulate ; corolla brown in the throat ; filaments smooth ; fruiting calyx large, ronnd- ovate, abruptly acuminate, 5-winged, smooth, truncate at the base; berry 324 SOLANACK.K. (n I(;HTSIIAI>K FAMILY.) ovoid, ptirpli'. — Wiuite grouml arniuici homesteads. May -Oct. — Leaves I'-'J' long. Fruiting calyx I'-lij' long. ■t- ■*- Corolla i/ellow, 7"- 10" broad. 4. P. Philadelphica, Lam. Smoothish; stem 2° -3° high, the branches sliaijily angled ; leaves ovate or ovate-lauceolate, acuminate, wavy or toothed on tlif margins, tapering and very uneijual at the base ; pedicels iis long as the petioles; calyx lubes acuminate; fruiting calyx open, globular, 1' thick. — Cultivated ground, Georgia, 'Jennessce, and northward. July -Sept. • * Perennial, ■»- Flowers solitary. ** Pubescence, ifanij, stellate or branching. 5. P. angUStifolia, Nutt. Smooth or uearlyso; stem low, erect or at k'ugtli dillii.-^c ; leaves linear to oblong, obtuse, entire; calyx lobes short, triangular-ovate, obtuse, tomeutose on the margins; corolla browuish purple iu the throat ; fruiting calyx round-ovate, depressed at the base. — Low sandy places along the coast, Florida, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' - 5' long, somewhat fleshy. Corolla 9"- 12" broad. Fruit- ing calyx 9" - 12" long. Anthers yellow. 6. P. visCOSa, L. Closely pul)escent, with short white stellate or branch- ing hairs ; stem a.scending from a slender subterranean base ; leaves from ovate to spatnlate-obloug, entire, or wavy on the margins ; corolla greenish yellow, brownish iu the throat ; fruiting calyx globose-ovate ; berry yellow, viscid. — Sandy coast, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. — Leaves 1 J'-3' long. Corolla 8" - 9" broad. *+ *+ Pubescence simple. 7. P. lanceolata, Michx. I'ubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, entire, or coarsely toothed, acute and commonly very unequal at the base ; calvx pubescent, the lobes long-acuminate from an ovate base ; co- rolla vellow in the throat ; fruiting calyx conical -ovate, 5-angled. — Dry sandy soil. Julv-Oct. — Stem 1° high, erect or diffuse. Leaves T - 2' long. Fruit- ing calyx I'-H' long, smooth or hairy. 8. P. arenicola, Kearney. Pubescent or hairy; root slender, elon- gated : stem erect, at length diffusely branched ; leaves ovate, entire or angu- larlv toothed, rounded or cordate at the base; calyx hairy; corolla pubescent, brown in the throat; style and filaments purple; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, sharply 5-angled, concave at the base; berry globose. — Dry sandy coast, Florida. July - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Fruiting calyx 1' long. 9. P. heterophylla, Nees. Densely villous with viscid pointed hairs ; stem stout, at length diffusely branched ; leaves broadly cordate, acute, an- gularly toothed ; calyx teeth shorter than the tube ; corolla brownish in the throat; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx ovate, 5-angled, hirsute. — Dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. June -Sept. — Stem 1°-U° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla 6" -8" broad. Fruiting calyx V-lY long. Var. nyctaginia, Rydberg. Leaves oftener entire, acute at the base, acuminate. — With the type. SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 325 ■•- -•- Flowers clustered. 10. P. Carpenteri, Riddell. Stem erect, branching, closely pubescent ; leaves thin, obliquely cordate-oblong, or oval, acuminate, entire, or obscurely wavy, slender petioled ; flowers small, 3 - 6 in a cluster ; berry small ; fruiting calyx globose; flowers yellow. — East Feliciana, Louisiana {Prof. Carpenter). 4. NICANDRA, Adans. Calyx 5-parted, inflated, 10-toothed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited, obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5 : a,nthers separate, opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. — A smooth erect branching annual, with ovate-oblong toothed or lobed petioled leaves, and solitary axillary nodding purple flowers. 1. N. physaloides, Gart. — (Atropa physaloides, L.) — Waste and cultivated ground. Introduced. July-Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, with an- gled branches. Leaves 2' - b' long, decurrent on the petiole. Corolla white in the throat. EruitLug calyx 5-angled, enclosing the globose berry. 5. LYCIUM, L. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lOcleft or toothed. Stamens 4 - 5 : anthers opening lengthwise, separate. Stigma capitate. Berry not enclosed in the calyx. — Erect or twining often spiny shrubs, with entire alternate or clustered leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. 1. L. Carolinianum, Michx. Stem erect, spiny, or unarmed, much branched ; leaves small, clustered, club-shaped, fleshy ; flowers solitary, axil- lary, purple ; calyx and corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4, exserted. — Salt marshes. July -Sept. — Shrub 3° -5^ high. Leaves 1|' long. Corolla small, hairy within. Berry red. 6. DATURA, L. Jamestown Weed, Thor\ Apple. Calyx tubular, terete or angled, 5-cleft, separating near the base, the upper portion deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped; the limb plaited, 5-lobed, convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers opening lengthwise. Capsule spiny, imperfectly 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Strong-scented poisonous herbs, with petioled oblong or ovate mostly toothed leaves, and large solitary flowers in the forks of the branches. 1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth; stem stout, forking; leaves ovate or obloug-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed ; corolla sharply 5-toothed, white, twice as long as the 5-angled calyx ; capsule erect. — Var. Tatula. Larger: leaves often cordate ; stem and corolla purplish. — Waste ground, very common. June - Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long. 2. D. Metel, L. Pubescent ; stem stout, branching ; leaves ovate, entire or slightly toothed ; corolla white, 10-toothed ; calyx loose, terete ; capsule nodding. — Waste ground. Introduced. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long. Corolla 6' long. 326 CONVOLVULACE.E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. ) 7. PETUNIA, Juss. Calyx S-parted. Corolla fuiinelshaped, plicate. Stamens 5, unecjual; aiitlier cells separate. Stigma cai)itatc. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Clammy pubescent herbs. 1. P. parviflora, .luss. Ammal, diffuse, leaves oldong-linear or spatu- late ; corolla small, pale bluish purple. — l-lorida, and westward. Introduced. Order 92. CONVOLVULACEiE. (Convolvulus Family.) Chiefly twining or prostrate herbs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular mostly showy and fugacious flowers. — Calyx 5-.sepaloys, imbricated. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5- plaited or o-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, sagittate. Ovary free, single or double, 1-4-celled, with 1-2 erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft. Stigmas capitate, ovate, or acute. Capside 2 - 6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled or curved in mucilagi- nous albumen. Synopsis. TwBE I. CONVOLiVULE.E. Ovary single. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Cap- sule opening by valves. — Flowers axillary, single or cymose. * Style single. Stigmas globose. 1. IPOMCEA. Capsule 2-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Sta- mens mostly included. * * Style single. Stigmas ovate or cylindrical. 2. JACQUEMONTIA. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas ovate, flattened. 3. CONVOLVULUS. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas cylindrical. * * * Styles 2, separate or partly united. Ovary 2-celled. 4. EVOLVULUS. Styles separate, 2-parted or 2-cleft. 5. BREWERIA. Styles separate or partly united, entire. Tbibe n. DICHONDRE.^. Ovary double. Embryo with cotyledons. Capsule utricular, 1-seeded. — Stems creeping. C. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigmas thick. Peduncle I-flowered. Tribe III. CUSCUTE^. Ovary single. Embryo destitute of cotyledons. Capsule closed. 7. CUSCUTA. Twining parasites, with scale-like leaves. Styles 2. 1. IPOMCEA, L. Morning Glory. Sepals 5. Corolla entire, or 5-angled, or 5-lobed. Stamens dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled, rarely imperfectly 4-celled. Style simple : stigma capitate, 2-lol)ed. Capsule 2 -4-celled, 2-4-valved, 4-seeded, or, by abortion, 1 -3-seeded. Seeds smooth or hairy. — Twining or trailing rarely erect herbs, with cordate or sagittate entire or variously lobed leaves, and showy flowers on axillary peduncles. CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 327 * Corolla salver-form : stamens exserted. 1. I. COCpineE, L. Leaves petioled, cordate, acuminate, angled at the base ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 3 - 5-flowered ; sepals awued ; corolla slightly lobed, scarlet. — Cultivated ground. July -August. — Corolla 1' long, sometimes yellowish. 2. I. Quamoclit, L. Leaves pinnatifid, with long and linear segments ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, the pedicels much thickened upward ; sepals ovate or oblong, awuless. — Spontaneous near gardens. July - Oct. 3. I. Bona-Nox, L. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, acumi- nate, entire, long-petioled ; peduncles very stout, 5 - 7-flowered, longer than the leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; the 2 outer ones appendaged ; corolla white, almost salver-form; capsule ovate, pointed with the conical persistent base of the style. — South Florida. — Stem sometimes prickly. Leaves 2' -3' long. Tube of the corolla 3' - 4' long. ** Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped : stamens included. ■i- Capsule 3-celled. 4. I. purpurea, Lam. Annual ; stem glandular-roughened and hairy ; leaves entire, round-cordate, acuminate ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3 - 5-tlowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly hairy ; corolla showy, blue, purple, or variegated. — Around dwellings. Introduced. June - Sept. 5. I. hedGracea, Jacq. Annual, hairy ; leaves membranaceous, broadly cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes acuminate ; peduncles sliorter than the leaves, 2-3- flowered ; sepals densely hispid, ending in a long subulate point ; bracts linear ; corolla purple. — Cultivated ground. July - Sept. — Corolla 1^' long. 6. I. cathartica, Poir. Smooth; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the lobes acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 3 - several-flowered, with leafy lanceolate bracts ; sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long subulate point ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; tube of the corolla greenish, the ex- panding acutely lobed border purple. — South Florida. — Leaves \^' -2' long. Corolla 3' long. 4- -t- Capsule 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled. -M- Stem procumbent, rooting at the nodes : leaves succident. 7. I. Pes-Caprse, Sweet. Smooth and fleshy; leaves petioled, orbicular, or slightly notched at the apex, parallel-veined ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, the ovate bracts minute ; sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; tube of the corolla very short. Sandy coast, Florida and Georgia. August -Oct. 2/ — Leaves 2' long. Corolla 2' long, purple. 8. I. aeetOSSefolia, R. & S. Smooth and fleshy ; leaves oval or oblong, cordate, notched at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, the lateral lobes entire or 2-cleft ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 1-flowered; bracts subulate; sepals oblong, mucronate ; corolla obscurely lobed, white, the tube yellowish. — Sandy coast, Florida to South Carolina. May- Sept. ^ — Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 2' long. I. Batatas, Lam., includes the different kinds of the cultivated Sweet Potato. 328 coxvoLVULACE,^. (convolvulus family.) *♦ *-► Stem Iwininij : leaves mostli/ S-lohid. = Cupsiilc hair I/: seeds naked. 9. I. commutata, H. & S. Annual; stem piil)esocnt; leaves cordate, aruniiiiate, entire, an<;led, or S-lohei! ; peduncles ahnut as long as the i)etioles, 1 - 5-tio\vered ; eoroUa purjde, 4-5 times as long as tlie eiliate sepals ; capsule glol)ose, 4-v:ilved, siiorter than the calyx. — Margins of s\vanii)s, and culti- vated grounds. August - Oct. — Leaves 1' - 1 ^' long. Corolla 1 i' - 2' long. 10. I. triflda, Don, var. Torreyana, (iray. I'creunial, smoothish ; pcduiK'les longer than the 3-lol)ed leaves, 3- 10-Hiig. Corolla IA'-2'loiig. Stigmas olilong-ovate. Staiiicii.s dilated and Hatteiii'il beli^w. ;■>. C. spithamaeus, L. Tuliesceiit; stem erect, rarely Iwiiiing at the suuiinit ; k'a\ e.s ovale or oblung-ovate, cordate, tiie ujjper ones acute ; jicdundes longer than the leaves; bracts ovate lanceolate ; corolla white. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. May-Sept. ^ — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'- 2' long. Corolla 1 J' -2' long. 4. EVOLVULUS, L. Sepals 5. Corolla hell-shaped or somewiiat wheel-shaped, mostly hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, di.-Jtinct, 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigma obtuse. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Small ])ereiinial herbs, with chiefly silky or hairy prostrate stems, entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Cap- sules Dodding. * Common peduncle venj short or none ; the pedicels shorter than the leaves. 1. E. sericeus, Swartz. Stem dividing at the base into numerous pros- trate or a.-iceiiding simple filiform branches; leaves sessile, linear to oblong, acute at each end ; peduncle I -3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, half as long as the white wheel-shaped corolla. — Damp soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June-Oct. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. Co- rolla 4" -5" in diameter. 2. E. argenteus, Pursh. Silky-villous throughout ; stem rigid (6' high), very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ; sepals lauce-subulate ; corolla blue or purple. — Pine Key, South Florida {Biodgett, ex Gray), Tennessee, and westward. * * Peduncles longer than the leaves. 3. E. mucronatus, Swartz. Stem creeping, simple, sprinkled with ap- pressed hairs ; lea\es rigid, elliptical-obovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, smooth above, pubescent on the veius beneath ; peduncles bristle-like, rather longer than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, as long as the pedicel ; corolla very small. — South Florida. — Stem 1° long. Leaves 4" -6" lonir. Corolla 2" wide. 4. E. alsinoides, L. Silky with long spreading hairs; stems very nu- merous, filiform, diffu.se ; lea>-es obovate or oblong, mucronate, short-petioled ; peduncles bristle-like, often by pair.s, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, 1-3- flowered; sepals ov.itelanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicels; corolla wheel-shaped ; styles parted nearly to the base. — South Florida. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. Corolla 2" wide. 5. BREWERIA, R. Br. (Sttlisma, 1st edit.) Sepals .5. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct or united below, entire : stigmas peltate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule I -4-seeded. — I'erennial prostrate jjiihescent herbs, with entire leaves, and mostly small flowers on axillary peduncles which are longer than the leaves. 1. B. humistrata, Gray. Hairy; leaves oblong, slightly cordate vary- ing to narrow-linear ; peduncles filiform, 1-7-flowered; sepals ovate, acute; CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 331 capsule smooth, nodding ; bracts minute ; corolla wiiite ; filaments hairy ; styles united below. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves I'-S' long. Corolla 10" long. 2. B. aquatica, Gray. Silkj^-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves liuear-oblong, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, short-petioled ; pedun- cles 1-7- (mostly 3-) flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; capsule erect, pubescent ; bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels ; corolla purple ; fila- ments smooth ; styles distinct. — Margins of ponds in the lower districts. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves |' - T long. Corolla 5" long. 3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or villous ; leaves linear ; peduncles 1 - 3-fiowered ; bracts linear, as long as the flower; sepals ovate- lanceolate, very hairy, longer than the pedicel ; corolla small, white ; styles united nearly to the apex ; stamens slightly exserted. — Sandy pine barrens. North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 12"- 15" long. Corolla 5" long. 4. B. grandiflora, Gray. Stem prostrate, toraentose (2° or more long) ; leaves oval, obtuse or emarginate, short-petioled (1^' long) ; peduncle mostly shorter than the leaf, l-flowered ; calyx large, the sepals acute ; corolla very large (2^' -3' long), purple ; capsule 4-seeded. — Sandy coast at Sarasota Bay, South Florida {Garher), 6. DICHONDRA, Forst. Calyx 5-parted, with the lobes obovate. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stamens included. Ovaries 2, distinct, 2-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate. Utricles 2, one-seeded. — Low pubes- cent creeping herbs, with broadly cordate petioled leaves, and solitary bract- less flowers on axillary peduncles. 1. D. repens, Forst. — Low grounds. March -Oct. :^ — Stems fili- form, 6' -12' long. Leaves i'-lj' in diameter, on petioles r-4' long. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Calyx silky. Corolla minute, greenish white. 7. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or 4 - 5-sepalous. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular, 4 - .'j-cleft. Stamens 4-5, with fimbriate mostly con- fluent scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capi- tate (in our species). Capsule 4-seeded. Embryo filiform, coiled around fleshy albumen. Cotyledons none. — Twining parasites, germinating in the ground, but early decaying at the root. Stems filiform, yellow or reddish, ■without leaves, or with minute scales in their place. Flowers white, small, variously clustered. * Calyx 4 - b-cleft : floivers pedicellate. -t- Lobes of the corolla acute. 1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low; flowers small, 5-parted, in cluster-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx broad and obtuse, of the corolla lanceolate, acumi- nate, spreading, inflexed at the point, longer than the tube ; scales ovate, often 332 CONVOLVLLACE.E. (CONVOLVULl'S FAMILY.) partly exserted ; rapsule globose, thin, yellowish, indeliiseeiit. — Fields and sterile soil, on .-mail lierl)S. Juue-July. 2. C. umbellata, IIBK. stems low, capillary. s]»i(adiiig: cymes loosely umbellate, few-Howered ; Howers sniiJl ; lobes of the ealyx acute, of tlie corolla uarrowly lanceolate, longer than the tube, sprea^liug; scjiles oval, iucurved ; capsule depressed, circumscissile, covered by the corolla. — South Florida (Giiiber), on low herbs. 3. C. decora, Choi.sy, var. pulcherrima, Eugelm. Stem branch- ing; flowers rather large, 5-parted, in smootli umbel like cymes; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the corolla ovate, acumiuate, crenulate, 1-uerved, spreading, as long as the tube ; scales ovate, iucurved, as long aa the tube. — Damp soil, Florida, and westward. May. 4. C. inflexa, Engelm. Flowers iu umbellate cymes ; sepals acute, keeled ; corolla fleshy, cylindrical, mostly 4-cIeft, the ovate acute lobes as long as the tube ; scales miuute, slightly toothed ; caj)sule depressed, enclo.ied or crowned with the withered corolla. — Georgia, aud northward, mostly ou shrubs. ■*- ■•- Lobes of the corolla obtuse. 5. C. obtusiflora, IIBK., var. glandulosa, Engelm. Stems widely spreading, briglit orange; flowers slH)rt-])cdicelled, glaudular; lobes of the calyx and corolla obtuse ; scales iucurved, deeply fringed ; capsule large, depressed; styles short and thick. — Georgia, Florida, and westward, ou Polygonum. 6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stem climbing high ; flowers mostly 5-cleft, in loose paniculate cymes ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading, mostly shorter than the tube ; scales large, confluent at the base ; capsule globose, brown. — Low shady places, on coarse herbs, Florida, and northward. Au- gust - Oct. 7. C. rostrata, Shuttl. Stem twining high; flowers large, 5-parted, in umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtn.se ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading and at length reflexed, half as long as the tube; scales con- nate at the base ; capsule large, acute. — Shaded moist places on tall herbs, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. * * Flowers sessile, in compact clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals, surrounded by several similar bracts: corolla persistent at the apex of the capsule. 8. C. COmpacta, .Tuss. Stems climbing high ; bracts and sepals orbicu- lar, concave, denticulate, imbricated ; tube of the corolla ecjualling or longer than the calyx, the oblong obtuse lobes spreading ; scales confluent at the base ; capsule globose-ovate. — Damp shady places, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. — Clusters often continuous, and spirally coiled around herbs and shrubs. 9. C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coar.se, the dense clusters of flowers forming rope-like mas.scs; bracts and sepals recurved-spreading ; lobes of the corolla oblong, obtuse, much shorter than the tube ; styles longer than the ovary. — Tennessee, and westward, mostly on tall Compositae. POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 333 Order 93. POLEMONIACE^E. (Polemoxium Family). Chiefly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and regular solitary or cymose flowers. — Calyx .5-cleft or .5-parted, with menibranaceous- margined lobes, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 3- celled, with 3 to many amphitropous ovules attached to the central pla- centa. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds angular. Embryo straight iu the axis of copious albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. 1. PHLOX. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequally inserted on the tube. Leaves entire. 2. GILIA. CoroUa tubular-funnel-shaped. Filaments equally inserted near the throat of the corolla. Leaves pinnately divided. 3. POLEMONIUM. Corolla short-bell-shaped. Filaments inserted on the throat of the corolla. Leaves pinnate. 1.. PHLOX, L. Calyx cylindrical or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long and slender tube, and obovate or roundish lobes. Stamens 5, included, un- equally inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Ovules solitary in the cells. Capsule ovoid, 1 - 3-seeded ; the valves at length separating from the central placenta. Seeds erect. — Mostly perennial herbs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate entire leaves, and showy purple or white flowers in terminal pani- cled cymes. § 1. Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending. * Style long, JiUform : cnhjx teeth lanceolate-subulate, not awn-pointed (except in No. 1) : lobes of the corolla entire. 1. P. paniculata, L. Smooth; stem tall, branched above ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the ujiper often cordate ; cymes numerous, close-fiowered, forming a corymbose or pyramidal panicle ; calyx teeth long, bristle-pointed ; lobes of the corolla round-obovate. — Var. acuminata. Leaves acuminate at each end, the lower surface, like the stem, pubescent ; calyx lobes shorter. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June -July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla purple or white. 2. P. maculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent and roughish, especially above, rarely branched, often spotted with purple ; leaves rather rigid, lanceo- late, acute ; the lowest often linear and elongated, the upper broader and rounded at the base ; cymes closely many-flowered, lateral and terminal, forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; calyx lobes straight, acute ; tube of the corolla slender, curved ; the lobes obovate. — Low woods. June - July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla purple or occasionally white. 3. P. OVata, L. Smooth; stem (1° high) erect or ascending, sparingly branched ; leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper often rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; panicle corymbose, few- flowered ; calyx lobes lanceolate, short-acuminate. — Open woods in the upper districts. 3.'i4 POLEMOXIACE-E. (POLEMOXIUM lAMII.Y.) •J. P. glaborrima, L. Smuotli (ir nearly so tlirmij^lioiit ; stem erect, mostly siiiipli'; leaves thin, the lowest mostly linear, the u|)j)erinost uvate- lauceolate : calyx lobes lanceolatc-suliulate, very a< iiie ; corolla j)ale purple. — Dry ojjcn woods, chieHy in the up])er districts. .July. — Stem 2*^-4^ I'igh. Leaves 2' -4' lon^. Corolla 1' lonij;. Var. suflfruticosa, (Jray. Stem scahrous, especially above, with short ri2;id hairs; haves narrower and more rigid; corolla lolies round-obovate. — With the type. .5. P. reptans, Michx. Tubcscent or smoothish ; stem low, simple, stoloniferoiis ; leaves few, distant, lanceolate; the radicle and those on the stolons larger, si)atulate or obovato; cyme terminal, few-flowered ; calyx lobes linear-sul)iilate, much shorter than the spreading or recurved pedicels; corwlla lobes obovate, shorter than the slender straight tube ; anthers slightly exserted. — Damp shady woods in the upper districts. May-June. — Stem 6'- 10' high. Leaves 6" -8" long, the radical onea I'-.l' long. Corolla 1' long, ])urple. 6. P. Stellaria, fJr.ay. Minutely pubescent; stem slender, branching ; leaves linear, spreading or recurved , cymes mostly 3-fluwered, the pedicels erect; flowers small ; calyx lobes subulate ; lobes of the corolla wedge-shaped, cleft to the middle, nearly e(inalling the tube. — Cedar glades, Tennessee ( Gat- tinger). May. — Stem 6' — 8' high. Leaves 1'- H' '""g- * * Stijh short, scarcely longer than the ovarii : cahjx teeth linear-suhulate, tapering into an awn-like point : lobes of the corolla often notched : steins pubescent. 7. P. divaricata, L. Softly pubescent and more or less glandular; stems ascending, simple ; leaves distant, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; cymes corymbose, loosely-flowered ; lobes of the corolla obovate, notched or entire, as I'jng as the tube, and twice as long as the calyx. — Woods and banks. April-May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves I'-lJ' long. Corolla 6"-9" long, ])alc bluish purple. 8. P. amoena, Sims. Softly pubescent or villous ; stem low, ascending, simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower ones approximate, the n})per distant and often alternate ; cymes terminal, compact, ]eafy-])racted ; corolla tube longer than the obovate lobes, and twice as long as the straight barely awued ciliate calyx teeth. — Dry gravelly hills and pine barrens. April - May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla bright purple, sometimes white, the tube 6"- 8" long. 9. P. pilosa, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem erect, mostly branching ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, distant, acute ; cymes corym- bose ; calyx teeth jirolonged into a long and spreading bristle-like point, hairy. — Dry woods. Aj.ril - May. — Stem rather slender, 1°-U° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla V long, purple. 10. P. Floridana, Benth. Stem erect, simple, closely pubescent; leaves uniform, linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading or recurved ; cymes crowded or corymbose; calyx teeth spreading, somewhat bristle-pointed, glandular- pubescent, a third to half as long as the tube of the large corolla. — Dry open woods. Middle Florida. May. — Stem U°-2° high. Leaves 2'-3' long. Corolla 1' broad, pale purple, the lobes round-obovate and entire. GEXTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 335 § 2. Stems shnihbi/, tujled, creeping : leaves subulate, rigid, leafy in the axils: style short. 11. P. SUbulata, L. Pubescent ; flowering stems erect ; leaves very nu- merous, the upper ones linear and mostly alternate ; calyx teeth subulate, erect, spine-pointed; lobes of the corolla notched or entire. (P. setacea, L.I) — Sandy pine barrens. April -May. — Stems 4'- 12' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. Corolla i'-l' broad, purple or white. P. Drummondii, Hook., is an annual species, common in gardens. 2. GILIA, Ruiz & Pavon. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens inserted equally near the mouth of the corolla. Ovules commonly numerous in the cells. Capsule oblong or obovoid. Seeds angled or com- pressed. — Herbs, with finely divided leaves and showy flowers. 1. G. COronopifolia, Pers. Stem tall, simple, pubescent; leaves pin- nately divided into many filiform segments; flowers scarlet, racemose or panicled; corolla tubular-funnel-shaped; stamens exserted. — Dry sandy soil, South Carolina, and westward. July. (2) — Stem 2° - 4° high. Corolla 1' long, yellow and spotted with red within. 3. POLEMONIUM, L. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, declined, inserted equally on the throat of the corolla, with a hairy appendage at the base of the filaments. Ovules numerous in the cells. Capsule ovoid. Seeds angled. — Herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves, and blue or white flowers in a nearly bractless corymb. 1. P. reptans, L. Smooth ; stem weak, diffusely branched ; leaves peti- oled, pinnate, with 5-13 lanceolate or elliptical entire leaflets ; corymbs pedun- cled, few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx lobes ovate, acute ; corolla blue ; anthers white. — Shady woods in the upper districts. April - May. 2/ — Stem V^- 1° high. Leaflets -J'- 1-J' long. Calyx enlarged in fruit. Order 9L GENTIANACE^. (Gentian Family.) Chiefly smooth and bitter herbs, with colorless juice, opposite en- tire partly sheathing exstipulate leaves, and regular often showy flowers. — Calyx 4-12-parted, or 4-12-cleft. Corolla 4-12-lobed, convolute, rarely valvate or imbricated in the bud, hypogynous. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube : anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, with numerous anatropous ovules. Stigmas 1-2. Capsule 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-4-celled by the introversion of the margins of the valves, septicidally 2-valved. Placentae parietal. Seeds numerous. Embryo minute, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 33G GENTIAXACK.'E. (OENTIAN KAMILY.) Synopsis. • Corolla convolute, or (in Obolaria) imbriciitcJ in the bud. Testa membranaceous.— LeavoH 8es8ilu. 1. SABBATIA. Style conspicuous, deciduous. Sti^nias linear, twisted. Corolla wheel- shaped, 5 - I'J-parted. 2. EUSTOMA. Style conBpicuous, persistent. Stigiuas roundisli, flat. Corolla tubular, 4 - ."(-parted. 3. GENTIANA. StiRuias sessile, flat, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, 4 - "vlobed, mostly with plaited appendages between the lobes. 4. B.\RTONIA. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Stigmas sessile. Leaves scale-like. .'>. VOYRIA. Stigma capitate. Corolla salver-shaped. Stem white, scaly. {'•. OUOLAUI.\. Calyx V!-leaved. Corolla 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. 7. FK.\SER.\. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes with a large depressed glaud in the middle. * * Corolla folded in the bud. Testa woody. Petioles elongated. 8. LIMNANTHEMUM. Leaves floating, cordate. Flowers clustered on the petiole. 1. SABBATIA, Adans. Amkhican Centaury. Cahx .">- 12-parte(l. Corolla wheel-sliapeil, 5- 12-parted, witliering-persist- ent. Stamens 5-12, inserted on the throat of the corolla: anthers sagittate, mostly recurved. Style conspicuous : stigmas linear or o1)long, twisted. Capsule globose, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Annual or l)ieniiial branch- ing herbs, with cymose or panicled white or purple showy flowers. * Cdlyx and corolla mostli/ b-pnrted. t- Floirers in cori/mbose ci/7nes, ickite, turninrj yellorrish : branches opposite. 1. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, terete below, 4-angled and corvmbosflv braiuhed above; leaves ovate or roundi.sh, 3 - 5-uerved, clasping, the upper lanceolate ; cymes many-flowered ; lobes of the corolla (often 6) oljovate-oblong, twice as long a.s the filiform calvx lobes. (S. corymbosa, Bahlw.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - S^ high. Leaves 1'- H' long ; the lowest small. Corolla 10" wide. 2. S. paniculata, I'ursh. Stem virgate, wing-angled throughout, com- monly much branched from the base ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, 3-nerved, the upper and floral ones linear, the lowest tufted, oblong-obovate ; cymes dens^elv few-flowered, leafy ; lobes of the corolla obovate, one third longer than the linear calyx lobes. — Low grassy meadows, Florida to North Caro- lina. August. — Stem 9'- 18' high. Leaves V -V long. Corolla ^' wide. 3. S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous ; stem terete, corymbosely branched above ; leaves thick, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, clasping, 3-5- nerved ; cymes large, flat-topped ; corolla small, the lobes thrice as long as the very short bristle-like calyx lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and west- ward. July -August. — Stem rigid, hollow, 2°-2J° high. Leaves l|'-3' long. Corolla 5" -6" wide. -t--- Flowers in panicled cymes, purple: branches opposite. 4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem square, wing-angled, erect, paniculately much branched ; leaves numerous, ovate, clasping, 3 - 5-nerved, often as long as the joints, the upper acute ; lobes of the corolla oblong, about twice as long GEXTIANACE.E. (geXTIAN FAMILY.) 337 as the linear calyx lobes. — Low rich grounds. August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- U-' loug. Corolla T wide. 5. S. braehiata, EH- Stem erect, terete, paniculately branched near the suniniit ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, the upper linear, acute, the lowest clustered ; flowers in small loose peduncled cymes, terminating the branches, and forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the corolla narrowly oblong, twice as loug as the linear calyx lobes. — Low grounds in the middle and upper districts. July -August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1' loug. Co- rolla 1' wide. 4- -f- -)- Flowers scattered, on long peduncles, ichite or purple : branches alternate. 6. S. Elliottii, Steud. Stem low, terete, paniculately much branched from near the base, the branches diffuse ; leaves small, sessile ; the lowest obovate, the upper linear; lobes of the corolla 3-4 times as long as the short filiform calyx lobes. (S. paniculata. Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. August -Sept. — Stems |°-li° high. Leaves 3" -6" long. Corolla 8"- 10" wide, white. 7. S. gracilis, Pursh. Stem slightly 4-angled, erect or reclining, diffuse, the branches 1-3-flowered; leaves linear or oblong-linear, the uppermost almost filiform ; flowers terminating the short branchlets ; lobes of the corolla obovate-oblong, rather longer than the filiform calyx lobes. — Low grassy pine barrens and meadows. July -August. — Stem slender, l°-li°long. Leaves I'-l^' long. Corolla 12" -15" wide, purple. 8. S. stellaris, Pursh. Stem obscurely 4-angled, slender, paniculately long-branched ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the lowest lanceolate or oblong, ob- tuse, the upper linear, acute ; flowers on very long peduncles ; lobes of the corolla oblong, longer than the filiform calyx lobes. — Salt marshes. Au- gust-Sept.— Stem l°-3° high. Leaves r-2' long. Peduncles r-4' long. Corolla 1^' wide, purple. 9. S. calyeosa, Pursh. Stem low, terete ; leaves thin, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the lowest petioled ; flowers few ; corolla white, 5 - 7-lobed, shorter than the lanceolate leafy calyx lobes. — River swamps. July -August. — Stem 6'- 12' high, rigid. Leaves I'-l^' long. Corolla 8"- 10" wide. * * Ciili/x and corolla 7 - \2-parted : floicers purple. 10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem erect, terete, simple, or 1 - 2-iorlving, 1 - 5-flowered ; lea\ es lanceolate, sessile, uniform, or the lowest spatulate- oblong and the upper linear, acute; corolla large, 8-12- (mostly lO-i parted, commonly more than twice as long as the linear or subulate calyx lobes. — Margins of pine barren ponds and swamps. July - August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves V long. Corolla l|'-3' wide. 11. S. Boykinii, Gray. Stem mostly simple, somewhat angled ; leaves lanceolate oljlong, or tlie lowest elliptical ; flowers single or 3 - 7 in a terminal capitate cluster, sessile and 2-bracted; corolla 8-9-parted, much longer than the oblong-lanceolate calyx lobes. — Middle Georgia {Dr. Boykin). — Stem V high. Leaves \'-2' long. Corolla 1 \° wide. 22 338 f:KNTIANACE.E. ((iKNTIAN FAMILY.) \2. S. gentianoides, KU. stem erect, Himple, slender; lowest leaves luiui'olaie nr oliluiig, ii:irru\M.'(l at the hase ; the otliers loug, linear, sesHile ; flowers larj^c, in axillary and terminal elnsters, or terminal and Holilary ; corolla 8- lO-jiarted, '2-:^ times as Ion;; ius llie snl)nlate calyx lobes; anthers straight. — how pine barrens, Georgia, J-'lurida, and westward. Jiily-Au- gnst. — Stem I*^- 2'^ high. Leaves U'-.T long. Corolla 2' wide. 2. EUSTOMA, Don. C.ilyx bfll-sliaiK'd, 4 -r)-|iart(Mi, sharidy 4-5-anglcd; the lol)es snlmlate, keeled. Corolla tulmlar, 4- .'i-lolied. the lobes erect, acute. Stamens 4-5: antliers sagittate. Style consj)icuous, erect, persistent : stigmas ronnd-ovate. Cajisule oblong, obtuse. I'laccntic s|)ongy, sutural. Seeds minute, globo.se, sessile. — Herbs, with oblong glaucous clas])ing leaves, and ))anicled slii)wy purj)le or blue flt)wers. 1. E. exaltatum, Griseb. Stem (2°-3° high) terete, glaucous, panicu- lately forking aliuve ; leaves mucronate, decurrent, the u])])er lauceolate ; flowers long-peduncled, terminal, blue ; calyx lobes as long as the tube of the corolla, dilated and membranaceous at the base. — South Florida. (T) — Corolla 12"- 15" long. 3.. GENTIANA, Tourn. Genti.vn. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped or f uunel-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed, mostly with ])laited toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 4 - 5. Stigmas 2, sessile, compressed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-.seeded ; the seeds sutural, or covering the inner face of the valves. — Flowers showy, solitary or clustered, axillary and terminal. * Anriiial : corolla funnel-shiped, destitute of appendages : anthers versatile: cajisule sessile : seeds wincjless. 1. Gr. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem 4-angled, slender, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceulatc, slightly clasping at the base, 3 - 5-nerved ; flowers 3-5, terminatiug the short l>ranches ; corolla blue, rather slender, with ovate bristle-pointed entire lobes, much longer than the subulate calyx lobes. — Dry soil along the mountains. August- Sept. — Stem l°-2'^ high. Leaves V long. Corolla 1' long. 2. G. crinita, Fral. Stemteretebeh)w, the .upper iwrtion and branches 4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely .sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers terminal, on long angular peduncles ; calyx lobes 4, ovate- lanceolate, acute, as long as the tube of the corolla; lobes of the corolla 4, fimbriate, nearly as long as the tube. — Damp soil along the nionntains. Oct -Nov. — Stem l°-2° high, often much branched. Leaves \'-2' long. Corolla blue, li'-2' long. * * Perennial: corolla hell-shaped, vith jilaited toothed appendages between the lobes: anthers erect, mostly connivent : capsule stipitate : seeds commonli/ winged. 3. G. OChroleuca, Fra?l. Stem low, smoothifsh ; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, the upper narrower and acute; flowers single or clustered; GENTIANACE^, (gEXTIAN FAMILY.) 339 corolla open, yellowish white, a third to half longer than the erect linear lanceolate calyx lobes ; appendages nearly entire ; seeds wingless. — Open woods. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 6' -12' high. Corolla 1|' long, striped witiiin with green and purple veins. Anthers separate. 4. G. Elliottii, Chapm. Stem rough and slightly puhescent; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; flowers single or clustered ; calyx lobes linear- lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; corolla large, open, blue, striped within with yellow and deeper blue ; appendages 2-cleft ; seeds lanceolate, narrowly winged, covering the entire inner face of the valves. (G. Catesbsei, EU.) — Banks of streams aiid ditches in the lower and middle districts. Oct. — Stem 1° - U° high. Corolla Ij' long. Var. parvifolia, Chapm. Stem tall (2° liigh), slender; leaves short (|' - 1' long, sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, rigid; calyx lobes erect, lanceolate; appendages of the corolla broaendaj:;es of various I'orius, which are collect- ively termed the sUnnineal crown. Anthers erect, 'J- 1-celled, expand- inj^ above into a thin membrane. roUen united in llattened waxy pear-shaiH'd masses, which are eiinai in number to the cells of the anthers, and fixed to the five" angular processes of the stigma by a slender stalk, pendulous or horizontal. Styles 2, the thick and fleshy stigma common to both. Fiiiit a follicle. Seeds anatropous, imbri- cated on the thick at length free placenta, and comnuuily bearing at the hilum a tuft of hairs (coma). Embryo straight in thin albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Synopsis. Tribe I. ASCLKFIADE^. Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs to the cleft processes of the flat or couical stigiua, peudulous. * Stamiueal Crowii single, 5-leaved. ■t- Lobes of the corolla reflexed. 1. ASCLEPI.\S. Leaves of the crown enclosing a horn-like appendage. 2. AC EK AXES. Leaves of the crown without appendages. ■1-1- Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading. ++ Stem erect. 3. PODOSTIGMA. Lobes of tlie corolla erect. Stigma loug-pedicelled. 4. AN'ANTHERIX. Lobes of the corolla spreading. Crown arching over the stigma. 5. ASCLEPIODORA. Lobes of the corolla spreading. Crown ascending. ++ ++ Stem twining. = Herbaceous. C. ENSLENIA. Leaves of the crown deeply cleft. 7. METASTELMA. Leaves of the crown entire. = = Woody or fruticose. 8. SEUTERA. Stem fruticose. Stigma conical. 9. AMPHISTELMA. Stems woody. Stigma flat. * * Stamineal crown double. 10. PHILIHERTI.\. Exterior crown annular ; the interior .Weaved. Tribe H. GOXOLOIJK^. Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs at the angles of the depre.ssed stigma, horizontal. 11. GONOLOBUS. Crown simple, annular. Stems twining. Leaves cordate. 1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed, Sh-kweed. Calyx ."j-parted. Corolla wlieel-.sliaped, deeply 5-parted, reflexed. Crown composed of 5 hooded leaves, each containing an incurved horn-like appendage. Pollen-in a.4() ASCLEl'lADACK.E. (MILKNVKKD FAMILY.) 8. A incarnata, L-, var. pulchra, I'l-is- Ihiin; stem erect, hranch- iiig ; leaves ohlnii-^ or oljloiig-lancenlati', acute, iiearlv sessile; uiiiliels miiiier- oHs, suiiiewiiat eorvmbose, loiig-jieduncled, often coinpoiiini ; corolla Hiiiall, reddish purple; leaves of the crown tiesli-color, ovate, jxs long as the slender incurved horns, and twice a^J long iis the short-stalked gvnoslegiuin. — Swamps in the ujtper districts. June -July. — fSteiu 3^-4^ high. Leaves 4'-0' long. 9. A. tomentosa, Kll. rul)escent or villous; stem stout, very leafy; lea\cs oliluii;; or olilong-laiiceolalc, undulate, alirujjlly short-petioled ; umbels 4-10, alternate, nearly sessile, many-liowered ; pedicels tliree times as long as the larj^e grcenisli corolla : leaves of the crown oljovate, truncated, shorter tlian the gynostegium and the broad abruptly pointed erect horn. — Dry sandy l)ine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June- July. — Stem I°-4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Tedicels 1' long. Corolla ^' wide. Follicles lanceolate, tomentose, 4'-<»' long. 10. A. obovata, Fll. Tomentose; .stem stout, very leafy ; leaves nearly sessile, thic-k, oblong-oval or obovate, undulate; umbels nearly sessile, closely 10- 14-flowereil ; corolla yellowish green; leaves of the crown purplish, twice as long as the gynostegium, and eipialling the incurved horn ; follicle tomen- tose.— Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June- July. — .Stem l°-2'^ high. 11. A. Curtissii, Gray. Stem pul)erulous (1°-. 3° high) ; leaves smooth, oval, 14' long; umbel solitary, terminal, shcjrt-pedunded, loosely few-floweretl ; flowers yellowish green ; leaves of the crown .somewhat hastate-lanceolate, erect, more than twice as long as the gynostegium and the incurved horn; anther wings very broad. — Eastern part of South F'lorida {Curliss). •>-*■ ++ Lnarex lauceolnie or linfur. 12. A. Simpsoni, Chapm. Stem pubescent ; leaves filiform ; umbels 2, few flowered, the pt-ilunrles longer than the leaves; corolla \" long, whitish; leaves of the crown obli(juely truncate, as long as the .sleiider-stiped gyno- stegium, and half as long as the filiform incurved horns ; anthers membrana- ceous. — Low pine barrens. Manatee, South Florida. 13. A. cinerea, Walt. Stems erect, slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves narrowly linear; umbels 3-6, .5-7-flo\vered, the drooi)ing ])edicels longer than the peduncle ; flowers ash-color ; leaves of the crown obliquely truncated, 2-tootlied at the inner angle, shorter tlian the gynostegium, longer tliau the tiiick horn ; follicle smooth, linear. — Flat i)ine l)arrens, Florida to South Cartdina. June-Sept. — Stem \°-'2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 3" -4" wide. Follicle 3' -4' long. 14. A. viridula, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent in lines; leaves lin- ear, erect ; umliels shorter than the leaves, 6 - 12-flowered, the erect or spread- ing pedicels a.s long as the peduncle; corolla yellowish green; leaves of the crown oblong, spreading at the ape.K, rather longer than the erect subulate horn, and twice as long as the gyno.stegium ; follicle smooth, linear. — Pine barren swamps. West Florida. June- July. — Stem 10' -15' high. Leaves 2' long. Corolla 3" wide. Follicle 3' long. Juice not milky. 15. A. paupercula, Mich.x. Stem smooth, tall ; leaves elongated, lin- ear or linear-lanceolate, the upper small and remote ; umbels 2-5, corymbose, ASCLEPIADACE^ (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 347 6- 10-flowered; corolla red; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, bright orange, more than twice as long as the subulate incurved horn, and tlie short-stalked gynostegiuni ; follicle lanceolate, minutely pubescent. — Marshes, Florida, and northward. June - July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 6' - 1 2' long. Corolla 3" -4" long. 16. A. Curassavica, L. Stem somewhat shrubby, liranching, slightly pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; umbels corymbose, long- peduncled, 8— 10-flowered, pubescent; corolla scarlet; leaves of the crown bright orange, oblong, erect, longer than the stalked gyuostegium, shorter than the thick incurved horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, velvety. — South Florida. April -Nov. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 3" long. 17. A. perennis, Walt. Stem branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at the base; leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end; umbels 5-7, loug-peduncled, pubescent, the upper corymbose; corolla small, white; leaves of the crown spreading, half as long as the needle-shaped, erect horn; follicle ovate-lanceolate, smooth. — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina. June- August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2'— 4' long. 4- -t- -i- -1- Ljijier and lower leaves mostly opposite, the middle ones whorled. 18. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender, simple ; leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; umbels 2 — 5, many-flowered; corolla pale pink ; leaves of the crown white, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the gyuostegium and stent horn. — Mountains of Carolina and Georgia. June- August. — Stem 1°- H° high. Leaves 2'-3' long. 19. A. verticillata, L. Stem slender, branching, pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, witii tiie margins revolute, 4-5 in a whorl; umbels several; corolla greenish ; leaves of the crown white, roundish, half as long as the slender incurved horn. — Open woods and fence-rows. July- Sept. — Stem 2°-3°high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Follicle smooth. -1- -1- -f- -I- -K- Leaves alternate, or the lowest opjwslte. 20. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; stem erect or declining, widely branched above, very leafy ; leaves from linear to oblong, short-petioled ; umliels nu- merous, corymbose ; corolla yellowish orange ; leaves of the crown bright orange, erect, oblong-lanceolate, twice as long as the gyuostegium, and rather longer than the slender incurved horn. — Light dry soil, common. June- July. — Stem l°-2°long. 21. A. angustifolia, Ell. Pubescent; stems several, prostrate ; leaves linear, erect, tlie lower ones mo.stly opposite ; umbels 1-3, terminal ; flowei's gray and purjde ; leaves of the crown ovate, spreading, as long as the subu- late horn, and longer than the gyuostegium ; follicle long, linear-lanceolate, tomentose. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April - May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Follicle 4' - 5' long. Flow- ers fragrant. 2. ACERATES, EU. Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn-like appendage. Otherwise like Asclepias. 348 ASCLKPIADACE.E. (MILKWEKI) lA.MILV.) 1. A. viridiflora, 1-11. I'ubescont : sU-m stout, simiili-; li-aves from oval or ol>ov;itu to lami'iilatL', midulate ; umlicls latiral and leniiiiial, iicarlv sesi- sile, deiisc'lv iaaiiy-llo\verfotli ends, somnwliat serrulate, 8lendcr-])etioled ; drupe elongated-oldong, n>osti\ pointed when young. — Wet grounds, Georgia to Tennessee, and norliiweslward. Okdkk Its. llYDKOPIIVI.LACKyT:. (Watkhlkak Family.) llerlis, with altoniate or (the lowest) opposite leaves, and regular flower.s, either .solitary in the axils, or in l-sidecl recurved spikes or racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla o-lohed, convolute or imbricate in tlie hud. Stamens 5, inserted on the ba.se of the corolla, and alternate with its lol)es. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal i)lacent8e, or 'J-celled by the introversion of the placentcB, each bearing 2 or more o\'ules. Styles 2, separate or nuire or less united. Capsule 2-valved. Seed reticulat*!d. Kmbryo small, in hard or fle.shy albumen. Synopsis. Tribe I. HYDKOPII YLLEvE. Capsule 1-celled. Styles partly united. Albumen cartilaginous. Leaves pinnately or palmately lobed. » Lobea of the corolla convolute in the bud. 1. HYDUOPHYLLUM. Calyx without appendages. Stamens exsertcd. Stems erect. 2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx appendaged at the sinuses. Stamens included. Stems prostrate. « * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. 3. PHACELTA. CaljTC without appendages. Capsule 4 - many-seeded. TiiiBC II. HTDROLiKiE. Capsule 2-celled. Styles separate. Albumen fleshy. L"aves entire. 4. HYDKOLEA. Corolla rotate. Capsule globose. 5. NAMA. Corolla funnel- or salver-sliaped. Capsule oblong. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Waterleaf. Calvx ."j-jmrted, tlie lohrs siilmhite; without appendages. Corolla hroadly tnhular, .deleft, with 5 linear appendages ojiposite the lohes. Stamen.s and style exserted: anthers linear. Ovary hispid. Placenta; thick and fle.shy, connected with the pericarp at the base and apex ; each 2-ovuled. Style fili- form, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1 -4-seeded. — Erect perennial mostly hairy herbs, with long-potioled piiniately or palmately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in pedunded cymes, without bracts. 1. H. Virginicum, L. Stem leafless below, sprinkled, like tlie leaves, with rigid hairs; leaves pinnately divided into .5-7 ovate cleft or toothed lohes, paler beneath ; peduncles forking, longer than the petioles ; cymes HYDKOPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 355 dense ; calyx lobes linear, hispid ; filaments slightly hair\-. — Low woods along the mountains, Georgia, and nortliward. June. — Stem l°-2°high. 2. H. Canadense, L. Smoothish ; leaves orbicular-cordate, palmately 5 - 7-lobed, sJiarply toothed ; cymes dense, on forking peduncles which are shorter than the petioles ; calyx lobes sparingly hispid ; filaments densely bearded. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3'- 5' in diameter. Corolla white. 3. H. macrophyllum, Nntt. Hirsute; stem stout (l°-2°high); leaves long (6' - 10'), piunatifid, with distinct oval toothed lobes, the upper lobes confluent; peduncle shorter than the petiole; cyme compact; calyx lobes lanceolate-subulate ; corolla whiie. — Rich woods, Northern Alabama and Mississippi, and northward. 4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hirsute, erect, branching (1° high), lowest leaves ])iunately divided, with toothed lobes, the others palmately 5- lobed ; peduncles longer tlian the leaves, the cyme loosely flowered ; calyx with short reflexed appendages between the subulate lobes ; corolla blue. — Damp woods, mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. May. 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted, with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla tubular or short bell-shaped, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base of tiie filaments. Stamens included: anthers ovoid. Ovary hispid, 2-12-ovuled. PlacentiE large, lining the walls of the pericarp. Style 2-parted. Ca])sule globose, 1 - 2-seeded. — Tender prostrate annual herbs, with divided leaves, and solitary long-peduncled flowers opposite the leaves. 1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Pubescent, or at length smoothish ; stem filiform, diffuse ; leaves thin, long-petioled, 3-lobed ; the lowest mostly opposite, and 3-5-lobed; flowers minute, white; ovary 4-ovuled ; capsule l- 2 seeded. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -June. — Stem 3- 1° long. Leaves i'- I'long. Corolla 1" long. Seeds bony. 3. PHACELIA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged in the sinuses. Corolla bell-.shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included or exserted : anthers ovoid or ob- long. Ovary 2 - many-ovuled ; the 2 narrow placentas often projecting inwards, and forming an imperfect partition in fruit. Style 2-cleft. Capstile 2-valved, 4 - many-seeded. — Low chiefly annual herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in one-sided racemes. § 1. Phacelia. — Ocules and seeds 4: corolla variousli/ appendaged ivitkin, the lobes entire. 1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Hairy; stem erect, much branched ; leaves long-petioled, 3 - .5-lobed, with the lobes oblong-ovate, acutely toothed ; the lower ones short-stalked, the upper confluent ; racemes loosely man\--floAvered, glandular; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; calyx lobes linear, hispid; sta- mens bearded below, longer than the corolla. — Shaded banks in the upper districts. May- June. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla blue, Y wide. .■i,~)(» IIS liKollI VI.l.ArK.K. (W AII:I!I.I:AK I'A.MIl.V.) V;ir. brevistylis, (imy. FlDworssinallor; stamens ami sUle not longer ^ tiiaii till- corolla. — Alaliama (JJitckliy). 5^2. ("os.MANTiil'S. — Orulis iiiiil srids 4 : vornlln not ii/i/n ml - Tluhed, with the lolies obtuse; racemes 3-lOHow- ered : calyx lol)es linear-oblong, obtuse; corolla white. — iligh mountains of Nin-th I'arnlina. May. — .Stems 5' -8' long. \'ar. ^ Boykini, tiray. "More rol)Ust; racemes rather many-llowered, at length strict, with fruiting pedicels erect and not longer than the calyx; corolla far le.ss timbriate, bluish." — Upper Georgia (Boi/k-in). § 3. Co.M.vNTiioiDKS. — Ovules conimonly more than 4 : corolla usually with minute appendaijes within, the lobes entire. 4. P. parviflora, I'ursh. Pube.scent; stems .several, spreading, branch- ing; leaves pctioled ; the lowest 3-7-lobed. the upper 3-parted; racemes loosely 5- l.")flowered; pedicels slender, much longer than the calyx; calyx loi)es linear-obhnlg, bri.stly-ciliate ; corolla small, pale blue or white. — .Shady banks, Georgia, and norilnvard. April -May. — Stems 3' -8' high. Corolla 3"-4" wide. Capsule few-seedeil. Var. hirsuta, (Jray. Morn hirsute, with stouter stems, and larger (5"- 7" wide) corolla. — Stone Mountaiti, Georgia. 4. HYDROLEA, L. Calyx .5-parted. Corolla short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes spreading. .Stamens somewhat exserted. with the filaments dilated at the base : anthers sagittate. Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate. Capsule globo.se, 2-celled, or imper- fectly 4-celled by the introversion of the placentic, 2-valved. — Herbs, growing in water or muddy places, with entire leaves, often with sj)ines in their axils, and blue axillary or corymbose flowers. 1. H. COrymbosa, Ell. Spineless; stem erect, hirsute and branching above ; leaves ovatc-laiifeoiate, sessile ; flowers in a close terminal corymb ; calyx lobes lanceolate, one third as long as the corolla. — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina. July- Augu.st. — .Stem l°-2° high. Leaves V - 1 \' long. Corolla " azure, with yellowish veiits and 5 white spots near the ba.se." 2. H. quadrivalvis, Walt. Spiny; stem ascending from a creeping hase, iiispid, mostly sim].]e ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a petiole; flowers axillary, the lower ones du.stered, short-peduiicled ; calyx lobes linear, nearly as long as the corolla; stamens induiled ; capsule almost 4-celled by the in- troversion of the placenta;. — Pools and muddy banks. July -August. — Stem 1^-3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 357 3. H. afQ.nis, Gray. Stem glabrous ; lobes of the calyx ovate. Other- wise like the last, and growing in similar situations. — Mississippi, and westward. 4. H. ovata, Nutt. Spiny, closely pubescent ; stem branching near the summit; leaves short (I'-l^' long), ovate ; flowers crowded at the end of the branches ; calyx lobes lanceolate, villous, sliorter than the corolla ; stamens exserted. — Central Georgia, and westward. — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla 1' wide. 5. NAM A, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cIeft. Stamens included, the filaments equal : anthers reniform. Ovules numerous, pendulous. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule oblong, many-seeded, seemingly 2 celled by the meeting of the placentte at the axis, 2- or at length 4-valved. Seeds pitted. — Diffuse hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and axillary and terminal single, clustered, or cymose purple or white flowers. 1. N. Jamaicensis, L. Pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched, angled or slightly winged ; leaves spatulate-obovate, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, short peduncled ; calyx lobes linear, ciliate, as long as the corolla; capsule oblong. — South Florida. — Stem 12'- 18' long. Leaves I' - r long. Corolla small, jnirple. Order 99. BOJFtRAGIKACE^. (Borage Family.) Herbs or shrubs, "with terete or irregularly angled stems, and alter- nate entire exstipulate mostly rough-hairy leaves. Flowers usually in 1-sided spikes or racemes, which are coiled in the bud. — Calyx free, 5-cleft or 5-parted, valvate in the bud, persistent. Corolla regular (except No. 6), hypogynous, 5-lobed, imbricated or (in Myosotis) con- volute in the bud. Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 4-celled, witn a single ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit various. Albu.men scarce or none. Cotyledons flat or folded. Radicle superior. Synopsis. Tribe I. CORDIE^. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, twice 2-lobed at the apex. Fruit a 4-celled drupe. Cotyledons folded. Albumen none. — Shrubs. Flowers in heads or cymes. i. CORDIA. Calyx opening regularly, not circumscissile. Tribe II. EHRETIE^. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, 2-lobed at the apex. Fruit a 4-seeded berry. Cotyledons flat. Albumen scanty. — Shrubs. 2. BOURRERIA. Style slender. Flowers corymbose. 3. TOURNEFORTIA. Style short. Flowers cymose or spiked. Tribe III. HELIOTROPES. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, simple. Fruit separating into 2 or 4 nutlets. — Chiefly herbs. 4. HELIOTROPIUM. Fruit separating into four l-seeded, or into two 2-seeded nutlets. SoS lK>K;tA(JIXACEIK.K. Ovary deeply l-piirted, CMicIoHiiiK the b:uo of tlie himple Btyle. Kruit of 1 -4 ouo-.ieoded iiutluto. — Herbs. * Throat of the corolla naked. NutletH uot hidjiid. ■•- CoroUa irregular. 5. ECHll'M. Corolla lunnel-sliaiMjd, unequally lobed. -- -^ Corolla regular. ('.. ONOSMOIUI'M. L'jbea of the corolla erect, acute. Nutlets smooth and stony. 7. LITIlnsrEKMUM. Lobes of the coroll.'i rounded. Nutlets smooth or rugose. 8. MERTKXSL\. Lobes of the corolla roun<'ed. Nutlets somewhat fleshy. 9. MYOSOTIS. L3be8 of the corolla convolute in the bud. Nutlets smooth. * * Throat of the corolla closed with scales. Nutlets hispid. 10. CYXOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-shaped. Nutlets depressed, spreading. 11. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets erect, hispid on the back or margins. 1. CORDIA, J'lmn. Calvx ovate or bell-.^iliapeil, 4 - .i-tootlied, not circumscissile. Corolla funnel- hes linear, uneiicnl ; leaves old. in;; oval, ulduse, long- pet ioled ; spikes liraclless, hitenil and tirmiiial, single or in pairs; flowers white. — Waste groimil. Introdiiied. » » 'J'liioal oj'tlw corolla closid or hearihtl. NitlUls 2, carh 2-seeded. 6. H. Indicum, L. Annual; stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves olilong- ovatp, often (ordatf, tnoijiod or wavy on tlie margins, rugose, dernrreut into a long ]ictiolu ; spikes hairv, coiled, at length elongated; corolla hlne ; nut- lets spreading. — Waste jdaciis. June -Oct. — .Stem l°-2'' higli. Leaves 2' -4' I'lJig. I'rniling s])ike G'-9' lf>ng. 7. H. parviflorum, L. I'erennial, liir.snte; .stem erect, hranching; leaves lanceolate or oldong, obtuse, entire, tapering into a slender jjctiole, the lower ones mostly opposite; spikes slender; corolla wliite, lieanled in the throat ; nutlets uneven, united. — South Florida. — Stem 6'- 18' high. J^eaves l'-2'lcing. Corolla 1" long. Spikes 2' -4' long. H. H. auchusSBfoliuni, I'oir. Stem villous, simjile ; leaves lanceolate; cyme compact, at lengtli spreading; flowers violel-hlue. — W'aste ground. Introduceil. 5. ECHIUM, Tourn. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla fiinnel-forni, unequally 5-lol>ed, naked at the throat. Stamens 5, unerjual, mostly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets 4, closed at the hase, uueven or rough. — Uerhs, with alternate leaves, and blue or purple fiowers in spiked ofteu panicled racemes. 1. E. vulgare, L. Hispid; stem simple, erect (l°-2° high); leaves linear-laiueolate, sessile; flowers large, in short axillary racemose sjjikes; corolla jiurple, pubescent, twice a-s long as tlie lanceolate calyx teeth, shorter than the stamens and style. — Fields, N(jrt]i Carolina. Introduced. June- Aug, d). 6. ONOSMODIUM, .Mid.x. Calyx .^-parted, the lobes linear and acute. Corolla ovate-tnbiilar, naked in the throat, with five acute, comiivent lobes. Anthers nearly sessile, sagittate, included. Ovary 4-parted. Style smooth, exserted. Nutlets 1-4, ovoid, shiniIl}.^ — Erect liisjiid herbs, with entire somewhat ribbed sessile leaves, and greenish (lowers in a terminal bracted raceme or sj)ike. 1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Rough with spreading wliite rigid hairs; stem stout, branched ; leaves oblong-ovatc ; lobes of the corolla ovate, hairy; calyx lol)es .scarcel}' twice as long as the dull white nutlets. — Dry soil in the upi)er di.stricts. June. % — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 2'-3' lonj;. 2. O. Virginianum, DC. Rough with appressed bristly hairs ; stem slender, sparingly branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; lol)es of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, bristly ; calyx lobes 3-4 times as long as the white jxdished nutlets. — Dry pine barrens. May -June. 3^ — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' long. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. BOEBAGINACEiE. (bOKAGE FAMILY.) 361 7. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Gromwell. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes equal. Corolla funnel- or salver-form, obtusely 5-lobed, smooth, gibbous or hairy in the throat. Anthers obloug, nearly ses- sile, included. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, ovate, stony, truncate at the base. — Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with red roots, alternate entire leaves, and variously colored flowers in leafy-bracted racemes or spikes. * Annual : nutlets rougJiened . 1 . L. arvense, L. Hough with appressed hairs ; stem branching from the base ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers scattered ; corolla yellowisli white, about as long as the linear-subulate lobes of the calyx ; nutlets 4. — Waste places. March - April. Introduced. — Stem 6' - 1 8' high. Leaves V -2'- long. * * Perennials : nutlets smooth, white. 2. L. tuberosum, Rugel. Hispid with scattered rigid hairs ; stem erect, branching above; leaves somewhat 3-nerved ; radical ones large (4' -6' long), obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole tubercular-hispid above ; the otliers oblong, sessile ; calyx lobes linear, as long as the tube of the small yellowish white corolla, and twice as long as the mostly solitary polished nutlet. — Rocky woods, West Florida. April -May. — Plant 6' -10' high, increasing in fruit to 2° or more. Roots bearing oblong tubers. 3. L, latifolium, Michx. Softly pubescent ; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute or acuiuiuate ; root fibrous ; otherwise like the preceding. — Tennessee, and northward. — Stem l°-2° high. 4. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with rigid glossy hairs ; stem mostly sim- ple, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile ; the lowest scale-like ; the floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube rather longer than tiie linear calyx lobes ; nutlets ovate, polished. — Dry pine barrens. April - May. — Stem \°- 1 }f high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Corolla 6" - 8" long. Root very long. 5. L. canescens, Lehm. Stem villous, erect, nearly simple ; leaves lan- ceolate, se-sile. obtuse, somewliat silky with appressed glossy hairs; the lowest small and scale-like ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. April -May. — Stem 6' -12' high. Corolla smaller than in the preceding. 6. L. angustifolium, Michx. Strigose; stems 6'- 12' high, single or clustered; leaves l'-2' long, linear; flowei-s dimorphous, one form with bright yellow corollas, 1' long, salver-form, with round denticulate lobes, and a 5-toothed crest at the throat, 2-3 times longer than the calyx, the other small and pale, enclosed in the calyx, and crestless ; seed pitted. — Tennessee, and westward. June. * 8. MERTENSIA, Roth. Lungwort. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobpd, naked, or with .5 folds in the throat. Stamens partly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets somewhat fleshy, not flattened at the base. — Smooth or soft hairy perennial herbs, with 302 HOKKAGIXACEiE. (OOHAtiK FAMILY.) eiitiro h-avts. ami sliou \ j)Uiiili>li blue flowers in ((nyinbod or pauicled racemes, llie ii|i|iir olio liiaclless. I. M. Virginica, !>('. Smooth; Mtciii iTCil, siiii|il(' ; loaves nieiiiliraua- oeoiis, ng, acute ; the upper sessile, the lowest tapering into a long peti- ole; racemes hoary, nearly bractless; nutlets flattened anteriorly and sligiitly margined; corolla reddish violet. — Waste grounds. Introduced. — Stem 1^°- 2' high. 2. C. Virginicum, L. Hispid; stem .simple, stout, naked above ; leaves oval or oblong; the lowest petioled, the upper auriculate ' and clasjiing; racemes single or corymbo.se, bractless ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; nutlets rounded anteriorly : corolla pale blue. — Dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. May -June. — Stem 2'^-. 3' high. Lowest leaves 6' -9' long. Nut- lets 1 - 4. ACANTHACE.^. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 363 11, ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Stickseed. Calyx, corolla, etc. of the preceding-. Nutlets fixed to the side of the cen- tral column, the back or margins only armed with barbed bristles. 1. E. Virginieum, Lehm. Hairy; stem erect, rather slender, widely branched ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute ; the lowest tapering into a petiole ; racemes numerous, slender, villous, bracted; pedicels short, recurved in fruit; corolla small, about as long as the calyx, white or pale blue. — Drv woods in the upper districts. June -July. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 2. E. Lappula, L. Stem erect, branched above, l°-2° high, hirsute ; leaves lanceolate; racemes bracted ; pedicels of the (blue) flowers erect; margins of the nutlets bristly. — Waste ground, Tennessee. Introduced. Order 100. ACANTHACE^:. (Acanthus Family.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undivided exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary free. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculi- cidally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4 - several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen (except Elj^traria), mostly supported by curved appendages of the placentse. Radicle inferior. — Stems commonly swollen between the joints. Synopsis. # Capsule oblong, bearing the seeds at the base. Appendages of the placentae none. 1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely-bracted scape. Leaves radical. 2. HTGROPHILA. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary. Corolla 2-lipped. * * Capsule club-shaped. Seeds supported by an appendage. ■(- Corolla convolute in the bud. 3. RUELLIA. Corolla regular. Anther cells pointless. Capsule several-seeded. 4. CALOPHANES. Corolla slightly 2-lipped. Anther cells pointed at the base. Capsule 2-4-seeded. ■1- -I- Corolla imbricate in the bud. ++ Stamens 4. 5 STENANDRIUM. Corolla regular. Anthers 1-celled. Stem scape-Uke. ++ 1+ Stamens 2. G. GATESIA. Corolla regular. Anther cells oblong, one lower than the other. 7. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one lower than the other. Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 8. DICLIPTERA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one behind the other. Flowers in leafy-bracted heads or clusters. 1. ELYTRARIA, Vahl. Calyx 4 -.5-parted, the Lateral lobes narrower. Corolla salver-shaped or bi- labiate, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, tiie 2 anterior .'sterile : anther cells parallel. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed near the base of 3G4 ACAXTHACK.E. (A(JA NTH IS FA.MILV.) the lajisulo, w itlnnit appciKiagos. — Lnw licrlts. Lc;v\ cs all railical, c-lustered. Sca|)e lovcTcil with Jilleniale iiubriculcd hnicts. Flowers «j)ikeii, 2-brai'ted. 1. E. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval t»r oblong, narrowed downward; bracts rii,'id, lanceolate, acuminate, cla.«'i)ing; corolla white, salver-shaped, the hibes nearly ei|iial ; caj)8ule cvlindrical. — Low ground, Florida to South Car- olina. August. ^ — Scapes 6' -12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes rarely clustered. 2. HYGROPHILA, H. 15r. Calyx cijnally 4-cleft. Corolla I'-lipped, the lower lij) .Mobed. Stamens 4, diilynamous: anther cells itarallel, s])reading at the base. Stigma simple. Capsule narrow, nearly terete, bearing the numerous orbicular seeds at its base. — A(iuatic herbs. Flowers axillary, in cymose clusters. I. H. lacustris, S'ees. stem long (2° -4°), erect from a procumbent base, 4-aiiiilcil ; leaves sessile, lanceolate ; cymes ojjposite, few-Howered ; calyx smooth ; Howers white. — .Muddy l)aiiks of rivers, Florida, and westward. 3. RUELLIA, J'luMi. Calyx 2-bracted, 5-parted, with linear or bristle-like lobes. Corolla funuel- shaped, 5-lobed ; the lol)es craii»ti'nt bent style. — Smith Floriila. — Leaves r L* I'liij,'. >'j)ikrs 6'- 9' long, toniiiiial ami in tlie forks of the stem. 2. VERBENA, L. Vkkvaix. Calyx tnbnlar, r> ril>l>til, ."i-tcMitiicd. Corolla sah er-shajjed, bearded in the throat; the liinl) somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- , iluded. Slignia 2-lobod. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of four separate l-soedod nutli'ts. — Herbs, witii serrate or jiinnately divided leave.s, and mostly small Howers in k'nglhening slender spikes. « Aiillifig of' l/u- loiii/ir slamvns tipped with (t (/Imid-like appenddije : Jlowcrs s/i(iiri/. * 1. V. Aubletia, L. Hairy; stem creeping at the l)ase, a.scending, fork- ing ; leaves o\ ate-oblong, 3-ileft, with the lobes toothed, narrowed into a slender petiole ; spikes terminal and in the forks of the stem, loug-peduncled, closely Howered ; calyx slender, the uuetpial teeth subulate ; corolla showy, purple. — Dry light soil, Florida to Soutli Carolina, and westward. May- Auyust. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla i' long. ♦ * Anthers without appendages : flowers small. •*- Leaves undivided. 2. V. urticifolia, L. Hough-hairy; stem tall, brandling ; leaves ovate- oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate-serrate, contracted at the base into a long petiqle ; spikes very long, filiform, axillary and terminal ; flowers minute, white or pale blue. — Low ground. August -Oct. — Stem 2° -5° high. Leaves very rough, 2' -6' long. 3. V. hastata, L. Rough-hairy ; stem branching; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, coarsely and sliarply serrate, tapering into a long petiole ; the lowest liroader, and sometimes hastate-lobed at the base ; spikes linear, short, close-tiowered ; flowers violet. — Low ground, in the upper districts. July- Sept. — Stem 2°-3° high. Flowers larger than in No. 2. 4. v. Stricta, Vent. Softly pubescent ; .stem mostly simple ; leaves ses- sile. oMmig, ficrrate ; spikes thick, den.«ely flowered ; flowers rather large, Idue. — Barrens of Tennessee, and westward. — Stem l°-2° high. 5. V. BonariensiS, L. Pubescent and scabrous ; stem much branched (2°-3°high): leaves lanceolate, serrate, auriculate-clasping ; panicle dense, cymose. the spikes short ; tube of the purple corolla twice as long as the calyx. — Roadsides near Charle.«ton ( Cnrtiss). Introduced. 6. V. angustifolia, Michx. Hough-hairy ; stem simple, or branched above : leaves lamcolate or linenr lanceolate, rather obtuse, coarsely serrate, tapering from near the apex to the sessile base ; spil;es linear, terminal, close- flowered ; flowers purple. — Dry woods. July- Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowering spikes 2' -6' long. 7. V. Caroliniana, Michx. Hough with short rigid hairs; stem ascend- ing; leaves olilong, or the lowest oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly ser- rate, entire toward the narrowel b.ase, sessile; spikes 1-3, elongated; VKRBENACE.E. (VEBVAIN FAMILY.) 369 flowers flesh-color. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and west ward. August — Stem 4' -6' high, shorter than the spikes. Leaves l'-2' long. Nutlets tardily separating. •1- -1- Leaves pinnatijid. 8. V. oflBcinalis, L. Stem smoothish, erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, pinuately lobed or toothed, narrowed and entire near the base, sessile, pubescent beneath ; spikes linear or filiform, pauicled ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers purple. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper dis- tricts. Introduced. July- August. — Stem 1°- 3° high. 9. V. bracteosa, ]Michx. Hirsute and hoary ; stems numerous, pros- trate, diffuse ; leaves small, pinnately toothed or lobed, oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; spikes terminal, dense ; bracts linear, entii-e, spreading, much longer thau the flowers, the lower ones recurved ; flowers purple. — Waste ground, and along roads. August. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Spikes 3' - 6' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. 10. V. XUtha, Lehm. Hirsute; stem l<=-2° high ; leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed, or some 3-parted ; spikes long, filiform, densely flowered, the subulate bracts little exceeding the calyx ; corolla blue. — Roadsides, Georgia, and westward. 3. STACHYTARPHA, Vahl. Calyx tubular, compressed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, the upper pair sterile. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Fruit of two 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled forking stems, and opposite imdivided leaves. Flowers in straight and rigid spikes, sunk in excavations of the thickened rachis, and covered by the imbricated bracts. 1. S. Jamaicensis, Vahl. Herbaceous, smoothish; stems ascending; leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, tapering into a slender margined petiole ; spikes linear, terete, elongated ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, with scarious rough margins; flowers small, blue. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes 8'- 12' long. 4. LIPPIA, L. Calyx tubular, membranaceous, 2-4-toothed. Corolla tubular- funnel- shaped, somewliat bilabiate, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. "Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style short: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit of two 1- seeded separable nutlets. — Herbs, with 4-angled stems, opposite or whorled simple leaves, and small flowers in dense spikes or heads. 1. L. nodiflora, Michx. Stem creeping, finely pubescent, the flowering branches erect ; leaves obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, rough, tapering and entire below the middle, serrate above ; heads dense, globose in flower, oblong or cylindrical in fruit, on axillary peduncles which are 2-3 times as long as the leaves; flowers white or purple. — Damp soil, chiefly near the coast. May - Sept. — Flowering stems 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 24 o7U VKKUKNACK.K. (VKKVAIV lA.-MILY.) 5. LANTANA, K. Ciilyx 1111111110, slightly 4-toutlied. ('urt)lhi l)il:il)iate ; the upitcr lip notched or entire ; the lower 3-101)0(1. Stamens 4, didynanious, incluiled. Style short : Htiijnia ohlitiue. Fruit fleshy or herry-iiko, of two mostly rrgose or tubercu- lato l-soedod nutlets, enclosed in the enlarged menihraiiaceous calyx. — Shrubs, with simple rugose serrate loaves, and axillary jieduncled capitate bracted flowers. 1. L. involucrata, L., var. Floridana, Chapm. Stem much branched, j)uboscoiit ; loaves small {}' - 1), oval or obovate, crenate, rounded at the apex, contracted into a slender petiole; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves, the upper ones corymbose ; heads small ; bracts ovate, as long as the tube of the small (2" -3") white corolla; the outer ones involucrate. — South Florida 2. L. Camara, L. stem ]iul)osceiit, hirsute, or prickly ; leaves ovate- oblong, acuminate, croiiato, short-petioled, very rough above, jjube.scent be- neath ; jiedunoles as long as tlie leaves ; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the tube of the yellow corolla; involucre none. — Around homesteads, escaped from cultivation. June - Nov. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Fruit juicy. 6. CITHAREXYLUM, L. Calyx cup-shaped or somewiiat tubular, slightly 5-tootlied. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-lobed, the throat pubescent. Stamens 4-5, included: anthers sagittate. Ovary 4-celled. Style thickened upward : stigma notched. Drupe juicy, of two 2-seeded bony nutlets, partly included in the enlarged indurated calyx. — Trees or shrubs, with entire mostly gland ular-petioled leaves, and small flowers in slender spikes or racemes. 1. C. villosum, Jacq. Pubescent or glabrous; leaves somewhat coria- ceous, oblong, entire, roughened and shining above, short-petioled ; spikes declining, lax-flowered ; corolla smooth, the lobes rounded or notched ; sta- mens 4 ; drupe globose, haK included in the enlarged calyx. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 5' long. Spikes 2' - 4' long. Corolla 2" long. Drupe 4" in diameter. 7. DURANTA, L. Calyx tubular, .5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bilabiate, pubescent in the throat ; the upper lip 2-lol)ed ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Ovary 8-celled. Style short : stigma ol)lique. Drupe baccate, of four 2-seeded bony nutlets, included in the enlarged beak-pointed calyx. — Shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, dotted. Flowers showy, in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. D. Plumieri, Jacq. Spineless or spiny; branches and racemes pu- bescent ; leaves oldoiig or obovate, obtuse, entire, or serrate near the apex, tapering into a slender petiole; racemes curving, lax-flowered ; lower bracts leafy; drupe globose. — South Florida. — Leaves V-2' long. Corolla 5" long, lilac. Drupe yellow. VERBENACE^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 371 8. CALLICARPA, L. French Mulberkt. Calyx small, cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Sta- mens 4, equal, exserted. Ovary 4-ceUed. Style slender ; stigma capitate. Drupe baccate, of four separate 1-seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with a glandular or scurfy mostly stellate pubescence. Leaves opposite, undivided, serrate, petioled. Flowers in axillary forked cymes. 1. C. Americana, L. Branches and leaves scurfy ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, hoary beneath, becoming smoothish ; cymes many -flowered, as long as the petioles ; corolla blue ; drupes purple, clustered. — Dry open woods. June -July. — Shrub 3°-8° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 9. AVICENNIA, L. Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 4, equal, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with two collateral amphitropous suspended ovules in each cell. Style short or none. Capsule ovate, coriaceous, iudehisceut. P^mbryo large, naked, germinating within the capsule. — Low evergreen trees, with extensively creeping roots, forming im- penetrable thickets on the muddy shores of the sea. Leaves opposite, entire, smooth above, hoary and velvety beneath. Flowers in dense heads, ou axil- lary and terminal peduncles. 1. A. nitida, Jacq. Tomentose throughout, except the upper surface of the rigid oblong obtuse short-petioled leaves ; peduncles three together, ter- minal, shorter than the leaves ; heads oval ; sepals and bracts orbicular ; co- rolla tomentose on both sides ; style ex.serted. — Coast of Florida. Oct. — Branches terete. Leaves 2' -3' long. Peduncles 4-angled. Heads J' long. CoroUa 3" long. 10. PHRYMA, L. LopsEED. Calyx tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-pointed teeth ; the lower shorter, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip notched, the lower longer, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, rlidynamous, included. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style slender: stigma 2-cleft. Fruit oblong, pointed by the persistent style. — A perennial branching, pubescent herb, with opposite ovate or oblong coarsely serrate long petioled leaves, and small opposite purplish flowers in a slender terminal spike. Fruit reflexed. 1. P. leptOStachya, L. — Rich shaded soil, chiefly in the upper dis- tricts. July - August. — Stem l°-3° high, tumid above the joints. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Order 102. LABIATE. (Mint Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite 4-angled branches, and oj)posite ex- stipulate leaves. Flowers opposite, solitary, or oftener in close axillary spiked or capitate cymes (whorls). Calyx 3-10-cleft or toothed. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens in- 371' LAHIAT.E, (mint FAMILY.) sertt'd oil llic tiilu' of (lie corolla, diaiidrous or didynamous. Ovary 4H'lflt or l-iuirtfd, the lobes surroiiiidiiij,^ the l>ase of the single style. Ovide solitary, erect, anatropoiis. Fruit of 1-4 one-seeded nutlets. AH'iinien scarce or none. Enihryo straight or (in Scutellaria) curved. Radicle short, inferior. — Plants commonly dotted with minute glands, which are tilled with an aromatic volatile oil. Synopsis. Tribe I. OCIMOIDEiE. Stamens 4, didynainous ; the lower pair longer, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla. Anthers •J-celled. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 1. OCIMUM. Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurreut. Lobes of the corolla nearly eqnal. 2. HVPTIS. Calyx teeth nearly equal. Lowest lobe of the corolla longest, saccate, bent downward. Tribb II. SATUREIEiE. Stamens 2 or 4, straight and spreading, or connivent under the uii|)er lip ; the upper pair shorter, or abortive. Anthers 2-ceUed. Mutleta smooth, distiuct. * Corolla lobes nearly equal. Stamens distant. 3. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4. Whorls spiked. Nutlets obtuse. 4. LYCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2. Whorls axillary. Nutlets truncate. * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens straight, distant, spreading. 5. CUNILA. Stamens 2. Calyx equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. 6. PYCXANTHEMUM. Stamens 4. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed, naked in the throat. 7. C0LLIXS0X1.\. Stamens 2 or 4. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed. Corolla fimbriate. • * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens ascending and spreading above, or connivent under the upper lip. ' -I- Fertile stamens 2 ; the two sterile ones small. 8. HEDEOMA. Calyx 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the lower lip hispid. ■t- -I- Fertile stamens 4. Calyx 13-nerved. 9. SATUREI.\. Flowers capitate : low shrub. 10. MICROMERI.\. Calyx teeth nearly equal. Flowers solitary. Low herbs. 11. C.\L.\M1NTH.\. Calyx 2-lipped. Flowers in cymes. Anthers awnless. Chiefly shrubs. 12. CONRADINA. Corolla ringent, bent backwards. Flowers mostly axillary and single. 13. CER.\NTHERA. Calyx 2-lipped. Anther cells awned. Branching annuals. 14. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattened on the upper side. Tube of the corolla curved upward. Tribe III. MONARDE^T^. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel. Antliers 1-celled, or with 2 confluent cells. Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 15. SALVIA. Connective of the anther elongated, oblique ; the upper cell fertile ; the lower abortive or wanting. 16. MON.\RDA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx teeth equal. 17. BLEPHILIA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper teeth awned. Tribe IV. NEPETEiE. Stamens 4, the upper pair longer. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 18. L0PHANTHU8. Upper stamens curving downward; the lower ascending. Anther cells parallel. 19. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending. Anther cells diverging. 20. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther cells parallel LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 373 Tbibb V. STACHYDE^. Stamens 4 ; the lower pair longer, parallel, ascending. Upper lip of the corolla concave or keeled. .Calyx 3 - 10-toothed or lobed. Nutlets smooth, distinct. * CaJyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 21. BRUNEULA. Lips of the calyx toothed. Flowers 3 in a cluster, spiked. 22. SCUTELLARIA. Lips of the calyx entire ; the upper one appendaged. Flowers single, opposite. * * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth or lobes spineless. 23. MACBRIDEA. Calyx 3-lobed. Flowers capitate, in crowded i-flowered whorls. 24. SYNANDEA. Calyx 4-toothed. Sterile anther cells connate. 25. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers opposite, spiked. Nutlets 3-angled. 26. LAMIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Nutlets truncated. * * * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth rigid or spiny. 27. MARRUBIUM. Calyx teeth 10, nearly equal. Stamens included. Herbs woolly. 28. LEONOTIS. Calyx teeth 8-10, very unequal. Stamens exserted. Whorls globose. 29. LEONURUS. Calyx teeth 5. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. Leaves incisely lobed. 30. STACHYS. Calyx teeth 5. Nutlets truncate, sharp-angled. Leaves undivided. Teibe VL AJUGEiE. Stamens 4, ascending, parallel, exserted. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, their bases partially united within. * Stamens barely exserted, nearly equal. 31. ISANTHUS. Lobes of the corolla and calyx nearly equal. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered. # * Stamens long-exserted, didynamous. 32. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla nearly equal. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers solitary. 33. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Calyx 5-toothed. Whorls crowded. 1. OCIMUM, L. Basil. Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, angled, deflexed in fruit ; the upper tooth roundish, with the margins decurrent. Corolla nearly equallv 2-lipped ; the upper lip 4-cleft; the lower entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynamous; the lower pair longer, resting upon the lower lip of the corolla. Style 2-(ileft at the apex. Glands of the disk 1-4. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or globular. Chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs. Whorls 6-flowered, in a terminal bracted spike or raceme. 1. O. micranthum, Willd. Stem branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, slender-petioled ; raceme many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts ovate , calyx hispid on the nerves, the lower teeth awned ; corolla small, slightly exserted ; stamens smooth. — South Florida. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves r-2' long, Flowers purple. 2. HYPTIS, Jacq. Calyx tubular, with .5 equal, subulate teeth. Corolla 5-lobed ; the four up- per lobes short, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest longer, saccate, abruptly deflexed, thickened at the base. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in the bud in the lower lobe of the corolla. Nutlets smooth, ovoid. 1. H. radiata, Willd Perennial ; stem mostly simple, pubescent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or toothed, tapering into a petiole ; flowers cap- itate, surrounded by an involucre of several lanceolate whitish bracts ; corolla small, white, dotted with purple. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 374 LAiuAT.i:. (mint jamilv.) 2. H. spicata, I'liit. Annual, cliisoly puliesccMt; stem obtusely 4-auf!;led, muriiato; It-aves ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, loiigiHjtioled ; whorls sliort- peduucleii, 3 - 6-Ho\vere(l, iuterruptedly racemose; calyx teeth spine-like, spreading; corolla small, purple. — Tami)a aud Jacksouville, Florida. lutro- duced. —Stem 2^-5^ high. 3. H. pectinata, I'oit. Annual' pulie.scent ; stem often muricate; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, twice as long as the jietiole, tlie uppermost ones bract-like: whorls ])ackeil in dense one-sided pectinate spikes; caly.x villous at tlietiiroat; corolla minute, pale puri)!e. — South Florida. — JStems 2°-6° high. 3. MENTHA, L. Mint. Calyx tubular, nearly eciually 5-tootlied. Corolla equally 4-lobed, the upper lobe notched or entire. Stamens 4, ecjual, distant, straight: antiier cells par- allel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smootli, obtuse. — Aromatic herbs. Whorls axillary, or forming a dense or interrupted terminal spike. * Whorls approximate, njncate. 1. M. viridis, L. (Speau-mint.) Stem aud leaves smooth ; leaves ovate- lauceolatc, unei|ual]y serrate, nearly sessile; bracts leafy, aud, like the calyx, smooth or hairy; spike cylindrical, interrupted below; calyx teeth linear- subulate. — Damp soils. Introduced, aud sparingly uaturalized. July - Sept. — Stem I°-2^ Idgh. Flowers pale blue. 2. M. rotundifolia, L. Soft-hairy ; stem erect ; leaves rouudish, ru- gose, creuate, sessile, hoary beneath ; spikes oblong, interrupted ; bracts lance- olate; fruiting calyx round i.sh, the teeth short and acute. — Waste ground. Sparingly introduced. — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla white. 3. M. piperita, L. (Pkppermint.) Smooth; stem creeping at the base, ascending, branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, .sharply serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; spikes .slender, interrupted; bracts mostly longer than the whorls, the upper ones linear ; calyx teeth hairy. — Low ground. Introduced. July- Sept. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers white or blue. * * Whorls arillnri/. 4. M. Canadensis, L. Hirsute or glal)rons; stem 1° high, branching; leaves oblong or lanceolate, serrate, acnte ; whorls peduncled, densely many- flowered ; calyx teeth short, acute ; corolla pale purple. — Low ground, Ten- nessee, and northward. 5. M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Downy and somewhat canescent ; leaves oldong or ovate; whorls dense, globose; calyx teeth lanceolate. — Georgia. Introduced. 6. M. aquatica, L., var. glabrata, Benth. (Bergamot Mint.) Smooth ; leaves ovate, sharply .serrate; whorls loose, peduncled, single or racemose; calyx teeth subulate. — Manatee, South Florida ( Garber). Introduced. 4. LYCOPUS, L. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 4 - 5-toothed, naked at the throat. Corolla bell- shaped, exserted, equally 4-cleft. Fertile stameus 2, exserted; the upper pair LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 375 sterile, included or wanting r anther cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets 3-augled, truncate at the apex, narrowed at the base. — Marsh or aquatic mostly stoloniferous herbs. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid. Whorls dense, axillary. Flowers small, sessile, white. 1. L. Virginicus, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed- serrate, acute or acuminate at each end ; calyx teeth 4, ovate, obtuse ; corolla small, exserted; sterile stamens minute. — Ponds and ditches. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem 2° - 4^^ high, smooth, much branched ; leaves pinuatifid-toothed, ovate-oblong, tapering at each end ; the upper ones nar- rower ; calyx teeth 5, lanceolate-subulate, acute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ; sterile stamens minute or none. — Ponds and wet grounds. August - Sept. 3. L. rubellus, Mcench. Closely puljescent or tomentose; stem l°-2° high, simple or branched, very leafy ; leaves ovate lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate; whorls dense; calyx teeth subulate, pubescent, nearly as long as the corolla ; seeds pitted. — Wet banks, mostly in the upper districts. August -Sept. 4. L. sessilifolius, Gray. Pubescent; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, toothed, serrate, or entire, resi- nous-dotted ; calyx teeth subulate. — Ponds and ditches in the lower districts. August -Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 5. CUNILA, L. Dittany. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, equally .5-toothed, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, dis- tant, exserted : anther cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial herbs. Flowers small, in corymbose or crowded whorls. 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem slender, much branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, subsessile ; cymes loose, axillary and terminal, peduncled, mostly shorter than the leaves, corvmbose; calyx teeth lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia, and north- ward. July- Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers purple. 6. PYCNAWTHEMUM, Michx. Horse-mint. Calyx tubular, 13 nerved, naked in tlie throat, equally .5-toothed, or slightly 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, nearly equal, straight, spreading, commonly exserted : anther cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial mostly pu- bescent or hoary herbs, with erect branching stems. Floral leaves often white, tomentose. Cymes mostly terminal, bracted. Corolla small, white or pur- plish. — Plants aromatic and pungent. * Calyx more or less 2-lipped, the subulate teeth often bearded with weak jointed hairs: cymes mostly terminal, widely spreading in fruit: bracts longer than the flowers : leaves pubescent, the uppermost whitened. 1. P. incanum, Michx. Stem densely pubescent and hoary; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, short -petioled, hoary-tomentose 376 LAIUAT.K. (mint FAMILY.) hciieath; calvx tcc-th suliulato, and, liko tlic hrofts, conimouly bearded. — W.Mxl.s and fcjicerows. August- Mi-pt. — Sti'iii :i°-4'' liigli. Leaves 2'-3' long. I"li)wer.>* wliilo. 2. P. albescens, Gray. Smoother ; leaves smaller ; calyx teeth shorter and hroader, olituse, beardless ; otiierwiso like the preceding. — With the last. August -Sept. .1. P. Tullia, Renth. Villous-iiubescont ; leaves ovate or olilong, acute or acuiniiiaic, the upper cauescent ; whorls large, loo.se, axillary and terminal ; caly.x teeth subulate, long-beanled like tlie liracts; the 2 lower as long as the tube. — Mountains, Alabama to Nortli Carolina. August- Sej)t. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Var. dubium, Gray. Green thnnigiiout ; calyx teeth shorter. — Ashe County, North Carolina (Gray Sf Casei/). * * Calyx teeth nearly equal. ■*- Calyx as long as the corolla ; the teeth subulate and awn-pointed , like the rigid bracts: cymes dense-flowered. 4. P. aristatum, iNIichx. Tomentose and hoary, or sometimes hairy ; stem l)r:uR-hod ; leaves ovate or oI)liing, acute, sparingly serrate, rounded at tiie base, short-petioled, the uppermost somewhat whitened ; cymes mostly terminal; ovary bearded. — Var. hyssopifolicm. Gray. Stem simple or corymbose above ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire. — Low ground. August - Sept. — Stem 1^° - 3° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. ■*- 4- Calyx teeth beardless and awnless : cymes capitate, mostly terminal: bracts shorter than the flowers : leaves subsessile. 5. P. pilosum, Nutt. Softly pubescent or villous ; branches short, erect ; leaves lanceolate, entire, acute at each end, none of them whitened ; cvmes small, compact, corymbose ; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and, like the bracts, hoary-tomentose. — Upper di.stricts of Georgia, and northward. Au- gust - Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 6. P. muticum, Pers. Smooth or tomento.9e ; stem corymbosely branclied ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or slightlv cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled, the uppermost whitened ; cymes small, compact, corymbose, minutely hoary-tomentose; calyx teeth short, triangular-ovate, obtuse. — Dry soil. August -Sept. — Stem I°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 7. P. leptodon, Benth. Stem 2° -.3° high, slightly pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolato, serrate, smooth and green on both sides, the floral ones faintly Whitened ; cymes compact ; calyx teeth subulate, shorter than the tube, hirsute, like the slender-pointed bracts. — Mountains of North Carolina. August. 8. P. Torreyi, Benth. Stem more or less pubescent, nearly simple; leaves (not whitened) linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, nearly sessile and entire ; calyx teeth subulate. — Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger), and northward.— Stem 2' - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 377 -t- H- -I- Cymes capitate, in compact cori/mbose clusters: bracts shorter than the Jioivers : stem and rigid entire leaves smoothish. 9. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base ; cymes numerous, pubescent ; bracts ovate-lanceolate; calyx teeth short, triangular. — Dry soil in the upper dis- tricts. August - Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 10. P. linif olium, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves very numerous, linear, sessile; cymes smoothish ; bracts linear, acute ; calyx teeth lanceolate-subu- late, rigid, acute. — Dry soil. August -Sept. — Stem 2° high. 11- P. nudum, Nutt. Smooth ; stem simple or corymbose at the sum- mit, .straight ; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base ; cymes smooth ; exterior bracts narrow-lanceolate, the inner short, subulate ; calyx teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, and, like the corolla, pubescent. — Low pine barrens, Alabama and Florida. August - Sept. Stem 2° high. Leaves ^-"-i'long. •i- -i- +- 1- Ci/mes axillary and terminal, large, dense-flowered : bracts ciliate. 12. P. montanum, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, simple or branched ; leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, tapering into a short petiole, the lowest rounded at the hase ; cymes globose, the upper ones ck>sely sessile ; bracts numerous, ciliate ; the e.xterior ovate, very acute, as long as the flowers, the inner ones linear ; calyx teeth short, acute ; ovary bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina. July - August. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 7. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse Balm. Calyx obovate, enlarged and deflexed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat- tened, truncate, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, dilated at the throat ; the four upper lobes equal, the lowest larger, declining, toothed or fimbriate. Stamens 2 or 4, long-exserted, spreading: anther cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Stronsr-scented perennial herbs. Leaves large, coarsely serrate, dotted beneath. Flowers yellowish, opposite, in racemes or panicles. Petioles tumid at the base. * Fertile siamens 2. 1. C. Canadensis, L. Nearly smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the hase, long-peti- oled, the uppermost smaller, sessile ; panicle elongated ; bracts minute, very acute ; flowering calyx very small, the upper lip much shorter than the lower, with subulate teeth ; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, yellowish. — T?ich shaded soil. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4'- 9' long. Corolla 3" -5" long. Var. punctata, Gray. Generally larger, and more pubescent ; leaves ob- tusely serrate and more plainly dotted beneath ; inflorescence glandular. — Georgia to North Carolina, near the coast. Sept. 2. C. seabriuscula, Ait. Stem slender, branching, glandular-pubescent above, 1°- 2° high ; leaves small (1'- 2' long), ovate, acute or round at the base, coarsely serrate, smooth, or slightly scabrous above ; inflorescence gland- 378 LAniAT.K. (mint family. ) iiliir iml)c8cont ; fomlhi yi-llow, tin- Itjwust lube purjile. — Hieh shady woods, in tla- U|)].(T districts. Sept. ♦ • Fertile stanuns 4. 3. C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem simple, smooth l)clow ; leaves 4, mem- braiiiUH-ous, elliptical, acuto, rather finely serrate, acute or (jhtuse at the base, 8ht»rt-|>eti<)led, apprcixiniate, the lower surface, like the .simple lung-peduncled raceme, viscid-pubescent ; lower tlower.s whorled, the iij)per opjK)site ; bracts minute; calyx teeth linear-subulate, half as long a.s the corolla. — IJght shaded soil, chiefly in the upper districts, Georgia, and westward. May. — Stem 1° high. Corolla yellow or jiurplish. 4. C. anisata, I'ursh. Viscid jmbesceut ; stem stout, simple or branched ; leaves large, oval or ovate, acute, nmcrouate-crenate, mostly rounded or cor- date at the base, the uppermost se.ssile ; panicle many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx lobes large, ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal; corolla large, yellow. — Dry shaded soil in the middle and lower di.stricts. August -Sept. — Stem l°-2^ high. Leaves 4'- 8' long. Corolla I'-f' long. 8. HEDEOMA, Ters. Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous under the base, ecjually 5-toothed or bi- labiate, "with the U])per lip 3-toothed, the lower 2cleft, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, a.«cending : anther cells diverging. Isutlets smooth. — Herbs, with small leaves, au,,). 9. S. privoides, Henth.. var. Qarberi, fhapm. ChieHy like t!ie pre- cotiinj;. Imt the whuils less erowdeil and more distant, the calyx larger, iu fruit (3" -4" long), the broad teeth abruptly contracted into an awn-like point, and both loiies of the style rounded. — Manatee, South Florida ((.urber) * ♦ ('iipcr Up of the riilijx hrond, 3-tool/ied : lower anther cell sterile. 10. S. lyrata, L. Hairy; stem erect, sparingly branched ; leaves chiefly radical, lyrato pinnatifid, niosily discolored ; stem leaves 2 or 4, the upper pair lanceidatc ami entire; raceme mauy-fiowered ; u|)per lip of the bell-shaped calyx truncate, with short erect teeth; corolla tube elongated. — Var. obo- v,vTA is less hairy, with the obovate leaves merely toothed or wavy on the margins. (S. obovata, /•;//.)— Sandy soil. April - May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3'- C long, commonly purple l)eneath. Corolla 9"- 12" long, blue. 11. S. verbenacea, L. stem pul)escent, 10-2° high ; leaves ovate or oblong, pinnatifid ; the uj>per cordate, sessile ; calyx half as long as the small blue corolla, the upper lip roundi.sh, spreading, the small teeth couniveut. — Dry sandy soil, Heaufort, South Carolina (Elliott). Introduced. 16. MONARDA, L. Hoksk Mint. Calvx tubular, elongated, l.j-nerved, uearly equally 5-toothed, bearded in the throat. Corolla nearly ecpuilly 2-lip])ed ; the upjicr lip notch<'d or entire, the lower 3-toothed. Stamens 2, ascending under the ui)per lip, and ofteuer exserted : anther cells linear, diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs. Leaves undivided. Whorls large, den.se-flowered. Bracts colored. * Upper Up of the corolla linear, acute. 1 . M. didyma, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rounded at the base, petiolee largest Stamens 4, ascending, the upper pair longest: anther cells ]>arallel. Nutlets smooth. — Flowers in a terminal sj)ike or raceme. 1. C. COrdata, Benth. stem low, pubescent, stoloniferous ; leaves long- petioled, cordate, creiiale, smoothish ; the tloral ones ovate ; raceme few- flowered, 1-sided ; cymes 1 -3-flowered ; calyx and pale blue corolla large. — Shady banks, on the mountains of North Carolina. May -June. — Stem G' high, creeping at the base. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1^' long. I'laut pleas- ant-scented. 21. BRUNELLA, Tourn. Self-heal. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped ; upper lip broad, truncated, 3-toothed, the lower 2-c)eft. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip roundish, entire, the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe rounded, concave, crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the smooth filament prolonged above the anther : anther cells spread- ing. — Herbs, with 6-flowered densely -spiked whorls. Floral leaves orbicular, iml)ricated, persistent. 1- B. vulgaris, L. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem erect, mostlv simple ; leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, petioled ; .spikes olilong or cylindrical; flowers purple. — Low grounds. Introduced. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Spikes thick, lateral and terminal. 22. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. Calyx bell-.shaped, 2-lippcd, entire and closed after flowering ; the upper lip furnished with a helmet-shaped appendage ou the back, and falling away at maturity, the lower persistent. Corolla-tube dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, with the small lateral lobes united with its sides, the lowest lobe large and spreading. Stamens 4, ascending : anthers ciliate, ap- proximate by pairs, those on the shorter filaments 1 -celled, on the longer ones 2-celled, cordate. — Perennial mostly inodorous herbs. Flowers opposite, solitary, in the axils of the upper, mostly bract-like leaves, rarely in lateral racemes. Corolla blue or white. ♦ Flowers in terminal racemes. •t- Leaves cordate, ovate, or ohiong, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones shorter than the flowers, entire. 1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Softly pubescent ; stem stout, branched above ; leaves large, long-petioled, all broadly cordate, rugose and reticulate; the LABIATE. (mIXT FAMILY.) 385 floral ones ovate, sessile ; racemes terminal and axillary, many -flowered, viscid ; calyx hairy ; lateral lobes of the corolla conspicuous. — Dry open woods in the upper districts. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Kacenies 3' -6' long. Corolla 6" -8" long, blue and white. Var. minor. Small (6'- 12') ; leaves tomeutose, finely crenate ; the lowest orbicular, the upper ovate-lanceolate, truncated at the base (^'- 1' long), the floral ones narrower. — Dry woods in the upper districts. August. 2. S. saxatilis, Riddell. Smooth or nearly so ; stem ascending, slender, 8' - 1 2' high ; leaves 1 ' - 2' long, thin, the lower cordate-ovate, coarsely crenate, obtuse, long-petioled, the floral ones oblong, entire ; racemes loose ; flowers small, blue. (S. arguta, Biickl., a pubescent form.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July - August. 3. S. canescens, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, branching above; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, smoothish, paler and puncticulate beneath, short- petioled, the lower ones cordate, the upper lanceolate ; racemes axillary and terminal, pubescent, many-flowered; corolla blue and white. — Dry open woods, Florida and Georgia. July -August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla 8" - 9" long. 4. S. serrata, Andr. Smooth , stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate, acute, smooth and green on both sides, decurrent into the margined petiole ; the floral ones small, lanceolate ; racemes short, simple, few-flowered, 1-sided ; calyx mostly hairy ; corolla large, blue. — Dry woods. North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high Leaves I'-H' long. Corolla V long. 5. S. montana, Chapm Softly pubescent; stem mostly simple (l|°-2° high) ; leaves of the stem, and lowest floral ones, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, acute at each end, the lowest cordate ; racemes few flowered; corolla large (I'-l^' long), blue, the ample lower lip nearly as long as the upper one. — Dry woods, and margins of fields, on the mountains of Georgia. July- August. 6. S. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute or closely pubescent ; stem simple or spar- ingly branched ; leaves distant, ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; the lowest rounded at the base, the upper ones abruptly short-petioled ; racemes short, few-flowered; corolla pale blue. — Dry soil. July- August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla 8"- 9" long, the tube slender. 7. S. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, branching, villous; leaves large, lanceo late, acute at each end, coai-sely toothed, villous beneath, hispid above ; ra- cemes paniculate, with the flowers crowded. — Georgia, between the Ocmulgee and Flint Rivers (E/liott). May- July. — Stem 2° -3° higli. Leaves 3'-4|' long, on petioles ^' long. •)- f- Upper and floral hares alike, entire, nenrit/ sessile ; the lower broader, petioled, and most/ij crenate. 8. S. brevifolia, Gray"* Pubescent ; stem mostly simple (6'- 12' high) ; leaves small {h'-V long), rigid, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, tapering down- ward, sessile ; the lowest ovate or obovate, short-petioled, crenate or entire, the lower floral ones sometimes hunger than the flowers ; racemes leafy, few- many flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Georiif?. <)litn.Ht', the lower ovate or conlate, cre- iiate, loiig-pi'tioled, the iijiper laucenlate, lunstly entire ; raeeines leafy ; forolla 8"- 10" long, dilated ui)ward, the aiii|ik' lower lip louger tiian the iijijier one. — Low ground. May - July. 1- ^- ^- Li-avea all linear and entire ; the lowest bract-like. 10. S. Floridana, Chapni. Minutely pube.seent; tstein slender, branch- ing; lea\is dlitiisi', >e>sile, with revolute margins; the floral one.* shorter than theHowers; rarenies loo.se, few-llowered ; curolla large, much dilated at the throat, the nearly ctjual lips liroad and obtuse ; filaments hairy at the ba.se. — I'ine liarren swamps near the coa.st, West Florida. July. — Stem 1° liigh. Leaves 1' long, i" - \" wide. Corolla 1' loug, deep blue, the lower lip white in tlie middle. * • Flnwers small, in axillary racemes 11. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem elongated, dijEfusely branched; leaves petiolcd, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, the lower rounded at the base ; racemes slender, 1-sided ; corolla blue. — Shady swamps. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves membrauaceous, 2'-3' long. Corolla 2" long. * * » Flowers solitary in the axils of the tipper leaves. 12. S. galericulata, L. Stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, smooth or pubescent ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, ])aler and j)ubescent beneath ; flowers nearly sessile, turned to one side. — Wet shaded places. North Caro- lina, and northward. July -August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves I'-l^' long Corolla 7" -8" long, blue, the lower lip white in the middle, spotted with blue. 13. S. parvula, ^lichx Stem low, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, mostly entire, nearly sessile, .strongly veined; flowers small. — Dry ground. May- June. — Fibres of the root often bearing small tubers. Stem 6' -9' high. Loaves 4"- 6" long. Corolla blue, 2" -3" long. 14. S. nervosa, Pursh. Nearly glabrous ; stem slender, mostly simple, the angles ncute, 1°-U° high; leaves thin, obtuse, prominently nerved, the lowest ovate, cordate, coarsely serrate ; the upper narrower and sessile ; flowers small, blue; seed winged. — Low shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. July. 23. MACBRIDEA, Ell. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; the upper lobe lanceolate, entire, the two lower ones oblong, notched or entire. Corolla inflated, 2-lipped; the up- per lip arching, concave, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4. a.scending under the upper lip. Filaments hairy : anthers approximate by pairs, the cells diverging, hairy and denticulate on the margins. Nutlets smooth. — Erect mostly simple perennials. Flowers opposite, crowded in a dense cone-like terminal head. Corolla large, white or purple. 1. M. pulchra, Ell. Smooth or hairy; leaves lanceolate, acute, serru- late, dotted ; the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, the floral ones ovate, acute ; calyx striate, the lobes entire ; corolla purple, the LABIATE. (mIKT FAMILY,) 387 tube striped with purple and white, the upper lip entire. — Pine barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. August -Sept. — Stem 1<'-I|°high. Corolla 2. M. alba, Chapm. Smooth or hirsute ; leaves wedge-larlceolate or ob- long, toothed, rounded at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base ; the lowest oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; the floral ones ovate or orbicular, ob- tuse ; calyx nerveless, with the two larger lobes notched ; corolla white, the upper lip emarginate. — Low pine barrens. West Florida, near the coast. July -August. — Stem 1°-1^° liigh- Leaves 2' long, or the radical ones 4' - 5' long, and, like the calyx and corolla, thick and somewhat fleshy. 24, SYNANDRA, Nutt. Calyx inflated, bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip en- tire, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, hairy; anthers smooth, the contiguous cells of the upper pair smaller, sterile, and connate. Nutlets large, smooth, angular. 1. S, grandiflora, Nutt. Biennial; stem simple, hairy (1°-U'^high) ; leaves thin, long-petioled, cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, the floral ones narrower, acuminate, sessile; corolla large (H' long), yellowish white; calyx teeth acute. — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. June. 25, PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, inflated in fruit, nearly equally 5-toothed. Co- rolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : authei-s approximate, with the cells parallel, ciliate. Nutlets smooth, acutely 3-angled. — Smooth perennial herbs, with erect mostly simple stems, and opposite showy purplish flowers, in terminal spikes or racemes. 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Leaves large (6'- 9' long), oblong, sharply serrate, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; spikes thick, dense-flowered ; calyx teeth acute; corolla 1' long. — Varies through several intermediate forms into var. dexticulata, with lanceolate or linear denticulate or entire leaves, and smaller (6" -9" long) flowers, in a long loosely flowered sjjike. — Low ground and swamps. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Racemes simple or compound. 26. LAMIUM, L. Dead Nettle. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, .5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth subu- late, not spiny. Corolla slender, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip ovate or oblong ; the lateral loI)es small, at the margins of the tliroat ; the lowest large, notched, short-stalked. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex. — Herbs. Leaves incised ; the lower ones petioled, the floral ones sessile, longer than the dense whorls. 1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, incisely crenatelobed ; the floral ones clasping, the others petioled ; tube of the corolla straight, the ."WiS LAUIAT.K. (mint FAMILY.) liiti'ial lobi's truncate ; aiitlicrs hairy. — Cultivated fjronml and waste places, ooniniun. May. (^ — JSteni."* 4- 12' liigli. Curolia small, jmrple, often im- perfeitly i NYCTAGINACE^. (KOUK-O'cLOCK FAMILY.) 2. BOERHAAVIA, l>. FlowiTS perfect. Calyx tube lylimlriial or obcoiiical, .')-ribbed ; tlie limb colored, finiiiel-shaped, Slobed, deciduous. Stainuiis 1-4: aathers niiuute, roundish. Style slender: .stigniaobtu.se. Embryo folded. — jVnuual herbs, with iliffuse branching stems, and opposite ovale or rounded leaves. Flowers small, in solitary or panicleci clusters. 1 . B. erecta, !.<. Stems ascending, branched from the base, smooth ; bnmches alternate ; leaves ovate or roundish, acute or mucronate, often more or less cordate, wavy along the margins, whitened and minutely dotted with black beneath; clusters 3 - 5-tlowered, iu ample panicles; stamens 2; fruit smooth, obconical, truncate, strongly ribbed. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. — Stem P-3^1ong. Leavesrather thick, 2'-3' long. Flowers small, purple. 2. B. hirsuta, Willd. stem diffuse, alternately branched, minutely pubescent, hirsute above; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, obtuse at the base, undulate, smooth, and simibirly colored on both sides, ciliate on the margins; clusters 3 -6-flowered, forming a loo.se spreading panicle; flowers minute; caly.\ limb hairy at the ape.\ ; fruit obconical, rounded at the apex, with the ribs glaudular-viscid. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 2^-3° long. Leaves I' -2' long. 3. B. viseosa, Lag. Viscid or minutely pubescent ; stem terete, straight ; liranches opposite ; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mucro- nate, acute at the base, smooth, whitish beneath, slender-petioled ; peduncles solitary, axillary, 2-cleft, mo.stly shorter than the leaves; fl(jwers capitate, minute; stamens 3; fruit club-shaped, acutish, with the ribs glandular. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3^ long. Leaves 1 ' - 1 ^' long. 3. PISONIA, rium. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5- or 10 toothed, fuimel-shaped in the sterile flow- ers, tubular and persistent in the fertile. Stamens 6-10, exserted : antlier cells distinct. Style mostly lateral: stigma many-cleft. Fruit terete or ribl)ed, smooth or glandular. Embryo straight. Cotyledons folded around the albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and mostly rose-colored flowers in corymbect brandling herbs, with entire peti(jled leaves. F'lowers iu racemes opposite the leaves. 1. P. decandra, L. Smooth; stem very stout (2° -12° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; racemes many-flowered, as long as the leaves ; flowers white, turning purpli.«;h ; stamens, styles, and carpels 10. — ^largins of fields and uncultivated ground. July -Sept. ^ — Root large. Eerry black. Order 107. ILLECEBRACE^E. (Knotwort Family.) Herbs with oppo.^ite entire leaves, dry scarious stipules, and small cyniose or clustered flowers. — Calyx of 5 moi"e or less united sepals. Stamens 2-5, in.serted on the calyx, and often with bri.stle-like sterile ones interposed. Styles 2, separate or united. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle. Embryo circular, enclosing mealy albumen. Synopsis. 1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style long. Utricle included. 2. ANYCHIA. Sepals distinct. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style very short. Utricle partly exserted. 3. SIPHONYCHIA. Sepals united into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx. Style long. ^^ 1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Sepals .5, united at the ba.se, concave and mucronate or awned at the apex. Sterile stamens bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 fertile ones and inserted with them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, with conspicuous silvery stipules, and minute flowers in loose or compact cymes. ILLECEBRACE.E, (kNOTWORT FAMILY.) 397 1- P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems sleuder, erect ; leaves linear- subulate ; those of the barren stems imbricated; cymes fastigiate, diffuse ; sepals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed. — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and westward. July- Nov. ^ — Stems 6'- 12' high. 2. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Minutely pubescent; stems tufted, ascend- ing ; leaves linear, acute ; cymes capitate, the flowers concealed by the large silvery stipules ; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July - Sept. % — Stems 6' -10' high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves. 3. P, herniarioides, Nutt. Rough-pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves oval or oblong, mucrouate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; sepals^ubulate, with a short and spreading point. — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Oct. (l) — Stems 4' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. 4. P. Baldwinii, Chapm. Finely pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched; branches alternate, one-sided, filiform ; leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals ob- long, 3-ribbed, ciliate, short-pointed ; utricle equalling or rather longer than the sepals; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Auychia, Torr. c^- Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct. (l) and (2) — Stems |°-1° long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate. 5. P. riparia, Chapm. Smooth or nearly so ; perennial ; stems several, spreading, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; stipules very short ; sep- als smootliish ; otherwise like the preceding. — Banks of Flint River, Georgia. — Stems lj°-3° long. Leaves .3' long. 6. P. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Annual, pubescent ; stem erect, successively forking ; leaves oblanceolate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the interuodes, the upper linear ; stipules a fourth to a third as long as the leaves, soon 2-4- pavted ; cymes numerous, terminal, rather loosely flowered ; calyx tube short, pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divisions conspicuously mucronate, white; style included. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. — Stems 1° high, at length diffuse. 2. ANYCHIA, Michx. Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mucronate at the apex. Stamens 2-3. inserted on the base of the calyx. Style very short. Stigmas spreading. Utricle exserted. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual, with forking branches. Leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the branches, greenish. 1. A. dichotoma, Michx. Pubescent; stem 6' -9' high ; leaves 3"-6" long, linear-oblong, approximate, like the flowers, on the short erect branches. — Open ground in the upper districts. Var. capillacea, Torr. Glabrous, taller ; leaves larger and thinner, ob- long, distant on the setaceous spreading branches. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June - July. 398 AMAKANTACE.E. (AMAUANTH FAMILY.) 3. SIPHONYCHIA, I'.'rr. & (iray. Sepiils 5, niiiicil to tlio iiiidcllf, ourK-ave aiirostrate lierlis. Cymes deuse-Howered. I'lowers white. 1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, diffuse, puliescent iu line?; leaves lancii dale, narrowed at the hiuse; the radical ones larger and crowded ; Howers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at the eud of the hrauches; sepals rounded and incurved at the a])ex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs. — Sandy soil, Florida to South Candina, and west- ward. .hme-Oct. Cl) or (2) — Stems 1°- 2° long. Stipules small. 2. S. diffusa, Chapm. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely branched; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; Howcrs in compact, rectangular terminal cymes; sepals linear, slightly concave and mucronate at the ajicx, the tube bristly with hooked hairs. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida. June — Oct. (l) — Stems 1^ long. Sti])ules couspicuous, on young plants half as long as the leaves, at length 2-parted. Cymes very numerous. 3. S. erecta, Chapm. Stems smooth, clustered, erect, mostly simple; leaves erect, linear; those of the barren stems imbricated; cyme compound, rectangular, compact; sejKvls lanceolate, smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucro- nate at the apex, the tube smooth and furrowed. — Sands along the west coast of Florida. June -Nov. ^ — Root woody. Stems 6' -12' high. Stipules half as long as the leaves. Order 108. AMARANTACE^. (Amaranth Family.) Chiefly herbs, with simple exstipulate leaves, and inconspicuous scariou.«;-bracted flowers, which are commonly crowded in spikes or heads. — Sepals 3 - 5, free, or united at the base, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 3 - 5, hypogynous, opposite the sepals, free, or united below, often with sterile filaments interposed : anthers 1 - 2-celled, introrse. Ovary single, ovate, 1 -many-ovuled. Stigmas 1-5. Utri- cle closed or circumscissile. Embryo coiled into a ring around the central albumen. Synopsis. Tribe L CELOSTE.^. Anthers 2-ceUed. Ovary many-ovuled. 1. CELOSIA. Stamens united at the ba.se. Utricle circumscissile. TaiBB n. ACHYRANTHE.^. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. — Leaves alter- nate. Stamens free. Sterile filaments none. * Utricle circumscissile. •2. AMAR.\XTUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 3 -5. * • Utricle indehiscent. 3. EUXGLUS. Flowers all alike, monoecious, sessile. Sepals 3 -5. 4. AMBLOOTNA. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the staminate flower 3-sepalous, of the pistillite flower 5-parted. funnel-shaped. 5. 8CLER0PUS. Flowers monrecious. Sepals 5. Stamens 3. Fruiting pedicels indu- rated and deciduous with the fruit. AMAKANTACE.^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 399 6. ACNIDA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the staminate flower 5, of the pistillate none. Stamens 5. Tbibe III. GOMPHRENE^. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. Stamens united below. 7. IRESINE. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a short cup. Sterile filaments none. 8. ALTERNANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens imited into a cup. Sterile filaments tooth-like, entire. 9. TELANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a tube. Sterile filaments cleft or fimbriate at the apex. 10. FROELICHIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens wholly united. Anthers sessile. Sterile fila- ments entire. 1. CELOSIA, L. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united at tlie base into a cup. Sterile filaments uoue. Anthers 2-celled. Style short or elongated. Stigmas 2-3, recurved. Utricle many-seeded, circumscissile. — Smootli herbs or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and glossy flowers crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or panicles. 1. C. paniculata, L. Stem .shrubby, erect ; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, abruptly petiuled ; spikes cylindrical, simple or branched, mostly shorter than the leaves ; sepals oblong, rigid, several times longer than the bracts ; stigmas 3. — South ilorida. — Leaves 2' long. Seeds minute, lenticular, shining. 2. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranth. Flowers polygamo-monoecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 3 -5. Stamens 3-5, free. Sterile filaments none. Anthers oblong, 2-celled. Stigmas 2-3, slender, spreading. Utricle 1-seeded, ovate, 2 - 3-toothed at the apex, circumscissile, commonly included in the calyx. Radicle inferior. — Unsightly annual herbs, with erect or diffuse stems, alternate mosth' petioled entire mucronate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or clusters. Bracts longer than the sepals. * Floicers in small axillary clusters : sepals and stamens 3. 1 . A. albus, L. Stem erect, branching from the base, smooth ; leaves small, longpetioled, oblong-obovate, very obtuse or emarginate, wavy at the margins ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; sepals awl-pointed, much shorter than the subulate spine-pointed spreading bracts, and half as long as the ru- gose utricle. — Cultivated grounds. May - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves i'-r long. * * Flowers (green) crowded in terminal and axillarij spikes : sepals and stamens 5 : leaves long-petioled. 2. A. chlorostachys, Willd. Stem erect, furrowed, pubescent; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, the veins beneath pubescent ; spikes very nu- merous, forming a long leafy and more or less dense panicle ; sepals lanceolate, acute, scarcely half as long as the suliulate bracts, shorter than the rugose utricle. — Cultivated ground, common. August -Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, twice as long as the petiole. 3. A. hybridus, L. Smooth or nearly so; stem erect, branching; leaves thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, the pale veins prominent beneath ; J(HI AMAKANTACK.K. (aMAKAN'IMI FAMILY.) siiiki's numcrmis, iKiniileii, tlio teriiiiiial mii' i-loii^jati'il, tlic lower axillary ones ^*lnM•t ami ruiunlisli ; sejials oblong, acuniinaic, ratlu-r shorter than tiic xuIju- late hrarts, and e(iualliug the slightly rugose utricle. — Cultivated ground. August-Sept. — Stem 2°-3'^ h'Kl»- J^-aves 2'-5' long. 4. A. spinoSUS, L- Smooth; stem .r ai iiiiiiiKile at eacli cinl ; jiaiiitle (ililoiij^, nearly leafless ; spikes oir loiig. leiif^llieiiiiig, white, tlie ]iislillate woolly. — Dry soil, Florida, ami nortli- warlatelin»'ar, entire, or the lower somewhat toothed, more or less mealy and wliitened l)cnealii; sj)ikes very slender ; clusters few-flowered; seeil slightly rougliened, shining, enclosed in tiie acute-angled calyx. — Waste places. North Carolina, and westward. — Stem slender, 2° iiigh. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 2. C. album, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves rhombic-ovate, toothed, the upper lameolate and entire; spikes panicled; seed enclosed in the 5- augled calyx, smooth and shining. — Varies (C. viride, L.) with nearly entire and less mealy leaves, and the larger clusters more .scattered. — Cultivated grounds. July - Sept. — Stem 2°- 6° high. I'etioles long and slender. 3. C. murale, L- Stem ascending, branched ; leaves loug-petioled, ovate- rhombic, acute, une(|ually and sharply toothed, bright green on both sides ; spikes slender, spreading, corymbose, scarcely exceeding the leaves ; seed dull, nearly enclosed in the slightly angled calyx. — Waste ]jlaces. — Stem 6'- 18' high. 4. C. Botrys, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves oldong, somewliat pin- natifid-lol)ed, with the lobes obtuse, glandular-pubescent, the upper nnnute; racemes numerous, axillary, spreading, cymose ; seeds with rounded margins, not wholly included in the open and even calyx. — Waste places. — I'lant aromatic. 6'- 12' high. * * Perennial. 5. C, Anthelminticum, L. (Wormseed.) Stem stout, erect, branching; leaves olilnng or lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply toothed; flowers in narrow panicles terminating the branches; seeds with obtuse mar- gins, smooth and shining, included in the even calyx. — Waste grounds. — Stem 2° -.3° high. 2. ATRIPLEX, L. Orache. Fhnvers mona?cious or di(Kcious, either similar to those of Chenopodium, or the fertile flower destitute of a calyx, and enclosed in two ovate or rhombic separate or partially united bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular. Embryo form- ing a ring around the copious mealy albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs, commonly coated with scurfy or silvery scales. Leaves alternate or opposite, oftener hastate or angled. Flowers in dense spikes. 1. A. hastata, L. Stem angled, diffusely branched; leaves petioled, commonly nearly opposite, hastate or triangular, somewhat toothed, and, like CHENOPODIACE^. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 405 the branches, more or less scurfy ; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate or rhom- boitlul, entire or toothed below, smooth or rauricate within. — Sea-shore, South Carolina (Elliott). June- Sept. — Stems l°-2°loug. 3. OBIONE, Gjertn. Chiefly as Atriplex, both in character and habit ; but the two indurated bracts more or less united, often tootlied on the edges and crested on the sides, and the radical superior. 1. O. arenaria, Moquin. Plant coated with silvery scales ; stem branch- ing from tlie base, ascending ; lowest leaves opposite, obovate, entire, petioled, the others alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute, Avavy and slightly toothed ; sterile flowers in close terminal spikes ; the fertile in axil- lary clusters ; bracts 3-toothed at the summit, and with two mostly toothed knobs at the sides. — Drifting sands along the coast. July - Sept. (T) — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- l.J' long. 2. O. cristata, Moquin. Plant scurfy, green ; stems diffusely branched ; leaves oblong, mucronate, petioled, denticulate, green above, paler beneath ; bracts roundish, acute, somewhat spiny-toothed on the margins, and witii 2-4 roundish knobs at the sides. — Sandy coast. South Florida. — Stem l°-l2° high. Leaves ^' - r long. Flowers clustered. 4. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Glasswort. Flowers perfect, lodged in excavations of tlie tliickened upper joints of the stem, spiked ; calyx thin, with a denticulate border, at length spongy, and surrounded at the apex by a circular wing. Stamens 1-2. Styles united below. Utricle included in the calyx. Embryo coiled, or bent into a ring. — Smooth and succulent saline plants, with jointed leafless stems. Flowers three together ; the lateral ones sometimes sterile, minute. 1. S. herbaeea, L. Annual; stem erect, much branched; the joints tliickened upward, obtusely 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes long, tapering to the summit. — Salt marshes along the coast, Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 2. S. mucronata, Bigel. Annual; stem erect, branching, 1° high, tlie joints 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes rather short and thick; seed round-oval. — Coast of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. 3. S. ambigua, Michx. Stem shrul)by, prostrate or creeping; the branches herbaceous, erect ; joints truncate, dilated upward, slightly 2- toothed ; spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the uppermost approximate, sessile, the lateral ones peduncled. — Sandy marshes along the coast. August. — Stem 2° -3° long, the branches 4' -6' high. 5. SUiEDA, Forskal. Flowers perfect, bracted. Calyx .5-parted, fleshy, inflated and berry-like in fruit. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2-3, spreading. Utricle depressed, enclosed in the calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular. Embryo flat-spiral, dividing the scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Smooth saline plants, with fleshy terete alternate lea\es, and axillary clustered flowers. 40G r«.)LY(;(>.\Aci:.K. (m rivWUKAT family.) 1. S. linearis, Muijiiin. Aimnal; stem iliffusily iiiiicli liriiiidied ; leaves linear, ai-iitc ; ealyx lolies <.»l)tiise, keeleil ; wtaiiieiis oxserted. — L(i\v xaiitly plaifs aloiij? llic foa*it. Scjit. — Stem 1^ :j-' liigli. Leaves l'-2' long. l'"li.wi'rs niiniile. 6. SALSOLA, I. Sai.twokt. FlDwers perfeet, 2-liiarUil. (..ahx .'^pi)aile(l, liie lul)e.s at leii^tli trau.svcr.sely winpeii. Stamens .5, sliglitly united at the l)ase. Style slender: stigmas 2. Utricle tlattened at the apex, enclosed in the j)ersistent calyx. Embryo coni- cal-spiral. Allmmen none. — Saline plants, with alternate and Heshy leaves, and axillary tiowers. 1. S. Kali, L. Smooth; stem spreading, ascending; leaves sulnilate, spine-pointed like the ovate bracts; flowers s(ditary; calyx loiies connivent, with the dilated, membranaceous wing rose-colored. — Sandy coast, Georgia, and uorthward. August, (l) — Stem l^-Hr' high. Ohdkk 110. POLYGOXACEiE. (Buckwiikat Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or (tropical) trees, with simple mostly alternate and stipulate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 3 - 0-cleft, or 3 - 6-sepalous, persistent. Stamens -i-l'J, inserted on the base of the calyx: anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, 1-celled, with the solitary or- thotropous ovule erect from the base of the cell. Styles 2 - 3, distinct or partly united. Fruit (achenium) lenticular or 3-angled, rarely ovoid. P2mbryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen. Radicle pointing upward. — Stipules sheathing, annular, or wanting. Synopsis. SunoRDER I. POLYGONEiE. Involucre none. Calyx .5 - 6 cleft, or 5 - 6-sepalons. Stamens 4-9 (mostly 5-8). Ovules sessile. Embryo curved on the outside of the all)umen, rarely straight in its centre. Stipules .sheathing. « Calyx 5 - C>-sepalou8, the inner sepals erect, mostly enlarged in fruit. 1 . RUMEX. Calyx green, often grain-bearing. Stigmas many-cleft. 2. POLY'GONELLA. Calyx corolla-like. Stigma entire. • « Calyx .'i-sepaloiis, the sepals all erect, un(;hanged in fruit, free from the achenium. 3. POLY'GDNUM. Sepals entire. Embryo oirved on the outside of the albumen. 4. THYSAXELLA. Inner sepals fimbriate. Embryo straight at the side of the albumen. • * » Calyx 5-parted, the tube enlarged and fleshy in fruit, and partly united with the achenium. 5. COCCOLOBA. Achenium ovoid or globose. Trees. Suborder 11. BTJrXNTCIITK.E. Involucre none. Calyx .5-parted, the tube enl.arged and indurated in fruit. Stamens 8. Ovule borne on a slender stalk. Embryo at the margiti of the albumen. Stipules none. C. BRUNNICHL\. Pedicels winged in fruit. Climbing shrubs. POLYGOXACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 407 Suborder III. EKIOGONE^. Flowers surrounded by an involucre. Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Ovule sessile. Embryo included in scarce albu- men. Stipules none. 7. ERIOGONUM. Involucre 5-toothed. Woolly or silky herbs. 1. RUMEX, L. Dock. Flowers perfect or dia'cious. Calyx herbaceous, 6-parted, the 3 outer lobes spreading or recurved, tlie inner ones (valves) mostly enlarged in fruit, and euclusiiig the 3-augled achenium, often bearing grain-like prominences on the outside. Stamens 6 : autliers erect. Styles 3 : stigmas many-cleft. Ache- nium 3-angled. Embryo curved on tlie outside of the albumen. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, smooth truncated sheaths, and small green flowers iu racemed or jjanicled clusters. * Flowers perfect or polyfjamous. •I- Valves etttire. 1. R. erispus, L. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, Avavy-crisped, acute at both ends, or the lowest truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and long- petioled, the uppermost linear; panicle leafy at the base; wliorls crowded in fruit ; valves broadly cordate, obtuse, one or all graiu-bearing. — Waste ground around dwellings. June -July. 5/ — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. 2. R. vertieillatus, L. Smootli ; lowest leaves oblong, obtuse or cor- date at tlie base, flat, the others lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, loose-flowered ; pedicels slender, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves ovate, obtuse, rugose-veined, each bearing a large grain, half as wide as the valve. — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward. May -June. ^ — Stem 1°- 2'^ high. Lowest leaves 1° - H° long. 3. R. Floridanus, Meisner. Smooth; stem stout, branching; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, dense-flowered ; pedicels about twice as long as the valves, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves del- toid-ovate, obtusely pointed, each bearing a narrow grain, which is much nar- rower than the reticulate valve, — Deep river swamps, Florida, and west- ward. June. 2/ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves i° - li° long. 4. R. sanguineus, L. Lowest leaves oblong, cordate, acute or obtuse, the upper lanceolate, wavy-margined ; panicle leafless ; lower whorls distant ; valves ol)long, longer than the pedicel, one only prominently grain-bearing. — Waste ground. Introduced. June -July. ^ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves large, variegated with red veins. •»- -f- Valves toothed or hristly on the margins. 5. R. obtusifolius, L. Stem ronghish ; lowest leaves large, ovate-ob- long, cordate, mostly obtuse, the uppermost lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle large, leafy below; lowest whorls scattered, the upper somewhat crowded ; valves triangular-ovate, toothed near the base, nearly as long as the sleniler recurved pedicels, one or all more or less prominently grain-bearing. — Waste ground. Introduced. June -Aug. 11 — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 1°-1J° long. lOS 1'olygonacejE. (buckwhkat family.) t>. R. pulcher, I- Bnuulics rij^id, siirwuliiif^; lowest kaves cordate- ohlmig, ■^ciiiHwliut tiiMli'-stiiipfil, tlie uppiT liimcolali', acute; whorls remote; valves luii;^er tlian the tliiik ]ieili«els, dvate-olilong, rigid, strongly toothed, more or liss proiiiiiieiitly graiii-i)eariiig. — Arniiiid Charlestou (A7//V//). Iii- trodured. June- July. ". R. pei*sicarioideS, I- ruhesct'iu ; stem low, diffusely liranclied ; li-avcs huiifoiatt-, \\a\y-iiiargiiu-(l, till' lower oues soincwliat corilate or has- tate at tlie lia.M', tlie upjier liuear; wliorls coniiiactly crowded in leafy spikes; valves small, liristly on the margins, nearly coveroil by the large grain. — Coast of Ni>rth Caridina, and northward. A ugust - Sept. (l) — SlemsG'-12' high. ISpikus yellowish. • » Flowers (iiucioiis. Ilirlis with smir juice. ■*- L'uljix not LA. — Filaments all alike, subulate : stir/mas nearly sessile : flowers dlirriously polygamous: embryo in the centre oj' the albumen. 1. P. parvifolia, Michx. Shrubby aud diffusely brancheil at the base; leaves wedge-shajicd or linear-spatulate, vertical; racemes short, corymbose- panicled ; bracts truncate ; flowers white, yellowish, or red ; exterior sepals recurved; valves orbicular, equal, longer than the ovate achenium. — Dry .sandy soil, near the coast. August- Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves i'- 1' long. Racemes A' - 1' long. 2. P. gracilis, Meisner. Annual ; stem tall and slender, paniculately branched above ; leaves remote, wedge-oblong ; racemes slender, pauicled ; POLYGONACE-E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 409 flowers white or pale rose-color, the fertile greenish ; sepals all erect ; valves oval or elliptical, unequal, shorter than the ovate lanceolate acuminate ache- nium. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. -Nov. — Stem 2° -5° high. Leaves V long. Racemes linear, I'-S' long. 3. P. brachystachya, Meisner. Shrubby ; branches slender ; leaves linear, tapering from the obtuse apex to the base ; panicle compound, leafy ; racemes short, oblong, nearly sessile ; exterior sepals keeled, retlexed ; valves oval, strongly 1-nerved, longer than the rhomboidal achenium, nearly equal. — South Florida. — Branches straight, 1°-U^ long. Leaves 3" -5" long. Racemes i' long. 4. P. ciliata, Meisner. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple; leaves subu- late, very acute ; sheatlis fringed at the throat with few long bristles; panicle simple, short, leafy at the base ; spikes nearly sessile, filiform ; bracts minute, pointed ; pedicels very short ; sepals oblong, obtuse, spreading longer than the achenium. — South Florida. — Stem 2= high, slender. Leaves I'-Ii' long. § 2. GoxopTRUM. — Filaments unlike, the 3 interior dilated at the base: stijles manifest: Jlowers perfect: embryo at one side of the albumen. 5. P. Meisneriana, Shuttlw. Stem shrubby, much branche'd ; leaves small, filiform, obtuse ; racemes long, forming small terminal panicles ; bracts loose, oblique, with the points spreading ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves equal, roundish, longer than the ovate acuminate achenium ; three interior filaments inversely sagittate below tlie middle. — Middle districts of Georgia and Alabama. — Stem l°-2°high. Leaves numerous, 2" -3" long. Fruit- ing spikes rigid, 1'- 2' long. Valves largest of all. 6. P. articulata, Meisner. Annual ; stem much branched, slender ; leaves narrowly linear, obtuse ; racemes numerous, erect, slender ; bracts truncate ; flowers bright rose-color ; sepals oval or roundish, nearly equal, unchanged in fruit ; interior filaments rhombic-ovate at the base. — Dr}' sandy soil, Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4' -8' long. Racemes V - 3' long. 3. POLYGONUM, L. Knotavekd. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted, corolla-like, tlie lobes nearly equal, erect and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3-9: anthers roundi.sh. Styles 2-3, distinct or partly united : stigmas entire. Achenium 3-angled or lenticular, enclosed in tlie persistent calyx. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. Radicle slender. — Herbs, with alternate, simple leaves, and sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly white or rose-color, variously disposed. § L Amblyogoxon. — Flowers in closel ij-braeted spikes: stamens 7: sti/le 2- cleft : achenium lenticular : cotyledons incnmbent : albumen meal i/. 1. P. orientale, L. Hairy; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate, acumi- nate, petioled ; sheaths loose, salver-form ; spikes panicled, cylindrical, dense, nodding; bracts ovate; flowers large, bright rose-color. — Around dwellings. 410 I'ULYUUNACE.E. (lUCKWIlKAT I'AMILV.) t'sd'apeJ troiii i.uhiv;itiou. Juao-Sej)t. — Stem IJ-'-S^ l''n''- •'^I'ikes 2'-3' l,.ng. § 'J. ri;KsKAiUA. — Fluwfrs in closet if-bracted Sjiiki'S : stamens 4-8: styles :i -.'!,«;• 2 - li-ciij't : arlttnium 3-]Hirli(l : acheniu in lenticular. 2. P. incarnatum, Ell. Stem smoutli below, the Kummit of the braiahes, |i((liiii( Ics, ami calvx spriiikkHl willi glaudiilur dots; leaves lance- olate, luii;^-aeiniiiiiate, petioleil; spikes raeemed, linear, uoddiug; bracts loiif^er thau the pedicels; Howers small, llesh-color; stameusG; st\ le 2-parted ; aeheiiium ovate, with the sides comave. — I'ouds, ditches, etc., South Caro- lina, and westward. July-Oct. (l) — Stem 2° -3^ liigh. Leaves 6'-8 long. Sjiikes 1'- 2' long. 3. P. densiflorum, Meisner. Stem stout, smooth, branching above; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; spikes racemed or some- what ])anick'd, linear, erect, dense-Howered, the peduncles minutely glandular ; bracts shorter than the pedicels; .stamens mostly 6; style 2-cleft; acheniuin round-ovate, black and sliining, with the sides convex. — Jluddy banks, Florida, and westward. Sept. -Oct. (l)— Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 6'- 10' long. Spikes 2' -4' long. Flowers white. 4. P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. Stem stout, pubescent above ; leaves 3'- 6' long, broadly lanceolate, acuminate ; spikes erect, racemose or in pairs, linear-cylindrical, close-flowered, l'-2' long; flowers large, rose-colored; achenia comj)ressed. — Muddy banks, Florida, and northward. 5. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem smooth below, the l)ranches and peduncles glandular; leaxos sliort-petioled, lanceolate ; sjjikes erect, t)l)long, obtuse, close-flowered ; flowers large, rose-color ; stamens mostly 8 ; style 2- cleft ; achenium orbicular, with the sides concave — Wet places. July - Sept. ® — Stem 1^-3' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes I'-U' long. * * Sheaths frinfjed with bristli/ hairs: achenia 3-an(jled, or {in Nos. 6 and 8) sometimes lentirii/ar : stantens mosti i] 8. C. P. Persicaria, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base, erect or diffu.se; leaves lance(jlate or oblong, sheaths short, nearly smooth, fringed with a few short bristles ; spikes short, oblong ; flowers rose-color; stamens 6 - 7 ; achenium lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. — Waste places. Introduced. July. (T) — Stem 1°- H° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, often with a dark triangular spot in the middle. Spikes i'- I' long. 7. P. acre, Kunth. Stem slender, smooth, creeping at the base ; leaves lanceolate, and, like the white calyx, dotted with pellucid glands; sheaths smoothish, long-fringeil at the throat; spikes 1-3, filiform, loose-flowered; stamens 8 ; style 3-parted ; achenium 3 angled. (P. punctatum. Ell.) — Ditches and margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. July - Sej)t. 2/ — Stem 1° -.3° long. Leaves 2' -4' long, very acrid. Spikes 2'- 3' long. 8. P. Hydropiper, L. (Commov Smartweeo.) Annual, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, jtunctate, acrid; spikes slender, interruj)tcd, nodding POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 411 flowers greeuish ; stameus 6 ; st)le 2-3-partecl ; acheuiuia flat or triaugular. — Roadsides in the upper districts. — Stem l°-2° high. 9. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Stem sleuder, smooth, ascending from a floating or creepmg base ; leaves linear or lanceolate, scabrous ; sheaths hispid, long-f ringed ; spikes 2-3, linear, rather close-flowered; calyx pale rose color, glandless ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; achenium 3-augled. — Ditches and muddy banks. July - Sept. ^ — Stem 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -4' long, not acrid. Spikes l'-2'' long. 10. P. setaceum, Baldw. Stem erect, sparingly branched, smooth be- low, the upper portion, like the peduncles and lanceolate glantUess leaves, rough with appressed liairs ; stipules appressed, hirsute, copiously fringed witii long bristles ; spikes filiform, by pairs, loose-flowered ; flowers white, glandless; stamens 8; style 3-cleft; achenium 3-angled. — Low ground, Georgia and Florida. July -Sept. 2/ — Stem 2*^-3° higli. Leaves 3' -5' long. Spikes r-2' long. 11. P. hirsutum, Walt. Stem erect, densely hirsute with spreading fulvous hairs ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, rounded at the base, hirsute, particularly on the veins and margins ; sheaths hirsute, copiously fringed ; spikes 2-3, linear, erect, rather close-flowered; peduncles smooth above; bracts naked; flowers white, glandless; stamens 8; achenium 3-angled. — Pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. 11 — Stem 2°-3°high. Leaves 2' - 3' loDg. Spikes 1' long. §3. AvicULAKiA. — Floivers axillary, single or 2-3 together: stamens 8, rarely fewer • stigmas 5, nearly sessile : achenium 3-angled: cotyledons in- cumbent: albumen horny: sheaths scarious, 2 -S-parted, lacerated: leaves small, 12. P. aviculare, L. Stem prostrate, diffuse, short-jointed ; leaves ses- sile {V long), oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse, longer than the 3-cleft sheaths ; flowers clustered, nearly sessile, greenish white, longer than the dull achenium ; stamens mostly 5. — Waste places and along roads, common. — Var. ERECTUM. (F. erectum, L.) Stem stouter, erect or ascending, leaves larger (I'-H' long), oblong. — With the preceding. — Var. littorale. (P. maritimum, L.) Stem l°-2° long, prostrate, rigid, short-jointed ; leaves small (4"- 6"), oblong-linear, glaucous ; the uppermost imbricated and scarcely longer tlian the conspicuous silvery sheaths ; calyx reddish white, shorter than the smooth achenium. — Seacoast sands, Georgia, and uortliward. 13. P. tenue, Michx. Smooth ; stem erect, branched, sharply angled, slender; leaves .scattered, linear, acute ; sheaths sm.nll, fringed; flowers mostly solitary, greenish white ; acheninm smooth and shining. — Dry rocks in the upper districts. July - Sept. ® — Stem 6' - 8' higli. Leaves 6" - 12" long. § 4. ToYAmx.—Floioers scattered in a long and slender spike : calyx 4-parted : stamens 5, included: styles 2, exserted, persistent: acJienium lenticular: cotyledons acnniihent. 14. P. Virginianum, L. Stem erect, smooth below; the upper portion, like the leaves and spikes, more or less hairy; leaves large, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute at each end ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy, fringed ; flowers 412 rOLYtiOXACK.K. (buckwiikat kamii.y.) grceiiisli, curved ; styles at leiiRtli lionkcil at the ajicx. — Drv riih 8i)il. Au- gust-Sept, ii — I'laut 2°-4" luL-li. Leaves 3'-5' luiiy, li'-2f wide. Spike 6' -12' long. § 5. K«'iiisraiuhiii;/,iirmtd on the umjles, petioles, etc. with recurred prickles. IS. P. arifolium, L. Leaves iiastate, aeuniiuale, ineinbraiiaccous, iiii- iiutelv dultcd and l)air\-, loiiR pftioled, the lobes aeute ; peduncles ratlier short, bri.stly ; Howers white, souiewhat spiked; stamens 6; styles 2; achenium lenticular. — Kice lieliis and wet ])laces, South Carolina, aud northward. Jnnc-Oct. ® — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' -4' long. 111. P. sagittatum, L. Leaves small, sagittate, acute, short-petioled, smooth; ])tMlnii(Us elongated, smooth; flowers white, capitate ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; achenium .3-angled. — Wet places. June- Oct. (l) — Stem l°-30 long. Leaves r-2' long. § 6. TiM.VKiA. — Flowers in axillari/ clusters or racemes: cali/x (jreenish tvliite, ^-jHirted, the outer lobes keeled or witujed on the hack : stamens 8: sti/les 3, veri/ short: achenium 3-an;)led : cotyledons accumhent. — Annuals, with twiniuq stems and cordate leaves. 17. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem roughish, when small erect; leaves long-petioled, sagittate-cordate, acuminate ; sheaths naked ; flowers in axillary clusters, or in long interru])ted leafless racemes; fruiting calyx ovate, closely investing the dull hlack achenium, the outer lobes keeled. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° long. 18. P. cilinode, Michx. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate ; sheaths bearded at the ba.se; flowers in loose simple axillary and panicled racemes; fruiting calyx nearly including the smooth and shining achenium. the outer lobes slightly keeled. — Dry rocks on the mountains of North Caro- lina, and nurtiiward. July-Sept. — Stem 3°-9°long. 19. P. dumetorura, L. Smooth; leaves ovate, acuminate, long-peti- oled ; sheaths naked ; flowers in long axillary more or le.«s leafy racemes ; fruiting calyx somewhat spatulate, emarginate, much longer than the smooth and sliining nchenium, the outer lobes winged, and decurrent on tlie pedicel. — Low margins of fields and thickets. June - Se])t. — Stem 6^ - 12" long. 4. THYSANELLA, Gray. Flowers polygamous. Cal_\ x corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, un<'hanged in fruit ; lol)es erect, unecpial ; the 2 outer ones cordate at the l)ase ; the inner smaller, pectinate fimbriate. Stamens 8. Styles 3. Achenium ovate, 3 angled, nearly included in the })ersistent calyx. Cotyledons on the outside of the albumen. — An erect smooth and branching annual, with long linear acute leaves, truncate cylindrical sheaths, fringed with long bristles, and white or rose-colored flowers in closely bracted spikes. I. T. fimbriata. Gray. (Polygonum fimljriatum, £■//.) — Dry jiine bar- rens, Georgia aud Florida. Sept. - Oct. — Stem branching above, l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. POLYGOI^fACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 413 5. COCCOLOBA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the tube enlarged and more or less fleshy in fruit. Stamens 8. Filaments subulate. Styles 3 : stigmas entire. Acheuium nearly globose, included in and partly uniteil with the per- sistent calyx. Embryo straight in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. C. UVifera, Jacq. (Sea Grape.) Smooth; leaves short-petioled, coriaceous, orbicular-cordate or reuiform ; racemes terminal, rigid, erect; pedicels single ; stamens included ; acheuium ovate, acute. — South Florida, along the coast. — A small tree, with rigid spreading brandies. Leaves 3'- 5' wide, very thick. Kacem.es 6' long. 2. C. Floridana, Meisuer, Smooth ; leaves petioled, somewhat coria- ceous, elliptical, obtuse at each end; racemes slender, terminal and on sliort lateral branches, recurved ; pedicels 2-3 together, about the length of the calyx ; stamens exserted ; acheuium ovoid, obtuse. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Sheaths loose, brown Racemes 2' - 3' long. Achenium 4" - 5" long. 6. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 parted, the tube enlarged in fruit and enclosing the free achenium. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 3, slender: stig- mas entire. Ovule borne on a slender cord from the base of the ovary, pen- dulous. Achenium obtusely 3-angled. Seed G-furrowed. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen. — A smooth vine, climbing by terminal tendrils. Leaves ovate or cordate-ovate, petioled, acute, deciduous. Sheaths obsolete. Flowers greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender pedicels, which become indurated and flattened in fruit. 1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. River banks, Florida to South Carolina. April - May. — StcMu shrubby, 10°- 20° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. Racemes 3' -6' long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, 3 - .5-flowered. Fruiting pedicels curved. 7. ERIOGONUM, Michx. Flowers perfect or polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. Calyx deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 9. Ovary free, 3-sided. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Ache- nium 3-angled or 3-winged. Embr}-o straight in the axis of the allmmen, or more or less curved. — Downy or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled. Sheaths none. Inflorescence various. 1. E. longifolium, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy below ; lowest leaves clustered, oblong-linear, long-tapering at the base, the upper scattered, the uppermost bract-like ; involucre stalked ; calyx her- baceous, equal. — Sand ridges. East Florida. IJ. — Stem 2® -3° high. Low- est leaves 3' - 5' long. 2. E. tomentosum, Michx. Stem erect, tomentose, con'mbose above, leafy throughout : lowest leaves clustered, obovate-oblong, long-petioled, the others in whorls of 3 - 4, elliptical, sessile ; involucre sessile ; calyx white, un- 414 lAl KACK.IC. (I.AIKKL KAMILV.) (•(lUiil. — l>rv iiim- l.arri'iis, Floridii to South Carolina. July-Sojjt. ^ — Siviii •i°-3'-^ lii^li. Lowest leaves 4'-0' long. Flowers very numerous, scruMil. OuDKK 111. LAl'KACK-^. (Lai'hkl Family.) ArDiiialic trees or shrub.>< (cxcejit Ca.ssytu), with alternate siiiiplc minutely dotted leaves, without stipules, and perfect or polygamous clustered Howers. — Calyx 6 - 9-parted, imbricated in 2 rows. Stamens 6 or more, in 1- 4 rows: anthers adnate, *_'-l-celled, o]iening by lid- like valves. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary ana(ro]i()ns suspended ovule. Style sinii>le, thick : stigma obtuse. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seed without alliunieu. Embryo large. Kailiclc superior. Synopsis. Tbide 1. LAURINE.E. Fruit naked. — Trees or shrubs. » Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner ones sterile. 1. PERSEA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Calyx persistent. 2. NECTANDRA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Calyx lobes deciduous. * • Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. 3. SASSAFRAS. Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled. 4. LIXDERA. Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled. 5. LITSE.\. Involucre 2 - 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled. Tribe XI. CASSYTE^E. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy calyx. —Leafless twining par- asites. 6. CASSYTA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 9. Anthers 2-ceIled. 1. PERSEA, Gcertn. Red Bay. Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 1 2, in 4 rows, the inner ones sterile and gland-like. Filaments pubescent, the iinier fertile ones higlandular. Anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer rows introrse, of the inner row extrorse. Stigma disk-like. Drupe ovoid. — Trees or shrubs, with evergreen entire petioled leaves, and greenish or wliite tiowers, in axil- lary peduncled clusters or panicles. 1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. Branchlets smootliish ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, smooth and deep green above, glaucous beneath, obscurely veined ; flowers silky, in cymose dusters, on peduncles shorter than the peti- oles ; calyx lobes unequal, persistent ; drupe blue. ( Laurus, L. ) — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. .July. — A tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Var. palustris, Chapm. Shrubby; the branchlets, lower surface of the leaves, and tlowcr.^ densely tomentose ; leaves strongly veined, pale green, va- rving from oval to lanceolate; peduncles longer than the petioles. — Ponds and pine barren swamps. July. — Shrub 4° -10° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Flowers larger. 2. NECTANDRA, Rottb. Calvx rotate, 6-parleil. the lobes deciduous. Anthers nearly sessile, 4-celled. Drupe with its base enclosed in the cup-like persistent calyx tube. Otherwise like the preceding. LAURACE.E. (laurel FAMILY.) 415 1. N. Willdenoviana, Xees. Smooth; leaves lanceolate-oblong, retic- ulate, sliiuiiig-, oji short niarghied petioles; flowers minute in narrow axilhxry panicles which are commonly shorter than the leaves; calyx white, pubescent within, the nearly equal lobes deciduous ; filaments very short, tlie innermost bearded at the apex; drupe black. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° -9° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Fruiting pedicels club-shaped. 3. SASSAFRAS, Xees. Involucre none. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted, spread- ing. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows, all fertile, the 3 inner ones biglandular at the base ; those of tlie fertile flowers 6, sterile : antliers linear, 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Style subulate: stignui disk-like. Drujjes blue, on thick red pedicels. — Trees, with entire or 2-3-lobed deciduous leaves, and greenish flowers in clustered racemes, appearing before the leaves. 1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire or 2-3-lobed, smooth or pubescent; racemes short, silky; flowers sometimes white. (Laurus Sassa- fras, L.) — Dry open woods and old fields. March. — A small tree with spicy bark. 4. LINDERA, Thuub. Spice-Bush. Involucre 4-Ieaved. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9 (more numerous and rudimentary in the fer- tile flowers), in 3 rows : filaments slender, the inner ones lobed and glandular at the base : anthers ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, introrse. Style short. Drupe obovoid, red, the pedicels not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and dull yellow flowers in lateral sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves. 1. L. Benzoin, Meisn. Branches slender, smooth; leaves oblong-obo- vate, acute at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, soon smooth ; clusters numerous, smooth. (Laurus, L.) — Banks of streams and low woods, Florida, and northward. Feb. -March. — A shrub 6° -10^ high, with spicy bark. Leaves 3' -5' long. 2. L. meliSSaBfolia, Blume. Leaves oltlong, short petioled, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, silky on both sides, as also the branchlets and clusters, at length smooth above; drupes obovoid. (Laurus, Walt.) — Mar- gins of ponds. West Florida to North Carolina Feb. -March. — A shrul) 2° -3° high. Leaves V -2' long. 5. LITSEA, Lam. Involucre 2-4-leaved. Flowers dioecious. Calyx Gparted, deciduous. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows ; those of the fertile flowers numer- ous and rudimentary : anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Stigma peltate. Drupe globose. — Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in clustered umbels. 1. L, geniculata, Benth. & Hook. Branchlets smooth, zigzag, spread- ing; leaves small, oval or oblong, soon smooth, deciduous; involucre 2-4- flowered ; flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves ; drupe red. (Laurus. Il(» SANTALACK.'K. (sANDA I.WOOK FAMILY.) H'a//.) — Shallow jiiiie barren p()ii<]», Floriila, ami iiortliwanl. Fel). - March. — A hirgc sliruli, with mnnerous siireadiii;; forked brainlns I.cives some- what coriaceous, J - 1' long- 6. CASSYTA, L. Fh>wers ])erfect. Calvx G-ck-ft, ])ersistciit, the exterior h)l)cs minute. Sta- mens 12, in 4 rows, tiic inner row sterile: anthers 2-celkMl, the inner ones ex- trorse, the outer introrse. Style very short : stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed in the Heshy persistent tube ol the calyx. — A leafless parasitic plaut, with twining filiform stems, and spiked flowers. 1. C. flliforrais, Miller. — South Florida. — Sjjike.s 2-4-flowered. Calvx lohus thick, triangular, acute. Anthers oval, obtuse. Ohdkk 112. THY3IELEACE^. (Mkzkkkim Family.) Slniibs with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, without .stipules, and regular perfect flowens, with a tubular or bell- shaped -l-u-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as many a.s the calyx lobes, in 2 rows : anthers 2-celled, opening length- wise. Style simple : stigma capitate. Drupe with a single su.spended anatropous seed, containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano- convex. Radicle superior. 1. DIBCA, L. Leatherwood. Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex- scrted. Style filiform. Albumen none. — A low branching shrub, with alter- nate petioled oblong or obovate deciduous leaves, and liglit yellow flowers, from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves. 1. D. palustris, L. — Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Feb. -March. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches. Leaves 2' long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedi- cels. Drupe small, red. Order 113. SANTALACE^^. (Sandalwood Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or tree.s (ours root parasites), with simple entire ex- stipulate leaves. — Calyx tubular, 4 - .5-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube coherent with the ovary. Stamens 4-5, opposite the lobes, and inserted on the fleshy disk at their base: anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-4 anatropous ovules suspended from the apex of the free central placenta. Style single. Fruit 1- seeded. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen. Cotyledons cylindrical. Radicle superior. — Parasitic on the roots of various trees or shrubs. SANTALACE^. (SAXDALWOOD FAMILY.) 417 Synopsis. « Flowers perfect. 1. COMANDRA. Anthers connected with the calyx lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves al- ternate. * * Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. 2. DARBYA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Anthers connected with the calyx lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves opposite. Flowers uinbelled. 3. PYRULARIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves al- ternate. Flowers spiked. 4. BUCKLEYA. Calyx limb double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Anthers free. Albumen fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the persistent lobes alternating with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5 : anthers connected with the calyx lobes by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. — Smooth perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish white flowers, in axillary and terminal umbel-like peduncled clusters. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem branching above; leaves sessile, lance- olate or oblong ; peduncles several, corymbose, 3 - 5-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves ; stjle slender, fruiting calyx urn-shaped. — Dry soil in the upper districts. April- May. — Stem 8'- 10' high. Leaves i'- 1' long. 2. DARBYA, Gray. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, top-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft, the lobes ovate, spread- ing. Stamens 4-5, inserted in the sinuses of the crenately 4- 5-lobed disk: filaments short : anthers connected with the calyx lobes by a tuft of hairs. Style thick. Stigma 3 -4-lobed. Ovule solitary. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. — A small shrub, with opposite oval membranaceous short-petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. 1. D. umbellulata, Gray. — Alabama to North Carolina, in the middle districts. — Shrub 1°-1J° high. Leaves 1' long, smooth. Peduncles 3-8- flowered, shorter than the leaves. Fertile flowers solitary. 3. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil-Nut. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5 roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the glands. Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick : stigma depressed- capitate. Drupe pear-shaped, fleshy. Albumen oily. — A low branching shrub, with alternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short terminal spike. 1. P. oleifera, Gray. — Shady banks on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Leaves petioled, obovate oblong, acute at each end, pu- bescent, 3' -4' long. Drupe 1' long. 4. BUCKLEYA, Torr. Flowers dioecious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-parted ; the exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior triangular-ovate, 27 IIS I'll'KUACK.K. (PKIM'KU FAMILY.) sli/x'"'!^' iiiiliricatc'il iu the bud, deiiduons. Stamens 4. Disk of tlio fcrtiln (lower 4-lolifd, Heshy. Style short: stigma 4-lol)ed. Drupe oblony, com- pressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — An erect shrub, with straight slender branches. Leaves nearly opposite, dis- tichous, lanceolate, acute, jjubesceut. Flowers terminal, greenish, the sterile umliellate, the fertile solitary. 1. B. distichophylla, Torr. — Mountains of North Carolina (Buckley). — Shrub G^-T- iiigh. Leaves thin, I'-lf long. Caly.x tube 4"-5" long, scarcely longer than tlie e.Kterior spreading lobes, much longer thau the inner ones. Drupe Y long. Okdek IIL LOKANTHACE^E. (Mistletoe Family.) Parasitical shrubby iilants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, ■without .stipules, and perfect or dic^cious flowers. — Calyx of 2-8 sepals, distinct, or united into a tube, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, commonly with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or none. Fruit berry-like. Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the fleshy albumen. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Mistletoe. Flowers dioecious, in short jointed s])ikes. Calyx of the sterile flower glob- ular, 2 - 4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-celled. Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry glo- bose, pulpy, 1-seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of vari- ous trees, with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers in axillary spikes. 1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (Viscum, Pnrsh.) —Florida to Mississippi, and nortlnvanl. April-May. — Plant yellowish, 2° -3^ long. Branches op- posite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than the leaves. Berry white, glutinous. Order 11.5. PIPERACE^. (Pepper Family.) Chiefly herbs with jointed stems, entire leaves, and perfect achla- mydeous flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. — Stamens few or many, hypogj-nous : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovaries single, or 3-5, and more or less united. Ovules few or solitary, orthotropous, ascending. Embryo minute, contained in a cavity at the apex of the albumen. Fruit 1- few-seeded. 1. SAURURUS, L. Lizard's-Tail. Stamens 4-8, with long club-shaped filaments. Anthers introrse. Fruit somewhat fleshy, composed of 3 -4 partly united 1 -2-8eeded carpels, pointed with as many recurved stigmas. — Flowers white. CERATOPHYLLACE^. (hORNWOKT FAMILY.) 419 1. S. cernuus, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves alternate, petioled, cordate-ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spikes Avhite, terminal, nodding at the apex ; flowers numerous, each from the axil of a small bract. — Marshes and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. May - August. — Rhizoma creep- ing. Stem l°-::i° high. Spikes 4' - 6' long. 2. PEPEROMIA, Ruiz&Pavon. Stamens 2, short, lateral. Anthers extrorse. Stigma capitate. Fruit baccate, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. — Herbs, with alternate or whorled leaves, and filiform spikes of small crowded peltate-bracted flowers, 1 . P. maguolisef Olia, C. DC. Leaves mostly alternate, rigid, petioled, obovate, pellucid-punctate; spikes terminal, densely flowered, longer than the leaves; peduncles as long as the petiole; bracts rounded. — East Florida. — Leaves li'-3' long. 2. P. leptostachya, Chapm. Leaves opposite or whorled, very thin, smaller ( 1' or less long), 3-nerved ; spikes very slender, rather loosely flowered ; otherwise much like the preceding. (Piper leptostachyon, iVuW.) — Islands at the mouth of the St. John's River, Florida (Curttss). Order 116. CERATOPHYLLACE^E. (Hornwort Family".) Submerged aquatic herbs, with filiform jointed branching stems, finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monoecious flow^ers, destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12 linear leaves. Anthers 12-24, oblong, 2-3-toothed, sessile. Ovary solitary, simple, with a single suspended orthotropous o'viile. Ache- nium compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen none. Cotyledons 4. Plumule conspicuous. — Consisting of the single genus. 1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. 1. C. demersum, L. Leaves rigid, 6-9 in a whorl, once or twice forking, with the lobes spiny-toothed; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular- roughened on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely spread- ing slender spines. — In still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. -Oct. — Stems l°-4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much crowded. 2. C. echinatum, Gray? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times forking, the ultimate segments bristly-toothed ; ovaries wnrty ; achenium ob- long, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed with 5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent's Island, West Florida. May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 3. C. SUbmersum, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristly- toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, the rounded margins unarmed. — South Florida Dr. Blodgett. — Stems 6'- 12' long. 420 roi>osT?:MACE.'E. (kivkrwked family.) OKI. IK 117. CALLITKIC'HACK^E. (Wateu-Starwort Family.) Siniill aquiitic animals, witli oppo.site entire leaves, and solitary ax- illarv i>olyyaiiious Hdwl'Is witlitnit lluial envelope.s. Stamen mostly solitaiv, *J-biacted in the sterile Hower. Filament slender: anther renilorm, the cells confluent. Styles *J, slender : stigmas acute. Cap- sule 1-angled, -1-celled, with a single suspended anatropous seed in each cell, indehisceiit. Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumen. Rad- icle long, superior. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CALLITRICHE, L. Watek-Starwort. 1. C. heterophylla, rur.>li. Floating leaves spatnlate or ol>ovate. crowded, tlie lower ones distant, linear ; fruit nearly sessile, 2-ljratted, keeled on the liaek. — Var. teuukstkis. .^ Smaller (2'-3' long); stems much brauclied, creeping on damp earth; leaves (r'-2" l- Stamiuate flowers (except No. 2 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with petals. 9. CROTON. Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, distinct. 10. CROTONOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule 1-ceUed. Stamens 5, distinct. 11. ARGTROTHAMNIA. Pistillate and stamiuate flowers 5-petalled. Capsule 3-celled. Stamens 10, monadelphous. * * * Flowers cymose or panicled. 12. JATROPA. Flowers cymose. Petals scarlet. 13. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, corolla-like. Petals none. 14. RIGINUS. Flowers iu crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous. § 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells. * Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs. 15. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 16. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct. * * Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs. 17. DRYPETES. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, l-ceUed, l-seeded. l'2'2 EUPHOUBIACE.'E. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spi-kge. Flowers monoecious, destitute of calyx and corolla ; the siiif;le pistillate, and several inouauliuil, lurking'; li'iivcti lar^xc, (ilihiiig-olioviitf, obtuse, erect, with inciiil>raiiaii'Oiis iiiur^ins ; of the hraiiclies siiuill, ovate, ela.spiiig ; in- volucre j)ur|ile, slender-peilieelled, the lohes o\ate, entire, eiliate, iucurveil ; >;laiitls ]ieltate, roundish, entire; capsule acute-angled, smooth. — Low sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. May -June. — I'laiit ligiit ^recn, 2' -5' high. Stem leaves 2' -3' long, often longer than the lirauches. Floral leaves 4" - 6" long. ♦ » Slein erect, successively forkinij : leaves rommonl i) opposite : involucres in the finks, dpeiiiJa(jes : perennials. 16. E. Ipecacuanhse, L- stems several from a long perpendicular root, slender, commonly forking from near tiie base ; leaves of tlie stem and branches similar, opposite, or tlie lowest rarely alternate, entire, olituse, vary- ing from linear to round-obovate, sliort-jietioled ; jjedundes slender, mostly longer tliau the leaves ; involucre small ; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, round-angled ; seeds minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil. May - June. — Stem 2'- 12' high. Leaves i' - 1' long. 17. E. nudicaulis, ('li:ipm. Smooth; stems .slender, forking above; leaves minute (J" long), oval or obovate, the lowest alternate, tJKJse of the branches op])osite ; involucres minute, on short peduncles; glands top-sliaj)ed. — Low j)ine barrens, near St. Joseph's, West Florida. June. — Stems 1° high. Capsule aiul seeds unknown. * » ♦ Branches and leaves alternate : involucres terminal, clustered or single : [/lands without appendages. 18. E. heterophylla, L. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, branching from the base ; brandies elongated, leafy at the summit ; leaves ])etioled, oblong, fiddle-shaped, tootiied or entire, the uppermost deep red at tlie ba.se ; involu- cres clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lobes and a single gland ; ca])sule smooth; seeds gh)bose, warty. — Var. r.u.VxMixiKOLiA (E. graminifolia, Michr.) hiis the leaves all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around dwellings, ap])arcntly introduced. May -Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' long. 19. E. triehotoma, IIBK. Annual; stem irregularly much branched, very leafy ; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate, sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, peltate ; capsule smooth, short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3" -4" long. 20. E. dentata, Michx. Annual, erect (1° high), irregularly branching; leaves distant, jxtioled, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, coarsely toothed, the lower ones alternate, the ui)permost ones opj)osite ; involucres nearly sessile, with five toothed lobes, and mostly a single stalked gland ; seeds nearly glob- ular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Tennessee, and nortlnvard. July- Sept. § 2. Leaves stipulate, all opposite : glands of the involucre 4. « Stems erect or ascending : seeds A-angled, transversely rugose : annuals. 21. E. hypericifolia, L. Smooth throughout; stem (^°-2° high) erect ; branches alternate, 2-ranked ; leaves (\' - V long) petioled, lanceolate- oblong, oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both EUPHORBIACE^. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 425 margins ; stipules reflexed ; involucres in dense lateral long-peduncled cymose clusters ; appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather acutely angled, smooth ; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. 22. E. Preslii, Guss. Stem often pubescent, ascending (1°- 1|° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at the base, often blotched with red, sharply serrate on the lower margiu, entire below the middle on the upper ; clusters terminal ; appendages of the glands rounded, entire ; cap- sule round-angled, smooth ; seeds larger, nearly black. — Cultivated grounds. August - Sept. 23. E. buxifolia, Lam. Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, witli the margins involute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal chusters ; glands peltate, orbicular, bordered by a white appendage ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed bluish, faintly rugose. — Sandy sea-shore. South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3" - 5" long. Stipules fringed. 24. E. pilulifera, L. Pubescent ; stem erect or prostrate, forking from the base ; leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, ser- rate ; involucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters ; glands without appendages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — South Florida, Mobile [Mohr). — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves 5" -8" long. * * Stems prostrate, diffuse : leaves small: involucres small and mostl y crowded near the summit of the branches. •I- Perennial. 25. E. Garberi, Engelm. (ined.)- Softly villous throughout; stems widely branching ; leaves oval or obovate, oblique, entire, short-petioled ; stipules ciliate-laciniate ; flowers single in the upper axils ; glands narrowly margined ; capsule acutely angled ; seeds reddish-brown, transversely 2- ribbed. — Sandy coast, South Florida. — Stem 1° or more long. 26. E. deltoidea, Engelm. (ined.). Stems (2' -4' long) diffuse, gla- brous; leaves (1^" long or less) petioled, obliquely deltoid, cordate, or reni- form, sprinkled with sliort hairs, the margins narrowly revolute ; stipules minute, entire ; involucre single, terminal, turbinate, pedicelled, with downy lobes, and transversely oblong glands witliout appendages ; styles very short ; capsule (immature) acutely 3-angled, glabrous. — South Florida (Curtiss). -t- -1- Annual: smooth. 27. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Smooth ; leaves oval or obovate, oblique and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled ; stipules ovate, entire, or sparingly short-fringed ; appendages of the glands white, trans- versely oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular- ronghened and faintly wrinkled on the sides. — South Florida. May -Oct. — Stems 6' - 1 2' long. Leaves 2" - 5" long. 28. E. serpens, HBK. Smooth, small (4'- 8' long); leaves round- ovate, entire (y-2"lone:); stipules triangular, toothed; peduncles single; appendages of the gland minute or none ; capsule smooth, acutely angled ; seeds smooth and even, obtusely 4-angled. — South Florida, Mississippi, and westward. 4l'(> Eri'iioKiuACE.E. (spurge famii.v.) 29. E. ammannioides, IIHIv. Smooth tlirouf;lioiit ; ^tems long (2°- 3-). filiform, ])r..str:iir, iiltcniiUelv braiula-d ; leavos oldoiijj (2" -3" long), en- tiro ; roinnli'(i and innrronate at the apex, Hhort-jicticdcd ; stipules 2-parted ; flowirs single, tirininal, and in tiii" forks of tiie branchi-s ; glandw margined witii while ; lapsnle obtusely triangular ; si-eils ovate, olisrurely triangular, sniootli and even. — Kolu-rts's Key in Caxiuilms IJay, South Florida. 30. E. COrdifolia, Kll- Smooth ; li-aves jietioled, oval or roundish, en- tire, obtuse, tordate or truutate and oldicjue at tiie base ; stipules slender, deeply parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands con- spicuous, oblong or roundish, white ; caj)8ule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4 angled, smooth and even. — Sandy pine barrens, South Carolina, and west- ward. July - Sept. — Stems 6' - 18' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long, })ale green. ■'tl. E. polygonifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong or linear-olilong, entire, ol)li4ue, obtu.iu>*t; introduced from China. June -July. — A tree 20°-40° higii. * 6. ACALYPHA, L. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in a.\illary and terminal spikes. Staminate •flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-16, with the filaments united at the base ; anthers jjendulous. Pistillate flowers at the biise of the stamiuate ones, or on .separate .spike.s, surrounded J)y a leafy toothed bract. Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capside roundish, of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, with watery juice, and al- ternate serrate leaves. « Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike. 1. A. Virginica, L- Annual, smoothish or hairy; stem erect, branched ; leaves thin, lonji-jietioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely ser- rate above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large 5 - 9-lobed bracts, w ith 1-3 pi.stillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubes- cent.— Fields and around dwellings. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves, with the i)etiole, 4' -5' long. Var. gracilens, Miill. Stemslender, 6'-l8'high; leaves smaller, lance- olate, ol)Scurelv serrate or entire; stamiuate spikes longer than the serrate or toothed bracts. — Sterile soil. July - Sept. 2. A. Chamaedrifolia, Mull. Perennial; stems several from a thick and woody root, prostrate, pubescent, 8imj)le or sparingly branched; leaves short-petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy; pistillate flowers nu- merous, crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded by a round-o\ate hairy toothed bract ; capsule bristly ; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6" -8" long. Spikes mostly terminal. * * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spiles. 3. A. Lindheimeri, Miill. Stem (l°high) branching, hirsute ; leaves rhombic-ovate, .serrate, short-petioled «(1' long); spikes very slender ; bracts of the numerous pistillate flowers ovate, deeply 5 - 7-toothed, 1 - 2-flowered ; ovary hirsute ; styles long, setaceously 4 - 6-cleft ; seeds minutely pitted. — Key West (liiddell in Herb. Mohr). 4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes- cent; leaves tliin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-pctioled ; stami- nate sjiike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pistillate spike terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule bristly ; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground. July - Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. EUPHOKBIACE.E. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 429 7. TRAGIA, Plum. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or numerous, caducous. Calyx 3-4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and separate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx 5-8-parted. Style 3-cleft: stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose l-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate. Racemes opposite the leaves and terminal. Bracts small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, green i,sh. 1. T. innocua, Walt. Low, do^vny or hairy; stem at length much branched ; leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate, and serrate or toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and many-flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May- August. 2/ — Stem 6'- 12' hi^h. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. T. urticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs; stem erect, sparingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, truncate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath ; racemes shorter than the leaves, the sterile flowers somewhat crowded ; capsule very bristly. — Dry soil. June- Sept. 2/ — Stems 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Hirsute; stem twining (2°-4° long); leaves ample, tliiu, cordate, coarsely and sharply serrate, long-petioled ; racemes shorter than the leaves; capsule large. — Florida, Tennessee, and westward. 8. MERCURIALIS, Tourn. Flowers dicecious, apetalous, in axillary spikes or clusters. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 8-20, distinct. Styles 2, simple, united at base. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. 1. M, annua, L. Smooth, branching (l°higli); leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenate-toothed ; sterile spike longer than the leaves ; fertile flowers clustered ; capsule hi.spid. — Waste places, sparingly naturalized. 9. CROTON, L. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4 - 6-cleft or 4-6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1). Stamens 5-20, dis- tinct : anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx lobes and oppo- site them. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8-cleft or 5 - 8-parted. Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule of 3 (rarely 1-2) l-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stel- late pubescence, and alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of tbe stem. * Styles simple: sterile and fertile flowers 5-petalled : stamens numerous. 1. C. Alabamensis, E. A. Smith. Stem tall, woody, much branched ; leaves thin, short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, smooth or nearly so above, the lower surface, like the branchlets and racemes, coated with sil- very scales; racemes often unisexual, few- or many-flowered; calyx lobes 5, 430 Kll'IIOKHIACK-l?. (SI'I'UGK FAMILY.) acute ; petals of both sexes scarcely shorter than tlie calyx, woolly margined ; stamens '20 or more; styles siniijle, truncate or cimirginate ; capsule much longer tlian the calyx ; seeds glabrous. — Central Alaliaina, flowering through- out the year. — istem 6°- 10^ high. Leaves '2' -3' long. « • Sti/les very short: stiijmus 18-24: petals none: stamens mostli/ 12: capsule 3-celled. 2. C, maritimus, Walt. Herbaceous, widely branched, scurfy-pubes- cent; l.a\(s tliick, uvate, obtuse, entire; spikes long-])cduncled, capitate, few-rtowcred, tiie sterile and fertile ones mostly separate ; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse lobes ; ca])sule much longer than the calyx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting sands along the coast. July- Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2'-.'}' lung. 3. C. Texensis, Milller. Annual, dioecious, stellate-tomentose ; stem dichotomous (1^-2^ higli) ; leaves lanceolate, short-petioled ; sterile racemes short; petals none; fertile flowers axillary, solitary ; capsule nearly globose, covered with tufts of deciduous down ; seed biconvex. — Alal)ania {Muhr), and westwaril. * » ♦ Styles 3, twice 2-partecl or 2-cle/i : stirjmas 12 : petals of the sterile Jiowers 5 _ 6, nf the fertile ntostli/ itone : stamens 8-30 : capsule 3-celled. 4. C. Elliottii, Chapm. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender, erect, unibellately nmch liranched ; leaves .short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse at each end ; sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted, unequal, longer than the petals ; stamens 8 - 10 ; 'fertile flowers several, clus- tered ; calyx 5 - 8-parted, as long as the capsule ; seed oval, smooth. (C. ellip- ticum, .£//.) — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Stem 2° - .3° high. Leaves U' - 2' long. 5. C. capitatUS, Michx. Annual, woolly ; stem nmbellately branched ; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, rounded at the base ; sterile flowers numer- ous, the petals fimbriate; fertile flowers crowded; calyx 7- 10-parted, with the lobes obtuse ; seed smooth. — Georgia, along railroads, and westward. — Stem 2° -4° high. 6. C. humilis, L. Low (I^high), shrubby, stellate-tomentose; leaves long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acuminate; racemes densely 10- 15-flowered ; c.ilyx woolly, 5-parted; petals of the sterile flower oblong; stamens 20-30; petals of the fertile flower narrow-linear ; capsule downy. — Florida (Cahanis). 7. C. Betulinus, Vahl. Stellate-tomentose; stem low (1°-1J° high), with slender branches; leaves small (I'or less long), triangular-ovate, trun- cate at the base, coarsely toothed, rough above, twice as long as the petiole ; racemes bisexual ; stamens 10-11; capsule subglobose. — Rocky pine woods, South Florida {Curtiss). 8. C. argyranthemus, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through- out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, nmbellately branched ; leaves obo- vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a petiole; racemes sessile, oblong, obtuse ; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded; calyx 5- 6-parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy; styles long and slender; capsule much EUPHOKBIACE.*:. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 431 longer than the calyx. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June - Sept. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 1' - 1^' long. * * * * Styles 3, 2-cleft : sti(jmas 6: petals of the sterile flowers longer than the calyx, of the fertile ones minute, subulate : stamens 8 : capsule 3-celled. 9. C. glanduloSUS, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs ; stem umbel- lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu- lar at tlie apex ; racemes small ; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ; petals 4 ; fertile tiowers few, with the calyx 5-parted. — Dry waste places. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 10. C. linearis, Jacq. Shrubby, canescent-tomentose ; stem slender, branching (.3° -4° high); leaves short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, obtuse; racemes unisexual, the sterile slender, longer than the leaves, minutely many- flowered, the fertile short, few-flowered ; styles 2-parted ; capsule roundish. — Miami, South Florida ( Garber), ***** Styles 2, 2-parted : stigmas 4 : petals 5 in the sterile flowers, none in the fertile : stamens 5- 10 : capsule 1 -2-celled. 11. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, stellate-tomentose ; stem erect, twice or thrice umbellately branched ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate or oblong, entire, obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes in the forks of the branches, few-flowered ; the sterile flowers corymbose ; the fertile (1-2) nod- ding.— Dry sterile soil, Florida to North Carolina. June -Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. 10. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. Flowers monoecious, pentamerous in terminal and axillary clusters. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1- seeded ; otherwise like Croton. — A low slender branching annual. Leaves linear or lanceolate, the lower surface, like the branches, coated with silvery scales. Flowers minute. 1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. August- Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves \' -V long, alternate or opposite. 11. ARGYROTHAMNIA, Mull. Flowers monoecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5- parted. Corolla of 5 spatulate petals alternating with ."5 flattened glands, as long as the calyx. Stamens 10- 12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous below. Fertile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. Style 3-parted, the divisions 2-cIeft. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2- valved carpels. — Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice. 1. A. Blodgettii, (Torr.). Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval or oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple appressed hairs, abruptly short-petioled; sterile flowers 3 -.5, fertile mostly solitary ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals greenish white ; capsule rough- hairy ; seed globose, wrinkled. — South Florida. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Leaves l'-2' 432 Ki riioKmArK.K. (si-iugk family.) 12. JATROPHA, L. Flowers inonoecioiia. Scjtals .5, mostly united. Petals 5, or none. Glands of tiie disk .5, opposite the caly.x lobes. Stamens monadelplious. Styles 3-4, 'J - 3-eleft, capsule "2 -4-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly palmately lol.cd. 1. J. gOSSypiifolia, L- Sln-ubln (2'^ bifrli); leaves rouiidisli, 3-5-lobed, .lI»KTHArKiE. (CiK.witi kiiy Family.) Slirulis. witli i>vi,'r;;rrcii liin';ii' .iltiTiinti' or w ImhIciI lt';iv<'s, witlioiif sfiitiilcs, and small din'cious or jKily^aiiKnis Hdwits. — Calyx liracU like, of 2 -.'5 se]>als, iiuhricatcd. Corolla of 1?-;? jx'tals similar lo the calyx. liyi>ni^yiioiis. StaiiKMis 'J- ■]. altcrnalc willi the jictals, pxscrlod : anthers 'J-cclled, extrorse. Ovary 1* - K-oellerl, the cells l-rtvuled. Style short or none : stigma lohed or incised. Drupe herrv-l ike, glo- bose, of 2-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect. Knihryo in the axis of copious fleshy alhumen. 1. CERATIOLA, -Mi.hx. Calyx bractcd, of two fringed sepals. Corolla 2-j)etalle(l. Stamens 2 : an- ther tells j^lobose. Ovary resting on a flesliy disk, 2-eclle(l, 2-oviiled. Style short : stin;nia niany-elcft. Drupe 2-seeded. — A hcath-likc erect vcrticilliitely imu'li liranc'hed sliruh, with small linear shining whorled leaves, and axillary (whorled) reddish flowers. 1. C. ericoides, Midix. — Dry barren .sands, Florida to South Caro- lina. Nov. — Slniili 2^- 5° high, the young branches jnibescent. Leaves 3 in a wliorl. 4"- 6' long, tiic margins rcvoliite. Petioles yellowish, appressed. Drajie yellowish, somewhat persistent. Ohdkk 121. BATIDACEiE. (Batis Family.) Represented only by 1. BATIS, P. Browne. Flowers dioecious, in axillary fleshy conical spikes. Bracts of the -sterile flowers round-cordate, persistent. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat coni])ressed, unei|ually 2-lipped. I'etals 4, rhombic-ovate, clawed. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, partly exserted : anthers olilong, introrse. P'ertile flowers consolidated. Bracts deciduous. Calyx and corolla none. Ovary 4-celled, with a single erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, broad, ob- scurely 2-lobed. Drupe 4-seeded. Seed oblong, without albumen. Cotyle- dons fleshy. Kadide inferior. — A smooth maritime shrub, with the habit of Salicornia. Leaves opposite, flesliy, club-shaped, semi terete. Stipules none. Petals white. 1. B. maritima, L. — Salt marshes, Florida, and westward. June- Sejit. — I'lant jiiilc green, strong-scented. Stems prostrate, 2° -.3° long, the short branching tlt)wering stems erect. Leaves 1' long. Spikes .3" -5" long. Order P22. URTICACE^:. (Nettle Family.) Herbs, with watery jnice, often armed with stinging hairs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. — Calyx of the sterile flower 4-5-parted or 4-5-sepalous. Stamens as URTICACE.^. (nettle FAMILY.) 435 many as and opposite the sepals. Filaments inflexed in the bud, ex- panding elastically : anthers 2-celled, intvorse. Calyx of the fertile flower 2-4-sepalous. Ovary sessile, free, 1-celled, with a single erect orthotropous ovule. Stigma simple or tufted. Achenium commonly enclosed in the dry persistent calyx. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Plants armed with stinging hairs. 1. URTICA. Stamens 4. Stigma tufted. Achenium straight. 2. LAPORTEA. Stamens 5. Stigma subulate. Achenium oblique. # # Plants destitute of stinging hairs. •I- Flowers in cymose clusters. 3. PILEA. Clusters naked. Calyx lobes unequal. Leaves opposite. 4. PARIETARIA. Clusters involucrate. Calyx lobes equal. Leaves alternate. •I- -I- Flowers in spiked clusters. 5. BOSHMERIA. Stigmas subulate, leaves opposite or alternate. 1. URTICA, Tourn. Nettle. Flowers moncEcious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 4-parted. Stamens 4, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flower 4-sepalous, unequal ; the inner sepals dilated in fruit, and enclosing the ache- nium. Stigma ses.'^ile, tufted. Achenium straight, ovate, smooth, compressed. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, opposite leaves, and greenish flowers, in pani- cled spikes or close clusters. * Flowers in pam'cled or simple spikes. 1. U. gracilis, Ait. Stem tall, 4-augled, smoothish, slender; leaves long-petioled, ovate-lauceolate, coarseh' serrate, acute, rounded at the base, 3-5-nerved, smootliish, the petioles bristly; spikes very slender, loosely pani- cled. — Low ground in the upper districts. July- Augu.st. ^ — Stem 3°- 4° high, mostly simple. Leaves thin, 4' -6' long. 2. U. dioica, L. Hispid throughout ; stem 4-angled, pubescent above, branching ; leaves rather short-petioled, ovate, cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath ; spikes much branched ; flowers often dice- cious. — "Waste places, Carolina (P«rs/i). Introduced. June -August. "21 — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, thicker than in No. 1, and flowers larger. * * Flmcers in simple clusters shorter than the petioles. 3. U. urens, L. Stem 4 angled, hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, .5-nerved, hairy ; clusters J)y pairs in each axil, loose, peduncled. — Waste ground. Litroduced. Dec. -Feb. (l) — Stem 1° high. 4. U. Chamsedryoides, Pursh. Stem smooth ; leaves .small, nearly sessile, ovate, coarsely .«errate hairy beneath, hairy and l)ristly above ; clus- ters nearly sessile, gloliose, dense; calyx haify. — Georgia (Elliott), and west- ward. Feb. - March. — Stem 4' - 12' high. 436 iKTicACK-K. (nktti.i: 1 amilv.) 2. LA.PORTEA, (ian.li.l.. Flowers nioiicecious or dia-cious. C;il_v.\ of tlio sterile flowers S-parted. Stamens 5, inserted aruiind the abortive ovary. C'alvx of the fertile tlowers 4-sei)aluus, the 2 inner sejiais larger. Stigma siil)ulate, hairy on one side. Ailieniiini ol>li(|Ue, tuherc-niar-roughciicd. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, alter- nate liing-petioled serrate leaves, and minute (lowers in spreading cymes. 1. L. Canadensis, (Jandich. stem hispid; leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or curdato at tlie base; tiic veins and petioles hispid; cymes very slender, single or by pairs, tlie »|)per mostly fertile, tiie lower sterile. — Low shaded places, Florida, and northward. .July- August. % — Stem 2°-4° high. 3. PILEA, Liudl. Flowf^rs mona'cious or di(P(icms. Caly.x of the sterile flower 3-4-parted. Stamens3-4. Caly.x of tlie fertile flowers 3-lobed, tiie lobes uneipial or nearly equal, commonly witii an infle.xed scale-like sterile stamen at tlie ba.se of each. Stigma se.iiiiicii. 1. MORUS, 'I'ourn. Mi i.itKuitv. Flowers inuiKi'ciuus, sjdki'il ; tlu- sterili; ami ft-rlik- (lowers in scjiiiratf spikes. Calyx 4-i)arle(l. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-telleiinall tree. 2. M. alba, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acute, serrate, obliijue at the base, smooth and shining, sometimes lobed ; fruit whitish. — Arouud dwellings. Introduced. — A small tree. 2. FICUS, Tourn. Fig. F'lowers monn'cious or dioecious, lining the inside of the flesliy closed recep- tacle. Caly.v of the sterile flowers 3-parted. Stamens 3. Calyx of the fer- tile flowers .'j-cleft, pedicelled. Styles lateral, slender. Achenium fragile. Embryo hooked. — Trees or shrubs, with entire or lobed leaves, and large couv(dute stiiiules. Flowers axillary. 1. F. aurea, Nutt. Hraiiches pale, smooth, furrowed; leaves smooth, c>iiias. HramlR's iiii;li bark. 5. C. glabra, Torr. (I'k.mt.) Lt'aHets 5-7 (mostly 7), ovate-lance- olate, acuminate, smooth; fruit olwvate, obcordate, or pear shaijed ; epicarp thiu, jiartc'd to the middle, coriaceous; nut thick-shelled, sometimes angled. (C. porcina, Xutt.) — Woods. March - Ai)ril. — A larj^e tree, with sniouthish bark. G. C. microcarpa, Nutt. Leaflets 5-7, oblonj^-lanceolate, smooth, glandular lancatli. acuminate; ameuts smooth ; fruit roundish; epicarjj thiu; nut thin-siiclled, .-ilij^iitly 4-angled. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. April -May. — A large tree. Fruit |' in diameter. 7. C. myristicseformis, Nutt. " Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, snioutii. tiie terminal one se.- Wn.i.ow ().\K.) Leaves jjcren- niai, oliliini:;-lan(colate, obtuse or a<'Ute, niucnjnate, wiiile tonientose l)eneath ; fruit small, sessile ; cup shallow, narrowed at the base, pale, enclosing one third of the hemispherical nut. — Dry sandy pine barrens. — A small tree, fruiting abuudautly. Leaves 2' -3' long, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young. ** +* Leaves diluled upward, mostly S-lobed at llic top. 4. Q. aquatica, Catesb. (Water Oak.) Leaves jjcrennial, short-peti- ok'd, obo\ ate-<)blung or wedge-shaped, suKjoth on both sides, obtusely 3-lol)ed at the summit, often entire, or on young shoots pinnatiiid toothed or lobed, mostly a wnless when old; fruit small, mostly sessile; cup shallow, flat, en- closing the base of the hemispherical down)' nut. — Swamps and wet banks. — A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves 2'-3' long,witb iiilis uf down in the axils of the veins when young. 5. Q. nigra, L. (Hi.ack Jack.) Leaves sliort-petioleil, coriaceous, broadly wcdg('-slia|)ed, rounded at the base, mostly 3-lobed at the summit, bristle-awned, smooth above, rusty-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; fruit middle- sized, on short and thick i)eduucles ; cup top-shaped, with coarse truncate scales, enclosing one third or one half of tlie oi>long-ovate juit. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil. — A small tree. Leaves 4' - 9' long. Literniediate forms be- tween this and No. 7 are nut uncommon. ++ -M- ++ Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, bristle-awned. = Leaves smooth or nearly so. C. Q. Catesbsei, Michx. (TuRKEV Oak.) Leaves somewhat coria- ceous, broad, narrowed into a short petiole, ileeply jiinnatifid ; the lobes very acute from a l)road t);ise, spreading, mostly falcate and entire ; fruit rather large, shurt-pedunded ; cup thick, turbinate, with broad obtuse scales, enclos- ing half of the ov(jid nut ; the upper scales intlexed and lining the inner edge of the cu]). — Dry pine barrens. — A small tree. Leaves C'-9' long. 7. Q. COCCinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Leaves long-petioled, oval or oblong, with deep and broad sinuses, and 6-8 entire or s])aringly toothed lol)e3, truncate at the l)ase, smooth and shining on both sides ; cup top-shaped, with coar.se scales, enclosing ojie half or one third of the ovoid nut. — Dry woods ; more abundant in tlie upjier districts. — Leaves turning bright scarlet after frost. Var. tinctoria, Gray. (Black Oak.) Leaves obovate-ol)long, with deep or shallow open sinu.^^es, and about 6 sharply-toothi^d lobes, obtuse or truncate at the base, pubescent when young, at length only in the axils of the veins beneath ; cup top-shaped, with broad scales, enclosing about half of the CUPULIFER.E. (oak FAMILY.) 445 roundish depressed nut. (Q. discolor, Ait ) — Dry woods, diiefly in the upper districts. — A hirge tree, with the outer bark dark brown, the inner tliick and yellow. Leaves turning light brown after frost. Nuts 6" -8" long. 8. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Leaves oblong, with open shallow sinuses, and 8-12 entire or sharply toothed lobes, smooth on both sides, paler be- neath ; fruit large, cup shallow, flat, with fine scales, enclosing the base of the ovate or oblong nut. — Rocky woods, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. Leaves turning dark red after fro.st. Nut 1' long. 9. Q. Georgiana, M. A. Curtis. Shrubby ; leaves small, very smooth, somewhat obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, with deep or shallow open sinuses, and 3-5 triangular lanceolate entire acute or obtuse lobes ; fruit short- peduncled ; cup smooth and shining, saucer-shaped, enclosing one third of the oval-globose nut. — Stone Mountain, Georgia (Raienel). — Shrub 6° -8° high, growing in clusters. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Fruit abundant. Nut |' long. 10. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (PinOak.) Leaves long-petioled, oval, trun- cate or abruptly acute at base, with broad and rounded sinuses, and 5-7 sparingly-tootlied lobes, smooth on both sides ; cup shallow, with appressed scales, enclosing the base of the nearly globular nut. — East Tennessee {Giit- tinger), and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Nut ^' long. = = Leaves tomentose beneath. 11. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves oblong, rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes entire or sparingly toothed at the apex, the ter- minal one commonly narrow and elongated ; fruit rather small ; cup some- what top-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing half of the globular nut. — Var. PAGOD.EFOLiA, Ell., has larger leaves, with 11-13 nearly opposite and spread ing lobes. — Dry woods. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 5' long, entire near the base. Nut -J' long. 12. Q. ilieifolia, Wang. (Bear Oak.) Shrubby ; leaves obovate, with 3-5 angular or short and broad mostly entire lobes, acute at the base, white- tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth and dark green above ; fruit short-peduncled ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing about one third of the ovate nut. — Barren soil in the upper dis- tricts.— A slirub 3°-4° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Fruit abundant. -I- -f- Leaves persistent. 13. Q. myrtifolia, Willd. Leaves rigid, ovate or obovate, acute or ob- tuse, l'-2' long, entire, the margins revolute. Fruit nearly sessile, single or clustered. Cup shallow, one fourth the length of the ovate or globose nut. — Dry sandy soil along the coast. — Stem 4° - 8° high, rarely taller. Leaves r-2' long. * * Fruit annual. 14. Q. pumila, Walt. (Rcnmxg Oak.) Branchlets slender, pubes- cent ; leaves mostly deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, slightly undulate, nearly sessile, white-tomentose beneath; fruit small, single ; cup siiallow; nut ovate. — Sandy pine barrens in the lower districts. — Stems 2°-8° high, from long creeping roots. Leaves l'-3' long. ■IIG Cll'lLIKKlM:. (oak lAMILY.) §2. 1^1 rcoHAi.ANi .s. (WiiiTi; Oaks.) limk jmli, ami riiostli/ seal 1/ : wood toiiijli : Iviiris not hrisllv-jiuiutvd, t/ifi'r lubis cihiiiikiiiIi/ ohiuse: nut kinooth within: s/<»/He;is 6 - 8 : slii/mas sessi/r ; aliurticc uviilts at the base of the seed: fruit (iiiniiiil. ♦ /.Hires dt rid nous. ■t- Leaves sinuate-iohed. 1;'). Q. Stellata, ^VilI)p;. (I'ost Oak.) Leaves with 5-7 hroad roundeil or iKitilicil liiln's sc|iar:itf(l hv wide oj)en simi.ses, iiarruwcd at tlie lia.^e into a short petiole, puliesteiit beiieatli; eiip lieiiiisplierical, eiulo.siii"^ one tliird or one lialf of the oval nut. — Cold ilavev .xoil, Florida, and nortliward. — A tree 40'^ -50'^ fi'i-l liij^li. Nut i' lon<]j. Leaves 4'- iV long. Var. pai'Vifolia. Leaves smaller (1 i' -3' long), ohlong, olitnse. entire or sinuate-ttiothed, nearly sniootli on hotli sides, rusty-pul)esi'ent, like tlie branch- lets, when young; nut larger. — Sandy soil near the eoast. — A shrub or small tree. 16. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) Leaves olilong or oliovate-oMong, with 7 -9 mostly olitii.-^e and entire narrow lolies .separated by narrow sinuses, uar- roweil into a petiole, densely tomeutose, like the branehlets, when young, at length smooth or glaucous beneath ; fruit large, nearly sessile ; cu]) hemi- spherical, enclosing one third of the oblong ovate nut. — Damp woods. — A large tree with white bark. Leaves 4' -6' long. Nut about 1' long. 17. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Mossy-cup Oak.) Leaves thin, obovate- oblong, pnl)escent or pale beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled, slightly or strongly few - manylobed ; the lobes rounded, entire or ol)tusely -toothed; fruit large; scales of the cup thick, the upper ones produced into long awns; nut ovoid, included, or half enclosed in the cuj). — Woods and river banks, Tennessee, and westward. — A middle-sized tree. Leaves G'- 1.5' long. Nut I'-U'long. 18. Q. lyrata, Walt. (OvER-crp Oak.) Leaves crowded at the end of the branehlets, obovate-oblong, acute at the base, 7-9-lobcd, white-tomentose beneath, or at length smoothish, shining above, the lobes triangul.ar, acute, and entire ; fruit sessile : cup round-ovate, w'ith rugged .scales, almost cover- ing the roundish nut. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — A large tree. Leaves 5'- 8' long, short-petioled. Fruit 1' long. — •*-■(- Lrin-es toothed. 19. Q. prinus, L. (Swamp Chestnut Oak.) Leaves oblong or obo- vate-oblong, obtuse, with rounded teeth, srfiooth and shining above, pale and pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; fruit large, short-pedun- cled ; cup hemispherical, rugged w-ith tubercular scales, enclosing the base of the roundish or oblong-ovate nut. — Low grounds. — A large tree. Nut about 1' long. 20. Q. Michauxii, Nutt. Leaves rather rigid, oblong, obtuse or cor- date at the base, the teeth short and rounded, velvety beneath ; fruit very large, short-peduncled ; scales of the hemispherical cup tubercular ; nut ob- long-ovate. — Low ground and river swamps, chiefly in the lower di.stricts. — A large tree, with flaky bark. Leaves 4' -5' long. Nut 1 A' long. CUPULIFER.^. (oak FAMILY.) 447 21. Q. bicolor, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Leaves obovate, acute at the base, coarsely aud obtusely toothed or somewhat lobed, dark green above, wbite-tomeutose beneath ; fruit long-peduucled, cup tubercular, hemi- spherical; nut oblong-ovate (T long). — Swamps along the mountains. — A large tree. 22. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (Chestnut Oak.) Leaves oblong varying to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed, with the points incurved, mostly acute at the base, smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit small, sessile or short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, enclosing one tliird of the oblong nut. — Rocky woods, chiefly in the upper districts. — A large or middle sized tree. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Nut 1" - 9" long. 23. Q. prinoides, Willd. (Chinquapin Oak.) Shruiiby; leaves lance- olate-oblong, acute at each end, acutely toothed, smooth above, wliite-tonien- tose beneath ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, enclosing about one half of the round-ovate nut. (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Barren soil in the upper districts. — Shrub 2° -6^ high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Nut 8" -9" long. 24. Q. Durandi, Buckl. ? Smooth, with ash-colored branchlets ; leaves oblong or wedge-oblong, entire, emarginate, or 3-lobed at the summit, taper- ing or abrupth' contracted into a short petiole ; fruit yery small, closely sessile ; cup shallow, flattened, enclosing the base of the ovate nut. — Rocky banks, Georgia, Florida, aud westward. — A lofty tree. Leaves 3' -4' long Nut 4" -5" l(5ng. * * Leaves persistent. 25. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Branchlets tomentose ; leave.* coria- ceous, perennial, oblong, obtuse, somewhat rugose, smootli and shining above, hoary-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute ; fruit long peduncled ; cup top-shaped, hoarv, enclosing the base of the oblong che.stinit-brown nut. — Dry or wet soil, in the lower districts. — Commonly a large tree with spread- ing brandies. Leaves 2' -4' long. Var. maritima. (Q. maritima, TF///c?.) Shrubby (4° - 10° high) ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, concave, mostly acute ; fruit larger. — Sand ridges along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Var. dentata. (Q. nana, Willd. 1) Dwarf (l°-2° high) ; earliest leaves flat, wedge-obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronate, toothed, at length smooth, the others lanceolate and entire ; fruit sessile or short-peduncled, often clus- tered.— Flat pine barrens, Florida. — Leaves nearly sessile. 2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. Sterile flowers in separate clusters, in long erect cylindrical aments. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 8 - 1 .5 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 1 - 3, enclosed in the bell-shaped, at length globose, 4-valved and very prickly involucre. Calyx 5-6-lobed, superior. Abortive stamens 5-12. (^vary 3 -6 celled. Ovules single or by pairs in each cell. Stigmas 3-6, bristle-like, spreading. Nuts 1 -3, roundish, compressed, or plano-convex. Cotyledons very tliick. — Trees or shrubs, with oblong petioled sliarply serrate sti'aiglit-veined leaves. lis Cl'I-l I.IKKK.K. (<»AK FAMILY.) 1. C. vesca, l-. (("hkstm t.) Leaves ohlong lanceolate, ac-uniinate, coarsely Miraii', siiiKotli <>u lioth sides; nuts mostly 3, tlic middle one Hat- tonc'il, tlie 2 outer onus pluno-eonvex, darii lirown. — Drv woods, mostly in tlio u|i]Hr (iistiiits. Aiuil. — A large tree. Leaves C- 7' long. 2. C. pumila, Michx. (CinNyi ai-in.) Leaves ohlong, acute, or ol)tuse, fint'lv senate, lioary-tomentose beneatli ; nuts solitary, nearly gloliular. (C. nana, Muld., a form with larger leaves and nuts.) — Dry sandy soil, riorida, and nurtiiward. April- May. — A large slirub or small tree. Leaves, invo- lucre, ami nut smaller than those of the preceding. 3. FAGUS, Touru. Beech. Sterile flowers capitate, on long and drooping peduncles, with deciduous bracts. Calyx i)ell-shaped, 5 -6 cleft. Stamens 8-12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers solitary or i)y pairs, peduncled, surrounded witli numerous liuear bracts and a 4-lobed involucre. Calyx of 4-5 subulate lobes. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, filiform, ^■ut8 commonly 2, acutely 3 angled, enclosed in the soft-spiny 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons thick and fle.shy. — Trees, with whitish bark, and straight-veined leaves ex- panding with the flowei'S. L F. ferruginea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate or rhombic, acute, finely serrate, silky on both sides when young, when old only on the veins beneath ; spines of the involucre short, recurved. — Damp sandy soil. April. — A large tree, with widely spreading branches. 4. CORYLUS, Tourn. H.vzel-xct. Sterile flowers in cylindrical pendulous bracted aments. Calyx 2 cleft, partly united with the bract. Stamens 8: anthers 1-celled. Fertile flowers clustered. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Involucre tut)ular at the base, leafy and lacerated at the summit, enclosing a single bony (edible) ni'.t. — Shrubs, with broadly cordate doubly serrate petioled leaves. Flowers appearing before the leaves. L C. Americana, Walt. (H.vzel-xut.) Branchlets glandular ; leai^es round-cordate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, pubescent; involucre roundish at the base, dilated and flattened above the nut, glandular-hairy ; nut roundish, somewhat flattened. — Rich soil along the mavginf! of woods and thickets. West Florida, and northward. Feb.- March. — Shrub 5*- 6° high, tough and flexible. Leaves 4' -6' long. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-xht.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves ovate or ol)loiig-ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, rather thin, pubescent ; involucre bristly, prolonged into a tube above the nut, 2-cleft and toothed at the summit; fruit nearly globular. — Rich soil in the upper dis- tricts. March - April. — Shrub 4°- 6° high. 5. CARPINUS, L. HoRXBEAM. Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, supported by scale-like bracts. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments. Stamens 8- 14 : filaments short : an- MYRICACE.E. ( WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 449 thers 1-celled, hairy at tlie apex. Fertile flowers spiked. Bracts 2-flowered, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, flliforni. Kut solitary, an- gular, sessile iu the axil of au open 3-lobed leaf-like imolucre. — Trees, with simple ovate or oblong straight-veined deciduous leaves, folded in the bud. Flowers expanding before the leaves. 1. C.Americana, Michx. (Hornbeam.) Branchlets smooth and slen- der ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, sliarply and doubly ser- rate, rounded at the base, more or less pubescent. Fertile spikes terminal, long-jjeduncled, 6- 12-flov/ered ; involucre unecjually 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer aud serrate on one side ; nut small, ovate, compressed, 8-ribbed. — Rich woods. March. — A small tree, with iiard aud close-graiued wood. 6. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop Hornbeam. Sterile flowers iu drooping cyliudrical araents, each in the axil of a scale- like bract, destitute of a calyx. Stamens with the filaments irregularly united. Fertile flowers in a short terminal crowded spike, each enclosed iu a mem- branaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, bearded at the apex. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruiting involucre inflated, nerved, hairy or bristly at the ba.se, enclosing the solitary pointed nut. — Small trees, with ovate or oblong serrate short-petioled deciduous leaves. Flowers appearmg with tiie leaves. 1. O. Virginica, WiUd. (Hop Hornbeam.) Leaves ovate-oblong, sharply and simply serrate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent ; fertile spike cone-like, short-peduncled ; the imbricated in- volucres oblong, mucronate, bristly at the base. — llich woods. March. — A small tree, with hard aud close-grained wood. Order 129. MYRICACE^E. (Wax-Myrtle Family.) Chiefly shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, with or without stip- ules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, disposed in aments, desti- tute of calyx or corolla, each in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - 10 ; the short filaments free or partly united : anthers 2-celIed. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, .surrounded at the base with a row of scales. Ovule solitary, orthotropous or amphitropous. Involucre none. Stigmas 1-2, elongated. Fruit a dry 1-seeded drupe. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle superior. 1. MYRICA, L. Wax-Mvrtle. Batberrt. Flowers in short axillary aments, dioecious, each in the axil of the scale- like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2-10, with the filaments united below. Ovary enclosed in a cup of 3 - 5 rounded scales. Ovule or- thotropous. Stigmas 2 (rarely 4), flattened on the inner face, widely spreading. Nut globose, covered with waxy grains. — Shrubs or small trees dotted with minute resinous and odorous glands. Branches clustered. Leaves Bhort-petioled, serrate or entire. Stipules none. 29 I."(> i,i:itm:kia(i:.i:. (i.kitnkkia family. ) 1 M. cerifera, I>. (\V.\x-M\itii i;, 1!a^ luiintv.) Uramlilets pubes- cent ; Ifiivcs laiicfolati' or t)lilt)ii;; liUKfoljito mostly olitiise, entire, or willi a few sli:ir|) si-rriitures iH-ar tlie :i|p('x, sniootli, or jiiiljescont on tlic veins lie- neatli, taperinj: into a j)eti(ilo ; sterile unients very numerous, oblong; bracts wotljj;e shaped ; stamens 4 ; fertile aments small ; liracts rounded, obscurely 3- lobe.l ; scales of the ovary 4, ciliaie ; sti/^mas 2; fruit abundant, white. — Margins of swamps, mostly near the co:;st, Fluriila, and northwartl. March - April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves persistent along our southern limits, but northwardly deciduous, li'-4' long. Var. pumila, Michx. Low (1^-2' l''gli)> much branched ; leaves smaller (^'-2' long), persistent, van-ying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or lincar-s])atulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near the apex ; aments miiintp, ovdid. fcw-ll.iwored. — Sandy ])ine barrens. ■2. M.'CarolinensiS, Mill. Branchlets smooth orliairy; leaves larger, obovate-olilong, entire, or slightly serrate near the apex, mostly rounded or emarginate at the summit; aments and nuts larger; scales of the sterile flower roundisii. — Wet jiine barrens. — Shrub 2^-4° high. Leaves mostly deciduous. 3. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth ; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, very entire, tapering into a jieliob', with the margins revolute ; sterile aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the back; stamens about 10, monadelphous ; fertile aments small, elongated in fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4 ; scales of the ovary 5 ; nuts large, black, commonly soli- tary. — Margins of pine barren ponds and swam])s, Fbjrida, near the coast. Feb. -March. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark. Leaves about 2' long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3" loug. 2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet Fern. Flowers monoecious. Sterile anient cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acumi- nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. F'ertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovary surrounded by .5 -6 long and slender persistent scales; ovule ortbotropous. Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow pinnatiti 1 leave-;, and small semicordate .stipules. 1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short petioled, linoar-lanceolate, ■with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous ; fertile aments at the V)ase of the sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and north- ward. April. — riant l°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3'-4' long, reseml>ling those of a fern. Order 130. LEITNERIACEiE. (Leitxeria Family.) Intermediate between tlie Wax-MjTtle and "Willow Families, and includes only the following genus. 1. LEITWERIA, Chapm. Flowers in aments, dia-cious. each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts BETULACE.E. (biRCH FAMILY.) 451 ovate, acuminate, imbricated, stamiiiiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones empty ; stamens 5-10, free: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fertile anient few- many-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, sliort, in fruit elongated; bracts ovate, approximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly smooth, with the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, channelled. Drupe oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base : epicarp thick, coriaceous, smooth : endocarp crustaceous. i^lbumen none. . Embryo large, filling the cell. Coty- ledons oval, compressed. Kadicle superior. — A stout shrub, 2° - 6° high, with soft wood and smooth light brown bark, without resinous dots. Branches short and thick, hoary-pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or obovate- oblong (4' -6' long), acute at each end, entire, smooth and shining above, hoary-tomentose beneath, straight-veined, on long spreading or recurved hoary petioles, deciduous. Stipules none. Aments develojjed before the leaves, from the axils of the preceding year, the sterile ones 1'- 1^' long, the fertile 6" -8" long. Drupe V long, green, slightly curved. 1. L. Floridana, Chapm. — Salt or brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Feb. - jNIarch. Order 131. BETULACE.E. (Birch Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, de- ciduous stipules, and monoecious amentaceous flowers, placed 2 - 3 to- gether in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4 : filaments distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 2, elongated. Fruit a winged or angled 1-celled 1-seeded nut, forming, with the imbricated persistent bracts, a cone-like spike. 1. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. Sterile aments drooping. Bracts 3-flowered, 2-bracteolate, peltate. Calyx scale-like. Stamens short : anthers 1-celled. Fertile aments oblong or cvlin- drical. Bracts 3-flowered. Calyx none. Stigmas filiform. Xut broadly winged. Cotyledons oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with the outer bark often .separable into thin papery slieets. Leaves petioled, serrate. Fruiting bracts membranaceous. 1. B. nigra, L. (Red Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, smooth above, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the short petioles and branchlets, becoming rusty or smoothish ; sterile aments long and drooping ; the fertile ones oblong, short-peduncled, with the woolly bracts cleft into three linear-oblong nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, i1/(cA,r.) — Banks of rivers. March — A middle-sized tree, with reddish brown bark, and long spreading branches. 2. B. lutea, iNTichx. (Yellow Birch.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, unef|nally and doubly serrate, pubescent, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth on both sides, on short pubescent petioles ; fruiting aments oval-oblong ; lobes of the bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading and 452 SAI.K ACK.K. (wil.I.dW lAMII-V.) hairy, acnio. — Muimtaiiis nf North ("an.lina. March - A|>ril. — A tree 4 0'^- 60^ hiuli, witli vfUowish l>ark. L«'aves li'-.T hui;;. 3. B. lenta, L. (Ciiiouuv Biucu.) Hramhhjts sun "it h ; leaves ovate or ohh>n;Xiivale, ariite, ii>rf oily alliiiiiicM. CoUledons 3-12, linear. — Trees. Leaves evergreen, iiiH-tllf .■*li;i|iiil, 2 - ;") in 11 clustiT, their bjuios eniloscd in a thin .scurioiis sheath. * leaves two in each slwatli. 1. P. pungens, Mirhx. (TAni.K-MoiMAiN I'iNi;.) Leave.s from a sliiirt siii'iiili, cniwdiMl, short and rifjid ; cones larf^f, coniinouly 3-4 in a whorl, ovate, ses.-iije, tlie thick scales ])ointeex, and armed with a very stout s])ine, which on the ujijier scales is incurved, on the lower ones recurved. — .Mountains, rarely west of the Jihie Hidge, Georgia to North Carolina. — A tree 40' - 50° high, w ith rigid and irregular branches. Leaves about 2' long. C'oiu-s 3' long, yellowish browu. Buds resinous. 2. P. inops, Ait. (Jkusev or Scuiu Pine.) Brandilets smooth and glaucous; leaves from short sheaths, .scattered, short and rigid, Hat on the inner face; cones solitary, conical-oiilong, mostly rcHcxeil, short-]ieduncled, deciduous; scales armed with a straight sul)nlute rigid spine. — Dry sandy or gravelly ridges in the upper districts. — A tree l.'>°-30° high, with rough blackisii bark, and spreading or recurved flexilde branches. Leaves \'-2' long, dark green. Cones liglit brown, alxjut 2' long. Var. clausa, Engelm. Leaves longer and finer ; cones nearly .«essile, spreading or rctlcxed, mostly persistent for years; bracts 8 or 9 ; cotyledons mostly 4. — Barren sandy ridges uear the coast, Florida. — Tree 10° -40° high. Wood valueless. 3. P. glabra, Walt. (Sprtce Pine.) Branches and branchlets smooth, whitisli ; leaves slender, scattered ; cones generally solitary, somewhat cylin- drical ; spines nearly obsolete. — In dam]) rich soil, Florida to South Carolina. — A tree 40''-60° '''o'lj witli smoothish bark and soft white wood, branching from near the ground. Leaves 3'-4']" long. 2. T. Caroliniana, Kngelm. Leaves larger than in tlie jtreceiiing, 6"- 8" lonsi, iier|n-r liriTU, ami more glos.<\-, notched at the tip; cones larger (12"- 14" long), the oMong scales widely spreading at maturity. — Mountains of North and ISoutli Carolina. — A small tree. 4. PICEA, Link. Si-nicE. Cone drooping, the .>;cales persi.slenl. Seed at length free from the wing, yterile aments a.xillary, sessile. Anthers ojjeniug lengthwise, crested at the tip. Leaves 4-angIed, not distichous. 1. P. nigra, Link. (Ulack SruucE.) Leaves scattered on all sides of the hrauclas, needle-shaped, 4-sided, erect, dark green ; cone ovate or ovate- obloug ; the scales with a thin wavy or denticulate margin. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tall but slender tree. Leaves ^' long, rigid. Cones r- 1^' long. 2. P. alba, Link. (Whitk Spulck.) Leaves inserted on all sides of the lu'aniiies, needle-shaped, 4-sided, incurved, light green ; cones oblong- cylindrical, with the scales entire. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A small tree, with more slender and less crowded leaves thau those of the preceding. Cones r-2' long. 5. JUNIPERUS, L. JiMPER. Flowers mostly dia-cious. Aments lateral and terminal, .small, few-flowered. Stamens several: anther-cells .3 -6, inserteil beneath the peltate scale, opening lengtliwise. Carpellary scales 3-6, 1-3-ovuled, partly united, fleshy, and forming in fruit a berry -like drupe containing 1 -3 erect bony seeds. Cotyle- dons 2, olilong. — Trees, with subulate or scale-like persistent leaves. 1. J. Virginiana, L, (Red Cedar.) Branches terete ; leaves opposite or by tliices, minute, fhombic-ovate, closely imbricated, dei)ressed on the back ; those on young shoots subulate and spreading ; drupes small, blue, 1-2- seeded. — Dry, rocky, or even wet soil, Florida, and northward. ^larch. — A small tree, with reddish, fine-grained, durable, and odorous wood, and spreading branches. Leaves dark green. 2. J. communis, L. (Common- JtNirER.) Shrubby, widely spreading; leaves .'? in ;i wborl, sjireading, linear-lanceolate, white on the n]iper surface, the margins involute ; drupes large. — Aiken, Soutli Carolina (Ilucenel), and northward. 6. CHAM^CYPARIS, 8j)ach. Cypress. Flowers monfecious. Aments terminal, few-flowere<1. Anther cells 2-4, inserted un- Fertile flowers numerous. Spadix free. 1. ARISi;M.\. Spadix barren above. Leaves 3 - Beveral-lobed. 2. PELTANDRA. Spadix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. <- -^ Fertile flowers solitarj*. Spadix aduate to the spathe. 3. PISTIA. Free-floating aquatics. Fertile flowers solitarj-. * • Calyx manifest. Flowers perfect. <- Spadix enclosed in a spathe. 4. STMPLOCARPUS. Spatho thick and fleshy, convolute, pointed. Spadix globular. Sepals and stamens 4. •«- ♦- Spadix naked. 5. OROXTIUM. Spadix terminating the club-sh'.pal w^iito-topped scape. 6. ACORUS. Spadix attached to the side of the flattened Isaf-like scape. 1. ARISiEMA, Mart. Indian- Tcrxip. Spathe convolute below, dilated and commonly arched above, withering. Spadi.x covered below with monoecious or dioecious flowers (the lower ones fertile), elongated and naked above. Caly.x and corolla none. Stamens 4 in a whorl, very short: anther cells 2-4, distinct, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6 erect orthotropous ovules. Stigma sessile. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Root tuberous. Petioles of the commonly divided and veiny leaves elongated and sheathing the scape. Fruit clu.sters naked. 1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Wake-'Robin.) Leaves two, trifoliate; leaflets sessile, oblong-ovate, acuminate; spathe tubular, dilated, and incurved above, acuminate, green, or variegated with white and purple, longer than the club-shaped obtuse often dioecious spadix. — Low rich woods. !March. — Plant lo - H° high. Leaflets 3' - 6' long. Root depressed, rugose, intensely acrid. 2.' A. quinatum. Leaves single and 3-foliate, or two, and the lower one 3-foliate, the other subquiuate ; leaflets elliptical, acute; spathe acute; AEACE.E. (arum family.) 465 spadix slender, tapering to the obtuse apex. — Shaded rich soil on the moun- tains of Georgia and North Carolina. May. — Plant 2° -3° high. Root depressed. Leaflets 4' -6' long. Elowers dicecious. 3. A. Dracontium, Schott. (Dragon-root.) Leaf solitary, pedately 9 - 1.3-foliate ; leaflets petioled, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate ; spathe tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender spadix. — Kich woods. March -April. — Plant l°-l^°high. Berries numer- ous on the flat rachis, 1 -3-seeded. 2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow Arum. Spathe convolute, persistent at the base. Spadix wholly covered by the monoecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther cells 5-6, embedded in the thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1 -celled, with several orthotropous ovules. Berry I - 3-seeded. Seed gelatinous, with- out albumen. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — Stemless marsh herbs from a tuberous rhizoma. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole sheatliing the base of the tliick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the 'persist- ent base of the spathe. 1. P. uudulata, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, the lobes obtuse; spathe green, lanceolate, acute, convolute, longer than the cylindrical spadix ; berries green, in a globose cluster, 1-seeded. — Marshes and wet places. April - May. — Plant 1 ° high. Spathes 2' - 4' long. 2. P. alba, Raf. Leaves few, oblong, acuminate, glaucous, the lobes ob- tuse ; spathe oval, white, half convolute above the green persistent base, twice or thrice tiie length of the spadix ; berry 1-seeded, crimson. — Sphagnous bogs along the coa.st, Florida to North Carolina. May -June. — Plant 12' -15' high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Spathe 2' -3' long. 3. PISTIA, L. Spathe tubular at the base, spreading above, united with the spadix. Flowers few, monoecious, the upper ones stamiuate and supported by a cup- shaped involucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther cells 3-8, opening transversely. Ovary 1-celled, with several erect orthotropous ovules. Style thick : stigma disk-like. Berry few - many-seeded. Embryo at the apex of the albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous roots, and entire clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils. L P. spathulata, Michx. Leaves arranged in a circle, wedge-obovate, abruptly contracted into a short petiole, with the nerves projecting beneath (lamelliform) ; stem copiously rooting at the joint ; spathe short-peduncled, white. — In still water, East Florida, and westward. — Leaves l'-4' long. 4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Spathe hooded-shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, early decaying. Spadix ped un- cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, hooded, berry-like in fruit. Corolla none. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-cclled, 1-ovuled. Style pyramidal, 4-angled ; stigma minute. Berries with the sepals united in a mass. Seeds globose, without albumen. Embryo 30 M'lC) LKMXACE.K. (lH'CK WI-KIi I \:MII.V.) thick and Hcsliy. — rcrcimiiil pailic-scontoil licrlis, fnim a deop ami tliiik rlii/.diiia, witli largo st(>m-j)Ctinl('{| veiny leaves, and nearly sessile s])allies, ap- ]M aring before tiie leaves. 1. S. fOBtidus, Salisl). Leaves thin, (ival, cordate, sliortjjetiolcd ; sj)athe ovate, iiuiuvcd, s]K)tled with jmrple and yellow; spadix dull purjde, much sliorter liian tlie sjiatlie, enlarged in fruit. — Bogs and swamps. North Caro- lina, and northward. Feh. - Marcli. — Leaves l°-2''long. Spathc 2'-4' long. Spadix in fruit 2' -.'3' in dianicti-r. Seeds ahoiit tiie size of a jiea. 5. ORONTIUM, L. Goi.uen-Ci.i h. Spathe none. Spadix rylindrical, covered with the yellow perfect flowers. Sepals and stamens 4-0. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary I - celled, with a single amphitropous ovule. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit green. Seed without allnimen. Endiryo tln'ck and fleshy. — A perennial a(|uatic herl), witli ohlong long-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadix ter- minating the cluh-sha])ed scape. 1. O. aquaticum, L. Ehizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on stout terete petioles ; scape terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix, sheathed below, commonly curved. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams. March -April. — Leaves about 1° long. Scape l°-2° long. Spadix \'-2' long ; the upper flowers mostly tetrandrous. 6, ACORUS, L. Cal.vmus, Sweet Flag. Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the perfect flowers. Spathe none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Fila- ments slender: anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2-.3-celled, with several orthotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma minute. Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 -few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. — Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves erect, long, flattened, 2-edged. Scajje leaf-like, elongated above the spadix. 1. A. Calamus, L. — Wet places, apparently introduced. April. — Rhizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves l°-2° high, linear-lanceolate. Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellowish, 2'-3'' long, spreading. Order 138. LEMNACE^^. (Duckweed Family.) ]\linute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferoiis stems (fi-onds), and usually simple roots, pendent from heneafh. Flowers monrpcious, mostly from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe mem- branaceous, pitclier-shaped, bursting into two ujiequal lobes, soon A-an- Lsliiiig, commonly enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to single slender filaments bearing a 2-celled anther, and a single sessile 1-colled ovary, -which forms in fruit a 1 -7-seeded utricle. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. TYPHACE^. (cat-tail FAMILY.) 467 1. LEMNA, L. Duckweed. Spathes marginal, 3-flo\vered. Anthers opening transversely. Stigma funnel-foim. Ovules erect from the base of the cell. — Stems increasing by lateral buds. Hoots terminating in a calyptra-like appendage. — The flowers of these plants are seldom seen. § I. Root single : ovule solitary, half anatropous, or orlhotropous. — Lemna. 1. L. trisulca, L. Frond thin, lanceolate-oblong, denticulate near the apex, slender-stijjed, compoundly proliferous, mostly in threes, 1-nerved, 3"- 9" long ; seed half anatropous. — Mountains of North Carolina ? 2. L. Valdiviana, Philippi. Fronds short-stiped, oblong, thin, faintly 1-nerved, conimoDly in groups of 4-8, r'-2" long ; utricle long-ovate, about half as long as the frond, pointed by the long style ; seed orthotropous, apicu- late; albumen scanty. — Ponds, etc., Florida, and northward. 3. L. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate, flattened, single or variously clustered ; root single ; ovule solitar}-, half auatropous ; seed horizontal. — Pools, ditches, etc., Florida, and northward, probably intermixed with L. per- pusilla, Torr. — Stems 1"- 2" long. § 2. Roofs several, clustered : ovules 2, anatropous. — Spirodela. 4. L. polyrhiza, L. Stems roundish or obovate, flat and pale above, convex and dark purple beneath, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 2. — Ponds, Florida, and northward. — Less common than the preceding. Stems 2" -4" long. 2. WOLFFIA, Horkel. Spathe central, 2-flowered. Anther 1-celled, opening lengthwise. Stigma depressed. Ovule oblique, orthotropous. Utricle globular. Albumen thin. — ^Fronds M'ithout roots or nerves, coarsely cellular, proliferous. 1 . W. Columbiana, Karsten. Very minute, roundish, lenticular, deep green, with a thin appendage at the base. — Floating with Lemna on still water. 2. W. gladiata, Hegelm. Frond ribbon-shaped, curved or falcate, gradually narrowed to the obtuse apex, thin and transparent, 2" -4" long, J" wide. — Floating in dense mats in ponds. Cedar Keys, Florida. Order 139. TYPHACE^E. (Cat-tail Family.) Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved leaves, and monoecions flowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, destitute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs or scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2 - 4 together, on long and slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Em- bryo straight in copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the fertile, continuous or distant. 108 NAIADAflMC. (iMtNKWKKK KAMII.Y.) 1. TYPHA, 'ruurii. Cat-taii.. Flowers donsoly crowded on a loiiji rvlindrical terminal s]iadix, enveloped in <()|ii(ins pajipns like liairs; tlie sterile ones sessile on the npper jiart of the wpadix, tiie fertile on slender stalks. Style (iliforin.: sti<;nia lateral. — Stems Htrai^lit, from a tliiek riii/.oma, clntlieil Itelow with the sheatliinj^ liases of the elonjjatcd linear leaves. Spathes lirai-t-like and deeidnous, or none. 1. T. latifolia, I-. stem terete, jointeil Itelow; leaves nearly as long a.s the stem, erect, Hal, retienlated and .somewhat glancous ; sterile and fertile portions of tiie spadix eontigiions, eylindrieal. — Margins of jionds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July - Angn.st — Stem 4°-6° liigli, seape-like ahovc. Leaves alioiit 1' wide. Sjiadix ahout 1° long. — T. angnstifolia, Z,., if found within our limits, may he known iiy narrower leaves wliieli are chan- nelled near the base, and hy tiie interxal which sejiarates the sterile and fer- tile jwrtions of the spadix. 2. SPARGANIUM, L. Bi r-reet). Flowers den.sely crowded in gloliular heads, surrounded by several scales like a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly bracted. Ovarv sessile, pointed by the short persistent style. Stigma lateral — Marsh or aipiatic plants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile leaves, the lowest slieathing. Heads of flowers scattered. 1. S. simplex, Huds. Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper concave and clasp- ing, the lower sheathing ; heads scattered, the lowest larger and pistillate, the others staminate ; scales wedge-shajjed ; stigma subulate, simple. — Touds and ditches. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Heads 6" - 10" broad. Order 140. NAIADACE^. (Poxdweed Family.) Aquatic herbs, with slender jointed leafy immersed stems, and per- fect or monoecious or dioecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or with scale-like sepals. Stamens 1 - 4 : anthers 1 - 4-celled. Ovary 1- celled, forming a 1-seeded achenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed witliout albumen. Embryo straight, curved, or coiled. — Leaves sheathing, or with sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly enclosed in a spatlie. Synopsis. * Flowers monfecioiis or dioecious. 1. NAI.\S. Sti(fma8 2-4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled. 2. ZOSTERA. Stigrnas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spathe. Leaves alternate. 3. Z.\N"NICHF:lLIA. stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre. 4. TH.ALASSIA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 3 Anthers 9, sessile. * * Flowers perfect. 5. RUPPIA. Fruit louK-peduncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none. C. POTAMOGETON. Fruit sessile, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved. NAIADACEiE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 469 1. NAIAS, L. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx aud corolla, yterile flower monandrous, enclosed iu a spathe. Anther 4-celled, opening at the apex, the filament lengthening. Fertile flower naked ; the sessile ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2-4, subulate. Ovule erect. Acheniura minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior. — Stems fili- form, forking. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath at the base. Flowers solitary, minute. 1. IT. flexilis, Rostk. Stem immersed (l°-2° long); leaves 3 in a whorl, narrow-linear, membranaceous, spreading, minutely denticulate on the margins, the lower ones often remote ; stigmas 3 - 4 ; achenium elliptical, acute, smooth, yellowish. — In pouds and still water, South Carolina, aud northward. July - August. — Leaves about 1' long. 2. N. miorodon, A. Braun. Stem (6'- 12' long) almost capillary, very leafy throughout; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2"- 4" long) ; aclienium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — Fresh or brackish water along the coast. West Florida. July -August. 3. N. maj or, All. Stem muricate ; leaves broadly linear, serrate-dentate, with muricate teeth, the sheaths entire ; flowers dioecious ; anthers 4-valved ; style very short ; stigmas 3 ; achenium elliptical, obscurely reticulate. — South Florida. 2. ZOSTERA. L. Eel-grass. Flowers monoecious, naked ; the sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in the sheath-like base of the leaves. Anthers oblong, 1-celled, filled with fine filaments instead of pollen grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a single pendulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent style. Stigmas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. Cotyledons inflexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo. — Marine herbs, with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated sheathing leaves. 1. Z. marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointed ; leaves thin and tender, faintly 3 - .5-nerved ; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix. — Deep salt- water coves. West Florida, and northward. August -Sept. 3. ZANNICHELLIA, L. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked filament hearing a 2 - 4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com- posed of 2 - 6 sessile 1-celled ovaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, and pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule sus- pended, orthotropous. Achenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slender, coiled. — Submerged aquatic plants, with filiform branching stems, and very narrow and entire alternate leaves, with sheathing stipules. 1. Z. palustris, L. Stems tufted; leaves acute, l-ne^^'ed; anther 2- celled; achenia 3-6 in a cluster, linear-oblong, commonly short-peduncled. — Fresh or brackish water, Florida, and northward. May -August. — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves \'-2' long. 170 NAlAhACK.K. (I'ONDWKKl) FAMILY.) 4. THALASSIA. Soland. Flowers dioecious. Sj)iitlio of tlu' sti-iilc tiowcr tcrmiiiatinf!^ the .scape, 2-ileft, tlie lobes ulituse. Sepals 3, oviile-ohlong, ohlnse. Autliers 9, sessile, shorter than the eahx, eoniiivent. Fertile Howers unknown. — Marine herbs, with linear sheatiiiiig leaves surrounding the central scape. 1. T. testudinum, Koenig. Immersed; stem creeping; leaves 1° long, the outer ones withering-persisteut. — iSiialluw water along the coast of Florida. 5. RUPPIA, L. Drrcu-GKASS. Fk)\vers perfect, naked, two or more on a slender spadix, enclosed in the si)atiie-like sheatlis of the leaves, but soon long exserted. Stamens 2, closely sessile: antherH-ells large, distinct. Ovaries 4, sessile, containing a single suspended canijnlotr(>i)ous ovule. Stigma peltate. Achenium stalked, ob- li(|uely ovate. Embryo pointed by the short plumule. — Salt-water herbs, with ttliform branching stems, and alternate liuear or bristle-like sheathiug leaves. 1 . R. maritima, L. — In sliallow water, along tlie coast. May - August. — Stems immersed, l°-3° long, mostly creeping at the base. Leaves filiform, r-3' long, with dilated membr.auaceous sheaths. Fruiting peduncles l'-4' long. Achenium ])ointeiL 6. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Poxdweed. Flowers perfect, spiked. Sej)als 4, roundish, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, ojijjosite tlie sepals: filaments sliort; anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, sessile. Ovules ascending, campylotropous. Style short or none: stigma peltate. Achcnia 1-4, compre.s.sed. Embryo curved or coiled. — Aquatic herl)S, with immersed slender and jointed stems. Leaves sti))ulate, alternate and opposite, either all immersed and commonly membranaceous, or tlie ujiper ones floating and more rigid. Spikes peduncled, axillary and terminal. * Leaves all immersed and alike, ■*- Leaves Jtliform. 1. P. pectinatus, L. Stem flexuous; the branches diffusely forking, disticlioiis ; leaves long, thickish, slightly channelled, approximate on the branches; stipules small, united with the long and sheatiiing base of the leaves; spikes slender, interrupted, on long filiform peduncles; achenium dbovate, smoot;h, slightly compressed, keeled on the back. — Fresh or brack- isii water. June - August. — Stems 2° - 3"^ long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 2. P. pauciflorus, Pur.sh. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly branched; leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile; stipules free from the leaves, connate, sheathing ; spikes short-peduncled, 4 - 6-flowered, globo.se in fruit ; achenium round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on the back. — Shallow ponds, Georgia, and northward. July - August. — Stem l°-2°long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Peduncles J.'- 1' long. NAIADACE.E. (POXDWEED FAMILY.) 471 3. P. pusillus, L. Stem filiform, slightly compressed ; leaves narrowly linear, acute or acuminate, biglaudular at the base ; stipules free ; peduncles half as h)ng as the leaves, 4- 8-flowered; achenia obliquely obovate, turgid, rounded on the back; embryo hooked at the apex. — Ponds, North Carolina, and northward. ■*- •*- Leaves lanceolate or cordate: stipides free, sheathing. 4. P. perf oliatus, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate, cordate, clas])ing, obtuse, many-nerved, those at the brandies and ])eduncles opposite; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on stout peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; achenium obliquely obovate, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or brackisii water, West Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Stems l°-2° long. Leaves 6" -8" long. 5. P. lucens, L. Stem branching ; leaves short-jjetioled, oblong-lanceo- late, niucrouate-acute ; stipules long, connate ; peduncles stout, longer than the leaves ; achenia roundish, compressed, slightly 3-keeled. — Lakes and ponds, Florida (?), and northward. 6. P. Zizii, Mert. & Koch. 1 Stems sparingly branched ; leaves lanceo- late, acute, contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, 5 - 9-nerved, wavy on the margins; stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back; spikes cylindri- cal, mauy-tlowered, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves ; achenium (immature) oval, compressed, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh water, Apalachicola, Florida. August. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. * * Leaves of two forms ; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the floating ones long-petioled and somewhat coriaceous. 7. P. amplifolius,. Tuck. Stem simple, floating ; leaves (mostly absent) large, oblong or ovaldaueeolate, acutish, long-petioled; the submerged ones lanceolate, undulate ; stijjules very long, pointed ; peduncles stout, fruit obliquely obovate, bluntly keeled. — Ponds on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. 8. P. Pennsylvanicus, Cham. Stem slender, branching; floating leaves oppo.site, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform ])etioles; immersed leaves long, sessile, linear or lanceolate ; stipules coiniate, 2-ribbed ; peduncles thickened upward; spikes narrowly cylindrical; achenium smooth, slightly keeled on the back. — Shallow ponds, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Floating leaves l'-2' long. Immersed leaves 4' -6' long. 0. P. hybridus, Michx. Small; stems very slender, branched ; float- ing leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shining and strongly impressed-nerved, longer than the filiform petioles; immersed leaves filiform, scattered ; spikes oval or oblong, short-peduncled ; achenium nearly circular, concave on the sides, rugose or tuberculate, and 1 -3-ridged on the back ; embryo coiled. — Shallow ponds. June - August. — Floating leaves 6" - 8" long, commonly 5-nerved. 472 ALISMACE.K. (\V A IKl;-ri.ANTA I \ lA.MIKV.) Ouin.K 111. ALIS.>lACKuK. (\Vatki{-1'i,.\ntain Kamii.y.) ^larsli liL'ilis, usually with crt'opiug runners or rootstocUs, nerved and reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-like steins, bearing the perfect or monoecious flowers in spikes or whorled racemes. — Sepals and petals 3, or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or nu- merous: anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1-2 anatrojious or campylotropous erect ovules. Style short or none. Achenium co- riaceous, 1-2-seeded. Embryo straight or curved, without allHiinen. Synopsis. SrnoRnKR I. .TUNCAGIXE^. Sepals aud petals (when present) green- ish. Ovule aiiatropoiis. Embryo straight. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes. SiiioiiDKK II. ALISMEiE. Petals white, deciduous.' Ovule tainpylo- trtipi'us. Embryo curved or hooked. 2. ALISM.\. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorleJ. Racemes compound. 3. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Aclienia clustered iu a head. 4. SAGITTARIA. Flowers inoncKcious. Aclieiua clustered iu a head. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Flowers perfect, in a spiked raceme. Sepals 3. I'etals -3, and greenish, like the sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, uearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3-6, united around a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, 1-ovuled. Stigmas plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-rauked. Flowers small, hractle.ss. 1. T. triandra, Michx. Leaves erect, linear-subulate, semi-terete, di- lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape ; flowers numerous, on short pedicels ; sepals oval, dcci in liMANM.Vl'K.K. (lUU.MANMA KAMII.V.) I. V. spiralis, 1- — Slnwlluwini; streams ami ]miihIs. July - Sept. 21. — riant iTiMpiii^, pn/lifurous. jA-aves olitiisc, 5 - '.(-iicivfil, sharjily scnu- Intc, 1°-.'J° loiij^, ()"-12" wide. Scape of the sterile flowers r-4'luug; of the fertile, sj)iral, 2'^-5^ l«.ii^'. rniil I' -3' lim^', often curved. 8. HALOPHILA, riiouars. I'lowers didH-ious, axillary, solitary. I'eriantli '2-leaved. Stamens .3, mon- adeli)lioii.s ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with niunerou.s jiarietal ovules. Style long, liliforin ; stignia.s 3-5, penicillate. Capsule indehiseent. Seeds glohular. Knil)ryo in copious aliiunien. — >farine herlis, with creeping stems, and o])pi)site pellucid stijiidate leaves. 1. H. ( 0 Engelmannii, Aschcrson. Stem filiform, much hranclied ; leaves, seemingly whorled at the end of the branches, linear-oblong, 3-uerved, sharply .serrulate (V or less long); flowers and fruit unknown. — Muddy coves along the west coast of Florida. 4. LIMNOBIUM, Kichard. Flowers monoecious, from a membranaceous UKJstly sessile spathe, peduncled. Sterile spatlie entire, 2-3-tlowered ; the fertile 3-leaved, l-f1owereil. Sepals and petals 3, united in the fertile flower, and coherent with the ovary. Star mens 6-12, monadeljdious : anthers linear. Ovary 6— 9-celled, with as many central placenta", forming a many-seeded ben-y in fruit. Stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. — A floating aquatic herb, with copious pendent roots, loug-petioled rouud-cordate and many-nerved leaves, and small white flowers. 1. L. Spongia, liichard. Stems extensively proliferous ; leaves purplish bcneatli, ami with air-cells near the ba.se; sterile peduncles tender, soon van- ishing; the fertile conimoidy short and thick, recurved in fruit; petals ob- long, alternating in the fertile flower with a pair of minute sterile filaments. — Still water, Florida, and northward. July -August. 2/ — Leaves 2' -4' wide. Order U3. BURMANXIACE/T:. (Bi-rmaxxia Family.) Small lierb.s, with filiform stems, scale-like leaves, and regular per- fect dowers. — Sepals atid petals united to form a tubular unequally 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, with the tube coherent with the 1- or 3- celled many-ovuled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth : anther cells separate, 2-Iobed, opening crosswise. Style slender: stigmas 3, dilated. Placentae 3, central or parietal. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, with a loose or reticulated testa. 1. BURMANNIA, L. Tube of the perianth mostly 3-angled or 3-winged, withering-persistent; the three interior lol)cs smaller. Stamens 3, very short. Ovary 3-celled, with three thick 2-lobed central placentae. Stigmas globose, dilated or 2- ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 477 lobed. Capsule splitting at the apex into three valves. — Radical leaves crowded and grass-like, or none ; those of the stem minute, scale-like. Flow- ers racemose or clustered. 1. B. biflora, L. Stem simple, or forked above, 1 - several-flowered ; leaves subulate, scattered ; periantii blue, broadly 3-winged ; seeds oblong, striate. — Gra.ssy or mossy margins of swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stem T - 5' high. In this and the following species the seeds escape through irregular lateral fissures. 2. B. capitata, Chapm. Stems setaceous, simple; leaves subulate, scattered ; flowers several in a terminal cluster, wiiite, tinged with blue ; peri- anth wingless ; seeds linear oblong, spirally striate. — Low pine barrens, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stems 2' - 6' high. 2. APTERIA, Nutt. Perianth terete, tnbular-bell-sliaped, with tiie 3 interior lobes smaller. Sta- mens 3, very sliort ; the filaments fiat and orbicular at the apex : anthers closely adhering to the globose stigmas. Ovary 1 -celled, with three 2-winged parietal jjlacentie. Capsule obovate, splitting from the Ijase into three valves, which remain attached to the apex of the persistent placentae. Seeds ovoid. — A small perennial herb, with subulate bract-like leaves, and scattered nod- ding flowers. 1 . A. setacea, Nutt. — Deep shady Avoods, along the margins of swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. -Oct. — Stem purple, simple or branched, 2' - 8' high. Leaves scattered. Flowers few, distant, on nodding pedicels. Perianth white, 5" long. Order 144. ORCHIDACE^E. (Orchis Family.) Perennial herbs, with simple stems, from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, nerved leaves, and irregular often showy flowers. — Perianth 6- parted, united below with the 1-celled ovary : the three outer divisions (calyx) and commonly two of the inner ones (petals) similar in form ; but the third, posterior, or, by the twisting of the ovary, anterior one (la helium or lip) differs from the others in form, and often bears a spur or prominence at the base beneath. Stamens 3, united with the style into a column, one or (in Cypripedium) two only bearing a 2- celled anther. Pollen grains cohering in 2, 4, or 8 waxy or powdery masses (pollinia). Capsule with three parietal placentfe, splitting at the sides into three valves. Seeds very numerous, minute, covered with a loose membranaceous testa. Albumen none. — Plants mostly smooth and more or less succulent. Leaved almost always alternate, sheathing and entire. Stems leafy or scape-like. Flowers bracted, solitary, spiked, or racemed, and remarkable for their various and sin- gular forms. 478 <»i;riii nAri:.!".. (i'i;( iiis tamilv.) Synopsis. I. Anthers solitary, fixed to tin- apex of tlio culuiiiii like a liJ, deciiluoug. Tribe I. M ALAXIDK/IC. Pollen in Hniuotli waxy niasiies, without stalks or connect- ing ti«sue. — Uoots tuberous. • Stems leafy. 1. MICUOSTYLIS. Lip cordate or sagittate. Column minute, "J-tootlied at the apex. ■J. Lir.VKlS. Lip entire. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. • • Stems sheathed. 3. COR.VLLORHIZA. Spur of the lij) short and adnate to the ovary. Root branching, toothed. 4. A PLECTRUM. Lip spurless. Root of two solid connected tubers, bearing a single leaf. Tribe II. £PIDENDR£./li^' Pollen in smooth waxy masses connected by elastic tissue. 5. EPIDEN'DRUM. Pollen mas.ses 4. Claw of the si)urle8s lip adnate to the column. (>. TIPULARH. Pollen masses 4. Lip free, .spurred. Stem sheathed. 7. BLETIA. Pollen masses S. Lip free, hooded, spurless. 8. HEXALECTRIS. Pollen masses 8. Lip free, obovate, 5-C-crested, 3-lobed. Stem leafless. Tribe III. VANDEiE. Pollen in smooth waxy masses, fixed by an elastic stalk to the gland of the stigma. 9. DENDROPHVL.IX. Pollen masses 2. Lip witli two long spreading lobes. Epiphytes. 10. POLYST.\CHVA. Pollen masses 4. Petals smaller than the sepals. Epiphytes. 11. CYRTOPODIUM. Pollen masses 2. Petals and sepals equal. Terrestrial. Tribe IV. AKETHUSE..E. Pollen in loose powdery masses. Lip crested. 12. C.ALOPOGON. Pollen masses 2, bipartible. Column incurved, winged at the apex. 13. POGONIA. Pollen masses 2. Column wingless, club-shaped. 14. ARETHUSA. Pollen masses 4. Column petal-like. Root a solid tuber. 1.0. VANILLA. Pollen masses 2. Stem climbing. Flowers in axillary racemes. II. Anther solitary, adnate to the column, erect, persistent. Tribe V. OPHRYDE.E. Anther adnate to the apex of the column, the cells separate. Pollen cohering in numberless waxy grains, which are collected by elastic tissue into a large mass, and attached to a gland of tlie stigma by an elastic stalk. Lip spurred. IC. ORCHIS. Anther cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma covered with a com- mon hood-like fold of the stigma. 17. 6YMNADENIA. Anther cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stig^ma naked. 18. PLATANTHERA. Anther cells diverging from the base. Glands of the stigma naked. 19. H.\BENARIA. Anther cells diverging. Glands naked. Throat of the stigma furnished with variously shaped appendages. Tribe VI. NEOTTIE.-E. Anther attached to the back of the column, parallel with the stigma ; the cells approximate. Pollen powdery. * Pollen masses 2. 20. SPIRAXTHES. Lip nearly entire, clasping the column, obtuse. 21. GOODl'ERA. Lip sessile, entire, contracted above the middle, slender-pointed. 22. PHYSURUS. Lip sessile, dilated above. Cclunin very short. Stem leafy. 23. LISTER.\. Lip 2-cleft. Stem with a pair of ovate opposite leaves. • * Pollen masses 4. 24. PONTHIEVA. Claws of the petals and lip adnate to the column. III. Anthers two, fixed beneath the lateral lobes of the column. Tribe VII. CYPRIPEDIE.^. Column appendaged by the petal-like sterile stamen. 25. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Leaves large, plaited. ORCHIDACE.E. (orchis FAMILY.) 479 1. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Adder's Mouth. Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform. Lip cordate or sagittate, entire or nearly so, sessile. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. Anther lid-like. Pollen masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Stem 1 - 2-leaved, sheathed below. Flower.'; racemed or spiked, minute, greenish. 1. M. ophiogloSSOid.es, Xutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the 5-angled stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short, with the unexpanded flowers crowded in a globular head, elongated in fruit ; pedicels slender, much longer than the flowers ; lip auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the apex. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. July -August. — Stem 4' -8' high. Leaf 1'- 2' long. Flowers ^" wide. 2. M. Floridana, Chapm. Leaves 2, near the base of the .3-angled stem, unenual, ovate, or ellijjtical, sheathing ; raceme .slender, acute, elongated in fruit, many-flowered; pedicels longer than the flowers; sepals oblong, spreading, with the margins revolute ; petals reflexed, twisted ; lip rouud- auriculate-cordate, abruptly narrowed and entire at the apex, depressed at the sinus; capsule oblong or obovate. — Wet shady woods, Florida. July -Au- gust. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves l'-4' long. Flowers 1" wide. 2. LIPARIS, Kichard. Twatblade. Sepals spreading. Petals linear or filiform, spreading or reflexed. Lip entire, flat, often with two tubercles above the base. Column long, semi- terete, incurved, margined at the apex. Pollen masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Leaves 2, sheathing the base of the scape-like stem. Flowers racemed, greeni,sh or purplish. L L. liliifolia, Eichard. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, sheathed at the base ; scape 3-angled, 1 0 - 20-flowered, longer than tlie leaves ; sepals linear, whitish ; petals filiform, reflexed, yellowish ; lip large, wedge-obovate, concave, abruptly pointed, brownish purple. — Low shady woods and banks in the upper districts. June- July. — -Scape 5'- 10' high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Lip j' long. 3. CORALLORHIZA, Ilaller. Coral-root. Sepals and petals alike, oblong or lanceolate, connivent. Lip clasping the base of the straight 2-edged column, spreading and concave above, 2-ridged near the base, spurless, or with the spur adnate to the ovary. Anther lid-like. Pollen masses 4, incumlient. — Low dull-colored leafless herbs, with coral-like roots, sheathed stems, and racemose flowers. 1. C. multiflora, Nutt. Root branching, toothed; stem .stout, 9'- 15' high; racemes many-flowered, the bracts small, rounded; sepals and petals purplish brown, 3" long, the whitish lip 3-lobed, spotted ; spur prominent, ad- nate. — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. July. — Raceme 1 0 - 30- flowered. 2. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Root pinnately branched and toothed ; stem slender above; sheaths 3, elongated; racemes 10-15-flowered ; sepals and petals erect, lanceolate; lip entire, distinctly clawed, oval, with two rido-es in 4S0 OKI iiinAcK.i:. ((ii:< iiis i amii,v.) the tlim.'it, wh'iU' s]n)tt('il witli ])iir|)k'; tlie margins trcnulatc below the niid- illo aixi involute aliove; capsule <>\al, muliliiif^. — Shady wouils. Feb. - Manh. — Siciii 8' - 1 (>' iiigli. J.ip 4" iDiig. .">. C. micrantha, Ciiapni. Hodt toullied ; .stem Iijw, rigid ; Hlieaths 2, abrniith poiiiled ; liueiiie (1- 12-rtowereil ; llowers very small (1"- 1^" hjiig), ereet ; se|)als and |)etals nearly ecpial, lanceolate, erect ; lij) short-clawed, en- tire, (leuticiilate on the mar;;ins, witliout teeth or ridges, shorter tiian the .se]):ils, white spotted witli jmrple ; capsule obovate, nodding. — Sliady woods, Floriila and (Jeorgia. August - .Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' higii. 4. APLECTRUM, Nutt. I'ittv-koot. Se]ials and petals alike, lincnr-ohlong, erect. I.ip spurle.ss, short-clawed, 3-lobed and .'J ridged at the throat, ("olunin slraightish, cylindrical. Anther lid-like, slightly lateral. I'olleu masses 4. — Hoot tulierous, proliferous, very glutinous within, lirst bearing a single large plaited ])etioled leaf, wliich is jjersistent thrfiugh tlie winter, and afterward a S-.sheathed scape, witli a raceme of yellowisli flowers at the sunnnit. 1. A. hiemale, Nutt. — Rich woods, diiefly in the u])per districts. April- May. — Leaf oval, niany-uerved, 4'-6' long. Scape 12'- 15' high, 10-15- Howered. Sepals and petals tipped with browuish purple. Lip whitish, spotted, the middle lobe rounded and creuulate on the margins. Capsule reflexed. 5. EPIDENDRUM, L. Tree Orchis. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, widely spreading. Lip with the claw wholly or partly aduate to the elongated margined or winged column, entire or parted, mostly rigid or tuberded on tlie face. Spur none, or ad- nate to the ovary. Column prolonged at the apex into a toothed or fimliriate cup. Anther lid-like, somewhat 4-celIed. Pollen masses 4, lenticular, stalked. — Stemless herbs, from a tulierous or creeping rhizoma, clinging to the bark of trees by thick matted roots. Leaves sheathing, rigid, perennial. Scape sheathed or bracted, bearing a raceme of greenish and purplish flowers. 1. E. conopseum, Ait. Scape few - many-flowered ; leaves I -3, cori- aceous, lanceolate, acute, spreading; bracts subulate, the lowest somewhat leafy ; sepals spatulate, ohtu.se, with revolute margins ; petals linear-spatulate, obtuse; lip 2-tubercled at the base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded and crenulate, the middle one notched at the apex, the claw wholly adnate to the slightly margined column. — On various trees, but chiefly on Magnolias, Flor- ida to South Carolina. August. — Scape 2'- 8' high. Leaves r-3' long. I^lowers 4'' -5" long, green tinged with purple. 2. E. Tampense, Lindl. Scape tumid at the base, 5-7-flowered; leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, abruptly pointed ; bracts short, ovate ; se])als and petals spatulate-lanceolate, acute; lip 3-parted, 2-crested in the middle; the lateral lobes oblong, acute ; the middle one wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, the claw partly adnate to the 2-winged column. — South Florida — Scape 1° high, invested with numerous short whitish sheaths. Leaves 4' -5' long. Flowers 8" long. ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 481 3. E. COChleatum, L. Stem tuber-like, ovate-lauceolate, 2-edged, scaly, 2 leaved ; leaA'es oblong-lanceolate, acute, as long as the few-flowered scape ; flowers racemose, sliort-l)racted ; sepals aud petals greenish, l)roadly linear, ■ recurved; lip much shorter, purple, entire, cordate-roundish, cochleate, acute, 2-callous at the base. — South Florida (Garber). — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' wide. Flowers I'-H'loug. 4. E. umbellatum, Swai-tz. Stem leafy; leaves oblong, obtuse (2' -3' long) ; flowers umbellate, greenish ; bracts ovate ; sepals oblong ; petals lin- ear; lip reniform-roundish, obscurely 3-lobed, veiny, 2-callous at the base; colunm denticulate. — Miami, South Florida {Garber). — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers 6" -8" long. 5. E. nocturnum, L. Stems leafy ; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse ; flowers 1-2, terminal, white or yellowish, long-peduncled ; petals large, lin- ear, acuminate; lip 3-cleft, the lateral lobes ovate-oblong, the middle lobe longer, linear-setaceous. — With the preceding. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -5' long. Flowers l^'-2^' long. 6. TIP UL ARIA, Nutt. Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Lip long-spurred, 3-lobed the lateral lobes short and triangular, the middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, ascending. Column slender, wingless. Anther lid-like. Pollen masses 4, stalked, waxy. — Root tuberous, proliferous, first producing a single ovate leaf, on a sheathed petiole, afterward a slender sheathed scape, ending in a long raceme of nu- merous greenish flowers. 1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Shady banks, chiefly in the upper districts. August. — Scape about 1° high. Leaf l'-2' long, acute, somewhat plaited and many-nerved, purple beneath. Flowers small, nodding, bractless. Spur about 1' long. 7. BLETIA, Ruiz & Pavon. Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, spreading. Lip spurless, jointed, 3-lobed, crested on the face. Column free, elongated, semi-terete. Anther lid-like, fleshy. Pollen masses 8, by pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape from tuberous rootstocks, sheathed or scaly, many-flowered. Leaves narrow, plaited. Flowers spicate or racemose, mostly showy. 1. B. verecunda, Swartz. Scape lateral, sheathed, many-flowered; leaves mostly 3, lanceolate ; flowers dark green, 1' wide ; sepals lanceolate, acute, longer than the obtuse petals ; lip saccate at the base, dark brown within, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle one wavy-creuulate, purplish, crested ; column stout, half as long as the sepals ; anther appeudaged on the back; capsules pendulous. — Low pine barrens. South Florida. Oct. — Scape 2° high. Leaves 12' -18' long. 8. HEXALECTRIS, Raf. Sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip not saccate, 3-lobed, 5-6-crested. Pollen masses 8. — Scape leafless, sheathed Flowers large, in a terminal epike, purplish. 31 482 OKririoArK.'K. (okciiis k\mii,v.) 1. H. aphyllus, Kiif. Sc.xjip stout, terete, tapering into the many- flowereil sjiike ; siieiillus several, short, tiie iipjxr fl. 3. P. divaricata, U. lir. Leave.** 2, sessile, lanceolate, one near the mi half-cylindrical, wavy and crenulate on the margins, 3-lolied at the apex, greenish veined w ith purple ; crest beardless. — Swamjis, Floriila to North ("aroliuiV. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -5' loug. Sejjals 1'- U' long. 4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves .'), obovate-oblong, abruptly jiointed, whorlcd at the liasc of the solitary reddish brown flower; se|)als linear, spread- ing, three times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, ami yellowish .3- lobed wavy lip. — l^ow .^hady wools, rare. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2' long. 14. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Sepals ami petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and conuivent over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated and bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, ex- panded and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells approximate. Pollen masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid globular tuber, sheatlied, bearing a single large terminal flower. 1. A. bulbosa, L. — Bogs on the mountains of Carolina (Micfiaux), and northward. May. — Scape 6' -9' high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost en- closing a linear late developed leaf. Flower l'-2' long, 2-bracted, bright purple and fragrant. 15. VANILLA, Swartz. Lip adnate to the column, convolute ; perianth jointed at the base, .«spread- ing. Column naked. Pidlen masses 2. — Stem climbing by rootlets. Leaves jointed at tlie base. Flowers large, in axillary racemes. Capsule pulpy within. 1. V. planifolia, Andr. Stem cylindrical ; leaves fleshy, oblong, acute, contracted at tlie base (5' -7' long); bracts leafy; flowers (2' long) green, the sepals and petals lance-oblong ; lip serrate at the apex, thickened below, slightly crested in the middle ; capsule cylindrical (6' long). — Borders of the Everglades (Curtiss). 16. ORCHIS, L. Orchis. Sepals and petals nearly ecjual, arching and connivent over the column, or the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depend- ing, spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, enclosed in a common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, leafy at the base. Flowers showy, spiked. ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 485 1. O. spectabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oblong, about as long as the 3 - 5-fiowered 5-aiigled scape ; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the flowers ; sepals and petals conniveot, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, en- tire, crenulate, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods iu the upper districts. May. — Root of thick clustered fibres. Scape 4'- 6' high. Flowers 6" -8" long. 17. GYMNADENIA, R. Br. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over the short column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, spurred at the base. Anther erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen masses waxy, fixed by a stalk to the naked glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked. * Ovary twisted ; the lip anterior. 1. G. flava, Lindl. Stem slender (l°high); lowest leaf (4' -6' long) lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the upjjermost passing into the subulate bracts of the short (T- 2' long) oblong densely many-flowered spike ; flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, slightly crenate ; spur filiform, de" pending, shorter than the ovary. — Open grassy swamps, Florida, and north- ward. July - August. 2. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9'- 12' high) scape-like above; lowest leaf (4' -6' long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (V-2' long) loosely 4 - 12-flowered ; flowers yellowish green ; lip truncate, 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving up- ward, longer than the ovary. — Low shady woods iu the upper districts. July. * * Ovary straight : lip posterior. 3. G. nivea, Gray & Engelm. Stem slender (I°-U° high) ; leaves nu- merous, one or two of the lower ones linear (4' -8' long), the others small and bract-like; spike (2' -4' long) cylindrical, loosely many-flowered; flowers white ; lateral sepals ovate, slightly eared at the base ; petals and entire lip linear-oblong ; spur filiform, ascending, as long as the white roughish ovary. — Pine barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 18. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals mostly spreading or re- flexed. Lip entire or variously lobed or divided, spurred at the base. Column short. Anther cells diverging. Stigma without appendages, with the glands naked. — Root composed of thick fleshy fibres. Stems mostly leafy. Flowers spiked or racemed, commonly showy. * Lip entire, neither toothed nm- fringed. 1. P. orbiculata, Lindl. Leaves two, at the base of the scape-like bracted stem, large, orbicular, fleshy, spreading on the ground, silvery be- neath ; flowers greenish white, in a narrow and loose raceme, longer than the bracts; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, spreading, the upper orbicular; petals JSr» OKt lIIliACK.K. (Olii HIS KA:\1ILV.) narrower; li|> liiu>ar-sj)atnlate, entire, rci-urvcd ; spur very long, cluh-sliaped, curved. — Sliady woods on the mountains of North Carolina. July -August. — Si-ape 1^- lk° iiigii. Leaves .■)'-«' in diameter. 2. P. Garberi. Root a glolmlar tulicr; stem ereit (l°or more liigh) ; leaves cMt-ni; huueolate, widely sjireading ; spike loosely many-lloworod ; perianth greeiii.sli yellow, lateral sejcils hroailly ovate ; petals wedge-shaped, truncate ; lip linear, ohtu.se, entire ; spur lus long as the ovary (llaiteuaria, I'ortei). — Damp shady woods, Manatee, South Florida {(Jurber). * * Lip 3-toutlieil or 3-lobi;d : Jlowers spiked : stem leafy. •? P. flava, ( iray. Leaves 3 - 4 ; the two lower ones lanceolate or ohlong- laneeolate (4'- 8' long), the others small and hraet-like; flowers small, hrown- ish green, in a loose and sleniler many-flowered s])ike ; se])als and petals oval ; li]i ol)long, hastate -3-lohed, the lateral lol)os short and rounded, the middle one erenulate at the apex and l)earing a tootii-like appendage at the throat; spur eluiishaped, mostly shorter than the short ovary. — Low shady hanks, Floriihi, and northward. July -August. — Stem 1° high. Flowers 2" iu diameter. 4. P. bracteata, Torr. Lower leaves ohovate, the others smaller, lan- ceol.ate ; flowers small, greenish ; sepals and narrow petals erect ; lip ohlong- linear, slightly 3-toothed at the tij), longer than the ohtuse sac-like spur. (Orchis viridis, Piirsh.) — High mountains of Carolina (Pursli). — Stem low. Bracts large, conspicuous. * » * Lip undivided, fringed : flowers spiked: stems leaf if. 5. P. ciliaris, Liiull. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -12' long) lanceolate or obloug, the up])er small and bract-like; spikes oval or oi>long, rather hiosely flowered ; flowers large, bright yellow ; lateral sepals round- ohovate, reflexed ; petals lanceolate, incised or slightly fringed at the apex ; li)) clawed, roundish in outline, long-fringed ; spur filiform, commonly longer than the long tapering ovary. — Swamps and bogs, chiefly in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. August. — Stem H°-2° high. Spike l^'-2' iu diameter. < )vary 9'^- 1.5" long. Flowers 6" -8" wide. fi. p. blephariglottis, Hook. Flowers usually larger, white; fringe of the lip shorter and coarser ; spur much longer than the ovary ; otherwi.>e like the ])receding. — Swamps. July -August. 7. P. cristata, I>inill. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -8' long) lanceolate, the uppermo.st bract-like ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral sepals rounded, spreading, concave ; petals oblong, incised at the apex ; lip sessile, ovate in outline, pinnatifid- fringed; spur filiform, half as long as the tapering ovary. — Hogs and swamps iu the lower districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. Spike V in diameter. Ovary .5" - 6" long. Flowers 2" -3" wide. * * ♦ * Lip ^-parted, fringed or denticulate : flowers in spiked racemes : stem leafy. -t- Flowers yellowish white. 8. P. lacera, Gray. Stem slender ; lower leaves oblong, the uppermost small, pa.ssing into the lanceolate bracts; raceme oblong, loosely flowered; ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 487 petals oblong-linear, entire; lip pendent, the wedge-shaped lobes deeply divided into few spreading capillary filaments ; spur as long as the ovary. — Swamps and low ground in the upper districts. July. — Stem l°-2°higii. Lower leaves 3' - G' long. Raceme 3' - 5' long. ■<- -t- Flowers purple : lip clawed. I 9. P. psycodes, Gray. Stem stout ; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, the upper small, passijig into the linear-subulate bracts ; flowers pale purple, crowded in a dense oblong raceme ; lateral sepals roundish, obtuse ; petals obovate, minutely denticulate at tlie apex ; lip nearly twice as long as the sepals, spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes bordered with a short fringe. — Swamps and shaded banks, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long. Lip 2" -3" long. 10. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Stem stout ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, a few of tlie upper ones small and Lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flowers large, pale purple ; lateral sepals ovate, acutish , petals oblong, denticulate on the margins ; lip twice as long as the sepals, spreading, the broad wedge-shaped lobes long-fringed ; spur longer than the ovary. — Wet meadows. North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 2° - 3*^ high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Lip 6" - 9" long. 11. P. peramoena, Gray. Stem stout; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, the upper lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; flowers large, violet purple; lateral sepals broad-ovate; petals round-obovate, minutely denticulate; lip spreading, the wedge-shajjed lobes finely toothed, entire, or the middle one 2-lobed ; spur longer than the ovary. — ^lountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lip 9" long. 19. HABENARIA, Willd. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones reflexed. Petals unequally 2-parted. Lip pendent, entire, or 3-parted, spurred. Anther cells erect, separate, di- verging. Stigma bearing two variously-shaped appendages. Glands naked. Pollen masses 2, waxy, stalked. — Herbs with tuberous roots, leafy stems, and spiked flowers. 1. H. repens, Nutt. Root a creeping tuber; stem very leafy; leaves lanceolate, 3-ribbed ; spike many-flowered; bracts lanceolate, the lower longer than the flowers ; lateral sepals oblong, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; lower lobe of the petals capillary, longer than the linear upper one ; lip 3- parted, the lateral lobes capillary, the middle one filiform; spur as long as the ovary. — Swamps and ditches in the lower districts. August - Sept. — Stem l''-2'' long. Leaves 6' -12' long. Flowers small, greenish. 2. H. Michauxii, Nutt. Root a globular watery tuber ; leaves oval or oblong, the upper smaller, passing into the ovate-lanceolate clasping bracts ; spike loosely few-flowered ; sepals ovate; lower lobe of the petals capillary and twice as long as the lanceolate upper one ; lip 3-parted, the capillary lateral lobes longer than the linear middle one ; spur twice as long as the ovary. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to South Carolina. August. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Spike 3'- 5' long. Flowers white. 4S8 ORCHIDACEiB. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 3. H. distans, Clrisch. Stem leafy at hase (1° liigh) ; leaves ellijttical- ol'loiijj, aciitf (4' - 0' long) ; racemes few-liuwcred ; brarts oblong-lanceolate, shorter tlian the ovary ; flowers distant (4" long) ; petals 2-parte(l, the upper loi)e oblong, tiie lower linear ; lip .'J-parted, the segments linear, spreading; spur as long as the ovary. — South Florida ( Curtiss). 4. H. macroceratitis, Willd. Stem 1°- U° high, from a single tuber ; leaves oMong ; sjiikc Inoscly few-tiowered ; bracts oldong.jLs long iis the ovary ; lateral sejials ovate-lanceolate, the upper ovate; lower lolie (jf tlie jietals tili- form, twice tiie lengtii of the upper; lateral loljes of the lip tiliform, longer tiiau tiie middle one; spur 4'-.')' long. — Snniter County, Florida {F. L. Leivton). 20. SPIRANTHES, Kichard. Twisted Orciiis. Sepals and petals nearly eijual : the lateral sepals diverging, dilated at the ba.se, the u])pcr one couuivent with tlie petals. Lip clawed, concave, fur- nished with two callosities near tlie base, cla.sjjing the short column below. Stigma ovate, beaked. Anther attached to the back of the column. Pollen mas,ses 2, obovate, 2-eleft, fi.\ed to a common gland of the stigma, powdery. — Root composed of few clustered tubers or fleshy fibres. Stem leafy at the base, slieathed above. Flowers small, white, in a regular 1 -sided or spirally twistei! spike. * Flowers on all sides of the untwisted spike. 1. S. cernua, Richard. Stem smooth below, the upper portion and thick crowded spike pubescent ; lowest leaves long, linear-lanceolate, the others bract-like and sheathing; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the capsule ; flowers recurved ; lip longer than the sepals, contracted above the middle, wavy at the recurved obtuse apex. — Grassy swamps and meadows. Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4' -8' long. Flowers yellowish white, 3" -4" h)ng. Var. parviflora. Stem more slender ; leaves sliorter and broader (2'- 6' long, 4" - 6" wide) ; spikes narrower ; perianth 2" long, white. — Low shady woods, near Rome, Georgia. Sept. 2. S. Storeri, Chapm. Root of four thick fibres; leaves 3-4, ovate, acute, short-petioled, 1' long; scape 6' high, jiubescent above; sheaths 7, free and acuminate at the apex; spike 2' long, loosely 12-flowered, glandular, not twisted ; flowers ^' long, longer than lanceolate bracts; perianth 1^" long; lip oblong, not recurved nor crenulate ; anther ovate. — On decaying leaves, in a dense hummock, Enterprise, Florida. March. (F. A. Storer.) 3. S. simplex, Gray. Root a single tuber ; stem short (6' high), with withered leaves at the base ; spike not twisted ; flowers very small, white, the lip obovate oblong, crenulate, with slender prominences at the base. — Nash- ville, Tennessee ( Galtinger), and northward. # * Spikes twisted, bringing thejlowers into a single straight or spiral row. 4. S. brevifolia, Chapm. Stem pubescent above ; leaves all bract-like and sheathing, or the lowest expanding into a short (l'-2') lanceolate or linear early witliering blade ; flowers all on one side of the rachis or sparingly .spiral, horizontal, pubescent ; bracts ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the ovary ; ORCHIDACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 489 sepals and petals equal ; lip oblong or elliptical, entire, wavy on the margins, recurved at the apex. — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, West Florida. Oct. - Nov. — Root of 3 fleshy fibres. Stem l'^ high. Flowers 10- 20, 3" -4" long, white. 5. S. odorata, Nutt. Stem stout, leafy ; lower leaves from linear to obiong-lauceolate, acute, the others diminishing upward and passing into the large lanceolate acuminate bracts ; spike thick, pubescent, densely flowered, spiral ; bracts much longer than the ovary, the lower ones as long as the recurved flowers : sei)als and petals equal ; lip entire, recurved, oblong, dilated and crenulate at the apex. — Muddy banks of rivers. Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves 9'- 15' long. Flowers yellowish white, i' long, fragrant. 6. S. prsecOX, Wats. Stem tall and slender, pubescent above ; lowest leaves linear, the upper small and bract-like ; spike slender, pubescent, spiral ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the ovary ; lip oblong, entire, recurved and crenulate at the apex, scarcely longer than the petals. — Low or marshy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 6' - 1 0' long. Flowers 3" long, white. 7. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Stem very slender, smooth throughout, scape- like ; lowest leaves (early withering) lanceolate or elliptical, spreading ; spike very slender ; flowers small, on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, smooth ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, clasping, shorter than the capsule ; lip finely crenulate on the margins, recurved and acute at the apex; anthers 4-cleft. — Low ground. April - May. — Stem sheathed, 6'- 12' high. Lowest leaves l'-2' long. Flowers 1" long. 21. GOODYERA, R. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the two lateral sepals including the base of the sessile lip, the upper one conniveut with the petals. Lip concave or sac- like, contracted above the middle into a recurved and channelled point. An- ther attached to the dorsal apex of the short and free column. Pollen masses 2, entire, powdery. — Stems scape-like, from a slender creeping rootstock, bearing a spike of small white flowers. 1. G. pubescens, R. Br. Scape pubescent; radical leaves thick, ovate, discolored and reticulated above, contracted into a spreading petiole ; spike lanceolate, densely many-flowered, pubescent; bracts lauceolate; sepals and petals roundish ; lip sac-like, ending in a short ovate point ; stigma rounded. — Deep shady woods, Florida, and northward. August. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 2' long. Spike 2' -4' long. 2. G. repens, R. Br. Low; scape slender, pubescent; radical leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, reticulated; spike slender, loosely few-flowereil, 1-sided or somewhat spiral ; bracts linear-lanceolate ; lip sac-like, ending in an oblong point ; stigma 2-toothed. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Scape 5'- 8' high. Leaves 1' long. 490 ouciiidacejE. (orchis family.) 22. PHYSURUS, lii.l.anl. St'piils free, the lateral s|)roailinj;, tlin iiiiddlo one erect, aillieriiig to the j)Ptals. Lij) spurred, concave toward the ba.se, dilated ahove. Coluiuu very short. Autlier dorsal, beaked. I'ollen masses 2, eutire, jxjwdcry. 1. P. querceticola, Lindl. Stem ascending; leaves thin, ovate or ohlong-nvatc, aciUf, on slender petioles, wliidi are dilated, membranaceous, and slicathing at the base; spike sliort, obl(jiig, densely Ho\vereryo straight in horny albumen. — Stems leafy. Leaves narrowed into a sheathing petiole. Flowers spiked, showy. 1. C. flaecida, Roscoe. Stem erect from a crec))ing rootstock ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a sheathing petiole ; sjjike few-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, half the length of the tube of the funnel-shaped corolla ; inner divisions of the corolla obovate, flaccid ; capsule few-seeded. — Miry swamps, Florida -to South Carolina, near the coast. June -August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 9' - 1 5' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long. Order UO. A3IARYLLIDACE^. (Amaryllis Family.) Chiefly stomless smooth and succulent herbs, with linear leaves, and smooth (not scurfy or woolly) often showy flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a 6-parted corolla-like perianth, imbricated in the bud, the tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous, attached to the central placentae. Style single. Fruit 1 - 3-celled, valvular or indehiscent. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen, the radicle resting on the umbilicus. AMARYLLIDACE^. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 493 Synopsis. * Root bulbous. 1. ZEPHTRAN.THES. Tube of the perianth short, crownless. Stigmas 3. 2. HTMENOCALLIS. Tube of the perianth elongated. Stamens connected with a cup- shaped crown. Stigma entire. 3. CRINUM. Tube of the perianth elongated, crownless. Stigma entire. * * Root tuberous. 4. AGAVE. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers spiked. Leaves thick and fleshy. 5. HYPOXYS. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers umbelled. Leaves grass-like. 1. ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. Perianth corolla-like, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 6-parted, spreading above, naked at the throat, the tube short or wanting. Stamens free : anthers versatile. Style elongated, declining : stigma 3-cleft. Capsule S-valved, many- seeded. Seeds black, compressed or angled. — Scape erect from a coated bulb, ending in a 1 - 2-leaved 1 -flowered spathe. 1. Z. Atamasco, Herb. (Atamasco Lily.) Scape terete, somewhat lateral, 1 -flowered ; leaves linear, concave, fleshy; spathe 1 -leaved, 2-cleft ; perianth short-stalked, bell-shaped, white tinged with purple ; style longer than the stamens ; seeds angled. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. March - April. ^— Scape 6' - 1 2' high, commonly shorter than the glossy leaves. Flower 2' -3' long. 2. Z. Treatise, Watson. Bulb small; leaves very narrow (I|" wide), thick, semiterete, with rounded margin.s, not shining; scape 4'- 12' high; flowers 3' long, white, the segments rather obtuse ; capsule broader than long, its peduncle 3"- 9" long. — Low ground. East Florida. April - May. 3. Z. Simpsoni, Chapm. Bulbs 1' in diameter, globose ; leaves concave, 1"- 2" wide; scapes 1-3, slightly compressed, 9'- 12' high ; spathe entire, half as long as the perianth ; perianth ii' long, pale pink, the oblong-obovate divisions apiculate at the rounded apex ; stamens and style equal, included ; ovary short-pedicelled, many ovuled. — Low piue barreu.s, Soutli Florida (J. H. Simpson). 2. HYMENOCALLIS, Salisb. Spider Lilt. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted ; the narrow divisions spreading ; the tube slender and elongated. Stamens united below with a cup-shaped or funnel- shaped variously toothed crown, exserted : anthers versatile, linear. Style elongated, declining: stigma entire. Capsule membranaceous, 3-ceIled, burst- ing irregularly before the maturity of the conn-like seed. — Scajie from a coated bulb, compressed or 2-edged, bearing the large and fragrant leafy- bracted white flowers in a cluster at the ape.x. Leaves succulent. * Scape 6 - ] 2-JJoivered. 1. H. OCcidentalis, Kunth. Glaucous ; leaves erect, lanceolate, 1° long ; scape sligtitly compressed and 2-edged, l^°-2° high, mostly 6-floAvered ; tube of the perianth 3' long, about the length of the linear-lanceolate widely spreading divisions ; crown about half as long, the broad truncate lobes 404 AMAKVI.I,II)A( K.K. (aMAKVI.MS lAMII-V.) coarsely tmitlioil. — Along strciiins, often in ilrv soil, Miildle Floriila to Tennessee. .Inly. '2. H. Caribsea, llerK. Leaves ereet-spreading.wiilening upward, 2°-3° long, 3' wide; scape longer tlian the leaves, strongly compressed, sharply 2 eilged, I'-l^'wide, 8- 12-Howere(l ; tulie of the jierianth 6' long, mostly longer than the linear recurved divisions; crown \ tlie lengtli of the divisions. funneisha|)ed, truncate and slightly toothed hetweeu tlie stamens. — Sandy coast, Soutli Florida. July- Augu.st. « « Sfdpc 1 - A-jidwered. 3. H. COronaria, Kunth. Bulh without runners ; leaves linear-strap- shaj)ed, flat at)ove, half-cylindrical near the hasc ; scaj)e solitary, green, 2- edged, 4-flowered ; divisions of tlie perianth linear, spreading, wliite ; crown large, funnel shaped, with six truncate loltes at the stamens, and se\eral fine teeth at the sinuses. — Hocky islets in the Savannah River at Augusta, and in the Congaree at Columbia {Lecuuli). — Scape and leaves 2° long. 4. H. laCGra, Salisb. Bulh stoloniferuus ; leaves erect, widening upward, 1°- lA' long, 10"- 15" wide, as lung as tlie .slightly compressed, sharply 2- edged,2- (rarely 3 -4-) flowered scajie ; divisi(nis of the perianth linear, spread- ing or recurved ; 2' -4' long, about e(|ualling the tube, the exterior greenish ; crown soon bowl shaped, lobed and coarsely toothed l)etween the stamens. (Pancratium rotatum, Auct.) — Marshes and wet banks. April -May. Var. minor. Widely stoloniferous ; leaves 6"- 10" wide, longer than the 2-flowered scape. (P. rotatum, var. minor, Z,econEK 147. H.l!:31()I)()UACE^K. (Uloodwokt Family.) Perennial liliroii.s-rooted herb.s, with leafy or scape-like .stems, mostly eqiiitant and sword-shaped leaves, and regular woolly or scurfy flowers. — Perianth tubular, G-cleft, more or less cohering with the 3- celled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6: anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled. Ovuli'S mostly few, anatropous or anijthitropous, attached to the cen- tral ]dacenta3. Styles ''). united, det-idiiou.'^, or persi.stent and separat- ing : stigma entire. Capsule enclosed in the persistent jierianth, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Embryo small, in hard albumen. Synopsis. 1. LACHNANTHES. Periantli woolly: stamens 3: style deciduous: flowers cymose : stem leafy. 2. LOPHIOLA. Perianth woolly : stamens G : style persistent : flowers corymbose : stem leafy. 3. ALETRIS. Perianth scurfy ; stamens G : style persistent : flowers spiked : stem scape- Uke. 1. LACHNANTHES, EU. Perianth woolly without, Globed ; with the exterior lobes smaller; the tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 3, slender, exserted : anthers linear. Style filiform, declined, deciduous : stigma entire. Capsule globu.se, .3-angled. Seeds aniphitropous, few, thin, orbicular, concave, fixed by the middle to the thick globose placenta;. — A leafy-stemmed perennial, with orange colored juice. 1. L. tinctoria, T-ll. Root red, fibrous; stem mostly simple, villous above ; leaves linear-sword-shaped, smooth, the lower ones crowded and equi- tant, the others smaller and remote ; flowers 2-ranked, crowded in lateral and terminal compound woolly cymes, yellow within ; exterior lobes of the perianth linear; valves of the capsule separating from the placentJE ; seeds l)lack. — I'ouds and ditches. July -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1°- 1^° long. Flowers Y lo"g 2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Perianth woolly without, and at the throat within, nearly equally 6-lobed, spreading ; the tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Stamens 6, slender : anthers oblong. Style subulate, erect, persistent and separable : stigma entire. Capsule ovate, coriaceous, 3-ribbed and 3-furrowed. Seeds anatropous, few, linear-oblong, curved, fixed at the base. 1. L. auroa, Ker. Stem erect, finely pubescent above, mostly simple; lowest leaves linear-sword-shaped, acute, equitant, the others diminishing up- ward, remote; flowers small, yellow within, in corymbose woolly racemes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° liigh, creeping at the base. Leaves 4'- 12' long. Flowers 3" long, nodding in the bud. BROMELIACE^. (PIXE-APPLE FAMILY.) 497 3. ALETRIS, L. Star-grass. Perianth tubular, scurfy and viscid without, smooth within, 6-cleft, the tube adnate to the base of tlie ovary. Stamens 6, very short, inchided : an- thers sagittate. Style subulate, erect, persistent, and separable : stigmas 3. Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Seeds ovate, ribbed, fixed at the base. — Peren- nial herbs, with slender scape-like linear-bracted stems, bearing at the base a cluster of flat spreading leaves, and at the summit numerous small wliite or yellow flowers in a spiked raceme. 1. A. farinosa, L. Leaves lanceolate ; spike short (3'- 12'), rigid ; peri- anth white or yellow, cylindrical; style slender; capsule ovate-lanceolate. — Low ground. May -June. — Scape 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Peri- anth 4" long. 2. A. aurea, AValt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; vspike elongated (l°-2°), slender ; periautli white or yellow, globose-ovate ; style short ; capsule ovate. Low sandy soil. May -June. — Scape 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Perianth 2" -3" long. Order 148. BROMELIACE^JE. (Pixe-Apple Family.) Chiefly scurfy epiphytes, with fibrous roots, rigid leaves, and regu- lar conspicuously bracted mostly spiked flowers. — Perianth free, or more or less adnate to the 3-celled ovary, 6-parted, imbricated, the three outer divisions calyx4ike. Stamens 6: anthers 2-celled, in- trorse. Ovules numerous, anatropous, erect or pendulous. Placentce central. Style single : stigmas 3. Fruit berrydike, or 3-celled, 3- valved capsule. Seeds stalked. Embryo small, at the base of copious mealy albumen. 1. TILLANDSIA, L. Long Moss, Air Plant. Sepals rigid. Petals imbricated and tube-like below, spreading above. Stamens filiform, hypogynous. Ovary free. Style slender. Capsule linear or linear-oblong, cartilaginous, septicidally 3-valved, each valve separating into 2 plates. Seeds erect, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long and hairy stalk. — Radical leaves mostly crowded, imbricated. Petals fugacious. * Stem rigid, erect : flowers spiked. ■<- Floirers scattered : spikes flexuons. 1. T. Utriculata, Leconte. Leaves scurfy and glaucous, subulate and recurved at the summit, very nutch dilated, concave and imliricated at the l)ase, shorter than the rigid mostly branching stem ; the uppermost small and sheathing ; sepals oblongdinear, obtuse, longer than the bracts, much shorter than tlie capsule; petals white, twice as long as the sepals; stamens exserted. — South Florida. June - July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 2. T. flexuosa, Swartz. Scurfy (U°- 2° high) ; leaves rigid (1° long), A^ery broad and spirally imbricated below the middle, and crossed with lines 32 498 r.i;<>MKi,iA(K.iv. (I'lNK-Ari-Lr. iamii.v.) of "jrav anil rril, aln'ii]>tly atlcimatc aliovo, tlic ii]i|icr ones oliloiifj, acute; stt'in ilaik It'll, i)raii(iiiiij^, the spiki'S ft-w-Howcrcil ; lajisiilc twiie llic leiifjth of tlic liiij^lit red sepals; jietals pale reii. — Miami, Smitli VUmda. ((JarUi). Sept. - ( hi. ■i- -t- I'^iiwi'i's coiilii/iions, or (lisliiliDUsI If imhiirdted. ** Ijcaven broad, (tiliniKilc. 3. T. Houzeavi, Mon-en (ineil.). Seurfy (10'-2(t' liif^li); loaves rat lior tentler, laiReulate-sulmlate, concave, .s|)rcailiiifj (8'- 12' Ion;;), the upper ones passing into the oblong acute bracts ; stem mostly simple ; sjiikos linear, closely mauy-Howeretl ; capsule linear, thrice the length of the lanceolate sejials ; jjctals palo blue. — Shady river banks, South Florida. Oct. 4. T. fasciculata, Swartz. Leaves scurfy, concave, gradually narrowed u])\vard; the uppermost reduced to ovate pointed bracts ; stem longer than the leaves; spikes 3 -8, compressed, hedged, red; ])racts ovate, closely imbri- cated in two rows, keeled on tiic back, longer than the linear acute keeled sepals. — South Florida. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1°- 1|° long. Petals blue. 5. T. pruinosa, Swartz. Small, very scurfy ; leaves broad and clasjiing at the l)ase, concave, iml)ricated, nearly ecjual, shorter than the spike ; s|)ikc simple, few-flowered; bracts oblong, imbricated in two rows, longer tlian the sepals, and half as long as the capsule. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 4' high. S])ike 3' -4' long, G - 7-llowered. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla pur- plish blue. ->-•• ++ Letivps linear or Jill form : flowers blue. 6. T. angUStifolia, Swartz.? G lab rate ; stem simple, lO'-l'/ high, leaves longer than tlie stem, linear-filiform, recurving, the uppermost passing into the bracts; spikes 1 -4, 2' -4' long; bracts erect-spreading, ovate-oldong, rounded on the back, 4 as long as the corolla ; calyx with two of the sepals partly united ; stigmas fimbriate ; capsule exserted. (T. juncea, Zeco«artrainii, Ell.) — Kiver swamps, in deep shade, Georgia and Florida. * * Stem branching: spikes peel uncled : flowers blue. 9. T. recurvata, L. Stems cajspitose, 3' -6' long; leaves 2-ranked, recurved, filiform, scurfy, 2' -3' long; peduncles axillary, 1-2-leaved, gla- iRiDACE^. (iris family.) 499 brous, 1 -2-flowere(l, longer than the stem ; style short; stamens included. — East Florida, and westward. * * * Stfiins filiform, pendent: Jloioers solitary, green. 10. T. usneoides, L. (Long Moss.) Scurfy and hoary; stems (l°-2° long) branching, spiral ; leaves 2-ranked, linear-awl-shaped, recurved ; flowers small ; peduncles lateral, .shorter than the leaves, small ; sepals longer than the bracts, half as long as the linear recurved green petals. — Humid situations in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. 2. CATOPSIS, Griseb. Mostlv like Tillandsia, but the stigmas nearly ses.^ile, the stipe incurved, and dissolved into flexuous hairs from the base, the pappus spreading from the hilum, and the pendulous seed ending in a blunt coma. 1. C. nutans, Griseb. Not scurfy ; stem usually nodding (2° -3° long) ; leaves thin, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, pale (10'- 1.5' long) ; calyx ovate, sessile on the flexuous branches of the simple panicle, longer than the ovate bracts ; sepals oblong- oval, obtuse, enclosing the white spatulate petals; capsule ovate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber), mostly on low trees. Order 149. IRIDACE^. (Iris Family.) Herbs, with linear or sword-shaj)ed equitant nerved leaves, and fugacious often showy flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. — Perianth 6-parted, the divisions spreading and equal, or the inner ones smaller, convolute in the bud. Stamens 3, distinct or united : anthers ex- trorse. Ovary adnate to the tube of the perianth, 3-celled ; the numerous anatropous ovules fixed to the central placentae. Style single-: stigmas 3. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. 1. iris, stigmas petal-like, covering the stamens : capsule angular. 2. SISYRINCHIUM. stigmas filiform : capsule globular : stem flat. 3. NEMASTYLIS. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted : stem terete. 1. IRIS, L. Blue Flag, Flo\ver-de-Luce. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted ; the exterior divisions recurved, and often crested or bearded within, the interior mostly smaller and erect. Stamens 3, opposite the outer divisions of the perianth, concealed by the dilated petal- like 2-lipped .spreading stigmas. Style 3-angled. Capsule 3 - 6-angled. Seed numerous, flattened, packed in 1 -2 row-sin the cells. — Perennial herbs, with creeping or tuberous rootstocks, simple or branched stems, linear or sword-shaped leaves, and showy flowers from a scarious spathe. * Stems tall, leafij: divisions of the perianth uneqxud. 1. I. versicolor, L. Stem nearly terete, simple or branched ; leaves sword-sliaped ; flowers terminal, single or spiked, crestless ; periautli pale blue. 500 lUlDACK.i:, (IKIS FAMILY.) varicpatod with wliito, vcllow, iuiil jiiir|)lc, tlic iiitlaicil tiiho sliortor fliaii the ohtuselv 3-aii;;kMl ovary ; lips of the stijiiiias cnlirc or slij^hlly crciiate ; rajisiile obhMip, olitusoly ."J-aiipjlcd. — Wet places. Ajiril-May. — Stem 14°-2° high. Lowest leaves Ii°-2° long, 1'- 1 J' wide. I'eriaiitli '2' long. 2. I. Caroliniana, Watson, stem .slender, 2° high ; leaves tliin, bright green; flowers in )iairs ; ])erianth lilac, veined with j)nrj)le, the tube shorter than the ovary ; eaj>snle oblong, round-angled ; seeds large (4"-.'J" broad), in a single row in each cell. — Wilmington, North Carolina {Watson). — Leaves 3° long. I'l riantli .'!' long. 3. I. hexagona, Walt. Stem terete, sim])le ; leaves linear-sword shaped ; flower-s axillary and terminal, solitary, crested ; ])eriantli deep Idue, variegated with vvliite, yellow, and purple; the cylindrical angular tube longer tlian the 6-angled ovary; stigmas much longer than tlieauthers, the largi; lips toothed; capsule oldong-cylindrical, fi-angled. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. April. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 2°-3° long. Flowers 4' long. 4. I. CUprea, rursh. Stem simple, furrowed and l-an;.'led below ; leaves linear-swordshaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, single or l>y pairs, crest- less, dull yellow^ ; tube of the perianth somewhat inflated, as long as the 6- angled ovary ; stigmas scarcely longer than the anthers, the lips nearly entire ; capsule tumid, G-angled. — Swamps in the lower districts of Georgia (Elliott), and westward. April -May. — Stem .3° high. Leaves 2° long. Flowers 2' long. 5. I. tripetala, Walt. Stem terete, simple, or with peduncle-like branches ; leaves rather short, sword-shaped, glaucous ; flowers terminal, solitary, crestless, bine, variegated w^ith yellow and pur])le ; inner divisions of the perianth very short, wedge-shaped ; stigmas toothed ; capsule oval, 3- angled. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. — Stem l°-2' high. Leaves 1° long. Flowers 2' -3' long. 6. I. Virginica, L. Stem slender, simple ; leaves elongated, grass-like ; flowers 2-6, terminal, on a long and slender peduncle, crestless, blue and white ; ovary 3-angled, 2-furrowed on the sides, much longer than the very short tube of the .perianth ; capsule 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, North Carolina to Tennessee. June. — Stem and lower leaves 2° long. Flowers IV long. * * Stems low, with sheath-like leaves: divisions of the perianth nearli/ equal. 7. I. verna, L. Stem very short, concealed by the short spathe-like leaves, l-flowered ; proper leaves linear-sword-shaped, glaucous ; perianth pale blue, crestless, the divisions about as long as the filiform partly concealed tube; capsule 3-angled. — Fine barrens of tiie middle districts, mo.stly in dry soil, Alabama to North Carolina. Ajiril. — Leaves 5' -8' long. Limb of the perianth 1' long. 8. I. cristata, Ait. Stem 1 -3-flowered ; leaves lanceolate (3' -5' long) ; outer divisions of the perianth crested, much shorter than the filiform tube ; capsule acutely 3-angled ; otherwise like tlie preceding. — ^louiitaius of Geor- gia and North Carolina. May. DIOSCOKEACEJE. (yAM FAMILY.) 501 2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eted Grass. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal, spreading. Sta- mens 3, mouadelphous : anthers sagittate. Style short : stigmas 3, simple, filiform and involute. Capsule and seeds roundish. — Grass-like herbs, with fibrous roots, and scape-like 2-edged stems. Flowers small, in an umbellate cluster, successively developed from a rigid 2-leaved .spathe. Perianth blue, with a yellow centre. 1. S. aneeps, Cav, Stem branching and leafy above. 10'- 1.5' high; spathes two or more, long-peduncled, its leaves nearly equal. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. 2. S. angustifolium, Mill. Stem simple, leafless, 6'- 12' high; spathe solitary, terminal, sessile, its leaves very unequal ; flowers and fruit larger. — Mostly in dry soil in the upper districts. June - August. 3. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt. Perianth 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal and spreading. Stamens 3, distinct, with the subulate filaments much shorter than the elongated linear anthers. Style short, 3-lobed, with the lobes 2-parted, each division produced into filiform radiating stigmas. Capsule oblong, truncated. — Herbs with coated bulbous roots, linear plicate leaves, and very fugacious flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. 1. N. COelestina, Nutt. Bulb small, roundish; radical leaves few, elongated, sheathing; those of the stem diminishing upward, the uppermost bract-like ; flowers mostly solitary, terminal ; divisions of the perianth oblong- obovate; capsule obtusely 3-angled; seeds angular, brown. — Pine barrens, Florida, and westward. May -June. — Stem 1^°- 2° high. Flowers bright blue. The Blackberry-Lily of the gardens (Balamcaxda, Adans.) is occasion- ally seen spontaneous along roads and in waste ground. Order 150. DIOSCOREACE^E. (Yam Family.) Twining herbs, with tuberous roots, ribbed and reticulated leaves, and small regular dicscious flowers, in axillary spikes or panicles. — Perianth 6-parted, the tube (in the fertile flower) adherent to the 8- celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovules anatro- pous, 1-2 in each cell. Styles 3, more or le.ss united below. Fruit mostly capsular, 3-6-seeded. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. 1. DIOSCOREA, Plum. Yam. Tube of the perianth 3-winged. Stamens inserted at the base of tlie limb. Capsule 6-seeded, membranaceous, 3-winged, opening septicidally through the wings. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Leaves ]jetioled, mostly cordate and en- tire. Petioles tumid at the lja.se. 502 SMILArK.K. (SMII-AX FAMILY.) 1. D. villosa, I- Sti'in smootli (10°- I. "j^ loiij^) ; liiivis iiltoniatf, oppo- site, or wliorli'd, liroadly oordutc!, iicmiiinato, 7 -9-ncrvc(l, siikmiIIi, <>r |nil)esieiit beneath ; llowors very small, whitish ; the sterile ones in scattered clusters on the very slender branches of the axillary ]mnicles; the fertile in a simple si>ike; capsule oval or obovate, stron{,'ly Swinged, nodding. — Margins of swamjjs. July. OitDKi: l.')l. SMILACEvE. (Smilax Family.) Herbs or cliiiil>ing slinilis, not e.sseiitially distinct from the Lily Family, but with ribbeil and veiny reticuhited leaves, and separate styles or stigmas. — Leaves not slieatliing, often bearing tendrils. Fruit baccate. SinoKDKU I. EUSMILACI'LE. (Smilax Family.) Flowers dioecious, in axillary and umbel-like clu.ster.s. Anthers 1-celled. Stigmas 1 -.'5, sessile or nearly so. Ovules 1 -2 in each cell of the ovary, orthotropou.s, suspended. — 'I'cudril-bearing vines. Flowers small, leaves alternate. 1. SMILAX. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Woody vines. 2. COPROSMANTHUS. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Climbing herbs. Suborder II. TRILLIACEyE. (Trillium Family.) Flowers perfect, terminal. Anthers 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 3. Ovules .several in each cell of tlie ovary, anatrojious, horizontal. — Erect herbs. Leaves wiiorled. 3. TRILLIUM. Exterior leaves of the perianth calyx-like, persistent. Stem l-flowered. Leaves 3 in a whorl, terminal. 4. MEDEOLA. Leaves of the perianth alike, deciduous. Stem few-flowered. Leaves 3 - 7 iu a whorl, lateral and terminal. 1. SMILAX, Tourn. China Brikk. Flowers dicccious. I'erianth bell-shajied, 6-leaved, the leaves nearly equal and alike, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted ou the base of the perianth : an- thers erect, 1-celled. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 -3-celled, with a single orthotropous pendulous ovule iu each cell. Stigmas 1-3 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, slender, spreading or recurved. Berry l-3celled, 1-3-seeded. Seeds globular or angled. Embryo minute, in horny albumen. — Woody and commonly thorny or prickly vines, climbing by means of a pair of ten- drils attached to the petioles. Leaves alternate, ribbed, and reticulate-veined, mostly smooth and sliiniug. Flowers small, greenish, iu stalked axillary clusters. * Peduncles longer than the petioles or pedicels. ■*- Peduncles flattened : berry black. 1. S. tamuoides, L. Stem scurfy wlien young, armed with stout sub-: ulate prickles ; branches mo.stly uuarmed, compressed -4-angled ; leaves del- toid-ovate, or hastate -3-lobed, truncate or slightly cordate, rarely acute, at the base, .5-7-ribl)ed, often discolored ; the margins, ribs, and petiole smooth, or fringed with fine i)rickles : peduncles about twice as long as the petioles, SMILACE.E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 503 Stigmas 1-3, mostly solitary; berry commonly I-seeded. — Swamps aud thickets. May. 2. S. Pseudo-China, L. Lower part of the stem beset with numerous black ueedle-shajied prickles ; brauches uuariued, slightly angled; leaves ovate or round-ovate, ofteu contracted in the middle, rounded or cordate at the base, abruptly pointed, more or less bristly-ciliate on the margins, 5-uerved ; pedun- cles three times as long as the petioles, many-flowered ; stigmas •'? ; berry 3- seeded. (S. panduratus, Pu/'a'A.) — Woods and tliickets. April -May. 3. S. glauca, Walt. Stem armed witli few aud scattered prickles, very slender; branches terete, unarmed; leaves ovate or oval, entire, obtuse, mu- crouate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, white beneath, 3 - 5-ribbed, the margins entire ; peduncles very slender, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, few-fiowered ; stigmas 3; berry 3-seeded, glaucous. (S. caduca, irt'/W.) — Shady margins of swamps. May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. ■*- ■*- Peduncles terete : berr// oratu/e-i/e/!ow. 4. S. puniila, Walt. Softly pubescent ; stem low (l°-3° high), terete, unarmed ; leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, mucronate, persistent, mostly dis- colored and at length smooth above, pale beneath, 5-ribbed ; peduncles about twice as long as the petioles, rigid, dense-flowered ; stigma single ; berry ovoid, 1-seeded. (S. pubera, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts. Oct. — Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2' -4' long. * * Peduncles not longer than the petioles. -t- Berries red. 5. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, armed with few scattered prickles near the base, otherwise unarmed ; branches obscurely 4-angled , leaves decid- uous, membranaceous, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, mucronate, acute, rounded or rarely slightly cordate at the base, .5-ribbed ; peduncles flat- tened, as long as the petioles and pedicels; perianth rather large (3" long), brownish; stigmas 3 ; berry globular, 3-seeded. (S. caduca, ^^/.) — Tine bar- ren ponds aud swamps. March -April. — Rhizoma creeping. Leaves 2' -4' long. •*- 1- Berries black. 6. S. laurifolia, L. Stem stout, armed with strong prickles; branch- lets I -angled, unarmed'; leaves coriaceous, varying from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved; stigma solitary; berry globular, 1-seeded. — Swamps and margins of ponds. July -August. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Berries maturing in the autumn of the succeeding year, very abundant. 7. S. auriculata, Walt. Stem commonly low and straggling, armed with short ])rickles ; branches flexuous, 4-angled ; leaves rigid, strongly 3- ribbed, varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire or hastate -3-lobed, acute at each end; stigmas 2-3; berry small, 2 -3-seeded. — Dry sand-i-idges along the coast. May-Juue. — Stem trailing, or covering small bushes. Leaves l'-2' long, strongly reticulated. Plowers small, very fragrant. 8. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem climliing high, arniod with scattered prickles; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, ovate or round-ovate, entire, ab- 504 SMILACKaC. (SMII.AX rAMIl.V.) riiptlv ]»iiiilc'aceou.s unarmed. Peduncles and petioles elongated. Berry blue-black. Otherwise like Smilax. 1. C. ecirrhatUS. Stem erect (l°-3° high), mostly simple, leafy above; leaves few , oblong or oval, mucronate, pubescent, 5-nerved, the upper ones whorled, the lower bract-like ; peduncle.s few (3'-4' long), below the leaves; berrv 2-3-.-KH ir52. ROXBURGHIACE^. (Roxhuroiiia Family.) Ilerh.s or tvviuini;' shrubs, with petioled parallel-nerved reticulated leaves, and perfect axillary racemose flowers. — Perianth 4-leaved or 4-parted. Stamens 4, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary free, or united with the base of the perianth, 1-celled. Stigma sessile. Ovules few or numerous, auatropous. Placenta parietal. Capsule 2- valved. Seeds fixed to hairy or fibrillous cords, erect or pendulous. Embryo minute or .slender, in flesliy albumen. 1. CROOMIA, Torr. Perianth deeply 4-parted, ])ersistent. Stamens 4, opposite the lobes : an- thers short, oljlique. Ovary globose-ovate, sessile. Stigma 2dobed. Ovules 4-6. Fruit follicular, beak-pointed, at length 2-valved. Seeds 1 -4, obovate, suspended from the a])ex of the nerve-like at length free placenta, nearly cov- ered by the fibres of the cord. Embryo miinite. — A low pereninal herb, from a slender creeping rhizoma. Stem simple, sheathed at the base, leafy at the LiLiACE.^. (lily family.) 607 summit. Leaves 4-6, alternate, oblong-cordate, 5 -9-ribbed. Peduncles ax- illary, few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish, on jointed nodding pedicels. 1. C. pauciflora, Torr. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. April. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thin, spreading. Order 153. LILiIACE^E. (Lily Family.) Chiefly herbs, with- sessile or sheathing parallel-nerved leaves, and perfect flowers. — Perianth corolla-like, 6- (rarely 4-) leaved or lobed, free from the 2-o-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), hypogynous or perigynous : anthers introrse (except in No. 10). Styles united. Stigmas 3, distinct or miited. Fruit a capsule or berry, few - many- seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo small, in fleshy or hard albumen. Synopsis. Tribe I. ASPARAGE^. Fruit a berry. Dhisions of the perianth more or less united (except No. 4). — Leaves broad. 1. POLYGONATUM. Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular. Stems leafy. 2. SMIL.\CINA. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth spreading. Stems leafy. 3. CONVALLARIA. Flowers racemed. Perianth C-lobed. Scape naked. 4. CLINTONIA. Flowers umbelled. Perianth Cleaved. Scape naked. Tribe II. ASPHODELE.^. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth united at the base. — Stems scape-like. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate. * Root a coated bulb. 5. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a scarious spathe. Seeds smooth and black. 6. NOLINA. Flowers racemed, white. Stigmas 3. Seeds roughened, brown. 7. CAMASSIA. Flowers racemed. Style slender. Capsule few-seeded. * * Root a tuberous rhizoma. 8. SCHCENOLIRION. Flowers racemed, white. Seeds smooth and black. Leaves equitant. Tribe III. TULIPACE^. Fruit a cap.sule. Divisions of the perianth distinct, de- ciduous. — Stems leafy. « Bulbous-rooted herbs. Seeds pale. 9. ERYTHRONIUM. Seeds ovoid, with a membranaceous appendage at the apex. Stem 2-leaved. 10. LILIUM. Seed flat, winged, not appendaged. Stem many-leaved. * ♦ Palm-like arborescent plants. Seeds black. 11. YUCCA. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Capsule dry or pulpy. Leaves spmy-pointed. 1. POLYGONATUM, De.sf. Solomon's Skal. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted on the middle of the tube, included : anthers sagittate, fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, with .3-6 ovules in each cell. Style slender: .stigma obtuse. Berry few-seeded. — l»hizoma creeping. Stem simjde, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. Peduncles axillary, 1 -few-flowered. Flowers drooping, on bractless pedicels, greenish. 1. P. giganteum, Dietrich. Smooth; stem tall (3° -8° high), curving; leaves ovate, partly clasping, many-nerved ; peduncles 3 - .5 flowered, the lower O08 LILIACK.E. (l,II-Y KAMIKV.) i);ii's liiilf as l"iiix as tlic leaves ; (ilaiiieiits sii ill. — Kuekv cliffs of the iiioun- taiiis <»f (ieipii;ia, aii\ti ^-celled. 1. S. racemosa, Desf. Pubescent; rhizoma thick; stem flexuous, curv- ing and leafy aliov e ; leaves numerous, 2-ranked, oidoiig, acuminate, nearly sessile, strongly ribbed ; flowers numerous, in a close raceme or panicle ; berry red, spotted. — Rich soil in the upper districts. June- July. — Stem l°-2° higli. Leaves 3' - 5' long. § 2. ^1aiaxtiie.mum. — Divisions of the perianth and stauwns 4. Ocary 2-relled. 2. S. bifolia, Ker. Smooth ; rhizoma slender ; stem low, erect, 2-leaved above ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile or clasping, finely nerved ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; berry red, spotted. — High mountains of Xortli Carolina. June. — Stem 3' - G' high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 3. CONVALLARIA, L. Lily of the Valley. Perianth l)oll-slia])ed, 6-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the periaiitli, included : anthers fi.xed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into the thick style. Ovules 4- 6 in each cell. Stigma truncate. Berry glo- bose, few-seeded. — A perennial stemless herb, with a creeping rhizoma, and white racemose flowers. 1. C. majalis, L. — High mountains of North Carolina. May. — Smooth. Khizoina slender. Leaves two, oblong, their long petioles convo- lute, one within the other. Scape semi-terete, bearing a 1-sided raceme of fragrant nodding flowers. Berry red. 4. CLINTONIA, Raf. Perianth bell-.shapetl, Cleaved, deciduous. Stamens G, inserted on the base of the periantii. Filaments filiform; anthers linear-oldong. Ovary 2-3- celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Style elongated : stigma obtuse. Berry 2 -many-seeded. — Stemless herbs, with creeping rootstocks, large rad- ical sheathing leaves, and an umbel of white or greenish flowers terminating the naked scape. Berries blue. LILIACE.E. (lily FAMILY.) 509 1. C. umbellata, Ton. Leaves 2-4, obloug, ciliate on the keel and margins; scape [lubesceut ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers small (3" -4" long), white spotted with green or purple ; ovules 2 in each cell. — Shady woods on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Scape 8'- 12' high, rather longer than the leaves. 2. C. borealis, Raf. Leaves obovate-oblong, ciliate on the margins, acute ; scape and 2 - 7-flowered umbel pubescent ; flowers (6"- 9" long) green- ish yellow; ovules numerous. — Cold swamps on tlie high mountains of North Carolina. June. — Sca])e and leaves 8'- 10' high. 5. ALLIUM, L. Onion. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. Filaments subulate, the interior ones more or less dilated at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Style filiform : stigma entire. Capsule loculici- dally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, single or few in each cell, angled, black. — Strong-scented stemless lierbs, with bulbous roots, and a naked scape, ending in an umbel of small flowers, from a 1 -3-leaved spathe. — Flowers sometimes changed into bulblets. * Ovules sol i tar 1/ in the cells. 1. A. tricOOCUm, Ait. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat, long-ta- pering toward the base, early withering ; umbel small, dense, many-flowered, erect; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, longer tiian the stamens. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Bulbs clustered. Scape 1° high. Flowers white. * * Ovules 2 in each cell. 2. A. cernuum, Koth. Leaves linear, channelled ; scape angled ; um- bel many-flowered, nodding; leaves of the perianth acute: stamens exserted; ovary 6-tootiied. — Mountains of South Carolina. July — Scape 1°- 1 i° high. ?<'lowers rose-color, on slender pedicels. 3. A. Canadense, Kalm. Leaves narrowly linear, concave ; scape te- rete; umbel erect, bearing a cluster of bulblets, intermingled with a few stalked rose-colored flowers ; spathe 1 - 2-leaved ; leaves of the perianth obtuse, as long as the stamens ; ovary 6-toothed. — Banks of rivers. June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb white and scarious. 4. A. mutabile, Miclix. Leaves very narrow, concave; scape terete; umbel erect, many-flowered ; spathe 3-leaved ; leaves of the perianth acute, {IS long as the stamens, white changing to rose-color. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. May -June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb composed of a network of fine fibres. 5. A. vineale, L. Scape leafy at base {l°-2° high) ; leaves terete, hol- low ; umbel often bulb-bearing ; alternate filaments 3-cleft. — North Carolina {Curtis). Introduced. * * * Ovules several in each cell. 6. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves linear, concave ; umbel erect, 3- 10-flow- ered ; spatlie 2-leaved ; perianth longer than the stamens, white, the exterior 510 MLIACE.K. (l.Il.V KAMILV.) leave."* ixrcen on tlie keel. — Low pine harrens, Kloridn to North Carolina. Martli -April. — Sia])e G'- I'J' iii<;h. rediceLs I'-a'long. Flowers 5" long. Nearlv inodorous. 6. NOLINA, Mi'lix. reriaiitli ti-j)art(d, withcrini^ pcrsi.-itiMit ; the divisions oldoug-lanceolate, I- nerved. Stamens (1, inserted on tlie iiase of tiie perianth ; filaments suhnlate ; antliers eordate. Style very sliort, persistent: stigmas 3, rernrved. (Jvary 3-angled, 3-telled, witli two anatropons collateral ascending ovnles in eacii cell. Capsule ohovate, wing-angled, 3-valved, mostly 1 -seeded. Seed ohlong- obovate, longitudinally grooved on the inner face. Embryo straight, shorter tiian the fleshy all)umen. — Koot tuberous. Leaves numerous, all radical, very long and narrow, recurved, keeled, rougli on the margins. Scape branch- ing above. Flowers polygamous, small, wiiite, ci'owded in long bracted ra- cemes. Pedicels jo\ ate, sessile, tlie ^land.s ol)seure or w.uitinii; stamens and styles lilifunn ; seeds narrowly niarf^ined, winf;;3d at llie apex. — Low hanks in tlie npper distriets. .Inly- Angust. — Stem 2''-4° iii>i;li. Lowest leaves l°-2^ 1'""^. I'aniele 8-12' long. I'"lowers 4" in di- ameter, nmeli shorter tlian tlie slender pedicels. 6. STENANTHIUM, Gray. Flowers jjerfcet or ])i)lygamons. Leaves of tlie ])eriantii laneeolate, arumi- nate, united at the base, and adnate to the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens. Glands none. Anthers roundish, becoming peltate. Styles short, sui)ulate : stigmas minute. Capsule ovate, membranaceous, septieidal at the apex, several-.seeded. Seeds nearly wingless. — Stem smooth, slender, tumid at the base. Lowest leaves elongated, channelled. Flowers .small, greenish white, in a simple jtaniile. 1. S. angUStifolium, Gray. Stem 2° -.3° high; lowest leaves l°-2° long; panicle 1°- 2"^ long, composed of simple sjiiked racemes; the lower flowers often sterile ; perianth about 4" in diameter, nearly sessile, twice as loug as the stamens. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June - July. 2. S. robustum, Watson. Stem .'^tout, leafy, 3°-5° high ; leaves 4"- 10" l)road ; ])anicle large, often compound; segments of the perianth 3"- 4" long ; capsule erect, witli a recurved beak, 4" long. — South Carolina and Tennessee ( Wdtson). 7. VERATRUM, Tourn. False IIellkbore. Flowers polygamous. Leaves of the perianth spreading, distinct, oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base, free from the ovary, glandless, longer than the stamens. Stvles short, subulate. Capsule oblong, memljrauaceous, 3-pointed, the cells opening above at the inner suture. Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. — Stems leafv, tumid at the base, pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, plaited. Flowers in ample panicles, green or ])ur])lish brown. 1. v. viride, L. Stem stout, leafy throughout; leaves broadly oval, acute, clasping, pubescent iieneath ; panicle pyramidal, compo.sed of numerous dense racemes; divisions of the perianth oldong, smooth, yellowish green. — Mountain meadows, Georgia, and northward. April -May. — Stem 3° -7° high. Lower leaves 1^ long. Flowers large. 2. V". intermedium, Chapm. Stem slender, feufy ; lowest leaves lance- olate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole, the upper small, lanceolate, scattered, pubescent l)eneath ; panicle large, composed of long and slender loosely-flowered racemes ; leaves of the ])erianth spatulate-oblong, dark brown within, hoary pul)erulent without ; ovary woolly ; capsule 3-winged ; seeds linear-oblong, broadly winged. — Rich shady hummocks. Middle Florida. Julv. — Stem 3° -5° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers 6"- 8" wide. 3. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender, naked above: leaves vary- ing from lanceolate to oval, smooth, narrowed into sheathing petioles; panicle MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 517 slender, loug aud spreading, loosely flowered ; leaves of the perianth greenish, spatuhite, smooth, twice as long as the stamens; ovary smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2°-5°higli. Lowest leaves 9'- 12' long. Flowers 4" -5" wide. 8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Fly Poison. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, sessile, spread- ing, glandless, shorter than the slender stamens. Anthers kidney-shaped, be- coming peltate. Styles slender ; stigmas minute. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, few-seeded. Seeds oblong or linear, wingless. — Stems simple, smooth, tumid or bulbous at the base, scape-like above. Lowest leaves long and crowded. Flowers white, in a simple raceme. 1. A. muscaetoxicum, Gray. Stem bulbous at the base, somewhat angled ; lowest leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, channelled, the uppermost small and bract-like ; i-aceme cylindrical, densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oblong, nearly equalling the stamens ; styles spreading ; seeds ovoid, red. — — Rich woods. May -June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, turning greenish. 2. A. angUStifolium, Gray. Stem tumid at the base, slender, terete; leaves linear, acute, ciiannelled, somewhat glaucous, the lowest very long, the uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme oblong, mostly densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oval, shorter than the stamens ; styles erect ; seeds linear. — Low pine barrens. May - June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers turning purple. 3. A. ? aspericaule, Gray. Stem and flowers pulverulent-roughened ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; flowers in a small (2' long) spike-like pani- cle, composed of spiked racemes. — Near Columbia, South Carolina (Curtis). — Imperfectly known. 9. SCHCENOCAULOlSr, Gray. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, linear-oblong, glandless ; filaments subulate, at length twice as long as the perianth : an- thers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Ovary 6-8-ovuled. Styles very short : stigmas minute. Capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled, 3-valved, the cells 1-seeded. Seeds linear, nearly terete. — Scape very slender, bulbous at the base. Leaves all radical, very long and narrow, dry, channelled. Flowers small, pale green, crowded in a slender spike. I. S. gracile, Gray. — Dry sands, Georgia and Florida. April - May. Leaves l°-2° long, scarcely 1" wide. Scape 2° -3° high, rush-like. Spike 3' -10' long. 10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth widely spreading, se.<5sile, oval, as long as the subulate filaments. Anthers round-ovate, 2-ce]led. Styles fili- form : stigmas decurrent within. Capsule roundish, 3-lobed, loculicidaily 3- valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, oblong, wingless. — Stem bulbous at 518 MKLAM'IIACK.E. (COLCHK/LM KAMII^V.) the hasc. simple, leafv. I.caM'S iln, ri;;iil, r()iij:;li un tlic iiiarLciiis, very nar- row, (lilati'd at till' l)iuse ; lliusc uf llii- stem verv iiiiiiiitdhs and iiec(lli;-.sliai)ed. Fli)\ver.< white, in a simj)l(' dt-nsc raeeme. 1. X. asphodeloides, (iray. — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and northwaril. May -June. — Stem ."5°- 5° high. Hadical leaves spreading, I'' or more long, very sleuder-poiuted. Flowers 2" long. Stamens dilated Ijclow. 11. CHAM^LIRIUM, Willd. Blazino Star. Flowers di(ei'iuiis. Leaves uf the |)eriaiitii linear-spatulate, shorter than the filiform filaments. Anthers 2-eelled, roundish. Styles eluh-shajied : stigmas deeurreiit. Capsule ovoid, 3-angled, loeulieidally 3-valveil, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oldong, winged at the end.s. — Stem simple, from a thiek rhizonia, leafy. Lowest leaves spatuiate or ohovate, tlie others linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, white, in a simjile s)jiked raeeme. 1. C. Carolinianum, Willd. — Low grounds. May - June. — Stem 1°- 2° high, furroweil. Kadieal leaves clustered, 2' -4' long, spreading; the up- permost small and Ijraet-like. Haeemes 6'- 12' long, the sterile slender aud drooping at the summit ; the fertile rigid and erect. Perianth inconspicuous. 12. PLEEA, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth sessile, widely spreading, lanceo- late, rigid. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth: filaments slender: anthers linear, introrse, 2-cleft at the base, versatile. Styles short, subulate : stigmas simple. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-lobed, many-.seeded ; the cells opening down the inner suture. Seeds oblong, bristle-pointed. — Stems smooth and slender, from clustered rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, very narrow, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers few in a simple raceme, white. Bracts spathe-like, elas])ing. 1. P. tenuifolia, Miclix. — Fine barren .swamps and bogs, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem rush-like, 2° high. Kadieal leaves erect, rigid, perennial, 6' - 9' long. Kaceme rigid, 6 - 9-flowered, the erect pedicels enclosed in the rigid clasping bracts. Flowers 1' wide, greenish without. 13. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth spreading, sessile, oblong or obo- vate. Filaments subulate ; anthers innate or introrse, 2-celled. Styles subu- late : stigmas terminal. Capsule 3-aiigled, scpticidally 3-partible, many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Stems simple, scape-like, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves linear, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers small, whitish, in spikes or racemes. Pedi- cels commonly minutely 3-bracted under the flower. § 1. ToFiELDiA proper. — Racemes simple, the flowers successh-eli/ opening from the base iipirnrd (centri/tetal) : unlhcrs introrse : seeds tvillioiit append- ages. — Smooth herbs. 1 . T. glabra, Nutt. Stem leafy at the base, and sparingly above ; leaves linear; racemes densely flowered; stamens slightly exserted; styles very JUNCACE.E. (rush FAMILY.) 519 short. — Low piue barrens, iu the middle and lower districts of North and South Carolina. Oct. — Stem l°-2° liigh. Raceme 2' -4' long. Flowers white. § 2. Triantha. — Racemes compound, the flowers successively opening from the apex downward {centrifugal) : anthers innate: seeds with tail-like append- ages at each end. — Pubescent herbs. 2. T. pubens, Ait. Stem and pedicels rough-puberulent ; leaves long, linear; racemes (.3' -6' long) loosely flowered; pedicels mostly three in a cluster, longer than the greenish white flowers ; capsule as long as the peri- anth.— Low piue barrens. Sept. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves 6'— 12' long. 3. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem and pedicels clammy-pubescent ; leaves short, linear-sword-shaped; racemes (T long) dense-flowered; pedicels 3-5 in a cluster, shorter than the yellowish flowers ; capsule longer than the peri- anth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 1°- 1^° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Order 155. JUNCACE^E. (Rush Family.) Tough grass-like herbs, with naked or leafy and jointed stems, flat or terete leaves, and regular cymose-clustered or panicled flowers. — Perianth of six nearly equal calyx-like persistent divisions. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the base of the sepals : anthers 2-celled, introrse, fixed at the base. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 - 3-celled, 3 - many- ovuled. Style single : stigmas commonly 3, hairy. Capsule loculi- cidally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute, at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. 1. LUZULA. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostlj' hairy. 2. JUNCUS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placentae separating with the partitions. Smooth herbs, with alternate leaves. 1. LUZULA, DC. Wood Rush. Sepals flat. Stamens 6. Style very short : stigmas filiform, villous. Cap- sule 1-celled, 3 valved, 3-seeded. Seeds erect from the base of the cell. — Perennial herbs, with flat mostly hairy leaves, and umbellate or spiked flowers. 1. L. campestris, DC. Stem leafy; leaves linear, hairy ; flowers in dense ovoid umbellate spikes; capsule roundish ; seeds with a conical append- age at the base. — Dry woods and banks, Florida, and northward. March - April. — Stems clustered, 1° high. 2. L. pilosa, Willd. Stem leafy; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, hairy ; flowers single, umbellate ; capsule ovate, ol)tu.-ing rliizonia; leaves commonly 3, sliort and pungent; panicle erect, compound, mostly contracted; clusters numerous, more or less crowded, 2-4- Howered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, unequal, the inner ones half as long as the oblong obtuse-angled acute capsule ; seeds with along and tail-like ap])endage at each end, white and shining. — Tine barren swamps and bogs Sejit. — Stem 2"^ iiigh. Lea^es 2' -6' loug, strongly knotted. Capsules liglit brown, turning ahnust black. 15. J. asper, Kngelm. Rigid, erect (2°-3° high), papillose-scabrous; leaves terete ; panicle erect ; heads 2 - 6-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, very acute, the inner ones longer, and barely shorter than the beak-pointed capsule; seeds oblong, finely ribbed. — Swamps, Henderson County, North Carolina {Canbjj), and northward. 16. J. militaris, Bigel. Stout (2° -4° high), 1 -leaved ; heads panicled, 5- 10-flowered ; sejials lanceolate, acute, as long as the ovate, taper-l^eaked, l- cellcd capsule ; stamens 6 ; seeds gloliose-ovate, abruptly pointed. — In water, Alabama (l)nniimond), and northward. — Probably not within my limits. » * * Leaves terete, ohsrurelij knotted: stamens 6: Jlowers solitary, in slender l-slded ci/mose panicles, mostly transformed into a tuft of rudimentary leaves. 1". J. pelocarpus, E. Mey. Rhizoma creeping, filiform; .«tems slen- der (6'- 10' high) ; leaves filiform, tender; panicle compound, diffu.se; the small flowers somewhat scattered ; sepals acutish, shorter than the oblong taper-pointed capsule ; seeds without appendages. — Sandy margins of ponds and swamps, South Carolina, and northward. July. Var. crassicaudex, Eugelm. Rhizoma thick; stems taller (l°-2°); panicles larger, and diffuse. — Grassy margins of ponds near the coast. West Florida. July -Sept. * * * * Leaves knolless, concave or flattened. 18. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stems flattened (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear, flat or concave ; jjanicle mostly simple ; heads few- many-flowered, rarely soli- tary or b}' pairs ; flowers triandrous ; exterior sepals lanceolate or ovate-lance- olate, awn-pointed ; the interior oblong, obtuse, broadly margined, about as long as the glolmlar dark brown capsule; seeds oblong, acute at each end. (J. cvlindricws, Curtis, tlie many-flowered heads cyliiulrical.) — Var. biflorus. Stems taller (2° - 3° high) ; panicle decompound, diffuse ; heads very numer- POXTEDERIACE.E. (piCKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 523 ous, 2 - 4-flo\vered ; seeds narrower and more-pointed. — Ditches and low grounds. July - Sept. — The variety in the lower districts. 19. J. bufonius, L. Annual; stems low (2' -8' high), tufted; often branched ; leaves very narrow ; panicles forking ; flowers solitary or 3 - 6 in a cluster ; sepals whitish, lanceolate, acute, longer than the oblong obtuse pale capsule. — Damp cultivated ground, apparently introduced. April- May. 20. J. leptocaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stems low (6'- 12' higli), caespitose, slender ; leaves flat, shorter than the stem ; heads 1 - 5, 3 - 6-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal, awn-pointed, longer than the 3 - G stamens, and obovate capsule; seed obovate, apiculate. — Georgia, Tennessee, and westward. 21. J. repens, Michx. Stems mostly creeping or floating ; leaves linear- sword-sliajied, those of the stem nearly opposite ; heads cymose, scattered, top- shaped, several-flowered ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-subulate, sleuder-pointed, the exterior strongly keeled, and as long as the linear-oblong obtuse capsule, much shorter than the flat interior ones ; filaments exserted. — Miry banks of streams and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems 6'- 2° long. Order 156. PONTEDERIACEyE. (Pickerel-weed Family.) Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with perfect mostly irregular flowers from a 1-leaved spathe. — Perianth corolla-like, unequally 6- cleft or 6-parted, imbricated in the bud, witliering-persistent. Stamens 3-6, more or less unequal, and unequally inserted on the throat of the perianth : anthers 2-celled, erect, introrse. Ovary free. Style single: stigma 3-6-lobed. Capsule 1-3-celled, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo slender, in mealy albumen. 1. PONTEDERIA, L. Wampee. Pickerel-weed. Perianth funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, with the upper lip S-lolied, the lower 3- parted, the curved tube fleshy and coiled in fruit. Stamens 6, uneijually in- serted; the three lower ones exserted, the three upper short and often imperfect : anthers oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled, two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Style slender. Capsule (utricle) 1- seeded. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. Stem erect, bearing above the mid- dle a single short-petioled leaf, and at the summit a hairy spike of blue flow- ers, from a 1-leaved spathe. Radical leaves long-petioled, sheathing. 1. P. oordata, L. Stem and terete petioles erect (2° -.3° high); leaves (3' - 8' long) varying from round-cordate to lance-oblong, obtuse, finely nerved ; spike dense, cylindrical (2'-4' long), the peduncle enclosed in the convolute spathe ; upper lobe of tlie hairy perianth spotted with yellow, the tube 6-ribbed. — Miry margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pavon. Perianth salver-form, 6-lobed, the tube long and slender. Stamens 3, nearly equal. Capsule l-celled, with 3 parietal placcntic, many -seeded. 524 (OMMKLYXAC'E.i:. (si'l DKKWc »UT KA.MII.V.) • Flutnrs I'l iliiiirlid : lohts of the perianth une(iHiil : anthers oj 2 J'ornis : capsule iiii/" I fictli/ '.l-ecHcd : leaves oUlontj or renijhriii, lonij-pi-tiuled. 1. H. reniformis, K. & 1*. Leaves roniform; sjKillies 3 - S-llowered ; pciiantii wliilf. — North Caroliua and 'reuiiessfc. August. 2. H. limosa, \'alil. Li-avesuliloug; spatlius l-ttuworeil ; i)criaiith blue. — Tennessee, ami iKiriliwai'l. August. » * Flowers sessile : lobes of the perianth nearli/ ei/ital : anthers alike, sagittate : ca]>siile l-celled : ai/uatic : leaves linear, sessile. 3. H. graminea, \'alil. Stem long (l°-3°J and slender; spathe 1 -flow- ered ; peiiaiitli vcUdw. (Sclinllcra, Srhreb.) — Pouds and lakes, Florida, near tlie coast, and uortliward. July - August. Ordek 157. COMMELYNACEyE. (Si-ideuwokt Family.) Herbs, with chiefly fibrous roots, jointed and leafy steins, and perfect or somewhat polygamous often irregular flowers. — Perianth of three herbaceous or colored persistent sepals, and three fugacious petals. Stamens 6, hypogynous, perfect, or a part of them sterile : anthers 2- celled, often of two forms. Styles single : stigma entire. Ovary free from the perianth, 2- 3-celled, with 1- several orthotropous ovules in each cell. Capsule loculicidally 2-3-vah'ed, 1 - several-seeded. Em- bryo pulley-shaped, placed in a cavity of the albumen opposite the hi- lum. — Plants somewhat succulent. Stems often branching. Sheaths of the leaves entire or open. 1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-flowkr. Flowers irregular. Sepals juostly colored. Petals fugacious, two of them kidney-sliaped and long-clawed, the other smaller. Stamens unequal, three of them fertile, the others with 4dobed sterile anthers; filaments beardless. Capsule 1 -3-celled, the cells 1 -2-seeded, or one of them frequently empty. — Stems branching. Leaves flat, oblung, or lanceolate, on sheathing petioles; the floral ones cordate and sp.athe-like, folded, and enclosing the few-flowered peduncle. Flowers blue. 1- C. nudiflora, L. Stem smooth, filiform, and creei>ing; leaves .short (I'-S' long), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; sheaths fringed at the throat; spathes nearly crescent-shaped, obtuse at the base, lateral and terminal : peduncles by pairs; one of them bearing 3-4 small fertile flowers included in the spathe; the other long-exscrted, filiform, l-flowered; odd petal ovate, sessile ; seeds reticulated. — Low grounds, P"lorida to North Carolina. July - Sept. (T) 1 — Stem l°-2°loiig. 2. C. Virginica, L. Pubescent ; stem erect ; sheaths hairy ; leaves (4'-6' long) olilong-lanceolate, acununate, thin, rough above; spathe (when opened) round ovate, contracted at the base ; sterile pedunatulate, their l>road and bearded summit turning blackish. — Swamps and shallow ponds, Florida, and northward. April- June. — Scapes l^°-2° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long. 3. E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (l' -2' long), subulate- linear, pellucid; scape weak and slender; head small, hemi.spherical, densely white-bearded ; scales of the involucre rounded ; bracts spatulate. — Wet pine barrens, Mississi|)))i (Prof. Hilyard). 4. E. Ravenelii, Chapm. Smooth throughout ; root fibrous ; leaves linear, acute, flat; scapes low and slender, clu.stered"; heads small (l"-2" in diameter), globose; scales of the involucre few, oblong, very obtuse, whitish, pellucid ; bracts dark brown, beardless. — Wet places, Florida to South Car- olina.— Scapes l'-6' high. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. PJEPALANTHUS, Martins. Flowers monojcious. Slamiudte Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed. Stamens 3 : anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals and petals 3. Style 3- parted, tlie divisions entire : stigmas 3. Capsule 3celled. — Habit of the preceding. 1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Leaves short (T -2' long), subulate, smooth, or sparingly puhesceiit ; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-furrowed, hairy ; heads hemis])herical, yellowish white ; scales of the involucre oblong, acute, smooth ; flowers slender, pe;u«.'. <- Scales iiubriuuted iu »cver- Si-ales imbricated iu 2 rows : spike compressed. 13. ABILDG.V.VRDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-ougled nut. Tbibe IV. KHYNCHOSPORE.^. Flowers perfect or polygamous : spikelets com- mouly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few - several rows, the lower ones empty, the upper mostly sterile ; periantli bristly, or none. * Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora). 14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-eleft or entire, dilated and persistent at the base : nut len- ticular or globose. 15. CH.ETOSPORA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous : nut 3-angled : spikelets terminal. * * Perianth none. IC. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose : flowers perfect. 17. DICHROMENA. Spikes compressed, capitate : most of the flowers imperfect. 18. CLADIUM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose. Tribe V. SCLERIE^. Flowers monoecious : sterile spike many-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated iu few rows : fertile spike 1-flowered, with two or more scales : perianth none. 19. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled. Tribe VI. CARIC£.i£< Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious : sterile and fer- tile flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few - many rows : nut enclosed in a sac : periantli none. 20. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal. 1. CYPERUS, L. Spikelets 2 -many-flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbri- cated in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut lenticular or 3-aiigled. — Culms 3 angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally sheathed at the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single or umbellate heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Rays sheathed. § 1. Pycrecs. — Stijle 2-clefl: nut lenticular. * Spikelets clustered on the common rachis, or capitate. 1. C. flavescens, L. Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the spikelets; spikelets 3 -.several in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, spreading, 20 - 30flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, appressed; rachis margined ; stamens 3; nut orbicular, black, smooth or papillose; culms clus- tered, 4'- 10' high; leaves and 3-leaved involucre narrowly linear. — Low grounds. July- Augu.st. 2. C. diandrus, Torr. Uml)el of 2-5 .short and unequal ray.s, the longer ones longer than the spikelets; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, acute, brownish or dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, green on tlie keel ; rachis margined ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate, rougliish, dull CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 533 gray. — Wet places, North Caroliua, and northward. August. — Culms 4' - 10' high. luvolucre 3-leaved. \ 3. C. leucolepis, Carey. Spikelets capitate, ovate-lanceolate, flat, acutV 5 _7. flowered ; scales ovate, niucrouate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scari\ ous sides broadly decurreut; style deeply 2-parted; stamens 2-3; nut (imma- ture) oblong, lenticular; culms low (2' -3'), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter than the smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle Florida. August. — Head 3" -4" in diameter, composed of 3-4 compact clusters; sjjikelets I" long, white. * * Spikelets scattered on the common rachis (sjjiked). 4 C. Nuttallii, Terr. Umbel sessile or of 3 - 6 rays, r-2' long ; spike- lets spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish brown, 12-20- flowered, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, oblong-ovate, acute or mucrouate, appressed ; stamens 2 ; nut obloug-obovate, very obtuse, grayish and minutely pitted ; culms clustered, 3-angled, 4'- 15' higli ; leaves and involucre narrowly linear. — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. 5. C. flavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets crowded, linear, acute, 1 2 - 30-flowered ; scales loosely imbricated, yellowish, round-obovate, emarginate, with broad scarious margins, at length spreading ; rachis broadly margined ; stameus 3 ; nut obovate, black, smooth and shining, barely sliorter than the scale ; culms thick, obtuse-angled, l°-3° high ; leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. — Low grounds and ditches, Georgia and South Carolina. May- Sept. — luvolucre 3 - .5-leaved. Spikelets 6" - 9" long. 6. C. polystaehyus, Rottb. Umbel of 4-8 rays, simple or somewhat compound; spikelets crowded, linear, acute, 15 -25-flowered ; scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated ; rachis slightly margined ; stamens 2 ; nut linear-oblong or somewhat club-shaped, .short-pointed, grayish and minutely pitted ; culms filiform, 3-angled, 6'- 12' high ; leaves and elongated involucre very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North Caroliua. July - Sept. — Rays 1' - 2' long. Spikelets 4" - 7" long. § 2. Cyperus proper. — Style 3-cleJi: nut 3-angled. 1. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets spreading, forming loose or compact spikes at the summit of the rays: scales rigid, 7 - ll-nerved : joints of the rachis commonly conspicuously winged: stamens 3. * Spikelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common rachis. ■^- Spikelets compressed. 7. C. StrigOSUS, L. Umbel large, 4- 8-rayed, simple or compound, much shorter than the involucre ; involucels bristly, shoi'ter than the dense oblong spikes ; spikelets linear, acute, 6- 10-flowered ; scales somewhat scattered on the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the linear- oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ; culms (l°-3° high) tumid at the base, as long as the broadly linear leaves. — Swamps and damp soil. July -Sept, — Rays 4' - 6' long. Spikelets i' - f long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed. 8. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6 - 9-rayed, shorter than the 3 - 6-leaved involucre ; sheaths of the rays truncate ; involucels r»;>4 OYl'KKACE.E. (.SEDGE FAMILY.) hii^llv, sliurlor tliiiii tin- ovate fdinjj.^ct ."Spikes; .s])ikflet.s liiioar, nculo, 5 -8- Ho\vor(!tl ; scales linear laiieeulale, acute, iii\ ulute, s|)reaclinj;, laucli longer tliaii tlic ohliiiig linear iiciue dull ami luiiuitely pitted nut; culnia snioutli (2'^-;i^ liigli) ; loaves very nnigli on the margins, whitish beneath. — .Swanips and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. August- JSept. — Culm rather slender, longer than the leaves. Spikelets G"-8" long. 'J. C. bruuneus, Swartz. L'mitel compound, of 4-G rays; spikes ovate or ohloug, dense ; spikelets .spreading (4" long), liuear-lanceolate, 8- 10-fiow- ered, acute; scales obloug-ovate, acute, si)readiug, 'J-11-nerved, thrice the length of the obloug-obovate poiuted blackish nut; culms oblu.se-angled, shorter than the (.3^-4° long) whitish long-tajjcring leaves. — Sandy shores, South Florida. Oct. 2/ — Culm 2° -3° high, Leaves njugh-edged. Kays 2' -3' long. Sjiikelets light liruwn. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 10. C. erythrorhizos, -\Inhl. Umbel .3-12-rayed, shorter than the involucre; .-spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear, 12-50 Howered ; .scales minute, oidong-ovate, yellowish and glcjssy on the .sides ; wings of the rachis at length free ; nut oval, comjires.sed-J-angled ; culms obtuse-angled; leaves pale beneatli ; involucels leafy, longer than the spikes. — Ponds and ditches. July-Sept. (1) — Culms i^-4° high. Leaves 1"-14" wide. Spikelets 2" - 8" long. 11- C. Halei, Torr. Umbel many-rayed; spikes densely clu.stered, cylin- drical, i'-'y long, the involucels few and linear; sjiikelets flat, 12-14- flowered ; scales brown, .sharply keeled, 5-nerved ; nut tri(juetrous; culms 2° - 3° higli, round angled. — Marshes, Florida, and westward. 12. C. dissitiflorus, Torr. Umbel simple, 3 - 4-rayed ; spikelets scat- tered along the upper portion of the slender rays, lanceolate, compressed, acute, 5-7-flowered; scales oblong- lanceolate, acute; nut obloug-obovate, compressed-triangular; culms filiform (l°-2°high); leaves narrow-linear. — Missi.s.sippi, Tennessee, and westward. ■1- H- Spikelets terete or anrjular. ■<-* Srahx close! ji imbricate : spikelets, short, oblong. 13. C tetragonus, VAl. Umbel of 6- 12 slender rays; spikes cylindri- cal, loose ; spikelets horizontal, short (2"-3" long), 4-angled, 4-G-flowered; .scales ovate, 9- ll-uerved, twice as long as the oblong dull nut; culms mostly slender, l°-2° high, as long as the leaves; involucre many-leaved. — Dry .sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. August- Sept. ^ — Spikes }'-lV long, .5" wide, those on the longer rays commonly compound. Kays 3'- .5' long. 14. C. ligularis, L. T'mbel many-rayed ; spikes compact, cylindrical, compound, ])ale ; sjiikelets short (2" -3" long), .spreading, nearly terete, 7- flowered ; scales thin, ovate, acute, 7-nerved, twice the length of the obovate triangular acute nut ; rachis broadly winged ; culms stout, nearly terete (2°- 3° high), glaucous, like the broadly linear rough-edged leaves. — Wet sandy places, Punta Itassa, South Florida.. ++ -M-^Scales rather distant: spikelets linear. 1.5. C. speciOSUS, Vahl. L'mliel 4 - 6-rayed ; spikes loose, mostly shorter than the leafy involucels; .spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, CYPEKACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 535 terete, 10- 12-flowei-ed ; scales oblong, obtuse, faintly nerved, appressed ; nut oblong, conipressed-3-augled ; culms slender, obtuse-angled. — Swamps and ditches. August -Sept. ® — Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelets 6" -8" long, flexuous in fruit. 16. C. distans, L. Umbel large, compound, 8- lO-rayed; spikelets fili- form, 4"- 6" long, spreading, 8- lO-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, faintly nerved, twice as long as the winged joints ; nut oblong, 3-angled ; culms 2° - 3° high. — Wet pine woods, North Carolina. 17. C. refraetus, Engelm. Umbels mostly simple, 3-9-rayed, 3' -9' long ; spikes loose ; spikelets filiform, terete, 6- 10-flowered, 9"- 12" long, at length refracted ; scales oblong, obtuse, about twice the length of the oblong triquetrous nut and the winged joints ; culms slender, l°-2° high, commonly exceeding the rough-edged leaves. — Georgia, Tennessee, and westward. * * Sjiikekts compressed, somewhat 2-ranked, mostly few and scattered on the common rachis : perennials, with creeping tuberbearimj rootstocks : Jiowers mostly abortive. 18. C. eseulentus, L. Umbel mostly simple, erect, 5-6-rayed, shorter than the 3-5-leaved involucre; spikelets linear, spreading, 1 2 - 24-fiowered, the lower ones often clustered ; scales oblong, obtuse or short mucronate, compressed-keeled, thin-margined, spreading at the apex, yellowish brown ; nut oblong, triquetrous, acute. — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida, and north- ward. July - Sept. — Culms 1° - 1|° high, acute-angled, longer than the erect smooth leaves. Rays 2' -4' long. Spikelets 6" -8" long. Whole plant yellowish. Var. macrostachyus, BcEckl. Larger (2^-3° high); spikelets longer (1' long) and broader, 30-40 flowered; scales acute, rounded on the back. — Coast of Florida, and westward. 19. C. rotundus, L. Umbel simple or compound, 3-8-rayed, mostly longer tliau the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes composed of 3-9 scattered linear flat 20 - 30-tlowered spikelets; scales oblong, obtuse, appressed, 7-uerved on the green keel, the membranaceous sides dark chestnut ; nut obovate ; culms smooth, slender, longer than the broadly linear crowded spreading rough leaves. — Sandy soil, along the coast. August -Sept. — Culm 9'- 18' high. Rays slender, 2' -4' long. Spikelets i'- 1' long. 2. Umbel compound : spikelets compressed, many-Jlowered, scattered in loose spikes at the Jili form summit of the rays : sccdes thin, 5-uerved, separate: joints of the I'achis slir/htly margined : stamens 2. 20. C. Iria, L. Umbel 6- 8 rayed, erect, shorter than the 3-4-leaved involucre; spikelets erect-spreading, oblong-linear, 12 -24 flowered ; scales spreading, nearly orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, shortmucronate, .5-nerved on the green keel, the thin whitish sides minutely pitted ; nut oblong-obovate, abruptly-pointed; style very short; culms (1° high) slender, acute-angled, longer than the smooth narrow leaves. — South Carolina (Ravenel), Mississippi (Tracey). Probablv introduced. / 636 cvPKRACE.'E. (ski)(;k family.) 3. UihIh'I compound or ilecomjiouuil, diffnue : sjiikclets 2-runked, compressed , muny-jlowered, 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the (jenerul tiud partial rai/s : scales closely imbricated, 'S-1 -nerved, decurrent on the rachis : sta- mens 3. * Calms terete, knotted, ledjltss : inrulitrre very short : nut obluiiy. '2\. C. articulatus, L. Umliel cnmjxuuKl, iiiaiiy-niycfl, spreadiu^ or re- furvid; iiivulucre of tliree bract-like |imi{^oiit leaves ; S]jikelet.s long (^' - 1.}' long), linear, jspreadiug, 30- 4U Howered ; scales whitisli, oliiong, obtuse, 7- nervecl on the back, thrice tlie leiigtli of the linear-oblong dull nut ; rliizonia creeping, bearing tuber-like buds; culms stout (3°- 5^ higb), tumid at the slieatiied base. — Marshes near the c<«ist, Florida to South Carolina. Au- gust-Sept. ^ — Flowers mostly abortive. * * Culms 3-angled, knotUss : involucre leafy : nut ohovnte. 22. C. Haspan, L. Umbel many-rayed, decompound, spreading, the filiform rays mostly longer than the 2-leaved involucre; spikelets small (4"- 5" loug),3-5 in a cluster, linear, acute, 20 - 40-tlowered ; scales ligiit reddish brown, very small, oblong, mucronate, 3-nerved, free at tlie apex ; nut wliite, granular-rongliened ; culms teuder, sharply angled ; leaves linear, smooth, shorter tliau the culms (l°- 1^°), often reduced to membranaceous sheaths. — Fonds and ditclies. July - Sept. 23. C. dentatus, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 4-7-rayed, shorter than the 3-4-leaved involucre; spikelets 3-5 iu a cluster {3"-7" hmg), ovate-oblong, obtuse, flat, 12-30-tlowered ; scales ovate, acute, compre.ssed, 7-nerved ou tlie green keel, membranaceous on the reddish l)rown sides, spread- ing at the apex; nut nn'nute, vvhitisii ; rliizoma creo])ing, bearing tul)ers; culms slender (1° high), obtu.se-angled, longer than the rigid keeled leaves. — Sandy swamps and banks, South Carolina ( Torrey), and northward. Sept. 2Z — Kays 1'- 2' long. 24. C. Lecontei, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 6-12-rayed, shorter than tlie 3-leaved involucre ; spikelets commonly three in a cluster, oblong or linear-oldong, obtu.se, fiat, 30 - 70-flowere(l (V-V long) ; scales closely imliri- cated, ovate, obtuse, compressed, yellowish, faintly 7-nerved, appre.ssed at the apex ; nut minute, blackish ; culms rigid, obtuse-angled, as long as tlie rigid leaves. — Low sandy ]ilaces along the coast. East and West Florida. July - Sept. % — Khizoma creeping. Culms 6'- 12' high. Rays 2'-6' long. Itacliis with very short joints. Whole ])laiit pale straw-color. 4. L mhel simple or compound: spikelets mnnyflowr-red, compressed, numerous in a cluster, forming more or less dt-nse heads at the summit of the common and partial rays : rachis wingless : stamen solitary. * Umbel compound : spikelets ovate or oblong, fat : scales 3-nerved , concave on the back, acute: nut minute, lanceolate or oblong. 25. C. virens, Michx. Umbel spreading, compound, many-rayed ; invo- lucre 4 - G-leaved, many times longer tlian the umbel ; spikelets (4"- 6" long, and aT)out 20 in a cluster) oblong, 30-40-flowere(l, pale green ; scales oblong lanceolate, straight ; nut lanceolate, acute at each end; culms stout (2° -4° CYPEEACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 537 high), rough-angled above; leaves broad, elongated, reticulated. Miry places, riorida to North Carolina. July -Sept. 2/ — Plant pale green. Rays 3'- 4' long. Spikelets turning yellowish. 26. C. calearatus, Nees. Umbel often decompound, many-rayed, widely spreading ; involucre 4-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets short ( I ^" -2" long), ovate, 10- 15-flowered, very uunieruus in the heads; scales lanceolate, incurved, spreading at the apex ; nut minute, linear- lanceo- late, slender-pointed; culms slender (2°-3° high), obtuse-angled or nearly terete ; leaves narrow, rigid, rough on the margins near the summit. — Low pine barrens and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1[. — Culms tumid at the base. Leaves of the involucre horizox^tal. Heads light brown. 27. C, Surinamensis, Rottb. Umbel compound, of 4-6 primary rays, and as many smaller ones, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets (10- 20 in a cluster) oblong or oblong-linear, 40-.50-flowered ; scales yellowish, ovate, straight, free at the apex ; nut oblong, pointed, abruptly contracted at the base, minutely wrinkled; culms (6' -15' high) obtuse-angled, very rough, longer than the narrow leaves. — Sandy swamps. Middle Florida, and west- ward. Sept. (l). * « Umbel simple or sessile ; spikelets lanceolate or linear, compressed : scales 8 -lO-7ieri'ed, (aperiny into a long spreading or recurved point: nut ohovate- oblong : low fuftud annuals. 28. C. aristatus, Rottb. Umbel of 1-2 short rays or sessile, much shorter than tlie 2 - 3-leaved involucre; spikelet.s very numerous in the clus- ters (green), oblong-linear (2" long), 10-20-fiowered ; scales thin, oblong, 8- nerved, gradually pointed; culms weak, acute-angled (2''-G' high), as long as the smooth narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy jjlaces (apparently intro- duced). July - Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves green. Var. versicolor, Clarke. Spikelets 8-20 in a cluster, reddish brown ; scales rigid, lO-nervecl, abruptly pointed; sheaths dark brown. — South Florida. 29. C. acuminatus, Torr. Spikelets (whitish) numerous in a compact cluster, oblong, compressed, 20-30-flowered ; scales thin, keeled, oblong, tapering into a spreading point, faintly 3-nerved ; nut minute, narrowly obo- vate ; culms clustered ; leaves one or two, very narrow, like the 3-leaved in- volucre. — Low ground, Tennessee, and westward. — Culms 4'- 8' high. 5. Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets inserted on all sides of the common racliis, forming clusters or heads : joints of the rachis mostli/ winged : scales rigid, 5-1 l-nerved: stamens 3. * Spikelets few in loose clusters. 30. C. flliformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile ; .spikelets 6 - 12, erect, terete, subulate, 6 - 12-flowered ; scales scattered, appressed, oblong, mucronate, finely nerved ; rachis very slender, flexuous ; nut oblong, acute ; culms tufted, fili- form, acute-angled, longer than the bristle-like leaves ; involucre 2-leaved, the lower one elongated and erect. — Key West. Nov. 2/ — Culms 4'- 10" high, tumid at the base. Spikelets 4" - 6" long. r)38 CYl'KKACE.K. (sKDUE FAMILY.) ."51. C. compressus, r.. rmliel simple or CDinpouiKl, often sessile, shorter tli.iii till' 4 - (1 Ifiufil involiiere ; .spikeieis spreailiiiy, linear, Hat, 12 -.'JO-liow- ered ; stales ovate, aeiuninato, closely inilniiated, keeled ; nut broadly (d)ovato, aeiite-aiiji^led, Mark and shining ; culms olituseanglenjr. oi'ca.'^ionallv 2-3 cleft. .Nul nii- uutely pitted. 14. E. tricostata, Torr. Ulii/.oma stout, creeping; culms nearly terete, Htriate, wiry; .•<])ikes cylindrical oblong, aculish, inauy-tlowered ; scales thin, oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins : nut obovate, witli strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical tubercle; Ijri.^tles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May- Sept. ^ — Hhizoma and. slieatbs pale. Culms l°-l.i° iiigh. .Spikes 2"- -i" long. Nut wry small, minutely wrinkled. 15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4 angled, the sheaths purple; ."pikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, ob- tuse, green on the keel, d.ark brown on the sides, white on the margins; nut obovate, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with tiie broad depressed short-pointed tubercle; bristles 2-3, much shorter than the nut, fugacious. — Wet places, chiefly in the upper districts. — Culms 8'- 12' high, almost bristle form. Spikes 3"- 4" long. Nut pale brown. 16. E. microcarpa, Torr. Culms bristle- or hair-like, 4-angled; .«pikes ovate or oblong, ol)tu.. Hi-Lursii. Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended by a 1 -many -leaved involucre. Scales inil)ricated in several rows. Nut ob- tuse, or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. — Culms jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed ouly at the base. Otherwise like Eleocharis. — All perennial except No. 2. § 1. Culms jointless : leaves or sheaths radical. * Spilre solitarij, terminal. 1. S. caespitOSUS, L. Culm tufted C6'-10' high), terete, wiry; sheaths numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf; spike 3- 8-flowered ; involucre 2-leave(l, as long as the spike, pointed ; nut oblong, com- pressed-3-anglcd, abrujjtly pointed, half as long as the smootli capillary bris- tles. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma thick and creejung. Spike I" -2" long. * * Spikes 2-mani/, apparentli/ lateral: the l-leaved involucre erect and continuous with the culm. -1- Spilces in sessile clusters. 2. S. debiliS, Pursh. Culm terete, slender, commonly leafless ; spikes 2 -.5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical: involucre elongated; scales round-ovate, obtuse, mucronate ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth, shorter than the 4-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams. South Carolina, and northward. (T) — Culms i°- H° high. Spikes 3"- 5" long. 3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culm stout, acutely 3-angled, two of the sides concave, leafv at the base ; leaves channelled, sharply keeled ; involucre slen- der (3' -4' long) ; spikes 3-6, light brown, oblong; scales membranaceous, oval, 2-cleft, mucronate-awned, slightly ciliate; anthers slender-pointed; style 2-cleft ; nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3-5 his- pid bristles. (S. Americauus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast, West CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 547 Florida, and northward. June- Sept. — Culm 2°-3° high. Leaves 2-3, mostly shorter than the culm. Spikes 4" -6" long. 4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culm stout, with three-winged angles, and three deeply channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves ; involucre short (^'- 1' long), rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; scales smooth, orbicular, 2-cleft, mucronate ; anthers obtuse ; style 2-cleft ; nut rouud-obovate, plano-convex, as long as the 6 hispid bristles. — Brackish marshes. West Florida, and northward. June -Sept. — Culm 2^-4^ high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Spikes 2" long. -1- -f- Spikes umhelled. 5. S. lacustris, L. Culm tall (3°-8° high), terete, leafless, or the rad- ical sheaths leafy-pointed ; involucre 1-leaved, pungent, shorter than the decompound umbel ; spikes ovate or oblong, mostly clustered ; scales ovate, emarginate, rough-awned, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the back and green keel ; style 2-cleft ; nut obovate, pointed, plano-convex, shorter than the 3-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Varies, with the broader keeled and fimbriate bristles rather shorter than the round-obovate nut. — Fresh or brackish marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 6. S. leptolepis, Chapm. Culms 3-angled, 2° -3° high; leaves long, sharply keeled, triangular-compressed near the obtuse curved apex, the im- mersed ones flat and pellucid ; involucre slender (7' long), leaf-like, with shorter ones at the divisions of the compound umbel ; spikes single, oblong or cylindrical, many-flowered, acute ; scales liglit brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute, smooth, membranaceous, mucronate, and, like the three obtuse anthers, finely spotted ; style 3-parted ; nut whitish, 3-angled, oblong-obovate, long-pointed, shorter than the 5 slender and minutely denticulate bristles. (S. Canbyi, Gray.) — Lakes and ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. Sept. § 2. Culms jointed, leafij throughout: tanhel terminal: involucre 2 -several- leaved, spreading. * Bristles hispid, downward. 7. S. raaritimus, L. Culm sharply 3-angled, rough above; leaves longer than the culm, keeled ; umbel simple, I -3-rayed, bearing single or 2 -3 spikes in a cluster, or the spikes all clustered and sessile ; involucre 2 4-leaved, much longer than the umbel ; spikes large, ovate or oblong-ovate, dull brown ; scales thin, ovate, pubescent, tipped with a spreading awn ; nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, smooth and shining, twice the length of the 4 weak bristles. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. — Culm 2° -3° high. Spikes 6"- 10" long, 4" in diameter. 8. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves long, rough on the margins ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small, 3 - 8 in a cluster, ovate, yellowish- brown ; scales ovate, mucronate, keeled ; bristles 6, slender, hispid near the summit, mostly tortuous, 2-3 times as long as the pale compressed-3-angled pointed nut. (S. exaltatus, Pursh.) — Shady swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 2°-5° high. Spikes 1" long. 548 CYl'KKACE.K. (SKPOE FAMILV.) 9. S. atrovircns, .Muhl. Culin 2°-4^ ImkIi, ohtuse-anplpii : loavfs pule, 6"- 10 ' wide ; iiiiil)el ereit ; dusters of spikes elosely packed in liir^o jrieeii- isli brown heads ; scales oblong, ])readin;^ or dru(jpiiig, decompuund, longer tiian the .'Meaved involucre; spikes all single, oi)lon{^-linear, scattered : scales ovate, obtuse, 3-nerve(l, brown on the sides ; bristles iiair-like, rather roughened than hispid, crisped at the summit, longer than the obovale pointed oqual-sideti, acute-angled nut. — Muddy banks of the C-hipola Hiver, and of Flat Creek, near Aspalaga, Florida to South Carolina ; not common. Au- gust.— Culm 2° -4° higli, often proliferous at the j(jints. Umbel 6' -12' long. Sjjikes 2"-3" long. 11. S. ( ?) SUbmersus, Sauvalle. Culm floating, terete, sheathed; um- bel large, dccom])ound, leafy, the leaves short, capillary, clustereil like tiie 1- flowered pedicelled spikes; scales two, linear, the lower empty ; style 2-cleft; nut obovate, lenticular, puncticulate, pointed by the persistent liase of the st^'le, shorter than the 6-10 capillary liristles. (Websteria linmopliila, iS. //. Wiifjht.) — I^akes and pond.s, Volusia County, Florida {G. W. [Vebster). — Culm 1 ° - 3° loug. Leaves 1' - 3' long. Spikes 4" - 6" long. * * Bristles 6, rapil/ari/, smooth, crisped and entaiKjItd. ('rrichopliorum.) 12. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Culm nearly terete, with the joints re- mote ; leaves linear, elongated, keeled ; umbel terminal, decompound, sjjread- ing or recurved, shorter than the 3-5-leaved involucre; spikes single or clustered, ovate ; scales thin, lanceolate, obtuse ; bristles many times longer than the oblong compressed-3-angled beak-pointed nut, at length exserted, and covering the spike with woolly down. — Swamps and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culm 2°- 4° high. 13. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm 3-angled ; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate ; umbels lateral and terminal, longer than the 1 - 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all single, cylindrical ; scales rigid, keeled, mucronate ; bristles barely exserted ; nut as in the preceding. Swamps, Georgia, and northward. June -August. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 3" - 4" long. § 3. Cidms jointless : leaves radical : spikes capitate : involucre several-Ieived. 14. S. Cubensis, Poepp. & Kunth. Culm acutely 3-angular, leafy at base (8'- 12' high), shorter than the leaves and the involucre; spikes obo- vate, compressed, 1 2-flowered, closely packed in a terminal globular head; scales rigid, oblong-obovate, tapering into a stout spreading point, 13-nerved; stamens 3 ; style deeply 2-parted ; nut ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concavo- convex ; bristles none. — Marshes, New Orleans (Dr. Hale), Mobile (Mokr). 9. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton-Grass. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows. Perianth com- posed of numerous (rarely 6) smooth and flat hairs, much longer than the CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 549 scale, and forming a woolly or silky tuft. Stamens commonly .3. Style 3- cleft, deciduous. Nut 3-angled or lenticular. — Perennials, with leafy culms, in our species, and clustered or umbelled spikes. 1. E. Virginicum, L. Culm nearly terete, rigid; leaves narrowly linear, elongated ; spikes densely clustered, nearly sessile, erect ; involucre 2 - 3-leaved ; wool reddish, thrice the length of the brownish scales ; nut com- pressed-3-angled, acute. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. June - August. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves 10' - 18' long. 2. E. polystachyon, L. Culm terete; leaves broadly linear, 3-augled at the summit ; spikes umbelled, distinct, on slender at length nodding pedun- cles ; involucre 2-leaved, shorter than the umbel ; wool white, many times longer than the dark brown scales ; nut obtuse. — Meadows and bogs in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. August - Sept. — Culm 1°- 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in several rows. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, commonly flat and fringed on the margins, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut lenticular. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Involucre 1 - several-leaved. Spikes terminal, umbellate or clustered. * Spikes umbelled. 1. F. spadicea, Vahl. Perennial; culms clustered, nearly terete, rigid • (2'^ -3° high) ; leaves long, linear or filiform, concave, rough on the margins ; umbel simple or compound, erect ; involucre 2 -3-leaved; spikes ovate or ob- long, dark brown ; scales smooth, rigid, rounded ; nut obovate, acute, slightly furrowed and pitted. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. August - Oct. Var. puberula. (Scirpus puberulus, Michx.) Culms single, slender (l°-2°high); leaves filiform, involute, and, like the spikes, densely pubes- cent and somewhat hoary ; nut round-obovate, obtuse. — Low pine barrens. 2. P. laxa, Vahl. Annual; culms (6' -18' high) slender, and, like the narrowly linear leaves, often pubescent ; umbel mostly simple ; involucre 2-4- leaved ; spikes oblong-ovate ; scales orbicular, mucronate ; nut obovate, strongly furrowed and pitted, warty on the edges. (Scirpus sulcatus. Ell.) — Low grounds, in fields and waste places, Florida to North Carolina. August - Sept. — Umbel occasionally reduced to a single spike. * * Spikes clustered, sessile. 3. F. Vahlii, Link. Annual; culms densely tufted (3' -6' high), bris- tle-like, like the rough leaves; spikes .5-10 in a terminal cluster, oblong or cylindrical, pale, or at length yellowish brown ; involucre 4-leaved, erect- spreading, longer than the culm ; scales lanceolate, tapering into a slender spreading point; nut oblong-obovate, crossed with faint lines. — River banks, Florida, and westward. Augu.st - Sept. — Spikes 2" - 3" long. 11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Spikes terete, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few (4-8) rows. Peri- anth none. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes umbelled. 550 CYPERACEiE. (SEDOE FAMILY.) 1. T. autumnalis, Nees. ("ulms .slciidor, flat, 2-e(Iug, commonly reclining. Spikes pedicelled. 5. R. Torreyana, (Jray. Culms erect, slender, nearly terete; leaves narrowly linear or bristle-form; corymbs 1-3, remote, erect; nut ol)ovate, flat, about twice as long as the 6 bristles; tubercle compressed-conical, ililated at the base, ^ the length of the nut. — Wet ground, South Carolina, and north- ward. July. — Culm l°-3° high. Corymbs many-flowered and somewhat spreading, or few-flowered and capitate. 6. R, eymosa, Nutt. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled ; leaves narrowly linear ; corvmbs mostly 3, distant, open or contracted ; spikes ovate, clustered, light brown; scales mucronate; nut broadly obovate, biconvex, faintly wrin- kled, twice as long as the 3-6 bristles; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, i as long as the nut. — Var. globllaris. Smaller (6'- 15' high) : corymbs reduced to few globose-ovate dark l)r()wn clustered spikes ; nuts smaller, and decjjer furrowed. — Low ground, Florida, and nortlnvard. June- July. 7. R. compressa, Carey. Culms stout, 3-angled (2°-3°high); leaves linear, rigid: corymbs 3-5, remote, spreading; spikes ovate, numerous, in dense bracted clusters; scales acute; nut obovate; the flat or somewhat de- pressed sides strongly wrinkled and pitted, twice as long as the 6 itristles; tubercle conical-beaked, with tlie dilated base wider than the nut. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida. June -July. — Radical leaves numerous, 1° long. +- -t- Bristles crpialling or lonrjer than the nut {in No. 9 variable). 8. R. stenophylla, Chapm. Culms and leaves setaceous ; corymbs 1- 2, small, erect ; sjjikes 5-7, distinct, lanceolate-oblong ; nut obovate, Iticonvex, stronglv wrinkled, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle; bristles 6, slender, nearly as long as tlie nut and tubercle. — Low grassy jiine barrens, Florida. June - July. — Culms tufted, 1" hmg. CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 553 9. R. microcarpa, Baldw. Culms (2° high) erect, slender, nearly te- rete; leaves narrowly linear; corymbs 4-6, slender, spreading, compound ; spikes small, round-ovate, scattered; nut round-obovate, lenticular, strongly wrinkled, tipped with the very short and broad tubercle; bristles 5-6, as long as the nut. — Varies with the spikes clustered, and the .3 bristles not half the length of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July - August. 10. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culms nearly terete, slender (2°-3°high); leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4 - 5, narrow, remote, compound, drooping ; spikes scattered, lanceolate ; nut lanceolate-oblong, compressed, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, very slender, twice the length of the nut. — Swamps and banks of streams in the middle districts. July- August. 11. R. decurrens, Chapm. Culms (2°-.3°high) erect, nearly terete, very slender and bending near the top; leaves linear, elongated, flat and somewhat glaucous ; cor_vml)s 5-6, remote, compound, the bristle-like branches spreading or drooping ; spikes (1" long) ovate, scattered, pedicelled; nut ob- ovate, lenticular, slightly wrinkled and pitted ; tubercle compressed, crescent- shaped, with the edges decurrent, ^ the length of the nut ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Marshy banks of lakes and rivers, West Florida. June- July. 12. R. patula, Gray. Culms 3-angled (2° -3° high), slender above; leaves linear; corymbs 3-5, remote, compound, widely spreading; spikes scattered, ovate, on slender stalks; nut round-obovate, lenticular; tubercle flat, conical, half the length of the nut, ciliate on the edges ; bristles 6, rather longer tliau the nut. — Varies with the spikes lanceolate, the narrower nut contracted at the base, and the bristles twice the length of the nut — River swamps, Florida and Georgia. June - July. 13. R. Elliottii, Dietr. Culm (2°-. 3° high) 3-angled; leaves linear (\"-2" wide); corymbs 3-5, compound, the lower ones remote; spikes small, ovate, crowded ; imt obovate, flattened, strongly Mrinkled ; tubercle broadly conical, flat, \ as long as the nut; bristles 6, strongly hispid, as long as the nut and tubercle. (Scirpus schcenoides, Ell.) — Margins of ponds in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June - July. — Nuts ^" long, several on a spike, 14. R. caduea, Ell. Culms stout (3^^- 4° high), 3 angled ; leaves broadly linear (3" -4" wide) ; corymbs 4-6, compound, remote, the branches and short pedicels erect; spikes very numerous, approximate, ovate; scales cadu- cous ; nuts 4 - 8 on the spike, obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, ciliate, J as long as the nut ; bristles 6, slender, twice as long as the nut. — Swamps and wet banks of streams. August. — Spikes 2" long. Nut twice as large as in No. 13. 15. R. stipitata, Chapm. Culms tall (3° -5° high), triangular, bend- ing; leaves linear; corymbs 4-5, compound, drooping; spikes (4" long) ovate-lanceolate, the scales persistent; nuts stipitate, 1 -3 in a spike, roundish, biconvex, finely wrinkled, twice as long as the compressed-conical tubercle ; bristles 6, more than twice the length of the nut; stamens 3. — Ki'er banks, South Florida. 554 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 16. R, miliacea, Gray. Culms tall (3°-4° high), 3-angled; leaves flat (3" -4" wide) ; lorvmlis 6 -8, distant, compound ; tlie liranclics and slender pedicels spreading ii(jrizontall\ ; sjiikes ovate; scales caducous; nuts 4-8 on the spike, round-oliovate, biconvex; tubercle compressed, conical; bristles 6, slender, as long ius tiie imt and tubercle. — Hogs and deep mirv places, Flor- ida to N(jrth Carolina. June -July. — Tlie nuts of tiiis antl the jirecediug species remain on tlie spike after the scales have fallen away. 17. R. punctata, Kll. Culms (I°-2° high) slender, 3-angled; leaves siiort, linear-lanceolate; corymijs 3-4, cluster-like, tlie lateral ones simple, distant, and long-pcduncled ; spikes ovate ; nut obovate, compressed, with transverse pitted furrows, rather shorter than the 6 slightly hispid l)ristles; tubercle conical, compressed, sliorter than tlie nut. — Kear SavanuaJj and St. Mary's, (ieorgia {Elliott). May -June. 18. R, Grayii, Kunth. Culm solitary, 3-angled (2°-.'3° higli) ; leaves lin- ear, rigid, siiiuing ; corymbs 3-4, distant, capitate ; sjjikes few, large, ovate; nut rouud-obovate, tumid, slightly pitted, dull ; tubercle short-conical, dilated at the base ; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tui>ercle ; stamens 3-6. ( li. dis- taus. Ell.) — Ury pine barrens, Florida to North Caroliua. June -July. * * JSut smooth and even : bristles hisfid upward. 19. R. megalocarpa, Gray. Culms stout (2°-3° high), 3-angled; leaves rigid, linear, sliining ; corymbs 4-6, distant, spreading or somewhat contracted; spikes (3" long) ovate, single; nut large (2" long), orbicular- obovate, biconvex, liglit brown, turning blackish ; tuliercle short-conical from a spreading base; bristles 6-10, commonly sliorter than the nut; stamens 12. (K. dodecandra, Baldir.) — Dry sands along the coast of Florida, and Wil- mington, North Carolina. May -August. 20. R. Baldwinii, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) sharply 3-angled, rough; leaves short, glaucous, smooth, very acute ; corymbs 1 -3, contracted or nearly capitate; spikes ovate, dark chestnut; nut ovate, lenticular, twice as long as the flat conical tubercle ; bristles 12-14, longer than the nut ; stamens 6. — Wet pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June -July. 21. R. ciliata, Vahl. Culms blunt-angled (\°-2° high); leaves short, glaucous, linear lanceolate, obtuse, fringed on the mai-gins ; corymbs mostly solitary, capitate ; spikes light brown, ovate; nut oval, lenticular, minutely roughened ; tubercle flat, conical ; bristles 6, \ the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Lateral corymb (when present) remote. 22. R. fascicularis, Nutt. Culms obscurely 3-anglcd, commonly slen- der (2° -3^ high) ; leaves pale, narrowly linear ; corymbs 2-3. distant, capitate, or sometimes compound ; bracts conspicuous ; spikes light brown, oblong ovate, densely clustered ; scales mucronate-awned ; nut oval or orbicular, lenticular, dark brown, usually pale in the middle and on the prominent edges ; tubercle white, broadly or narrowly conical, obtuse, com))ressed, one third to one half the length of the nut ; bristles 4-6, varying from one half to nearlv twice the length of the nut. (R. distans, Nutt., the form with longer bristles.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. CYPEEACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 555 23. R. fuSCOides, Boekl. Closely allied to the preceding, but every way smaller ; culms 6' - 18' high, coespitose ; corymbs capitate, by pairs at the sum- mit of the culm, and ofteu a distaut lateral one ; spikes ovate ; bristles 6, as loug as the uut, rarely twice as long. (R. fascicularis, var. distans, Flora.) — Low piue barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. 24. R. brachychaeta, Sauv. Culms caespitose, prostrate, 6' -12' long, setaceous, like the leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal, capitate ; spikes few, pale; nut minute, orbicular, thrice the length of the .3-6 bristles. (R. fas- cicularis, var.. Flora.) — Wet pine barrens. West Florida. 25. R, filifolia, Gray. Culms (1°- 2° high) filiform, erect ; leaves seta- ceous; corymbs 2 - 4, distant, capitate ; spikes densely clustered, lanceolate ; nut minute, obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, twice as long as the com- pressed triangular-ovate ciliate tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, nearly as long as the uut and tubercle. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July - August. — Culm nearly terete. Spikes brown. Nut pale, with thick- ened edges. 26. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culms rigid, acutely 3-angled, glaucous green, rough above ; leaves erect, ciliate-serrulate ; corymb terminal, capitate, compact; spikes very pale ferruginous, lanceolate, 1 -flowered ; nut obovate, smooth, compressed, reddish brown, with a paler disk ; tubercle very short, depressed, apicuLvte; bristles 3, one fifth the length of the nut ; stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft. — Wilmington, North Carolina ( Curtis). June. — Culm 12' - 20' high. Nut 1" long. 27. R. gracilenta, Gray. * Culms and leaves filiform or setaceous ; cor- ymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, brown ; spikes densely clustered, ovate-lanceo- late ; nut oval, dull, as long as the slender subulate tuliercle ; bristles 6, twice as long as the nut. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July - Au- gust. — Culms 1= - 2° high. * * * Nut smooth and even: bristles hispid downirnrd. 28. R. alba, Vahl. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled above; leaves narrowly linear or setaceous ; corymbs mo.stly 2, capitate, white, turning brownish, the lower one long-peduncled ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, l-Howered; nut obovate, lenticular, twice as long as the compressed subulate tubercle ; bristles 10-20, rigid, as long as the nut and tubercle, ciliate at the base. — Wet springy places, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. 29. R. glomerata, Vahl. Culms (2°-3° high) .3-angled; leaves nar- rowly linear ; corymbs 4-12, often by pairs, capitate, dark brown; spikes ovate-lanceolate ; nut obovate from a stalk-like base, lenticular ; tubercle sub- ulate, as long as the nut, with its dilated base equalling it in width; bristles 6, stout, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Var. paniculata. (R. paniculata, Grai/.) Culms stout (3° -4° high); leaves flat (2" -3" wide); corymbs compound, paniculate, with the very numerous spikes clustered at the summit of the branches. — Bogs and springy places, Florida to North Caro- lina, and westward. July- Sept. 30. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) nearly terete; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-8, mostly by pairs, globose, compact; spikes nu- 556 CYPEKACE-E. (sEDGE FAMILY.) iiicrous, lam't'oliite-olilidij,', dark brown ; nut hroaiUy ottovate from a stalk-like biise, conii>ios.sc'il, almost truncate at tlio ajM'X, ami much wider tiiau the base of the sul)ulate tulierele ; bristles G, iis Ion;; as tiio nut and tubercle. — Bogs and shadv swam]is, Floril ; leaves of tlie iiivolmre «-'.», ta|ipriii;; from the broad (.'J" -4" wide) base to tiii' tdciider snniiiiit, liocoining reddish ; nut round- ohovate, faintly wrinkled ; tul)ercle Hat.conieal, olituso, t Ik; sides deeurrent on the ed;^es of tlie nut. — Low pine liarrens, Florida to North Carolina. May- July. — Heads larger than those of tlie preceding. 18. CLADIUM, 1*. Br. Spikes ovate, 1-2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, the divisions often 2 -3-eleft, deciduous. Nut globose-ovate, the pericarp thickened and corky near tlie apex. Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in a.xillary and terminal cyme-like panicles. 1. C. eflfusum, Torr. (Saw-Grass.) Culms (4° -8° high) nearly terete; leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, diffuse ; spikes small, 3-4 in a cluster, deep brown ; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a per- fect flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty ; nut ovate, pointed, wrinkled. (Schoenus effusus, Su-artz.) — Fresh or brackish marshes along the coast, Florida to Xortli Carolina, and westward. July -August. 2. C. mariscoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete ; leaves narrow-linear, sinoothish; panicles 2 -3, the few branches erect; spikes 3 - 8 in a cluster ; nut ovate, acute, faintly wrinkled. (Schoenus, Muhl.) — Grassy ponds, West Florida, North Carolina, and northward. 19. SCLERIA, L. Nct Rush Flowers monoecious. Sterile spike few - many-flowered. Scales loosely im- bricated in 2-3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the ba.se of the sterile spike. Stamens 1 -3. Style 3-cleft. Nut globose or ovate, stony or hony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy culms. Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal. § 1. ScLERiA proper. — Nut supported bi/ an annular or 3 -f>-lobed disk. « Nut smooth : stamens 3. 1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (2° -3° high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy; spikes disposed in 3 -6 clus- ters at the summit of the culm, and 1-2 distant lateral ones on long and drooping peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow ring at the base of the globose-ovate yellowish white nut. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. June- August. 2. S. Oligantha, Ell., Michx.? Culms (l°-2° high) slender, smooth, sharply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves; spikes 3-5, sin- gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1 -2 dis- tant lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles; bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute globular lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut. — Thickets and margins of fields, Florida to South Carolina. July. CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 559 * * Nut reticulated : dish of 5 flattened lobes: stamens 2. 3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1'^- l|-° high), scabrous be- low; leaves narrowly linear; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the lateral ones on a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida and northward. August -Sept. 4. S. Torreyana, Walpers. Culms weak, rough on the angles ; leaves linear, obtuse ; spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping peduncle ; nut globose, wrinkled and somewhat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the nut. — Damp pine barrens, Florida, and north- ward. August-Oct. — Culms \°-\^° long. Nut l|"-2" in diameter. * * * Nut wartif : disk bearing 3-6 globular lobes : stamens 3. 5. S. Ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid (l|°-2^ high), smooth below, sparingly fringed on the angles above; leaves 2, narrowly linear (1" wide), rigid, smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins ; sheatlis pul)escent ; clusters terminal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, closely beset with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of the nut and at the base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — Dry pine barrens. Florida to South Carolina. June -August. — Khizoma thick and creeping. 6. S. Elliottii, Chapm. Culms stout (i°-l° high), densely rough- fringed on the angles throughout ; leaves 3-4, broadly linear (2"- 3" wide), closely fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; sheaths pubescent ; clus- ters 2, the lateral one remote, on a short erect peduncle ; sterile spike small, few-flowered ; nut globose, deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty projections at the base; lobes of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella, Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. 7. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villous throughout ; culms (6'- 12' high) slender; leaves narrowly linear; clusters small, of 1 -few spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect peduncle ; sterile spike few-flowered; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with minute warts, these at the base elongated ; lobes of the disk 6, distinct, globose. (S. Caroliniana, Willd., the villous form.) Var. glabra. Smooth throughout, or the leaves and bracts scabrous at the summit; culms erect (1° high), rigid, but slender, like the erect leaves; clusters terminal ; spikes many-flowered ; lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobed. This also varies, with longer (2°-2|°) diffuse culms, and with 1-2 distant axillary clusters on long (5'- 10') drooping peduncles. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward ; the varieties chiefly southward. May - August. § 2. Hypoporum. — Disk none: nut concave and often pitted at the sides of the triangalar base. * Clusters of spikes terminal, leafg-bracted. 8. S. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms rough above (2°-3° high) ; leaves mostly 2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2" long) dull white, globose-ovate, obscurely angled, 560 CYPERACE^. (SEDOK FAMILY.) even, or longimdinally fuir(jwfC>2 cYi'KKACK.K, (si:d(;k kamilv.) long as tlie ovatp Imig-poiiitod srale. — Dry soil, Fli>ri'■'*■ C, miliacea, Muhl. Spikes 4, linear, all on exserted nodding pe- duncles, tlie lerininal one often wholly sterile ; perigynia yellowish, ovate, compressed-3-angled, nerveless or nearly so, tapering into a spreading slightly emarginate point, as long as the oblong mucronate scale, — Mountains of Georgia (Tovreij). — Culms weak, 1°-1^° high. Sheaths smooth. Lower perigynia scattered. * * * Terminal spikes sterile, the others fertile, or with few sterile flowers at the sumtnit. ■*- Perigijnia small (l"-3" long), slightlg or not at all injiated, obtuse or short- beaked. -•■+ Fertile sj)ikes sessile, ovoid or oblong, densefiowered : perigynia pubescent, short-beaked or pointed. 40. C. filiformis, L. Sterile spikes 2 or more, slender, long-ped uncled; fertile spikes 1 -'.i, distant, oblong ; perigynia ovoid, oljtuse, 3-angled, densely pube.scent, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted into a short emarginate point, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Bogs and swamps. South Carolina (Torreg). — Culms 2° high, smooth. Leaves filiform, elon- gated. Bracts leafy, many times longer than the spikes. 41. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, thick, short-peduncled ; fer- tile spikes 1 -2, approximate, ovoid or oblong; perigynia oblong-ovate, 3- angled, densely-pubescent, strongly nerved, tapering into a distinct beak, with a white membranaceous 2-cleft orifice, longer than tiie oblong mucronate brown scale. — Sandy swamps in tlie upper districts, and northward. — Culms rigid, acute-angled, 1°- 2° high. Leaves short, linear. Bracts short, the upper one shorter than the spikes. 42. C. dasycarpa, Muhl. Sterile spike single, short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, approximate, oblong; perigynia woolly, oblong, 3-angled, striate, scarcely beaked, with the orifice entire, twice the length of the ovate barely pointed pale scale ; nut stalked. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 6'- 12' high, rough-angled. Leaves pubescent. CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 5(57 43. C. tenax, Chapm. Culms (10'- 15' high) and rigid chauuelled leaves rough, but not pubescent ; spikes and ovate beaked and less pubescent perigynia larger; nut sessile; otherwise like the preceding, and possibly a stouter form of it. — Dry sand ridges, Middle Florida. 44. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes mostly 2, ovoid, approximate, 4 - 6-flowered, the lower one with a short or scale-like colored bract; perigynia nearly globose, pubescent, abruptly con- tracted into a short 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong-ovate dark brown scale. — Dry woods in the upper districts. — Stoloniferous. Culms 1° or less high, shorter than the narrow green leaves. 45. C. varia, Muhl. Spikes 2-5, the upper contiguous, the lowest often leafy-bracted ; perigynia acuminate at both ends, about the length of the oblong-ovate pale scale. (C. Emmonsii, Z>ew.) — Dry light soil, chiefly in the upper districts. — Culms filiform, commonly longer than the narrow-linear leaves, often stoloniferous. 46. C. nigromarginata, Schw. Spikes mostly 3 - 5, few-flowered, the sterile little exceeding the two contiguous fertile ones ; perigynia oval, trian- gular, slender-beaked, shorter than the black-margined scale ; stigmas 3 ; nut triangular; culms I'-G' high, much shorter than the rather rigid linear leaves. — Dry open woods, North Carolina, and westward. 47. C. Floridana, Schw. Habit and inflorescence like the preceding ; scales slightly or not at all discolored ; stigmas 2 or 3 ; perigynia plano-con- vex ; nut lenticular. — Light dry soil, Florida, and westward. ++ ++ Fertile spikes linear or cijlindrical, remote, all, or the lowest, on distinct and cornmonli/ elongated peduncles. = Perujijnia striated with numerous fine nerves: sterile spike always single. t Perigijnia smooth, nearly terete, obtuse or barely pointed : bracts long and leaf- like : sjiikes erect. 48. C. grisea, Wahl. Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3-4, linear-oblong, ratlier loosely flowered (4"- 8" long), the upper one nearly ses- sile ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, pointless, somewhat inflated, twice as long as the white ovate rough-awned scale ; culms smooth, 1° high ; leaves and bracts broadly linear. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. angUStifolia, Boott. Sterile spike long-peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly 3, linear, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest at the base of the culm ; perigynia 4-8, lanceolate-oblong, 3-angled, alternate and 2-ranked, pointless and entire at the apex, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale. — Dry open woods, Florida. — Culms filiform, 8'- 12' high. ^Leaves, and bracts linear. Lowest sheatlis dark brown. 49. C. flaccosperma, Dew. Spikes 4-5, the sterile short, sessile, the fertile distant, closely many-flowered, leafy-bracted, the lowest long-pedun- cled; perigynia oldong, obtuse, twice the length of the ovate awnless scale; culms 6'- 18' high; leaves broadly linear. — Rich shaded soil, Georgia, and westward. 50. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile sjjike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3-4, linear-cylindrical, densely many-flowered, yellowish, the upper one nearly o68 cxrr.TiArv.JE. (skhoe famii.v.) seitsilo, the lowest distant ami long-peduiiclcd ; pcripynia Hmall, f;lo))080-ovate, contracted into a niiiiute mostly recurved entire or eniargiuate point, longer than the ovate obtuse or barely pointed scale. — Meadows and iianks of streams, Florida, and iiDrtiiward. — Cidms C- 12' high. Leaves and iiracts broadly linear, .3-nerviil. 51. C. COnoidea, Schk. Sterile spike long-jied uncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, oblong iir cylindrical, densely many-liowercd, remote; ])crigynia small, oblong-ovoid, obtuse, striate with iin])ressed nerves, smooth and shining, equal- ling or the lower shorter than the ovate pointed or short-awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves and bracts linear. Spikes A'-f long, the lowest loug-peduucled. 52. C. tetanica, Schk. Sterile spike .short-pedunded; fertile spikes 1-3, linear-cylindrical, remote, loo.sely flowered ; j)erigynia obovate, narrowed at the base, contracted into a short bent ])oint, longer tiian the ovate acute or short-awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1° high. Leaves and bracts narrowly linear. 53. C. Meadii, Dew. Sterile spike mostly long-jicdnnclcd, slender; fer- tile sj)ikes 1 -3, oblong (4"-8" long), closely dowered; ])erigynia olxjvate, abruptly contracted into the entire orifice, barely longer than the oblong acute broadly margined scale; culm 6' -12' high; leaves narrow-linear, shorter than tiie culm. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 54. C. polymorpha, ^luld. Sterile spikes 1 or 2, short, long-]iedun. cled; fertile spikes 1 or 2, remote, erect; perigynia obhmg-ovate, minutely granular, entire at the white obliiiue orifice, longer than the ovate, mostly ob- tuse, brownish purple scale; culms l°-l^°high; leaves short, erect. — Low grassy meadows, North Carolina (Cia-tis), and northward. 55. C. oligOCarpa, Schk. Sterile spike short-pedunded ; fertile spikes mostly 3, loosely 4 - 8-tlowered ; perigynia thick, finely striate, ol)long, with a straight or slightly spreading point, shorter than the ovate long-awned white scale; style very short; culms 10' -15' high; leaves narrow-linear. — North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. t t Perirjiinia smooth, 3-ant/led, with a recurved or spreading point: lowest peduncles elongated and often recurved. \ Bracts leafij : scales ichite. 56. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sterile spike pednncled, exceeding the bracts; fertile spikes 2-3, remote, linear, loosely 8- 12-flowered ; perigynia oblong- obovate, tapering into a smooth .spreading entire beak, longer than the oblong mucronate scale. — Plant more or less glaucous. Culm 10'- 15' high, usually compres.sed-3-angled above. Leaves linear or lanceolate, tender. Sheaths smooth. Var. Striatula. Culms, leaves, and especially the sheaths, rough ; sterile spike sessile or nearly so, shorter than the bracts; fertile spikes 3-5, rather closely 12-20-flowered, the 2-3 up])er ones commonly approximate; peri- gynia obovate, abruptly short and bent-pointed. — Dry open woods and mar- gins of fields; common, and varying greatly in the form of the perigynia and width of the leaves. CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 569 57. C. styloflexa, Buckley. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 3, oblong, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest on a long and mostly nodding peduncle ; perigynia lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, ta^ periug into a spreading rough-angled mostly eniargiuate beak, longer than the oblong mucronate scale. — Shady swamps, Middle Florida, to the moun- tains of North Carolina. — Culms filiform, 1° - 1|° high, and, like the sheaths of the linear leaves, roughened downward. 58. C. digitalis, Willd. Sterile spike small, sessile, or nearly so ; fer- tile spikes commonh^ 3, remote, very slender, loosely 5-8-flowered, all on long bri.stle-like peduncles, the lowest near the base of the culm and generally re- clining ; perigynia alternate, ovoid, with a short and spreading entire point, twice the length of the ovate acute green-keeled scale ; leaves linear, green ; culms 6'- 12' high. — Low ground, common. 59. C. ptychocarpa, Steudl. Sterile spike very small, nearly sessile, the fertile mostly 3, closely 6-8-flowered, the two upper approximate, nearly sessile, much shorter than the broad foliaceous bracts ; the lowest distant, long-peduncled, erect ; perigynia nearly thrice the length of the ovate, obtuse or barely pointed white scale (C. digitalis, var., Flora.) — Wet shaded banks. Middle Florida. — Culms 3' - 5' high, much shorter than the broadly linear glaucous leaves. I t Bracts sheathing, leafless (xr nearlij so: scales brown or black. 60. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, the lowest at the base of tlie culm, linear, erect, loosely few-flowered, the peduncles mostly included in the brown leafless sheaths ; perigynia oblong-obovate, short -pointed, longer than the ovate acute black scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Leaves all radical, 1' or more wide, about as long as tlie slender culm. 61. C. Caroliniana, Buckley. Fertile spikes 3, loosely 3 - 6-flowered, remote, all on long bristle-like drooping peduncles, which are partly included in the sheatlis of the short bracts ; tlie lowest near the base of the culm ; perigynia ovoid, short-pointed, rather longer than the oblong mucronate dark brown .scale. — Table Mountain, South Carolina { Buckie i/}. — Kadical leaves 4" -6" wide, 3-nervedi exceeding the tufted culms. = ^ Perigynia icitli few and scattered nerves, commnnhj a little in flated, straight- beaked or pointed : spikes all, or the lowest, on long and rnustlij nodding pe- duncles : bracts leafy. t Spikes linear or flliform, loosely flowered : perigynia lanceolate or oblong. 62. C. venusta, Dew. Fertile spikes 3 -5, linear (I'-H' long), remote, or the two upper ones approximate and erect ; perigynia oblong, acute at each end, rough-hairy, notched at the orifice, twice as long as the oblong obtuse scale. — Low banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° -3° high. Sheaths of the linear leaves very rough. 63. C. debilis, Michx. Fertile spikes 3 -5, remote, filiform, drooping; perigynia alternate, lanceolate, smooth, acute at the base, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong obtuse 1-nerved scale ; slieaths 570 CYPERACE^. (sedge lAMILY.) sniuotli. — Swamps and low ^nnuids, coiiinion. — Culms very sU'IkIct, 1''-2° high. C4. C. juncea, Willil. "Spikes 2-4, slumler, erctt, hruwniwh purple, the sturiie omc liliforui, the fertile loosely flowered, somewhat remote, the low- est on an exserted pedunilc ; perigynia .'J-aiifiled, si(iudle-sha])eil, rough at the apex, with tlie orirtte entire; scales ovate, olituse, and longer than the peri- gyuia, or lanceolate, nnuronate, and aliout eciualling them." Boull. — Sum- mit of Hoan Mountain, Nortii Carolina. — Leaves somewhat bristle-form, shorter than the culm. t t Spikes cylindrical or oIIuikj, deiiseli/ manij-Jloa'ercd : perii/ynia ovate or ruimdisli. 6.5. C. scabrata, Sehw. Sterile spike short, single ; fertile spikes 4-5, rather distant, on erect exserted peduncles ; ))erigyuia ovate, rough, spreading, with few rather prominent nerves, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong acute brownisli scale. — Shady swamps, South Carolina and Ten- nessee.— Culms (l°-li° high) and broadly linear tiiin leaves very rough. Bracts leaf-like, destitute of sheaths. 66. C. Barrattii, Torr. Sterile spikes 1-2, long and rigid; fertile spikes 2-3, cylindrical, all on drooping peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit; perigynia yellowish, compresscd-.3-angled, round-elliptical, slightly rougliened, emarginate or eutii-e at the orifice, longer than the oblong obtuse or pointed black scale. — Marshes, Nortli Carolina (Curtis), and north- ward.— Culms I°-2° higli, rough-angled, longer than tlie rigid glaucous leaves. 67. C. verrucosa, Muld. Sterile sjiikes l -3, sessile or short-peduncled, often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; fertile s]iikes4-10, cylindri- cal or oblong, the upper ones sessile and erect, the lower long-peduncled and drooping ; perigynia glaucous, globose-obovate, 3-angle(!, strongly nerved or nerveless, abruptly contracted into a short and entire point, al)out as long as the i)rown rough-awued scale. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2°-4^ high. Leaves glaucous, setaceously attenuate. 68. C. Cherokeensis, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-4, slender; fertile spikes .T-15, often 2-3 from the same sheath, oblong or cylindrical, .sterile at the .summit, all ou hmg and nodding peduncles; jierigynia whitish, ob- long, compressed-3-angled, short-beaked, with the orifice membranaceous and obliquely 2-cleft, longer tlian the oblong acute scale ; stigmas elongated. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, to the mountains of Georgia, and westward. — Plant whitish. Culms l°-2° high, smooth, like the linear leaves. 69. C. microdonta, Torr. & Hook. " Staminates])ikes3 ; fertile spikes about 4, exsertlv jjedunculate, erect, cylindrical, attenuate, and more or less staminiferous at the summit; fruit ovate, compressed, obscurely striate, acute, with a minutely bidentate orifice, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acuminate, somewhat cuspidate scale." Torrey. — Mississippi (fiatVey), and westward. CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 571 •*- ■*- Perigynia large (3"- 6" long), and commonly much InflaUd, conspicuously nerved, tapering into a conical or long and subulate 2-cleJt beak. ** Sterile spike single: styles persistent, contorted: perigynia smooth: spikes many-Jiowered {except No. 77), 70. C. COmosa, Boott. Fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, approximate, on exserted nodding peduncles (l^'-2i' long); perigynia (2" long) oblong, spreading or reflexed, tapering into a long subulate deeply 2-cleft beak, with bristly, spreading teeth, longer than the awned scale. — Swamp.s, Florida, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough-angled above. Leaves broadly linear, and, like the bracts, exceeding the culm. 71. C. hystricina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3, oblong or cylindrical, on nodding peduncles; perigynia oblong-ovate, many-nerved, spreading, taper- ing into a minutely 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong awned scale ; nut obovate, smooth. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° - H° high, rough above, shorter than the leaves and bracts. Spikes 1'- 1|' long. 72. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile spikes 1-3, sessile, approximate, or the lowest remote and short-peduncled, ovate or cylindrical-oblong ; perigynia ovate, spreading, few-nerved, the long subulate beak cleft on the inner side, and minutely 2-toothed, twice as long as the lanceolate awned scale ; nut ovoid, roughish. — Meadows and low grounds, common. — Culms 1°- 1|^° high. Leaves and bracts elongated. 73. C. gigantea, lludge. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong or cylindrical; the upper approximate and nearly sessile, the lowest di.stant and short-pedun- cled, erect ; perigynia (6" - 7" long) widely spreading, strongly many -nerved, tapering from an ovate and obtuse base into, a long subulate rough 2-cleft beak, with hi.^pid teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale; nut depressed, 3-angled. — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Culms 2° high, smooth, shorter than tlie broad linear leaves and bracts. 74. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3-4, approximate, sessile, or the lowest short-])eduncled, erect, oblong, thick (1' in diameter); perigynia (6" -7" long) erect-spreading, tapering from the ovoid acutish base into a subulate smooth or slightly roughened beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut rhombic-oblong. — Deep river swamjis, Florida, and northward. — Culms and leaves as in the preceding. 75. C. Halei, Carey. Sterile spike slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, remote, ovoid or oblong (1' in diameter), erect, the lowest com- monly on a partly e.xserted peduncle, the others nearly sessile ; perigynia large (6" long), tapering from a greatly inflated and rounded base into a smooth and slender 2-cleft beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, more than twice as long as the oblong acuminate scale ; nut rhomboid. — Swamps, Flor- ida to the mountains of Georgia, and westward. — Culms 1° high, smooth and slender, as long as the narrow smooth leaves. Spikes whitisli, 1'- \V long. 76. C. SUbulata, Michx. Sterile spike .small; fertile .spikes 3-4, re- mote, few-flowered, the lowest on a partly exserted peduncle, erect ; perigynia 572 CYPERACKJE. (SEI)OE FAMILY.) 4-6, subulate, smooth, reflexed, the rigid teeth reflexed and appreased to the sleiult'i- lieaii, four times aa long as the awu-pointcd scale. — Deep swamps, Geori^ia to Nortli Carolina. — Culms smootli, filiform, 1°- JJ'^ higii, longer than the linear leaves. *+ *+ ^Sterile sjiik-e s'ni. AMTHICARPUM. Glumes .'<■ BpikoletHof 2 kiiulH, oiio in a terminal |iiiiilc 1i-. tlu> other lurKLT, uii a Hulitary subterranean peduncle. 7. PANICUM. OluiueH 4, the lowest smaller, the third staminate or neutral. • • Spikelets subtended by a briHtly or spiny Involucre. 8. SETARIA. Involucre of 1 -several bristleB per»i8tent on the pedicel. 9. CKXCHRUS. Involucre bur-like, of several barbed spines partly united, and enclosing 1 - 3 spikelets. 10. PKNNISKTIJ.M. Spikelets enclosed in an involucre of fine often plumose bristles. * * * Spikelets sunk in excavations of the thick rachis. It. STEN()T.\rHRUM. Culms creeping. Flowering branches short and erect. Tribe H. OKYZE^. Spikelets perfect or unisexual, 1-flowercd. Empty glumes none (except No. IC). Stamens mostly C or more. * Spikelets perfect. 12. LEERSIA. Spikelets compressed, mostly ciliate. Stamens 1-6. * * Spikelets unisexu^.l. 13. LUZIOLA. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles. Stamens C- 11. 14. HYDROCHLOA. Spikelets in simple few-flowered axillary and terminal spikes. Sta- mens (!. 15. ZIZAXIA. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the same panicle. Stamens G. IC. PHARUS. Spikelets in pairs, unequal, the smaller hexaudrous, the larger pistillate. Tbibe III. MAYDE.^. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate in excavations of the rachis of the jointed spike. 17. ROTTBCELLIA. A pistillate and staminate spikelet at the base of each joint of the spike. 18. MANISURIS. A pistillate spikelet at the base, and a neutral one at the top of each joint of the spike. 19. TRIPSACUM. Spikes pistillate at the base, staminate above. Teibe IV. ANDROPOGONE^. Spikelets in pairs or threes on each joint of the rachi.s of the spike or branch of the panicle, one sessile and perfect, the others pedi- celled, staminate or neutral (rarely perfect). Glumes 4, the two lower larger, empty, and more rigid, the third staminate or neutral, the floret hyaline and mostly awned. * Spikelets in short-jointed spikes. 20. ELIONTRUS. Spikes single, long-peduncled. Spikelets awnless. 21. ANDR0P060N. Spikes single, digitate, or panicled, mostly white-hairy. Spikelets awned. Lowest glume 2-keeled on the back. 22. HETEROFOGOX. Spikes clustered, 1-sided. Sterile spikelet 3-androus, its glumes flat, twisted. Floret long-awned. * * Spikelets panicled. 23. IMPERATA. Sessile and pedicelled spikelets both perfect and awnlese. 24. ERIANTHU3. Sessile and pedicelled spikelets both perfect and awned, with an invo- lucral tuft at the base. 25. SORGHUM. Spikelets In pairs or threes, only the sessile one perfect and awned. Series II. POACE^E. Pedicel jointed above the lowest glume. Tbibe V. PHALARIDE^. Glumes 5, only the uppermost fertile, the two lower empty, the middle ones staminate, neutral, or rudimentary. 20. PHALARTS. Middle glumes rudimentary. Floret triandrous. 27. ANTHOXANTHUM. Middle glumes empty, awned. Floret diandrous, 28. HIEROCHLOE. Middle glumes triandrous. Floret diandrous. GRAMINE.E. (grass FAMILY.) Teibe VI. AGKOSTIDE^IS. Spikelets l-flowered, rarely with a rudiment or second flower above. Glumes 3, the two lower empty. Palea rarely wanting. Inflorescence panicled. * Glumes membranaceous or chartaceous. ■t- Empty glumes united below, conduplicate. 29. ALOPECURUS. Flowering glume dorsally awned. Inflorescence spiked. Palea none. •1- -I- Glumes separate, convex or keeled. 30. SPOROBOLUS. Spikelets awnless. Flowering glume l-nerved, longer than the un- equal empty ones. 31. A6R0STIS. Spikelets mostly awned. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, thin, shorter than the nearly equal empty ones. Palea small or none. 32. POLYPOGOX. Empty glumes long-awned. Panicle spike-like. 33. CIXNA. Spikelets flattened. Flowering glume awned below the apex. Stamen 1. 34. CALAMAGROSTIS. Spikelets l-flowered, and often with the pedicel of a second flower. Floret surrounded by a tuft of long hairs. * * Flowering glume awned at the tip (except No. 3.5) of a firmer texture, closely investing the grain. 35. THURBERIA. Flowering glume awned below the tip. 36. STIPA. Flowering glume with a single long twisted awn. 37. ARISTID.\. Flowering glume triple-awned. 38. MUHLENBERGIA. Empty glumes unequal. Floret hairy at the base, mucronate or straight awned. 39. BRACHYELYTRUM. Empty glumes very small. Floret long-awned. Stamens 2. Tkibe VII. AVENE.(E. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, the terminal one mostly rudi- mentary. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Flowering glume awned on the back or below the apex. Spikelets panicled. * Flowers perfect, or the uppermost rudimentary. 40. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glume 2-cleft. 41. DESCH.^MPSIA. Spikelets 2-flowered, and with a hairy rudiment. Flowering glume truncate, toothed. 42. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Flowering glume compressed, keeled, awned. 43. DANTHONIA. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Flowering glume rigid, 2-cleft, the 3 middle nerves united into a twisted awn. * * Spikelets 2-flowered, one perfect, the other staminate. 44. HOLCUS. Upper flower staminate and awned. Glumes keeled. 45. ARRHENATHERUM. Lower flower staminate and long-awned. Glumes concave. Tbibe VIII. CHLORIDE.^:. Spikelets 2 - several- I'rarely 1-) flowered, in 2 rows in racemose or digitate (rarely solitary) spikes. Upper flowers imperfect. * Spikelets strictly l-flowered, awnless. 4(5. SPARTINA. Spikes racemed. Spikelets flat. Glumes keeled. * * Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered, the lowest flower perfect. 47. GTMNOPOGON. Spikelets linear, scattered. Flowering glume and rudiment awned. Spikes racemed, filiform. 48. BOUTELOUA. Spikes short, dense, racemed. Flowering glume 3-toothed. 49. CHLORIS. Spikes digitate. Spikelets roundish. Flowering glume mucronate. 50. CYNODON. Spikes digitate, slender. Flowering glume awnless. Culms creeping. * * * Spikelets 4 - 5-flowered, only one of the middle ones perfect. 51. CTENIUM. Spike solitary. Flowering glume stout-awned on the back. * * * * Spikelets several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect. 52. ELEUSINE. Spikes digitate. Spikelets crowded or imbricate. 570 OKAMINK.i:. (CIJASS FAMILY.) 03. LKPTOCHLOA. Sjiikes racemose, fllifonn. Flowering glume awnleaa. 54. DIPLACHNK. Spikes rocuiuose. Flowering glume uucruuate or uwiied. Tribe IX. FKiSTUCKjE. Spikeleta panlcled, few -many-flowered, the flowers all per- fect, or the tipiiei moat, and rarely tlie lowest imperfect or abortive. Glumes mem- brauaceout or rarely indurated, uwnlotts, or uhort-awned at or near the tip. • Flowers perfect, or the uppermost abortive, t- Flowering glumes 2-cleft and awned at the apex. 65. TRIODIA. Spikelets few-flowered. Nerves of the glumes hairy, excurrent. 50. TRIPLASIS. Spikelets 3-flowered. Flowering glume and palea fringed, the mid-nerve of the glume extended Into a bearded awn. 57. BROMUS. Spikelets large, few - mauy-flowered. Flowering glume rounded on the back, and awned below the 'J-cteft apex. 1- -I- Flowering glumes entire, awnless (except in No. 58). -w- Olumes obtuse or rounded on the bock. 68. PESTUCA. Spikelets mostly terete. Flowering glumes rigid, often awned at the tip. 59. MELICA. Spikelets short and thick, few-flowered, the upper flowers imperfect, con- volute. Glumes 5-nerved, obtuse, scarious-margined. 60. GLYCERIA. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glume 7-nerved, scarious at the tip. 61. DIARRHEN.\. Spikelets few, several-flowered. Flowering glume coriaceous, 3-nerved, acute. Culms nearly leafless. ++ ++ Glumes keeled on the back. 62. DACTYLIS. Spikelets In dense l-sided clusters. Glumes awn-pointed, ciliate on the keel. 63. EATONIA. Spikelets 1 - 3-flowered. Lower glume narrow, the upper 3-nerved, obo- vate, enclosing the florets. 64. POA. Spikelets few-flowered. Flowering glume thin, 5-nerved, scarious on the mar- gins, commonly woody below. 65. ERAGROSTIS. Spikelets few - many-flowered, compressed. Flowering glume 3- nerved, acute. Paleee persistent. * * Lower flowers imperfect. 6G. XJNIOLA. Spikelets broad and flat. Glumes rigid, compressed, the 3 - G lower ones empty. 67. PHRAGMITES. Spikelets villous, 3 - G-flowered. Lowest flower triandrous. * • * Flowers dioecious. 68. DISTICHLIS. Spikelets large, flat, many-flowered. Glumes rigid, rounded on the back. 69. MONANTHOCHLOE. Spikelets single, terminal, 3 - 5-flowered. Leaves very short and rigid. Tbibb X. HOKDEJE. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of the Jointed rachis of the terminal spike. Empty glumes 1-2, rigid, rarely wanting. Up- permost flowers imperfect or abortive. * Spikelets solitary at each Joint of the rachis. 70. LOLIUM. Spikelets placed edgewise on the rachis. Empty glume one. 71. AGROPYRUM. Spikelets placed flatwise on the rachis. Empty glumes two. * * Spikelets 2 -4 at each joint of the rachis. 72. HORDEUM. Spikelets 3 at each Joint, 1-flowered, the lateral ones sterile. 73. ELYMU8. Spikelets 2 - 4 at each joint, 1 - several-flowered. Empty glumee 2, collateral. 74. ASPRELLA. Spikelets 1 -3 at each joint. Empty glumes none. GRAMINE.E. (gRASS FAMILY.) 577 Tribe XI. BAMBUSE^. Spikelets few - many-flowered. Empty glumes 2 -sev- eral. Flowering glumes awnless. 75. ARUNDINARIA. Culms tall and woody. Leaves jointed at the base, persistent. Spikelets racemed or panicled. 1. REIMARIA, Fluegge. Inflorescence as in Paspalum, but the sessile lanceolate spikelets consisting of only one empty glume, and a membranous fertile floret. Stamens 2. Grain enclosed. 1. R. oligOStaehya, Muuro. Culms ascending from a creeping base, l°-2° long, branching; leaves linear, attenuate; spikes 3-4, filiform, at length refracted, I' -2' long; spikelets acute, appressed to the flexuous rachis in two rows. — Wet banks. East Florida. 2. PASPALUM, L. Spikelets usually ovate or orbicular, plano-convex, 1-flowered, borne in 2-4 rows in unilateral spikes or racemes, these terminal, or scattered along the naked summit of the culm. Empty glumes 2, thin ; fertile floret coriaceous. Stamens 3. Gi'ain enclosed. — Mostly perennial grasses, with flat leaves, and long-ped uncled inflorescence. § 1. Palet of the floret facing the rachis of the spike. * Culms {branches} erect from a creeping base, 1 - 2-jointed : spikes 2-4, in pairs or approximate, filiform : spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, alternately appressed to the sides of the rachis: glumes longer than the floret. 1. P. furcatum, Fliigge. Culms 1°- 2"^ high, 2-jointed; leaves 3" -5" wide, obtuse ; peduncles 2-4 from the upper sheath, long and slender, and often a single short one from the lower; spikes mostly in pairs, 2' -4' long; spikelets 2" long. (P. digitaiia, Flora.) — Wet ground in the lower districts. 2. P. platycaule, Poir. Culms ^°-l° high, 1-joiuted ; leaves l"-2" wide, obtuse ; peduncles 2-7 from the sheath ; spikes oftener 3, very slender, riong; spikelets barely 1" long, slightly pubescent. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi. § 2. Palet of the foret facing outward. * Spikes approximate or in pairs, terminal, or solitary or axillary. 3. P. distiehum, L. (Joint Grass.) Culms 1°- 2° long from a creep- ing base; leaves glaucous, flat, linear, acute, 3' -6' long, 2" -3" wide, the sheaths fringed; spikes 2-4, approximate, I'-l^' long; spikelets in 2 (rarely 3-4) rows, ovate-oblong, acute, often more or less pubescent. — Ditches and damp ground, common. 4. P. vaginatum, Swartz. Glabrous ; culms diffusely creeping, short- jointed, the clustered branches, ^°-l° high ; leaves narrow-linear, attenuate to a filiform point, concave or folded, l'-4' long, their short dilated sheaths mostly imbricated ; peduncles short, single ; spikes in pairs, 1' or less long; spikelets in 2 rows, lanceolate, acute, the upper glume mostly undulate. — Var. REIMARIOIDE9. Every way larger, l°-3° long, spikes often in threes, 2' long; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, ly long. — Saline marshes along the coast, Flor- ida, and westward. 37 r>7S CUAMINK.K. ((iKASS FAMILY.) T). P. conjugatum, norj^. SmoDtli ami hrancliiiit; (2^ l">"g) ; leaves thill, liiioar; sjtikos 2 -.3, Hat, the two terminal ones conjugate; siiikelets minute, in two rows, ovate, long-fringed. — New Orleans (Dr. Halt). Introtlueetl. C. P. ciliatifolium, .Midix. Cnlms 1^-2° high; leaves niidulate, cili- ate, smooth or hairy like the sheath.-;, .''/ - 12' long, 6"- 10" wide ; spikes 2-4 in a terminal raceme, or solitary and axillary, closely (lowered, 2' -4' long; spikelets in pairs, roundish, T'-IA" long. — Cultivated ground, common. July-lSoj)!. Var. dasyphyllum. Leaves and sheaths villous ; spikes mostly 3, the axillary ones included; s])ikclets mostly single. (1*. dasyphvllum, /ill.) — With the type. •7. P. setaceum, Michx. Culms slender, l°-2° high; leaves and sheaths generally villous; spikes solitary, long-peduncled, the axillary ones short-pedunded or included; spikelets single, i" long. — Dry sandy soil. July - Se))t. 8. P. debile, Michx.? Mostly glabrous; culms filiform, 2° -3° high; leaves 3' -G' long, 3" -5" wide; spikes mostly solitary, filiform, all on long (6'- 10') setaceous peduncles, these often 2 or more from each sheath ; spike- lets in pairs, ^" long. (P. lougepedunculatum, Lecoz/ie ?) — Dry sandy soil along the coast, Georgia and Florida. 9. P. monostachyum, Vasey. Glabrous; culms strictly erect, 2° -3° high, sini])le ; leaves narrow, erect, rigid, convolute, the lower l°-l^°long; spike solitary, erect, long-peduucled, 6' -8' long; spikelets imbricateil in two rows, oblong-oval, 1^" long. — South Florida, and westward. * * Spikes 3-12 (rarelij 2 or numerous), in a termuuti raceme. ■^ Ihirlds of the spike filiform : spikelets distinctli/jiedicelled. 10. P. racemulosum, Nutt. Spike.s 2-3, slender, erect (4' long); spikelets single or by pairs, obovate, distant on the filiform and somewhat flcxuous rachis, distinctly pedicelled ; glumes smooth, obtuse, 7 nerved ; culms simple, erect (2°-3°high); leaves long, linear, keeled, glaucous, sprinkled with long white hairs. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. August -Se])t. y.. ■>- -^ Ildchis of the spike fiat or trianrjalar : spikelets short-pedicelled. = Spikelets a line, or less, long. 11. P. purpurascens, Fll. Annual, nearly glabrous; culms erector ascending, branching, l°-3° long; leaves thin, broadly linear, 6'- 12' long, the sheaths often purple; spikes 2-12 (fewer on the branches), 2' -3' long; spikelets 1" long, oval or roundish, crowded in 3 -4 rows under the broad rachis; glumes 5-nerved. — Low ground in the middle and lower districts. 12. P. plicatulum, Michx. Perennial, glabrous; culms simple, slen- der, 2°-3° higli ; leaves long, linear; spikes 3-5, distant, 2' long; spikelets oval, in 3 rows under the narrow rachis, 1" long; second glume plicate within the pale thickened margins. — Georgia, Florida, and westward. 13. P. csespitosum, Fliigge. Culms slender, 1°-!^° high; leaves narrow-linear, ciliate ; spikes 3-4, filiform, I'long; spikelets in three rows, GKAMINE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 579 elliptical, Y' lo"S ! glumes 3-nerved, minutely pubescent aud granular. (P. Blodgectii, Floni.) — Soutii Florida. 14. P. Drummondi, Vasey. Culms 2° -4° high, branching below; leaves broadly linear, G''-10' long; spikes 3-4, 3'-4' long; spikelets in 2-3 rows, oval,!" long, pubescent aud grauular. — South Florida (Fasey), and westward . 15. P. virgatum, L. Culms 3° -5'^ high; leaves long, 3" -4" wide; spikes numerous (20 or more), 2' -3' long, the lower mostly germinate; ra- chis sleuder; spikelets 1" long, in 4 rows, ovate; glumes acute, hairy along the margin. — Mississippi, and westward. = = Spikelets exceeding a line in lencjth. 16. P. prsecox, Walt. Very smooth and somewhat glaucous, or the lower leaves aud slieaths hairy; culms simple, slender, 2° -4° high; leaves long aud narrow ; sjjikes 3-6, 1'- 3' long, bearded at the base; spikelets in 2-3 rows, orbicular, flat ; glumes 3-nerved. — Low pine barrens. May -Oct. 17. P. laeve, Michx. Mostly glabrous; culms simple, 2° -3^ high; leaves flat, 2" -3" wide, of varying length; spikes 2-5, slender, 2' -4' long, bearded iu the axils ; spikelets in 2 row.*, orbicular, 1 J" long ; glumes 5-nerved. — ]Moist grouud, commou. 18. P. dififorme, Leconte. Culms 2° -3° high, from creeping root- stocks; leaves broadly linear; spikes 2-4, 2' -3' long; spikelets in 2-3 rows, obloug-oval, 1 Y' loug; glabrous. — Low ground near the coast. North Carolina, and westward. 19. P. Floridanum, Michx. Culm stout, erect, 2° -4° high; leaves rigid, broadly linear, l°-2° long, smooth and glaucous, or the lowest densely villous; s])ikes 3-5, 2' -4' long; spikelets in 2-3 rows, oval or roundish, about 2" long ; glumes glabrous. — Damp or dry soil in the lower districts. 20. P. dilatatum, Poir. Culms stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat, linear- lanceolate, smooth; spikes 4-6, racemose; spikelets iu 4 rows, ovate, acute, villous on the margins, much wider than the flat rachis ; glumes 5-uerved, longer than the roundish floret. — Alabama, New Orleans, and westward. Introduced. 21. P. pubiflorum, Rupr., var. glabrum, Vasey. Culms stout, erect from a creeping base, 2° -3° high ; leaves spreading, 6' -9' long, 4" -6" wide, flat ; spikes 3 - 6, thick, spreading, 2' - 3' long ; rachis broad and flat ; spike- lets in 3-4 rows, barely more than \" long, oblong, obtuse, smooth or pubes- cent. — Tennessee, and westward. 22. P. giganteum, Baldw. Culms very stout, 4° -6° high ; leaves 1°- 2° long, 1' wide, papillose-ciliate on the margins; spikes 3-4, 5' -8' long, dis- tant, spreading ; spikelets iu 2 - 3 rows, about 2" long, OA-al, acute. — East Florida. Rare. •!-•(-■*- Rachis of ihe spikes broad, membranous, concave, covering the ininute spikelets: ndiiis branching, creeping, or floating : spikelets in 2 rows. 23. P. fluitans, Kuuth. Culms mostly floating; leaves lanceolate, 4' -6' long ; spikes numerous : spikelets pubescent, concealed under the rachis. — Along rivers in still water. TiSO (lUAMlNK.K. (gBASS KAMIL\.) ■24. P. Walterianum, S.liiillcs Ciilins crcfiiin^r ; Iciuos linoar, r-2' Imi^; sjiikt'S .'J -Ci ; s|)ikcl(Hs gliilinuis, jcirtlv concLMlecl iumIit tlie racliis. — Low niiuUly banks, Nurtli Caroliiiii, and westward. 3. ERIOCHLOA, III'.K. Tnllorosi-ence as in I'aspaliini, but tlif spikelets (in ours) 2-flowered, tlie lower Hower staniinate, and the •jjlunie of the fl. P. Curtisii, Cliaimi. r:iiii-*■ Spifcelets 1" or more long : sterile fower neutral (except thejirst). 24. P. latifolium, L. Culms smooth, erect ; leaves ovate-lauceolate, mostly smooth, the sheaths, especially at the joints, villous ; panicle nearly simple; spikelets large (2" long), ohovate; glumes puliescent, olttuse, the upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one; sterile flower 3-androus. — Dry rich soil, common. May. — Culms 1°- 1^° high. Leaves and panicles 3' -4' loug, the latter cxserted. 25. P. clandestinum, L. Culms rigid (1°- 2° high), l)ranched, naked at the joints; leaves lanceolate, acumiuate, the sheaths papillose-hirsute; pan- icles small, lateral and terminal, more or less included in the sheaths; sjiike- lets oblong, smooth or pubescent (l.J" long); lower glume rarely half the length of the 7-uerved upper one. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts. Sept. %. Var. pedunculatum, Gray? Taller (2° -4° high); leaves 4'- 10' long, the sluaths smooth or merely pube.scent ; termiual panicle 4'-5' loug, diffuse, long-])e(iuncled. — Kiver banks, Florida. 26. P. Joorii, Vasey. Culm 8'- 12' high, dichotomously liranched. very leafy; leaves lanceolate, 3' -4' long ; panicles shorter than the leaves, few- flowered ; spikelets oblong, pubescent, l"long; upper glumes as loug as the acute floret, the lower minute. — Mississippi, and \ve.stward. 27. P. commutatum, Scliultes. Smooth or pubescent; culms l°-2° high ; leaves bro.idly or narrowly lanceolate, 2'-5' long; panicle lungpeilun- cled, 2'-f/ long, diffuse; s])ikelets oblong, rather acute, 1"-1^" long; u])]ier glumes equalling the acute floret, thrice as long as the lower oue. (T. ner- vosum, Elliott.) — Dry open woods, common. 28. P. SCOparium, Muhl., Lam. ? Hairy or woolly all over, except the upper surface of the somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves; culms stout (l°-li° high), mostly simple ; panicle terminal, e.xserted ; spikelets obovate (H" long), obtuse, pubescent ; upper glume 9-nerved, three times the length of the lower one ; sterile flower neutral. — Open woods and margins of fields, in dry soil May. 29. P. paueiflorum, F-ll- Culms scabrous, soon branching, 1°- 14^° high ; leaves liuear-lauceolate, 2' -3' long, the sheaths hirsute, bearded at the throat; graminea::. (grass family.) 585 panicle simple, few-flowered ; spikelets smoothish, obovate, H ' long ; upper glumes oval, three times the length of the lower one. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 30. P. viscidum, Ell. Softly villous all over, except the branches of the jianicle, and a narrow ring below each joint of the tall (3° -4° high) culm ; leaves lanceolate, 6'- 10' long, sheaths viscid; panicle comp6und, lax-flow- ered, 4'- 6' long ; spikelets ovate, 1" long ; upper glume strongly 9-nerved, the lowest minute. (P. scoparium, Michx.) — Wet ground in the lower districts. 31. P. depauperatum,Muhl. Culms low (2'- 12' high), simple, erect, like the linear leaves ; panicle simple, few-flowered, with the branches erect, often shorter than the subtending leaf ; spikelets oval-obovate (1" long), mostly acute ; upper glume 9-uerved, smoothish, three times the length of the ovate lower one. — Dry sandy soil in the upper districts. June. — Leaves rigid, 2' -6' long, smoothish or hairy. ■^-^ ++ Spikelets less than I" long ; sterile flower neutral. 32. P. seabriusculum, Ell. Culms smooth or slightly scabrous, 3° -4° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5'- 10' long, the sheaths more or less pubescent; panicle smooth, diffuse, long-pedunded, 5' -6' long; spikelets smooth, oblong, f" long, mostly purple ; upper glumes longer than the oblong acute floret, the lower minute. — Wet banks of streams in the piue barrens of the lower districts. 33. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Glabrous ; culms strictly erect, 2° - 3° high ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, cordate, 4' -6' long, tlie uppermost about the length of the panicle ; panicle 4' - 6' long, the setaceous branches diver- ging ; spikelets very numerous, oval, smooth, ^" long ; upper glumes as long as the oval floret, the lower minute. — Rich shaded soil, chiefly in the upper districts. 34. P. Floridanum. Culms erect, I^° - 2° high ; leaves narrowly lanceo- late, rigid, 2' -4' lung, the sheaths pubescent, the uppermost much shorter than the oval panicle ; spikelets oval, f " long, almost villous ; upper glumes as long as the floret, tlie lowest minute ; palet of the sterile flower minute or wanting. (P. microcarpon, var., Vasei/. P. sphterocarpum, i^/(;;-«.) — In and around shallow ponds, near the coast of West Florida. 35. P. sphserocarpon, Ell. Culms 10'- 15' high, bearded at the nodes ; lowest leaves oblong-ovate, short and crowded, the upper lanceolate, cordate-clasping, 2' -4' long, with the base ciliate, scabrous above; panicle oval, 2' -3' long, loosely many-flowered; spikelets oval or roundish, f" long, minutely pubescent ; upper glumes thrice as long as the lowest ; floret oval, obtuse. — Dry open woods, Florida to Tennessee. 36. P. consanguineum, Kunth. Smooth or villous; culms 10'- 15' high, soon excessively branching; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2' -4' long; panicle 2'- 3' long, often simple, loosely flowered ; spikelets oblong or obovate, varying from i"-li" long; upper glumes strongly 7-nerved ; palet of the sterile flower wanting. (P. villosum and P. angustifolium, Jill., the smooth form. P. neuranthum, Griseb., a low form growing in dry sandy soil.) — Damp shaded soil, common. rSG okamixe.t:. ((miass family.) 37. P. discolor, Mulil. ? Xearh- glalinms, ami witli tlio liaMt of tlio pri'ceiliiiu;; iiilius l^-'J"^ lii;;li, purple ; leaves rigiper f.'liiines strongly 7-nerve(l, i>\al, the lowest dark ]iurpli'. — Dry sandv j)iue barrens near the coast, West Florida. 38. P. laxiflorum, Lam. Culms erect or spreading, smooth, f/-12' lonj; ; leaves :}'- 5' lonjj, lanceolate, or narrower, ciliate, yellowish; sheaths villous with long si>reading hairs; panicle loosely branched, hairy; sjiikelets scattered, oblong or obovate, pubescent, rarely 1" long; ujijier glumes 7- uerved, the lower minute. (1'. ))ubescens aud P. ciliatum, J'J/L, the latter a low glabrous form, with shorter and broader long-ciliate leaves, and smaller smooth spikelets.) — Swamps and low ground, common, and very varialde. Var. pubescens (1*. pubescens. Lam.). Pubescent or villous throughout ; panicles more compact, many-tiowered ; spikelets smaller. — Dry oi)en woods aud fields, very commou. This very variable species, I su])pose, includes among its autumnal forms the P. dichot(jmum, L., which, possessing characters only common to most of the species of the group, and in their earlier stages descriptive uf none, may well be omitted. 3'J. P. nitidum, Lam.?, Michx. Smooth or pubescent; culms l°-2° high, mostly purple, often villous at the joints ; leaves few and remote, lanceo- late-linear, rather rigid, T-S' long, the sheaths naked or bearded at the throat, tlie lowest crowded ; panicles ovate or oblong, the numerous fle.xuous branches widely spreading, \Y-~' long; spikelets very numerous, obovate, minutely pubescent, Y' long; lowest glume minute, the upjK'r as long as the fl(jret. — Low ground, common, and very variable. Var. barbulatum (P. barbulatnm, Michx.). Culms mostly villous at the joints ; leaves larger and thinner ; branches of the panicle straight and diver- ging; spikelets oblong, glabrous. — Light shaded soil. Var. ensifolium (P. ensifolinm, Baldw.). Culms very slender, 6'- 12' higli ; leaves and few-Howered panicle 1' or less long; spikelets minute, pu- l)escent. — Around ]iine barren ponds near the coast. 40. P. lanuginosum, Ell. Softly pubescent thrut enclosed, 1-5 togetiier, in a downy and spiny or bristly, at length indurated and deciduous involucre, the.«e bur-like, and arranged in a terminal spike. CliieHy annual grasses, witli branching culms. Sjiines of the involucre barbed. 1. C. eehinatus, L. Culms ascending, l°-2° long; leaves broadly linear, 4'- G' long; involucres numerous, globular, spiny ai)ove, and with a row of bristles above the base, 3 5-flowered. — Fields and waste ground, rather rare. 2. C. tribuloides, L. Culms ascending, i°-H° liigb ; leaves linear, flat; involucres few, globular, the numerous sj)ines .spreading and reflexed, mostly 3-flowered. — Fields and waste ground, too common. 3. C. incertus, M. A. Curti.s. Culm .strict, erect or ascending (2° -3° long); leaves linear, folded, the lower slieaths longer tlian the internodes; spike cylindrical, mauy-flowered ; involucre naked and acute at base, the 10 or II stout spines ciliate; spikelets geminate, smooth; sterih; flower triaudrous. (C. strictus, Chnptn.) — Sandy coa.st, Florida to North Carolina. 4. C. myosuroides, IIBK. Tall (4° -6° high); leaves long, rigid, con- volute ; s])ikes cylindrical, denselv many-flowered ; involucre snuill, 1-flowered, armed with 20, or more, slender spines or brist'es, as long as its strongly nerved spikelet. (Panicum cenchroides, Ell.) — South Florida [Blodgetl), Georgia (Elliott). 10. PENNISETUM, IJich. Characters of Cenchrus, but the involucre composed of distinct scabrous bris- tles, of whicli the interior are plumo.se below, and deciduous with the spikelets. 1. P. setOSUm, Rich. Perennial, 2° -4° high; leaves linear, glabrous; spikes cylindrical. 3' -6' long ; spikelets single; lowest glume minute or none. — Lastero Bay, South Florida ( Garber). GRAMINE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 589 11. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. Spikelets as in Panicum, placed, either iu pairs with one pedicellate and sterile, or 4-6, and all sessile and fertile, in excavations of the broad flattened jointless rachis. Grasses with creeping culms, and flat or folded leaves. 1. S. Araericanura, Schrank. Culm compressed ; flowering branches erect, 6'- 12' high ; leaves linear, obtuse; spikes pedicelled, lateral and ter- minal, 2' - 5' long ; spikelets in pairs, the sterile one neutral, its palet cori- aceous. — Damp ground along the coast. June - July. 12. LEERSIA, Swartz. Cdt Grass. Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with the leaves and sheaths more or less roughened by minute curved points, the 1-flowered spikelets compressed and imbricated along the sleuder branches of the mostly simple panicle. Sterile glumes none, the floret chartaceous, flat or conduplicate, mostly hispid-ciliate on the keel. Stamens 1-6. Grain compressed. 1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Culms branching and prostrate below, 3°- 4° long; leaves and sheaths very scabrous; panicle large, diffuse, its base mostly included; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, flat, 2" long; stamens 3. — Swamps and ponds, common. 2. L. Virginica, WiUd. Culms branching, weak and reclining, 2°- 3° long; leaves linear ; panicle simple, exserted ; spikelets oblong, concave, 1" long ; stamens 1-2. — With the preceding, common. 3. L. lenticularis, Michx. Culms erect, simple, 2° -3° high; leaves lanceolate ; panicle simple, spreading ; spikelets oval, flat, 2^" long ; stamens 2. — Wet or marshy banks, Florida to North Carolina. 4. L. monandra, Swartz. Culms l°-3° high, slender; leaves linear, the sheaths smooth; panicle long-exserted, sparingly branched ; spikelets 1" long, oval, acute, smooth ; stamen 1. — Coast of South Florida, and westward. 5. L. hexandra, Swartz. Culms 2°- 6° long, branching; leaves and sheaths smooth or scaljrous; panicle contracted, short branched, exserted; spikelets lanceolate, 2'' long ; stamens 6. — Lakes and ponds, often in deep water, Florida, and westward, near the coast. 13. LUZIOLA, Juss. Perennial marsh or aquatic grasses, with narrow elongated leaves, and pan- icled monoecious inflorescence, the pistillate and staminate spikelets in separate panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal. Stamens 5-11. Styles 2, the stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. 1. L. Alabamensis, Chapm. Glabrous; culms very short; leaves mostly 2, linear, the lower elongated, its long sheath including the peduncle of the simple few-flowered panicle ; glumes of the staminate spikelet 7-nerved, of the pistillate 11 - 13-nerved. — South Alabama and Mississippi. Rare. 14. HYDROCHLOA, Beauv. A small floating or creeping grass, with short oblong-linear flat leaves, and simple spikes of 3-4 small monoecious 1-flowered (white) spikelets, mostly 590 (juamink.t:. (cuass kamiia.) iiulmlod in tlio slieatlis uf tlie upper leaves, tlie iij)per one staminate and ex- Sertoli. (Iliiines 2, liyaline, the lower one eniarj;iuate, tlie upper acute. I'alet none. Stamens (>. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated. Clraiu ovoid, free. I. H. Carolinensis, Heauv. (Zizania fluitans, il//f7(.r.) — Floating in still water or eree])ing on muddy hanks, Florida to North Carolina. July- August. — Ciilni (ilil'onn, hramliing, ^^-2° loug. Leaves 1' -2' long. 15. ZIZANIA, Grouov. Wild Kick. Rank water grasses, with hroad flat leaves, and large diffii.se panieles of monueeious l-flo\vered s))ikelots, on elul)-shai)ed jointed pedicels. Glumes 2, memhranaeeous, the lower one of the pistillate spikidet.s avvned. Stamens 6. Stigmas elongated, brush-shaped. Grain cylindrical, free. 1. Z. aquatica, L. Spikelets of the lower portion of the panicle stami- nate, of the upper pistillate; awn straight, elongated; styles 2; grain linear. — Deep marshes and ponds, common. July. — Culms 4° -8° high. Leaves rough heneath. Panicle l°-2°long. 2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; staminate and pistillate spike- lets intermixed ; awns short; styles united, elongated ; leaves smooth, with rough mai'gius; grain oval. — With the preceding. April -May. — Culms 4° - 6° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. 16. PHARUS, P. Browne. Aquatic grasses, with hroad flat leaves, petiole-like sheaths, and monoecious flowers disposed in a simple terminal panicle. — Spikelets ])y ])airs, une(|ual, the smaller pedicelled, hexandrous, the larger pistillate, witii the flowering glume iiulurateoiids. West Florida and South Alai)aina. Sept. -Oct. 14. A. brachystachyus, Cliai)iii. Culms strictly erect, 4° -5° high, the short and slender branches mostly in pairs, forming a loo.se narrow ])anicle 2° -3° long; leaves linear, glahrous like the sheaths ; .spikes in pains, \' long, 6- 8-flowered,as long as the hracts ; glumes 1^" long, twice the length of the joints of the slender rachis, and nearly as long as the awn ; sterile flower none. — East Florida ( t'urtiss). 15. A. macrourus, Michx. Culms firmly erect, 3° -5° high; leaves and sheaths scabrous, and often villous ; panicle 1"- 2° long, coni])oscd of ex- cessively numerous crowded branches; spikes in pairs, loosely 6- 8 flowereil, exceeding the bracts ; glumes \ longer than the slender joints of the thinly villous rachis; sterile flower minute; awn 6" long. — Low ground, common. — Upper branches mostly bearded below the joints. ^'ar. corymboSUS is a reduced form of the preceding, the sim]>Ie culm (l°-2° hisili) licariiig a single corymbose 1-sided panicle. — Wet pine barrens. Var. glaucopsis. Ell., is a more slender smooth aiid glaucous form, with more oiieii iiiHorcscence, and bracts longer than the spikes. — Pine barren swam])s. Var. ? viridis, Chapm. Culms 3° -4° high, loosely paniculate with long slender branches ; leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy ; bracts longer than the scattered spikes. — Low pine barrens near the coast, Florida. » * * Spikes 2-5 at the summit of the culm, and 1 -3 on the branches, rigid, not villous, the rachis and pedicel of the triandrous awnless sterile flower frinqed n-ith scattered hairs, and short-bearded at the base. 16. A. f urcatus, Muhl. Culm stout, rigid, 3°- .5° hiirh ; leaves rough, fringed at the base ; branches commonly 2 at each upper joint ; spikelets ap- pressed ; glumes hispid on the nerves, half as long as the bent awn. — Open woods and margins of fields. Sept. — Spikes compressed, 2' -3' long. 22. HETEROPOGON, Pers. Spikes solitary or digitate. Spikelets l-fluwered, in pairs, the 2 -7 lower pairs staminatc or neutral, awnless, short-pedicelled, the 2 upper sessile, one fertile and long-awned,the other sterile and awnless. Otherwise mainly as in Anuropogon. 1. H. aeuminatus, Trin. Culms 4° -8° high, branching above, the uppermo.st bvauclies denselycorymbo.se; leaves long, linear, the uppermost, like the lower glume of the sterile spikelets, pitted along the miduerve ; spikes long-peduucled, shorter than the slender bracts ; lower spikelets tri- GRAMIXE^. (grass FAMILY.) 595 androus, flat, twisted, membrauous, 6" -8" long, the fertile smaller, indurated, closely pubescent, dark brown ; awu twisted and pubescent below, 4' - 6' long. — Margins of fields, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 23. IMPERATA, Cyrill. Spikelets in pairs on tlie slender brandies of the spike-like panicle, both perfect and awnless ; lower glumes clothed with long silky hairs, the upper hyaline. Stamens 1-2. 1. I. Brasiliensis, Trin. Culm simple, erect from long creeping root- stocks, 2° -3° higli ; radical leaves broadly linear, 2° long, those of the culm few and short ; panicles lanceolate, 4' - 5' long ; spikelets 2" long. — South Florida. 24. ERIANTHUS, Michx. Tall reed-like grasses, with long flat leaves, and panicled inflorescence. Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches, alike, one pedicelled, the other sessile, both with a tuft of hairs at the base. Glumes 4, the 2 lower nearly equal, membranous, the 2 upper hyaline, the 4th awned. Stamens 2-3. 1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culms 4°- 10° high; sheaths of the broad (6"- 12") very rough or pubescent leaves woolly above, rough below; panicle (l°-2° long) woolly, expanding, pyramidal; hairs of the involucre copious, twice as long as the sparsely hairy (2" long) glumes; awn straight. — Yar. coxTORTUS. (E. contortus, Ell.) Smaller (2° -4° high) ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; panicle (6'- 12' long) oblong ;" awns short and twisted. — Var. brevi- BARBis. (E. brevibarbis, .y/c/(r.) Smooth or nearly so ; rachis of the oblong panicle rough (not woolly) ; spikelets 3" long; hairs of the involucre shorter than the glumes. — Dry or wet soil. — Sept. - Oct. 2. E. Strictus, Baldw. Culms, leaves, and sheaths smootli or slightly roughened; panicle (10'- 15' long) spiked; involucre very short or none; glumes rough ; awns straight. — River banks, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Culms 4° -8^ higli- Leaves 3" — 6" wide. Spikelets twice the size of the preceding. 25. SORGHUM, Pers. Spikelets 2-3 together on the slender branches of the loose panicle; the lateral ones sterile or a mere pedicel; the middle or terminal one fertile. Lower glumes coriaceous or indurated, mostly bearded, sometimes awnless. Otherwise like Andropogon. § 1. Blumexbachia. — Branches of Ihe panicle angular, scabrous: spikelets ovate or ovate-lanceolate : two loiver c/l.Hmes at length strongli/ indurated. — This section embraces the following introduced species, which are more or less common in cultivation, viz. : S. vulgare, Durra Corn; S. .sacchara- tnm, Broom Corn ; S. ceruuum, Guinea Corn ; and S. Halapense, Johnson Grass. § 2. Chrtsopogox. — Branches of the panicle terete, smooth : spikelets lanceo- late: glumes less indurated. — Culms mostly simple. Pedicels bearded under the spikelets. Sterile spikelets none. 596 GRAMINE.E. (gUASS FAMILY.). • Pvrcnuidl. 1. S. avenaceum, (Michx.) Chaiun. Culms 3°-. 5° hijijh, smooth, like the linear lca\cs; iianiclc croct, oliioin^, ti'- 12' long; glumes pale or yellow- ish, the lowest tliinlv l)eanle(l, half the lengtli of the awn. — Dry sterile soil. Sept. 2. S. nutans, (Jiav. Culmsslender, mostly bending, 2"^- 4° high; leaves narrow-linear; paniele long and narrow, loosely branched, drooping ; glumes dark brown, the lowest densely, the second thinly bearded, one fourth the length of the awn. — Dry open woods. Sei)t. .'5. S. secundum, (Kll.) Chapm. Culms strictly erect, 3°-5° high; leaves narrow-linear, convolute; panicle erett, sinij)le, 6'- 12' long, the few- tlowered branches 1' long, I -sided ; spikelets drooping, brown; glumes densely bearded, \ the length of the awn. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Oct. * * Annual. 4. S. pauciflorum, Chapm. Culms branched near the base, 2° -3° high; leaves broadly linear; spikelets 6-12, racemose, the long (2' -3') seta- ceous pedicels in whorls of . 2 - 6 ; lower glumes dark brown, beardless, like the sterile pedicel; awns 5' -6' long, twisted below the middle. — Sandy pine barrens, East Florida. Sept. 26. PHALAEIS, L. Canary Grass. Spikelets crowded in a simple or branching cylindrical or olilong panicle, 3-flowered, awnless. Glumes 5, the two lower nearly e(iual, keeled, the third and fourth reduced to hairy scales at the base of the floret, the fifth and flow- ering glume coriaceous, and including the palet. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. P. intermedia, Bosc. Annual, glaucous; culms ascending, ^°- 2° high; leaves lanie<)lat(^linear, 3'- 5' long, the uppermo.st sheath inflated; panicle oblong, simple, 1' long, pale or purplish; lower glumes flat, winged, twice as long as the floret. (P. microstachya, DC.) — Low ground along the coast. April - May. 2. P. arundinaria, L. Perennial; culm simple, 2° -4° high; leaves long, 2' -.5' wide ; panicle 4' -8' long, branching ; glumes wingless, thrice the length of the floret. — Low banks of streams, Tennessee, and northward. 27. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet-scexted Grass. Spikelets I-flowered, crowded in a spiked panicle; glumes 5, the lower thin and une([ual, the third and fourth empty and awned on the back, the floret small and tliin. Stamens 2. Grain enclosed. 1. A. odoratum, L. Culms l°high; leaves linear, hairy; panicle 1'- 3' long. — Low grounds around the larger cities, Savannah, Charleston, etc. Introduced. April - May. 28. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. Holy Grass. Perennial odorous grasses, with short flat leaves, and 3-flowered spikelets in a short simple panicle. Glumes 5, the two lower large and empty, the third GRAMINE^E. (grass FAMILY.) 597 and fourth triandrousand sterile, long-ciliate ; the floret perfect and diandrous. Grain free. 1. H. borealis, R. & S. (Sexeca Grass.) Culms erect from the creeping base, l°-2° high; leaves distant, lanceolate, V-2' long; panicle ovate, 2' - 4' long ; spikelets brown. — Moist ground, Statesville, North Caro- lina (Hi/ams). June. 29. ALOPECURUS, L. Foxtail Grass. Spikelets 1-flowered, closely crowded in a simple spike-like cylindrical pan- icle. Lower glumes compressed, boat-shaped, sharply keeled, united below. Fertile glume compressed, awned on the back below the middle, the upper wanting. Stamens 3 Styles 2, distinct, or united below. Grain free, smooth and lenticular. 1. A. geniculatus, L. Low; culms ascending, bent at the lower joints; awn longer than the obtuse hairy glume. — Wet cultivated grounds. April. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long, with the sheaths shorter than the joints. Spikes I'-l^'long. The Meadow Foxtail (A. pratensis, L.), a, taller species (2° -3° high), with acute glumes, is scarcely spontaneous at the South. The same observa^ tiou applies to the Timothy or Herd's-grass (Phleum pratense, L.), which differs from Alopecurus in having two palese and awned glumes. 30. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. Drop-seed Grass. Tufted or creeping grasses, with narrow leaves, and 1-flowered awnless spikelets, disposed in open, or crowded in spiked panicles. Glumes 2, membra- naceous, unequal, the lower one .shorter. Floret mostly longer than the glumes, and of the same texture. Stamens 3. Styles 2. * Grain globose, loose in the pericarp : panicle exserted: perennial, •*- Panicle open, spreading. 1. S. Domingensis, Swartz. Culms branching near the ba.se, 2° long , leaves narrow-linear, roughish above, mostly hairy at the base ; panicle pim- ple, the short spreading branches loosely whorled ; spikelets short-pedicelled, smooth ; upper glume as long as the floret, twice as long as the lower one ; palet truncate. — Wet sandy places on the Keys along the Reefs of South Florida. 2. S. junceus, Kunth. (Wire Grass.) Panicle narrow, the short and spreading branches whorled ; spikelets unilateral ; glumes smooth, the upper one acute, 2-3 times longer than the lower, and about equal to the obtuse floret; culms (l°-2°high) erect; leaves chiefly radical, filiform and elon- gated, involute, those of the culm .short and remote. — Dry pine barrens, common. April - May, and often in October. 3. S. Floridanus, Chapm. Panicle diffuse, large ; spikelets (purplish) on long hair-like stalks ; glumes acute, the lower one barely shorter than the obtuse floret, the upper one a third longer; leaves rather rigid, flat, pungent, very rough on the edges. — Low pine barrens. Middle and West Florida. Sept. — Culm 2°-4° high. Leaves P-2° long. Panicle 1°- U° long. 598 (iUAMiNK.i:. (grass fa.mily.) •^ ■*- Ptiniclcs s] liked. 4. S. Indicus, IJrown. (S.MI T CjUass.) Culms erect; pauide elon- gali'd, linear; kavos loiiy, Hat; tiorct twice ius long as the glmiics. — Waste places. May -Sept. — C iilm.s 2° -3^ ''"K''* l-c7is united above the (jlume. 14. A. spiciformis, Fll. Glabrous; culms 1°- 2° high, simple ; leaves erect, convolute filiform ; panicle closely spiked, 3' -5' long; empty glumes long-awned, the u])))er twice as long as the lower one; awns united far above the glume, the middle one 1' long, spreading. — Low pine barrens iu the lower districts. August - Sept. § 2. Annix united ahore the glume, and jointed with its summit. 1.5. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Annual; culms rigid, branching (1°-U° high) ; leaves flat; glumes nearly etjual, bristle-awned ; awns (2' long) equal, tw^isteil below, then widely s])readiug. — Dry ridges iu the middle districts of Georgia. Sept. — Panicle simple. 38. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Drop-seeb Grass. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes persistent, pointed or awiied, equal, or the lower one smaller. Floret sessile iu the glumes, commonly hairy at the base, deciduous with the enclosed grain, its glume 3-nerved and mucrouate or awued at the apex. Stamens 3. GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 603 § 1. MrHLENBERGiA proper. — Spikelets commonly much croivded, in lateral and terminal panicles, short-stalked: cidms branching, from hard scaly rootstocks : leaves Jlat. * Flowering glume awnless. 1. M. Mexicana, Trin. Pauides obloug, dense; glumes unequal, lanceolate, ending in slender hispid awn-like points, the upper one as lung as the awnless floret. ( Agrostis lateriflora, Michx.) — Damp soil. North Carolina, and northward. June -July. — Culms ascending, much branched. 2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms erect, simple or branched, 2° high; panicle longpeduucled, oblong-linear, interruptedly spicate, 2' -3' long, the dense oblong clusters sessile and appressed ; glumes nearly equal, awn-pointed, twice as long as the floret. — Statesville, North Carolina {Hyams). 3. M. SObolifera, Trin. Culms branching, 1°- 2° high; leaves broadly linear, 3' -5' long; panicle simple, almost filiform, 2' -3' long, the distant branches simple, erect ; spikelets minute ; glumes nearly equal, awnless, rather shorter than the floret. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. Sept. * * Flowering glume awned. 4. M. sylvatica, T. & Gr. Culms diffuse, branched (2=-3° high); panicles contracted : floret as long as the nearly equal short-awned glumes, its awn 2-3 times as long. — North Carolina and Tennessee, in rocky woods. Sept. 5. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms sparingly branched, erect; leaves broadly linear ; panicles linear ; spikelets scattered; floret twice as long as the nearly equal short-pointed glumes, its awn 3-4 times as long as the spike- let. — Dry rocky soil in the upper districts. July- August. — Culms 3° high. 6. M. diffusa, Schreb. Culms decumbent, diffusely branched ; panicles long and slender ; glumes very small, the upper one truncated ; awn of the floret twice as long as the spikelet. — Shaded waste places, common. August - Sept. — Culms 1°- 2° long. § 2. Trichochloa. — Panicle terminal, diffuse, long-peduncled : spikelets on long hair-like stalks : culms tall and simple. 7. M. capillaris, Kuuth. Leaves rigid, elongated, convolute-filiform ; panicle erect, the long and purple glossy branches and spikelets drooping; glumes nearly equal, half as long as the floret, the lower one awned ; flower- ing glume 3-awned, with the middle awn many times longer than the spikelet. — Varies with both glumes long-awned. (M. filipes, Curtis.) — Sandy soil along the coast, and sparingly in the interior. August -Sept. — Culms 2°- 4^ high. 8. M. trichopodes, Chapm. Culms and leaves filiform, elongated ; panicle erect, oblong; .spikelets linear, on s])reading stalks; floret twice as long as the nearly equal awnless glumes, ribbed ; its glume tipjied with a short awn, and with the two lateral nerves slightly percurrent, hairy at the base. — Low pine barrens in the lower districts. Sept. 21 — Culms 2^-3° high. Panicle rarely purplish. Leaves flat. 9. M. Reverchoni, V. & S. ? Glabrous; culms tufted, simple (2^ high) ; leaves chiefly radical, short, flat, narrow-linear ; panicle long-peduncled, sim- C04 oramine.t:. (grass family.) pie, spreading; floret four times as loug as tlie oval obtuse or acute glumes, and Jiearly ct|nalliiig the rough awn. (M. cajsjtitosa, C/ut/nn.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida, and westward. 39. BRACHYELYTRUM, Ikauv. A perennial erect grass, with a simple .>, nienil)riiiiiueous, nearly equal. Floret nienihranaieous, its glume large and boat-shaped. Stameu.s 3. Grain free. 1. C. Dactylon, I'ers. Spikes 3-5, Hlifurm, purple; glumes rough- keeled ; (jorei lujij^fer than the glumes, its glunio iiairy on the keel; autliers and stigmas purple. — Waste places. Introduced. — Flowering culms C- 12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes 1'- 2' hmg, filiform, sterile. Var. maritimus, Nees. Culms stouter (C liigh) ; leaves shorter and broader, the slieatli.s imbricated; spikes 6-8, fruitful. — Sandy coast. South Florida. — Leaves 1' long. 51. CTENIUM, Panzer. Spikelets in two rows on one side of the racliis of the terminal solitary spike. Glumes 7, the four lower and two upper ones sterile, tiie rifth fertile. Lowest glume minute, second rigid, awned on the back, as long as the spike- let, third, fourth, and rifth awned at the tip, sixth and seventh unawned, neu- tral. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. C. Americanuni,Spreng. Culm8 2°-4°high,from strong perennial roots, simple, tufted; leaves liuear, scabrous and glaucous on the upper sur- face; spikes 3' -4' long, mostly curved; spikelets spreading (not imbricated) ; fertile glume densely ciliate. — Damp pine barrens. August -Sept. 52. ELEUSINE, Gsert. Crowfoot Gkass. Annual creeping or spreading branching grasses, with flat leaves and digi- tate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered, crowded on one side of the flattened rachis ; the uppermost flower imperfect. Glumes comjjressed- keeled, membranaceous, obtuse or pointed. Floret boat-shaped, pointed. Sta- mens 3. Grain roundish, rugose, free. 1. E. iEgyptiaca, Pers. Culms ascending from a creeping base; leaves fringed; spikes commonly 4, awn-pointed; spikelets 3-4-flowered. — Culti- vated ground, common. Introduced. — Culms numerous, 1° high. Spikes r-2' long. 2. E. Indica, Gfcrt. Culms (6' -18' high) flattened; leaves flat; spikes 2 -several, the lower ones sometimes scattered (2' -4' long) ; spikelets 6-flow- ered. — Cultivated ground, very common. Introduced. n I 53. LEPTOOHLOA, Beauv. Spikelets sessile, loosely borne on one side of the filiform rachis of the long branch-like racemose spikes, 3 -many-flowered. Glumes unequal, membra- naceous, keeled, the flowering ones 3-nerved, rarely awned, longer than the palea. StameTis 3. Grain oblong, free. 1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Culms 20-3°high; sheaths of the broad (4"- 6" wide) rough leaves hairy ; spikes very numerous, in an elongated ra- ceme, 3' -6' long, spreading ; spikelets small, 3 - 4-flowered ; glumes mucro- nate, longer or shorter than the florets ; flowering glume obtuse or emarginate. — Cultivated fields. August -Sept. (T). GRAMINE^ (grass FAMILY.) 609 54. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. Spikelets rather loosely flowered. Flowering glumes 2-toothed, mucronate or awned between the teeth. Otherwise like the preceding. — Margins of the flowering glumes fringed (except the last). 1. D. dubia, Benth. Culms 2° high, slender; leaves elongated, filiform, with smooth sheaths ; spikes 6-10, somewhat corymbose ; spikelets distant on the filiform rachis, 6-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, serrulate on the keel, shorter than the awnless soon spreading florets ; flowering glumes truncate or emarginate. — South Florida. 2. D. faseieularis, Beauv. Culms h°-4° long, mostly prostrate and rooting at the lower joints, much branched; raceme partly included in the sheaths of the elongated leaves; spikes numerous, approximate, erect, 3' -5' long; spikelets lanceolate, 8- 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the florets ; flowering glumes prominently awned. — Brackish swamps along the coast. Sept. (l). 3. D. Domingensis, (Link.?) Culms erect, simple, straight and slen- der; leaves narrowly linear or filiform, shorter than the culm; spikes 6-12, scattered, exserted ; spikelets lanceolate, 6 - 8-flowered ; glumes unequal, acute, rough-keeled ; flowering glumes minutely awned. — South Florida. Oct. — Culms l''-H° high. 4. D. rigida, Muuro. Culms low (2'- 4' high), ascending, rigid; leaves subulate, ^ - 1|' long, involute and rigid ; spike 1'- 1|' long, lanceolate, dense, 1-sided; spikelets linear, acute, 5-11-flowered; glumes serrulate on the keel; flowering glume obtuse, emarginate or mucronate, glabrous. (Foa rigida, L.) — Waste ground, introduced in ballast. April -May. 55. TRIODIA, R. Br. Perennial grasses, with tall, erect, simple culms, from a thick and scaly rootstock, elongated rigid leaves, and ovate or lanceolate 5 - 7-flowered stalked spikelets, disposed in a simple or compound panicle. Glumes 2, smooth, emar- ginate, shorter than the crowded florets. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, shortly 3-awned by the percurrent hairy nerves, bearded at the base. Stamens 3. Grain obovate-oblong, free. 1. T. cuprea, Jacq. Panicle ample and diffuse, or contracted and erect, bearded in the axils; spikelets terete, lanceolate, mostly purple; flowering glume with two awn-like teeth similar to the three short awns. — Woods and margins of fields. August - Sept. — Culms 3°- 5° high. Sheaths often hairy. 2. T. ambigua, Vasey. Panicle short, nearly simple, smooth in the axils, clammv; spikes ovate or roundish, compressed; teeth of the flowering glume obtuse, wider than the three short awns. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. August. — Culms 2° - 3° high. 3. T. eragrostoides, V. & S. Panicle large, diffuse, the branches single and drooping; spikelets oblong, compressed, 6 -10-flowered ; flowering plumes truncate and finely denticulate, slightly awned ; culms tall and slen- der; leaves r'-2" wide. —Florida, and westward. 39 610 GRAMINE.'E. (OKASS FAMILY.) 4. T. Stricta, Vascy. I'aiiide closely spiked, 6' -12' long; spikclcts ovate-oliloiig, 5- lO-flowcrcd, barely lunger than tlie pointed glumes; fiowcr- ing glumes minutely awned ; culms strictly erect, 3° -0° high. — Mississippi [Tracij), and westward. 56. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. Low tufted fihrous-rootcd annual grasses, with branching culms, linear-.sub- ulate leaves, and few loosely 2 -4-flowered spikelets, disposed in simjile lateral and terminal j)auicles or racemes. Glumes 2, lanceolate, smootii. Floret hairy on the margins ; flowering glume 2-cleft, with a bearded or plumo.se awn between tiie tcetii ; tlie palet concave, 3-toothed. Stameus 3. Grain free. ' 1. T. Americana, Heauv. Culms erect, I°- 2° high; leaves and sheaths hairv ; awn of tlie flowering glume ])lumose, much longer than the awn-puinted teeth. (Uralepis cornuta, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. August -Sept. %. 2. T. purpurea. Culms procumbent or a.scending, 1°-1^° long; leaves and sheaths smooth or roughish ; awn of the flowering glume bearded, ai)out as long as the obtuse teeth. — Drifting sands along the coast. August - Oct. — Leaves l'-4' long. Spikelets bright pur])le. 3. T. sparsiflora, Chapm. Culms rigid (6'- 12' high) ; leaves short; racemes axillary and terminal, few-flowered ; spikelets loosely 2 -4-flowered ; glumes nearly equal, the lower one 2-toothed, the upper acute ; flowering glume oblong, ciliate, twice the length of its awn, the palet villous above the middle. — Sandy coast at Puuta Ra.ssa, South Florida. Oct. 57. BROMUS, L. Brome Grass. Spikelets large, loosely panicled, 3 - many-flowered. Glumes membrana- ceous, unequal, commonly keeled. Flowering glume usually awned under the 2-cleft apex, convex on the back, about 7-nerved at the base. Stamens 3. Grain flattened and grooved on the inner face, and adherent to the palet. Culms simple. Leaves commonly broad and flat. 1. B. Ciliatus, L. Perennial; panicle diffuse, the sleuder drooping branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets lanceolate after flowering, 10 - 12-flowered ; lower glume 1 -nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering glume 7-nerved, hairy along the margins, or, in var. purgans, Gray, hairy all over, about twice as long as the awn ; culms 2°- 4° high ; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Kiver banks and rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. June. 2. B. seealinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Annual; panicle spreading, with clustered, at length drooping branches; -spikelets (i'-T long) 8-10- flowered, oblong-ovate ; lower glume .5-nerved, the upper 7-nerved ; the flow- ering glume convex, 7-nerved, awnl ess or short-awned; culms l°-2° high; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Grain fields, etc. Introduced. 3. B. racemosus, L. Panicle erect, contracted in fruit ; flowers larger, the flowering glume longer than the upper one, barely longer than its awn ; otherwise like B. seealinus. — Grain fields. Introduced. GRAMIXE.^. (grass FAMILY.) 611 4. B. Sterilis, L. Annual ; culms ascending ( 1° - 2° long) ; leaves downy ; panicle ample, drooping ; spikelets thin, loosely 5 - 9-flowered, the long-awned flowers linear-subulate. — Waste ground. Introduced. 58. PESTUCA, L. Fescue Grass. Spikelets panicled, 3 -many-flowered, the rachis jointed. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Flowering glumes naked, chartaceous, rounded on the back, 3 - 5-nerved, entire and mostly acute or bristle-awned at the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain adherent. — Culms simple. Leaves linear or setaceous. Pan- icles terminal. * Annual: panicles contracted: spikelets awned : leaves filiform or setaceous. 1. F. Myurus, L. Culms erect, very slender, included in the sheaths of the bristle-like leaves ; panicle elongated, linear, 1-sided, partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the scattered branches appressed ; spike- lets compressed, 4-6-flowered; awn 2-3 times the length of the subulate sparsely hairy glume. Stamen 1 . — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. March - April. — Culms 6' - 1 2' high. Panicle pale, 4' - 6' long. 2. P. seiurea, Nutt. Culms taller (10'-20') ; panicle long-exserted ; spikelets 5 - 7-fiowered ; awn 3-4 times as long as the glume ; otherwise like the preceding. — Dry sand}' soil, Florida, and westward. Feb. - March. 3. P. tenella, Willd. Culms (2'- 12' high) erect or ascending; leaves narrowly linear or filiform ; panicle exserted, simple, spiked, or the branches slightly spreading, mostly purple ; spikelets crowded, compressed, oblong, 8 - 12-flowered; awn not longer than the subulate hispid glume. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. - April. * * Perennial: panicles spreading: spikelets awnless : leaves mostly linear. 4. P. ovina, L. Culms 1°-U° high; panicle contracted, spike-like; spikelets mostly 4-flowered ; awns short or wanting. — Waste ground in the upper districts. Var. duriuscula, Koch. Panicles often spreading, 1-sided; spikelets larger, 6 - 8-flowered ; glumes smooth or scabrous. — Fields and roadsides. Introduced. 5. P. elatior, L. Culms 2°-4° high; leaves linear, smooth; panicle long, narrow, erect, the erect branches bearing the loosely 5-10-flowered spikelets throughout ; flowering glume oblong-lanceolate, barely pointed. — Low ground in the upper districts. Introduced. 6. P. nutans, Willd. Culms 2° -4° high, and like the broadly linear leaves rough, or the latter hairy ; panicle 1-sided, simple, erect or bending, the few*branches mostly in pairs, remote, bearing few ovate 5 - 6-flowered spike- lets near their summits, at length reflexed ; glumes rough on the back, acute ; flowering glume ovate, barely pointed. — Rich woods and banks. August. 59. MELICA, L. Melic Grass. Spikelets in panicles, consisting of 2 - 8 awnless perfect flowers enclosing 1-3 imperfect ones. Glumes unequal, membranaceous, convex, scarious on 012 GRAMIXK.K. ((IKASS FAMILY.) till' margins, 7-9-nerved. Florets similar, the glume scarious at the apex. Stamens .i. Grain free. — Culms sim|(le. l{<)ot j)erennial. 1. M. mutica, Walt. Culms slender, l°-2°higli; leaves and sheaths puliesieiit or glabrous ; jjauide cum])osed of few simjile few-liowered Itranches, or reduced to a sim])lc raceme; spikelets racemose, nodding, 2-flowered; glumes nearly e(|ualling the spikelet, obtuse or acute; sterile flowers obovate. — Rich open woods. April- May. 2. M. diffusa, I'ursh. Culms 2° -4° high; panicle compound, many- flowered ; spikelets mostly 3-iiowered ; glumes shorter than the spikelet ; flowering glume acute. — Carolina (Pursh). 60. GLYCERIA, Brown. Smooth perennial marsh or aquatic grasses, with flat leaves and few- or many-flowered spikelets disposed in a simple or compound panicle, liachis jointed. Glumes membranaceous, obtuse, persistent. Florets somewhat char- taceous, early falling away with the separating joints of the rachis ; the glume naked, convex, 5 - 7-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Grain free, oblong. * Panicle contracted. H- Spikelets terete, 5 - ISjlowered : flowering glume scabrous. 1. G. fluitans, R. Brown. Culms thick, ascending from a creeping base, 1°- .5^ long ; leaves long, broadly linear ; pani( Ic long and narrow ; spike- lets linear, pale, loosely 7- 13-flowered (1' long) ; flowering glume obtuse, or slightly 3-lobed at the scarious apex, roughish, 7-nerved. — Shallow water in the upper districts, and northward. June -July. — Panicle 1° long. 2. G. acutiflora, Torr. Culms slender, ascending, 2° -3° long ; leaves linear ; panicle simple, the short branches distant and erect ; .spikelets 5-12- flowered ; florets sul)ulate ; flowering glume acute, shorter than the long- pointed palet. — Shallow ponds, Tennessee. June. -t- -I- Spikelets more or less compressed, 3 - 7-floivered. 3. G. obtusa, Trin. Culms stout, 1°- 2° high ; leaves long, linear ; pan- icle oblong, dense, 2' -3' long, the branches in pairs or threes ; spikelets 5-7- flowered ; flowering glume obtuse, 5-nerved. — Coast of North Carolina. 4. G. elongata, Trin. Culms slender, 2°- 3° long; leaves long, narrowly linear, rough; panicle racemose, drooping, 1° or more long, the branches single; spikelets 2 -4-flowered, ovate, obtu.se; flowering glume 5-nerved. — Mountains of North Carolina. * * Panicle open or diffuse. ."i. G. nervata, Trin. Culms erect ; panicle diffuse, the branches at length drooping; spikelets purplish, very numerous, ovate-oblong, 5-6-flowered, nearly terete ; flowering glume oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved. — Swamps and river banks. July. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 2" long. 6. G. pallida, Trin. Culms erect or ascending ; panicle narrow, nearly simple, with the branches erect; spikelets pale, oblong-linear, 5-9-flowered, nearlv terete; flowering glume oblong, minutely .5-toothed, 7-nerved. — Shal- low -water. North Carolina and Tennessee. July. — Culms l°-3° long, Spikelets 3" long. GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 613 7. G. grandis, Watson. Culms tall (3° - 5° high), smooth ; leaves rough, broadly linear; panicle very large, diffuse; spikelets small (2" long), lanceo- late, 4 - 8-flowered ; flowering glume entire. — Swamps, Tennessee ( Gattinger). July. 61. DIARRHENA, Raf. A smooth perennial grass, erect from a creeping rootstock, the simple culm naked above, and ending in a simple panicle of few 3 - 5-flowered spikelets. — Glumes coriaceous, unequal. Florets longer than the glumes ; flowering glume coriaceous, its 3 strong nerves uniting to form a stout subulate point. Stamens 2. Grain large, free. 1. D. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) Culms 2° -3° high ; leaves broad and flat ; spikelets 2" - 3" long. — Shady woods and banks, Tennessee. Sept. 62, DACTYLIS, L. Orchard Grass. Perennial grasses, with simple culms, keeled leaves, and 2 - 7-flowered spikelets crowded in a 1-sided glomerate panicle. Glumes and flowering glumes herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel, the latter 5-nerved. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. D. glomerata, L. — Around homesteads. Introduced. May -June. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and sheaths scabrous. Spikelets in close clusters at the end of the short branches, 2 - 4-flowered. Glumes and florets' lanceolate. 63. EATONIA, Raf. Slender erect and tufted grasses, with narrow leaves, and small naked pale spikelets in a racemose or spicate panicle. Spikelets rarely awned, 2-5- flowered, the uppermost flower usually an awn-like pedicel. Glumes mem- branaceous, shorter than the florets, the lower one linear and 1-nerved, the upper obovate, 3-nerved. Flowering glume obtuse, longer than the palet. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong. 1. E. obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense, spike-like, the 2-flowered spikelets much crowded on the short erect branches ; glumes rough on the back, the upper one round-obovate, somewhat truncate, rather rigid ; flowering glume lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, rough-keeled. — Dry soil, Florida, and nortliward. April - May. 11 and ® — Culms 1° - 2° high. 2. E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Panicle slender, loose, the 2-3-flowered spikelets scattered on the slender branches ; glumes slightly roughened on the back, the upper one obovate, obtuse, or abruptly acute ; flowering glumes ob- tuse ; leaves flat, with the sheaths smooth, rough, or downy. — Upper districts. April. H — Culms 1° - 2° high. 3. E. filiformis, Vasey. Culms 1°- 2° high, 2-. 3-jointed, little exceed- ing the involute-filiform radical leaves; panicle linear, loo.sely branched, 6'- 12' long; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower floret smoothish, the upper often bearing a spreading awn under the apex of its glume ; sterile flower a stalked glume. (K. Pennsylvanica, var., Flora.) — Sandy coast, West Florida to South Carolina. March. 614 GRAMINE.E, (GRASS FAMILY.) 4. E. Dudleyi, V;u«('v. Panicle racenioso, tlie sliort branches erect; spiki'li'is 2-llr a}>i)ic'sse(l ; Howcrs minute, meinhraiiarcmis, rather distant on the racliis ; lowering glume obtuse, .'{-nerved. (I'uaconferta, A7/.) — liiver hanks, Florida to Soutli Carolina. August - Sept. — Tanicle whitish. Spikelets 1"-!^" long. * * Panicles o/ien, sjireadiutj : sjiilcelets single. ■*- SiiKill auniials. 6. E. ciliaris, Link. Culms slender, prostrate or ascending, geniculate ; leaves (2'-3' long) linear, bearded at the throat; panicle s])iked, cylindrical, the minute (^" long) ovate spikelets densely crowded on the short ayjpressed branches, 5 - 7-flowered ; flowering glume obtuse ; the palet fringed on the margins with bristly hairs. — Varies with the panicles open and diffuse, aud tlie spikelets and flowers more scattered on the smooth rachis. — Waste places. Introduced. — Culms C- 12' long. Spikelets purple. 7. E. Purshii, Schrad. Culms slender, a.scending, geniculate near the base, 6'- 12' long; leaves narrowly linear, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle 3'- 6' long, the lowest of the widely spreading branches whorled ; spikelets linear, .5- 10-flowered, purple or pale, the lateral ones ap])ressed, and mostly longer than their pedicels; .flowering glume ovate, 3-uerved. — Waste places and cultivated grounds, common. June -Sept. 8. E. Frankii, Meyer. Culms branched at the base, in tufts, 5'- 10' high; panicle oblong, 3' -6' long, the capillary branches widely spreading; spikelets 1" long, 2 - 5-flowered, long-pedicelled ; glumes acute, faintly nerved. — Low ground, in the upper districts. July- August. -(- -^ Tall perennials : culms simple. 9. E. tenuis, (Ell). Culms, including the panicle, 2°-3° high ; leaves l°-2° long, bearded at the base; panicles l°-2° long, capillary, diffuse, bearded at the lower axils; spikelets pale, long-pedicelled, 2-6-flowered; florets oblong-lanceolate, acute ; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, strongly 3- nerved. — Dry sandy soil in the upper districts. 10. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, the lower axils mostly bearded; spikelets very small (1"- 1|" long), 2 - 4-flowered, mostly purple, on long diverging capillary pedicels ; glumes and florets ovate, acute ; flowering glume obscurely 3-nerved. — Dry uncultivated fields. August - Sept. — Leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy. Panicle l°-2° long. 11. E. Elliottii, Watson. Panicle (1^°- 3° long) reclining, the bri.stle- like or capillary branches erect-spreading, naked in the axils ; spikelets linear, flat (3"-4" long), 8- 12-flowered, the erect-spreading pedicels l'-2' long; flowering glume acute, 3-nerved, nearly smooth on the keel ; leaves and sheaths very smooth aud shining. (Poa nitida, Ell.) — Low grassy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. August -Sept. 11 — Leaves narrowly linear, longer than the short (6'- 9' high) culm. 12. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle erect, widely spreading, or the nu- merous rather rigid aud often hairy branches at length reflexed ; spikelets oblong-linear, jiurple, flat, about 8-flowered, shorter than the erect or slightly GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 617 spreading pedicels ; flowering glumes ovate, acute, strongly 3-nerved, rough- keeled. — Dry sterile soil. August -Sept. — Panicle 1°-14° long. Leaves and sheaths mostly clothed with long soft hairs. 13. E. campestris, Trin. Panicle 1°- 2° long, the long scattered cap- illary branches spreading, or the lower ones reflexed, the lower axils bearded ; spikelets linear, the lateral ones mostly longer than their pedicels, 2" -4" long, 6- 12-flovvered; flowering glumes closely imbricate, acute, 3-nerved- culms clustered; leaves 1° long. — Low pine barrens, common. Oct. Var. refracta. Smooth throughout, or the sheaths of the short and rigid leaves bearded at the throat ; panicle (6' - 12' long) with the branches reflexed ; .spikelets sessile or nearly so, 1 5 - 20-flowered ; flowering glume faintly 3- nerved. — Dry soil, Middle Florida. 66. UNIOLA, L. Tough perennial grasses, with erect culms, from creeping rootstocks, and mostly broad, flat, many-flowered spikelets, in erect or drooping panicles, with one or more of the lower flowers glume like and neutral, and the upper imper- fect. Glumes lanceolate, compressed-keeled. Flowering glume rather rigid, strongly keeled, nerved, awuless, larger than the 2-keeled palea. Grain free. Stamens 1 - 3. * Spikelets long-pedicelled, drooping : glumes appressed. 1. U. latifolia, Michx. Culms 2° -.3° high; leaves flat, lanceolate (|'- 1' wide); panicle loose, drooping; spikelets green, oblong, acute, 10-15-flow- ered ; flowering glume one third longer than the palea, fringed on the keel, acutish ; stamen 1. — Banks of rivers in the upper districts. July -August. — Spikelets 12"- 15" long. 2. XT. paniculata, L. Culms stout, 3° -5° high; leaves very long, rigid, soon convolute; panicle crowded, drooping; spikelets whitish, oblong- ovate, about 12-flowered; flowering glume serrulate on the keel; stamens 3. — Drifting sands along the coast. July -August. — Plant pale. Leaves 2°- 4° long. * * Spikelets sessile or nearly so, erect : glumes at length spreading. 3. TJ. gracilis, Michx. Panicle long and slender, the branches appressed ; spikelets small (2"- 3" long), wedge-shaped, 4-6-flowered; flowering glume longer than the palea, smooth on the keel, obtuse; stamen 1. — Rich damp soil. July - August. — Culms slender, mostly erect, 2° - 4° long. Leaves 2" - 3" wide. Sheaths smooth. 4. U. longifolia, Scribn. Culm .stouter ; leaves broader (4" -8" wide), the sheaths pubescent; panicle more rigid; spikelets larger; otherwise like the preceding. — Low ground, Florida to Tennessee. July - Sept. f>. U. nitida, Baldw. Panicle short, of few rigid spreading brandies ; spikelets (6" - 8" long) oblong, 6 - 8-flowered ; flowering glume as long as the palea, acute, serrulate near the apex ; .stamen 1. — Swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. August. — Culms slender, 1° - 2° high. Leaves linear, smooth. G18 GRAMINE-«. (grass FAMILY.) 67. PHRAGMITES, I rin. Reed. Large pcrciiniul marsh griLsscs, witli liroatl flat leaves, and a large terminal diffuse panicle. Spikekts 3 - G-Howered, witii tiie racliis l)earded with long silky hairs. Lowest tloret witii a single stamen and imperfect ovary, naked ; the others triandrous and perfect, villous at the base. Glumes une(iual, pointed. Flowering glume narrowly awl-shaj)ed, 2—3 times as long as the 2-cleft ])alea. IStignias 2. Grain free. 1. P. communis, Trin. Culms 5° -8° high; leaves numerous, r-2' wide; panicle diffuse, nodding ; si)ikelets 3 - 5-flowered, about as long as the white hairs of the rachis. — Deep river marshes near the coast. Sept. 68. DISTICHLIS, Raf. Spike Grass. A low and rigid perennial dioecious grass, growing in saline marshes, with linear-subulate involute distichous leaves, and many-flowered compressed spike- lets, crowded in a nearly simple spike. Glumes smooth, somewhat coriaceous, obtuse, compressed, not keeled ; the flowering ones many-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain oblong, free. 1. D. maritim.a, Haf. Rootstocks long and creeping; culms l°high; leaves spreading, rigid, 2' -4' long, smooth, like the imbricated sheaths; spikelets oblong, 7 - 15-flowered. — Low sandy shores and marslies. August - Sept. 69. MONANTHOCHLOE, Engelm. A low maritime perennial grass, with very short and rigid crowded leaves, and dioecious flowers. Spikelets terminal, sessile, 3 - 5-fl(jwered. Empty glumes like the leaves, the flowering ones membranaceous, enclosing tiie palet and stamens or pistils, the uppermost flower abortive. Stamens 3. Styles 2, shorter than the plumose stigmas. Grain free. 1. M. littoralis, Engelm. — Low sandy shores. South Florida. — Culms much branched, 5' -8' high, smooth and rigid, erect, or at length prostrate and rooting ; leaves 3" long, obtuse, many-nerved, mostly crowded at the summit of the short branches, and enclosing tlie short (3"- 4") sessile spikes. 70. LOLIUM, L. Daknel. Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, compressed, the edge applied to the con- tinuous rachis. Glumes 2 in the terminal spikelet, in the others only one, and bract-like. Flowering glumes rigid, concave, awned below the apex. Sta- mens 3. Grain adherent. 1. L, temulentum, L. Culm stout (2° high) ; rachis (1° long) flexu- ous; glume rigid, many-nerved, longer than the .^-flowered spikelet; flowering glume awned under the scarious obtuse apex. — Grain fields, North Carolina. Introduced, (l). 2. L. perenne, L. Culms slender (|°-li°); rachis (6' -8' long) straight ; glume rigid, jnany-nerved, shorter than the 8-10-flowered spikelet; flower- ing glume awnless or short-awned at the scarious emarginate apex. — Waste ground. Introduced. July. (i). GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 619 71. AGROPYRUM, Beauv. Couch Grass. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered, compressed, the side applied to the rachis. Glumes 2, in all the spikelets. Otherwise like the preceding. 1. A. repens, Beauv. Culms erect from creeping rootstocks; spikes erect, spikelets 4 - 8-flowered ; awns short and straight, or none. — Cultivated fields. Introduced. 2. A. caninum, R- & S. Rootstocks none; spikes nodding; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; awns spreading, twice as long as the florets. — Sparingly- introduced. 72. HORDEUM, L. Barley. Spikelets 3 at each juint of the terminal spike, the lateral ones imperfect, the middle one 1-flowered, with a rudiment at the base of the palet. Glumes 2 before each spikelet, unequal, awned. Flowering glume awned. ~ Stamens 3. Grain adhering to the palet. 1. H. pratense, Huds. Annual, 6'- 18' high; upper sheath dilated; lateral spikelets short-pedicelled, awuless, the middle one loug-awned. — Road- sides and waste ground. Introduced. 73. ELYMUS, L. Lyme Grass. Coarse flat-leaved perennial grasses, with rigid erect culms, bearing a single spike of 2-7-flowered spikelets, arranged 2-4 in a cluster at each joint of the flexuous rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets, coriaceous, unequal-sided, mostly awned. Florets of the same texture as the glumes, the glume convex on the back, tapering into a rigid awn, the palet enclosing the linear hairy-tipped grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. 1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike dense, erect (3' long), the base usually in- cluded in the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf ; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 2 - 3-flowered, smoothish, short-awned ; glixmes lanceolate, strongly nerved. — River banks. July - August. — Culms 2° - 3*^ high. Leaves rough. Sheaths smooth. 2. E. Striatus, Wilkl. Spike dense, erect or slightly nodding (3' -5' long), long-peduncled; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 1 -3-flowered, hairy, long- awned ; glumes linear-subulate, long-awned, much longer than the flowers. — Rocky woods and banks in the upper districts. July - Sept. — Culms slender, 2° high. Leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent. 3. E. Canadensis, L. Spike long (6' or more), erect or nodding, ex- serted ; spikelets in pairs, 5 - 6-flowered ; glumes and paleje more or less rough-hairy, long-awned. — River banks, mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. • — Culms 3° -4° liigh. Leaves broadly liuear. 74. ASPRELLA, Willd. Bottle-brush. Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the rachis, raised on a short and thick stalk Glumes none, or a single awn-like rudiment. Otherwise as in Elymus. G20 GUAMIXE.E. (r.KASS FAMILY.) 1. A. Hystrix, Willd. Spike oreit, 3' -6' long, lax-flowered; spike- lets yi'llowi-sli, .i -4-lio\voreil, smooth or rougli-iiairy, loiig-awneii ; leaves and shcntlis sniuotliisli. — Dry woods in tlie npj)cr districts. July. — Culms 2'^- 3° high. Hathis 2cdgcd. 75. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. Cane. Reed. Tall woody grasses, with clustered s])reading branches, broad and flat per- sistent leaves, and racemose or jjauicled many-flowered spikelets. Glumes uned ends of the veins, distinct or at length confluent, covered by the continuous or interrupted reflexed margin of the lobes. Veins free. Fronds 1 -3-])innate; pinnules with a midrib, often hairy or woolly. 1. C. Alabamensis, Kunze. Fronds broadly lanceolate, subcoriaceous, ]diinate ; piiuuc ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinuatifid, or the lower ones again pinnate ; pinnules ovate-oldong, rather obtuse, often auriculate at the upper side of the base, glabrous, the margin reflexed and forming a mostly continu- ous membranaceous involucre. — Limestone cliffs on the Tennessee and French Broad Rivers, Alabama, etc., Bncl-lci/. — Froiuls 4' -6' long, on .slender black and polished stij)es 2' -4' long, pulverulent along the ujiper side, and some- what chaffy at the base. 2. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds ])roadly lanceolate, like the stalks hirsute with rusty hairs, bipinnate ; pinna; triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, more or less incised ; the ends of the lobes reflexed to form separate herba- ceous involucres. — Near Augusta, Georgia {7\liuize), and northward. — Fronds 4' — 8' long, becoming smooth above. 3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds broadly lanceolate, tripinnate, above clothed with white deciduous hairs, beneath denseh' tomentose with brownish white wool; primary pinna; ovate-oblong ; ultimate segments minute, round- FiLicEs. (ferxs.) 627 obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the margin reflexed formiug a continuous somewhat membranaceous involucre. — French Broad River, North Carolina and Tennessee, and southwestward. — Frond 6'- 12' long. Stipe and rachis whitish with long paleaceous hairs. 4. C. microphylla, Swartz. Stipe dark brown, from a short rootstock, smoothish ; frond smooth, broadly lanceolate, 2 --3 pinnatifid, 3' -9' long; pinnae lanceolate from a broader base ; pinnules linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones pinnatifid ; involucre pale, narrow. — Islands near the mouth of the St. John's (Curtiss). — Frond 1° or less long. 8. ADIANTUM, L. Maidenhair. Indusium orbicular or transversely elongated, formed of a reflexed and al- tered portion of the margin of the frond, bearing the sporangia on its under side at the ends of the veins. Midrib none or eccentric : veins forking, mostly free. Stipe and rachis commonly black and shining. 1. A. pedatum, L. Stipe long and slender, forked, the spreading and recurved branches bearing on the outer side several slender horizontal pinnate divisions; pinnules numerous, alternate, short-stalked, oblong, entire on the lower side, the upper margin cleft and fruit-bearing. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward. — Stipe 8'- 12' high. The most graceful of all our Ferns. 2. A. tenerum, Swartz. Frond deltoid, .3- 4-pinnate; pinnules stalked, obliquely rhombic, deciduous, the wedge-shaped l)ase and lower edge entire, the upper edge broadly and shortly lobed, bearing the transverse sori at their tips. — East Florida {Feaij, etc.). — Fern l°-3° high, the black stipe and ra- chis smooth and glossy. 3. A. Capillus-Veneris, L. Frond ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate; pinnules very delicate, oblique, broadly wedge-shaped or sometimes rhomboid, rather long-stalked, the upper margin deeply incised and fruit-bearing or sterile and dentate ; stipe slender, ebeneous ; rachis almost capillary, flexuous. — Mostly pendent from limestone cliffs, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward.—Fronds l°-3= long. 9. CERATOPTERIS, Brongn. Sori on 2 or 3 veins which are parallel witli the midrib and margins of the frond, the fruit-dots sessile, roundish, the involucre formed by the iuflexed margins of the frond which meet at the midrib. 1. C. thalictroides, Brongn. Floating; stipes thick, with large air- cells ; fronds tender, the sterile ones ovate in outline, broadly 3-lobed or 3- parted, or at length bipinnatifid, the margins wavy or bluntly lobed ; the fertile ones 2-3 pinnate, with linear divisions. — Head-waters of the St. John's (Curtiss). 10. BLECHNUM, L. Sporangia on a transverse elongated receptacle parallel to the midrib, com- bining the veins near their bases. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, opening inward. Veins of the sterile fronds free. Fronds simple or pinnate. 628 Fi LICKS, (kkuns.) 1. B. serrulatum, Michx. Fromis orcct, rif^iil, pinnate ; pinnae articu- lateil wiiii till' railiis , fcitili' ones linear-lanceolate, acntc, finely ami sharply serrate; fruit dose ti) the niidril); sterile ones broader, hearing a few chaffy scales along the niidrih. — Smith l-'hnida, 11. WOODWARDIA, Smith. Fruit-dots linear-ohlong, in one or two scries on transverse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium attached by its outer mar- gin to the veiiilet, opening inward. Veins mum or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the frond. Fronds mostly pinuatifid or pinnate. 1. W. angUStifolia, Smith. Fronds smooth, jiinnatifid; the sterile ones ovate, witli lii-iiadly Jaiicccilate finely serrate divisions, united at the base and decurrent on the stijie, the veins reticulated in several series of areoles ; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear entire divisions, and a single series of elon- gated areoles, each containing an oblong fruit-dot with a vaulted indusium. — Bogs and shady banks. — Rootstock creeping, elongated, as thick as a goose- quill. Stipe 6'- 12' high, about the length of the frond. 2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds alike, ovate, smooth, pinnate ; piniKV lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse ; veins forked, forming a single series of areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the segments ; areoles fruit-bearing in the fertile frond. — Shallow ponds. — Rootstock as thick as one's finger, creeping, elongated, with a tough black exterior, the interior soft and wiiite. Fronds l°-4° high ; stipe smooth. 12. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walkixg-Leaf. Fruit-dots linear or oblong, straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the back of the frond, often opposite in pairs, or converging and united. Indusium linear, attached by one margin to the reticulated veins of the simple frond. 1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. Fronds evergreen, lanceolate, cordate or hastate at the base, long-acuminate, often rooting at the extremity and giving rise to new plants. (Asplenium rliizophyllum, L.) — Shaded rocks on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds 4' -10' long. 13. ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique to the midrib, tlie indusium attached by one margin to the mostly free veins, rarely curved, or double and attached to both sides of the vein. § 1. AsPLENicM proper. — Indusia straight, attaclied by their whole length to the upper side of the vein ; rarely some of them double, and placed back to back. * Fronds undivided. 1. A. serratum, L. Frond entire, acute, long-tapering at the base, 1°- 2° long, the margins wavy and serrate ; sori linear, on the lower third of the veins. — Eastern coast of South Florida [Garber, Curtiss). — Stipe short and rigid. FiLicEs. (ferns.) 629 * * Fronds pinnatijid or simply pinnate. 2. A. pinnatifldum, Nutt. Fronds lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at the base, piunatifid, ur below sometimes piimate, the roundish divisions ob- tuse, crenate or serrate ; fruit-dots scattered. — Alleghanies of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 3' - 6' long. A form with the lowest segment on each side elongated horizontally and acuminate has been found in Alabama by Mr. Beaumont. 3. A. dentatum, L. Fronds linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnate; pinnae mostly opposite, 8-12 pairs on short but distinct stalks, roundish ovate (3"- 4" long), cuneate at the lower side of the base, and truncate at the upper side, crenate or serrate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 6-8 on each pinna, elongated, the one next the rachis often double. — Carolina (Th. Moore), Florida (Binneij). — F^ertile fronds 4' -6' high, the stipe as long as the sterile fronds. 4. A, Trichomanes, L. Stipe and rachis slender, purplish black and shining ; fronds many from the short rootstock, linear, pinnate ; pinnje numer- ous, minute (2" -3" long), roundish oblong, narrowed at the base and attached to a raised point on the rachis; fruit-dots 4-8 on a pinna. (A. melano- caulon, Willd.) — Rocks along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Fronds 4' -8' high. .^. A. ebeneum, Alton. Stipe and rachis purpli.sh black and shining ; fronds linear-lanceolate or spatulate, acuminate, pinnate ; pinnas numerous, sessile, linear-oblong, auricled on one or both sides of the base, serrate or nearly entire, those below the middle^ of the frond gradually shorter and de- flexed; fruit-dots 10-13 on a pinna. — Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds 6' -18' high, l'-3' wide; stipe very short. 6. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Frond thin, broadly lanceolate, pinnate below, pinnatitid above, long-atteimate and often rooting at the apex, 4'- 9' long; pinnie lanceolate from a broader base, 3" -9" long. — Shady ravines, Central Alabama, and northward. Rare. 7. A. parvulum, Mart. & Galeotti. Frond rigid, lanceolate, pinnate, 2' -8' long; piuuas nearly opposite and sessile, oblong, entire or crenulate, auricled on one or both sides at the base, 2" - 6" long ; sori half-way between the margins and midrib. — Calcareous rocks, Florida to Tennessee. 8. A. flrmum, Kunze. Rootstocks short ; frond ovate or oblong, pin- nate, rather longer than the pale smooth stipe, 12' or less long ; pinna; (about 12) lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, serrate, the terminal one attenuate ; sori in two rows. — Marion County, Florida (./. D. Smith). 9. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds tall, lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnse numerous ; the sterile ones lanceolate from a truncate base ; the fertile ones narrower, and bearing 60 - 80 curved fruit-dots on the upper branches of the pinnate forking veins; indusia thickish, strongly convex. — Rich soil along the mountains. — Fronds l°-3° high, annual. Pinnaj 2' -4' long, 4" -8" wide. * * * Fronds 2 - 3-pinnate or jiinnatifid. 10. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds sninll, ovate-lancpolate, pinnate; pinniB few, petioled, ovate or ti'inngular; tlie lower ones pinnatitid ; tlie njiper C.'^O FILICRS. (p'KUXS.) uiies iiicisi'il ; divisions tnotlicd or serralt; ; fiiiit-iluts very slnnt, tlic liusal ones often witli a dnuUlc indiisiuni. — Mountains of Alahania, and nnrtliward. — Fromls 2' -5' Iii^li, with a win<^ed greeiiisii racliis, and a stipe nearly :us long as tlic fr<)niUM, Uudw. — Indusium orbicular, peltate : veins reticulate. 11. A. trifoliatum, Swartz. Frond thin, cordate-ovate in outline, 3- lobed, or 3-foliate, the ovate pinnae entire or 3-lobed, acuminate, the margins undulate ; sori scattered ; involucre peltate, orbicular. — Hernando County, Florida ( Curtiss). — Frond l^ or less long, barely longer tliau the slender stipe. 17. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott. Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, in a series near the margin of the pinnae. Indusium reniform, often broadly so, fixed by the sinus, or b3' the arcuate base, open obliquely toward the margin of the pinuje. Fronds pinnate, elon- gated ; tlie pinuaj articulated to the rachis. Veins free, forked from the mid- rib, their apices tliickened. 1. N. exaltata, Schott. Fronds linear, indefinitely elongated, unfolding numerous pinme, which are oblong-lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side of the base, rounded on the lower side, falcate, crenately serrate; fruit-dots large; indusiuni reniform or crescent-shaped, the oblicjue sinus narrow and deeper broad and shallow on the same pinnie. — South Florida. — Fronds 1° - 6° long, 2' - 3' wide, usually pendent from the trunks of trees. 18. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. Sori small, round, naked, borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Veins free. 1. P. hexagonoptera, Fe'e. Fronds annual, broadly triangular, bi- pinnatifii] ; piuuai lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the lower pair erect ; pin- nules oblong, mostly obtuse, crenately toothed or entire ; fruit-dots numerous, minute. — Shady woods. — A foot or more high from an elongated creeping rootstock. PinuiB decurrent, forming irregular hexagonal wings on the rachis. 2. P. polypodioides, Fee. Frond triangular-ovate; pinnre approxi- mate, hairy, narrowly lanc(;(jlate ; fruit-dots marginal. (Polypodium Phegop- teris, L.) — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stipe 6'- 9' long. Frond A'-C/ broad. 3. P. tetragona, D. C. Eaton. Frond erect, pubescent, 2'^ high, the stipe sharply 4-angled ; pinnsse in di.stant pairs, neaidy sessile, lanceolate, acu- G34 FiLicES. (ferns.) niinatp, pimiatifid, 3'-4' long, the segments entire; veins sinjple. (Poly- ]Mt(linni, L.) — Kocky woods, Kast Florida {Miss RcyiwUls). 4. P. reptans, I). C. Eaton. Fronds si)rearocinnl)ent, often rooting at tlie apex, l°-2^1(jng; ])inn;v A'-l' long, oljlong, olituse, crenate, truncate at the base, short-petioled, the lower distant ; veins lirancliing. (Poly- podiuni, Sicartz.) — lleruaudo County, Flurida (./. Jj. ^mll/i). 19. ONOCLEA, L. Fertile fronds contracted, tlie pinnules strongly revoiute ami berry-like ; fruit-dots ou the back of the free veins, with an elevateil receptacle ; iudusiuni attached partly to the receptacle and partly to the intervenular surface. Sterile fronds foliaceous, much taller than the fertile ones. 1. O. sensibilis, L. Sterile fronds ou a long smooth stipe, broadly deltoid-ovate, pinuatilid almost or quite to tlie racliis ; the divisions lanceo- late, entire or creuately incised ; veins finely reticulated with obloug-hex- agonal areoles ; fertile fronds .shorter, bipinnate ; piuiuu erect, appres.sed to therachis; the pinnules crowded. — Meadows and wet places. — Kootstock nearly uaked, creeping. Fronds varying from four inches to three feet iu height. 20. WOODSIA, R. Br. Fruit-dots on the back of the veins ; the involucres placed beneath the fruit-dot, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, divided into irregular lobes or a deli- cate fringe, or sub-globose and contracted at the mouth. Small Ferns with many fronds from a short scaly rootstock. * Involucre fringed, the hair-like divisions incurved on the sporangia. 1. W. Ilvensis, R.Br. Fronds sparingly hairy above, villous beneath and on the stipe and rachis with brown hairs and narrow chaff, lanceolate, pinnate ; piunie ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate. Fruit-dots enveloped iu the fringe of the involucre. — Rocks along the Alleghany Mountains. — Fronds 3'- 8' high. * * Involucre divided into a few irregular lobes. 2. "W. obtusa, Torr. Fronds nearly smooth, broadly lanceolate, pinnate, or near the rachis bipinnate ; pinna? triangular-ovate, the lower ones distant, pinnately parted ; segments oblong, obtuse, the upper ones toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid with toothed lol)es ; veins forked, the tips whitish on the upper surface of the frond ; fruit-dots on the lobules ; involucrt; delicate, the lobes hidden by the ripened sporangia. — Rocky places, Georgia, and northward. — Fronds 6' -16' high. 21. DICKSONIA, L'ller. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv. Fruit-dots small, globular, terminal on the free veins ; sporangia on an ele- vated receptacle in a thin cup-shaped involucre which is ])artly adherent to a reflexed lobule of the frond. Fronds large, 2-3-pinnate, from a creeping rootstock. — DiCKSOXiA jiroper has large two-lipped involucre?, of a firmer texture, and several species have an arborescent. caudex. FiLicEs. (ferxs.) 635 1. D. punctilobula, Kunze. Fronds delicate, slightly glandular pubes- cent, as is the rachis, lanceolate-acuminate, 2 -Spinuate; pinnce numerous; pinnules oblong-ovate, closely placed, obtuse, pinnately incised or pinuatifid ; the divisions obtusely serrate, each one bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper margin. — Moist shady woods in the upper districts. — Rootstock slender, extensively creeping. Fronds 2° -3° high, when crushed returning a pleasant odor. 22. TRICHOMANES, L. Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, arranged on the lower part of a cylindrical, filiform, often elongated receptacle : involucres marginal, funnel- shaped, or bell-shaped, entire or two-lipped at the mouth. Fronds delicate, very thin and pellucid. 1. T. Petersii, Gray. Very small, with entangled filiform tomentose rootstocks ; fronds oblong-lanceolate or obovate, entire or variously pinuatifid, narrowed into a slender stijje nearly as long as the frond, the younger ones with a few black forked hairs along the margin ; veins forked, pinnate from the midrib ; involucre solitary, terminal, funnel-shaped, the mouth expanded and slightly two-lipped, receptacle included. — On the face of a sandstone rock, sprinkled from a waterfall, Hancock Co., Alabama (T. M. Peters). Also among some Mosses sent from Fensacola, Florida. — Fronds less than an inch high. 2. T. radicans, Swartz 1 Fronds pellucid, with a loose roundisli areola- tion, on a sliort broadly winged stipe, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bipinnati- fid ; pinna; ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the base parallel and appressed to the winged rachis, the lower side cuneate ; divisions toothed or divided into linear lobes ; involucres terminal on short lobes of the pinnte- tubular-funnel-shaped, margined, at the mouth truncate and slightly two- lipped ; receptacle exserted a little or very much. — Mountains, Alabama to East Tennessee. — Rootstock slender, creeping, tomentose with black hairs. Fronds 4'- 8' high, 12"- 18" wide. 23. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Clijibixg Ferx. Sporangia beneath ovate hood-shaped imbricated indusia, in a double row on narrow divisions of the fronds, attached laterally, ovate, with a many- rayed apical ring. Fronds elongated, climbing, the branches usually in pairs with a short common footstalk. 1. Ij. palmatum, Swartz. Fronds slender, pinuie deeply cordate at the base, palmately 4-7-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire ; the upper pinna; decompound and bearing the fruit on the ver\- narrow segments. — Lowsliady woods, Florida, and northward ; not common. — Rootstock very slender, creep- ing. Fronds 2° -5*^ high, climbing on weeds and bushes. 24. ANEIMIA, Swartz. Sporangia ovate, many-rayed at the apex, attached by the base in a double row to the narrow one-sided paniculate divisions of the two lower branches of the frond, or on separate fronds. Indusiuni none. Fronds erect, commonly three-branched, the middle branch sterile and 1 -3 pinnate. 030 OlMlIOIiLOSSACEyE. (AnniCU's TONGUE FAMILY.) 1. A. adiantifolia, Swartz. Fronds si)ariiigly puliesceiit, ereit on a slender stii)e; ilio two lower brandies eloiiji^aled, pinnately deconi|jonnd, fer- tile; sterile part of the frond deltoid-ovale, 2-3-])inuate ; ultimate segments obovate, cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above with numerous flabellate veins. — Key West, etc., South Florida. — Fronds 6' - 12' high, rather rigid. Hoot- stock creeping, slender, co\ero(i with a black tomeiitiim. 25. OSMUNDA, L. Flowering Fekx. Sporangia globular, slinrt-jicilirclled, having an inconi])lete transverse ring, rej)rc.scnted by a few parallel stria; near the upex,o])euing by a vertical chink into two nearly equal valves, paniciilately arranged on contracted jiarts of the frond or on separate fronds. Fronds tall, erect, several from a stout root- stock, 1 - 2-piuuate. Veins forking, free. * Fronds bipinnate, fertile at the top: sterile pimiw/ew. I • O. regalis, L. F^ronds ovate, smooth ; sterile pinna; distant ; the finely serrulate pinmile.s distinct, oblong-lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the nearly sessile l)ase, sometimes auricled at the lower side of the base; the upper ])innse erect, jjanicled and thickly covered with light brown sporangia. — .Swamps, Florida, and northward. — Fronds l°-3°higii; pinnules T- 2' long, 3" -4" wide. * * Sterile frunds pinnate: the ])inn(v numerous, deeplij pinnatijid, with oblony entire ser/ments. 2. O. Claytoniana, L. Fronds broadly lanceolate, woolly when young, at length nearly smooth ; sterile pinna; sessile, oblong-lanceolate, deeply pin- natifid ; the segments crowded ; fertile pinnae few, between the middle and the base of the frond, contracted, the sporangia deepening in color as the sterile pinnae expand. (0. iuterrupta, Michx.) — Low grounds in the upper districts, and northward. — Fronds 2° -3"^ high- 3. O. cinnamomea, L. Sterile fronds covered with rusty wool when young, at lengtli sniootli ; pinuffi sessile, lanceolate ; segments broadly oblong, obtuse ; the lower basal ones in large fronds often elongated and pinnatifid ; fertile frond distinct, contracted, bi])innate, very woolly, densely covered with cinnamon-colored sporangia, withering before the sterile fronds are expanded. — Low grounds, common. — Fronds l°-3° liigh- Order 165. OPHIOGLOSSACE^. (Adder's Tongue Family.) Sporangia very large, sessile, spiked or panicled, coriaceous, not reticulated, on narrow divisions of the frond, destitute of a ring, transversely two-valved. Fronds not circinate in vernation. Synopsis. 1. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia in panicled spikes. Sterile part of the frond plnnately divided. 2, OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia in a sunple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple (except No. 4). OPHIOGLOSSACE^. (adDER's TOXGUE FAMILY.) 637 1. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. Fronds mostly solitary, erect from a root of thickened fleshy fibres ; the terminal branch fertile, pinnately decompound, bearing on its narrow divisions the large coriaceous, transversely 2-valved sporangia ; the lateral branch sterile, with forking free veins. 1. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Stem tall ; sterile part of the frond sessile, broadly triangular, teruately 3 - 4-piuuate ; ultimate segments oblong-lanceo- late, thin and delicate, toothed and incised; fertile part long-stalked, 2-3- pinnate. — Shadv woods, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 4' -2° high. 2. B. ternatum, Swartz. Stem low ; sterile part of the frond mostly long-stalked, broadly triangular, 2-4-pinnate ; ultimate segments of a thick and fleshy texture, roundish, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, entire, toothed, incised, or even dissected into very narrow lobes ; fertile part taller than the sterile, ovate, 2-3-pinnate. (B. fumarioides, Willd. B. obliquum and B. dissectum, Muhl.) — Low shady woods and pastures, rarely in open pine barrens, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 3'- 10' high, the succulent stem divided down to the surface of the ground, or even lower. 2. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's Toxgle. Fronds mostly solitary, with short and often thickened rootstocks, and fleshy fibrous roots ; sporangia large, coriaceous, opening transversely, connate, arranged in compact simple 2-ranked spikes, proceeding variously from the mostly simple sterile part of the frond. Veins reticulated. 1. O. VUlgatum, L. Sterile part of the frond ovate or oblong-oval, ob- tuse, sessile near the middle of the stem, without a midrib, 1^'- 3' long; fer- tile spike terminal, long-peduncled ; rootstock short, erect ; roots fibrous, spreading horizontally. — In sphagnous meadows and pastures, Tennessee, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 10' high. 2. O. Crotalophoroides, Walt. Smaller; sterile part of the frond near the base of the stem, ovate, abruptly contracted at the base and slightly petioled ; spike short and thick ; rootstock bulbous ; roots slender. — Low grounds, Florida to Louisiana. — Fronds 3' -6' high. 3. O. nudicaule, L. £. Small, sterile part of the frond near the base of the stem, ovate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; spike linear acuminate ; rootstock bulbous ; roots coarse. — Low sandy places or occasion- ally in dry soil, Florida and Georgia. — Fronds r-4' high. 4. O. palmatum, Pltim. Frond thick and succulent, drooping, 4'- 10' long, stipitate from a short woolly rootstock ; sterile part cnneato at base, simple, or palmately 2-6-lobed, the lobes tongue-shaped, rarely forking; spikes 1 - several at the top of the stipe, or along the basal margins of the sterile part, short-stalked, V long. — In the axils of the leaves of the Falmetto. South Florida, C38 LVCdI'OlJl ACK.K. (cun MdSS KA.MII.V.) Okdkk Kid. LYCOPODIACE.t:. (Cllh Moss Family.) Perennial plants, with solid branching and mostly creeping steins, sparingly or thickly clotlied with small, simple, sessile, awl-shaped or linear leaves. Fructitication consisting of 1-3-celled solitary spore- cases, axillary, either along the main stem, or only in the axils of the upper and mostly changed (bract-like) leaves. 1. LYCOPODIUM, L. Club Moss. Sporaugia of one kind, coriaceous, comnKinly kidney-siiaped, opening trans- versely into two valves and containing minute powdery spores. IVrennial, mostly evergreen plants; the leaves imbricated in several or many rows along the stem and branches. § 1. Sj)oranr]ia home, along the stem, in the axils of uniform leaves. 1. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems ascending, forking, somewhat com- pressed; leaves (deep green) in several rows, linear-lanceolate, very acute, sparingly denticulate, spreading or reflexed. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and nortliward. — Stem 6' - 1 2' long. Leaves glossy. 2. L. SelagO, L. Stems short and thick, terete, clustered, erect or as- cending, forking; leaves in several rows, deep green, lanceolate, acute, entire, the upper erect, the lower spreading. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Stems 3' -6' high, rigid. Leaves crowded. § 2. Sporangia in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a terminal terete bracted spike. * Bracteal and stem leaves alike, spreading. 3. L. alopecuroides, L. Stem thick, terete, forking near the base, recurved, and rooting at the apex, very leafy ; leaves in many rows, spreading, subulate, bristly-fringed below the middle; peduncles erect, 6'- 12' high, sim- ilar to the stem ; spike thick, cylindrical, bristly from the spreading or re- curved bracteal leaves. — Open pine barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Stems 1°- H° long, pale green. Var. adpressum. Stem 6' -12' long, creeping ; peduncle 4' -6' high; leaves entire, those of the spike, which is barely thicker than its peduncle, closely appressed. — Damp pine barrens. Var. elongatum, Chapm. Sparingly branched (li°-2° long); leaves subulate-attenuate, entire, spreading; ])eduncle slender, erect or leaning (10'- 15' long), the leaves scattered, those of the spike longer, spreading. — Wet or overflowed banks, Apalachicola, Florida. 4. L. inundatum, L., var. pinnatum, Chapm. Stem rather slen- der, prostrate, creeping, pinnately branched ; leaves linear-subulate, bristly- fringed below the middle, unequal, the upper and lower ones shorter and somewhat appressed, the lateral oues widely spreading ; peduncle mostly soli- tary, erect (1° high), very leafy; spike thick, cylindrical, 2'- 3' long. — Low pine barrens near the coast. West Florida. — Stem 6' -15' long, and, with the spreading leaves, Y wide. SELAGINELLACE.E, 639 * * Biacteal leaves wider than those of the stem. -f- Leaves of the stem equal and alike. 5. L. Clavatum, L. Stem very long, terete, creeping, with numerous short and erect leaf y branches ; peduncles with scattered leaves, each bearing 2-3 linear cylindrical spikes ; leaves in several rows, subulate, entire, incurved, pointed, liiie the ovate erosely-denticulate bracts, with a spreading bristle. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Peduncles 4' -6' long. 6. L. cernuum, L. Stem forking near the base (6' -12' long), the di- visions arcuate-recurved, and rooting at the tip, the short alternate branches forking, and terminated by the short (4" -6") nodding spike; leaves about 6-rowed, linear-subulate, entire, spreading or recurved; those of the spike ovate, acuminate, witli bristly margins. — Springy sandy places, Florida and Alabama, near the coast. -1- -f- Leaves of the flattened stem and branches unequal. 7. L. dendroideum, Michx. Stem erect (6'- 12'), clothed with scat- tered appressed subulate and entire leaves, simple below, bearing above nu- merous forking and spreading fan-like mostly compressed branches ; lower row of leaves, and sometimes the upper, shorter, the lateral ones spreading; peduncles short, bearing one or more cylindrical spikes ; bracts spi'eading, ovate, acute, crenate on the margins. (L. obscurum, L.) — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 8. L. Carolinianum, L. Stem creeping, pinnately branched, naked and rooting beneath ; upper leaves short appressed, the lateral ones widely spreading, lanceolate, acute, entire; peduncle slender (6'- 12' high), clothed with scattered subulate leaves, and bearing a single linear spike ; bracts ovate, acuminate, spreading. — Low pine barrens. — Stem 2' -8' long. 9. L. COraplanatum, L. Stem long and creeping, the numerous erect branches successively forking into many linear crowded flattened branclilets; leaves minute, subulate, imbricated in 4 rows, the lateral ones slightly spread- ing ; peduncles with minute scattered leaves, slender, bearing 2-4 erect cylin- drical spikes — Woods along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Stem 2°- 10° long. 2. PSILOTUM, R. Br. Sporangia of one kind sessile, globulai", opening at the apex into 2 - .3 valves, and filled with very minute powdery spores. 1. P. triquetrum, Swartz. Stem forking, compressed, the baanches 3-angled ; leaves very minute, bristle-like; sporangia spiked, 3-celled, the cells imperfectly 2-valved. — Florida. Order 167. SELAGINELLACE^. Low moss-like terrestrial plants, with branching stems, and scale- like leaves. Sporangia of two kinds, either in the same or in separate axils, one kind as in the preceding ordei-, the other containing few (mostly 3-4) larger spores. 640 ISOETACE^. 1. SELAGINELLA, Beauv. Character;* of tlie ( )nlcr. 1. S. rupestriS, Spring, stems rigid, densely clusteretl, erect or spread- ing, imich l)ranclied; leavori (grayish) subulate, rigid, rougli-friugcd on the margins, bristle-pointed, closely imbricated in many rows ; spiivus linear, nearly sessile. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens, and on dry rucks, Florida, and northward. — Stems 2' -3' high. 2. S. apus, Spring. Sterna prostrate, creeping, slender, branched ; leaves scattered, unetiual, tlie lateral ones larger and widely spreading, 2-ranked, ovate, acute or obtuse, membranaceous, denticulate on the margins ; the others smaller, acuminate, and appressed ; bracts of the short .sessile spike similar to the leaves. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Plant whitish. Stems 3' -9' long. Order 168. MARSILIACE^. Perennial mar.sh plants, from slender creeping rootstocks, and fili- form, or 4-parted petioled leaves. Spores of two kinds, contained in a 2-valved transversely many-celled receptacle (sporocarp), which rises from the rootstock or base of the petioles. 1. MARSILIA, L. Plants with filiform creeping stems, a whorl of 4 wedge-shaped leaves at the summit of a long erect petiole, and one or more globular sporocarps borne on a slender stalk at the base of the petioles, each divided into several parti- tions, wiiich contain the larger and smaller spoi'es. 1. M. uncinata, A. Braun. Leaves smooth or hairy; sporocarps oval, compressed, half as long as the peduncle. — Banks of the Mississippi below Vicksburg. Order 169. ISOETACE^. Mostly aquatic or marsh plants, with filiform clustered leaves aris- ing from a depressed 2-lobed trunk. Sporangia sunk in an excavation of the dilated base of the leaves, either open, or covered by a fold of the leaf {velum), filled with minute spores, the' central leaves bearing lai'ger spores. 1. ISOETES, L. Characters of the Order. \. I. flaccida, Shuttlw. Immersed; leaves very long (U°- 2°), slender, flaccid, yellowish green ; spores very small, minutely pulverulent, not reticu- lated. — In lakes and clear streams, Middle and West Florida. 2. I. melanospora, Engelm. Small, mostly monoecious; leaves few (5-10), distichous (2'-2^' long) ; spore cases covered by the thin edges of the cavity {velum) ; larger spores blackish, very minutely warty, the smaller SALVINIACEJE. 641 ones dull, papillose. (Engelmann.) — In shallow depressious on the summit of Stone Mountain, Georgia (Engelmann, etc.). 3. I. Engelmanni, A. Biaun, var. Georgiana, Engelm. Leaves 10'- 12' long, rather slender, stomatose; spore-cases oval, with narrow velum; larger spores and smaller spores smooth. — Slow-flowing water in Horseleg Creek, mountains of Georgia. 4. I. Butleri, Engelm. Dioecious; trunk nearly globose ; leaves 8-12, bright green, 3' -7' long; spore-cases usually oblong, spotted, the velum very narrow, or none ; ligule subulate, from a triangular base ; larger spores warty, smaller spores dark brown, papillose. {Engelmann.) — Barrens of Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. Order 170. SALVINIACE^. Small floating branching plants, with two kinds of sporangia en- closed in thin sporocarps, and attached to a central receptacle, one kind containing a single large spore, the other numerous smaller ones. 1. AZOLLA, Lam. Stems floating free, pinnately branched. Leaves distichous, imbricated, 2- lobed. Sporocarps in pairs on the under side of the stem, unequal. 1. A. Caroliniaua, Willd. — On still water, chiefly near the coast, Florida, and northward. — Plant reddish, circular in outline, ^' - 1' in diameter. Leaves ovate, obtuse, rounded and roughened on the back. 41 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 238. PlUChea Chapmanii, Simpson, is peculiar in bearing the large clus- tered heads of P. bifrous, but with the ovate petioled leaves of the other species, and may, possibly, prove to be a hybrid form, as Dr. Watson suggested. Page 302. After Utricularia snbulata insert : — 12. XJ. resupinata, D. B. Greene. Flowers solitary, sessile at the summit of the filiform scape, violet-purple ; lips entire, the upper spatulate, the lower broader ; spur remote, oblong-conical, obtuse, shorter than the corolla; leaves filiform. — Margins of ponds, Calhoun County, West Florida. May. — Scape 4' - 8' high. Corolla 4"- 5" long. Page 402. In place of Telanthera polygonoides insert : — 1. T. ficoidea, Moquiu. Glabrous; sparingly branching, suffrutescent and rooting at the base ; leaves lanceolate, the upper sessile ; heads axillary and terminal, sessile or short-peduncled, loosely few-flowered ; sepals equal, thin, white, barely acute, glabrous ; sterile filaments as long as the fertile. — Coast of Florida. July-Sept. — Stem thick, l°-3° long. Leaves 2'-3' long. Page 525. After Commelyna Virginica insert : — C. elegans, HBK. Puberulous ; stems erect, or procumbent and root- ing, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, contracted and ciliate at the base; spathes mostly single, top-shaped, hooded ; sterile peduncle obsolete ; petals mostly white; seed smooth. — South Florida (Garber). July -Sept. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Leaves 2' - 3' long. INDEX. Page ' V — — — ■ Page Page Abies, 457 Almond, 141 Apetalous Exogenous Abietine.e, 455 Alnus, 452 Plants, 391 Abildgaardia, 551 Alopecurus, 597 Aphyllon, 305 Abutilon, 48 Alsine, 42 Apio"s, 115 Acacia, 127 Alsine.e, 39 Apium, 178 Acalvpha, 428 Alternanthera, 402 Aplectrum, 480 ACANTHACE.E, m-i Altluta, 52 Aplopappus, 235 Acanthus Family, 3(;:j Alum-root, 143 AFOCYNACE.E, 341 Acer, 87 Alvssum, 30 Apocj'num, 341 Acerates, 347 AMAKANTACE^, 398 Apogen, 270 ACERINE^ 85 Amaranth, 399 Apple, 140 Achillea, 2(54 Amaranth Family, 398 Apricot, 141 ACHYRANTHE^, 398 Ainarantus, 399 Apteria, 477 Acnida, 401 AMAKYLLIDACE^ , 492 Aquilegia, 8 Acontiiim, 9 Amaryllis Family, 492 Arabis, 26 Acorns, 4G6 Amblogj'na, 400 ARACE^, 464 Acrogens, 621 Ambrosia, 244 Aralia, 183 ACROSTICHE.B, 622 Amelanchier, 141 ARALIACEvE, 183 Acrostichum, 624 American Centaury, 336 Arbor-VitiB, 459 Acta-a, 10 Amiantliium, 517 Arctium, 269 Actinomeris, 255 Amman nia, 157 Ardisia, 296 Actinospevmum, 260 Amorpha, 102 Arenaria, 42 Adder's Mouth, 479 Ampelopsis, 75 Aretluisa, 484 Adder's Tongue, 63G Amphiachyris, 237 Akethusie.e, 478 Adder's Tongue Fam- Amphianliius, 314 Argemone, 20 iiy> 636 Amphicarpwa, 117 Argyranthemum, 431 Adiantum, 627 Amphicarpum, 580 Arisjema, 464 Adlumia, 21 Amsonia, 342 Aristida, 601 Adonis, 8 Amygdale.e, 129 Aristolochia, 392 jEschynomene, 108 ANACAKDIACEiE, 71 ARISTOLOCHIACE^, yEsculus, 86 Anagallis, 299 391 Agave, 495 Anantherix, 348 Arnica, ■ 265 Ageratum, 209 Andromeda, 285 Arrhenatherum, 605 Agrinionia, 133 Andromede.e, 279 Arrow Arum, 465 Agrop3'rum, 619 Andropogon. 592 Arrow-grass, 473 Agrostemma, 41 Andropogone.e, 574 Artemisia, 265 AOKOSTIDE.E, 575 Aneimia, 635 Arum Family, 464 Agrostis, 598 Anemone, 4 Arundinaria," 620 Aira, 604 Anemone.e, 2 A sarabacca, 391 Air I'lant, 497 Anemonella, 5 Asarum, 391 AjLtiE.E. 373 Angelica, 180 ASCLEPIADACE/E, 343 Alchemilla, 134 ANGIOSPERMEiE, 1 Asclepiade.e, 344 Alder, 452 Anise-tree, 12 Asclepias, 344 Aletris, 497 Aiiona, 14 Asclepiodora, 348 A 1 ism a, 472 ANONACE.E, 13 Ascvrum, 56 ALISMACE.E, 472 Antennaria, 239 A=h; 352 Alisme.e, 472 Aiithenantia, 580 Asimina, 13 Allium, 509 Anthoxanthum, 59(i ASPAKAGE^E, 507 Allspice, 154 Anychia, 397 Aspen, 454 C46 INDEX. AsnionrLF-.B, 507 Bir.NONIK.K, 303 Burdock, 269 AsiiniK.i;, (i-2;3 Higiioiiia Familv, 303 Huruuiunia, 476 Asiiiiliuin, (vil Birch, 451 lUK.MANXIACE.E, 476 Asri.KMK.K, C2-i Birch Family, 451 Burmannia Family, 476 Aspk'tiiuin, (1-28 IJrtliwort, 392 Bur-reed, 468 Asprc'lla, Ol'.l ISirlliwort Family, 391 Bursi-ra, 71 Aster, 21V Mitterimt, 442 Bin,sKHAe, 577 BORRAGE.E, 3.58 CALLITKICHACEiE,420 Baneburr^', 10 I'.OKKAGINACEyE, 357 Caliitriclie, 420 Baptisia, 120 Borreria, 193 Calophanes, 365 Barbarea, 27 Borricliia, 245 Calopogon, 482 Barberrj', 15 Botrychium, 637 Caltha, 8 Barberry Family, 15 Bottle Grass, 619 CALYCANTHACEyE, Barley, 619 Bouteloua, 607 142 Bartniiia, 339 Boykinia, 144 Calycanthus, 142 Basil, 373 Brachvelj'trum, 604 Calycocarpum, 15 Basswood, 54 Brake', 626 Calyptrantlies, 1.55 BATIDACE^, 434 Bramble, 130 Camiissia, 510 Bat is, 434 Brasenia, 17 Camelina, 30 Batis Family, 434 Brasiletto Family, 123 CAMELLIACE^, 61 Ba^berrj-, 449 Brickellia, 212 Camellia Family, 61 Bean Caper Famil}', 67 Brier, 136 (,'auipanula, 278 Beard Grass, 599 Brome Grass, 610 Campanula Familv, 278 Bear Grass, 512 BROMELIACE^, 497 CAMPANULACE^E, 278 Beech, 448 Bronuis, 610 Camptosorus, 028 Beech-drops, 305 Broom Corn, 595 Canar\- Grass, 596 Bep;£^ar-ticks, 259 Broom Gras«, 592 Canavalia, 119 Bejaria, 288 Broom-rape Family, 305 Cane, 620 Belltlower, 278 Broussonetia, 438 Canella. 61 Bellis, 227 Brunella, 384 CAXELLACE.E, 61 Bellwort, 513 Bruunichia, 413 Canella Familv, 61 Bellwort Familv, 513 Bruxmchie.e, 46 CAXXABINACE/E, 437 Bent Grass, 598 600 Bryophyllum, 150 CANNACEiE, 491 BERBERIDACEiE, 15 Buclmera, 315 Cannn, 492 Berberis, 15 Buckeye, 86 Caniia Family, 491 Berchemia, 76 Buckleya, 417 Caper Family, 31 Berlandiera, 242 Buckthorn, 76 Caper-tree, 32 Bermuda Grass, 607 Buckthorn Family, 75 CAPPARIDACE.E, 31 Betula. 451 Buckwheat Family, 406 Capparis, 32 BETULACE^, 451 Bugbane, 11 Capraria, 315 Bidens, 259 Bull:ice, 74 CAPRI FOLIACE.E, 186 Bigelovia, 234 Bulrush, 546 Capsella, 30 Bignonia, 303 Buinelia, 295 Capsicum, 323 BIGNONIACE/E, 303 Bupieurum, 177 Cardaminc, 24 IJSTDEX. Cardinal-flower, 275 Cherry, 131 Cardios])eniiuin, 86 Cherry Laurel, 131 Carex, 500 Cliickweed, 43 Carica, 169 Chiccory, 271 Cakice.e. 532 Chimaphila, 289 Carolina-Allspice Fam - China Brier, 502 iiy, 142 China Tree, 64 Carphephorus, 209 Chinquapin, 448 Carpinus, 448 Cliiococca, 195 Carrot, 182 Chiogenes, 283 Carva, 441 Chionanthus, 252 CARYOPHYLLACE.E, Chloride.e, 575 39 Chloris, 607 C^ashew Famil}' 71 Chrysanthemum, 264 Cassandra, 284 Chrysoualane.e, 129 Cassia, 124 Clirysobalanus, 130 Cassvtn, 416 Chrysogonum, 240 CASSYTE/E, 414 Chrysophylhmi, 294 Castanea, 447 Chrysopsis, 235 Castilleia, 320 Chrysosplenium, 140 Castor-oil Plant, 432 CiCHORACE.E. 270 Casuarina, 454 Cichorium, 271 CASUARINACE^, 454 Cicuta, 177 Catalpa, 304 Cimicifuga, 4 Catchfly, 40 CiMICIFUGE.E, 2 Catesbiea, 198 CiNCHONE/R, 191 Catnip, 383 Cinna, 599 Catopsjs, 499 Cinquefoil, 135 Cat-tail, 468 Circaea, 16i Cattail Family. 467 Cissus, 74 Cauloplij-llum, 15 CISTACE^, 35 Ceanothus, 77 Citharexylum, 270 Cedronelia, 384 Citrus, 64 Celandine, 21 .Cladastri.*, 123 CELASTRACE^, 78 Cladium, 558 Celastrus, 80 Claytonia, 38 Celosia, 399 Cleavers, 191 Celosie^, 398 CLEMATIDE.E, 2 Celtis, 440 Clematis, 3 Cenchrus, 588 Cleome, 32 Centaurea, 269 Clethra, 288 Centrosenia, 117 Cliftonia, 84 Centunculus, 299 Climbing Fern, 635 Cephalanthus, 194 Clintonia, 508 Ceranthera, 380 Clitoria, 117 Cerastiuni, 43 Clover, 97 Cerasus, 131 Club Moss, 638 Ceratiola, 434 Club Moss Family, 638 CERATOPHYLLACE.E, Clusia, 61 419 CLUSIACE^, 60 Ceratophyllum, 419 Cnicus, 268 Ceratopteris, 627 Cnidosculus, 432 Cercis, 123 Coccoloba, 413 Cereus, 171 Coeculus, 14 CliifrophyllLim, 132 Cocklebur, 245 Clipetospora, 557 Cockspur, 588 Chamsecyparis, 458 Cocoa, 464 ClianiiBliriimi, 518 Cocoa Plum, 130 Chapniania, 109 Cocos, 463 Chaptalia, 270 COKFE.E, 191 Charlock, 29 Coffee Ti-ee, 125 Chawstiek, 78 Colchicum Family, 513 Cheilanthes, 626 CoUinsonia, 377 Chelidonium, 21 Coluiirina, 77 Chelone. 308 Columbine, 8 CHENOPODIACEiE ,403 Coltimljo, 340 Chenopodium, 404 Comandra, 417 647 COMBRETACE.E, 152 Combretum Family, 152 Commelvna, " 524 COMMELYNACE/E, 524 COMPUSIT.E, 203 Composite Family, 203 Comptonia, " 450 Condalia, 75 CONIFERS, 455 Conioselinum, 181 Conobea, 311 Conocarpus, 153 Conopholis, 305 Conradina, 380 Convallaria, 508 CONVOLVULACE.E, 326 CONVOLVULE.E, 326 Convolvulus, 329 Convolvulus Family, 326 Coontie, 460 Coprosmanthus, 504 Coptis, 70 Corailorhiza, 479 Coral-root, 479 (.'orchorus, 55 Cordia, 358 ' CoKDiE^:, 357 I Coreopsis, 256 Coriander, 183 Coriandrum, 183 CORNACEvE, 184 I Corn-Cockle, 41 ] Cornel, 184 Corn us, 184 Corydalis, 22 Corylus, 448 Cosmos, 259 Cotton-Grass, 548 Cotton-plant, 53 Cottonwood, 454 Couch Grass, 619 Cowslip, 299 Crab Grass, 581 Cranesbill, 60 Crantzia. 175 Crape Mvrtle, 159 CRASSULACE.E, 149 Crataegus. 138 Crinum, 494 Croomia, 506 Cross-viut', 303 Crotalaria, 90 Croton, 42:t Crotonopsis, 431 Crowberrv Familv, 434 Crowfoot "Grass. " 608 Crucifera'. 23 Cryptogamous Plants, 621 Cryptota'iiia, 179 Ctenium, 608 Cucumlier-tree, 12 CU(1'1;BITACE.(E, 169 Cudweed, 239 Cunila, 375 Cuphea, 159 CUI'KESSINE.E, 455 648 IKDEX. rL'PLlJFF.R.E, 4« Dinscorea, 501 Epidendrum, 480 Curiant, 14.S nioscOHEACEiE, 501 Epigii-a, 283 Cusciita, ;!;ii Dinspyros, 293 Epilobium, 162 CUSCUTK.K, 3-Jt; Dipho'lis, 295 I'"-pil)lll'gUS, IXitJISETACE.E, 305 Custard- Apple, 13 , Id!) Diphylleia, 16 621 Custaril-Ap|)le Kainih , i;i Diplarliiie, 009 ICipiisctuni, 621 CYCADACILE, 4»l() DIPSACACE/E, 203 Eragrostis, 615 Cycas Family, 4fi(l Di])sacus, 203 Erechthitis, 260 CYCU)U01iE.E, 4();i Dirca, 410 F^rianthus. 595 CVXAUK.E, 2(18 Discopleura, 178 EKICACEvE, 279 (.'yiiodon, (;(i7 Ditcii-frrass, 470 Ekicine.b, 279 Cynof^lossum, ■M-2 Disticlilis, 018 F>igenia, 183 CN'iiost'iadiiim, ISO Dittan}', 375 iMigeron, 225 CYPEHACE/E, .>(! Dock, 407 Eriocaulon, 529 Cvpenis, 5:J2 L)i)d(ler, 331 E1;IOCAULONACE/E. Cypress, 4r.8 IJodecatheon, 299 529 CVpmrEDiE.E, 478 Dodona'a, 85 Eriochloa, 580 Cypripedium, 4'.)0 DODOXE.K, 85 ICmotiOXK.E, 407 Cvi)selea, 17-2 Doji's Tooth Violet, 511 Eriogonum, 413 Cyrilla, 83 Dogbane Family, 341 I'.riophorum, 548 Cvrilla Faniilv, 83 Dogwood, 184 I'^ritlialis, 196 cVkillace.e, 83 Dogwood Family, 184 I'>nodia, 197 C^'rtopodium, 482 Draiia, 29 Eryngiuni, 175 Cystopteris, 631 Dropseed Grass, 597 , 602 Erysimum, 28 Drosera, 19 Erythrina, 116 Dactylis, 613 DKOSERACE.E, 19 Erythronium, 511 Daisy, 227 Drypetis, 433 ESCAI.LONIE.K, 143 Dalbergie.e, 05 Duckweed, 467 iMigenia, 154 Da lea, 102 Duckweed Family, 466 I'>ulophus, 183 Dandelion, 273 Dulichiuin, 540 luioiiymus. 80 Danthonia, 605 Durra Corn, 595 EupaVore.e, 209 Darbya, 417 Duranta, 370 Eupatorium, 213 Daniel, 618 Dutchman's Breeches 21 Euphorbia, 422 Dasystoma, 317 D^sodia, 263 EUPHOUBIACEyE, 421 Datura, 325 EUSMILACE^, 502 Daucus, 182 Eatonia, 613 F>ustoma, 338 Day-fldwer, 524 EBEXACE^., 293 Euxolous, 400 Dead Nettle, 387 libony Family, 293 Evening-Primrose, 101 Decumaria, 147 Fxastaphylluni, 120 F^vening-Primrose Fam- Deer-Grass, 155 Echinacea, 248 ily, 160 Delphinium, 9 Echinocystus, 170 Everlasting, 239 Dendrophylax, 482 Fxhinodorus, 473 Evolvulus, 330 Dentaria, 25 Echinospennum, 363 Excoecaria, 428 Descliampsia, 604 Echites, 342 F^xogenous Plants, 1 Desmanthus, 128 Echium, 360 Exostemnia, 198 Desmodium, 111 Eclipta, 542 Diamorpha, 150 Eel-grass, 469 Fagus, 448 Diaiitliera. 365 Eglantine, 138 F'alse Acacia, 103 DIAPENSIACE.E, 290 Ehretie^, 357 F'alse Foxglove, 317 DlAFKNSIE.E, 291 Elder, 188 False Hellebore, 516 Diapeiisiii, 291 Elecampane, 237 F'alse Jlitre-wort, 146 Diapensia Family, 290 Eleocharis, 541 F'alse Nettle, 437 Diarrliena, 613 Elephantopus, 208 F'eather Grass, 600 Diceiitra, 21 Elephant's-foot, 208 Ferns, 622 Dichondra, 331 Eleusine, 608 Fescue Grass, 611 DlCHoXDKE^, 326 Elionurus, 591 F'estuca, 611 Dichromena, 557 Elliottia, 288 Festuce^, 576 Dicksoiiia, 634 Elm, 439 I'everwort, 188 DiCKSONIE.E, 623 Elm Family, 439 FICOIDEJS, 172 Dicliptera, 366 Elodea, 475 Ficus, 438 Dicotyledonous Plants , 1 Elodes, 60 Fig, 438 Didiplis, 157 Elyniu9, 619 Figwort, 307 Diervilla, 187 Elvtraria, 363 Figwort Family, 306 Dip,-itavia, 581 EMPETRACE.E, 434 F'ilago, 239 Dioclea, 119 Endogenous Plants, 461 FILICES, 622 Diodia, 194 Enslenia, 349 Fimbristvlis, 549 Dionsea, 20 F-riUEXDBE^, 478 Fir, ' 457 Fireweed, 266 Flaveria, 2G1 Flax, 64 Flax Family, 64 Fleabane, 225 Floerkia, 66 Flower de Luce, 499 Flowering Fern, 636 Flowering Plants, 1 Flowerless Plants, 621 Flv Poison, 517 Fly-trap, 20 Forestiera, 358 FORESTIEEE.E, 352 Forget-me-not, 362 Fothergilia, 156 Foiir-oTlock Family, 393 Foxtail Grass, " 597 Fragaria. 136 Franklinia, 62 Frasera, 240 Fraxixe.b, 352 Fraxinus, 352 French ^lulbem', 371 Fringe Tree, ' 352 Froelichia, 403 Frog's-bit Family, 475 Fugosia, 53 Fuirena, 541 Funiaria, 22 FUMARIACE^, 21 Fumitory, 22 Fumitory Family, 21 Gaillardia, 262 Galacixe.e, 291 Galiictia, 117 Galax, 291 Galium, 191 Gama Grass, 591 Garberia, 212 Gatesia, 365 Gaultheria, 283 Gaura, 160 Gaylussacia, 280 Geisemium, 201 Genipa, 197 Gentian, 338 i Gentiana, 338 GENTIAXACE.E, 335 i Gentian Family, 335 Georgia Bark, 198 GERAXIACE^, 66 Geranium, 66 Geranium Family, 66 Gerardia, " 318 Germander, 390 Geum, 134 Gilia, 335 Gilleiiia, 133 Ginseng. 184 Ginseng Family, 183 Glasswort, 405 Gleditschia, 125 GI_vceria, 612 Gnaphalium, 239 Goat's Hue, 104 INDEX. Golden Club, 466 Golden-rod, 227 Golden Saxifrage, 146 Golden Seal, 10 Gold-Thread, 10 Gompheene.e, 399 Gonolobus. 350 GOODENIACE/E, 227 Goodenia Family, 227 Goodyera, 489 Gooseberry, 148 Goosefoot,' 404 Goosefoot Family, 403 Gordonia, 62 Gossypium, 53 Gouania, 78 Gourd Family, 169 GRAMINEyE, 573 Grape, 73 Grass Family, 573 Grass of Parnassus, 149 Gratiola, 311 Grindelia, 236 Gromwell, 361 Ground Cherry, 323 Ground Laurel, 283 Ground Nut, 115 Groundsel, 266 Guaiacum, 68 Guettarda, 196 Guinea Corn, 595 Gyminda, 79 Gymnadenia, 485 Gymnocladus, 125 G3'mnolomia, 251 Gvmnopogon, 606 gVmnosperm^, 455 Gynandropsis, 32 649 Habenaria, H.EMODORACE.E, Halesia, Halophila, HALORAGEiE, HAMAMELACEJE, Hamamelis, Hamelia, Hartwrjghtia, Hart's Tongue, Haw, Hawthorn, Hazel-nut, Heart's-ease, Heath Family, Ht-deoma, Hedge Hyssop, Hedge Mustard, Hedge Nettle, Hedysare.e, Helenium, Helianthella, Helianthemum, Helianthus, ; '~ Heliopsis, HeLIOTJ{(JPE.E, Hnliotropium, Hellebore, 487 496 292 476 159 151 151 197 209 630 188 138 448 33 279 378 311 27 388 94 262 254 35 -257 247 357 359 10 Helleborine.e, 2 Helleborus, 10 Hemicarplia, 540 Hemp Family, 437 Hepatica, 4 Heracleum, 181 Herd's-grass, 597 Herpestis, 310 Hesperis, 28 Heteranthera, 523 Heteropogon, 594 Heterotheca, 235 Heuchera, 143 Hexalectris, 481 HlBISCE^, 45 Hibiscus, 51 Hickorj', 441 Hieracium, 271 Hierochloe, 596 HiPPOCASTAXE.E, 85 Hippocratea, 81 HlFPOCRATE.E, 79 Hippomane, 426 Holcus, 605 Holly, 81 Holly Family, 81 Holy Grass, 596 Honey-Locust, 125 Honeysuckle, 187 ,287 Honeysuckle Family, 186 Hop, 437 Hop Hornbeam, 449 Hop-tree, 69 HoRDE.E, 576 Hordeum, 619 Horehound, 388 Hornbeam, 448 Hornwort, 419 Hornwort Family, 419 Horse Balm, 377 Horsechestnut, 86 Horse Mint, 375 , 382 Horsetail Family, 621 Hosackia, 99 Hottonia, 297 Hound's-tongue, 362 Houstonia, 198 Huckleberry, 280 ,281 Hudsonia, 37 Humulus, 437 Huntsman's Cup, 18 Hydrangea, 146 Hydrange.e, 143 Hydrantlielium, 315 Hydrastis. 10 HYDROCHARIDACE.E, 475 Hydrochloa, 589 Hydrocotyle, 174 Hydrolea, 356 HVDKOLE.E, 354 HYDROPHYLLACE.E, 3H Hydrophyllum, 354 Hygrophila, 364 Hymenocallis, 493 Eiymenopappus, 261 650 INDEX. IIyMKXOI'IIYLLIC.E, 023 LARIAT.E, 371 Hv|Klato, 85 I.AItlATII'I.oK.K, 20r , 270 iiVi'i:kicack.e, 55 Lnclinantlies, 49li II_v])eriium, 50 LacliiKicauIon, 530 Hyjiopitys, 2!tO I-actiica. 273 Hypoxis, 4'J5 Lady's Slipper, 490 Hyi»tis, 37:J Lagurstni'inia, 159 Lagniiciilaria, 153 Ilex. 81 Lanil) Lettuce, 202 ILK'IXE.E, 81 Laniiiim, 387 ilij:ci:i5Uace^e, 3!I0 Lantana, 370 lUicium, 12 La port ea. 436 Ilysantlies, 312 Larkspur, 9 Impatieiis, 67 Lallivrus, 108 Iinpiiata, 595 LAl'lLVGE^, 414 Indian Hemp, 341 Laurel, 280 Indian Mallow, 48 Laurel Family, 414 Indian Physic, 133 Laurocerasus, 131 Indian-l'ipe, 290 Lead wort, 300 Indian-l'ipe Faniil\', 290 Leadwort Family, 300 Indii^o, 105 Leatiiei'-Flower, 3 Indigofera, 105 l-.eatlierwood. 416 Inula, 237 Leavenworthia, 26 lodantlius, 27 Lechea, 36 Ipecac, 194 Leersia, 589 Ipojkka, 326 LEGUMINOS.E, 93 Irenastrum, 402 Leiopliylium, 288 Iresine, 401 Leitneria, 450 IRIDACEiE, 499 LElTNEKIACEiE, 450 Iris, 499 Leitneria Family, 450 Iris Family, 499 Lemna, 467 Ironweed, 207 LEMNACEyE, 400 Isanthus, 389 Lemon, 64 ISOETACEyE, 640 LENTIBULACEyE, 301 Isoetes, 640 Leonotis, 388 Isolepis, 550 Leonurus, 388 Isopyrum, 8 Lepachys, 250 Itea," 140 Lepidium, 30 Iva, 243 Leptocaulis, 178 Leptochloa, 608 Jacquemontia, 329 Leptopoda, 263 Jacquinia, 297 Lepuropetalon, 143 Jamaica Dogwood, 120 Lespedeza, 109 Jamestown Weed, 325 Lescjuerella, 29 Jatropha, 432 Lettuce, 273 Jeffei'sonia, 10 Leueothoe, 284 Jersey 'I ea, 77 Ljatris, 210 Jewel-Weed, 67 LiGULIFLORiE, 200 JUGLANDACEiE, 441 Ligusticum, 180 Jurjlans, JUNCACE^, 442 LILIACE^, 507 519 Liiium, 511 Juncus, 520 Lily, 511 Juniper, 458 Lily Family, 507 Juniperus, 458 Lily of the Valley, 508 Jussiaea, 163 Lime, 04 LLMXANTHACEiE, 66 Kallstrbmia, 08 Limnantliemum, 340 Kalmia, 280 Limnobium, 476 Kidney-Bean, 115 LINAGES, 64 Knotweed, 409 Linaria, 309 Knotwort Familj', 390 Linden, 54 Kosteletzkya, 50 Linden Family, 54 Krameria, 93 Lindera, 415 KRAMEKIACE^, 92 Lindlieiineria, 243 Krigia, 270 Linum, 04 Kuhnia, 212 Liparis, 479 Kyiljngia, 539 Lipocarpha, 540 LirocARruK-«, 531 Lippia, 369 Liipiidambar, 152 Liriudendron, 13 Listera, 490 Litliospermum, 361 Litsea, 415 Liver-Leaf. 4 Lizard's-Tail, 418 LOASACE.E, 166 Loasa Family, 166 Lobelia, 275 LUHELIACE/E, 275 Lobelia Family, 275 Lobl(iliy 15ay,' 62 Locust,' " 102 LOGAXIACIvE, 200 Logauia Family, 200 Lolium, ' 618 LoME>TACE>E, 23 Long Moss, 497 Loiiicera, 187 Loosestrife, 158, 290 Loosestrife Family, 157 Lophantlms, ' 383 Lopbiola, 496 Lopseed, 37 1 LOKANTHACE^, 418 Loteic, 93 Ludwigia, 164 Lungwort, 361 Lupine, 97 Lupinus, 97 Luziola, 589 Luzula, 519 Lvcium, 325 LYCOl'ODIACEiE, 638 Lycopodium, 638 Lvcopus, 374 Lygodesmia, 273 Lygodium, 635 Lyme Grass, 619 Lysimachia, 298 LYTHUACE/E, 157 Lythrum, 158 Macbridea, 385 Macranthera, 316 Madder Family, 190 Magutdia, " ]2 MAGNULIACE/E, 11 Magnolia Family, 11 Maunolie^, 11 Mahogany, 63 Mahogany Familv, 63 Maidenhair, " 627 Malachodendron, 62 Malachia, 50 MALAXIUEiE, 478 Mallow, 45 Mallow Family, 45 MALPIGHIACEyE, 88 Malpighia Family, 88 Malva. ' 45 MALVACEAE, 45 Malvastrum, 40 MALVE.i;, 45 IXDEX. 651 Mandrake, 16 Mint Family, 371 Nessea, 158 IVIangrove, 152 Mistletoe, 418 Nettle, 435 Maiif^rove Family, 152 Mistletoe Famih', 418 Nettle Familj-, 434 Manisuris, 591 Mitchella, 195 Nettle Tree, 440 Maple, 87 Mitella, 146 Neviusia, 133 Marrubium, .388 Mitreola, 201 Xicandra, 325 Marshallia, 200 Mitrewort, 146 , 201 Nightshade, 321 Marsh Grass, 605 Mock Orange, 131 Nightshade Farailj', 321 Marsh Marigold, 8 Modiola, 49 Nine-bark, 132 Marsh Pennywort, 174 Mogiphanes, 402 Nolina, 510 ftlarsh Rosemary, 300 MoLLUGlNE.E, 172 Nondo, 180 ISIarsilia, G40 Mollugo, 173 Nupliar, 18 MARSILIACE^, fi40 Monantliochloa, 618 Nut Rush, 558 Martynia, 304 Monarda, 382 XYCTAGIXACE.E, 393 Mavaca, 526 MONARDE.K, 372 Xvniphita, 17 mayacace.e. 526 Monkey-tiower, 309 XYMPH-EACE.E, 17 Mayaca Family, 526 Monkshood, 9 Xjssa, 185 May-Apple, 16 Monocotyledonous Mayde.e, 574 Plants, 461 Oak, 443 May pop, 168 Monopetalous Exoge- Oak Familj', 443 Maytenus, 80 nous Plants, 186 Oat Grass," 605 Jlayweed, 264 Monotropa, 290 Obione, 405 Meadow Grass, 614 3I(J.N<)Tl!OI'E.E, 280 Obolaria, 340 Meadow Rue, 5 Moonseed, 15 Ocuioiue.e, 372 Meadow-Sweet, 132 Moonseed Family, 14 Ocimuui, 373 Medeola, 506 Moonwort, 637 Oenothera, 161 Medicago, 97 MORACE^, 437 Ogeechee Lime, 186 Melampvnim. 320 JNIorinda, 195 Oil-Nut, 417 MKLAXTHACE.E, 513 Morning Glory, 326 OLACACE.E, 62 Melanthera, 246 Morus, 438 Oldenlandia, 2u0 Melanthimn, 515 Motherwort, 388 OLEACE.E, 351 MELASTOMACE.E, 155 Mouse-ear, 43 Oleine.e, 352 Melastoma Familj'', 155 Mouse-tail, 6 Olive Family, 352 Melia, 63 Miihlenbergia, 602 ONAGRACJE^, 160 MELIACE^, 63 Mulberrj', 438 Onion, 509 Melica, 611 Mulberry Family, 437 Onoclea, 634 Melic Grass, 611 Mullein, 307. Onosmodium, 360 Melilot, 98 -Muscadine, 74 OPH10GLOSSACE^,636 Melilotus, 98 Mustard, 28 Ophioglossum, 637 Melissa, 380 Mustard Family, 23 OPHRYUE.E, 478 Melochia, 54 MUTISIACE^E, 270 Oplismenns, 680 Melotliria, 170 Myginda, 79 Opoponax, 128 MEXISFERMACE.E 14 Myosotis, 362 Opuntia, 171 Menispermum, 15 Myosurus, 6 Orache, 404 Mentha, 374 Mvrica, 449 Orange, 64 Mentzelia, 167 mVricace^, 449 Orange Familj', 64 Menziesja, 286 Myriophyllum, 159 Orchard Grass, 613 Mercurial is, 429 JMvrsinace*, 296 ORCHIDACEiE, 477 Mertensia, 361 MYRSINE, 296 Orchis, 484 Metastelma, 350 MVKSINE.i:, 296 Orchis Familj', 477 Mexican Poppj'. 20 Mvrsine F'amilv, 296 Oreodoxa. 463 Mezereum Familj', 416 MYRTACEiE,' 154 OROBAXCHACE.E, 305 Micranthenium, 313 Myrtle Family, 154 Orontium, 466 Micromeria, 378 Orpine, 149 Microstylis, 479 Orpine Familj', 149 Mikania, 216 XAIADACE/E, 468 Okyze.k, 574 Milk Vetch, 106 Xaias, 469 Osnianthus, 352 ililkweed, 344 Xama, 357 Osmorhiza, 183 ^Milkweed Family, 343 Xasturtium, 24 Osmunda, 636 ^lilkwort, 89 Xectandra, 414 OSMUNDINE.E, 624 Milkwort Family, 88 Xegundo, 88 Ostrya, 449 ]\Iimosa, 126 Xelumbium, 17 Otop"hvlla, 317 IMimosa Family, 126 Xklu.mhone.e, 17 OXALIDACEvE, 65 jMijiusk^, 126 Xemastylis, 501 Oxalis, 65 Mimulus, 309 Xemophila, 355 Ox-eye Daisy, 264 Mimusops, 296 XE(1TTIE.K, 478 Oxj-baplius. 393 Mint, 374 Xephrolepis, 633 Oxydendrum, 286 052 P;ichysniulra, I'acliystiiiiii, I':i-|ialaiithus, I'alatoxiu, I'aliiia', ralmetto, I'alms, I'aiiax, Pa MCE. E, Panic Grass, Pallidum, PAl'AVERACE/E, Papaw, PAI'AY.E, PaptT Miilbevry, PaI'II.IONACK.K, Pap|iiiose-lioot, Parit'taria, I'arkiiisoiiia, Pariiassia, PAIIXA.SSIACE.E, Paniassia Pamily, Paroiiydiia, Parsluy Family, Parilu'iiimn, Partridge-berry, Paspalum, Passiflora, PASSIFLORACE.E, Passiion-Flower, Passion-FIower F'amily, Pa Von la. Peach, Pear. Pecan-nut, Pectis. Pedicularis, Pelhva, Pellitory, Peltaiidra, Pennisetiim, Peiithonim, Pentodon, Peiitstemon, Peperoniia, Pepper F'ainily, Peppergrass, Pepper-root, Perilla, Periwinkle, Persea, Persimmon, Petaiostemon, Petiveria, Fetivkiue^e, Petunia, Phacelia, Pha?nogamous Plants, Phalaris, Phaseole;e, Pliarus, Phaseolus, Pheasant's Eye, Phegnpteris, Phihidelfihus, Philibertia, Philoxerus, IXDKX. 433 Phlox, 333 Ptfiteweed, 396 81 I'liorodendron, 418 I'okeweed Family, 395 rj.'io Phragmites, 618 Poianisia, 31 '2fil Phryma, 371 PULE.M(>NIACE.E, 333 4111 I'llHY.MK.E, 367 Poleuioniuui, 335 4(12 Phyllantlms, 432 Polcmcjuiiini Family, 333 4(11 I'hysalis, 323 Polycarpon, 44 184 I'iiysocarpus, 132 I'olvgala, 89 57.i Physostegia, 387 Pol.YGALACE/E, 88 581 Pliysurus, 490 PCH.YGOXACE^E, 4(m 581 Phytolacca, 396 Polygonatum, 507 20 PliVTOI>ACCACE.E 395 Pt»l",Y(ii)M;.E, 406 13 PiivroLAi'CE.*;, 395 Polygonella, 408 KkS I'icea, 458 Polygonum, 409 438 Pickerel-weed, 523 Polymnia, 240 93 Pickerel-weed Family 523 Polypetalous Exogenous l(i Picramnia. 70 Plants, I 43(j Pigeon Grass, 587 Poi.YPODIE.E, 622 12(i Pignut, 441 Poly podium, 624 14!) Pigweed, 404 Polypody, 624 148 I'i'iea, 436 Polypogon, 599 148 Pimpernel, 299 Polypremum, 201 39 f; Pimpcrnella, 177 Polypteris, 261 173 Pinckneya, 198 Polystachya, 482 243 Pine, 455 PolytU'nia, 182 195 Pine Family, 455 POME.E, 130 577 Pine-.\ppIe"Family, 497 Pomegranate, 142 1G8 Pinguicuia, 302 Pondweed, 470 168 Pink Family, 39 Pondweed Family, 468 IfJS Pinkroot, 200 Pontederia, 523 168 Pin us, 455 PUNTEDEKIACE.E, 523 49 Pinweed, 36 Ponthieva, 490 141 PIPEKACEyE, 418 Poplar, 454 141 Pipewort, 529 Poppy Family, 20 442 Pipe wort Family, 529 Popuius, 454 2(i3 Piiii]ueta 167 Portulaca, 39 320 Piscidia, 120 PORTULACACE^E, 38 626 Pisonia, 394 Potamogeton, 470 436 Pistia, 465 Potent) 11a, 135 465 Pitcher-Plant Family, 18 Poterium, 134 588 Pithecolobium, 127 Prenanthes, 272 151 Planera. 440 Prickly Ash, 68 200 Planer Tree, 440 Prickl}' Pear, 171 308 Plane Tree, 441 Pride of India, 63 419 Plane-Tree Familv, 441 Primrose Familv, 297 418 PLANTAGINACE.E 390 PRIMULACE^, 297 30 Plantago, 390 Prince's Pine, 289 25 Plantain, 390 Priva, 367 390 Plantain Familv, 390 Prosartes, 514 343 PLATAN A CEiE, 441 Proserpinaca, 159 414 Piatanthera, 485 Prunus, 130 293 Piatanus, 441 Pseudophoenix, 463 100 Pleea, 518 Psilocarya, 557 395 Pluchea, 238 Psilotum, 639 395 Plum, 130 ,140 Psoralea, 99 326 PLUxMBAGINACE^E 300 Psvehotria, 195 355 Plumbago, 300 Ptelea, 69 1 Poa, 614 Pteride^e, 622 596 POACE.E, 574 Pteris, 625 94 Pndophvlhim, 16 Pterocaulon, 238 590 PODOSTEMACE^, 420 Puccoon, 21 115 Podostenion, 420 Pulse Family, 93, 96 8 Podostigma, 348 Purslane, 39 633 Pogonia. 483 Purslane Family, 38 147 Poison Elder, 72 Puttyroot. 480 350 Poison Ivv, 72 Pyenanthemum, 375 401 Poison Oak, 72 Pyrola, 289 INDEX. {553 Pyrola Familj', 288 Rumex, 407 Scouring Rush, 621 Pykoline.e, " 280 288 Ruppia, 470 Scrophularia, 307 Pyirhopappus, 273 Rusli, 520 SCROPHULARIACE.E, Pvrularia, 417 Rush Family, 519 306 Pyrus, 140 RUTACE.E, 68 Scurvy Grass, 27 Pyxidanthera, 291 Scutellaria, 384 Sabal, 461 Sea Grape, 413 Quassia, 70 Sabbatia, 336 Sea Mustard, 31 Quassia Family, 70 Sage, 380 Sea Purslane, 172 Queen's Delight, 427 Sageretia, 76 Sebastiania, 427 Quercus, 443 Sagina, 41 Sedge, 560 Quince, 141 Sagittaria, 473 Sedge Family, 531 St. John's-wort, 56 Sedum, 149 Randia, 197 St. John's-wort Famil y, 55 Seed-box, 164 KANUNCULACE.'E, 3 St. Peter's-wort, 56 Selaginella, 640 Ranuncule^, 2 SALICACE^, 452 SELAGINELLACE.F ) Ranunculus, 2 Salicornia, 405 639 Raphidophvllum, 463 Salix, 452 Self-heal, 384 Rattlebox," 96 Salsola, 406 Senebiera, 30 Rattlesnake Plantain, 489 Saltwort, 406 Senecio, 266 Red Bay, 414 Salvia, 380 Sexecionide^, 239 Redbud, 123 SALVINIACEJE, 641 Senna, 124 Red Cohosh, 11 Sambucus, 188 Sensitive Brier, 126 Red Pepper, 323 Samolus, 299 Sensitive Plant, 120 Reed, 618 620 Sandalwood Family, 416 Serenoa, 462 Reimaria, 577 Sandspur, 588 Sericocarpus, 217 Revnnsia, 76 Sandwort, 42 SesamevE, 303 RHAMNACE^, 75 Sanguinaria, 21 Sesbania, 105 Rhamnus, 76 Sanicula, 175 Sesuvium, 172 Rhatany Family, 92 SANTA LA CEvE, 416 Setaria, 587 Rhexia, 155 SARIN DACE^, 84 Seutera, 349 Rhizophora, 152 Sapinde^, 85 Seymeria, 316 RHIZOPHORACE^, 152 Sapindus, 86 Shepherd's Purse, 30 Rhododendron, 287 Sapodilia Family, 294 Shield F'ern, 631 Rhodora, 280 Saponaria, 41 Shortia, 291 Rhus, 71 SAPOTACE^, 294 Sicyos, 70 Rhynchosia, 114 Sarracenia, 18 Sida, 47 Rhj'nchospora, 551 SARRACENIACE^, 18 Sideroxylon, 294 RHYNCHOSPOKEiE, 532 Sarsaparilia, 183 Side-Saddle Flower, 18 Ribes, 148 Sassafras, 415 Silene, 40 RiBESCEiE, 143 Satureia, 378 Silene^, 39 Riehardia, 194 Satukei.e, 372 SlLICULOS^, 23 Ricinus, 432 Saururus, 418 SiLIQUOS.E, 23 Riverweed, 420 Savory, 378 Silkweed, 344 Riverweed Family, 420 Saxifraga, 145 Silphium, 240 Rivina, 395 SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 Silver Palm, 462 Robinia, 102 Saxifrage, 145 Simaruba, 70 Rocket, 28 Saxifrage Family, 142 SIMARUBACE^, 70 Rock-rose, 35 Scsevola, 277 Sinapis, 28 Rock-rose Family, 35 Schaefferia, 79 Siphonychia, 398 Rosa, 137 Schizandra, 12 Sisymbrium, 27 RoSACEiE, 129 SCHIZANDRE.E, 11 Sisyrhinchium, 501 Rose, 137 138 SCHIZ^INE.E, 623 Sium, 179 Rose Baj'. 287 Schoenocaulon, 517 Skullcap, 384 Rose Family, 129 Schoenolirion, 510 Skunk Cabbage, 465 Rose Mallow, 51 Schoepfia, 63 Sloe. 188 Rottboellia, 590 Schrankia, 126 SMILACACEyE, 502 ROTTBOEI.LIK^E, 574 Schwalbea, 320 Smilacina, 508 Roxburyhia, 506 Schweinitzia, 290 Smilax, 502 ROXBURGHIACE^ 506 SCIRPE.E, 531 Smilax Family, 502 Roval Palm. 463 Scirpus, 546 Snakeiiead, 308 rCbiace^, 190 Scleria, 558 Snakeroot, 11.91,175 ,210 Rubus, 136 SCLERIE^, 532 Snowberry, 187, 195 283 Rudbeckia, 248 Sclerolepis, 209 Snowdrop' Tree, 292 Ruellia, 364 Scleropus, 400 Soap berry. 8(i liue-Aneinone, 5 Scolopendrium, 630 Soap-berry Family, 84 Rue Family, 68 Scoparia, 315 Soapwort, 41 (ir)4 SOLAXArE.E, Soliiiiuin, Solidago, Soliva. Solomon's Seal, Soiiclnis, Sophora, Sol'IIDltE.E, Sorj;liuni, Sorrel-tree, Sour Gum, Sour-wood, Spanish Bayonet, Sparttaniuni, Spartina. Specularia, Speedwell, Sperjiula, Sperf^ularia, Spkhgule.e, Spermacoce, Spice-Bush, Spider Lily, Spiderwort, Spiderwort Family, Spigelia, Spike Kush, Spilanthes, Spindle-tree, Spiriva, Spiranthes, Spirolobe.e, Spleenwort, Sporobolus, Spring Beauty, Spruce, Spurge, Spurge Family, Spurrey, Squaw-root, Squirrel-Corn, Stachydk.e, Stachys, StachVtarpha, Staff-tree, Slaphvlea, STABHYLEACE/E, Star-Grass, Star Thistle, Starwort, Statice, Steironema, Steliaria, Stenandrium, Stenanthium, Stenotapiirum, Sticlvweed, Stillingia, Stipa, Stipulicida, Stokesia, Stonecrop, Storax, Storax Family, Strawberry, Streptopus, IXIiKX. 321 Strumpfia, 190 Thymus, 390 ;t2i Stuarlia, 62 Thysanella, 412 ;iu Siylisina, 330 'I'iarella, 146 227 Sl_\ lo])iiorum. 20 Tickseed, 256 2(!5 Sivlosanthes. 109 Tiedniannia, 181 DdT, rm STYKAGACE.E, 291 Tilia, 54 274 STYKAtE.E, 292 TILlACEyE, 54 1-Si Slyrax, 292 Tilhia, 150 U5 Sua'da, 405 Tillandsia, 497 5!t5 Sumach, 71 Tipularia, 481 280 Sundew, 19 Titi. 84 185 Sundew Family, 19 Toad- Flax, 309 28(5 SuuHower, 251 TolieldiM, 518 512 Supple Jack, 70 Torchwood, 69 408 Suriana, 70 Torch wood Famil V, 71 605 Sweet Bay, 12 Torreya, 460 27!) Sweet Clover, 98 Toothache Tree, 68 314 Sweet Fern, 450 Toothwort, 25 44 Sweet Flag, 466 Touch-me-not, 67 44 Sweet Gum, 152 Tournefortia, 359 39 Sweet Potato, 327 Tradescantia, 525 193 Sweet-scented Grass, 596 Tragia, 429 415 Sweet-scented Shrub, 142 Trautvetteria, 6 493 Swietenia, 63 Trema, 440 525 Sycamore, 441 Tree Orchis, 480 524 Symplioricarpus, 187 Trepocarpus, 182 200 Syniplcicarpus, 405 Tiianosperina, 109 541 SviMri.ociNE.E, 292 Trianthema, 172 247 Synipiocos, 293 Tiibulus, 67 80 Synandra, 387 Trichelostylis, 549 132 Syringa, 147 Trichoinanes, 635 488 Trichostema, 389 403 Ta'nitis, 625 Trifolium, 98 628 Talinum, 38 Triglochin, 472 597 Tanacetum, 264 Trilisia, 212 38 Tansy, 264 Trilliace.e, 502 457, 458 Tape-grass, 475 Trillium, 504 422 Taraxacum, 273 Trillium Family, 502 421 Tare. 107 Triodia, 609 44 Tar-Flower, 288 Triosteum, 188 305 Taxine.e, 455 Triplasis, 010 22 Taxodium, 459 Tripsacum, 591 373 Tax us. 459 Trisetum, 604 38S Teasel, 203 Triumfetta, 55 369 Teasel Famih", 203 Trunipcl-tiower, 304 80 Tecoma, 304 Trumpet-leaf, 18, 19 84 Telanthera, 402 Tsuga, 457 'E, 84 Tephrosia, 103 TUBULIFLOKE.E, 203, 207 495, 497 Terminalia, 153 TUI.IPACE.E, . 507 2(i9 Tetragonotlieca, 247 Tulip-tree, 13 43, 217 Tetranthera, 492 TUBNERACEyE, 167 300 Teucrium, 390 Turnera Famih% 167 298 Thaiassia, 470 Twaj'blade, 479 43 Thalia, 491 Twin-leaf, 16 365 Thalictrum, 5 Twisted Orchis, 488 516 Thaspium, 179 Tvpha, 468 589 THEOPHRASTACE^, | TYPHACEyE, 467 363 296 427 Thermopsis, 122 600 Thespesia, 52 ULMACEiE, 439 44 Thistle, 268 Ulmus, 439 208 Thorn Apple, 325 UMBELLTFER^ 173 149 Thorough wort, 213 Unicorn Plant, 304 292 Thrinax, 462 Uniola, 617 291 Thuya, 459 Urena, 50 136 Thurhoria, 600 Ukkne.e, 45 514 THYMELEAClvE, 416 Urtica, 435 URTICACE.E, Utricularia, Uvuluria, uvulakie^, Vaccixie^, Vaccinium, Valerian, Valeriana, VALERlANACEiE, Valerian Family, Vaierianella, Vallesia, Vallisneria, Vande^e, Vanilla, Veratrum, Verbascum, Verbena, VERBENACE^E, Verbesina, Vernonia, Verxoniace^e, Veronica, Vervain, Vervain Family, Vetch, Viburnum, Vicia, VlCIE^E, Vigna, Vinca, Vine, Vine Family, Viola, VIOLACEiE, Violet, Violet Famil}', Virginian Creeper, Virgin's Bower, VITACE^, VlTE.E, Vitis, Vittaria, VlTTARIE^ Voyra, INDEX. 555 434 Wake-Robin, 464 Wolfsbane, 9 301 Waldsteinia, 135 Wood Anemone, 4 513 Walking-Leaf, 628 Woodbine, 187 513 Walnut, 442 Wood Rush, 519 Walnut Family, 441 Woodsia, 634 279 Waltheria, 53 WoODSIE,E, 623 281 Wampee, 523 Wood-Sorrel, 65 202 Warea, 28 Wood-Sorrel Family, 65 202 Watches, 19 Woodward ia, 628 202 Water-Chinquapin, 17 Worniseed, 404 202 Water-Cress, 24 Wormwood, 265 202 Water Hemlock, 177 343 Waterleaf, 354 Xanthium, 245 475 Waterleaf Family, 354 Xerophyllum, 517 478 Water-Lily, 17 Xmienia, 63 484 Water-Lilv Family, 16 Ximenia Family, 62 51G Water-Milfoil, 159 XYRIDACEiE, 526 307 Water-Milfoil Family, 159 Xyris, 526 368 Water-Plaintain, 472 367 Water-Plantain Fam- Yam, 501 254 ily, 472 Yam Family, 501 207 Water-Shield, 17 Yarrow, 264 207 Water-Starwort, 420 Yaupon, 82 314 Water-Starwort Fam- Yellow-eyed Grass, 526 263 ily, 420 Yellow-ej'ed Grass Fam- 267 Wax-Myrtle, 449 ily, 526 107 Wax-Myrtle Family^ 449 Yellow Jessamine, 201 188 Wedelia, 246 Yellow Poppj', 20 107 Whahoo, 440 Yellow Root, 10 94 White Cohosh, 10 Y'^ellow Water-Lily, 18 116 Whit« Poplar, 13 Yellow-Wood, 123 343 Whortleberry Family 280 Yew, 459 73 Wicky, 286 Yucca, 512 73 Wild Hyacinth, 510 33 Wild Rice, 590 Zamia, 460 32 Willow, 452 Zannichella, 469 33 Willow Family, 452 Zanthorhiza, 10 32 Willow-Herb, 162 Zanthoxylum, 68 75 Wind-Flower, 4 Zephyranthes, 493 3 WINTEKE.E, 11 Zinnia, 446 73 Wintergreen, 283 Zizania, 590 367 Wire Grass, 597 ,601 Zizia, 179 73 Wistaria, 103 Zornia, 108 625 Witch-Hazel, 151 Zostera, 469 622 Witch-Hazel Family, 151 Zvgadenus, 515 340 Wolffia, 467 ZtGOPHYLLACE^ 67 .rtl. f [Reprinted from Bulletin of the Turkey Botanical Club, April 24, 1897.] Reviews. Flora of the Soiithcrjz United States. By A. W. Chapman. Third Edition. Pp. 655. Cambridge, 1897. It is now over thirty years since the first edition of Chapman's Southern Flora was given to the pubhc; and during this time the author has had the satisfaction of seeing his work become and re- main the standard text-book of systematic botany for the region involved. At an advanced age, Dr, Chapman has just brought to completion a third edition of his flora, successfully capping a botanical career covering nearly three-quarters of a century, and he is entitled to the hearty congratulations of botanists through- out the country, by whom he is universally held in affection and esteem. The book has been entirely reprinted from fresh plates, and the typography and superior grade of paper employed are altogether satisfactory. A hasty proof-reading has however resulted in a number of unfortunate typographical errors, as Pimperiulla, A)ie. morella, etc. It is gratifying to observe that the substance of the long appendix to the second edition has been properly incorpo- 1^11 rated in the text, so that students will no longer need to search for a given species under two distinct headings. In the style of presentation and in nomenclature, Dr. Chap- man adheres closely to old traditions, preferring group-characters interspersed through the specific descriptions rather than artificial keys placed at the commencement of a genus, the usage in most modern systematic works. The disadvantage of the former method is the difficulty which the eye encounters in correlating two or more headings when confused by an intricate maze of dag- gers and asterisks. Yet the task of constructing systematic keys where none had previously existed would have been too great a labor to undertake in a work intended primarily as a revision. Neither could Dr. Chapman be expected to undertake the bibli- ographical research necessary to .place the nomenclature of his flora on a modern basis. But it is to be regretted that he did not see fit to make such corrections as recent studies have shown to be essential, such as the substitution of Anemone qidnqiiefolia L. for the European A. 7ieinorosa, and of Viola tenella Muhl., for V. tncoloT var. arvcnsis DC. Many of these changes were made even in the first fascicle of Gray's Synoptical Flora, issued last year, and thus certainly bear the stamp of conservative authority. The lack of all system in the employment of citations is, as it has always been, a defect in this work. Botanical bibliography has now assumed such enormous proportions that full citations should be given wherever possible ; and in a manual in which space does not permit the practice, careful attention should be bestowed on the verification of references. Dr. Chapman indicates new species for the most part by an appended " ;/. jt/.," but occasionally these receive no indication whatever, as in Eupatorium incisuin, requir- ing an inspection of all the other editions to ascertain that the plant is here described for the first time. The absence of an authority in general signifies a new name given to an old species, as " Vilnirmim molle Michx., var.? tonientosiim',' the synonym cited being " V. scabrelliim Flora," and the reader being left to infer that the " Flora " mentioned is an earlier edition of the same work, and not the name of a botanist. In his earlier writings Dr. Chapman was inclined to be more liberal than his contemporaries with regard to generic limitations, 212 recognizing such genera as Atragene^ Conocliniuni, Diplopap- pus, Leptopoda, Quavioclit, Batatas and Pharbitis. He has now adopted a more conservative view, uniting all the above mentioned genera and many others, with their nearest allies ; in this, how- ever, he is by no means consistent, for we find Hepatica included in Anemone y while Actinouieris is distinguished from Verbesina and if Otophy/la and Dasystoma are both to be separated from Ger- ardia, Monniera, in the same family, should most certainly be re- moved from Herpestis, and SophronantJie from Gratiola. About a dozen new species and innumerable varieties are de- scribed in the course of the work, several of them being unpub- lished names of Dr. Engelmann and other writers. The author has adhered to a rigid rule of exclusion in connection with the numerous new forms proposed during the last few years by other students of southern botany, remarking in the preface, " In a region so vast * * * * there still must remain much to reward the labors of future explorers, and many new species have been proposed by recent collectors as occurring within my limits. These, which are unknown to me, when duly confirmed, * * * * will have place in future issues." As a future issue embracing any extended revision is a matter of some uncertainty, it is to be deplored that Di. Chapman did not make some effort to obtain material for examination at least in those genera in which he himself contemplated the establish- ment of new species. The omission of these well-marked forms is less of an injustice to the botanists who have devoted time and careful study to the plants than it is to the field student who con- stantly discovers specimens which he cannot match with any of those described. It would be difficult for the chance collector of Clematis Addisonii to reconcile it with the diagnosis of C. Viorna, or Nolina Brittoniana with that of N. Gcorgiana ; and yet there is no other recourse for one who is dependent upon this flora alone. We are glad to note, however, that many excellent species of Buckley, Curtis and Shuttleworth, long suppressed by other writers, have been properly reinstated by Dr. Chapman, The chief annoyance to botanists resultant from the omission of re- cently described species will be the addition to an already over- burdened synonymy which some of the very numerous new varie- ties must make. 213 Sucli defects as these, are, however, attributable rather to the conditions under which the work was carried out than to any in- tentional discrimination on the part of the author. A revision can never assume the proportions of an entirely new book ; and the attempt to remodel every feature of a portrait often destroys the likeness. At least until the production of some more com- prehensive and more modern volume Dr. Chapman's flora will be indispensable to every student of southern botany. C. L. P. New York Botanical Garden Library QK 135. C4 1897a gen Chapman, Alvan Went/Flora of the souther 3 5185 00129 0970 %m ji'vi imi