®l|p i. in. 'Mi ICtbrarg lORES-n^OURCEll; JJorth (Ear0ltna 0t^j^ Untuprattg Forestry QK391 v*8 ,jv*<«^*^-' "^-i*/-^-^ V NX. STATE UNIVERSITY D.H. HILL LIBRARY S00427215 L 7>^.'^-//&^ REMARK SLI? THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS OMHT 100M/10- FLORA OF TROPICAL AFRICA FLORA OF TROPICAL AFRICA EDITED BY SIR W. T. THISELTON-DYER, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S., ETC. HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD ; DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW. YOL. YIII. PONTEDERIACE.E TO CYPERACEjE, PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE FIRST COMMISSIONER OF HIS majesty's WORKS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. L. REEVE & CO., LTD., THE OAST HOUSE, BROOK, ASHFORD, KENT. 1902. DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THIS VOLUME. Part I. pp. 1-192 was published June 1901. „ II. „ 193-384 „ September 1901. „ III. „ 385 to end „ March 1902. Reprinted 195S PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD 109 KINGSWAY LONDON WC2 AND ASHFORD KENT PREFACE. For the present volume of the " Flora of Tropical Africa" I have been fortunate in securing the assistance of several contributors who had made a special study of the orders they have elaborated. It has been found impossible to include in it the Graminece, which will have to be deferred to the ninth and concluding volume. For the amended definition of the regions into which the area of the flora is divided, reference may be made to the preface to the seventh volume. In the prefaces to the first, fifth, and seventh volumes will be found an enumeration of the materials employed up to 1868, and of the most important additions to them which have reached Kew since. The only further collections at Kew cited in the present volume are I. Upper Guinea : T. N. Brown . . . Collection from the Gold Coast. J. H. Holland . . . „ „ Nigeria W. H. Johnson ... »» » the Gold Coast. C. Punch .... »> .J Lagos. VI. Mozambique: Honourable Mrs. Kvelyn Cecil . Collection from Rhodesia. Mrs. E. J. Lugard ... ,, „ Ngamiland. It is intended to proceed at once with the printing of the fourth volume. This will contain the Apoci/nacecBy the final elaboration of which has been delayed till the present in order to enumerate and Vi PREFACE. describe as comprehensively as possible the important caoutchouc- containing and medicinal plants which the order includes in Tropical Africa. I must again record my acknowledgments of the assistance given me by Mr. C. H. Wright in preparing the manuscript for the press and in checking the proofs, and to Mr. N. E. Brown for working out the geographical distribution. For the detailed topography the third edition of the " Spezial- Karte von Afrika," Gotha : Julius Perthes, 1893, has been chiefly used. W. T. T.-D. Kew, February 1902. CONTENTS. Page Conspectus of the Orders ix Order CXLI. Pontederiaceae 1 CXLII. Xyrides 6 CXLIlA. Mayacese 525 CXLIII. Commelinaceae 25 CXLIV. Rapateaceae 88 CXLV. Flagellarieae 90 CXLVI. Juncaceae 91 CXLVII. Palmae 97 CXLVIII. Pandaneae 127 CXLIX. Typhaceffi 133 CL. Aroidese 137 CLI. Lemnaceae 200 CLII. Alismaceae 206 CLIII. Naiadaceae 215 CLIV. Eriocauleffi 230 CLV. Restiaceae 264 CLVI. Cyperaceae 266 Addenda 525 CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS CONTAINED IN THE EIGHTH VOLUME. Series 111. Coronarleae (continued). — Perianth, or at least the inner series^ petaloid. Ovary superior, very rarely slightly immersed at the base. Albumen copious. CXLI. PoNTEDEEiACE^, Flowers regular or often slightly irregular. Perianth petaloid; segments biseriate. Stamens 6 or 3, rarely 1. Ovary 3- or 1-celled, many-, rarely 1-ovuled, Embryo straight, central, about as long as the floury albumen. Aquatic herbs. CXLII. Xyeide^. Flowers regular or slightly irregular, solitary and sessile within the bracts of a terminal head. Perianth biseriate; outer segments 3, 2 or 0, glumaceous; inner segments 3, petaloid, united below into a tube. Stamens 3. Ovary 1- or imperfectly 3-celled; ovules numerous, orthotropous. Embryo small, at the apex of the floury or slightly fleshy albumen. Herbs. Leaves radical. CXLIIa. MATACE-aE. Flowers regular, solitary and pedicellate within the thin bi-acts of a terminal head. Perianth biseriate; outer herbaceous; inner petaloid. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules numerous, orthotropous. Embryo small at the apex of floury or slightly fleshy albumen. Herbs. Stem prostrate or floating, leafy. CXLIIl. CoMMELiNACE-E. Flowers regular or slightly irregular. Perianth biseriate; outer herbaceous; inner petaloid. Stamens 6 or by abortion fewer. Ovary 3- or 2-celled ; ovules solitary or few, orthotropous. Seed solitary or few and closely packed, attached by a hilum on the inner, with an embryostega on the outer side. Embryo beneath the embryostega, at the edge of or slightly intruded into the floury albumen. Terrestrial herbs. CXLIV. Rapatbaob^. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments 6, all petaloid and connate into a long slender tube, or biseriate, the outer paleaceous and connate or free, the inner petaloid and connate below. Stamens 6 ; anthers dehiscing by apical pores. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules solitary or few, erect, anatropous. Embryo lenticular, outside the albumei; near the hilum. Perennial herbs. X CONSPECTUS OP THE ORDERS. Series iv. Calycinee. — Perianth calyx-like, small, rigid or herbaceous, the inner rarely petaloid hut small. Ovary superior. Albumen copious. CXLV. Flagellaeie^. Flowers regular or subregular. Perianth subpetaloid or scarious. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit succulent or drupaceous. Embryo lenticular, outside the floury albumen. Robust herbs. CXLVI. JuNCACE-E. Flowers regular. Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, rarely 3. Ovary 1-3-celled ; ovules solitary or more. Capsule 3-valved. Embryo enclosed in the more or less fleshy albumen. Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. CXLVII. Palm^. Flowers regular or subregular. Perianth coriaceous, fleshy or membranous. Stamens 6 or more. Ovary 1- to many- (usually 3-) celled, son;etimes of 3 distinct carpels; ovules solitary. Fruit baccate or drupaceous; 1- or more celled. Embryo small, enclosed in a pit near the margin of the albumen. Trees or shrubs with -pinnatisect or flabellate leaves. Series v. MTudlfloree. — Perianth none or reduced to scales or seta. Ovary superior; carpels solitary or if many syncarpous, 1- to many-ovuled. Seeds usually albuminous. * Flowers arranged on spadices. Trees, shrubs, or terrestrial herbs. CXLVIII. PANDANEiE. Flowers dioecious. Perianth none or rudimentary Carpels 1-celled, solitary or more frequently collected into phalanges. Shrubs or trees, erect or climbing. Leaves sessile, long ensiform, sheathing at the base, usually spiny on the margins and underside of the midrib. Spadices fascicled or paniculate ; bracts spathaceous. CXLIX. Ttphace^. Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious. Perianth of 3-6 membranous scales, or absent. Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping rhizome. Leaves linear, entire, sheathing at the base. Spadices naked or with 1 leaf -like bract at the base. CL. Aeoede^. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious, very rarely dioecious. Perianth none, or of 3-9 free or connate membranous segments. Herbs or shrubs of various habit. Leaves various. Spadices solitary; spntbes convolute, tubular or open at the base. ** Flowers solitary or in pairs in marginal cavities. Minute lenticular or globose floating herbs. CLL Lbmitacb^.. Flowers very minute, enclosed in a membranous snathe (perianth?). Stamens 1-2. Ovary l-celled. emoianous spathe series VI. Apocarpae.-P.rian^A l-2-seHate or none. Ovary superior- carpels solitary, or if several distinct. Seeds exalbuminous . CLIL ALiSMACEiE. Flowers hermaphrodite, monSWms in Ahhandl. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 254. Stems branching, about I lin. thick. Submersed leaves 2-4 in. long, 1-1 J lin. long, sessile, linear, acute. Floating leaves petiolate, ^-1 in. long, 5-10 lin. broad, ovate or orbicular, olDtuse,. or rarely acute, cordate with small rounded overlapping lobes at the base. Stipules varying from 1 lin. long in the submersed leaves to 1^ in. Jong on the floating leaves, obtuse, more or less sheathing the stem, membranous, reticulate with dark purple cross-veins. Flowers apparently arising from below the middle of the petioles of the floating leaves, but in reality terminat- ing short lateral 1 -leaved branches of the main stem, shortly peduncu- late, solitary in a tubular membranous obtuse spathe J in. long. Perianth-tube 5-G lin. long at the expansion of the flower, rapidly elongating afterwards to 10-11 lin. long; limb small, 6-lobed, blue, about \ in. diam. Capsule 5-6 lin. long, narrowly fusiform. Seed& numerous, oblong, with numerous exceedingly fine longitudinal ribs. — Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 526; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 418. Pontederia natans, Beauv. Fl. Oware, ii. 1 8, t. 68, fig. 2 ; Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 526. Roem. & Schultes,. £icho7')iia.] cxli. POXTEDERiACEiE (brown). 5 Syst. Veg. vii. pt. 2, 1 147; Kunth, Enum. iv. J 28. Mcynochoria naians, Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. 641). Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, Leprieur, and Heudelot, 258 (ex Solms). Sierra Leone; in a pool on the w.iy to Danlilia and near Falaba, Scott -Elliot, 5290! Niger Territory : Xupe, Barter ! Oware : banks of the River Pcnnosa, PalUot de Beauvois (ex Solms). Wile I.and. British East Africa : Madi, Speke Sf Grant, 726 ! 727 ! Gazelle WwQv, Schweinfurth, 1\QQ \ 1208! Jur : between Gir and KMaS, Schweinfurth, 2555! Also occurs in Madagascar according to Count Solms. The plant collected in Loanda, Angola, by Welwitsch (3014), and referred by Eendle in Cat, Afr, PI. Welw. ii., 66 to Eichornia nataus, is certainly not that species, but appears to be a seedling, without flowers or fruit, of some Dicotyledon. The specimen is but a worthless scrap. 'S. MONOCHOKIA, Presl; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 830. Perianth-segments 6, free to the base, subequal, oblong. Stamens 6, aifixed to the base of the perianth-segments, equal or unequal, especially as to the anthers, the largest stamen with an erect tooth on one side of the filament ; anthers oblong, erect, basifixed, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, with axile placentas ; style filiform, very shortly trifid or somewhat 6 -fid at the apex; ovules numerous in each cell. — Aquatic herbs. Rhizome stout and creeping, or none. Leaves all radical, or rarely spaced out on a short erect stem, alternate, with long sheathing petioles, and sagittate, cordate-ovate or lanceolate blades. Flowering stems radical, with one sheathing leaf or a tubular sheath at its summit, enclosing the membranous spathe at the base of the peduncle. Flowers racemose, of moderate size, blue, all alike. A genus of about 5 species, natives of the warmer parts of the Old World. The following is the only African species. 1. M. africana, .V. A'. Br. Plant U-2 ft. high, glabrous. Rhizome none. Leaves and flower-stems all radical, with a dense tuft of fibrous roots at their base. Leaves 3-4J in. long, 2-3 in. broad, ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, with long petioles. Flower- ing stems 11-14 in. long, stout, with a leaf or a tubular leaf -sheath at their summit, enclosing a membranous spathe or bract 8-9 lin. long, which is abruptly terminated by a filiform point 2-4 lin. long. Peduncle 1^-2 J in. long, rather stout. Flower-spike 2i-4 in. long. Flowers numerous, rather crowded, ebracteate, erect, violet. Pedicels lJ-2 lin. long, erect. Perianth campanulate or somewhat funnel- shaped, 5-6 lin. long; outer segments Ij lin. broad, oblong, obtU5^e, with narrow membranous margins ; inner segments 3 lin. broad, elliptic, obtvise, with broad membranous margins. Stamens (especially the anthers) unequal ; filaments of the largest stamen with an erect tooth on one side. Ovary ovoid, trigonous ; style filiform, divided at the apex into 3 short bifid stigmatic lobes. — M. vaginalis, Presl, var. africana. 6 cxLii. XYRiDE^ (brown). [Eichomia. Solms in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 5:^.5; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. V. 419. Wile Iiand. British East Africa : Jur ; Jur Gliattas, Schweinfurth, 2296 ! This plant is perfectly distinct from the Asiatic M. vaginaU.. ILower Guinea. Angola : Malange, Mechow in Zurich Herb. I have not seen this plant, but, according to the description, it difFera from all the other African species in its involucrate spikes. The leaves are undescribed, the specimen being imperfect. 2. X. aristata, X. E. Br. Leaves 7^-12 in. or more long, 1-2J lin. broad, linear, acute, shortly awned in the young state, rather rigid, conspicuously striate, glabrous, green, with concolorous sheaths 8-3J in. long. Peduncular-sheath 8-0 in. long, keeled in the upper part, with an acute fiat point 1-3 J lin. long, glabrous, green, passing into pale reddish-brown at the base. Peduncle 2-3 ft. high, 1-1 i lin. thick, more or less compressed and slightly 2-edged in the upper part, very minutely transversely rugulose, not striate ; pith loose, not hollow at the centre. Spikes 5-0 lin. long, 4-5 lin. thick, somewhat obovoid, about 10-12-liowered. Outer barren bracts nearly as long as the spike, similar to the flowering bracts, all about 4-4J lin. long, exclusive of the 1-2 lin. long awn, 3 lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with a terminal awn, concave or hooded, dark chestnut brown with very broad white membranous margins, lacerate and ciliate ; nerves indistinct, re- ticulated at their apex. Lateral sepals 3|^-3| lin. long, excluding the f lin. long awn, rather more than 1 lin. broad, oblong or somewhat elliptic-oblong, acute, awned, keeled, dark-brown along the keel, pale horn-colour on the membranous sides ; keel narrowly winged, ciliate from the base nearly to the apex. Corolla yellow ; petals 2 lin. long,. lj-l|lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, minutely crenulate-denticulate. Arms of the staminodes about § lin. long, slender, covered with long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. AKozamb. Blst. British Central Africa : Kambole, south-west of Lake Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nntt ! A very distinct species, differing from every other A't/rix known to me in its ari>tate biacts with broad white membianous ciliate margins. ) 4 .. 3. X. rigidescens, Wehv. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welu-. li. (i A tall plant of robust habit. Leaves 7-10 in. long, 1-1 f lin. broad, linear, tapering rapidly above to a shortly pungent apex, rigid, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 3-G in. long, leafless, ending abruptly in a sharp stift* apiculus, glabrous, reddish-brown to the middle. Peduncle 1-2^ ft. long, compressed. Spike 4-0 lin. long and thick, subglobose. Outer bracts very coriaceous 2-2^ lin. long, 2 lin. broad, orbicular, concave, keeled below the abruptly aristate apex, blackish, shining ; inner bracts slightly shorter than the calyx, 2h lin. long, ovate, acuminate to a hardened mucronate (not aristate) apex, boat-shaped, keeled, entire, ciliate at the apex, golden-brown, with thinner and paler margins, darker at the apex, with a narrowly lanceolate greenish dorsal area. Lateral sepals 3-3| lin. long, § lin. broad, linear-oblong, subulate- apiculate, golden-brown along the back, passing into light straw- 12 CXLII. XYRIDE^ (brown). [X^IS. colour on the sides ; keel shortly ciliate from the base up to the base of the apiculus. Corolla-lobes (withered) apparently oblong. Arms of the staminodes with brush-like tufts of long brownish hairs, shorter than the stamens. Anthers broadly linear, Xiower Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; plentiful in spongy places, near streams, around LopoUo, Welwitsch, 2474 ! 4. X. dispar, N. E. Br. Leaves not seen. Peduncular-sheath about G in. long, with a leafy linear point about ^ in. long, J lin. broad, glabrous. Peduncle about 2 ft, long, j lin. broad, much compressed, glabrous. Spike 3-3J lin. long, and about the same in thickness, sub- globose. Outer bracts about 2 Hn. long, 1 1-2 lin. broad, coriaceous, elliptic or suborbicular, obtuse, entire, not ciliate, 2 or 3 of them termi- nated by a short awn J-1 lin. long, the others apiculate and slightly keeled at the apex, dark brown, shining ; inner bracts all reaching to about the same level, 2|-3 lin. long, 1^-1 J lin. broad, coriaceous, with thin margins, ovate, shortly acuminate into a rigid very acute almost pungent point, keeled, concave, entire, not ciliate, light olive- brown, with a slight yellowish tinge. Lateral sepals 2J-3 lin. long, f to nearly 1 lin. broad, somewhat oblong-lanceolate, regularly curved along the back, nearly straight along the margins, somewhat obtuse, mucronate, golden-brown aloDg the back, darker at the apex, the colour fading out and disappearing at the broad membranous margins ; keel ver}'^ narrowly winged, minutely ciliate or scabrid along the middle part or occasionally nearly or quite up to the base of the short subulate mucro, but not on the basal third. Corolla-lobes 3 lin. long, If lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, subtruncate and rather coarsely toothed at the apex, bright yellow. Arms of the staminodes short, linear, with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs half as long as the petals. Anthers \\ lin. long, linear-oblong. nXozamb. Bist. British Central Africa: Maslionaland ; at Six-mile Spruit, near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 152 ! 5. X. ancepSy Lam. Encycl. i. 132. Leaves 2-1 4 in. long, IJ-^J hn. broad, linear, obtuse or acute, glabrous, with concolorous sheaths f — i J in. long. Peduncular-sheath 1^-6^ in. long, leafless and obtuse or with a leafy obtuse point \-h in. long. Peduncle ^-2^ ft. long, J-1^ lin. broad, com- pressed and acutely two-edged, especially towards the apex, glabrous. 8pike globose or broadly ovoid, 3-5 lin. diam., many-flowered. Bracts 2-3 lin. long, l|-2 lin. j3road, coriaceous, elliptic, very obtuse, or the inner ones subacute, entire, not ciliate, light yellowish-brown or pale straw-coloured, with a narrowly ovate or lanceolate acute green area at the slightly keeled apex; nerves about 7-9, very slender and obscure. Lateral sepals 2 J-2 J lin. long, J lin. broad, subspathulate-lanceolate, straight or slightly falcate, acute, with a rather broad wing-like keel, neither ciliate nor produced at the apex, entirely pale straw-colour. Corolla yellow ; tube 2 J lin. long; lobes about l\ hn. long, |-1 lin. broad, broadly cuneate- obovate, denticulate. Arms of the staminodes very small, with a brush- like tuft of long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. Capsule IJ lin. long, trigonous, oblong, obtuse, not apiculate. — Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 37 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 419 ; Engl. Xi/ris.] cxLii. XYRIDE^ (brown). la Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 6. X platycavUs, Poir. Encycl. viii. 820 ; Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. i. 551 ; Kiinth, Enum. iv. 18; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 18!)1, 153. X nitida, Willd. ex Dietr. Sp. PI. ii. 372. not of Nilsson. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : Mahela, in marshy ground, Scott-Elliot^ 3931 ! Lagos, Millen, 152 of 1894 collection ! Barter, 20200 ! Yoniba, Millson ! JtOvreT Guinea. Congo, Smith ! AKozamb. Blst. Zanzibar, Kirk ! Hildebrandt, 1045 ! Bojer ! German East Africa : Zanguebar, Kirk f between the coast and Uyui, Tat/lor ! Portuguese East Africa : Quilimane, Scott ! Also in South Africa, the Mascai-ene Islands, and Tropical America, This species differs from all the others in its flattened 2-edged peduncles, and straw-coloured globose spikes. 6. X. zombana, S. E. Br. Leaves and peduncular-sheath not seen. Peduncle more than 1 ft. long, 1-1 J lin. thick, terete or slightly compressed (flat in the dried state), hollow, with a large cavity, striate, glabrous. Spike 3-4 lin. (in fruit up to 6 lin.) diam., subglobose, many-flowered. Bracts 2J-3 lin. long, '2-2^ lin. broad, rather thin and somewhat papery in texture, elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, sometimes faintly keeled at the apex, concave or somewhat boat-shaped, brown, passing into yellowish-brown at the base, nerveless or faintly 3 -nerved near the apex, glabrous, not ciliate. Lateral sepals 2J-2J lin. long, § lin. broad, boat-shaped, acute, transparent yellowish - brown ; keel very narrowly winged, entire, not ciliate. Petals 2 lin. long, about \\ lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, slightly toothed. Arms of the stami- nodes about \ lin. long, oblong, with a small brush-like tuft of com- paratively few long yellow hairs. Mozamb. Blst. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000- 6000 ft., Whyte ! The specimens are about a foot long, and consist of the upper part of the peduncles with their flower-spikes only, so that the plant is probably n-2 ft. or perhaps more in height. The peduncles appear to be much less rigid than those of the other African species, as in the process of drying they have become perfectly flat, but when placed in boiling water become nearly terete; they are unusually stout and have a very large central cavity. 7. X. capensiSy Thunb. Prodr. 12. Rhizome more or less creep- ing. Leaves 1-7 in. long, including the f-2J in. long sheath, ^-IJ lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 1-5 in. long, acute or produced into a leafy point |^-6 lin. long. Peduncle 5-21 in. long, J-| lin. thick, terete or slightly compressed, striate, glabrous, hollow. Spike 2-4 lin. long, 3-5 lin. thick, ovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, usually several-flowered. Bracts 2-3 lin. long, 1J-2J lin. broad, elliptic or orbicular, obtuse, keeled, concave, thinly coriaceous, entire, not ciliate, 3-nerved, glabrous, blackish-brown ; nerves not reticulate at the apex. Lateral sepals 2-3 lin. long, J-f lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, boat- shaped, yellowish-brown, with the keel and apex darker brown ; keel somewhat broadly winged, quite entire and not produced at the apex. Corolla-lobes 1 j-2 lin. long, about 1 lin. broad, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, ]4 CXLII. XYRIDE.E (bROWx). [Xf/7'is. minutely toothed. Arms of the staminodes very short, with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs. — Thunb. Fl. Cap. ed. Schult. 81 ; Vahl, Enum. ii. 206 ; Willd. Sp. PL i. 255 ; Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. i. -552 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 24 ; Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 154 ; and in Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 40 ; Durand ik Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 4l>0 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133 ; N. E. Br. irt Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 6 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 68. X. capeiisis, Thunb., var. nilagirensis, Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154. A', reptans, Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 68. irile Iiand. Abyssinia : Begemeder ; in swamps on the plain of Jan Meda, 8700 ft., Schimper, 1519 ! lower Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; in boggy places near the banks of the River MurapuUa ; Welwitsch, 2473 ! near the chief stream of Morro de LopoPo, Welwitsch, 2459 ! Also in South Africa. Var. medullosa, X. E. Brown. Peduncle 5-7^ in. long, very slender, ^-^ lin. thick, with a well developed pith, not in the least hollow. Spike 2 lin. long, about 1^ lin. thick, ovoid, 2-4-flowered. Lateral sepals Ii lin. long, ^ lin. broad, oblan- ceolate, acute; keel neither ciliate nor scabrid. Mozamb. Dlst. German East Africa ; without precise locality, Hannington ! I can find no character to distinguish X. reptans, Rendle, from X. capensis, Thunb. The leaves are longer than usual, but in that respect it is very similar to Baur's specimen (598) of X. capensis^ from Bazeia, in Tembuland. A specimen collected by Scott- Elliot (6962) in Nandi, British East Africa, at an alt. of 7000- 8000 ft., is probably a form of X. capensis, but the leaves appear to be more fleshy than usual. The plant is about 4 in. high. The variety medullosa may prove to be a distinct species, but (with the exception of the peduncle being very slender and having a very distinct pith) 1 can find no character in the dried state to distinguish it from X capensis. All the specimens I have had the opportunity of examining of X. capensis have a hollow stem. 8. X. nivea, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 69. Tufted, slightly bulbous at the base. Leaves 3-5 in. long, including the J-1 in. long sheath, \ lin. thick, filiform-subulate, stiff, erect, flex nose, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath l|-lf in. long, produced into a short leaf-like point at the apex. Peduncle 5-10 in. long, J-J lin. thick, slender, wiry, flexuose, subterete, faintly angular, glabrous. Spike 2J-3 lin. long and about as thick, subglobose, few-flowered. Bracts 1 J-2 lin. long, IJ-lf lin. broad, broadly elliptic or suborbicular, very obtuse, entire, coriaceous, with submembranous margins, 3-5-nerved, dark brown, with paler mar- gins, slightly shining. Lateral sepals If lin. long, J lin. broad, sigmoid- lanceolate, acute (or obtuse if flattened out) ; keel light brown, very minutely ciliate from the base to f the way up ; interior sepal bright reddish-purple. Corolla-lobes obovate-elliptic, concave, finely toothed, ** white" {Welwitsch). Staminodes pilose. Anthers f lin. long. Capsule obovate. Seeds ellipsoid, pointed, red. Zaoixrer Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; in scarcely damp, sunny, wooded places between LopoUo and Monino, Welwitsch, 2468 ! The filiform leaves, white flowers, and minutely ciliate lateral sepals, easily distin- guish this species from its allies. Xyi'is.] GXLii. XYRiDE^ (brown). 15 9. X. Welwitschii, Reyidle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 68. Leaves 3-6 in. long, 1 lin. or less broad, linear, acute, submembranous, scabrid on the margin. Peduncular-sheath 2-4 in. long, leaf-like, acute. Peduncle G-14 in. long, J-J lin. thick, somewhat compressed, with longitudinal minutely scabrid ridges. Spike about 4 lin. long, :^^-4.1 lin. thick, ellip- soid when young, hemispherical when mature, several-flowered. Bracts 2-3 lin. long, 1|-2| lin. broad, elliptic to obovate, obtuse, not keeled, thin and scarious, becoming somewhat membranous towards the margins, entire, 3-nerved, translucent, light brownish-ochreous or straw-coloured, glabrous, with no dorsal area. Lateral sepals slightly protruding beyond the bracts, 3-3;^ lin. long, ^-| lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, dull ochreous ; keel most minutely scabrid-ciliolate at the middle, otherwise entire; third sepal crimson. Corolla yellow. Staminodes shortly tufted, pilose. Anthers scarcely 1 lin. long, linear-oblong. Seeds ellipsoid, minutely umbonate at the ends, longitudinally ridged, with transverse inconspicuous bladder-like markings, dull black. Xio-wer Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; in wooded marshy meadows between Lopollo and Monino, Welwitsch, 2465 ! I do not find the keel of the lateral sepals hispidulons as originally described, but the central part has an exceedingly minute scabrid-denticulation, which can only be «een under a moderately powerful lens. 10. X, scabridula^ Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 72. Leaves J-2J in. long, J- J lin. broad, linear, mucronate at the apex, very minutely scabrid on the margin. Peduncle '2-(d^ in. long, distinctly striate. Spike lJ-3 lin. long, |-3 lin. thick, few-flowered. Bracts 1 J-2;^ lin. long, 1^-2 lin. broad, orbicular-obovate or suborbicular, very obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, entire, submembranous, obscurely and imperfectly 3-nerved, very light golden-brown. Lateral sepals 1 J-2 lin. long, |-J lin. bfoad, broadly lanceolate, acute, membranous, light brown in the apical part ; keel regularly curved from the base to the apex, with an exceedingly narrow wing in the lower part, very minutely ciliate along the middle part ; interior sepals light ochreous-brown (always ?). Oorolla-lobes rather more than 1 lin. long, scarcely | lin. broad, obovate, intense yellow. Arms of the staminodes hairy. Ovary oblanceolate. Seeds ellipsoid, umbonate at one or both ends, almost smooth, crimson. l^ow^er Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; on the Serra de Oiahoia, behind Humpata, in elevated sandy meadows, which are sometimes flooded in summer, TFeltvitsch, 2470 ! This species is very similar to X. qffinis, Rendle, and A', humpatensis, N. E. Br., but the lateral sepals are much broader and different in form. I do not find that the leaves are rugulose as originally described, but some of them are slightly wrinkled from shrinkage in drying, as is very often the case. 11. X. humpatensis, N. E. Br. Leaves lJ-3 in. long, includ- ing the J-1 in. long sheath, J-1 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous ; sheath ciliate. Peduncular-sheath 2J-4 in. long, with a leafy acute point 1-2 lin. long, glabrous. Peduncle ^-1 ft. long, J- J lin. thick, subterete, striate, glabrous. Spike 2J-3 lin. long, 1J-2J lin. thick, 16 cxLii. XYRiDEiE (brown). [Xyrts. larger when in fruit, ovoid, ellipsoid, or in fruit subglobose, 4-10- flowered. Bracts all reaching to nearly the same level, 2-2J lin. long, 1-1 J lin. broad, oblong or broadly obovate-oblong, entire, light olive- brown, rather thin, 8-nerved ; the outer very obtuse, slightly keeled ; the inner complicate-subacute and keeled at the apex, glabrous. Lateral sepals 2-2J lin. long, J lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, very acute, straw- coloured along the back, membranous and colourless on the sides ; keel narrowly winged, slightly curved at about the middle, erect at the apex, minutely and sparsely ciliolate to ^ or | the way up ; interior sepal bright reddish -purple. Petals 2 lin. long, IJ lin. broad, obovate, ob- tusely rounded at the apex, scarcely toothed, yellow. Staminodes very shortly 2-armed, with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs; anthers oblong, at length subhastate at the base. Xtower Guinea, Angola : Humpata ; in a pool by the River Neve, Newton ! Very like X. affinis, Welw., but differing in the narrower lateral sepals which are very acute and erec^t at the apex. 12. X. afanis, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Wehv. ii. 70. Tufted. Leaves 2-4J in. long, including the 1 in. long sheath, ^-1 lin. broad, linear, acute, glabrous ; sheaths of the withered leaves persistent, dark brown, ciliate. Peduncular-sheath 2J-3 in. long, leafless, apiculate. Peduncle 9-10 in. long, \-^ lin. thick, subcom pressed, glabrous. Spike 2J-3 lin. long and nearly as thick, ellipsoid or obovoid when young, becoming at length subglobose and somewhat flattened at the top, rather few-flowered. Bracts l^-'2l lin. long, ll-2 lin. broad, broadly elliptic or slightly obovate, obtuse, entire, 3-nerved, subcoriaceous, dark brown with paler subscarious margins, those in the centre of the head deeply concave and much lighter in colour. Lateral sepals 2-2 J lin. long, J-J lin. broad, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse and slightly hooded at the apex, somewhat membranous, light yellowish-brown along the keel, darker brown at the apex and pallid straw-coloured at the sides ; keel nearly straight in the lower |, rather broadly winged, minutely ciliate and scabridulous from near the base to about J or ^ from the apex ; interior sepal bright reddish-purple. Petals obovate, yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, pilose. Anthers 1 lin. long, orange in the bud. Capsule oblanceolate, beaked. Seeds as in X. nivea. JtO'wer Guinea. Angola : Huilla; in the elevated damp meadows of Morro de Monino, 5000 ft., JFelwittch, 2467 ! Very similar to X. humpatensis, N. E. Br., and scarcely to be distinguished without dissection, when the rather darker, broader, oblanceolate, obtuse and slightly hooded sepals at once distinguish it. 13. X. obscura^ X. E. Br. Leaves and peduncular-sheath not seen. Peduncles 12-15 in. long, \-^ lin. thick, slightly compressed, glabrous. Spike about 3 lin. long, 2j lin. thick, ellipsoid, not more than 5-6-flowered. Bracts 2-2J lin. long, 2 lin. broad, coriaceous, orbicular or broadly elliptic, very obtuse, minutely apiculate, entire, dark chestnut- brown, very minutely papillate-scabrid in the apical part, 5-7-nerved ; inner bracts all reaching to about the same level. Lateml Xi/ris.] cxLii. XYRiDE.E (browx). 17 sepals '2-l--2}f lin. long, i- lin. broad,linear-obl^i]iceolate, somewhat obtuse, but shortly ari.state, golden-brown along the keel, colourless and mem- branous on the sides ; keel broadly winged (about J as broad as the .sides), distinctly ciliate from the base to the apex. Petals 2 lin. long and the same in breadth, broadly obovate, denticulate, bright yellow. Arms of the siaminodes with brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs, half as long as the petals. Anthers linear-oblong, 1 lin. long. Mozaznb. Bist. Hritish Central Africa : Mashonaland, at Six-mile Spruit, near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 152a ! 14. X. makuensis, JSf. E. Br. Much branched and densely tufted at the base. Leaves IJ-S in. long, including the j-H in. long sheath, J-J lin. thick, filiform-subulate, very slightly compressed. Peduncular-sheath f-4 in. long, with a subulate point J-j in. long. Peduncles numerous, 3-12 in. long, ^-| lin. thick, filiform, subterete or slightly compressed, with a raised line down one side, solid, glabrous. Spike 3-4 lin. long, li-2|^ lin. thick, ovoid, becoming somewhat flat- topped and obovoid in fruit, 3-6-flowered. Outer bracts 2-3 lin. long, 1-J| lin. broad, oblong, obtuse, keeled, entire, rigidly coriaceous, con- cave, 3-nerved, blackish -brown, fading to dark olive-brown on the margins, shining ; inner bracts similar to the outer, but complicate- acute, more distinctly keeled, I -nerved, and of a rather ligliter olive- brown ic the lower part, 2J-3J lin. long. Lateral sepals 2-'^^\ lin. long, \ lin. broad, linear-lanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, nearly straight, olive- brown, darker along the back ; keel with a moderately broad entire wing, neither ciliate nor scabrid, not produced at the apex. Corolla- lobes about 2^ lin. long, 2 lin. broad, cuneate-obovate, toothed, yellow. Arms of the staminodes very short, with large dense brush-like tufts of long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. lM[ozam1>. Bist. Kast Equatorial Africa, Taylor ! Portuguese East Africa : Miikua ; Namuli Mountains, Last! British East Africa: Xyasaland ; Mount Mlanji, Whyte I Mlanji Plateau, McClounie ! and without precise locality, Buchanan^ 999! The subulate-filiform leaves and numerous blackish shining spikes readily distin- gj:ish this from the other species. 15. X. humilis, Kunth, Enum. iv. 15. Leaves 1J-2J in. long, very narrowly linear, acute, membranous, striate, glabrous. Peduncles 2-5 in. long, filiform, slightly compressed, glabrous. Spike small, aboXit 2 lin. long, obovate-turbinate, about 3-flowered. Bracts about 7, orbicular-obovate, emarginate, carinate above, with the apex slightly recurved, fuscous on the back, with paler sides and green on the keel in the upper part, subcoriaceous, shining. Lateral sepals narrow, keeled, acute, glabrous. Capsule oblong, umbonate, 1 -celled, fuscous, slightly shorter than the bracts. Seeds ellipsoid, ribbed, pointed at each end, pale fuscous. — Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 40; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133. Mozamb. Blst. Zanzibar, ex JSngler. Also in Madagascar and Mauritius. I have not seen a specimen from Zanzibar, and therefore give a translation of Kunth's original description. 18 CXLII. XYRIDEiE (bROWN). [Xi/vis. IG. X. huillensiSy RendXe in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 71. Densely tufted. Leaves j-^J in. long, \-\ lin. broad, linear, acute ; sheaths with membranous margins. Peduncular-sheath about as long as the leaves, acute or with a short leafy point. Peduncle ^^-12 in. long, i-\ lin. thick, filiform, slightly angular, reddish below. Spike about 2 iin. long, 1^-2 lin. thick, ellipsoid, becoming subglobose in fruit, about 6-flowered. Bracts li-lj lin. long, |-1 lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, subcoriaceous, rather stoutly keeled in the upper half, entire, 8-nerved (sometimes incompletely), light brown, slightly shining. Lateral sepals l^-lf lin. long, ^-|^ lin. broad, broadly lanceolate, acute, light brown along the keel, membranous and nearly colourless on the sides; keel narrow, quite entire. Corolla-lobes IJ lin. long, f lin. broad, obovate, yellow. Arms of the staminodes densely pilose, bright yellow. Anthers subsagittate. Ovary compressed-ellipsoid, becoming obovoid and shortly rostrate as it ripens. Seeds ellipsoid, narrowing to a slight umbo at each end, crimson, with dark longitudinal lines. Ziow^er Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; Empalanca, in lofty sandy pastures, flooded in the rainy season, Welwitsch, 2469 ! marshes near the River Quipumpun- hime, in the Humpata district between Nene and Humpata, Wehvitsch, 2472 ! 17. X. anisophylla, Welw. ex Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 72. Leaves 2-8J in. long, |-J lin. broad, linear, acute. Peduncular-sheath lJ-2 in. long, acute. Peduncle 5-8 J in. long, |^-J lin. thick, "of a shining copper or almost gold coionv'' {Welwitsch). Spike 2 lin. long, 1J-2J lin. broad, elUpsoid, somewhat truncate at the apex, often becoming hemispherical when mature, 5-flowered. Bracts 1^-lf hn. long, IJ-lJ lin. broad, orbicular-obovate to broadly elliptic, very obtuse, sometimes faintly keeled in the upper part, entire, membranous, 3-nerved, very light reddish-brown, with broad transparent straw- coloured margins. Lateral sepals Ij-lf in. long, scarcely J lin. broad, somewhat oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, membranous, nearly colourless, veiy light brownish or straw-coloured along the back ; keel very narrow, quite entire. Petals (torn) more than 1| lin. long, scarcely 1 lin. broad, yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, with dense tufts of yellow hairs, more than half the length of the stamens. Anthers f lin. long, oblong, cordate at the base. Fruit scarcely IJ lin. long, plano- convex, narrowly obovoid, very shortly beaked. Seeds ellipsoid, with an apical umbo, longitudinally marked with distinct spiral ridges, red. :Lo-virer Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; in spongy places in the Praesi- dium, near the huge rocks of the Barrancos de Catete, Welwitsch, 2463. 18. X. fugaciflora, Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 71. Csespi- tose. Leaves J-4 in. long, i-J lin. broad, linear, acute, transversely rugulose ; scabridulous at the margin, especially when old. Peduncular- sheath J-2 in. long, with a leafy point 1:^-3 lin. long. Peduncle 3-9 in. long, \-\ lin. broad, very slender, flattened, glabrous. Spike If -2 J lin. long, 1 to nearly 2 lin. thick, 4-5-flowered, ellipsoid when in flower, becoming semi-ellipsoid in fruit. Bracts lJ-2 lin. long, |-lj lin. broad, varying from elliptic to oibicular, very obtuse, membranous. Xyris.] cxlii. xyridejE (brown). 19 entire, 3- or indistinctly 5-7-nerved, dull or purplish-brown, the colour fading out towards the margins. Lateral sepals lJ-2 lin. long, J lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, membranous, transparent, tint^ with red or brown on the keel, nearly colourless on the sides ; keel moderately broad, quite entire. Corolla-lobes scarcely 2 lin. long, obo- vate, toothed on the margin, yellow. Arms of the staminodes with brush-like tufts of hairs. Anthers oblong, 2-3 lin. long. Ovary ob- lanceolate, shortly beaked. Seeds ellipsoid, with a prominent apical umbo, longitudinally striate, reddish-brown. ILower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo : spongy places between Caghuy and Sansamauda, but somewhat rare, Welwitsch, 2461 ! in spongy wooded meadows at MutoUo, near Pedras de Gruinga, Welwitsch, 2462 ! plentiful in the Prsesidium, in spongy places on the higher rocks of Catete, Welwitsch, 2464 ! The minute rugosity on the leaves in this species and in X. straminea, Nilss., and one or two others is probably due to some form of shrinkage in drying, as some of the leaves show no trace of it. 19. X. straminea, Miss, in Of vers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891,153. Roots filiform, densely tufted ; no rhizome. Leaves J-o in. long, J— 1 lin. broad, linear, acute, rarely obtuse, often from shrinkage (but not always) minutely transversely rugulose in the dried state, with concolorous or pale sheaths J-lJ in. long. Peduncular-sheath J-2 in. long, leafless and mucronate, or with a leafy point J-J in. long. Peduncle lJ-12 in. long, very slender, ^-J lin. thick, terete or subcompressed, striate, very minutely rugulose in the upper part, slightly hollow. Spike 2-2 J lin. long, lanceolate, acute, Ij lin. in diam. when in flower, opening out when in fruit, 1-5-flowered. Bracts few, 1J-2J lin. long, J-1 lin. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, the inner boat-shaped, keeled, and com- plicate-acute at the apex, but obtuse when flattened out, entire, not ciliate, 3-nerved, somewhat membranous, very pale brownish or straw- coloured. Lateral sepals about 2-2^ lin. long, J-|^ lin. broad, straight, narrowly lanceolate, acute, membranous, straw-coloured ; keel slightly rounded, with no trace of a wing, entire, not ciliate. Corolla only seen in a very young bud, yellow. Capsule 1 J-lf Hn. long, | lin. diam., oblong, obtuse, apiculate, trigonous (or acutely triangular ?) in cross section. — Nilss. in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 40 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 751. X.filiformis, N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 7, not of Lam. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory: Nupe ; swamps near Bakona, and at Lorn, Barter, 764 ! Mozamb. Blst. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte ! Also in South Africa. This species is closely allied to X.filiformis, Lam., but differs in having no dorsal area on the outer bracts and no ciliation on the keel of the lateral sepals. The curious and minutely rugulose surface of the leaves and peduncles is best seen by holding the specimens in a line with the source of light, but probably it is due to shrinkage in drying, and may not be evident in the living plants. An imperfect specimen collected by Citrson in a pool 2-3 miles south of Niorakolo, in Urungu, may also belong to this species. 20 cxLii. XYRiDE,« (buown). [Xi/Ha. 20. X. pumila, Uendlsin Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 70. A small rigid plant, densely tufted. Rhizome bearing several crowded branches. Leaves distichous, 2-3-J in. long, including the J in. long sheath, scarcely J lin. broad, linear, very acute or subaristate at the apex ; sheaths dark chestnut-brown. Peduncle 4-5| in. long, \ lin. thick, terete, glabrous. Spike 2J-2J lin. long, l-\^ lin. broad, about 3-flowered, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly drawn out at the base. Bracts lf-2 lin. long, |-1| lin. broad, elliptic or oblong, entire, coriaceous, minutely papillate- scabrid on the back of the apical part, 3-nerved, dark chestnut-brown, slightly paler at the margin, those in the centre dull ochreous-brown. Lateral sepals lf-2 lin. long, nearly J lin. broad, lanceolate, obtuse, golden-brown along the keel, becoming paler towards the margins ; keel very minutely scabridulous from about J above the base to the apex. Corolla bright yellow. Staminodes 2-armed, hairy. Anthers f lin. long, linear-oblong, orange-yellow. Iiower Guiviea. Ancrola : Huilla ; in thicket-grown marshes between Humpata and the lofty plain of Empalanca, Welwitsch, 247] ! 21. X. multicaulis, iV. E. Brown. Leaves lJ-3 in. long, ^-1 lin. broad, linear, subacute, sometimes slightly hardened and whitish at the apex, glabrous, sometimes minutely rugulose in the dried state. Peduncular-sheath lJ-2 in. long, with a short leafy point. Peduncles numerous, 4-6 in. long, ^-J lin. thick, angular, compressed, glabrous, twisted. Spike 2J-3 lin. long, 1-1 J lin. thick, lanceolate, 2-3-flowered, dull smoky-brown. Outer bracts lJ-2 lin. long, thin, broad, elliptic, subacute or obtuse, deeply concave, slightly keeled at the apex, entire, subcoriaceous, indistinctly 3-nerved, dull brown; inner bracts thinner, orbi- cular, apiculate, closely convolute, scarcely keeled, nerveless. Lateral sepals 2-2 J lin. long, J lin. broad, lanceolate, acute, boat-shaped, thin, scarcely keeled, light straw-coloured, scarcely darker on the keel, which is quite entire. Corolla-lobes 1 lin. long, | lin. broad, obovate, very obtuse, yellow. Arms of the staminodes broad, linear, densely fringed with yellow hairs. jHozamb. Sista British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron, 51 ! 22. X. angustifoliayZ)^ Wild, dh Durand in Comptes-rendus Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxviii. 149. Leaves 2-4 in. long, \-\ lin. broad, linear, acute, slightly twisted, rigid, with brown sheaths 7 lin. long. Peduncular-sheath lf-2J in. long, leafless, acute, keeled on the back, bright chestnut in the lower part. Peduncles^-1 f t. long, more or less flattened, glabrous. Spike small, about 2|^ lin. long, IJlin. in diam. Inner bracts 2 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, outer smaller, obovate or elliptic, sparsely ciliolate and usually shortly emarginate at the apex, coriaceous, bright fuscous. Lateral sepals about 2 lin. long, oblong, curved, keeled ; keel scarcely or very narrowly winged, not ciliate. Petals about Ij lin. long, 1 lin. broad, obovate, fimbriate, yellow. Soutb Central. Congo Free State : Upper Congo ; between Mokanga and Skori, Dewhvre. Xyris.] cxLii. XYRiDEiE (brown). 21 I have not seen this species; it appears to be allied to X. multicaulis, N. E. lir., or X. jiliformis. Lam. 23. X. erubeacens, Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 78. Plant about 8 in. high, *' scarcely caespitose " ( Welwitsch). Leaf-sheaths form- ing a bulbous base, leafless in the specimens seen, the outer coriaceous or scarious, tapering from a broad base, smoky-brown, shining. Peduncles arising from the midst of the persistent bases of the leaves, 5^-8 in. long, flexuose, subquadrangular, glabrous, green. Peduncular-sheath about 2 in. long, rather loose above and passing into a weak acuminate point. Spike J in. thick, ellipsoid or subglobose. Bracts 2-2| lin. long, 1|-2J Tin. broad, coriaceous, lowermost oblong, the others orbicular, very concave, obtuse or slightly apiculate, entire, but often broken and retuse at the apex, 7-y-nerved, olive-brown,- paler at the margin. Lateral sepals 2J-2J lin. long, scarcely ^ lin. broad, falcate, with very unequal sides ; keel broad, minutely denticulate-scabrid (scarcely cilio- late) from about the middle to the apex, greenish- brown below, becoming crimson above. Arms of the staminodes with narrow brush-like tufts of hairs, exceeding the oblong orange-coloured anthers. — Rendle in Journ. Bot 1899, 508. Xto-wer Guinea* Angola : Huilla; here and there in marshy pastures near Nene, by the road towards Lopollo, Welwitsch, 2466 ! A very distinct species, well marked by the bulbous bas-e formed by the leaf- sheaths. A specimen collected by Rand in Rhodesia has been referred (Journ. Bot., 1899, 508) by Dr. Rendle to this species, but as the leaves of WeUvitsch's plant are unknown, and Rand's specimen only consists of separate peduncles and leaves, the base of the plant not being represented, it is uncertain if the Riiodesian plant, which has terete-flliform leaves, really belongs to this species, although the spikes are similar. 24. X. filiformis, Lam. Encycl. i. 1B2. Leaves |-2j in. long, \-\ lin. broad, linear, subacute, glabrous. Peduncle 4J-10 in. long, \-\ lin. thick, terete, striate. Spike 2J-3 lin. long, 1-21 Hn. thick, ovoid or ellipsoid, few-flowered. Bracts lJ-2 lin. long, 1-1 J lin. broad, elliptic or suborbicular, obtuse, very concave, chestnut-brown, the outer with a linear greyish dorsal area near the apex, glabrous, entire, coriaceous, becoming somewhat scarious at the margin, 3-5 -nerved. Lateral sepals lJ-2 lin. long, narrowly spathulate-lanceolate, subobtuse, keeled, light brown along the keel, paler on the membranous sides; keel very minutely scabrid on the apical part only. — Poir. Encycl. viii. 821 ; Yahl, Enum. ii. 207 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 24 ; Nilss. in Ofvers. Yet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh, 1891, 151 ; and in Svensk. Yet. Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 40 ; Durand k Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420. Upper Guinea. Senegal, in Upsala Herb. Sierra Leone, Smeathman ! Afzelius, in Stockholm and Berlin Herb. Lamarck described this species from a specimen collected by Smeathnmn, of which I have seen a tracing, and also specimens of the same gathering in the British Museum. VOL. VIII. B 22 cxLii. XYRiDEiE (brown). [Xijris. 25- X, angulariSy A^. B. Brovm. Leaves and pediincular->heath not. seen. Peduncle 14-18 in. high, about J lin. thick, distinctly 4-6- angled, hollow, glabrous. Spike 3-4 lin. long, 2J-3 lin. thick, ellipsoid, about 10-flowered. Bracts 2-2 J lin. long, ]| lin. broad, elliptic, very obtuse, not keeled, concave, glabrous, rather light brown with a distinct greyish lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong dorsal area ; nerves numerous, much reticulated. Lateral sepals 2J lin. long, ^-^ lin. broad, falcate- linear, acute, keeled, brown, paler towards the margins ; keel not pro- duced at the apex, serrulate along the apical half, with the teeth often ending in a fine hair. Corolla not seen. ■CTpper Guinea, Niger Territory : Niipe, Barter ! Tbi« species is easily recognised by its sharply angular peduncles, combined with the distinct dorsal area of the bracts. 2fi- X. decipiens, N. E. Br. in I)per, FL Cap, vii. 3. Leaves 5-16 in long, 1J-2J ^in, broad, with concolorous sheaths 1^-3 in. long, linear, acuminate, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 5J~7J in. long, acute and leailess. or (abnormally ?) with a distinct blade like the other leaves. Peduncle 2-2 J ft. long, 1-li lin. thick, terete, sulcate-striate, glabrous; pith rather loose, not hollow at the centre. Spike 6-9 lin. long, 5-6 lin. thick, ovoid, acute or subacute, 30-40 -flowered. Bracts 3-3J lin. long, 2J-2f lin. broad, oblong-obovate, very obtuse, minutely subdenticulate, concave. 7-9-nerved, light chestnut-brown, slightly shining, with a distinct oblong-lanceolate greyish dorsal area about 1-1;^ lin. long and ^ lin. broad ; nerves reticulate at their apex. Lateral sepals 2^ lin. long, ^ lin. broad, pale brown, linear-falcate or linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled ; keel winged, serru]a,te along the upper part. Corolla only seen in bud. Arms of the stam.inodes very short ending in dense brush-like tuft« of long hairs. Anthers linear-oblong. Capsule 2^ lin. long, oblong-lanceolate, subax^ute. trigonous. — X. laxifolia, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl, 548, not of Mart. Upoer C-ulnea. Sierra Leone: Sainu Country, Scotf-Mliot, 4220! and withont, precipe locality. Sm^fathman J Ziower c;u*nea. Angola, Curror ! This is the stomtsst of all the African species, and the dorsal area on the bracts is more conspicuous than in any other. The pubescence on the keel of the lateral sepals, mentioned in my original description, seems to be due to some accidental disintegra- tion of the superficial cells in the specimens first examined, and does not occur in the Sierra Jjeone example. Since this species was described it has been discovered that the plants collected by Curror and labelled " W. Africa, S. of the Tropic," were all collected in Angola. 27, X, Bayteri, N. E. Br. Leaves not seen. Peduncular- sheath 2| in. (or more ?) long, terminated by a linear acute leaf 2 in. long, f lin. broad, glabrous. Peduncle l|-2 ft. long, |-| lin. thick, somewhat compressed, 2-edged, hollow, glabrous, striate (from shrinkage ?). Spike 3 lin. long, 2-'2h lin. thick, ellipsoid or ovoid, 7-12- flowered. Bracts spirally imbricate one above another, 2^-'Zh lin. long, 1 h lin , broad, coriaceous, el liptic or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire, sometimes Xl/i'is.] CXLII. XYRIDEiE (bROWN). 23 apiculate, light chestnut-brown, the inner with a stout usually daiK green keei ; nerves very indistinct, very niender and irregular. Lateral sepals lJ-2 lin. long, J lin. broad, talcate-lanceolate, obtuse, boat-shaped, brown along the back, fading to light yellowish- brown on the sides; keel winged, minutely ciliolate along the middle part only, not produced at the apex. Flowers not seen. Capsule obovoid, trigonous. Upper Cruiuea. Niger Territory: Nupe, Barter ! Allied to X. annularis, N. E. Br., but dilfering in its comprebBCd (i»ot acutely angled) peduncles, the absence of a dorsal area on the bracts, and other cnaracters. 28. X. batokana, J^, E. Br. Tutted on a stout rootstock, emitting thick roots. Leaves 4-8 in. (or more ?) long, |-1 ^ lin. broad, linear, very acute, rigid, striate, otten twisted, glabrous. Peduncular- sheath '2.^-4: in. long, with a rigid acute point about 3 iin. long, giaorous. Peduncle Ih-- tt. long, about § lin. thick, subterete, very smooth and slightly shining, not striate, glabrous ; pith not hollow at tbe centre. Spike 4-5 lin. long, '^-3J in. thick, ellipsoid or suogiobose, about 50- fiowered. Bracts l|-2;^ lin. loijg, IJ-IJ Hn. broad, elliptic or eliiptic- oblong, very obtuse, neither apiculate nor keeled, 5-7-nerved, chestnut- brown, with an indistinct slightly paler lanceolate dorsal area, glabrous, not ciliolate ; nerves reticulated at their apex. Lateral sepals 2 lin. long, nearly J lin. broad, linear-faicate, acutely keeled, brown, paier towards the margins ; keel very distinctly ciiiate from a little above the base to the minutely apiculate apex. Corolla yellow ; tube aoout 2 lin. long ; lobes 2 lin. long, 1 lin. broad, cuneace-obovate, denticulate. Arms of the staminodes small, bearing a tuft of comparatively few (20-25) hairs. Anthers oblong. ntosamb. Hist. British Central Africa : Northern Kiiodesia ; BatoKa High- lands, Kirk ! This niuch resembles X. nitida, Niiss., but the very smootn peduucies aod aosence of cilia on the braces readily distinguish it. 29. X, cosigensis, Biliiner in Verhandl. JBot. Ver. Brandenb. xxxi. 7 1 . Leaves up to 1 ft. long, 1-2 lin. broad, linear, slightly scabrous, striate, with dark brown sheaths. Peduncle 2-3 times as loug as the leaves, compressed, smooth. Spike 5 lin. long, 2j lin. thick, about '^O- flowered. Bracts 2| lin. long, broadly obovate, rounded at tne apex, ciliolate, chestnut-brown with a greyish dorsal area. Lateral sepals shorter than the bracts, boat-shaped, keeled, hyaline, pale luseous, with a golden hue, the apex and keel darker ; keei narrowly winged, ciiiate. Corolla- lobes IJ lin. long, | lin. broad, truncate, irregularly and shortly denticulate, yellow. — Nilss. in Svensk. Vet, Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 14, 29 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 420, and Etudes PI. Congo, i. 268. South Central. Congo Free State : on the lett bank of the River Congo, between Lukolela and Equatorville, Biiitner, 583. 1 have not seen this, but possibly X. nitida, Nilss., nmy he the same plwnt. 24: cxLii. xyridetE (brown). [Xyris, oO. X. nitida, Xilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. F'urhandl. Stockh. 181>1, 15G. Tufted on a thick rootstock, emitting rather stout flattened roots. Leaves D-U in. long, f-1 Hn. broad, linear, acute, twisted, glabrous; sheaths Ij-^i in. long, becoming dark chestnut-brown and shining. Peduncular-sheath 4-5 in. long, with a flat point 2-:i liu. lont', glabrous, dark chestnut-brown in the lower part. Peduncle li-2 ft. fong, compressed, 2-edged, glabrous, tinely striate ; pith not hollow at the centre. Spike 5-7 lin. long, ^-^h Hn. thick, ovoid or oblong- ovoid, about 80- or more-flowered. Bracts 2i-;> lin long, U lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, minutely ciliate at the apex, dark brown, shining, with an obscure oblong dorsal area on some of them, obscurely 7-nerved, nerves scarcely reticulated. Lateral sepals 2^-2| lin. long, I lin. broad, oblong-linear, slightly falcate, usually more or less hooded and ciliate at the apex, keeled, yellowish-brown with a dark brown keel ; keel ciliate or irregularly toothed and ciliate to the apex, which is produced into a short subulate point. Corolla-tube 2 lin. long ; lobes 2 lin. long, | lin. broad, oblong, obtuse. Arms of the staminodes «hort, linear, terminating in a small dense tuft of long yellow hairs. Anthers oblong. — Nilss. in Svensk. Yet. Akad. Handl, xxiv. no. 14, 80 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421, not of Willd. Xiower Guinea. Corisco Island : in meadow ground, Mann, 1858 ! As the flowers are in a bad state I am rather doubtful if the description of corolla- lobes as given above is quite correct. In one head some of the bracts have a well- marked ciliate keel down tlie back, the other bracts of the same head being without a keel which latter seems to be the normal condition. This species may prove to be the same as X. congensis, Biittner, but the leaves are not scabrous as described for that species ; if they should be found to be identical, the name X. congensis must take precedence, as th-.it species was published in September 1889 (not 1890 as stated by Nilsson), nearly two years earlier than X. nitida. 81. X. Hildebrandtii, Xilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 155. Tufted. Leaves 4-12 in. long, |-1J lin. broad, linear, very acute, striate, often twisted, glabrous. Peduncular-sheath 2J-4J lin. long, with a rigid acute point 2 J-8 lin. long. Peduncle 1 1-2 tt. long, 1 lin. thick, compressed, slightly striate. Spike 3^-7 lin. long, about 3 lin. thick, ovoid or cylindric-oblong, 10-30- or more-flowered. Bracts 2J-2J lin. long, IJ lin. broad, spirally imbricating one above another, elliptic-oblong or suborbicular, very obtuse, sometimes minutely apiculate, not keeled, glabrous, opaque blackish-brown, indistinctly 5-9- nerved ; nerves reticulate at their apex. Lateral sepals 2 lin. loi>g, 4-| lin. broad, falcate-oblong, or the margins nearly straight and the keel much curved, brown with paler margins ; keel winged, obtuse or slightly produced at the apex, very distinctly ciHate from the base to the apex, the cilia usually being grouped in small dense tufts. Corolla- lobes 2 lin. long. If lin. broad, cuneate-orbicular, toothed. Arms of the staminodes linear, with dense brush-like tufts of yellow hairs. — Kngl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133. X. Umbilonis, Kendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 67, hardly of Nilss. Iiower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; in damp meadows by the banks Xt/ris.] cxLii. XYRiDE.E (brown). 25 of the Cuanza River, near Buiuba, Welwitsch, 2i:60 I Huilla ; Humpata, in spongy marshes at the foot of the Sierra de Oiahoia, Welwitsch, 2475 ! HKozamb. X>lst. (Jerman East Africa and the region around Lake Nyasa, ex Engler. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Shire Hijfhlands, Buchanan ! Mount MalosH, 4000-6000 fc, Whyfe! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Also in Madagascar. This Tropical African plant differs from the typical Madagascar form in that tlie peduncles are more slender, and the cilia on the keels of the lateral sepals have a tendency to be grouped in tufts, instead of being evenly spread as in typical X. Hil- dehrandtii^ but in other respects the two plants closely agree. X. Umhilonis, Nilss., under which Rendle has placed it, differs in having the keel of the lateral sepals produced at the apex, but may, perhaps, only be a local form : it was collected in Natal. X. Hildehrandtii is distinguished from all other Tropical African species, by its dull blackish-brown many-flowered spikes, and distinctly ciliate sepals. Imperfectly known species, 82. X. minima, Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. ii. 288. Roots fibrous, veiy slender. Peduncular-sheath lax, terminated by. a flattish or setaceous leafy point 3-5 lin. long. Peduncle lJ-3 in. long, capillary or filiform, Spike small. Bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale chestnut-brown. Lateral sepals lanceolate-spathulate. — X. humilis, var. minima, Nilss. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. Stockh. 1891, 152 ; and in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. xxiv., no. 14, 40 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. V. 420. Upper Guinea. Los Islands, Jardin, 120, in Stockholm Herb. I have not seen a specimen of this plant, and the description is in&uflBcient for its identification, but it would appear to be allied to X. straininea,W\\sB., or X.Jiliforinis, Lam. Order CXLIII. COMMELINACE^. (By C. B. Clarke.) Flowers small, bisexual or some sterile. Sepals 3, one entirely external in the bud. Petals 3, free or their claws imperfectly united into a tube in Cyanotis. Stamens 6, whereof 4-1 are often sterile and deformed or wanting ; filaments often with beaded hairs. Ovary superior, 3-2-celled ; when 3-celled the dorsal cell often smaller with fewer ovules or empty ; style simple ; ovules 1 or several in each cell attached to the inner angle. Fruit (except in the two first small genera) a loculicidal cap.sule.- Seeds having the hilum linear, vertical (except in the two first genera) ; embryo small, far from the hilum, shortly cylindric in the floury albumen ; foramen prominent, covered by an embryostega, lateral {i.e. nearly opposite the hilum), except in Cyanotis. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, ovate to linear, bases sheathing. Species 330, in all warm countries. Mostly succulent weedy plants, with fugitive flowers. In some genera the flowers are symmetric or nearly so ; but in the majority the flower is 1 -sided, the dorsal cell of the ovary smaller or 0, the dorsal petal much shorter than the other two, and the 3 dorsal stamens sterile or rudimentarv. FOREST RESOURCES LIBRARY 26 OXLIII. COMMELINACE^ (CLARKE). [PolUa. Tribe I. PoUleae. — Fruit indehiscent. Inflorescence a panicle / no spathaceous bracts. Fruit crustaceous. Marpin of leaves nearly prlabrous . 1. PoLLiA. Fruit succulent. Margin of leaves brown-silky . 2. PalisotA. Tribe II. Coxnmelinese. — Capsule 2-'S-valved. Fer- tile stamens 3—2. Racemes 2-1, euclosed or half-enclosed within a spathe- like folded bract. Spathes scattered, or clustered . . . .3. Commelina. Spathes on the elongate branches of the panicle . 4. Polyspatha. Inflorescence various ; without conspicuous folded bracts. Sepals small, obtuse 5. Aneilema. Sepals ^ in. long, lanceolate, acute . . .6. Anthericopsis. Tribe III. Tradescantlese. — Capsule 2-3-valved. Fertile stamens 6-5. Capsule 3-ceiled. Seeds 4-10 in each cell. Panicle loose . . 7. Bfeoerestia. Seeds 2-1 in each cell. Cymes often dense. Peduncle perforating the base of the leaf- sheath 8. FORRESTIA. Peduncle not perforating the leaf-sheath . 9. Ctanotis. Capsule 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell . . 10. Floscopa. 1. POLLIA, Thunb.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 846. Sepals 3. Petals 3, small, obovate, white or pale rose. Stamens 6 subequal, or 3 and 3 staminodes; filaments without hairs. Ovary ovoid ; cells 3, equal or the dorsal smaller, r)-10-ovuled (in the African species). Capsule globose or ellipsoid, indehiscent ; pericarp crustaceous, ultimately shining blue or lead-coloured ; seeds 5-10 in each cell, flat- tened trapezoid. — Stem often rooting at the base. Leaves lanceolate or obovate- lanceolate, approximate towards the top of the stem; not densely brown-silky on the lower surface near the margin. Panicle terminal, either loose, or denpe short-ovoid. Bracts within the panicle small. Species 14, scattered in the warmer parts of the Old World. Fertile stamens 6 ; panicle loose . . . . 1. P. Mannii. Fertile stamens 3 ; bead dense . . . . 2. P. condensata. 1. P. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 124. Nearly glabrous. Stems 1-2 ft. long, slender, trailing or suberect, rooting at the base. Leaves 4 by 1 in., broadly lanceolate, acuminate at either end ; pseudo-petiole \-\ in. long. Panicle 2 by 1| in., 12-18-flowered, loose ; bracts up to J in. long, lanceolate. Stamens 6 fertile, subequal. Capsule i by J in., 24-seeded. — Durand ife Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421 ; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. 1. Upper Guinea. Cameroons ; Yaunde, 2700 ft., Zenker Sf Staudt, 409 ! Iiower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas : 2000 ft., Mann, 1098 ! at Angolares, Pollia.] CXLIII. COMMELINACE-E (cLARKE). 27 300 ft., Quintas, 10 ! at Nova Moka, 2900 ft., Moller ! FL Afr. Exsicc. Conimbric, 109 ! Part of Welwitsch, 6604, was referred by me erroneously to P. Mannii in 1>C. Monogr. Phan. iii. 124. 2. P. condensata, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 125. Nearly glabrous. Stems 2-0 ft. long, thick. Leaves 12 by ^► in., lan- ceolate-obovate, acuminate at either end ; petiole 0-\ in. long. Panicle IJ by \\ in., 20-40-flowered, dense; bracts \-\ in. long, ovate, obtuse, conspicuous on the young panicle, disappearing in fruit; peduncle 1-2 in. long, with sometimes a large oblong bract. Stamens 3 fertile. Capsule i by J in., 24-seeded. — Durand k Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421 ; k. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118, and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. 1 ; Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xliii. 27 ; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 74. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone ; Talla Hill Plateau, Scott-Elliot, 4851 ! near Dunnia, Scott-Elliot, 4863 ! Ashanti ; Assin-Yan-Kuraassi, Cummins, 82 ! Came- roons : Efulen, Bates, 389 ! Fernando Po ; 2000 ft., Mann, 93 ! Barter, 1518 ! Vogel, 7b ! KTlle ILand. British East Africa: Uganda; common in woocjs, Scott-Elliot, 7370 ! ]Lower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas : Obo de Macambram, 4200 ft., MolleVy 12 ! Angolares, near Rio Salgado, Quintas, 12a ! Fl. Afr. Exsicc. Conimbric, 110 ! Princes Island, Barter, 2020 ! Angola : Cazengo ; in the lofty woods of Muxaulo, Welwitsch, 6604 ! nf ozamb. 3>ist. ? Eastern Africa : Mhonda, Sacleux, 1831 ! This was erroneously placed in Sect. Eu-FolUa (i.e., with 6 perfect stamens) in DC. Monogr. Phan. I.e. It has since flowered at Kew, and Mr. Rolfe observed that the perfect stamens were 3 only {i.e., it is of Sect. Aclisia). 2. PALISOTA, Reichb. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 847. Is 3. Petals 3, small, obovate, white, sometimes tinged with rose or bluish. Stamens 3, perfect, the anther of the stamen of the interior whorl (anticous apparently middle of the three) somewhat un- like that of the other two, with curved or subdivergent cells ; staminodes 2 or 3, with beaded hairs. Ovary 3-celled, the posticous cell often smaller ; ovules 8-1 in each cell. Fruit indehiscent. fleshy or succulent, often purple or red ; seeds 2 superposed in each cell, or solitary, or more numerous and irregularly packed, pyramidal or trapezoid. — Stem simple, or nearly so, or hardly any. Leaves basal or in false whorls, hairy when young, edges permanently and densely clothed with ferru- ginous hairs. Peduncle 1, rarely 2-3, quasi-terminal ; inflorescence a panicle, elongate or dense ; flowers in small cymes, many functionally male, the lower pedicels of the cyme often early caducous, so that the upper part of the cyme-peduncle appears knotted. Biacts on the axis of the panicle short, except in P. bracteosa : bracteoles small or 0. 28 cxLiii. coMMELiNACEiE (clarke). [Paltsota Species. Tiie 12 following endemic in Tropical Africa. -'^MoNOSTiCHOS. — Seeds 3-1 in each cell, superposed in one row (fruit not knowu in P. Mannii). Pedicels not articulated at the base. Stems nearly scapose ; all the leaves, except those near the base, much reduced, bract-like. Ovary glabrous. Bracts prominently exserted from the in- florescence . . . . . . 1. P. bracieosa. Bracts concealed by the inflorescence . 2. P. Mannii. Ovary with scattered long hairs . . .3. P. Barteri. Stems elongate, with long nodes, the upper leaves fully developed, appearing opposite or whorled. Inflorescence dense; pedicels hardly \ in. long. Stems stout ; leaves 3-8 in. wide . . 4. P. Schweinfurthii^ Stems weak ; leaves 1-3 in. wide . . 5. P. preussiana. Inflorescence loose ; pedicels \-^ in. long . 6. P. laxijiora. Pedicels articulated at the base, many early falling off. (Stems elongate with apparently-whorled leaves.) Inflorescence 2-6 in. long, 50-150-flowerod . 7. P. amhigua. Inflorescence 1 in. long ; buds minute . . 8. P. micrantha. *'!=DiSTiCHOS. — Seeds 5-8 in each cell, in two vertical rows or iriegularly disposed. (Pedicels in all very short, articulated,, many of the lower caducous, so that the- peduncle appears covered with knots below the small cyme.) Peduncles t]-1 in. long . . . •. . . 9. P. thyrsifora. Peduncles 0-j^ in. long 10. P. prionostachys. 1. P. bracteosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 183. YouDg parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems 1-8 in. long^ with leaves only near the base. Leaves 12-18 by 3-4 J in., elliptic-lan- ceolate or somewhat obovate, acuminate at either end, wheii mature often nearly glabrate (even on the midrib beneath), except at the deni^ely hairy margins. Stems \-\ in. in diam. ; upper leaves few, 1-2J in. long,, lanceolate, bract-like, not sheathing.' Inflorescence 1-3 J by |-1J in., most dense, with 50-300 flowers; bracts in the upper part of the panicle ^-J in. long, broadly lanceolate, shaggy, exserted from the panicle; pedicels 0-J in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous, the dorsal cell as a rule 1-ovuled. Berry J in. long, ellipsoid, apiculate, bright scarlet,. 5-seeded. Seeds trapezoid, nearly smooth, not greatly flattened.^ — Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422 ; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France xli. p. liv. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : Samu Country, Scott-Elliot, 51^33 ! Lileria^ cultivated specimen ! Cameroons : Efulen, Bates, 446 ! Ziower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas; 3000-4500 ft., Moller in Fl. Afr. Exsicc. Conimbric, 111 ! The peduncles are all simple ; in Moller n. Ill thei-e are three from one root» The petiole, as in other species of Palisota, is very variable — 1-6 in. long. Falisota.] cxliii. commelinace^ (clarke). 29 2. P. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Ffmn. iii. 182. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems 1-9 in. long, with leaves only near the base. Leaves 12-18 by 2j-4^ in., lanceolate or laaceolate-obovate, acuminate at either end, when mature often nearly glabrate except at the densely hairy margins. Stems J-J in. in diam.; upper leaves few, up to 3J in. long, broadly lanceolate, not sheathing. Inflorescence 4-7 by 1-1 J in., oblong, most dense, with several hundred flowers ; bracts small, concealed by the flowers ; pedicels 0-J in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous. Fruit not known. — Durand tfe Schinz, Oonsp. Fl. Afr. v. 422 ; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. Iv. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po ; 3000 ft., Mann, 2340 ! Cameroons : Came- roon Mountain, 2000-3000 ft., Mann, 2139! Kalbreyer, 163! I described this in DC. Monogr. Phan. I.e. as " caulescent," and Mann has noted the herb as 2 ft. high, which probably refers to the larger leaves. The stein is as in P. bracteosa ; the upper leaves are much reduced. The fruit being unknown, there may be more than one species included here. The material is of 2 forms, viz. — a. P. Mannii, C. B. Clarke, type {i.e., Mann, n. 2340). Leaf in the type specimen 20 in. long (exclusive of the long petiole), obovate, broadest very near the top, suddenly narrowed into a short lanceolate tip (not an in. long). p. {i.e., Mann, 2139.) Leaf 16 in. long, lanceolate, broadest rather below the middle, narrowed into an elongate triangular tip nearly 9 in. long, not acuminate. Kalbreyer, n. 163, is nearly the same. 3. P. Barter!, 7/oo^. /. in Bot. Mag. t 5318. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems 1-5 in. long, with leaves only near their base. Leaves up to 24 by 4^ in., the blade (exclusive of the quasi- petiole 8 in. long) often 9-15 in. long, obovate-lanceolate, suddenly narrowed into a lanceolate tip 1 in. long, when mature often nearly glab- rate except at the densely hairy margins. Leaves on the stem 1-2 in. long, lanceolate, bract-like, not sheathing. Inflorescence' lJ-2 by 1-1 J in., very dense, short-oblong or quadrate (but see note below on the culti- vated plant) with 100-250 flowers; bracts small, concealed by the flowers ; pedicels 0-J in. long, persistent. Ovary with long simple hairs scattered all over. Fruit immature, 5-seeded. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132; Durand ik Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422; Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 62, fig. 31, A — E ; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. liv. ; Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xliii. 28. P. ombrophila, K. Schum. (MS. ?) in Zenker, Exsicc. 1164. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po ; Barter ! Mann, 94 ! Cameroons : Bipinde, Zenker, 1164 ! The plant, in continued cultivation at Kew, has developed a narrow-oblong inflorescence, 4^ in. long, looser than in the wild collecUons. The P. ombrophila, K. Schum., has the ovary fully as hairy n« in the picture in the Botanical Magaaine, and must be conspecific with P. Barteri. 4. P. Schweinfarthiiy C. B. Clarke in DC. Motwgr. Phan. iii. 132 partly. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stem 3-7 ft. long, ^ in. in diam., with internodes 2-4 in. long (or more) and 2 or 3 leaves apparently whorled at the node. Leaves up to 26 by 8 in., and iJO CXLIII. COMMELINACE^ (CLARKE). [PuHsota. leaves on the stem seen 1 4 by 5^ in., elliptic, shortly acuminate at either end, more or less glabrate, but densely hairy on the margin. Inflor- escence 4-7 by 1-1 J in., exceedingly dense, cylindric, with several hundred flowers; sometimes 2 or 3 peduncles together; bracts on the main rhachis small, concealed by the flowers ; pedicels hardly i in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous. Fruits i in. in diam., succulent, scarlet, 5-seeded. Seeds subpyramidal, nearly smooth.^ — Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422 ; Durand & Wild, in Bull Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118, and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. Iv. ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 74, excluding the St. Thomas' island plant. UTortb Central. French Congo : Keino, Byhowslcy I irile Xiand. British East Africa : Niamniam ; • Boddo River, Schweinfurth, 3054 ! Nabambisso River, Schweinfurth, 3697 ! Uganda ; Kalungi, in woods, Scott-miiot, 7364 !- Jtovrer Guinea. Gaboon, Buettner. 163 ! Lower Congo : Bingila, Dupvis ! Mouth of the Congo, Smith ! Angola : Golungo Alto ; Quilombo-Quiacatubia, 1000— 2400 ft., Welwitsch, 6599 ! 6603b ! Pungo Andongo ; in shady valleys between the higher locks, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6603 ! Sontli Central. Congo Free State : Monbuttu ; Yuru River, Schweinfurth, 3279 1 3281 ! Mbula River, north of the Kibali River, Schweinfurth, 3721 ! Kassai River, Lulua River, and Sankuru River, Laurent ! 5. P. preussiana, K. Schum. (MS. ?), in Preuss, Exsicc. 996. Young parts shaggy with greyish hair. Stem 8 ft. long, \ in. in diam., with long internodes and distant falsely-opposite leaves. Leaves 10 by 3 in., oblong, acuminate at either end, very glabrate except at the densely fulvous hairy margins ; uppermost pair close to the inflorescence hardly smaller than the basal leaves. Inflorescence 3J by 1 in., cylindric, very dense with 200-300 flowers ; bracts concealed by the flowers ; pedicels hardly \ in. long, persistent. Ovary glabrous. Fruit not seen. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Buea, Preuss, 996 ! 6. P. laxiflora, C. B. Clarke. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or greyish hair. Stems up to 4-6 ft. high {Welwitsch), with fully developed leaves, pseudo-opposite or ternate at distant nodes. Leaves 12-18 by 8|- in., narrowly lanceolate-obovate, acuminate at both ends, when mature nearly glabrate except at the densely fulvous-hairy margins. Inflorescence in fruit 4 by 8 in., loose, 200-flowered ; bracts on the main axis few, J— J in. long, lanceolate ; pedicels persistent, of the fruits \-^ in. long. Flowers white {Welwitsch). Ovary glabrous. Fruits succulent, \ in. in diam., scarlet {Welwitsch), subglobose, 5-seeded. Seeds trapezoid, somewhat flattened, nearly smooth. — P. SchweinfUrthii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 132 partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 74 partly. Xiower Guinea. Isle of St. Thomas, 3000-4300 ft., Moller, 11 1 in the woods of Fazenda de Monte Caff^, 2000 ft., Welwitach, 6602 ! Palisota.] cxliii. commelixace^ (clarke). 31 7. P. ambigua, C. B. Clarke in DC. Moiiogr. Phau. iii. 1 30, t. 5, fig. 3. Young parts shaggy with fulvous hair. Stem 1-2 ft. long, with long internodes. Upper leaves apparently 3-5 in a whorl, 8 by 2 in., obovate-lanceolate, when mature nearly glabrate except at the densely fulvous-hairy margins. Peduncle 1-0 in. long; inflorescence 2-0 by i-| in., loose, sparingly hairy, 50-lo()-flowered ; bracts hardly \ in. long ; pedicels O-^V in. long, articulated at the base ; buds jW-tV in. in diam., puberulous, many soon falling. Ovary glabrous. Fruit ellipsoid, i by J in., with 2 (rarely 3) seeds in each anticous cell, l-seed in the posticous cell. Seeds superposed, of a metallic blue colour, smooth, the top and bottom seeds pyramidal, the intermediate short cylindric, — Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 421 ; Schoenl. in Engl. «fe Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 02, fig. 31, F — H ; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 208 ; Durand & Wild, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, xxxrv-ii. 127 ; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. Iv., and in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119. Commelina ambigua, Beauv. Fl. Owar, i. 20, t. 15. Upper Guinea. Lagos ! Musin, Millen, 201 ! Niger Territory : Old Calabar, Rohh ! Cameroons : Rio del Rey, Johnston^ 1 ! ILower Guinea. Gaboon : Sierra del Crystal, Mann ! River Gaboon, Mann ! 1031 ! Buettner, 506 ! Lower Congo : Bingila, Dv/puis ! Mouth of the Congo, Smith, 63 ! French Congo : Kakomocka, Lecomte. South Central. Congo Free State : Lunda ; Mukenje, Pogge ! 8. P. micrantha, K. Schum. (MS. ?) in Zenker n. 956. Inflores- cence 1 by ^ in. Buds scarcely -^-^ in. in diam. Otherwise as P. ambigua. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Bipinde, Zenker, 956 ! The buds are less than half the size of those of P. ambigua at the same stage of development ; still it may be doubted if this is other than a small state of that species. The stem and leaves are exactly the same as in it. 9. P. thyrsiflora, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 544, excl. syn. Young parts shaggy with fulvous or grey hairs. Stems 3-15 ft. long. Upper leaves apparently opposite or whorled at the distant nodes, attaining 15 by 4 in., lanceolate-obovate or oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate at the tip, long-cuneate at the base, margins persis- tently and densely hairy, midrib in the mature leaves hairy or glabrous beneath. Panicles often 10 by 2 in., loose, not rarely 2-4 from the uppermost whorl of leaves ; bracts \-\ in. long, lanceolate. Peduncles of the cymes, mostly simple, often J-1 in. long, slender, with a number of adjacent knots at the top, which are the scars whence the pedicels have early fallen ; pedicels O-J^j in. long. Corolla white. Stamens of the genus. Ovary glabrous. Berry \ in. in diam. or rather more, sub- globose or ellipsoid, erect on the arm of the panicle, obtuse, blue, with often 10-16 seeds. Seeds trapezoid, not much flattened, nearly smooth. ~C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 138, t. 5, fig. 4 ; Durand k Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 11 8, and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. Iv. P. ThoUoni, Hua in Bull. Soc. :J2 cxLiii. coMMELiNACE.E (clarke). [Palisota, Bot. France, xli. pp. li. and lv.,and in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 118. P. plagiocarpa, Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. pp. lii. and Iv. P. hirsuia, K. Schum. {MS. ?) in Zenker & Staudt, Exsicc, 638. P. Maclaudi, Cornu in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xliii. .SO. P. jyrionostachys, Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80, not of C. B. Clarke. Draccena hirsuta^ Thunb. Dissert, de Drac. 6. D. .? t7^iandra, Schultes, Syst. vii. .S.54. Dianella triandra, Afzel. Stirp. Guin. Med. Sp. Nov. 6. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 845 ! Sierra Leone : Ndomi, Samu Country and as far as Bumban, Scott-Elliot, 4234 ! and without precise locality, Afzelius ! Liberia : Grand Bassa, Vogel, 64 ! Cape Palmas, Vogel ! Gold Coast, Burton Sf Cameron ! Ashanti : Assin-Yan-Kumassi, Cummins, 2 ! 130! 204 ! Lagos, Maloney, 8 ! Lower Niger : Aboh, Barter, 293 ! Old Calabar : Mann, 2339 ! Adinbo, Holland, 93! Cameroons : Efulen, Bates, 239! Prew .95, 1133 ! Yaunde, 2700 ft., Zenker Sf Staudt, 638 ! 354 ! Victoria, Kalhreyer, 13 ! Fernando Po, Barter, 293 ! Vogel, 11 ! Mann, 95 ! Barter ! lao-wer Guinea. French Gaboon : du Bellay ; French Congo : Brazzaville, Brazza, Thollon, 537, Lecomte. Lower Congo : Vivi, Johnston ! The new species of Hua have not been seen ; but they are stated to be founded solely on the hairiness of the midrib of the under surface of the leaves, and on the degree of curvature and divarication of the cells of the anther of the intermediate stamen. The large series of I. thyrsifiora in Kew shows that these characters cannot be employed to found species upon. 10. P. prionostachys, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monoyr. Phan. iii. 184. Primary branches of panicle O-y^j- in. long, thick, oblique, erect, each surmounted by a thick rugged cyme-base \—\ in. long (numerous lower pedicels having early fallen), the cyme-tip recurved ; other- wise as P. thyrsifloi'a. — Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422, not of Hua. P. congolana, Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. pp. lii. and Iv. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Old Calabar, Rolh ! XiOiRrer Guinea. French Congo, Brazzaville, Dybowski ; Kakomocka, Le- comte. Soutb Central. Congo Free State : Monbuttu, Schweinfurth, 3622 ! The localities in Lower Guinea hang on the correct reduction of P. congolana, Hua, which has not been seen. It appears from an observation of Hua that his P. prionostachys had a hairy ovary, and was therefore not the present species which has the ovary quite glabrous as in P. thyrsifiora, to which it is very closely allied. iTTiperfectly known species. 11. P. bicolor. Masters in Card. Chron. 1878, ix. 527; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 134 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 422 ; Hua in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xli. p. Iv. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po. Originally described from a cultivated plant. This appears to have been one of the hemiscapose group ; the leaves only are described by Masters ; and his description may do for any one of the first 3 species above. Conimelina.] cxLiii. coMMELiXACE.t (clmikE; ;J;; 3. COMMELINA. Linn.; Benfch. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 847. Inflorescence of 2(-l) cymes included (or partly included) within a folded or funnel-shaped spathe. Sepals ;}, concave, obtuse. Petals 3, whereof 2 are long-clawed, the third dorsal and shorter. Stamens 3-2 anterior perfect, 3-2 dorsal sterile with rudiments of the anthers. Ovary cells 2 anterior equal, 2-1 ovuled, dehiscent in fruit, the third dorsal 1-ovuled or empty or suppressed. Seeds 5-1 to the capsule; hilum linear, vertical. — Succulent weeds. Flowers fugitive, blue, white or yellow. The spathe is an ovate leaf-like bract, either simply folded flat with an acute (often curved) midrib (keel), or with the lower margin connate so as to form an oblique funnel. The lower cyme in each spathe has often only male flowers, and is early caducous by an articulation or not rarely wanting ; the upper cyme has usually perfect flowers at the base, male at the top. Species 120, in all warm countries. The subgenus Didymoon below is well separated from Monoon — i.e., I know no case of the assigned character failing. The sectioiiiil y:roups pass, however, into each other. In Eu- Commelina the dorsal cell of the capsule is frequently sterile or nearly wanting; while in Dissecocarpus there is frequently present a rudimentary dorsal cell which, in a few instances, has contained a small seed. So also, in Heterocarpus, though the 4 ovules of the 2 anterior cells nearly always fail to perfect seeds, in a few species the two upper ovules of these cells do produce seeds at least occasionally. The line between the sections Trithyrocarpus and Spathodithyros is (as Hua has shown) by no means absolute. The sections, nevertheless, appear to me to form fairly natural groups. In the description of the spathe it is supposed to be unfolded and viewed as a leaf flattened out. ''-'DiDYMOO^f. — Ovules 2 in each ventral cell of the ovary, 1 or 0 in the dorsal cell. fEu-Commelina. — Capsule 3-celled, 2-valved ; the dorsal valve deciduous with tlie included seed, but usually finally dehiscing. Seeds normally 5 to the capsule. jSpathe simply folded, the margins being free or only slightly connate at the very base. §Setds reticulated; the margins of the subhexagonal cells raised and forming a continuous line round the depressed areoles ; corolla blue. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate. Leaves scattered ; spathes mostly pednncled . 1. C. iivdijiora. Leaves close-packed ; spathes as though sessile on the leaf-sheaths . . . . 2. C Sahafieri. Leaves linear. Stems 5-10 ft. long ; seeds of the ventral cells -^ in. long . . . . . . 8. C scavdenfi. Stems 1-2 ft. long; seeds of the ventral cell> less than ^^ in. long . . . . -i. C Gamhicr. §§Seeds pitted, obscurely tubercled or wiinlded. Fertile stems hemiscapose, with 2 or 3 leafless sheaths . . . . . . * 5. C scaposa . Fertile stems leafy. Leaves linear. Roots fibrous ; short-lived annuals. Leaves 2-3 in. long . . . .6. C. xiibu/afa. Leaves up to 6-9 in. long. :34 CXLJIT. COMMELINACE^ (cLARKE). \Coin7)mlina. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. C. violacea. C. trilohosperma. C. purpurea. C. nyasensis. C, cceleslis. C. crass icauUs. C. Schtoeiiifurtkii. Heeds ovoid or ellipsoid. Spathes shaggy with multicellular hairs . . . . . 7, C. angustissima. SpatheB glahrous, with ciliate mar- gins Seeds nearly flat, 3-lobed . Roots thick ; stems thicker, hardened at the base. Spathes I in. long; leaves narrowly linear. Spathes shaggy, with a nearly straight tip ...... Spathes glabrate, with a deflexed tip . Spathes IX in. long; leaves long linear- lanceolate ..... Leaves ovate ...... §§§Seeds smooth ...... IJSpathe having its margins connate near the base, so that the -snathe is b )oded or obliquely funnel- shaped. (See also 14. C, Schweinfurthii.) Peduncle of spathe hardly longer than the leaf- sheath. Leaves triangular at the tip, not very acute. Spathes obliquely fnnnel-shaped Spathes with tlie keel much curved Leaves acumijiate to an acute tip. Leaves lanceolate, glabrate .... Leaves elliptic-laTiceolate, hairy Peduncle of the spathe much longer than the leaf-sheath. Spathe hirsute ; seeds subglobose, smooth . Spathe glabrous; seeds elongate, transversely wrinkled . . . . • « • ■^\I[eterocarpus. — Capsule 3-celled, 2-valved ; the dorsal valve deciduous with the included seed, indehiscent, the seed very intimately attached to the pericarp. Ventral cells with 2 ovules in each cell ; both usually withering (without pro- ducing a fertile seed) ; in a few species the capsule is frequently 3-seeded. Margins of spathe connate at the base ; capsule often 3-seeded ; corolla blue . . . . . Spathe simply folded, the margins free at the base ; corolla yellow. Leaves small, at most 1\ in. long Leaves, or many of them, li in. long or more. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. Leaves nearly glabrous Loaves puberulous ; seeds ^ in. long Leaves lanceolate or broader (elliptic or ovate). Mature leaves nearly glabrous. Spathes 1-2 in. long, acuminate Spatiies f in. long, shortly acute Spathes up to 3 in, long, elongate-acuminate Matuj'e leaves pubescent. Leaves lanceolate. Spathes 1-2 in. long . . . . 25. C. Icrehsiana. Spathes up to 2\ in. long . . .24. C. involucrosa. Leaves ovate, subcordate at the base . . 26. C. cordifolia. 15. 16. C. henghalensis. C. uncata. 17. 18. C. congesta. C. condensata. 19. C. zamhesica. 20. C. hoissieriana. 21. C. For.skalcei. 30. C. Mannii. seeds -^^ in. long 28. 29. 22, 23. 27. C. Kirkii. C. boehmiana. C africana. C. edulis. C. Buchanani. I Comrfmlina. CXLIII. COMMELINACE.E (CLARKe). 35 Kotsckyi. imherhis. 31. 32. 33. C. Petersii 3-4. C. Latifolia. 35. C. cuneata. C. fipectahilis. C Cecilce. ■\-\-\Dissecocarpus. — Capsule uoniaally perfecting 4 seeds, in the two ventral ceils ; the dorsal cell (juite rudimentar}' or absent, only by accident pertecting a seed. Capsule quadrate or oblong, usually constricted between the seeds which are prominent as 4 knobs or elevations from without. jSpathes scattered. Seeds smooth or wrinkled or pitted. Capsule longer than broad ; seeds cylindric- ellipsoid. Spathe ovate, vei-y broad at the base. Spathes ^-§ in. long Spathes 1 in. long or more Spathe elliptic-acuminate Capsule nearly square ; seeds globose. Leaves oblong to ovate. Mature leaves glabrous or very nearly so. Upper leaves rounded, eared or sagittate at the base ..... Upper leaves cuneate at the base, qaasi- petioled ...... Mature leaves hairy on both surfaces. Spathes f in. long, striate Spathes 1 in. long, not striate, brown- purple ...... Leaves linear or linear-ianceolate, often dilated at the very base. Margins of the spathe tree at the base. Spathes A— | in. long. Whole plant hairy Nearly glabrous Spathes 1 in. long or more. Plant nearly stemiess Plant with a leafy stem. Scabrous or glabrate ; globose .... Shaggy ; seeds ellipsoid, rather large Margins of the spathe united at the base (very shortly so in C. subcacuUata). Spathes very shortly united at the margin 43. Spathes united at the margin for ^-l in. . 44. Seeds ecbinate ....... 45. ]:]; Spathes approximated at the ends of the branches, apparently in heads. Leaves sessile, oblique, unequal at the base. Flowers yellow (or white) : seeds large, cylindric 46. C. capitata. Flowers blue ; seeds small, subglobose . . 47. C. rufociliuta. Leaves with a long quasi-petiole .... 48. C. totigicapsa. **MoNOON. — Ovules 1 in each ventral cell of the ovary, 1 or 0 in the dorsal cell. '\ Trithyrocarpus. — Capsule with 3 similar 1-ovuled dehiscent cells, thin and papery when ripe. The third dorsal cell is frequently smaller and sometimes barren or wanting. Spathes solitary, none in clusters. Leaves linear ....... 49. C. timlellata. Leaves elliptic . . . . . . 50. C. bracteosa. Leaves lanceolate . . . . . . 51. C. yuineensis. Spathes (or most of them) approximated in clu'sters. Leaves linear. 36. 37. 38. 39. demissa. mad(((j(iscaiica. 40. C. hiii/lensis. seeds small, 41. 42. Carsoiii. Weitvitschii. C. suhcucallata. C. neurvphylla. C. echinuspenna. 8(; CXLIII. COMMELINACE^ (CLARKE.) [Commeliiia, C. asp era. C. mensensis. 54. C.firma. 55. C. J^ogelii. the dorsal cell indehiscent Seeds ^^ in. long, smooth .... 52. Seeds ^; in. long, ti-ansversely wrinkled . . 53. Leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate. Mature leaves hairy on both surfaces Mature leaves nearly glabrate WHeteropyxis. — Capsule of 3 1-seeded cells, 2-valved ; and tough, often rough. Spathes all scattered, peduncled. Leaves narrowly oblong ..... Leaves broadly elliptic ..... Spathes several together at the ends of the branches. Petals A-^ in. broad. Leaves narrowed at the base; spathes 2-4 on a branch. Spathes hooked ; seeds large ellipsoid . . Spathes slightly curved ; seeds small globose . 59. Leaves not narrowed at the base ; spathes 10-20 on a branch ...... Petals I in. broad \\\ Spathodithyros. — Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled Leaves linear ...... Leaves elliptic or oblong. Seeds ellipsoid ; leaves ovate at the base , . 63. C. ZenJceri, Seeds globose ; leaves narrowed at the ba>e. Leaves 2-4 in. long, oblong .... ^4. Leaves up to 4,^ in. long, elliptic . . .65. Leaves 1 to 1\ in. long 66. 56. 57. 58. C. Bainesii. C. lagosensis. C. albescens. C. sphaerospernia. 60. 61. C. opulens. C. venusta. capsule 2-valved, 2- seeded. . 62. C. Livingstoni. C. (Bthiopiea. C. pyrrhohlepharis. C. obscura. 1. C. nudiflora, Linn. Sp. PL ed. i. 41, ed. ii. CA, not of Linn. Mant. Hairy or glabrate. Stems 1-2 ft. long, difluse, decumbent at tlie base, often rooting at the nodes ; roots fibrous, not thick. Leaves l-'Ih by -J-j in., lanceolate, narrowed at the base, the quasi-petiole very short. Spathes scattered on peduncles ^-2 in. long, simply folded (the lower margins of the leaf free or hardly connate), ovate-lanceolate. Kacemes in each spathe usually 2, the lower 1-3-flowered and rarely maturing a capsule, the upper with ^-8 flowers usually maturing 3-1 capsules. Petals blue or nearly white, ovary with 2 ovules in each of the two anterior cells. Capsule normally 5-seeded, the dorsal 1-seeded cell dehiscing later or not at all. Seeds black, reticulated, the hexagonal areoles depressed, farinose — C. B.Clarke in DC. Moncgr. Phan. iii. 144 incl. var. /d njerneana, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 8 ; Schoenl. in Engl. A: Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. (14 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 427, and Etudes Fl. Congo i. 260 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 369; Durand 6z Wild, in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, and in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 110; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 74. C. ayraria, Kunth, Enum. iv. 38 ; Webb & Berth. lies Canaries, Phyt. iii. 350, t. 2;;8 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541. C. co)iti,nuus, Walter, Fl. Carol. OH; Kunth, Enum. iv. 36 excl. syn. ; C. B. Clarke. Commel. et Cyi't. Beng. t. 1 excl. syn. C.africana ; Benth. in Hook Niger. Fl. 541, cf. note. C: loerneana, Hassk. in Schweinf. Commelina,'] cxLin. commelinace.k (clakke). 37 Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 20G, 295. C. barbata^ Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 76, not of Lam.— Pluk. Phytogr. t. 27, fig. 4, not Aim. p. 135. irile ]Land. British East Africa: White Nile, Fetherick ! JD'Arnaud! Niamniam, Schweinfurth, 3739 ! 3797 ! Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone ; Siigarloaf Mountain, Welvoitsch, 6C25 ! 6625b ! and without precise locality, 2>o», 2! Vogtl,l\\ Scott -Elliot, SHI 6 \ Hart! Niger Territory : Opobo, Holland, 140 ! Old Calabar, Holland, 75 ! Robb I Came- roons : Cameroon Mountain, Mann, 2137 ! Batanga, Bates, 18 ! f]fulen. Bates, 268 ! and without precise locality, Preuss, 1320 ! Fernando Po, Vogel, 67 ! ]Lo-wer Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, Moller, 9a ! Quintas, 9 I Don, 1 ! Fl. Afr. JSxsic. Herb. Conimbric. 112 ! Gaboon : Munda ; Sibange Farm, Soi/aux, 37S I French Congo : Bramaya, Paroisse, 209 ; Nyanga River, Byhowski, 14, ; Brazzaville, Bybowski • Njobe, Schwebisch and Thollon. Loango, Soyaux, 16 ! Congo Free State: Lower Congo; Bingila, i)M^wiA- / YSxss^wtxx, Gillet I Lukungu, 1000-2000 It., Hens, ser. A, 247 ! and without precise locality. Smith ! Boma, Monteiro 1 Angola : north of Ambriz, Welwitsch, 6612 ! between Ambriz and Mosul, Welvoitsch, 6623 ! by the River Bengo, near San Antonio, Welwitsch, 6617 ! by the larger lake of Quilunda, near Prata, Welwitsch^ 6619 ! Golungo Alto ; near Canguerasange and Zengas do Queta, Welwitsch, 6609 ! by the River Quiapoze, and at Varzea d'Isidre, Welwitsch, 6608 ! Sange, Welvoitsch, 6606 ! Mossamedes ; by the River Bero, Welwitsch, 6580 ! by the River Cuanza, Johnston ! South Central. Congo Free State : Mpala, on Lake Tanganyika, De Beerst ! Mozamb. Blst. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi, Expedition Island, Kirk I British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Sochi, Scott-Elliot, 8662 ! Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte ! In the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world — a weed. The typical C. nudiflora is a weak rambling plant with distant long-lanceolate leaves and acuminate spathes. C. agraria, Kunth, is a shorter, neater plant with shorter (almost ovate) shortly acute leaves, and short spathes. C. werneana, Hassk., is a robust state with leaves up to 3^ in. long, and long spathes. The Lower Guinea form, referred doubtfully by Rendle to C. barbata, may be a distinct species; it has the mature leaves densely hairy on both surfaces, the stem nearly concealed by the approximate hairy leaf-sheaths ; but it has the capsule and seeds exactly of C. nudiflora, and must be closely allied to it. 2. C. Sabatieri, 6'. B, Clarke in DC, Monoyr. Phan. iii. 140. Nearly glabrous. Root fibrous. Stems decumbent, nearly concealed by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves 1 by -J-J in., elliptic-oblong, scarcely acute, margins wavy, whitened, subsessile ; leaf-sheaths scarious, inflated, slightly hairy at the mouth. Spathes rather more than h in. long, simply folded, ovate, acute, nearly sessile, i.e., the peduncle hardly exserted from the leaf -sheath. Capsule and seeds as of C. nudijfom. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 427. Wile l^and. British East Africa : Sources of the White Nile, Sabatier I ?). C. scandens, Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. PJmn. iii. 1-1:6. Robust, nearly glabrous. Stems 5-10 ft. long, little divided, with inter- nodes 3-4 in. long. Leaves 4 J by J in., linear. Peduncles exserted |-1 in., often from the lower leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1-iH in. long, simply folded, ovate-lanceolate, long attenuate, rounded at the base. Petals deep blue. Capsule nearly J in. long ; seeds more than ^ in. 38 cxLiii. €OMMELixAC'E.'!<] (clarke). YCoTivmeLina. long, cylindric-ellipsoid, reticulated. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.'v. 428 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 75. XiO\(rer Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; 3300 ft., on the banks of the Kiver Cuanza, near Nbilla, Wei ivitscJi, 6(^4:2. Mozamb. Dist. Lake Tanganyika, Cameron ! Also from Madagascar. This almost surely belongs to the present group. There were 4 seeds in the two ventral cells ; the dorsal cell in the one capsule preserved is empty, as happens occa- sionally. •A. C. Gambise, G. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 140. Thinly villous. tStems 20 in. long, much divided ; base decumbent, rooting at the nodes ; roots fibrous. Leaves '1-^ by \ in., linear. Spathes on peduncles exserted 0-| in., numerous, solitary, | in. long, simply folded, ovate, shortly acuminate, rounded or rhomboid at the base. Flowers small, deep blue. Capsule usually 5-seeded ; seeds of the ventral cells scarcely ^2 iii- ^^^^i subglobose, strongly reticulated, the margins of the reticulations much raised, continuous. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 425. irpper Guinea. Gambia, Ingram ! Senegambia, Heudelof, 577 ! This is the plant " indicated" by Bentham (in Hook. Niger V\. 542) as C. Fors- kalcei from Senegambia. The leaves and spathes resemble fairly well those of C. Forskalm, Vahl j but the capsules and seeds are totally unlike. 5. C. scaposa, C. B. Clarke in Comptes-rendus Soc. hot. Bely. xxxviii, 220. Nearly glabrous. Leaves on sterile stem not seen. Fertile stems 8-12 in. long, simple, leafless, with 2 or ?> distant leaf -sheaths ; free point to the leaf-sheaths less than ^ in. long. Spathes solitary, on peduncles up to 2^ in. long, simply folded, the margins hardly united at the base, J-§ in. long, ovate, shortly acuminate. Seeds normally 5 to- the capsule, those in the ventral cells slightly pitted and tubercular. Soutb Central. Congo Free State : Upper Marangu, De Beerst ! G. C. subulata, Ixoth, Xov. PL >S'^>. 2:). A nearly glabrous annual. Stems 0-15 in. long, weak, divided. Leaves 2 by \-\ in., linear. Spathes scattered, solitary, on a peduncle hardly exserted from the leaf -sheath, \ in. long, ovate, shortly acute, simply folded, not striated by curved coloured parallel lines ; inflorescence little exserted from the spathe. Petals small, blue (see note below^). Capsule i-i in. long, with normally 5 seeds. Seeds of the ventral cells (often strongly) wrinkled, as well as pitted subtuberculate.— C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 148, inch var. /5; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428 ; K. Schum in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134 ; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 420 ; C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 9. C. striata, Hochst. ex Kunth, Enum. iv. 44 ; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 207, 2^^^K C. suhavravtlaca, Hochst. ex Kunth, Enum. iv. 658 ; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 208, 295. C. liiiearifolia, Kunth, Enum. iv. 43. xrile Dband. Kordofan : Abu Gerad, Koischy, 59 I and without precise locality^ Kotschij, 34 ! Eritrea : Bogos, Hildehrandt, 370 ! Keren, Beccari, 172 ; Hjibab, Oommelina.] cxliii. coMMELiNACEiE (clarke). Hd 6000 ft., Bildehrandt, 368 ! Gallabat : region of Matamma, Schtoeinfurth, 531 ! Abyssinia : near Adowa, Schimper, 360 ! 5900 ft., Sehimper, 45 ; liOtho, Schimper, 419 ! and without precise locality, Schimper, 574 ! British East Africa : East Ongalea Mountains at Kinani, 2200 ft., Gregory ! Upper Guinea. Bornu, Vogel, 53 ! Mozamb. Dlst. Portuguese East Africa : Qnilimaue, -SVo/'^ / British Centi-al Africa : Nyasaland ; Shire Highlands, Buchanan ! Also in South India, and Extratropical South Africa. The flowers in C. suhulata. Roth, and C. striata, Kunth, are always blue as far as known. The name C. suhaurantiaca, Hoclist., appears to have been given by Hochst. in the herbarium (not from any field note by the collector, Schimper) ; and Hasskarl suggests that it refers to the yellow colour of the dried plant, not to that of the flower, the colour of which is unknown in C. suhaurantiaca. Var. /3 heterantha, C. B. Clarke. Petals yellow. — C. heterantha, Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 148 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 75. Ibower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; on sandy rocks of the Praesidium, Welwitsch, 6333 partly ! meadows near Condo, Welivitsch, 6633b ! Mossamedes, Welwitsch, 6587 ! Hnilla, 3800-5500 ft. : on the banks of the Kiver Ema, among crops, Weltoitsch, 6588 I near Lopollo^ Welwitsch, 6589 I Welwitsch has carefully noted the colour of the flower in all these numbers— as "yellow," " light yellow," or " brownish-yellow." Except, however, in the colour of the flower, I can discover no difference between this plant and typical C. subttlaia, Roth. 7. C. anguStissima, K. Schnm. in Enyl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134. Annual. Stems slender, 16 in. high. Leaves 7 by \ in., very narrowly linear. Spathes solitary, less than I in. long, villous. Flowers deep blue ; otherwise as C. suhulata. Roth. IMozamb. Sist, German East Africa : Usinja ; Karumo district, Stuhlmamiy 3564. No example seen ; but the three subjoined plants agree with the description in the long linear leaves, and small spathes shaggy with white multicellular hairs. Kower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; on sandy rocks of the Praesidium, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6633 partly ! Mozamb. Bist. German East Africa : Kesokwe, Hannington ! in wet ground on the edges of streams at Tabora (Kaseh), 3960 ft., Speke ^ Grant ! 8. C. trilobosperma, K. Schum. in Knyl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134. Probably annual. Stems 1 ft. high, slender. Leaves up to 5 by \ in., elongate-lanceolate. Spathes less than ;\ in. long, glabrous. Flowers blue. Seeds trigonous, nearly flat, conspicuously 3-lobed. Very near C. suhulata, Roth, but excellently separated by the 3-lobed seeds. Mozamb. Bist. German East Africa : Usinja ; Karumo district, Stuhlmanv, 3566. Not seen ; the above abstracted from K. Schumann. The seeds described would separate the species excellently from any other species of Commelina ; it is difticult to imagine how they would pack into the 5-seeded 3-celled capsule ot the Sect. Eti- Commelina. 9. C. violacea, C. B. Clarke. A nearly glabrous erect annual growing in water. Stems la in. long^ little divided, with long intei- nodes. Leaves 9 by i in. Spathes few, solitary, neat-ly h in. long, on peduncles scarcely exserted from the leaf -sheath, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous with ciliate margins, slightly striated by curved purplish 40 cxLiii. coMMEiTNACE^ (clarke). [Commelina. veins. Flowers hardjy exserted from the spathes, violet {Schmz). Capsule \- in. long, 5-seeded ; seeds strongly tubercled, deeply wrinkled. Iiower Guinea. Ainboland ; in marshy places at Olukonda, ScJdnz, 21 ! 33 ! Tlie Howers are violet in the linely preserved specimens. 10. C. purpurea, C. B. Clarke ex Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 429. Nearly glabrous, except the spathes. Stems 15 in. high, with long internodes ; base erect, thickened, almost woody ; roots 7 in. long, thick. Leaves i) by V in. Spathes few, scattered, on peduncles exserted 0-1 in., simply folded, h in. long, ovate, acute with the tip nearly straight, some shaggy, some only slightly hairy, striated by chocolate-coloured parallel nerves. Racemes exserted from the spathes. Flowers chocolate-colour (Speke d- Grant). Capsule 5-seeded ; seeds moderately pitted. — C. ntgritana, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 16;>, not of Benth. 0. subulaia, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 148 partly, not of Roth. Conimelmaj sp. n. 2, T. Thoms." in Speke, Nile, Append. G50. true Xiand. British East Africa : between Xdoro and Guaso Thegu, Gregori/. XWEozaznl). Bist. German East Africa : Unyamwezi district, by water, 3600 ft., Speke Sf Gravt! In the dry examples, the spathes are very strongly striated by chocolate-coloured nerves, the petals are a deep purple, In the colours noted in the iield of the flowers in this Ordor, a question often arises whether the petals, the anthers, or the spathes have caught the eye of the collector. 1 1 . C. nyasensis, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 12-20 in. long, much divided, rather slender, with very long internodes up to 6-« in. long ; base of the stem (imperfectly preserved) appears similar to that of C. purpurea. Leaves 0 by \ in., narrowly linear. Spathes scattered on axillary branches, approximate, sometimes many in dense clusters, less than h in. long, simply folded, broadly ovate, with a very short acute deflexed tip, striated by coloured veins (blue to chocolate in the dried plants), which are very prominent or nearly disappear in spathes on the same stem. Capsule 5-seeded ; seeds moderately wrinkled or pitted. nSozaxnl). Sist. Kriti?li Central Africa: Xyasaland ; Tanganvika Plateau, at Fort Hill, 350O-40U0 ft., Whyte ! Monganja Highlands, 4000 ft., Kirk ! 12. C. coelestis, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. i. GO. Minutely hairy. Stems 1-2 ft. high, erect at the base; roots thick, often clavate at the ends. Leaves 5 by ^-^^ in. Peduncles scattered, 1-1 J- in. long. Spathes 1-i- in. long, ovate-lanceolate, .simply folded, often purplish or striate. Flowers blue, much exserted from the spathe. Capsule 5- seeded ; seeds deeply pitted. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 158; cfr. Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 869. wile I.ancl. British East Africa : Machakos, Scoit-MUof, 6387 ! Mozamb. X>ist. British Central Africa : Urungu ; Fwambo, Carson, 35 between Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika, 6000-8000 ft., Thomson ! Indigenous in Mexico. This plant is disposed to establish itself in various parts of the world. Commelimi.'] cxliii. commelinace^ (clarke) 41 13. C. crassicaulis, C. B. Clarke in J)C. Monogr. Phan. iii. 14'J. Nearly glabrous; margins of the leaves and spathes ciliate. Stem 6 in. long, erect from a bulb. Leaves 3 by IJ in., sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at the base. Peduncles 2 in. long, rigid. Spathes 1 J in. long, simply folded, ovate-lanceolate, striated, cordate at the base. Cap- sule 5-seeded ; seeds ^-J in. long, deeply wrinkled. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 42'). slower Guinea. Angola': near (Juingongue, Herb. Paris. 14. C. Schweinfurthii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 1.!)8. Nearly glabrous, except the spathes. Stems 15 in. long, divided, with very long internodes, the base not well shown in the specimens, but similar to that of C. jyurjyurea. Leaves up to 7 by^-— J in., elongate, linear-lanceolate. Peduncles i-2 in. long, scattered, Spathes f-1 in. long, very broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, not striate with coloured veins, shaggy or nearly glabrate ; the two margins of the spathe shortly connate at the base. Capsule normally 5-seeded, but the ventral cells contain sometimes 1 seed only (the lower ovule having proved infertile); seeds subglobose, smooth. — Durand tfc Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 42H ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. l^U. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : on a rocky hill, 3 miles south of Falaba, Scott- Elliot, 5164 ! Wile ILand. British East Africa : Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2022 ! nXozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Unyamwezi ; Kakoma (ex K. Schumann) . 15. C. benghalensis, Lhrn. Sj). PI. ed. i. 41 ^ ed. ii. QO, excl. Jig. Pluk. cited. A diffuse, more or less hairy annual, rooting at the base, 1 -2 J ft. long, much branched. Near the base are often present branches that grow underground, or stolons, on which reduced leaves and spathes, with apetalous often closed flowers, and abnormal usually 1-2-seeded capsules are formed plentifully — even where the perfect regular cap- sules are also present on the upper branches. Leaves 1-3 J in. long, ovate-elliptic, shortly triangular or subobtuse at the tip, suddenly nar- rowed at the base into a quasi-petiole. Spathes on peduncles hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths, often a few near together near the tips of the branches, J-§ in. long and broad, obliquely funnel-shaped, i.e., the lower margins of the spathe connate for \-\ in. Petals blue. Cap- sule 4 in. long, 5-seeded ; seeds rough or wrinkled. — Forskh. Fl. ^gypt.- Arab. 12 partly ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 50 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541 ; Hassk. Commel. Ind. 28, 21) ; Wight, Ic. t. 20()5 ; C. B. Clarke, Com- mel. et Cyrt. Beng. t. 4, DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 159, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 9 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 370 ; Hassk. in Schweinf . Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295, incl. var. /3 longepetiolata ; Durand .V Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. 424; Durand & Wild, in Comptes-rendus Sec. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87, and in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 134; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 76 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 53 (var. y). C. ciicul- lata, Linn. Mant. 17C. C. canescens, Vahl, Enum. ii. 173 ; Webb ; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. FL Aethiop. 209, 295. C. latifolia, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsicc. 341, not of A. Rich. C. rhizocarjKi, Afzel., C. radiciflora, R. Br. and C. vivijmo'a, Ritchie ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.Phan. iii. 159-100 ; cfr. Wein- mann in Flora, 1820, 733. Upper Giilnea. Cape Verd Isles, Cardoso, 61 ! Hooker, 101 ! Sierra Leone : near Wallia, Scott-Elliot, 4250 ! Lagos, Millen, 31 ! Niger Territory : Lower Niger, Stirling Hill, Ansel I ! Cameroons : Yaunde, ZenLer ^ Standi, 344 ! irile ]Lancl. Nubia : Sottrba Mountains, Schweivfurlh, 533 ! Hor 'J'amanib, near Suakin, Lord i Eritrea : Damas Valley, 1600 ft., Schtveinfurth Sf Riva, 1180 ! Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Sclnveinfurth Sf Riva, 1607 ! Galabat j region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 530 ! Abyssinia : Tigre ; Sholoda Mountain, near Adowa, 6700 ft., Schimper, 341 ! Shoa ; Alia Amba, near Ankober, Roth ! Somaliland : Golis Range, Mrs. Lort-Phillips ! Shaile (? Sheikh) Pass, Miss Edith Cole ! British East Africa : Uganda ; near Kampala, Scott-Elliot, 7268 ! Nyika country, near Mombasa, Wakefield ! Jto-wer Guinea. French Congo : Loango, Soyaux, 102 ! Lower Congo : Bingila, Dupuis I Angola : Loanda, Welti: it ach, 6621 I Cazengo, Wehvitsch, 6611 I Golungo Alto ; near Bango, Wehvitsch, 6598 ! Piingo Andongo ; in thickets on the huge rocks of the Presidium, 2400-3800 ft., Wehvitsch, 66^6 I Huilla ; Morrode Monino, 3800-5500 ft., Wehvitsch, 6582 ! Soutb Central. Congo Free State : M'towa, on Lake Tanganyika, 2)e*eaw^5- .' Mozamb. Blst. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi ; Hill of Tette, Kirk ! British Central Africa : Ngamiland ; Kwebe, near Lake Ngami, 3300 ft., Lugard, 243 ! Mrs. Lugard, 148 ! Zambesi "N'allev ; Shesheke, Holuh ! Matabele- land, Elliott ! Very common through the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Usually recognised by the broad-elliptic leaves subobtuse at either end and the funnel-shaped spathes. The leaves are usually hairy, sometimes glabrate (though in that case often rufous-ciliate at the top of the leaf-sheath). Neither in this nor in other species of Commelina do I find either the quantity or the colour of the hairs constant. Various other species of Commelina are similarly amphicarpic. The example of SchweiDfurth, 1607, at Kew, distributed as C. heccariana, Mart., is C. henghalensis, Linn., with a piece of C. Petersii rm\e(\. with it. But C. heccariana is described as having a yellow flower, so that it is not C. henghalensis. Var. /3 hirsnta, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 160. Leaves longer and more hairy, sometimes very villous with brown or rufous hairs. — Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 87 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 53 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Wehv. ii. 76. C. hirsuta,^. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. 63 ; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. kil imandscharica, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl, Ost-Afr. C. 134. C. latifolia, Hochst., partly, not of A. Kich. as see DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 160. Vpper Guinea. Togoland : Misahohe, Baumann, 403 ! irile Xiand. Abyssinia, Parkyns ! Zioiver Guinea. Angolii : Loanda ; in thickets at Alto das Cruzes, Weltoitsch, 6622! Mozamb. 3>lst. Zanzibar, Gocdtvin ! German East Afx'ica : Kilimanjaro ; Marangu, 4900 ft., Volkens, 2254 ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland, Buchanan, 464! This variety is also common in India. Schweinfurth gives many localities for this variety in Eritrea ; the numbers, how- ever, he cites (so far as I have seen them) I should rather call typical C. henghalensis, Linn. ; but no line can be drawn between the species and the Var. /3 hirsuta. 16. C. uncata, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 160. Spathe having its midrib (keel) strongly cuived. Capsule \ in. long, some- Commelina.] cxLiii. commelinace^ (clarke). 43 times perfecting f) seeds ; dorsal cell indehiscent or dehiscing very late ; seeds larger than those of C- henghalensis, wrinkled, obscurely reticulate; otherwise as C. henyhalensis. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428. C- latifolia, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsicc. 22G0. Xrile Itand. Abyssinia : Agow Countn- ; mountains near Gageros, 4000 ft., Sehimper, 2269 ! Gursarfa, Schimper, 1499 ! The affinity of this species with C. henghalensis is so close that it might be treated as a variety of it. 17. C. congesta, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. KiO. Robust, nearly glabrous. Leaves 4 J by 1^ in., lanceolate, acuminate to an acute tip. Spathes several close together near the end of the branches, more than | in. long, glabrate ; peduncles less than J in. long. Capsules generally 3-seeded, the two lower ovules of the ventral cells not producing seeds. Seeds ellipsoid, smooth, dusky. Flowers white (Soyaux). — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 424. C. Heudelotii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184 ; Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. V. 425. "Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heiidelot, 788 ! Iioneer Guinea. Loango : near Chinchocho, Soyaux, 47 ! Soyaux, 47, is the type above described. The example of Heudelot, which is iiuperfect, shows the spathes less approximate, the lower peduncled, and may not be the same plant. But the capsule and seeds are the same. 18. C. condensata, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 190. Branches seen 0 in. long, undivided except at the tip, glabrate ; internodes 1-2 in. long. Leaves 3 by 1-1^ in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, when mature inconspicuously hairy on both surfaces, at the base broadly cuneate, unequal, sessile ; leaf-sheaths with long loose hairs. Spathes in a terminal head, ^ in. long, obliquely funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous. Capsule exceeding \ in. long ; each ventral cell with one seed in the upper part; the dorsal cell with one seed, dehiscent. Seeds of the ventral cells ^jj in. long, ellipsoid, smooth, brown. — Durand t Schinz^ Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 424. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 91 partly ! The capsule has only 3 seeds, but I believe it was 5-ovuled ; I have therefore altered its place. It is so near C. congesta that it may prove to be only a variety of it. 19. C. zaxubesica, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. IGK Robust, more or less hairy. Leaves T)! by 1^ in., narrowly elhptic, lanceolate, and acute at the tip, narrowed at the base. Peduncles solitary, mostly longer than the leaf-sheaths ; uppermost leaves gene- rally reduced, the uppermost sheath frequently without a blade. Spathes J-1 in. long, very broadly ovate, scarcely acuminate, hispid, not striated by coloured nerves ; the margins connate at the base for J-| in. Petals blue. Capsule rather more than | in. long; normally r)-seeded ; ventral face appears quadrate with 4 knobs ; seeds subglobose, obscurely tetra- hedral, nearly smooth. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 42!>. 44 cxLiii. COMMELINACE^ (clarke). [Co7mn^lina. C. communis^ Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 1G3. C. samhesiaca^ K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Commelina sp, n. 1, T. Thorns, in Speke, Nile, Append. 650. Mozamb. Dlst. Zanzibar, Speke Sf Grant! German East Africa : Rovuma, River, Kirk ! Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi : opposite Sena, Kirk I banks of the River Shire, near Morambala Mountain, Kirk I Shupanga, Kirk ! Zambesi Delta ; mouth of the Kongoni River, Kirk ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Plains of Zomba, 2500-3500 ft., TVhyte ! Lake Nyasa, Simons ! The leaves are used as spinach according to Speke & Grant. 20. C. boissieriana, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 161. Nearly glabrous. Leaves 3 J by J in., lanceolate, sessile. Peduncles scattered, exser ted J in. from the leaf -sheaths. Spathes 1 in. long, broadly ovate, acute, thinly hairy, margins connate at the base. Petals blue. Capsule J in. long, broadly oblong, obtuse, soon 3-valved ; seed of the dorsal valve smooth; seeds of the ventral cells unknown. — Schweinf. in Bull. Instit. %ypt. 1887, 320 (36 in reprint); Aschers. & Schweinf. in Mem. Instit. Egypt, ii. 776 (154 in reprint); Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 424 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 53. Nile X.and. Eritrea : Geleb, 5000 ft., Schweivfiirth^ 117. Ginda, 3300 ft., Schweinfurth, 437. Keren, Steudner, 1481, 1483. Abyssinia, Oaillardet, 297 ! Also in Extratropical Egypt. This species was founded on Gaillardet, 297, in which the capsule was imperfect ; -and it is very possibly the same plant as C. Schinzii described below. 21. C. Forskalsei, Vakl, Enum. ii. 172. Glabrous, grey-puberu- lous or pubescent. Stems 8-24 in. long, much branched, weak rooting from the lower nodes. Leaves up to 2 by § in., oblong or scarcely elliptic, tips usually obtuse, never acuminate, margins often wavy. Peduncles scattered, exserted -J- J in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes attaining J-| in. long, obliquely funnel-shaped, glabrate or sparsely hispid. Petals blue. Capsule small, 3-1-seeded ; dorsal cell scabrous, subindehiscent, 1 -seeded ; ventral cells of the ovary 2-ovuled, 0-1 -seeded ; seeds of the ventral cells small, subglobose, smooth. — Kunth, Enum. iv. 49 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 542 in obs.; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 208, 295 ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 168 incl. all vars. ; Durand & Schinz, Corispect. Fl. Afr. v. 425 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 371 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 56 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135 ; Kendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 430, and in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 77. C.fcdcata, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mozamb. Bot. 527. C. Kotschyi, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, not of Hassk. Upper Guinea. Cape Verd Isles, Cardoso, 253 ! Senegal, Roger, 93 ! Ferroitety 706 ! Senej^rtinbia, Heudelot, 276 ! Leprieur ! Bornu, Vor/el, 67 ! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1477 ! irile Iiand. Nubia : Wady Erkowit, near Saakin, Scliweivfnrth^ 286! coast to between 3000 and 4000 ft.. Bent I Kordofan : Bir Sodari, Pfund, 188 ! Gebel Kiirbag, Pfund, 357! 795! Obeyad, Pfund, 367! on plains, Kotschy, 34! Arashkol Mountain, Kotschy, 105 ! Eritrea : Mount Ghedem, near Massowa, Schweinfurfh Sf J2t«a, 113 ! Otoumbo, near Mhssowh, Schweinf urth Sf Riva, 196! near Saati, Schweinfurih cf Riva, 338 ! Galabat : region of Matamma, Schweinfurth, 532 ! Oommelind.] cxLiii. coMMELiNACEiE (clarke). 45 Abyssinia: near Schumdalake, 4000ft., Schimper, 380! Somaliland, Mrs. Lori- FJiillips ! Donaldson Smith! British East Africa : Nyika country near Mombasn, Wakefield ! VVitu, Thomas, 203 ! AoTirer Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; in damp meadows by the River Cuanza, near Nbilla, Welwitsch, 6634 ! Damaraland, JEen ! Mozaml). Blst. Zanzibar, Hildebrandt, 1053 ! Kirk ! German East Africa : Tanga, Hoist, 2078! Portuguese East Africa : Zambejii Delta ; mouth of the Rive4' Kongoni, Kirk ! Lower Zambesi ; between Lupata and Tete, Kirk ! British Central Afi'ica : Rhodesia ; Zambesi Valle^^, at Shesheke, Holuh ! Ngamiland : Kwebe, near Lake Ngami, Liigard, 136 ! Mrs. Lugard, 147 ! Matabeleland, Elliott ! Also in Arabia, Socotra, Mascarenia, South^ern India. In this species, as in C. henghalensis, stolons or basal almost leafless branches carry abnormal, often apetalous, flowers, r.nd produce capsules usually abnormal, often 1-seeded. 22. C. africana, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 41, ed. ii. GO. Nearly glabrous. StenivS 1-3 ft. lon^, rambling, much divided, almost woody at the very base, with thick roots. Leaves 3 by J in., or much smaller, oblong, nearly sessile, usually obtuse at the base, often with rusty hairs at the mouth of the sheath. Spathes scattered, on peduncles exserted 1-| in., varying in length (in one exiample) from |-2Jin., simply folded, ovate, commonly triangular at the top, sometimes acuminate or rarely caudate- attenuate, glabrous or nearly so with white margins. Petals yellow. Filaments often J in. long. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule nearly always 1-seeded, i.e., the dorsal cell falls off apparently quite indehiscent, while the four ovules in the two ventral cells (after swelling somewhat) remain infertile ; occasionally the upper ovule in each ventral cell produces a perfect cylindric-ellipsoid reticulated seed. — Gsertn. Fruct. i. 50, 1. 15, fig. 1 ; Lam. Encycl. ii. 67, 111. t. 35; Schmidel, Ic. i. 113, t. 30; Red. Lil. t. 207 ; Gawler in Bot. Mag. t. 1431 ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 164, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 9; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr.v. 422 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl.Ost Afr.C. 135 ; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 429, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. b2 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119. C. angolensis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155 ; Durand k, Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Eendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 77. ('. involucrosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165 partly. C. Klliotii, C. B. Clarke k Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 98. Hedinigia africana, Medicus in Roem. & Usteri, Mag. x. 124, XTpper Guinea. Sierra Leone : between Kahreni and Port Lokko, Scott- Ellioi, 5749 ! ITile Z.and. Habab, 6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 368 ! Eritrea : Saganeiti, 6800- 7000 ft., Schweinfurth Sf Riva, 1701 ! Abyssinia: Samen ; Shoata, Schimper, 590! Shoa, Petit ! British East Africa : Niamniam : by the River Nabambisso, Schwein- furth, 3739 ! and Makporru Hill, Schweinfurth, 3797 ! British East Africa : Leikipia ; Njoro Lavabwal, Gregory I Machakos, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6388 ! Ziower Guinea. French Congo : Bramaya, Faroisse, 196. Angola : Huilln, 3500-5800 ft. ; near LopoUo, Welwitsch, 6581 ! Monino, Welwitsch, 6583 ! Morro de liopollo, Welwitsch, 6593 ! Pungo Andongo; Sobato Cabanga, Welwitsch, 6626 ! German Soutli-west Africa : Upingtonia ; Ovambate, Schinz, 28 ! 40 (jXLiii. coMMELiXACE.E (clarke). [Comjuelina. Mozamb. Dist. Grerman East Africa : Kilimanjaro ; at Maranj^u, 5000- 5500 ft., Volkens^ 1244 ! 2324 ! British Central Africa : Urungu ; Fwambo, Carson, 25 ! Kambole, Houth-west of Lake Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt ! Xyasaland ; marshy promontory of Lake Shirwa (Chilwa), Meller ! Zomba Kock, Whyte ! Mount Sochi, Scotf-Mliot, 8525 ! Mount Mlanji, Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 338 ! Ngamiland : edge of the rivers near Lake Ngami, McCahe, 24 ! along tlie River Chobe, McCahe, 47 ! Frequent also in the Mascarene Islands and Extratropical South Africa. This is a very common species; and the plentiful material shows that, on the same plant, the length and acumination of the spathe varies excessively, and that the leaves vary considerably from oblong to elliptic-oblong. Where thei'e is no fruit and the colour of the iiowers is not noted, I have (in general) not cited the example in the foregoing geography. The plant is frequent in Abyssinia, and Schweinfurth gives many localities which are not copied here, though I do not doubt that his numbers are either C. africana, or one of the species following (C. edulis, C. iavolu- crosa), v/hich I am not sure to differ. In C. Elliotii, the capsule is noted to be 5-seeded, but tlie plant is otherwise very exactly C. africana, in whicl) there are always 5 ovules. As to Schimper, 590, it is larger than C. africana usually is in leaf, spathe, and capsule, and it may be A. Richard's C. involucrosa ; but, if so, I fear C. involucrosa, A. Rich., is not distinct from C. africana. 23. C. edulis, A . Rich. Tent. Fl. Ahyss. ii. 841. Leaves elliptic, not lanceolate; stems and sheaths marked by a longitudinal line of hairs; three interior sepals heart-shaped and equal ; otherwise as C. africana. — Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 29.') ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 105; Durand&Schinz,Conspect. Fl. Afr.v. 425; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155. C. heccariana, Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 87 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 54. srile Ziand. Eritrea : Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth Sf Eiva, 1608 ! Abyssinia : Tigre ; Mount Sholoda, near Adowa, 6700 ft., Schimper, 60 ! Wojerat district, Fetit ■ Shoa, Petit I The above is condensed from A. Richard's description. The only part of the dif- ferences alleged that appears distinctive is the broader leaves. The specimen of C. edulis in herb. Kew. from herb. Franqueville (believed to be a piece of A. Richard's type) agrees very well with the description ; the upper leaves are If by f in., more elliptic than as in C. africana. The s])athe in this type specimen is less than f in. long, not acuminate, but hardly difPers from some spathes to be found in C. africana. This type shows no capsule : but it is either closely allied to C. africana, or to be united therewith. Buchanan, 6360, from Nyasaland, and Scott-Elliot, 8525, from the Shire Highlands, have the leaves elliptic at the base, but they do not match C. edulis, and are rather forms of C africana. 24. C. involucrosa, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 342. Very large. Leaves sheathing at the base, sessile, lanceolate, acute, pubescent and ciliate when young. Spathes 2-2J in. long, long.-peduncled, simply folded, hairy ciliate on the margin. — Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165 (excl. Schweinf. 590) ; Durand &l Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 425. Nile ]Land. Abyssinia: Tigre; Tchelalchekenneh, Quartin-Dillon. No type of this has been seen ; the above is condensed from A. Richard,' who was ■" disposed to believe the flowers yellow." Assuming the flowers yellow, and noting the large size of the plant, A. Richard's C. involucrosa was probably the plant of Comiiielincc] cxliii. commelinace^ (clarke). 47 C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. I.e. — i.e., ]iOrd's plant from Hor Tamanib, near Suakin ; in this : Leaves up to 5 by 1 in. Peduncles 1 in. long, stout, pubescent. .Spathes 2\ in. long, pubescent. 25. C. krebsiana, Kimih^ Euum. iv. 40. Leaves hairy on both surfaces when mature ; otherwise as C. africana. — 0. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 10. C. africana^ var. hrehs'mua^ C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 164; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 154 ; Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 76. 6*. karooica, var. BarhercE^ Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Kat. Par. i. 119 ? Upper Guinea. * Cameroons : Yaunde, Zenker, 1-199 ! Nile Z.and. Eritrea: Habab, 6000 ft., Hildebrandt, 367! British East Africa : White Nile, at the inouth of the Bahr el Gebel, Schweinfurth, 1132 ! Xiower Guinea. Angola: Pungo Andongo ; in thickets between Catete and Quilanga, WelivitscJi, 6635 ! and between Pungo Andongo and the River Cuanza, Welwitsch, 6640 ! Mozamb. Slst. British Central Africa : Niomkolo Island, in Lake Tangan- yika, Carson ! Matabeleland, Mliott ! Gold-fields, Baines ! Also in Extratropical South Africa. The plant of Baines is hispid, and altogether like the C. krebsiana of the Kalahari. The leaves in Schweinfurth, 1132, are softer with shorter denser hair, and may indicate an additional species. Var. j8 vUlosior, C. B. Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 10. Leaves elliptic, 2 by | in. Whole plant softly hairy, not hispid. — C. harhata, var. /3 villosior, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167, not of Lara. ; Hua in Bull. Mns. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 119. C. africana^ vat. polyclada, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Wehv. ii. 76. Xiower Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; in cultivated fields near LopoUo, Welicitsch, 6581! XHozamb. Bist. Rhodesia : Leshumo Valley, south of the Zambesi, Holub ! Frequent in Extratropical South Africa. 2^. C. cordifolia, A.Rich. Tent-. Fl. Abyss, ii. o41. Leaves oval- oblong acute, sessile, sub cordate at the base, with soft hairs on both sur- faces. Peduncles exceeding 1 J in. in length ; spathes very large, cordate- oblong, acute, simply folded, hairy, ciliate on the margins. Flowers yellow. — Schweinf . Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii 165 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 425 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. IVile ^and. Abyssinia: Tigre; Adowa, Quart in-Dillon. Somaliland, Mrs. Lort-PJdllijps ! Mozamb. Bist. German East Africa : Usagara (ex K. Schumann). No authentic example has been seen : the description above is condensed from A. Richard, from which there can be little doubt that Mrs. Lort-Phillips' plant belongs to the species ; in this : Leaves 3 by 1§ in., distinctly cordate at the base. Peduncles exceeding 2 in. long, hairy. Spathe 1-1:^ in. long, 1^ in. broad. Capsule perfecting 1 seed in an indehiscent deciduous cell. Tliis is a strongly marked species. — K. Schumann's may have been C. Buchanani (the following species). 27. C. Buchanani, G. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Straggling, the internodes up to 4-() in. long. Leaves 4 by |-1 in., elliptic-lanceolate, 48 cxLiii. coMMELixACE.E (clarke). [Comnielina. acute, suddenly contracted at the base. Peduncles scattered, 1-2 in, long, Spathes up to '^ in. long, ovate-lanceolate, long- attenuate, very nearly glabrous ; margins free at the base. Flowers large, " pale yellow '' (L. Scott), some long exserted from the spathe ; in the dried examples 2 petals yellow, the third smaller and brownish. Filaments J in. long. Capsule of the section Heterocarjnis. Wile Ziand. British East Africa : Ukamba ; Kitui, Hildehrandt , 2643 I Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor ! Mozamb. Sist. British Central Africa: Xyasalaud; Blantyre, Scott ! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 285 ! This differs from all the species of the C. africana group (except C. involucrosx) by its large spathes; it is too glabrous to be put with C. involucrosa, nor does th^ leaf-base match. 28. C.Kirkiiy C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Fkan.iii. 1G7. Nearly glabrous. Stems 15 in. long, with internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 4-G by J-J in., linear or scarcely linear-lanceolate. Peduncles J-1 J in. long towards the ends of the branches. Spathes 1 j-2J in. long, lanceo- late long-attenuate; margins free at the base. Flowers yellow, some much exserted from the spathe. Capsule (though not seen well ripened} of the section Heterocarp^is. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Mozamb. 3>ist. Portuguese East Africa : Moraraballa Mountain, 1000-3000 ft., Kirk ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Ndirandi Mountain, near Blantyre, Scotl'Elliot, 8498 ! Shire Valley, Waller ! Also iji Mauritius. 2'.>. C. boehmiana, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Stems 12-14 in. long, pubescent at the top. Leaves up to 4 by 4 in., elongate- lanceolate, puberulous on both faces. Spathes cordate, acuminate, not turbinate (i.e., margins at the base free). Seeds ^ in. long, pitted, black. Mozamb. Bist. German East Africa : TJnyamwezi ; Gonda (Igonda), Boeh'.n, 12. K. Schumann does not mention the colour of the flowers nor describe the capsule ; but he says the species is close to C. Kirkii, from which it is supposed the flowers are yellow, the dorsal cell of the capsule indehiseent and 1- seeded. If these things are. not so, the spec-ies may belong to some different section of the genus. 30. C. Mannii, C. B. Clarke hi DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 167. Yery sparingly hairy. Stems up to 12 in. long, weak ; internodes up to 2 in. long. Leaves up to 1;^ by f in. (mostly smaller), elliptic, tip triangular and subobtuse. Peduncles few, near the tops of the branches, scarcely |- in. longer than the leaf-sheaths. Spathes J in. long, ovate, not acuminate; margins free at the base. Capsule small ; in each ventral cell 1 reticulated seed ; in the dorsal indehiseent cell 1 seed closely sticking to the cell- wall. — Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426. Commelina sp., Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 228. I Commelina.'] cxLiii. commelinace.e (clakkk). 41) Upper Guinea. Camcroons : Cameroon Mountiiln, 7000 ft., Mann, 2136! y-dv. p Li/<(Uii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monosjr. Phm. iii. 168. Rather stouter. Peduncles a little longer. Seeds slightly pitted, not distinctly reticulated. — C. am- plexicaulis, Hassk. in Schweiiif. Beitr. Fl. Aetliiop. 20S, 295; Dnrand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 423 ? C. eilulis, A. Rich,, forsan var. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 165. Ifflle Iiand. Abyssinia: Samen ; Kabere, 10,000 ft., AScAimjt^er, 573 ! Ankober, Roth, 11 o ! and without precise locality, Plowden ! Also in Madagascar. 31. C. Kotschyiy Hassk. in Schioeinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 207, 295. Nearly glabrous. Leaves 2J by § in., subsessile, very little narrowed at the base; margins often crenulated. Spathes 2 (or 3-1) near the ends of the branches, exserted scarcely \ in. from the leaf-sheaths, J-| in. long, very broadly ovate, obtuse or with a very short point (not acuminate) ; margins free or very shortly and obscurely connate at the base. Petals intensely blue {Wehoitsch). Capsule more than \ in. long, quadrate-oblong, constricted in the middle, flat ; the dorsal-cell absent, or rudimentary, or small and 1 -seeded. Seeds ^ in. long or rather more, cylindric-ellipsoid, smooth, brown. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v 42(1 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 77. C. Forskailii, Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173. Dissecocarpus Kotschyi, Hassk. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173. irile £and. Kordofan, Kotschy, 34 ! Lower Guinea. Angola : Barra do Bengo ; between Teba and Cacuaco, Wehoitsch, 6624 ! Loanda ; near Quicuxe, Wehoitsch, 6614 ! in the dense thickets of Alto d is Cruzes, Welwitsch, 6620 ! 32. C. imberbis^ Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 295. Nearly glabrous, even to the mouths of the leaf-sheaths. Stems 1-2 ft. high, suberect at the base, with internodes 2-3 in. long ; roots long, rather thick. Leaves 5 in. long, varying from lj*f in. in breadth, from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate ; the upper sessile dilated (often rounder or auricled) at the base. Peduncles few, scattered, exserted |-1J in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1-lJ by 1 J in., very broadly ovate, triangular acute at the tip, green, nearly glabrous, not conspicuously nerved ; margins free, or very nearly so. Corolla blue. Capsule \-\ in. long, oblong-quadrate, 4-seeded. Seed ellipsoid, brown, obscurely wrinkled or pitted (nearly smooth). — C. latifolia, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173, partly. Zrile Land. Eritrea : lower part of Damns Vullev, 1600 ft., Schtoeinfurth ^^ Miva, 1181 ! Abyssinia : Tigre ; Melata, 5000 it., Schimper, 576 ! Mount Sholodii, near Adowa, Qua rtin- Dillon Sf Petit, 13 ! Soudan, Fenton ! Somaliland : Darror, James Sf Thrupp ! Harradi^it, James (Sf Thrupp ! British East Africa : Machnkos, Hinde ! Rab:ii Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor ! Mozamb. Dist. Zanzibar, Hildehrandt, 1054 I British Coutral Africa : Lake Tanganyika, Cameron ! Kavala Islands, Carson, 24 ! 25 ! Xyjisalaiid : Kondowe to Karonara, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Ngamiland; Kwebe. Lugard, 146! 24-1! 50 cxLiii. coMMELiNACE.E (clarke). [Co7)imeUna. Also in Madagascar. 'I'lie variHtion in tlie leaves in this species is very ^reat; in Quartin-Dillon & Petit, 13, the upper leaves are ovate, sessile, and rounded at the base, the lower lanceolate ; while the lowest has a quasi-petiole | in. long. Var. loandensis, C. B. Clarke. Leaves (even the upper ones) narrowed at the base into a short quasi-petiole.— C. latifolia, Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 77, partly. ILower Cluiaeaa Angola : Loanda ; about Alto das Cruzes, Welwitsch, 6613 ! at Praia de Zamba, near Loanda, Welivitsch, 6616 ! near Maianga de Povo, Wei- witsch, (;618 ! Ambriz ; near the Piiver Quizembo, Welivitsch, 6615 ! 33. C. Petersii, JIassk. in Peters, Reise Mossainh. Bot. 522. Nearly glabrous. Stems 18 in. long, with internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 4-5 by j in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rather suddenly contracted at the base, often very shortly quasi-petiolate. Peduncles scattered, near the top of the stem, exserted J-1 in. from the leaf- sheaths. Spathes 1 by | in., elliptic or ovate, acuminate, glabrous or very nearly so, with obscure longitudinal green nerves ; margins nearly or quite free at the base. Petals blue. Capsule I in. long, 4-seeded ; the dorsal cell sometimes present, usually empty. Seeds oblong- ellipsoid, with transverse wrinkles and pits. — Hassk. in Flora, 1863, 385; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 161); Durand k Schinz, Oonspect. Fl. Afr. v. 427 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. ^o-vtrer Guinea. German !South-west Afr-ica : Ainboland ; Olnkonda, Schinz, 6 ! IMCozaxub. Bist. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi, at Shiramba, Kirk ! Mozambique, Peters ! This is near C. hoissieriana, but differs from that (as from C. Schinzii) by its much narrower spathes. 34. C. latifolia, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Ahjss. ii. 340. Slightly hairy or glabrate. Stem 15-30 in. long, rather weak, with long inter- nodes, decumbent and rooting at the base ; roots fibrous, not thickened. Leaves 3^ by J in., oblong-lanceolate, sessile, dilated at the base; upper leaves often cordate, eared or nearly sagittate at the base. Peduncles solitary, 2 or 1 near the top of a branch, exserted J-1 in. from the leaf -sheath. Spathes f in. long or rather more, broadly ovate, with a short acute point, not acuminate, very thinly hispid, slenderly striate; margins very shortly connate at the base. Petals (dried) blue. Capsule \ by J-i in., 4-seeded. Seeds globose, brown, nearly smooth. — Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 173 partly; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl Afr. V. 426 ; Durand & De Wild, in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128 ; K. Schum in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135; Schweinf. in Hohnel. Zum Rudolph-See u. Stephanie-See, ii. 353, and in Verb. Zool.-Bot. C4esell. Wien, 1865, 556. C. sagittifolia, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206, 295. IVile Xiand. Kordofan : Abu Harara, Ffund, 114 ! Abyssinin : without precise locality, Schimper, 1686 ! Fearce ! Somaliland, Donaldson Smith ! Xiower Guinea. Lower Congo : Sicia, Dapuis 1 Coynmeliaa.^ cxliii. commelinace.e (clarke). 51 Mozaxub. Dist. Zanzibar, Bqjer ' Gerruau East Africa : Kilimanjaro ; at Marangu, 5000 ft., VolJcem, 2270 ! Usambara ; Tanga ; Hoist, 2079a ! The plant above described is Schimper, 1686, which A. Richard took as the type of his C. latifoUa, and Hasskarl as the type of his C. saqittifoUa. Tlic natue latifoUa is misleading, for the leaves cannot be called broad, though (as Remlle observes) they vary so greatly in width that they might be called polymorphous. The species must not be called C. latifoUa, Hochst., as Hochstctter meant by that C. henghalensis, Linn., and issued various plants under that name. Scliweiufurth and K. Schumaan, in the places above cited, included probably C. cnaeata, tlie species following, which is very closely allied to C. latifoUa. 35. C. cuneata, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrate excepb tlie . sparsely- hispid spathe. Stern 1 8 in. long, with long internodes, sabei-ect at the base ; roots thick. Upper leaves 4 J by J in., lanceolate, ciineate at the base, almost into a quasi-petiole. Peduncle at the end of the branches ; spathes, flowers, capsule, and seeds as of C. latifoUa. XMIozamb. Bist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Kondowc to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Kavali, Carson ! The spathe, with the strongly exserted lower eyme-stalk, appeai-s identical with that of C. latifoUa. There is, however, no example of C. latifoUa that has the upper leaves like those of C. cuneata. 36. C. spectabilis, C. B. Cla.rke in DC. Monoyr. Phait. iii. 175. Very hairy. Stem erect, 3-10 in. long, almost woody at the base with thick roots. Leaves 4 by J in., oblong, dilated at the base, haiiy on both surfaces. Peduncles scattered, exserted |-1J in. from the leaf- sheaths. Spathes J~l by \\ in., very broadly ovate, with triangular tip, very hairy ; margins free to the base or very nearly so. Flowers numerous, blue. Capsule immature, probably nearly as of C. huilhnsis. — Durand ifc Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 428 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 78. Zko-wer Guinea. Angola: Hnilla ; in woods near tlie River Monino, 3S00- 5500 ft., Welwitsch, 6594 ! Var. j8 ramosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 175. Less liairy. Stem 2 ft. long, decumbent, rooting at the nodes, mucli branched. Spatlies rather smaller, scarcely I in. long. Flowers bright dark hina {Welwitsch)^ not sky 1)lue. — Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI, Welw. ii. 78. Kower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; in sandy marshes between Quibanga and Guinga, Welivitsoh, 6629 ! 37. C. Cecilae, C. B. Clarke. Hairy. Stem up to 18 in. long, repeatedly branched towards the top, with internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 3J by J in., broadly triangular-oblong, hairy, densely fringed on the margins, sessile, rounded and much dilated at the base, sometimes 1 in, broad. Peduncles scattered towards the ends of the branches, white- hirsute, exserted 1-2 in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes 1 by IJ in., broadly ovate- triangular, brown-purple, white-hirsute, not distinctly striate, margins free to the base or very nearly so. Flowers numerous, blue, rather large. Capsule not seen. XlSozamb. Blst. Matabeleland : Gwelo, Hon. Mrs. Eceli/n Cecil 130! b'J cxLiii. coMMELiNACEiE (clarke). [CoinQmlina 38. C. demissa, C. B. Clarke. Pubescent. Stem 1 ft. long, branched, with internodes 1-'^) in. long; leaves 8J by i in., narrowly- oblong, attenuated at either end, when mature hairy on both faces. Peduncles scattered, exserted 0-^ in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathes J-§ in. long, ovate, acute, considerably smaller than in any other species of the C. latifolia group, hairy, with obscure longitudinal purple veins, margins free at the base. Petals blue when dry. Capsule scarcely i in. long, square, 4-seeded. Seeds small, globose, dark brown, smooth. XWCozaznb. Bist. British Central Africa : Nyasalantl ; Mount Malosa, 4000- 6000 ft., Whyiel i^)9. C. madagascarica, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 174. Very nearly glabrous. Stem 15 in. long, much branched, with internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 2-2 J in. long, linear-lanceolate, except for a dilatation (not always present) at the very base. Peduncles scattered, near the end of the branches, exserted \ to J in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes J-| in. long, ovate, acute, not acuminate ; margins nearly free to the base. Capsule (in Scott- Elliot, 7588) i in. long, 4-seeded. Seeds globose, smooth, brown. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 426. C. latifolia, var. angustifolia, Schweinf. (MS.?). KTile Iiand. Eritrea; Ambelaco. near Maldi, 6500 ft., ScJiweinfnrfh, 131! British East Africa : Riuvenzori ; Kasamaga, 6300 It., ScoH-ElUot, 7588! Frequent in Madagascar. This difPers from C. latifolia, A. Rich., not only in the narrow leaves but in the spathes, which are very much smaller. 40. C. huillensis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Mouoyr. Phan. iii. 175. Stemless, or very nearly so; roots thick. Leaves 4-10 by \-^ in., dilated at the base, hairy. Peduncles radical, 4-7 in. long, shaggy towards the top. Spathes 1-1 1 by ]| in., very broadly ovate, shaggy, with triangular tip ; margins free. Cymes 2, with stout pedicels, the upper with numerous blue flowers. Capsules not ripe, nearly square, J in. long, 4-seeded. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 425 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 78. £ower Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; between Lopollo and Nene, 3800-5500 ft., Wehvitsch, 6585 ! 41. C. Carsoni, C. B. Clarke. Hairy, the leaf -sheaths and spathes shaggy. Stems 1 ft. high, branched, suberect at the base, with internodes 2-4^ in. long. Leaves 2 in. long, curved, narrowly lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, except near the base, where there is a dilata- tion sometimes J in. wide at the top of the leaf-sheath. Peduncles solitary towards the ends of the branches, erect, exserted 1-2 in. from the leaf -sheath. Spathes j in. long, broadly ovate, acute, not acumi- nate; margins free to the base, or very nearly so. Capsule small, nearly quadrate, 4-seeded. Seeds subglobose, brown, nearly smooth. Mtozamb. Dlst. British Central Africa,: Tanganyika Plateau, at Fwambo, Carson ! Co'inmelina.] cxliii. commelinace-e (clarke). r»3 42. C. Welwitschii, 0. B. Clarke In DC. Moaoijr. Phan. in. 17.'). Scabrous-pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Stems 4-1 1 in. long, erect, thickened at the base, sometimes into bulbs ^ in. in cliam. ; roots thickened. Leaves linear, 4-8 by \-\ in., or (in WelwUsch, ist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Malosa, -iOOO- 6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount ^Ilanji, Scott- Elliot, 8675 ! This may prove only a variety of C. Carsoni. The typical five specimens of Whyte, Avith acuminate highly coloured spathes, having the margins distinctly connate at the base, look distinct enough ; but Scott-Elliot, 8675, has less acuminate, less coloured spathes, with nearly free margins, and looks half-way to C. Carsoni. 44. C. neurophylla, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Branches 12-lH in. long ; internodes '2-b in. long. Leaves ^-j} by J in. (usually narrow), linear-oblong or linear, often dilated at the base ; longitudinal nerves 5-7, conspicuous in the dry specimens. Peduncles solitary towards the ends of the branches, exserted h-'Ih in. from the leaf- sheath. Spathes J- J in. long, triangular in outline, obliquely funnel- shaped, green, with obscure green longitudinal veins ; margins connate, often for h in. Petals blue. Capsule 1 in. long, square, 4-seeded. Seeds globose, smooth, brown. VOL. VIII. C 5-1: cxLiii. COMMELINACE^ (olarke). [Commelina. nSozamb. Dist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau, 2000-3000 ft., W^hi/te ! Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 -seeded. Seeds -^ in. long, globose or very shortly ellipsoid, smooth. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 180 ; Diuand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 42?>; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. W'elw. ii. 78. Upper Guinea, (rold Coast : Accra, Bon ! Niger Territory : at the Con- fluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers, Vogel I 53. C. xuenseusis, Schvjeinf. in Bull. Herh. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 57. Leaves 4-5, by J in., narrowly linear, rough hairy on the upper surface. Spathes 2 or ''^ clustered at the end of the branches, J in. long, shortly lanceolate, hispid, striate ; margins united at the base for i in. Capsule J in. in diam. ; cells 3, equal, thin, smooth, all dehiscing. Seeds 1 in each cell, globose, J in. in diam., smooth, sculptured on either side of the hilum by 4 transverse wrinkles. Wile Zfand. Eritrea : below Gelebj 4SOO-5500 ft., Schweinfurth, 1414, 1434 ; Ansel)ji, near Keren, iiteudner, 1417. Not seen ; the above condensed from Scliweinfurtl/s description. 54. C. firma, Hendle in Cat. Afr. Fl. Welw. ii. 78. Hairy. Stems 12-18 in. long, robust ; internodes up to 3 in. long. Leaves 3-4 by J in., oblong, when mature hairy on both surfaces. Spathes clustered, often many in a terminal head. Seeds ^ in. long. Otherwise nearly as C. aspera. — C. aspera, var. i^firma^ C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 180. Cyanotis hirsnta, Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 162, Iffile Iband* British East Africa : Unyoro ; Ukidi Forest, Speke ^ Grant ! Ibower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo, 2400-3800 ft, ; Pando woods, between Calundo and Mangue, TFieZifiY^c^, 6644 ! in shady woods around Pedras de <¥uinga and Mangue, IVeliritscJi, 6645 ! Flowers dark blue [Wehcitach), as they probably are in C. aspera. This is a4togetlier a much stonter jdant than C. aspera, with longer capsule and seeds. 55. C. Vogelii, ('.. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Fhan. iii. 189. Sparingly hairy. Stems 1-2 ft. long ; internodes 2—5 in. long. Leaves 4 J by 1^ in,, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base. Spathes mostly in clusters of 2 or 3 at the end of the branches, J-§ by j in., broadly ovate, very shortly acuminate, pubescent, margins shortly connate at the base. Flowers white {Vogel). Capsule small, papery, 3-seeded, or sometimes 2-seeded (the dorsal cell being suppressed). Seeds yV-jo in. long, subglobose, more or less angular. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 42.S ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135 ; Hua in Bull, Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120. C. stdcata, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 541, not of Wilid. Upper Guinea. Seneg^ambia, Heudelot, 476 ! Senegal, Bellamy, 2. Lagos Millen, 77 ! lioivland ! Fernando Po : in woods, Vogel, 261 ! Coinnielina,] cxliii. coMMELiNACEiE (clarke). $7 JaO-wer Guinea. Angola ; Cxuiiigoiigue, Herb. Paris ! XMozamb. Slst. British Central Africa : Nyasaland (ex K. Schumann) 56. C. Bainesii, C. B. Clarke in DC Monoyr. Phan. iii. 184. Hairy. Stems 1 ft. long ; internodes 2-8 in. long. Leaves 6 by § in., narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at the base, with wavy margins, when mature hairy on both surfaces. Peduncles few, scattered towards the end of the branches, exsex'ted 0-J in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes I by I in., obtuse or with a very short point, hairy ; margins shortly connate at the base. Capsule small, obovoid, trigonous, 8-seeded ; dorsal cell similar, indehiscent. Seeds yV in. in diam., globose, brown, smooth. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. A'>^ ; Kendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 79. C. hracteosa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly. £ower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo, 3300 ft. ; in thickets near Ponte de Luxillo, Welioitsch, 6636 ! by streams on the Prsesidium near Fonte de Cazella, Welwitsch, 6641 ! in woods near Condo, Welwitsch, 6643 ! IMCozamb. l>ist. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro ; Marangu, 2600 ft., Volkens, 2147 ! British Central Africa : Mjfttabeleland ; Kiver Mangwe, Baines ! Var. ^ glahrata,^e\\A\e in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52. More glabrous. Mature leaves glabrate ; sheaths more or less hairy. Spathes more eiserted on l)eduncles up to f in. long, sparsely hispid or glabrous. — Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXX. 429. C. angustifolia, Hassk. in Peters, Keise Mosamb. Bot. 528, and in Flora, 1863, 388, not of Michaux. Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : province of Kios de Sena, Peters ; Makua; Namuli Mountains, Last I British Central Africa: Nyasaland; Mount Mhuiji, Whyte! Zomba Plains, 2500-3000 ft., Whyte ! and ^\^thout precise locality, Buchanan, 508 ! 1374 ! All the examples of this variety j8 have dried brown, unlike the typical C. Bainesii, which is greyish, and might be esteemed specifically distinct. 57. C. lagosensis, C. B, Clarke. Stems 2 ft. or more long, weak, branching, prostrate, rooting at many nodes ; internodes 1-3 in. long. Leaves 2\ by 1 in., broadly elliptic, shortly acute, obscurely hairy when mature on both surfaces, suddenly narrowed at the base into a very short quasi-petiole. Peduncles few, scattered, exserted 0-J in. from the leaf-sheath. Spathes | by f in., tip obtuse or depressed triangular, pubescent ; margins shortly connate at the base. Capsule small, ob- ovoid, trigonous, 3-celled, 3-seeded ; dorsal cell indehiscent. Seeds -^^ in. in diam., globose, brown, smooth. Upper Guinea. Lagos, Millen, 21 ! 58. C.albescenSy Hassk. in Schiceinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 210, 295. Nearly glabrous. Rhizome woody, knotted, with thick roots. Stems 8-20 in. long, branched; internodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves 4 by ^ in., narrowed at both ends. Spathes clustered at the end of the branches, usually 2 or 3 together, h in. long, funnel-shaped, very much curved, acute ; margins connate "for \ in. at the base. Capsule 1 in. long, 3-celled, 3-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller and indehiscent. Seeds of the ventral cells J in. long, ellipsoid, flattened, brown, nearly smooth. — 5S cxLiii. coMMELiNACE^ (clarke). [Commelina. C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 184 ; Durand & Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 423; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 373 ; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88 ; Rendle in Journ. Linn. See. xxx. 429 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 120 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly. C.multicaulis, Hochst. in Schimper, Exsic. 1242. C. schimperiana^ Hochst. in Schimper, Exsic. 2268. Vpper Guinea. Cape Verde Isles: Brava, Lowe I Senegal, Bellamy, 573, Daliomey, Burton ! Wile Iiand. Eritrea: Keren; 4800 ft., Beccari, 297! Abyssinia: Jaja, Schimper, 1242 ! Agow district ; on mount«ins near Gageros, 4000 ft., Schimper, 2268 ! SoraaliliUid ; Ahl Mountains, Hildebrandt, 1473 ! Wagga Mountains, Mrs. Lort. Phillips ! Boobi, James ^ Thrupp ! Witu, Gregory. Dadaro, 3700 ft., Lord Delamere ! Also in Socotra, Arabia, and Scinde. nCozaml). Slst. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mlanji, 6000 ft., Whyte, 112 ! . 59. C. sphaerosperma, C. B. Clarke. Thinly and obscurely hairy. Stems 18 in. long, branched; internodes 2-4 in. long. Leaves 4-5 by |-1 in., narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at the base, when mature ob- scurely pubescent on the surfaces or glabrate. Spathes 2-4 together at the ends of the branches, §-f by 1 in., shortly acuminate, acute, not much curved ; margins connate for i in. at the base. Petals blue when dry. Capsule J in. long, obovoid, trigonous, 3-celled, 3-seeded, dorsal cell indehiscent. Seeds of the ventral cells ~ in. long, globose or sub- cuboid, black-brown, smooth. — C. Gerrardi, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 183, as to Trop. Afr. examples. C. albescens, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135, partly; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52. Mozamb. Bist. Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta ; at the mouth of the River Melambe, KirJc ! Lower Zambesi ; between Lupata and Tete, KirTc ! opposite Sena, Kirk ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Zomba, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte ! 60. C. opulens, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 4-6 in. long, decumbent, rooting at the base, densely leafy in the upper half with very short internodes. Leaves 4 by J in., narrowly oblong- lanceolate, not narrowed on the leaf -sheath. Upper branches for 2 in. clothed with numerous subsessile spathes. Spathes | in. long, ovate, shortly acuininate, acute ; margins connate at the base. Capsule \-\ in. long, obovoid, 3-celled, 3-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller, indehiscent and sometimes sterile. Seeds j3^ in. long, very shortly ellipsoid (subglobose), smooth. — C. aspera, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 180, partly ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 78. lower Guinea. Angola : Huilla, 3800-5500 ft., among crops of Penicillariay near Humpati«, Welwitsch, 6592 ! BSozaxnb. Dist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! 61. C. venusta, C. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Branches 10 in. long, undivided, with 1-3 approximated spathes at the end of each (^ommelina.l cxliii. commelinace.*: (clakke). 5J> branch ; intemodes 1-2^ in, long. Leaves 4 by I in., linear, acuminate,, acute. Spathe scarcely exserted from the leaf -sheath, J— | by 1 in., very acute, curved, hairy ; margins hardly connate at the base. Petals blue, f by f in., exclusive of the claw. Capsule small, ;>-seeded, the dorsal cell smaller, indehiscent. Seeds ^jy in. in diam., globose (some- what tetrahedral), smooth, brown. Wile Iiand. British Soinaliland : Golis Kan.ifo, Miss Edith Cole ! Separate expanded flowers have been carefully dried ; tliey must be unusually large and bright. The stamens, barren and fertile, are just as those of C. nvdiflora, Linn, (and numerous other si)ecies), but larger, 62. C. Livingstoni, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 190. Nearly glabrous, or somewhat hairy. Stems 1-2 ft. long, sometimes robust, suberect from a stout base, straggling, branched ; intemodes 2-5 in. long. Leaves 5| by J in., lanceolate, narrowed at either end. Peduncles 1 (or 2, rarely 3, close together) at the end of a branch, hardly longer than the leaf -sheaths. Spathes attaining 1 by 1^ in., shortly acuminate, acute, nearly glabrous; , margins connate for \-\ in. at the base. Petals blue. Capsule J in. long, obovoid compressed, 2- seeded. Seeds \ in. long, ellipsoid, brown, smooth. — Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 11 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 420. Nile ]bancl. British East Africa : Witu : Mkanumbi, G^re^or^r .' Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor. Mozaxul). I>lst. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., Johnston ! Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta ; near Vicente, Scott ! Lower Zambesi ; between Lupata and Sena, KirJc ! between Lupata and Tete, Kirk ! Tete, Kirl- ! near Sena, KirJc ! Lower Shire Valley ; near the foot of Morambala Mountain, Kirk ! Matabeleland, Elliott ! Also in South Africa. G3. C. Zenkeri, C. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Stems csespitose from a stout base, up to 12 in. long, branched, decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes ; intemodes up to o in. long but mostly short. Leaves 2 by l-l:j in., ovate, shortly acute, suddenly narrowed at the base, sessile. Peduncles solitary, few, scattered, exserted 0-J in. from the leaf-sheaths. Spathes ^-f by 1 in., hardly acute, minutely pubes- cent or glabrate ; margins very shortly connate at the base. Petals blue when dry. Capsule V in. long, quadrate, compressed, 2-seeded. Seeds nearly \ in. long, ellipsoid, smooth. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Yaunde, 2600 ft., Zenker ^' Staudt, 432 ! Distributed from Berlin Herbarium as C. a-thiopica, C. B. Clarke ; but it is not that species. 64. C. aethiopica, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 189. Nearly glabrous. Stems 8-14 in. long, suberect, caespitose, thick at the base; intemodes 1-2J in. long. Leaves 3J by |-1 in., broadly oblong-lanceolate, naiTowed at the base into a very short pseudo-petiole. Peduncles solitary or 2 at the end of a branch, hardly longer than the leaf-sheath. Spathes f by 1 in., acute, hardly acuminate, sparsely do cxLiii. COMMELINACE^ (clarke). [Comiiielina. white-hispid ; margins shortly connate at the base. Flowers deep bhie {Schioeinfurth). Capsule \ in. long, 2-seeded. Seeds ^ in. long, sub- globose, smooth. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 189. MTile ^and. British East Africa : Jnr ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2027 ! Kursliooli- All's Seriba, SchweivfurtJi, 1601 ! This may prove to be only a 2-seecled form of C. hracteosa / it has larger leave.s, smaller capsule and seeds. More material of both species is desirable. 05. C. pyrrhoblepharis, JIassk. in Schtoehif. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 209, 29;"). Stems 2 ft. long (at least), rooting freely by stout roots from the lower nodes ; internodes up to 4 in. long, robust, glabrate. Leaves attaining 5 J by 2 in., broadly elliptic, acuminate, when mature minutely pubescent, unequally and rather suddenly narrowed at the base into a quasi-petiole 0-^ in. long ; leaf-sheaths often with long rufous hairs at the moufh. Spathes 2 or 'A, near together at the ends of the branches, hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths, |-J in. long, very broadly ovate, shortly acute, slightly hairy ; margins connate at the base for t in. Flowers blue. Capsule small, 2-seeded. Seeds ^V in. long, round-ellipsoid, smooth. — C. B. Clar-ke in DC. Monogr. Phan, iii. 1 90 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 1 ;j5 ; Durand &, Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 427. C. acumhiata, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. Append. <>:», name only, not of H. B. K. C. saltiana, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. ii. 402. utile X.and. Abyssinia: Lotho, 7000-8000 ft., /S'c7mw^er, 591 ! 1591! Mount Sholoda, 6700 ft., Schimper, 341 ; Adowa, Quartin-Dillon Sf Petit. Gondar, Eochet d' Hericourt ! and without ])recise locality, Ploioden ! Hasskarl does not describe the capsule, nor does he cite the number of Schimi)er he had, 8o far as his description goes of the large leaves with red hairs at the mouth of the leaf-sheaths and turbinate clustered spathes, his plant might have been the large state of C. henghalensis, which Schimper, 1591, closely resembles. The species really stands on the assumption that Plowden's examples (which contained one capsule) ai'O truly conspecific with Schimper, 1591. 6C. C. obscura, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. loo. Hairy, small. Stems 4-G in. long, weak, branched, annual, rooting at the lower nodes ; internodes 1-1 ^ in. long. Leaves IJ by J in., elliptic- oblong, shortly acute, when mature hairy on both surfaces ; leaf-sheaths with long spreading red hairs. Spathes J- J in. long, solitary, on very short peduncles, ovate, hardly acute. Petals blue or rarely violet {K. /Schumann). Capsule J in. long, quadrate, 2-seeded. Seeds sub- globose, somewhat wrinkled. Mozamb. Blst. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro; Marangu, 5000 ft., Volkens, 2267 ! 633 ! K. Schumaini has referred this ]»lant to the Section Dissecocarpns, but 1 tind oidy 2 seeds to the capsule. Tmj)erfecthj known ^jyecies. G7. C. grossa, 0. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 6-10 in. long, erect, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and 1 peduncle. Leaves up to 14 by Commel'hia.] cxliii. commelixace/E (clarke). 01 |-i in., linear, slightly dilated at the very base. Peduncle exserted J-:i in, from the leaf-sheath. Spathe IJ in. long, 1^ in. broad, ovate- triangular, acute, purple-green ; margins free. Cymes paired in each spathe, upper with many flowers. Sepals ^ in. long, elliptic, nearly free. Corolla in the dried state purple-blue. Mozamb. Dist. British Central Africa : Kambolo, south-west of Lake Tan- ganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt ! TIk' examples of this call to mind the large Mexican C. ellipfica, H. B. A, K., but tlie h'aves are totally unlike. 68. C. Holubii, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous. Stems 5 in. long, with 2 leaves and 1 spathe each. Leaves 4 by J— i in., linear, slightly wider at the base. Peduncles exserted J-1 in. from the leaf- sheath, nearly glabrous. Spathe | in. by | in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, very nearly glabrous, pale yellow-brown in the dried examples ; margins free or obscurely connate at the base. Flowers numerous, some exserted entirely from the spathe. Petals J in. long, appear to have been pale violet. Two fertile anthers intensely blue in the dried state. Capsule about ^ in. long, square, 4-seeded. IUXozamb. Dist. Britisli Central Africa : Ehodesia ; Leshumo Valley, Holuh 715! P'rom the imperfect capsule, this almost certainly belongs to the Section Disseco- rrrrpuf--. (;9. C. senegalensis, Linn, ex Gat. Ort. Bot. Xapol. 1845, 22 {name only) ; Durand db Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 421). Upper Guinea. Senegal? 4. POLYSPATHA, Benth. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 849. Sepals P), small, concave. Petals 3, white, 2 very long-clawed. Stamens l> fertile, 3 sterile with dissimilar rudimentary anthers. Ovary sessile, 2-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Capsule 2-oelled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds half-ellipsoid; hilum vertical; embryo stega opposite the hilum. — Cymes few-flowered, scattered along simple (rarely branched) elongate axes springing from the axils of the upper leaves and sometimes piercing their sheaths ; spathes ovate, folded flat, sessile, each enclosing one cyme. Kndemic, monotypic. 1. P. paisiculata, Benth. in Hook. Xiyer Fl. 543. Stem 'i-^l ft. long, trailing or weak, often rooting at the lower nodes, undivided hut in one example throwing several weak stems from the rooting node. Leaves G by 21 in., broadly elliptic, acuminate at either end, quasi- petioled, glabrate above, pubescent beneath; lower leaves smaller, sometimes reduced to sheaths. Panicle of l-G .branches, -each 3-G in. long, pubescent; spathes J in. long, about J in. apart, pendent in fruit. i')2 cxLiii. coMMELiNACE^ (clarke). [Poli/spatka. Flowers 4-5 in each sptithe ; bracteoles small. Capsule ^ in. long, flattened, shining, obtuse at the apex. Seeds with ribs radiating from the embryostega. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 194, incl. var. /3 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 429, incl. var. /3 : Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. 64; Baill. Hist. PL xiii. 221. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : near Kukuna on the River Scarcies, Scott- Elliot, 4678 ! Ashanti : Assin-Yan-Coomassie, Cummins, 163 ! Lagos : by the side of forests on the road to Otto, Jlillen, 4 ! Otto, Millen, 26 ! Lagos Botanic Station, Milieu, ^ I Cameroons: Ya\xnde,2Q00 ft., Zenker ^ Standi, 5661 Bipinde, Zenker, 1239! Ef ulen, ^a?{e*, 447 ! Cameroon Mountain, 3000 ft., ilfann, 2138 ! and without precise locality, Preusft, 1186 ! Fernando Po, Vogel, 93 ! Barter, 1474 ! 2055 ! Mann ! 5. ANEILEMA, R. Br., partly ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 841). Sepals 8, small, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, concave. Petals 8, obovate, blue or yellow. Stamens 3 (or 2) fertile, the intermediate one with more or less dissimilar anther, and 3-2 sterile, rudimentary or cruci- form.; filaments with or without beaded hairs. Ovary 3-2-celled. Capsule ovoid to linear, 3-valved ; seeds several (or 2-1) superposed in one vertical row (in the Tropical African species) in each cell. — Panicles dense or lax; peduncles simple or divided; cymes simple, 1 -sided; bracts to the cymes flat or hardly folded, never spathaceous (as in Commel'ma). Species 60, tropical or subti'opical, whereof 5 only are American. The germs differs from Commelina in the absence of the strongly folded or hooded bracts which enfold the cymes in Commelina. '•^Teicarpellaeia. — Capsule subequally 3-celled. Cells 2-seeded, acute, in the African species. Inflores- cence dichotomous . . . . . . 1. A. sinicum. ''"!=DiCARPELLAEiA. — Ciipsule 2-celled ; a dorsal small cell with 1 (or no) seed sometimes added. ^Am^lina. — Panicles terminal. Capsule truncate, with 2 acute corners. Sepals \-\ in. long. Capsule with 3-5 seeds in each cell . . . 2. A. CBqidnoctiale. Capsule with 2-1 seeds in each cell . . .4.-4. nyasense. Sepjls \ in. long . . . . . . 3. A. tacazzeanum. \\Lamprodithyrns. — Panicles terminal. Capsule ellipsoid without angles at the top. Petals yellow or green-yellow. Panicle short, hardly exserted from the leaves . 5. A. angolense. Panicle peduncled ; cyme-peduncles in false- whorls V . . . . » .6.-4. Johnstoni, Petals (where knowai) blue to white. Ovules often 3 in each cell. Leaves ovate or elliptic ; panicle dense . . 7. A. beniniense. Leaves lanceolate ; panicle lax . . . 8. A. Rendlei. Ovules 2-1 in each cell. Leives ovate to elliptic-oblong (see also \6.Wel- witschi). Aneilenia.] CXLIII. COMMELINACE^ (cLARKE). (l:^ . 10. A. somalit 11. A. Smithi 12. 13. dregeanum. Nicholsoni. 14. A. Petersii. A. Welwitschii. A. soiidanicum. Inflorescence very loose . . . . 9. d(. ovaio-ohlongum. Inflorescence dense. Leaves sessile, base rounded. Medium-sized plant; leaves up to 2 J in. long: Plant 5 in. high ; leaves up to 1\ in. !•>"& Base of leaves acuminate into a pseudo- petiole. Panicle glabrate .... Panicle patently hispid Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear (sometimes elliptic in A. Welioitschii). Inflorescence lax ..... Inflorescence dense. Stem erect at the base ; roots thick. Flowering stem with few reduced leaves 15. A. SchweinfurtJiii. Flowering stem with many well-devel- oped leaves. Minutely pubescent . . . 16. Hispid 17. Stem decumbent or rooting at the lower nodes ; roots fibrous. Many pedicels sterile, ended by a black rudiment 18. ^. Whytei. Sterile pedicels none (or very few occa- sionally). Leresent a distinct species, but the material is small. 2. A. sequinoctiale, Kunth, Enum. iv. 72. Hairy, sometimes hispid or viscous. Stems '2-'f> ft. long. Leaves often 4 by 1 in., some- times 7 by \l in., elliptic or lanceolate, the lower attenuated, the upper often ovate at the base. Panicle terminal, often 5 by '2-'A in., rigid, loose ; the cyme-peduncles in distant false-whorls or less often alternate ; bracts at their base J-.\ in. long, oblong ; empty bracts on the lower part of the cyme-peduncles hardly ^ in. long, ovate or obovate ; pedicels ^— f in. long. Sepals -|- in. long and upwards, oblong, not acute. Petals yellow, blue, mauve, or lilac. Fertile stamens 2 or ?>. Capsule \ by ^ in., 2-celled with a dorsal small or imperfect cell sometimes added, truncate at the top, the two upper angles acute or minutely horned ; seeds o-5 in each cell, pale, stony. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 221, inch all the vars., and in Dyer, Fl, Cap. vii. 12; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352 ; Durand c^- Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 429, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 270 ; Schoenl. in Engl, tl- Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iv. GT) ; Durand &: De Wild, in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 13(1 ; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 430, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 52, and in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 79 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 1 20; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80. A. adhcerens, Kunth, Enum. iv. 72. A. tacazzeanum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl, Abyss, ii. 343, not of Hochst. Commelina cequinoctialis, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 65, t. 38. Lamprodithyros cequinociialis, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 211. L. adh(vrens, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. El. Aethiop, 211. Amelina Wallichii, C, B. Clarke, Comm. et Cyrt, Beng. t. 20, Upper Guinea. Ashanti : Dumassi, Cummins, 19 ! Western Lagos, Rowland ! Lagos, Punch! Old Calabar River, Mann, 2338! Cameroons : Efalen, Bates, 37G. HTlle I.and. British East Afiica : Uganda, Scott-Elliot, 7263! Uk.nnba ; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2641! Taita : Maungu Mountain, 2000 ft., J"o//«A-/'c'n / Ribe, near Mombasa, WaJcefield ! Nyika Country, near Mombasa, Wakefield! Finibine, near Rabai, Taylor ! Kower Guinea. Loango : Chinchocho, Soyaiix, 19 ! L-andana, Du Parqvet^ French Congo : Brazzaville, Brazza, 313, Thollon, 957, Di/loicsJci. Lower Congo : Lukungu, Hens, A, 272 ! Bingila, Dupuis ! Congo, Smith, 52 ! 58 ! Burton ! Angola : 30 miles iidand to Bembe, Monteiro ! Golungo Alto ; banks of the River Delamhoa, Wehvitsch, 6605 I Soutb Central. Monbuttu : near Bongwa, Schtceinfurth, ser, iii. 2151 nXozam'ba Slst. Znnziha-r, Grandidier, 28. German East Africa : Usan.bara; Lutindi, Hoist, 3451 ! Tanga, Hoist, 2107 ! Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., Johnston ! Por- tngoese East Africa: Beira Railway, Hon. Mrs. Eveh/n Cecil, 5 ! Lower Zambesi ; near Sena, Kiric ! Tete Hill, KirJc ! Shupanga, Kirk ! Shamo, near the mouth of the River Shire, Kirk ! Morambala Mountain, 2000 ft., Kirk ! British Central Africa : North Nyasaland and Upper Loangwe River, Nicholson ! Nyasaland : Nyika Plateau, GOOO-7000 it., Whvte ! Mount Mlanje, JFhyte,lSl\ Mount Zomla and vicinity, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Shire Highland-, (W; ( XLiii. coMMELiNACE.t: (clarke). [Aiieileiiha. Buchanan, 286! Mount Sochi, Scott-Mliot, 8527! Manganja Hills, Waller! Mount Cliiradziiln, Meller ! and witliout precise locality, Buchanan^ 459 ! 510 ! 528 ! 1401 ! • Matiibclcland, Elliott ! Salisbury to Buluwayo, Hon. Mrs. JEvelyn Cecil, 81 ! Also in South Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and Arabia. Schimjier, 1660, contains, by admixture, both A. cequinoetlale and A. tacaz- zeanum. A, Kichard describes therefrom his A. tacazzeanum as having six seeds to each cell of the capsule, so that his plant was certainly A. cequinoctiale, Kunth. Lamprodithyros tacazzeanus, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot, 531, is said to be Aneilema tacazzeanum^ Walp. Ann. iii. 658, which is merely copied, Avith a little confusion, from A. Richard ; but Hasskarl describes his Lamprodithyros tacazzeanus at great length, and says the ovules were only 2-1 in each cell ; so that Hasskarl's ])lant was really the tacazzeanus of Hochstetter, excluding the citation of Walpers. There is ample evidence of the vari-ation in the colour of the petals ; the different- coloured flowers have been esteemed different species by many collectors. ?>. A. tacazzeanum, Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 222, not of A. Rich. Thinly hairy. Stems 1-2 ft. long, weak, de- cumbent at the base and there sometimes divided, rooting often at the lower nodes. Leaves :] by 1 in. (in Hochstetter's two " types "), elliptic, i»cute, base contracted, often subpetioled. Inflorescence terminal, pe- duncled, 1|- by Ih in., very lax, obscurely pubescent; cyme-peduncles alternate ; bracts less than ^ in. long, ovate ; bracteoles less than J in. long, obovate. Sepals about \ in. long, elliptic, concave. Corolla .smaller than in A. cequbiocticde, appears to have been yellow. Ovules :5-2 in each cell. Capsule nearly J by J in., white, truncate, with the two upper angles acute, mostly 2-celled, with 3-1 seeds in each cell. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 432; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Af]'. C. 130. A. Forskalcei, Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii., Append, ii. 5S, not of Kunth. Lamprodithyros tacazzeanus, Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 531 (excl. the syn. of Walpers), and in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. Cfr. DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. '22-2. wile Iiand. Eritrea : Gorge of Ailet, Schtoeinfurth Sf Riva, 427 ! below Geleb, 5000 ft., Schtoeinfurth, 1416, 1788 ; Ginda, 3250 ft., Schweinfnrth, 128, 392. Abyssinia : Valley of the River Tacazze, Schimper, 1660, 1729 ! Quartin-Dillon cf Petit, 449 ! This is a much weaker plant than A. cequinoctiale, the capsule smaller, with often only 2-1 seeds in each cell. The example of Schweinfurth, 427, is much stouter than Schimper' s, with larger inflorescence and 3 seeds to each cell; this is separated from the smaller examples of A. cequinoetlale by the smaller, more concave elliptic sepals. Hua (in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 121) appears to draw the line between the two species at a different point. Schweinfurth reduces here A. Ehrenbergii, C. B. Clarke (which see No. 27 below), and A. Forskalcei, Kunth. The latter is fully described as Commelina paniculata by Vahl (Eninn. ii. 179), who appears to have had Forskal's plant; and who describes inter alia " peduncles lateral and terminal, paired, with a sheath \ in. long at the base of each" ; so that this plant must have been very remote from A. tacazzeanum, and was almost certainly a species of Commelina. X. A. nyasense, C. B. Clarke. Pubescent. Portion of stems seen 1 ft. long, unbranched. Leaves 3 by 1 in., elliptic, acute. Panicle terminal, 5 by 2J in., loose; cyme-peduncles mostly in distant false- Aneiktn'c] cxliii. commelinace.e (clarke). G7 whorls, the bracts at their base I in. long, elliptic ; one or two of the lower cyme-peduncles supported sometimes by a leaf 2 J in. long. Cyme- peduncles glabrate ; several of the lower bracteoles empty, J- J in. long, ovate; pedicels in fruit J-| in. long. Sepals nearly | in. long, narrowly elliptic, glabrate. Capsule 4 in. long, truncate, with acute angles at the top ; seeds 2-1 in each cell. IVXozamb. Bist. British Central Africa : Xyasaland ; 2000-6000 ft., Kondowe to Karonga, JF/it/te, 337 ! This species is close to the small examples of A. (squuiociiaie, but has broader •sepals, and not more than 2 seeds to each cell of the capsule. 5. A. angolense, C. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Stems 2J-3 ft. long, with long internodes, and branches from most axils. Leaves 3 by J in., broadly ovate, acute, narrowed at the base almost into a quasi- petiole ; the uppermost large and folded. Inflorescence sessile on the upper leaves, and shorter than they, of several lax panicles (i.e. of one panicle divided at the very base) ;" an axillary panicle is added in one example. Bracts very small; no ovate small empty bracts seen. Pedicels of the fruit J in. long. Flowers green, the lower petal yellowish {Welwitsch). Capsule i by J in., papery, shining, 2-ceIled, 4-seeded. — A. Ehrenbergii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 70, XiOiver Guinea. Angola : Golungo Alto ; in woods on the mountains of Alto Queta, 1000-2400 ft., Welwitsch, 6610 ! A description of this plant is given in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 230, where it is supposed that it may be Lamprodithyros Ehrenhergii, Hassle., an Abyssinian plant, which probably differs, cfr. No. 27 below. Var. magis-lutea^ C. B. Clarke. Stems slenderer, 6-14 in. long. Leaves smaller, attaining 2^^ by 1^ in. Panicle depauperated, lax, few-tiowered. Sepals green {Welwitsch). Petals 2 yellow, 1 green or yellow {Welwitsch). — A. ijedunculoston, var. lutea, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 228 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 431 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 79. Kow^er Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; 2400-3800 ft., in shade on the rocky heights of Pedras de Guinga, Welwitsch, 6630 ! on the rocks of the Prajsidium, Welwitsch, 6649 ! The habitat, the colour of the flowers twice noted by Welwitsch, the lax panicle, the tendency to produce short branches from the leaf axils all tend to show that this plant is nearer to A. angolense than to^. peduncidosuni. 0. A. Johnstonii, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 185. Thinly hairy. Stems 18 in. long, not rarely branched. Leaves up to 4 by |-f in., lanceolate. Panicle terminal, peduncled, 3^ by 1 j in., open, nearly glabrous, erect ; cyme-peduncles in apparently distant whorls ; bracts hardly \ in. long ; pedicels attaining J- J in. ; bracteoles scarcely y^^ in. long, ovate or obovate. Sepals J in. long, roundly elliptic, obtuse. Petals 2, yellow^ the odd one a brown-yellow. Capsule i by ^ in., broadly ellipsoid, very obtuse at the top, but with- out horns at the corners; seeds usually 2 in each cell. — Aneilema, cfr. lanceolatum^ Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352. Mozamb. Blst. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro ; Lower slopes, 2000- 3000 ft., Johnston ! below Marangn, 2600 ft., Volkens, 2146 ! Usambara ; Pare 68 cxLiii. coMMELiNACE^ (clarke). [Aneile7na^ Mountains, Hoehnel, 159. British Central Africa : Rhodesia ; on the road from Missahi to Luia River, Nicholson ! Xyasaland ; Shire Highhiiids, Buchanan, 435. OUver regarded this as belonging to the ?,ect. Lamprodithyros ; K. Schmnann transferred it to sect. Eu-Aneilema. 7. A. beniniense, Kunth, Enum, iv. 78. Stem trailing 1-2 ft. long, rooting near the base; the axillary shoots sometimes boring through the base of the leaf -sheaths. Leaves 2~b in. long, ovate elliptic or oblong, acuminate, very slightly hairy, upper much less narrowed at the base than the lower. Inflorescence usually of 1 (or 2) terminal peduncled dense nearly glabrous panicles 2 by 1^ in. ; the cyme-peduncles often 100 or more, spreading at right angles; bracts inconspicuous ; bracteoles minute, obovate ; the inflorescence is some- times e volute into a mass 7 by 2 in. of a number of congested panicles. Flowers very small, blue or whitish. Sepals about yV i^^- ^^^E\ *^^in> ovate, concave. Fertile stamens (at least often) :> ; filaments without hairs. Capsule \ by ^ in., shining, thin in texture, not truncate, normally 7-r)-seeded. Seeds pale, stony. — Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 54(; ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 224 ; Durand & 'Schinz, Con- spect. Fl. Afr. v. 430, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 270 ; Durand & De Wild, in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. H7 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost- Afr. C. 1 80 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 121, incl. var. oxycarpa ;. Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 79; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1S98, 80. Commdina beninieiisis, Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 49, t. H7. Lamp^o- dithyros henhnensis ? Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 529. Upper Guinea. Liberia: Grand Bassa, Vogel, 40! Cape Palnias, AnseU! Grold Coast, Biirlon 4' Cameron ! Ashanti, Cummins ! Togo, Buettner, 262 ! Lagos, Milieu, 22 ! 91 ! Molonei/ ! Western Lagos, Roivland ! Old Calabar, Hollayid, 110 ! Roll! C;imeroons : Barombi, Preuss, 1195! Batanga, Bates, 711 Fernando Po, Vogel, 7 ! Barter ! Mann, 92 ! Wile Iiand. British East Africa: Niamniam ; at Linduku (Unduku) River, i^cJiweinfiirth, 3284! at Nabambisso River, Schifeinfiirtk,ZQdS\ Ruwenzori ; Butugu Valley, Scotf.miiof, 7977 ! Iiower Guinea. Gaboon, Du Bellay, Du Parquet. French Congo : France- ville, Brrtzza. Bangui, Dyboivski, 528 ; Cape Lopez, DyboiosJci, 172 ; Congo, Smith, 53: 57! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dnpnis ! Blakasi, Burton! Angola: Golungo Alto, 1000-2100 ft., Mata de Quibanga, Sobato Mussengue, Wehoitsch, 6600! Zengas de Queta, irehcitscJi, 6600b ! in woods on the banks of streams near Trombeta, Caui- bondo, iiud Sange, Welwitsch, 6601 ! 6654 ! I«Xozamb. Dlst. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Masuku Plateau, 6500- 7000 ft., irfiyfe,^()o\ Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! and without precise locality, Buchanan, 1167 ! The nmnber of ovules is often 3 in each cell of the ovary, but not always. The variation iii the size of the panicle is great. 8. A. Rendlei, C. B. Clarke. Sparsely hairy. Stems 15 in. long, undivided, rather slender. Leaves ?)\ by h in., exactly lanceolate, acuminate at either end, the base almost pseudo-petiolate, with a few scattered brown hairs especially on the lower margins; leaf-sheaths unusually long (some 1 in. long) glabrescent. Peduncle terminal, ))-i in. long, with a leaf-sheath (without leaf) in the middle. Inflorescence- Aneilema.] cxliii. coMMELixACEiE (clarke). 61) dense, minutely or scarcely pubescent; primary axis well marked; primary branches having in their lower half many approximated small ovate empty bracts (as in A. beniniense and many other species). -^) in each cell. STile Iiand. Somaliland, Donaldson Smith ! Tins species resembles the Australian A. acuminatum, II. Uv. ; it has a umch denser inflorescence and a longer capsule. On the same day, Donaldson Smith also collected his 346, which has a looser inflorescence and a smaller capsule (in which a 1-seeded third cell is sometimes present), and is vei'y near A. acumiuatnm, R. Br., under which possibly both plants may be hei'eafter placed. 9. A. ovato-oblongum, Beaav. Fl. Otvar. ii. 71, t. 104, %. 1. Very sparingly hairy. Stem 1-2 ft. long, trailing, rooting near the base. Leaves '2h by 1 in., elliptic, acuminate. Panicle 2 by Ij in., with 8-18 primary branches often falsely whorled, slender, nearly glabrous ; bracts at their base minute. Flowers very small, pale lilac or white. Sepals less than -J in. long, thin, ovate, concave. Fertile stamens (at least often) o ; filaments slightly hairy. Capsule iV~5 ^^• long, shining, thin, quadrate, the upper shoulders rounded, normally 4-seeded. Seeds pale, stony. — Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl, 04.J ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 226 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 4:31, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 270; Durand & De Wild, in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. S7 ; Schoenl. in EngJ. &: Prantl, PHanzeniam. ii. iv. 6."); Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 121. A. bracteolatiuii, R. Br. in Bowditch, Mission to Ashantee, 444. Coui- melina umhrosa, Vahl, Enum. ii. 179; Thonn. in Schumacher, Beskr. Ouin. PI. 2:>. C. ovato-obloiiga, Roem. & Schultes, Mant. i. Add. i. :>76. upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : near Berria, in dense forest, Scot t-HU lot, 5424 ! Liberia; Cape Palmas, ^M-se^Z .' Dahomey: Lake Porto Nova, ^'(?«7(///, 14 I Ciold Coast, Burton Sf Cameron ! Ft-rnando Po, Vogel, 143 1 Milne .' Cauieroor.s, Freuss, 3yo ! Xiower Guinea. Gaboon: Munda ;. Sibange Farm, in. long, terminal ; panicle 1 J by ] \ in., main axis straight ; cyme-peduncles about 24, spreading, scattered, not whorled, bracts at their base less than -J in. long, ovate. Sepals \-}r in. long, concave, nearly glabrous. Petals small, white. 70 cxLiii. coMMELiNACE.E (clarke). [Aneikmci. Capsule i^-celled, ellipsoid, shining, with rounded slioulders, obscurely emarginate, 4-.seedecl. xrile Ziand. Somalilancl : Harradigit, James S^ Thnipp ! The specimen consists of a panicle with the 3 uppermost leaves. 1 1 . A. Smithii, (J. B. Clarke. Sparingly pubescent. Roots clustered, thick, several thickened at the end. Stems csespitose, erect, 5 in. high, often divided, the flowering with several well-developed leaves. Leaves small, broadly ovate, subacute, the largest seen Ij by | in. Inflorescence termiiml, Ij by J in., dense; peduncle 1-1 J in. long ; main rhachis well marked ; bracts at the base of the primary branches -f-^ in. long, ovate or obovate, obtuse, somewhat scarious; similar small empty bracts on the lower half of the primary branches. Flowers very small ; pedicels and sepals obscurely pubescent, irile Kand. British East Africa : Lake Rudolph, Do.ialdson Smith ! 12. A. dregeanum, Kunth, Enum. iv. 7;>. Sparingly hairy. Stems 12-1 J^ in. long, suberect, frequently branched. Leaves 4 by |-TtV in., oblong-elliptic or subovate, lower with a quasi-petiole, \-\ in. long, all (but occasionally the topmost) shortly acuminate at the base. Panicle \\ by f-1 in., dense, nearly glabrate. Sepals i-J in. long. Petals small, blue. Fertile stamens usually 3. Capsule \ by J in.^ i^f thin, shining, usually 2-celled, shoulders rounded. Seeds 2-1 in each || cell, pale, stony. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 229, and in * Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 1 o. Lamjirodithyros dre(ieanns, Hassk. in Peters,, Reise Mossamb. Bot. r)29. Mozaxnb. Dlst. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi ; Tete, Kirk! Also in the North-Eastern parts of South Africa. 13. A. PJicholsoni, C. B. Clarke. Leaves 3^ by 1 in., broadly elliptic acuminate at either end, when mature thinly hispid on both surfaces, those near the top of the stem with a pseudo-petiole I in. long. Peduncle 1-2 in. long, terminal, patently hispid. Panicle H by j-1 in., very dense ; cyme-peduncles very numerous and (as the pedicels) hispid ;. bracts minute. Calyx small, nearly glabrous. Petals very small, bright blue in the dry specimens. Capsule \ in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded. IVXozamb. X>ist. British Central Africa : Rhodesia; on the road from Missala to Luia Biver, Nicholson ! 14. A. Petersii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr . Fhan. iii. 225. Thinly hairy. Stems 12-18 in. long, sometimes branched in the upper part. Leaves up to 3J by |-f in., lanceolate. Panicle 2 by H in., rather loose ; primal y blanches not whorled ; in several cases a second J penultimate panicle makes the inflorescence appear as dichotomous. I Sepals \-\ in. long, nearly glabrous. Petals blue. Capsule i-4- in., I normally 2-celled with 2 seeds in each cell, minutely glandular pubescent, « less papery than in most of the section Lamprodithyros. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 431 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. AneilemaJ] cxliii. coMMELiNACEit (clarke). 71 IJ^G. A. tetraspermum, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 1?»0. Lam- p^odithyros Petersii^ Hassk. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 529. nXozaxnb. Dlst. German East Afric;\: Usainbara ; Tanga, Yolkens, 1751 Stuhlmann, 6062, 645S. Portuguese E:ist Africa : Zambesi Delta ; mouth of llie River Melambe, Kirk ! Mozambique, iu damp places, Peters ! 15. A. Schweinfurthii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monofjr. Phan. iii. 227. Minutely pubescent Koots thick. Stems S-14 in., with few oblong leaves, 1-2 in. long; erect from a short rhizome (not annual). Leaves on a barren stem 4J by ^ in., oblong-linear. Panicle in fruit li ^^J f in-, very dense, pubescent ; lowest bracts to the cyme-peduncles ■J in. long, lanceolate ; bracteoles yV in. long, obovate. Sepals y\^ in. long, glabrate. Petals small, blue. Capsule nearly ;| in. long, white, 2-celled, 4-sceded. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 432 ; Durand k De Wild, in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvii. 128; K. Schum. in Engl, PH. Ost-Afr. C. 130 ; DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 227.- Larajrt^odithyro^ (jracilis, Kotschy & Peyr. PI. Tinn. 47, t. 23, fig. A ; Kanitz in Flora, 'l8(iS, 513; Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. Nile Zeq.). Mozaznb. Dist. British Central Africa : North Nyasaland, Whyte ! The description of A. Jtirtum in DC. Monogr. Phnn. iii. 228 is grounded on the assumption that the plant here described was the A. hirtum of A. Richard (which I now believe to have been a Floscopa). 10. A. lanceolatum, Benth. in Hook. Xiger Fl. 54 G. Sparingly pubescent. Stems up to 15 in. long, occasionally divided, weak, decum- bent at the base. Leaves up to 6 by ^ in., narrowly lanceolate. Panicle terminal, peduncled, up to 1;|^ by 1 in. (but usually much smaller), dense, minutely pubescent ; lowest bracts -—q in. long, ovate ; bracts to the cyme-peduncles yV in. long, obovate. Sepals -^ in. long, glabrate. Petals small, blue. Capsule i in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded, shoulders rounded at the top. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 227 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 431. A. rhodosjyermum, K. Schum. in Zenker, Exsicc. 1110. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Lower Niger ; Stirling Hill, Vogel ! Ansell ! Quorra, Vor/el ! Cameroons : Bipinde, Zenker, 1110 ! Var. /3 evoluiior, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 227 partly. Stems stout. Leaves up to 10 by \ in., linear or scarcely linear-lanceolate, very hairy or with sparse hn\^ hairs. Panicle 4 in. long, 2 in. wide at the base, 1 in. wide at the top ; branches very numerous, lower in false whorls. Lower part of cymes represented often by numerous approxiuiate empty bracts ^^ in. long. Flowers and capsules as of lanceolatum, but slightly larger. Upper Guinea. Western Lagos : Eruwa, Rowland J Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1018! 1117 ! The base of the stem and roots are not shown : it seems probable that the stem may be erect, with thickened roots ; and, if so, near Welwitschii. It, however, recalls A. lanceolatum, Benth., by the very long narrow leaves. 20. A, Spekei, (7. -6. C7arA;e. Rather thinly hairy. Stems 15-24 in. long, often branching ; base decumbent, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 4 by |-1 in., rather broadly lanceolate, hardly acute. Panicle 2 by J in., terminal, peduncled, dense, sparingly pubescent ; lowest bracts minute, cyme-branches short. Sepals y^^ in. long, glabrate. Petals small, blue. Capsule -1- in. long, 2-celled, 4-seeded, rounded on the shoulders. — A. tacazzeantim, Baker in Trans. Linn Soc. xxix. IGo, not of Hochst. A. lanceolatum, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 227 partly ; Aneilenia.] cxliii, coMMELiNAOEiE (clarke). 73 Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 481 partly ; K. Schuin. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136. A^ieilema, sp. n. 1., T. Thorns, in Speke, Nile, Append. GoO. Lcmiprodithyros lanceolatios, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 211, 205. Mozamb. Dlst. Gennan East Africa: Unyaniwezi ; near Tabora, 3800 ft., Speke S^ Grant ! Miiiiiij^a, Speke cf Grant, 165! British Central Africa : North Nyasalaiid, Whyte ! This has not the elongate leaves of A. lanceolatum, and the panicle is different ; but it is closely allied to it. 21. A. gracile, C. B. Clcirke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. '2'2>^, excl. syn. Sparingly hairy or glabrate. Stems 10-12 in: long, slender, often divided. Leaves attaining '2\ by J in. Panicle terminal, peduncled, 2J in. long, f in. wide at the base, J in. wide at the top ; lowe.st bracts i in. long, lanceolate; cymes short, with few empty bracts. Sepals j^ in. long, glabrate. Petals small, bluish-purple {Barter). Capsule i in. long, 2-celled, -l-seeded, shoulders rounded at the top. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 430, excl. syn. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nnpe, in cultivated soils. Barter, 1474 I This may be only a variety of A. lanceolatum, var. evolu/iur • it is much more glabrous, slenderer, with smaller leaves and smaller panicle. Hut in the shape of the panicle, the tiowers and the capsules, it agrees perfectly ; and comes Irom the same locality. 22. A. pedunculosum, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 228, excl. var. y. Weak, trailing and rooting, sparsely hairy. Stems 6-24 in. long, often branched. Leaves 2 by J in., elliptic or ovate, acuminate, when mature nearly glabrous. Inflorescences dense, small, |-1^ by J-f in. ; peduncle terminal, sometimes few- flowered, freouently on short lateral branches, 1-4 in. long ; axis of inflorescence with smaU crisped hairs. Sepals hardly y\^ in. long, minutely pubescent or glabrate. Petals very small, blue. Fertile stamens usually 3 ; filaments slightly hairy. Capsule i by i in., thin, shining, pale, the shoulders rounded at the top ; usually 2-celled, with 2 pale stony seeds on each cell. — Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. ii. 352 ; Durand k Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. V. 431; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136. A. leiocaitle, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136. TTile land. British East Africa: Uganda, Scott- Elliot, 7266! JFi/son, 139! Torn; Wimi River, 6000 it., Scott-Elliot, 7335 ! nxozamb. Blst. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 6500-9000 it., Johnston, 175! Volkens, 1436! Rovuma River, Kirk! Portuguese East Africa: Lower Zambesi ; Shiramba, Kirk, 265 ! British Central Africa : Zambesi Valley ; Borunoa, Menyharth, 610! Nyasaland ; Nyika Plateau, 6000-7000 ft., Whyte, 212! 23. A. Clarkei, Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 430^ t. "dA./gg. 7-12. Sparingly hairy. Stems (portions seen) up to 14 in. long, trailing, rooting, with long nodes and many branches. Leaves somewhat poly- morphic, upper (as some lower) 1 by J in., ovate-elliptic, tip triangular obtuse or almost rounded; on the i-ame stem are other leaves IJ by 74 oxLiii. coMMELiXAt'E.E (clarke). [AiieUema. I in., lanceolate, acute. Inflorescences of about 8 flowers "in axillary cymes " {Rendle), or rather terminal on short axillary branches ; bracts to the lower cyme-branches -|— j in. long and leaf-like; no small ovate empty bracts on the primary panicle branches. Stamens 3 or 2 fertile, 3 sterile. Capsule jV in. long, the two anterior cells 2- (or 1-) seeded, the dorsal cell 1 -seeded. Seeds stony, much as those of species of the section Lamjjrodithyros. Srile ]band. British East Africa : Lower Tana Valley at Lake Dumi, Gregory I 24. A. Taylori, C. B. Clarke. Sparingly pubescent. Fragment of stem seen 8 in. long, with 4 inflorescences on short axillary branches. Leaves attaining | by \ in., broadly lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence very weak, lax, subdichotomous, without bracts at the main divisions ;. branches slender l-% in. long, with several small empty ovate bracts below, and few capsules on pedicels \ in. long. Capsule less than J in. long, 2-celled, 4-.«eeded, very thin, white, papery. Ulle Zaand. British East Africa : Fimbine, in the Kabai Hills, near Moinbasa, Taylor ! Imperfectly known species. 25. A. Sacleuxii, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Kat. Par. i. 121. Panicle loose, elongate ; peduncles pubescent ; bracts lanceolate ; cymes peduncled, 4-6-flowered, sometimes 2-3 close together, with acute bracteoles ciliate at the base. Capsule stalked, 2-angled at the top, 2-valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, a third 1 -seeded (or empty) cell added. Mozamb. Dlst. Zanzibar?, Sacleiix. Next to A. tacazzeanum. The bracts and bracteoles as described appear very unlike those of any plant in sect. Amelina. The description (except as to the capsule being 2-angled at the top) might do for A. soudanicum. 26. A. hirtum, J . i?«cA. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 343. Koot fibrous. Stem a span high, much branched from the base, hairy. Leaves oval- oblong, acute. Panicle terminal, dichotomous from the base, many- flowered; primary peduncles paired, 2 in. long. Capsule obcordate, compressed ; cells 2, with one long ovoid seed in each cell. — Lanijwodi- thyros hirtus, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. Urile Ziand. Abyssinia : Shireh province, in moist places near Kouaieta, Quartin-Dillon (ex A. Richard). The whole of the above is condensed irom A. Richard's description. I have little doubt, from the description of the inflorescence, that this was a species of Floscopa ; it certainly was if A. Richard is connect as to the obcordate capsules with one seed in each c6ll. In DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 228, I have confused it with an Aneilema, described above (p. 72) under the name A. Wht/tei. 27. A. Ehrenbergii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 220. A procumbent rootiug heib. Leaves round-ovate or ovate, acute, ciliate at the base. Inflorescence teiminal, or terminal on lateral branches, loosely panicled, minutely bracteate at each division, with spreading branches. Flowers small. Fruits shining, 2-celled, with 2 Aneilema.] cxliii. commelixace.*: (clarke). T'i superposed seeds (or l).in each cell. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 430. Lamprodithyixis Ehrenhenjil, Hassk. in Schweiiif. Beitr. FL Aethiop. 210, 295. Commelina ehracteata, Ehrenberg ex Hassk. 1. c. irile Iiand. Eritrea : near Togodele, in Sholios district, Ehrenherq. This is reduced by Sehweinfurth (in Bull, Herb, Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 58) to A. Forskalei, Kunth ; which appears to ntie iinpossible, as see tlie remarks under A. tacazzeanum above (p. 66). A. Ehrenherijii may have been the same as Schimper's 1660, 1729, i.e. A. tacazzeanum above. 28. A. Russegeri, C. B. Clarke. Lamj/rodithyros Jhisscgeri, Fenzl inSitzungsb. Akad. Wien, Math. Kat. i. Abth. ii. (IHGT)) 138 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295 ; cfr. Kotschy k Peyr. PI. Tinn. 48 in obs. irile ILand. Nubia and Fazokl, Fenzl. I have no specimen of this, nor have I been able to see the original desoriptioi; of Fenzl. According to Kotscb)' & Peyritsch, it is very near A. Schu-eivfurihii. 6. ANTHERICOPSIS, Engl, in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 139. Sepals \ in. long, lanceolate, very acute, herbaceous, striate. Otherwise as Aneilema Species 1. Endemic. Engler says that the seeds are in two rows in tlie capsule, which is true in the sense that they are biseriate in the culinary pea-pod. In separating this plant from Aneilema, Rendle mentions various distinctive points — viz. 1st, that the 3 fertile stamens belong to the external whorl; but I believe that they do not, but are as in other Aneilemas ; 2nd, that the inflorescence is umbellate ; but I do not consider it is even pseudo-umbellate ; I regard it as essentially that of Aneilema (Indian Section, Murdannia) ; 3rd, that the pollen is echinate. I have seen the pollen well and think it not echinate, and hardly more strongly granular than in some species of Aneilema ; but it is without the longitudinal groove present in Aneilema ])olleii. The sepals are, however, very unlike those of any Aneilema, and show an approximation to the genus Buforrestia. 1. A. Fischeri, Enc/l. in Enyl. Pfl. Ost-Afr, C. 139. Nearly glabrous, 2-8 in. high. Roots wiry, 2-3 in. long, each terminated by a hard ovoid tuber \-\ in. long. Stem only 1-2 in. long (exclusive of the flower scape). Leaves up to 3 by J in., ovate or elHptic acute. Inflorescence a panicle of 2 (or 1) distant clusters of falsely-whorled pedicels; bracts sessile, lanceolate, attaining 1 J by J in., flai, not at all hooded. Pedicels unequal, often J-lJ in. long in each cluster. Petals J in. long. Stamens 3, fertile ; filaments without hairs ; anthers nearly similar, of 2 oblong cells ; pollen small, ellipsoid-subglobose, granular, not grooved longitudinally. Capsule (unripe) | by -^^^ in., with 5 or more seeds in each cell in one row. — A. sejxdosa, Engl, in Engl, tk Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.-iv. 09. Aneilema sepalosum, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 202 ; Durand & Schinz. Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 4:>2 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 135. Gillettia sepalosa, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1890, 50, t. 355, fig. B. Wile Itand. Somaliland : El Modu, Donaldson Smith. British East Africo Ukambi ; Kitui, Hildebrandt, 2640! 7G cxLiii. COMMELIXACE.E (clarke). \ Anther icojjsis. Mozamb. Dist. German Kast Africa: Uniba Valley, Smith! Masai High'- lands, Fischer, 258. Portuguese East Africa: in a journey to the mouiitaiiis oast of Lake Xyasa, Sleeve 1 7. BUPOBRESTIA, C. B. Clarke ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 850. Sepals 3, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong. Petals 3, obovate. Stamens (), perfect; filaments without hairs. Ovary subequally o-celled. •Capsule oblong, 3-valved. Seeds 4-lU in each cell, iu one vertical row. — Leaves with long cylindric sheaths, which are not rarely pierced at the base by a roundish hole through which a lateral shoot or a peduncle is extended. Panicle open. Species, 2 in Tropical Africa, 1 in Cayenne. Sepals in fruit \ in. long, glabrous, striate . . \. B. Mannii. Sepals in fruit \ in, long, viscid-hairy . . . 2. -B. imperforaia. 1. B. Mannii, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monoyr. Phan. iii. 233, t. ll. Nearly glabrous. Stem 2 ft. long. Leaves up to 6J by '2'^ in., tip shortly acuminate, base cuneate. Peduncles none near the end of stem, but boring through the base of the leaf-sheaths, 1-3 in. long. Panicle 2 by J in., about 12-flowered ; pedicels 3 or 4 in each false whorl, h in. long, with an oblong bract about \ in. long at their base. Sepals J in. long in fruit, elliptic-lanceolate, striated, glabrous, "green" {Mann)\ in flower hardly \ in. long. Petals white {Mann). Capsule \-l in. long, oblong, glabrous, with 4-7 seeds in. each cell. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 432. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann^ 96, The material consists of If in. of the middle of the stem, with 2 leaves and 2 peduncles ; and of 1^ in. of the tip of the stem with 3 leaves. 2. B. imperforata, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 2'd4:, t. 7. Plant thinly viscous with scattered brown several-celled hairs. Stem often rooting near the base ; branches 10-20 in. long. Leaves 4 by 1| in., acuminate, acute ; lower leaves much smaller, sometimes reduced to sheaths. Peduncles several from the axils of the uppermost closely approximated leaves, very short, irregularly branched, bearing ultimate racemes ; in these racemes, the small broad bracts ^ in. long are mostly sterile, the upper bracts only bearing a pedicel ^-J in. long (exactly as in many species of Aneilema). Sepals in fruit about i in. long, viscid hairy, dark green. Petals small, white, or " white with purple streaks " {Welwitsch). Capsule J by ^ in., with 6-10 seeds in each cell. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 433 ; Durand k De Wild, in Comptes- rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87 ; Bendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 80. B. minor, K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 136. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone ; Kukuna, near the River Scarcies, Scott-Elliot, 4678 partly ! Cameroons : Cameroon Mountain, 2500 f t , Mann, 1340 ! Freuss, 1297 ! near the Lobe lliver waterfall, near Batanga, Fates, 145 ! Barombi, Freuss, 287 ! Efulen, Fates, 258 ! Lolodorf, Standi, 385 ! Bipinde, Zenker, 1094! Fernando Bo, 2000 ft., Mann ! Buforrestla.] cxLiii. commelixace.e Cclarke). 77 I»ower Guinea. Princes Island, Mann! Lower Congo: Bingila, Dupuis ! Angola: Cazongo; by streams in the Coffee region of Mount Muxaulo, TFelwifsch 6607 ! -B. i7iinor, K. Solium., differs by having the leaves with very few hairs or glabrate except at the month of the sheaths. The lower axillary shoots sometimes perforate the lL'ijf-!;heath, as in the type. Mozamb. Dist. German East Africa: Usambara ; Nguelo, near Xderema (? Ngereiiiu), on the Handei Mountains, Hoist, 2280a. S. FORRESTIA, A. Rich.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PL iii..850. Sepals 3, small, concave, hooded. Stamens 6 fertile ; filaments with beaded hairs. Ovary P)-celled, with 2-1 ovules in each cell. Capsule subglobose; otherwise as Buforrestia. — Flowers in small clusters on very short axillary- peduncles, which generally perforate the base of the leaf -sheaths. Species 8, viz, 6 in South-east Asia, and the 2 following : Spikes subglobose ; stems quadrangular . . .1. F. tenuis. Spikes linear-oblong ; stems terete . . . . 2. F. africana. 1. F. tetivAs^ Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 851. Nearly glabrous, except at the ciliate mouths of the leaf -sheaths. Stems 1-2 ft. high (Mann) ; portions seen 9 in. long, subacutely quadrangular, with 8 subterminal leaves and 4 leafless lower nodes 2 J in. apart. Leaves ?>h by 1^ in., broadly elliptic, tip very shortly acuminate, base rounded on the quasi-petiole, J- J in. long. At each of the lower nodes is a leafless, cylindric sheath J in. long, bored at the base by a peduncle ^ in. long, carrying a dense head hardly J in. in diam. Sepals Jy in. Ion glabrous. Filaments with a few hairs. Ovary glabrous, with 2-1 ovules in each cell. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 4;3;>. Buforrestia? tenuis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 2;)4. ^ower Guinea. Spanish Gaboon : Corisco Bay, Mann, 1873 ! The essential difference of Forresfia from Buforrestia lies in the 2-1-ovuled cells of the ovary leading to a globose (not narrow-oblong) ca])sule. As I was not abso- lutely certain about the number of ovules, and as Forrest ia is a genus confined to South-east Asia, I attached this species with (?) to Buforrestia in DC. Monogr. Phan. I.e. Mr. lientham has satisfied liiniself that the ovules are 2-1 only in each cell, and he observes that the inflorescence is exactly that of Forresiia, and (as between these two genera) considers that this species ought to be attached to Forrestia But I suspect, when the fruit is known, that it will be found to be a new genus ; the quadrangular branches and rounded leaf-base are exceedingly unlike Forrestia. 2. P. africana, K. Schum. Nearly glabrous, except the ciliate mouth of the leaf -sheaths. Stem 2 ft. (at least) long, trailing, rooting at the nodes, terete or very obscurely angular, leafless below. Leaves 4 by i in., elliptic, narrowed at the base into a quasi-petiole \~^ in. long. Peduncles less than ^ in. long, perforating the bai-e of the leaf- sheaths. Inflorescences f-lj by i in., very dense unilateral spikes, obscurely pubescent ; the ovate greea bracts | in. long, imbricated in. two series (as in many species of Cyanotis). trpper Guinea. Cameroon?, Preuss, 1319 ! Bipinde, Zenker, 853 ! &' 78 cxLiii. coMMELixACE^ (clarke). [Cyanotis, 0. CYANOTIS, i). Don; Eenth et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 851. Sepals 3, lanceolate, more or less connate at the base. Petals 3, small, blue or reddish, long-clawed, free at the base, the claws more or less adherent into a tube. Stamens 0, perfect, similar ; filaments with many or few beaded hairs, rarely quite glabrous. Ovary sessile, hairy at the top, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule thin, 3-celled, loculicidally :5-valved, normally G-5-seeded. Seeds 2 in each cell, super- posed ; the large embryostega at the apex of the upper seed, at the base of the lower. — Flowers, in all the Tropical African species, packed closely in very short scorpioid cymes ; the falcate bracts frequently imbricate in 2 rows, or the rows are not well marked, the flowers appearing irregularly and densely clustered ; the clusters are sometimes in the leaf-sheath.s, sometimes collected in heads — i.e. compound clusters. Species 30 or more in the warm regions of the Old World. The Tropical African species all belong to the ?,Kx\i^Qnns Eu-Cyanotis, and are very closely allied ; the flowers and capsules are so very similar in all the species that the description in the genus may do well for all. ='=Stem suberect from a bulb. Inflorescences in small heads, exserted from the leaf- sheaths. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Bulb about ^ in. in diam. . . . . 1. C.hirsuta. Bulb scarcely \ in. in diam 2. C. parasitica. Leaves linear 3. C. angusta. Inflorescences axillary, hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths 4. C.fuecunda. "-!"^'=Stem annual, suberect, slender, often much divided. Inflorescences dense, often clustered . . . 5. C. lanata. Infiorescences very weak, few-fiowered . . . 6. C paucifiora. =''"''"-'''Plants neither bulbous nor annual. Flowering stems often lateral ; sterile stems very short, bearing a tuft of larger leaves. Inflorescences not included (nor nearly included) in . the leaf-sheaths. Stems abrupt at the base; roots thick. Flowering stems hemiscapose with 1 or 2 heads 7. C. longifolia^ Flowering stems with well-developed leaves. Small plant with many axillary heads . . 8. C. polyrrhiza. Tall plant with few axillary heads . . 9. C. djurensis. Stem abrupt at the base ; roots not thickened. Stems erect, hemiscapose ; roots wiry . . .10. C. caspitosa. Stems with well-developed leaves at the base .11. C. nodifiora^ Stem creeping in water, with slender rootlets . 12. C. Mannii. Inflorescences included, or nearly so, in the leaf- sheaths. Flowering stem 4-9 in. long, undivided . . 13. C somaliensis. Flowering stem 20 in. long, much-branched . 14. C.Jlexuosa. 1. C. hirsnta, Fisch, et Mey, hid. Sem. Hort. Petrop. viii. 57. Softly shaggy, or nearly glabrous. Bulb J in. in diam. , eatable {Roth). Stem 3-15 in. long, suberect, often divided, with many heads, roundish, Ot/anotis.] cxLiii. coMMELiNACE.« (glarke). 79 sometimes with spreading hair on all sides, often with a dense line of shaggy hair on one side, sometimes nearly glabrate. Leaves in Schimper's type collections, attaining 4 by h in., oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescences 6-1.") on one stem, {,-| in. in diam., of one or several clustered cymes; outer bracts sometimes 1-2 in. long with elongate falcate recurved tips, sometimes ovate abbreviated J in. long; cymes many- flowered ; bracteoles J-J in. long, falcate-lanceolate, very regularly imbricated in two rows, or in other heads on the same stem, obscurely (or not) 2-ranked. Capsule J in. long. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 254 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 155 ; Durand ik Schiuz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 4o3 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 59 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. l?>i\ (inch var. /3 glabra); Kendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 4^31. C. ahyssutlca, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 344, t. 98 ; Hassk. Commel. Ind. 189, and in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. harhata, Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295 partly, not of D. Don. Zygomenes abyssinica, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 211. Commelhia hirsuta Hochst. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 254, not of R. Br. nor of Kunth. Wile Kand. Eritrea: Mount Kube, 5900ft., Schivei»furth Sf Riva, 1511! Mogod Valley, -4200 ft., Schweinf urth Sf Riva, 1554 ! Ginda, 2600 ft., Schtoeinfurth, 395; Bizen, 5800 ft., Schweinf urth, 1885; Habab, 7800 It., Eildehrandt, 371! Abyssinia : near Adowa, Schimper, 141 Quart iti. D illo ii ! Mount Sholoda, Schimper^ 59, Agrima, Schimper, 584 ! near Jelajeranne (Tchelatchekenneb), Schimper, 15oG! Be5;cmeder ; Debra Tabor, Schimper^ 1107 ! Shireh province, Quartin-Dillon ! Wojerat province, Quartin-Dillon ! Shoa, Petit ! Ankober, Roth, 176! and witliout precise locality, Piowden ! British Eist Africa : Leikipia, 6000-8000 ft., Thomson ! near Mombasa, Taylor. XWEozamb. Blst. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 8700 ft., Volkens, 1915 ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba Plateau, 5000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Zoraba and vicinity, 2500-3500 ft., Whyte ! The last-cited two collections of Whyte do not show the root ; many of the species of Cyanotis are so much alike that I do not feel at all confident (in the absence of a bulb) that Whyte's specimens belong to C. hirsuta. 2. C. parasitica, Hochst. ex Hassk. Commel. Ind. 110. Sparingly hairy. Stems erect, o-4 in. long, slender, creeping at the base from bulbs \ in. in diam. Flowers rather large for the genus. Otherwise as C. hirsuta. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 250 ; Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 156. Zygomenes parasitica^ Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 214. wile Iiand. Abyssinia: Samen ; Acallo-Meda, 10,500 ft., Schimper, 506! The type specimens of C. parasitica are very complete, and sliow that the plant is not parasitic ; its small bulbs were clustered in earth — probably in the fork of a tree. 3. C. angusta, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 2G(^. Hairy. Stems 4-8 in. long, slender, erect from a bulb j in. in diam. Leaves up to 3 by yV in., linear. Heads J-§ in. long, of 1 or few cymes, very oblique ; the lower bract often 1 in. long, linear from an oblique lanceolate base. Flowers small, the bracts crowded in 2 rows, shaggy. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 433. 80 cxLiii. coMMELiXACE.E (clakke). [C>/anotis. Upper Guinea. Niger Ti-rritory : Xupe, on rooky soil, Barter, 1476. laower Cuineai Congo Free State: Lower Congo; Kisantu, on the Inkissi River, Gillef ! A-. C. foecuuda, Ilassk. Commd. lad. 110. More or less shaggy. Stems G-14 in. long, weak, rising obliquely from bulbs \-\ in. in diam. Leaves 2 J by \ in. or (as in K. Schumann's plant) much smaller, oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed into a pseudo-petiole at the base. Inflorescences numerous, hardly J in. long, quite or nearly included in the leaf-sheaths ; bracts not (or obscurely) 2-seriate. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr.- Phan. iii. 255 ; Durand k Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. V, 43o ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137. C. montana, K. Schum. in Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. I-jO ; Durand & Schinz, Conspec. Fl. Afr. v. 434. Commelina fifc^nula, Hochst. ex C. B.Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 255. Wile Ziand. Kritrea : Plain of Keren, Steudner, 1485. Abyssinia : Serraba, in Uschan, 5000-6000 ft., Schimper, 4^h^\ Samen, Schimper, 1242! Berrechowa,. 5200 ft., SMmjyer, 280 ! IVXozamb. ]>ist. German East Africa : Unyamwezi district (ex K. Schumann) ; Usambara ; Duga, JIolH, 3163 ! Britisl) Centrai Africa : Matabelelanil, Elliott ! Also in Arabia. K. Schumann notes that this species belongs to the sect. OchrecBjlorce as defined in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 244:. Tliis is so. But, from the bulbous roots, I think still that its true affinity is here. 5. C. lauata, Benth. in Hook. Nvjer Fl. 542. Annual, with woolly fine hair, persistent about the bracts. Stems 4-18 in. long, often erect, slender, much divided, sometimes thicker and decumbent at the base^ rooting at the nodes. Leaves up to 3 by \ in, (often much smaller) nar- rowly oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescences scattered, axillary and peduncled, often numerous, of 1-4 clustered cymes, \-% in. in diam. ; outermos^t bract usually ^-1 in. long, similar to the leaves but widened at the base ; bracts falcate in 2 rows in the cymes of Bentham's type, but densely packed and very obscurely 2-ranked in the nodose heads in Schwein- furth's. — C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258, inch both varieties; Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 434; Schoenl. in Engl, k Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. 4, G7 ; Bendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 431, and in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 80 (inch both varieties); K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122 (inch var. suhlanata). C. Schweinfurthii, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 134, and in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. harhata, Schweinf. Fl. Aethiop. 295 partly, not of D. Don. Cyanopogon sp., Schweinf. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258. Upper Cruinea. Senegambia, Hev.delot, 276 ! Senegal, Bellamy, 8, 639, 665. Sierra Leone, Afzelius ! Morson ! Dahomey, Menager. Lagos : Abeokuta, a weed in Yam ground, Millen, 100 ! Irving, 101 ! Yoruba, Mill-son ! Niger Territory : Nupe, Barter, 1475 ! Jeba, on the '^\^er. Barter ! Lower Niger : Patteb Mountain, Vogel, 183! Quorra (River Niger), Togel, 122. \ Cameroon s : Yaunde, 2600 ft,, Zenker Sf Standt, 502 ! Wile Xiand. Gallabat : region of Matamnia, Schiceinfurlh, 534! 535! British East Africa: Jur; Jur Gl.attas, Schiceinfurth , 2334! Bongo; Gurfala, Schwein- Cfjanotis.^ cxlhi. coMMELixACE.ii (clakke). 81 furth,22^Q\ Ukamba, 5000-6000 ft., Scott-JElUot, 6480! Giryama and Sluinl,a Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor. Ziower Guinea. Ang-ola : Pungo Andongo ; on the highest rocks of tlie Praisidiuni, Cazella, San Antonio, and Songue, Welwitsch, QQoO\ on rocks between Candiimba and Mangue, Wehvitsch, 6653 ! and without precise locality, Wehcifsch^ 664S! IVZozamb. X>ist. German East Africa : Masai Highlands (ex K. Suhvmann). Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi ; opposite Sena, Kirk, 21G I British East Africa : Nyasaland, Buchanan, 903 !. The var. suhlanata (C. II. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258) is only the ordinary plant with the wool more rubbed off than usual. The var. Schweinfiirthil (C. B. Clarke, I.e.), i.e., Schweinfurth, 534, 535,2334, has the heads of flowers much included in the leaf-sheaths. 0. C. pauciflora, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 345. Annual, with some arachnoid wool. Stems erect, 4 in. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, much included in the sheaths of the floral leaves ; cymes small, of 1-4 pairs of 2-ranked bracts. — Hassk. Commel. Ind. 121, and in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 21)5; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr, Phan, iii. 250 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr, v. 435 ; Martelli, Fl, Bogos. 88, Zygomenes pauclflora^ Hassk. in Schweinf, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop, 213, Nile Xiand. Eritrea : on Mount Deban, near Keren, 4580-5500 ft., Beccari, 262. Abyssinia : Tigre ; Mount Sholoda, near Adowa, Qiiar tin- Billon ! Shireh province, Quartin- Dillon ! It may be doubted whether this species is other than a depauperated form of C. lanata, Benth,, var. Schweinfurthii, C. B. Clarke. 7. C. longifolia, Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 543, not of Wight. Shaggy or glabrate. Stem abrupt at the base ; roots thick, somewhat clavate. Central stem very short, sterile, with 3-8 leaves, (I by I in., very narrowly lanceolate, or linear. Flowering stem lateral, arising close to the crown of the root, 8-12 in. long, carrying 2-1 (or no) leaves. Inflorescences 2 or 1, | in. broad, of 4-1 cymes ; floral leaves (outermost bracts) 1-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate ; flower-bracts 2-ranked. — T, Thoms, in- Speke, Nile, Append. 650 ; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 163; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 259 excl. var. y ccesjntosa ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 434 excl. var. y ; Schoenl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. 4, 07 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137 ; Schweinf. inHoehnel, Zum Budolph-See u. Step- hanie-See, ii. 353; Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pi. Welw. ii. 80. Wile Iiand. British East Africa : Unyoro district (ex K. Schumann) ; Leikipia ; upper course of the Guaso Narok, 6500 ft. (ex Schweinfurth). Xiower Guinea. Congo ; Curror, 1 ! Angola : Huilla ; in damp rocky pas- tures, 3800-5500 ft., Wehvitsch, 6595 ! Pungo Andongo ; in damp rocky pastures on the Prsesidium, Wehvitsch, 6651 ! IVEozamb. Sist. German East Africa : Unyamwezi ; between Tura and Tabora, 3800 ft,, Speke Sf Grant ! British Cental Africa : Kambole, south-west of Lake Tanganyika, 5000 ft., Nutt ! The citations of Schweinfurth and K. Schumann are of their names only— their plants not having been seen. It is not improbable that these authors identified their 82 cxLiii. COMMELINACE.E (clarke). [Cjijanoti>i. plants as C. lonrjifoHa, Benth,, var. ccespitosa, C. B. Clarke ; which I now think a distinct species, i.e., C. caspitosa, Kotschy & Peyr., n. 10 below. — The var. /3 hake- riana, C. B. Clarke (in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 259), is more glabrous with larger leaves than in lientham's type ; in Nutt's plant the leaves attain 12 by \ in., and are glabrate. 8. C. polyrrhiza, JIassk. Commel. Ind. loU. Moderately villous, becoming glabrate. Roots many, thick, long; on the crown of the roots (or shortened sterile stem) is the central tuft of leaves ; these leaves 2 l)y l in., lanceolate. Lateral flowering stems 4-"), :3-5 in. long, frequently divided, with ;>-5 heads of flowers, and smaller leaves ; outer- most bracts to the terminal heads J in. long, ovate ; bracts of the cymes obscurely (or not conspicuously) 2-ranked. — Hassk in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 'Jd'> ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 255 ; Burand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435. Zygomenes polyrrhi',a^ Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 214. Wile Iiand. A%ssinia : Samen ; Aoallo-Meda, 10,500 ft., Schimper, .50-4! 9= C. djurensis, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 256. Young parts villous and with white wool, but the whole plant becomes nearly glabrate. Roots thick. Sterile central stem short ; leaves on this attaining 10 by J in., linear. Lateral flowering stems 12-20 in. long, rather robust, with 2 or ?> heads of flowers and 2-0 leaves (besides the outermost bracts to these heads). Stem leaves attaining 6 in. in length, linear. Heads of several clustered cymes, J-l | in. broad ; outermost bracts to the terminal heads 2-3 in. long, linear. Bracts to the cymes distinctly 2-ranked. — Durand &, Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 433. IVile £and. liritish East Africa : Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1944' ! sor. iii, 217 ! 10. C. caespitosa, Kotschy ct- Peyr. PL Tinn. 48. Leaves and stems villous, becoming glabi-ate. Stems abrupt at the base, with slender wiry roots. Basal leaves tufted, up to 3 by J in., oblong-lanceo- late, usually persistently shaggy near the base beneath. Floweiing stem 8—12 in. long, slender, erect, scapose, with 2-^ heads of flowers. Leaves on the flowering stem 1 or 0 (besides the floral leaves), reduced to sheaths with a leafy triangular point hardly \ in. long. Flower- heads hardly ^ in. long, of 1 or few cymes, usually very oblique ; outer- most bracts J-1 in. long, lanceolate, falcate ; bracts in the cymes con- spicuously 2-ranked, hairy. — Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295. C. lonyifolia^ var. ccespitosa, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 259 ; Durand &, Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 434. Zygomenes ca^spitosa^ Kotschy ct Peyr. PI. Tinn. t. 22 A. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Nupe district ; Ilorin, Barter, 3440 ! irile Iiand. liritish East Africa: Bongo; Gir, Schweinfurth, 1811! Nandi Hills, 6000-7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6911 ! The flowers, according to Barter's label, are red. n. C. nodiflora, Kunth, Enum. iv. 106. With spreading hair usually prominent. Flowering stems 8-18 in. long, robust, with well- Cyanotis.] cxLiii. coMMELiNACEJi (clarke). 83 developed leaves, and 2-8 heads of flowers, oblique at the base, some- times rooting at the lower nodes ; roots wiry, occasionally thickened at the tips. Leaves on the flower stems attaining 4 by }^~'f^ in., usually persistently hairy ; those of the basal tuft often larger, sometimes D by 1 in. Heads usually sessile^ often J-1 in. broad, very dense, with several cymes; outermost bract 1-1 J in. or more, falcate linear-oblong from a broadly ovate base ; bracts in the cymes crowded, apparently irregularly.— Bot. Mag. t. 5471 ; C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr, Phan. iii. 257, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 14, with all synonyms; Dnrand tk Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435 ; Schoenl. in Engl, k Prantl, Pflan- zenfam. ii. 4, 07, fig. 36 A ; K. Schum.in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137 ; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 80. "Nile Kand. Eritrea : Keren, 4500 ft., Beccari. Mozamb.Sist. German East Africa, : Unyarawezi ; Uyui, 2^ay^or / Usainbara ; y[\A\o {e\ K. Schumann). British Central Africa: Urungu ; Fwambo, Carson, 32; Nyasaland ; Mount Zoniba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Ehodesia ; Inyanga Mountains, 0000-7000 it., Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 211! Frequent in South Africa. 12. C. Manniiy C.B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258. Hair scattered, shaggy. Growing in water ; stem oblique at the base with many slender fibrous roots. Stems 2-12 in. long, much branched, with 3-21 heads, the internodes often curved, much grooved and distinctly (juadrangular under the nodes. Basal leaves not seen ; stem leaves 2-4 by J in., linear-oblong to linear. Heads \ to J in. broad, of 1-4 clustered cymes ; outermost bract ovate or ovate-oblong, scarcely longer than the heads. Cymes few-flowered, the falcate hairy bracts 2-ranked. — Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr, 156; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 434 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 80. C. abyssinica, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 21, not of A. Rich. Ci/anopogon, gen. nov., Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Cameroon Mountain, 7000-9GOO ft., Johnston, 84 ! Mann, 1310 ! 2140 ! Buea, Pretiss, 800 ! Fernando Po : Clarence Peak, 9000 ft., Mann, 616 ! Iio\(rer Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andougo ; in wooded places near Mangue and Mutollo, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 6652 ! 13. C. somaliensis, C. B. Clarke in Kew Bulletin, 1805, 229. Shaggy. Stem woody and abrupt at the base, with slender wiry roots. Basal leaves IJ in. long, narrowly triangular. Flowerhig. stem 4-0 in. long, rather stout, undivided, with several leaves, and 2-8 axillary heads hardly exserted from the leaf-sheaths. Stem leaves 1 by |-J in., the upper (with axillary heads) shortened. Flower heads dense, the bracts to the cymes appearing irregularly clustered. Nile Iiand. Somaliland : Golis Range ; Hammar, Miss Edith Cole ! Darra-as Mrs. Lort-Phillips! Halrawal, Donaldson Smith! British East Africa : Kuwen- zori, 6000-7000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 7813a ! The lower heads of flowers are included in the leaf-sheaths, the uppermost quite 84 cxLiii. ooMMELiNACiLE (clarke). [Cyanotis. exserted. The sect. Ochrecejlora (DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 244) is not a section — but a group of species with undefined limits. Scott-Elliot's examples are incomplete, and are less sliaggy than the typo specimens ; but they must be eithei' C. somaliensis, or a species clos(?ly allied thereto. 14. C. flexuosa, C. B. Clarke. Glabrescent. Roots fibrous. Stem procumbent, rootin^^ at the lower nodes, with very numerous stout branches attaining 20 in. long, with flexuose internodes. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, attaining 2 in. long, the upper by degrees shortened into the floral leaves, which are ovate abbreviated into a short narrow recurved tip. Inflorescences axillary, very numerous, nearly included in the leaf sheaths ; bracts not appearing 2-ranked. — C. nodijiora, var. ft madagas- carica, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258 partly ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. FI. Afr. v. 435; Rendle, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 80. Commelina Jlexuosa, Welw. ex C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258. ZiO\irer Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; Monino, in damp rocky places, very rare, 3800-5500 ft., Wehoitsch, 6584 ! This is more remote from C. nodijiora than is the Madagascar plant with which it was united in DC. Monogr. Phan. I.e. Imperfectly known sjyecies. 15. C. Dybowskii, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122. Hirsute. Stem simple, rather large, erect. Leaves linear, the upper surface glabrous, the lower hairy. Cymes at the apex of the stem or of axillary branches, several, approximate, nearly sessile ; bracts similar to the leaves, or shorter ; bracteoles up to 20, falcate, hairy. XTpper Guinea. French Congo ; Kemo Station, DyhowsJci, 760. Not seen. Hua compares it with C. djurensis ; he does not describe, and pro- bably did not possess, the root. There is a Cyanotis from Mount Elphinston Flemming, on the Kworra (Niger), Barter, 492, wrongly referred by me to C. lanata, Benth. (in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 258). The root of this is not known, but the portion seen of the robust stems is 18 in. long, little divided, the stem-leaves 4^ by ^ in. It is certainly not C. lanata, Benth., and had been removed to the neighbour- hood of C.djurensis. So far as the description goes, it. might be C. Dyboivskii, Hua. 16. C. cephalotes, Fenzl ex Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop^ 205 ; Durand & tSchinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 435. DTile- Ziand. Sennaar (ex Fenzl), This appears to be a bare name ; at least, Durand cannot find where it is described. 10. FLOSCOPA, Lour. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 852. Sepals 3, oblong to obovate. Petals 3, obovate, sessile or scarcely clawed, distinct. Stamens 6 (rarely 5), perfect ; filaments without hairs. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule obovoid, compressed, membranous, loculicidally 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds soli- tary, attached laterally, hemispheric or depressed conic. — Stems all bearing leaves. Inflorescence hairy and often glandular, of many flowers in a terminal more or less leafy panicle ; upper part of the FloSCOpa.] CXLIII. COMMELINACE.E (CLARKE). 85 panicle with minute or no bracts (in F. axillaris the panicles are mainly axillary) ; ultimate branches of the panicle bearing 2 rows of very short- pedicelled flowers, are defined by Bentham as " 1 -sided, not scorpioid cymes" ; bracts at the base of the pedicels minute or 0. Corolla from purple to rose-colour except in F. flavida ; colour unknown in F. Schiveinfitrthii and F. tuherculata, which are allied to F. jlavida. Species 15, very closely allied, found in the hotter parts of Africa, Asia, and America. Stems 1-2 ft. lon^, rather stout (except in F. axillaris and F, Mannii), decumbent and often rooting at the base, scarcely ever branched. Leaves quasi-petioled, i.e., much contracted above the sheath. Leaves oblong-lanceolate . . . . . 1, F. africana. Leaves elliptic, with triangular tip . . . 2. F. Mannii. Leaves sessile on the leaf- sheaths. Leaves 1-4 in. long. Seeds with ribs radiating from the embryostega 3. F. rividaris. Seeds smooth, without ribs . . . . 4. J", glomerata. Leaves i in. long . . . . . . 5. F. axillaris. Stems 3-10 in. long, erect, anni:a], often branched (except F, tubercidata). Leaves elliptic . . . . . . . Q. F. Scliweinfurthii. Leaves oblong *7 . F. tuherculata. Leaves narrowly lanceolate . . , . .8. F.jlaoida. 1. F. africana, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 2G7. Sparingly hairy, except the inflorescence. Stem 8-24 in. long, scarcely divided (except the inflorescence), decumbent at the base, rooting from the nodes. Leaves up to o| by J in., lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at the base into a pseudo-petiole often 1 in. long. Panicle terminal, oblong (often 4-6 by J in.) wath numerous flowers (but see var. /3) ; upper part without leaves or bracts ; viscid-pubescent not very hairy ; ultimate cymes often J-| in. long. Capsule about yV ^"' ^^^oJ seeds with radiating ribs. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v, 4;^);'), and Etudes Fl. Congo i. 271 ; Durand ik De Wild, in Comptes-rendus Soc. bot. Belg. xxxvi. 87; Ilua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122. Aneilema africanum^ Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 57, t. 93, fig. 1. Commeliiia Chantransia, Koem. k, Schultes, Mant. i. Addend, i. o7G. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : in mud, near Regent, Scott-Elliot, 3918 ! Lomaburn, near the Kiver Scarcies, Scott-Flliot, 5030 ! Lagos : by streams at Agagee, Jfi7Ze«, 2! 95! by water, Kohovo, Millen,lo^\ Benin, Beauvois ! Came- roons ; Katanga, near the River Lobe, Bates, 183 ! Bipinde, Zenker, 1219 ! Yaunde, 2750 tt., Zenker .^' Staudt, 143 ! Iiower Guinea. Gaboon : Gaboon River, Mann, 1022 ! Munda ; Sibange Farm, Sotjaux, 357 ! Fresch Congo : Ogowe River, Thollon, 240, 276 ; Lower Congo: Lispa, 1000 ft., Hens^ C, 168! Bingila, Diipuis ! Var. /3 majtiscula, B. C. Clarke. Stems stouter ; leaves attaining 4-6 in. long ; panicle 5-6 by 4 in., ovoid, ultimate cymes often 2 in. long ; capsules rather larger. Upper Guinea. Lagos, Millen^ 97 ! Punch ! Cameroons : Yaunde, 2600 ft. Zenker Sf Staudt, 143 ! This does not match the tyi)ical F. africana but the points of difference are trivial. VOL. VI II. D HC) CXLIII, COMMELINACEiE (cLARKE). [FloSCOVa. 2. Po Mai^T«ii^ C. B, Clarke in DC Monogr. Phan. iii. 208. Frag- ments of stems 4-7 in. long, undivided, rooting from the lower nodes, glabrate. Leaves 2|^ ^y Ig in., elliptic, when mature nearly glabrous, the leaf -sheaths shaggy ; tip shortly triangular, not acumina,te ; base triangular on a quasi-petiole ,y-| in, ]ong. Panicle terminal, 1\ in. long and broad, thin, subdichotomonsly branched, sparingly pubescent, much overtopped by the upper leaves ; cymes small, with small flowers and capsules. — Durand k Schinz, Conspect, Fl. Afr. v. 436. "Stovtreiv Guinea. Spa-nish Gaboon : Corisco Bay, in wet places, Mann, 1867 ! This looks very unlike the other species of the genus, but the I'ipe capsules and seeds are those of JVo^vc(???a. 3. F, rivis,la.]ris, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 267, inA. va,r. /3. Stems 1-2 ft. long, rather robust, glabrate, not or scarcely divided, decumbent and rooting at the base. Leaves 2-4 by J-| in., oblong- lanceolate, acute, gla.brate, sessile on the sheaths. Panicle 1-2J in. long, dense, with much brown hair, exserted above the uppermost lea.ves. Capsule yV~8 ^^' long. Seeds of the genus, conical depressed, with ribs radiating from the embryostega, sometimes densely covered with white circular short-stalked glandular discs (which wea.r off more or less), sometimes black, with reticulated hexagonal cells, and no (or few) glands. — Durand k Schinz, Conspeot. Fl. Afr. v. 486 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 157 (incl. var. /3) ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 137 ; Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 122. Aneihma rivula.re, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 342. La^mprodithyros rimdariSf Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl, Aethiop. 211, 295 ; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxix. 163. Dithyrocarpf^ts sp., T. Thorns, in Speke, Nile, Append, 650. JfiJe l^and. Abyssinia: Shireh : neav Kouaieta, Quart in-Dillon ! by the Addo-Hohot streHm. in the valley of the River Mareb, Quartin- Dillon ! Wojerat district, Q.uaHin- Dillon ! Begemeder ; Senka Berr, on the River Reb, and Plains of Dembea,' worth of Lake Tana, 6000-8000 ft., Schimper, 1226! British East Africa ! Bongo ; between Dugu and Duggudu, Schweinfurth, 2099 ! Duggudu^ Schtveinfurth, 2269 ! Dar Fertit : Nguggu (P Nduggu), Schnwinfnrth, ser. iii., 212 t Ukidi (Unyoro), Sjyekg 4' Gi'ant ! Ukamba, 5000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6918 ! Upper 6>i3iiinea. Senegal, Bellamy, 193 (ex Hua). IMEozasnb. 3>i!l»t. Uerman East Africa : Masai Highlands and Region c^ the Great Lakes, up to 8000 ft. (ex K. Sclmmann) ; Wadihonia (? Kwadiboma), Fischer,. 597 ! British Central Africa : Urungu ; Fwambo, 5250 ft., Carlson, 39 ! Nuit ! Nyasaland ; Tanganyika Plateau at Fort Hill, 3500-4000 ft., Whyte i Masuka Plateau, 6500-7000 ft., Whyte I Kondowe to Karonga, 2000-6000 ft., Whyte! Shire Highlands, Buchanan. 333 ! Zomba, 5CXX) ft.. Kirk 1 and without precise locality, Buchanan, 818! 4. P, glomerata^ Hassk. Commel. Ivd. 166. Seeds without radiating ribs from the embryostega ; otherwise as F. rivida.ris. — 0. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 267, and in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 15 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486 ; K. Schum. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 187; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iv. 53, and in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 80. Tradescantia glomerata, Roem. «fc FloSCOpa.] CXLIII. COMMELINACE/E (c'LAUKE). 87 Schultes, Syst.Veg. vii. 1175. Dithyrocarpus (jlomerams, Kunth, Enurn. iv. 78. Xiow^er IS-uinea* Angola : Pungo Andongo ; in wooded marshes at Sobato de Quibunga and near Quilunga, Welwitsch, 6631 ! Huilla ; in Lake Ivantala, about tbc inoutli of the River Moambo, growing 4-10 ft. high, in deep water, Welwitsch, 6590 ! IMCoxaxob. Xtist. 1-Jritish Central Africa : on an ishmd at \'ictoria Falls, Kirk ! Nyasaland ; Zomba, Whyte '. Frequent in South extratropicai Africa and the Mascarene Islands. I doubt if this species can be kept distinct from F. rivularis. k). F. ai^illaris, C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Fhan. iii. 2(18. Nearly glabrous, except the inflorescence. Appears to be an annual. Base of stem procumbent, rooting copiously from many nodes, wlience spring clusters of weak stems 2-5 in. long, obliquely erect, very leafy. Leaves J-1 in. long, elliptic or lanceolate, acute. Panicles terminal, and terminal on short axillary branches, pubescent. Ultimate branches of the inflorescence nearly 1 in. long, with numerous small flowers. Pedicels hardly -^^j in. long; bracts at tiieir base -fV "^- long, ovate. Capsule and seeds of the genus. — Dnrand k, Schinz, Oonspect. Fl. Afr. V. 4?>0. F. aquatica, Hua in Bull. Mus. Hist. Kat. Par. i. 122 (from description). Polyyala ao.'illaris, Poir. Encycl. v. 481). Upper Cruioea. Senegal, Perrottet, 7711 Sierra Leone, Siveat/nnan! Afzeinisl Guinea, Smith I 6. P. SchweinfurtMi, C, B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Fhan. iii. 269. A thinly hairy annual. Stems G-8 in. high, erect, repeatedly branched from the base. Leaves 2 by J in., ovafce-lanceolate, sessije. Panicles terminal, more or less leafy, l-2\ in. in diam. ; cymes often 1-1{/ in, long, villous, dense with flow erf; ; pedicels 0-,^ in. long. Capsule small, y^ in. long; seeds radiateiy ribbed. — Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486. xrile l^and. British East Africa : Bongo ; Sabbi, Schweinfurth, 2648 I Kulongo, ScJnoeinfurth, 2672 ! 7. F. tubereuiata, C. B. Clarke. A thinly hairy annual. Stems G-8 in. high, erect, undivided. Leaves '1\ by i-^ in., oblong, sessile. Panicles terminal, 2 in. long and broad, not leafy, rusty-hispid. Cymes \}i in. long and upwards, dense; pedicels very short. Capsule yV in. long ; seeds apparently coarsely tubercied, the radiating ribs being interrupted by few deep depressions. l^oEamb. Hist. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Tanganyika IMateau at Fort Hill, Whyte I A close ally of F. Schtveivfurthii. 8. F. flavida,C'. B.Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 209. A slightly hairy, weak annual. Stem lJ-5 in. long, erect, frequently branched from the base. Leaves up to 2J by i in. and linear-lanceolate in the Niger plant, or 2J by J in. and lanceolate in the Djur examples, sessile. Panicles terminal, slender, of few cymes, not leafy; cymes ^— Ij in. 88 CXLIII. COMMELINACE^ (CLARKE). [FloSCOJXl, long, dense ; pedicels O-tt^ in. Calyx pubescent, purple {Schweinfurth). Corolla yellow {Schivehifiirth). Capsule small ; seeds minute, obscurely- ribbed. Upper Cruinea. Niger Territory : Borgu ; .near the town of Faknn, in swamps. Barter, 760 ! Kile X>and. British East Africa : Jur ; Agada, i;ear Jur Ghattas, ScJnvein- furth, 2537 ! Abu Guroon's Seriba, Schweinfurth, 4286 ! nXozamb. lllst. British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; 3000-6000 ft., Tangan- yika Plateau, at Fort Hill, Whyte !' Imperfectlij knovjn species. 9. P. paucifiora, C. B. Clarke. Nearly glabrous, except the in florescence and the mouths of the leaf-sheaths. Portions of stems seen up to 10 in. long, slender, nearly undivided. Leaves up to 2\ by J-J in., narrowly lanceolate, sessile. Inflorescence terminal, attaining 1 J by § in. at most', very loose, open, with at most 20 flowers (in some cases the inflorescence is a small cyme of 6 flowers). Flowers very small. Sepals rusty sticky-pubescent. Capsule small, shining white, probably 2-seeded. Upper CrUinea. Sierra Leone ; Samu, Scott-JEUiot, 5030! From the rusty hairy sepals this must be a Floscopa ; and, if a Floscopa, it must be a new species, unless it is a depauperated state of F. glomerata • but the species is founded on very slender material. 10. P. EUiottiiy C. B. Clarke. Annual, nearly glabrous, except the inflorescence. Stems erect, 2-4 in. long, branched. Leaves 1 by \-\ in., ovate-oblong, sessile, sheaths very short. Panicle terminal, subdichotomous, of few very long loose cymes (many 2 in. long); bracteoles minute or 0 ; pedicels O-.i^ in. Capsule small, of the genus. Seeds with strong ribs radiating from the embryostega. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : in marshes near Kitchom, Scarcies River, Scott-Elliot, 4340 ! Order CXLIV. EAPATEACE^. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth-segments 6, all petaloid and connate below into a long slender tube, or in 2 series ; the 3 outer forming a calyx, connate at the base into a short hyaline tube or quite free, paleaceous or slightly rigid ; the 3 inner petaloid, connate into a tube below. Stamens G, inserted in the throat of the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers 4-celled, the cells confluent above and opening by one introrse oblique pore at the apex. Ovary superior, obtuse, retuse or 3-lobed, perfectly or imperfectly 3-celled ; style terminal or arising between the lobes of the ovary. Ovules 1-8 in each cell of the ovary, erect from the base, or laterally affixed to the axis, anatropous. Capsule 3-valved, with the valves septiferous along the middle, or by abortion 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. Seeds ovoid; oblong or subglobose ; testa rather thick, smooth or minutely reticulate-striate, sometimes produced Maschalocephalus.] cxliv. rapateace^e (brown). 89 at the apex into a short conical or mitre-like appendage; albumen copious, mealy ; embryo lenticular, seated on the albumen near the hilum. — Perennial marsh herbs of robust habit, with short thick rhizomes. Leaves all radical, usually more or less distichous ; sheaths well developed, conduplicate ; blades elongate, broadly linear-lanceolate or oblong, sessile on the sheath or distinctly petiolate, with numerous parallel veins. Flowers in dense heads involucrate by two large bracts, or in a unilateral spike enclosed in a spathe, usually on long peduncles, or (in the African species) very shortly pedunculate or subsessile in the axils of the leaves ; each flower surrounded by numerous bracts, which sometimes form an involucre resembling that of the ComposiUn. A small order of 7 genera and about 24 species, all natives of Tropical America, ■except the following. 1. MASCHALOCEPHALUS, Gilg k K. Schum. in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 148. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth with an elongated tube and G subequal lobes. Stamens 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth ; anthers linear, rounded at the base, tapering towards the apex, opening by introrse pores at the apex, 4-celled, the '2 inner cells about ^ shorter than the outer. Ovary 3-ceiled ; style elongated ; ovules solitary in each cell, affixed near the base of the axile placenta, erect. Capsule triangular, shortly apiculate, faintly striate. Seed ellipsoid, acute at both ends, with an elongated gibbosity above the hilum ; testa smooth, ;hinly punctulate, milk-white, provided with a radiating fibrous yellow appendage or callus at the apex ; albumen copious ; embryo very small. — Marsh herbs of tufted habit. Leaves alternate, hard, somewhat rigid, densely crowded, linear-lanceolate, sheathing at the base. Flowers in heads in the axils of the leaves. An endemic genus of 1 species, which I have not seen. 1. M. Dinklagei, Gily d- K. Schum. in Engl. Jahrh. xxviii. 148. A tufted herb. Leaf-sheaths unequally plicate, 4|-5J in. long, 7 lin. broad at the base, narrowing to about 2 lin. broad where they pass into the blades, which are about 16 in. long. 14 lin. broad, linear- lanceolate, tapering towards both ends, very acute, many-nerved. In- florescence about J in. long. " Capitulum sessile in the axils of the leaves, bracteate at the base, with a few unequal complicate and carinate -subulate bracts^ pedunculate above the bracts ; peduncle thick, trian- gular, short, almost concealed by the two larger involucrating bracts, many-flowered." Flowers surrounded by many bracteoles. Perianth- tube slender, about IJ in. long, J lin. diam., cylindric ; lobes 0, sub- equal, 5i lin. long, 2\ lin. broad, very thin and membranous, whitish- yellow. Upper Guinea. Liberia; in a swamp at Fish Town, Grand Bassa, about 10 t\. above sea-level, Binklage, 2088. 90 CXLV. FLAGELLARIE.E (brown). [Flaffelluria. Order CXLV. FLAGELLARIEiE. (By N. K. Brown.) Flowers hermaphrodite or dioecious, regular. Perianth C -partite,, pereistent ; segments small, biseriate, subpetaloid or scarious, slightly unequal. Stamens G, hypogynous or shortly adnate to the base of the perianth -segments ; filaments free ; anthers basifixed, introrse, dehis- cing by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, i^>-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell ; style short or none ; stigma 3-lobed and sessile, or of 3 linear, spreading branches. Fruit a i -')-seeded berry. Seeds with a crustaceous testa, and copious farinaceous albumen ; em- bryo minute, lenticular, placed on the outside of the albumen near the hilum. — Herbs of robust habit, with stout stems bearing leaves up to the base of the inflorescence, erect or sarmentose, sometimes climbing by means of tendrils at the tips of the leaves. Leaves alternate, elongated, sheathing at the base, sometimes produced into a tendril at the apex ; veins numerous, j5arallel. Panicle terminal ; flowers small, sessile or subsessile. A .sinall Older of 3 genera, and about 8 species, confined to the warm regions of tlie Old World. Only 1 species in Africa. 1. FLAGELLAKIA, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook.f. Gen. PI. iii. 800. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth subpetaloid ; segments oblong, obtuse, the three outer slightly shorter than the inner. Stamens fi, hypogynous; filaments ultimately long and much exserted. Ovary with a short style and 3 linear stigmas. Berry 1- (rarely '2-) seeded. Seed globose or ovoid, with a crustaceous testa. — Stem sarmentose, climbing by means of the tendril-tipped leaves. Panicle terminal. Flowers small, spicate at the ends of the ultimate branchlets of the panicle. A small genus of 3 species, one African, one in. Fiji, and the tliird widely dis- persed in the tropics of the Old World, but apparently m-t occurring on the continent of Africa. 1. F. guineensis, Schumach. in Schumach. d.- Thonn. Beskr.Guin. ri. 18L A tall climber, with a moderately stout herbaceous stem. Leaves sheathing ; sheath open to the middle, with the thin membranous margins often closely overlapping but never connate at the top ; blade 4J-1) in. long, G-13 lin. broad, elongate-lanceolate, gradually tapering from about the middle into a spiral tendril at the apex, abruptly con- tracted into a rounded base immediately above the sheath. Panicle terminal, 3-4 J in. long, 2-4 in. broad, pyramidal, with ascending or spreading branches, the lower subtended by leafy bracts, the upper bractless. Bracteoles minute, hyaline, ovate or suborbicular, obtuse or subacute. Flowers subsessile along the rather slender flexuose or zig- zag ultimate branchlets of the panicle, usually with distinct internodes between them, whitish or pale yellowish. Perianth campanulate ; segments 1-1 J lin. long, § lin. broad, the 3 outer shorter than the 3 Flayellaria.'\ cxlv. flagellaiiie/E (brown) 91 inner, all oblong, obtuse, subpetaloid. Stamens ultimately much exserted ; filaments 2-2^ lin. long ; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate at the base, IJ-IJ lin. long. Ovary narrow, trigonous ; stigmas -|-J Hn. long, linear, rather sfcout, exserted and recurving over the tips of the perianth-segments. Berries globose, 2-o lin. diam., bright red. — N. E. Brown in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 10; Bendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 81. F, indica, T. Thomson in Speke, Nile, Append. (>50 ; Hook. Niger Fl. 640 ; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Hoc. xxix. 163 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. loo; Engl, & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. 4, 3; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 430; De Wild, ct Durand, Coutrib. Fl. Congo, i fasc. 2, 04 ; and of other authors partly, not of Linnaeus. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast : Aquapim (Acropong) Mountains, Vo/jel ! Cape Coast Castle, Vogel, 14 ! and without precise locality, Burton I Lagos, Barter, 20172 ! Lagos Island, Barter, 2216 ! Cameroons : banks of the Cameroon River, Mann, J ! 425! IflTlle ]&and. British East Africa : Mombasa Island, Hildehrandl , ]047ii! Xiowrer Guinea. Congo, Smith! Angola: Anibriz; on damp wooded hills near the town of Ambri/, Wekoitsch, 30O9 ! Soutb Central. Congo Free State : Luvituku, Ltija. BSozamb. Slst. German East Africa : Usambara ; Doda, Hoist, 2945 I Khutu , banks of the River Mgeta, Speke Sf Grant ! Zanguebar, KirJc .' Portuguese East Africa: near the mouth of the River Shire; at Shamo, Kirk! MOrambala Hill, Waller ! and at Shimwara Hills, Kirk ! Lower Zambesi ; Shupanga, Kirk ! Also in South Africa. This has been confused with F. indica^ Linn., by almost all authors ; but, as was pointed out by Schumacher, it may be at once distinguished by the leaf-sheaths being open to about half-way down, although the margins often closely overlap, and also by the slender zigzag axes, along which the Howers aie spaced out, with distinct inter- nodes ; whilst in F. indica, the margins of the sheaths of the leaves are connate to the top, forming a closed tubular she9.th, and the Howers are usually crowded together into very short subglobose spikes or glomerules, on a rather thick straight axis,, without internodes or with extremely short ones. Order CXLVI. JUNCACB^. (By J. G. Baker.) Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth inferior, cut down to the base into 0 subequal biseriate glumaceous segments. Stamens usually 0, hypogynous or attached to the base of the perianth-seg- ments ; filaments filiform or flattened ; anthers dorsifixed or basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled ; ovules anatropous, usually many in a cell ; style filiform, simple or trifurcate ; stigmas filiform, papillovse all over. Fruit capsular, splitting into Ji valves. Seeds ovoid, globose or angled by pressure, rarely compressed ; testa thin or moderately thick, pale or black, the thin outer membrane often produced into a tail ; albumen copious, firm ; embryo small, placed near the hilum. — Perennial or annual herbs, rarely shrubs with a woody caudex. Stem usually leafy only at the base. Leaves terete or linear. Flowers small, usually clustered ; bracts minute scariose. cxLVi. JUXCACE.E (baker). [Juncus, Species 200-250. Cosmopolitan, mainly in temperate regions. Leaves glabrous. Ovary more or less completely 3-celled, with many ovules in a cell . . , . . .1. JuNcrs. Leaves hairy. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 nearly basal ovules . 2. LrzuLA. L JUNCUS, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 867. Perianth rigid, cut down to the base ; segments subequal, ovate or •ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 6, rarely o, shorter than the perianth, hypogynouR or attached to the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments filiform or flattened ; anthers linear or oblong, basifixed. Ovary sessile, completely or incompletely 3-celled ; ovules many in a cell; style short; stigmas 3, filiform or linear, papillose down to the base. Seeds very flmall, often tailed by the pale outer membrane of the testa being produced beyond the nucleus ; albumen copious, firm ; embryo minute, placed near the hilum. — Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves flat or terete, sometimes septate, rarely reduced to membranous sheaths. Inflorescence terminal or apparently lateral, panicled or capitate. Species 170-180. Cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zone. -•'Genuini. Leaves all reduced to sheatlis. Panicle lateral. The only Tropical African species . . . . 1. J. effusus. '•"-Maritimi. Produced leaves few, resembling the stems. Panicle lateral. The only Tropical African species . . . . 2. J. maritinms. '•"■'"-•'■Articulati. Leaves septate. Inflorescence terminal. Leaf 1, produced from the middle of the stem . 3. J. punctorius. Leaves 3-5^. Stems all erect . . . . . . . 4. t7. cxycarpus. Stems often long and decumbent . . . b. J. Fontanesii. '■'■•■''''''GiiAMiNiFOLir. Leaves not septate. Inflorescence terminal. Perennials. Leaves narrowly linear . . . . . Q. J. Bachiti. Leaves broadly linear . . . . . 1. J. lomatophyllus. Annuals. Flowers solitary, in forked spikes . . . 8. «/. hufonius. Flowers in a terminal cluster , . . . 9. J", capitatus. 1. J. effusus, Linn. Sp. PL ?y2Q. Perennial. Stems densely tufted on a short creeping' rhizome, 2-3 ft. long, green, finely striated, with continuous pith. Leaves all reduced to sheaths, clasping tightly the base of the stems. Panicle dense, lateral, sessile, 1-2 in. diam. Perianth-segments lanceolate, rigid, pale green, yV in. long. Stamens 3, much shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong, obtuse, as long as the perianth. Seeds not tailed. — Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 228. J. communis, var. effusus, E. Meyer, Monogr. June. 22 ; Kunth. Enum. iii. 320. irile Dband. British East Africa : Kukuyu district ; in Kedung Valley, 6000 ft., Scott -JElliot, 6876 ! Mount Kcnia, in tlie lower forest zone, 8100 ft., Gregory, Jtmcus.] cxLvi. JUNCACE.*: (baker). 93 Cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zone. Occurs also in Mada- gascar and South Africa. 2. J, msLvitimuSy Lam. l!j7ici/cl. iii. 264. Perennial, densely tufted on a short rhizome. Leaves few, basal, terete, resembling the stems, dilated at the base into pale brown sheaths. Stems terete, pale green, wiry, finely striated. 2-3 ft. long. Panicle very compound, lateral, sessile, reaching ^ ft. long, bracts rigid, pale green, ovate-lanceolate. Perianth- segments lanceolate, acute, pale green, ^^ in. long. Stamens C. Capsule oblong, acute, as long as the perianth. Seeds distinctly or indistinctly tailed. — Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 25() ; Baker in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 19. ,/. Kraussii, Hochst. in Flora, 1845, 342. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot, 511 ! TStVe Iiand. Somaliland ; Maid, Hildebrandt, 1475 ! JmO-wgt Guinea. Angola : Mossamedes ; marshy places at Aguadas near Mossamedes and by ponds near the River Bero, Weltoitsch, 3007 ! Also in South Africa and the North Temperate zone of both hemispheres. 3. J. punctoriusy Linn, fil Suppl. 208. Perennial, tufted on a short creeping rhizome. Produced leaf one from the middle of the stem, terete, septate ; basal leaves reduced to clasping sheaths. Stem stout, terete, hardly at all striated, 1-4 ft. long. Inflorescence an ample terminal panicle ; flowers many in a cluster ; bracts ovate-cuspi- date, pale green, much shorter than the flowers. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acute, pale green, rigid, -^ in. long. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong, acute, brown, as long as the perianth. Seeds not tailed. — Buchen. in Abhand. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, iv. 424, t. 8 ; Engl. Jahrb. xii. 277 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 158 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 59, 107 ; Baker in Dyer, Fi. Cap. vii. 20. J. Schimj^eri, Hochst. in Schimp. PI. Abyss. No. 56 ; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 338. ITile Iiand. Eritrea : neaj* Saganeiti, 7400 ft., Schweinfurth ^- Siva, 1747 I 1802! Goduie\i\ss\, Eohlfs ^ Sfecher. Abyssinia: Tigre ; near Adowa, iS'cAVmjDer, 56 ! Magdala, Steudner, 927. Somaliland : Golis Range, Miss Edith Cole ! Mrs. E. Lort-Phillips ! Also in South Africa, North Africa, and Western Asia. 4. J. oxycarpus, E. Meyer ex Kunth^ Enum. iii. 330. Peren- nial, densely tufted. Produced leaves 3-5 to a stem, short, subulate, septate. Stems moderately stout, terete, 1-2 ft. long, pale green, hardly at all striated. Inflorescence a sparse terminal panicle ; flowers about 20 in a cluster ; bracts ovate-acuminate, as long as the flowers, Perianth-segments lanceolate, brownish-green, J in. long. Stamens usually 3, much shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong, dark brown, as long as the perianth. Seeds not tailed. — Buchen. in Abhand. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, iv. 431, t. 8; Engl. Jahrb. xii. 33G ; Pti. Ost- Afr. C. 137 ; Baker in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 20. srile Iiand. Usambara (ex EngJer). Iiower Guinea. Angola: Huilla : plentiful in wet sandy situatior.s through- out the district, Welwitsch, 3008 ! Alfo in South Africa. 94 OXLVI. JUNCACE^ (bAKEr). [JuUC'lS. r>. J. Fontanesii, ./. Ga// ex Laharpe in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. in. (1827), 180. Perennial, densely tufted. Leaves 3-5 to a stem, short, subulate, septate. Stems moderately stout, scarcely at all striated, erect or long and decumbent. Iniioresence a lax terminal panicle, com- posed of few or many globose heads ; flowers many to a head ; bracts ovate, acuminate, pale green, as long as the flowers. Perianth-segments lanceolate, very acute, brownish-green, \^ in. long. Stamens 6. Capsule oblong, acute, dark brown, as long as or longer than the perianth. Seeds not tailed — Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 328 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfi. Trop. Afr. 158 ; Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 137 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 5i), 107. ./. articulatus, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 313. J. qitarti- nianus, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 339. J. pyrainidatus^ Laharpe in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. ii. (1827), 128; Boiss. Fl. Orient, v. 351). Sfile Xiand. Eritrea : vicinity of Saj^aneiti, 7000 ft., Schwemfurth Sf Riva, 83 5! 892! Abyssinia: Begemeder ; Anadehr, 7800 ft., Schimper, 555! Harre Shoa, 6500 ft., Schimper, 850 ; Shireli province, Qiiartin- Dillon. Hritish East Africa : Karia Ndusi, near Lake Elmeteita, 6000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 6623 i steppes between Ndoro and Guaso Thegu, Gregory. AKozaxnb. ^ist. German East Africa : Usambara ; Leboma, Hoist, 2556 ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Mount Zomba, 4000-6000 ft., Whyte ! Mount Malosa, 4000-6000 ft., w'hyte ! Also in tlie Mediterranean Region and Western Asia. G. J, Bac'hitiy Jlochst. lit Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. ii. 305. Peren- nial, densely tufted. Produced leaves 3-5 to a stem, short, narrowly linear, not septate. Stem slender, 1-1 i ft. long, leafless, finely striated. Inflorescence a sparse terminal panicle ; flowers many in a globose cluster ; bracts ovate, green, shorter than the flowers. Perianth- segments lanceolate, J in. long, dark brown. Stamens G, much shorter than the perianth. Capsule ovoid, dark brown, as long as the perianth. Seeds not tailed — Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 437 ; Engl. Hochge- birgsfi. Trop. Afr. 158, and Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 137. ITile Iiaud. Abyssinia: 8amen ; in swamps on Mount Bachit, 10,700 ft., Schimper, \14:\ Begemeder; Selamnko, 8700 ft., Schimper, 1332! Mount Guna, Schimper, 11,300 ft^., 1557 ! AKozamb. Dist. (ierman East Africa : Usambara, Hoist (ex 'Engler) ; Kili- manjaro ; Marangu, 7700 ft., Volkens, 1309. 7. J. lomatophyllus, Spi-eng, Neue Endeck. ii. 108. Perennial, tufted, and stoloniferous. Leaves many in a basal tuft, linear, flat, J-1 ft. long, \-h in. broad, not septate. Stem moderately stout, leafless, deeply sulcate, 1-2 ft. long. Inflorescence terminal, laxly panicied ; flowers ()-12 in a cluster; bracts ovate, cuspidate. Peri- anth-segments \ in. long ; outer lanceolate, acute ; inner oblong. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth. Capsule oblong, brown^ shorter than the perianth. Seeds not tailed. — Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 420- Engl. Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 137 ; Baker in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. '27. XMCozaixib. Bist. German East Africa: Usambara (ex Engler). Widely spread in South Africa. Ju/icas.] (JXLVI. JUXC'ACE.E (bAKER). 'Jo 8. J. bufonius, Llun. Sp. PL 328. Annual, densely tufted, without any creeping rootstock. Leaves all basal, subulate, not septate, the outer as long as the stem. Stem slender, :^-l'2 in. long. Flowers usually single, arranged in lax forked spikes ; bracts minute. Perianth- segments pale green, lanceolate, acuminate, J in. long. Stamens :5-and. Abyssinia: Tigre; summit of Mount Semayata, near Adowa, 10,400 ft., Schimper, 539! Also Central and Southern Europe and North Africa, 2. LUZULA, DC. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 808, Perianth rigid, cut down to the base ; segments ovate, subequal. Stamens G, shorter than the perianth, hypogynous or attached to the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments filiform ; anthers linear or oblong, basifixed. Ovary sessile, 1 -celled; ovules 3, arising from a short basal placenta; style short, subulate; stigmas 8, filiform. Seeds 3 or fewer, subglobose or angled on the inner side, sometimes tailed ; testa minutely striated ; albumen copious ; embryo minute, — Densely tufted perennial herbs. Leaves linear, ciliated. Inflorescence terminal, laxly or densely panicled. Perianth brown in the Tropical African species. Cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zones. Species about 50. Flowers solitary, forming a lax panicle . . . 1. L. Johnstoni. Flowers many in a cluster. Clusters of flowers usually peduncled . . . 2. i. campestris. Clusters of flowers sessile. Stamens much shorter than the perianth . . 3. X, spivata. Stamens slightly shorter than the perianth . 4. L. Volkensii. 96 cxLvi. juxcACE.« (baker). \^L^izula^ 1. L. Johnstoni, Buchen.in Enyl. Jahrh. xii. 79. Nearly allied to L. Forsteri, DC. Stoloniferous. Leaves many iu a basal rosette, linear^ 8-4 in. long, slightly hairy. Stem very slender, erect, a foot or more long, bearing 2-8 remote reduced leaves. Panicle small, lax, terminal ; branch- bracts subulate ; branches very slender, ascending ; flowers solitary, sessile ; flower-bracts ovate, acuminate, bright brown, shorter than the perianth. Perianth -segments lanceolate, acute, bright brown^ •J in. long. Stamens (I, much shorter than the perianth. Capsule sub- Sflobose, stramineous, much shorter than the perianth. — Engl. Hochge- birgsfl. Trop. Afr. 157 ; Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 187. Mozamt). I>lst. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, 8000-9000 ft., Johnston, 28! 2. L. campestris, DC, var. Mannii, Buchen. in Engl. Jahrh. xii. 159. Leaves many in a basal rosette, linear, 4-12 in. long, \ in. broad, densely ciliated towards the base. Stem ^-1 ft. long, erect, bearing 1-2 reduced leaves. Panicle subumbellate, composed of several peduncied clusters or congested by the suppression of the peduncles ; branch-bracts linear-subulate, 1-8 in. long, densely ciliate towards the base ; flower- bracts ovate, acuminate, scariose, pale green, as long as or shorter than the flowers. Perianth- segments lanceolate, acuminate, dark brown, ^ in. long. Stamens 6, rather shorter than the perianth. Capsule ovoid- trigonous, rather shorter than the perianth. — Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 157. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Cameroon Mountain, 10,000-13,500 ft,, Mann, 2108 ! Johnston I Fernando Po : summit of Clarence Peak, SOOO ft., Mann, 658 1 1467! Nearly allied to the European L. mullijlora, Lej. The species is almost cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North Temperate zone. 3. L. spicata^ DC, var. simensis, Hochst. in Schimp. PI. Abyss. Exsicc. 1 1 54. Shortly stoloniferous. Basal leaves several, linear, 8-4 in. long, glabrous when mature. Stem slender, J-1 ft. long, erect, bearing 2-d erect -reduced leaves. Inflorescence a small, oblong, erect, congested panicle ; lower branch-bracts linear, denselj' ciliate at the base ; flower- bracts ovate, acuminate, brown with stramineous tip and edges, shorter than the perianth. Perianth-segments dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, acute, yV in. long. Stamens 6, much shorter than the perianth. Capsule ovoid -trigonous, about as long as the perianth. — Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. xii. 128 ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 157; Pfl. Ost- Afr. C. 137. L. ahyssinica, Pari. Fl. Ital. ii. 810. L. niacrotricha, Steud. Syn. Fl. Glum. ii. 294. ISrile Iianda Abyssinia : Samen ; Demerki IVJountains, Schimper, 1154; Bege- meder ; Mount Guna, 11,700 ft., Schimper, 1328. British East Africa : Mount Kenia, in the Bamboo zone, 5000-6000 ft., Gregory. The type occurs on the mountains of the North Temperate zone in both hemi- spheres. 4. If. Volkensii, Buchen. in Enyl. Jahrh. xxi. 192. Leaves 6-8 to a stem, erect, linear, 3-4 in. long, J in. broad, thick, firm, ciliate with Luzula.] cxLvi. JUNCACE^ (baker). 97 long deciduous hairs. Stem short, terete. Inflorescence a dense terminal panicle ; flowers many in sessile clusters ; lower branches subtended by- reduced leaves ; flower-bracts small, ovate, acuminate, pale, ciliate. Perianth-segments lanceolate, dark brown, ^V in. long. Stamens 0, rather shorter than the perianth. Capsule ovoid-trigonous, dark brown, shorter than the perianth. — Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 187. IMtozamb. Slst. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro ; Mawenzi Peak, 12,300 ft., Volkens, 1365 ! Order CXLVII. PALMJE. (By C. H. Wright.) Flowers usually small, regular or subregular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Sepals 3, distinct or united, in the male flower open or imbricate in aestivation, in the female usually widely imbricate. Petals 3, distinct or united, valvate or imbricate in aestivation. Stamens G to many (rarely 3), inserted at the base of the petals or in the corolla-tube ; anthers elongate, sometimes sagittate, basi- or dorsi-fixed, dehiscing longitudinally ; filaments free or connate, subulate or filiform ; stami- nodes various. Ovary superior, more or less globose, entire or 3-lobed, or of 3 distinct carpels, 3- or more celled, often represented by a rudiment in the male flowers ; style very short or none ; stigmas 3, erect or recurved ; ovules solitary, erect, pendulous or attached to the inner angle of the cell. Fruit seated on the more or less enlarged calyx and corolla, dry, baccate or drupaceous, bearing at its apex, side or base the remains of the stigma, 1- or more celled, rarely of 3 distinct carpels, in Tribe Lepidocaryece covered with retrorsely imbricate scales ; mesocarp often containing fibres ; endocarp membranous, crustaceous, woody or stony, smooth or marked inside with the branches of the raphe. Seeds of the same shape as the cell, free or adherent to the endocarp ; hilum basal or lateral ; raphe short or long, usually branched and the branches often much reticulated ; albumen horny or cartilaginous, more rarely oily, solid or hollow, homogeneous or ruminate ; embryo small, conical or cylindrical, usually near the hilum on the dorsal side, more rarely lateral or apical. — Solitary or gregarious plants, monocarpic or polycarpic. Stems robust or slender, simple, more rarely branched (in IlyphcEne), erect or climbing, smooth or spiny, ringed or bearing the scars or remains of old leaves. Leaves collected in a crown near the apex of the stem or scattered along it, usually very large, at first entire, then splitting pinnately or flabellately into more or less distinct leaflets, induplicate or reduplicate in vernation ; rhachis in the pinnate leaves convex on the back, keeled above, channelled along the sides where the leaflets are inserted ; petiole subcylindrical or more or less channelled on the upper side, in flabellate leaves produced into a ligule at the apex, more or less sheathing at the base ; margins of sheath often breaking up into fibres. Inflorescence (spadix) on a long peduncle from amongst the leaves or on a short one below them, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, branched or simple ; spathes various in number and shape ; bracts and bracteoles distinct or connate into a cup, or cylindrical or wanting. 98 cxLvii. PALMJE (weight). [Areca. Genera about 140 j species about 1200, dispersed throughout the tropics and extending a short distance outside. Tbibe I. Arecese. — Leaves pinnatisect ; segments distinct or confluent into an entire, bifid or laciniate lamina, redMplicate in vernation. Flowers monoecious or dioecimis. Seeds vmMlicate ; raj)he ventral / emhryo dorsal. Ovule erect. Albumen ruminate . . . .1. Aeeca. Ovule pendulous. Albumen homogeneous. Stamens 6 2. PODOCOCCUS. Stamens many 3. ScLEEOSPEEiiA. Tribe II. Pboeniceae. — Leaves pinnatisect ; segments acuminate, induplicate in vernation. Spadices inter foliaceous, dioecious ; spathe 1. Carpels 3, one only ripening: stiama terminal. Seed deeply grooved ventrally, um.hilicate ; embryo dorsal. The only ^enus 4. Ph(enix. Teibe III. Xiepldocaryeae. — Leaves pinnatisect {in the Tropical African genera) ; segments reduplicate in vernation. Spadices terminal or axillary ; spathes many or none. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Ovary entire, more or less perfectly S-cellsd. Fruit clothed with shining retrorsely im,brieate scales. Seeds umhilicate • raphe dorsal ; embryo ventral. Stems erect 5. Raphia. Stems climbing. Poly carpi c. Spathes present. Ovary imperfectly 3-ceIled . . . .6. Calamus. Ovary perfectly 3-celled . . . .7. 0^"COCALAM:^s. Spathes none 8. Eeemospatha. Monocarpic ' . • .9. Ancisteophtllfm. Teibe IV. Scrasseae. — Leaves fan-shaped / segments reduplicate in vernation. Spadices interfoUaceous, dioecious • spathes many, sheathing. Ovary entire, 3- celled ; ovules ascending. Seed with a diffuse hilum. Albumen homogeneous. Male flowers many in pits on the spadix . . .10. Boeassus. Male flowers solitary in pits on the spadix . .11. Htph^ne. Albumen ruminate 12. Medemia. Teibe V. Cocoineae. — Leaves pinnatisect ^ segments reduplicate in vernation Spadices interfoUaceous • spathes 2 or many. Flowers {a,t least on the loicer part of the spadix) in threes, the central female, the lateral male. Ovary 1—7-celled. Fruit 1-7 -celled : stigm.as terminal ; endocarp with 8-7 pores. Seed adhering to the endocarp / hilum diffuse ; embryo opposite a pore of the endocarp. Male flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Pericarp spongy . 13. El^is. Male flowers superficial. Pericarp thick, fibrous . 14. Cocos. 1. ABECA, Linn.; Benth„ et Hook. f. Gen, PL iii. 883. Male flowers minute, solitary or geminate on the spadix-branches. Sepals 3. Petals 3, much longer than the sepals, broadly ovate. Stamens 3 or 6. Fem-ale flowers much la.rger than the male, solitary towards the bsuse of the spadix-branches. Sepals and petals usually Areca.] cxlvii. palm^ (wrigiit). 99 enlarging after flowering. Ovary entire, 8-ceUed ; ovule erecc, basal. Albumen ruminate. — Unarmed palms. Stems solitary or Ciespitose, annulate. Leaves in a terminal crown, equally piunaciseci. Spadix infrafoliaceous ; branches patent, pendulous in fruit ; spaches 8 co many, caducous. Species about 24, distributed through Tropical Asia, hew Guinea, anu Tropical Australia. 1. A. Cateeka, Lhm. Sp. PL ed. i. 1189. fcjoem cyiindrical, un- branched, 40-50 ft. high, 20 in. in diam., annuiaue. Leaves 6-9 ; petiole thick, concave above, convex beneath, sheaohing and coriaceous at the base; ieahets many, opposite, broadly linear, acumiaace, broad at the base, the lower 3-4 ft. long. Spadix 2-6 ft. long, mucn orancued, male above, female below; spathes 2, boat-shaped, oocuse, senate, coriaceous; bracts 0. Male flowers sessile. Sepals 8, ovaue, acute, Petals 8, much longer than the sepals, broadly ovate, ticuce, yellowish. Stamens 6 ; filaments short, more or less united into a column below ; anthers dorsmxed. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 8, oroadly ov^ate, fleshy, very thick in the centre, thin at the margins, concave, pexsistent. Staininodes none or forming a hypogynous b-tootned ring. Ovary large, ovoid, acute, smooth, 8-celled ; ovules solitary ; stigmas 8, triangular, acute, papillose. Fruit ovoid, tapermg upwards, 2-2^ in. long, smooth, orange when mature, 1 -celled ; pericarp at first soft, afterwards con- taining many distinct longitudinal fibres. Seed conic-giooose, soiitax-y, erect, 1 in. in diam. ; testa very thin ; endosperm very iiard, wnite or pinkish; emoryo small, basal. — Mart. Palm. 169, tt. 102, 149, ng. i ; Biume, Rumphia, ii. t. 102, fig. A ; Bentl. & Trim. Med. PI. t. 21 Q ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. B. 15, C. 131 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. ind. vi. 406. 9f£o£ai:a'o. X>igt. Zanzioar ana ccast of German East Africa, cuicivaitea, ^n 'Eaglet. Also in India, South China, and Malaja. 2. PODOCOCC ITS, Mann et Wendl. ; Bentn. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 915. Male flower : Sepals 8. Corolla stalked, 3-loDed. Stamens 6 ; fila- ments subulate, adnate at the base to tne coroila-tuoe and to the rudiment of the ovary ; antners oblong, coraate at tne base, dorsihxed. Female flower: Sepals 3. Corolla stalked, trifid. Staminodes 6, vei-y small. Ovary 8-celled ; stigmas 8, i-ecurved ; ovuie penauluus. Fruit baccate 1- (rarely 2-8-) seeded, with the stigmatic scar near its uaise. Seed surroucded by the branches of tne raphe, which raaiate irom the hilum and anastomose towards their extremities ; aibumea numo- ,^eneous ; embryo dorsal, at or below the middle of the albumen. — Slender unarmed palm. Stems reed-like, annulate. Leaves alternate, pinnate; leaflets membranous. Spadix simple, on a long peduncle; spathes 4, tubular, marcescent ; bracts short ; bracteoles minute, glumaceous. Endemic, monotypic. 100 CXLVII. PALM.E ( WRIGHT). [PodoCOCCUS. 1. P. Barteriy Mann d- Wendl.in Trans. Linn.Soc. xxiv. 426, t. 38, fig. A, t. 40, Jig. B, and t. 43, Jig. A. An erect, unbranched palm, covered with rusty scurf on all its parts. Stem 5-8 ft. high, 9 lin. in diam., annulate, with innovations arising from the base; internodes 3-5 in. apart. Leaves 6-9, 5-6 ft. long, pinnatisect, glaucous green ; sheath about a foot long, striate, splitting obliquely, lacerate at the margins ; petiole 1-1 1- ft. long, subterete, channelled on the upper side towards the base ; rhachis convex on the back, acute above ; leaflets 8-10 on each side, alternate, elliptic-oblong, 3-4 in. apart, plicate, many-nerved, the longest 1 ft. by 4 in., the lower smaller, the two terminal confluent, lower margins entire, upper irregularly eroso- dentate. Spadix lateral, patent, at length pendulous, about 2 J ft. long ; peduncle subterete, about as long as the rhachis ; rhachis 3 lin. thick ; spathes 4 on the lower part of the peduncle, tubular, marcescent, the two lower incomplete and 4-5 in. long, the upper more complete, oblique, splitting irregularly and 8-12 in. long. Flowers produced from June to August in 8-10 straight or spiral rows of pits, ternate, the central female, the lateral male, reddish. Male flower : Sepals 3, dis- tinct, elliptic-oblong, often trifid at the apex, keeled, subfalcate, scarcely 1 lin. long, contorted in bud. Corolla 2 lin. long ; lobes elliptic-oblong, concave, cartilaginous, striate on the back, patent, valvate. Stamens 6, alternately long and short ; filaments filiform, adnate at the base to the corolla-tube and rudimentary 3-toothed ovary ; anthers oblong-cordate, dorsifixed. Female flower : Sepals as in the male, but less rigid. Corolla 3-fid, united with the base of the ovary into a short stalk ; lobes oblong, acute, concave, striate on the back, erecto-patent. Staminodes 6, minute. Ovary 3- (or by abortion 1-) celled, stipitate, oblong ; stigmas 3, terminal, short, recurved ; ovule pendulous. Fruit baccate, edible, oblong or elongate-oblong, orange, bent above the base, with the scar of the stigma subbasal, stipitate, nearly 1 in. by 4-5 lin. Seed elongate- ellipsoid, slightly oblique, 9 lin. by 2 lin. — J. Braun & K. Schum, in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 148; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112. upper Guinea. Kiger Delta : mouth of the Brass River, Barter, 36 ! 325 ! 1837 ! Left bank of the River Xun, Mann, 452 ! Jto-vrer Guinea. Gaboon: Munda ; Sibange Farm, Soyaux,^'i\ 95. 3. SCLEROSPERMA, Mann et Wendl. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PL iii. 919. Male flower : Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 3, valvate. Stamens many ; filaments very short ; anthers linear, extrorse, basifixed. Female flower : Calyx of 3 distinct sepals or 3-lobed. Corolla 3-lobed ; lobes convolute below, valvate at the apex. Staminodes 6 or 9, very small. Ovary unicarpellary, 1 -celled ; ovule pendulous ; stigma large, oblique. Fruit a large drupe, obliquely depressed, stigmatic scar lateral ; epicarp thin ; mesocarp fibrous ; endocarp thin but hard. Seed depressed globose, surrounded by the branch.es of the raphe, which radiate from Sclerosperma.] cxLvii. palm^e (weight). 101 the linear hiliim and form a loose network towards their extremities ; albumen copious, very hard, homogeneous ; embryo dorsal near the apex, almost opposite the hilum. — Slender, gregarious, unarmed palms. Stems very short, densely fastigiate. Leaves fascicled, erecto-patent, imparipinnate ; leaflets subopposite. Spadix short, simple, bearing at the base two male flowers at the side of each female, in the upper part male flowers only ; spathes 2, persistent ; bracts membranous. Endemic, monotypic. 1. S. Mannii, Weiidl. in Titans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 427, t. 38, Jig. C, and t. 40, Jig. A. Slender csespitose palms. Stem very short. Leaves 10- 13 ft. long, rigid, sparingly clothed with rusty evanescent scurf; sheath 1-1 1 ft. long, breaking up at the margin into reticulate fibres : petiole 7-8 ft. long, subterete ; blade elliptic-oblong, 4-5 ft. by 2 ft. ; rhachis acute above, convex beneath ; leaflets 9-12 on each side, obliquely truncate, slightly contracted at the base, light green, smooth and shining above, whitish and covered with deciduous rusty scales beneath, crenate and minutely toothed at the apex, lJ-2 ft. by 2-3 in., 3-5- nerved ; terminal leaflets unequal, confluent below, 12-17-nerved. Primary spadix about 8 in. long, the lateral erect, concealed amongst the leaf-bases ; peduncle 4 in. long, 9 lin. thick, brownish tomentose. Spathes 2, persistent, fuscous ; outer 5-6 in. long, irregularly laciniate at the apex ; inner about 8 in. long, ellipsoid, breaking up at the apex into reticulate fibres. Flowers spirally arranged, in the lower part one female between two male, in the upper part male only densely crowded ; bracts broadly ovate, acute, concave ; male bracteoles small or obsolete, female broadly ovate, acute. Male flower : Sepals oblong-lanceolate, concave, keeled, membranous, lJ-2 lin. long, those of the apical flowers one-half the size, linear-spathulate, obtuse, incurved, membranous below. Corolla-lobes elliptic-oval, rigid, thick, 3-4 lin. long, those of the upper flowers broadly obovate, mucronate, incurved, 5 lin. long, reddish. Filaments very short, hemispherical ; anthers linear ; con- nective percurrent. Female flowers : Sepals free or shortly united, broadly ovate, acute, incrassate, concave, slightly keeled, margin with deciduous scales. Petals ovate, abruptly acuminate, concave, marces- cent, as long as or slightly longer than the sepals. Staminodes 6 or 9, minute, lanceolate. Ovary ellipsoid, shorter than the petals ; stigma large, suberect ; ovule basal. Drupe 1 J in, diam., subglobose, obliquely depressed, bearing the stigmatic scar near the apex; epicarp brown, thin, rather shiny ; mesocarp of very thin fibres ; endocarp thin, stony. Seed 1 in. by 9 lin. ; hilum slightly excentric, with radiating anastomosing fibres ; albumen copious, very hard ; embryo near the apex. — Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112. Xiower Guinea. Gaboon : in swampy places near tbe River Gaboon, frc m Point Clara upwards, 3Iann, 1046 ! Soyaux (ex Drude). 102 cxLvii. PALM^ (weight). [Phcenix. 4, PHCEHIX, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 921. Male flower oblong or lanceolate. Calyx cupular, 3-toothed. Petals 3, slightly connate at the base, valvate. Stamens 6 ; filaments connate at the base ; anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed. Rudiment of ovary small or none. Female flower globose. Calyx as in the male. Petals 3, rotundate, concave, broadly imbricate. Staminodes 6, connate. Carpels 3, distinct ; stigma sessile ; ovuie erect. Fruit drupaceous ; stigmatic scar terminal. Seed deeply grooved on the ventral side ; albumen cartilaginous ; embryo minute, dorsal. — Unarmed trees. Stems cylindrical. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, indupiicate. Spadix interfoliaceous, branched. Spathe solitary. Flowers small, yellow, dioecious. Species about 12, dispersed through Tropical and Subtropical Asia and Africa. Fruit tieshy . . . . . . . . 1. P. dactylifera. Fruit dry. Endocarp hard, ' Seed slighcly pointed above, 7 by 4 lin. . . . . . , . . 2. P. abyssiniea. Endocarp thin. Seed rounded above, 5-7 by 2|- 3 lin. . . . . . . . . 3. p. reclinata. 1. P. dactylifera, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 1188. Stem tall, straight, cylindrical, soboliferous at the base, scaly in the younger parts with the remains of leaf-bases. Leaves 10 ft. or more iong^ glaucous; leaflets ianceoiate-linear, acuminate, somewhat 4 -ranked, the anticous often distichous, irregularly and remotely aggregate, the central longest. Female flower globose. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Drupe long, elliptic, variously coloured, usually more than 1 in. long pericarp thick, fleshy, saccharine. — Gsertn. Fract. i. 23, t. 9, fig. 2 Forsk. Fl. ^gypt.-Arab. cxxvi. ; Lam. Encycl. ii. 261,. and 111. t 893, fig. 1; Hook. Journ. Bot. 1834, 212; Delile, Fl. Egypte, 169 t. 62 ; Mart, in Munch, gel. Anzeig. 1838, 638, and 1839, 38, and Palm iii. 257, t. 120, t. X, fig. 1, t. Z, i. fig. A ; Kunth, Enum. iii, 255 Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 233 ; Becc. Malesia, iii. 355, t. 43, figs 1-14 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. B. 12, C. 130 ; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi 110. Upper Cruiuea. Senegambia : Fort St. Louis, Brunner (ex Mariius). Isle of Goree ; Porto Prana, JBrunner (ex Martins) . Xrile Xiazid. British Sbmaliland : Waggar Moxmiams, Mrs. Zort-FMlli^ps Iiower Guinea. Congo and Benguela (ex Martins). mozaxnb. Sist. Portuguese Ease Africa : " On the Zambesi there is one solitary tree outside the stockade of Sena,^' Kirk. German East Africa : Kiliman jaro, up to nearly 6000 ft., Johnston, 197 ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland on the Upper Shire at Matope, Scott-Mliot, 8494 ! Owing to this species having been cultivated throughout Tropical Africa from remote times, it is difficult to decide where it is truly indigenous. 2. P, abyssiniea, Drude in Engl. Jahrh. xxi. 110, 119. Habit of P. dactylifera, Linn. Lower leaflets reduced to spines ; upper lanceolate, more or less aggregate, 10 in. by J in. Calyx of male Phcenix.] cxlvii. palm^e (weight). 103 flower half as long as the corolla, urceolate. Fruit dry, seated on the marcescent cup-shaped calyx and corolla ; endocarp hard. Seed very slightly pointed above, 7 lin. long, 4 lin. broad. — P. daciT/lifera ? Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153. irile Xiand. Eritrea : Valley of Ainsaba, near Keren, Steudner, 1540 ! between Keren and Adowa, Steudner, 1511 ; Hamasen district, Steudner, 1541. Abyssinia : Adowa, Schimper, 794! Steudner, 1539. 3. P. reclinata, Jacq. Fragm. i. 27, t. 24. Stem erect, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves 3-5 ft, long, bright green ; petiole flat above, slightly convex beneath, expanded at the base into a fuscous fibrous sheath ; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, pungent, the central 1 ft. by 1 in., the lowest subspinescent and aggregate, the remainder equidistant, midrib with white floccose indumentum on the lower side. Male flower lanceolate, acuminate. Female spadix 2 ft. long ; branches 6-8 in. long; peduncle over 1 ft. long, complanate, glabrous. Petals fuscous. Drupe cylindric-elliptic, 7-8 lin. long, 4-5 lin. wide at the middle, dull red. Seed ovate, 5 lin. long, deeply sulcate ; embryo a little below the middle.— Willd. Sp. PL iv. 731 ; Mart, in Munch, gel. Anzeig. 1838, 638, and Palm. iii. 272, t. 164 ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 256 ; Becc. Malesia, iii. 349; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. B. 13, C. 130; C. H. Wright in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 29 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. App. iii. 33 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 82 ; Penzig in Atti Congr. Bot. Genova, 1892, 363. P.spinosa. Schum. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. PI. 437; Mart, in Munch, gel. Anzeig.' 1838, 638, and 1839, 45; Kunth, Enum. iii. 256 ; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 526 ; Mann & Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 428 ; J. Braun & K. Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1880) 148; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 272; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 51. P. leonensis, Lodd. ex Kunth, Enum. iii. 256. P. senegalensis, Van Houtte ex Salomon in Gartenflora, 1884, 305. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 760! South Senegambia, Brunner ! Sierra Leone, Oldfield ! Gold Coast : Aburi Hills, Johnson, 459 ! Niger Delta : banks of the River Nun, Mann, 528 ! N-ile land. Eritrea : Aidereso, 4000 ft., Schweinfurth Sf Riva, 1610 ! Arrot Valley, Barario, 4400 ft., Schweinfurth Sf Riva, 740 ! Geleb, 4592 ft., Schireiyifurth ! near Keren, 6232 ft., Schweinfurth ! Steudner, 1540 I Renzig. Britisb East Africa : Pemba Island, Stuhlmann, 1128 (ex Brude) ; Jur ; Genana, near Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 1358! Uganda; Kampala, Scott- Elliot, 1Z52,\ Stuhlmann, 1300 {ex Drude) ; Mombasa, Wakefield ! I.ower Guinea. Estuary of the Congo, as far as tbe Isle of Mateba, Duj)ont, Roger. Congo: Masougolo, Burton! Smith! Angola: Pungo Andongo; plentiful on the marshy banks of the Rivers Cuanza, Lombe, &c., and at Sansanianda and Mopopo, Welwitsch, 6667 ! Icolo e Bengo ; between Tantambonda and Quiranda, Welwitsch, 6658 ! Barra do Dande ; plentiful on the banks of the lake and of the River Dande, near Bombo, Welwitsch, 6659 ! 6659b ! Calumquembo district, Wel- toitscJi, 6672 ! South Central. Congo Free State : Lunda ; at Muscl.i Brook, BucJmer, 689 (ex Drude). 104 cxLVii. PALM^ (wright). [Phcenix. Mozamb. Slst. German East Africa : Ugalla River, Bohm, 42a (ex Drude) ; Usambara ; coast region. Hoist, 2847, mountains to 6200 ft.. Hoist, and Pangani River, 2600 ft., Volkens, 462 (ex Drude). British Central Africa : Xyasaland ; Fort Hill and Songue, Whyte ! Central regions of tlie continent and on the coast, ex Kirk. Also in South Africa. 5. RAPHIA, P. Beauv. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 935. Male flower : Calyx tubular, entire or minutely toothed. Corolla curved ; petals 3, linear-lanceolate, valvate. Stamens 6-16, inserted at the base of the petals ; filaments subulate or thickened and connate at the base ; anthers erect, linear, inserted near their bases. Rudiment of ovary none. Female flower larger than the male. Calyx as in the male. Corolla more or less campanulate, 3-toothed. Staminodes in a 6- to many-toothed cup adnate to the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, retrorsely scaly ; stigmas sessile, recurved, subulate ; ovule inserted slightly above the base of the cells. Fruit large, oblong or ellipsoid, rostrate, 1 -seeded, covered with retrorsely imbricate scales; pericarp thick; endocarp spongy; seed laterally fixed, oblong, sulcate ; hilum lateral; raphe linear with reticulate branches; albumen bony, solid, ruminate ; embryo ventral. — Monocarpic palms, unarmed or with the sheaths only armed. Stems erect, simple or dichotomously branched, densely annulate. Leaves in a terminal crown, equally pinnatisect ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins recurved at the base and setose or aculeolate, rhachis not produced at the apex. Spadices monoe- cious, large, pendulous, cylindrical, much-branched ; branches and branchlets thick, compressed, the latter pectinately arranged, densely covered with cup-shaped bracts ; common spathe none. Flowers solitary in each bract, the male at the base of the ultimate branches of the spadix, the female at the apex. Species about 12 in Tropical Africa and the Mascarene Islands, and 1 in Tropical America. Fruit more or less turbinate. Fruit-scales rounded at the apex . . . . 1. ^. Mvffia. Fruit-scales acuminate . . . . . . 2. R. textilis. Fruit cylindrical or ellipsoid. Stamens 6. Scales of fruit in 12 rows . . . 3. -K. Monhiiitorum. Stamens 8. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, with 8-10 rows of scales . . . . . . . . 4. 5. Gc£rtnerL Stamens 10. Fruit cylindric-ellipsoid, with 8-9 rows of scales . . . . . . . 5. i2. vinifera. Stamens 15. Fruit long oval, with 12 rows of scales 6. R. longiflora. Stamens 16. Fruit oval-ellipsoid, with 12-15 rows of scales 7. -B. HooJceri. 1, R. Ruffia, Mart Palm. iii. 217. Stem 6-26 ft. high, 1 ft. thick. Leaves up to 65 ft. long; petiole up to 13 ft. long, 10 lin. thick. Calyx of male flowers pedicelled. Fruit obovate or pyriform, somewhat depressed and mucronate at the apex ; scales in 12-15 rows, very convex, JRaxMa."] cxlvii. palm^ (wright). 105 polished, chestnut-brown, adpressedly ciliate. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 217 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. B. 16, 0. 131. Raphia pedunculata, P. Beauv. in Desv. Journ. Bot. ii. 87, and Fl. Owar. i. 78, t. 44, fig. 2, t. 46, fig. 2. Sagus farinifera, Gsertn. Fruct. ii. 186, t. 120, fig. 3. Sag us Rujia, Jacq. Fragm. 7, no. 27, t. 4, fig. 2. Sagus pedu7iculata^ Lam. Encycl. Suppl. V. 13, and 111. iii. 357, t. 771, fig. 2 a-g. Metroxylon Ruffia, Spreng. Syst. ii. 139. Xrile Ziand. British East Africa : Taveta, near Kilimanjaro, ex Engler. BKozamb. Blst. Pemba Island and Zanzibar, ex Engler. German East Africa : on the coast, and Usagara and Usambara regions, ex Engler ; Kilimanjaro region ; Lake Yipe and Kahe, ex Engler. Also in Madagascar. 2. R. textilis, Welw. Ajyont. 584. Fruit oval-turbinate, 2J in. long, nearly 2 in. thick; scales in 11-14 rows, 11 lin. long, 11-12 lin. wide, rather convex at the base, flatter towards the apex and with a broad shallow furrow, dark chestnut, acute at the base, darker and slightly fimbriate at the margin. Seed oval-turbinate, 2J in. long, 16 lin. thick ; albumen slightly ruminate. — Syn. Explic. 39 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 83. R. Welvntschii, Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 439, t. 42, fig. B; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. Iso-wer Guinea. Angola: Golungo Alto ; near rivulets at 1800-2000 ft., and 120 miles from the coast, Welivitsch, 6666! 6671! and fruit 1054! Barro do Dande ; gregarious on the River Dande, Welwitsch, 6663 ! 3. R. Monbiittoriixn, Drude in Engl. Jahrh. xxi. Ill, 130. Acaulescent or with a stem up to 5 ft. long. Leaflets irregularly arranged, up to l\ in. wide. Male flower: Calyx shortly campanulate, J-^ as long as the corolla. Corolla-lobes curved, narrowly lanceolate trom a linear base, long acuminate, 9-10 lin. long. Stamens 6, adnate to the base of the corolla-lobes ; anthers narrowly linear from a sagittate base, shorter than the filaments ; connective shorter at the back than the anther-cells. Female flower scarcely half as long as the male, obtuse and broad. Calyx enclosing, and its teeth overtopping, the short corolla, Staminodes absent. Young fruit long-pointed from an oval base, mature unknown; scales in about 12 rows. — Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 131. Nile Ziand. British East Africa : Jur ; Okel (Okale), Schweinfurth, 1738 ! Lnkes Albert Edward "and Albert Nyanza, ex Engler. Soutli Central. Congo Free State: Monbuttu; in the water of the valleys near Munza, Schweinfurth, 3357 ! nXozamb. Dist. Tanganyika, ex Engler. 4. R. Gsertneri, Mann d' Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 437, L 4:2, Jig. 1). Spadix laxly branched ; branches slender, the lower 5-7 in. long, 4 lin. thick. Male flowers 6 lin. long. Petals elliptical. Stamens 8 ; filaments clavate. Female flower : Petals 6 lin. long. Staminodes about 8. Fruit elongate- or oval-ellipsoid, 2^-3 in. long, \\ in. thick, obliquely mucronate ; scales in 8-10 rows, slightly emar- ginate at the base, 8 lin. long, 8 lin. broad, light chestnut, slightly 106 ' cxLvii. TALMJE (wright). [Mapkia. fimbriate at the margin. Seed elongate-ellipsoid, acute at either side, 2-2-1 ^^' ^y '"^-ll lin.; albumen with narrow ruminations. — Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 111. E. vini/era, Druda in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. Ill, not Beauv. Sagus Palma-pinuSj Gaertn. Fract. i. 27, t. 10, fig. 1. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : Berria (Beria), Scott-^lliot, 5002 ! Fernando Po; from the shore to an altitude of 500 ft., Mann ! Gold Coast, Cameron ! 5. R« vinifera, P. Beauv. Fl. Oioar. i. 77, t. 44, j?^. 1, t. 45, t. 46, fly. 2. Stems of medium height. Leaves 6-7 ft. long ; leaflets spiny. Spadix about 8 ft. long, laxly branched ; lower branches 3-3J ft. long, upper 1 ft. long; lower branchlets 8-10 in. long. Stamens 10-12. Female flowers usually in the upper part of the spadix. Staminodes about 20. Fruit cylindric-ellipsoid, shortly mucronate, 3 in. long, l|-lf in. thick; scales in 8-9 rows, very broad, slightly emarginate at the base, rather convex above the base, with a deep groove within the apex, flattened at the margin, 9-^10 lin. long, 9 lin. wide, greenish, margin slightly fimbriate and brownish. Seed 2\ in. long, 1 in. thick ; albumen with narrow ruminations. — Mart, Palm. iii. 216, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639 ; Hook. Niger Fl. 526 ; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 234 ; Mann ; filaments subulate, the three inner dilated at the base, 1 lin. long. Rudiment of ovary very minute. Female inflorescence racemose, '2-2^ ft. long; branches bearing 1, rai-ely 2, cylindrical spikes at the apex about 8 in. long, 4 lin. in diam. ; bract 120 cxLVii. PALM^ (weight). \Hyphmne. cylindrical, oblique, acute; bracteoles widely cochleariform, truncate, bearded at the sides. Calyx 3-partite, pilose outside the base; lobes ovate, fleshy, 2 lin. long. Corolla 3-partite; lobes long, oval, mem- branous, \\ lin. long. Staminodes none. Ovary conical ; stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit pedicellate, long pyriform, obtusely keeled, 5 lin. long, oblique at the base. Seed with bony albumen ; embryo cylindrical, near the apex of the seed. n^ozamb. S^ist. German East Africa : Khutu ; in the Kisaki Steppe, by the Rufiji Kiver, 820 ft., Qoetze, 69. Native name, Mkase. 3. M. thebaica. Mart. Palm. iii. 225, it. 131-133. Stem terete, 10-30 ft. high, about 1 ft. in diam., simple or more frequently dichoto- mously branched. Leaves 20-30 in a terminal crown on each branch ; petiole sheathing at the base, triangular below, plano-convex upwards, spiny on the margins, with rusty tomentum ; lamina suborbicular ; lobes 20 or more, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1 J ft. long, 1 in. wide ; primary nerves thick, concave above, secondary numerous. Male spadix 4 ft. long, 1-2 in. thick at the base, at first erect, afterwards patent ; spathes nearly cylindrical ; flower-bearing branches 6-10 in. long, 3-2 at the end of branches 3-4 in. long ; bracteoles \ lin. long ; flowers in pairs, shortly pedicellate. Calyx 3-lobed, contracted below. Corolla stipitate; lobes widely ovate, obtuse, concave. Stamens 6, rarely 7 ; filaments subulate from a thickened base ; anthers linear, slightly sagittate, nearly basifixed. Rudiment of ovary absent. Female spadix like the male ; bracteoles densely imbricate, with a transverse line of tomentum half-way up the back ; flowers very shortly pedicellate. Calyx-lobes orbicular- ovate, light green. Petals smaller than the sepals, orbicular- ovate, concave. Staminodes G. Ovary globose or 3-lobed; stigmas sessile or nearly so. Fruit of 1 (rarely 2-3) obliquely-ovoid carpel, 3 in. long, 2J in. in diam. Seed ovoid.— -Mart, in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 639, and 1839, 51 ; Grant in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 187 ; Speke, Nile, Append. 651 ; Penzigin Atti Congr. Bot. Genova, 1892, 363 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 193, 291, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 52. Cucifera thebaica, Del. Fl. Egypte, 1, tt. 1-2. Upper Cruinea. Gambia : on the banks of the River Gambia, Whitfield ! Bornu, ex Drude, Xfiie Ijaud. Nubia : near Alt Dongola, Ehrenberg (ex Schweinfurth). Eritrea r Arkikoand MonkuUo, near Massowa, and in the valley of the River Barca, ex Penzig, Kordofan, Sennar, Abyssinia and Bahr-el-Abiad (White Nile), ex Schweinfurth^ White Nile, Flower ! Speke Sf Grant. Somaliland : Schebeli, Donaldson Smith, 1 ! British East Africa : Lamo (Lamu Island), Kirk, 1 ! Also found in extra-tropical Egypt and Arabia. Native names : at Berber "Mohamma," at Tigre " Ssehhelib." "At Berber the leaves are made into coarse rope, and the trunks into beams and posts" (Speke S^ Grant). Although this species is frequently mentioned by travellers as the Doum or Dum palm, it is very poorly represented in British herbaria. 4. H. gmneensis, Schumach. d- Thonn. Beskr. Guin. PI. 445. Stem tall, cylindrical, the younger part armed with the bases of old Hyphcene.'] cxLVii. palm.b (wright). 121 leaves. Leaves roundish ovate, broader than long, plicate, divided to the middle into ensiform replicate segments, subpinnately palmate, 2-6 ft. long ; petiole as long as the lamina, slightly concave above, con- vex below, spiny on the margins, widened and having a fibrous network on either side at the base. Male inflorescence ; Spadix simply branched, 2-5 ft. long ; peduDcie slightly compressed ; branches alternate, woolly, acute at the margins, bearing near their apices 2-3 sessile cylindrical cat- kins 1 ft. long and 1 in. thick, clothed with numerous imbricate adpressed bracts 1 lin. long and 6 lin. broad. Flowers in (5-8 rows, 2-3 enclosed in each scale. Calyx trigonous ; lobes 3, oblong, obtuse, erect, concealed by the bracts. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; lobes 3, exserted, rotate, oblong, obtuse, concave, subcartilaginous, green. Stamens (i, inserted in the corolla-tube, patent ; filaments subulate, a little shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong. Rudiment of ovary none. Female inflorescence similar to the male. Fruit shortly turbinate, very obtuse, obscurely trigonous, shining ; epicarp chartaceous, thin ; mesocarp fibrous, rather sweet ; endocarp hard, with an apical pore. Seed carti- laginous, hollow in the centre. — Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 4G1, and Etudes Fl, Congo, i. 274 ; Giissfeldt & Pechuel-Loesche, Die Loango-Exped. i. t. 1 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 83. XiO^irer Guinea. Estuary of the Congo: Isle of Mateba, Dwpont. Loiingo, ex Drude. Angola : plentiful on dry or sandy hills, especitilly between Barra do Bengo and Barro do Dande, Welwitseh, 6662 ! Ambiiz ; maritime hills near Quizembo, Wehoitsch, QQQ%\ along long tracts of coast from Dande and Lifune as far as the mouth of the River Cunnza, Weltvitsch, 6670 ! Loimda ; on the coast between Ambriz and Loanda, Weltvitsch, fruit 1052 ! Guinea, without exact locality, Thonning. Native name, Songu-Tjo, ex Schumacher Sf Thonning. 5. H. crinita, Gcertn. Fruct. ii. 13, t. 82, fig. 4. Stem 20-30 ft. high, more or less flexuose or erect, undivided. Leaves large, with fibres between the lobes, covered on both surfaces with very fugacious white tomentum, scabrous on the margins and upper sides of the nerves ; ligule large and nearly equilateral; petiole sheathing at the base, spiny on the margin, deeply channelled above. Fruit oblong or obovate, depressed, smooth ; pericarp containing numerous fibres shorter than the thick subglobose putamen. Seed attached below its centre. — Mart. Palm. iii. 227 ; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 23o ; Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 130 ; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110, 122 ; C. H. Wright in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 30. H. natalenms, G. Kunze in LinnsRa, xx. 15; Gard. Chron. 1890, viii. 381. H. petersiaiia, Klotzsch ex Mart. Palm. iii. 227. Mozamb. Blst. German East Africa : Usambara ; by the Kiver Pangani in Mauia district, Stuhlmann, 24 (ex Drude). Portuguese East Africa and British Central Africa: "200 miles up the Zambesi it is common, also at the south end of Nyasa, and on the River Shire," ex Kirk. Mozambique and Sofala, ex Drude. Also in Natal and Madagascar. 6. H. Goetzeiy Dammer in Engl. Jahrh. xxviii. 354. A tree 50-65 ft. high. Stem simple. Leaves about 3 ft. by 4 J ft. ; petiole 122 cxLVii. PALM/E (wright). [^Hyphonie. plano-convex, slightly concave on the upper side near the base, with dark brown, usually sharply curved, spines on the margins, the lower spines as well as the petiole margins densely covered with fuscous floccose tomentum; ligule oblique, irregularly spiny toothed, acuminate ; rhachis about :>0 in. long, produced beyond the centre of the leaf, slightly toothed above the base; lamina cut f its length into about 75 lobes, slightly floccose on the nerves near the base, with long filaments between the lobes. Male inflorescence racemose ; branches bearing near their apices 2-o cylindrical spikes ?>|-5 in. long, 5 lin. thick ; bracts cylin- drical, oblique, long acuminate, with f jccose tomentum on the back near the apex ; bracteoles widely cochleariform, truncate, pilose on the back. Calyx turbinate, membranous, 1 lin. or rather more long, 3-lobed. Corolla ;3-partite ; lobes ovate or obovate, acute, 1 lin. long, J lin. broad. Stamens 6 ; filaments subulate, J lin. long ; anthers sagittate, dorsifixed below the centre, 1 lin. long. Female inflorescence racemose, about 27 in. long ; branches 4-5, each bearing a single cylindrical spike ; bracts cylindrical, oblique, acuminate or acute ; bracteoles widely coch- leariform, truncate. Flowers unknown. Fruit on a subcylindrical pedicel about ?> lin. long, oblique at the base, flattened and slightly impressed above, 2 J in. long, l|-2 in. in diam. ; endocarp woody; pericarp at the side 2 lin. thick, at the apex and base 4 lin. thick ; foramen about 5 lin. in diam. Seed 1 6 lin. long, 1 1 lin. in diam. ; albumen ovate, bony, enclosing an ovate cavity ; embryo turbinate, near the apex of the seed. Mozamb. Blst. Gennan East Africa : between Khutu and Uhehe, on the eastern slope of the Vidunda Mountains, by the Ruaha River, on waste ground in moist grey soil, 1640 ft., Goetze, 413. 7. H. ventricosa. Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 235. " Known from other species by its loftier stem, swollen in the middle; ligule unilateral ; fruit spherical, surrounded by a considerable quantity of farinaceous matter, and larger than that of H. coriacea or H. crinita^' — Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881 , 0?, ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 1 80 ; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 110 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. App. iii. 34 ; Card. Chron. 1884, xxi. 649, fig. 120 ; Dinter in Card. Chron. 1900, xxviii. 372, and in Gartenfl. 1901, 176. ILo'wer Guinea. Congo, ex Johnston. German South-west Africa : Damara- land, Dinter 1 Mozamb. I>i8t. Rhodesia : Victoria Falls, on the Zambesi River, and believed to extend southwards to Lake Ngami, ex Kirk. " Called Mokolwana by the Makololo," Kirk. Dinter states (I.e.) th;it this species occurs abundantly south of Grootfontein, out- side the tropic. Imperfectly known species. 8. H. aurantiaca, Dammer in Engl. Jahrh. xxviii. 355. Fruit ovate, slightly impressed above, not oblique at the base, faintly keeled on one side, about 2| in. long, 2 in. in diam. Mozasub. Blst. German East Africa : extending from Langenburg to Lake Eukwa, Ooeize. This is said to differ from H. Goetzei, Dammer, in the shape of the fruit, which Isas a bloom ou the ripe endocarp, and the shape of the seed. Ilyphcene.'] cxlvii, palm.e (wright). 123 9. H. benguellensis, Welv). Syn. Explic. 40. A very elegant palm. Stem 20-25 ft. high, about G in. thick, straight, " cylindrical, moderately ventricose above the middle," always simple. Berries exactly spherical, shining dull brown. — Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 1881, 92 ; Durand , tt. 02, 75, and 88, figs. 3-6, and in Miinch. gel. Anzeig. 1838, 03!), 1839, 45 ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 285; Kirk in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 231 ; Grant in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 187 ; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. V. 20G, 218 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. B. 3, C. 131 ; Beccari in Malpighia, i. 441; J. Braun in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1880), 147 ; Schweinf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 52 ; Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 482; Drude in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 112; Durand ct Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 274 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 84. Upper Guinea. Senegal: St. Louis, Brunner ! Gambia and Cape Verde, B runner ! JaO'wer Guinea. Island of St. Thomas, ex Henriqnes. Lower Congo . at Yioixio., Dupuis ; and at other points, i«?nvw^. Angola: Loando ; Illia de Lo.mdo, Wehvitsch, 6661 ! XVEozamb. Slst. Zanzibar : very abundant, ex Speke Sf G-ranf. German EastAfrica : a few on the coast, ex Speke Sf Grant. Portuguese East Africa : a few trees above Tete on the left bank of the Zambesi, ex Kirk. Also in Tropical Asia and Polynesia. The cocoa-nut. Native name in the Island of St. Thomas, Coqneiro. Order CXLVIII. PANDANE^. (By C. H. Wright.) Flowers unisexual. Perianth none or (in Sararanga) rudimentary. Male flowers : Stamens usually many, hypogynous or spicate or um- bellate on the axis; filaments filiform, short or long ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers: Ovary 1- to many-celled ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, erect or more or less adpressed to the top of the ovary, usually sessile ; ovules solitary and laterally fixed, or numerous on parietal placentas. Fruit drupaceous or bar'cate, 1- to many-celled ; mesocarp fibrous or succulent ; endocarp often long. Seeds with thin testa in the drupes, crustaceous in the berries ; embryo basal. — Shrubs or trees. Stem simple or branched, often supported on thick adventitious roots. Leaves narrow, often imbricate in spirals, sheathing at the base. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or paniculate, unisexual, rarely polygamo-dioecious ; flowers usually sessile and crowded ; bracts spathe-like. Genera 3 ; species about 220, widely spread through the Mascarene Islands, Tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia, and extending outside the tropics in India and Australia. 1. PANDANUS, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 949. Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Stamens many, spicate on the axis of the inflorescence, or umbellate, fascicled or racemose on the floi-al axis ; anthers linear or oblong, basifixed, erect, sometimes apiculate 128 CXLVIII. PANDANE^ (wRIGHT). [^Faiidaiius. pollen often tubercled. Female flowers densely crowded. Staminodes generally absent. Carpels 1 -celled, solitary or united into phalanges, flat, convex or pyramidal, obtuse, umbonate or rostrate, usually angular ; stigmas reniform or horse-shoe-shaped, rarely forked ; ovule solitary, broadly laterally affixed. Drupes densely congested, but scarcely con- nate, into globose, elliptic or ovoid groups {syncarps) ; pericarp thin, the upper part sometimes deciduous ; mesocarp fibrous and sometimes also fleshy ; endocarp bony, 1- to many-celled. Seed ovoid or fusiform ; albumen oily ; embryo basal, very small. — Trees or shrubs. Stem erect, rarely prostrate, annulate, much forked, rarely simple, bearing thick aerial roots. Leaves linear, acute, usually spiny on the margins and underside of the midrib, sessile, sheathing at the base. Male spadices spicate, female terminal, spicate, racemose or solitary, sometimes pendu- lous ; spathes white or coloured. Species about 150, throughout the tropics of the Old World, and extending into Northern India, Queensland and New South Wales. Many of the species have been described from imperfect material, and are accordingly difficult to classify. '•'Drupes many-celled. Stigma oblique or erect. Cells of the drupe pyramidal or conic at the apex, separaied by deep furrows. Stigma 2-4 lin. wide ; endocarp scarcely 5 lin. iDiig . . . . . . . 1. P. Heddei, Stigma 1 lin. wide ; endocarp 14 lin. long . 2. P. Kirkii. Cells of the drupe almost flat at the apex, scarcely separated by furrows ' . . . . 3. P. platycarpxis. Stigma flat or scarcely ascending. Drupes 6-15-celled. Cells of drupe separated by furrows at the apex . . . . . . . 4. P. ihomens' Cells of drupe not separated by furrows at the apex , , . . . . 5. P. Hahnii. Drupes 2-5- celled. Syncarps ovate ; drupes li in. long Syncarps oblong ; drupes ^-1 in. long Drupes solit:iry, l:j-l^ in. long **Drupes 1- (rarely 2-3-) celled. Syncarps solitary. Drupe shortly rostrate Drupe obtusely umbonate. Drupe shortly pyramidal at the apex . . 10. P. Wehvitschii. Drupe nearly flat at the apex . . . 11. P. livingstonia^ius. Drupe neither rostrate nor umbonate . . 12. P. Petersii. Syncarps spicate. 'tomensis. P. Goetzei. Sfuhlmanni. rahaiensis. 9. P. heudelotianus. Apex of drupe minutely spiny. Syncarps subtended by leaves ; apex of drupes conic ....... feyncarps not subtended by leaves ; apex of drupes long pyramidal .... Apex of drupe not spiny. Free part of drupe short .... Free part of drupe 5 lin. long 13. P. kamemnensis. 14. P. Candelabrum. P. harterianus. P. Teui^zii. Pandaiius.] cxlviii. paxdane.e (vvright). 129 1. P. Heddei, Warb. in Enyl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 40. Drupe 19 lin. long, 14 lin. in diam., deeply sulcate at the apex ; stigmas irregu- larly lobed, 2-2^ lin. in diam.; endocarp bony, about 4 lin. long; upper part of mesocarp consisting of white spongy pith. Mozamb. Dlst. German East Africa: on the sea-coast at Dar-es-Salaam, Hedde, 31. 2. P. Kirkii, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 326. Syncarps simihir to those of P. Candelcdyrum, Beauv. Drupes 7-9-celled, 2\-l\i in. long, IJ-lJ in. wide at their greatest diameter, obovate-cuneiform, upper portion convex and polished, bearing 7-9 slightly elevated subangular divisions, terminating in a short blunt umbo, lower portion narrow and fibrous ; endocarp solid, mahogany-coloured ; mesocarp densely fibrous above. — Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 40. nXozamb. Bist. German East Africa : Mainland, opposite Zanzibar, Kirk I Native nnnie. Rope. A male inflorescence labelled " Zanzibar, Dr. Kirk," may belong to this species. It can be described thus : — Bracts ovate, acuminate, very finely denticulate. Stamens spicate on a thick pedicel ; connective produced above into an arista. 3. P. platycarpus, Warh. in Engl. Pjianzenr. Pandan. ;")(>. Drupes 8-9-celled, obpyramidal, 2^ in. long, 1^-2 in. in diam., about 0-angled, almost flat, and marked with corky channels at the ap3x, furrows dividing the cells obscure ; stigmas subascending, rarely sessile, reni- form, 1 lin. in diam., more or less deeply bilobed. IVIozamb. 391st. Zanzibar, Krause. 4. P. thoxnensiSy Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. v. 200, ^. E. A branched tree 20-50 ft. high. Leaves somewhat sheathing at the base, 5J ft. long, ?>\ in. wide at the middle, acute, the whole of the margin and the back of the midrib (except in its lowest quarter) thickly armed with rather slender decurved cartilaginous spines. Male inflorescence a terminal leafy spicate panicle ; spatbes gradually increasing in size upwards, keeled, very sparingly spiny on the midrib, rather shorter than the spadix-branches ; rhachis fleshy, compressed. Stamens irregu- larly umbellate ; filaments rather thick, conical, more or less connate ; anthers \\ lin. long, shortly apiculate. Female inflorescence solitary, terminal, "at first erect; spathes somewhat sheathing, gradually becoming smaller upwards, keeled, armed on the whole margin and from the centre of the midrib with slender more or less recurved teeth ; spadix ovate, 2 in. long, 1|^ in. thick ; rhachis fleshy. Syncarps ovate, 3 J in. long, nearly 0 in. in diam., pendulous on a long peduncle. Drupes obconic, rather convex above, 10-14-celled, sulcate and tuber- culate above, 3 in. long, 1 J-2J in. in diam. ; stigmas sessile, rather thick, irregularly radiating; endocarp placed at the centre of the drupe ; mesocarp spongy and fibrous above. — Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325 ; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 50. IiO-wer Guinea. Island of St. Thomas: lower refrion up to 1600 ft.. MoUer. Rolas Island, Quintas. Native name, Pdo esteira. Fruit produced in December. 130 cxLviii. PAXDANEiE (wright). [Pandanu8. 5. P, Hahnii, Wai'b. in Enyl. PJlanzenr. Pandan. 5G. Drupe 6-12-celled, 2 in. long, 19-24 lin. in diam., slightly compressed, flat and scarcely sulcate at the apex, shortly pyramidal below the apex, scarcely narrowed to the broadly truncate base, 4-7 lin. broad at the flat apex ; stigmas sessile, flat, reniform, 1 lin. long ; endocarp thick, bony, in the centre of the drupe; mesocarp spongy and containing fibres. " East African Islands ; cultivated in Martinique, Hahn." The indefinite locality renders it doubtful whether this is a member of the Tropical African flora. 6. P. Goetzei, Warh. in Engl. Jahrh. xxviii. 350. A tree, 33- 50 ft. high, much branched. Leaves 4 ft. long, 2j in. wide at the base, gradually acuminate, armed on the margins and midrib with scattered robust spines. Syncarps many, spirally arranged on the peduncle, almost sessile, ovate,' 4-4| in. long, 3J-4 in. in diam. Drupes 70-90 in each syncarp, 2-5-celled, 18 lin. long, 9-12 lin. in diam., scarcely com- pressed, convex at the apex, slightly ribbed, narrowly pyramidal at the base ; areole at the apex flat, angular, 2-3 lin. in diam. ; stigmas sessile, reniform, 1 lin. or less in diam. ; endocarp bony, large, in the centre of the drupe ; mesocarp woody above, scarcely spongy. — Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 57. xyEozamb. Bist. German East Africa : Uhehe ; Lofio River (Lasio River, by error, in the place of original publication), G-oetze, 437. 7. P. Stuhlxnannii, Warh. in Engl. PJlanzenr. Pandan. b7,fig. 16, L-M. A tree about 50 ft. high. Stem branched at the apex. Aerial roots adpressed to the stem. Leaves nearly 10 ft. long, 2 J in. wide, long and very slenderly acuminate, armed on the margins and midrib with long thick spines. Syncarps many, spirally arranged on the peduncle, almost sessile, oblong, 4^—5 in. long, 2-2 J in. in diam. Drupes 80-100 in each syncarp, 2-5-celled, 1 in. long, 6-9 lin. in diam., scarcely compressed, convex and ribbed at the apex, narrowed to the widely pyramidal truncate base ; apical areole somewhat de- pressed, angular, l|-3 lin. in diam., with prominent ribs on the margin ; stigmas sessile, scarcely reniform, J lin. in diam. ; endocarp bony, in the centre of the drupe ; mesocarp spongy and fibrous above. IVEozamb. Dlst. German East Africa : Dar-es- Salaam, Stuhlmann. 8. P. rabaiensis, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325. Leaf 5 J ft. long, 2| in. broad, linear, gradually tapering upwards and produced into a long narrow flagellum, glaucous, coriaceous, armed on the margins and keeled midrib with ascending light-coloured spines. Male inflo- rescence paniculate. Stamens spicate on the ultimate branches of the panicle ; filaments terete, up to f lin. long ; anthers linear, 2 J lin. long, connective prolonged and sometimes recurved at the tip. Drupes solitary, 1-5- (usually 4-) celled, IJ-lJ in. long, J-1 in. in diam., apical quarter or third free and rounded, obconic, 5— 6 -angled below ; mesocarp fibrous, spongy above ; endocarp thick, woody, conical above ; Pandanv^.] cxLviii. paxdaxe.« (wright). 1P>1 stigmas 1-5 surrounding or seatel in a depressed central areola. — Journ. Linn. Soc. xxx. 482, t. 34, figs. 1-6 ; Warb. in Engl. Pilanzenr. Pandan. Gl. zrile Iiand. British East Africa : Kisululin, on the Kabai Hills, neur Mom- basa, Taylor ! Native name, Mtsapu. 9. P. heudelotianus, Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 49. Drupe 1— o-celled, 2| in. long, 9 lin. in diam., the upper 9 lin. rounded conical and subrostrate, the lower part gradually narrowed and angular ; stigmas sessile, horseshoe-shaped or triangular ; mesocarp apparently slightly hollow. — Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 325, t. 347, tigs. 5-G ; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 63. Heterostiyrna heudelotianum, Gaud. Yoy. Bonite, Bot. Atlas, t. 25, figs. 15-31 ; Walp. Ann. i. 755 ; Ad. Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, i. 291 ; Solms-Laub. in Linnsea, xlii. GG. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Hendelot. 10. P. Welwitschii, RendU in Journ. Bot. 1894, 324, t. 347, figs. 1-4. An erect tree, 10-20 ft. high. Stem 1 ft. in diam. at the base Branches few, short, ascending. Leaves in terminal crowns, long linear, 3 J ft. long, 14 lin. wide at the middle, near the base abruptly contracted, gradually narrowed upwards, with large sharp upcurved spines on the margins, and similar decurved ones on the mid- rib. Syncarps ovate-elliptic, yellowish when ripe, 6 in. long, 3 in. in diam. Drupes 12-14 lin. long, 5-7 lin. in diam. when dry, cuneiform, rounded above, narrowed below, upper IJ lin. free, shortly pyramidal, with a blunt central umbo, 1-2-celled ; endocarp in the centre of the drupe, thick, deep red ; mesocarp spongy above, fibrous below. — Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 84 ; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. G'.). P. Candelabrum'^ Hook. Niger Fl. 527 ; Welw. Apont. 586. ItO-wer Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo, banks of the River Cuanza, near Candumba and Ilba Calemba, Wehvitsch, 5770 ! and fruit, 1015 ! 11. P. livingstonianuSy Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, ?y'lG. Upper leaves with upwardly curved teeth on the margins only, the lower one> on the midrib also. Syncarps ovate, 5 in. long, 3 in. in diam. Drupes 5-angled, flat and 6-7 lin. across at the top, with a central subobtuse umbo. — Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 66. Mozamb. Dist. Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta : mouth of the Luabo River, Kirk 1 This may be (as suggested by Dr. Rendle, I.e.) the species referred to by Living- stone (The Zambesi and its Tributaries, 19), which from the plate appears to be a tree 40-50 ft. high supported for a height of 8-9 ft. by forking roots. 12. P. Petersii, Warh. in Engl, Pflanzenr. Pandan. G(j, flg. 17 J-L. A pyramidal tree, 13-26 ft. high. Stem branched, about 8 in. in diam. ; branches armed with short acute spines. Leaves about 20 in. long, 9 lin. broad, armed on the margins and midrib. Synciirps solitary, elliptical. Drupes 1-2-celled, oblnnceolate, 14 lin. long, 5-7 lin. in 132 cxLviii. PANDANE.E (wright). [Pandayius, diam,, angular and cuneate (but scarcely rostrate) at the base ; free apex 1^ lin. long, convex, pyramidal, scarcely costate or umbonate ; stigma terminal, reniform, |-1 lin. in diam. ; endocarp bony, o|-4 lin. long ; upper o lin. of mesocarp somewhat hollow and fibrous. — Frey- cinetia sp., Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 510, in obs. XVEozarab' X>ist3 Portuguese East Africa : Mozambique ; on the banks of Lucuaro and Muiianche Kivers, Peters. ];->. P. kamerunensis, Warh. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 66. A branched tree. Leaves thick, glaucous beneath, narrowly acuminate for about 0 lin., 19-28 lin. wide, with distant sharp spines on the margins and midrib ; spines on the lower part of the midrib pointing downwards. Male inflorescence a compound spike ; spikes cylindrical, white, 6-1 ;^| in. long, 7-1(1 lin. in diam., densely many-flowered; peduncle 5-10 lin. long, 1-J-2J lin. in diam. Stamens 6-10, subum- bellate at the apex of a narrow column 2^-6 lin. long ; filaments filiform, 2-f>|- lin. long ; anthers |-f lin. long, linear, acute. Female inflorescence terminal, compound; peduncle 11)|^ in. long. Syncarps 6, sessile, ovate-globose, '^-4J in. long, 2f-4 in. in diam., slightly trigonous, scarcely surrounded by the spathes. Drupes 150-^00 in each syncarp, 1-2-ceiied, connate high up, 14 lin. long, ^-'C) lin. in diam., free part pyramidal, 5-6 lin. long, tuberculate, acutely angled, subacute, with minutely spiny ribs at the apex ; stigmas terminal, reniform, sessile, I lin. in diam. ; endocarp bony, situated below the centre of the drupe, 5 lin. long ; mesocarp fibrous in the upper part, nearly 10 lin. long. Upper G-uinea. Cameroons, Schran. Xative name, Mupnpti. Warburg suggests that J/a?i?i, 1861,coliected at Auibas Bay, may belong to tliis species (see Solms-Laub. in Linnaea, xlii. 28, and Rendle in Journ. JJot. 1894, 322) ; also a inale spike from the River Liuabe in the Cameroons, Deistel, 108. 14. P. Candelabram, Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. ?>1 , it. 21-22. A branched tree. Stem erect, supported in the lower part by aerial roots ; lower branches horizontal, upper erect. Leaves glaucous, wide, acuminate, with sharp spines on the midrib and margins. Male spadices obiong-cylindric, white, fragrant ; spathes longer than the spadices, narrowed to an acute apex, spiny on the margins and back of the midrib. Stamens about 12, subumbellate. Female spadix sub- ovate. Spathes similar to those of the male, but much shorter. Drupes 1- (rarely 2-3-) celled ; stigma flat, irregularly subcordate. — Lam. Encycl. Suppl. i. 576 ; Spreng. Syst. iii. 898; Kunth, Enum. iii. 96 ; Solms-Laub. in Linnaea, xlii. 27 ; Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 48 ; Gurich in Mitth. Afr. Gesell. in Deutsch. v. 51 ; Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 321; Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 67. Tuckeya Candelabram, Gaud. Yoy. Bonite, Bot. Atlas, t. 2%, figs. 10-20. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : Banks of the River Formosa, near Agathon, Beauvois. Cameroon Mountains, Mann, 2 I A male iiifiorescence from Ambas Bay {Mann, 780), probably belongs to this species. Pandanus.] cxlviii. pandane^ (wright). 138 15. P. barceriauus, Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 324. Syncarps very broadly ovate or almost spherical, up to 5 in. long and 4|- in. in diam. Drupes 5-7-angled and shortly pyramidal at the top, pro- duced in the centre into a short blunt apiculus. — Warb. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. G7. Upper Gruinea. Fernando Po, Barter, 2 ! 10. P. Teuszii, Warh. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 07. Drupe (alone known) 1-2-celled, 14-lin. long, 4-(U- lin. in diam., cuneate-fusi- form, the basal 9 lin. gradually acuminate, the apical 5 lin. shortly pyramidal and angular, scarcely produced at the apex. ItO-wer iruinea. Gaboon. Teusz. Imperfectly known species. 17. P. leouensis, Ilort. Lodd. ex Wendl. Index Palm. 40, name- only ; Balf. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 51 ; Eendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 327 ; Warh. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 89. " Guinea. '* 18. P. sessiiis, Boj. Hort. Maur. 302, non Wendl. ; Balf. f in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 01 ; Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1894, 327 ; Warh. in Engl. Pflanzenr. Pandan. 90. Xldozamb. Dist. Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, e.x Bojer. Order CXLIX. TYPHACE^. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers unisexual, monoecious, in dense bracteate heads or spikes. Male flowers with a perianth of 3-0 scales, or without a perianth, but irregularly intermingled with slender narrowly clavate filaments, or spathulate or cuneate scales, which are often variously toothed or lobed. Stamens with free or connate filaments and basifixed, linear, oblong or cuneate> 2-celled anthers, opening by longitudinal slits ; connective sometimes produced beyond the apex of the cells ; no rudiment of an ovary. Female flowers with a perianth of scales or fine hairs, some- times accompanied by slender spathulate or clavate bracteoles. Ovary superior, 1-ceiled, sessile or stalked ; style simple, terminal, persistent ; stigma unilateral, elongate ; ovule solitary, pendulous from the apex of the ceil, anatropous. Fruit sessile or stalked ; pericaip thin and mem- branoas, or thick with a spongy outer layer, and a hard, woody inner layer. Seed albuminous, testa thin ; embryo cylindric, axile. — Peren- nial aquatic or marsh herbs with creeping rhizomes. Leaves alternate, linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at the base ; veins parallel. Flowers small or minute, sessile, bracteolate or ebracteolate, densely crowded into globose heads or cylindric spikes along simple or branched axes, with or without leafy bracts at their base. The male inflorescence terminal . A small order of two genera and about 25 species^ very widely dispersed. 134 cxLix. TYniACE.E (brown). Concerninp: tlie affinities of (liis family, see Celakovsky in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1891, 117, 154, 195, 224, and 26G ; also Giaebner in Engler, Pflanzenreicb, Ty^hacea. 1. TYPHA, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 955. Flowers densely crowded into simple cylindric spikes ; the male spike terminal and separated from the female spike or contiguous to it. Male flowers irregularly intermingled with variously shaped scales or slender, clavate, curved filaments. Stamens with their filaments variously connate ; anthers linear, basifixed, 2-celled, connective pro- duced beyond the cells ; pollen simple or compound. Female flowers ebracteolate or mingled with slender clavate or spathulate bracteoles, and often with abortive clavate female flowers {carpodia) mixed with them. Perianth composed of several very fine simple or clavate hairs. Ovary superior, stalked, at least after fertilization, narrow, 1-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule; style elongated, slender, erect; stigma linear or lanceolate. Fruit minute, stalked, ellipsoid or sub- cylindric, with a thin membranous pericarp. Seed subcylindric or narrowly ellipsoid, albuminous ; testa thin ; embryo axile. — Aquatic or marsh herbs with creeping rhizomes and erect stems. Leaves alter- nate, linear or strap-shaped, parallel-veined. Flowering-stem erect, simple, terminated by the dense cylindric superposed unisexual flower- spikes. Bracts none, or linear and deciduous or caducous. Species about 18, but probably some are only varietal forms, widely distributed. Female flowers with bracteoles (see also T. capensis). Stigma linear. Bracteoles much longer than the hairs . . 1. T. angustata. Bracteoles about as long as the hairs or but slightly exceeding them. Bracteoles obovate-, obcordate-, or orbicular- spathulate . . . . . . 2,. T. angustifolia. Bracteoles lanceolate-spathulate . . . 3. T. anstralis. Stigma lanceolate . . . . . . . 4:. T. Schimperi. Female flowers without bracteoles ; stigma lanceolate, Bracteoles of nmle flowers simple, linear, acute, whitish ; pollen compound . . . . 5. 2^. latifolia . Bracteoles of male flowers forked or toothed, brownish ; pollen simple . . . . Q. T. capensis. 1. T, angustata, Bory d: Clmuh. Exped. Sc. de Moree, m. pt. 2, 338. Plant 5-9 ft. high. Leaves 2-5 lin. broad, convex on the back at the base. Male and female spikes subequal or the male longer, \-l in. distant, very rarely contiguous. Male flowers with bracteoles varying from filiform to narrow lanceolate-spathulate, entire or toothed, acute, light brown ; pollen simple. Female flowers bracteolate ; brac- teoles much longer than the hairs, lanceolate-spathulate or elliptic- spathulate, acute; stigmas linear, a little longer than the bracteoles; hairs simple. — Rohrb. in Yerhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 87-89, incl. vars. lejilocarpa, Rohrb. & cethiojnoa, Rohrb.; Kronfeld in Ver- Typha.'] cxLix. typhace^ (brown). 135 handl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, ir>!)-lG], t. 4, fig. 6, k t. 5, fig. 1 ; Schweinfurth. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 92 ; Durand . T. macranthelia, Webb & Berth. lies Canar. Phyt. iii. 291, t. 218. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast : Quitta, Thonning. Lagos : Kradu Lagoon, Barter, 3240 ! Guinea, Schumacher (ex Kronfeld). Wile Iiand. Eritrea : Goura, 6500 ft., Schtveinfurth Sf Riva, 922 ! British East Africa : near Mombasa, Hildehrandt, 1229b ! ]Low-er Guinea. German South-West Africa : Hereroland ; Kuisib River, at Scheppmansdorf, Belck, 19 (ex Schinz). nxozamb. Slst. British Central Africa : Kya?aland ; Manganja Hills, abundant by Lake Shivwa, Meller I Islands in the River Shire, below Katungo, Scott ! Also in South Africa. 4. T. Schimpek'i, Rohrh. in VerhancU. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 95. Plant several ft. high. Leaves f-1 in. broad, narrowed to 5-7 lin. broad at the base, where they are convex on the back. Male spike up to 18 in. long, longer than the female and distant from it. Male flowers with linear, obtuse bracteoles ; pollen compound, in tetrads. Female flowers bracteolate ; bracteoles narrowly spathulate, much longer than the hairs ; stigma spathulate-lanceolate, longer than the bracteoles ; hairs simple. — Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. GeselL Wien, 1889, 166. T. elephantina, Schimp. ex Rohrb. in Yerhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 95, not of Roxb. T. elephantina, Eoxb., var. Schimperi, Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacese, 11. Srile laand. Abyssinia : near Jaja, Schimper, 1479. I have not seen this species ; it is said to differ from T. elephantina, Roxb., by the leaves being convex on the back at the base, instead of obtusely keeled. 5. T. latifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 1,^11. Plant attaining a height of 5-8 ft. Leaves J-1 in. broad, strap-shaped, obtuse, convex on th& back at the base. Male and female spikes 4—12 in. long, subequal or the female longer, contiguous, very rarely shortly separated. Male flowers with linear, acute bracteoles, not forked, whitish ; pollen com- pound, in tetrads. Female flowers without bracteoles ; stigmas lanceo- late or spathulate-lanceolate, longer than the simple hairs. — Kunth, Enum. PI. iii. 90 ; Rohrbach in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 75^ fig. 1 ; English Bot. ed. 3, 2, t. 1885 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. 2, t. 323; Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot, Gesell. Wien, 1889, 176^ t. 5, fig. 11 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 470 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost- Afr. C. 93 ; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacese, 8. T. angustifoliay A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 350, partly, ex Rohrbach. "Stile Kand. Abyssinia : Shire, Quartin- Dillon Sr Petit (ex Sohrbach). Mozanib. X>lst. German East Africa : Usambara, ex Angler. I have not seen a specimen of this species from Tropical Africa; it is widely distri- buted in Europe, Asia, and North America. 6. T. capensis, Rohrh. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xi. 96. Plant attaining a height of 6-7 ft., glabrous. Leaves 2-7 Hn. broad^ linear or strap-shaped, obtusely pointed, convex on the back at the base Male and female spikes subequal or the female longer, 3|-7 Typha.'\ cxlix. TYPHACEiE (brown). 137 in. long, contiguous or shortly separated. Male flowers with brownish linear-spathulate or cuneate-spathulate, entire or variously lobed or toothed, acute bracteoles ; pollen simple. Female flowers usually ebracteolate, occasionally with a few narrow spathulate-lanceolate colourless bracteoles mingled with them ; stigmas spathulate-lanceo- late, longer than the simple hairs. — Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 180, t. 5, fig. 13; N. E. Br. in. Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 32 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 85 ; Graebner in Engl. Pflanzenr. Typhacea;, 10. T. latifolia, Krauss in Flora, 184;"), 343, not of Linn. T. cequinoctialis, Welw. ex Kronfeld in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1889, 156. Iioiver Guinea. Loango : Chinchoclio, iS'o^a?<.r,87 ! Angola: Golungo Alto ; in marshes on the right of the Coango and Quiapose rivulets, Welwifsch, 241 ! Hailla ; by river banks near Lopollo, and in pools on the banks of the stream Quipum- punhine, near Humpata, Weltvitsch, 243 (ex Rendle) ; Mossamedes ; in deep pools near Mossamedes (Aguadas), and in lakes at the mouth of the River Giraul, Welwitsch, 244 ! IMEozamb. 3>lst. German East Africa : Dar-es-Salaam, Hildehrandt, 1229 ! Portuguese East Africa : by the River Refubwe (Revngwe), near Tete, Kirk ! Also in South Africa. This may be distinguished from T. latifolia, Linn., by the bracteoles of the male inflorescence being brownish and usually more or less lobed or forked at the top, and by the simple pollen. A specimen without flower, collected by pools near the sea, and near San Pedro, in the district of Loanda ,Angola {Wehvitsch, 242), is doubtfully referred to this species by Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 85. Kronfeld and Graebner have erroneously referred T. cequinoctialis, Welw. to T. australis, Schum. & Thoun., from which the absence of bracts to the female flowers at once distin- it. Order CL. AROIDE^. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, with or without a perianth, sessile on a spadix enclosed within, adnate to, or subtended by a green or coloured spathe. Spadix monoecious or entirely covered with her- maphrodite flowers, or rarely unisexual, with or without a terminal barren appendix, and with or without neuter organs on various parts of it. Perianth, when present, of 3-9 free or connate segments. Stamens 4-6, rarely more or fewer (when the male flowers have no perianth, the stamens are crowded together, so that the number belong- ing to each flower is often indeterminable), free or connate; filaments none, or broad and flat, or rarely filiform or clavate ; anthers opening by terminal pores, or by short or long longitudinal slits ; pollen often emitted in sausage-like strings. Ovary sometimes surrounded by staminodes, superior, or very rarely inferior, witli or without a style ; 1- to many-celled, with axile, parietal, basal or apical placentation ; stigma entire or lobed ; ovules 1 to many in a cell, orthotropous, campy- lotropous or anatropous. Fruit a 1 to many-seeded berry. Seeds albuminous or exalbuminous. — Erect, creeping or climbing herbs or shrubs, simple or branched. Rootstock often tuberous or thick and fleshy. 138 CL. AROIDE^ (brown). 1. PiSTIA. 17. Callopsis. Stem rarely woody. Leaves alternate, radical or cauline, usually with sheathing petioles, net- or parallel- veined. Spathe open to the base or the lower part convolute or tubular, wholly deciduous or persistent, or only the tubular part persistent. A liirge order, of about 100 genera, and about 1000 species, chiefly concentrated in the tropics of both hemispheres, very few in temperate regions. -'Flowers unisexual. ■J* Perianth none. Female part of spadix adnate to the back of the spathe ; flowers unilateral. Female flower or ovary solitary ; a floating herb Female flowers or ovaries 3-12 Female part of spadix free from the spathe, bearing flowers all round. ;|; Spadix with a terminal appendix destitute of flowers, but sometimes covered with filiform processes or hairs ; herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves and flower? produced together (see also Amorpliopliallus angolensis). Leaves peltate, cordate- or sagittate- ovate ; spadix monoecious ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules numerous on parietal placentas Leaves 3-partite, pedate, or with several leaflets radiating from the apex of the petiole ; spadix often unisexual; ovary 1-celled; ovules basal, orthotropous Leaves and flowers produced at different times. Leaves pedate ; margins of the spathe connate into a tube below ; spadix with neuter organs above the female flowers .... Leaves 3-branched at the apex of the petiole; branches dichotomously, divided, piunatipartite ; spathecon- volute below, except in^. Elliotii ; spadix without neuter organs J J Spadix without a terminal appendix. §Herbs with a tuberous rootstock or a thick fleshy rhizome ; no distinct stem. (See also Anubias, which has a creeping rhizome.) Spadix with barren organs (staminodes) on the apical part. Ovary 2-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell ; anthers connate in pairs . Ovary 1-celled ; anthers connate in groups of 4r-8 .... Spadix with barren organs (staminodes ?) between the ovaries and fertile an- thers, none on the apical part ; ovary 8. COLOCASIA, 3. Aris.i:ma. 2. Saueomatum. 4. Amorphophallus. 5. Ztgantheea. 10. Ti'PHONODOEUM. CL. AROIDE^ (brown), 139 2— 4-celled ; ovules axile, numerous in each cell . . . . .9. Caladium. Spadix covered with fertile flowers to the apex, without barren organs (or with a few staminodes mixed with the ovaries in Richardia). Ovule solitary in each cell, basal or sub- basal. Leaves much divided. Spathe convolute, obliquely trun- cate at the top ; ovary 2- celled ; stamens free . . 6. Pseudohydrosme. Spathe boat-shaped, shortly con- volute at the base, acute ; ovary 1-celled ; stamens free 7. Anchomanes. Leaves sagittate ; spathes expanded, decurrent on the peduncle at the base; ovary 1-celled . 12. Xephthytis. Ovules 2-4 in each cell, axile ; spathe obliquely funnel-shaped, with a subulate point ; leaves sagittate, hastate, or entire . . .11. Ricuardia. §§Stems climbing or creeping and rooting or erect. Ovary 1-2-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell ; anthers free. Leaves subpinnatipartite or perforated ]3. Rhektophyllvm;. Leaves entire, not perforated, acute or obtuse at the base . . . 14. Culcasia. Leaves cordate, sagittate or hastate at the base, or 3-lobed, not perforated. 15. Ceecestis. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules numerous in each cell; anthers of each male flower connate iuto an angular truncate body 16. ANt'EiAS. ■ffPerianth present; female part of the spadix free from the spathe, bearing flowers all round it. Spathe-margins connate into a tube below or nearly to the top; perianth in one piece, urceolate or cupular ; petiole not thickened near the middle 18. Stylochiton. Spathe convolute below ; perianth-segments free ; petiole with a thickened joint near the middle. Stamens with free filaments ; leaves several, evergreen, pinnate . . . .19. Zamioculcas. Stamens with connate filaments ; leaf solitary, annual, 1-3-pinnate . . . .20. Gonatopus. '■Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves all radical, sagittate or hastate; i)etiole prickly; spathe persistent during flowering; perianth-segments 4-6 . . . .21. Cyrtosperma. Leaves spaced alopg a climbing stem, not sagit- tate or hastate ; petiole smooth ; 6])athe falling quickly after expansion ; perianth none • -22. Ruaphidophora. 140 CL. AROIDE.E (browx). [Pistia. 1. PISTIA, Linn.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 964. Spathe small, tubular below , limb open, oblique, constricted on each side at its base. Spadix shorter than the spathe, monoecious ;. female part adnate to the back of the spathe ; male part free, stipitate, having two neuter organs at its base, the upper cup-shaped or frill-like, the lower suborbicular or subreniform in outline, with the sides bent inwards or downwards. Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Female inflorescence of a single ovary, apparently arising from the back of the spathe, very oblique, 1 -celled ; style obliquely erect from the top of the ovary ; stigma capitate ; ovules numerous, basal, orthotropous. Male inflorescence of a stipitate whorl of 3-8 flowers ; each flower composed of 2 connate 2-celled anthers, opening by short slits. Fruit ellipsoid, with a thin pericarp, many-seeded. Seeds cylindric- oblong, truncate at each end, depressed at the apex, with an operculum closing the micro- pyle, rugulose ; testa thick, composed of a brown membranous outer and inner skin, and a thick white cellular layer between them ; embryo minute, apical. — A floating, stoloniferous, stemless herb, with a tuft of fibrous roots. Leaves in a rosette; veins flabellate, raised beneath. Spathes axillary, with very short peduncles. A genus of one species, very variable in the form of its leaves, found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regious of the globe, in still, fresh water. 1. P. Stratiotes, Lrmi. Sp. PI. ed. 1, 963. Leaves sessile in a rosette, 1-5 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, cuneate-oblong cr cuneate-obovate,. notched or entire at the broadly rounded or subtruncate apex, more or less pubescent on both surfaces, tomencose with long matted hairs at the base. Spathe 3^-5 lin. long, more or less hairy or villous outside, glabrous within, pale green ; limb ovate, subobtuse, with a broad white cilioiate margin. Ovary pale green, pubescent. Neuter organs frill- like, pale green. Anthers dirty white. — Diet. Sciences Nat. ix. 537, xli. 154, PI. ii. tt. 7-8; Hook. Niger Fl. 527; Bot. Mag. t. 4564; Flore des Serres, vi. 289, t. 625; Thompson in Speke, Nile, Append. 651 ; Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 159 ; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 634 ; Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 152, fig. 100; Jahrb. vii. 332; and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C, 132 ; Baill. Hist, des PI. xiii. 449, fig. 323-327 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 33 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 483, 484, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 277; De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. fasc. 2, 65 ; Hofim. in Bolet. Sec. Brot. iv. 233 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 85; Cummins in Kew Bulletin, 1898, 80. P. africana^ Presl, Epimel. Bot. 240 ; Klotzsch in Abhandl. Akad. Wissenschaft. Berlin, -1853, 355 (reprint 27) ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aetfaiop. 193. P. itatalensis, Klotsch, &, P. oethiopica, F^nzl ex Klotzsch in Abhandl. Akad. Wissenschaft. Berlin, 1853, 353 (reprint 26). P. natcuevsis, Garcke in Peters, Beise Mossamb. Bot. 509. P. Leprieuriy Blume, Rumphia, i. 79 ; Klotzsch in Abhandl. Akad. Wissenschaft. Berlin, 1853, 354 (reprint 26). Vpper Gulsiea. Senegal, Lelievre, Heudelot (ex Enjler). Ashanti : Assin- Yan-Coomassie, Cummins ! Niger Territory : Nupe ; Lom, Barter, 176 1 River Pistia.] CL. AROIDE.E (brown). 141 Niger, barter, 3244 (ex JEngler). Lower Niger: Ibu (Abo), Voqel, 12! Cross Iviver, Holland, 233 ! Cameroans : Mungo, Bucholz ! Bipinde, Zenker, 1167 ! and without precise locality, Preuss, 1361 ! Lake Chad, Vof/el, 41 ! Xrile Ziand. Upper Sennar : near Fazokl, KoUchy, 461 ! 7^]thiopia, Kotschy, 196! White Nile, Schioeinfurth^ 1061 j 1100! 1111 ! Petherick ! Speke Sf Grant ! British East Africa : Taita; Ndara Mountain, Htldehrandt,2ZoQ\ Xioxirer Guinea. Lower Congo, Hens, Demense (ex Durand Sf Schinz) ; Stanley Pool, Lnja, (ex Wildeman ^ Biirand). Angola ; Icolo e Bengo ; in lakes around Prata, Welwifsch, 'Zl^l Pungo Andongo ; by the sides of tlie River Cuige, near Quibinda, Welioitsch, 215 ! Aitibriz ; stagnant places around Quizemba, Wel- witsch, 216 ! Golungo Alto; near Sange, in stagnant places by the banks of the River Quiapoze, Welwitseh, 217 I and Mossamedes ; in lakes at the mouth of the River Giraui, Welwitseh, 218! pools at Pedra Grande, Newton (ex Hoffmann)-^ mouth of the Kuango River, Descamps (ex Engler). VSozamb. Hist. Portuguese East Africa : Zambesi Delta ; in the River Luabo, Kirk ! east coast of Lake Nyasa, Johnson, 146a ! British Central Africa : Nyasaland ; Blantyre. Descamps (ex Dewevre). South Central. Congo Free State ; Kasai River, Luja (ex Wildeman. ^ Durand). Widely distributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. 2. SAUROMATUM, Schott ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 066. Spabhe very long, its margins connate below, forming a cylindric tube, inflated at the base, withering in fruit ; limb 3-4 times as long as the tube, narrow, tapering, usually more or less convolute towards the apex. Spadix free, shorter than the spathe, monoecious, sessile, bearing the male and female flowers in short cylindric very distant spikes and several spreading clavate or filiform neuter organs above the female spike, terminated by a very long terete appendix. Perianth none. Anthers densely crowded, sessile, compressed, opening by apical pores. Ovaries densely crowded, ovoid, 1-celled ; stigma small, sub- sessile ; ovules 2-4, erect from a basal placenta, orthotropous. Berries numerous, in a globose head, obovoid, somewhat flattened at the apex. Seed spheroid or flattened on one side, apiculate ; testa thin ; albumen copious ; embryo axile. — Herbs with a depressed-globose rootstock, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaf solitary, long-petioled, peda- tisect. Peduncle short, not rising much above the surface of the ground. Spathe spotted and often bordered with dark brownish- purple. Species 3 or 4, or perhaps all forms of one species. One in India, one iu Sumatra, and the following. Neuter organs terete or slightly clavate . . .1. S. nubicum. Neuter organs filiform . . . . . . 2. S. angolense. 1. S. nubicum, Schott^ Syn. Avoid. 25. Leaf solitary, pedatisect ; petiole 1-1 J ft. long, glabrous ; segments of the blade 7, broadly oblan- ceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base where they are more or less connected; middle segment about 9 in. long, 3^-4 in. broad, the 142 CL. AROiDEiE (brown). [SauroTiiatum^ others gradually smaller, entire, glabrous ; veins rather numerous, forming an acute angle with the midrib, nearly straight, and sub- parallel, all uniting in a vein about 2-2 J lines within the margin, slightly prominent beneath. Peduncle 2-6 in. long. Spathe-tube about 2 in. long, blackish-purple at the base within ; limb 8-10 in. long, elongated-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, spotted with dark purple. Spadix 8-9 in. long, sessile ; male and female spikes each 3-4 lin. long, dense, cylindrical, distant from one another about 1 J in. ; neuter organs If lin. long, slightly clavate or subterete, spread- ing, placed just above the female spike ; appendix 7-8 in. long, terete, purple-brown or dark fuscous. — Schott, Prod. Aroid. 72. *S'. ahyssinicum, Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 569, Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 153, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C, 132; Martelli, Fl. Bogos. 88; Schweinfurth in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii.. Append, ii. 52 ; Penzig in Atti Congr. Bot. Genova, 1892, 363 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 480, excl. syn. ; not of Schott. Arum ahyssinicum^ Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 193. Wile Iiand. Eritrea : Baresa Valley, below Ginda, 1900 ft., Sehweinfurth, 218 (ex Schweinfurth) ; DonkoUa Heights near Grinda, 3200 ft., Schweinfurthy 187 (ex Schweinfurth) • Ginda Valley, 3000 ft., Schweinfurth, 489 ! Mogod Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurth Sf Riva, 1570 ! Mount Sabber, Penzig ; Keren, 1600 ft., Beccari, 169. Upper Sennar : Fazokl, Cienkowsky. ASozamb. I>l8t. German East Africa : Kilimanjaro, at Marangu, 4500 ft., ex Bngler. British Central Africa : Nyasaland, cultivated specimen, Buchanan ! S. (?) ahyssinicum. Schott, was founded upon Arum ahyssinicum, A. Rich. (Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 352), but neither Schott nor Engler appears to have seen it. From the description given by A. Richard, however, it cannot belong to the genus Sauroma- tuni, and I have little doubt that it is a species of Amorphophallus, to which genus I have referred it. The plant above described is a ti vie Sauromatum, and is scarcely distinguishable from the Indian S. guttatum, Schott ; the only difference appears to be that the neuter organs are rather shorter, and very much less clavate, being very slightly thickened at the tips. My description is chiefly based upon a cultivated specimen, grown from a tuber sent from Nyasaland by Mr. J. Buchanan to Mr. J. O'Brien, of Harrow, which quite agrees with other specimens at Kew from Eritrea, so far as they go. Engler does not describe the neuter organs, but they are very evident in the specimens at Kew. 2. S. angolense, N. E. Br. Tuber hemispherical. Leaf pedati- sect; petiole 2 ft. or more long ; segments of the blade 7-11, elliptic- lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base and more or less confluent there, intramarginal vein 3-6 lin. distant from the margin. Spathe ? Spadix mutilated {Welwitsch) ; appendix elongated, gradually attenuate ; neuter organs rather long, filiform. — S.? nitJicwm, Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 34; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phanerog. ii. 570 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 480 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 86, not of Schott, Syn. Aroid, or Prod. Aroid. laOVieT Guinea. Angola : Ambaca ; in fissures of the rocks of the large cavern called Puri Cacarambola, 3000 ft., rare, Welwitsch, 229 ! I have only seen a leaf of this, v/hich is very like that of times as long as the spathe; female part about 5 lin. long, cylindric ; male part 7 lin. long, obconic, about ^ in. thick at the base, and J in. thick in the upper part; appendix about 5 in. long, tapering upwards, smooth. Ovary ovoid; stigma sessile, broadly orbicular. — HijdrosTiie Baainaunii, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 420. Upper Guinea. Togolaiid : Agome, Baumann, 204. 1 have not seen this species. Engler states tliat it has the habit of A. comimilis^ Bl., in which the petiole and peduncle are tubercuhite, but as he does not describe any tuberculation on these organs, I have assumed them to be smooth in the analytical key to the species. 14. A. flavovirens, N. E. Br. Leaf about 1^-2 ft. in diam., glabrous ; petiole 2 ft. or more high, variegated, smooth ; teraiinal segments 8:|-4 in. long, 1 J in. broad, the others smaller, oblong, elliptic- oblong or elliptic-obovate, rather abruptly cuspidate-acuminate, tapering towards the decurrent base. Peduncle 2-2^ ft. long, light green, without spots, smooth. Spathe erect, light green outside without markings, whitish-green bordered with yellowish-green inside, dubted with purplish at the base; tube funnel-shaped, convolute, 1J-2J in. long, papillate-verrucose inside ; limb 2^-4 in. long, ovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, with recurved or undulated margins. Spadix longer than the spathe, stipitate ; stipes 2-3 lin. long ; flowering part slightly thickened upwards, female 4-10 lin. long, J in. thick, male 10-13 lin. long, 7-7^ lin. thick at the top; appendix (J-8 in. long, 9-10 lin. thick at the base, gradually tapering to a somewhat obtuse point, yellow. Ovaries in 5-8 spirals, lax or somewhat crowded, sub- globose, gi'een ; stigma sessile, very large, somewhat mitre-sbaped, bifid, or in the dried state apparently orbicular, cinnamon-brown. Anthers densely crowded, yellow. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast : iu a valley near Aburi, Johii-wn, 25 1 Kwabu, Johnson, 644 ! 154 CL. AROiDE^ (brown). [Amorpkophallus^ 15. A. consimilis, Blume, Rumphia, i. 149. Petiole densely covered with small tubercles. Peduncle 10-11 in. long. Spathe (mutilated) 2J in. long, IJ-lf in. broad, ovate, acuminate. Spadix (imperfect) probably longer than the spathe ; female part 3-4 lin. long ; male part about 7 lin. long ; appendix about 1 J in. long {Engler), 2 lin. thick. Ovary 1 -celled. — Hook. Niger Fl. 527. Hydrosme prieuriana, Sciiott in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 279. H. consimilis, Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 325 ; Engl. Jahrb. xv. 458 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. n. Afr. v. 473. Brachyspaiha consimilis, Schott, Prod. Aroid, 127. Corynophallus consimilis, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 741. Upper G>uinea. Cape Verd Promontory, on the borders of woods in sandy- soil, Leprieur. I have not seen this species. 16. A. EicMeri, Hook.f. in Bot. 2fag. t. 7091. Tuber 2J-3 in. diam., depressed-globose. Leaf about 2 ft. diam., glabrous ; petiole 1-2 ft. long, smooth, green ; terminal segments 3-5 in. long, 1^-2^ in. broad, the others smaller, all elliptic- obovate or elliptic-oblong, shortly and abruptly acuminate, narrowed to a decurrent base. Peduncle J-IJ in. long, smooth, green. Spathe small, 2-3 in. long, obliquely campanulate ; tube convolute, about as broad as long, its margin re- curved, forming a broad wavy frill dorsally prolonged into a short, broadly ovate, spreading, obtuse apex; outside pale greenish-white with darker lines ; inside of tube with numerous longitudinal crisped rugosities, rich dark purple with a broad white zone around its mouth, frill and apex dark purple-brown. Spadix about twice as long as the spathe, sessile or subsessile \ flowering part cylindric, female 3-4 lin. long, male 5-9 lin. long, separated from the female by a naked space 1-1| lin. long; appendix 2J-3J in. long, 4-8 lin. thick, conoid or conoid-fusiform, obtuse. Ovaries not crowded, subglobose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, very stout, 2-lobed. — Hydrosme Eichleri, Engl, in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. ii. 285, t. 10, and Jahrb. xv. 458; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276. laovrer Guinea. Angola : Bismark Island, in the River Kuango, cultivated specimens, Teusz ! 17. A. Statidtii, N. E. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle about IJ in. long. Spathe about 3J in. long and 2J in. diam., convolute, campanulate, undulated on the pale brown margin ; basal half of the tube covered inside with numerous filiform processes, blackish-purple. Spadix about twice as long as the spathe ; male and female parts each about 5 lin. long, about J in. thick, cylindric ; appendix 5 J-6 in. long, about \ in. thick at the base, slender, tail-like. Ovary ovoid ; stigma sessile, broadly orbicular. — Hydrosme Staudtii, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 420. Vpper Guinea* Camcroons : Johaun Albrechts-Hohe, near Barombi, Staudt, 767. I have not seen this species ; it appears to be very closely allied to A. Eichleri, Hook, f., differing in having filitorui processes in the tube of the spathe and a more slender appendix to the spadix. Amorphophallus.] cl. AROiDEiE (brown). 155 18. A. calabaricuSy A". ii\ Br. " Plant 2-3 ft. high " (Mann). Leaf not seen. Peduncle IJ ft. (or more?) high, about J in. thick at the base, smooth. Spathe convolute below ; tube 2 J in." long, about 2 in. diam. at the top, funnel-shaped, outside glabrous, in.side hairy at the base ; limb about 3| in. long, erect, ovate, acute, apparently pur- plish, at least along the border. Spadix more than twice as long as the spathe; flowering part dense, female 6-7 lin. long, 4'lin. thick, cylin- dric, male 1 in, long, obconic, thickened upwards, 6 lin. thick at the top; appendix more than IS in. long, apex broken off in the specimen seen, nearly an inch thick a little above the base, thence tapering to the apex, smooth, apparently greenish or yellowish, pallid olive in the dried state.- Ovary subglobose ; stigma sessile. TTpper Guinea. Niger Territory : Old Calabar River, Mann, 2336 ! 19. A. maculatus, ^. E. Br. Leaf about 2 J ft. diam.; petiole about 2J ft. long, smooth, light green, marked with numerous rather large oval confluent olive-green spots ; terminal segments 6-8 in. long, 2-2J in. broad, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; lateral seg- ments smaller, elliptic or oblong, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate. Peduncle 2 ft. long, smooth, coloured like the petiole. Spathe convo- lute below ; tube 4-5 in. long, green, spotted with dark grey outside, densely hairy at the base inside; limb about 8 in. long, 6 in. broad, expanded, ovate, subacute, suffused and veined with deep red on a green ground, glabrous. Spadix very shortly stipitate, twice as Tong as the spathe ; flowering part cylindric, |-1 in. thick, female 1 J-2 in. long, male 1 in. long; appendix 15-16 in. long, j in. thick, cylindric, obtuse, dark violet. Ovaries somewhat crowded, ovoid, 2-celled ; style 1 lin! long, stout; stigma very thick, 2-lobed. Anthers crowded. JaO'weT Guinea. Congo or Gaboon : Cultivated specimen ! Described from a living plant sent to Kew in 1892 by Mr. Godefroy Lebeuf, who was uncertain as to its native habitat. This species closely resembles the Japanese A. Konjac, C. Koch, but in that species the tube of the spathe is only rugulose-tuberculate inside, without hairs, whilst in A. maculatus it is thickly covered with hairs or hair-like processes inside in the lower part. Of the African species it seems nearest to A. gallaensis, N. E. Br. and A. angolensis, N. E. Br. 20. A. gallaensis, N. E. Br. Tuber depressed-globose, about 2 J in. diam. Leaf unknown. Peduncle about 1 ft. long, smooth. Spathe oblong, convolute, obliquely funnel-shaped ; tube 4 in. long, 1 J in. diam., smooth inside, blackish-purple in the basal part ; limb 4 in. long, very undulated at the purple margin. Spadix 1 J times as long as the spathe; female part | in. long, cylindric; male part about Ij in. long, turbinate ; appendix 1 ft. long, elongated-conoid, smooth. Ovary subglobose; style 2 lin. long; stigma slightly S-Xohed.—Hrjdrosme gallaensis, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 422. Wile Ziand. Gallaland : Robe Mountain, in the region of the sources of the River Dana, Riva, 410. I have not seen this species ; from its long styles and other characters it would 156 CL. AROiDEiE (brown). [Amorphophallus, appear to be allied to A. mavulatus, N. E. Br., diflfering in its smaller inflorescence and absence of hairs inside the tube of the spathe. 21. A. Johnsoni, N. E. Br. Tuber depressed. Leaf about 2 ft. in diam., glabrous; petiole 1^-2 ft. long, smooth ; terminal segments 5-6 in. long, IJ-lJ in. broad, oblong, acuminate or somewhat cuspidate- acuminate, cuneate and narrowly decurrent at the base. Peduncle 2^-3 ft. high, smooth, spotted, at least on the upper part. Spathe erect ; tube convolute, 2>\-^ in. long, about 3 in. diam., urceolate or pear-shaped, distinctly constricted just below the mouth, tapering to the base, pale green, spotted with darker green on the lower part, passing into deep reddish or brownish-purple on the upper part outside, inside the tube is whitish and densely covered with short soft bristle-like processes or very stout hairs on the basal part ; limb about 4 J in. long, broadly ovate, obtusely pointed, oblique or somewhat spreading, entirely dark brownish-purple on both sides, the colour abruptly changing to white inside at the constriction of the tube. Spadix longer than the spathe, sessile ; female part in the dried state about 1 in. long, cylindric ; male about l\ in. long, slightly obconic ; appendix about 9 in. long, 13-14 lin. thick in the lower part, gradually tapering to an obtuse point, smooth, very dark purple-brown. Ovaries de- pressed globose ; stigma subsessile, with 2 large lobes. Anthers densely crowded. Upper Guinea. Gold Coast ; Kwabu, Johnson, 643 ! 22. A. angolensis, N. E. Br. Leaf 2 ft. or more in diam., glabrous ; petiole 3-5 ft. long, smooth, spotted with red at the base ; terminal segments 4-6 in. long, 1-1 J in. broad, the others smaller, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, somewhat abruptly acuminate, decurrent at the base. " Peduncle by the side of the leaf, variegated with green and purple" (Welwitsch), 10-12 in. long in the specimens seen, probably longer, smooth. Spathe 11-12 in. long, cucullate, shorter than the spadix, spreading, subacuminate, wavy on the margin, hairy at the base inside. Spadix very long; flowering part dense, cylindric, female about 2 in. long, male about 1 in. long; appendix long, terete, obtuse, naked, blackish-purple. Ovary oblong-ovoid; stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Pollen orange-coloured. — Hydros7ne angolensis, Welw. ex Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 35; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 324 ; Engl. Jahrb. i. 487, and xv. 458 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 473 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 86. Corynophallus ungolensis, 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL ii. 741. Xio-virer Guinea. Gaboon, Bellas/, 285 (ex Engler). Apgola : Cazengo ; in shady mountaii.ous places by the streams of Muxaula, Weltvitsch, 227 ! Pungo Andoiigo ; in shady, rocky valleys of the Praesidium of Pungo Andongo, rare, Welwitsch, 228 I (not 288 as quoted by authors). According to Welwitsch's notes this would appear to produce its flower and leaf at the same time, since, besides stating that the peduncle is by the s-de of the leaf, he adds at the foot of the label of No. 228 "c. fl. (with flower) Dec. 1857 and Jan. 1857." Schott describes the spadix as being often 2 ft. long, but on the copy of Amorphophallas.^ cl. aroide.e (brown). 157 Welwitsch's note in the British Museum it reads " I have seen it nearly 6 ft. long." The figure 6 may, however, be an error of copying. There is no spathe or perfect spadix of this species either at Kew or the British Museum. 23. A. accrensis, N. E. Br. Leaf not seen. Peduncle H in. long in the specimen seen, but probably longer, olive-green, not spotted, smooth. Spathe convolute for about \ of its length, about 6 in. long, in the dried and very shrivelled specimen seen, but accord- ing to a drawing made from the living plant about 1 ft. long and 8 in. diam. across the oblique mouth ; tube somewhat campanulate-funnel- shaped, not at all constricted at the mouth, glabrous and green out- side, without spots, pale yellowish-white within, at least in the upper part, and densely covered with stout curved hairs or soft bristles in the basal part ; limb ovate, obtuse, suberect, frilled, broadly bordered with dark purple. Spadix three times as long as the spathe, sessile ; female part about 2 in. long, cylindric ; male part about 2 in. long, stout, obconic; appendix about 19 in. long and If in. thick at the base in the dried state, but according to the drawing about 2^ ft. long and 2J in. thick, gradually tapering from base to apex, smooth, olive- brown. Ovaries not very crowded, oblong, 2-celledj stigma large, sessile, 2-lobed. upper Guinea. Gold Coast : Accra ! Described from a dried specimen sent to Kew by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, in January, 1900, which had been received by them from Accra. 24. A. leopoldianus, N. E. Br. Leaf nearly 3 ft. diam., glabrous ; petiole 2 ft. long, somewhat flattened, smooth, green, with minute purple spots near the base ; terminal segments 3-4 in. long, 7-9 lin. broad, the others smaller, all lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent at the base. Peduncle smooth. Spathe convolute for about 4 in. into a ventricose vase-shaped tube, densely verrucose inside at the base ; limb 6-8 in. long, ovate, acute, expanded, wavy on the margins, velvety in texture, rich dark brownish-pu'i-ple. Spadix twice as long as the spathe, subsessile ; flowering part cylindric, dense, slightly constricted at the base of the male spike, female about \\ in. long, male 2 J in. long; appendix 18 in. or more long, about | in. thick at the base, gradually tapering to an obtuse apex, smooth. Ovary subglobose ; stigma sessile, cushion-like. — Hydrosme leopoldiana, ]\Iast. in Gard. Chron. 1887, i. 642, 644, 645, figs. 122, 123 ; III. Hort. xxxiv. 65, t. 23, and xlii. 380, fig. 49 ; Durand & Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 276. JaO'wer Guinea (?) Congo Region : Cultivated sjyecimen ! The peduncle of the type has been broken off about li in. below the spithv^ and in all probability represents only a small portion of it. A. leopoldianus is allied to A. angolensis, N. E. Br. and A. maximvs, N. E. Br. ; from the former it differs in being densely verrucose instead of hairy at the base of the spathe inside, and from A. maximus in its smooth petiole. 25. A. xnaximuSy N. E. Br. Tuber depressed, oblique. Ix^af (juvenile ?) about 18 in. diam. ; petiole and its three branches rough with small tubercles, variegated with irregular whitish spots on an 158 CL. AROiDE^ (brown). [Amorphophallus. olive-green ground ; terminal segments 3^-5 J in. long, 1^-2;^ in. broad, elliptic-obovate, shortly cuspidate, acute, narrowed to the decurrent base. Peduncle 2 J ft. or more long, more than an inch thick at the base, whitish, spotted with purple. Spathe pale rosy outside, spotted with dull green, inside blackish-purple ; tube campanulate, about 4 in. long and broad, inside densely verrucose ; limb 5-6 in. long, broadly triangular, wavy on the margin. Spadix twice as long as the spathe ; flowering part thickened upwards, female about 1 J in. long, 1 in. thick, cylindric, male about IJ in. long, and about 1:| in. thick at the apex, obconic ; appendix about 20 in. long, IJ in. thick near the base, tapering upwards. Ovaries scattered, ovoid ; stigma sessile, orbicular. — Eydrosme maxima, Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii 323, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 128, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Durand & Schinz, Consp. PL Afr. v. 474. Corynophallibs maximics, 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 741. true Ziaud. British East Africa: near Mombass:i, Hildehrandt, 2018, JEnglery AraccB exsicc. and illust., 241 ! I have not seen a flowering specimen of this species, but only the leaves from plants cultivated at Berlin and distributed by Engler as Hydrosme maxima, which possibly do not belong to the same plant as the inflorescence on which the species was founded. See note under 26, A. Fischeri. 26. A, Fischeri, N. E. Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 16-18 in. (or more?) long, 3-4 lin. thick in the dried state, smooth. Spathe convolute below; tube 2-3 in. long, campanulate-infundibuliform, about 3 in. broad at the mouth, outside glabrous, green marked with small white spots, inside dark coloured at the densely verrucose base with a pale zone above it ; limb 4-6 in. long, 3-4 in. broad, more or less spreading, broadly ovate, acute, undulated, both sides green, sprinkled on the outside with small white spots, often broadly bordered with purple. Spadix sessile, twice as long as the spathe ; flowering part dense, female 5-9 lin. long, cylindric, male f-li in. long, 7-12 lin. thick at the top, obconic; appendix 10-16 in. long, 7-12 lin. thick at the base, gradually tapering to the apex, smooth. Ovary sub- globose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, thick, 2-lobed. — Hydrosme Fischeri, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 460, and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132; Durand k Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474. nsozamb. Slst. German East Africa : Usukuma ; on the watershed of Simiu, Fischer, 618 (ex Fn'gler) ; and without precise locality, KirJc ! British Central Africa : in valleys near Boruma, on the Zambesi, MenyhartTi, 922 ! As I have not seen an authentic example of this plant I have compiled the above description entirely from the specimens collected by Kirk and Menyharth, which I believe to belong to this species, since they quite agree with Engler's description of Sydrosme Fischeri, except in having the male part of the inflorescence slightly but distinctly thickened upwards. The description in Engler's Jahrb. however, is somewhat contradictory with regard to this character, as on pp. 458 and 461 the male part of the spadix is stated not to thicken upwards, whilst on p. 460 it is des- cribed as somewhat narromng towards the base. According to description, this species appears to differ from A. maximus only by its thicker appendix. The leaves, how- ever, distributed by Engler as Hydrosme maxima, have tuberculated petioles, and as a rule the peduncle of the same plant would be tuberculated also, although nothing of this kind is mentioned in the description. If the peduncle is tuberculated in A. Amorphophallus.'] cl. aroide.e (brown). 159 maximus, then A. Fischeri is doubtless distinct from it, but if it is smooth there seems to be no character of sufficient importance to distinguish them specifically. 27. A. Mannii, N. E. Br. Leaf very large, probably 4-5 ft. diam. ; petiole in the dried state densely sulcate-striate, probably smooth when alive ; terminal segments 7-12 in. long, 3J-4 in. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong somewhat cuspidate-acuminate, na-rrowed and decurrent at the base. Peduncle furrowed like the petiole. Spathe 6-7 in. long, obliquely campanulate, convolute at the base ; tube densely covered inside with curved hair-like processes, dark purple ; limb or border much undula.ted, frill-like, very obtusely rounded at the apex, dark purple. Spadix much longer than the spathe ; flowering part cylindric, about 7 Hn. thick, female 9-10 lin. long, male about 1 in. long ; appendix (imperfect) over a foot long, about j in. thick at the base, gradually tapering to the apex, smooth, dark coloured in the dried state. Ovaries moderately crowded, globose, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, discoid. Anthers densely crowded. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Mann, 652 ! The peduncle of the only specimen seen is very much compressed, and about 2 in. long, but has been broken off, so that it is impossible to say how long it may have been. The leaf-segments of this plant are larger than those of any other species of Amorphopliallus, except the gigantic A. Titanum, Becc, which they rival in size. 28. A. Zenker!, N. E. Br. Leaf solitary ; petiole 20-24 in. long, its three primary branches divided into two pinnatipartite divisions bearing 4 (often opposite) segments ; terminal segments 5-5 J in. long, 2J-2J in. broad, the others smaller, all oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, very acute, decurrent at the base. Peduncle f-1 J in. long. Spathe about 8 in. long, and 4 in. diam., convolute, broadly campanulate, undulated at the purple margin ; lower part of the tube clothed inside with filiform processes, blackish-purple. Spadix about twice as long as the spathe ; female part about 7 lin. long, J in. thick, cylindric ; male part | in. long, | in. thick; appendix about 14 in. long, ^ in. thick, irregularly sulcate. Ovary shortly ovoid ; stigma sessile, orbicular — Eydrosine Zenkeri, Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 421. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : near Yaunde, in forest, 2600 ft., Zenker ^- Staudt, 53. This species, of which I have not seen a specimen, seems to be allied to A. Mannii, N. E. Br. Imperfectl'i/ known species. 29. A. Fontanesii, Kunth, Enum. iii. 35. Stemless. '* Petiole terete, tripartite at the apex-; leaflets many, lanceolate and obovate, acuminate at the apex, unequal, decurrent." — Hook. Niger Fl. 527. Arum trifiduw., Desfont. Cat. Hort. Par. 7 and 385. Corynophallus Fontanesii^ 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 741. Upper Guinea. Senegal. Unknown to me. It was described from a plant cultivated in the Hotanic Garden at Paris, and on account of its lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, and different locality cannot be the plant described as Hydrosme Fontanesii by Schott and Engler, for which see A. Barteri, N. E. Br. 160 CL. AROiDE^ (brown). [Amorjjhophalhf^s. 30. A, abyssinicus, N. E. Br. Tuber depressed-globose. Spathe pedunculate, glabrous, convolute at the base, enlarged in the upper part,, erect, obtuse, margin subrevolute, blackish-purple. Spadix with an oblong-clavate naked apex (appendix). Ovaries numerous. Abortive flowers (neuter organs) none. Stamens very numerous, sessile, opening by two apical pores. — Arum ahyssinicum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 352. Sauromatum ahyssinicum, Schott, Syn. Aroid. 25 ; Prod. Aroid. 72, not of Engler. wile Xiacd. Abyssinia : in the valley of the River Tacazze near Tchelatche- kenneh, {\mong stones, Quartin- Dillon. I have not seen this plant, but from the description given by Richard, there cau be little doubt that it is a species of Amorphophallus, as the convolute spathe and absence of neuter organs are entirely at variance with the characters of the genus Sauromaturri. Possibly the specimens collected in Abyssinia by Steudner, 707, 709, and quoted by Engler (Jjihrb, xv..460) and Durand & Schinz (Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 474) under Hydrosme Schweinfurthii, Engl., may belong to this species. 5. ZYGANTHERA, N. E. Br. Spathe large, convolute at the base. Spadix free, shorter than the spathe, monoecious, lower half fertile, upper half covered with barren organs (staminodes) ; male, female, and barren parts contiguous ; appendix none. Perianth none. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigma thick, capitate, subbilobed. Ovule solitary in each cell, basal, erect, anatropous. Anthers connate in pairs, sessile ; connective stout, much broader than the cells, produced beyond them and dilated into an angular truncate subbilobed apex ; cells linear-oblong. Staminodes cuneate- oblong, subclavate, subtruncate or slightly convex at the apex. — A tuberous-rooted herb, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaves un- known. Peduncle very short. An endemic, monotypic genus. 1. Z. Buttneri, N. E, Br. Leaf unknown. Peduncle 1^ in. long, not very thick, concealed by the surrounding cataphyllary leaves, the innermost of which are about 4-5 in. long, 1 in. broad, strap- shaped or oblong-lanceolate, acute. Spathe about 2 J ft. long, convolute for about 3 in. at the base. Spadix 3 in. long, about 7 lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse, densely covered with flowers and staminodes or neuter organs ; female part about J in. long ; male part | in. long ; staminodal or neuter part If in. long. Ovary subglobose ; style short ; stigma subglobose, slightly 2-lobed. Anthers connate in pairs, sessile, subquadrate ; connective dilated at the apex beyond the cells, truncate, angular, faintly 2-lobed, smooth ? Staminodes cuneate-oblong, sub-clavate, convexly subtruncate. — Pseudohydrosme Biittneri, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 456, t. 17 j Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.-iv. 59. P. Buettneriy Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475. XiO'wer Guinea. Gaboon : Munda district ; Sibange Farm, Biittner, 519. Engler places this plant under his genus Pseudohydrosme, but according to his description and figure, for I have not seen the plant, the differences between this 2yganthera.\ CL. aroide.e (brown). 101 and Pseadhi/di'o.sme fjahunensis, Engl., are such, that tliey oupht not, in iny opinion, to be placed in the same genus, 1 have, therefore, generically sepiirateil thcin. Engler states that the spathe of the specimen of L. Biiifueri, ac»-ordiiig to the collector's notes, has about 2 ft. of the upper part wanting ; it is, therefore, only very shortly convolute at the base, and not nearly to the obliquely truncate U>\) as in Pseiulhydrosme ; the anthers of Zyganihera are connate in pairs, the upper half of the spadix is covered with barren organs, and the ovules are short and broad, whilst in Pseiulhydrosme the anthers are free, different in character, the spadix has no barren organs, and the ovules are long and narrow. 6. PSEUDHYDROSME, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 455. Spathe funnel-shaped, convolute to the obliquely truncate top. Spadix free, monoecious, fertile to the apex ; naale and female parts contiguous; appendix none; staminodes or neuter organs none. Perianth none. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigma slightly bilobed. Ovules solitary in each cell, affixed near the base of the axile placenta on very short funicles, erect, anatropous. Anthers free, compressed, 2-celled ; connective rather broad, produced beyond the cells into a transverse sub-bilobed knob \ cells linear, opposite. — A tuberous rooted herb, flowering before the leaves appear. Leaves unknown. Peduncle very short. An endemic monotypic genus. 1. P. gabunensis, Engl. Jahrh. xv. 455, it. 15-lG. Leaf un- iknown; peduncle about If in. long, enclosed by several cataphyllary leaves, the longest of which are about 3-3| in. long. Spathe 12-lii in. long, and about 8 in. diam. across the top, funnel-shaped, obliquely "truncate, slightly undulated at the margin. Spacdix ?)\ in. long, about 1 in. thick, cylindric, obtuse, densely covered with unisexual flowers ; female part about 1^ in. long; male part contiguous to the female, densely covered with fertile anthers to the apex. Ovary oblong-ovoid, narrowed into a short thick style ; stigma bilobed, not thicker than the style. Anthers free, subsessile, linear-oblong ; connective produceland : common in all the cultivated ravines. Barter, 1945 ! at the base of Pico de Papapaio, 1600-2000 ft., Welwitsch, 2221 and with- out precise locality, Mann, 1150! West Africa, Grey! Introduced. A native of Tropical America. 10. TYPHOWODOBUM, Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 977. Spathe convolute below, constricted at the mouth of the tube ; limb elongated, acuminate, concave. Spadix shorter than the spathe, free, monoecious ; female part short, cylindric, separated from the male part by a constricted interval covered with barren organs (pistillodes) ; fertile male part not very long, cylindric, passing upwards into a very long cylindric spike of staminodes. Perianth none. Ovary 1 -celled; stigma subsessile. Ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Male flowers of 4-8 anthers united into a truncate angular body ; anther- cells opening by short terminal slits. Barren organs, both pistillodes and staminodes, elongated in the direction of the axis, irregularly angular, truncate, crowded. Berries very large, containing 1 large nut- like seed. — Large herbs several ft. in height, with the habit of Richardia. Leaves all radical, cordate, with long stout petioles. Peduncle long and stout. Spathe very long. A specimen, which was collected in the Island of Zanzibar by StuWmann, has been referred by Engler (Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132) to this genus, but is stated to be in too imperfect a condition to admit of its specific identification. The only other known species '(for T. madagascariense, Engl., is the same as T. lindleyanum, Schott) is a native of the Mascarene Islands. Michardia.'] CL. aroide^ (brown). 167 11. mCHAIlDIA, Kunth; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 982. Spathe convolute in the lower half, funnel-shaped, persistent ; limb oblique, open, suberect or recurving, terminating in a subulate point. Spadix monoecious, free, sessile or stipitate, much shorter than the spathe ; male and female parts contiguous ; appendix none ; staminodes are sometimes mixed with the ovaries, but there are no other barren organs. Perianth none. Ovaries numerous, crowded, subglobose, angular from mutual pressure, 2-3-celled ; style short or almost none; stigma discoid. Ovules 2—4 in each cell, on axile placentas, anatropous. Anthers sessile, crowded, oblong, compressed, truncate at the apex, 2-celled, cells opening by terminal pores. Berry broadly obovoid or subglobose, 1-3-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seed subglobose or ovoid, slightly angular ; testa rather thin ; albumen copious ; embryo axile. Herbs with a thick jfleshy rhizome. Leaves contemporary with the flowers, all radical, with long petioles, and hastate, sagittate, cordate or lanceolate blades. Peduncles solitary, as long as or longer than the leaves. Spathe large, showy, white, yellow, or rosy, persisting and changing to green as the fruit develops. A small genus confined to Tropical and Soutli Africa. Leaves spotted. Leaves ovate-cordate or orbicular-cordate ; spathe without a purple-brown blotch at the base . 1. R. elliottiana. Leaves hastate ; spathe with a dark purple-brown blotch at tlie base . . . . . . 2. R. melanoleiica. Leaves without spots ; spathes with a dark purple- brown blotch at the base (see also the young state of 2, R. melanoleuca). Leaf with the ovate-deltoid part above the basal- lobes nearly twice as long as broad ; spathe light yellow . . . . . . . 3. R. hastaia. Leaf with the elongated-deltoid or elongated-oblong part above the basal-lobes 2-5 times as long as broad; spathe deep golden-yellow . . .4. R. angiistiloha. 1. R. elliottiana^ W. Wats, in Garden and Forest^ 181)2, 380. Leaves glabrous ; petiole 2 ft. or more long, smooth, without bristles ; blade bright green, marked with numerous transparent white elongated spots, 9-11 in. long, G~10 in. broad, ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse, with a subulate point at the apex, cordate at the base ; basal lobes very broadly rounded; sinus about 2 in. deep. Peduncle longer than the leaves, smooth, green. Spathe 5-G in. long, bright golden-yellow, without a purple blotch at the base inside ; tube funnel-shaped ; limb oblique, subhorizontally spreading, obtuse, with a subulate point. Spadix about half as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovaries subglobose, angular from mutual pressure, pale greenish ; stigma sessile, discoid. Staminodes none. Anthers orange-yellow. Berries large, about I in. diam., obovoid or subglobose, green. — Duren in Rev. Hort. Beige, 1897, 13, with pi.; Bot Mag. t. 7577. Calla elliottiana, Knight 168 CL. ARoiDE^ (brown). [Bickardia^ in Journ. Rov. Hort. Soc. 1890, xii., Proc. Iviii. ; W. Wats, in Gard. Chron. 1892, xii. 124. XHozamb. Bist. Tropical Transvaal ? cultivated specimens I This species is stated to have been riiised from seeds received from Soutli Africa, but I have reason to believe that its habitat is somewhere in the northern part of llie Transvaal. 2. R. melanoleuca, Uooh. f.^xox. tropicalis, ^V^ E. Br. Leaves glabrous ; petiole f -2J ft. long, smooth, without the soft bristles at the base that are characteristic of the type; blade 8-14 in. long, 4|-14 in. broad across the basal lobes, hastate or somewhat sagittate in the smaller leaves, acute, green, marked with transparent white linear spots ; basal lobes spreading, obtuse. Peduncle longer than the leaves,, smooth. Spathe ':5-r)J in. long, lemon-yellow, with a crimson blotch at the base inside ; tube funnel-shaped ; limb oblique, tapering into a subulate point. Spadix shortly stipitate, not half as long as the spathe,. cylindric, obtuse. Ovary subglobose, green ; style J-J lin. long ; stigma small. Staminodes none, or confined to a very few of the uppermost female flowers. Mozaxnb. Sist. British Central Africa: Nyasaland ; Namasi, Cameron! Mashonaland ; at Six-mile Spruit near Salisbury, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, 149 ! In the young state the leaves of this variety are elongate-ovate, acute, cordate- sagittate at the base, and green without any spots, the spots develo'ping with the age of the plant. This differs from tFe typical South African form by its larger size, and by the absence of the soft bristles at the base of the petioles so characteristic of the Natal plant. The stigma is not always subscssile in typical R. melanoleuca, Hook, f., as I had previously described, some specimens having a distinct style about ^ lin. long. 3. R. hastata. Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5170. Leaves with petioles 1-1 J ft. long, having soft bristle-like hairs on the lower part, which wither and often nearly disappear in the dried state ; blade green, without spots, 81-1 3 J in. long, 4-7 J in. broad across the basal lobes, triangular-sagittate or hastate, acute, the part above the basal lobes usually less than twice as long as broad ; basal lobes very broadly ovate or rovinded, very obtuse, overlapping one another at the sinus, or spreading. Peduncle about a foot long, smooth. Spathe 3-4 in. long, light yellow, tinted with green outside, marked with a large purple- brown blotch at the base inside ; tube funnel-shaped ; limb obliquely truncate at the mouth, abruptly subulate-pointed. Spadix about half as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary angular-globose, light green ; style very short, conical ; stigma small. Staminodes none. Anthers yellow. — Schott, Prod. Aroid. 325 ; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 328 ; Garden, Dec. 11, 1880 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 38. R. Lv,twychei, N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1893, xiii. 568 ; Rev. Hort. 1896, 60 with pi. B. ''Pride of Congo^' Rev. Hort. 1893, 27. Calla ocvlataj Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1859, 788. Zantedeschia hasiata, Engl. Jahrb. iv. 64 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 477 partly. Z. Lut~ Richardia.^ cl. aroide.e (brown). 1G9' wychei, Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Air. v. 477 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr.. C. 132. Arodes hastatum, 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 740. Central Africa. Stated to have been imported from the "ueighbourhood of Lake Nyaiiza " (Lake Nyasa ?), cultivated specimen ! Also in South Africa. The differences of the overlapping basal lobes of the leaf, and the presence of bristles on the petiole, by which I originally distinguished R. Lutwychei from i2. hastata, I find to be inconstant; with regard to the bristles on the petioles of B,. hastata they are either sometimes absent, or disappear in the process of drying. 4. R. angustiloba, Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 35. Leaves gla- brous; petiole smooth, without bristles ; blade 7^-17 in. long, 4-1 1 in. broad across the basal lobes, hastate, green, without spots ; the part above the basal lobes elongate-deltoid or elongate-oblong, often very narrow, acute or acuminate, 2-5 times as long as broad ; basal lobes very variable, short or long, sometimes very spreading, sinus very open. Peduncle about as long as the leaves, smooth. Spathe 4-4 J in. long, clear deep gamboge-yellow, with a dark purple-brown blotch at the base inside, "intense sulphur-coloured, blood-red at the base inside" (Wehoitsch), paler outside; tube funnel-shaped; limb oblique, sub- horizontal, acute. Spadix shortly stipitate, scarcely half as long as the spathe, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary subglobose, pale greenish-white ; style short; stigma small, discoid. Staminodes none. Anthers yellow. Berries large, subglobose or obovoid. — Engl, in DC. Monogi-. Phan. ii. 329 ; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 37. R. hastata, Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 328, as to the Angolan plant. R. macrocarjxi, W. Wats, in Card. Chron. 1892, xii. 124. R. Rentlandii, Whyte ex W. Wats, in Gard. Chron. 1894, xv. 590; Bot. Mag. t. 7397. Calla Pentlanddi, Whyte ex W. Wats, in Gard. Chron. 1892, xii. 124. Zaute- deschia angiistiloha^ Engl., and Z. macrocarpa, Engl. Jahrb. iv. 64 ; Durand &L Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 477. Arodes angustilohum , O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 740. Aroides hastat^cm, Rendle, and A. aiiyustilobuj)}, Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 90-91. Iiower Guinea. Angola : Pungo Andongo ; frequent in deep stngnant places between the islands Calemba and Quisonde, on tiie right bank of the River Cuanza, 2040-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 230 ! 1020 (ex Rendle) ; Huilla ; near Lopollo, frequent in swamps near rivers, 5000 ft., Welwitsch, 232 ! 232/2 ! in spongy places at the great lake of Ivantala, Wehvitsch, 232/3 ! R. nilotlca, mentioned by W. Wats, in Garden ar.d Forest, 1892, 618, wiih white and red spathes, and said to hnve been "collected on the banks of the Nile " is probably jB. Rehmanni, N. E. Br., a native of Natal, but which, probably, also grows in the Transvaal, and perhaps the " banks of the Nile" may be a misinterpretation of Nylstroom or Nyl River in the Transvaal. 12. NEPHTHYTIS, Schott ; Benbh. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 982. Spathe expanded, not convolute, decurrent on the peduncle at the base, persistent. Spadix free, monoecious, shorter than the spathe, with- out an appendix or neuter organs ; male and female parts contiguous. Perianth none. Ovaries crowded, 1-celled ; stigma sessile, discoid or 170 CL. AROiDE^ (brown). [^NephthijUs. »ipple-like. Ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Anthers sessile, crowded, cuoeate-oblong, truncate, 2 -celled ; cells separated by. a thick connective, opening by apical pores. Berries obovoid or ellipsoid, 1 -seeded. Seed ellipsoid or obovoid erect, testa very thin ; albumen copious; embryo very small, seated at the base of the albumen. — Herbs with a stout creep- ing rhizome. Leaves few, with long erect petioles, sagittate or hastate, reticulately veined. Peduncles 1 or 2, from the apex of the rhizome, about as long as the petioles, erect. Spathe green. — Oligogynium^ Engl. Jahrb. iv. 64, zv. 452 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 129. Species 4, eiulemic. Engler, in liis Hot. Jahrb. xv. 451, has correctly pointed out that tlie description I gave in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881, xv. 790, of the position of the ovules of Nephthytis, is erroneous. My original sketch of the ovary of N. liberica, which I now find to be the same as N. Afzelii, Schott, represents the ovule pendulous from near the apex of the ovary, as described, hut whether this drawing truly represents an abnormal ovary, or is the result of an error of observation on my part, I am unable to Srfy, but I suspect the latter. For it is quite certain that the normal position of the ovule in Nephthytis is erect from the base of the ovary, since I have never found another ovary witli a pendulous ovule. Schott, who founded the genus Nephthytis upon a fruiting specimen of N. Afzelii, apparently lell into the same error with regard to the position of the seed of the plant he examined, since I find the ovule of N. Afzelii to be basal or sub-basal and erect, and there is not the slightest reason for maintaining Oligogynium, Engl., as in any way distinct from Nephthytis. Since the above was written, Engler (in Engler & Prantl, Ptlanzenfam. Nachtr. -2U ii.-iv. 60) has expressed the same opinion. Leaves very much constricted above the basal-lobes, sagittately 3-lobed ; spadix subsessile or with a stipes not more than 1 lin. long . . . . \. N. constricta. Leaves slightly or not at all constricted above the basal lobes. Spadix stipitate ; stigma small on a short nipple-like style . . . . . . . . 2. N. Poissoni. Spadix sessile ; stigma large, discoid, sessile . . 3. N. Afzelii. 1. N. constricta, N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1881, xv. 790. Rhizome creeping, about ^ in. thick. Leaves 2-3 at the apex of the rhizome, erect, glabrous; petiole 1-2 ft. long, 1-2 lin. thick; blade sagittate, 8-lobed or very much constricted above the basal lobes ; front lobe 4-7 in. long, 1 J-3J in. broad, oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate ; basal lobes 6-8^ in. long, 1|-3J in. broad, obliquely lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate into a long point ; nerves of the basal lobes denuded for 5-10 lin. in the narrow^ parabolic sinus. Peduncle 4J-15 in. long, rather slender, glabrous. Spathe lJ-2 in. long, oblong, subulate-acuminate, decurrent on the peduncle for 5-6 lin. at the base, expanded, with revolute margins, widely spreading, green. Spadix subsessile or with a stipes not more than 1 lin. long, J-1 in. long, about 2 lin. thick. Ovary globose ; style short, nipple-like, hardened in the dried state ; stigma very small. — OligoyynuTn consirictum, Engl. Jahrb. XV. 453 ; Durand e at the base, but not cordate. Leaves tapering to a long acuminate point. Leaves obliquely lanceolate, 2^-5 1 in. long. Peduncle lf-2 in. long ; spathe about 1:^ in. long . . . . . 3. C. insulatia. Peduncle about 4 in. long; spathe If in. long . . . . . .4. C.falcifoUa. Peduncle about 5 lin. long ; spathe 7 lin. long . . . . . . 5. C lanceolata. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 4—12 in. long ; pedun- cles 3-4 together, ^-1 j in. long ; sjiathe 2 in. long . . . . . . 7. C iennifolia. Leaves shortly excavated at the apex ; berries very large 8. C Dinklayei. Leaves rather abruptly short-pointed (ai)ex not described in 9, C. obliquifolia). Leaves obliquely-oblong, acute at the base, 4 in. or more broad; peduncles 2 in. long 9. C. ohliquifolia. Leaves obliquely-obloiig, obtuse at the base, 2-3^ in. broad; peduncles 1-1 1 in. long 10. C. barumlentis. 174 CL. AROiDE^ (brown). [C.'ulcasia Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, very obtuse at the base, 4r-7^ in. broad ; peduncles 2^-3^ in. long . . . . . 11. C. angolensis. Leaves distinctly cordate at the base ; spathe 6-8 lin. long ...... 6. C. parvijlora. ='"!'Stem erect, 1-3 ft. high, with long stilt-likeroots. Leaves 3-5 in. broad, elliptic, subacute . . .12. C. Mannii. Leaves l5-2f in. broad, oblanceolate or oblanceolate- oblong, acuminate 13. C. striolata. Leaves ^1 in. broad, lanceolate, acvite or acuminate 14. C. gracilis. 1. C. scandens, Beauv. FL Owar. i. 4, t. 3. Stem climbing.. l\-2h lin. thick, minutely tubercled, glabrous. Leaves |-3 in. distant, spreading, glabrous; petiole 1-3 in. long, sheathing up to 1-6 lin. from the top ; blade 3-7 in. long, 1 J-oJ in. broad, varying from lanceolate to elliptic, more or less oblique, shortly and somewhat abruptly acumi- nate, acute or more or less rounded at the base, immersed glands linear or dot-like. Peduncles 2-4 together at the ends of the branches, rarely solitary, 1-2| in. long, rather slender, glabrous. Spathe l^-lf in. long, convolute to half way up when in flower, and afterwards nearly to the top, green ; limb elliptic-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, hooded or deeply concave. Spadix at first about J in. longer than the spathe, after the fall of the anthers J-J in. longer ; female part about 5-6 lin. long, cylindric, laxly floriferous ; male part 1-1^ in. long, 2-21 lin. thick, cylindric-fusiform, or somewhat clavate, stouter than the female part, densely covered with anthers, of which the lower are abortive. Ovaries scattered, depressed-globose, seated in slight depressions of the axis; stigma large, discoid, sessile. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 46; Schott, Synop. Aroid. 115, Prod. Aroid. 218, and Gen. Aroid. t. 50 ; Hook. Niger Fl. 527 ; Kotschy & Peyr. PI. Tinn. 42 ; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 102, in Pfl. Gst-Afr. 0. 131, and in Jahrb. xv. 447 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 116, and Nachtr. zu ii.-iv. 58; Durand lin. long, cylindric; male part 9-13 lin. long, somewhat clavate, obtusely pointed, about Ij lin. thick; lower anthers abortive. Ovary very- small, ellipsoid, 1 -celled ; stigma discoid. XTpper G-uinea. Near Lagos, Moloney ! 3. G. insulana, N. E. Br. Stem climbing, U-2 lin. thick, minutely granulate-tuberculate on the older parts. Leaves spreading, 1-3 in. distant, glabrous; petiole l|-3 in. long, sheathing to 8-5 lin. from the top, rather slender ; apex of sheath prominent, rounded ; blade 2J-5J in. long, 1-lf in, broad, lanceolate, unequal-sided, acumi- nate into a long very acute point, cuneately rounded in at the base ; primary lateral nerves 7-9 on each side of the midrib, the two lowest in a long sweeping curve running out to the margin, the .Jth forming an intramarginal nerve about f of the distance between midrib and margin, the others uniting with these, all slightly prominent on both sides ; glands dot-like, or occasionally linear, sometimes wanting in the central part of the leaf, or entirely absent. Peduncle 1 j-2 in. long, solitary or in pairs, terminal. Spathe about IJ in. long, oblong apiculate, convolute to half way up, soon falling off, green {Mann). Spadix subsessile or ver}'- shortly stipitate, shorter than the spathe ; female part about 3 lin. long ; male 8-9 lin. long. Ovaries r)-(J-angled from mutual pressure, flat-topped, 1-celled ; stigma small discoid. Upper Culnea. Fernando Po, 1000 ft., Mann, 325 ! 4000 ft., Mann, 651 1 Allied to C. scandens, Beauv., but readily distinguished by ita narrower, more acaminate leaves, in which the immersed glands are usually dot-like, rarely linear,. and usually occur towards the margins. 4. C. falcifolia, Engl. JaArft. xxvi. 418. Stem climbing; inter- nodes \—\\ in. long. Leaves subcoriaceous ; petioles loT)g-sheathe-4 together at the ends of the branches, |-1| in. long. Spatlie about 2 in. long, convolute, much decurrentat the base. Spadix shorter than the spathe ; female part ^i-4J lin. long; male part about 14 lin. long. Ovary ovoid, 1 -celled ; stigma orbicular, concave. Berries oblong, purple. Upper Guin«a.. Cameroous : on rocks on the north side of Harombi Gorge, Preu^s, 542. I have not seen tliis species. 8. C. Dinklagei, Engl. Jahrh. xxvi. 418. Stem 2|-3 lin. tliick, creeping ; internodes 5-7 lin. long. Leaves large ; petiole 2 J-22 in. long, sheathing for § of its length; blade 8-12 in. long, 2j-4^* in. broad, obliquely lanceolate, shortly excavated at the apex, acute at the base ; primary lateral veins numerous, ascending, curved, and together with the reticulated veinlets prominent beneath. Peduncle 2-2^ in. long. Spathe ^J in. long, 7 lin. broad, oblong-lanceolate. Berries veiy large, 1 in. in diam., subglobose, 8-seeded, with obliquely ovoid seeds, or rarely 1 -seeded, with a hemispherical seed. Seed about 5 lin. long and 4 lin. thick. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : in damp, deep-shaded woods at Batanga, Dink- lage, 899. I have not seen this species. 9. C. obliquifolia, Engl. Jahrh. xxvi. 418. Stem with internodes about 2 in. long. Leaves large ; petiole about (5 in. long, sheathing for about § of its length ; blade 10 in. long, 4|- in. broad, obliquely oblong, very unequal-sided, broad below, acute at the base, narrowed upwards on one side in a straight line; primary lateral nerves curved, ascending, very prominent beneath ; veins slender, reticulate. Peduncles 2-3 together, 2 in. long, forming a sympodium, deflexed in fruit. Berries large, about | in. in diam., subglobose or shortly ovoid, 1-2-seeded. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : at Ebea (Edea) Falls, Dinklof/e, 880. 1 have not seen this plant. 10. C. barombensis, N. E. Br. Stem climbing, \ in. thick, not tubercled. Leaves spreading, 1^— 2J in. distant, glabrous; petioles 4-5^ in. long, sheathing to J-l{ in. from the top ; blade 4j-8 in. long, 2-8-^ in. broad, unequal-sided, obliquely oblong, shortly cuspidate- acuminate, cuneately rounded into an obtuse base; primary lateral veins 9-11 on each side of the midrib; no glands. Peduncles ;i-4 (or more?) in a short terminal bracteate raceme, 1-1] in. long, moderately stout. Bracts l|-2 in. long, 7-9 lin. broad, oblong, acute, with 2 wing-like keels down the back. Spathe about 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, elliptic or elhptic-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, expanded, deeply concave, 178 CL. AROiDE^ (brown). [Culcasia, very shortly convolute at the base, soon falling off. Spadix shorter than the spathe, sessile, clavate ; female part 3-4 lin. long, 2-2|^ lin. thick ; male part about an inch long, about 4 lin. thick near the obtusely rounded apex.— C. angolensis, Welw., var, angustifolia, Engl. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 447 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 471. Upper Cluinea. Caraeroons : Barombi, Preuss, 388 ! This is perfectly distinct from C. angolensis, Welw., in its smaller and difPerently shaped leaves, smaller inflorescence, and fewer flowers. 11. C. angolensis, Welw. ex Schott in Journ. Bot. 1865, 35 ► Stem climbing to a height of 80-100 ft., J-J in. thick, not tubercled. Leaves large, 2-6 in. distant, glabrous ; petioles 4-10 in. long, sheathing up to 1-2 in. from the top ; apex of sheath prominent, rounded ; blade 7-15 in. long, 4-7 J in. broad, unequal-sided, elliptic-oblong, cuspidate- acute, or shortly acuminate, broadly rounded or subtruncate at the base ; primary lateral veins 10-15 on each side of the midrib, prominent beneath ; no glands. Peduncles numerous in a stout terminal bracteate raceme, 1|-3J in. long, moderately stout. Bracts 3-4 in. long, about l-\\ in. broad, oblong, obtuse or acute, with 2 wing-like keels down the back. Spathe about 2J in. long and 2 in. broad, elliptic, obtuse, apicuiate, expanded, deeply concave, very shortly convolute at the base^ green (Mann), soon falling off; margins revolute. Spadix shorter than the spathe, sessile, clavate ; female part about 5 lin. long, J in. thick ; male part l^-lj in. long, 4-0 lin. thick near the obtusely rounded apex. Ovaries about 25-28, depressed-globose, 2-celled ; stigma large, discoid. Anthers densely crowded, in groups of 4. Berries red. — Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 102 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 471 ; De Wild, (fe Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. 64 ; Henriques in Bolet. Soc. Brot. V. 207, and xvi. 39 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 90. Tfpper Cruinea. Sierra Leone : in the shade of woods at Likuru, 3000 ft., Scott-Elliot, 4950 ! Gold Coast : Aburi, Johnson ! Fernando Po, Mann, 102 ! ]Lower Guinea. Island of St. Thomas : banks of the River Conlador, 5500 ft., 3foller (ex Henriqtces) . Lower French Congo : Mayumba (Mayombe) District, Bupuis (ex Engler). Lower Congo, Laurent (ex i>e Wildeman S^ Durand). Angola : between the River Cuango and River Quihumbo, Marques (ex Henriques) ; Golungo Alto ; frequent in moist shady woods in Sobato de Bnmba and Alta Queta, 1000-2400 ft., Welwitsch, 239 ! in woods near Sange, Wehvitsck;2S9!2 (ex Rendle), and in woods called Quisuculo, near Bango Aquitamh^, Welwitsch, 239/3 (ex Rendle) ; Pungo Andongo ; in the woods of Qnilamga, 2400-3800 ft., Welwitsch, 240 ! Soutli Central. Congo Free State : Sankuru River, Laurent (ex De Wilde- man Sf Durand). 12. C. Mannii, Engl, in Gartenfl. 1887, 84. Stem l-lj ft. high,. \ in. thick. Leaves ascending, glabrous ; petiole 1^-3 J in. long, broadly- sheathing up to 2-7 lin. from the top ; apex of sheath not auricled ; blade 4J-9J in. long, 2|-5 in. broad, unequal-sided, elliptic or elliptic- oblong, subacute, obtuse or somewhat rounded at the base, bright green with dark green veins above, not shining, light green beneath, with scattered dark-coloured glands that become very indistinct in the dried Culcasia.'] cl. AuoiDE-t (brown). 171) state ; midrib and veins impressed above, prominent beneath, con- spicuously reticulate. Peduncle solitary, terminal, \-\\ in. long, \ in. thick, glabrous. Spathe IJ-lJ in. long, ^'-1 in. broad, convolute at the base only, upper part expanded, elliptic, obtuse, apiculate, white within, greenish outside in the basal part, glabrous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, 2J lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse, stipitate ; stipes 2-3 lin, long; female part 4-5 lin. long; male part about J in. long. Ovaries 12-15, depressed, angular from mutual pressure, dull scarlet, 2-celled ; stigma sessile, whitish. Anthers crowded, milk-white. Berries 4-r)-angled, dull vermilion-red, not shining. — Engl. Jahrb. xv. 447 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. IIG, and Nachtr. zu ii.-iv. 58 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 471. Aglaonema Mannii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5760; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 442. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Victoria Moinitaini!, cultivated specimens, Mann! Mungo, in damp forests, Biichholz, 94,134 (ex Engler). When held to the light the spaces between the primary lateral veins are seen to be traversed by one or moi-e very long ti*anslucent laticiferous vessels, often visible to the naked eye on the underside of the dried leaves as long, dark, very slender lines, and very evident in the living state. 13. C striolata, Engl. Jahrh. xxvi. 417. Stem about .1-1 ft. high, lJ-2 lin. thick in the dried state, erect, not tubercled, supported by long stilt-like roots about as stout as the stem ; internodes 4-7 lin. long. Leaves collected on the upper part of the stem, membranous ; petiole li-2| in. long, sheathing up to 1-7 lin. from the top; apex of the sheath biauriculate ; blade 4-6 J in. long, 1|-2J in. broad, unequal- sided, somewhat oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, acuminate, narrowed below the middle to a cuneate acute base, shining dark green above, paler beneath, abundantly marked with linear glands ; primary lateral veins 12-15 on each side of the midrib, and, together with the reticulated secondary veins, slightly prominent on both sides. Peduncle solitary, terminal, J-1 in. long. Spathe l-lj in. long, 7-0 lin. broad, elliptic, obtuse, apiculate, convolute at the base only, boat-shaped above, green, glabrous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, stipitate ; stipes about 1 J lin. long ; female part 1-1 h lin. long ; male part G-H lin. long, cylindric, stouter than the female. Ovaries 8-10, depressed, 2-celled, buff-coloured ; stigma very large, sessile, discoid. Anthers pale pink.— Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. Berl. 1890, 281 ; Engl, it Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.-iv. 58. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Ambas Buy, J/a««, 781 ! near the shore, Kal- hreyer, 86! cultivated specimen! in light forest between Victoria and liiinbia, Preuss, 1161 ! Introduced to Kew by Mr. Gustav Mann, where it Howerod in 1862. 14. C. gracilis, N. E. Br. Stems 2-3 ft. high, li-2 lin. thick, erect, branching, rough with minute tubercles. Leaves rather small, J-2f in. distant ; petioles 1-2 in. long, sheathing up to about \ in. 180 (.L. ARoiDEJi (brown). [Culcasia, from the top ; apex of sheath auriculate, rounded ; blade 2 J-3 in. long, 4-] in. broad, lanceolate, acute, or somewhat acuminate, mucronulate, acute or subacute at the base ; glands few and very obscure, linear. Peduncle terminal, solitary, 1 1 in. long. Spathe and spadix not seen. Berries 3-4 lin. long, ellipsoid, red. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : 011 the wet banks of the river at Dantilia, Seott-Elliof, 5293 1 15. CERCESTIS, fSchott ; Benth. etHook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 080. Spathe convolute in the lower part, concave or boat-shaped above, deciduous. Spadix free, monoecious, without an appendix or neuter organs ; male and female parts contiguous. Perianth none. Ovary 1 -celled ; stigma sessile, large, discoid. Ovule solitary, subbasal, or a little above the base on that side of the ovary which is directed towards the apex of the spadix, anatropous. Male flowers crowded ; anthers 2-4, free, sessile, broadly cuneate-oblong, truncate, 2-celled ; connective broad ; cells opening by terminal pores. Berries ellipsoid or obovoid, 1 -seeded. Seed erect, ellipsoid; testa rather thin, subcoriaceous ; albumen copious ; embryo very small, seated at the base of the albumen. — Stems climbing or creeping, rooting. Leaves alternate, petiolate, cordate- oblong, sagittate, hastate or 3-lobed, penniveined ; primary veins distant, secondary reticulated ; petiole sheathing at the base or to the middle. Peduncle solitary, terminal or leaf-opposed. — Alocasiophyllum, Engl. Jahrb. xv. 449. An endemic genus of 5 species. I cannot in any way distinguish AlocasiophifUumy Engl., from Cercestis, Schott. Leaves 3-lobed ; basal lobes widely spreading, acute or obiusely acuminate . . • • • . 1. C Afzelii. Leaves hastate or hastate-sagittate; basal lobes very obtuse. Part of leaf above the basal lobes deltoid or ovate- deltoid • . 2. C. co7igensi.s. Part of leaf above the basal lobes oblong-lanceolate. Basal lobes narrowly oblong, somewhat falcately curved outwards 3. C. stigmatiens. Basal lobes deltoid 4. C. BinUagei. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, shortly cordate at the base . 5. C. Jcamerunianus . 1. C. Afzelii, Schoti in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenhl. 1857, 414. Stem climbing or creeping on the ground, rooting, 2-2J lin. thick, usually slightly rough to the touch. Leaves petiolate, glabrous ; petiole 3- 12 in. long, with a long or short sheath; blade hastately 3-lobed; middle lobe 21-Gl in. long, 1 J-4 in. broad ; oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate'- basal lobes 1 i-4 J. in. long, |-3 in. broad, lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, widely divergent, 3-nerved, sometimes with a, lobule on their lower side; basal sinus broad and open. Peduncle solitary, terminal, usually about li in. long, moderately stout, glabrous. Spathe \l-'2. in. long, convolute in the basal third; limb erect, elliptic- Cercestis.] cl. aeoide^ (brown). 181 oblong, obtuse, deeply concave. Spadix longer than the spathe ; female part about I in. long, cylindric ; male part about 1^ in. long, 'i-i>l lin. thick, cylindric, obtuse. Ovaries numerous, densely crowded, oblong, angular ; stigma large, discoid, sessile. Berries 4-(; lin. long, obovoid, "reddish -scarlet" {Johnston). — Gen. Aroid. t. ')2, and Prod. Aroid. 219; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 301 ; Engl, ct Prantl, Pfianzenfam. ii. iii. 128; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475, Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : Bagru River, Maun, 906 I near Leicester, Barter ! banks of a stream near Wilberforce, 4-00 ft., Johnston, 105 ! at Luseniya, Scott-Elliot, 4078! North-east from Sierra Leone, Ga^-rett, 21 Sherboro Islund, Garrett in herb, Scott-Elliot, 5792 ! Benaembn, Scott-Elliot, 5G83 ! and without precise locality, Afzelius ! French Guinea: Sangara District; in wet phices in woods by the River Niger, at Parana, Scott-Elliot, 5319! Ashanti : Assin-VHn- Coomassie, Cummins, 178 ! Gold Coast : Kibbi Hills, at Akini, Johnson, 258 ! 2. Oe congensis, Engl, in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 448. Stem climbing or creeping, rooting, 1^-2 lin. thick, minutely tubercled. Leaves petiolate, glabrous ; petiole 4-() in. (H-12 in., Engler) long, very shortly sheathing at the base, slender ; blade 5-7 in. long, ;)|-(')| in. broad across the basal lobes, hastate or sagittate ; front lobe deltoid-ovate, acute or acuminate, 2^-3 J in. broad; basal lobes 2-A in. long, 1-1 J in. broad, more or less spreading, somewhat obliquely ovate, very obtuse, the inner margin more or less abruptly dilated a little above the base ; basal nerves denuded for 3-5 lin. in the broadly rounded open sinus. Peduncle solitary, terminal, l-2i- in. long, 1 lin. thick, glabrous. Spathe (unexpanded) about IJ in. long, glabrous. Spadix similar to that of G. Afzelii, but more slender. — C. congoensis, Durand S: Schinz, Consp. Fl, Afr. v. 475, and Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 27(1 ; De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. Fl. Congo, i. fasc. 2, 65. Ao-wer Gainea« Lovt^er Congo, Smith ! Stanley Pool, Bemeuse, 65 (ei Engler). Princes Islatjd in the Lower Congo, Laurent (ex Durand tj* Schinz). o. C. stigmaticus, X. E, Br. Stem slender, glabrous, rooting as it climbs. Leaves glabrous; petiole IJ-G in. long, slender, terete, channelled down the face, with a very broad sheath 2 -;} lin. long ; blade 4J-9 in. long, l|-4 in. broad, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, hjistate- sagittate at the base, contracted just above the diverging falcate-oblong obtuse basal lobes, which are 1 1-2^ in. long and l-\ in. broad. Peduncle 1^-2^ in. long, glabrous. Spathe 1 f-2 J in. long, oblong, con- volute at the base ; limb boat-shaped, obtuse, glabrous, giten. fepadix l|-2 in. long, cylindric; female part about ] in. long. Ovary sub- cylindric or shortly and broadly conical, 1-celled; &tigma peltate, very large, umbrella-shaped, completely hiding the ovary from above. upper Cniraea. Fernando Po, 1300 ft., Mann, 324 ! 4. C. Diuklagei, Engl. i,i Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 4 22. Stem slender, climbing by its roots, about I lin. thick. Leaves petiolate, glabrous: petiole 4-8 in. long; blade li-lO in. long, elongated-sagit- VOL. VIII. ^ 182 CL. aroidejE (brown). [Cercestis. tate-lanceolate or hastate ; front lobe oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute ; basal lobes j-2 in. long, usually deltoid, obtuse, more or less divergent, separated by a large sinus. Peduncle 2J-3J in. long. Spathe about 2 J in. long, convolute, slightly constricted below the middle, apiculate, green. Spadix about 2 in. long; female part J-J the length of the male part. Ovary shortly ovoid; stigma broadly orbicular. Berries 4-4 J lin. thick, red. Seed about J in. long, ovoid. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Batanga, on forest trees and shrubs, Dinklage, 790, 1302. KoT^er Guinea. Gaboon : Munda ; Sibange, at Abandu River, Buttner^ 518. I have not seen tliis species. 5. C, kamerunianus, X. E. Br. Stem about ^ in. thick, glabrous, rooting as it climbs. Leaves spreading or ascending, glabrous ; petiole 2-4 in. long, slender, terete, flattened down the face, with a very broad sheath about \ in. long; blade 5-8 in. long, 2-o in. broad, lanceolate- oblong, acute or acuminate, narrowed from below the middle to the shortly cordate base. Peduncle \-^h in. long, terete, smooth. Spathe l|-2 in. long, convolute at the base, expanded above, concave, obtuse. Spadix about as long as the spathe or a little longer, cylindric; female part about J in. long. Ovary globose, 1- rarely 2-celled ; stigma sessile. - — Alocasiophyllum kamei'uniaimiu, Engl, in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 449, t. 19 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 475 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. zu ii.-iv. 60. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Barombi District, at Wege, between Kmnba >.'inga and Mokonje, Preitss, 147 (ex Engler). laovrer Guinea. Gaboon River, Mann, 1041 ! 16. ANUBIAS. Schott; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 975. Spathe expanded nearly to the base or convolute to the middle, persistent. Spadix longer or shorter than the spathe, free, monoecious, without an appendix ; male and female parts contiguous. Perianth none. Female flowers : Ovary 2-3-celled ; style very short or 0 ; stigma discoid or cushion-like ; ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous, axile. Male flowers : Anthers 5-6, connate into a sessile hexagonal truncate body, opening by subterminal pores. Berries enclosed within the spathe, subglobose, 2-3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds small, irregularly ovoid ; testa rather thick ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile. — Herbs with creeping stems or rhizomes. Leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnately veined ; veins numerous, parallel ; petiole sheathing. Peduncles axillary, solitary, elongated. An endemic genus of 7 or 8 species. Leaves lanceolate, broadest at the middle, at least 3 times as long as broad; midrib and veins quite glabrous beneath. Blade of leaf 9-12 in. long ; spathe 2\ in. long, con- volute 1. A. Afzelii. Anubias.] cl. aroide^ (brown). 18;J Blade of leaf 4-6 in. long ; spathe 1-2 in, long, ex- panded 2. A. lanceolata. Leaves variable, ovate-lanceolate to subhastnte, usually broadest below tbe middle, 2-2o tinaes as long as broad ; basal lobes, when present, short, broadly rounded. Spathe convolute when in iiower. Underside of the noidrib quite glabrous . . 3. ^. heterophylla. Underside of the midrib and usually the apex of the petiole minutely puberulous. Basal lobes of leaf contiguous or overlapping, not \ in. long 4. .4. auriculata. Basal lobes of leaf, when present, separated by an open sinus, \-'^ in. long . . . h. A. cougensis. Spathe expanded when in flower . . . . ij. A. Barter i. Leaves hastate with very spreading, linear-lanceolate, entire or lobulate basal lobes . . . . 7. A. hastifolia. 1. A. Afzelii, Schottin Oesterr. Bot,WochenU. 1857, 399. Aquatic. Leaves erect, glabrous ; petiole long, geniculate at the apex ; blade about 1 ft. long, 3-4 in. broad, lanceolate, acute, narrowed to the rounded or subtruncate base ; primary veins very numerous, parallel, slightly curved, ascending. Peduncle long, smooth. Spathe 2^ in. long, convolute, tubular, only open at the apex, obtuse, apiculate. Spadix longer than the spathe, cyiindric; female part 10-11 lin. long, male 1 J in. long, the lowest male flowers more or less abortive. Ovary subglobose; style very short; stigma discoid. — Schott, Prod. Aroid. 150, and Gen. Aroid. t. 42 ; Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 434, Jahrb. XV. 463 (excluding the Cameroon and Angolan specimens), and Araceae, t. 121 as to analyses (copied from Schott) only; Durand k Schinz, Consp. PI. Afr. V. 476 partly. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : Bafodeya, Scott-Elliot, 5560 ! near Kahreni, Scott-Elliot^ 5623! rivulets near Vatemba Road, Barter! in swamps at Intro, Johnson, 732 I and without precise locality, Afzelitis ! Don ! On the label with Don's specimen in the British Museum Herbarium is the following note : '* Aquatic, a full foot under water." The A. Afzelii of Engl, in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. (1889) 149, collected by Braun at Batanga in the Cameroons, and of De Wildemaii & Durand, Contrib. FI. Congo, i. fasc. 2, 65, collected by Laurent at Mpioka, in the Congo Free State, probably belongs to some other species. 2. A. lanceolata, X. E. Br. Stem stout, creeping and rooting, 5-6 lin. thick, densely leafy. Leaves erect, glabrous; petiole 2^-0^ in. long, its sheath 2-2 J in. long, very broadly dilated at the base ; blade 4-6 in. long, 1-2 in", broad, lanceolate, equally tapering at both ends, subobtuse at the apex, narrowly rounded at the base ; veins numerous, parallel, ascending, slightly curved. Peduncle about .j in. long, slender, glabrous. Spathe 1-2 in. long, oblong, obtuse, apiculate, convolute at the base, expanded above, white. Spadix about a.s long as the spathe l><4 CL. A1101DE.E (brown). [Amibias. or a little longer, cylindric ; female part about | in. long. Ovaries crowded ; stigma sessile. Upper C^uinea. Niger Turritor^' : by a river on tlie iiortli-west of Ikiire (Kkure) between Old Calabar and Cross River, Holland, 167 ! Cameroons : Rio del Key, Johnston I 3. A. heterophylla, A'^ic/l. in DC. Monogr. Plum. ii. 435. Stem: creeping and rooting, \-\ in. thick. Leaves erect, quite glabrous; petiole 2-15 in. long, its sheath 1-5 in. long ; blade 6-12 in. long, 2|-5 in, broad, oblong-ovate or more or less lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, acute, rounded, subtruncate, or shortly cordate- hastate at the base ; basal lobes short, obtusely rounded ; veins numerous, parallel, curved, ascending ; midrib and primary veins quite glabrous on both sides. Peduncle longer than the petioles, slender, glabrous. Spathe convolute at the base, slightly open at the apex, fleshy, \\-l in. long, ^— J in. broad, oblong, rather abruptly subulate- pointed, glabrous, green. Spadix lJ-2 in. long, slender, cylindric; female part \-\ in. long. Ovaries crowded, angular from mutual pressure, green ; style short ; stigma discoid. Anthers whitish. — Engl. Jalirb. XV. 4G3 ; Durand k Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 476 ; Eendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Weiw. ii. 88. A, Afzelii, Engl. Aracere, t. 121, as to fig. of plant, not of analyses ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. F\. Afr. v. 476 partly; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 89. ^G-wer Cruinea. Angola : Golango Alto ; in woods at the fountain of Quibolo, 1000-2400 ft., Wehvitsch, 237! 237/2! 237/3! 238! Cazengo; in woods by streams in Muxaulo Mountssins, 2000 ft., Wehoitsch, 236 ! 4. A. auric-olata, Engl. Jahrh. xxvi. 423. Rhizome creeping- and rooting, 2-2J lin. thick. Leaves close together at the tips of the rhizome, but not crowded, erect ; petiole 7-0 in. long, terete, glabrous below% pubescent on the apical part, abruptly dilated into a short broad clasping sheath at the base, which is continued up the petiole for about -| of its length in the form of a groove, which is very slightly or not at all winged at the sides ; blade 6-9 in. long, 3-3 J in. broad, broadly ovate-lanceolate, acute, very shortly-cordate-auriculate at the base ; auricles 1 J-2 lin. long, rounded, overlapping ; midrib and primary veins minutely puberulous beneath. Peduncle 5-6 in. long, minutely puberulous on the apical part. Spathe IJ-IJ in. long, oblong, sub- truncate at the apex. Spadix cylindric, shorter than the spathe ;. female part about 3 J lin. long. Upper Cluinea. Cameroons : Hipinde, in the forest, Zenker^ 1174 ! Katanga^ DinJclage, 986 (ex Eughr). 5. A, congensis, N. E. Br. Rhizome creeping and rooting, rather stout, 4-5 lin. thick. Leaves erect; petiole 4J-10 in. long, with a distinct, narrow, persistent sheath i?i-4J in. long, dilated and clasping at the base, minutely puberulous at the apex, glabrous below ; blade 6-8 J in. long, 2J-4 in. broad, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, cuneately or broadly rounded or more or less cordate at the base, with broadly rounded basal lobes J-J in. long, not overlapping ; midrib and Anubias.] cl. aroide.*: (brown). ih:> primary veins minutely puberulous beneath. Peduncles 4-10 in. long. Spathe 1-1 f in. long, ovoid or ellipsoid not expanded, obtuse, very shortly apiculate, glabrous, pale dull green. Spadix a little shorter than the spathe, 10-1^ lin. long, cylindric ; female part about 8 lin. long. Ovaries not very crowded, globose ; style short, stout ; stigma discoid. — A. heterophylla, N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1889, vi. 67, not of Engl. XiOixrer Guinea. Lowor Congo: Boma, cv.Uivaled specimens! Iiitroduce^hen in flower, convolute when in fruit, glabrous, green. Spadix 1-1 J in. long, slender, cylindric ; female part 2^-G lin. long. Ovary depressed-globose ; style short ; stigma discoid. — Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 4;55, and Jahrb. xv. 4(>^ ; Durand k Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 470. Upper Guinea. Fernando Po : creeping on stones at tlie bank of a river, Mann, 104 ! Barter, 2045 I Caineroons : on stones in a forost stivenm, Efulen, Bates, 289 ! Kumba River, north-east of Barombi, Preuss, 559 ! Bipijide, in forest^ Zenker, 901 ! in forest to the west of Barombi-ba-Mbu, Preuss, 463 (ex Engler). Var. glabra, N. E. Brown. Leaves 3-4^ in. long, l]-2 in. broad, acute at the base ; midrib and veins glabrous beneath. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Anibas Bay, Mann, xv I by a brook near BaromLi, Prew**, 422! 1223! 7. A. hastifolia, Enyl. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schuizc/eb. ii. (1880) 149. Khizome creeping, densely leafy at the apex. Leaves erect ; petiole about 8 in. long, sheathing for \-l its length ; blade hastate, its middle lobe about 6J in. long, 2-2J in. broad, its basal lobe.s about 2 in. long, f in. broad, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, horizontally spreading. Peduncle 6 in. long. Spathe 2 in. long, J in. broad, oblong, obtuse, decurrent on the peduncle. Spadix If in. long, about \ in. thick at the middle, tapering towards each end ; female pai-t 7-8 lin. long. Ovary depressed-globose; style short; stigma orbicular. Stamens- united into a short tube, in all the other species they are united into a 186 CL. AROIDILE (brown). [AnuMas. solid cylindncal body. — Jahrb. xv. 462 ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Air. V. 476 ; De Wild. & Durand, Oontrib. Fl. Congo, i. fasc. 2, 65. Upper Guinea. Cameroons : Batanga, on stones at the foot of trees, JBraun, 5 (ex Sngler). Soutb Central. Congo Free State : Ncoca, Demeuse ; at the confluence of the Kasai and Sankuru Rivers, Laurent (ex De Wildeman Sf Durand). Var. suhlohata, Engl, in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 4,63. Differs from the typical form in having a narrow oblique lobe on the outer side of the basal lobes. — Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 476. Upper Guinea. Togoland : at Jego, Kling, 36 (ex Engler). I have not seen this species. Imperfectly known species. 8. A. nana^ Engl, in Engl. Jahrb. xxvi. 423. Rhizome creeping, internodes short. Leaves small ; petiole 1^-1 f in. long, sheathing to the middle or beyond ; blade about 2J in. long, 1 J-1 J in. broad, ovate- lanceolate, acute, cordate at the base ; veins numerous, curved, ascend- ing. Peduncle 'i-'i\ in. long. Spathe J-1 in. long, lanceolate, acumi- nate, slightly convolute, pale green. Spadix longer than the spathe, cylindric ; female part 3J lin. long ; male part 7 lin. long. Ovary depressed-globose. — Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. Berl. ii. 281. Upper Guinea. Cameroons: Victoria, Lehmhach. I have not seen this species, but, judging from the description, I think it is probably a small state of the variable A. JBarteri, Schott. 17. CAIiLOPSIS, Engl, in Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. Berl. i. 27, Spathe expanded to the base, persistent. Spadix monoecious, shorter than the spathe, covered with unisexual flowers, without an appendix or neuter organs ; female part adnate throughout to the spathe, uni- lateral ; male part free, a short distance from the female part, cylindric. Perianth none. Female flowers few, laxly subbiseriate ; ovary 1 -celled; style short, conoid ; stigma small ; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous ; staminodes none. Anthers of male flowers sessile or subsessile, crowded into a cylindric spike, subquadrate, 2-celled ; cells opposite, subovoid, •opening at the apex by a confluent oval pore. — A herb with a creeping rhizome, and petiolate entire cordate leaves. Peduncle as long as the petioles. An endemic monotypic genus. Engler places this genus in the tribe Pothoidece, but in my opinion it should be placed in the tribe ZomicarpecB, and stand next to Zomicarpella, from which it differs chiefly in habit and in having no .appendix to the spadix, nnd is certainly more nearly allied to that genus than any other known to me. The two other genera belonging to the ZomicarpecB arc natives of Tropical America, and Callopsis is therefore interesting as forming another connecting link between the African and American Floras. 1. C. Volkensii, Emjl. in Notizhl. K, Bot. Gart. Berl. i. 27. Khkome slender, creeping ; internodes very short. Roots crowded, Callopsis.] CL. A110IDE.E (brown). 187 thick and fleshy. Leaves glabrous ; petiole :)-5 in. long ; blade 3 J-oJ in. long, 2-3 J in. broad, cordate-ovate, obtuse, apiculate ; basal lobes up to I in. long, rounded. Peduncle :>-8j in. long, erect, glabrous. Spathe 1-1^ in. long, |-1 in. broad, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, apiculate {ovate, acuminate, Engler), cuneate at the base and shortly decurrent on the peduncle, expanded at the base, white, glabrous. Spadix slender, shorter than the spathe; male and female parts shortly separated, female adnate to the spathe, unilateral. Ovaries :}-12, laxly subbi- seriate, elongate-ovoid, narrowed into a short style ; stigma discoid, j^nthers crowded in a slender terete spike about ') lin. long, 1 lin. thick. —Engl, in Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 1;U. nCoz^xnl). X>l8t. German East Africa : Usaiiibara ; at the foot of trees in virgin forest, on Msasa Mountain, between Xderema and the Kiver Sigi, about 2500 ft., Volkens, 49 ! 18. STYLOCHITON, Leprieur ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 069. Spathe connate into a tube below, or nearly to the top, at length entirely deciduous. Spadix free, monoecious, usually with a naked space between the male and female parts, or the base of the male spike more or less interrupted, without neuter organs or appendix. Female flowers in a single cycle or in 2-5 (or more () series or spirals, crowded, free or connate, laterally compressed or angulai- from mutual pressure, the uppermost often imperfectly hermaphrodite. Perianth gamo- phyllous, cupular or suburceolate, truncate, often with a thickened margin. Staminodes none. Ovary supeiior or inferior, often very oblique, 1-celled with basal placentation or 2 parietal placentas, or 2-4- celled in the lower part with axile placentation ; style exserted ; stigma discoid -capitate, or oblique and ovate or lanceolate. Ovules 2 to several in each cell, anatropcus, surrounded by mucilage. Male flowers numerous, in a cylindric spike, crowded or lax. Perianth as in the female flowei*s, but less deep, and not contracted at the mouth, or rarely Ji-5-lobed, often laterally compressed. Stamens o-4, rarely fewer, free, inserted at the base of a rudimentary ovary, exserted ; filaments filiform or clavate ; anthers basifixed, with oblong or elliptic pasrallel or divergent cells, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit not seen, described as a berry containing 2 to several ovoid slightly com- pressed seeds, with a thin black striated testa, copious fleshy albumen, and an elongated fleshy axile embryo. — Perennial herbs with the habit of an Arum. Khizome usually stout, fleshy, nodose or ringed. Leaves all radical, petiolate, cordate, hastate, sagittate, or rarely entire at the base, contemporary with the flowers or appearing after them. Peduncle terminal or axillary, solitary, or rarely 2 from one axil. An African genus of about 15 species, two of wliich are extra tropical. Peduncle and undersurface of the leaves pubernlous ; leaves very broadly hastate or Scigittate . .1. S. puberulut. Peduncle and leaves glabrous. ^-Peduncles arising Irom the axils of fully developed leaves. 188 CL. AROIDEiH (brown). [Stylochiion^ Leaves broadly liastate, greyish beneath, from being densely covered witli minute black dots ; veins dark ..... Leaves not black-dotted beneath ; veins of the same colour hs the rest of the leaf. Leaves large, deeply cordate or cordate-sagittate, with large, broad, obtusely rounded basal- lobes ; spathe 5-8 in. long Leaves oblong, subacute, slightly obtuse at the base ; spathe about 3 in, long . Leaves oblong or elliptic -oblong, obtuse, dis- tinctly cordate at the base, with short rounded basal lobes; spathe l|-2 in. long Leaves narrowly sagittate, with long and nar- row basal-lobes ; male perianth 4'-5-lobed ^Peduncles not axillary ; inHorescence either appear- ing before the leaves, or arising from a separate bud by the sitie of the leaves. (See also 4, S. Zenkeri, under which the iJosition of the pe- duncle is unde>cribed.) Female flowers 10-12, in two series. Stigma discoid ; filaments of the stamens clavate, longer than the anthers .... Stigma oblique, shield-like; filaments of the stamens shorter than the anthers Female flowers 6-9 or more in one cycle. Inflorescence and leaves present at the same time ; spathe 2 in. long . . . . Inflorescence appearing before the loaves; spathe about 4 in. long ; male perianth 3-lobed . Female flowers 4r-5 in one cycle. Ovary adnate to the perianth .... Ovary free within the perianth. 2. S. salaamiciis. 4. S. maximus. S. Zenkeri. S. (jahonicMS. S. lohaUis. 9. 10. 11. S. bommensis, S. angoleusis. S. hypogcenm^ S. (jrandis. S. kerensis. Leaves rounded at the base ; styte 1 lin. long Leaves sagittate at the base ; style 2 lin. long ; filaments of the stamens slightly exceeding the perianth Spathe I-I5 in. long ; style ^ lin. long ; filaments of the stamens much exceed- ing the perianth ..... 12. 13. 14. S. lancifolixis. S. Barteri. S. similis. 1. S. pmberoluSy X. E. Br. Leaves probably contemporary with the flowers; petiole 12-14 iu. long, sheathing for \-\ of its lengthy puberulous in the lower part, marked with pale spots ; blade as broad a& long, very broadly sagittate or hastate, glabrous above, puberulous on the midrib, veins and veinlets beneath ; front lobe o-lO in. long,. 4J-9 in. broad, broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, subacute, with a subulate point 3-4 lin. long ; basal lobes 3 J-8 in. long, 2-6 J in. broad, ovate or elliptic-ovate, obtuse, overlapping or widely spreading. Peduncle 2J-4 in. long, puberulous. ISpathe and male part of the spadix not seen. Femaie flowers about 30, in several spirals, only seen in young Stylochito7i.] CL. aroide.e (brown). ]h\) fruit, free, horizontal. Perianth apparently cupular, about 1 line deep. Young fruit flat at the apex, scrobiculate and puberulous ; stigma sessile. Mozamb. I>l8t. British Central Africa : Rhodesia; near Boruraa, on the Zambesi, Menyliarth 1 The puberulous leaves, and ovaries distinguish this from all the otlier sjiecies of tlie genus. 2. S. salaamicus, N. E. Br. Leaves contemporary with the flowers, glabrous; petiole G-10 in. long, narrowly sheathing for 1-2 in. at the base, apparently not spotted ; blade hastate or sagittate-hastate green above, greyish with dark-coloured veins and minutely dotted with black beneath ; front lobe 2J-G in. long, 2^-4 J in. broad near the base, oblong or ovate-deltoid, acute; basal lobes Ij— ^J in. long, 1-2 in. broad at the middle, obliquely-iftnceolate or elliptic-oblong, broadest at the middle, obtuse. Peduncle 2i in. long, solitary, axillary, glabrous Spathe and spadix not seen, broken oft*. IKEozamb. Sist. (xerman East Africa : Dar es Salaam, Kirk ! 3. S. maxixnus, Engl. In Engl. Jahrh. xv. 4GG. Leaves about G, contemporary with the flowers, quite glabrous ; petiole G-12 in. (or more ?) long, sheathing for J-J its length ; blade 4-12 in. long, o-lOJ in. broad, deeply cordate or cordate- sagittate, acute or obtuse, apiculate ; basal lobes elliptic, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, about half as long as the front lobe, very obtusely rounded at the apex, with an obtuse sinus 2-o in. deep between them. Peduncle axillary, 2-3 in long, glabrous. Spathe with a tube 2-3 in. long, inflated at the base, cylindric above; limb 3-5 in. long, f-lf in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, green outside, dark puce within. Spadix sessile, 2J-3 in, long ; female part 5-9 lin. long, of 4-5 crowded spirals of flowers, angular from mutual pressure ; male part more or less inter- rupted in the basal portion, but scarcely separated from the female part by a distinct naked space. Female flowers with a cup-shaped perianth 1 lin. deep, contracted at the mouth, truncate and thickened at the margin, and a subglobose 2-celled ovary with axile placeniation and a 1 lin. long style. Male flowers with a laterally' compressed perianth J lin. deep and exserted stamens with filiform filaments 1 lin. long.— N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 35 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 132. XMCozaxab. lllst. German East Africa : coastland, without mention of precise locality or collector (ex Engler). Also in South Africa. I have seen no specimen of this from Trop'.cnl Africa, and include it on the authority of Engler. The above description is compiled from specimens collected at Delagoa Bay. 4. S. Zeukeriy Engl, in Engl. Jahrh. xxvi. 424. Khi/oine hori zontal below, at length ascending ; internodes short, but distinct. Leaves dark green above, pale beneath ; petiole }^-12 in. long, sheath- ing for 2-2J- in. ; blade about G in. long, '1\ in. broad, oblong, subacute, 190 CL. AROiDE^ (brown). [StylocMton, slightly obtuse at the base. Peduncle IJ-lJ in. long, slender. Spathe- tube 1 in. long, \ in. diam., cylindric, yellowish-white ; limb about 2 in. long, J in. broad, lanceolate, dull violet. Spadix sessile. Female flowers '2-?)^ in one cycle. Perianth shortly cup-shaped, 1 J lin. broad. Ovary 1 lin. high, depressed globose ; stigma thick, discoid, 1 J lin. broad. Male spike densely many-flowered, a short distance from the female flowers. Perianth very short. Filaments of the stamens a little shorter than the anthers. Upper Guinea. Gameroons : in wet sliady places on the banks of a brook near Yaunde, Zenker ^ Standi, 33S. Allied to S. lancifolius , Kotschy, according to Engler, who does not state if the leaves appear with or after the flowers : but as specimens of S. gahonicus, X. E. Br., have been distributed from Berlin under the name of S. Zenkeri (with the descrip- tion of which they do not agree), it is assumed in tlie key to the species that "S. Zenkeri somewhat resembles S. gabonicus, and like that species has axillary peduncles. I have not seen it, 5. S. gabonicus, X. E. Br. Rhizome creeping, about \ in. thick ; roots moderately stout, but scarcely fleshy, branching. Leaves contemporary with the flowers, glabrous ; petiole 3J-9 J in. long, sheathing for about \ of its length; blade 4J-7 in. long, 2J-4J in. broad, oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed below the middle to a cordate base, with obtusely rounded lobes ^-1 in. long, under surface minutely freckled with pale brown in the dried state. Peduncle |-1 in. long, slender, axillary, solitary. Spathe not subterranean ; tube very short, 3-4 lin. long, slightly inflated at the base; limb Ij-lf in. long, 6-8 lin. broad, oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronulate, concave. Spadix 6-8 lin. long. Female flowers 4, horizontal, free. Perianth cupular, truncate, with a thickened rim, laterally much compressed, its longest diam. 1;^ lin., about J lin. deep. Ovary free, laterally com- pressed, shorter than the perianth ; style about J lin. long, shortly exserted, stout, horizontally spreading ; stigma capitate. Male spike rather dense, about | lin. distant from the female flowers. Perianth cupular, truncate, much compressed, and pointed at each end, about \ lin. deep. Stamens 4 ; filaments moderately stout, shortly exserted from the perianth ; anthers with 4, somewhat radiating lobes (cells). Upper Guinea. Fernando Po, Barter, 1470! Cameroons : Bipinde, in the forest, Zenker, 1936 ! 2013 ! JtO'weT Guinea. Corisco Bay : Mount John, River Kongui, Mann, 1880 1 Gaboon : Gaboon Kiver, Mann, 1042 ! According to Barter, the Fernando Po plant has a light pink spathe, his specimen is without flowers, but appears to be the same as the Gaboon plant. The specimens collected by Zenker at Bipinde (1936, 2013) were received from Berlin under the name of 8. Zenkeri • they are identical with those collected by Mann, and do not agree with Engler's description of ^S*. Zenkeri, which is said to have the leaves slightly obtuse (cbtusiuscula) at the base, and a spathe with a tube 1 in. long, and a 6. S. lobatus, y. E. Br. Leaves contemporary Avith the flowers, glabrous ; petiole 6-10 in. long, broadly sheathing for about half its Sti/lochiton.] CL. aroide.*: (brown). 191; length, variegated on the sheath with irregular transverse bare ; blade sagittate or sagittate-hastate ; front lobe 4-0 in. long, 1-1 J in.' broad,, dilating where it joins the basal lobes, narrowly oblong or strap-shaped^ obtuse, apiculate ; basal lobes 2-4;, in. long, o-ll lin. broad, narrowly- oblong or strap-shaped, obtuse. Peduncle 2-2}, in. long, moderately stout, glabrous, axillary, 2 from the same axil "in the specimen seen^ accompanied by a membranous linear-oblong subacute bract about If in. long. Spathe not subterranean, glabrous; tube 1| in. long,, inflated at the base ; limb about 2^ in. long, expanded, oblong-lanceo- late. Spadix 3 in. long, curving forwards at the apex. Female flowers about 10 in two series, free ; perianth 2 lin. long, obliquely ovoid-urceolate, mouth obliquely truncate ; ovary free, obliquely ovoid, narrowed into an erect exserted style Ih lin. long, thickened or jointeol a little below the very oblique ovate stigma. Male spike about 4 in. distant from the female flowers, not very dense ; basal part laxly covered with abortive flowers, in which both stamens and ovary are- rudimentary and enclosed in a subglobose-urceolate perianth. Perianth of perfect male flowers about f lin. deep, subcampanulate, 4-5-lobed to half-way down ; lobes narrow, acute or subacute, spreading. Stamens 4 ; filaments |-1 lin. long, clavate, exserted ; anthers oblong, basifixed or subadnate. SSozamb. 3>lst. German East Africa : without precise locality, Steere / This species is allied to S. natalensis, Schott, but is readily distinguished bv the- narrower and longer lobes of the leaf, and fewer series of female flowers. 7. S. borumensis, N. E. Br. Rhizome thick, fleshy, nodose, with thick fleshy simple roots. Leaves appearing after the flowers,, glabrous : petiole 4-7 in. long ; blade sagittate or sagittate-hastate ; front lobe 2J-G in. long, |-1| in. broad, elongate-oblong acute; basal lobes 1-2J in. long, 4-9 lin. broad, elongate-deltoid or deltoid -lanceolate, obtuse. Peduncle IJ-lf in. long, glabrous, surrounded by 2-3 mem- branous bracts 1-1 J in. long. Spathe partly subterranean (?), glabrous ; tube IJ-lf in. long, cylindric, slightly inflated at the base ; limb or mouth very oblique, 0-8 lin. long, acute. Spadix 1-1 J in. long, reaching to about the mouth of the tube. Female flowers 10-12, irregularly bicyclic, free, those of the upper cycle mostly imperfect; perianth about J lin. deep, compressed or globose-polygonal, very much contracted at the mouth, somewhat oblique. Ovary free, shortly ovoid, laterally compressed ; style J lin. long, subhorizontally spreading, stout, shortly exserted beyond the perianth ; stigma large, discoid. Male spike about 1 lin. distant from the female flowers, dense ; perianth cupular, trun- cate, \-\ lin. deep ; stamens 4 ; filaments J lin. long, clavate, very stout ; anther-cells slightly divergent. Mozamb. Blst. British Central Africa : Zambesi Valley ; in valleys near Boruma, Menyharth, 920 ! This species is remarkable for the very thick clavnte fllanients of the stamens. 8. S. angolensis, Engl, in Engl. Jahrh. xv. 40;"). Leaves appearing after the flowers. Peduncle 1 in. long, surrounded by 4 membranous 192 OL. AROiDE^ (beowx). [Stylochiton, bracts f-1 in. long. Spathe-tube l\ in. long, cylindric; limb f in. long, h in. broad, expanded, oblong, shortly acuminate, blackish-purple inside." Spadix a little shorter than the spathe-tube. Female flowers about 10, in two cycles. Perianth h lin. long, cupular, purplish. Ovary free, subglobose ; style 1 lin. long, exserted ; stigma oblique, shield-like, Male spike interrupted at the base, dense. Perianth saucer-shaped. Filaments of tlie stamens shorter than the shortly ovate anthers. — Durand S, Jahrb. i. IS!), and Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 131; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 117; Lynch in Gard. Chron. 1880, xiv. 375 ; Durand tt Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 472. Caladium zamuefolium, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 140S. irile Iiand. British East Africa : K:ibai Hills, near Moniba«a, Taylor ! IMEozamb. Dist. Zunzihar, cultivated s])ecinieiis, Kirfi- ! Jioirin (ex UeraUne), llildehrandt (ex Enr/ler). Also found in t'le Island of Bourbon according to Kngler. This [)lant is remarkable among Aroid- in having truly pin.iatc Icivcs. wiili the leartots articulated to the jjctiok', which character, liDwevcr, is also shared liy 196 cii. AROiDE^ (brown). [Zamioculcas the very remarkable American genus Thanmatojphyllum. The leaflets, after falling- ti) the ground, have the property of forming a small tuber at their base, wliieh ultimately deveiopes into a young plant. This peculiarity was first discovered at Kew by Mr. R. J. Lynch in 1874 or earlier, according to a note in the Kew Her- barium, and as stated by him in the Gard. Chron., I.e. Subsequently the same thing was rediscovered by Herr Hild, of Kiel University Botanic Garden, as detailed by Prof. Engier (ll.ec). 20. GONATOPUS, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 602G. Spathe convolute at the base ; limb horizontally reflexed, or re volute. Spadix free, sessile, monoecious, stout, shorter than the spathe, con- stricted above the ovaries, without neuter organs or appendix ; female part short, cylindric, closely contiguous to the long cylindric male part, in which the lowest flowers are more or less imperfect. Perianth- segments 4, present in both sexes, free, somewhat thickened at the angular truncate apex. Female flowers: Staminodes none. Ovary ovoid, 2 -celled ; style short, stout; stigma exserted just beyond the perianth, peltate, rather large ; ovule solitary in each cell, erect, ana- tropous, with a very short funicle. Male flowers with 4 stamens, con- nate into a tube around an abortive ovarj^ included ; anthers short and broad, 2-celled ; cells opening by terminal introrse pores. — Tuberous- rooted herbs with the habit of an Amorphojjhallus, Leaf solitary, annual, tripinnate in the adult stage, pinnate or bipinnate in young plants ; petiole with a thickened articulation at about the middle. Peduncles 1-2 to a tuber, shorter than the petiole, contemporary with the leaf. An endemic genus of 2 species. Very similar to Zamioculcas in floral structure, tiie only technical diiference being that the filaments of the stamens are connate into a tube in Oonatopus and free in Zamioculcas, the habit, however, is entirely dif- ferent. Leaflets varying from lanceolate to elliptic- lanceolate, not decurrenc at the base . . . . . \. G. Bowinii. Leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate, strongly deearrent at the base . . . . . . . 2. G. angustus. 1. G. Boivinii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 6026. Tuber depressed 3-6 in. in diam. Leaf solitary, erect, 2-3 ft. high, 3-4-pinnate in the adult state, glabrous; lowest branches 12-15 in. long, 7-8 in. broad; leaflets lJ-3 in. long, 7-15 lin. broad, varying from lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base, shortly petioluiate or sabsessile, not decurrent ; petiole stout, with a swollen articulation at the middle, green, transversely banded with blackish- green ; in juvenile plants the leaf is simply pinnate, with a few large elliptic or suborojcular shortly cuspidate petioluiate leaflets. Peduncles- 1-2 to a tuber, produced with the leaf, 15-16 in. long, erect, moderately stout, glabrous, coloured like the petiole and, with the latter, enclosed at the base by 2 or 3 membranous acate sheaths. Spathe glabrous, dull green, striate with dark green outside, pale greenish-yellow inside ;. tube about 1 in. long, ovoid or subglobose; limb 5-8 in. long, 1 J in. Oonatopics.'] cl. ARoiDEiE (brown). 197 broad, oblong, acuminate into a long subulate point, expanded, recurved or revolute. Spadix sessile ; female part about | in. long and about J in. thick ; male 2J-3^ in. long, about 5 lin. thick, constricted at the base, with the lowest flowers more or less imperfect. Perianth-seg- ments of both male and female flowers oblong, truncate at the triangular apex. Ovary ovoid, narrowed into a short style, 2-celled ; stigma large, peltate, just exserted from the perianth, pea-green. Stamens in the male flowers 4, connate around an abortive ovary, entirely absent in the female flowers; anthers subquadrate, white. Fruit not seen. — Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 209; Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 117, and Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr.-C. 131 ; Durand &, Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 472. Zwmio- culcas Boivini, Decsne. in Bull. Spc. Bot. France, xvii. 321 ; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6026. Jarile Xiand. British East Africa : Rabai Hills, near Mombasa, Taylor ! IVXozaxub. Sist. Zanzibar, Boivin (ex Decaisne), Hildehrandt (ex Engler), Oerman East Africa : coast opposite Zanzibar, cultivated specimens, Kirk ! British Central Africa: Nyasaland; in the Shire Valley, opposite to the rapids of Zedzane, Kirk, 339! Shire Highlands, Buchanan, 186 ! Mount Mlanji, McClounie, 51 ! Also (according to Engler) in the Island of Reunion. -2. G. angustus, j.V. E. Br. Tuber turnip-shaped. Leaf solitary, erect, 1 J-4^ ft. high, tripinnatipartite, glabrous ; lowest branches 10-12 in. long, about 5 in. broad; leaflets or ultimate segments 1 J-3 in. long, lJ-4 lin. broad, probably sometimes larger, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, more or less decurrent at the base, not articulated to the rhachis. Peduncle 2-3 in. long, smooth. Spathe glabrous; tube 1-1^ in. long, oblong-ovoid ; limb about 3 in. long, and 1 J in. broad, reflexed, oblong, cuspidate. Spadix sessile, shorter than the spathe ; female part 8-9 liu. long, about J in. diam. cylindric ; male part about 2^ in. long, cylin- dric, obtuse, its basal portion for about 8 lin, constricted to about half the thickness of the upper portion and covered with abortive flowers. Perianth-segments oblong, truncate at the angular apex. Ovary ovoid, narrowed into a short stout style, 2-celled ; stigma rather large, peltate, exserted just beyond the perianth-segments. Stamens in the male flowers 4, connate into a tube around an abortive ovary and equalling it in length, entirely absent in the female flowers. XMLOzamb. ]9ist. British Central Africa : Zambesi Valley; in copocs on mountains near Boruina, Menyharth^ 922bis ! 21. CYBTOSPEilMA, Griff".; Benth. et Hook f. Gen. PI. iii. 997. Spathe convolute at the very base, open above, ovate-lanceolate, persistent. Spadix free, densely covered with hermaphrodite flowers, without an appendix or neuter organs. Perianth-segments 4-G, free, imbricate, somewhat hooded at the truncate apex. Stamens 4-(; ; filaments short and broad ; anthers short, 2-celled ; cells oblong, open- ing by longitudinal slits, extrorse. Ovaiy ovoid, 1 -celled ; stigma 198 CL. AROiDE.E (brown). [Ci/rtospetviui . sessile or subsessile, cushion-like. Ovules 2 to several, biseriate on a subbasal parietal placenta, amphitropous, becoming much curved. Berries smooth, 1- to several-seeded. Seeds rounded in outline, com- pressed, crested ; testa crustaceous ; alburaen fleshy ; embryo axile, curved. — Herbs with a tuberous or elongated rootstock. Leaves all radical, sagittate or hastate, usually prickly on the petioles ; primary veins rather distant, secondary reticulated. Peduncle solitary, elon- gated, usually prickly. Spathe large, coloured, longer than the spadix. A small genus of about 7 species, chiefly natives of Malaya and Polynesia, two species in Tropical America, and the following one in Africa, 1. C. senegalense, Enyl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. \\. 270. A large herb attaining (J-12 ft. in height. Rootstock a large tuber. Leaves glabrous, all radical ; petiole several feet in length, prickly ; blade sagittate, very vari9,ble in size and general outline ; front lobe 5 in. to 1 ft. 5 in. long, 2\ in. to 1 ft. 8 in. broad ; basal lobes 4^ in. to 1 ft. 4 J in. long, 1|-10 in. broad, all acute or acuminate. Peduncle overtopping the leaves, stout, prickly. Spathe 9-17 in. long, 3-5 in. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, convolute at the very base only, concave-ex- panded above, yellow-green, striped with rich dark red-brown. Spadix 2J-7 in. long, ^-1| in. thick, sessile, cylindric or more or less tapering, obtuse, dark violet. Berries J in. long, \ in. in diam., cuneate-oblong, 2-4-seeded. Seeds 2-3 lin. in diam., roundish, with about 4 series of den- tate crests around the circumference, brown ; testa moderately thick, crustaceous. — Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 123 ; Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. ii. 1889, 150 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 472 ; Hook, in Bot. Mag. t. 7617. C. Afzelii, Engl, in DC. Monogr. Phan. ii. 2G9 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam ii. iii. 123; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 472 ; De Wild. & Durand, Contrib. FL Congo, i. fasc. 2, 64. Lasimorpha senegalensis, Schott in Bonplandia, 1857, 127; Gen. Aroid. t. 85, fig. 1-10, and Prod. Aroid. 406. L. Afzelii, Schott, Gen. Aroid. t. 85, fig. 11-20; and Prod. Aroid. 405. Philodendron (?) sp., Hook. Niger Fl. 527. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Perrottet, 763 (ex Engler). Senegambia : in inun- dated places by the Kio Nune, Eendelot, 639 ! Sierra Leone : near N'tunga, by the waterside, and seen at Kambia in marshy ground, ScoU-Elliot, 4333 ! Guinea, Afzelius (ex Schott). Liberia: Grand Bassii, Vogel,^4i ! Niger Territory : Xupe; in a swamp at Gongoroko, Barter, 1467 ! Old Calabar ; in a swamp near the Botanic Garden, Holland, 64 ! Cameroons : Batangii, Braun ! Fernando Po : in swampy places, Mann, 244 ! Barter, 9 ! Iiower Guinea. Lower Congo ; Stanley Pool, Hens, ser. b, 15 ! Soutli Central. Ikatta Hiver, Demeuse. I am quite unable to separate C. Afzelii from C. senegalense ; the globose spadix of the former (as figured by Scltott) is evidently only the basal part of a spadix swollen out into this form by the half- developed state of some of the young fruits ; and the difference noted in the leaves of the two supposed species is not of specific value, as the breadth of the front and basal lobes of the leaf varies very much in this and allied genera, and is not constant on the same plant at different stages of growth. Cyrtosperma.'] cl. AROiDEiE (brown). 190 Barter states on bis labels tbat tbe plant grows from 8 to 12 ft. liigli, and that a single spathe and its stem weighs from 10 to 13 pounds. Other collectors give the height as from 6 to 9 ft. 22. RAPHIDOPHORA, Schott ; Bentb. et Hook f Gen. PI. iii. 992. Spathe boat-shaped, convolute, rather fleshy, quickly deciduous. Spadix free, sessile, cylindric, shorter than the spathe, everywhere densely covered with hermaphrodite flowers, excepting a few sterile ones at the base. Perianth none. Stamens 4 ; filaments about as long as the ovary, flattened ; anthers slightly exserted, 2-celled ; cells more or less divergent at the base, opening by oblique slits which reach to about half-way down. Ovaries obpyramidal, angular from mutual pressure, subtruncate, 1-celled, with 2 much projecting 2-armed placentas, which do not quite meet at the centre ; style short or none, flattened or conical ; stigma linear-oblong, subquadrate, or circular. Ovules numerous, biseriate, anatropous, affixed by long funicles to the lower part of the placentas, erect or ascending. Fruiting spadix con- sisting of the enlarged ovaries more or less agglutinated together. Seeds several, small, erect, albuminous ; testa thin ; embryo seated at the base of the albumen. — Evergreen climbers, rooting at the nodes. Leaves alternate, entire, perforated, pinnatisect, or pin nati partite, pinnately veined ; petioles long, sheathing ; primary veins parallel, secondary reticulated. Peduncles axillary or subterminaj. Spathe usually rather large, thick, usually falling off" a few hours after expan- sion. In all parts of the plant intercellular hairs are -present, and in the ovary and fruit they are exceedingly abundant. Species between 30 and 40, natives of India, the Malay Archipelago and Australia, with the following 2 in Africa. Stem slender, ^-1 lin. thick ; spathe 7-9 lin. long . 1. R. puftilla. Stem stout, ^-h in. thick ; spathe 3^-4^ in. long . 2. R. africana. 1. R. pusilla, N. E. Br. in Keio Bulletin, 1897, 280. Stem very slender, J-1 lin. thick in the dried state, rooting at the nodes, glabrous. Leaves large in proportion to the stem, glabrous ; petiole 4-4 J in. long, as thick as the stem, sheathing at the base, thickened at the apex ; blade spreading nearly at a right angle from the petiole, .")-() ^ in. long, l;|-lj in. broad, somewhat obliquely lanceolate, entire, tapering from about the middle into a long acuminate point, and below the middle to a cuneate acute base ; lateral veins numerous, parallel, ascending, slightly curved. Peduncle \\-2 in. long, slender, glabrous, enclosed in a membranous sheath at its base, and apparently not accompanied by a leaf. Spathe 7-9 lin. long, about \ in. in diam. in its convolute cylindiic stage, abruptly terminated by a subulate point, which is about ^ as long as the rest of the spathe ; expanded spathe not seen, very deciduous. Spadix sessile, 4-6 lin. long, 2 lin. thick^ cylindric, obtuse. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled ; stigma sessile, subquadrate, or elongated trans- versely to the axis of the spadix. Ovules numerous. ]«o'wer Guinea. Gaboon : Sierra del Crystal, Mann, 1700 ! 200 €L. AROIDE.E (brown). \Raphidophora . 2. R. africana, N. E. Br. in Kew Bulletin, 1897, 286. Stem moderately stout, about J-J in. thick, rooting at the nodes, climbing to a height of 80-100 ft. Leaves glabrous; petiole G-12 in. long, sheath- ing for the greater part of its length, thickened at the apex ; blade 8-21 in. long, 2J-4| in. broad, obliquely elongate-oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the base ; lateral veins numerous, parallel, ascending, slightly curved. Peduncles 8-5 in. long, 2 lin. thick, arising near the apex of the branches, in the axils of membranous lanceolate acute bracts, glabrous. Spathe 3J-4|- in. long, in the convolute stage cylindric, |-1 in. in diam., produced into a stout beak about an inch long, not seen expanded, very deciduous, white. Spadix sessile 2 J-3J in. long, 1 in. thick, cylindric, obtuse. Ovary imperfectly 2 -celled ; style very short and inconspicuous ; stigma subquadrate, or elongated parallel to the axis of the spadix. Ovules several, ascending from near the base of the placentas. Upper Guinea. Sierra Leone : near Kurusu, Scott-Elliot, 5524 ! on humus of wood by a stream near Sakuru, Scott-Elliot, 4940 ! Ashanti : Assin-Yan- Coomassie, Cummins, 47 ! Fernando Po, Mann, 103 ! Okder CLI. LEMNACE-ffi. (By N. E. Brown.) Flowers seated in a cavity at the margin or in the upper surface of the frond, consisting of 1-2 stamens accompanied by a sessile ovary, either naked or enclosed in a membranous spathe (or perianth ?), which ruptures irregularly as the stamens mature. Stamens exserted from the frond ; filaments filiform ; anthers 1-2-celled ; cells subglobose, opening by transverse lateral or terminal slits. Ovary narrowed into a style or with a subsessile stigma, 1-celled; placenta basal; ovule solitary or several in an ovary, anatropous, semi-anatropous, or ortho- tropous. Fruit 1- to several- seeded, indehiscent or opening trans- versely. Seeds minute, albuminous ; embryo straight, axile. — Small or minute, gregarious, floating plants, consisting of suborbicular, elliptic, obovate, oblong or linear fronds of cellular tissue, with or without rudimentary vessels, usually 2 or more fronds connected together as one plant, flat on both sides or more or less convex beneath, sometimes as thick as broad, developing young fronds (which remain attached to the parent frond for some time) from a cavity (bud-cavity) or cavities placed near or at the basal end of the frond, rootless, or producing one or more roots from the middle of the undersurface. Genera 2. Species about 28. Found in all warm and temperate countries, floating on still water. For complete acrounts of this Order see Hegelmaier, Die Lemnaceen, and in Engler Jahrb. xxi. 268. Frond with 1 or more roots. Flowers seated in a cavity at the margin of the frond . . .1. Lemna. Frond rootless. Flowers soated in a cavity in the upper surface of the Irond . . . ,2. Wolffia. Lemna.] cli. lemnace^ (brown). 201 1. LEMNA, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iu. 1001. Flowers seated in a cavity at the margin of the frond, enclosed in a minute membranous spathe, very minute, very rarely seen in some of the species. Stamens 1-2 ; anthers 2-celled ; cells opening by trans- verse slits. — Fronds small or minute, with one or more roots from their under surface, floating on still waters, thin and flat, or flat above and more or less convex beneath, suborbicular, elliptic, oblong, obovate or spathulate in outline, entire, or in one species minutely denticulate on the margin ; roots tipped with a distinct sheath-like root-cap. Species about 16. Widely distributed in all the warm and temperate parts of both hemispheres. Each frond with several roots 1. L. poJyrhiza. Each fiond with one root only. Fronds subrotund, 1^-3 lin. in diam., underside very convex and greenish-white . . . . 2. L. gihha. Fronds elliptic or elliptic-oblong, |-2^ lin. long, rather thin, flat above, not very convex beneath. Eoot-cap obtuse ; root-sheath not winged . . 3. X. minor. Root-cap acute ; root-sheath winged . . . 4. X. paucicostata. Fronds elliptic, ^-§ lin. long, obtusely keeled above 5. L. cequinoctialis. 1. Ij. polyrhiza, Li7in. Sp. PI. ed. i. 970. Fronds H-4 lin. long, lJ-4 lin. broad, elliptic, suborbicular, or somewhat obovate, usually slightly oblique at the basal end, thin, flat above, slightly convex beneath, bright green above, purple beneath ; young fronds sessile. Koots several, fascicled on the undersurface of each frond, towards the basal end. Flowers very rarely seen. — L. 'polyrrhiza^ Engl. Bot. ed. 3, ix. 23, t. 1897; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. 9, t. 15, fig. 17; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 292. Spirodela polyrrhiza, Schleid. in Linnaea, xiii. 392; Kunth, Enum. iii. 7; Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 151, t. 13, figs. 10-16, and t. 14-15, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 284 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164 and 154, figs. 101, A, 102 ; Dui-and & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 422. X7pper Guinea. Lower Niger : Onitsa, Barter, 583 ! ITile l^and. British East Africa : Meshra, on the Ghazal River, Schweinfurthf 1281 ! Mpororo district, Stuhlmann (ex Hegelmaier). Widely distributed in most warm and temperate regions. 2. Ij. gibba, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 970. Fronds 1 J-3 lin. long, and nearly as broad, subrotund or broadly obovate, very thick when alive, flat and bright green above, very convex, greenish-white and somewhat spongy beneath, young fronds sessile. Roots solitary from the under- surface of each frond. Flowers rare. — Engl. Bot. ed. 3, ix. 22, t. 13!m; ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 8, t. 14, fig. 16; Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 145, t. 11-13, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 289; Engl, k Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164,154, fig. 101,C, and 100, fig. 106, D; 1^11 in Journ. Linn.Soc. xvi. 685; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 484; Schwein- furth in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 53, 105; N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. 202 CLi. LEMNACEiE (brown). [^Lemua. Cap. vii. 40. Telmatojjhace gibbuj Schleid. in Linnsea, xiii. 391 ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 6. Wrile Ziand. Eritrea : Asmara, 7800 ft., Schweinfurtk, 444 ; Lalamba Lake, near Keren, 5800 ft., Schweinfurth, 989 ; and Mai-Mafales, Deinbelas, 5500 It., Schweinfurth, 123 (ex Schweinfurth) ; Mga Hermasi, Schweinfurth (ex HegeU maier) ; near Aerur, 6200 ft., Schweinfurth Sf Siva, 764 ! Gorge of Degerra, near Saganeiti, 7000 ft., Schweinfurth ^ Riva, 899 ! above the Lava Valley, 4500 ft., Schweinfurthy 1609 (ex Schweinfurth) . Also in extratropical Africa, and widely distributed in Europe, Asia and America. 3. Ii. minor, Linn. aS>. PL ed. i. 970. Fronds J-21 lin. long^ J-lJ lin. broad, elliptic, elliptic-oblong or somewhat obovate, rather thin, nearly flat on both sides, bright green ; young fronds sessile. Root solitary from the under surface of each frond ; root-sheath nob winged ; root-cap obtuse. Ovary flask-shaped, with a distinct curved style. Ovule solitary, semi-anatropous. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 4 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. 8, t. 14 ; Engl. Bot. ed. 3, ix. 21, 1. 1395 ; Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 142, t. 9, 10, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 291 ; Sanio in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. xxv. 87 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 484 ; Schweinfurth in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii. App. ii. 53, 105 ; Engl. &Prantl,Pflanzenfam.ii. iii. 164, 154, fig. 101, B, 161, fig. 107, A, B, and 162, figs. 108-9, A; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 133; N. E.Br, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 40. L, ovata, A. Braun ex Krauss in Flora, 1845, 344. Uile l^and. Eritrea : near Halai, 8400 ft., Schweinfirth, 124 ; near Hauati, 7400 ft., Schweinfurth, 125 ; at Ferfer, 3000 ft., Schxoeinfurth, 126 ; Halibaret, at Baloa, east of Anseba, 4900 ft., Schxoeinfurth, 127 ; and near Ailet, Schiceinfurth, 471 (all ex Schvwivfurth) . Abyssinia, Decandolle (ex Hegelmaier). Widely distributed through the warm and temperate regions of the earth. 4. L. paucicostata, Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 139, t. 8. Fronds ^-IJ lin. long, J-1 lin. broad, oblong or elliptic, often somewhat oblique at the basal end, rather thin, nearly flat on both sides, bright green ; young fronds sessile. Root solitary from the undersurface of each frond ; root-sheath winged on each side ; root -cap acute. Ovary flask- shaped, with a distinct more or less curved style. Ovule solitary, semi- anatropous. Fruit ellipsoid, longitudinally ribbed. — Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164, ICO, fig. C, and 161, fig. C, D; Hegelmaier in Engl. Jahrb, xxi. 294 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 91 ; Martelli, Florul. Bogos. 89 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 422 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485. L. minor, Hegelmaier in Jouru. Bot. 1865, 112, not of Linn. Wile Xiand. Eritrea: Bogos, Beccari (ex Hegelmaier). Kordofan : Tulah Habsce, Pfund, 430 ! White Nile, near Jebel Nyemati, Schweinfurth, 101 1 ! and at the mouth of the Bahr-el- Jebel, Schweinfurth, 1127 ! Abyssinia, Martelli (ex Hegelmaier). British East Africa : Jur ; Kurshook-Ali's Seriba, Schweinfurth, 17251 Mpororo district, Stnhlmann (ex Hegelmaier); Fimbine, near Rabai, Hilde- hrandt (ex Hegelmaier). Xiower Guinea. Angola : Ambriz ; in the Lagoa de Quizembo on the right Lemna.] cli. lemnace^ (brown). 203 of the River Loge, and in nearly stagnant streamlets near Ambriz, WelwiLsch, 208. Loanda ; in deep ponds near Bemposta, Welwitsch, 205 partly ! Icolo e Kengo ; in a lake called Lagoa de Quilunda, near Prata, and in lakes in the Libongo district' ou the left bauk of the River Lifune, Welwitsch, 213. Mossamedes ; in deep ponds at the mouth of the River Giraul, and near Aguada, Welwitsch, 207 ! Mozaxnb. Bist. German East Africa : Usambara ; Lutindi, Hoist, 3441 ! Usaramo ; Bagamoyo, Hildehrandt, 1279 ! Portuguese East Africa : Quilimane Stuhlmann (ex Hegelmaier). Widely distributed through the warmer parts of the earth. This species is very similar to L. minor, Linn., and not easily distinguishable in the dried state without careful examination. The fronds, however, ar^ smaller, and the root-cap more acute than in L. minor, and the root-sheath has a wing ou each side of it, which is wanting in L. minor. 5. Ij. sequinoctialis, Welw. Apont. 578. Fronds very small, J-| lin. long, J-i lin. broad, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, "somewhat fleshy, slightly convex, obtusely keeled longitudinally on the upper face, ellipsoid at both ends, minutely but distinctly corniculate. Flowers emerging from a marginal slit " (Wekvitsch). Root solitary from near the basal end of the underside of each frond. Fruit ellipsoid, ribbed. — Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 142 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 91. L. angolensisy Welw. ex Hegelmaier in Journ. Bot. 1805, 112 ; Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 141, t. 7, figs. 9-17, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 296 ; Durand &, Schinz, Conspect. Fl, Afr. v. 484 ; Engl. PH. Ost- Afr. C. 422. Wile ]Land. British East Africa : Niamniam ; at Makporru Hill, Schwein- fvrth, 3740 ! at the River Ibba, near Nyanye, Sehiveinfurth, 3986 ! Uganda ; Man- yonyo (Manjonga), Stuhlmann (ex Hegelmaier). Xiower Guinea. Angola : Loanda ; in deep ponds near the town of Loanda Welwitsch, 206 ! In the dried state 1 find the longitudinal keel on the upper surface to be mucii more evident in Schwcinfurth's specimens than in those of Welwitsch. 2. WOIiFFIA, Horkel; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. lOUl. Flowers seated in a cavity or in two separate cavities in the upper surface of the frond, without a spathe, microscopic, rarely seen. Stamen 1 ; anther l^celled, opening by a slit across the top and the valves becoming reflexed. — Fronds small or minute, thin and flat, or as thick as broad, subglobular, hemispherical, ellipsoid, elliptic, oblong or linear, entire or rarely toothed at the margin or end of the frond, entirely destitute of roots, but in two species the lower lip of the cavity from which the young frond emerges is produced into a moderately long flat hyaline process that might easily be mistaken for a root ; this process is a development of the stalk by which the young frond is attached to its parent, and which elongates extraordinarily after their separation. Species 12, widely distributed in all the warm and temperate parts of the earth. ^04: CLI. LEMNACE^ (bROWN). [Wolffia, Frond with a colourless process from the lower edge of the bud-cavity. Frond always distinctly denticulate on the margin ; colourless process about 4 times as long as the frond and not half as broid . . . . \. W. repanda. Frond entire, or occasionally denticulate ; colourless process about twice as long as the frond and § as broad 2. W. Delilii. Frond without a colourless process. Frond 2-3 lin. long, very thin, pellucid, undulated . 3. W. Welwitschii. Frond minute, ^^ lin. long, thick. Frond nearly as broad as long, fiattish above . 4. W. MicJielii. Frond much longer than broad, convex above . 5. W. cylindracea. 1. "W. repanda, Hegelmaier, in Journ. Bot. 1865, 113. Frond minute, J iin. long, J lin. broad, elliptic-oblong, thin, flat above, con- vex beneath (con-vex on both sides, ex Welwitsch), denticulate on the margin, producing from the lower edge of the cavity from which the young frond emerges a flat linear colourless process, resembling a root, about 4 times as long as the individual fronds. Flower in the centre of the upper surface of the frond. Fruit about J lin. long, ellipsoid. — Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 129, t. 4, fig. 20-30, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 301 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. IGl, and 151, fig. 101, H ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 92. Xiower Guinea,. Angola : Loanda ; plentiful in deep ponds near Bemposta, mixed with' Lemjia paucicostata, Hegelm., Welwitsch, 205 ! In two of Hegelmaier's figures and in that of Engler & Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, the curious root-like process is erroneously represented as arising near the middle of the undersurface of the young frond; this is never the case. This process is, in reality, nothing more than the stalk tl;at attaches the young frond to its parent, vv^hich, after their separation, elongate-; in a remarkable manner to fully 4 times the length of the frond, and somewhat resembles a root, but has no root cap, and cannot in any sense be regarded as a root. 2. W. Delilii, Schleid. in Linnxpa, xiii. 390. Frond very small, 1 lin. long, J lin. broad, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, thin, fiat, very obtusely rounded at the end, entire or occasionally minutely denticulate, producing from the lower edge of the cavity from which the young Irond emerges a broad fiat linear colourless process, about twice as long a,s the individual fronds, and | as broad. Flower seated in the upper surface of the frond a little to one side of the middle, and nearest the ba^al end, according to Hegelmaier's figures. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 4. W. hyalina, Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 128, t. 4, figs. 11-19, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 301 ; Engl. Pfi. Ost-Afr. C. 423 ; Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164, and 154, fig. 101, F, G ;* Durand & Schinz, •Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485. Lemna hyalina, Del. Fl. ^gypt. 27. Ifile jfiaad. Darfur: Surudj district, in fresh-water pools on Gebel Barkin, Ffutid (ex Hegelmaier). Kordofan : Bara, Pfund, 235 ! Wolffia.] CLI. LEMNACEiE (bROWN). 205 Mozamb. Bist. German East Africa : Ugogo ; Ngangadra, Stuhlmann (er Hegelmaier). Also in Lower Egypt. 3.. "W. Welwitschii, Herjelmaier in Journ. Bot. 18 Of), 114. Frond small, 2-3 lin. long, 1-2 lin. broad, oblong, broadly or sub- truncately rounded at the ends, undulated or with one or more folds along each side, entire, very thin, almost membranous in the dried state, pale green, pellucid. Flowers in two cavities on the upper surface of the frond near the basal end on either side of the middle line, very minute ; ovary flask-shaped. Fruit about \ lin. long, ellip- soid, smooth. — Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 130, t. 4, figs. 1-10, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 300 ;• Engl, and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164 and 160, fig. 105, C ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw.* ii. 92. W. conguensis, Welw. ex Trimen in Journ Bot. 1866, 221. Iiower Guinea. Angola : Ambriz ; in the lakes of Quizembo, and in lakes and stagnant pools not far from the sea, between Ambriz and the mouth of the River Congo, Welwitsch, 209 ! Also in Venezuela and Cuba. Welwitsch appears not to have seen fruit of this species, but I have found a specimen with fruit among the very small quantity examined. 4. W. Michelii, Schleid. Beitr. Bot. 233. Frond minute, \-\ lin. long, about \ lin. broad, elliptic or orbicular in outline, nearly as thick as broad, rather dark green. Flowers very rarely. — N. E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 40; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 92. IF. aiv^hiza, Wimm. Fl. Schles. ed. 3, 140; Journ. Bot. 1865, 113, t. 29; Hegel- maier, Monogr. Lemn. 124, and in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 301 ; Engl. &: Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ii. iii. 164, 154, fig. 101, D-E, 157, fig. 103, 160, fig. 105, A, and 106, E-F ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 485 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 422. Zemna arrhiza, Linn. Mant. 294. Bruniera vivipara, Franch. in Billotia, i. 25, t. 1. IbO-wbt Guinea. Angola : Barra do Dande ; plentiful in lakes near the hanks^ of the River Dunde, near Bombo, Welwitsch, 210! and by the banks of the Kiver Lifuno, at Libollo, Welwitsch / Icolo e Bengo ; Lagoa de Quilunda, near Pi-ata, Welwitsch, 211. Huilla ; between Huilla and Humpata, Johnston! XMozamb. Bist. German East Africa : Usaramo ; Dar es Salaam, Rilde- brandt, 1236 ! Very widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere, and has been found in Brazil according to Hegelmaier. 5. "W. cylindracea, Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 123, t. I, Jigs. 14, 15. Frond minute, about J lin. long, I lin. broad and thick, ellipsoid, ovoid, or subcylindric, obtuse at both ends, or somewhat pointed at the apex, convex on both sides, but the lower surface more so than tlie upper, deep green, shining. Flowers unknown. — Hegelmaier in Engl. -206 CLi. LEMXACE^ (browx). [Wolffla, Jahrb. xxi. 302 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 92. Telmatophace cylindracea, Welw. ex Hegelmaier, Monogr. Lemn. 123. Itovrer Guinea. Angola : Libongo ; in rocky pools on the mountains behind the Banza de Libongo, in the purest, freshest drinking-water, where no other plant ^rows, Welwitsch, 212. Order CLII. ALISMACE^. (By C. H. Wright.) Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, moncecious or polygamous, very rarely dioecious. Perianth-segments 6, 2-seriate or very rarely 1-seriate by the absence of the inner whorl, imbricate ; outer usually herbaceous, concave, nerved, persistent ; inner usually larger, petaloid, deciduous. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, hypogynous or inserted on the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments terete or flattened ; anthers basifixed, or dorsifixed near the base, erect, obtuse, shortly bifid or with prolonged connective, dehiscing by lateral or more or less dorsal longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 to many, rarely 3, arranged in a verticil or spiral, distinct or connate at the base, sessile or shortly stalked, 1 -celled; receptacle flat, oblong or globose ; style subterminal or ventral, rarely absent ; stigma terminal and small or slightly capitate, or ventral (rarely dorsal) and decurrent ; ovules solitary or 2 superposed, attached to the inner angle of the carpel, or numerous on reticulate parietal placentas. Fruit - carpels distinct or connate at the base, 1 -celled, crustaceous, coriaceous or membranous, usually bearing the remains of the style, indehiscent or dehiscing by the ventral suture, very rarely circumscissile at the base. Seeds small or minute, ovoid, oblong or compressed ; testa mem- branous or coriaceous, smooth, rugose or slightly spiny ; albumen none ; embryo horseshoe-shaped ; radicle thickened. — Aquatic or marsh herbs, erect, rarely floating, usually glabrous, with milky juice, scapigerous or caulescent, perennial, rarely annual. Rhizome short or long. Leaves erect, rarely floating, radical or clustered at the nodes of a creeping stem, petiolate ; lamina various, often pellucid-dotted or -striped ; nerves converging towards the apex of the lamina. Inflorescence indefinite, of racemose or spicate verticils, more rarely pseudo-umbellate or with solitary flowers ; bracts at the base of the verticils or umbels, membranous ; bracteoles small. Flowers white or rose, rarely yellow or blue. Genera about 13, species about 60, in fresh water throughout the globe except in the frigid zones. Tribe I. Alisxneae. — Oimle solitary and basal, or 2 {rarely more) attached to the inner angle of the carpel. Carpels indehiscent. ■-■^Inner perianth-segments petaloid, larger than the outer. Carpels on a small receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite . . . . .1. Alisma. Flowers polygamous ...... 2. Limkophtton. Carpels on a large oblong or globose receptacle. Flowers monoecious . . . . . .3. Lophotocaepus. Flowers hermaphrodite 4. Echinodoeits. Flowers dioecious ,,.... 5. Rautanexia. Alisma.] clii. alismacevE (weight). 207 --Inner perianth-segment much smaller than the outer, or absent. Flowers dicecious, paniculate ; stamens 9 ; carpels n^any 0. Burnatia. Flowers monoecious, subspicate ; stamens 3 ; carpels 3-6 7. WiSNKRIA. Tribe II. Butomeae. — Ovules numerous, on retlculateJy branched parietal placentas. Carpels dehiscing along the ventral suture. Only Tropical African genus 8. Butomopsis. 1. ALISMA, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1004. Flowei-s hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, patent, reflexed or erect after flowering. Petals ?>, larger than the sepals', deciduous. Stamens 6, rarely 9, slightly perigynous ; filaments subulate • anthers dorsifixed near the base. Carpels few or many, distinct, inserted on a small receptacle; style ventral or subapical, often very short, deciduous or persistent; stigma terminal, small; ovule solitary, basal, raphe ventral. Achenes few or many, laterally compressed or turgid, usually dorsally 3-ribbed ; pericarp coriaceous or hardened, indehiscent. Seed basal, erect, compressed ; testa membranous ; embryo curved. Perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh herbs. Leaves erect, long petioled, elliptic, lanceolate or sagittate, sometimes pellucid dotted. Scape short or long. Flowers umbellate or on a panicle with verticillate branches and branchlets, with 3 bracts at the nodes, long pedicellate, white or light rose. Species about 10, in Europe and Temperate and Tropical Asia, Australia, and America. Carpels verticillate, laterally compressed . . .1. A. Flantago. Carpels irregularly verticillate, scarcely compressed. Sepals erect after flowering, sheathing the fruit . 2. A. parnassifolium. Sepals patent after flowering . , . . . 3. A. oligocorcum. 1. A. PlantagOy Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 342. Khizome tuberous, densely covered with root-fibres. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or cordate, lJ-8 in. by J-4J in., 3-7-nerved. Scapes solitary or many, erect or more or less arcuate, 1-2 ft. high, obscurely trigonous ; branches ver- ticillate ; flowers about 8 in each verticil ; pedicels slender, patent ; bracts lanceolate, acute, membranous, 5-0 lin. long. Sepals broadly ovate, scarious at the margins, B-lO-nerved, Ij lin. by 1 lin. Petals larger than the sepals, broadly obovate, white. Anthers oblong, as long as, or shorter than, the complanate filaments. Carpels ir>-20; style filiform, aristate. Achenes more or less trigonous, much com- pressed, membranous at the sides, dorsally 2-ribbed, ^^-1 in. long; remains of style ventral, aristate. Seed-testa thin, slightly rugose. — A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 340 ; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 32 ; Z^,rb in Cat. Spec. Bot. Pfund, 30 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. o.^)!» ; Engl. Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 110; Schweinf. in Hull. Herb. Boiss. ii. Append, ii. 93; Diirand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 480 ; Gregory, 208 CLii. ALisMACE^ (wright). [AUsma. The Great Rift Valley, 399. A. arcuatum, Michalet in Bull. Soc. bot. France, i. (1853) 312. A. Plantago, var, arcuatum, Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486. Xrile Xiand. Kordofan : El Rahad, Pfund, 525 (ex Zarh). Eritrea : Adi Ugri, near Godofelassi, 6400 ft., Schweinfurth, 140. Abyssinia : Shireh province^ Quartin-Dillon, 8^ Schimper (ex A. Richard), by tiie side of water, from 5200— 8500 ft., Schimper, 204 and 1538 (ex JEngler). British East Africa : Leikipia Plateau, in the Guaso Nairotia, Gregory ! Very widely distributed, but absent froni South America. 2. A. paraassifolmm, Bassiin Linn. Syst. ed. 3, 230. Rhizome short, oblique ; root-fibres long, thick ; stolons long, slender. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, coriaceous, acute or obtuse, |-4J in. by J-6J in., 7-15-nerved, marked with pellucid lines ; petiole up to 20 in. long. Scape erect, 20-39 in. high, panicled above; flowers 3 in each verticil ; pedicels 9-12 lin. long, erect; gemmae sometimes present; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, acute, many-nerved, 3 lin. long. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, many-nerved, 2 lin. by IJ lin., patent during flowering, afterwards erect and sheathing the fruit. Petals broadly ovate, longer than the sepals, irregularly dentate. Stamens 6-9 ; filaments complanate ; anthers extrorse, nearly basifixed, about half as long as the filaments. Carpels 9-12, obovoid, scarcely laterally compressed, dorsally 3-5-ribbed, the ribs becoming less prominent in fruit ; epicarp thin ; endocarp almost woody ; style aristate. Seed- testa thin, striate. — Kunth, Enum. iii. 150; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. 29, t, 56 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 186 ; Buchen. in Abhandl. naturw. Yer. Bremen, ii. (1871), 482; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 35, 952; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 560 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 486. xrile Siand. Britifh East Africa : Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, ser. iii., 222 ! Bahr-el-Ghazal, Schtceivfurth, 1166 (ex Micheli). Also in Europe, India, Queensland and Madagascar. The style is much shorter in fruit in the tropical African specimen seen, than in those from other localities. 3. A. oligococcum, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 23. Rhizome short, bearing many stout rootlets. Leaves radical, membranous, broadly ovate-cordate, 2|-4J in. long, 2-3 in. wide, obtuse, basal lobes approxi- mate; primary nerves 11-13, prominent beneath, secondary parallel, remainder anastomosing ; pellucid dots scattered ; petiole 8-30 in. long, transversely septate within ; submerged leaves thinly membranous, narrower than the aerial, scarcely cordate. Scape erect, paniculate above, much longer than the leaves, terete, transversely septate within ; bracts free, lanceolate, acute, leafy, the lower 1 in. long. Flowers 3 in each verticil ; pedicels longer than the bracts, slender, after flowering divaricate -patent. Sepals IJ lin. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, after flowering patent. Petals 3 lin. long, ovate-lanceolate, unguiculate, shortly acuminate, white. Stamens 6, 1 lin. long ; filaments com- planate ; anthers ovate, emarginate at either end. Carpels 6, broadly AUsma.] clii. alismace^e (wright). 209 ovate; style slender, apical, rostrate, deciduous. Achenes ovoid- reniform ; endocarp thick, almost woody, with dorsal tuberculate ribs. Seed with thin, nearly smooth, testa. — Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 1H5- Micheli in DC. Monogr, Phan. iii. 37 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 5G0 ; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 48 G. A. apetalum, Wall. Cat! 4996. A. glandulosum, Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. 332. Upper Guinea. Niger Territory : " Nupe? " Barter, 1062 I Also in Northern India, Ceylon and Australia. 2. LIMNOPHYTON, Miq.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1005. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3, herbaceous, persistent, reflexed after flowering. Petals 3, larger than the sepals, deciduous. Stamens 6, perigynous ; filaments subulate, compressed ; anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed near the base. Carpels 15-20 on a small rather flat re- ceptacle, distinct, ovoid ; style ventral, short, thick, deciduous at least in the upper part ; stigma small, capitate ; ovule basal, anatropous. Achenes many, distinct, obovoid, turgid, dorsally 3 -ribbed ; pericarp bony within, hollow on either side. Seed basal, oblong, compressed ; testa membranous ; embryo curved ; radicle thickened at the end. — Erect, robust, perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous herbs. Leaves erect ; petiole long, thick ; lamina broadly sagittate, pellucid-dotted, with 7-11 obliquely branched nerves. Scape thick. Flowers in verticils arranged in racemes or panicles, 3-bracteate at the nodes, the upper male, the lower hermaphrodite and mixed with a few male ; pedicels thick, decurved after flowering. Species 1, extending into Tropical Asia. 1. Li» obtusifolium, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 243. Rhizome short, densely covered with thick rootlets. Leaves all radical ; petiole long, gradually tapering upwards, glabrous or sometimes puberulous, espe- cially in the upper part ; blade sagittate, glabrous or puberulous ; terminal lobe 2-7 in. long, 2-Q in. broad, triangular, obtuse, rarely acute or acuminate, nerves radiating from the apex of the petiole and somewhat converging above; basal lobes separated by a sinus of 50-140°, 2-7 in. long, 1-3 in. broad across the base, acuminate. Scapes solitary or several ; lower branches up to 10 in. long, sometimes puberulous; bracts membranous, up to 1 in. long; flowers 4-15 in each whorl; pedicels up to Ij in. long, those of the male flowers more slender than those of the hermaphrodite. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 2 lin. long, many-ribbed. Petals white {Barter), narrowly ovate from a cuneate base. Stamens of the male flower larger than those of the hermaphrodite ; filaments dilated at the base, glandular-pubescent, half as long as the anthers ; anthers broadly ovate, subsagittate. Carpels entirely absent in the male flowers, in the hermaphrodite flowers 1 5-20 in 2-4 whorls, ovoid. Achenes obovoid, dorsally 3 -ribbed or almost winged, 3 lin. long, 2 lin. broad ; style-base more or less persistent. Seed horseshoe-shaped; testa thin, nearly smooth. — Schweinf. Beitr. 210 CLii. ALiSMACEiE (wright). [Limnopkytou . Fl. Aethiop. 295 ; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 39 ; Hook, f . Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 560 ; Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. ii. 93. Sagittaria obtusifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 993 ; Speke, Nile, Append. 650; Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 157, t. 102. ^S'. nymphadfolia, Hochst. ex Buchen. in Flora, ]865, 246. Alisma sayittifolia, Willd. Sp. PI. ii. 277 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger Fl. 528 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206. A. Kotsckyi, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, Intellif?.-bl. 44, and 1843, 499. A. ohtusifolinm, Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. 332. Dipseudochorion sagittifolium, Buchen. in Flora, 1865, 245. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 60 ! Perrottet, 807 ! Senegambia, Perrottet ! Seudelot, 231 ! Sierra Leone : in wet places at Likuru and common up to Farana, Scott-Elliot, 4972 ! Niger Territory : Nupe, in swamps, Barter, 1532 ! KTlle Iiand. Kordofan : Arashkol Mountain : at Omkenem, Steudner, 685 ! Kotschy, 169 ! Birket Rahad, Pfund, 407 ! 798 ! British East Africa : banks of the Nile, at Abu Kuka, PetJierick ! and at Gondokoro, Speke Sf Grant, 767 ! White Nile, without' precise locality, Sahatier ! coast, near Lamu Island, Hilde- hrandt, 1319! 1912! Iiower Guinea. Angola : Icolo e Bengo ; plentiful at the muddy marshy edges of Lagoa de Funda, near Funda, Welwitsch, 3010 ! XHozamb. Z>ist. Portuguese East Africa : Lower Zambesi ; in a marsh at Lupata, Kirk ! at N'Kueza (Ankweza), north of Sena, Kirk ! British Central Africa : Tanganyika to Moero Plateau, Carson, 40 ! Ngamiland ; Botletle Valley, Lugard, 206 ! 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS, Durand, Index Gen. Phan. x. and 627. Flowers hermaphrodite and male, monoecious. Sepals 3, distinct, persistent, sheathing in fruit. Petals 8, deciduous, imbricate. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous ; filaments complanate; anthers 2-celled, extrorse, oblong, cells adnate to the connective. Carpels numerous ; ovules solitary, basal, erect, anatropous ; style apical, long, oblique, persistent. Achenes densely congested on a convex receptacle, much laterally com- pressed. Seed basal ; testa thin, punctate ; embryo horseshoe-shaped ; radicle thick. — Marsh herbs. Leaves radical,, of ten floating, sagittate, with a network of laticiferous vessels ; petiole long. Scape unbranched ; flowers 2-3 in each verticil, lower hermaphrodite, upper hermaphrodite and male ; bracts membranous. — Lophiocaiyus^ Miq. 111. Fl. Arch. Ind. 50, not of Turcz. Sagittaria, Sect. Lophiocarpus, Benth.- et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1006. Species 3, one in North America, another in Brazil, and the following in Tropical Asia, Africa and America. 1. L. guyanensis, Durand d: Schiyiz, Cpnsjoect. Fl. Afr. v. 487. Khizome short, densely covered with rootlets. Leaves widely ovate- cordate, floating, obtuse or slightly emarginate, 2 in. long, 1\ in. broad, occasionally some submerged leaves with reduced blades are present ; petiole varying in length with the depth of the water, transversely septate inside. Scape erect or procumbent, bearing few-flowered whorls LopkotOCCD'pflS.] CLII. ALISMACE.'E (wRIGHT). 211 near its apex ; bracts widely ovate, obtuse, 0 lin. long ; flowers herma- phrodite and male. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, flat, erect or sheathing in fruit. Petals cuneate, a little longer than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens !)-12 (G-10 in the male flowers); filaments complanate ; anthers elongate, more or less sagittate at the base, shorter than the filaments. Ovary compressed, rudimentary in the male flower ; style thick, oblique. Achenes much laterally compressed, with a prominent toothed rib on the back and front. Seed slightly rugose. — Scujlttarla cordifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 0«, and Fl. Ind. iii. 047 ; Kunth, Enuni. iii. IGl ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 84G ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 2:ir). .S'. nj/mphceifolia, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. loo. >S'. f/uaijamnais, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. i. 250; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. ;ji;i. Lophiocarpus guyanensis, Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 62 ; Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 484. Upper Guinea. Senegambia, Heudelot ! Nile liand. Kordofan ; in shallow stagnant pools at Tejara, Kotschy, 423 ! Also in Madagascar, Tropical Asia northwards to Hongkong, and Troiiical America from Mexico to Paraguay. 4. ECHINODORUS, L. C. Rich. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1006. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals :3, herbaceous, persistent, reflexed or erect after flowering. Petals 8, larger than the sepals, deciduous. Stamens G to many, hypogynous ; filaments subulate, compressed ; anthers oblong or linear-oblong, dorsifixed near the base. Carpels numerous, distinct, imbricate on an oblong receptacle, obovoid, attenuate into a persistent oblique style ; stigma minute ; ovule basal, erect, anatropous. Achenes many, obovoid or oblanceolate, congested into a head, strongly ribbed and crowned by the rigid aristate style, Seed oblong, compressed ; testa membranous ; embryo hooked ; radicle thickened at the end. — Annual or perennial, acaulescent, scapigerous, often tall herbs. Leaves long petioled ; lamina elliptic, cordate, lanceolate or sagittate, usually with pellucid dots or lines. Flowers in many-flowered verticils on narrow straight racemes, 3-bracteate at the nodes or (in the African species) reduced to a single flower ; bracteoles many ; pedicels very short, rigid. Species about 14, in Tropical and North Tenvperate America. 1. E. humilis, Buchen. in Pringsh. Jahrh, vii. 28. A small herb. Rhizome very short ; rootlets filiform. Leaves ovate, membranous, up to 14 by 8 lin., a few oblong-lanceolate and 18 by 3 lin., acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded or slightly decurrent, with ^» nerves radiating from the apex of the petiole and converging towards the apex of the blade ; petiole slender, up to 4 in. long, but usually very much f^horter. Scapes shorter than the leaves, 1 -flowered ; flowers erect. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 2-2J lin. long. Petals longer than the .sepals, white. Stamens 6 (or 0, ex Micheli), 1 h lin. long ; anthers about lialf 212 CLii. ALiSMACE^ (wright). [Echitiodoriis. as long as the filaments. Ovary obliquely obovoid, compressed ; style rostrate. Achenes many in a subglobose head, obliquely obovoid. much compressed, 1 lin. long, lateral ridges inconspicuous: style aristate. Seed with a thin, almost smooth testa.— Micheii in DO. Monogr. Phan. iii. 55, 952 ; Durand & Schinz, Oonspect. Fl. Afr. v. 488. Alisma kumile, Kunth, Enum, iii. 154 ; Benth. in Hook. Niger FL 528. TTpper Guinea. Senegal, PerroUef, 75 ! 811 ! Roger, 58 ! Senegambia : near Richard Toll, Lelievre, Leprieur. Wile Xiand. White Nile ; on the banks of the river, near Gebel Nyemati, Sckioeinfurth, 1032 ! Aba (Abbah) Island, ScMceinfurth, 991 ! 5. RAUTAKENIA, Buchen. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. v. 854. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, marcescent. Stamens hypogynous, 7, 8, or 9, sometimes more or less connate in pairs. Oarpels 7-9, 1-ovuled. Achenes irregularly capitate. Seed erect ; embryo horseshoe-shaped. — An erect, rush-like perennial. Inflorescence paniculate ; flowers small, verticillate. Endemic, monotypic. 1. Re Schinzii, Buchen. in BvM. Herb. Boiss. v. 855. Rhizome thick; rootlets filiform, white. Leaves 1 ft. long, 2 lin. wide, linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, S-nerved, acute. Scape about as long as the leaves, erect, terete, striate when dry ; panicle with ternate branches ; bracts subulate, the lowest 10 lin, long; flowers dioecious, odorous. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 2 lin. long ; margins white, membranous. Petals half as long as the sepals, reniform -orbicular, marcescent, thin, white. Stamens 7-9 ; filaments linear-subulate, white ; anthers yellow, oblong, basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Oarpels obovoid, compressed. Achenes semiorbicularj with three strong ridges running nearly round each carpel ; style persistent, subapical, hooked. Seeds erect, much compressed, smooth. — Echinodorus Schinzii, Buchen. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. 413, and App. iii. 10. Xiower G-ulnea. German South-west Africa ; Amboland ; Omulonga, Mau- tanen, 53 , Ombalambuenge, Eautanen, 159 ! Olukonda, Hautanen, 222 ! 6. BURNATIA, Micheii; Benth, et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1007. Flowers dioecious, small. Male flowers: Sepals 3, marcescent. Petals 3, much smaller than the sepals. Stamens 9, inserted at the base of the petals ; filaments subulate ; anthers iinear-oblong, as long as the filaments, dorsifixed near the base. Rudimentary carpels about 12^ hatchet-shaped. Female flowers : Perianth-segments 3, small, orbicular, membranous, erect after flowering. Stamens 0, or 1-2 imperfect. Carpels about 12, crowded on a small receptacle, obUquely semiorbicular ; stigma ventral, sessile, papillose; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous» Achenes 6-8, obovate-orbicular, compressed, doreally 3-ribbed ; stigma Bumatia.] clii. alismace^e (weight). 213 minute, ventral, rostrate ; pericarp coriaceous. Seed broadly oblong ; testa membranous ; embryo curved ; radicle thickened at the end. — An erect, acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh herb. Leaves long-petioled ; lamina linear, or elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; nerves 7-1) with very slender oblique branches. Panicle verticillately branched, :^>-bracteate at the nodes, male lax with slenderly pedicelled globose 6owers, female contracted with much smaller subsessile flowers. Endemic, monotypic. 1. B. enneandra, Micheli in DC. Monogr. PJuin. iii. 81. Leaves lanceolate, rarely oblong, acute at both ends, 5-8 in. long, 7-18 lin. broad, membranous, with 7-0 weak nerves ; petiole 5-1 G in. long, com- planate. Scape erect, longer than the leaves; male panicle I^-IG in. long, female 8-10 in. long ; bracts membranous, lanceolate, up to 1 in. long ; bracteoles small ; pedicels up to 5 lin. long. Sepals 3, broadly ovate, obtuse, of the male erect, of the female patent but erect after flowering, lJ-2 lin. long. Petals small, present ic the male flowers only. Aclienes discoid, dorsally 3-ribbed. Seed slightly rugose. — Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 488. ^^is?>i« e?27iea?i6?ra, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 133. Echinodorus % enneander^ A. Br. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 295, 309. STile Kand. Kordofan : at the edges of th,3 stagnant pools near Arashkol Mountain, Kotschy, 192! British East Africa: Jur ; near Jur Ghattas, 6VAM.-fi«- furth, 2128 ! 2287 ! Mozamb. Slst* British Central Africa : Matabeleland ; Libanani Forests and Flats, Holul ! 7. WISNERIA, M. Micheli ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1007. Flowers monoecious, minute. Perianth-segments membranous, 3 persistent, or 5-6 in 2 series, the 3 outer equal or 2 smaller, concave and persistent, 2 or 3 inner much smaller and deciduous. Male flower : Stamens 3 ; filaments subulate ; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. B-udiment of ovary subulate. Female flower : Staminodia setaceous. Carpels 3— G, ovoid ; style none or terminal and subulate ; stigma minute ; ovule solitary, basal, anatropous. Achenes subglobose, broadly oblong or ellipsoid, compressed or turgid, obscurely costate, obtuse or beaked by the persistent style ; pericarp thin or luther thick. Seed oblong or subglobose ; testa membranous ; embryo horseshoe- shaped ; radicle thickened. — Acaulescent, scapigerous, marsh or water herbs. Rhizome short, bearing thick root-fibres. Leaves long- petioled, with the lamina more or less expanded ; midrib evident. Scape erect, unbranched ; bracts united into truncate membranous campanulate sheaths surrounding the scape ; male flowers in the upper part of the scape, pedicellate, several subtended by 2-3 membranous lacerate bracteoles ; female flowers in the lower part of the scape, ebracteolate. Species 3, one in Malabar, another in Madagascar, and lh»' following iji Tropical Africa. VOL. VIII. ^^ 214 CLii. ALisMACE^ (wright). [Wisueria. 1. We Schweiafarthii, Hooh.f. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1007. Petiole sheathing at the base, 9 in. long, robust ; lamina oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, up to 6 in. by G lin. ; lateral nerves 1 on either side. Scape about as long as the leaves ; whorls of bracts at length 6-9 lin. apart. Perianth-segments 3. Achcnes compressed, 3-ribbed, Ij lin. long, beak 1 lin. long. wrile Ztand. British East Africa : Bongo ; Gir, Schweinfurthy 2157 ! Jur ; Jur Ghattas, Sclitveinfurth, 2304 ! 8. BUTOMOPSIS, Kunth ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1008. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, persistent, erect after flowering, imbricate. Petals 3, smaller than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 '(rarely fewer), in two whorls; filaments flattened; anthers 2-celled, basifixed, extrorse. Carpels 6 or fewer, verticillate, slightly connate on the ventral side near the base; styles short; stigmas lateral; ovules numerous. PoUicles usually 6, tapering above into the persistent style, dehiscing along the ventral suture. Seeds numerous, curved ; testa nearly smooth ; embryo horseshoe-shaped. — A scapigerous marsh herb, with milky juice. Leaves radical, erect, petiolate. Flowers in umbellate cymes ; pedicel elongated in fruit ; bracts membranous. Species 1, extending into Tropical India and Australia. 1. B, lanceolata, Kunth^ Enum. iii. 1G5. Rhizome short, bearing numerous slender rootlets. Leaves narrowly ovate, acute, tapering below into the petiole, membranous, entire, glabrous, with 2-6 secondary nerves pinnately arranged and converging towards the apex, up to 4 in. by IJ in. ; petiole smooth, up to 10 in. long. Scape usually about 6-flowered, overtopping the leaves ; peduncle terete, glabrous, up to 1 ft. long ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, up to 9 lin. long ; pedicels up to 4 in. long in fruit, usually straight. Sepals broadly ovate, acute or subobtuse, persistent and sheathing the base of the fruit. Petals f as long as the sepals, obovate, obtuse, fugacious, white. Stamens 9 or fewer ; filaments dilated below ; anthers shorter than the filaments, oblong. Ovaries ovoid. Follicles ovoid-oblong, acute, connate below, obscurely keeled on the dorsal side. Seeds scarcely J lin. long ; testa crustaceous — Schweinf . Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 206 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 187 ; Micheli in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 87 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 562. Butomus senegalensis, Perrottet ex A. Br. in Flora, 1843, 499. TenagochaHs cor do/ana, Hochst. in Flora, 1841, 369. T. alismoides, Hochst. in Flora, 1842, Beibl. 134 ; A. Br. in Flora, 1843, 499. T. lan- ceolata. Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 489. Upper Guinea. Senegal, Roger, 65 ! Senegambia, JTetidelof, 126 ! Niger Territory : Nupe ; in swaraps, Barter, 1509 ! xrile Zsand. Kordofan : in stagnant pools near Arashkol mountain, Kotschy^ 193 ■ in the White Nile at Omkenen, near Arashkol mountain, Steudner, 687 ! Also in Northern India and Queensland. Triglochin.] cliii. naiadace^ (bennett). 215- Order CLIII. NAIADACE^. (By Arthur Bennett.) Flowers usually green (often coloured in Jponogeton), 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0, or tubular, or of 3-4 inferior valvate segments. Stamens hypogynous; anthers 1-2-celled. Ovary of 1-4 1-ovuled carpels; style long or short ; stigma of many forms. Fruit of 1 -seeded utricules, achenes, or drupelets. Seeds exalbuminous ; embryo curved or straight, large at the radicular end. — Aquatic or marsh herbs, of various habit. Rootstock usually creeping. Stems simple or branched. Leaves erect, submerged, or floating, sheathing at the base ; stipules 0, or contained in the sheath. Genera 16, species about 120, found in all climates. *Stigmas discoid or decurrent on the ovary. Perianth present ; flowers bisexual. Marsh herbs ; sepals 6, green . . .1. teiglochin. Aquatics. Sepals 1-3, white or coloured . . .2. aponogetox. Sepals 4, herbaceous . Perianth none ; flowers uni- or bi-sexual. Stamens 2; carpels stipitate Stamen 1 ; carpels usually sessile ^Stigmas subulate or capillary. Flowers sessile on a flat linear spadix Flowers axillary ..... Flowera enclosed in membianous sheaths 3. POTAMOGETON. 4. EUPPIA. 5. ZANNICHELLIA. 6. ZOSTERA. 7. KAIAS. 8. CYMODOCEA. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1012. Perianth-segments, o or 6, herbaceous, deciduous. Stamens U, at the base of the perianth -segments; anthers with 2 rounded lobes. Carpels 3-6, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, 3 often imperfect; styles short, sometimes connate ; stigmas sessile or subsessile, plumose. Fruit of 3 or G free or connate achenes or follicles; tips recurved. Seed erect ; embryo straight. — Marsh herbs with rush-like flat or terete leaves. Flowers small, bisexual, spicate or racemose, 2-bracteate. Species about 12, chiefly in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Fruit linear 1. T. hulbosion. Fruit subrotuiid 2. T. striatum. 1. T. bulbosum, Linn. Mant. Alt. 22G. Stem simple, tuberous at the base, with interlaced fibres forming a brown mass at the base. Leaves half -cylindrical, finely striate, channelled, generally shorter than the stem. Raceme elongating after flowering, 0-1 2-flowered. Fruits erect, ascending (not adpressed), larger at the base than the apex, of 3 carpels. — Bot. Mag. t. 1445 ; Micheli in DC. Mono«r. Phan. iii. 9i) ; Buchen. in Engl. Jahrb. ii. 510 ; Durand & Scbinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. v. 216 CLiii. NAIADACE.E (bennett). [Triglockwi. 490 ; A. Bennett in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 42 ; Rendle in Cat. Afr. PL Welw. ii. 93. T. Barrelieri, Loisl. Fl. Gall. ed. 2, i. 264. lao-wer Guinea. Angola : Huilla ; plentiful in boggy pastures and on the banks of the river at LopoUo and near Ohai, Welwitsch, 3017 ! Also in North and South Africa. 2. T. Striatum, Ruiz 27 cylindrical neck, passing above into a pair of long narrow spine- tipped outgrowths, overtopping the two stigmas. Vpper Crulnea. Senegal, Leprieur (ex Rendle). Described from a specimen in the Cosson Herbarium at Paris. Clearly allied to N. Welwitschii, Rendle, from which it is distinguished by a less lax habit, the tuft- like dense-leaved terminal branchlets, the more regularly toothed spreading firmer leaves, fimbriate leaf-sheath, and the pair of terminal outgrowths on the female spathe. 4. N. Schweinfurthii, Magnus in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Geaellsch. xii. 220. Plant small with spreading branches. Leaves thin, slender, tapering ; marginal teeth about 12, ending in a brown spine about half the leaf- width in length ; sheath-auricles with ?)-^ erect teeth. Male flowers shortly pedicellate. Spathe oblong. Anther 1-celied. Female flower: Spathe oval-oblong, produced into a neck around the long style ; stigmas unequal at the apex. Jffile Xiand. British East Africa: Jur; Jur Ghattas, Schweinfurth, 2140 partly ! This is mixed with N. graminea, Delile. 5. N. Welwitschii, Rendle in Cat. Afr. Fl. Welw. ii. 1)."). Stems spreading, 12 in. long, rooting at the nodes. Leaf -blades J-1 in. long, with an evident midrib, and in the older leaves transverse markings ; marginal teeth 3 2-16, broadly subtriangular, ending in a brown spine ; leaf -apex spinulate ; sheaths 1 lin. long and nearly or quite as broad. Male flowers subsessiie, nearly 1 J lin. long. Anthers 4-celled. Female flower-s 1 lin. long by J- lin. in diam., very pale brown. — Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 401. ]Lo'virer Cruinea. Angola : Barra do Bengo; in the large lake of Quifandongo, near Quisequele, Welwitsch, 247 ! Barra do Dande ; lakes on the left of the river Dande, called Lagoas de Bombo, Welioitsch, 247b ! G. N. minor. All. Fl. Pedem. ii. 221. Stem branched from just above the base, very variable in habit and length (3 to 12 in.), some- times lax, sometimes bushy, with all intermediate states. Leaves variable in length, generally bent backwards, with 10-20 teeth on the margins ; sheaths rounded-truncate, with 5-8 promment teeth on either shoulder. Male and female flowers often alternating in the leaf-sheaths ; spathe elongated, ellipsoid, with a short neck, irregularly tootheout {.. lin. long ; style long ; stigmas 2, unequal. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex, 1-1 J Tin. long, \ lin. in diam. Seeds with many rows of elonsrated ladder-like pits. — Kunth, Enum. iii. llo. Caidinia fragilis, Willd. in Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Berl. 1798, 88, t. 1, fig. 2. Nile Xiaud. British East Africa : " Emin Pasha Expedition," Uerb Schweinfurth, 4242 ! Also in Europe, Asia, and Xorth Africa. 228 CLiii. NAiADACE^ (benxett). [iVaios. 7. N. horrida, A. Br. in Magnus ^ Beitr. Kennt. Gait. Najas, p. vii. a)id 46. Stems long, spreading, with short lateral branches and short internodes, forming at length dense bushy heads. Leaves falcate, with teeth longer than the leaf -widths and a rigid brown spine at the apex ; sheaths broad, rounded-truncate, with 4-6 minute teeth. Male flower subellipsoid. Fruit tapering above. Seed marked with 20 rows of pits. — Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 422 and 443. N. pectinata, Magnus in Aschers. & Schweinf. 111. Fl. Egypte, 145; Durand & Schinz, Gonspect. Fl. Afr. v. 500. XTpper Guinea. Senegambia: Lake Guier, Roger; Marsh of Walo, near Keurmbaye, Leprieur. Niger Territory : Nupe ; in a deep lake near Jeba, Barter, 1065 ! Caraeroons : Elephant Lake, near Baronibi, Freuss, 452 ! Johann-Albrechts Hohe, Standi, 488 ! wrile Iiand. Fazokl, St. Ange, 81 ! Bahr el Ghazal, Schweinf urth, 1137! at the mouth of the River Jur, Schtveinfurth, 1228 ! XkKozamb. Slst.' Lake Tanganyika, Hore ! Also in North and South Africa. 8. N. interrupta, K. Schmn. in Engl. Pfl. Ost-Afr. C. 94. Stem slender and wiry ; internodes elongated. Leaves short, with 10-12 teeth on the margins ; basal auricle truncate, entire. Female flowers with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit fusiform, dull yellowish. — A. Bennett in Dyer, Fl. Cap. vii. 51 ; Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. v. 423. SIEozanib. Dist. German East Africa : in Lake Victoria at Kageyi, Fischer, 614! Also in South Africa. N. australis, Bory, and N. madagascariensis, Rendle, occur in the Mascarene Islands. 8. CYMODOCEA, Konig ; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. iii. 1018. Flowers axillary, unisexual, or bisexual, in membranous sheaths. Perianth 0. Male flowers : Anthers 2, long, connate, stipitate, extrorse. Female flowers ; Carpels 2, subsessile, ovoid, compressed, 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigmas subulate ; ovule pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit of 2 ovoid carpels. Seeds pendulous ; testa thick ; embryo inflexed. — Submerged marine plants, with rigid jointed and creeping rootstocks. Leaves oblong or linear, with stipuiar sheaths. Species 5-8 ? Shores of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Leaves not terete. Leaves falcate . . . . . . . 1. C. ciliata. Leaves straight. Leaves broad . . . . . . . 2. C. aerridcda. Leaves ^ in. or less wide. Leaves 3-nerved . . . . . . 4. C. australis. Leaves 7-nerved . . . . . . 5. C. nodosa. Leaves 9-13-nerved , . . . . 6. C. rotundata. Leaves terete, grooved . . . . . . 3. C. isoetifolia. Ci/modocea.] cliii. NAiADACEiE (bennett). 229 1. C. ciliata, Ehrenh. ex Aschers. in Sitzb. Gea. Naiurf. Ft. Berl. 1867, 3. Stem 3-12 in. long, woody, branched, covered with annular scars. Leaves 3-6 in. by J-§ in., linear-falcate, tip rounded, ciliate- serrulate. — Linnaea, xxxv. 162; Durand & Schinz, Conspect. Fl. Afr. V. 500; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 292, 309. Thalassia ciliata, Konig in Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. ii. 97; Kunth, Enum. iii. 120. Zoatera ciliata, Forsk. Fl. ^gypt.-Arab. 157. Vile &and. Shore of the Red Sea nt Hanish l%\an^, Slade ! BKozamb. X>lst. German East Africa : Rovuma Bay, KirTc ! Portuguese East Africa : at the mouth of the West Luabo River, Kirk, 10 ! Also on the shores of Egypt, Arabia, India, the Maiicarene Isles, and Queensland. 2. C. serrulata, Aschers.