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Po steigs ie heart ir Fis ; oa Fh ip ‘ ay +e “ te Mied e | hives dag plas ome eee ‘ + ; Pe ee) FA eee Sih Pia ) +o ‘ ; , eh Jive hd debe latetad due if} ha Hatha Fe piles ine hd fb fo fl MAGE blba gy . 7 IPP Te ee | wea i 4 ; ; ‘ 0h aeghk pte be ; j by) A dlee a 33 " ; sey he } 1 ly " 4 ede! aang Ba ti Pega hy A f) NMA ye, } ‘em ‘7 : CTE Ne mee ea + \\' Was TI | a a» TAN rf, aercsts SSL BA rae ) «SJ . a. a8 2 “J Sy \I ry @ LIBRARY ia tac YW wry 4H) ——$—$< <— > +, As iy; ee es ae ws ry ey SLX PTO TS “igs sae | se TAX Te OAT I | fe oe Lis TN 6 oe, lin ae? | A+ pee | \ Ve SWS UN Ze i / / 7] a ‘ —_ 7 Ny e — 2 8, Waren oe iF ee a oe WAS ~ J os * an ©, eA 8 aaa. sS% 2 “ en ae, A — Wi as A> Le ¢ ~" 7 & 4 ‘ a & {ad 8 : eS Wien ESS SS ae ee a VY o oA eT ROS AS a = a a Ply — Za 4); ANS Lae ae ' son) Bere 2 Pe ate? r Don- Price Rs, 2 or 3s. FLORA?” > o.FA OF THE UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN, 2°". > WEW YOR BOTANICA AND OF THE GARDEN eo ‘. ADJACENT SIWALIK AND SUB-HIMALAYAN TRACTS. a BY J. F. DUTHIE, B.A, F.LS., FORMERLY DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF NORTHERN INDIA, ert PLUMBAGINACEE To PLANTAGINACE. CALCUTTA SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA 1911. FLORA oF THE UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN AND OF THE ADJACENT SIWALIK AND SUB-HIMALAYAN TRACTS BY J. F. DUTHIE, B.A, F.LS. FORMERLY DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF NORTHERN INDIA, Von. II. PLUMBAGINACE 10 PLANTAGINACE®. CALCUTTA SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA 1911 Vi. Agents for the sale of books published by the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Calcutta. In ENGLAND. E. A. Arnold, 41 & 43, Maddox Street, Bond Street, London, W. Constable & Co., 10 Orange Street, Leicester Square, W. C. P.S. King & Sons, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street, Westminster. H.S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9, Pall Mall, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, London, W. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, London, 8. W. ON THE CONTINENT. Bernard Quaritch, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. ; Deighton Bell & Co., Cambridge. B. H. Blackwell, 50 & 51, Broad Street, Oxford. T. Fisher Unwin, 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. W. Thacker & Co., 2, Creed Lane, London, E. C. Luzac & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W, C. R. Friedlander & Sohn, 11, Carlstrasse, ; Ernest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris. Berlin, W. N. Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig. Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig. Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague, Holland. _ Rudolf Haupt, 1, Leipzig, Dorrienstrasse, Leipzig. Germany. ’ In INDIA. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta and Simla. Newman & Co., Calcutta. S. K. Lahiri & Co., Calcutta. R, Cambray & Co., Calcutta. B. Banerjee & Co., Calcutta. Higginbotham & Co., Madras. V. Kalyanarama Iyer & Co., Madras. G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras. S. Murthy & Co., Madras. Thompson & Co., Madras. Temple & Co., Madras. Cambridge & Co., Madras. P. R. Rama Lyer & Co., Madras. Thacker & Co., Ld., Bombay. A. J. Combridge & Co., Bombay. D. B. Taraporevala, Sons & Co., Bombay. Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon, Bombay. Sunder Pandurang, Bombay. Gopal Narayan & Co., Bombay. N. B. Mathur, Superintendent, Nazair Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad. A. Chand & Co., Lahore, Punjab. Rai Sahib M. Gulab Singh and Sons, Mufid-i-Am Press, Lahore, and Cal- cutta. Superintendent, American Mission Press, Rangoon. A. M. & J. Ferguson, Ceylon. S. C. Talukdar, Proprietor, Students & Co., Cooch Behar. Baptist FLORA OF | a } THE UPPER GANGATIC PLAIN, AND OF THE ADJACENT SIWALIK AND SUB-HIMALAYAN TRACTS, BY J. F. DUTHIE, B.A., F.LS., FORMERLY DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL DEPABTMENT OF : NORTHERN INDIA, PLUMBAGINACE to PLANTAGINACEA. “av oRY A pee nN EW ¥Y yak ws : 5 ic Al CALCUTTA SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA 1911 Agents for the sale of books published by the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Calcuéta. © In ENGLAND. E. A. Arnold, 41 & 43, Maddex Street, Bond Street, London, W. Constable & Co, 10, Orange Street, Leicester Square, W. C. ~P.S,. King & Sons, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street, Westminster. H. S King & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9, Pall Mall, London. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, Londun, W. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, London S. W. Bernard Quaritch, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. Deighton Bell & Co., Cambridge. 3B. H. Blackwell, 50 & 51, Broad Street, — Oxford. T. Fisher Unwin, 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. W. Thacker & (Oo., London, E.C. Luzac & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W. C. 2, Creed Lane, ON THE CONTINENT. R. Friedlander & Sohn, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig. Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig. Ernest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris. Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague, Holland. Rudolf Haupt, 1 Leipzig, Dorrienstrasse, Leipzig, Germany. In INDIA. Thacker, Spink & Co., Simla. Newman & Co., Calcutta. 8. K. Lahiri & Co , Calcutta. BR. Cambray & Co., Calcutta. B. Barerjee & Co., Calcutta. Higginbotham & Co., Madras. V. Kalyanarama, Iyer & Co., Madras. G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras. S. Murthy & Co., Madras. Thompson & Co., Madras. Temple & Co., Madras. Cambridge & Co., Madras. P, R. Rama Iyer & Co., Madras. Thacker & Co., Ld., Bombay. A. J. Combridge & Co., Bombay. | Superintendent, Calcutta and | D. B. Taraporevala, Sons & Co., Bombay. | Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon, Bombay. | Sunder Pandurang, Bombay. Gopal Narayan & Co., Bombay. N. B. Mathur, Superintendent, Nazair — Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad. A. Chand & Co., Lahore, Punjab. Rai Sahib M. Gulab Singh and Sons, Mufid-i-Am Press, Lahore, and Cal- cutta. American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon. | A.M. & J. Ferguson, Ceylon. S. C. Talukdar, Proprietor, Students & Co., Cooch Behar. NEW } BOTAN GARD Hlora of the Apper Gangetic Plain and of the adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalapan tracts. LXIII.—PLUMBAGINACE, Herbs or undershrubs. Radical leaves often in rosettes, cauline usually alternate; stipules 0. Flowers on terminal scapes or pedan- cles, solitary or in heads racemes or panicles, hermaphrodite, regular, bracts usually rigid and with sarious margins, often sheathing the flowers; bracteoles 2. Calyx inferior, tubular, 5-10-ribbed, often hyaline between the ribs; mouth frequently funnel-shaped, scari- ous, Petals 6, free or connate at the base into a very short tube or united into a linear tube, spreading. Stamens 5, opposite the petals ; filaments nearly free, or adnate to the base of the corolla. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 5-angled above ; styles 5, distinot from the : base or more or less connate below, stigmas subcapitate ; ovule 1, pendulous from a basal ascending funicle, anatropous. Capsule ' membranous or hardened at the apex, usually included within the calyx, circumsciss or rupturing near the thin base, the hardened apex often 5-valved. Seed cylindric, pendulous; endosperm more or less ! copious or 0. Species about 200, throughout the world, chiefly mari- ; time or in saline or desert places. Calyx covered with stalked glands. . 1. PhumBaao, Calyx not glandular ° : . . 2. VoGELIA. 1. PLUMBAGO, Linn. ; F!. Brit. Ind. iii, 480. 1 Perennial herbs or undershrubs, often scandent. Leaves alternate, —. auricled and amplexicaul at the base or with dilated and amplexicaul membranous petiole. lowers in terminal spikes; bracts aud 7 bracteoles shorter than the calyx. Calya tubular, covered with stalked glands, limb 5-fid. Corolla-tube long, slender; lobes 4, ~ rounded, spreading. Stamens free; filaments linear, dilated at the ~ base. Ovary narrowed towards the apex; style slender, divided B 7 a 2 PLUMBAGINACEZ. [ VoeEiia, above into 5 stigmatose branches. Capsule membranous, circum- sciss near the base, often splitting upwards into 5 valves.—Species 10, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. P. zeylanica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 151; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 462; Royle Ill. 311; F. B. I, ivi, 480; Watt LE. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 296; Prain Beng. Pl. 639; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 78.—Vern. Chitra. A rambling subscandent perennial herb. Stem somewhat woody, striate, glabrous. Leaves shortly petioled, 13-4 in. long, ovate, acute, entire, thin, glabrous, often glaucous beneath, suddenly narrowed at the base, lower portion of the petiole dilated and often furnished with stipule-like auricles. Flowers in long spike-like racemes, the rachis glandular, striate; bracteoles much short>or than the calyx, ovate, acuminate. Calyx about % in. long, narrowly tubular, 5-ribbed, densely covered with spreading stalked crimson glands; teeth very short. Corolla with salver-shaped slender tube 3-1 in. long, white, lobes apiculate. Filaments equalling the corolla-tube ; anthers slightly exserted. Cap- sule enclosed within the persisteat calyx, oblong, pointed, pericarp thickened above, Seeds oblong. Extensively cultivated within the ares, and in many places apparently wild. Disteis.: Throughout the hotter parts of India, and in tropical regions of the Old World. The medicinal propersies of the root of this plant are well known to Indian practitioners. Two other sp2cies of Plumvago are much eultivated in gardens as orna- mental plants. P. rosea, L. with scarlet flowers, is a native of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. Except in the colour of the flowers it very much resembles P. zeylanica, and it possesses similar medicinal properties. P. capensis, Thunb., a native of South Africa, has pale blue flowers, and the leaves are arranged in whorls. SC OnRETA Mduk => eioBet ial. ae Small shrubs, more or less covered with scales. Branches long. Leaves alternate, entire. Flower: in terminal panicled spikes; deacts and bracteoles small. Calyx deeply 5-fid., with 5 broad transversely uniulate wings between the ribs, not glandular. Corolla-tube cylindric ; lobes 5, round, spreading. Stamens free, filaments linear, their bases shortly dilated. Ovary oblong-fusi- form, somewhat pentagonal; style filiform, ita 5 branches stig- matose throughout. Capsule included in the calyx, circumsciss at the very base, finally splitting upwards into 5 valves.—Species 3, one in §. Africa, the other two Arabian, one of which extends to India. V. indica, Gibs. ex Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii, 17; F. B. 1.11, 431 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 413 ; Gamble Man. 436 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. i, 79. PRIMULACE2. ] PRIMULACE, 8 An erect glaucous shrub, 6-10 ft. high. Stem terete, striate, somewhat scurfy. Leaves peifoliate, up to 5 in. long, thick, coriaceous, more «r less covered with scurfy scales; the lower ovate, obtuse ; upper orbi- cular and often apiculate, margins undulate. Flowers crowded in panicled spikes, shortly pedicelled; bracts small, lanceolate. Caly# tubular, about 4in lony, winged between the 5 strong ribs, the wings membranous and trausversely wrinkled; teeth acute, equalling about 4 the length of the tube. Corolla-tube nearly 1 in. long; lobes 4-4 in, obovate-oblong, emarginate, apiculate. Stamens slightly protruding from the throat of corolla. Style hairy at the base. Capsule 4 in, long crmore. Seed pyriform, smooth, } in. long. Confined to the dry western border of the area witbin the districts of Ajmer and Merwdra. Flowera during the cold season. DiIsTRiB.: Mt. Abu in Rajputana, Sind and in the drier portions of the Bombay Presidency. Found also in Arabia. 3 LXIV.—PRIMULACEZ. Perennisl, rarely annual, herbs. eaves all radical, or radical and cauline, exstipulate. Flowers 2-sexual, regular. Calyx inferior (except Samolus), 5- (rarely 4-9) cleft. Corolla hyy ogynous (except Samolus and none in Glaur), rotate, bell- or funnel shaped, usually d-cleft. Stamens on the corolla-tube and opposite the lobes (hypogy- nvus and with alternating staminodes in G/auz), filaments usuaily short, anthers 2-celled and dehiscing usually by slits. Ovary 1- celled, usually free, sub-globose or ovoid, style short or long, stigma undivided; ovules many, on a free central placenta. Capsules dehiscing transversely or by valves, few-or many-seeded. Seeds minute, usually angular, often sunk in the placenta»—Species about 250, chiefly in N. temperate and alpine regions. Ovary superior :— Corolla with a distinct tube, lobes imbri- cate :— Corolla-tube long . ‘ ° ° 1, PRIMULA. Corolla-tube short . ° : ANDROSACE. Corolla divided nearly to the base, lobes contorted :— Capsule opening by valves e ° 3. LysIMACHIA. Capsule splitting transversely. Corolla exceeding the calyx 4, ANAGALLIs. Corolla shorter than the calyx . CENTUNCULUS. Ovary }-inferior, corolla-lobes imbricate . 6, SamMOLUS. B2 be ot 4 PRIMULACEZ. {AN DROSACE. 1, PRIMULA, Linn.; F). Brit. Ind. iii, 482. Perennial scapigerous herbs. Flowess umbelled or whorled, rarely solitary, dimorphic in regard to length of style and position of stamens. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped; throat naked, or with folds opposite the lobes; lobes 5, spreading or incuryed. Stamens 5, included. Ovary ovoid, obovoid or globose. Capsule globose oblong or cylindrical, 5-valved; valves simple or 2efid. Seeds angular or subglobose, peltately attached.—Species about 150, mostly in northern and temperate regions. P. floribunda, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 43, t. 33; F. B. I. wt, 495 ; Collett Ft. Siml. 299. Glandular-pubescent. Leaves 2-4in., elliptic, acute or obtuse, narrowed into a broadly-winged petiole, coarsely and irregularly toothed. Scapes numerous, stout, 4-8in. long. Flow2rsin whorls of 2-8; bracts shorter than the very unequal pedicels, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, toothed. Calyx campanulate, hemispheric in frait, cleft to the middle; lobes ovate, acute, glandular. Corolla salver-shaped, yellow; tube 4-4 in., pubescent, throat dilated, mouth annulate; limb 4-3 in. in diam., lobes obcordate. Ovary rounded at the apex, stigma globose, Capsule globose. Seeds very small, black, angled, minutely papillose, Dehra Dun, in damp shady ravines (Wallich, T. Thomion, etc.) Flowers . during the cold season. DistRIB.: W. Himalaya up to 8,000 feet, extend - ing to Afghanistan. 2, ANDROSACE, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 495. Perennial, rarely annual, low herbs. Zeaves various, rosulate, or imbricate on the branches. Flow2rs small, white, lilaz or red. Calyx 5-lobed or-partite. Corolla salver-shaped with a very short tube, or funnel-shaped; limb 5-lobed ; mouth annulate, or with folds opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, anthers subsessile, included, obtuse. Ovary globose, style short. Capsule ovoid or globose, 5-valved. Seeds 2, rarely more. angular or subglobose; embry? transverse, — Species about 50, chiefly in N. temp. and Arctic regions, or on lofty mountain ranges. A. saxifragefolia, Bunge Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor, 53; Prain Beng. Pl. 640. A glandular-pubescent annual. Leaves 4-2 in. in diam., ovate or subor- bicular, cordate, crenata; petiole equalling or longer than the blade. Scapes many, twice or «three times longer than the leaves; inpol- bracts 3-4 in. long, pedicels very unequal. Calyx deeply 5 cleft ; lobes “jliptic, acuminate, enlarging-and spreading in fruit, prominently Awagatus.] PRIMULACES. 5 veined. Corolla scarcely extending beyond the calyx, white or pink ; tube globose, much contracted at the mouth Capsule globose, whitish. Seeds minute, angular, pitted, Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, and in the submontane tracts from Rohilkhand to Gorakhpur Flowers during the cold season. D1isTRIB. : Ponjab Plain, and eastwards to N. Bengal and Calcutta; Betul Dist, of the C. Prov,; Outer Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim up to 5,v00 feet. Found also in China, Japan and in the Loochoo Island, s. LysImacuyia, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 501. Erect procumbent or ¢greeping herbs. Leaves quite entire, opposite alternate or whorled. /¥owers solitary racemed or in spikes. Calyx 5-6-partite. Corolla rotate or funnel-shaped, 5-6-partite. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla-lobes. Ovary subglobose ; style filiform, persistent ; ovw/es many. Capsule globose or subglobose, 5-valved or bursting irregularly, muny-seeded. Seeds trigonous or plano-convex.—Species about 60, chiefly in N. temp. regions. L. obovata, Buch.-Ham. ex Wall, Cat. 1488; Royle Ill. 310; F.B. 1, iit, 502. L. candida, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. %, 301. Anerect somewhat glaucous herb. Stem 6-18 in. high, simple or branch- ing from the base. Leaves }-3in. long, obovate-spathulate or oblan- ceolate, acute or obtuse, minutely glaud-dotted, the lower ones long petioled. Racemes 2-8 n. long, lixly flowered ; pedicels $4 in., bracts equalling or sherter than the pedicels, subulate. Calya-segments lanceo- late, acuminate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, lobes obovate. Filaments short, anthers apiculate. Capsule § in. in diam., bursting irregularly. Dehra Dun (Duthie) ; and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Rohilkhand to Gorakhpur (Duthie’s collectors), Flowers during March and April. DisTRis., Manipur and Upper Burma, extending to China, Japan and Java. 4. ANAGALLIS, Tournef.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 505. Slender annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, quite entire. Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, ebracteate, red or blue, rarely white. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate, 5-partite. Stamens 5, attached to the base of the corolla, villous. Ovary globose, style filiform, stigma globose; ovules many, amphitropous. Capsule globose, circumsciss. Seeds many, peltate, plano-convex.—Species 12, in Teu:p. Asia, Europe, N. Africa and in Temp. S. America. 6 PRIMULACEL. [CENTUNCULUS. A. arvensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 148 ; Royle Ill. 309; F. B. J, iit, 506; Watt EB. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 802 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. i, 50 ; Prawn Beng, Pl. 649. — Poor Man’s Weather-glass. n erect or precumbent glabrous annual, branching from the base Rranches ascending, 5-15 in. long, quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves sessile, up to one inch long, ovate or lanceolate, cordate, acute, gland-dotted. Peduncles 1-2 in., erect in flower, decurved infruit. Calyz-lobes narrowly | lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla 4-4 in. in diam., a little shorter than the calyx, margins of lobes usually ciliate. Capsule about 2 in. in diam., dehiscing transversely at the middle, style persistent. Seeds trigonoug. Abundant throughout the area especially as a weed of cultivation, flower- ing during the latter part of the cold season. Flowers always blue within this area. DistRis. Over the greater part of India ascending to 7,000 feet on the Himalaya. ‘The red-flowered variety is frequently found in Kashmir, and both kinds extend to Europe and W. Asia. The flowers always close up in cloudy weather. 5. CENTUNCULUS. Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 506. Small annual herbs. Leaves alternate or the lower subopposite, sessile or nearly so, entire. Mowers minute, solitary, axillary, ebracteate, white or pink. Calyax 4-5-partite. Corolla urceolate, 45.fid. Stamens 4-5, on the eorolla throat; filaments flattened glabrous. Ovary subglobose ; style filiform, ovules many. Capsule globose, circumsciss. Seeds many, peltate. Species 3 or 4, in Europe, Asia and America. C. pentandrus, R. Br. Prod. 427. C. tenellus, Duby; F.B. I. iw; 506; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it, 80; Prain Beng. Pl. 641; Collett Fl. Siml. 303. A slender erect branching glabrous annual, up to 8 in. high. Stem with the angles more or less winged. Leaves alternate, subsessile, 3-4 in. Iong, ovate orbicular or obovate, obtuse or subacute, apiculate. Flowers 4-5-merous; peduncles filiform, 3-3 in. long, erect in flower, spreading in fruit. Calyz-segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla shorter than the calyx, white; tube subglobose, loves ovate-lanceolate. Capsule membranous, dehiscing transversely about the middle. Seeds ninute, trigonous. Dehra Dun (Gamble). Distris.: Chota Nagpnr, extending to C. and S. India. It is found also on the Centraland W. Himalaya up to 4,000 feet, and beyond India it extends to Trop. America and Australia. 6. SAMOLUS. Tournef.; F]. Brit. Ind. iii, 506. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves radical and alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs, white; pedicels bracteate. Calyx EneEcia. | MYRSINACEZ. 7 3-superior, 5-fid. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate, 5-partite. Stamens 6, alternating with staminodes, jiJaments very short. Ovary subglobose, style short; ovules many, anatropous. Capsule 2-infer., ovoid, crown 65-valyed. Seeds many, angular; hilum basilar.—Species 8, in temperate regions of both hemispheres. S. Valerandi, Linn. Sp. Pl. 443; Noyle Ill. 310; F. B. I. wi, 506 Collett Fl. Siml. 303.—(Brook-weed.) A glabrous perennial herb ; root-stock short. Stem 4-2 feet, erect decum- bent or ascending, often rooting at the base. Leaves i-4 in. long, entire, radical rosulat3, Racemes }-6 in. long; pedicels filiform, sprea d- ingin fruit, bracteate above the middle, Calyx hemispheric, lobes triangular. Corolla 4 in. in diam.; lobes short, obtuse. Capsule shorter than the calyx. Seeds rugose. Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), rare. Disrris.: Punjab Plain and W. Him. up to 4,000 feet, extending westward to Europe and found in moat temperate regions. LXV.—MYRSINACEZ. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, usually gland- dotted, exstipulate. FVowers 2-sexual or polygamo-diccious, regular. Calyx inferior (in Masa more or less adnate to the ovary) ; limb 4-6- (usually 5-) lobed, persistent and somewhat enlarged in fruit. CovolJa- tube short or none; segments usually 5, rarely 3 or 7, contorted or imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite to them, free or adnate to the tube ; filaments usually short, free or more or less connate (in Reptonia alternating with staminodes). Anthers dehiscing longitudinally, rarely by terminal pores. Ovary l-celled, globose or ovoid, usually free (}-infer. in Mesa), usually narrowed into a simple style ; stigma capitate, rarely shortly lobed ; ovules few or many, inserted on a free central placenta. Lruit usually small and globose. Cor.-lobes imbricate in bud, anthers not longer than the filaments, ovules few : e ° 1 EmBELIA. Cor.lobes contorted in bud, anthers much longer than the filaments, ovules many . ° 2 ARDIsIA, 1. EMBELIA, Burm.; FI). Brit. Ind, iii, 512. fEShrubs mostly climbing, or small trees. Leaves entire or toothed ; petiole often margined or glandular. Macemes axillary or terminal, 8 MY RSINACEZ. {Emperta. simple or compound, or flowers subfascicled; bracts usually small, bracteoles 0. Flowers small, polygamous, mostly dicecious, white or greenish-yellow. Calya free, 5-fid. or-partite, persistent. Petals 4-5, free or slightly cohering at the base, elliptic, spreading or reflexed, usually imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5; filaments more or less adnate to the petals, anthers ovate-oblong, Ovary ovoid or glcbose, rarely with a conical beak, ovulesfew. /ruit small, globose, usually l-ceeded. Seeds globose, hollowed at the base; endosperm pitted or subruminate.—Species 92 (fide Mez), in the tropics of the Old World. Flowers 5-merous, 'eaves glabrous except on the nerves beneath . . . ° 1, E. robusta. Flowers 4-merous, leaves tomentose or pu- berulous beneath ° 2 . ; 2. E, villosa. 1. E. robusta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 16; Fl. Ind.1, 587; F.B. I. iti, 515: (in part) ; Brandis For. Fl. 284; Ind. Trees 416; Watt, E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. Sch. Cire. 216; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 440; Mez in Engl. Plan- zenreich iv, 319: Cooke Fl. Bomb. 11,85; Prain Beng. Pl. 643. E. picta A. DC.; Royle Ill. 265.—Vern. Bayabirang, gaia (Dehra Dun), A. large rambling shrub or small tree. Branches stont, the younger ones densely rusty-tomentose. Bark brown, with horizontal cracks and numerous lenticels. Leaves membranous and gland-dotted, 23-5 in. long, cbovate or broadly elliptic, obtuse or subacute or abruptly acumi- nate, rounded crsubacute at the base, entire or irregularly toothed, glabrous on the upper surface, usually rusty-pubescent beneath; main nerves 6-12 pairs, slender, conspicuous and with reticulate veins beneath; petioles about 2 in. long, channelled above, papillose. Racemes axillary; shorter than the leaves, rusty-puberulous. Flowers 5-merous, greenish-yellow; pedicels longer than the calyx. Sepals slightly connate at the base, ovate, subacute, margins glandular. Petals nearly free, twiceas long as the sepals, elliptic oblong, gland- puberulous, papillose irside. Ovules few, embedded in pulp. Capsule subglobose, red when ripe. | Dehra. Dun and Siwalik. range, sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Ondh, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers July-Sep. Distriz.: Throughout the greater part of India, also in Ceylon and Burma. The berries are used medicinally. From the young leaves a gargle is pre- pared, and the dried root-bark is considered to be a remedy fer tooth- ache. In Chota Nagpur the berries are much used for the adulteration of black pepper. a ee ARDIsia.] MY RSINACE2. 9 2. E. villosa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey & Wall.) ii, 239 ; Wall, Cat. 2313; Mez in Engl. Planzenreich iv, 320. E. robusia, 0. B. Clarkeia F. B. I. iii, 515 (not of Rowb.). Branches rather thick, densely rusty-villoas, the younzer: o2es spotted . with minute pale lenticels. Leav2s 4-5 in. long, obovst3 or obovas‘e- elliptic, obtuse or shortly acuminate, acute at the bas», entire, carti- laginous, upper sarface glabrese2nt, canasc2nt-tomentose anil minutely punctate bensath, margins ciliate; petiole about } in. long, round, villous. Racemes shortly peduncled, longer than the leaves, usually in fascicles of 2-3, cylindric, many-flowered, rasty-villous, . pedicels about as long as the caducous filiform bracts. Flowers 4- merous, small, whitish, shortly pedicelled. Sepals lanceolate, acute, villous on the back and margins, punctat>. Petals narrowly lanceolate, acute, punctate, glabrous outside, distinctly papillose inside. Dehra Dun (Gamble); Kheri district in N. Oudh (Duthie’s collectors). DistRis.: Bengal, on the Rajmahal Hills. This species differs from E. robusta chiefly by the long fascicled racemes. Itis also much more hairy. . 2. ARDISIA, Swartz; Fl. Brit, Ind. iii, 518. Shrubs or small trees. Deaves sessile or petioled. Flowers usually 2-sexual, white or rose-coloured, in axillary or terminal simple or compound umbels or corymbs; bracts small, usually deciduous or 0. Calyx 5- (rarely 3- or 4-) lobed, persistent and often somewhat enlarged in fruit; lobes contorted or imbricate. Coro/la usually 5-partite, segments twisted to the right in bud. Stamens 5, attached to base of curolla; filaments free, usually yery short; anthers sagittate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or apiculate, rarely obtuse, dehiscing inwards longitudiaally. Ovary ovoid globose or pyra- midal; style cylindric, often much longer than the corolla-lobes, stigma punctiform; ovules few or many, immersed in a globose placenta. Fruit globose or subglobose, usually apiculate with the persistent style. Seed solitary, globose.—Species upwards of 225, chiefly in Trop. Asia. A. solanacea, Rozb. Cor. Pl. i, 27, t. 27; Fl. Ind. t, 580; Mez. in Engl., Pflanzenretch iv, 132; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 86. A. humilis, A.DC. (not of Vahl) ; Royle Ill. 265; Brandis For. Fl. 287 ; Ind. Trees 418 (in part) ; F.B.I. ti, 529 (in part) ; Watt E.D.; Kanjilal For, Fl, Sch. Cire. 217 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 441; Prain Beng. Pl. 645, A large much-branched shrub or small tree. Branches thick, glabrous showing the scars of fallen leaves. Leaves scattered, obovate oblan- ceolate or oblong-elliptic, tapering to an acute base, shortly and * 10 SAPOTACELZL. _(Arpista. broadly acuminate or subobtuseat the apex, cuneate at the base, entire, subcoriaceons, fleshy, glabrous, minutely punctate ; lateral nerves many, slender, reticulate between them; petioles about % in. long, winged. Corymbs axillary, often from the axils of fallen or reduced leaves, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, glabrous; pedicels 3-1 in. or more in length, stout and thickening upwards ; bracts narrowly oblong, acute, about ,}, in. long, deciduous. Flowers in axillary corymbose racemes, rose-coloured, cr pinkish, about 3 in. across. Calyzx-lobes 5, free, § in. long, ovate-orbicular, gland-dotted. Petals slightly connate at the base, broadly elliptic, acute, marked with dark lines, punctate. Stamens 5, shorter than the petals, filaments very short; anthers large, lanceolate, acute. Ovary free, ovoid, glabrous. Fruit4in. in diam.,. subglobose, with a depressed apex, purplish-black when ripe and filled with a pinkish-coloured pulp. Dehra Dun, Siwalik range, sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur, usually in damp shady spots, Flowers in March and April, the fruit ripening during the cold season. DIsTRIB.: Himalaya up to 5.000 ft. and throvghout India (except in the drier western por- tion), extending to Malaya ard China. ‘The juice of the berries is said. to yield a gooayelleowdye. A. humilis cf Vahl is a small sea-coast shrub. found in S. India and Ceylon and on the shores of Malacca and Siam. It differs by having the flowers in terminal compound racemes, and in. its corolla-tube which is much longer than that of A. solanacea. LXVI.—SAPOTACEZ., Trees or shrubs; young parts often rusty-tomentose. Leaves alternate, rarely sub-opposite, coriaceous, entire, petioled; stipules 0 or very caducous. Flowers 2-sexual, smal] or wedivm-sized, axillary ;. pedicels clustered, rarely solitary or panicled ; bractsand_ bracteoles 0 or minute. Calyx-lobes 4-8, much imbricated, or 2-seriate with the outer series valvate, persistent. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, lobes as many or 2-4 times as many as those of the calyx. Stamens on the corolla-tube, as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite to them, or 2-3 times as many, 1-3-seriate ; filaments usually short ; anthers oblong-lanceolate, connective often produced; staminodes- (when present) alternate to stamens. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-8- celled, style linear; ovules solitary in each cell, usually attached to the inner angle. Berry indehiscent, 1-8-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid or compressed, exalbuminous, with large fleshy cotyledons, or albuminous with flat cotyledons, testa usually crustacecus.—Species about 320, in the tropics of both hemispheres. Calyx-segments 4-5, staminodes none . o/5; de WP ABSIA, Calyx-segments and stamincdes 6-8. ; 2, MIMUSOPS. Bassta. } SAPOTACEZ, 1l 1. BASSIA, Kea. ex Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 543. Trees, usually with milky juice. Zeaves coriaceous, crowded towards the ends of the branchlets. Stipules caducous. Flowers axillary, fascicled among the subterminal tufts of leaves, or in the aXils of fallen leaves. Calyx segments 4, in two series, the 2 outer lobes valvate and enclosing the inner (except in B. lutyracea), Corolla campanulate; lobes usually 8-10, contorted in bud. Sta- mens at least twice as many as the corolla-lobes, usually 16-20; anthers lanceolate, acute, connective often produced. Staminodes 0. Ovary usually 6-8-celled, villous; style subulate, often elongate. Berry globose or ovoid, fleshy. Seeds few or solitary, albumen 0.— Species about 30, inhabiting India and the Malay Archipelago. Corolla-tube fleshy, lobes erect,anthers sessile 1. B. latifolia, Corolla-tube not fleshy, lobes spreading, fila- ments nearly aslong as the anthers . . 2 B. butyracea, 1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. 2, 20, t. 19; Fl. Ind. vi, 526; Royle Ill. 263; Brandis For, Fl. 289; Ind. Trees 425; F. B. I. tit, 544; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timbd, 447; Kanjilal For, Fl. Sch. Circ. 218; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 92; Prain Beng, Pl. 649.—Vern. Mahua, mohwa, (The Mahua tree.) A large deciduous tree. Bark grey or blackish with shallow transverse wrinkles and vertical cracks, the inner portions reddish and milky. Branches many, spreading, forminga close symmetrical head. Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, 5-9 in. long, elliptic obovate or broadly lanc2olate, rounded or acute at the base, obtuse or shortly acuminate at the apex, coriaceous, firm, densely woolly beneath when voung, at length glabrous ; main lateral nerves 10-14 pairs; petioles 1-14 in. long; stipules subulate, pubescent, soon falling, Flowers in clusters at the ends of the branches; pedicels i-13 in. Jong, drooping, rusty-tomentose. Calyx § in., divided nearly to the base, densely tomentose; segments usually 4, subacute, the two onter valvate and enclosing the others. Corolla abont ? in. long, cream-coloured; tube ovoid, fleshy, 4 in. long ; lobes usually 8-9, ovate-lanceolate, acute, erect. Stamens usually 21-26 ; anthers in 3 series, sessile, acuminate, hairy on the back. Ovary hirsute; style 1 in. or more in length, bairy at the base. Berry 1-2 in. long, fleshy, ovoid, greenish, 1- 4-seeded, Oechra Dun and on the Saharanpur Siwaliks, but more abundant east- wards in the submontane forest tract of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh; also in Bundelkhand. The tree blossoms during March and April before the new leaves appear, and the fruit ripensin June and July. DisTRIB.: From W. Beng., C. Indiaand the C. Prov. to N. Kanara; also in Upper Burma. The tree is extensively cultivated within the area of this flora, especially in the eastern and southerr divisions. Itis 32 SAPOTACEA. [Mimvusops: greatly valued for its sweet succulent corollas, which are eaten either raw or cooked, or made into sweetmeats. A coarse kind of spiritis also distilled from the flowers. The fruit is eaten, and from it is extracted an oil, which is used for soap-making as well as for burning and cook- ing. The oil-cake is used for poisoning fish. The heartwood is of very gocd guality, but owing to the value of the flowers and fruit the tree is. very seldom felled. 2. B. butyracea, Rozb.in As. Res. viii, 477; Fl, Ind. wi, 527; Lon, Prod. 146; Royle Ill. 263; Brand, For. Fl. 290, t. 35; Ind. Trees 427; FP. B. I. tii, 546; Watt E.D.; Kanjildl Fer. Fl. 219; Gamble Man. Ind- Timb. 448.—Vern, Cheuli (Oudh), chiura (Kumaon}. A large tree, with dark grey or brownish bark, Leaves coriaceous, crowded near the ends of the branches, 6-12in. long, obovate or obovate- oblong, sub-obtuse, rhomboid at the base, tomentose when young, glabrous or floccose-tomentose beneath when mature; primary nerves 15-20 pairs ; petiole 1-ljin.; stipules} in., ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Flowers crowded below the sub-terminal leaves, drooping, tomentvse Calyx coriaceous, rusty-villous ; lobes 5, imbricate, not 2-seriate. Corolla $ in, long, tube pale-yellow, cylindrical, not fleshy; lobes 8-10, spread- ing. Stamens 30-40, inserted at the mouth of the corolla tube; fila- ments glabrous, nearly as long as the anthers ; anthers exserted, linear+ er hake not hairy. Ovary 7-9-celled. Berry ovoid, smcoth, 1-3- seeded. Debra Dun at Tapoban, and occasionally as a small tree in the forests cf the Gonda district in N. Oudh. Flowers Nov. toJan. DisTrisp.: Sub- tropical Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikkim and Bhutan. he seeds yield a white substance resembling lard, which remains solid and does: ot deteriorate in the plains during the hot weather. It is used in the manufacture of soap and candles, snd in the preparation ofan ointment forrelieving rheumatic pains. The pulp of the fruit and the oil-cake are eaten. 2. MIMUSOPS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 548. Trees with milky juice. eaves coriaceous, with many slender spreading primary nerves. FVower's axillary, solitary or in fascicles. Calyx-seqgments 6-8, in 2 series ; outer series valvate in bud, enclosing the inner imbricate segments. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 18 or 24, in 2 or 3 series. Stamens 6-8, inserted near the base of the corolla and opposite to the lobes of its interior series; filaments short; anthers lanceolate, connective excurrent; staminodes as many as the stamens, alternate with those of the same series or connate with them at the base, entire or variously toothed. Ovary hairy, 6-8-celled. Berry Miuvsors.] SAPOTACEZ. | 18 globose, few or l-seeded, endocarp crustaceous. Seed ellipsoid, eom- pressed, albumen fleshy, cotyledons flat.—Species about 30, ‘in the t ropical regions of both hemispheres. M. hexandra, Rowb. Cor. Pl. i, 16,t.15; Fl. Ind. i, 288; F. B, J. iii, 549 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjildl For. Fl. 219; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 450 ; Cooke Fl, Bcmb. ti, 92; M. indica, A. DC.; Brand For. Fl. 291; Ind. Trees 425.— Vern. khirni, A handsome evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. high. Trunk erect, the branches forming a large shady head. Bark blackish-grey, deeply furrowed. Leaves 2 4in. long, obovate or oblong, rounded cr emarginate at the apex, cuteate at the base or cccasionally rounded or sub-truncate, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, dark-green and shining abuve aler beneath; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; petiole -¢in., glabrous. Flowers white, axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2-6 ; pedicels stout, }-4 in., glabrous«r nearly so. Calya-lcbes usually 6, about 3 in. long, ovate, sub-acute, reflexed, usually somewhat rusty- pubescent outside and with ciliate margins, Corolla 4 in, long ; Inbes usually 18, in two series, the 6 inner ones oblanceolate, the 12 outer linear. Stamens 6; anthers acute, as Icng as the filaments. Siaminodes 6, alternate with the stamens, more or less denticulate, glabrous. Ovary 12-celled, hairy. Berry 4-} in. long, olive-shaped, l-seeded, reddish- yellow when ripe. : Forests in the Kheri district of N. Oudh, apparently wild (Duthie’s * gollector); also in Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowersin Noy. and Dec. Distris.: Cent. and 8S. India and in the dry region of Ceylon. It is largely cultivated in India, and as far north as Multan and Lahore The wood is hard, tough and very durable, and is much used for cil resses, house-bnilding and in turnery. The bark is much sought after for medicinal purposes, and trees are often greatly injured thereby. The fruit is eaten, and an vil is extracted from the seeds. M. Evenet, Linn. 8p. Pl. 349; Rowb.; Fl. Ind. tt, 236; Royle Ill. 263 Brand For. Fl. 293; Ind. Trees 425; F. B. I. iti, 548; Watt E. D. Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 449; Kaniilal For. Fl. 219 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 92; Prain Beng. Pl. 649. Vern. Mulsari —A large very ornamental glabrous evergreen tree with rough dark-grey bark. Itis found wild in 8. India, Ceylon, Burma, Martaban, on the Shan Hills and in the Andaman Islands. It isalso cultivated at many places within the area, and throughout the hotter parts of India. It differsfrom WM. hexandra chiefly in having 8 calyx segments and 8 stamens. The small fragrant star-shaped flowers appear during March and April. These are collected after they have fallen on the ground and are made into garlands; they are also used in native perfumery. The wood is like tlat of M. hexandra, and is used for similar purposes, The bark is much employed in native medicine. Thef ruit is eaten and from the seeds an oil is extracted. 14 EBENACEZ. [DrosPrRos. LXVII.—EBENACEZ. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, exstipulate, entire, usually coriaceous. Flowers axillary, usually diccious, regular, solitary and sub-sessile, or in short usually bracteate cymes, pedicels articulate under the flower. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, often accrescent in fruit, lobes 8-7. Corolla gamopetalous; lobes’ 3-7, generally contorted. Stamens as many or 2-3 times as many as the corolla-lobes, hypogynous, free or the filaments paired or variously united ; anthers narrow, basifixed, usually dehiscing longitudinally, connective often produced. Staminodes in the fem. flower resem- bling stamens or 0. Ovary superior, sessile; styles 2-8; cells as many or twice as many as the styles, imperfectly septate; ovules twice as many as the styles, attached to the inner angle of the cells, pendulous, anatropous. rwit coriaceous or fleshy, indehiscent, 1- or few-seeded. Seeds pendulous, testa thin; albumen copious uniform or ruminate.—Species about 250, in the tropics of boh hemispheres, a few in S. Africa and in N. America. DIOSPYROS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 553. Trees or shrubs. eaves alternate, rarely subopposite. Flowers dicecious, very rarely polygamous, axillary and short-pedicelled or in small cymes, sometimes (the females often) solitary, usually 4-5- merous. Calyx more or less deeply lobed, rarely truncate, usually accrescent in the female flower. Corolla tubular, salver-shaped or campanulate, shortly or deeply lobed; lobes twisted to the right. Matz fl.: Stamens 4-many (usually 16) ; filaments distinct or paired or otherwise united; anthers linear or lanceolate, rarely short ; ovary rudimentary. Frm, fl.: Staminodes 0-16. Ovary globose or conical, 4-10-celled; ovules solitary (rarely 2) in each cell; styles or stigmas 1-4. Fruit globose ellipsoid or ovoid-conic, usually supported by the enlarged and sometimes woody calyx, pulp often viscid. Seeds oblong, usually compressed, albumen uniform or rumi- nate.—Species about 180, mostly tropical. Seeds with ruminate albumen, leaves alter- nate and subopposite é x ; ‘ 1. D. tomentosa. Albumen of seeds not ruminate, leaves always alternate :— Stamens 16, in two rows, unequal :— Male flowers in small few-flowered panicles, staminodes usually four . 2. D. montana. Drosrynos. | EBENACE. 15 Male flowers in threes .— Anthers swned, glabrons, stami- nodes usually eight . - ° 3. D. Kanjilali, Anthers not awned, pubescent, sta- mincdes twelve . : . ‘ 4. D. cordifolia. Male flowers in dense axillary clus- ters, anthers glabrus ., . ¢ 5. D. Chlorowylon, Stamens many, in two rows. subequal . 6. D. Embryopteris. 1. D. tomentosa, Rorb, Hort. Beng. 40; Fl. Ind. it, 532; Royle Ill. 262; F.B. I. wt, 564; Watt E.D.; Kanjilal For. Fl, Sch. Cire. 222 ; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb, 460; Prain Beng. Pl. 654; D. Melanoxylon, Brandis For. Fl. 294 (in part); Ind. Trees 433. D. exsculpta. Buch.- Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc, av, 110.—Vern. Tendu, mitha tendu, abnus, A medium-sized tree with often a very crooked trunk. Bark dark-grey or blackish, exfoliating in rectangular scales. Young parts densely clothed with grey or rusty tomentum. Leaves alternate and sub- opposite, 3-8 in. or wore in length, brcadly ovate from a rounded or cor- date base, glabrous above; the lower surface tomentose, becoming glabrous or nearly so when mature, very coriacecus ; main lateral perves 8-10, impressed on upper surface, prominent beneath; petiole 4 in. Flowers 4-5-merous, white. MALE flowers in short subsessile drcopir g cymes. Calyx funnel-shaped, widened at the mcuth, teeth ovate, 7-} in. Corolla fulvous-lanate outside. Stamens 12-16, free, filaments glab- rous, anthers mucronate. Fem. flowers solitary, shortly stalked, larger than the males. Caly« 4-5-gonal. Staméinodes 8-10 or fewer, sometimes connate in pairs. Ovary hairy, 4-8-celled; styles 2-3. Fruit globose 1-14 in. in diam, glabrous, smooth, yellow when ripe, pulp sweet. Seeds 4-8, compressed, oblong, albumen ruminate. Siwalik range, chiefly on the southern slopes towards the Jumna, sub- Himalayan tracts of Kohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers in April, and the fruit ripens in June. DistriB.; Frim Bengal and Chota Nagpur to the Cent. Prov- inces and southwards as far as the Godaveri, also in the Siwalik and sub-Himalayan tracts of the Punjab westwards to the Ravi, The heartwood of old trees constitutes the fine black ebony of Northérn India, where, especially in the Bijnor district, it is largely utilized in the manufacture cf carved walking-sticks, picture frames and other small articles. The fruit contains a sweetish astringent pulp, which is much eaten by the natives. 2.D.montana, Rox). Cor. Pl. i, 37, t. 48; Fl. Ind. ii, 588; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc, vii, 220, Brand. For. Fl. 296 (in part), Ind. Tre s 431 (in part) : Watt E. D. (in part) ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 454 (in 16 EBENACEZ. [ DrospyRos. part) ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 104; Prain Beng. Pl. 653.—Vern. Neori, bhort (Bundelkhand). A small or mediumesized tree, sometimes armed. Trunk usually crooked covered with dark rust-coloured nearly smooth bark. Young branches softly pubescent. Leaves 23-4 in. long, ovate, bluntly acumirate, usually rounded at the base, thinly coriaceous, margins undulate, soft!y pubes- cent when young, but finally glabrous on both surfaces, petioles 3-3 in. long. Mate flowers in small few-flowered panicles ; bracts ovate, acute, ciliate. Calyx glabrous outside and inside; lobes 4, ciliate on the margins. Corolla about 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx, urceolate, white ; lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens 16, in opposite pairs, “ united at the base, the outer longest. Anthers lanceolate, awned, ’ glabrous. Frm. flowers axillary, solitary, nodding ; pedicels stout, shorter than the flowers, bearing 2 small ovate ciliate bracts above the middle. Calyx glabrous except the ciliate margins ; lobes ovate-oblong, accrescent. Staminodes 4. Ovary globose, glabrous, 8-celled. Fruct globose, about 1 in. in diam., supported by the enlarged reflexed calyx- _ lobes, reddish-brown. Bundelkhand (Edgeworth, Mrs. Bell), Tnese are the only specimens I have seen of Roxburgh’s D. montana from the Upper Gangetic area. Flowers during the hot season. Distr1B.: Behar, Rohilasghur (Wall Cat. 4115), the Circars (Roxburgh), Konkan, Malabar, Belgaum, also in Burma. It is easily distinguished from D. cordifolia by the shape and thinness ot the leaves, by the male flowers being in panicles, and by the number of the staminodes. 3. D. Kanjilali, Duthie in Ind. For. Vol. xaxi (1905) 307; Brandis Ind, Trees 713. A small or medium-sized tree with a fairly tall trunk. Bark greenish or ashy-grey and quite smooth like that of the Guava, exfoliatisg in thin - gseales. Branches forming a rather narrow and !open crown, not spines- cent. Leaves 13-53 in. long, elliptic-suborbicular, thicker than those of D. cordifolia, usually densely tomentose when young, becoming rigidly coriaceous and almost glabrous in age; midrib impressed above, pro- minent beneath, petioles 4-3} in. MALE flowers in short 3-flowered eymes, pedicels ~, in. ; bracts ovate, sub-acute, ciliate on the margins. - Calyz-lobes broad and rounded, pubescent on both sides and with ciliate margins. Corolla 4-3, in. long, slightly pubescent outside, glabrous within, pale-green. Stamens 16, in opposite pairs, united below; anthers awned, glabrous. Fem. flowers axillary, solitary, nodding, pedicels about {iv. Calyx in fruit accrescent ; lobes spread- ing. broader than in D. cerdifoltia. Corolla dark-green, otherwise like that of male. Staminodes 8, alternately longer, the longer ones often - toothed near the acuminate apex, the shorter ones obtuse. Fruit up to . lin, in-diam.,-globose. Seeds about 3 in., sublunate. pe < + D1osPYRo3. | EBENACEZ, 17 Recorded by Kanjilal from Thano and Lachiwiala in Dehra Dun, and from Ranipur, Dholkhand and Badshahibdgh on the Siwalik range, Plowers during Apriland May. Duisrris.: Rajpur below Mussoorie at 2-8,000 ft. (Edgeworth, Mackinnon) ; above Kalsi in Jauasér at 2,500 ft. (Kanjilal) ; in the Chanda district of the Central Provinces (Duthie) ; collected also by Gamble in the following localities :—Santal Pargands in Bengal (No. 10614); aud in the Madras districts of Ganjam (No. 13657), Anantapur (No, 20873), Bellary (No. 165833); and by Ritchie in N. Kanara (No. 972). This tree has already been alluded to by Kanjilal on p. 22lof his ‘Forest Flora.’ It appears to occupy a position inter- mediate between D). montana proper and D. cordifolia. With the former it agrees in general habit, stature, smoothness of bark and in the absence of spines; but it differs by having thick coriaceous leaves, the male flowers are in threes, and there are twice the number of staminodes. From D. cordifolia it may easily be distinguished by its smooth bark, absence of spines, the shape of the leaves, the glabrous awned anthers, and by the number of the staminodes; it also differs*by having a more defined trunk with ascending, not spreading, branches. As far as one can judge from herbarium specimens it comes very near Dalzell’s D. _ Goindu, but the latter has more acuminate leaves, hairy anthers and a much smaller fruit. 4. D. cordifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl, i, 38, t. 50; Fl. Ind. wi, 538; Royle Ill. 262; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 105. D. montana, C. B, Clarke; in F. B. I. iii, 555 (in part); Watt E.D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 221; Brandis Ind. Tree 431 (in part). D. montana, var. cordifolia, Hiern. in Trans. Camb- Phil. Soc. wii, 222.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 455 ; Prain Beng. Pl, 653.— Vern.. Tendu, bistendu. A small tree. with ashort often crooked trank. Bark blackish or dark brown, furrowed with longitudinal and transverse cracks, Trunk and larger branches armed with many stout and often ‘branching spines. Leaves 13-2} in. long, oblong obtuse, cordate rounded or subtruncate at the base, softy downy on both surfaces especially when young ; petiole 3-4 in. long. Mae flowers axillary; peduncles 3-flowered, pedicels y¥; in. long. Calyx tin. long, hairy outside; lobes elliptic, obtuse or subacute, pubescent inside and with ciliate margins. Corolla dull-white, }in. long, hairy outside; lobes cvate-oblong, sub-acute. Stamens in opposite pairs, united below; anthers not awned, pubescent. Fem. flowers solitary. pedicels } in, Calyx }-}-in., recurved and twisted in fruit; lobes thin, oblong, obtuse. Corolla-lobes obtuse. Staminodes 12, lanceolate, on long filaments. Fruit }-1 in. in diam., globose, yellow when ripe. Abundant in many parts of the area especially in the sob-Himalayan tracts. Flowers in the hot season. Disrris.: Throughout tropical India, extending to Ceylon, Burma and N. Australia. Every part of - this tree has a bitter taste, including the fruit, which has also a most unpleasant smell, 18 EBENACE, | DiospyRos. 5. D. Chloroxylon, Rozh. Cor, Pl. 1, 38, t, 49; Fl, Ind. 74, 588 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb, Phil. Soc. 233; Brand. For. Fl. 297 ; Ind. Trees 430; F. B. I. itt, 560 ; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 458 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. i, 105; Prain Beng. Pl. 653. A large shrub.cr medium-sized tree, sometimes spinescent. Bark deeply cracked. Young parts tomentose. Leaves alternate, 1-24 in. long,. elliptic or obovate-oblong, obtuse, or sub-acute at both ends, more or less pubescent above, rusty-tomentcse beneath, nerves obscure ; petiole- about 3 in., densely hairy. Inflore:cence fulvous-pubescent. Flowers white, 4-merous. Maur flowers 4-i0, in subsessile clusters; bracts small, elliptic. Calyz subglobose. ,', in. long, ovate, rounded, apiculate,,. densely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Corolla} in, urceolate ; lobes acute, hairy outside. Stamens 16, in two rows, the inner one smaller. Fem. flowers solitary, sessile. Calyx andccrolla larger than those of male flower. sStaminodes7-9, glabrous. Ovary 8-celled, glabrous; styles: 4. Fruit globose,4in. in diam., 2-3-seeded, glabrous, fruiting calyx nearly flat. Bahraich district of N. Ondh (Duthie’s collector). Flowers during the: hot season. DistTrRis. Central and 8. India. The yellowish wood is said to be hard and durable. 6. D. Embryopteris, Pers. Syn. vi, 624 ; Royle Ill. 262 ; Hiern in Trans,. Camb. Phil. Soc. 257 ; Brand. For. Fl, 298; Ind. Trees 434; F. B, I. «ii, 556; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. Sch. Circ. 221; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb,. 455 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 1, 106; Prain Beng. Pl. 653; D. glutinosa, Ken. ez Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti, 533.—Vern. Gab, kala tendu, kust (Buadelkhand). A medium-sized tree, with many spreading branches forming a compact shady head, quite glabrous except the young parts and the inflorescence. Bark dark-grey or greenish-black, exfoliating in large pieces. Leaves distichous, spreading, 4.11 in. long and 14-3 in. wide, oblong or oblong,,. lanceolate, obtuse or bluntly acuminate, rounded at the base, coria- ceous, dark-green, (crimson when young), glabrous and shining ; petiole 2 in. long, wrinkled. Flowers 4-merous, white or cream-coloured, sweet-- scented. MAaLe flowers 2-7,in short-peduncled drooping rusty pubes- cent racemose cymes. Calyz 4 in. long, clothed outside with appressed. silky hairs; lobes }-jin., triangular, pubescent inside. Corolla 3-in. long, tubular-campanulate ; lobes thick, rounded at the apex. Stamens usually about 40,in pairs at the base of the corolla-tube or on the- receptacle beneath, subequal; filaments short, hairy ; anthera linear, with a line of hairs up the middle. Ferm. flowers larger than the male, usually solitary, droopirg. Calyx broadly ovate, subcordate at the base,. much enlarged in fruit. Corolla-lobes cordate, obtuse, recurved. Sta- mino des 1-12 (often only 4). Ovary &-celled, glabrous ; styles 4, stigmas- lobed. Fruit 1-2} in. in diam., subglotose, covered with deciduous. rusty-coloured scurf, yellow when ripe. Seeds 4-8, embedded in gluti- nous pulp, compressed, smocth, reddish-brown. SYMPLOcos.) STY RACE. ly Dehra Dun, usually in swampy ground or beside streams; Sub-Hima- layan tracts eastwards from Dehra Dun; also in Bundelkhand. Flowers March to May and the fruit ripens durimg the cold season. DisrRiB. Throughout the greater part of India, but not found in Assam, B, Bengal, Pegu, nor in the drier tracts of Bombay, the Punjab and Sindh. This is a very handsome tree at all times, but especially so when the oung crimson foliage appears amongst the older durk-green leaves. he viscid pulp of the fruit is used in bookbinding, and instead of tar for caulking the seams of boats. Fishing nets and lines are said to be rendered more durable after being steeped in an infusion of the astrin- gent fruit. The unripe fruit and bark are used medicinally. LXVIII.—-STYRACEA, Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite (in the Indian species), usually white, arranged in axillary or terminal, simple or compound racemes or spikes ; bracts small or obsolete. Calyx campanulate, tube more or less adnate to the ovary ; limb 5 (rarely 4)-lobed, or truncate, persistent. Corolla usually 5-partite; segmeuts almost free, imbricate (in the Indian species). Stamens adnate tothe petals, twice as many or indefinite, those of the outer series longer, filaments free or connate, anthers round or linear. Ovary more or less inferior, 2-5-celled, style fili- form or rather thick; stigma capitate, entire or obscurely lobed; ovules 2, pendulous from the inner angle of each cell. Fruit drupa- ceous, 1 (rarely 2-3)-seeded. Seeds albuminous, embryo straight or curved.—Species about 350, found in the warmer regions of Asia, Australia and America. 1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 572. This genus may easily be distinguished from all the other genera of Styracee by having numerous stamens arranged in many series.— Species upwards of 280, in the warmer regions of Asia, Australia and America, Flowers white, distinctly pedicelled - . I. 8. crategoides. Flowers yellow, sessile or nearly so ° . 2 8S, racemosa. 1. S. cratzgoides, Buch.-Ham. ex Don Prod. 145 ; Brandis For. Fl, 299 ; P. B. I. wi, 573; Watt BE. D.; A. Brand. (Symploc.) in Engl. Pflanzenreich 33; Kanjilal For. Fl. Sch. Circ. N. W. P. 223; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 464 ; Collett Fl. Siml, 305. 8S. paniculata, Wall. ; Royle Til. 261. Lodbra crategoides, Jacguem. Voy. Bot. 103, t. 110,—Vern. Lodh., ludh. 20 OLEACELZ.. [SYMPLOCOS. A large shrub or medium-sized tree. Young branches more or less pilose. Leaves membranous, 2-4 in. long, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base, usually deeply serrate to- waids the apex, under surface usually pilose especially on the midrib, but sometimes quite glabrous, nerves prominent beneath, petiole 3 in. long. Flowers pedicelled, white turning to yellow, fragrant, arranged in cymose ccrymbs on elon: ate terminal and axillary panicles, those of the lateral bran«hes often few and with longer pedicels; bracts small, linear, caducous. Calyz-tube obconic, glabrous or more or less pilose ; lobes rounded or lanceolate and acute, ciliate. Corolla three times longer than the calyx, 5-part. Stamens 20-60, equalling the corclla in length ; filaments connate in 5 bundles. Ovary usually 2-celled, glabrous- or hairy. Fruit 3-3 in., globose or ovoid, crowned with the remains of the calyx-limb, black when ripe. Dehra Dun, in swamps (Kanjildl). Dsstris. Abundant on the Himalaya. up to 9,000 ft. from the Indus to Assam and on the Khasia hills, also in: Upper and Lower Burma. The hawthcrn-like flowers appear during May and June. The flowers and leaves are much used in native dyeing, the bark is medicinal, and the leaves afford fodder for sheep and goats. 2. S. racemosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 40; Fl. Ind. ti, 5389 ; Royle Ill. 260 ¢ Brandis For. Fl. 300 ; F. B. I. iii, 576; Watt. E. D.; A Brand. (Symploc.). in Engl. Pflanzenreich 59; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb., 465 ; Prain beng. Pl. 655. S. Hamiltoniana, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 301.—Vern. -.Lodh. A small tree, cr often only ashrub. Branchlets glabrous or sparingly pilose. Leaves 8-7 in. lcng, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rounded or obtusely acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base serrulate or obscurely crenate, coriaceous, glabrous above, sparsely pilose on the midrib beneath, nerves indistiuct, petiole 4-3 in. long. Flowers sessile or nearly so, yellow, fragrant, on short axillary com- pound spikes; bracts unequal, ovate, hairy, deciduous. Calya-tube, glabrous; lobes rounded, equalling the tube, slightly pubescent and with ciliate edges. Corolla 3 times longer than calyx. Stamens often exceeding one hundred. Ovary 3-celled, hairy. Fruit obJong or cylin- dric, 1-3-celled. Patli dun and Kumaon bhdbar ; also in the forests of Bahraich and Gonda in N. Oudh (R. Thompson and Luthie’s collectors). Distris. East- wards to Assam and Chota Nagpur; alsoin Upper Burma, the Anda- man Islands and in China. The bark and leaves are used in dyeing, and the bark is medicinal. LXIX.—OLEACEZ. Trees, or scandent or erect shrubs, unarmed. Leaves opposite. rarely alternate, simple 3-foliolate or pinnate, entire or toothed $ stipules 0. Flowers regular, often dimorphous, hermaprodite or JASMINUY. | OLEACE 2. 2Y sometimes polygamous or dimcious, arranged in terminal or axillary trichotomous cymes or panicles, rarely fascicled or racemose. Calyx small, truncate or 4-or more-lobed. Corol/a wonopetalous, rarely 4-9-petalous or 0; tube long or short; lobes imbricate or valvate in bud. Stamens 2 (in the Indian species), inserted on the corolla, or (in the polypetalous or apetalcus genera) hypogynous, filaments usually short, anthers oblong. Ovary free, 2-celled, stigma simple or 2-loted; ovules usually two in each cell, attached to the inrer angle near the apex or base. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or a berry or drupe. Seeds solitary or two in each cell, erect or pendulous, albumen fleshy horny or 0, embryo straight, radicle inferior or superior.—Species about 280, in tropical and temperate regions. Corclla-lobes imbricate in bud, usually more than four. Fruit a berry, 2-lobed or (by abortion) simple.— Usually scandent shrubs with simple or compound leaves . ‘ . 1. JASMINUM, Fruit a flattened capsule.—A large shrub or small tree withsimple leaves . « 2, NYCTANTHES, Fruit an obcvoid capsule.—A tree with compound leaves : ; ° . 3. SCHREBERA, Corolla-lobes valyatein bud, not more than four, leaves simple. Petals nearly free or connate in pairs . 4. LINocCIERA, Petals ccnnate in a shcrt tube or somes times absent ° > F é 2 9, OLEA. 1. JASMINUM, Linn.; FI). Brit. Ind. iii, 591. Shrubs, erect or scandent. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, simple 3-foliolate or imparipinnate. Flowers usually fragrant, arranged in terminal cr axillary cymes, rarely solitary. Calyx 4-9-fid. or -partite. Corolla salver-shaped, white pink or yellow, tube narrow ; lobes 4-10 or more, spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, not exserted, filaments very short, anthers attacked near their bases on the back, connective usually mucronate. Ovary 2-celled; style cylindric, short ; stigma simple or 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, attached near the base. Berry didymous, or by suppression simple ; carpels globose ellipsoid or elongate. Seeds usually solitary in each. 22 OLEACELA. [JASMINUM. -earpel, erect, exalbuminous, radicle inferior.—Species about 90, inhabiting Asia, Africa and Australia, and one is iniigenous in S. -Europe. Leaves simple Leaves ovate, calyx densely pubescent. Flowers sessile, or subsessile, in compact cymes.—A scandent shrub . ; . 1. J. pubescens. Flowers pedicelled, in !ax cymes.—A large erect or scandent shrub ; x . 2. J. ardorescens. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or ellipt'c, calyx oN, glabrous or nearly so.—An erect shrub . 3. J. brevipetiolatum, Leaves imparipinnate.—A climbing shrub . 4 J. dispermum. -1. J. pubescens, Willd. Sp. Pl.i, 37; Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey & Wall 4,99; Don Prod. 105 ; F. B. I. iti, 592; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 225; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 468; Prain Beng. Pl. 659; Cooke Fl. Bomb. “, 112. J. hirsutum, Willd.; Brandis For, (Fl. 312.—Vern. Chamelt, kunda. A scandent shrub. Branchlets and young parts densely fulvous-tomentose. Leaves opposite, simple, ovate, acute or mucronate, blade 1-2} in. long by 1-2 in. broad, base rounded or cordate, scft'y pubescent on both surfaces especially on the veins beneath, finally subglabrous above; main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs; petiole 4-2 in., densely tomen- tose. Flowers sessile or nearly so, white, fragrant, in dense terminal capitate corymbose cymes, or terminating the short axillary branches. Calyz about } in. long, densely fulvous-tomentose; teeth linear, 2-3 in. iong. Corolla glabrous, tube a little longer than the calyx; lobes oblong-lance late, acute or mucronate, shorter than the tube. Carpels 1-2, globose, ; in. in diam., surrounded by the calyx-teeth, black when ripe. ‘Dehra Dun, Siwalik range 1nd in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohil- khand and N. Oudh. Flowers December to April, and usually to some extent during the rainy season. DIstRiIB. Throughout the greater partof India, ascending to 3,000 feet on the Himulaya, also in A ee and China. It is largely cultivated in gardensas an ornamental shrub. 2. J. arborescens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 3; Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey & Wall.) 4,94; Brandis For, Fl. 311; F. B. I. iti, 594; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 225; Gamble Man. Ind. Tiimb. 467 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it, 112; Prain Beng. Pl. 658.—Vern. Chame2li, bara kunda. A large suberect or scandent shrub with hairy branchlets. Leaves opposite, simple, entire; blade 3-5 in. long by 2-3 in. broad, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, truncate rounded or subcordate at the JasMINUM.] OLEACEZ. 23 base, softly tomentose when young, at length glabrous, main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs; petiole 4-3 in. long. Flowers pedicelled, white, fragrant, ar ed in lax 3-chotomous terminal hairy cymes; bracts linear, aboutiie” long as the pedicels. Calya-teeth y } in. long, linear or subclavute, hairy. Corolla glabrous, tube abcut } in. long; lobes usually 9, }-$ in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Carpels usually solitary, }in. long; ellipsoid, black when ripe. Western portion of Dehra Dun and along the southern side of the Siwalik range, also in the submontane tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Ondh. Flowers during April and May. Disrris. Bengal, Cent. and 8S. India, ascending to 3,000 feet on the Himalaya. The scandent form (Rox- burgh’s J. latéfelium) is also found in Dehra Dun and in other parts of the area. It differs in no cther respect from the type. 3. J. brevipetiolatum, Duthie in Brandis Indian Trees, p. 450. A shrub or small tree. Young parts and branches of inflorescence: sparingly pubescent. Stems obtusely quadrangular, smooth. Leaves simple, opposite or suboppositel shortly petioled ; blade 2-44 in. long narrewly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sub- coriaceous and quite globuse; margivs entire, slightly recurved, midrib stoat and prominent beneath; main lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, slender , forming intermarginal loops ; petiole about 4 in. long. Flowers white, arranged in lax terminal corymbuse or panicled cymes; pedicels about 4 in. long; bracts much shorter than the pedicels, lanceolate- acuminate. Calyx}in. long, almost glabrous, tube subhemispheric; teeth about as long as the tube, elongating in frnit, linear or subclavate, thick. Corolla { in. long, tube twice as long as the narrowly elliptic obtuse lobes. Frutt oval, about } in. long, dark purplish-brown when ripe. Forests in the Pilibhit district of Rohilkhand and in the Kheri district of N. Oudh (Duthie’s collector). Flowers in May. ‘his species is very near J. laurtfolium, Roxb., but differs from it by the much shorter and thicker calyx-lobes and by the shortcr and brcader corolla-lobes. 4. J. dispermum, Wall.in Rob. Fl. Ind. i (1820) 99; Pl. As. Rar. iit, 46, t. 274; Don. Prod. 106; Brand. For. Fl. 312; F. B. I. iit, 602; Kanjilal For. Fl. 226 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 307. A glabrous climbing shrub. Branches divergent, slender, 4-angular. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, or the upper ones cften unifoliolate ; leaflets usually 3-5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, cordate and S-nerved at the base and with a long slender acuminate apex; terminal leaflet with a long stalk, the blade 3-44 in. long; lateral smaller, shertly stalked or subsessile. Flowers many, white or pink, in elongate termi- nal panicles, or few together in rather dense axiilary cymes ; bracts minute, pedicels 0-} in. long. Calye# glabrons or minutely puberulous; teeth very short, triangular. Corolla-tube about $ in. loug; lobes ovate or broadly elliptic, shorter than the tube. Carpels 2-seeded, 4 in. long, ellipsoid, dark purple when ripe. 24 OLEACEZ. [NycTANTHES. Dehra Dun, in shady ravines. Flowers May and June. DISTRIB. Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to 8,000 feet; also on the Khasia Hills. The following species are cultivated within the ae: Jasminum Sambac, Ait. (Arabian or Tuscan Jasmine). An erect or sub- scandent shrub, very much cultivated in gardens. The fragrant white flowers are sacred to Vishnu, and are largely used by the Hindus for ate into garlands. This shrab is believed to be indigenous in . India. Jasminum humile, L. Anerect shrub with alternate 3-foliolate or pinnate leaves and bright yellow flowers. Wild on the W. Himalaya up to 9,000 feet, also on the Salt Ranga, and on Mt. Abu in Rajputana. Culti- vated within the area and in other parts of India. Jasminum officinale, L. (common white Jasmine). A large scandent shrub with opposite imparipinnate leaves and fragrant white flowers. Wild in Kashmir, Afghanistan and Persia, and apparently so on the Salt Range. Jasminum grandiflorum, L. (Spanish Jasmine). A large subseandent shrub with opposite imparipinnate leaves. The very fragrant flowers larger than those of J. officinale, are white and streaked with pink outside. It is wild on the W. Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, and is exten- sively cultivated in gardens within the area. The flowers are much used by the natives for making into garlands. 2, NYCTANTHES, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 603. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, ovate, entire or toothed. Flowers sessile, in small peduncled and bracteate heads disposed in terminal trichotomous cymes. Calyx ovoid-cylindric, subtruncate, finally splitting or deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric, orange-coloured, lobes 4-8, imbricate in bud, spreading, white Anthers 2, subsessile near the tcp of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2- celled ; style cylindric, very shortly bifid ; ovules 1 in each cell, erect, basal. Capsule orbicular, dorsaliy compressed, separating when: ripe into 2 subdiscoid 1-seeded carpels. Seed erect, orbicular, flattened, testa thin, albumen 0, cotyledons flat, radicle inferior.—Species 2, one Indian and another in Sumatra. N. Arbor—tristis, Linn. Sp. Pl.6; Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey & Wall.) 4.,85 ; Royle Ill. 268 ; Brandis For. Fl. 314; F. B. I. iti, 603 ; Watt BE. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 227; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 469; Collett Fl. Siml, 808 ; Prain Beng. Pl, 660; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 115.—Vern. Harsingar; kurrt (Dehra Dun). A shrub or small tree with rough 4-angular branches. Leaves petioled, 4-5 in. long by 2-23 in. wide, ovate, acute or acuminate, base rounded ScHREBERA. | OLEACEX. 25 or cuneate ; upper surface scabrous with bulbous-based hairs, pubes, cent beneath, margin slightly recurved, entire or with distant teeth, principal nerves conspicuous beneath, Flowers very fragrant, bracts ovate or suborbicular, apiculate, hairy, Calyx 4-} in. long, hairy out- side, glabrous within. Corolla-tube 4 in. long, limb about as long as the tube, 5-8-lobed, lobes obcordate. Capsule }-$ in. in length and breadth, glabrous, emarginate at the apex. Forests of Dehra Dun and of the Siwalik range, and in the Sub- Himalayan tracts of Kohilkhand and N. Oudh; also in Bundelkhand. Flowers August. to October. Distrip. Ascends to 5,000 feet on the outer Himalayan ranges from the Chenab to Nepal, extending east- wards to Assam and Bengal, and southwards through Central India as far as the Godaveri ; found also in Burma. The fragrant flowers, which open during the night and fall to the ground in the early morning, are. made into garlands and used in Hindu ceremonies. They are also collected for the preparation of an orange-coloured dye yielded by the tubes of the corollas. The rough leaves are employed for polish- ing wood and also medicinally. The wood affords excellent fuel. 3. SCHREBERA, Roxb.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 604. Glabrous trees with opposite imparipinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal 2-3-chotomous cymes, bracts small. Calyx tubular-campa- nulate, truncate or unequally 4-6-lobed. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric ; lobes 4-7, imbricate, spreading. Stamens 2, attached near the top of the corolla-tube; filaments short, anthers included or slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled, style cylindric, stigma shortly 2- lobed ; ovules 3-4 in each cell, pendulous, Capsule obovoid, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, woody. Seeds- pendulous, winged, albumen O; cotyledons plano-convex or contorted, radicle superior.—Species 4, one Indian and three in Africa, S.swietenioides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. ti, ¢. t. 101; Fl. Ind. i \(1820), 109; Brandis For. Fl. 305 ; Watt E, D, ; F. B. I. iti, 604 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 660 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 116.—Vern. Moka, ghanta (Bundelkhand). A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, with grey scabrous bark: young parts pubescent. Leaves deciduous, common petiole 2-3 in, long ; leaf- lets 7-9, opposite, glabrous when mature, the lowest pair smaller ; blade 2-4 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, base often oblique; main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs. Cymes 8-6 in. long and about as wide, many-flowered; bracts small, linear, pubescent. Flowers shortly pedicelled, fragrant. Calyz } in. long, pubescent, limb irregularly 4-6-toothed or subtruncate. Corolla } in. long, white withelevated brown glandular dots on the inner surface of the elliptic- 28 OLEACE. [Orza. oblong ciliate lobes. Capsule pendulous, 2 in. long, pearshaped, hard and woody, surface rough with white raised specks. Seeds 3-4 in each cell. Forests of Bundelkhand and Merwd4ra. Flowers February-April, frag- rant at night. Disrris. Subtropical Kumaon up to 1,500 feet, N. Bengal, Chota Nagpur and from the Central Provinces to the drier parts of S. India; also in Upper Burma. The grey close-grained wood is largely used in turnery. 4: LINOCIERA, Swartz ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 607. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers in axillary (rarely terminal) panicles or cymes, often in small terminal fascicles, bracts small. Calyx small, 4-fid. Petals 4, nearly free, or cohering in pairs, or shortly connate, induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 2, filaments short, attached at the base of the petals. Ovary 2-celled, style short, stigma obscurely bifid or entire ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Drupe ellipsoid ; endocarp bony or crustaceous. Seed usually solitary, pendulous, testa thin, albumen fleshy or 0, radicle -guperior.—Species about 40, in the tropics of both hemispheres. L. intermedia, VAR. Roxburghii, Clarke in F. B. I. iii, 609 ; Watt E. D.; Oooke Fl, Bomb. ti, 117 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 660. Olea panicalata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 80; Fl. Ind. « (1820), 104 (not of R. Br.). Usually a small tree, the branches covered with white lenticels. Leaves (including petiole) 34-5 in. long by 1-14 in. wide, elliptic or oblanceo- late, acute or bluntly acuminate, papery, glabrous, nerves prominent beneath; petiole 3-1 in. long. Flowers white, in axillary or extra -axillary rather dense thyrsoid paniclesswhich become lax after flower- ing; bracts falcate-lanceolate, equalling or »xceeding the pedicels. Calyx 35 in. long, glabrous, lobes ovate. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong, cohering by pairs at the base. Ovary glabrous, stigmatic lobes divaricate. Drupe about $ in. long, ellipsoid, 1-seeded, purple when ripe. Seed exalbuminons. Kansrao on the Dehra Dun Siwalik range (Edgeworth), a1d in the Sub- Himalayan tracts cf Kheri and Gondain N.Oadi. DisrRis. Chota Nagpur, Cent. and 8S. India. 5. OLEA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 611. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Flowers small, hermaphrodite dicecious or polygamous, in axillary or extra- axillary (rarely terminal) panicles, bracts minute. Calyx small, A-toothed or-lobed. Corolla-tube short lobss 4, induplicate-valvate, Otra.] OLEACE. a7 or none. Stamens 2, adnate to the corolla-tube or (in the male flowers) sub-hypogynous ; filaments short, anthers oblong. Ovar 2-celled ; style short, stigma capitate or bifid; ovules 2 in each cell, subpendulous or attached laterally to the septum. Drwupe ellip- soid or subglobose, endocarp bony or crustaceous, usually 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, albumen fleshy, radicle superior.—Spesies about 35, from the Mediterranean region to S, Africa and from India to Australia aud Polynesia. v O. glandulifera, Wall. Cat. 2811; Brandis For. Fl. 309; (ewel. syn.) ; F. B. I. itt, 612 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. Sch. Cire. 230 ; Gamble Man. Ind, Timb. 474 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 309.—Vern. Gair. A small or moderate-sized tree, branches lenticellate. Leavers 3-5 in. long by 14-2 in. wide, ovate-lanceolate, with a slender or sometimes abruptly acuminate apex, entire, glabrous, base cuneate, margins undulate ; main lateral nerves slender, with glands in the axils on either side of midrib, petiole 3-1 in. long. Flewers small sessile or shortly stalked, creamy white, in terminal or occasionally lateral 3-chotomous cymes, Calya 4-toothed. Corolla deeply divided ; lobes 5-4 in. long, elliptic, valvate. Anthers large. Ovary glabrous or neatly so. Drupe 4-3 in. long, obliquely ovoid, acute, black when ripe, endocarp bony. Dehra Dun at Sahdnsradhdra (Royle), and in the Mothronwala swamp (Kanjilal). Flowers April and May. DisTRiB, Outer Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal up to 6,000 feet, also on the Nilgiri Hillsand in Ceylon. The reddish grey wood is hard and durable and is used in turnery and for agricultural implements. The bark is medicinal, and the leaves are used as fodder. O. cusprpaTaA, Wall. Cat. 2817 ; Brandis For. Fl. 307, t. 39; F. B. I. tii, 611; Watt, E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 229; Collett Fl. Siml. 309; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 119. O.ferruginea, Royle Il/. 257 t. 65, f. 1.; Brandis For. Fl. 576 ; Gamble Man. Ind. ‘limb. 474.—Vern. Kau, kaht (Indian Olive).—Cult. in Dehra Dun, but quite wild on the W. Himalaya as far west as Kumaon ascending to 6,000 feet, a'so in Sindh, on the Punjab Salt Range and onthe hills of the N.-W. Frontier Frovince. Allied to the common olive (O. enropwa). It flowers in April and May and the fruit ripens August-November. The oil extracted from the fruit of this tree is of good quality, but the quantity at present obtainable is unremu- nerative. Sir D. Brandis suggests that by grafting or by other means the yield may eventually be improved. Mr. Gamble remarks that the wood, which is often prettily marbled, might beworth trying as a substitute for box,or for the wood of the European Olive for inlay- ing work. OLEA EUROPA. Linn. is the Olive-tree of S. Europe. The attempts hitherto made to cultivate this tree in India for its oil have not been successful. Although it often grows to a considerable size in N. India it rarely flowers and never produces any fruit. 28 SALVADORACEL. [SaALVADORA, LXX.—_SALVADORACE Z. Shrubs or trees, usually glabrous, armed or not. Leaves opp site, entire ; stipules minute or 0. Flowers small, clustered or panicled, hermaphrodite or dicwzious. Calyx free, campanulate or ovoid, 3-4-toothed or 4-fid. Corolla shortly canpanulate or the petals free, A-merous, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or hypogynoas, alternate with the lobes or petals; filaments free or connate at the base. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled, style short, stigma 2-fid. or subentire ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect from its base. Berry or drupe usually l-seeded. Seed erect, globos? or compressed, exalbu ninous.—Species 8 or 9, in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, aiso in Madagascar and Malaya. SALVADORA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 619. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves usually pale green. Flowers sessile or pedicelled, on the branches of axillary or terminal panicles, Calyx campanulate, 4-fid. Corolla campanulate, tube short ; lobes 4, obtuse. Stamens 4, attached to the base or middle of the corolla filaments somewhat flattened. Disk of 4 scales or glands alternating with the filaments or 0. Ovary 1-celled, style very short or 0, stigma broad; ovule solitary, erect. Drupe globose, supported by the enlarged cilyx and subpersistent corolia, endocarp crustaceous. Seed globose.—Species 2, in E. Africa, Arabia and India. Flowers pedicelled 7 . : . ~ 1. 8. persica. Flowers sessile . ; ; : ‘ 2. 8. oleoides, 1. S. persica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 122; Royle Ill. 319; Brand. For. Fl. 315; F. B.L. iii, 619; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man, Ind. Tumb. 476; Prain Beng. Pl. 663; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 121.-—Vern. Kharjal. An evergreen shrab or small tree, with usually a short and crooked -trunk. Branches many, drooping, terete, glabrous, whitish-yellow. Leaves fleshy, glaucous; blade 1-2 in, longand up to 1 in. wide, elliptic- lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or often mucronate at the apex, base cuneate or rounded; petiole 3-2 in. long. Flowers greenish-yellow, in lax compound panicles; pedicels 75-3 in. long ; bracts ovate, a little shorter than the pedicels, deciduous. Calyx 3, in. long, glabrous, lobes rounded. ‘orolla twice as loug as the calyx, thin, persistent; lobes oblong,-reflexed. Stamens exserted. Drup2 globose, ; in. in diam, smooth, 1ed when ripe. . In the drier western and southern outskirts of the area in the neighbour- hood of Delhi, Agra, Muttra and Ajmer, and on the banks of the Satvapora.] APOCYNACEZ, 29 * Ganges as far east as Patna, especially on saline soile. It is often found growing with Capparis aphylla and Prosopis spicigera. Flowers Novem- ber-May. Distris. Baluchistan, Sindh, Réjputéna and in the coast regions on both sides of the Peninsuia and in Ceylon, extending to W. Asia, Abyssinia and Egypt. Often planted near Mahomedan tombs. It is believed to be the Mustard-tree of Scripture. The pungent leaves are eaten as salad, ani camels are very fond of browzing on the foliage, The bark of the roots acts as avesicant. The bitter aromatic fruit is . used medicinally, and the twigs are much used by natives for cleaning the teeth, the tree being known as the ‘ tooth-brush’ tree. 2. S. oleoides, Dene. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 140, t. 144; Brandis For. Fl. 316, t. 39; F. B. I. wi. 620; Watt E. D.; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 122; Gamble Man. Ind. Tum), 477. 8. indica, Royle Ill, 319.—Vern. Jhal, jal. An everzr2en shrub or small tree, with usually a short and twisted trank. Branches many, spreading, whitish Leaves 13-3 in. Jong and up to } in. w_de, linear lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subobtase and often mucronate, pale-green or glaucous, coriaceous, glabrous. Flowers sessile, greenish-white, in erect axillary panicled spikes ; bracts minute, ovate, acate, deciduous. Calyx abort js in. long. divided abont } way down into 4 rounded lobes. Corolla slightly exceeding the calyx; lobes obovate-oblong, refexed. Stamens exserted. Drupe globose, 4-2 in. in diam., yellow when ripe. Confined to the dry and usua'ly saline tracts of the western portion of the area, and often found gr wing in company with S. persica, from which at a distance it may be distinguished hy its more sombre green foliage. Flowers Janiary-April. Disrris. Common in Gujarat, Sindh, Rajputana and in the drier parts of the Punjab and on the Salt Range up to 2,400 feet, extending to Afghanistan and Aden. The sweet fruit (pilu is eaten, especially in times of scarcity. Camels are fond of browzing on the leaves and shoots, but.no other animal will eat them. LXXI.—APOCY NACE, Trees, erect or twining shrubs, or herbs. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, rarely alternite, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal to axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite; bracts small. Calyz in- ferior; lobes 5, rarely 4, imbricate, often glandular within at the base. Corolla saul rotate or salver-shaped; lobes 5, rarely 4, spreading contorted and. often twisted in bud, raroly valvate. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted usually on the tube of the corolla ; fila- ments usually short, anthers linear-oblong or sagittate, conniving, counective sometimes adhering to the stigma; cells 2, dehiscing longitudinally, some times produced downwards as empty spurs ; 30 APOCYNACEX. [Carissa. pollen granular. Disk annular, cupular, or of scales, sometimes con- cealing the ovary, or0. Ovury l-celled, with 2 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with axile placentas, or of 2 distinct or partially connate carpels, style simple or divided at the base only, thickened at the top ; stigma 2-fid, obtuse or acute; ovules few or many in each carpel. Fruit a berry drupe or samara, or of 2 baccate or follicle-like meri- carps. Seeds various, often with a tuft of hairs at one or both ends or winged; albumen hard or fleshy, or scanty or 0; embryo straight. Cotyledons flat or contorted.—Species over 900, chiefly tropical. Anthers included, free from the stigma, cells with rounded bases. Ovary of 2completely connate carpels, fruit a berry, seeds neither winged nor comose, corolla-Iebes overlapping to the left. Spinous shrubs . : ‘ Ovary of 2 carpels, united usually by the style (see Ruuwoljia). Calyx not glandular inside, corolla- lobes overlapping to the left. Fruit indehiscent, of 2 more or less c-nnate 1-seeded drupes, leaves whorled. A shrub. . 2 RAUWOLFIA. Fruit dehiscent, of 2 slender free follicles. Leaves opposite, seeds not comose ; : : . Leaves whorled, seeds comose at both ends : , Calyx glandular inside. Seeds comose at the apex, follicles many-seeded, corolla-lobes over- lapping to theright . ‘ . Seeds few, imbedded in pulp, not comose, corolla-lobes overlapping to the left . 3 : : : Anthers included or exserted, cohering in a cone round the style and attached to it, cells spurred at the base, ovary of 2 carpels united by the style only or (in Vallaris) connate in flower, fruit follicular. Anthers exserted, leaves opposite. Mouth of corolla without seales, the lobes overlapping totheright . 7% VALLARIS. Month of corolla with a corona of scales, the lobes overlapping to the left . - : : . . 8. WRIGHTIA. 1. CARISSA. 3. LOCHNERA. 4. ALSTONIA. 5. HOLARRHENA. 6. ERVATAMIA, ~ WGanissa.] : APOCYNACE. 31 Anthers included, corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Leaves whorled, mout) of corolla witha ring of scales ° : ° : Leaves opposite, mouth of corolla with- out scales. Flowers } in. long, in lax terminal or psendo-axillary cymes . : - 10. TRACHELOSPERMUM. Flowers } in. long, in compact 3-choto- mous cymes forming elongated leafy pinicles - “ : - 11. IcHNocarpPus. . 9. Neriom. 1, CARISSA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 630. Spinous densely branching shrubs, usually erect. Leaves opposite, small, coriaceous. Flowers nearly sessile, white often tinged with pink, arranged in lax terminal umbel-like or corymbose 3-chotomous cymes. Calyx 5-part, rarely glandular within, lobes acute. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, dilated round the anthers, throat without scales, lobes overlapping to the right (in the Indian species). Stamens attached to the top of the corolla-tube, included ; anthers oblong, acute, the cells with obtuse bases. Disk 0. Ovary entire, 2-celled; style filiform, stigma fusiform or columnar, minutely 2- fid.; ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely more. Berry ellipsoid or globose. Seeds usually 2, peltately attached to the septum, albumen horny or fleshy, cotyledons ovate, radicle inferior. —Species 2, in Trop. Asia, Africa and Australia. 1. C. Carandas, Linn. Mantiss, 52; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i, 687; Royle Ill. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 320; F. B. I. iii, 630; Watt E.D.; Kanjildl For. Fl. Sch, Circe. 232; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 479; Collett Fl. Siml. 311. Prain Beng, Pl. 668; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it, 124.—Vern. Karaunda. A large erect evergreen shrub or small tree, glabrous except the inflorescence. Bark yellowish-browa, scaly. Branch'ets usually alter- nate, armed at their base witha pair of stout giabrous spreading spines 1-1} in. long, the branches gen-rally nnarmed. Leaves shortly petioled, 1}-3 in. long by 1-2 in wide, elliptic or obovate, obtuse or shortly mucronate, cuneate at the base, coriaceous dark green and shining above. Flowers white or pinkish, faintly scented, arranged in terminal sessile or peduncled pubescent corymbose cymes; pedils short; bracts linear, pubescent. Calyz pubescent, divided more than 4 way down int) lanceolate ciliate segments. Corolla-tube about }in. long, dilated upwards; lobes lanceolate, acute, about half as long as the tube, pubescent and ciliolate. Ovary glabrous, cells 4-ovuled. Berry 4- or were-seeded, }-1 in. long, ellipsoid, smooth, purplish when ripe, 32 APOCYNACE. [RaUWOLFIA. Wild in the Baraich and Gonda forests of N. Oudh and in the Gorakhpur district, but cultivated in many places within the area. F lowers: J anuary-April. DISTRIB, Wild or cultivated throughout India and in Ceylon, extending to Burma ani Malaya. The wood is suitable for turnery, and the branches make excellent hedges. The half-ripe fruit is eaten as a pickle, and the ripe fruit is also much eaten both raw and. as a preserve. 2. C. spinarum, Linn. Mantiss, App. 559; F. B. I. iit, 631; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 232; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 480; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 1%, 125; Prain Beng. Pl. 669. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1%, 689. C. hirsuta, Roth. (. villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti (1824), 525, Vern. Karaunda. A small evergreen shrub, glabrous or with the branches inflorescence and leaves pubescent. Bark light grey, fibrous. Leaves smaller than those of C. Carandas and usually acute or mucronate. Flowers scented, white cr tinged with pink. Calyz divided almost to the base. Berry . subglobose, 3 in. in diam. red changing to dark purple when ripe. Very common within the area as a forest shrub in dry and rocky situations. Often forming extensive undergrowth in forests of bamboo and rinus longifolia in the Siwalik tracts, and in the teak forests of Bundelkhand and Saugor- Flowers April-June, and the fruit ripens during the cold season. DistRiB. Outer Himalayan ranges up to 6,000 feet from Kashmir to Sikkim, and throughout the drier parts of India and in Ceylon, extending to the S. Andamans and Burma. The pranches afford excellent material for dry fences, and the wood is used inturnery. The leaves are eaten greedily by sheep and goats, and the: berries, like those of C. Carandas, are eaten either raw or as a cooked preserve. C. hirsuta is a much more pubescent form, and is not uncommon in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Robilkhand and N. Oudh. 9. RAUWOLFIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 632. Small shrubs. Leaves whorled, rarely opposite. Flowers. small, in terminal or pseudo-axillary 9-3-chotomous umbel-like or corymbi- form cymes. Peduncles alternating with the termival leaves, finally becoming lateral. Calyx 5-id, or -partite, eglandular within, Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric, dilated round the anthers, throat usoally hairy within; lobes 5, overlapping to the left. Stamens included, attached at or above the middle of the tube ; anthers small, acute, free from the stigma, cells rounded at the base. Disk large, cup-shaped or annular, entire or slightly lobed. Carpels 2, distinct or connate, style filiform ; stigma capitate, calyptriform at the base, tip 2-fid.; ovules 2, collateral in each carpel. - Ripe carpels drupaceous, distinct or connate, usually l-seeded. Seeds ovoid, albumen fleshy, cotyledons flat, radicle straight or recurved.— Species about 50, in the tropics of both hemispheres and in 8. Africa. Locuyera.] APOCY NACE. 33 _R.serpentina, Benth. ew Kura For. Fl. Burma di, 171; F.B, L. tii, 632; Watt B.D. ; Kanjtilat For. Fl. 237 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 481; Pratn Beng. Pl. 671; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 127, Ophioxylon serpentinum, Linn, ; Rowb. Fl. Ind, +, 694.—Vern. Chota chand. A small erect glabrous shrub with a pale-coloured bark. Leaves whorled, 3-7 in. long by 1-2} in. wide, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, tapering gradually into the petiole, thin, pale beneath, Flowers white or pinkish, arranged in terminal or lateral corymbose en A ee stout, 2-5 in. long; pedicels and calyx red; bracts ' minute, lanceolate. Calyzx-lobes }5 in. long, lanceolate. Corolla about } in. long; tube slender, inflated above the middle; lobes much shorter than the tube, elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Disk membranous, slightly lobed. Drupes about 4 in. in diam., single or didymous and more or less connate, purplish-black when ripe. Dehra Dun, Siwalik range and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. Flowers November-Vecember. DistR1B. West- ward to Sirhind along the base of the Punjab Himalaya, and eastward to Sikkim, Assam and N. and C. Bengal, and from Bombay through C. and 8. India to Ceylon; also in Burma, the Andaman Islands extending to Java. The plant has from very early times been in much repute for its medicinal properties. (See Watt E. D.) 3 LOCHNERA, Reichb. Conspectus 134. VINCA IN Fx. Briv, Inp, 111, 640, Annual or perennial herbs. or undershrubs.. Leaves opposite axillary glands numerous, in a fringe; outer long and filiform, inner minute. lowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, white or pink. Calyx herbaceous, 5-partite ; segments subulate, scarcely imbricate. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube slender, cylindric, somewhat inflated round the stamens below the constricted mouth, lobes overlapping to the left. Stamens on the corolla-tube; filaments very short; anthers free from the stigma, ovate-lanceolate, acute, shortly and obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disk replaced by 2 long linear glands alternating with the carpels. Carpels 2, free, style filiform, stigma depressed- capitate, with along hyaline reflexed frill at the base and a minute obtuse 2-lobed apiculus surrounded by a very short erect membra- nous rim. follicles cylindric, slightly spreading. Seeds many, small, testa rugose, albumen fleshy; cotyledons oblong, flat.— Species 3, in Trop. America, India and Madagascar. Cc 34 : APOCYNACES. CALSTONIA. L, pusilla, K. Schum in Engl. and Prantl. Pflanzenf. iv, part 2, 145 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 11, 129. Vinca pusilla, Murr.; F. B. I. wi, 640; Watt E.D. V. parviflora, Retz. ; Rowb. Fl. Ind. ti, 1; Royle Ill. 270. An erect much-branched pale-green glabrous annual, 6-24 in. high: Stem and branches acutely 4-angled. Leaves membranous, 13-3 in, long, lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the base; margins minutely seabrid, petiole + in. or less. Flowers small, solitary or in pairs, pedicels very short. Calyx 3-2 in. long, lobes filiform. Corolla-tube3 in; mouth narrow, hairy, throat glabrous inside ; lobes ¢ in. long, oblong-oborate,’apiculate. Follicles 13-2 in. long, slender, straight, striate, glabrous. Seeds 5 in. long, eylindric, rounded at the ends, muricately ribbed, black when ripe. A common weed in many parts of the areas Distris. W. Himalaya up to 2,000 feet, also in W., Cent. and S. India extending to Ceylon, 4. ALSTONIA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 641. Trees or erect shrubs. Zeaves usually whorled. Flowers in subterminal corymbose cymes. Calyx short, 5-lobed or-partite. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric ; throat naked, closed by a ring of reflexed hairs ; lobes overlapping to the right or left. Stamens included, attached near the top of the tube; anthers free from the stigma, subacute. Dzsé annular or 0, lobed. Carpels 2, distinct ; style filiform, top ovoid or oblong, stigma minute or 2-toothed, ovules numerous. Follieles 2, linear, slender. Seeds oblong or linear, flattened, peltately attached, often ciliate, albumen scanty ; cotyledons oblong, flat, radicle superior.—Species about 30, in Tropical Asia, Australia and Polynesia. A. scholaris, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc.i, 75 ; Royle Ill. 270; Brand. For. Fl. 325; F. B. I. iit, 642; Watt #. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 233; Gamble Man. Ind. Timd.; Prain Beng.. Pl. 672; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 11, 132.— Vern Sdatian. A large evergreen tree with milky juice, up to 60 feet or more in height, with dark-grey bark. Stem fluted and usually buttressed towards the base; branches whorled, the smaller ones densely lenticellate. Leaves in verticils of 4-7, coriaceous, bright-green and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath, 3-8 in. long, oblong lanceolate or obovate, obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate, tapering atthe base into a short petiole; main lateral nerves many, parallel and almost at right angles to the stout midrib, uniting close to the edge intoan intramar- ginal vein. Flowers greenish-white, arranged in compact umbellately - branched pubescent cymes ; main peduncles stout, 2-3 in. long ; second- ary ones slender, often supported by a leaf-like spathulate bract ; pedicels short, bracteoles oblong or ovate. Calya Z,-% in. long, pubescent ; HoLaBRHeENa. | APOCYNACEZ. 85 lobes ,\; in., oblong, ciliate, Corolla-tube } in. long, constricted in the middle, hairy on both sides ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Disk 0. Anthers acute. Ovary villous, stigma bifid. Follicles terete, 1-2 feet long and about 1 in. in diam., pendulous in clusters. Seeds about 4 in. long, slender, ttened, with a long tuft of tawny bairs at each end. In the eastern portion of Debra Dun and eastwards in the moist forests along the base of the Himalaya, but nowhere abundant. It flowers December-March and the fruit ripens during May and June. Disrrrs. EB, Bengal, Assam, W. and S. India, Burma, Malay Pen. and Archipelago, extending also to Queensland and Trop. Africa. The wood is light and easily worked andis much used for boxes, etc., andin Burma for making black boards, hence the specific name. 5. HOLARRHENA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 644, Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, membranous. Flowers white, in terminal subaxillary corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed or partite, usually glandular within ; lobes small, narrow. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube slender, cylindric ; lobes oblong, overlapping to the left. Stamens near the base of the tube; anthers included, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, free from the style. Disk 0. Carpels 2, distinct ; style short, filiform, stigma oblong-fusiform, apex entire or with two teeth ; ovules many in each carpel. Follicles elongate, spreading and incurved, terete. Seeds linear or oblong, compressed, concave, tipped with a deciduous coma, albumen scanty ; cotyledons broad, complicate ; radicle short, superior.—Species 7 or 8, in Trop. Asia and Africa. H. antidysenterica, Wall. Cat. 1672; Brandis For, Fl. 324, t. 40; F.B.I, iv 644; Watt EB. D.; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 133; Kanjilal For. Fl. 234; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 484; Collett Fl. Siml. 311; Prain Beng. Pl. 674, H. pubescens, Wall.; Royle Ill. 270.—Vern. Karra, kura, dudhi, indarjau, A small deciduous tree, with brown bark exfoliating inirregular flakes. Leaves sessile or nearly so, rather thin, glabrous or more or less tomen- tose especially beneath, 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate or elliptic, rounded or tapering at the base; main lateral nerves arcuate, con- spicuous, connected by prominent transverse veins. Flowers white, inodorous, arranged in terminal sessile corymbose cymes, pedicels slender; bracts small, deciduous. Calya-lobes ; 5-4 in, long, lanceolaté, acuminate, ciliate. Cerolla about 1 in. in diam., creamy white, puberulous outside; tube 4-4 in. long, throat without a ring of hairs; lobes about as Jong as the tube, oblong, obtuse, Follicles slender, 8-15 in. long, 4-4 in. in diam., usually marked with many narrow white specks. Seeds linear, about jin. long; coma brown, about twice as long as the seed. c 2 86 APOCYNACEZ. [ErvaTamia. Abundant in Dehra Dun, on the Siwalik range and throughout the sub- Himalayan tract eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers in May and June, and the fruit ripens during the cold season. DistRis. Throughont India and in Burma, ascending to 4,000 feet on the Western Himalaya. Sir Dietrich Brandis remarks that in Penin- sula specimens the style is much longer than in those of Northern India, and the anthers are attached to the middle of the corolla-tube instead of at the base. Gamble draws attention to its sylvicultural importance as an associate of sél in Northern and Central India, and to its value in the reclamation of waste lands. The soft white wood is largely used, especially at Saharanpur, for carving and in turnery, and many of the beads worn round the neck as a charm are made from this wood. The bark is used for dysentery, and the leaves and seeds are also employed medicinally. 6. ERVATAMIA, Stapf. TABERNZ MONTANA IN FL. Brit. IND. 11, 645. Shrubs rarely small trees, usually glabrous. ZLeaves opposite ; axillary stipules usually distinct, axillary glands small. Flowers often showy, usually in pairs and arranged in terminal or seudo-axillary corymbose or umbelliform cymes. Calyx small; me 5, free or connate at the base, glandular inside, imbricate. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, slightly widened towards the naked mouth; lobes overlapping usually to the left. Stamens included ; filaments short ; anthers linear, acute, 2-lobed at the base Disk 0. Ovary of 2 carpels which sometimes slightly cohere ; style usually long and slender ; stigma on a level with the anthers, clavate or oblong-ellipsoid, with a slender papillose bifid apiculus; ovules numerous, in many series. Follicles 2, more or less coriaceous when mature, obliquely ovate to lanceolate, usually curved and beaked. Seeds usually few, embedded in an orange-coloured or red aril, ellipsoid, deeply grooved ventrally, albumen copious.—Species about 30, in Trop. Asia, Australia and Polynesia, and one in Madagascar. E. coronaria, Stapf. in Fl. Trop. Afr. iv, 127 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 1, 134. Tabernemontana coronaria, Wilid. Enum. Hort. Berol. 275; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti, 23; Royle Ill. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 322; F. Bb. I. wi, 646; Watt E.D.; Kanjilal For. Fl, 233; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 485; Pratn Beng. Pl. 673.—Vern. Chandni. An evergreen glabrous‘ dichotomously branched shrub with silvery-grey bark. Leaves 3-6 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate or caudate, tapering at the base into a short petiole, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, membranous or thinly coriaceous, main VaALbaRis.| APOCYNACEZ. 37 lateral nerves 6-9 pairs; petioles }-amplexicaul at the base. Cymes few-flowered ; peduncles about 14 in. long, pedicels slender. Flowers pure white, fragrant at night, buds clavate. Caly«-lobes broadly ovate, acute or rounded. Corolla-tube }-1 in. long, dilated round the anthers , lobes about as long as the tube, obliquely ovate, obtuse, crisped on one margin. Anthers acuminate. Carpels glabrous. Follicles 1-2 in. long, spreading, recurved at the acuminate apex, 1-3-keeled, opening out flat when ripe. Seeds 3-6, oblong, striated, embedded ina red pulpy aril, Sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards. Flowers May-Auguet, fruiting during the cold season. DisrRis. Garhwal, E. Bengal, Khasia Hills, Assam and Burma, also found in Trinidad. An orna- mental shrub, much cultivated in gardens. The flowers are dimorphic as regards the length of the style and the position of the anthers. Under cultivation the flowers often become double. 7. VALLARIS, Burm.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 650. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, minutely dotted. Flowers white in axillary or pseudo-axillary cymes or fascicles. Caly» 5-partite- glandular or not within, segments narrow. Corolla salver-shape or subrotate, tube short, throat naked; lobes broad, contorted, over- lapping to the right. Stamens attached at the top of the corolla- tube; filaments very short, clavate; anthers exserted, conniving in a cone and adherent to the stigma, connective with a dorsal gland, cells produced into rigid basal spurs. Disk annular or cupular, with 5 lobes or scales. Carpels 2, at first connate, many-ovuled ; style filiform, pubescent ; stigma thick, obscurely annulate near the base. rwit oblong, acuminate, the carpels at length separating, Seeds 2-seriate, ovate, acuminate, compressed, tip comose, albumen scanty.—Species 5 or 6, in Trop. Asia and Malaya. V. Heynei, Spreng. Syst. i, 635; F. B.I. iti, 165; Watt B. D-; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wt, 136 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 486; Collett Fl. Siml. 311, Kanjildal For, Fl. 234; Prain Beng. Pl. 675. V. dichotoma, Wall, ; Ro yle Ill. 270 ; Brandis For. Fl. 327. Echites dichotoma, Rowb. Fl. Ind. ii, 19.— Vern. Dudhi bel. A large twining shrub with ash-coloured bark. Leaves usually glabrous, panel » 2-44 in. long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ase acute, upper surface shining ; petiole }-$ in. long, with glands in the axila, Flowers } in. across, in lax pubescent cymes, creamy white, fragrant ; peduncles slender, pubescent or glabrous; pedicels usually decurved, pubescent; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent: Calyx pubescent; lobes ;4 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or sub- acute, ciliate, Corolla # in. across, minutely pubescent outside, tube 3 38 APOCYNACEZ. [V ALLaRis. in. long, limb spreading; lobes obovate, obtuse. Ovary hairy, stigma pointed. Fruit 4-6 in. long, acuminate from a rounded base, valves thick and fibrous. Seeds about 4 in. long, ovoid, beaked; coma # in. long, silvery white. Abundant within the area, especially in the sub-Himalayan forests east- wards from Dehra Dun, and in Bundelkhand. Flowers December-April, and the fruit ripens from January-April of the following year. DistTRIB’ Punjab westwards to the Sutlej, Himalaya up to 5,000 feet in Kumaon, E. Bengal and southwards to Ceylon, also in Burma. The twigs are used for making baskets in the Saharanpur district. The plant is cultivated in gardens for its scented flowers. : 8. WRIGHTIA, RK. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 652. Shrubs or small trees, often with slender cord-like branches. Leaves opposite. Flowers red white or yellow, in terminal or pseudo- axillary cymes. Calyx short, 5-partite, with glands or scales inside. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, usually short, with a corona of 5-10 usually fimbriate scales in the throat, lobes overlapping to the left. Stamens at the top of the corolla-tube ; filaments short, dilated ; anthers exserted, sagittate, conniving around and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disk none. Carpels 2, free or connate, many-ovuled, style filiform. odlicles distinct or at first connate. Seeds linear, compressed, narrowed at the apex and with a deciduous coma at the base; albumen scanty or none; cotyledons broad, convolute. Species about 10, in Trop. Asia and Australia, one extending to S. Africa. Leaves glabrous or puberulous beneath ; follicles smooth, cohering at the apexonly . ‘ . Leaves tomentose on both surfaces ; follicles connate throughout, rough with white tuber- cles . - - ; ° : 1. W. tinctoria, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. 1.74; Royle Ill. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 324; F. B. I. iii, 653; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 486 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 187. W. Rothii, G. Don. Nerium tine- torium, Rozb.; Fl. Ind. ii, 4—Vern. Dudhi (Bundelkhand), Khirni (Rajputana). A small deciduous tree, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Leaves 3-5 in. long, elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate or obovate-oblong, caudate or acu- minate, base rounded or acute; main lateral nerves 6-12 pairs, con- spicuous in the mature leaf, petiole very short. Flowers 3-2 in. in diam., white, fragrant, arranged in lax terminal dichotomous cymes ; brauches slender, spreading ; bracts minute, ovate. Calyz-lobes ovate, ruunded, margins membranous. Corolla tube ¢ in. long; lobes 4 in., linear- 1. W. tinctoria. . 2. W. tomentosa. Wricamia. | APOCYNACEX, — 39 oblong, obtuse; scales linear, scattered. Anthers white, exserted. Follicles pendulous, 10-20 in. long, slender, cylindric, glabrous, cohering at their tips only. Seeds 4-2 in. long, linear, glabrous except for the basal coma. Bundelkhand and Rajputana in deciduous forests, also in the forests of N.Oudh. Flowers March-May. Disrris. Central W. and S. India, alsoin Ceylon and Burma. The white even-grained wood is much used for carving and turnery. The leaves yield an indigo-like dye which is used by the natives of S. India, and the seeds (mitha indarjau) ara eaten. In C. Rothii the branchlets and leaves are distinctly pubescent. This form occurs in Bundelkhand and southwards. 2. W. tomentosa, R. § 8. Syst. iv, 414 ; Brandis For. Fl. 323 ; F. B. I. iii, 653 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 235 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 487 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 674; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 137. W.mollissima, Wall.; Royle Ill. 270, Nerium tomentosum, Rozb. Fl. Ind. ti, 6.—Vern. Dudh, andarjau. A small deciduous tree with grey corky bark; young parts densely tomentose. Leaves tomentose on both surfaces, 3-6 in. long, elliptic- oblong, caudate-acuminate, reddish-brown when dry, base acute, main lateral nerves 8-14 pairs, petiole 4 in. long. Flowers about 1 in. across, rather foetid, arranged in short dense erect terminal corymbose cymes. Calyz pubescent outside, glandular within ; lobes ¢ in. long, ovate, obtuse. Corolla white or tinged with pink, turning to pale yellow, tube twice as long as the calyx-lobes. Corona of orange-coloured fleshy scales. Follicles 8-12 in. long, subcylindrical, laterally com- pressed, connate throughout, grooved on each side at the junction of the carpels, rough with many white prominences. Seeds 4-3 in. long, slender, tapering towards the apex and with a deciduous white coma at the lower end. Sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in Merwara and Bundelkhand. Flowers during May and June. DistrRIs. Throughout the hotter parts of India ia deciduous forests, on the Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. westwards to the Beas and eastwards to Sikkim, also in Ceylon and Burma. The white close-grained wood is suitable for carving and turning, and is largely used, like that of Holarrhena, for the manufacture of carved plates and picture-frames in the Saharanpur district. The bark of the stem and roots is re- garded as an antidvut to saake-bite and the sting of scorpions.~* 9. NERIUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 654. Erect glabrous shrubs. Leaves usually in whorls of three, narrow, coriaceous ; nerves slender, very close. Flowers large, iv terminal racemose cymes. Calyx 5-pariite, glandular within, segments narrow. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube cylindric, expanding above, with five fringed scales on the throat ,lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens 46 APOCYNACER:. [Nerve = inserted near the mouth of the tube, filaments short; anthers con- niying around and adhering to the stigma, tipped with long hairy appendages, each cell produced downwards into a rigid spur-like appendage. Carpels 2, distinct, many ovuled; style filiform or dilated upwards; stigma with a reflected lobed membrane surmounted by 5 tubercles, tip subglobose. Follicles cylindric, straight, ad- pressed. Seeds oblong, villous; coma terminal, caducous ; albumen fleshy, cotyledons flat—Species 2 or 3, extending from the Medi- terranean to N. Asia and Japan. Nerium odorum, Soland. in Hori. Kew. ed. I, i, 297 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 2; Brandis For. Fl. 328 ; F. B. I. iii, 655 ; Watt LE. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 236 ; Gamble Man. Ind, Timb. 487 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 312; Prain Beng. Pl. 676 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 143.—Vern, Kaner, A large glabrous evergreen shrub with milky juice. Leavesin threes, shortly stalked, coriaceous, 4-6 in. long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering into the short petiole, dark green and shining above, midrib stout ; nerves numerous, spreading horizontally. Flowers red rose- coloured or white, fragrant. Calyz-lobes lanceolate. Corolla 14 in. in diam., fragrant, lobes rounded. Filaments hairy, appendages of anthers twice aslong as the cells. Follicles 6-9 in. long, rigid, at length separating. Seeds about 3 in. long, tipped with a coma of light brown hairs. On the edges of rocky water-courses on both sides of the Siwalik Range in the districts of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, also in N. Oudh. Flowers usually April to June. Disrris. Himalaya from Nepal westwards to Kashmir up to 6,500 ft., on the Punjab Salt Range, extending westwards to Baluchistan and Afghanistan, algo in C.and 8. India. It is extensively cultivated throughout the greater part of India, as well as in China and Japan. The leaves are used in native medicine, and the bark and root are poisonous. This shrub is closely allied to the European oleander, which is found ag far east as Persia. 10. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 667. _ Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowers white or purplish, in lax terminal or pseudo-axillary cymes. Calyz small, 5-partite, glandular or sealy within. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, dilated round the anthers; lobes 5, oblique, overlapping to the right, twisted to the left. Stamens attached above the middle of the tube; filaments short, broad; anthers conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disk annular or of oblong glands. Carpels 2, distinct, many-ovuled ; style cupular, stigma oblong. Follicles elongate, slender, incurved, terete. Seeds ve = TRacHELosPeRMoM.] APOCYNACEZ, 41 linear, crowned with a tuft of long hairs, albumen copious ; cotyledons linear, flat.—Species 8, E. Asiatic and Malayan. T. fragrans, Hook. f. in F. B. I. iii, 667; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timbd, 489; Kanjilal For. Fl. 237; Collett Fl. Siml. 313. Ichnocarpus fragrans, Wall. ; Royle Ill. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 327. A tall nearly glabrous scandent shrub; old stems with tubercled bark, branches pendulous. Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, thinly coriaceous, shining above, petiole 3-4 in. long. Peduncles and pedicels slender; bracts minute, lanceolate. Flowers white or pink, fragrant. Caly«-lobes ovate, acute, with ciliate edges, 3 the length of the corolla-tube. Corolla-tube 3-4 in. long pubescent at the base of the lobes and round the mouth. Disk of 5, small erectglands. Follicles 4-9 in. long or more. Seeds% in. long, obtuse at both ends, smooth. Dehra Dun, in the Mothronwala swamp and on the banks of the Ré-nadi. Flowers April-June. DisrRis. Sub-tropical and temperate Hima- laya up to 7,000 ft. from Simla to Sikkim and Bhutan, also in Assam and Upper Burma. 11. ICHNOCARPUS, R. Br.; FI. Brit. Ind. iii, 669. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowers small or minute, in long terminal and axillary paniculate cymes. Calyx 5-fid., glandular within. Corol7a salver shaped, throat contracted or villous ; lobes narrowed to an obtuse point, overlapping to the right, the upper half of each lobe deflexed in bud. Stamens at or below the middle of the corolla-tube; anthers sagittate, conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disk free, 5-lobed. Carpels 2, distinct, exserted from the disk, many-ovuled, hairy, style short, stigma ovoid or oblong. Fodldicles slender, spreading or divaricate. Seeds narrowed at the tip, crowned with a deciduous coma, albumen scanty, cotyledons long and flat.— Species 5 or 6, in India, Malaya and Australia. I, frutescens, fF. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i (1809), 62; Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, vi, 69; Royle Ill. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 327; F. B. I. iii, 669 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For, Fl. 256; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 489; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 142; Prain Beng. Pl. 680.—Vern. Kali dudhi, belkamu (Saharanpur), bamar (Gorakhpur). An evergreen climbing shrub; young branches inflorescence and under surface of leaves rusty-tomentose. Leaves variable, 2-3 in. long, elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceclate, acute or acuminate, usually rounded at the base, dark-green glabrous and shining above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath, with slender reticulations between the main lateral 42 APOCY NACE. [IcHNocaRPtUs. nerves; petiole 3-1 in. long. Flowers greenish-white, more or less fragrant. Calyx pubescent ; lobes ovate, acute, minutely glandular inside. Corolla 3-iin. across, twice as long as the calyx; tube 2 in. long, swollen round the included anthers, throat villous ; lobes in. long, hairy on upper surface, narrowed into a slender twisted acuminate point. Disk-lobes longer than the hairy ovary. Follicles 3-6 in. long, straight or somewhat curved, pubescent when young. Seeds 3-2 in. long, slender, coma as long as the seed. Abundant within the areain forests and hedgerows. Flowers Aug.— Dec. DistRis. Throughout the greater part of India, also in Ceylon and Burma, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya; found also in China, Java and Australia. The roots and leaves are used medicinally, and the twigs are collected for making baskets in the Saharanpur district. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (Yellow Oleander), a native of Trop. America, is cultivated in gardens over the greater part of India. It is an evergreen glabrous shrub or small tree with leaves resembling those of the oleander, and the flowers are bright yellow. The milky juice is extremely poisonous. Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. Vern. Gul-achin. This is another introduc- tion, probably indigenous in Mexico. It is a small soft-wooded tree with thick fleshy branches. The fragrant flowers, which open before the leaves have developed, are white with a yellow centre and pinkish outside. It is often met with in gardens and in the vicinity of temples. The bark and milky juice are used in native medicine. LXXII.—ASCLEPIADACE. Herbs or shrubs, generally with milky and acrid juice. Stems simple or branched, usually twining. Leaves mostly opposite, sometimes wanting, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers usually small, regular, 2-sexua], 5-merons, often arranged in umbelliform cymes. Calyx inferior, divided nearly or completely to the base ; segments imbricate, usually with minute processes at their bases within. Corolla variously shaped, hypogynous, gamopetalous, regular, 5-lobed ; tube within or at its mouth often furnished with a Ying of variously shaped scales or processes (the coralline corona). Stamens 5, inserted usually at or near the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments flat, usually connate in a fleshy tube round the ovary (staminal column), the apex of the tube often united to the dilated part of the style, and with usually fleshy scales or processes on the back (staminal corona); anthers not connate with each other, free or united to the style, 2-celled, margins of anthers or their basal processes more or lesshorny or wing-like, ASCLEPIADACE. 43 usually projecting outwards, the adjacent wings of each pair of anthers nearly meeting and forming between them narrow fissures leading to the stigmatic cavities; connectives of the anthers often produced into terminal membranous and sometimes connate appen- dages. Pollen forming 1 or 2 granular or waxy masses in each cell, the pollinia of the adjoining cells of two contiguous anthers united in pairs or fours either directly or by appendages (caudicles) to glands (corpuscles) which lie on the dilated portion of the style. Ovarv of two distinct superior carpels, inclosed within the staminal column; styles 2, short, united above into a 5-angled disk (style apex included between the anthers or produced beyond them into a long or short simple or 2-fid column; ovules many, rarely few, imbricate in several series on the projecting placenta. Seeds com- pressed, usually flat and often margined, crowned with a long dense brush of hairs (coma), albumen thin or 0.—Species exceeding 1,800, widely spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, a few in temperate regions. Filaments free or slightly connate at the base, pollenemasses granular. Corolla-lobes valvate ‘ ‘ ° F 1. HEMIDESMUS. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Corona-lobes free, fleshy, not aristate . 2. CRYPTOLEPIS. Corona-lobes connate in a ring, aristate . 3, PERIPLOCA. Filaments combined into a tube, pollen-masses : waxy. Antlers with a membranous appendage. Pollen-masses pendulous. Stems erect E : . 7 : Corolla-lobes valvate, corona-pro- cesses laterally compressed ; fol- licles short, turgid. Flowers large . 4. CALOTROPIS, Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right, corona-processes short and fleshy. Flowers medium-sized, . : : Stems twining. Corona staminal, single. Corolla subrotate, reddish-purple inside, corona a fleshy truncate ring. Flowers large,fragrant. . 6. HoLosTEMMA., Corolla divided 4 way down, white or pink with purple veins, corona 5-lobed. Flowers larze . 7% OXYSTELMA, Corolia lobed nearly to the base, corona of 5scales. Flowers small, greenish ‘ ° ° “ . 8. PENTATROPIS, PENTAROTHRA. or ats ASCLEPIADACEZ. Corona staminal, double ; follicles - covered with soft spines . Pollen-masses erect. Corona adnate to the corolla-tube ‘ Corona staminal. Corona-lobes adnate to the base of the anthers or none Corona-lobes adnate to the staminal column, without a subulate process on the inner face of the free apical. portion . Corona-lobes adnate to the sidaeal column, each vith a subulate pro- cess on the inner face of the free apical portion . Corona of 5 small tubercles ‘adnate to the staminal column Anthers incumbent on the stigma, Siti 3, membranous appendage. “Corolla -lobes yalvate, pollen-masses erect. Corolla-tube short, limb rotate or saucer- shaped. Corona of 5 small erect hair-tipped scales inserted in the sin uses of the Corolla-lobes, sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal column z ° : Corona double, entirely staminal. Flowers 1-4 at the nodes, or many in a terminal umbel Corolla-tube more or less elongate and often inflated at the base. Corona of 5 small erect scales inserted in the sinuses of the corolla-lobes, sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal column Corona double, Siar: attached to the column ‘ 2 A 10. 11, Sy bs . 13. Ga. - 17. . 18. { HEMIDESMUS. D2MIA, GYMNEMA., GONGRONEMA. MARSDENIA, PERGULABIA. TYLOPHORA. LEPTADENIA, BRACHYSTELMA, ORTHANTHERA, CEROPEGIA. 1. HEMIDESMUs, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 4 A twining shrub. Leaves opposite, hoary or pubescent beneath Flowers small, in opposite crowded subsessile axillary cymes greenish-purple. Calya 5-partite; lobes glandular within at the base, acuminate. Corolla rotate; lobes thick, valvate. Coronal scales 5, on the throat of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, short, fleshy. Stamens attached to the, base of the corolla-tube, filaments distinct or slightly connate at the base, anthers with e ’ > CRYPTOLEPIS. ] . ASCLEPIADACE®. 45 inflexed membranous tips, pollen-masses cohering in pairs in each cell, granular, appendages of the corpuscles dilated or hooded. Stigma 5-angled, with a flat crown. odlicles divaricate, slender, terete, smooth. Seeds comose. A single species, restricted to India. H. indicus, R. Pr. in Mem. Wern. Soc. t. 57; F.B, I. iv, 53 Royle Til. 274; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 686; Cooke Fl. Bomb.%, 146 Asclepias pseudosarsa, Rozb. ; Fl, Ind., ii, 39 (each. syn.). A twining or prostrate shrub. Leaves 2-4 in, long, elliptic-oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, apiculate, usually glabrous, dark- green or mottled with white above, pale or silvery white and sometimes pubescent beneath, midrib stout, veins reticulate, petiole 3 in. long. Pedicels short, clothed with many ovate acute imbricating bracts Calyx + in. long, glabrous outside ; lobes ovate, acute, margin§ ciliate, Corolla 2-1 in. long, greenish ontside, purple within; tube very short ; lobes fleshy, ovate-oblong, acuminate, yalvate. Follicles 4-6 im. long, Seeds 1-3 in., flattened, black ; coma 1 in. long, pure white. Forests of N. Oudh and Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers during the greater part of the year. Disrris. Hastwards to Bengal and the Sundribans, and from the Central Provinces to S, India and Ceylon. In S. India the root of this plant is used as a substitute for sarsaparilia ; and in many parts of India it is prescribed by native _ doctors, either alone or in conjunction with other drugs, in the treat- ment of various ailments. 2, CRYPTOLEPIS, R. Br., Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 5. Glabrous and usually twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers small and in lax slender dichotomous few-flowered terminal or axillary cymes, Calyx deeply 5-fid., with five scales within. Corolla-tube short, cylindric or bell-shaped ; lobes linear, overlapping and twisted to the right in bud. Corona-scales free, adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube, linear or clavate, conniving. Stamens attached towards the base of the corolla-tube, filaments subconnate by their broad bases ; anthers short, adhering to the stigma by their bases ; tips acuminate, conniving; pollen-masses cohering in pairs in each cell, granular appendages of corpuscles oblong. Stigma broadly conic. Lollicles 2, divaricate, terete, smooth. Seeds comose.—Species about 20, in tropical Asia and Africa. Cc. Buchanani, R. and 8. Syst. iv, 409; Fale. in Trans, Linn. Soc. via, 53, t. 5; Brandis For. Fl. 330; F. B.I.iv,5; Watt EH. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 239 ; Gamble Man. Ind, Timb. 490 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 315; Prain Beng. Pl. 685; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 147; C. reticulata, Wall.; Royle Jil. 270. Nerium, reticulatum, Rozb.; Fl. Ind. ti,"8.—Vern. Karanta, medka-singkt (Dehra Dun). 46 ASCLEPIADACEZ.. [ PeRiPLoca. A large glabrous twining shrub; branches terete, whitish. Leaves coriaceous, shortly stalked, 3-6 by 1-23 in., oblong-ovate or elliptic, with a rounded or retuse and apiculate apex, usually acute at the base, dark-green above, glaucous beneath ; main lateral nerves many, slender, horizontal and uniting within the margin; petioles 7-3 in. long. Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in short axillary panicled cymes; bracts ovate-lanceolate, with scarious margins. Calyz-lobes ovate, acute. Corolla-lobes 4 in. long, linear or linear-Janceolate. Corona of 5 clavate seales. Follicles 2-4 in. long, stout, straight, terete, tapering. Seeds 1 in. long, ovate-oblong, compressed, black, coma 1} in. long. Common within the area, especially in the deciduous forests of the sub- Himalayan tracts and in Bundelkhand, also found in hedges. Flowers May-June. Distris. Throughout the hotter parts of India, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya; also in Ceylon, Burma and China, A useful fibre is said to be yielded by this plant. 3. PERIPLOCA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 11. Erect or twining glabrous shrubs, sometimes. leafless. Leaves opposite. Zowers in lax terminal or axillary cymes, greenish exter- nally, purplish within. Calyx 5-partite, with five glands within. Corolla rotate ; lobes obtuse, usually bearded within, overlapping to the right. Coronal scales connate into a 10-lobed ring, often pro- duced behind the stamens into five subulate or branched processes. Stamens within the corona; filaments free, broad and flat; anthers bearded on the back, conniving over and adhering to the stigma, tips cohering and with incurved appendages; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular; appendages of the corpuscles dilated. Stigma convex. follicles conniving or divaricate, cylindric, smooth. Seeds comose.—Species about 12, in S. Europe, W. Asia and tropical Africa. Leaves small, ovate, usually absent ; follicles divaricate : ; ; js . 1. P.aphylla. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate; follicles not divaricate 2 - : - . 2 P. calophylla. 1. P. aphylla, Dene. in Jacquem. Voy. 190, t. 116; Brandis For. Fl, 330 ; Ind. Trees 467; F. B. I, iv, 12 ; Watt E. D. ; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 490 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. «i, 148. Campelepis viminea, Fale. in Trans, Linn, Soc. xix, 109. An erect branching shrub with milky juice, leafless or nearly so. Stems many, as thick as a goose-quill or less, smooth or with pubescent tips. Leaves (when present) + in. long, thick, ovate or oblong, acute, nerves inconspicuous. Cymes many-flowered, often opposite, 4-1in. long and broad, on short thick peduncles or branching from the base ; bracts Catornoris.] ASCLEPIADACE®. 47 ovate-oblong, caducous from above the base. Flowers fragrant. Calyw glabrous, } in. long; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse. Corolla greenish and ge outside, purple within; lobes reflexed,} in. long, oblong, obtuse, ensely bearded inside towards the apex. Corona-lobes 1 in. long, trans- versely oblong at the base, each terminating ina long filiform process with a recurved apex. Stamens with glabrons filaments. Follicles on short thick peduncles, widely divaricate, 3-7 in. long, woody, terete. tapering toa point. Seeds } in. long, coma 1 in. long. Merwira (D. Brandis). Flowers Mar.-April. Disrris. Plains of Sind and Punjab, Salt Range, lower slopes of the Outer Himalaya eastwards to the Chenab ; abundant also in Afghanistan and Baluchistan, extend- ing to Persia, Arabia and Egypt. ‘The fragrant flowers are eaten. The stems yield a fibre which is used for making well-ropes. The milky juice is employed medicinally. 2. P. cali phylla, Falc. in Proc, Linn. Soc. i, 115; Brand. For. Fl. 330; F. B. I. iv. 12; Kanjilal For. Fl. 239; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 490. Streptocaulon calophyllum, Wight; Royle Ill. 273—Vern. Parn ( Jaunsar). - A small glabrous twining shrub with slender branches. Leaves shortly petioled, 14-3 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, coria- ceous, shining on both surfaces, margins undulate; lateral nerves many, parallel, uniting within the margin, petiole? in.Jong. Bracts minute, scarious. Calya-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla + in. in diam., pinkish or pale yellow. Corona-lobes hairy. Follicles 4-6 in. long, straight or curved, conniving, tapering gradually to the apex. Seeds linear, 4-3 in. long, coma I-13 in. long. Dehra Dun at Sahdnsradhdra (Royle, etc.) Flowers during April and May. Distris. Temp.and subtropical Himalaya from the Chamba to Sikkim up to 7,000 ft., usually in shady ravines; also in Assam and on the Khasia Hills, extending to China. 4, CALOTROPIS, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 17, Erect glabrous or hoary shrubs, or small trees. Leaves opposite broad, subsessile. Flowers Jarge, arranged in umbellate cymes. Calyx divided to the base ; sepals broadly ovate, glanduiar within. Corolla broadly campanulate or subrotate; lobes broad, naked valvate. Corona of 5 fleshy laterally compressed scales radiating from the large staminal column, their bases terminating in an up- curved or involute spur. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers short, broad, tipped with membranous inflexed appendages ; pollen- masses solitary in each cell, pendulous, waxy. Stigma depressed, 5-angled or 5-lobed follicles short, turgid, smooth. Seeds comose. —Species 4, in Trop. Asia and Africa, 48 ASCLEPIADACED. [ Cazorroris. ~ Leaves sessile or nearly so. . Sito) reaps at Rey Corolla-lobes spreading . 3 : . lL. C. gigantea. Corolla-lobes erect . ° : : - 2 C. procera. Leaves distinctly petioled, corolla-lobes erect 3. C. Acia. - 4, C. gigantea, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ti, 78 ; Ham. in Trans, Linn. Soc. wiv, 245 ; Royle Ill. 275 ; Brandis For, Fl. 331 ; F. B. I. iv, 17 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 240; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 491 ; Prawn Beng. Pl. 688; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 151. Asgclepias gigantea, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 4, 30.—Vern. Mudar, safed ak. A large shrub 8-10 ft. high or occasionally subarboreous ; bark ash- coloured, wrinkled; young parts and under surface of leaves covered with appressed white floccose tomentum. Leaves sessile, thick, glancous-green, 4-8 in. long, elliptic or obovate-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, with a narrow cordate or often amplexicaul base: Flowers 14-2 in. in diam., arranged in umbellate cymes, not scented, - buds ovoid. Sepals g in. long, ovate, acute. Corolla 3-1 in. in diam., purplish or white ; lobes 3 in. or more, spreading, deltoid, subacute. Corona-lobes 3 in. long, hairy, shorter than the colump, curved on the back above the involute obtuse spur ; apex rounded, with two obtuse auricles just below it. Follicles 3-4 in. long, recurved, turgid, smooth. Seeds 2 in. long, broadly ovate, flat, minutely tomentose, witha silky white coma. ’ Common in many parts of the area as a weed on fallow land and in waste ground. Flowers ard fruits throughout the year. D1sTRIB. Througk- out the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, Malay Pen. and Islands, Burma, Siam to S. China. A valuable fibre is obtained from the stem of this plant, and the floss of the seeds is largely used for stuffing pil- lows. Almost every part of the plant possesses medicinal properties. Gunpowder charcoal is prepared from the wood and the sap yields a kind of gutta-percha. Garlands composed of the bluish-coloured corona of the flowers are used at religious ceremonies. 2. ©. precera, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii, 78; Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv, (1825). 246; Royle Ill. 275; Brandis For. Fl. 331; Watt E.D.; F.B.I.iv, 18; Kanjilal For. Fl. 241 ; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 491 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 315 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 689 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 11, 152— Vern. Ak, madar. A large shrub 6-8 ft. high, very similar in foliage and general appearance tothe preceding. Flowers about 1 in. across, scented, buds hemis- pherical. Corolla pink, with purple spots; lobes 2 in. long, erect. Corona-lobes + in. long, glabrous, equalling or exceeding the staminal column, straight or nearly so on the back above the acute upeurved spur, the apex bifid and without auricles. Follicles and seeds ag in C. gigantea. Common within the area, but chiefly in the sub-Himalayan tracts east- wards to the Sarda, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers Mar. to May. DisTRiIB. In the hot and drier parts of India from the Punjab and Sind to W. and C. India, extending through Afghanistan, Persia and PENTABOTHRA. | ASCLEPIADACEZ. 49 Arabia to Egypt and Trop. Africa, This plant possesses properties very similar to those of the preceding. 3.C.Acia, Ham. in. Trans. Linn. Soc. wiv, 247; F. B. I. iv, 18, Watt B.D. ; Kanjilal For, Fl. 241; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 491; Prain Beng. Pl. 689. Asclepias herbacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 50. Stems herbaceous. Leave petioled, 6-9 by 3-4 in., obovate oblanceolate or oblong, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, tapering towards the base, clothed beneath when young with deciduous white floccose tomentum ; midrib very stout; main lateral nerves about 6 pairs, prominent beneath, arcuate; petiole 3-1 in. long. Flowers’ about 1 in. across, arranged in compound umbels. Calyx about half as long as the corolla; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, green tinged with pink, floccose-tomentose outside. Corolla greenish at the base, purplish above; lobes erect, } in. long, tapering toan acumi- nate apex, margins undulate- Corona-lobes glabrous, pink, shorter than the staminal column, with 2 obtuse auricles below the bifid apex, basal spur abruptly incurved. Follicles subglobose, up to 4 in. long. Dekra Dun, in grassy places at Kansrao and Lachiwala, etc.; and also in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Pilibhit, Kheriand Bahraich. Disrris. Eastwards to N. and E. Bengal, Sikkim and Assam. This species may be readily distinguished by its stalked leaves. The juice of this plant is very acrid. 5. PENTABOTHRA, Hook. f.; Fl, Brit. Ind. iv, 18. A dwarf erect glabrous herb. Zeaves opposite, linear. Flowers medium-sized, in axillary umbelliform short-peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-partite, minutely glandular within. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes oblong-ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona of 5 pouch-like folds at the base of the staminal column alternating with the anthers, and5 fleshy laterally compressed processes with free obtuse tips adnate longitudinally tothe backs of the anthers. Anthers \arge, horny, membranous, tips large and oblong ; pollen masses one in eath cell, elongate, compressed, falcate, with long caudicles, pendulous, waxy. Stigma a depressed 5-angled cone, included. ruit not seen.—A single species confined to India. P. nana, Hoon. f. Ic. Pl. 1426; F. B.1.iv,19. Cynanchum nanum, Ham. in Wight Contrib. 59. Stems 5-8} in. high, rigid, divided below. Leaves 2-4 by 4+} in., those about the middle of the stem the longest, spreading, linear, acute, base cordate, midrib stout, nerves faint, petiole 5); in. long.. Umbels clustered, many-flowered, pedicels } in., bracts lanceolate. Sepals linear-lanceolate, puberulous. Corol/a 3-1 in. in diam., reddish purple within and glabrous, lobes with ciliate edges. 50 ASCLEPIADACEZ. [ HonostemMa. Found at Garah in the Pilibhit district of Rohilkhand by Dnuthie’s collector. Flowers in May. DistTris. N. Kamrup in Lower Assam (Hamilton and G. Mann). Sir Joseph Hooker, by whom the genus was founded, regards it as being most nearly related to Holostemma. 6. HOLOSTEMMA, R. Br. FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 21. Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, cordate. Flowers large, fragrant, purple within, arranged in lax sublateral peduncied cymes. Calyx 5-partite, without glands inside, lobes ovate. Corolla subrotate, deeply 5-fid. ; lobes thick, ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona a fleshy truncate ring, adnate to the base of the 10-winged staminal column. Filaments connate, anther-wings large, decurrent to the base of the column ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, elongate, compressed, waxy, pendulous by a long caudicle. Follicles slender, cylindric, somewhat tapering. Seeds comose. — Species 2, one in India, the other Chinese. H. Rheedianum, Spreng. Syst. i, 851; Cooke Fl. Bomb. w, 156. H. Rheedet, Wall.; F. B. I. iv, 21; Watt E.D. Collett Fl. Siml. 316; Prain Beng. Pl. 690. H. Brunonianum, Royle Ill. 276, t. 66. Asclepias annularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 87.—Vern. Rani Marwi (Debra Dun). A large much-branched almost glabrous twining shrub. Stems glabrous, shining. Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate, acute or acuminate, deeply cordate with rounded basal Jobes, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath especially on the nerves; midrib minutely glandularat its base; nerves reticulate, red; petioles 3-2 in. long. Flowers in umbellate or subracemose cymes, subglobese, reddish purple inside, white or pinkish outside ; peduncles and pedicels 1-2 in. long. Calya- lobesiin, long Corolla-lobes 3 in. long, ovate, oblong, obtuse. Follicles 4-5in. long, oblong, tapering to a blunt point. Seeds jin. long, thin, flattened, coma 2-1 in. long. Debra Dun and Siwalik Range, also in the Bahraichgistrict of N. Oudh. Flowers in July and Aug. DistRiB. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. westwards to Simla and eastwards to Sikkim, Bombay, S. India, Ceylon and Burma, also in China. 7. OXYSTELMA, R. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 17. Twining glabrous herbs or undershrubs. Leaves narrow opposite. lowers large, in lax racemose or umbelliform cymes, or solitary, pedicels filiform. Calyx small, 5-partite, glandular within, lobes acute. Corolla broadly saucer-shaped. Corolla-tube very short, with a ring of hairs within the mouth; limb divided PENTATROPIS. | ASCLEFIADACE. 61 half-way down, lobes triangular, acute, valvate at the base, tips overlapping to the right in bud. Corona-scales 5, erect, ovate or lanceolate, attached to the staminal column, 2-keeled within. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, connate ; anthers erect, tipped with an inflexed membranous append- age; pollen-masses one in each cell, oblong, compressed, pendulous waxy. Stigma depressed or subconvex, not exserted beyond the anthers. odlicles oblong and obtuse, or lanceolate and acute, often solitary. Seeds comose.—Species 4, in Trop. Asia and Africa. O. esculentum, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i, 40 ; Royle Ill. 274; F. B. I,tv, 17; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 688; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 153 Periploca esculenta, Linn. f. ; Rowb. Cor. Pl. i, 13. t. 11, Asclepias rosea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. vi, 40. A glabrous climbing perennial herb. Stems many, slender, much branched. Leaves deciduous, thin, pale green, 11-4 in. long, lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate, the base acute rounded or cordate, petioles 3 in. long, very slender. Flowers drcoping, 1 in. or more in diam. ; peduncles slender, often exceeding the leaves. Calyz-lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla rotate, rose-coloured with purple veins or nearly white; lobes $ in. long, with ciliate edges. Corona- scales acuminate, with incurved subulate tips. Style-aper slightly convex. Follicles glabrous, 2-2} in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, tapering a a point. Seeds many, 3 in. long, brcadly ovate, flat ; coma 2 in. ong. Found in many parts of the area, especially in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand, usually growing near water. Flowers Sept.-Dec. DistR1IB, Punjab to Ceylon, Bombay, N. and E. Bengal, Burma, extending to China and Java. The fruit is said to be eaten in Sind, and the milky juice and roots are used medicinally. 8. PENTATROPIS, R. Br.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 19. Slender twining herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, usually small. #Zowers small, on slender pedicels, arranged in axillary umbelliform cymes, purplish. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate, 5-partite ; lobes elongate, overlapping to the right, twisted to the left. Corona of 5 laterally compressed scales adnate vertically to the backs of the anthers. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, filaments connate, anthers with membranous inflexed append- ages; pollen-masses one in each cell, not compressed, pendulous, waxy. Stigma subtruncate. JLollicles small, glabrous, lanceolate and with narrowed beak. Seeds comose.—Species about 6, in Trop. Asia, Africa snd Australia. 52 } ASCLEPIADACER. [ Duma. P. cynanchoides, R. Br. in Salt. Voy. Abyss., Append. p. 64 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 154. P. spiralis, Dene; F. B. I. iv, 19 ; Watt E. D.; -Edgew. in Journ. Linn, Soc. vi, 204, t. 1, f. 9. ; A small twining shrub with tuberous roots, almost glabrous. Leaves 3- ' 1} in. long, variable in width, ovate oblong or linear, acute or obtuse; usually mucronate, more or less fleshy, base rounded or cordate. petioles slender, 5-4 in. long, puberulous when young. Cymes 3-6-fid. Flowers greenish; peduncles short or none, pedicels 4-3 in. long, fili- form. Calyx minute, deeply divided, puberulous; lobes ovate, acu- minate. Corolla 3 in. in diam., divided nearly to the base; segments 373 in. long, narrowly acuminate, glabrous outside, puberulous within. Corona-scales deltoid-ovate, acute or acuminate. Follicles 2-3 in. Seeds 2 in. long, ovate, flat, minutely crenate at the lower end. In the dry western and south-western portions of the area, abundant in the Jumna and Chambal ravines. Flowersin Feb. Disrris, Through= out the Sind and Punjab plains, extending through Afghanistan and Baluchistan to Arabia and Tropical Africa. The flowers are used Se eay: and Stewart mentions that the sweet tubers are often eaten. 9. DEMIA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 20. Twining pubescent or tomentose herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, cordate. Flowers in lateral racemose or corymbiform peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-partite, glandular within. Corolla-tube short, cylindric or campanulate; lobes 5, large, ovate, spreading, overlapping to the right. Corona double; outer at the base of the staminal column, annular, membranous, with 5 truncate or denticulate lobes; inner of 5 erect fleshy lobes, spurred at the base, adnate to the staminal column up to the anthers, free above and produced into inflexed subulate horns. -Anthers erect, with a membranous inflexed appendage; pollen-masses one in each cell, compressed, pendulous, waxy. Stigma exserted. Follicles lanceolate, usually echinate : Seeds comose.—Species 6, in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia and Africa. D. extensa, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. 1,50; Royle Ill. 272; F. B. I. iv. 20; Watt H. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 315: Prain Beng. Pl, 692; Cooke F. Bomb. tt, 155. Asclepias echinata, Roxb.; Fl. Ind. ii, 44. A twining subhispid perennial foetid herb. Stems clothed with short stiff spreading hairs. Leaves long-petioled, membranous, 2-4 in. long, _ broadly ovate, acuminate, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, hispid beneath especially on .the veins, deeply cordate at the base, basal lobes rounded and ineurved, margins ciliate. Flowers pale yellowish-green tinged with pink at the base, corymbose at first then racemose; peduncles 2-6 in. long, pubescent ; pedicels capillary, 3-2 in. long. Calyx divided almost to the base, pubescent; lobes ¢-in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Corolla 2 in. long; lobes twice as long GyMNEMA.] ASCLEPIADACE: 53 as the compere tube, ovate, acute; margins ciliate. Follicles reflexed, 2-3 by 4 in., covered with long soft spines, lanceolate, beaked. Seeds 4 in. long, ovate, crenate at the rounded base, densely pabescent. Abundant within the area. Flowers Jan.-April. Distris. Through- out the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, ascending to 3,000 ft. on the Himalaya; also in Afghanistan, extending to Arabia and Tropical Africa. ‘The fibre of the stem has been recommended as a promising substitute for flax. The leaves and juice are used medicinally. 10. GYMNEMA, R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy, 28. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers small,in crowded umbelliform cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla subrotate *eampanulate or urceolate ; lobes thick, overlapping to the right. Corona adnate to the corolla-tube, the tips more or less incurved, or of 5 pairs of fleshy ridges alternating with the corolla-lobes towards the base of the tube. Staminal-column attached to the base of the corolla; anthers short, erect, with short membranous tips; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, erect, waxy. Stigma large, often exserted. follicles slender or turgid, smooth, acue minate. Seeds comose.—Species 20-25, in Asia, Africa and Australia. Corona-scales protruded beyond the sinuses of the corolla-lobes.— Large pubescent woody climbers :— More or less pubescent, cymes dis- tinctly peduncled, corolla about} in. in diameter : ; : 3 : - IL, G. sylvestre. Softly rusty-tomentose, cymes subsessile, corolla about 4 in. in diameter , - 2, G. hirsutum, Corona-scales not produced beyond the sinuses of the coro]la-lobes.—An extensive almost glabrous climber . 4 : : ‘ 3. G. tingens. sylvestre, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc, i, 33; Roylelll. 273; Brandis Ind. Trees 469; F.B.I, iv, 29; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind, Timb. 492; Cooke Fl. Bomb. «i, 160. G. melicida, Edgew. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. wai (1852), 174, Asclepias geminata, Rowb.; Fl, Ind. ii, 45.—Vern- Gurmar (Bundelkhand), A large more or less pubescent climbing shrub ; young stems and branches terete, pubescent. Leaves snbcoriaceous, 1-2} in. long, elliptic or ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, cuneate rounded or cordate at the base, often glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, especially on the veins; petioles 4-} in. long. Flowers yellow, in umbellate 54 ASCLEPIADACEX. [Gymn EMA. cymes ; peduncles shorter than the petioles, densely tomentose; pedicels slender, 4—3 in long. Calyx pubescent, deeply divided ; lobes jin. long, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla + in. across : lobes glabrous, about as long as the campanulate tube, thick, triangular, obtuse, recurved. Corona-lobes protruded beyond the sinuses of the corolla-lobes. Anthers white. Style—apex exserted. Follicles 2-3 in. long, lanceolate, tapering into a beak, glabrous. Seeds 3 in. long, narrowly ovoid-oblong, flat and broadly margined, pale-brown. Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), Saharanpur district (Jameson). Flowers during April and May. DisrRiz.; Bombay, S. India, extending to Trop. Africa. The leaves of this plant, if chewed, have the peculiar property of temporarily removing the sense of taste. The powdered root is regarded by natives as a remedy for snake-bites, _ 2G. hirsutum, W. 4 A. Contrib. 44; F. B. I. iv, 29; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 694; Brandis Ind. Trees 469. A large stout woody climber. Young stems and inflorescence densely clothed with rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves rather thick, 1-2} in. long, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, often cordate at'tre base, softly tomentose on both surfaces, especially onthe prominent nerves beneath ; petioles stout, 3-4 in. long. Cymes few-or many-flowered, subsessile. Flowers larger than those of G. sylvestre. Calyx pubescent, half as long as the corolla ; lobes ovate, rounded. Corolla $ in. in diam., lobes ciliolate. Follieles nearly straight, 2-23. in. long, glabrous. Seeds +4 in. long, ovate-oblong, flat, distinctly winged at the base, coma 2 in. long. Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell). Disrris. Behar, Nilgiris. I have not seen the Bundelkhand specimens. The single specimen at Kew from Behar is in fruit only, and although the leaves are pubescent on both surfaces it cannot, in the absence of flowers, be with perfect certainty referred to this species. 3. G. tingens, W. § A. Contrib 45; Royle Ill. 273; F. B- I. iv, 31; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 245 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 694; Brand. Ind. Trees 469.. Asclepias tingens Rozb ; Fl. Ind, wi, 53. An extensive climber with soft glabrous branches. Leaves membranous bright green, glabrous on both surfaces, 4-6 in. long, broadly cvate usually cordate at the base, acute or caudate-acuminate; main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, prominent beneath and _ pale-coloured, petioles 1-13 in. long. Cymes many-flowered, corymbose, at iength spirally racemose, branches densely puberulous, peduncles shorter than the petioles, lower pedicels exceeding the peduncle. Flowers 4 in, across, pale-yellow. Calyx divided almost to the base; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, margins ciliate. Corolla-tube with double villous ridges below the sinuses; ,lobes obliquely oval, glabrous. Follicles spreading, about 4 in. long, smooth, acute at both ends, GoxGRomENa. |] ASCLEPIADACEZ. 55 Dehra Dun (P. W. Mackinnon), Kheree Pass in the Siwalik Range (Falconer), Gorakhpur (Vicary). Flowers during the rainy season, fruiting in Nov. and Dec. DistrRis.: Trop. Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim, Assam and Lower Bengal, also in 8. India and Burma, extending to China. Regarding the indigo-like dye said tobe yielded by the leaves of this plant see Roxburgh l. c., 54, 11. GONGRONEMA, Dene. ; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 33. Twining shrubs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in umbelliform or racemose axillary cymes. Calyx 5-partite, glandular or not within, lobes ovate. Corolla urceolate subrotate ot broadly campanulate, lobes slightly overlapping to the right. © Corona of 5 short scales adnate to the bases of the anthers, or none. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla-tube, filaments connate: in a short column; anthers erect, with inflexed membranous tips concealing the stigma; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, erect ovoid, waxy. Stigma convex clavate or conical. Follicles acumi- nate. Seeds comose.—Species about 10, in Asia, Africa and Australia. G. nepalense, Dene. in DC. Prod. viii, 624; F. B. Liv, 33; Kanjilal For. Fl. 241 ; Prain Beng. Pl, 694 (var. sagittatum). An extensive twining shrub ; young parts and inflorescence rusty-puberul- ous, Leaves membranous, 3-6 in. long, broadly oblong-elliptic or ovate, acuminate, usually rounded at the base, glabrous above, puberul- ous on the veins beneath; main lateral nerves 6-9 pairs, arcuate ; petiole slender, 1-2 in. long. Peduncles 2-6 in. long, branching into three divaricate arms. each bearing three many-flowered umbelliform clusters ; pedicels slender, up to} in. long. Calya-lobes ovate. Corolla yellow, + in. in diam., lobes about as long as the tube. Follicles slender, 2-3 in. long. Seeds about } in. long, ovate, fat, margined, coma 1 in, long. Dehra Dun, in shady ravines. Distris.: Subtropical Himalaya east- wards from Kumaon to Sikkim, up to 4,000 ft. ; also in Assam, on the Khasia Hills and in Chittagong, extending to China. 12. MARSDENIA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 34. Twining, rarely erect, shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers medium-sized or small, in simple or branched, umbellate or corym- bose, terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla campa- nulate urceolate or rotate, lobes overlapping to the right. Corona of 5 erect fleshy scales, adnate to the base of the staminal-column, 56 ASCLEPIADACEX. [ MARSDENIA, the free portion contiguous to the backs of the anthers. Staminal- column short, anthers with inflexed membranous tips, pollen-masses erect, one in each cell, waxy. Stigma flat convex or beaked. follicles with a thick pericarp, smooth ribbed or winged. Seeds comose.—Species about 70, in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, one occurring in the Mediterranean region. Corolla rotate, glabrous or hoary outside, glabrous within . ; : ° : . 1. M, volubilis. Corolla urceolate or subcampanulate. Apex of style not exserted beyond the anther-tips :— Corolla-lobes pubescent on both sides, corona-lobes much exceeding the anther- tips; follicles beaked, transversely rugose . : , : - 2. M. Roylei. Corolla-lobes pubescent outside, glabrous within, corona-lobes not exceeding the anther-iips ; follicles not beaked, longi- tudinally rugose 3 : . 3d M. tenacissima. Corolla-lobes glabrous on both sides . 4, M. Hamiltonii. Apex of style exserted beyond the anther- tips; corolla-lobes glabrous outside, pubescent within . . ° : - 5. M. lucida. M. volubilis, T. Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 166. Dregea volubilis, Benth. ex Hook. f. F. B.I.iv,46; Watt E.D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 244; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 493; Prain Beng. Pl. 697; Brandis Ind, Trees 468. Asclepias volubilis, Linn. f.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 36; Hoya Lacuna, Buch. Ham, in Wall. Cat. 8169. A large twining. shrub, glabrous or hoary-tomentose. Bark of old branches often lenticellate and pustular. Leaves glabrous or softly tomentose, subcoriaceous, 23-6 by 2-43 in., broadly ovate or suborbicular, acuminate, base rounded or cordate; main lateral nerves 4-5, branching into fine reticulate veins; petioles stout, 4-2} in. long. Flowers 373 in. across, green or yellowish green, arranged in slender drooping axillary or interpetiolar umbelliform cymes ; peduncles usually longer than the petioles, slender, puberulous; pedicels 1-1 in. long, very slender. Calyx deeply divided; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute. Corolla rotate, glabrous or hoary outside, glabrous within, divided nearly to the base; lobes ? in. long, triangular-ovate. Corona-lobes large and fleshy ; upper free portion rounded on the outer margin and with an obliquely truncate apex, inner margin cuspidate. Staminal- column arising from near the base of the corolla. Follicles 8-4in. long Manspenta.] ASCLEPIADACE®. 57 _ tapering to a blunt point, longitudinally ribbed, velvety when young. . Seeds about 3 in. long, broadly ovate and with a wide margin ; coma about 14 in. long, white. Abundant within the area. Flowers April-June, fruiting during the cold season. DistRis.: Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon; it occurs in the Himalayan region up to 5,000 ft. from Bashahr east- wards, and extends to China and Java. The stems yie!d a very strong fibre which is much used for the manufacture of rope ae thread. The leaves are used as an appiication for boils, and many other parts of the lant are employed medicinally. The plant is easily recognized when in blossom by the large umbels of bright green flowers. Hoya Lacuna of Buch,-Ham. appears to be merely a more pubescent form of the species. 2. M. Roylei, W. §& A. in Wight Contrib. 40; Royle Ill. 273 ; Brandis For. Fl. 333 ; Ind. Trees, 470; F.B. I. iv, 35; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For, Fl, 242 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 318, fig. 99. A softly tomentose twining shrub. Leaves 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate, acuminate, velvety beneath, base cordate; petiole 14-2 in. long, Flowers in compact peduncled corymbose cymes, } in. long, pale-orange. Calyx about half as long as the corolla, pubescent outside. Corolla fleshy ; lobes as long as the tube, villous on both sides, Corona-append- ages flat, linear, erect, much exceeding the anther-tips. Follicles about 3 in. long, turgid, beaked, transversely rugose, puberulous. Seeds } in. long, ovate, flat, margined. Dehra Dun and Siwalik Range. Flowers May and June. Disrrip.: Himalaya up to 7,000 ft. from Hazara to Sikkim. The milky sap con- tains a small quantity of caoutchouc. The stems yield a strong fibre suitable for fishing lines. 3. M..tenacissima, Wight § Arn. in Wight Contrib, 41; Royle Ill. 274 ; Fibrous Pl. of Ind. 304; Brand. For. Fl. 333; Ind. Trees 470; F. B. TI. iv, 35 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 243; Gamble Man. Ind, Timbd. 492, Prain Beng. Pl. 696; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 165. Asclepias tenacissima, Rowd.; Fl. Ind. ii, 51.—Vern. Jiti, marua bel, ra4ni marua (Dehra Dun) (Rajmehal hemp). A large twining shrub. Bark of old stems grey and corky, deeply furrowed. Young parts, leaves beneath and inflorescence densely velvety and tomentose. Leaves 3-6 in. long by 2-4 in. wide, broadly ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate at the base with rounded lobes, both surfaces densely velvety:tomentose when young, becoming almost glabrous above when old ; petioles 2-4 in. long, softly pubescent. Flowers greenish-yellow, in much-branched congested corymbose cymes, peduncles intrapetiolar. Calyw deeply divided; lobes 4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla + in. in diam., hairy outside ; lobes shorter than the tube, oblong, obtuse, spreading, glabrous within. 58 ASCLEPIADACELZL. [MarspEnia. Corona-lobes acute, not exceeding the anther-tips. Follicles 4-6 in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, longitudinally wrinkled, downy. Seeds 3 in. long, flattened, ovate-oblong. Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers in April and May, the fruit ripening during the cold season. Disrris.: W. Himalaya up to 4,500 ft eastwards to Kumaon, also in Gujarat, Réjmahél Hills, Chittagong, Burma, Ceylon, extending to Java and Timor. The stems of this plant yield a very strong elastic silky fibre which is much used for fishing lines by the Gurkhas in Dehra Dun. It is also made use of by the Sonthéis in Lower Bengal for bow-strings. Both Roxburgh and Royle allude to the great value of this fibre. The milky juice of this plant, when solidified, forms a useful caoutchouc capable of removing pencil marks. 4. M. Hamiltonii, W. § A. in Wight Contrib. 41; F. B. I. iv, 36; Brandis Ind. Trees 470. Cynanchum reticulatum, Herb. Ham. A suberect or climbing undershrub; branches petioles undersurface of leaves and inflorescence rusty-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, pale- coloured on both sides ; blade 13-3} in. long by 1-2 in. wide, oblong- ovate or lanceolate or suborbicuiar, obtuse or acute or obliquely acuminate, base cordate, margins slightly revolute; petioles 3-12 in, long. Cymes corymbosely branched many flowered, Calya-lobes sub- orbicular, puberulous outside. Corolla 75-3 in. in diameter; lobes glabrous on both sides, throat densely villous. Corona-lobes membran- ous, subulate, exceeding the anther-tips. Style-apex not exserted, Follicles (only young ones seen) narrowly ovoid, obtusely pointed, wrinkled, puberulous. Discovered in 1810 by Buchanan-Hamiltonin N. Oudh, and by Edgeworth in the Sub-Siwalik tract. It has more recently been gathered by my plant collectors in several localities within the sub-Himalayan districts of Pilibhit, Kheri and Gorakhpur. Flowers April-June. DisTris.: Hill tracts of 8. Garhwal. As usually met with, the primary stems of this species are arrested and congested into a thick woody rootstock, from which annual stems are produced. These latter commence to flower during the early summer, but are destroyed by the periodical jungle fires usually before the seed-vessels have time to develop and ripen. The type specimens collected by Buchanan- Hamilton in N. Oudh exhibit the ordinary dwarfed condition of this plant. Edgeworth’s Sub-Siwalik specimens are more luxuriant, owing no doubt to the locality being more favourable for vigorous growth and to a great extent fire-proof. Some specimens recently collected in the Pilibhit district exhibit not only a more luxuriant development of stems and foliage, but also very dis- tinctly the scandent habit which characterizes the genus. -}in. long, deeply divided; segments linear-lanceclate, acute. Corolla twice as lcrg asthe calyx, blue cr white. Capsule ovoid-oblorg, acute, usually exceeding the calyx. Common within the area in wet ground, flowering during the rainy season. Distrris.: Throughoutrthe greater part of Incia, but notin Ceylon, extending to Siam and Trop. Africa. Very similar in general appearance to Vandellia pyxidaria, but the shorter stamens reduced rot oe pate and the longer and acute capsules distinguish it from the tter. 15. BONNAYA, Link & Otto; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 284. Annual glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or serrate, ob- scurely penninerved. Flowers solitary, axillary, or often passing into terminal racemes, bracteoles none. Calyx 5-partite; segments narrow, partly imbricate. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric ; upper lip outside, erect, concave, 2-fid.; lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens, the 2 upper only perfect, sub-included, filaments filiform, anthers connivent, cells divaricate; staminodes 2, entire, obtuse, glandular. Ovary 2-celled, style slender, stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a narrow exserted septicidal capsule ; valves entire, separating from the placentiferous septum, Seeds many, rugose.—Species 8, in Asia and Trop. Africa. Leaves deeply and closely serrate . . 1. B. brachiata. Leaves narrower with shallow distant teeth, the lower leaves often sub-entire 2. B. veronicefolia. 1. B. brachiata, Link & Otto Ic. Pl. Sel. i, 25,t. 11; F.B.I. iv, 284; Collett Fl. Siml. 354; Prain Beng. Pl. 770; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 297. Gratiola serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 139. Asmall rigid glabrous herb, 3-10 in. high. Stem 4-sided, the lowest branches decumbent below. Leaves sessile, 4-14 in. long, oblong, obtuse or subacute, closely and deeply spinose-serrate, glabrous. Flowers shortly pedicelled, forming terminal racemes; pedicels about equalling the calyx, rigid ; bracts lanceolate, lowermost often dentate. Calyx about tin. long, deeply divided; segments narrow, aristatie. 152 SCROPHULARIACEE. [ Grossosrrema. Corolla ¢ in. long, pink or white. Staminodes short, pubescent. Capsules 'zin. long, narrowly cylindric, diverging, acute, glabrous. Seeds minute, usually truncate at both ends. Abundant within the area, flowering during the rainy season. DISTRIB.: through ut India and in Ceylon: Himalava up to 5,000 ft., extending to the Malay Peninsula, Java, China and the Philippines. 2. B. veronicefolia, Spreng. Syst. Veg, 1,41; F.B.I. iv. 285; Prain Beng. Fl. 770; Cooke Fl. Bom). ii, 298. Gratiola veronicefolia, Retz ; Rozb.; Fl. Ind. i, 138. A dacumbent or crasping herb. Stem'4-sided ; branches asce nding, often rooting at the nodes. Leaves 4-14 in. long, oblong or oblong-lancevlate or obovate, rather distantly serrate or the lower sometimes subentire. Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes. Calyx deeply divided ; segments linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla 4-3 in. long, violet streaked with purple. Capsules slender, erest or somewhat spreading, about twice as long as the calyx. Very common all over the area, flowering during the rainy and cold seasons. Disrgis.: Throughout India and in Ceylon, W. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft.. extending t» Miliy Pen. and Islands, Siam, China and the Philippiaes. A very variable species. 16, GLOSSOSTIGMA, Arn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 237. Minute glabrous creeping herbs. Leaves opposite or in fascicles, linear or spathulate, entire. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary, bracteoles none. Calyx campanulate, obtusely 3-4-lobed. Corolla shortly tubular; lobes 5, subequal, spreading. Stamens 2 (in the single Indian species) or 4, filaments filiform ; anther-cells diverging, their tips confluent. Ovary perfectly or imperfectly 2-celled, style short; stigma dilated, spathulate, recurved. Fruit a small included loculicidal capsule; valves entire, separating from the columnar placentiferous axis. Seeds small, ovoid.—Species 3, all Australian, one of which extends to Asia and Africa, and another occurs in New Zealand. G. spathulatum, Arn. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. eviii. 355; F.B.I. iv, 288; Prain. Beng. Pl. 772; Cooke Fl. Bom». ii, 299. Limosella diandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iit, 91. A minute tufted herb with creeping stems and rooting atthe nodes, the branches intricately interwoven. Leaves +5-% in. long, narrowly spathulate, tapering into a flat petiole of variable length. Pedirels slender usually shorter than the leaves. Calyx about +, in. long. ScopaRia. | SCROPHULARIACE. 153 slightly enlarged in fruit; lobes 3, sballow, broadly ovate. Corolla bluish, tube included within the calyx. Stamens 2. Capsule about as long as the calyx. Somewhat abundant within the area, on margins of stagnant water as at Saharanpur (Royle), Moradabad (‘Il. Thomson) and also near Jhansi in Merwara (Duthie). Distris.: Mt. Abu in Rajputana, Behar, Konkan to S. India and Ceylon. It has been collected also in Trop, Africa (Senegambia) and in Australia. Very similar in habit to Limosella aquatica and Microcarpewa muscosa. The latter may ver poses be found within the area of this flora if carefully searche o rin similar localities, It may be aistingvished by its acutely 5-fid. tubular calyx. 17. SCOPARIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 289. Branched glabrous or pubescent herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire or toothed, punctate. Flowers small, white or yellow, axillary, solitary or 2-nate, bracteoles none. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-partite, imbricate in bud. Ccrodla rotate, 4-tid., throat densely bearded ; lobes obtuse, subequal. Stamens 4, sub- equal, filaments filiform; anthers sub sagittate; cells distinct, parallel or diverging. Ovary 2-celled; style subclavate, stigma notched or truncate. Fruit a small globose or ovoid septicidal capsule; valves membranous, entire ; margins inflexed, separating from the placentiferous axis. Seeds many, obovoid, angled, scrobiculate.—Species 5 or 6, all American, one of which is sporadic in Asia, Africa and Australia. S. dulcis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 116; F.B.I. iv, 289; Prain Beng. Pl. 772; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 310. A glabrous leafy undershrub, up to 3 ft. high ; branches many, erect or as- cending. Leaves opposite or ternate, 1-2 in. long, lanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate, or obtuse, shortly petioled, margins serrate. Flowers many, in terminal panicles ; pedicels 4-4 in. long, slender, rigid. Caly@# 4- partite, segments oblong. Corolla white, $ in. in diam., tube very short, .Capsule globse, + in. in diam. Often met with asa weed of cultivated ground, more especially in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhandand N. Onudh. Flowers March- June. DistriB: Abundant all over Bengal where, according to Clarke, it was unknownin Roxburgh’s time. The first record of its occurrence in Bengal was, by Voigt in 1845. It has been found recently by Woodrow in a salt swamp near Bombay. The plant is a native of Trop. America, whence it has woken more or less throughout the tropics. 154 SCROPHULARIACEZ. [-VERONICa. 18, VERONICA, Linn, ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 291. Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, the cauline or all rarely alternate. Flowers usually blue or purple, solitary, axillary or in terminal or axillary racemes, bracts usually conspicuous, -bracteoles - none. Calyx 4-5-partite, the lower segments connate, upper (if present) smaller. Corollsz rotate or shortly salver-shaped ; lobes 4 or 5, spreading, the lateral, or one of them, outside in bud. Sfamens 2, exserted, adnate to corolla-tube by the sides of the upper lobe; anther-cells confluent at their tips. Ovary 2-celled, stigma subcapi- tate ; ovules many or few, rarely only 2 in each cell. Fruit a com- pressed or turgid 2-grooved capsule, dehiscing in various ways. Seeds many or few, smooth or rugose, sometimes winged.—Species over 200, mostly in temperate and alpine regions of both hemispheres, less frequent in America. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, flowers in axillary racemes. An erect perennial usually glabrous herb . ; ‘ ‘ : : , : . 1. V. Anagallis. Leaves cordate-ovate or orbicular, flowers in terminal racemes. A prostrate pubescent annual 2. V. agrestis. 1. V. Anagallis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 12; Royle Ill. 290; F.B.I. iv, 293; Collett Fl. Siml. 357; Prain Beng. Pl. 773; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 301. V, punctata, Buch.-Ham. in Don Prod. 93. V. Anagallis, var. punctata, F.B.I, lc. ; Prain Beng. Pl. le. / An erect more or less succulent glabrous herb, 3-18 in. high. Stems hollow, creeping below and stoloniferous. Leaves sessile or the lowest shortly stalked, 2-6 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, entire or serrate, base usually cordate. Flowers in lax axillary racemes, 3-6 in. long ; pedicels filiform, spreading, longer than the linear-lanceo- late bracts. Calyx about half as lougas the pedicels, divided to the base ; segments ovate, subacute. Corolla 3-4 in. across, pale-purple or white. Capsules compressed, $-3 in. long, orbicular or orbicular-oblong, emarginate, glabrous. Abundant in wet places. Flowers in the cold season. DISTRIB,: Over the greater part of India, and up to 9,000 ft. on the Himalaya and at much higher elevations in Baltistan. Found also in Earope, N., America, and in nearly all warm and temperate regions of the world. 2. V. agrestis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 13; Royle Ill. 290; F.B.I.tv, 294; Collett Fl. Siml. 357 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 773. A prostrate more or less pubescent annual, Stems spreading, 6-18 in., long, much-branched. Leaves shortly petioled, 3-1 in. long, broadly ovate-cordate, or orbicular, coarsely crenate-serrate. Pedicels axillary - Bucuyera.] SCROPHULARIACER. 155 solitary, about as long as the leaves, decurved in fruit. Sepals 4 in. long, ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla shorter or longer than the sepals, blue or white. Capsule } in. in diam.; lobes globose, 4-10-seeded. A common weed within the area, appearing during the cold season in rdens and cultivated ground. ISTRIB.: Punjab Plain and W. imalaya from Kashmir and Baltistan to Kumaon up to 9,000 ft., also in C. Bengal, extending to Europe, N. Africa, China, Japan and the. Loochoo Islands. 19. BUCHNERA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 297. Rigid annual herbs, black when dry. Leaves, the lower ones, oppo- site and broad, upper alternate and narrow. lowers sessile, axillary or in bracteate spikes, 2-bracteolate. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, 10- nerved and sometimes 5-ribbed. Corolla-tube straight or nearly so, slender; lobes 5, flat, subequal, spreading, 2 upper inside in bud. Stamens didynamous, included ; anthers 1-celled, vertical, dorsifixed,. bases obtuse, connective sometimes mucronate. Ovary 2-celled, style thickened or clavate upwards, stigma exrtire or notched. Fruzt an oblong loculicidal capsule; valves coriaceous, entire, septiferous, separating from the placentas. Seeds many, obovoid or oblong; reticulated.—Species about 78, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. B. hispida, Buch-Ham in Don Prod. 91; F.B.I. iv, 298; Collett Fl,. Siml. 358 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 774; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 301. An erect hispid herb, 6-18 in. high. Stem slender, often branched above, Leaves sessile or obscurely petioled ; the lower crowded, 1-2 in. long, obovate or oblong ; the upper usually longer and narrower. Flowers- distant, sessile in the axils of narrow bracts and forming terminal spikes 6-10 in. long ; bracteoles small, subulate. Calya 3-4; in long, tubular, hispid ; teeth lanceolate, acute. Corolla pale-purple or white ; tube, slender, cylindric, longer than the calyx, hairy within. Capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. Frequent in grassy places on the Siwalik range and throughout the sub- Himalayan tracts eastwards. Flowers July-Oct. DistrRis.: W. and C. Himalaya from Kashmir to E. Nepal, up to 9,000 ft., and from Chota Nagpor, C. India and the Konkan to 8. India; also in Madagascar and Trop. Africa. 20. STRIGA, Lour.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 298. Usually scabrid herbs, turning blackish when dry. Leaves, the lower, opposite; upper alternate, linear, entire, rarely toothed, some- times reduced to scales. PJlowers axillary or the upper in bracteate- 156 SCROPHULARIACE. ‘{ Sreiea, spikes, bracteoles usually 2. Calya 5-toothed or -fid.; tube with 4 or 5 or 15 strong nerves. Corolla 2-lipped; tube slender, abruptly in- curved at or above the middle; limb spreading; upper lip inside in bud, usually short, notched or 2-fid., lower 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included; anthers 1-celled, vertical, dorsifixed, bases obtuse. connective sometimes mucronate. Ovary 2-celled, style thickened upwards, stigma simple. Fruit an oblong or subglobose capsule; valves entire, septiferous, separating from the placentas. Seeds many, reticulated.—Species about 34, in the warmer parts of Asia, Africa and Australia, Calyx 4.5-ribbed, with one ribrunning to the apex of each calyx-tooth :— A reddish-brown root-parasite with tuberous rootstock, leaves scale-lixe, corolla pink . I. &. orobanchoides. A green non-parasitic plant, rootstock not tuberous, leaves linear, corolla white . 2. 8. densiflora. Calyx 10-15-ribbed :— Bibs of calyx usually 10, the secondary ones tarminating in the sinus, corolla yellow . 3. 8. lutea. Ribs of calyx 15, the secondary ones con- tinued up the sides of adjacent calyx-teeth and beyond the sinus, corolla white . . 4. 8. enphrasioides, I. S. orobanchoides, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i, 361, t. 19; F.B.I. iv, 299 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 302. Buchnera orobanchoides, R. Br.; Royle Ill. 291. A small glabrous or puberulous herb, 6-10 in. high, usually parasitic ; rvotstock tuberous. Stems stout or slender, simple or branched, Leaves scale-like, ovate-oblong, acute, reddish-brown as are the stems, ° passing gradually into floral bracts. Flowers sessile, arranged in erect usually dense spikes; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; bracteoles narrower, ciliolate. Calyx 5- or 4-ribbed, less than 1 in. long; teeth 5 or 4. shorter than the tube, lanceolate, acuminate and tipped with a bristle. Corolla usually pink with a white spot at the base of each lobe; tube about } in. long, incurved above the middle, hairy in the throat; limb about4in. across. Capsule about 4 in. long, oblong-ellipsoid. Dehra Dun (Royle), Ajmere, parasitical on the roots of Lepidagathis Hamiltoniana (Duthie). Flowers in Oct. DistTRiB.: Rajputana, on Mt. Abu, Sind, Konkan, Deccan, Gujarat to S. India and Ceylon ; also in Arabia, Socotra, Cape de Verde Islands, and in Trop. and S. Africa, Trimen says that in Ceylon the plant is sometimes green, and then the flowers are white. 2. S. densiflora, Benth. in Hook, Comp. Bot. Mag. i, 363; F.B.I. w, 299; Prain Beng. Pl. 775 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 303, Sreiea. ] SCROPRULARIACEZ. 157 An erect scabrid or strigose herb, 6-18 ia. high. Stem simple or branched, stout or slender, rootstock not tuberous. Leaves sessile, erect, }-14 in. long, linear, acute, passing iato floral bracts. Flowers in. slender spikes, bracts longer than the calyx ; bracteoles linear, acute, ciliate. Calyx } in. long, 2, neon red in fruit, 5-ribbed; teeth lanceolate- subulate, ciliate. Corolla white ; tube nearly 4 in. long, incurved above the middle, throat hairy within, limb about 4 in. across, upper lip much shorter than lower. Capsule 3 in. long, oblong-obovoid, included within the calyx. Saharanpur (Royle), banks of Ganges near Benares (Madden). Flowers during the rains and the cold season. DisTR1B.: N. Bengal and from Gujarat, Konkan and the Deccan southwards. 3. S. lutea, Lour.. Fl. Cochinch. 22; F. B. I. iv, 299; Collett Fl. Siml. 358; Prain Beng. Pl. 775; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 303. Buchnera asiatica, Linn ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 31. A slender erect herb, 6-18 in. high, simple or fastigiately branched, scabrid or villous. Leaves sessile, 4-14 in. long, linear, rough. Flowers in elongated usually interrupted spikes 2-6 in. long ; bracts usually longer than the calyx. Calyw 10-ribbed, } in. long, narrowly tubular in flower, widening in fruit; teeth 5, subequal. Corolla about } in. long, usually yellow or sometimes white pink or purple; tube slender, cylindric, incurved at the apex ; upper lip slightly emarginate, reflexed, much shorter than lower. Capsule shorter than the calyx, oblong-ellipsoid, grooved. Grassy places in Dehra Dun; also in Rohilkhand, Bundelkhand and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudb. Disrris.: W. Himalaya up to 6,000 ft., Bengal, Punjab, Sind, W. and S India to Ceylon; extending to the Malay Pen., Siam, Java, China, Arabia, Africa and Mascarene Islands. 4. S. euphrasioides, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i, 364; F. B.I. tv, 299 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 775 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 303. Buchnera euph-= rasioides, Vahl ; Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 82. Vern. Aggia (Bundelkhand). Very variable in habit, sometimes only 4-6 in. high and with a simple fili. form etem, ora much-branched stout herb up te 2 ft. high. Leaves sessile, 1-2 in. loog, otten with 1 or 2 teeth on each margin, scabrous, Flowers sessile or nearly so, in long often interrupted spikes or racemes, Caly« } in. long, campanulate ; ribs 15, strong and ieateves ; Segments linear-subulate, acute, usually reflexed in fruit : each segment with one rib passing along the centre to the apex, the secondary ones not ending in the sinus but continuing to the apex of each segment along the edges which thus become strongly margined. Corolla white, $-} in, long, tube exserted, the much-incurved upper portion hairy within. Capsule 4 in. long. Moradabad (T. Thomson), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth Duthie, Mrs. Bell), Parasitic on and said to be destructive to crops of juar (Andropogon Sorghum). Flowers during the cold season. DisTRIB.:—Plains of 158 SCROPHULARIACEZ. [ CEnrRanrHera. Punjab and Bengal, Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. in Kumaon; also on the Khasia Hills and in Burma, in W. C. and S. India to Ceylon, extending to Java. Very injurious as a parasite to sugarcane in the Central Provinces. 21. CENTRANTHERA, &. Br., F}. Brit. iv, 300. Annual rigid scabrid herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, oblong or linear, obtuse, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or in bracteate spikes or racemes, bracteoles 2. Calyx compressed, spatk- aceous, split on one side, entire or shortly 3-d5-lobed. Corolla-tube long, incurved and dilated above, limb oblique ; lobes 5, broad, sub- equal, spreading, the two upper inside in bud. Stamens didynamous, included ; anthers meeting in pairs, cells transverse, bases spurred er mucronate, one cell often empty; stigma tongue-shaped, acute. Fruit an ovoid or subglobose loculicidal capsule ; valves entire, carry- ing away the placentas. Seeds very many, oblong, cuneate; testa lax, reticulate.—Species 4, in tropical and sub-tropical Asia, the Malay Archipel. and in Australia. C. hispida, R. Br. Prod. 438; Royle Ill. 291; F.B.I. iv, 301; Collett Fl. Siml. 359; Prain Beng. Pl. 776; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 308. C. nepalensis, Don Prod. 88. Digitalis stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ina. ii, 99. _ An erect hispid and somewhat hoary herb, 1-2 ft. high. Stem stout simple or more or less branched above. Leaves sessile or nearly so, $-1}-in. long, linear or elliptic-oblong, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, passing into floral bracts, hispid on both surfaces with tubercled hairs. Flowers rather large for the size of the plant, arranged in terminal bracteate spikes. Calyx 4in. long ovate, inflated, narrowed towards the mouth. Corolla 2 in. long or more, funnel-shaped, purplish or white, lobes rounded. Filaments softly hairy. Capsule 4-4 in. long, broadly ovoid-oblong, grooved, subrugose. Grassy places in Dehra Dun and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilknand and N. Oudh. Flowers June-Oct. Distris.: Throughout. India and in Ceylon, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the W. Himalaya; also in Burma, Java, China, the Philippines and Australia. 22. SOPUBIA, Buch.-Ham. ; F). Brit. Ind. iv, 302. Erect herbs. eaves opposite, or the upper alternate, narrow; often laciniate. lowers in spikes or racemes, bracts leafy, bracteoles- 2. Calyx campanulate ; lobes 5, narrow, valvate. Corolla funnel- shaped; tube short, dilated at the throat ; lobes 5, broad, spreading, LixpENpercia. ] SCROPHULARIAGED. 159 s»beqaal, the 2 upper inside in bud. Stamens didynamous, anthers of both sets of stamens meeting in pairs, one cell of each perfect and ovoid, the other empty and stipitate. Ovary 2-celled; stigma thickened, tongue-shaped, obtuse. Fruit an ovoid or oblong loculicidal capsule; valves entire or 2-fid., separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds numerous, testa somewhat lax.— Species about 27, in Africa, Madagascar, India, China, Malaya and Australia. S. delphinifolia, G. Don. Gen. Syst. iv, 560; F.B.1. iv, 302; Wats E.D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 777; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ti, 305.i Gerardia delphini- folia, Rowb, Fl. Ind. iii, 99. A tall erect much-branched herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stem 4-sided, grooved, glabrous or scaberulous, often spotted with purple. Leaves pin- natisect, 1-1} in. long. the uppermost (bracts) simple, segments filiform. Flowers subsessile, axillary, solitary or in few-flowered terminal racemes ; bracteoles } in. long, filiform, pedicels slender. Calyw $ in. long, tube strongly ribbed; teeth linear-gsubulate, erect. Corolla rose- coloured, 1-1} in. long, limb { in. across; lobes vroad, spreading. Filaments hairy. Capsule as long as the calyx, oblong-ellipsoid, Grassy places near Agra (Munro), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowers in the wet and cold seasuns. DisTRiBp: Behar, Chota Nagpur, Konkan, Deccan and south to Ceylon. The juice of this plant is sometimes used medicinally. 23. LINDENBERGIA, Lehm.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 261. Annual or perennial herbs. Branches erect straggling, or ascen- ding, rarely woody below. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, toothed. lowers yellow, axillary, passing into terminal spikes or racemes ; bracts leaf-like, bracteoles none. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid, lobes leaf-like. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric; upper lip short, notched or 2-fid, innermost in bud; lower larger, 3-lobed, speading, throat and lip with a 2-plicate palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-cells separate, stipitate, all fertile. Fruit a 2- grooved loculicidal capsule; valves entire, separating from the placen- tiferous dissepiment. Seeds many, minute.—Species 14, Indian, Malayan and 8. African. Glabrous or nearly so with stout erect stems 2-3 ft high, calyx longer than the bracts . 1. LZ. macrostachya. Glandular-pubescent herbs with slender stems, calyx shorter than bracts. Leaves shortly petioled. flowers sessile . 2, L. polyantha. Leaves long-petioled, flowers pedicelled . 3. LZ. urticefolia. , 160 SCROPHULARIACEZ. [ Linpenpereta. 1. L. macrostachya, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 22; F. B. I. iv, 262; Collett Fl. Siml. 351. A glabrous or slightly pubescent herb. Stems 2-3 ft. high, erect and usually stout. Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, petioles less than half the length of blade. Flowers 4 in. long, uni- lateral, usually crowded in erect rigid spikes. Calyx longer than the bracts ; lobes short, acute. Capsule about } in. long, pubescent. Siwalik range and sub-Himalayan tracts eastwards to Gorakhpur; also in Merwara, Flowers Apriland May. Disreis.: Western Himalaya ap to 4,000 ft., Punjab Plain and Shan Hills, extending to Siam, Tonkin and China. Closely allied to L. philippinensis, but less hairy and with much shorter petioles. 2. L. polyantha, Royle ex Benth. Scroph. Ind. 22; F.B.I. iv, 262; Prain Beng. Pl. 760; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 307.. A densely glandular-villous annual. Stemserect or ascending, leafy, 12-20 in. long, branching from the base. Leaves very shortly petioled, abut 3-in. long, ovate or elliptic, acute, margins crenate-serrate. Flowers mary, unilateral, arranged in axillary and terminal leafy spikes, Calyx 4-in. long, gland.-villous; lobes oblong, obtuse. Corolla yellow, twice as iongas the calyx, hairy outside, upper lip pubescent, mid-lobe of lower lip oblong, rounded at theapex. Ovary ovoid, pubescent. Capsule j-in. long, hairy at the apex. Common within the area, on walls and banks. Distris.: Throughout India, ascending to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; also in Baluchistan. 3. L,urticefolia, Link and Otto Ic. Pl. Rar. Hort. Berol.t. 48; F. B.I. iv. 262 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 352; Prain Beng. Pl. 760; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii. 307. Stemodia ruderalis, Vahl ; Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii, 94. An annual, more or less glandular-hairy. Stems 4-10 in. high, simple or branched, often tufted, brittle when dry. Leaves 3-2 in, long, broadly ovate, crenate- serrate, usually gland.-villous on both sides ; petioles 4-3 in.long. Flowers unilateral, shortly pedicelled, solitary or in pairs in the axils of large leaves, sometimes fcrming axillary or terminal leafy racemes. Calyz 4-in. long, densely gland.-villous ; lobes triangular-oblong, obtuse. Corolla yellow, 6 in. long, hairy outside, tube tinged with red or purple, throat hairy, mid-lobeof lower lip narrow. very pubescent round the apex. Capsule 2-in. long, oblong, hairy above. Walls and_ banks, abundant within the area. Distris.: Throughout. India and up to 6,000 ft, on the Himalaya, extending to Afghanistan. Not found in Ceylon. - AGGINETIA. } OROBANCHACEZ. 161 LXXX.—OROBANCHACEZ, Leafless brown, white or reddish root-parasites containing little or no chlorophyll. Stem usually simple, stout or slender, scaly. Flowers 2-sexual, irregular, solitary or in spikes or racemes. Calyx spathaceous or 2-lipped, with 4 or 5 free or connate segments, Corolla hypogynous, curved, usually distinctly 2-lipped, or some- times with 5 subequal lobes; upper lip often arched, lower 3 fid., throat often with 2 villous folds. Stamens didynamous, inserted oa the corrolla-tube ; anthers 1- or 2-celled ; cells frequently spurred at the base, opening by slits or apical pores, one cell often imperfect. Disk usually obscure. Ovary of 2 (rarely 3) carpels, 1 or (rarely) 2-celled ; ovules usually many, anatropous, on 2 (rarely 3) pairs of free or confluent parietal placentas which sometimes ultimately reach the centre of the ovary. Fruita capsule, usually 1-celled ; valyes 2, rarely 3, Seeds usually many, testa pitted or reticulated, albumen fleshy, embryo often undivided.—Species about 150, in temperate and tropical regions. Corolla-lobes broad, subequal : — Calyx spathaceons, anther-cells unequal . 1. AGINETIA. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed ; anther-cells equal 2. CISTANCHE. Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip z-lobed, lower 3-lobed . 3. OROBANCHE, 1, HGINETIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, ©20. Leafless herbs with branched or simple naked or scaly scapes or stems. Fowers few, large solitary or corymbose, bracteoles none. Calyx spathaceons, split in front nearly to the base. Corolla broadly tubular, incurved, obscurely 2-lipped; lobes 5, broad, spreading, the 2 upper connate, Stamens didynamous, included ; anthers meeting in pairs, each with 1 perfect cell adnate to the filament and not spurred at the base, the other cell alsent from the upper pair, the absent cell in the lower pair represented by an empty clavate and deflexed spur. Ovary 1-celled; placentas large, 2- or more-lobed, filling the cavity; ovules very many, covering the whole placental surface; style slender; stigma large, peltate. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seeds many, minute, pitted.—Species 3 in Tropical and Sub-tropical Asia. Scape slender, naked, corolla purple, placentas multi- e . : , ; ; ‘ F ° . 1. &. indica. Scape, short, stout, bracteate; corolla-tube yellow, mouth blue, placentas 2 lamellate . ; . 2 ee atu. @ 162 OROBANCHACER. [ Horner, 1. A. indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 632 ; Roxb.; Fl. Ind. iii, 30; Royle Ill. 292; F. B. I. iv, 320; Prain Beng. Pl. 778 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it, 311. Whole plant tinged with purple, turning brown when dry. Rhizome small, tuberous, emitting many short branching coral-like roots. Scapes erect, slender, solitary or several, 6-12 in. high, with usually a few scales at the base. Flowers solitary on the top of each naked scape, nodding. Calya# 3-13 in. long, closed in bud, pointed, glabrous. Corolla purple; tube 1-13 in. long, curved, inflated; limb §-1 in. across; lobes smal], equal, rounded, margins fimbriate. Anthers of lower stamens with thick blunt dorsal spurs. Placentas multifid. Capsule % in. long, ovoid, beaked, enclosed in the persistent calyx and corolla. Seeds pale-yellow, testa loose and hyaline. Dehra Dun, in shady ravines. Flowers during the rainy season. - DisTRIB. Throughout the greater part of India from the W. Hima- laya in Kumaon up to 3,500 ft., also in Nepal, Assam and on the Khasia Hills and southwards to Travancore and Ceylon, extending to Burma, China, Japan and the Philippives. 2. A. pedunculata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 13,t. 219; F. B. J. iv, 320; Prain Beng. Pl. 778. Orobanche pedunculata, Koxbh.; Fl. Ind. iti, 29. O. acaulis, Rowb.; Fl. Ind. wi, 29. Whole plant red or yellow. Stem very short, buriedin the soil. Scape short, stout, very fleshy, many-flowered; bracts i-3 in. long, ovate, obtuse. Calya 14-24 in. fleshy, red tarning to yellowish-white, obtuse, acute or shortly beaked, very mucilaginous. Corolla-tube equalling the calyx, yellowish; limb violet, lobes crenate or erose. Stigma broadly cordiform, peltate. Capsule ovoid. Seeds brown. Sub-Himalayan tracts; Moradabad (T. Thomson), parasitic on roots of the Khas-khas grass (Vetiveria zizanioides). Flowers during the rainy season. DisrRis. Throughout the greater part of India from near Marree (W. Himalaya) to Sikkim and Assam, and from Bengal (in jhils) to Travancore and Ceylon (on roots of grasses); alsoin Upper Burma, Malay Peninsula and Islands and Cochin China. 2, CISTANCHE, Hoffmgg. and Link ; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 324. Scapigerous herbs, scape or stem simple, scaly. FJowers subsessile, in dense spikes, yellow violet or purple. Calyx "broadly tubular- campanulate ; lobes 5, subequal, obtuse. Corolla-tube long, curved, dilated above ; limb spreading, oblique; lobes 5, broad subequal. Stamens 4, subexserted ; anthers subtransverse, often villous; the cells equal, parallel, bases obtuse. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 4, equidistant or in pairs, stigma broad. Capsule ovoid, laterally compressed, 2-valve to the base. Seeds numerous, subglobose, reticulately punctate—Species 12, Mediterranean region and N. Africa exten ‘ing to W. and C. Asia. ORoBANcHE. } OROBANCHACES. 163 C. tubulosa, Wight Ic. t. 1420 bis; F. B. I. iv, 324; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 313. Orobunche calotropidis, Edgew. in Hook, Journ. Bot, ti, 285, Vern. Bhumphor (Rajputana). Whole plant yellowish or sometimes tinged with purple. Stem 4-2 ft. high and as much as 2 in. in diam., not branched, densely covered with acute triangular scales }-1 in. long, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers many, arranged in den:e *epikes 6-10in. long and sometimes 8 in. in diam.; bracts lancevlate, acuminate, longer than the calyx, margins membranous ; bracteoles narrower, shorter than the calyx. Calysx 3-2 in. long; lobes rounded, about +4 as lorg as the tube; marging membranous, veined. Corolla yellow ; tube erect, inflated above, 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx, hairy inside at the base; upper half campanulate, bent outwards from the middle ; lobes rounded, reflexed. Filaments hairy at the base, anthers not or scarcely apiculate. Btyle exserted, curved below the stigma. Capsule 1 in. long, beaked. Ajmer ( Duthie). Flowers during the cold season. DistTrip. Plaing of Punjab and Sind, extending to C. Asia and Arabia. 3. OROBANCHE, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 324. Scapigerous herbs, scapes or stems simple or branched, stout er slender, scales acute. FVZowers in dense or lax or interrupted spikes or racemes, bracts scale-like, bracteoles 2 or none. Calyx unequally 4-fid., or 2-partite from back to front ; segments entire or 2-fid., with rarely a fifth lobe or segment. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube curved, dilated above, circumscissile at the base ; upper lip erect, crenulate notched or 2-fid ; lower somewhat spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included ; anther-ce!ls equal, parallel, usually mucronate at the base. Disk none or glandular. Ovary 1-celled; placentas 4, equidistant or in pairs; stigma funnel-shaped or peltate, or more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved capsule, the valves often cohering with the style. Seeds very many, globose or ovoid —Species about 90, in uorthern or sub-tropical regions of the Old World. Flowers without bracteoles, arranged in dense spikes ; ° ‘ . . ° - 1. O. cernua. Flowers with 2 bracteoles, arranged in rather lax spikes : ; ‘ > . . +» O.egyptiaca, 1. O. cernua, Leff. It. Hisp. 152 ; F. B. I. iv, 325 ; Prain Beng. Pl.778. O. indica, Wall. Cat. 9636 (not of Buch.-Ham,). Stems 1 or more, stout or slender, 6-12 ia. high, pale-brown or blovish ; scales ovate, upper acute or acuminate. Spikes dense, about half as long as the stem orlonger. Flowers blue; »racts lanceolate, shorter a2 to LENTIBULARIACEH. [ Oropancue. than the corolla, cleft to the middle ; segments lanceolate, cuspidate ; bracteoles none. Corolla 3-2 in. long, curved outwards, glabrous or sometimes puberulous above ; lobes crenate, not ciliate, the 2 upper broad ;the 3 lewer ovate, acuminate. Filaments glabrous ; anther- cells acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy. Style glabrous; stigmatic- lobes short, thick. Oudh (Wallich). Distris. W. Himalaya from Nepal to Kashmir, Baltistan and Gilgit up to 12,C00 ft.; als> in Bengal, C. India and C. Proviness to S. India. extending to N. Africa and Spain, occurring also in extra-tropical Australia. 2. O. egyptiaca, Pers. Syn. ii, 181; Royle Ill. 181; Cooke Fl. Bomb, — ii, 314. O. indica, Buch-Ham. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 27; F. B. Ll. ww, 326 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng, Pl.779. Stems 4-20 in. high, usually branching from the base. Scales few, lanceolate, often slightly hairy. Fluwers many, sessile or the lowest shortly stalked and forming a rather lax spike; bracts halfas long as the corolla-tube, ovate or lanceolate; bracteoles ‘filiform, shorter than the calyx. Calyx 3 in. lorg, 4-toothed, campanulate, pubescent, sub- membranous ; teeth aboutequalling the tube, lanceolate from a broad base, strongly nerved dowe the middle. Corolla 3-13 in. long, hairy outside, upper portion blue or lilac, whitish below; upper lip 2-lobed, lower equally 3-lobed; tube slightly curved above, constricted above the insertion of the stamens. Filaments hairy at the base, anthers woolly. Capsule oblong, acuminate, glabrous. Abundant within the area, Parasitic on various cultivated plants, often in mustard fields. DisTRiB. more or less throughout the plains of India. extending to Central and W. Asia. Cattle appear to be fond of this plant, and their milk is said to be improved thereby. LXXXI.—LENTIBULARIACEZ. Herbs aquatic or in wet places, often insectivorous. Leaves vosulate, capillary-multifid or obsolete when submerged. FVowers purple blue or white, irregular, hermaphrodite, arranged on 1-many- flowered simple or branched scapes or peduncles ; bracts small or none, bracteoles 2 or none. Calyx inferior, 2-5-lobed. Corolla 2 lipped, spurred ; upper lip usually the smaller, entire or emarginate, lower :-5-lobed. Stamens 2. attached to the base of corolla, alteraate with lobe of lower li: ; filaments curved, authers 2-celled ; cells diverg- ing, transversely confluent. Ovary superior, 1-celled, style short, stigma unequally 2 lobed ; ovules usually many, anatropous, attached to a free basal placenta. Fruit a globose few- or many-seeded capsule, Urricuraria.| DLENTIBULARIACEZ. 165 opening by 2-4 valves or circumscissile or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, without albumen.—Species about 200, found in all parts of the world, except in arid regions. UTRICULARIA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 328. Herbs floating and rootless, or on wet ground and rocks, often furnished with minute bladder-like insect-traps. eaves rosulate, or when submerged many-partite with capillary segments. Flowers on simple or branched scapes ; racemes few or many-flowered, pedicels bracteate and ofteu 2-bracteolate. Calyx 2-pirtite; lobes entire or nearly so, often enlarged in fruit. Covo//a 2-lipped ; upper lip entire or emarginate; lower larger, 3-6-lobed; tube with a straight or © curved spur. For characters of stamens, ovary, fruit and seeds see the family.—Species over 100, in the tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres. Inflorescence held up above water by a whorl of floats on the peduncle . ‘ : . 1. U. stellaris. Inflorescence without floats on the peduncle :— Peduncles stout; pedicels reflexed in fruit, bearing usually more than 3 flowers; seeds not or scarcely winged . 2. U. flexuosa. Peduncles slender, pedicels erect in fruit, bearing 1-3 flowers; seeds distinctly winged ; ; . - ; » 3&. U. exoleta. 1. U. stellaris, Linn. f. Suppl.86 ; Row). Fl. Ind.i, 143; F. 3. I. iv, 328 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 780 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 316. An aqvaticherb. Stolons and leaves floating under the surface of the water. Stolons long and usually rather slender, sparingly branched. Leaves 3-14 in. long, often in whorls of four, pinnately divided into capillary segments, each primary segment furnished near the base with a small roundish bladder, the mouth of which is truncate. Racemes erect, slender, few-12-flowered, rising above the surface of the water ; peduncles 1-8 in. long, each suspended by a whorl of spougy floats attached about 4 in. below the lowest flower, each flvat tipped with a tuft of filiform innz ; bracts small, ovate, obtuse, bracteoles none ; pedicels ;4-) in. ong, thickened, usually deflexedin fruit. Calyw 35-} in. long; segments nearly equal, suborbicular, enlarged in fruit. Cvrolla yellow, + in. in across ; upper lip rounded, lower subquadrate ; spur a little shorter than the lower lip, stout, blunt, somewhat curved. Capsule globuse, § in. in e- Seeds minute, discoid, angled; margin slightly winged, inflexed, entire. 166 LENTIBULARIACEZ. [ Urricunarta. Common in ponds and ditches and especially in the Sub-Himalayan tracts. Flowers during the rainy season, Distris. Throughout the greater part of India and in Ceylon: extending to Malaya, — and S. Africa, Madagascar and N. Australia. 2. U. flexuosa, Vahl Enum.i, 198; F. B. I. iv, 329; Prain Beng. Pl. 780 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 316. U. fasciculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 143. U. confervifolia, Don Prod, 84. An aquatic herb, submerged all but the inflorescence. Stolons stout, much branched and often very long. Leaves 14-3 in. long, usually in whorls of 4; segments filiform, pectinate, each pinna usually bearing at its base a small subglobose bladder which becomes black by age. Racemes erect, 3-8-flowered ; peduncles up to 9 in. long, rather stout, naked or with a few small scales, but with no whorl of floats, the whorl of leaves however at the base of the peduncles has often its rhachis more or less inflated and thus acts as a float; bracts small, ovate; pedicels }-2 in. long, deflexed in fruit. Culyz 4-3 in. long; lobes subequal, ovate, obtuse or subacute, somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla yellow, 4-3 in. across; spur nearly as long as the lower lip, conical, acute. Capsule subglobose, 4 in. long. Sceds as in U. stellaris but rather larger. Abundant within the area in watery places, flowering in the hot season. DistRIB Throughout the greater part of India and in Ceylon, extending to Malaya, Tropical Africa and N, Australia. U. exoleta, R. Bx. Prod. 430 ; F. B. I. iv, 829 ; Prain Beng. Pl., 781 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, $16. U. biflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 143 (not of Wall.) VU. pterosperma, Edgew. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i, 352. A small aquatic herb, usually floating, but sometimes rooting when stranded on mud. Sitolons very slender, varying in length ; branches slender, flattened. Leaves variable, rarely more than 4 in. long, not much dissected, the segments all capillary, but one or more represented by bladders, or the whole leaf transformed into a bladder, bladders obliquely ovoid, the mouth truncate, ciliate. Racemes 1 1-3-flowered ; peduncles slen- der, 13-3 in. long, with a minute bract-like scale below the middle; pedicelsislender, 2 1-1 in, long, erect in fruit; bracteoles very small, broad- ly ovate, truncate. or rounded. Calyx ~5 in, long; segments subequal, broadly elliptic, obtuse. Corolla yellow with dar ker streaks, 2-; in long; spur conical, obtuse, equalling or slightly longer than the lower lip. Capsule globose, 3-4 in. in diam. Seeds orbicular, “flat, with a broad. more or less crenulate wing. Saharanpur district (Royle), and probably in many other localities within the area, especially in the Sub-Himalayan tracts, but not common. DistRiB. Throughout India from the N.-W. Himalaya and Assam to Ceylon, extending to S. E. Asia, Malay Pen. and Islands and N. Austvralia. U. sTRIATULA, Smith (syn. U. orbiculata, Wail.; F. B. I. iv, 434) very probably occurs within the area of this flora, and should be looked for in Dehra Dun in damp shady spots. Itis abundant on the Himalaya up to DipyMocarrvs. | GESNERIACE. 167 8,000 ft., also in Assam and on the hills of Peninsular India; extending to Ceylon, Malaya, 8. China and Trop. Africa. It is a very small terrestrial species with violet-coloured flowers, and is found usually on wet rocks. It may at once be distinguished by its orbicular or reniform persistent leaves, its very unequal calyx-segments and the glochidiate ea LXXXII.—GESNERIACEZE. Herbs or undershrubs, often epiphytic. Leaves opposite alternate or solitary, undivided, entire or toothed; stipules none. Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly always irregular, peduncles axillary, bracteate ; bracteoles usually small. Calyx-dobes 5, valvate or open in bud. rarely imbricate. Corollastube long or short; lobes usually 5 and imbricate in bud. Stamens attached to the corolla-tube, usually didynamous, sometimes 5, all or only 2 fertile, anthers 2-or 1-celled, Disk avnolar or shoitly cylindric or none, sometimes unilateral. Ovary l-or imperfectly 2-celled, style linear, stigma capitate or 2 lobed; ovules many, anatropous, on bifid parietal sometimes subconfluent placentas. Fruit a 2-valved capsule or aberry. Seeds many, minute, fusiform or ovoid, smooth, sometimes tipped with a long hair, albumen scanty or none, embryo straight.—Species about 700, mostly in S. E. Asia, Polynesia and in Trop. America. The Indian representatives of this family all belong to the suborder Cyrtandree, recognized by having the ovary free and superior. The Eugesneree, which are confined to the New World, are characteriz>d by a more or less inferior ovary. Capsule linear, exceeding the calyx : . 1, DIDYMOCARPUsS. Capsule ellipsoid, included in the calyx. . 2, RHYNCHOGLOSSUM, 1. DIDYMOCARPUS, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 345. Stemless or erect herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate or crowded, rarely solitary. Pedunedes axillary, bearing few or many flowers ; pedicels cymose, subumbellate or subracemose n pairs ; bracts usually inconspicuous. Calyx small, 5-fid. or partite, lobes narrow. Corolla with a cylindric or ovoid tube, limb oblique or subsymmetric; lobes 5, rounded. Stamens included, the 2 anterior perfect with 2-3 sta- winodes, rarely 4 perfect; anthers cohering in pairs; cells 2, ovate, oon confluent. Disk cylindric or nog. Ovary narrow, l-celled, sessile or stipitate ; stigma peltate, emarginate or unilateral ; placentas 168 GESNERIACEH. — [DipyMocarrvs; deeply inflexed, at length recurved; ovules many, crowded along the margins. Fruit a loculicidally 2-valved or subfollicular capsule ; valves not twisted before opening, their edges revolute and concealing the seeds. Seeds ellipsoid, small, smooth, minutely reticulate.— Species about 90, in India, Malaya, China, Trop. Africa, Madagascar and Australia. Stems distinct, leaf solitary—Plant minute . 1. D. pygmea. Stems none or very short; leaves more than one, usually all radical = > : . 2 D. pedicellata. 1. D. pygmea, C. B. Clarke in F. 3B. I. iv, 345 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 783. A small delicate pubescent herb. Stems filiform, 3-2in.long. Leaf solitary, sessile or nearly so, membranous, 1-2 in. long, obliquely ovate or lanceo- late, obtuse at both ends ; margins sinuate, scarcely crenate. Pedicels few, about 4 in. long, fascicled in the leaf-axil, bracts minute or none. Calyx =3-t in. long, densely pilose with white hairs; lobes linear, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla 4-in. long, tubular, shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 2, fertile; staminodes 2, linear, # the length of the fertile filaments. Ovary and style villous. Capsule 3-3 in. long. Found originally by Vicary close to a waterfall near Mhowganj in the Rewah district of C. India, and just within the south-east border of the area of this flora. DistriB. Chota Nagpur (C. B. Clarke), Nimar district of C. Prov. (Duthie). This interesting little plant has probably been often overlooked in other localities and should be searched for on wet rocks in the vicinity of waterfalls, especially in the districts of Mirzapur and Bundelkhand. In its size and general habit this plant may be compared with Platystemma violoides whichit greatly resembles in its filiform stems, each of which bears a solitary leaf. The latter plant inhabits the W. Himalayavat elevations between 6 and 9,000 ft., and flourishes within the spray of dripping rocks, 2. D. pedicellata, R. Br. in Benn. Fl. Jav. Rar. 118; F. B. I. iv, 345. D. macrophylla, Wall, Cat. 784 (in part) ; Royle Ill. 294, t. 70, f. 1. Stems none or very short, innovations scabrous-puberulous. Leaves usually all radical, 3-5 in, diam., roundly ovate, crenate-serrate, gland- nlar-punctate. Pedicels longer than the calyx; bracts about 4 in, often shortly connate. Calyx funnel-shaped, about 4in. long; lobes shallow, rounded. Corolla purple, nearly lin. long. Capsule 1-14 in. long; its stalk slender, longer than the persistent calyx. . Mehra Dun, in damp shady ravines. Flowersin Aug. Distriz. Sub- trcpical W. Himalaya from Chamba to Kumaon, up to 5,500 ft. 2, RHYNCHOGLOSSUM, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 367. Herbs, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves alternate, elliptic, acuminate, unequal-sided, comiate on one side of the uregual base, subentire or sinuate. acemes long, many-flowered; bracts none, wei) Rayncnoctossum. ] BIGNONIACE®. 169 bracteoles minute. Calye campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla-tube cylindric, contracted at the mouth; limh 2-lipped ; upper Jip short, bifid ; lower longer, 3-lobed, Stamens 2, perfect, included ; anther connivent, 2-celled ; cells ellipsoid, subparallel, slits ultimately confluent atthe apes. Ovary 1-celled, ovoid, style linear, stigma minutely 2Z-lobed; placentas much intruded, divided into 2 thick lamellz bearing many ovules on all sides. Fruit an ellipsoid mem- branous loculicidally 2-valved smooth capsule, included within the calyx, Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, testa minutely reticulate. —Species 2, extending from India to the Philippines. R. obliquum, Blume Bijdr. 741, Var. parviflora, ©, B. Clarke in D.C. Monogr.v, 162; F. B.I. iv, 367; Prain Beng. Pl. 784; Cooke Fl. Bomb. t4, 324. A succulent herb up to 20 in, high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 2-6 in long, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, unequal at the base, semicordate at the base on one side, acute on the other; lateral nerves many, parallel), curved, prominent beneath, petioles 4-2 in. long. Racemes about 44 in. long. Flowers solitary or in pairs; bracteoles about ;4 in. long, narrow, subulate ; pedicels filiform, nodding, Calyx? in. long, divided about }-way down ; lobes triangular, acute. Corolla blue, tube about as long as the calyx ; upper lip about ,}; in, long, with 2 triangular acute lobes, lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper and with 3 shallow obtuse lobes. Capsule 4 in. long. Dehra Dun, flowering during the rainy season, DisTRis, Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft., Chota Nagpur and C. India to W. and 8S. India, also inCeylon. Thetype occurs in Tenasserim the Malay Islands and in China. LXXXITI—BIGNONIACEZ, Trees, shrubs (rarely climbing) or herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, unequally 1-2-pinnate, or sometimes jundivided. FVowers hermaphrodite, irregular, usually showy, arranged in terminal racemes or panicles, rarely on sbort lateral branches; bracts and bracteoles inconspicuous. Calyx spathaceous or funnel-shaped ; lobes 2-5 or more, valvate. Corolla 2-lipped, tubular-ventricose; lobes 5, subequal, imbricate in bud. Stamens didynamous, rudiment of 5th stamen often present and inserted where the corolla-tube is suddenly swollen, rarely with five perfect stamens; filaments glabrous or hairy st the base; anthers 2-celled, included or rarely shortly exserted ; cells elliptic or oblong, parallel or diverging, debiscing by longitudinal slits. Dzsk usually thick orannular. Ovary subsessile, 2-celled ; style long, glabrous, stigma of 2 elliptic lobes; ovules 170 BIG NONIACEZ. [ Onoxytum, usaally in many rows, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally or septis cidally 2-valved capsule, usually elongated; septum enlarging in fruit, deciduous with the placentas. Seeds compressed, discoid, rarely subtrigonous, usually prominently winged, exalbuminoas.—Species about 550, mostly tropical and chiefly in S. America; a few are extratropical, including two Himalayan herbaceous spscies of Amphicome. Perfect stamens 5 : ‘ . . 1. OROXYLUM. Perfect stamens 4:— Leaves simple 3 ‘ a ; ° 2. TECOMELLA. Leaves pinnate :— Calyx spathaceous . ‘ : : 3. DoLicHANDRONE. Calyx campanulate . - ‘ : 4. STEREOSPERMUM. 1. OROXYLUM Vert.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 377. A glabrous tree. Leaves opposite, large, 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets ovate, entire. Flowers in long terminal racemes. Calyx large, cam- panulate, coriaceous, truncate or obscurely toothed, persistent. Corolla large, campanulate, white or purplish ; lobes 5, subequal, round, crisped and toothed. Stamens 5, perfect, exserted, four of them equal, the fifth shorter ; filaments straignt; anthers glabrous, 2-celled ; cells oblong, parallel. Disk wide. Fruzta large linear 2- valved capsule, compressed parallel to the septum, opening septi- fragally. Seeds wany, thinly discoid; wing broad, hyaiine.— A single species, found in India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, China and Cochin-China. O. indicum, Vent. Dec. Gen. Nov. 8; F. B. I. iv, 378 ; Watt E. D.; Kanji- lal For. Fl. 254; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 510; Collett Fl. Siml. 368, Prain Beng. Pl. 787 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 527 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 496. Bignonia indica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ina. iii, 110 ; Royle Ill. 295, Calosanthes indica, Blume ; Brandis For. Fl. 347. Vern. Ullu, arlu, pharkath, pharri, sanna (Oudh). A small deciduous soft-wooded tree, up to 40 ft. high, branching near the top ; bark light-brown, usually covered with corky lenticels. Leaves very large, sometimes attaining o ft. in length; rhachis stout, cylindric ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, 23-5 in. long, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, entire, glabrous, base rounded or cordate, petiolules 4-3 in. long. Flowers many, in large erect racemes 1-2 ft. long or more, foetid, pedicels 3-14 in. long, Calyx about 1 in. long, oblong-campanulate, obscurely toothed, coriaceous, glabrous. Corolla 2-3 in. long, fleshy, tube green, limb lurid- purple, margins crisped. Filaments woolly at the base. Capsule 1-3 ft. by 2-33 in. wide, flat and straight. Seeds many, 2-2 in. long, margins brcadly winged except at the base. DoLicHANDRONE. | BIGNONIACE®. 171 Sub-Himalayan tracts from the Jumna eastwards, usually in more or less moist places Flowers during June,and July, and the fruit ripens in the cold season. Distris. Throughout India except in the western drier area, Himalaya ascending to 4,000 ft.in Kumaon; also in Ceylon and Burma, extending to the Malay Penins. and Archipel, and Cochin-China. The bark and fruit are used as a mordant in dyeing and tanning, and the root-bark is much valued as a native medicine, the extremely light seeds are made use of for lining hats. 2. TECOMELLA, Seem.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 378. A shrub or small tree with glaucescent foliage ; innovations ste'lately grey-tomentose, otherwise quite glabrous. Leaves usually opposite, simple, oblong, obtuse, entire. HJZowers in terminal racemes. Calyx tubular-campanulate, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla tubular- ventricose, mouth wide ; lobes subequal, rounded, imbricate. Stamens exserted ; anther-cells divergent, pendulous. Disk cupular. Ovary oblong, ovales many in each cell. Capsule linear-oblong, somewhat compressed, opening loculicidally. Seeds discoid, winged, the wing very narrow at its apex, absent at the base.—A single species found in tidus, Baluchistan and Arabia. T. undulata, Seem. in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, Vol. X,30; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 328. Tecoma undulata, G. Don; F. B. I. iv, 378; Watt E. D.; Brandis For. Fl. 352; Ind. Trees 492; Gamble Man. Ind. Tims, 511. Bignonia undulata, Smith; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 101; Royle Ill. 295, B. glauca, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 137, t, 142. Vern, Roira, rohera (Merwara). Branches drooping. Leaves 2-5 in. long, narrowly oblong, margins undulate, petiole lin. long. Flowers inodorous, in corymbose racemes terminating short lateral branches, pedicels 4-}in. long. Calya nearly 4 in. long; lobes hardly } in. long, broadly ovate. obtuse, mucronate, Corolla 13-23 in. long, orange-yellow, veined. Filaments glabrous, Stigma of 2 spathulate-oblong plates. Capsule about 8 in. long, slight- ly curved, glabrous, valves thin. Seeds (including wing) 1 in. by ? in. Jumna and Chambal ravines near Etawah, also in Merwara Flowers Jan.-April. Disrris. Punjab, on the Siwalik range west of Jumna, Rajputana, Sind and Gujarat, extending to Baluchistan and Arabia. Very ornamental. when in flower. Wood grey or yellowish-brown mottled with lighter streaks, strong and durable. The leaves afford good fodder and the bark is used medicinally. 3, DOLICHANDRONE, Seem.; F! Brit. Ind. iv, 378. Trees, glabrous or tomentose. Leaves opposite, 1-pinnat. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx spathaceous, cleft to the base on one side. Corol/a tubalar, tube long or short ; lobes 172 BIGNONIACEZ. [ DonicHANDRONE. 5, sabequal, round, crisped, crenate or incised. Amnther-cells oblong, paralle]. Dzsk annular, cushion-like. Ovary sessile, ovules usually many-seriate. Fruit a long subterete or compressed capsule, lo- culicidally 2-valved, imperfectly 4-celled. Seeds thinly. discoid, with a broad wing on each side.—Species about 20, in India and Ceylon, extending to Malaya, China, Trop. Africa and Australis. D. faleata, Seem. in Journ. Bot. viii, 381; F. B. I. iv, 380; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 512; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 329; Brand, Ind. Trees 493. D. Lawii, Seem.; F. B. I. iv, 880. Spathodea falcata, Wall.; Brandis For. Fl. 350. Bignonia spathacea, Rowb.; Fl, Ind. iii, 103. A deciduous tree up to 50 ft. high; innovations grey-pubescent or shortly villous. Leaves simply pinnate, 3-6 in. long ; leaflets 5-7, pubescent or glabrous, 3-13 in. long, obovate or suborbicular, rarely witha small obtuse point, more or less unequal at the base, the terminal usually larger ; main lateral nerves about 4 pairs, prominent beneath, petio- lules short or none. Racemes terminal, few-fid., pedicels 3-in. long. Calyx 4-2 in. long, softly grey-pubescent. Corolla white, about 1 in. long; tuba 114 in. long, slender, tapering downwards; lobes obovate-oblong, their margins undulate and crisped, Capsule 10-18 in. long and about = in wid falcately curved, compressed, glabrous. Seeds about 1 in, long by yin. wide, rectangular, winged at both ends. Bundelkhand, on hills above Doni (Duthie), dry hills in C. India (Edgeworth). Flowers in May and June. Distris. Rajputana, W. and S. India. The hard whitish wood is used for building and agri- cultural purposes A decoction of the fruit is said to ke used in native medicine. 4.§ EREOSPERMUM, Cham.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 382. Trees. Leaves large, l-or 2-pinnate. VZowers in large lax termi- nal panicles. Calyx ovoid, closed or open in bud, truncate or shortly and unequally 2-5-lobed or 5-toothed in flower. Corolla tubular- campanulate ; limb spreading, &-lobed and somewhat 2- lipped ; lobes subequal, round, often crisped toothed or laciniate. Stamens 4, with a mdimentary 5th ; anther-cells linear, diverging. Dzsk cushion-like, fleshy. Fruit an elongate terete subcompressed or obscurely 4-angled capsule, loculicidally 2-valved and often spiraily twisted, septum at length thick and corky. Seeds many, in one or two series, trigonous,. with a transverse groove outside and a prominent ridge within which fits into a deep groove of the septum ; wings membranous, lying flat. on the septum.—Species 12, in Tropical Asia and Africa. Panicle-branches slender, glabrous; capsule subquadrangular, smooth Z 7 ; Panicle-branches short, viscidly hairy; capsule cylindric, rough é ; ; 1. 8. chelonoides. 2, S. suaveolens. ~ STRREOSPERMUM, | BIG NONIACE2. 173 1. S. chelonoides, DC. Prod. ix, 210 ; Brandis For. Fl. 852 3; Ind, Trees 5; F. B. I. iv, 882; Watt EB. D,; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 514 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 790; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 331. Bignonia chelonoides, Linn. f, ; Roa), Fl. Ind, iii, 106. Vern. Pader, parral. A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft. high, glabrous except the fiowers; bark thick, brown, corky outside, branches spreading. Leaves simply pinnate, 12-18 in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, 4-5 in. long by 1-2 in, wide, elliptic, candate-acuminate, glabrous; base acute or rounded, often unequal-sided, petiolules 4 in. or less. Flowers fragrant, in lax drooping panicles with slender articulate glabrous branches. Calya campanulate, 4 in. long, glabrous, usually purple, shortly 53-5-lobed. Corolla } in. long, yellow, veined and tinged with purple, more or less pubescent outside, bearded within on the lower side ; lobes of limb rounded and crisped. Filaments villous at the base. Capsule 1-2 ft. long by } in. wide, subquadrangular and pointed, spirally twisted, often dotted with white specks. Seeds 1-1} in. long, splitting easily along the transverse furrow. Forests of N. Oudh. Flowers April to June, after the leaves have appeared. Distrib. Eastwards to Sikkim Chittagong and Chota Nag- pur; also in the moist forests of Bombay, S. India and Ceylon, extending to Burma. The hard grey wood is used for building and for making hi ig The roots, leaves and flowers are employed in native medicine, 2. S. suaveolens, DC. Prod. ix, 211 ; Brandis For, Fl. 351; Ind. Trees 495; F. B. I, iv, 382; Watt E.D.; Kanjilal For. .Fl. Sch. Cire. 2553 Gamble Man. Ind. Tim). 515 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 790 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, or ieaytomme suaveolens, Rowh, Fl. Ind. wi, 104; Royle Ill. 295. Vern. | ddal. A deciduous tree up to 60 ft. high, young parts viscous-hairy. Bark grey exfoliating in large thick flat scales. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, simply pinnate ; leaflets 3-4 pairs with an odd one, shortly stalked, 3-6 in. long, broadly elliptic, acute or acuminate, entire or serrulate, rough above, hairy beneath, rounded and unequal at the base, main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, petiolules about 3, in. long. Flowers very fragrant, arranged in large lax 3-chotomously branched viscidly hairy panicles. Calyw# 3 in. long, shorty 3-5-lobed. Corolla dull-purple, funnel-shaped, 1-14 in. long, puberulous ontside, bearded within at the throat; limb oblique, 2- lipped ; lobes rounded, crenate and crisped, the 3 lower longer than the 2 upper. Filaments not villous at the base. Capsule 1-2 ft. long by 2 in wide, straight. cylindric, somewhat ribbed, grey or purplish, rough with white raised specks. Seeds 14 in. long, with a long membranous wing at each end. Common within the sal areas of the Dehra Dun and Saharanpur forests and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts eastwards, Flowers during May and June, and the fruit ripens in the cold season. Disteis. Punjab Plain, becoming scarce west of the Jhelum; outer Himalayan ranges from 174 BIGNONIACEH. [ Srerrosrermum. Kashmir to Sikkim, up to 4,000 ft.; found also in the drier parts of Bengal, and in Central W. and S. India, extending to Burma. The wood is valued for planks and beams; it polishes well, and is much used as fuel and for making charcoal. The bark and flowers are said to be employed medicinally. Regarding the sylvicultural value of this tree see Gamble l.c. This family is remarkable for the large number of handsome-flowered trees and shrubs which it contains. The following, belonging to genera not indigenous in India are some of the more important species cultiva- ted within the area of the upper Gangetic Plain :— MILLINGTONIA HORTENSIS, Linn. f.; Brandis For. Fl. 347; Ind. Tree 496; F. B. I. w, 3877 ; Watt E.D; ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 256 ; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 509 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 788 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. w, 334. Bignonia suberosa, Roab.. 3; Fl. Ind. wii, 111.—Vern. Akds-nim, chambeli, (Indian Cork tree).—A tall erect fast-growing tree with corky bark and soft yellowish wvod. Leaves bi-or tripinnate, 2-3 ft. long. Flow rs white, very fragrant, arranged in large panicles which are terminal on the pendent branches. This tree, supposed to be indigenous in Burma and the Malay Archipelago, is cultivated in gardens and as a roadside tree within the area of this flora andin many other parts of India. As an avenue-tree it cannot be altogether recommended ; for, owing to the brittleness of its branches, it is liable to be much damaged during severe storms. It flowers at the beginning of the cold season, but produces no seed in this part of India. PANDOREA JASMINOIDEA. K. Schum.; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 335. Tecoma jasminoides, Lindl.—A climbing shrub with pale bluish flowers. It is a native of Australia and is frequently cultivated in the gardens of Upper India. PYROSTEGIA IGNEA Presl,; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 335. Bignonia venusta, Ker. Gawl.—A large climbing shrub with 3-foliolate leaves and large handsome orange-red flowers arranged in terminal racemes. A native of Brazil. CAMPSIS RADICANS, Seem; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 335. Tecoma radicans, Lindl.—A scandent shrub climbing like ivy, and with red flowers. Indigenous in N. America. STrENOLOBIUM STANS, Seem.; Cvoke Fl Bomb. ii, 335. Tecoma stans, Juss.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 511; Prain Beng. Pl. 788.—A_ hardy shrub or small tree with handsome foliage and large yellow flowers. It is a native of S. America, and in some parts of India has become almost naturalized. HETEROPHRAGMA ADENOPHYLLUM, Seem.; F. B. I. iv, 381; Watt £. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 514 ; Brand. Ind. Trees 494 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 789; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 336—A handsome tree with large pinnate leaves. Flowers brownish-yellow, densely tomentose. Capsule 1-3 ft. long, twisted. A native of E. Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Often planted in the gardens of Upper India. The wood is valued for cabinet work. SEsamum.] PEDALIACEZ. «ae KIGELIA PINNATA, DC. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Tim). 517 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it, 336 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 492.—An ornamental tree introduced from Trop. Africa, and now largely grown in Indian gardens The rough innate leaves are clustered towards the ends of the branches, and the arge handsome maroen-coloured flowers are arranged on Leng pendent racemes and open —* the hot season. The hard gourd-like frnits, 2-3 ft. long, ripen during the cold season. Itis a quick-growing tree and the wood is hard. LXXXIV.—PEDALIACE:. Herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, entire toothed cr lobed. FVowers irregular, hermaphrodite, usually axillary and solitary (rarely fascicled or in racemes), pedicels short bracts none or minute. Calyx 4 5-partite. Corol/a tubular-ventri- cose ; limb obscurely 2-lipped ; lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens didynam- ous, rarely 2. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, style filiform, stigma shortly 2-lobed ; ovules many or few, superposed. Fruzt hard and indehiscent, or a 2-(rarely 3-4) valved capsule. Seeds (in the Indian species) wingless, albumen none.—Species about 45,in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, especially in desert regions and on sea- coasts. : SESAMUM, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 386. Erect to prostrate herbs, eaves opposite below, upper alternate, entire toothed, lobed or divided. FJowers axillary, solitary or few and fascicled, shortly pedicelled, purplish or pink, often marked with yellow. Calyx small, 5-partite. Corolla tubular-ventricose, base subgibbous ; limb 2-lipped ; lobes 5, those of the upper lip usually smaller. Stamens didynamous, included; anthers sagittate, the cells subparallel, distinct. Ovary 2-celled, becoming 4-celled by the intrusion of a false, dissepiment; ovules many, l-seriate in each chamber; style filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong or ovoid, loculicidally 2-valved, 4-chambered, usually 4-angled. Seeds many, obliquely oblong, subcompressed, foveolate.—Species about 10, in India and in Trop. and 8. Africa. S.indicum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 634 ; DC. L’Orig. Pl. Cult. 337; Duthie and Fuller Field and Gard. Crops ti, 35, t. 42; F. B. I. iv, 387 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 981: Prain Beng. Pl. 792; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 338. 8. orientale, Linn.; Roxb. Fl, Ind. ivi, 100.—Vern. Til, tili, tila (Sanse.) Gingelly or Sesame. An erect pubescent or puberulous annual, 1-2 ft. high, branching from the base. Leaves oblong or ovate, 3-5 in. long, the lower ones lobed or often pedatisect, lobes serrate ; upper leaves narrowly oblong, entire, glabrous above, puberulous beneath. Pedicels 4 in. long, solitary or 176 ACANTHACEZ. _ 2-8-nate. Flowers witha strong unpleasant odour. Calya-segments 4 in. _ long, lanceolate, acute, hairy. Corolla 14 in. long, hairy outside, pinkish- _ purple and often marked with yellow. Capsule about 1 in. long, erect, hispid, beak short, valves separating half-way down. Seeds black or white, glabrous. ; Extensively cultivated within the area during the rainy season, but chiefly as a mixed crop. Sometimes met with as a naturalized weed. In other parts of India it is usually grown as a pure crop. There are two well-marked varieties, black-seeded and white-seeded ; the former yields the best oil and is therefore more abundantly grown. The oil is largely used in India for culinary purposes, as well as for burning in lamps, and it is also employed in anointing the body and in the manufacture of soap and perfumes. The seeds of the white-seeded variety are often eaten, chiefly in the form of sweetmeats. The oil and seeds are very largely exported to Europe, for particulars of which trade see Watt’s “ Commercial Products of India,’ p. 987. There is considerable doubt as to the native country of this plant. Decandolle regarded it as having come originally from the Malay Archipelago, whilst other authors consider it be of Indian or of African origin. “‘MARTYNIA DIANDRA Glow; F. B. I. iv, 386 ; Watt E.D.; Prain Beng Pl. 791; Gooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 339.—Vern. Bichu. (Tiger-claw or Devil’s claw). A tall coarse herb. Leaves large, opposite, cordate, glutinous. Flowers diandrous, rose-coloured. Fruit large, woody, beaked by two ‘strong curved spines. Common within the area and in other parts of India on roadsides and in waste places, flowering during the rainy season. The plant is a native of Mexico LXXXV.—ACANTHACEA. Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, usually entire, exstipulate. Flowers nearly always irregular, in cymes racemes or spikes, rarely solitary ; bracts large or small or none ; bractecles usually 2, sometimes more and forming an epicalyx. Calyx 5-or 4-partite or (in Thunbergia) minute and multifid. Corolla 2-lipped or subequally 5-lobed, lobes imbricate or twisted in bud. Stamens 4 or 2, inserted on the corolla-tube; anthers 2-or l-celled, the cells sometimes remote. Disk often conspicuous. Ovary superior, 2- celled; style simple, filiform or swollen below; stigma usually 2- lobed, the lobes often unequal; ovules 1 or more in each cell, in one or two series, anatropous. rut a loculicidal capsule, the valves often elastically recurved and the septum splitting. Seeds usually hard, attached (except in-a few genera) to recurved subacute supports (retinacula), ovoid or compressed, smooth rugose or rarely hispid, usually esalbuminous.—Species upwards of 2,000, in tropical and warm temperate regions. ACANTHACEX. Climbers ; seeds not supported on hard retina- cula ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral . . Erect or prostrate plants, not climbing : — Seeds not supported on retinacula; ovules many, superposed in 2 rows in each cell :— Calyx 4-partite, stamens 2, Bracts rigid, peduncle of spike covered with alternate scales _ ° Bracts herbaceous, spike sessile, or if stalked the peduncle without scales, Calyx 5-partite, stamens 4 : ° ; Seeds ay aah on retinacula :— Upper lip of corolla subobsolete ; lower li arge, expanded, 3-lobed ; ovules 2 in eac ce . ; ‘ ; ‘ ‘ “ Corolla 2-lipped or with 5 subequal lobes :— Corolla lobes twisted to the left in bud :— Ovules more than 2 in each cell, capsule normally 6- or more—seeded :— Corolla distinctly 2-lipped :— Inflorescence spinose . . : Inflorescence not spinose . ; Corolla subequally 5-lobed :— Bracteoles large ; capsule clavate, with a solid base . ‘ " Bracteoles small, narrow or none, capsule seed-bearing through- out :— Flowers in sessile clusters which are arranged on the branches of a trichotomous or i-sided panicle ; . ; Flowers sessile, in terminal or pseudo-axillary heads or 177 1, THUNBERGIA, 2, TUBIFLORA. 3. NELSONIA. 4. STAUROGYNE. 5. BLEPHARIS. 6. ASTERACANTHA, 7. HYGROPHILA, 8, RUELLIA. 9. AACHMANTHERA., spikes. . 10. HEMIGRAPHIS. Ovules 2 in each cell, capsule with 4 or fewer seeds :— Placentas separating elastically from the base of the capsule ; stamens 4; bracteoles very large . . 11, PETALIDIUM. Placentas remaining attached to the base of the ripe capsule :— Anthers minutely mucronate or spurred at the base; stamens our : : . F Anthers blunt at the base :— Cor-tube slender, linear ; stamens 12. DIscHORISTER, two - 13. DRDALACANTHUS, Cor-tube widened from near the base : stamens four . . 14. STROBILANTHES, 178 ACANTHACEL. [TH -NBERGIA. Cor-lobes imbricate in bud :— Ovules 3-8 in each cell, capsule nor- mally 6—or more-seeded : — Capsule compressed at right angles to the septum; seeds ovoid, hardly compressed :— Flowers in panicled often 1-lateral racemes, without axillary barren branches (cladodes) . 15. ANDROGRAPHIS. Flowers in spikes in the midst of cladodes . 16. HaAPLAN?THOUS. Capsule subterete, seeds ‘much com- pressed . 17, PHLOGACANTHOS, Ovules 2 or rarely 1 in each cell :— Corolla-lobes 5, subequal :— Calyx 4-part.s the two opposite outer segments much longer than the inner ; perfect stamens 2 . 18. BARLERIA. Calyx 5-part., segments subequal ; stamens 4, all perfect 3 . 19. ASysSTASIA. Coroila distinctly ae - Stamens4 . : F . 20. LEPIDAGATHIs. Stamens 2 :— Placentas remaining attached to the valves of the capsule :— Anther-cells parallel, sub- equal ; bracts large, imbri- e cate; cor-tube long, narrow. 21. EcBoLIUM. Anther-cells placed one higher up than the other :— Anther-cells (at least the . lower) witha white basal spur-like appendage (api- culate in J. Adhatoda) . 22. JusTicia. Anther-cells muticous . 23, PERISTROPEE,. Placentas separating elastically from the base of the cap- sule :— Flowers in 1-lateral spikes . 24. RUNGIA. Flowers crowded in axillary cymes towards the end of the branches . ; ; . 25, DICLIPTERA. 1. THUNBERGIA, Linn. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 390. Climbers. Leaves opposite, often cordate hastate or angular. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs or racemose, bracts at the base of the pedicels leaf-like ; bracteoles large, the margins cohering, at o THUNBERGIA. | ACANTHACE®. 179 least when young. Calyx small, annular, tecth 10-16 or obscure. Corolla conspicuous; tube swollen, curved; limb oblique, with rounded lobes, twisted to the left in bad. Stamens didynamons, attached to the base of the corolla-tube; anthers 2-celled; cells parallel, oblique, spurred or not at the base; pollen globose, obscurely banded. Disk annular or cushion-like. Ovary with 2 collateral ovules in each cell, style long, stigma funnel-shaped, 2-lobed or entire, or style 2-fid and with capitate stigmas. Fruit-a capsule, globose below, suddenly narrowed to a barren sword-shaped beak. Seeds 2 in each cell, ovoid or dorsally compressed, the glabrous base plane or hollowed, funicle minute or conic.—Species about 90, in tropical regions of the Old World. T. fragrans, Row), Cor. Pl. i, 47. t. 67 ; Fl. Ind. wii, 83; F. B. I. iv, 89) ; Prain Beng. Pl. 795 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 342. Stem long and slender with swollen nodes, retrorsely hairy or glabrous. Leaves 2-3 in. long, oblong or deltoid-ovate, acute or obtuse, rounded cordate or hastate at the base, entire or with a few basal angular apiculate lobes, petioles 4-} in. long. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils, pedicels 1-2 in. long; bracteoles 3-3 in, broadly falcate-oblong, subacute. Calyx }-} in., pubescent, deeply divided into 12-15 linear- lanceolate acute segments, nearly glabrous in fruit. Corolla inodorous, pure white, 14 in. long, pubescent outside; tube about as long as the segments, constricted below the limb; segments 5, spreading, obovate, truncate, coarsely toothed. Anthers not spurred. Capsule (including beak) about 1 in. long, grey-puberulous. Seeds 4 or less, 3 in. in diam., hemispheric, excavated on the plane face, rugose. Probably indigenous in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from the Jumna east- wards. Cultivated in gardens. Flowers in Oct. and Nov. DISTRIB, Throughout India chiefly in the hilly districts; also in Ceylon, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, extending to Timor, the Philippines and N. Australia. The specimens from N. India are referred to 1’. fragrans, var. levis F. B. I. 1. ¢., which differs from the type in having 2 pedicels in each axil, and it is also a much less hairy plant. The specific name applies to the plant as a whole, and not to the flowers which are inodorous. JHUNBERGIA ALATA, Boj.; F. B. I. iv, 891; Prain Beng. Pl. 795; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 343.—A slender climber. Leaves softly villous, ovate, cordate, subentire ; petioles usually winged. Flowers yellow or whitish, with a brown or claret-coloured eye. Much cultivated in gardens, and becoming naturalized as an escape in many parts of the area. It isa native of Trop. Africa and Natal. THUNBERGIA GRANDIFLORA, Roah.; Fl. Ind. iii, 34; F.B. I. iv, 392; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 518 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 796. Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 843 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 497.— An extensive climber with large cordate- 180 ACANTHACE. [ Netsowra- ovate or sometimes angular leaves and blue flowers. Often cultivated in gardens, and sometimes met with in a semi-wild state within the area. It is a native of E. Bengal whence it extends to 8. China. 2, TUBIFLORA, J. F. Gmel. UNDER ELYTRABIA IN FL. Brit. IND. Iv, 394. Herbs, stemless or nearly so. Leaves alternate, crowded, sub- radical. Flowers in close rigid simple or divided spikes. Scapes covered by spirally imbricate bracts; bracteoles smaller than the practs. Calyx 4-partite; segments uneqaal, the largest sometimes 2-fid. Corolla white or bluish, 2-lipped, tube linear; lobes 6, oblong, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, perfect, attached to the throat of the corolla; anthers elliptic, acute; cells parallel, with or without a minute spur at the base. Disk small. Style short, stigma shortly 2-lobed; ovules 6-10 in each cell, superposed. Pruzt an ellipsoid acute capsule. Seeds minute, ovoid, reticulated, minutely papillose, attached by a small hilum, without’ a retina- culum.—Species 3 or 4, American, one of which is widely spread in Trop. Africa and Asia, T. acaulis, O. Kuntze Revis. Gen. i, 500; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 345. Elytraria crenata, Vahl; Royle Ill. 298; F. B. I. iv, 394. Justicia acaulis, Linn. f.; Roxb.; Fl. Ind. i, 119. Stem none or up to 2 in. long, woolly. Leaves 3-8in. long, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or apiculate, tapering into a hairy petiole, more or less crenate, nerves beneath pubescent. Scapes several, usually longer than the leaves, clothed with small rigid elliptic acumirate bract- like scales. Spikes hard, 3-4 in. long, simple or branched ; bracts 4 in. long, ovate, acuminate or spine tipped, hairy outside and with ciliate margins. Calyx in. long; segments pennicillate at the apex and with scarious ciliate margins, three of them narrowly lanceolate, the 4th broader and sometimes 2-fid. Corolla 3-4 in. iong, pale-blue or white. Anthers without a basal spur. Capsule }-2 in. long. Moradabad (TI. 'thomson), ravine-tracts in the vicinity of Delhi and Agia (Royle, Munro), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth, Duthie), Merwara (Duthie). Flowers after the rainy season. DistriB. Southwards through the drier parts of Peninsular India and in Ceylon, extending to Trop. and S, Africa and to Trop. and N. America. 3. NELSONIA, R. Br.; F1. Brit. Ind. iv, 394. A diffuse softly villous herb. Leaves opposite, subequal. Flowers in ovate or cylindric spikes; bracts herbaceous, ovate, glandular- villous, closely imbricate, alternate or spirally scattered, bracteoles ~~ Natsoyra.] ACANTHACES. Ist none. Calyx small, 4-partite; segments anor lanceolate, the larger often bifid. Corol/a very small, purplish-rose or white, tube slender, limb 2-lipped; lobes 5, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 2, attached above the middle of the corolla-tube; anthers 2-celled, subincluded ; cells elliptic, distinct, more or less divergent, glabrous or ciliate, muticous or minutely spurred. Ovary with 8-10 ovules in each cell, stigma shortly 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid pointed capsule, bearing the seeds below the middle. Seeds small, ellipsoid or sub- globose, smootb, not supported gn retinacula—A single species, occurring in 8. E. Asia, Africa, and Australia; also in America where it has probably been introduced. N. campestris, R. Br. Prod. 481; F.B.I. iv, 394; Prain Beng. Pl. oa 3 Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 345. Justicia lamifolia, Koen.; Rox). Fl. Ind. i, 134. Stems short, branches trailing. Young parts more or less densely clothed with white hairs. Leaves elliptic-oblong, entire, the lower 4-8 in. long and with long petioles; upper subsessi'e, 3-2 in, clothed with grey woolly pubescence. Flowering spikes }-2 in. long, ovate or cylin- dric ; bracts herbaceous, 3-4 in. long, ovate, subobtuse, softly pu- bescent, bracteoles represented by 2 opposite tufts of hairs situated below the calyx. Calyx 2 in. long, strongly nerved. Corolla } in. long, pur- plish. Capsule ovoid-conic, 8-12-seeded, glabrous. Seeds broadly ellip- soid, yellowish with brown granulations. Dehra Dun and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur ; also in Bundelkhand. Disrris. Throughout India, except in the desert tracts, up to 4000 ft. on the Himalaya and in Ceylon; extending toS. E. Asia, Australia, Africa and America. 4. STAUROGYNE, Wall. UNDER EBERMAIERA IN Fu. Brit. Inp. tv, 395. Herbs or small undershrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate Flowers in terminal or pseudo-axillary simple or compound dense or lax racemes or spikes, bracts usually leaf-like; bracteoles 2, near the base of the calys, smaller than the bracts. Calyx; deeply 5- partite; segments oblong or linear, subequal or one larger than the others. Corolla 2-lipped, tube long or short, cylindric or somewhat funnel-shaped; lobes 5, short, spreading. Stamens didynamous, usually incladed, filaments usually hairy; anthers with 2 ovoid muticous distant cells. Disk inconspicuous. Style linear, glabrous, with 2 lobes, the lower one often again 2-lobed ; ovules numerous. 182 ACANTHACE. [ BLEPHARIS. Fruit a small oblong capsule, seed-bearing throughout. Seeds 15-30 in each celi, small, globose or cuboid, glandular or nearly smooth when mature, retinacula none, hilem hollowed.-- Species abont 40, in 8. E. Asia, Malaya, Australia and Brazil. S. glutinosa, 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. 1%, 497 ; Ebermaiera glutinosa, Wall. ; F. B. I. iv, 396; Prain Beng. Pl. 798. E. glauca, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 450 (not of Nees). Stems many, 12-18 in long, trailing, pubescent. Leaves all opposite, shortly stalked, about 14 in. long, elliptic, subobtuse, entire, tapering to the base, minutely prbescent or glabrous. Heads pseudo-axillary, on short branches, 2-8—fld., subglobose; bracts + in. long, narrowly obovate- oblong, viscid. Calya-segments viscidly pubescent, one slightly longer than the others. Corolla 4in. long, bluish with dark veins, pubescent outside. Stigma with one lobe oblong, the other bifid. Abundant within the area, often met with in rice-fields and on swampy ground. Dristris. Punjab Plain, Rajputana, and C. India to N. and C. Bengal, also in Sylhet. 5. BLEPHARIS, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 478. Herbs or undershrubs, often rigid or prickly. Leaves opposite or 4 in a whor}, subentire or toothed and sometimes prickly. Spikes terminal or on suppressed lateral branches, strobilate, 4-ranked or capitate and few or 1-flowered; lower bracteoles leaf-like, upper linear. Calyx deeply 4-partite ; segments unequal, in opposite pairs, one of the larger pair emarginate or 2-lobed, the 2 inner segments much shorter and narrower. Corolla 2-lipped, tube rigid, upper lip subobsolete ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, purple blue or white. Stamens didynamous; filaments thick, rigid, connective of the lower stamens produced ; anthers with one large cell.densely bearded on the margin, the other cell small and obsolete. Dzsk annular, inconspicuous. ‘Ovary glabrous, with 2 ovales in each cell, style linear, stigma shortly 2-fid. Fruit an oblorg or ellipsoid capsule, 2- or 4-seeded. Seeds compressed, suborbicular, echinate or ciliate——Species about 50, mostly African, 5 in India. Flowers in short heads, solitary or 2 or 3 together.—Herbs :— Leaves petioled, up to 23 in. long, thin acute . 1. B. boerhavicfolia. Leaves subsessile, 4-1 in. long, fleshy, obtuse . 2. B. molluginifolia, Flowers in strobiliform spikes.—A small shrub with a very short stem . ‘ i e : 8. B. sindica. Biepuaris. | ACANTHACEX 183 1. B. boerhaviefolia, Pers. Syn. ii, 180; Royle Ill. 298; F. B. I. wv, 478; Prain Beng. Pl. 799; Cooke Fl. Bom. vi, 349. Acanthus maderaspa- tanus, Linn. ; Rowh. Fl. Ind. iii, 33. A prostrate roughly pubescent herb. Stems much-branched, wiry, rooting” at the nodes. Leaves petioled, thin, 4 in a whorl, unequal, 1-24in. long, elliptic or obovate, acute and finely apiculate, appressedly hairy above, lower surface paler and with hairs only on the nerves; margins entire or with a few distant teeth, ciliate. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2 or 3 together; bracteoles 8, in opposite pairs, becoming larger upwards ; outermost pair { in. long, second } in., third 4-}in., all 3 pairs cuneiform below, broadly spathulate and rounded at the apex, strongly 3-nerved, furnished on the upper margin with stiff retrose bristles ; the fourth or innermost pair of bracteoles longer than the others, linear with a flat rounded apex; all four pairs of bracteoles white with green veins. Calya-segments 4-4 in long, lanceolate, acute, pubescent and ciliate, the- largest one 3-nerved, the opposite one 2-fid. and 2-nerved, the 2 lateral ones with a single nerve running down the centre. Corolla 4-3} in. long, blue or pinkish-purple spotted with yellow on the lower lip. Capsule 4-1 in. long, usually 2-seeded. Seeds obtusely echinate. Not uncommon within the area, but mostly in dry or rocky ground ; Moradabad (T. Thomson), Saharanpur district (Royle), Siwalik range (Falconer), Agra (Munro), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), Ajmer (Lowrie), Merwara (Duthie). Flowers during the cold season. DistrisB, From Mt. Abu and Chota Nagpur to S. India and Ceylon, also in Burma and extending to Trop. and S. Africa. 2. B. molluginifolia, Pers. Syn. ii, 180 ; Royle Ill. 293; F. B. I. iv, 479 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 799 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 350. Stems slender, prostrate, wiry, more or less hispid. Leaves 4-1 in. long, sessile or nearly so in a whorl of four, unequal, fleshy, oblong or obovate, obtuse, mucronate, hairy or minutely scabrous, pale beneath. Heads usually 1-flowered; bracteoles 10, in opposite pairs, enlarging in size upwards, varying in length from 4; to ? in., the 4 outer pairs very similar to those of the preceding species, the 5th or innermost pair oblong or oblong-spathulate, tipped with a spinulose mucro about i; in. in length with sometimes one or two shorter ones alongside, Calya-segments linear-lanceolate, acute, margins membranous, nervation as in the preced- ing species. Corolla blue, ~ in. long. Capsule included, } in. long, ellipsoid, 2-seeded. Seeds shaggy. Abundant within the area, especially in the drier south-western and western portions. Distris, Chota Nagpur and southwards through C. W. and 8S. India to Ceylon, extending to Trop, and 8. Africa. 3. B. sindica, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 500; F. B. I. iv, 479 > Cooke Fl. Bom. ti, 350. 184 ACANTHACEZR. [ AsTERACANTHA, _A small shrub, somewhat spinose-bristly. Stem usually very short or none; branches slender, clothed with short.grey pubescence. Leaves sessile in whorls of four, unequal, 1-2§ in. long, linear, acute, finely apiculate, roughly hairy, margins often with a few spine-like teeth near the base. Spikes strobilate, hairy, 1-3 in. long, in the forks of the branches, solitary in the upper forks and usually numerous in the lowest one ; peduncle stout, woody ; bracts in four rows, 3-1 in. long, the lowest the smallest, ovate, abruptly acuminate and spinous-pointed at the apex, hairy on the both sides, armed towards the apex with slender usually recurved spines, nerves 5 bracte®les 2, shorter than the bracts. lanceo- late, acute, hairy and ciliate, reticulate-veined. Calyx softly hairy on both sides; largest segment 3 in. long, ovate, bluntly acuminate, the apex truncate and densely ciliate ; nerves 7, the 3 central ones parallel, each ending in a bristly tooth; the opposite calyx-segment ¢ in. long similar in shape, the 3 parallel nerves not produced ; lateral segments 4 in. long, ovate, acute, l-nerved. Corolla about 4 in. long, mid-lobe of lower lip quadrate, twice as large as the rounded lateral ones; tube % in. long, constricted below the limb. Capsule 4 in. long, ellipsoid, compressed, shining, 2-seeded. Seeds 4 in. long, densely clothed with long stout hairs. Ajmer (Duthie). Flowers during the end of the rainy season. DISTRIB. Punjab, Sind and Gujarat. Reduced by Clarke in “ Fl. Trop. Africa ”’ to the African B. lineariefolia, Pers., but, as Dr. Cooke points out, the corolla is very different. 6, ASTERACANTHA, Nees. UNDER HYGROPHILA IN Fu. Brit. IND. Iv, 408. A stout herb, growing in wet ground. Stems many, fascicled, spinous at the nodes. eaves narrow, lanceolate, arranged in whorls of 6, the 2 outer leaves of each whorl larger. Flowers in sessile axillary whorls, surrounded by rigid spines, bracts leaf-like, bracteoles linear-lanceolate. Calyx deeply 4-partite, the upper segment broader. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed ; lower 3-lobed, with 2 crest-like folds on the palate. Stamens didynamous ; anthers 2-celled, equal ; the cells parallel, glabrous, muticous. Ovary with 4 ovules in each cell, style hairy ; stigma simple, acuminate. Fruzt a compressed linear-oblong capsule. Seeds 4-8, clothed with white hygroscopic hairs, retinacula hard. —A single species, found in India, Ceylon and in Trop. and 8. Africa. A. longifolia, Neesin Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 90; Royle Ill. 298; Lindau in Engl. and Prantl. Pflanzenf. iv, 3 B, 297; Cooke Fl. Bomb. u, 352. Hygrophila spinosa, T. Anders. ; F. B. I. iv, 408 ; Watt E. D, ; Collett, Pos Siml. 871: Prain Beng. Pl. 802. Ruellia longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iu, Db0. : AsTERACANTHA. ] ACANTHACES:. 185: Stems erect, 2-5 ft. high, more or less hispid with long hairs especially at the base of each node. Leaves subsessile, the 2 outer of each whorl u to 7 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, sparsely hispid on both sides with long white hairs, each of the 6 leaves with a Se sharp nearly straight yellow spine in its axil. Flowers in a whorl of 8 (four pairs) at each node ; bracts about 1 in. long, lanceolate, ciliate ; bracteoles smaller,. linear-lanceolate. Calyx-segments §-$in. long, linear-lanceolate, hairy outside and with hyaline ciliate margins, the upper broader and rather longer than the other three. Corolla 1-1} in. long, pale bluish-purple or white; tube % in. long, abruptly dilated above, lips subequal. Capsuls } in. long, linear-oblong, pointed. Common over the greater portion of the area, in ditches and swampy ground. Distris. Throughout India and in Ceylon, also at Singapore and extending to Trop. and S. Africa. The whole plant, including the root and seeds, is valued by natives for certain medicinal properties. 7. HYGROPHILA, Kt. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 406. Herbs, usually found in wet places. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or obovate, entire. FJowers bluish-purple, sessile, in terminal heads or axillary whorls; bracts elliptic or lanceolate; bracteoles linear or lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Calya tubular, 5-fid., rarely 4- partite, lobes linear or lanceolate. Coro//a 2-lipped, nearly glabrous, tube dilated above, lobes twisted to the left in bud. Stamens didyn- amous, the posterior pair sometimes smaller or rudimentary, fila- ments glabrous, anthers oblong ; cells equal, diverging or connate at the base. Ovary oblong, tip hairy; style slender, hairy; stigma simple, lmear ; ovules few or many in each cell. Fruzt a linear or narrowly oblong capsule, bearing the seeds from near the base. Seeds usually, many, ovoid, compressed, hygroscopically hairy ; retinacula hard, curved, acute.—Species about 30, in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Flowers in terminal spikes.— Procumbent herbs := Fertile stamens 2, upper pair reduced to teeth, leaves usually glabrous, seeds 20 or more. _1, H. polysperma, Fertile stamens 4, leaves hairy, seeds 8-10 . 2. H. Serpyllum. Flowers in axillary whorls, stamens 4, seeds 20 or more..—An erect herb . ‘ : . 3. H. angustifolia, 1. H. polysperma, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 456; F. B. I, iv, 406 ; Collett Fl. Siml, 371; Prain Beng. Pl. 801; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 35,2. Justicia polysperma, Roxh.; Fl. Ind. i, 119. 186 ' ACANTHACELZ. [ HyGropuHita. A small much-branched procumbent herb, branching and rooting near the base. Leaves subsessile, 3-1} in. long, narrowly oblong to ovate, sub- obtuse at the apex and tapering to the base, entire or almost so, usually glabrous. Flowers in dense terminal oblong spikes 1-4 in. long; bracts 1-1 in, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, hairy on both sides, mid-nerve prominent ; bracteoles + in., linear. Calyx tin. long, pubesecnt ; teeth linear, with scarious ciliate margins. Corolla 3in. long, pale-blue or white, pube- scent Fertile Stamens 2, the upper reduced to teeth. Capsule 2 in. long, narrowly oblong, glabrous. Seeds 20-30. Very common in most parts of the area in wet places, flowering during the rains. Distris. Throughout India, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; extending to Afghanistan, Malacca and Tonkin. 2. H.Serpyllum, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 456; F. B. I. iv, 406; Prain Beng. Pl. 801 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 354. Rootstockwoody. Stems procumbent, 4-15 in. long, glabrous or slightly hairy. Leaves 2-1 in. long, elliptic or suborbicular, entire, more or less hairy on both sides, petioles of the basal leaves up to lin. long. Flowers in dense or rather lax spikes ; bracts 4 in, long, elliptic, subacute, hairy ; bracteoles 4 in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Calyx 4-; in. long; lobes linear, densely ciliate, Corolla in. long; upper lip shorter than lower, with 2 short obtuse lobes ; lower bullate, shortly 3-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, anthers of the 2 lower larger. Capsule % in. long, pointed glabrous, 8-10 seeded. Bundelkhand and Malwa (Edgeworth), recorded also from Guna in C. India (King) and from Saugor (Jerdon). Flowers during the cold season. Distris. From Behar and C. Provinces to W. and §., India. 3. H. angustifolia, R. Br, Prod, 479; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 354.H. salici- ‘folia, Nees; F. B. I. iv. 407, Watt E. D,: Prain Beng. Pl. 804. BRuellia -salicifolia, Vahl ; Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii, 50. A much-branched erect herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stems bluntly 4-angular, nearly glabrous, Leaves sessile or shortly petioled, glabrous, 2-3 in. long ; lower obovate or oblong, upper lanceolate, Flowers in dense rather distant axillary whorls; bracts in. long, ovate or oblong, subobtuse, hairy ; bracteoles about half as long as the calyx, lanceolate, acute, hairy. Calyx 4-4} in. long, divided } way down in flower; teeth linear from a broad base, acute, hairy ; margins hispid, ciliate. Corolla 3-4 in. long, pale-purple, hairy outside; tube abruptly swollen above, hairy inside at the base of the stamens, Stamens 4, all fertile. sees Sane ea Capsule longer than calyx, narrow, subquadrangular, -28,-seeded. Common in wet ground in most parts of the area. DisTRIB. Through- out the greater part of India and in Ceylon, extending to China and Japan. The leaves are sometimes eaten by natives as a pot-herb, RCELLIA. ] ACANTHACEZ. 187 8. RUELLIA, Linn.; Fl, Brit. Ind. iv, 411. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers sessile or subsessile, solitary or in clusters or racemes ; bracts none ; bracteoles large, usually exceeding the calyx. Calyx 5-partite or 5-fid.; lobes subequal, narrow, acute. Corolla more or less oblique, tube ventri- cose ; lobes subequal, rounded, twisted to the left in bud, spreading in flower. Stamens didynamous ; filaments glabrous or hairy at the base ; anthers subequal, 2-celled ; cells oblong, muticous, glabrous. Ovary glabrous ; ovules 3-10 in each cell ; style linear, hairy, un- equally bifid. Hructa clavate cylindric or ellipsoid capsule, seed- bearing above the solid base. Seeds large, thin, discoid, margined, hygroscopically hairy ; retinacula large, hooked, strong.—Species about 200, in «ll warm regions. The above generic description refers. only to the section Dipteracanthus, to which all the Indian species. belong. Stems prostrate or climbing, woody ; leaves ovate or elliptic, acute, glabrous or slightly hairy; flowers greyish-purple; capsule pubescent . ‘ : : ‘ . . 1. BR. prestrata. Stems erect, woody; leaves ovate, obtuse, rather densely pubescent on both surfaces ; flowers greyish-purple, capsule glabrous below the tip. ; ; é ; . 2 RK. patula. Stems annual, erect from a woody rootstock ; leaves nrarowly elliptic, subobtuse, villous on both surfaces ; flowers white; capsule glabrous. ; : . : . . & R. suffrvticosa. 1, R. prostrata, Lamk. Encycl. vi, 349, VAR. dejecta, Clarke in F. BP. I. iv, 412; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 803; Cooké Fl. Bomb. ti, 355. R. ringens Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii, 44. A small diffuse undershrub. Stems 6-18 in. long, prostrate or climbing, amongst bushes, much branched, internodes long, the nodes more or less hairy and often tinged with purple. Leaves 3-3 in. long, ovate or elliptic., acute at both ends, entire, glabrous or slightly hairy, petioles, 4-4 in. long. Flowers subsessile, solitary or few together ; bracteoles similar to the leaves but smaller. Calya 4+in. long, divided to below the middle ; segments linear-subulate, acute, hairy. Corolla pale greyish-purple, 14 in. long, caducous, pubescent outside; tube narrowly cylindric below, funnel-shaped: above ; lobes subequal, obovate-oblong, rounded. Cap- sule £in. long, clavate, pointed, pubescent. Seeds 16-20, subglabrous. but with a dense fringe of hygroscopic hairs on the margin, 188 - ACANTHACER:. ([ Rugnrra Abundant within the area, especially in bushy places. Flowers during several months of the year. Distris. Throughout India from the Punjab and Assam to Ceylon, extenJing to E. Africa, The plant is used by natives as a remedy for diseases of the ear. : 2. R. patula, Jacq. Misc. Bot. vi, 353 ; Roab, Fl. Ind. wii, 45 ; F. B. I. iv, 412; Cooke Fi. Bomb. 11, 656. _A small hoary-pubescent shrub. Stems erect or long and straggling, much- branched, densely and closely pubescent. Leaves 3-13 in. long, ovate or elliptic, obtuse and sometimes apiculate, rounded at the base or abruptly narrowed, closely pubescent on both surfaces, petioles 4-3 in. long. Flow- ers subsessile, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils; bracteoles leaflike, less than 3-in. long (including the short flat stalk), elliptic, obtuse, densely pubescent and ciliate. Calyx 5-partite, 4 in. long, densely pubescent ; segments linear-lanceolate, very acute. Corolla pale greyish-purple, ]-14 in. long, hairy outside; tube narrowly cylindric below, funnel- shaped above; lobes 4-in. long, elliptic or suborbicular. Ovary glab- rous except the tip, style hairy. Capsule } %. in. long, clavate, glabrous: Seeds suborbicular, nearly glabrous, but with a dense fringe of hair on the margin. Common in uncultivated ground, chiefly in the drier western portion of the area, as in Bundelkhand and Merwara and in the ravine tracts skirting the districts of Delhi, Agra and Etawah. Flowers during the hot and rainy seasons. DIsTRIB. Punjab Plain, Rajputana, Sind and sonth- wards through the drier portions of W. and S. India to Ceylon, extend- ing to Arabia, Tropical Africa and Ava. 3. R. suffruticosa, Rox). Fl. Ind. wi, 53; F. B. I. iv, 413; Watt E- D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 803. Dipteracanthus Sibua, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. vit, 81. An erect pubescent undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Roots stout, often with fusi- form swellings. Stems herbaceous, annually produced from a short creep- ing woody rhizome. Leaves petioled, lanceolate elliptic or oblanceolate, the lower ones usually smaller and often suborbicular, obtuse or subacute, entire, villous with white hairs on both surfaces especially on the nerves and veins beneath, margins ciliate. Flower: solitary, terminal, subsessile ; bracteoles resembling the leaves but smaller and narrower, $ in. long, stalked. Calya-segments 4 in. long, linear, puberulous or nearly glabrous. Corolla white, 13-2 in. long, tube slender, limb subregalar. Capsule 13 in. long, oblong, glabrous, often tinged with purple. Seeds. few. Saharanpur district (Royle), Moradabad (T. Thomson), alsoin the fire- exposed tracts of Pilibhit, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur (Duthie). Flowers April to July. Roxburgh states that the flowers open at sunset and drop off on the following morning. DisTris. N.and W. Bengal and in Chota Nagpur, also in Upper Burma (Collett). The roots of this plant are said to be used by the Santals for producing fermentation in the grain from which they manufacture their beer. Similar tuberous roots occur in the Rvgtrra. ] ACANTHACES, 189 closely allied R. cernua, as well as in R. tulerosa, a native of America and now naturalized in C, Bengal. See also under Ecboliwm Linnea- nur 9,-ZECHMANTHERA, Nees; FI. Brit. Ind. iy, 428. Small villous shrubs. Leaves broadly eiliptic, acute, crenate, often viscid. Flowers pale-violet or parplish, in sessile close or distant clusters arranged on the branches of a 8-chotomous or 1-sided panicle; bracts linear, as long as the calyx; bracteoles, similar, smaller. Calyx 5-partite; segments linear, subequal. Corolla nearly straight ; tube cylindric at the base, suddenly widened near the middle, palate with 2 hairy lines within ; lobes 5, subequal, rounded, twisted to the left in bud, Samens didynamous, included, longer filaments hairy; anthers govate or oblong, 2-zelled, cells blunt, connective sometimes produced. Ovary densely hairy at the apex ; style sparsely hairy, thickened upwards, stigma large, simple, linear- lanceolate, ovules 4-6 in each cell. Fruit a narrowly oblong capsule, seed-bearing from the base. Seeds 6-8 (sometimes 12), discoid aud densely hairy, or thicker and glabrous ; retinacula strong, hooked.— Species 2, both Indian. A. tomentosa, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 87; F. B, I. iv, 428 ; Kanjilal For. Fl- 257 ; Gamble Man. Ind, Timb. 518, A. small erect shrub, 1-3 ft. high, clothed with grey or whitish (not snowy white) hairs. Leaves petioled, 2-4in. long, elliptic or lanceolate, acute, slightly crenate, base rounded; upper surface coarsely pubescent, lower densely grey-tomentose. Flowers arranged in small 3-8-flowered clusters which are sessile along the spreading branches of a large terminal panicle ; bracts } in. or more long, linear, glandular-hairy, bracteoles similar but smaller, Calyz 4-} in. long, segments linear, glandular-hairy. Corolla pale-blue, 1 in, long; lobes spreading, about }in. across. Anthers with the connective very slightly excurrent. Capsule about as long as the calyx, linear, usually 8-seeded. Summit of Siwalik range. Flowers during the cold season, W. Himalaya, up to 5,000 ft. in Kumaon, also in Nepal. Var. Wallichii, F. B. I, iv, 428; Watt E, D., Kanjilal l.c; Gamble lc 3 Prain Beng. Pl. 804. AE. gossypina, Nees ; Royle Ill. 298. Vern. Bharara. —Stems and leaves densely clothed with snow-white wool. Anthers with the connective distinctly excurrent.~Dehra Dun and Siwalik range Flowers in the late autumn, and abundantly every 4 and 5 years after the manner of some species of Strobilanthes. Distrib. W. Himalayan, Simla to Kumaon up to 5,000 ft., also in N. Bengal and Chittagong. Madden ga + that bees are particularly fond of the flowers of this plant. It usually DISTRIB, 190 ACANTHACEL. [ HEMIGRAPHIS. grows gregariously, and is therefore a conspicuous feature during the periods of profuse flowering. The thick white wool which covers the stems and the under surfaces of the leaves is much used by the natives for making a kind of cloth. The wool when young is often tinged with lilac. 10. HEMIGRAPHIS, Nees, FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 422. Herbsorshrubs. Leaves opposite, toothed or subentire. Flowers blue or yellow, sessile, in heads or spikes, rarely solitary ; heads ter- minal or pseudo-axillary on shortened branchlets, rarely in panicles or solitary ; bracts large, imbricate, each 1-flowered ; bracteoles small, narrow or none. Calyx 5-partite nearly to the base.; segments subequal, lanceolate or linear. Corolla elongate, tube cylindric below, fuunel-shaped or ventricose above ; lobes 5, sub-equal, rounded, twisted to the left in bud. Stamens didynamous, included or nearly so ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, muticous, sometimes triangular, bases acute. Ovary with 3-many ovules in each cell, style long, stigma unequaily 2-lobed. Fyrwzt a linear or linear-oblong capsule, seed-bearing almost from the base. Seeds 6 to 20, compressed, discoid, brown with a white margin.—Species about 30, Indian and Mala- yan, & three in Africa. Corolla-limb ventricose, longer filaments hairy below :— Bristly, c-rolla purplish . ° ; ‘ 1. H, dura, Softly hairy, corolla pale blue . x : wn COREL. arta; Corolla-tube narrowly funnel-shaped throughout, longer filaments densely bearded in their upper half 38 H. latebrosa,' var. rwpestris. 1, H. dura, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 461 (excl. syn. Ruellia crispa); F. B. I. wv, 422; Cooke Fl. Bomb, wi, 357. A procumbent or diffuse herb, hispid or almost prickly. . Stems 1-2 ft, high, clothed with stiff white deflexed bristles, Leaves hispid, 1-12 in. long, spathulate-oblong, obtuse, subcrenate, tapering below into a short petiole. Heads many-flowered, densely clothed with white and yellowish-brown hair; bracts 3-1 in. long, oblong or spathulate, subacute, densely hairy. Calyx 4 in. long; segments linear, acute, densely hairy and ciliate with jointed hairs. Corolla in, long, blue; tube slender, lower cylindric portion about as long as the upper ventricose part ; lobes obovate, rounded, Filaments (the longer ones) laxly hairy below. Ovary glabrous, style hairy. Capsule } in. long, glabrous, 6-8-seeded. Bundelkhand (Duthie). Flowers in the cold season. Distris. C. India in black soil (Edgeworth), Sind, Gujarat, Konkan and C. Provinces to S, India. HEMIGRAPHIS.] ACANTHACEZ. 191 2. H. hirta, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 462; F.B.I. iv, 422; Prain Beng. Pl. 805. Ruellia hirta, Vahl ; Roab. Fl. Ind, iii, 46. A softly pubescent herb. Stems 6-18 in, long, creeping, 4-sided. Leaves }-1 in. long, ovate or oblong, crenate. Heads 2-6 flowered or the flowers occasionally solitary ; bracts, 4} in, elliptic, pubescent, bracteoles none. Calyx }in long, green; segments (in fruit) spathulate. Corolla pale- blue, 3 in. long, soon falling, glabrous except for the 2 lines of hairs on the palate, the swollen upper portion nearly as long as the cylindric base; lobes subequal, obliquely oval. Filaments (the longer ones) laxly hairy below. Style hairy. Capsule 4 in. long, linear, about 12- seeded, glabrous. Abundant in most parts of the area. Flowers in early part of the hot season. Distrirs. Behar and in C. and W. Bengal; W. Himalaya, up to 5,000 ft. in Kumaon. 3. H. latebrosa, Nees in DC. Prod. «i, 723, VAR. rupestris, C. 2. Clarke in F. b. I. iv, 423 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 805 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 358. A diffuse rather rigid viscidly pubescent herb. Stems slender, obtusely 4-angled, clothed with soft white hairs. Leaves petioled, 1-3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, tapering towards the base, petioles 4-14 in. long, leaves; of the flowering branches much smaller. Flowers in rather dense heads; bracts ovate or elliptic, acute, hairy and with ciliate margins, the outer ones largest. Calya4in. long, linear, acute, whitish with green tips, hairy and with ciliate margins, one segment larger than the others. Corolla about 3 in. long, narrowly funnel-shaped and nearly straight ; tube yellowish, limb blue; lobes obovate, obtuse. Filaments (the longer ones) densely woolly above. Capsule 4 in. long, puberulons, 6-seeded. Seeds hairy. Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, Bundelkhand (Duthie), in shady places. DistRis. W. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft.; also in Behar, Rajputana, C. Provinces, Bombay and S. India. 11. PETALIDIUM, Nees; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 416. Undershrubs, minutely pubescent. Leaves ovate or narrowly oblong, entire or toothed. Flowers solitary, sessile or nearly so, usually crowded on short lateral branches; bracts narrow ; small or none; bracteoles large, ovate, reticulate-veined, at length scarious, Calyx unequally 5-fid. or 5-partite, segments narrowly lanceolate. Corolla straight or curved, dilated upwards or funnel-shaped at the top; lobes 5, rounded, twisted to the left in bud, spreading in flower. Stamens didynamous; anthers subsimilar, 2-celled ; cells parallel, spurred at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, style linear, stigma unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a clavate capsule, compressed paralle] to tle septum. Seeds 2 or 4, discoid, hygroscopically hairy ; 192 ACANTHACEX. [ Dyscuorisrs. placentas separating elastically from the base of the capsule, carrying the seeds with them; retinacula hard, curved.—Species 18, one in India, the rest in Africa and the Mascarene Islands. P. barlerioides, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. wi, 82; Royle Ill. 298: F. B. I. iv, 416; Kanjlal For. Fl. 261; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 518 ; Ocllett Fl. Siml. 371; Prain Beng. Pl. 805; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 359. Ruellia bracteata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. wi, 47. An undershrub, 4-5 ft. or more, minutely hairy. Stems several, straight, woody, subterete, glabrous. Leaves on the main stems 2-4 in. long, broadly ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous except on the nerves and veins beneath; main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, prominent beneath, petioles about 4 in. long; leaves on the shortened flowering branches much smaller. Bracts none, bracteoles leaf-like, 3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, strongly nerved and veined, scarious when old, margins ciliolate, pedicels 4-4 in. long. Calys glandular-hairy, about 2 in. long. Corolla 14 in. long, yellowish-white, hairy outside, the palate clothed within with long deflexed fulvous hairs, tube dilated upwards; lobes obovate, obtuse, the margins crenate. Filaments hairy at the base, anthers slightly pubescent. Ovary glabrous, style hairy. Capsule } in. long, compressed, glabrous. Seeds usually 2, clothed with soft hairs along the margins. Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards through the Sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh, also in Rundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers March May. Distris. W. Himalaya up to 3,000 ft.; also in Chota Nagpur, Rajputana, and in C. & W. India and in the Bombay Presidency. 12. DYSCHORISTE, Nees. UNDER CALOPHANES IN Fu. Brit. IND. Iv, 410. Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled. Flowers in axillary clusters or short cymes; bracteoles, small, narrow. Calyx tubular ; lobes 5, subequal, lanceolate or subulate. Corolla tubular, obscurely 2-lipped ; lobes 5, obtuse, twisted to the leit in bud, spreading in flower. Stamens didynamous, perfect, filaments glabrous or hairy, anthers similar, 2-celled ; cells oblong, parallel, minutely mucronate or spurred at the base; pollen globose, ribbed. Ovary glabrous, ovules 2 in each cell; style linear, hairy ; stigma linear, the upper lobe minute or obsolete. Fruit an oblong capsule, narrowed below into a short solid base. Seeds 4, orbicular, much compressed, hygros- copically hairy when moistened ; retinacula strong, curved.—Species 60, in S. E. Asia, Tropical Africa and America. D. depressa, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. wit, 81; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 361. Calophanes Nagchana, Nees; F. B. I. iv, 410; Prain Beng. Pl. 806. Vern. Nagchana. DyscHoRIsTE. ] ACANTHACEZ. —-:198 A perennial herb or suffruticose, Stems many, glabrous or hoary, sub- ag pe branches usually prostrate and rooting at the nodes. aves 3-14 in. long, broadly elliptic or obovate, obtuse, entire, tapering into the petiole, glabrous or nearly so. Flowers subsessile, in axillary clusters, bracts none; bracteoles {5 in. long, linear. Calyw 4-4 in. long, divided more than 4 way down in flower, hairy; segments lanceolate- subulate, the margins membranous towards the base. Corolla pale violet- pink, rather shorter than the calyx; lobes spreading, oblong, rounded or truncate. Stamens with the filaments connate in pairs at the base, anther-cells shortly mucronate. Capsule ? in. long, glabrous. Kheri district of N. Oudh (Duthie), also in Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell), Flowers March and April. Distris. Bengal andin W. and S. India to Ceylon extending to Tropical Africa, 13. DEDALACANTHUS, T. And.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 417. Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, entire or obscurely toothed, lineolate from embedded raphides. FVZowers blue or rose-coloured, in linear distant or close spikes or in heads; bracts usually large; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx 6-lobed ; lobes narrow, often scarious. Corolla slender; tube long, narrow, widened near the top or (in a few species) from the middle ; lobes obovate, twisted to the left in bud, spreading in flower. Stamens 2, glabrous, anthers narrowly oblong, 2-celled, muticous, exserted or subincluded. Ovary glabrous, 4-ovuled ; style long, sparsely hairy ; stigma simple, linear. wit a clavate capsule with a cylindric solid base. Seeds normally 4, compressed, discoid, hygroscopically hairy, retinacula acute.—Species 18, in India and Malaya. Spikes forming a close terminal panicle; bracts elliptic, subobtuse or shortly acuminate, not ciliate . é : ‘ Spikes usually solitary ; bracts ovate, much acuminate, ciliate = . - 2. D. purpurascens. 1. D. nervosus. 1. D. nervosus, 7. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 487 ; Royle Ill. 298 ; F. B. I. iv, 418 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 261; Gamble Man. Ind’ Timb. 518 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 371 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 807. A stout herb, 2-6 ft. high, with 4-angled scabrous stems. Leaves 6-8in- long, ovate, acuminate, entire or crenulate, lineolate, glabrous but scab- rous on the nerves beneath, base attenuate, petiole §-14 in. long. Flowers in short uninterrupted bracteate spikes forming close terminal panicles ; peduncles 4-1} in. long, often acutely 4-angled, glabrous or obscurely pubescent; bracts more or less white with green nerves, about } in. long, ovate or elliptic, subobtuse or shortly acuminate, puberu- lous, the margins not ciliate ; bracteoles shorter than the calyx, narrowly lanceolate. Calyx 4 in. long, lobed half-way down, whitish, minutely H ois ACANTHACER. [ SrROBILANTHRES, - but’ densely pabescent, lobes lanceolate. Corolla deep-blue, 1 in. long, - glabrous; tube elongate, dilated near the top ; limb oblique, § in. across ; lobes subequal, rounded. Anthers exserted. Capsule oblong, } in. long. Dehra Dan and inthe Sub-Himalayan tracts of Pilibhit N. Ondh and Gorakhpur, frequent in sal forests. Flowers during February and. March. Distrris. Subtropical Himalaya from the Punjab to Bhutan, extending to 4,000 ft. in Kumaon; also in N. Bengal, Chota Nagpur and the Sundribuns. Often cultivated in gardens for .its handsome dark- blue flowers. -2..D. purpurascens, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 488 ; F. BR. I. iv, 420; Wait EF. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 261 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 518 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 807 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 364. Eranthemum pulchellum, Reab. Fl. Ind. i, 111. A stoutish herb. Stems 2-4 ft. high, leafy. Leaves upto 8 or 9 in. long, ovate, acuminate, closely lineolate on both surfaces, glabrate or some- times pubescent on the nerves, lamina of lower leaves more or less decurrent into the petiole, upper with a rounded or cordate base and shortly stalked; main lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, promineut beneath. _ Flowers in dense usually solitary spikes which are 1-3 in. long; bracts glandular-pubescent, about 1 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pale-green or becoming whitish when old ; nerves strong, dark-green, con- nected with fine reticulations, margins ciliate: bracteoles smaller, linear-lanceolate, scarious and glandular-pubescent. Calyx 4-3 in, lobed about half-way down, scarious and minutely pubescent on both sides; lobes narrowly lanceolate, acute. Corolla bluish-purple or lilac, 14 in. long, hairy outside, tube slightly funnel-shaped ; lobes fin. long, obovate, rounded or truncate. Siamens slightly exserted. Cap- ° sule- 4-2 in. long, glabrous. Gorakhpur (Brandis), Bundelkhand (Duthie and Mrs. Bell). DistRis. From Assam and Behar throughout the hilly parts of Northern W. and S. India and in Ceylon. A handsome plant when in flower and often grown in gardens. ; ; 14. STROBILANTHES, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 429. Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, often unequal, toothed or subentire, often containing raphides. Flowers purple or white, rarely yellow, capitate or in strobilate or interrupted spikes or pani- cles, sessile or pedicelled ; bracts and bracteoles large or small or none, persistent or caducous. Calyx deeply subequally 5-partite, rarely z-lipped, segments narrow. Corolla straight or curved, tube ven- tricose above ; lobes 5, ovate or rounded, subegual, twisted to the left in bud. Stamens usually didynamous; anthers oblong, 2-celled, muticous. Disk small, or prominent as a stalk to the ovary. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell; style linear, stigma of one long linear SrropitaNTues. | ACANTHACER®. 196 branch, the other obsolete. Fruit a 4-or 2-seeded capsule ; placentas sometimes separating from the base, carrying the seeds with them, Seeds much compressed, glabrous or hairy ; retinacula strong, curved, —Species about 200, mostly Asiatic, a few in Madagascar. Flowers in spikes :— Leaves sessile, auricled; spikes strobilate, elongate, bracts persistent . ‘ . ; Leaves petioled, spikes short, arranged in irre- gular panicles, bracts caducous . ? . 2 8. angustifrons. Flowers in peduncled heads, leaves petioled, bracts caducous . “ : : ° . 3&. 8. penstemonoides. 7. S. auriculatus, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 86 t. 195; F.B I. iv., 453 ; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 519; Prain Beng. Pl. 808. 1. 8. auriculatus. A shrub, 2-6 ft. high; branches spreading and often zigzag, 4-angled, glabrous or more or less hairy at their extremities. Leaves sessile elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, those of the same pair often very unequal 3-10 in. long acuminate, serrulate, pubescent on both surfaces, base auricled. Spikes 3-5 in. long, mostly terminal and solitary, linear- oblong, densely velvety-pubescent ; bracts 4-4 in. long and usually broad- er, obovate, obtuse, softly tomentose, glandular-pubescent, apex often recurved in fruit, bracteoles none. Calya-segments 4-} in. long, linear, obtuse, closely velvety-hairy. Corolla 1 in. long, curved, pale-blue, slightly hairy, lower cylindric portion 4 in. long, limb somewhat 2-lipped. Capsule } in. long, 4-seeded, glabrous. The type is said to have been found by Edgeworth on the Malwa plateau, and it no doubt occurs in other localities within the southern boundary of this flora. Distris. C. India up to 4,000 ft., Chota Nagpur and C. Provinces, extending to Ava. VaR. Edgeworthiana, F. B. I. lc. ; Prain Beng. Pl. 808 ; 8. Edgewor- thiana, Nees. 8. auriculatus, Auct. ; Royle Ill 298; Kanjilal For. Fl. 258. Bracts clothed with spreading white cilia } in. long, Sepals white-ciliate at the tips.—Fairly common in Dehra Dun and on the Siwalik range, especially in sdl forests. Flowers Nov.-March.—DisTris. Extends along the base of the Himalaya as far east as Sikkim and up to 4,000 ft; also in Chota Nagpur, Tenasserim and Upper Burma. 2.S.angustifrons C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 466; Kanjilat For. Fl. 259. A small suberect shrub, 2-3'ft. high ; branches terete. glabrous, innova- tions white-tomentose. Leaves 3-4 in. long, elliptic, acu inate at both ends, serrulate, glabrescent, pale beneath, main lateral nerves of 6 pairs, petioles } in. or more, upper leaves never cordate. Spikes lateral and terminal, forming short irregular panicles; bracts oblong, acuminate, caducous ; the lower leaf-like, lanceolate ; the uppermost (? bracteoles) linear, shorter than the calyx, minutely pubescent. Ualya—segments H 2 196 ACANTHACEZ, [ SrROBILANTHES, . linear, 3-2 in. long, pubescent. Corolla purple, about 1in long, nearly glabrous, mouth curved. Capsule 4-}in. long, 4 seeded. Seeds orbicular, less than } in. diam., hairy, Common in Dehra Dun and on the Siwalik Range. Flowers Jan. to Mar. Distris. Outer hills of the Punjab Himalaya up to 6,000 ft. This species differs from S, alatus by the attenuated (never cordate) base of the uppermost leaves, the more slender corolla and the smaller seeds. 3. S. penstemonoides, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn: Boc. ix, 477 (in part); F. B. I. iv, 460 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 258 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 519. A much-branched glabrous shrub, 3-8 ft. in circumference. Leaves 5-8 in. long, elliptic, acuminate at both ends, closely serrate, lineolate and glabrous on both surfaces, main lateral nerves 7 pairs, petioles about 4 ‘in. long. Pedwncles solitary or in pairs, mostly 3-headed, 1-3 in- long, often glandular-hairy. Heads 3-1 in. long, glandular when young; bracts white, suborbicular, concave, 4-3 in. long, glabrous, caducous, bracteoles none. Calyx 4 in. long, often enlarging in fruit, deeply divided, seg- ments linear. Corolla 14 in. long, more or less curved, narrow portion of tube sometimes minutely pubescent. Capsule + in. long, oblong clavate, 4-seeded, glandular-pubescent. Seeds silky. “Dehra Dun, on the banks of the Re naddi (Kanjilal). Flowers in the ey eee Subtropical Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan, up to ‘. :000 a 15, ANDROGRAPHIS, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 501. Erect or procumbent annuals, or small shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers in lax panicles or in dense subcapitate axillary and terminal racemes, often unilateral; bracts small, bracteoles minute or none. Calyx 5-partite, segments narrow. Corolla.small, tubular, 2-lipped, pubescent, lobes tmbricate in bud. Stamens 2, filaments ciliate or setulose ; anthers exserted, 2-celled; cells oblong, parallel, subequal, muticous, bearded at the base. Ovary sparsely hairy, style slender, stigma shortly 2-lobed; ovules 3-6 in. each cell. Fruit an oblong- linear or elliptic capsule, compressed at right angles to the septum. Seeds 6-12, hard, subquadrate or oblong, rugosely pitted, glabrous, retinacula lanceolate.—Species about 17, confined to India and Ceylon. . Leaves glabrous, flowers in lax panicled racemes, capsule glabrous . : ‘ f : . 1 A. paniculata. ‘Leaves hairy, flowers in axillary racemes, capsule hairy : ; ° ‘< : ; . 2 A, echioides. 1. A. paniculata, Neezin Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iti, 116; Royle Ill. 298; F. B. 1. iv, 501, Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 809; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 374. Justicia paniculata, Burm. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. t,117, Vern. Kulufnath, kiryat, . Aypnocrapmis] ACANTHACED. 197 An erect annual, 1-3 ft. high, branches sharply 4-angled or almost winged. Leaves 2-3 in. long, lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, paler, beneath, main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, petioles none or up to in. long. Flowers small, solitary, arranged in lax spreading axillary and terminal racemes or panicles, the whole forming a large paniculate inflorescence ; pedicels distinct, gland.-pubescent ; bracts +4 in. long, lanceolate, bracteoles smaller cr none. Calyw } in. long; segments equal, linear-lanceolate, gland.-pubescent. Corolla pink, 2 in. long, hairy outside; tube } in. long, dilated below the limb. Filaments hairy upwards, anthers bearded at the base. Capsule #in. long, tapering at each end. Seeds several, subquadrate, rugose, glabrous. In the districts. of Shahjehanpur (Duthie) and Agra (Munro), also at Lucknow and in Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), often cultivated in ardens. Flowers Oct. to Dec. Distrirsp. Throughout the W. eninsula and in Ceylon. This plant is much valued by the natives of India asa febrifuge. The juice of the leaves forms the chief ingredient of a much used native medicine known as alut. 2. A. echioides, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar, tit, 117 : Royle Ill. 298 ; F, . iv, 505; Prain Beng. Pl. 809; Cooke Fl, Bomb, ii, 374, Justicia echioides, Linn.; Roxb, Fl. Ind. 4, 118. An erect annual, 6-18 in. high. Stem 4-angled, grooved, clothed with spreading hairs, sometimes branched. Leaves 1-3 in, Jong, sessile, oblong or subeiliptic, obtuse, sparsely hairy, base cuneate, margins ciliate, main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs. Flowers unilateral, in axillary spreading or recurved racemes shorter than the leaves, rhachis gland.- ‘hairy ; bracts ;4 in. long, lanceolate, bracteoles much smaller. Calyx 4-4 in.; segments narrowly linear, acute, ‘ciliate, elongating in fruit. Corolla about } in. long, densely hairy outside, pink or white, the lower lip spotted with purple. Ft/aments slightly hairy, anthers bearded. Capsule 3-3} in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, hairy. Seeds +5 in. long, rugose, glabrous. ° Dehra Dun and Siwalik Range, but chiefly in the western and southern portions of the area. Flowers Aug.-Dec. DistTris. Throughout the drier parts of Tr«p. India from the Punjab Plain and Chota Nagpur to 8. India and Ceylon,’ 16. HAPLANTHUS, Nees ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 506, Erect herbs. Leaves entire. Flowers axillary, in false whorls, -surrounded by numerous spine-like barren branches (cladodes) which latter are terminated by 2 or 3 minute acicalar teeth (reduced leaves) ; bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx it aon ;*segments linears lanceolate, subequal. Corolla small, tubular; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 2-fid., lower obtusely 3-lobed. Stamens 2, shorter than the -corolla, inserted below the throat, filaments flattened ; anthers 2-celled, -conniyent and subcoherent ; cells ovate, more or less unequal, muticous 198 ACANTHACES. [ Harnayravs, connective bearded on the back. Ozary 6-16-ovulate, style acute or obliquely truncate at the apex. rust a linear-oblong capsule, compressed at right angles to the septum. Seeds from the base of the capsule, oblong-ellipsoid, hardly compressed, appearing densely hairy when moistened.—Species 3, confined to India. Bracteoles longer than calyx, cladodes more than lin.long, capsule glabrous . ; ° 5 Bracteoles shorter than calyx, cladodes ‘less than 1 in. long, capsule hairy . : » . 2. H. tentaculatus. 1. H. verticillaris, Nees' in DC. Prod, «i 513; F. B. I. iv, 506; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 575. Justicia verticillata, Roxb, Fl. Ind. 4, 135, A herb, 13-23 ft. high. Stem glabrous at the base, more or less pubescent upwards. Leaves 23-4 in. long, ovate, acuminate acute or subobtuse, hairy on the upper surface and on the nerves beneath, abruptly cuneate at the base ; main nerves 8-10 pairs, prominent beneath, petioles 1-2 in. long. Cladodes (axillary spines) 1-13 in, long, stout, 4-angled, enlarging in fruit, usually with 2 sharp spines at the apex, more or leas glandular- pubescent and with spreading bristles towards the base. Flowers sessile amongst the verticils of cladodes; bracteoles longer than the calyx, subulate, finely pointed. Calyx tin. long, segments lanceolate, pointed, gland.-pubescent. Corolla 3 in. long, minutely hairy outside, limb lilac with darker lines. Capsule aboat % in. long, narrowly oblong acute. glabrous. Seeds ~5-} in. long. Bundelkhand (Duthie), Ajmer (Lowrie). Flowers Dec. and Jan. DistRis. From Mt. Abu in Rajputana and southwards to W. and S. India, also in Assam (Griffitb). 2, H. tentaculatus, Nees in DC. Prod. wi, 513; F. B.I, iv, 507; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii 376. A slender gland.-pubescent herb. Stems 4-angular above. Leaves 2-4 in, long, ovate, acuminate, decurrent into the petioles ; main nerves 8-10 pairs, petioles often obscure. Cladodes slender, 4% in. long, densely clothed with short hairs intermixed with longer ones, the apex furnished with 2 or 3 flattened villous teeth reduced leaves). Flowers sessile amongst the cladodes; bracteoles subulate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx } in. long; segments linear-subulate, hairy. Corolla about 4 in. long, blue lilace or white. Capsule 4 in. long, oblong, pointed, hairy. Seeds smaller than those of H. verticillaris. Found by Edgeworth in C. India at Mandu in the Dhar State, and just within the southern boundary of this flora. Distrisp. Gujarat, Deccan and Konkan., 17. PHLOGACANTHUS, Necs; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 510. Shrubs or tall herbs. Leaves entire or obscurely crenate. Flowers in terminal thyrses or narrow panicles, rarely in axillary racemes or cymes ; bracts small, bracteoles none. Calyx 5-partite. segments very 1. H. verticillaris, .PHLOSACANTHUS.] ACANTHACEZ. 4199 nairow. Corolla tubular, curved upwards, tube narrowly funnel- ‘shaped, limb more or less he et ; lobes ovate or oblong, connivent, spreading or recurved, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, with sometimes 2 small rudiments added ; anthers 2-celled, oblong, muticous, glab- rous. Ovary with 5-8 ovules ineach cell, glabrous, style filiform, stigma subsimple. Fruit an elongated many-seeded capsule, some- what 4-angled. Seeds from the base of the capsule, lenticular, ovate in outline, glabrous or densely puberulous.—Species about 12, Hima- layan, also in Burma and Malaya. P. thyrsiflorus, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar, iti, 99; Royle Ill. 298 ; F. BI, iv, 512; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 260; Gamble Man. Ind. rr 523 ; Brand. Ind. Trees 501. Justicia thyrsiflora, Rowb, Fl. Ind. ¢, 114. An evergreen shrub, up to 8ft. high, with smooth grey bark ; shoots swol- len at the nodes, often tinged with dull purple, 4-angled. Leaves drooping, 6-8 in. long, elliotic-lanceolate, obtuse, subentire, dark green and glossy above, paler beneath and densely punctulate, petivles + to 1 in. long. Flowers pedicelled. crowded in verticils of four, forming terminal elongate thyrsoid panicles up to 12 in. long; bracts subulate, conspicucus in bud, }-} in. long, arranged in threes, the 2 inner ones persistent; the outer larger, caducous. (alya-seaments }-} in. long, bristle-like, hairy. Corolla orange-coloured or brick-red, villuus, tube laterally compressed ;. upperlip suberect, deeply emarginate; lower spreading, of 3 ovate acute lobes. Anthers dark-brown pollen white. Capsule 1} in. long, linear-clavate, glabrous. Seeds 12-14, densely hairy. Common in moist shady ape in the forests of Dehra Dun and Saharan- pur, also on the Siwalik Range and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers Mar. and Apr. DisrrRis. Subtrop. Hiwalayaup to 4,(00 ft. from the Ravi to Bhutan, also in Assam, Chota Nagpur and extending to Upper and Lower Burma. 18. BARLERIA, Linn. ; FI). Brit. Ind. iv, 482. Small shrubs or undershrubs, spinous or unarmed. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers showy, sessile, solitary or in dense or. rather lax spikes or racemes, bracts and bracteoles large, small or none. Calyx deeply <-partite ; segments in opposite pairs, outer pair much larger. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube elongate ; lobes 5, subequal, ovate or elliptic, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, fertile, with oblong 2-celled anthers ; 2 small rudimentary stamens sometimes containing a little pollen are also usually present, with often a rudimentary Sth stamen. Disk large, often as a toothed cup half enclosing the ovary. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, style long, stigma bifid or subentire. Fiutt an ovoid or oblong capsule, 2 or 4-seeded below the middle. Seeds 200 ACANTHACEZ. |? 9 SP BaSUNETA, compressed, ovate, clothed with wavy silky closely appressed hairs.— Species about 120, mostly in Trop. Asia and Africa, a few in Trop. America, he . Prickly shrubs or undershrubs :— Outer calyx-segments ending in a spine, capsule 2-seeded : ; 5 : ; - . Outer calyx-segments mucronate, not spine- tipped ; capsule 4-seeded = ° 3 . 2. B. acanthoides, Unarmed shrubs or undershrubs :— | Outer calyx-segments subspinescently toothed on the margin, capsule 4-seeded : , ; Outer calyx-segments strigose with denticulate and ciliate margins, capsule 4-seeded_ - 4. B. strigosa. 1. B. Prionitis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 636; F. B. I. iv, 482; Watt #. D; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 522 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 812 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 879. Barleria Hystrix, Linn.; Royle Ill. 298. A bush, 2-5 ft. high, usually very prickly. Stems and branches terete or obscurely 4-angled, glabrous, bark white. Leaves petioled, about 4 in. long, elliptic, acuminate and tipped with a bristle, lineolate, glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, tapering at the base, lower leaves distinctly petioled, main lateral nerves about 5 pairs, interpetiolar Spines 1-2 in. long. Flowers in terminal spikes, the lower ones often distant ; bracts leaf-like, about 3 in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute and ending in a bristle, glabrous ; bracteoles 4 in. long, narrower and almost spine-tipped. Calyx divided nearly to the base; 2 outer segments about 3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, spine-tipped ; the 2 inner shorter, linear-lanceolate, mucronate. Corolla orange-yellow or cream- coloured, somewhat 2-lipped, 14-l¢ in. long, sparingly hairy outside; upper lip with 4 nearly equal rounded lobes, lower*lip rather shorter, tube about aslongas the upper lip. Capsule ?-1in. long, with a taper- ing solid beak, 2-seeded. Seeds 4 in. in diam. Common within the area, and often used asa hedge-plant. Flowers Oct.- Jan. DistRiB. Throughout the hotter parts of India, also in Ceylon, Burma and the Malay Peninsula, extending to Trop. and 8S. Africa. The juice of the leaves and the roots are used medicinally by the natives in some parts of India. 2. B. acanthoides, Vahl Symb. i, 47; F. B. Liv, 484 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it, ; A small prickly much-branched undershrub ; branches terete, hoary- pubescent. Leaves sessile or shortly petioled, hairy, dark-green, 4-14 in. long, oblong or obovate, obtuse, mucronate, tapering to the base, main lateral nerves 5 pairs. Inflorescence of dense unilateral racemes or reduced to a solitary flower; bracts 3-3 in. long, spine- pointed, sometimes spinous-pinnatifid cr reduced to pinnatifid spines 1. B. Prionittis, 8. B. cristata. Barveria.) ACANTHACERR. 201 ‘e : ' Calya-segments glabrate, strongly nerved and soon becoming scarious ; outer pair § in. long ; broadly ovate, acute, mucronate ; inner pair smaller, ’ lanceolate. Corolla white, hairy outside, 2}-3} in. long; tube cylindrio, dilated just below the limb ; lobes ovate, 4in long, Capsule ellipsoid, glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds } in. long, silky-hairy. Dry hills in Merwara (Duthie) (Oct, to Jan.) Disrrip, Punjab, Raj- putana, Sind ; extending to Baluchistan, Abyssinia, Nubia and Egypt. 3. B. en Sp. Pl. 636 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii, 37 ; Royle Ill, 298 ; F. B. I. iv, 488 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 262; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 522; Collett Fl. Siml. 374; Prain Beng. Pl. 812 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 382. B. dichotoma and B. ciliata, Roab. l. c. 38. A small erect or diffuse undershrub, the branches clothed with appressed yellowish hairs, the nodes densely hairy. Leaves 2}-4 in. long, elliptic-oblong, acute, tapering towards the base, hairy on both sar- faces, lineolate above, petioles }-} in. long. Flowers in axillary and terminal ovate spikes; bracteoles conspicvous, about } in, linear, acute, membranous and prominently veined; margins ciliate, some- times with distant teeth. Calya hairy below ; segments 3-1 in. long, whitish, prominently veined and reticulate, the 2 outer segments lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, marginal teeth bristle-tipped ; inner * segments} in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla blue purple or white, 1-1$ in. loug, hairy outside, tube funnel-shaped in the upper . half;lobes $ in. obovate-oblong. Capsule } in. long, ellipsoid, 4- seeded. Seeds orbicular, covered with silky hairs, Foune chiefly in the northern portion of the area from Dehra Dun _ eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and - W. Oudh and in the district of Gorakhpur. It has been reported also _ from Bundelkhand (Edgeworth) and Merwara (Duthie). Owing to its ornamental appearance it is largely grown in gardens. In the plains it flowers mostly during the cold season. Disrris. Himalaya up to 6,000 ft. in Garhwal and Kumaon, also in Bengal, Khasia and Burma and in the hilly parts of W., C.and 8. India. It is cultivated in gardens in various parts of India andin other countries. Various parts of this plant are used medicinally, and by some natives the seeds are regarded as an antidote for snake-bites. Roxburgh’s B. dichotoma has white flowers. It iscultivated in gardens, and is sometimes found planted near Hindu temples. It is mentioned by Prain and Cooke as a variety of B. cristata. There is no record of its having been met with in a wild state within the area of this flora. 4. B. strigosa, Willd, Sp. Pl. iii, 379; F.B. I. iv, 489; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 262; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 522; Prain Beng. Pl. 812; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 384 (under var. terminalis) ; Brandis Ind. Trees 498. B. coerulea, Roxb.; Fl. Ind. vii, 39. An unarmed shrub, 3-4 ft. high. Stems more or less strigose with fulvous hairs. Leaves 4}-6 in. long, ovate or elliptic, acute oracuminate the base long-decurrent on the petiole, lineolate and sparingly fulvous 202. ACANTHACEZ. [ BaBLeRia, of strigose on the upper surface, densely strigose on the nerves and veins beneath and with bulbous-based hairs intermixed, margins ciliate. main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs. Flowers in dense fulvous-hairy unilate ral spikes, often crowded at the tops of the branches; bracteoles about 3 in. long, lanceolate, hairy on. the back and with _ciliate margins. Calyx densely strigose; outer segments subequal, 8.1 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, sub-acute, margins denticulate and ciliate; inner smaller, linear, acute, densely clothed with white ‘appressed silky hairs. Corolla 13-2 in. long, blue; tube pale-blue, upper part funnel-shaped; lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse. Capsule % -in. long, acute at the top, 4-seeded, glabrous. Seeds silky-hairy. | Plentiful in Dehra Dun, on the Siwalik Range and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts eastwards. Flowers during the cold season. DistRis. Bengal, Assam and Sikkim, extending to Burma; also in the Bombay Pres. and S. India. Cultivated in gardens. Theroot isused by the Santals as a remedy for coughs. 19. ASYSTASIA, Blume; FI]. Brit. Ind. iv, 492. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers in lax or dense usually 1-sided simple or compound spikes or racemes ; bracts and bracteoles linear, usually shorter than the calyx. Calyx deeply 5- partite ; segments equal, linear or linear-lanceolate. Corolla-tube inflated above ; lobes 5, subequal, imbricate in bud. Stamens didyna- mous, all perfect ; anthers oblong, ceils parallel, approximate, minute- ly spurred at the base or submuticous. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell ; style linear, very hairy, stigma minutely bifid or subcapitate. Frutt an elliptic-clavate capsule, its base contracted and solid. Seeds 4, compressed suborbicular or irregularly angled, rugose or tubercu- late, glabrous.—Species about 34, in tropical regions of the Old World. A. macrocarpa, Neesin Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii,89; F. B. I. iv, 495 Prain Beng. Pl. 813. A diffuse rambling hairy undershrub. Stems 1-4 ft., obtusely 4-gonous. Leaves about 43 in. long, , etioled, oblong or lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, hairy on both sides, margins subrepand, main lateral nerves 8 pairs, peticles+in. long. Racemes usually condensed and 1-sided; Sometimes 3-4 in. long, erect, somewhat lax and with the lower flowers opposite, lower pedicels up to 3 in. long, bracts 4 in. long. Calyz- segments % in. long, linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla 14 in. jong, dull-pink, pubescent, cylindric base of tube much shorter than the ventricose portion. Anther-cells distinctly spurred at the base. Capsule 14 in. long, pubescent, its solid base Zin. long. Seeds 4 in. in diam., tubercled and rugose. ‘ Dehra Dun (Gamble). Distris. W. Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. in Kumaon, also in N. Bengal. Lerimscatms] ACANTHACEZ:. 208 20. LEPIDAGATHIs, Willd.; F). Brit. Ind. iv, 515. Herbs or undershrubs, often pubescent. Leaves entire or crenate- serrate. Flowers sessile, usually capitate, sometimes opposite or solitary ; heads terminal or axillary, almost always dense, often 1- sided, sometimes fascicled; bracts usually conspicuous, bracteoles smaller. Calya deeply 5-lobed; segments unequal, the 2 anterior often more or less connate, the calyx becoming almost 4-partite. Corolla usually small, 2-lipped ; tube slender below, suddenly swollen at or above the middle; upper lip erecto-patent, usually notched or 2-fid., lower lip with 3 spreading usually spotted lobes. Stamens didynamous, included ; anthers all 2-celled; cells oblong, muticous, frequently bearded, one of them often attached higher up than the other. /-isk annular. Ovary with 2 ovules (rarely 1) in each cell, style recurved, tigma capitellate, shortly 2-lobed or entire. Fruita compressed oyoid-oblong lanceolate capsule. Seeds 2 or 4, compressed, ovate-oblong or orbicular, hairy.—Species about 80, in the warmer regions of the world, but in America two only are known. Capsule 2-seeded, bursting irregularly, seeds clothed with long hairs : — Calyx-lobés spinescent ‘ , ‘ . 1. L. Hamiltoniana, Calyx-Jobes not spinescent . ‘ . 2 DL. trinervis. Capsule 4-seeded, distinctly 2-valved, seeds clothed with short hairs :— An erect undershrub, bracts and calyx- segments glandular-hairy , . 3. DL. cuspidata, Diffuse or prostrate herbs, rarely sub- erect :— Bracts striate “ “ . . . 4 DL. purpuricaulis. Bracts not striate . ° ; ° 5. L. hyalina. 1. L. Hamiltoniana, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 96; F. B. I. iv, 516; Watt E. D. (under L. cristata var. rupestris) ; Prain Beng, Pl. 815. A perennial herb. Stems elongate, flagelliform, leafy upwards. Leaves 5-6 in. long, linear or narrowly oblong, subfalcate, nearly glabrous, margins scabrous. Spikes in globular heads, arising from the base of the stems; bracts up to } in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, spinescent, margins ciliate with long white spreading hairs. Calyz-segments mem- branous, tough, lanceolate, acuminate, spinescent, not thickened upwards, the lower one broader and bifid. Corolla strigose outside with white hairs, spotted with brown inside. Capsule 2-seeded, conical, scarious on the back, thin and irregularly rupturing. Seeds ovate, covered with long hairs. 204 ACANTHACE. [ LerrpacaTHts, Found usually in dry situations as in the Jumna ravines near Etawah and Agra; also in Bundelkhand, Ajmer and in the Gonda district of eon N. Oudh. Flowers during the cold season, DistRis. Behar, Chota — Nagpur and southwards to Chanda in the C. Provinces. 2. L. trinervis, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iti, 96; F. B. I. iv, 517 3 Prain Beng. Pl. 815; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 393.—Vern, Patiar-phor (Merwara). A diffuse perennial herb, woody below; branches many, 5-10 in. long, slender, 4-angled, Leaves sessile, 1-12 in. Jong, linear, subacute, entire, nearly glabrous, 3-nerved froma tapering base, margins scabrous. Flowers in axillary ovoid spikes 3-3 in. long, usually 2 or more spikes- closely packed together and forming what appears to be a singie head ; bracts under 3 in. long, ovate or obovate, tipped with a long recurved spine ; bractevles as long as the bracts, oblong-lanceolate, aristate, softly membrancus. Calyx membranous, 2 in. long ; 3 outer segments nearly equa! in length. lanceolate, acute, not spine-pointed, nearly gla- brous outside, very hairy within ; the 2 inner lateral segments shorter and narrower, hairy on both sides. Corolla white with yellow brown or purple spots, }-3 in. long. Capsule 2-seeded, 4 in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, subacute, thin and bursting irregularly. Seeds covered with long hairs, Frequent in Merwara in dry rocky or sandy ground. Flowers in the cold season. DistRis. N.-W. Himalaya? (Herb. Falconer), Chota Nagpur and at the base of the Sikkim Hills, extending to Central W. and 8. India. 3. L. cuspidata, Nees in Wall. Pl, As. Rar. iii, 97; F. B. I. iv, 519 Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 396. An erect undershrub. Stems 1-3 ft. high ; branches 4-angled. often gland- pubescent upwards. Leaves of main stem 3-43 in. long, oblong-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, usually mucronate, glabrous or nearly so, tapering at the base and decurrent into the petiole; leaves of the branches subsessile and much smaller, elliptic-lanceolate. spinous pointed, softly hairy. Spikes terminal or terminating short axillary branches, varying in length according as the flowers are densely or loosely arranged, and if the latter, the flowers are distinctly in opposite pairs ; bracts about 3 in. long. elliptic or obovate, aeute, spine-tipped, — 3-5-nerved, gland-hairy ; bracteoles smaller, 1-3-nerved. Calyz about 2in long, glandular-hairy ; outer segments longer, broader than the: - inner, spine- tipped ; the 2 inner lateral segments Jinear acute. Corolla white streaked with purple; upper Jip ovat, acutee ; lower lip with rounded lobes, palate glabrous. Capsule 4-seeded, 3 in. long, ovoid= lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Sseds clothed with short hairs, especially along the margins. Dehra Dun and Siwalik Range, Hardwar (Wallich), and along the Sub- Himalayan tracts eastwards to Gonda and the Nepal Terai. Flowers: March-May. Distris. W. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. in Kumaon, extending to C. and W. India. LEPIDAGaTHISs. | ACANTHACEZ. 205 4. L. purpuricaulis, Nees in Wall. Pl. As, Rar. iti, 96; F. BI, iv, 519, Prain Beng. Pl. 815. A suberect or diffuse perennial herb. Stems 8-24 in. long, glabrous or hairy, 4-angled, often tinged with purple. Leaves 1-5 in. long, lanceos late, glabrous or sparingly hairy, often in unequal pairs, the larger attenuate at each end, the smaller subovate. Spikes }-1} in. long, dense, axillary, sessile, so itary or clustered, oblong; bracts 41n. long, lanceoe late, or ovate lanceolate, mucronate, striate, glandular-hairy; bracteoles 3 in. long, linear-falcate. Calys glanduiar-pubescent, with one broad lanceolate segment 4-} in. long, the 2 outer lateral ones linear-lanceo- late, } in. long, the 2 inner ones linear. Corolla 4-4 in. long, white with brownish spots on the palate. Capsule } in. long, 4-seeded. Dehra Dun (Gamble), Hardwar (Wallich). Disrris. Sub-tropical W. Himalaya, up to 4,000 ft. in Kumaon, Chota Nagpur, extending to the Prome Hills in Burma. 5. L. hyalina, Nees in Wall, Pl. As. Rar. iit, 95 ; F. B. I. iv, 521, Prain Beng. Pl. 815. Ruellia dependens, Rowb. Fl, Ind, iii, 49. A suberect perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high, or the stems often somewhat pros- trate. Leares about 3 in, long, minutely glandular-hairy, scabrous on the nerves beneath; lower ovate ; upper narrower, pendent, petioles } in. long. Spikes oblong, dense, axillary and terminal, often clustered, softly hairy ; bracts nearly } in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate ; bracteoles 4 in. long, narrower. Calyx 4 in. long, Jinear-lanceolate, mucronate, outer segments longest. Corolla 4 in. long, white with brown spots on the palate. Capsule } in. long, 4-seeded. Abundant within the area and especially in the Sub-Himalayan tracts. DisTRIB. outer Himalayan ranges from the Punjab eastwards, up to 4,000 in Kumaon ; also in Bengal, N., Assam and Burma, extending to China, Var. mollis, fF. B. I. iv, 521; Prain Beng. Pl. 816.—Leaves all ovate, hairy on both surfaces.—Sub-Himalayan tracts, common.—DistTrRiB, N. Bengal. Var. ustulata, F. B. I, iv, 521, L. ustulata, Nees—A small sub-erect plant up to6 in. high. Leaves thick, }-1 in. long, ovoid or broadly ovate, acute or subobtuse, almost glabrous above, more or less pubescent on the prominent nerves beneath. Spikes }-1. in. long, bracts rather larger than in the type. Common in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Bijnor to Gorakhpur (Duthie) ; also in Bundelkhand. Distris. W. Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon ascending to 4,000 ft.- Considerably less hairy than the type or than any other of its varieties and of very different habit. The Gorakhpur specimens are more erect, and the bracts are deeply tinged with purple. The roots ‘are very stout and sometimes almost tuberous, a condition which has been observed in many other perennial plants of the fire-exposed tracts of country. 206 ACANTHACEZ. _. [Ecgonrum. © 21. ECBOLIUM, Kurz.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 544. Glabrous or hairy shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers in dense termi- hal spikes ; bracts large, imbricate ; bracteoles small, linear or lanceo- late. Calyx 5-partite, segments linear. Corolla 2-lipped; tube (in the Indian species) long, linear; upper lip entire or 2-fid., 3-lobed. Stamens 2, staminodes none; anthers 2-celled; cells — subequal, not spurred at the base. Ovary glabrous or iry, ovules 2 in each cell, style filiform, stigma shortly 2-fid. Fruit an ovoid compressed capsule, with a solid stalk, usually 2-seeded, placentas not rising elastically from the base of the valves, Seeds (in the Indian species) large, ovoid or orbicular, compressed, tubercular-scabrous, not hairy.—Species 12, one in India, the rest in Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. This genus is distinguished from Justicia by having the anther-cells at about the same level; and its alliance with that genus is through J. Adhatoda, in which the anther-cells are not spurred. : E. Linneanum Kurz, vAk dentata, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 545; Prain Beng. Pl. 816. Justicia Ecbolium, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 114. A small glabrescent undershrub. Stems swollen above the nodes. Leaves up to 6 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, tapering at the base into a short petiole, dark-green above, paler beneath. Spikes dense, 2-6 in. long; bracts about 2 in. long, obovate-rhomboid acute or subacuminate, pubescent or puberulous, pale-green; margin more or less toothed, ciliate. Calya-segments 4 in. Jong, linear-lanceo- late,acute Corolla bluish-green, hairy outwide. Capsule 3-1 in. long puberulous ; seed bearing portion broad, acute at the apex; stalk 4-3 in. long, solid. Gorakhpur district, in the fire-exposed tracts (Duthie). Flowersin March and April. Distris. E. Bengal and Assam, extending to Trop. Africa aud Madagascar. The Gorakhpur specimens, owing to local conditions are considerably dwarfed, and the main roots are developed into hard fusiform tubers similar to those of Ruellia suffruticosa and of other perennial plants inhabiting fire-exposed ground. 22, JUSTICIA: Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 524. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers sessile or nearly -so,in spikes or panicles, rarely solitary; bracts usually small; bracteoles narrow, obsolete or none. Calyx 5-or 4-partite, segment narrow. Corolla 2-lipped, tube equalling or shorter than the limb upper lip 2-lobed or subentire ; lower 3-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, attached to the upper part of the corolla-tube; Justicia.) ACANTHACE. 207> anthers 2-celled, one cell usually higher up than the other, the lower with a white spur-like appendage at the base (except in J. Adhatoda). Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, style filiform, stigma shortly bifid. Fruit an ovoid or ellipsoid capsule, seed-bearing from the base or narrowed into a solid stalk and 4-seeded at the apex. Seeds ovoid, more or less compressed, tuberculate scaly or glochidiate, not hygroscopically hairy. Species about 300, in all warm regions. Lower cells of anthers without a basal spur ; . 1. &. Adhatoda, Lower cells of anthers distinctly spurred at the base :— Calyx 5-partite, corolla }in. long or more. — Undershrubs : — Stems decumbent, flowers white with pinkspots . ; ‘ : : : - 2 J. Betonica, var. ramosissima. Stems erect. softly hairy, leaves hairy beneath, flowers salmon-coloured . « 2 J. Betonica, var. villosa. Calyx 4-partite, corolla 4 in. long or less.—Prostrate herbs :— Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, bracteoles and sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, glab- rous ‘ ; ; . - ‘ . &. J. quinqueangularis. Leaves elliptic, oblong or ovate, petioled :— Bracteoles and'sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous . 2 ‘ . Jd. quingueangularis, var, peploides. Bracteoles and sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate :— Sepals minutely scabrous near the tips otherwise glabrous. : . 4. J. diffusa. Sepals hairy, the margins scarious and densely ciliate ° . . 5. J. simples. 1, J. Adhatoda, Linn. Sp. Pl. 15 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 126. Adhatoda Vasica, Nees ; Royle Ill, 298; F. B. I.iv, 540; Watt HE. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. p.5; Kanjilal For. Fl. 261, Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 523 ; Collett Fl. Siml, 317 Prain Beng. Pl. 819; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 414—Vern. Arusa, binsa, bakas, etc. A dense evergreen often gregarious shrub, 4-8 ft. high. Stem with yellowish bark, terete, glabrous; branches many, ascending. Leaves 5-8 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the base, minutely puberulons, dark-green above when young, pale beneath, main lateral 208 ACANTHACEZ. [ Justicra. nerves 8-12 pairs, veins reticulate, petioles 3-1 in. long. Flowers in short dense axillary peduncled spikes 1-3 in. long, arranged towards the ends of the branches ; peduncles stout, shorter than the leaves; bracts up to z in. long, elliptic, subacute, glabrous or nearly so, 5-7-nerved, closely reticulate ; bracteoles $ in. long, l-nerved, margins ciliate. Calysx 3-4 in. long, often slightly pubescent; segments equal, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved. Corolla white with pink or purple stripes in the throat, 14 in. long, hairy outside; tube } in. long, upper half much inflated laterally ; upper lip curved, ovate-oblong, notched ; lower lip as long as _the upper; lobes oblong, rounded. Filaments hairy at the base, the lower anther-cells apiculate (not spurred) at the base. Ovary and lower portion of style hairy. Capsule Zin. or more in length, clavate, pubes- cent. Seeds suborbicular, tubercular: verrucose. Abundant in all parts of the area, especially in Dehra Dun and through- out the Sul)-Himalayan tracts eastwards. It is often cultivated near villages, and sometimes in the form of hedges. Flowers chiefly after the rainy season. Distrib. Throughout India and in Ceylon, ascend- ing to 4,500 ft. on the Himalaya; itis found also in Burma and in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. All parts of the plant have a bitter taste and possess pronounced medicinal properties, and this may account for the fact of its not beins Sues by goats. The charcoal prepared from the wood is used for making- gunpowder, and in Bengal the wood is sometimes manufactured into beads. The leaves yield a'yellow dye; they are 8]so much used in some parts of India as a manure, with the idea of ridding the ground of noxious insects ; but, apart from this, the - leaves containing as they do, a large amount of potassium nitrate must add conaiderably to the fertility of the soil. The absence of a spur at the base of the lower anther-cells connects this species with the genus Ecboliwm, 2.3. Betonica, Linn. 8p. Pl. 15, VAR. ramosissima. F. B. I. iv, 525; Prain Beng. Pl. 817; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 407, J. ramosissima, Rozb. Ft. Ind. i, 129. Adhatoda ramosissima, Nees. A diffusely branched undershrub; branches more or less decumbent and often rooting at the lower nodes, cylindric, often tinged with urple above the nodes, slightly pubescent when young. Leaves 2-4 in, ong, ovate or lanceolate, subobtuse, entire or slightly toothed, glabrous pale-green, petioles up to jin. long. Spikes 1-5 in. long, usually termi- nal, simple or branched; bracts white veined with green, about 3 in, long, lanceolate, acute, glabrous; bracteoles narrower, unequal at the base, glabrous except the ciliolate margins. Calyx deeply 5-partite, + iu. long, pubescent ; segments linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla dull- white, veined and spotted with pink. Filaments hairy at the base, lower cells of anthers acutely spurred. Capsule 2in. long, widely clavate at the top and protuberant above the seeds. Seeds 4, nearly spherical, intensely rugose. Widely distributed within the area. Distris. Throughout the warmer parts ofIndia, This differs from the type by its more bushy habit, and | Jusricra. J ACANTHACEZ. 209 its spreading decumbent branches often strike root at the nodes ; also the bracts are narrower and less conspicuously white. VAR. villosa, F. B. I. iv, 525; Prain Beng. Pl. 817.—An erect shrub with softly hairy stems. Leaves densely hairy beneath. Flowers salmon- coloured. — Found in the southern portion of the area, DistTr1B. Com- mon in Chota Nagpur and in Central India. 3. J. quinqueangularis, Koen. ew Roxb. Hort, Beng. 80; Fl. Ind. i, 133 ; F. B. 1. iv, 536 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 818 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 411. : A slender glabrous somewhat prostrate herb. Stems often reaching 2 in., angular, geniculate and with distant internodes. Leaves shortly stalked, 1-3 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, Haste? & | lineolate, glabrous. Sptkes 1-5 in. long, terminal, slender, glabrous; bracts } in. long, linear, obtuse, glabrous, the margins as also of the bracteoles and calyx-segments ecarious; bracteoles similar to the bracts, but marrower. Calyx as longas the bracts, 4-partite; segments linear, obtuse. Corolla rose-coloured, 4-? in. long, glabrous or slightly hairy outside ; upper lip 3 in. long, notched ; lower lip rather longer, suborbi- cular, shortly 3-lobed. Filaments glabrous, Ovary glabrous. Capsule 4 in, long, oblong, pointed, tapering tothe base, glabrous. Seeds 4, reticulately rugose. Abundant throughout the Upper Gangeti¢ Plain. Distris. From the plains of the Punjab and Bengal southwards to C. and S. India. VaR. peploides, F. B. I. iv, 537; Prain Beng Pl. 818; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 411.—A prostrate herb, usually more branched than the type, Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, petioles upto 2 in. long, Spikes shorter and broader. Common within the area. Distris. Plains of Punjab and Bengal and southwards to C. and W. India, extending to Afghanistan. 4. J. diffusa, Willd. Sp. Pl. %. 87; F.B. I. iv, 538 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 818 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 410. J. procumbens, Linn. (in part); Roxb, Fl. Ind. t, 132. A diffuse much-branched herb. Stems somewhat 4-angled, 1-2 ft. high slightly woody below, Leaves 1-2 in. long, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lineolate on both sides, glabrous or nearly so, base acute, petioles 4-3 in long. Flowers im slender axillary and terminal spikes 1-6 in. long ; bracts linear-lanceolate or linear, shorter than the calyx, ovate, acuminate, margins scarious, tips minutely scabrous ; bracteoles similar to the bracts, but narrower. Calya }in. long, 4- partite nearly to the base; segments unequal, lanceolate, acute, minutely scabrous upwards. Corolla 3 in. long, pink or pale-purple, slightly hairy outside. Filaments hairy at the base. Ovary glabrous, style hairy below. Capsule 3-; in. long, oblong, shortly pointed, glabrous, Seeds obscurely rugose. Abundant within the area. Disrrip. Plains of the Punjab, Sind and Bengal extending to 8, India and Ceylon, also in Burma and Siam, 210 ACANTHACEZ. ‘LJusticras 5. J. simplex, D. Don, Prod. 118; F. B.1. iv, 539; Collett Fl, Siml. 375; Prain Beng. Pl. 818 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 411. piers <4 A slender erect or prostrate herb. Stems 6-20 in.; branches 4-angular, more or less hairy. Leaves petioled, 1-2 in. long, ovate or elliptic- oblong, obtuse, glabrous or hairy, strongly lineolate. Flowers in dense axillary and terminal spikes 1-4 in. long; bracts about as long as the calyx, elliptic, subacute, hairy; margins scarious, ciliate with jointed hairs ; bracteoles similar, but narrower. Calyx }-1 in. long, deeply partite; segments unequal in length, linear, subacute; margins scatious, densely ciliate. Corolla pale-purple, 4-3 in., hairy outside, tube equalling the limb. Filaments hairy at their insertion. Ovary at the apex and base of style hairy. Capsule 1-4 in. long. oblong, obtuse, hairy at thetcp. Seeds rugose. Common within the area of this flora. Flowers during the cold season. Distris. W. Himalaya from Kashmir to Knmaon up to 7,000 ft. also from the Punjab plain, Sind and Bengal to Central and W. India, extending to Abyssinia, the Malay Archipelago and the Loochoo Inlands, J. GENDARUSSA, Burm. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 128; F. B. 1. iv, 582; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 818; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it, 412. —Vern. Jagat madan.—A small erect evergreen shrub, ting-d with purple and strongly scented. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous. F/owers in interrupted spikes. Corolla white or pink with purple spots. Commonin gardens within the area and in other parts of India and in Ceylon. It is often met with asan escape. Probably introduced from China. 23. PERISTROPHE, Nees; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 554. Erect spreading herbs. Leaves entire. Flowers purple or rose- coloured, in axillary or terminal clusters, often panicled by the reduction of the floral leaves; bracts 1-4 together, linear or ovate, usually longer than the calyx. Calyw 5-partite; segments equal, linear-lanceolate. Corolla 2-lipped, tube slender, upper lip subentire, lower shortly 3-lobed. Stamens 2, filaments pubescent below ; anthers 2-celled ; cells linear, rarely ovoid, muticous, one higher up than the other. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, style filiform, stigma shatly bifid. Fruit an ellipsoid stipitate capsule, usually 4-seeded, pubescent ; placentas not separating elastically. Seeds ovoid, compressed, minutely glandular-papillose.—Species about 2°, in the warmer regions of the world. | . P. bicalyculata, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 118 ; F. B. IT. iv, 554 ; Watt E. D. ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 415 ; Justicia bicalyculata, Vahl ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1, 126. An unattractive-looking herb, 3-4 ft. high. Branches 6-angled, hairy, _ the angles more or less scabrous. Leaves 2-3 in, long, ovate, acuminate, strongly lineolate, sparsely hairy above, densely so on the nerves and 7 PERISTROPHE. ] ACANTHACE. 211. - veins beneath, base rounded, main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, petioles 4-4 in. long. Flowers in 3-chotomous cymes forming large lax divaricate hairy panicles ; bracts 2, unequal, opposite, 4-3 in. long. linear, acute, mucronate ; margins membranons, white; bracteoles 4. smaller. Calyz }-} in. Jong, segments with ciliate margins. Corolla pink, 4-} in. long, hairy outside ; upper lip entire, obtuse ; lower rather longer, _ with 3 acute lobes. Filaments hairy. Capsule } in. long, pointed, _ narrowed below into a stalk. Seeds papillose, slightly rugose. : A very common plant within thearea. Disrris. Throughont the warmer rts of India, but not in Ceylon ; outer Himalayan ranges up to 6,000 ft. in Kumaon ; also in Afghanistan and Trop. Africa. The plant is regarded by natives as a remedy for snake-bites. 24. RUNGIA, Nees ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 545. Erect or diffuse herbs or shrubs. eaves entire.. Flowers in dense terminal or axillary 1-sided spikes ; bracts in 2 or 4 rows, two of the rows often flowerless, the flowering bracts often with scarious margins, bracteoles narrower than the bracts. Calya small, 5-partite, segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla small, 2-lipped; upper lip acute or emarginate ; iower longer, 3-lobed. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, parallel or often superposed ; lower cell, muticous or with a white basal “7 Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, style filiform, stigma bifid. #ru7t an ovoid or oblong shortly stalked capsule, placentas and retinacula elastically separating from the base of the capsule after dehiscence. Seeds normally 4, compressed, orbicular, glabrous, minutely tuberculate, often concentrically rugose —Species about 30, in the warmer parts of the Old World. Bracts uniform; corolla white or violet with purple spots, upper lip emarginate . : : , ‘ Bracts dimorphic ; corolla white with blue lines, not spotted, upper lipentire . ‘ é é . 2. R. parviflora var. pectinata. 1. R.'repens, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. wii, 110; F. B. I. iv, 549; Watt #.D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 821; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 401. Justicia repens, Rowb. Fl, Ind, i, 132. Stems decumbent and rooting near the base, slender and erect above, glabrous or slightly hairy. Leaves nearly sessile, 1-2 in. long, oblong, lanceolate, acute, lineolate on both surfaces, sparsely hairy ; base tapering, or sometimes rounded and unequal-sided, Flowers in erect terminal pubes ent spikes 1-2} in. long; bracts 4 in. long, broadly elliptic, cuspidate ; margins scarious, ciliate ; bracteoles smaller, linear- lanceolate, acute, puberulous, margins scarious. Caly# } in. long . deeply divided ; segments lanceolate-subulate. pubescent. Corolla 4-4 in. long, white or violet with purple spotsin the throat, hairy outside, upper 1. R. repens. 212 ACANTHACEL.. _ [Ronetm. lip emarginate. Cells of lower anthers with a white appendage at the- base. Capsule about § in, long, pubescent, scarious on the faces, edges hard. Seeds concentrically rugose. Abundant within the area. Distris. Throughout the warmer parts of India, and in Ceylon. The plant is often used medicinally. P 2. R. parviflora, Nees in Wall, Pl. As. Rar. wi, 110, var, pectinata, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 550; Watt B. D.; Prain Beng. Pl.- Pe i; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 400. Justicia pectinata, Linn, ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iy. A much-brarched procumbent annual. Leaves }-about 23 in. long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, glabrous or sparsely hairy, lineolate, base acute, petioles 3-1 in. long. Flowering spikes 4-1 in. long, often 2 or 3 together at the ends of the branches; bracts dimorphic, the barren ones ; in. long, in two rows, lanceolate, cuspidate, pubescent, margins scarious ; fertile bracts { in. in diam., orbicular, hairy on both surfaces, margins broadly scarious, usually 2-fid. at the apex ; bracteoles smaller than the bracts, elliptic-oblong, subacute, concave, 2-fid., the margins scarlous and ciliate. Calyx +, in. long, linear-lanceolate. Corolla white. with blue lines, tin. long, hairy outside; upper lip. acuminate, not emarginate. Anthers superposed, the lower ones white- tailed. Capsule i, in. long, ovoid, acute, compressed, hairy at the apex and with scarious faces. Seeds minutely echinulate. 7 A common weed within the area, D1si'r1B. Throughout the warmer parts of India and in Ceylon, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the Kumaon Himalaya, . The _ roots, leaves and the juice of this plant are used in native medicines. 25, DICLIPTERA, Juss.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 550. Diffuse or sub-erect herbs.” Leaves ovate or elliptic, acute, entire or- obscurely undulate. FJZowers in axillary and terminal clusters or in panicled cymes, one or more enclosed within a pair of opposite bracts, the flowers sessile within the bracts and often reduced to a calyx and’ bracteoles ; bracts exceeding the calyx; bracteoles linear or linear-lan- ceolate, about equalling the calyx. Calyx 5-partite ; segments equal, linear-lanceolate, more or less pubescent. Corolla red often spotted with purple, tube slender, limb deeply 2-lipped; upper lip entire or emarginate ; lower 3-lobed, recurved. Stamens 2, anthers 2-celled ;. cells ovoid, usually superposed, muticous. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, style filiform, stigma shortly bifid. Frudt a clavate capsule,. narrowed below into a solid stalk, placentas separating elastically from the base of the capsule after dehiscence. Seeds ovoid or suborbi- cular, compressed, verrucose echinulate or papillose.—Species about. 60, in tropical and sub-tropical regions of both hemispheres. Dicrrrrera. | ACANTHACEZ. 213: Leaves ovate, acuminate; flowers mostly in axillary clusters, bracts glabrous wx: the : ciliate margins ; corolla less than} in. long. 1. D. micranthes. Leaves elliptic, acute ; flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, bracts pubescent and with ciliate margins ; corolla }-in. long :— Bracts cuneate-elliptic or obovate, apicu- . 2 D. Roxburghiana, late, not acuminate - : ’ Bracts linear or linear-oblong, with nearly ' parallel margins, acuminate-cuspidate D. Rowburghiana, | var. bupleuroides,. 1. D. micranthes, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 112; F. B. I. iv, 553 ; Prain Beng. Pl, 822; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 402, An erect usually glabrous herb, 6-18 in. high, branches angular. Leaves glabrous or slightly hairy, 1}-3} in. long, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, lineolate, petioles }-1} in. long. Flowers in small sessile axillary clusters; bracts herbaceous, unequal, reaching } in. long, oblong or obovate, cuspidate ; margins scarious, densely ciliate towards the base, each pair of bracts enclosing usually 38 flowers ; bracteoles } in. long, linear-lanceolate, hairy. Calyx 3-3 in, long; segments lanceolate- subulate, acute. Corolla 3+ in. long, hairy outside, upper lip longer than lower. Capsule in. long, compressed, ellipsoid, subacute, hairy at the apex. Seeds very small, echinulate. Found chiefly in the drier western districts of the area. Flowers Oct. to Dec. Distris. Behar, Chota Nagpur and C. India to the Konkan; also in Trop. Africa and the Comoro Islands. 2.D. Roxburghiana, Nees in Wall. Pl. Ae. Rar. iii, 111; F. B. I, iv, 553; Watt #. D.; Prain Beng, Pl. 822. A herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stems nearly glabrous, Leaves up to 23 in. long, elliptic, acute, obscurely pubescent or glabrate, petioles about ; in, long. Flowers in terminal and axillary, usually sessile clusters ; bracts nearly } in. long, cuneate-elliptic or obovate, not acuminate, pubescent and with ciliate margins. Corolla 2 in. long. Capsule 3 in. long,. clavate, narrowed into a solid stalk, puberulous or glabrate. Seeds distinctly verrucose, Frequent in most parts of thearea. Distrir. Plains of Punjab and Bengal, extending to Assam and Bhutan. Var, bupleuroides, F. B. I, iv, 554; Watt FE. D.; Prain Beng. Pl, 822. D. bupleuroides, Nees; Collett Fl. Siml. 377.—A much more hairy lant than the type. It differs also in the bracts which are linear or inear-oblong and acuminate, and the margins are nearly parallel. Watt describes the capsules as much smaller and flattened at right angles to the septum.—Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub- 214. ACANTHACEX. —__[ Dicurrresa.- Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N.Oudh. Distris. Himalaya from Kashmir to N, Assam and Chittagong, up to 7,000 ft. ; also on the hills of Rajputana and C. India, extending to Afghanistan. RHINACANTHUS COMMUNISs, Nees ; Royle Ill. 298; F. B. I. iv. 541; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 819; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 415. Justicia nasuta, Linn. ; Roxb, Fl. Ind. i, 120.—Vern. Jui-pana.—An undershrub with oblong or ovate leaves and white flowers arranged in large panicles, —Cultivated within the area of this flora and throughont India. It appears to be wild in the Deccan and also in Ceylon where, according to Trimen, it is not cultivated. It occurs also in Java and in Trop. Africa as an introduced plant. The fresh root and leaves are used by natives as a remedy for certain skin-diseases, and more particularly for what is commonly known as Dhobi’s itch. GRAPTOPHYLLUM HORTENSE, Nees; F. B. I. iv, 545; Cooke Fl. Bomb. - ai, 416. Justicia picta, Linn.; Roxb. Fl- Ind. i, 117. A glabrous shrub with lanceolate leaves which are often blotched with white, and the ‘flowers are large and crimson.—Cultivated in gardens throughout the hotter parts of India and in most tropical countries. Probably wild in the Malay Archipelago. LXXXVI—_VERBENACEZ. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, simple or digitate, very rarely pinnate; stipules none. Inflorescence cymose racemose or spicate; cymes often compound or paniculate, bracts usually small; flowers often showy, 2-sexual or polygamous, usually irregular. Calyr inferior, gamosepalous, persistent, 5-4 (rarely 6-8)-toothed. Corolla-tube cylindric or dilated upwards; limb 2-lipped or subequal, 5-4 (rarely many)-lobed. Stamens didynamous (rarely 2 or very rarely 5 or 6), inserted on corolla-tube. Disk usually inconspicuous. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, very rarely 8-celled or almost 1-celled, entire or 4-lobed, style terminal, stigma usually entire ; ovules variously attached, 2 or solitary in each cell. Fruit a drupe, rarely capsular, 2-4-or 1-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds erect or pendulous, albumen (in the Indian genera) none.—Species about 700, chiefly in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. Flowers in dense spikes, opening centripe- tally :— Fruit with two l1-seeded pyrenes, calyx smal] :— Fruit indehiscent, succulent. Usually scabrous climbing shrubs . 1, LANTANA _ VERBENACE. 215 Fruit dey, the ' irbraneh easily separat- ing.— much-branched _ prostrate or ae herb . ° ; . 2, LIPpra. Frait of four l-seeded pyrenes, calyx tubular.—-Herbs . . ; : . 3. VERBENA. Inflorescence cymose, flowers opening centri- fugally :— Fruit indehiscent, of one or four pyrenes :— Corolla regular; stamens isomerous, equal ; leaves simple :— Calyx not enlarging in fruit, corolla purple or red, drupe wink eee 1- seeded pyrenes ‘ 4, CALLICARPA. . Calyx accrescent in fruit, mois white, drupe with one 4-celled pyrene ° d+. TECTONA. Corolla 2-lipped, Ribas dtaycaatons. leaves simple or digitate :— Drupe with one 4-celled pyrene :— Leaves simple, entire or toothed :— Flowers large, up toliv.long . 6, GMELINA. Flowers small . L ; . 7 PREMNa. Leaves digitate . ‘ . . VITEX. Drupe with four 1-seeded ee leaves simple: Calyx campanulate, limb truncate, or 5-toothed or almost 5-partite . 9. CLERODENDRON. Calyx rotate, widely patent, entire or obscurely d-lobed . . 10. HOLMSKIOLDIA. Fruit breaking up into four valves with one pyrene attached to each valve.—Trees or shrubs with simple leaves - ; . 11. CARYOPTERIS. ont 1, LANTANA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 562. Rambling er scandent shrubs, pubescent or scabrous ; branches 4- angled, sometimes prickly, Leaves opposite, petioled, simple, crenate, often rugose. lowers in peduncled capitate ovoid or cylindric ‘spikes ; bracts conspicuous, longer than the calyx, bracteoles none. Calyx small, membranous, truncate or obscurely 4-5-toothed. Corolla-tube slender, cylindric; lobes 4-5, spreading. Stamens 216 VERBENACEL. [ Lantana. didynamous, included, “anthers broadly oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; with 1 ovule in each cell, style short, stigma oblique. subcapitate. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe, containing 2 bony 1-celled pyrenes.—Species about 50, in tropical and subtropical regions, mostly American, 7 . L. indica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 46; Fl. Ind. iii, 89; Brandis For. Fl. 869 ; Ind. Trees 502; F. B. I. iv, 562 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 269 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 524 ; Collett Fl, Siml. 879; Prain Beng. Pl 824; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 418 ; L. dubia, Wall.; Royle Til. 300, t. 73, fig. 2. L. collina Dene. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 136,t. 141. L. alba, Schauer ; Brandis For. Fl. 869.—Vern. Ghaneri. pdpar-dani (Ajmer). A shrub, 3-8 ft. high; branches roughly hairy, long and straggling, 4 angular, sometimes prickly, yellowish brown. Leaves 13-23} in. long, opposite or in whorls of 3, ovate, acute or subobtuse, crenate-sergate, rugose and finely pubescent on upper surface, softly white-pubescent or subvillous beneath, narrowed or somewhat rounded at the base, petioles 4-2 in. long. Flowers inodorous, sessile, arranged in axillary peduncles heads or spikes 3 # in. long and elongating in fruit; pedun- cles 1-34 in., usually in opposite axils, 4-angled, thickening upwards; bracts up to 2 in. long, ovate, acuminate, softly hairy on both sides Calyz 3; in. long, truncate, membranous, densely hairy. Corolla with a pale purplish linb 4 in. across, hairy outside; tube 4 in. long, yellowish ; lobes 4, rounded. Filaments very short. Ovary glabrous. Drupe purple when ripe, enclosed in the thin transparent calyx. Plentiful within the area of this flora, in waste places. Flowers during the greater part of the year. Distris, Throughout the warmer portion of India and in Ceylon, ascending to 3,500 ft. in Kumaon ; also in Upper Burma, Afghanistan, Baluchistan and in Trop. Africa, The leaves are regarded by the natives as a cure for snake-bite. L. Camara, Linn.; F. B.I, iv, 562; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 269; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 524; Prain Beng. Pl. 824; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 419. LZ. aculeata, Linn.; Roxb. Hort., Beng. 46.—A large climbing shrub with prickly branches and orange-coloured flowers. It is a native of Trop. America, whence it has spread and become naturalized in many parts of the Old World. It appears to have been introduced into Ceylon about the year 1824, and from there to have spread through- out Peninsular India and northwards as far as Dehra Dun. Asan undergrowth in forests, although beneficial to some extent as affording shelter to young trees, it has nevertheless proved itself to be a very troublesome weed in deciduous forests, and very difficult to eradicate. L. trifolia, Linn.; F. B. I. iv, 563; Prain Beng. Pl. 824.—A small unarmed shrub with usually ternate leaves. This is also a native of Trop. America, and has been recorded as a naturalized plant by Royle and others fron N. W. India to Ceylon, as well asin EK. Bengal. It closely resembles DL. indica. we Lantana. ] VERBENACE. 217 ZL. crenulata, Otto and Dietr.; F. B. I. iv, 563.—A shrub with ovate lanceolate finely crenulated leaves, their upper surfaces very scabrid ; bracts narrowly oblong or subspathulate, scabridly hairy ; corolla yellow to orange.-- Recorded by both Royle and Falconer as occurring in N. W. India, and by Thomson as cultivated at Moradabad. It has also been found in 8, India. It is no doubt an introduction, but from what country is uncertain. 2. LIPPIA, Linn.; FI]. Brit. iv, 563. Calyx distinctly lobed or toothed, Fruct small dry, separating into. two 1-seeded pyrenes ; otherwise as in Lantana.—Species about 60, chiefly in Trop. America, of which two extend to India. L. nodifiora, Rich. in Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. ti, 15; F. B. 1. iv, 563 ; Watt E. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 378; Prain Beng. Pl. 825; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 420. Verbena nodiflora, Linn.: Roxb. Hort. Beng. 4. Zapauia nodiflora Lamk.; Royle Ill. 299. A widely creeping much branched perennial herb, branches usually root- ing at the nodes, subquadrangular, clothed with minute appressed white hairs attached by their middle, or sometimes almost glabrous. Leaves subsessile, 2-1 inch long, spathulate, cuneate and entire at the base, sharply serrate at the rounded apex, minutely strigose on both surfaces. Flowers sessile, arranged in dense globose peduncled axillary heads, elongating after flowering into oblong spikes; peduncles 13 in, usually from the axil of one only of each pair of leaves ; bracts ;}, in. long, broadly elliptic or obovate, mucronate, glabrous, base cuneate. Calyx ;';in. long, membranous, compressed, 2-lobed, hairy outside, closely covering the fruit, the 2 acuminate lobes projecting above in. Corolla white or pale-pink ;4-} in. long, falling off as a calyptra as the fruit ripens; upper lip bifid, lower 3-lobed. Frwit less than 3; in. in diam., dry, separating into two 1-seeded plano-convex glabrous pyrenes, A very common plant within the upper Gangetic Plain and found usually in moist places. Distris. Throughout the greater part of India and in Ceylon, and in all tropical and warm-temperate regions including the Mediterranean region. In North India the plant is used medicin- ally, being considered cooling. L. citriodora, H. B, and K. (Aloysia citriodora, Ort.) is the well-known * Lemon-scented verbena ’ and anative of South America. It is largely grown in the gardens of North India. 3. VERBENA, Linn.; F1. Brit. Ind. iv, 565. Herbs or undershrubs, usually pubescent. Leaves opposite or ternately whorled, toothed or pinnatifid. 2Zowers small, in terminal simple or corymbose spikes, bracts small, bracteoles none. _ Calya-tube 218 VERBENACER. [ VERBENA. ribbed ; lobes 5, short. Corolla-tube straight or curved ; limb oblique, somewhat 2-lipped; lobes 5, oblong, obtuse or retuse. Stamens didynamous, included; anthers ovate, 2-celled, cells subparallel. Ovary more or less 4-lobed and sometimes 4-celled even when in flower, style short, stigma obscurely 2-lobed; ovules 4, attached laterally near the base of each cell. #vuzt dry, included in the calyx, separating into 4 oblong pyrenes.—Species about 80, in temperate and tropical regions, mostly American. -V. officinalis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 20 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 4; Royle Til. 299; F. B.I. iv, 565; Watt E. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 379; Prain Beng. Pl. 826; Cooke Fl. Bomb. it. 437.—Vervain. An erect more or less pubescent perennial herb. Stems 1-3 ft. high. decumbent at the base, branched 4-sided puberulous. Leaves 2-4 in, long, variously lobed, narrowed to the base; lower ones stalked, pinnatified or coarsely toothed, more or less pubescent and usually hoary on the nerves beneath ; upper sessile, usually 3-partite. Flowers 2 in. long, sessile in dense bracteate heads which elongate as the fruit ripens into slender spikes up to 10 in. long; bracts ovate, acute. Calyx twice as long as the bracts and half as long as the corolla-tube, minutely 5-toothed, glandular-hairy. Corolla blue or lilac, hairy ; limb spreading, about 3 in. diam., lobes subquadrate, throat hairy. Fruit dry, pyrenes ribbed. On waste ground and also as a weed in gardens, mostly along the northern portion of the area. DisTRis. Plains of Punjab and Bengal, and up to 7,000 ft. on the Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards ; also in all temperate and subtropical regions, but not wild in America. The leaves and root are used medicinally by the people of the Punjab. The many varieties of the cultivated garden verbena,so extensively grown in Europe as well asin India, are hybrids and are supposed to be chiefly related to V. chamedrifolia, a species indigenous in 8. America. 4, CALLICARPA, Linn.; F 1. Brit. Ind. iv, 566. Shrubs or trees ; young branches stellately hairy. Leaves opposite, rarely ternately whorled, toothed or subentire. Jowers in axillary evmes which are shorter than the leaves ; bracts linear, inconspicuous, Calyx very small, campanulate ; limb minutely 4-lobed, not enlarged in fruit. Corolla small, tubular, subsymmetric, purple or red; lobes 4, subquadrate, spreading. Stamens 4, equal; anthers exserted, 2-celled, glandular. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, style linear ; stigma dilated, obscurely bifid, ovules 2 in, each cell. Fruit a small globose drupe; pyrenes 4, or fewer by suppression, 1-seeded.—Species 30, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. ; - CaLLicarra.)- VERBENACEX. 219 Leaves entire, finely tomentose beneath; drapes purple, becoming black when ripe. —_ small tree . . . . . Leaves closely crenate, stellately tomentose beneath, drupes white.—A shrub ° » 2, C, MACROPHYLLA, 1, C. arborea, Rowb. Hort. Beng. 10; Fl. Ind. i, 390; Brandis For, Fl. 368 ; Ind, Trees 511; F. B. I. iv, 567; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind, Timb. 525 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 827.—Vern. Ghiwala (Kumaon). A small tree, up to 40 ft. high; trunk stout, with grey soft bark. Leaves coriaceous, 6-8 in. long, ovate to narrowly oblong, acute, usually quite entire. base cuneate; upper surface glabrate when mature, densely clothed beneath with persistent tomentum covering numerous glands ; petioles 1-2 in. long. Peduncles as long as the petioles, closely tomentose. Calyx 3}; in. long, subtruncate, stellately pubescent. Corolla + in. long, pale-purple. Drupes }, in. in diam., purple, turning black when ripe. Sub-Himalayan tracts of North Oudh, where it rarely grows higher than 20 ft. Flowers April—June, Distris. Lower hills of Kumaon up to 4,000 ft. above sea-level and eastwards to Sikkim, Assam and the Khasia Hills ; alsoin Bengal, extending to Burma and Sumatra. The light- coloured wood is hard and close-grained and takes a good polish. The aromatic bitter bark is used in skin-diseases. 2, C. macrohylla, Vah! Symb. tit, 13, t. 53; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 393; Royle Ill. 299; Brandis For. Fl. 368 ; Ind. Trees, 512; F. B. I. iv, 568 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 263; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 525 ; Collett Fl Siml. 380; Prain Beng. Pl. 828; C. incana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 393.—Vern. Daya. An erect shrub, 4-8 ft. high; branches virgate, usually shaggy as well as the tomentose tips. Leaves 5-9 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base cuneate or rounded ; upper surface wrinkled, glabrate when mature, white-tomentose beneath with compound stellate hairs ; main lateral nerves 12-16 pairs ; petiole 4-}in. long. Flowers hardly jin. long, crowded in axillary peduncled globose cymes 1-3 in. across ; peduncles shorter than the petioles. Calyx less than 34 in. long, stellate-hairy; lobes minute, triangular. Corolla rcse- coloured ; lobes subequal, spreading. Drupes white. Dehra Dun, in swampy places, and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rvohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. Flowers chiefly during the rainy season. Distris. Bengal plain; W. Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards, ascending to 6,000 ft.; also in Assam and Pegu. The leaves applied hot are said to relieve rheumatism. 1. C. ARBOREA, 5. TECTONA, Linn. f.; Fl. Brit. Ind, iv, 570. Trees, stellately tomentose. Leaves large, opposite or whorled, petioled, cntire. Jowers many, in 2-chotomous cymes forming large 290 VERBENACEZ. [ Tectowa. _terminal panicles ; bracts small, narrow. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-6-lobed, enlarged in fruit. Corolla white, tube short, limb with 5 or 6 nearly equal spreading imbricate lobes. Stamens 5 or 6, adnate to the base of the corolla, equal, exserted, anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in cach cell, style ” linear, stigma shortly bifid. Fruit a drupe, enclosed in the enlarged 4-celled bladder-like calyx, endocarp bony.—Species 3, two of which are Indian, and the third is a native of the Philippine Islands. ™, grandis, Linn. f. Suppl. 151; Rozb.; Fl. Ind. 1, 600 ; Royle IU. 299 ; Brand. For, Fl. 354, t. 44 ; Ind, Trees 505; F. B.I. iv, 570 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 269 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 526; Prain Beng. Pl. 828 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb., u, 424.—Vern. Sagun, Saigun, Saj.— The Teak-tree. A large deciduous tree, 80-120 ft. high; branchlets 4-angular, stellately tomentose. Leaves about 12 in. long (or much larger in seedling specimens), elliptic or obovate, acnte or accuminate, entire, usually cuneate at the base; upper surface rough, but glabrous, the lower densely clothed with grey or yellowish tomentum, main lateral nerves 8.10 pairs. Flowers many, on short pedicels and arranged in large terminal much-branched tomentose cymose panicles 1-3 ft. long; bracts at the forks lanceolate, those beneath the calyx narrower. Calyz (in flower) 3 in. long, broadly campanulate, stellately tomentose ; lobes =; in. long, subequal, spreading; the whole calyx ultimately enlarging to lin. or more and forming a membranous bladder-like covering to the fruit. Corolla white, glabrous, limb Zin. across ; lobes subequal, spreading. Fruit subglobose, $ in. in diam., somewhat 4-lobed; pericarp soft, densely clothed with felted stellate hairs, 6. GMELINA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 581, Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinous; young shoots usually tomentose. Leaves opposite, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers large, yellow or brownish, arranged in panicled usually tomentose cymes; bracts usually narrow, rarely leaf-like, bracteoles none. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5 or 4-toothed or subentire, persistent and. unaltered in fruit. Corolla 2-lipped; tube slender below, swollen upwards, limb 5 or 4-lobed. Stamens didynamous, sub- -exserted ; anthers with oblong more or less separate cells. Ovary 4- celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, style slender, stigma shortly bifid. Fruit a succulent drupe; endocarp bony, undivided, 4 or 2-celled.— Species about 8, in India, China, Malaya and Australia. G. arborea, Rozb. Hort. Beng. 46; Fl. Ind. wit, 84; Royle Il. 299; ‘Brandis Hor. Fl, 3643 Ind. Trees 509; F. B. I. w, 581; Watt E. D,; GMELINA. | VERBENACEZ. 221 Kanjilal For. Fl. 264 ; Gamble Man. Ind, Timb. 537 ; Prain Beng, Pl. ‘829 ; Cooke Fl, Bomb. ti, 424.—Vern. Gamhar, gumhdr, gambhar ‘Kkhamara, sewan (Rajputana). An unarmed deciduons tree, up to 60 ft. high; bark somewhat corky, greyish outside and yellow within ; young parts covered with white mealy pubescence. Leaves 4-8 in. long, broadly ovate, acuminate, entire; upper surface sarge = when mature, lower persistently clothed with fulvous stellate hairs, base cordate or truncate and shortly cuncate ; petioles 2-3 in. long, cylindric, puberulous, glandular at the yap Flowers in small usually 3-flowered cymes which are arranged along the branches of a densely fulvous-tomentose panicle about 12 in. in length; buds clavate, angled ; bracts 4 in. long, linear~lanceolate. Calyx broadly campanulate, } in. long, densel fulvous-tomentose ; teeth small, triangular, acute. Corolla 5-lobed, 14 in. long, brownish-yellow, very hairy ontside; upper lip ?-4 in. long, deeply divided into 2 oblong obtuse lobes: lower lip about twice as long, 3-lobed, the middle lobe mach longer than the lateral ones and with a crenulate margin. Drupe 3-1 in. long, ovoid or pyriform, smooth, orange-yellow when ripe. Not uncommon within the area in moist sal forests, from Dehra Dun ' eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts; also in Merwara and Bundelkhand. Often grownin gardens. Flowers usually in April and before the new leaves appear. Distris. Outer Himalayan ranges from the Punjab eastwards, up to 3,000 ft., Aravalli Hills, Bengal and southwards to the Deccan, S. India and Ceylon; also in Burma, extending to the Malay Islands and the Philippines. The wood, which greatly resembles that of teak, is much valued, for it is easily worked and lasts well under water. Various parts of the tree op amg medicinally, and the fruit is much eaten by various kinds of deer. G. asiatica, L, Rowb. Fl. Ind. wii, 87; Brandis For. Fl. 365; Ind. Trees 509; F. B. I. tv, 582 ; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 537 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 829; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 425.—A spinous shrub with bright yellow flowers. It is cultivated in gardens within the area, and is found wild in 8. India, Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago. The plant is useful for making fences. The root is used medicinally and also the leaves which are said to render water mucilaginous. 7, PREMNA, Linn.; FI. Brit, Ind. iv, 571, Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Flowers small, greenish or white, often polygamous, pubescent, arranged in panicled or corymbose cymes; bracts small, nairow. Calyx small, cup-shapéd ; limb truncate or minutely 2-5- 222 ‘ VERBENACEZ. [ PRemwna., toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla small, tube short, throat hairy inside, limb 2-lipped 5-lobed or subequally 4 lobed. Stamens didynamous; anthers ovate or rounded, the cells parallel or divergent. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, 4-ovuled, style linear, stigma shortly bifid. Frut a small globose or oblong-obovoid drupe; endocarp hard, undivided, normally 4- or by abortion 1-3-celled. Seeds 1-4, oblong.—Species 40 or more, in the warmer regions of the Old World. Leaves usually quite entire and with a cuneate base, corymbs large, calyx é&-toothed.—-A medium-sized tree - - s - 2 Leaves more or less toothed when mature ; corymbs small, usually compact :— Leaves petioled, sparingly toothed, calyx 4- toothed. —A shrub or small tree. - . 2 P. barbata. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed, calyx 5- toothed.—A small almost stemless under- shrub ° . : . ° 3 . & P. herbacea. 1. P. mucronata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 80 ; Royle Ill. 299 ; Brandis For. Fl. 366; Ind. Trees 511. P. latifolia, var. mucronata, F. B. I. tv, 578. Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 264; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 537 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 831. Vern bakar, basota. A small or medium-sized deciduous tree; branchlets and young leaves pubescent or velvety. Leaves membranous, drying black, 3-6 in. long broadly ovate, sharply acuminate, usually quite entire, base cuneate; upper surface glabrous when mature, the lower hairy especially on the midrib, petioles 3-3 in. long. Corymbs broad, usually terminating short leafy branchlets, rusty-pubescent. Calyx 5-toothed, clothed with spreading hairs. Corolla greenish-white, 4 in. long, pubscent within. Drupe globose, verrucose. 1. P. mucronata, Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, often found on the outskirts of sal forests, recorded also from Bundelkhand. Flowers April-June. DistTRIB. Outer Himalayan rarges to Bhutan, up to 3,00) ft., also in N. Bengal and on the Khasia Hills. The wood is hard and yields good fuel, and it is sometimes used for lighting fires by friction. The juice of the bark is said to be used medicinally. Gamble (in his Manual p. 537) refers to a moderate-sized thorny tree which he found at Kasumri on the Saharanpur Siwaliks as having thin greyish-white smooth bark, and with the leaves drying green (not black), but otherwise resembling P, mucronata. 2, P. barbata, Wall. Cat. 1768; Brand. For. Fl. 367; Ind. Trees 5113 F.B.I.iv, 579; Kanjilal For, Fl.. 264 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 535 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 831.—Vern. Lamenar, lamnar, bakarchu (Dehra Dun). Paumsa.] VERBENACER. 223 A shrub or small tree with dark-grey bark. Leaves 8-7 in. long, oblong or ’ ovate, acuminate. obtuse or subcordate in fruit, usually distinctly toothed, sometimes with only a few teeth towards the apex, puberulous on both surfaces when young, nearly glabrous on upper surface when mature; main lateral nerves 6 pairs; veins reticulate, dark, conspicu- ous; petiole 1 in. long or more. Corymbs rather dense, 1-2} in. in diam., villous, glabrescent in fruit ; bracts small, linear, deciduous. _ Calyx ; in. long, subequally 4-toothed, glabrous or paberulons ; teeth oblong, obtuse, enlarged and ribbed in fruit. Corolla 4-} in. long, throat hairy within. Drupe } in. in diam., globose or subovuid, glabrous, subverrucose. Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun eastwards. Distris. Onter Himalayan ranges from the Chenab eastwards to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft. ; _ also in Assam, Bengal, the Central Prov. and Upper Burma. 3. P. herbacea, Roz. Hor!. Beng. 46; Fl. Ind. iii, 80; Brandis For. Fl. 368 ; Ind. Trees 511 ; F. B. I. iv, 581; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal, For. Fl. 264 Gamble Man Ind. Timb. 535; Prain Beng. Pl. 831. P. pygmea, Wall ; Royle Ill, 299, A small almost stemless undershrab. Flowering branches 1-4 in. long, Springing up annually after the jungle fires. Leaves 1-5 in long, in rosettes of 2 or 3 pairs, lying flat on the ground, sessile, obovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base, margins coarsely serrate, nerves pubescent ; upper surface (when mature) minutely gland-dotted, the lower clothed with very small deciduous hairs. Flowers in peduncled cymes arranged in terminal somewhat dense pubescent corymbs 1} in. in diam. Calyx {5 in. long, subequally 5-toothed, closely pubescent ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Corolla pale-yellow or greenish, } in. long, throat hairy inside, limb obscurely 2-lipped, lobes 4 Vrupe 4 in. in diam., globose, black when ripe. Dehra Dun and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers Feb.-May. Distr18. Subtrop. Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, usually in open grassy places; also in Bengal and in the Sikkim Terai, extending to the southern portion of the W. Peninsula. A good example of a plant belonging toa genus mostly represented by trees or shrubs, and which his become permanently dwarfed by contin- nous exposure to periodical fires. . , . 8, VITEX, Linn.; F). Brit. Ind. iv, 583. Trees or shrubs; young shoots hairy or tomentose. Leaves opposite, digitately %-5-foliolate (often simple in V. trifolia). Flowers in peduncled or sessi'e cymes forming terminal and axillary or wholly axillary panicles or corymbs; bracts small, longer or shorter than the calyx Calyx campanulate, trancate or shortly 5- rarely 3-toothed. Corvida small, 2-lipped, tube short, limb 5-lobed, 224 VERBENACEZ. [Virex: central lobe of lower lip usually largest. Stamens didynamous, usually exserted ; anther-cells at first parallel and pendulous, after- wards divaricate, often twisted so that their bases become suberect, Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, style filiform, stigma shortly bifid. Fruct a globose or obovoid drupe supported by the somewhat enlarged calyx; endocarp bony, 4-or by suppression 3-1- celled. Seeds obovate or oblong.—Species 100, in all tropical and warm temperate regions. 1. V. Negundo, Linn. Sp. Pl. 638; Roxb. Fl. Ind. tii, 70; Royle Jil. 299; Brandis For, Fl. 369; Ind. Trees 503; F. B. I. iv, 583; Watt E D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 265; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 539); Collett Fl. Siml. 380 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 833; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 428.—Vern. Shiwari, mewrt, nishinda (Dehra Dun), malla (Saharanpur) shamalu (Bijnor). A shrub or small tree, with a thin grey bark; branchlets 4-angled, densely white-tomentose. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets stalked, 2-2} in. long, lanceolate, acute, entire or rarely crenate, subglabrous above, white- tomentose beneath, petiolule of terminal leaflet 2-;in. long; lateral smaller and with much shorter petiolules, common petiole 1-1§ in. long. Flowers in peduncled cymes forming large terminal often compound pyramidal panicles; branches 4-angled, closely white-tomentose bracts 15-7p in. long, lanceolate, caducous. Calyx % in. long, white-tomentose ; teeth small, triangular. Corolla 2 in. long, lavender to blue, tomentose outside, hairy at the imsertion of stamens; upper lip deeply 2-lobed; lobes obtuse, mid-lobe broadly obovate, crenulate; the two lateral ones shorter, oblong, obtuse. Drupe about 2 in. in diam., black when ripe. Abundant within the area of this flora in waste ground and on the banks of streams, also much planted to form hedges. Flowers during the greater part of the year, but chiefly between March and April. DistrRis. Throughout India and in Ceylon. N. W. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. and westwards to Peshawar and Afghanistan, extending to Trop. Africa and Madagascar, and to China and the Philippines. The plant is much recommended for the regeneration and reclamation of forest-land, especially in those areas which are liable to injury by floods. The branches are largely used for wattle-work and in the manufacture of baskets, and the leaves laid over stored grain are said to keep off insects. The roots, leaves and fruit are used in native medicine, and the ashes are largely employed as an alkaliin dyeing. The plant appears to be not much eaten by cattle. V. trifolia, Linn., a species closely allied to the preceding, and with a somewhat similar distribution in India, is known only as a cultivated plant within this area. It may be distinguished by its simple or 3-foliolate leaves, by its sessile always entire obtuse leaflets and also by its rather larger flowers and fruit. Outside India itis found in Burma and in the Malay Archipelago, and from China, Japan and the Philip- pines to N. Australia. Crenopenproy.j) VERBENACER. 295 9. CLERODENDRON, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 589. Trees or shrubs, sometimes sarmentose. Leaves opposite, rarely 3-4-nate, simple entire or lobed. lowers in axillary cymes or terminal panicles, often leafy below, bracts conspicuous or small. ‘Calyx campanulate; limb truncate 5-toothed or almost 5-partite, persistent, often accrescent, sometimes coloured. Corolla-tube slender, usually long, limb more or less oblique ; lobes 5, spreading. Stamens didynamous, much exserted; anthers ovate or oblong, the cells Hel. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, with i ovule in each cell, style filiform, stigma shortly bifid. Fruit a globose usually succulent drupe, 4-grooved and separating into 4 pyrenes of which. 1-3 are sometimes suppressed.—Species about 100, chiefly in the warm regions of the Old World, a few in Trop. America. Corolla irregularly salver-shaped, 3 in. long or less:— Calyx not or only slightly enlarged in fruit :— Calyx-lobes long, ovate-acuminate ; leaves opposite, less than 3in. long . ‘ . 1. C. Phlomidis. Calyx-lobes very short, broadly triangular ; leaves often in whorls of 3, reaching more than 6 in. long ‘ ; Calyx much enlarged in fruit and turning red : ; . &. C. infortunatum. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, 3-4 in. long or longer . ; : : S ? . 4. C. Siphonanthus. 1. C. Phlomidis, Linn. f. Suppl. 292; Cooke Fl. Bomb. tw, 431. C. phlomoides, Linn. f.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. tii, 57; Royle Ill. 299; Brandis For. Fl. 363 ; Ind. Trees 507 ; FP. B. I. tv, 590; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 543 ; Prain Bena. Pl. 835.—Vern. Urut. A large shrub, or small trec, up to 30 ft. high; young parts pubescent. Leaves 14-2} in. long, ovate or subhomboid, obtuse or acute, coarsely crenate-dentate or entire, undulate, glabrous above, more or less puberulous beneath, base truncate or subcordate, petioles 4-3 in., pubescent. Flowers medium-sized, in small 2-chotomous axillary cymes forming a rounded terminal panicle; pedicels slender; bracts leaf-like, obovate or lanceolate, acute, Calya about 2? in. long., divided about }- way down, glabrous or puberulous, slightly enlargedin fruit; lobes ovate, acutely acuminate, veined. Corolla white or pink; tube § in. long., sparingly pubescent outside; lobes under j in. long, elliptic, obtuse, veined. Drupe 4 in. long,, broadly obovoid, black when ripe. Common in the drier parts of the area, and often found in hedges, also in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers during I 2. C. serratum. 226 VERBENACEZ:. [ CuzropENpron. the greater part of the year. Distris. Throughout the drier parts of India from the Punjab and Bengal to S. India and Ceylon, also in Baluchistan. The roots are used in native medicine. 2. C. serratum, Spreng. Syst. Veg. it, 758; Don Prod. 103; Brandis For. Fl. 364; Ind. Trees 508 ; F. B. 1. iv, 592; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 266 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 543: Prain Beng. Pl. 835; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 432. Volkameria serrata, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 62.— Vern. Barangi (N. Oudh), ban-bakri (Jaunsar). re A shrub 3-8 ft. high, or sometimes occurring as a perennial herb, nearly glabrous. Stems bluntly 4-angular, often burnt down during the perio- dicai jungle fires. Leaves sessile or nearly so, opposite or sometimes ternate, passing upwards into bracts, usually about 5-6 in. long, some- times much longer, narrowly obovate-oblong or subelliptic, acute or acuminate, usually coarsely and sharply serrate, glabrous when mature or more or less pubescent beneath, base cuneate. Flowers many, congpi- cuous, arranged in dichotomous cymes, the whole forming a lax more or less pubescent subpyramidal panicle 6-10 in. long ; bracts sub-persistent, obovate to lancelate, pubescent, often coloured. Calya 2 in. long., cup- shaped, hardly enlarged in fruit; lobes minute, broadly triangular, ciliolate. Corolla blue purple or white, 2-lipped, glabrous outside ; lower lip large, often directed upwards by reason of the twisting of the pedicels, usually purple; tube 2 in. long., cylindric, the 2 upper and 2 lateral lobes 2 in. long., spreading. Filaments curved, very hairy at their bases. Drupe about 4 in. long broadly obovoid, rather succulent, dark-purple when ripe. Common in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun eastwards. Flowers April-Aug. Distris. Outer Himalayan ranges up to 5,000 ft., and on the Khasia Hills, and thence throughout Cent. and 8. India to Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. The root, leaves and seeds are used in native medicine; the young leaves and the flowers are eaten as a vegetable, and the Santals are said to make use of the root for bringing about the fermentation of their rice-beer. ; 3. C. infortunatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 637; Royle Il’. 299; Brand. For. Fl. 368; Ind. Trees 507; F. B. I. iv, 594; Watt E.0.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 267 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 543; Prain Beng, Pl. 835 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 432. Volkameria infortunata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti, 59.—Vern. Bhant, karu (Dehra Dun). A shrub up to 12 ft. high, often gregarious; branchlets bluntly 4- angular, clothed with yellowish-white pubescence. Leaves 4-10 in. long, ovate, acuminate, entire or denticulate, sparingly hairy on both sides, base cordate or rounded ; petioles 13-4 in., cylindric, hairy. Flowers on rather long, pedicels, arranged in peduncled cymes and forming a large terminal panicle; bracts leaf-like, deciduous. Calyx } in. long (in flower), 5-partite, silky-pubescent, much enlarged in fruit ; segments broadly lanceolate, very acute. Corolla densely hairy outside, white ee Od CLERODENDRON. } VERBENACEX. 227 tinged with pink ; tube 3 in. long, slender; lobes -} in long, oblong, obtuse. Filaments glabrous. Urupe seated on the enlarged pink calyx, + in., in diam., subglobose, black when ripe. Abundant throughout the Sub-Himalayan tracts from the Jumna east- wards, also in Merwara and Bundelkhand ; often asan undergrowth in sil forests, and in open places near villages. Flowers Dece.-April. Disrris. Outer Himalayan ranges from Garhwal eastwards, and from Bengal southwards to Ceylon, and from Burma, to the Malay Peninsula and Islands. The plant is said to be useful in the reclama- tion of land. The leaves, juice and bark are used in native medicine. Edgeworth mentions that the stems are used in the Umballa district for producing fire by friction. 4. C. Siphonanthus, R. Pr. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv, 65; Royle Ill. 299; Brand. For. Fl. 364; Ind, Trees 508; F. B. I. iv, 595; Watt i. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 267 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 543; Prain Beng. Pl. 836; Oooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 433. C. verticillatum, Don Prod. 102. Siphonanthus st Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iti, 67. Vern. Barangi, chingari (Dehra un). A glabrous shrub, 4-8 ft. high; branches virgate. Leaves subsessile, about 6 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, tapering to the base, entire or sinuate. Flowers white, in a large terminal lax panicle of cymes ; bracts about } in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, pedicels 3-1} in. long. Calyx } in. long, 5-partite ; segments oblong, acute. Corolla white, glabrous ; tube 3-4in. long, curved; lobes ? in. long, obovate-oblong. Drupes bluish-green, seated on the enlarged persistent red calyx. Common in open grassy places in Dehra Dun and eastwards in the Sub- Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers in the hot season and sometimes again in Oct. DistRIB. Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. in Kumaon and eastward to Bengal, Sikkim sai Assam, also in Burma the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; extensively cultivated in both hemispheres. At once recognized by its oleander-like leaves, the very long corolla-tube and by its bluish-green drapes supported by the red persistent calyx. The root and the juice of this plant are used medicinally. 10. HOLMSKIOLDIA, Retz. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 596. Straggling or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in short cymes, axillary or collected towards the ends of the branches, bracts small, bracteoles none. Calya widely obeonic, subtruncate, membranous, red. Corolla cylindric, curved, limb oblique; lobes 5, short. Stamens didynamous ; anthers ovate, exserted, cells parallel. Ovary obtuse or obscurely depressed, becoming ultimately 4-celled ; ovules 1 in. each cell, laterally attached, style terminal, stigma shortly 12 228 VERBENACE. [ HoLMsxkIoLpD1a4-. bifid. Fruit an obovoid drupe, included in the accrescent calyx, divaricately 4-lobed about half-way down, pyrenes 1-4.— Species 4, Himalaya, Africa and Madagascar. H. sanguinea, Fetz. Obs. vi, 31; Dene. in Jacquem. Vog. Bot. t. 140 ; Brand. For. Fl. 370 ; Ind. Trees 506; F. B. i. iv, 596 ; Watt E. D.; Kanji- lal For. Fl. 267; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 544; Collett Fl. Siml. 380 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 836. Hastingia coccinea, Smith; Rob. Fl. Ind. iit, 65. Hastingia scandens Roab. l.c. 66. Yern. Rilhoul (Dehra Dun). A nearly glabrous straggling shrub, 10-30 ft. high. Leaves stalked, about 3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, toothed or entire, cordate at the base ; peticles about }in. long. F'lowers crowded in axillary stalked cymes. Calyz scarlet tinged with orange, much enlarged in fruit, tube very short ; limb spreading, about 1 in. in diam. when in fruit, membranous, circular, entire. Corolla coloured like the calyx, 3-1 in. long; tube nearly cylindric, curved ; limb short, obscurely 2-lipped, lobes unequal, lowest the longest. Drupe 4-34 in., nearly dry. Dehra Dun in shady ravines, and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts. Flowers Oct.-Dec. DistRis. Subtropical Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft., extending to Chota Nagpur, Assam and Burma. Often grown in gardens. 11, CARYOPTERIS, Bunge; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 597. Erect or rambling shrubs. Leaves opposite, acuminate, toothed or subentire, minutely punctate with yellow glistening glands. Flowers in small dense many-flowered cymes, axillary or passing into a terminal thyrse, bracts smal!, bracteoles none. Calyx 5-partite; seg- ments triangular or lanceolate, somewhat accrescent. Corolla 2- lipped ; tube short, cylindric, limb spreading, middle lobe of lower lip the longest, crisped or fimbriate. Stamens didynamous, anthers exserted ; cells divaricate confluent. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, style filiform, stigma shortly 2-fid. Fruzt a small globose capsule, separating into 4 concave valves with incurved margins retaining the seeds.--Species 5, Himalaya, extending to Japan. C. Wallichiana, Schauer in DC. Prod. xi, 625 ; Brandis For. Fl. 370 ; Ind. Trees 512; F.B. I. iv, 597 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For, Fl. 268; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb 544; Collett Fl. Siml. 381 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 836. Vern. Karui (Dehra Dun). An erect cr spreading shrub; bark grey, papery; branchlets 4-sided, young shoots grey-pubescent or subtomentose. Leaves shortly stalked, about 4 in. long, elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, toothed or subentire, canescent. Cymes arranged mostly in terminal thyrses 3-5 in. long a Caryorrerts.) VERBENACER. 999 grey-pubescent and glandular. Flowers fragrant. Calyx campanulate, in. long, enlarging in fruit, pubescent ; segments lanceolate, erect in ruit. 1-3 ribbed. Corolla $4 in. loug, pubescent and glandular, tube $ in.; limb $in. in diam.; midlobe of lower lip 4-4 in. long, blue, the other lobes smaller and white. Capsule globose, ¢in. in diam., closely pubescent, dark-blue when ripe. Dehra Dun and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers April and May. Distris. Punjab and outer Himalayan ea eastwards from the Indus to Bhutan, up to 5,000 ft., also in N. Bengal. The wood has a fragrant scent like that of cherry. The following, belonging to genera not indigenous within the area of this flora, are frequently cultivated in gardens :— Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl; F. B. I. iv, 564; Prain Beng. Pl 826; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii. 421.—A nearly glabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves elliptic, serrate. Flowers dark-blue, in long slender terminal spikes.— A native of S. America, but cultivated in most tropical and subtropical countries, and often occurring as a naturalized weed. Duranta Plumieri, Jacq.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb- 524; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 437.—An erect shrub with spinose branches. Leaves oblong lanceo- jate, acuminate. Flowers blue or white, in terminal racemes. Berries orange-coloured. A native of S. America and the W. Indies. It is much cultivated in Indian gardens, : Petrea voludilis, Linn.; Cooke Fl, Bomb. ii, 437.—A large woody climber with very scabrous ovate or lanceolate leaves. Flowers in copious racemes. Calyx large, persistent, blue. Corolla violet-coloured, caducous. A native of Trop. America. A very handsome climber when in flower. Congea tomentosa, Roxb., var. azurea, F. B. I. iv, 604; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 437.—A robust climbing shrub with densely tomentose branches. Leaves elliptic, acute. Bracts lilac, oblong. Calyx toothed 4 way down. Corolla white. This plant is found wild in Manipur, Burma and in Siam and is often cultivated in the gardens of N. India. - LXXXVII._-LABIATZE. Herbs, rarely shrubs, usually gland-dotted.. Stems usually 4-angled. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipules none. Flowere 2-sexual, irregular, solitary %-nate or fascicled and axillary, or in centrifugal spicate cymes which by their union in pairs form false whorls. Calyx inferior, persistent, more or less irregular, 4-5-cleft or distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla hypogynous, gamopetalous, !imb 4-5-lobed or 2-lipped, lobes inbricate in bud. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, didynamous or only 2 perfect, anthers with connate > 230 LABIATAE. discrete or confluent cells dehiscing longitudinally. Disk prominent. Ovary superior, of two 2-celled carpels; style simple, inserted between the lobes stigma usually 2-fid., sometimes unequally ; ovules 1 in each lobe, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 4 dry or rarely fleshy l-seeded nutlets at the base of the calyx, sometimes 1 or more sup- pressed. Seeds smali, albumen scanty or none.— Species about 3,000, chiefly in warm dry temperate re gions. ; Ovary 4-partite ; areola of nutlets small, basilar or placed somewhat obliquely to the outer side :— Stamens 4, all perfect and declinate, anther-cells at length confluent :— Attachment of nutlets basilar :— Lower lip of corolla declinate, flat or slightly concave, generally narrower, but hardly longer than the 3-4-lobed upper lip: — Calyx deflexed in fruit ; upper lobe widest, large, ovate, re- curved, the margins decurrent on the tube : Corolla-tube seca lower by flat, Z stigma 2-fid . 1. Ocimum. Corolla-tube emally «long, lower lip concave, stigma entire . ; 2. ORTHOSIPHON. Calyx suberect or declinate in fruit, upper lobe broader than the others, margins not decurrent on the tube :— Whorls crowded in terminal and axillary globose or ovoid heads with imbricate bracts, calyx sub- erect . : : : : 3. ACROCEPHALUS. Whorls forming long terminal spi- cate recemes ; bracts white, con- spicuous, calyx usually declinate 4. GENIOSPORUM- Lower lipof corolla deflexed, concave or boat-shaped, much longer than the upper lip := Calyx equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped, with a 3-toothed upper and a 2-toothed lower lip, or with the upper lobe large rounded and reflexed, the others narrow and subulate : 7 : 3 A 5. PLECTRANTHUS. LABIAT2. 231 Calyx very oblique, suberect, 2- lipped ; upper lip large, entire in- flexed and closing the mouth: lower lip truncate, obscurely toothed ; . A ; : Attachment of nutlets slightly oblique to the outer side, the nutlets also dorsally attached to the lobes of the disk and leaving a large areola on separa- tion; calyx-lobes subequal, 18-15- nerved ; corolla 2-lipped. lobes all flat and iia stamens included in the tube. ‘ : ‘ ; . 7% Lavanpuna, for) . ANISOCHILUS, * $tamens erect spreading or ascending :— Stamens 4, all perfect :— Corolla-lobes 4, flat, sub-equal and similar ; seamens subequal, anther- cells confluent : Calyx 5-toothed, teeth equal, stamens exserted, filaments usually _ bearded :— Lower lobe of corolla flat, spread- ing; whorls in elomerate or in solitary interrupted spikes:— . &. PocosTEMon, Lower lobe of corolla like the others ; whorls in slender dense continuous spikes i . . 9. DYSOPHYLLA. Calyx 5-partite; segments plumose in flower, pappose in fruit ; whorls inslender cylindric spikes ; ‘stamens of female £4: included, ‘filaments naked . ; : - 10. CoLEBROOKIA, Corolla 2-lipped, Eas pRB Pee — Anterior pair of stamens the longer :— Calyx 13-nerved, anthers 2-celled :— Calyx equally 5-toothed ; - dll. Micromerra. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped Calyx 5-10-nerved :— Upper lip of corolla short, nearly t; anthers of upper stamens 2-celled, of lower 1-celled, the cells transverse and parallel . 13. ANISOMELES, - 12, CALAMINTHA, 32 LABIATAE. Upper lip of corolla hooded :— Upper lip of corclla not woolly ; calyx 2-lipped, with a broad plate at the back, the mouth closed after flowering ; e Upper lip cf corolla woolly ; calyx 5-10-toothed, its mouth remaining open after flower- ing :— Calyx 5-toothed, leaves more or less lobed or cut :— Anther-cells connivent, calyx teeth spinescent Anther-cells divergent :— » A shrub, flowers white tinged with pink An erect robust, herb, leaves mostly radical, flowers yellow, nutlets bearded at the apex Calyx 6-10-toothed, anther- cells divergent : — Lower lip of corolla longer than the upper lip . = Lower lip of corolla shorter than the upper lip .~ Posterior pair of stamens the longer ; calyx 5-toothed, 15-nerved, stamens not exserted . . : . : Perfect stamens 2:— Lower (anterior) pair of stamens per- fect, filaments short; anther-cells linear, separated by an_ elongated connective which is jointed with the filaments ; upper arm of connective ascending and bearing one fertile anther-cell, lower arm horizontal or deflexed and bearing a fertile or an empty cell or naked, se pti trous . : Upper (posticous) pair of sre per- fect, anther-cells not separated by an elongated connective, nutlets subglobose . : ; 4 : 14, 15. 16. Tf, 18, ° 19. 20. 21. 22. SCUTELLARIA. LEONURUS. ROYLEA- EREMOSTACHYS. LEUCAS. LEONOTIS. NEPETA. SALVIA, Mos.a. OcimvM.] LABIAT&A. 233 Ovary 4-lobed, putlets with a large oblique tar intone! areola on the inner side ; stamens 4, perfect, erect, exserted from the notch or fissure of the upper lip. Corolla deeply slit behind and apparently 1-lipped, the two small upper lobes along with the small lateral pair springing from the contracted base of the very large lower lobe : ; ‘ ‘ ° . 2%. Trucrium. Corolla distinctly a, ; upper lip short, 2-lobed, notched ; lateral pair of lobes very small, springing from the sides of the very large lowerlobe .. 24. AJUGA, 1, OCIMUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 607. Strongly scented herbs shrubs or undershrubs. 2Vowers small, in 6-10-flowered whorls, spicate or racemose, pedicels with recurved tips ; bracts minute, caducous. Calyx 2-lipped, ovoid or campanu- » late, deflexed, enlarged and strongly veined in fruit ; upper lip broad, flat, decurrent ; lower with 4 mucronate teeth. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube short, not annulate within ; upper lip subequally 4-fid.; lower hardly longer than the upper, declinate, entire. Stamens didynamous, declinate, exserted ; filaments free or the lower pair connate below, naked or the upper toothed or hairy below, anther-cells confluent. Disk entire or 3-4-lobed. Ovary 4-partite, style-lobes subulate or flattened. Nutlets dry, smooth or subrugose, mucilaginous when moistened, basal scar small.—Species about 60, in tropical and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres. Pedicels as long as or longer than the calyx, the 2 lower cal.-teeth exceeding the upper lip 1. O. sanctum. Pedicels shorter than the calyx :— Bracts sessile, longer than calyx, the 2 lower cal.-teeth minute . ‘ 2. O. gratissimum. Bracts stalked, shorter than calyx, the 2 lower cal.-teeth longer than the upper lip :—= Corolla }-} in. long . R ; - & O. canum. Corolla 2-} in. long ° A : . 4 O. Basilicum. 1. O. sanctum, Linn. Mant. i, 85; Rowb. Fl. Ind. wii, 14; F. B. I. iv 609; Watt L.D.; Duthie F.g G. Crops, N. W. Prov. iii, 50 ; Kanjila 234 : LABIATA. { Ocimum. For. Fl. 272; Prain Beng. Pl. 843; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 440..—Vern. Tulsi, krishna tulst. Holy Basil. A much-branched herb, 1-2 ft. high, sometimes woody at the base ; Soa and branches clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves 1-2 in. long, oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, entire or subserrate, hairy on both surfaces and minutely dotted, petioles 3-1 in. long. HKacemes slender, 6-8 in. long ; bracts not exceeding the calyx. broadly ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, ciliate; pedicels slender, as long as or longer than the calyx. Calyex 2-4 in. long, elongating in fruit; upper lip much reflexed, broadly obovate, apiculate ; lower lip exceeding the upper, the two central teeth with long slender awns which curve ups wards beyond the upper; the two lateral teeth with short straight awns. Corolla iin. long, purplish-pink, upper lip hairy on the back. Filaments of upper pair of stamens witha small bearded appendage at the base. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid, smooth, yellow dotted with black. Much cultivated within the area by Hindus, and often occurring as if wild. This is one of their most sacred plants and is to be found in every Hindu garden and around their temples.-DistRis. Throughout India and in Ceylon, and up to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya, extending also from W. Asia and Arabia to the Malay Islands and Australia. Native country uncertain. Beads for rosaries are made from the woody stems, and all parts of the plant are used medicinally. 2, O. gratissimum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1197 ; Roab. Fl. Ind. wt, 17; F.B. I. iv., 608; Watt E.D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 843 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 441.—Vern. Ram tulsi. Shrubby Basil. A much branched shrub, 4-6 ft. high, young branches pubescent. Leaves 3-5 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, coarsely crenate or serrate, pubes- cent and gland-dotted on beth sides, base cuveate; petioles 1-23 in., slender, pubescent. Racemes rather short, simple or branched, rhachis softly pubescent; bracts sessile, longer than the calyx, broadly ovate, acuminate, ciliate ; pedicels softly hairy, shorter thanthe calyx. Calyz 2+ in. long, elongating in fruit, pubescent and glandular; upper lip longer than lower one, rounded and curved upwards in fruit; lower lip strongly nerved, shortly toothed, the two central subulate ones a little longer than the broadly lanceolate lateral ones. Corolla 2 in. long, greenish-yellow, hairy outside; upper lip {in. broad, teeth rounded ; lower lip longer and narrower. Filaments of upper pair of stamens with a bearded appendage at the base. Nutiets subglobose, brown, rugose. Cultivated within the area and apparently wild in Merwara.— Distris. Throughout India, in Ceylon and Java; found also in Trop. Africa, but its native country is not known for certain. The leaves and seeds are used medicinally. 3. O. canum, Sims in Bot. Mag. 2452; Royle Ill. 301; F. B. J. iv, 607; Watt E- D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 843; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 440. O. album, Ocrucu.) LABIATS. 235 Rowb.; Fl. Ind. wii, 15 (not of Linn).—Vern. Bharbari (Beng.), Ram tulsi (Bombay). Hoary tulst. = An erect much-branched herb, 6-24 in. high, young parts pubescent. Leaves }-1} in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, entire or with shallow teeth, gland-dotted ; petiole }-1 in. long, slender, hairy. Spikes 3-8 in. long ; whorls rather close, 6-fld.; bracts stalked, elliptic-lanceolate, ciliate ; dicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx} in. long, pubescent; upper ip rounded, flat, reticulately veined, mucronate, ciliate ; lower lip with the two central awned teeth longer than the two lateral ones and exceed- ing the upper lip. Corolla white, }-} in. long, upper lip broadly oblong, 4-toothed at the subtruncate apex, shorter and broader than the oblong obtuse lower lip. Filaments very long, the 2 upper ones toothed at the base. Nutlets ellipsoid, black. Cultivated in Bundelkhand and probably eisewhere within the area.— DistRIB. Plains and lower hills of India, also in Ceylon, Java and in Trop. Africa, where by some authors it is believed to be indigenous, The leaves are used medicinally. 4. O. Basilicum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 597 ; Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii, 17; Royle Ill. 301; F. B. I. iv, 608; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops N. W. Prov. and Oudh, part tii, 50; Watt EH. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 843; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 442. O. pilosum, and O. caryophyllatum, Kowb. Fl. Ind. wi, 16.—Vern. Kali tulst, babui tulsi Sweet Basil. An erect branching nerb, 2-3 ft. high, glabrous or more or less hispidly pubescent. Stems and branches green or sometimes purplish. Leaves 1-2 in. or more long, ovate, acute, entire or more or less toothed or lobed ; base cuneate, entire, petiole }-1 in, long. Whorls densely racemose, the terminal raceme usually much longer than the lateral ones; bracts stalked, shorter than the calyx, ovate, acute. Calya } in. long, enlarging in fruit, very shortly pedicelled ; lower lip with the 2 central teeth longer than the rounded upper lip. Corolla 3-3 in. long, white pink or purplish, glabrous or variously pubescent. Stamens slightly exserted, upper filaments toothed at the base. Nutlets about ;4 in. long, ellipsoid, black and pitted. Sweet Basil is much grown in native gardens within this area, and is some- times met with as if wild.-DistriB. Dr Aitchison considered, it to be truly indigenous on the lower hills of the Punjab. It is cultivated throughout the greater part of India and in Ceylon, also in Burma and generally within the tropics of the E. Hemisphere and in Polynesia. O. Basilicum is a more robust plant than O. canum and has much larger flowers and seeds. There are numerous varieties, differing from one another as to the degree of hairiness and in the colour of their stems and flowers. The form usually regarded as typical has quite smooth green leaves and white flowers. ‘The plant is strongly aromatic and is much used by-the natives asa flavouring ingredient. The seeds swell up in water and form a jelly which is employed medicinally. 236 LABIATA. [| ORTHOSIPHON. 2. ORTHOSIPHON, Penth.; Fl. Brit Ind. iv, 612. Undershrubs or shrubs. Flowers racemose in 6-or fewer-flowered whorls, bracts small. Calyx ovoid campanuvlate or tubular, deflexed in fruit ; upper tooth broad, membranous, margins decurrent on the tube ; lateral and lower teeth distinct or shortly connate, usually subulate. Corvdla 2-lipped, tube often slender, straight or incurved, upper lip 3-4-fid,; lower entire, concave. Stamens didynamous, declinate ; filaments free, toothless at the base, anther-cells confluent. Disk usually gibbous. Ovary 4-partite, style with a minute capitate or clavate entire or notched stigma. Nut/ets dry, ovoid or globose, smooth or nearly so, basal scar small. Species about 60, in the warmer regions of the Old World. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx : 1. O. pallidus. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx : 2. O. rubicundus. 1. O. pallidus, Royle Mss. ex Benth, in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii, 370 ; F. B, I. iv, 613 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 844 ; Cooke Fl, Bomb. i, 442. A low diffuse undershrub, 6-12 in. high ; branches many from a woody root-stock, 4-angular, finely pubescent or subglabrous. Leaves petioled, not scented, 3-14 in. long, ovate, obtuse or acute, coarsely serrate or cre- nate, glabrous orsparingly hairy ; base cuneate, entire, petiole 3-3 in. long. Racemes rather short ; whorls distant, 6-flowered ; bracts minute, hairy ; pedicels about as long as the calyx in flower, hairy. Calyx} in. long, enlarging to twice as long in fruit, hairy below; upper lip with 3 obtuse lobes; lower lip membranous, strongly parallel-nerved, the 2central teeth narrowly lanceolate and ending in a long up-curved awn exceeding the upper lip ; lateral teeth broadly lanceolate and with short straight awns. Corolla white or lilac, jin. long, tube about as long as the calyx ; upper lip shorter than the rounded and concave lower lip. Nutlets subglobose, smooth, pale-brown. Sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh (Duthie), Banks of the Jumna (Royle), Lucknow (T. Anderson), Bundelkhand (Duthie). Flowers in July. Distris. Throughout the greater part of India from Kashmir and the Punjab to W. Behar and southwards to Travancore ; extending to Gilgit, Baluchistan, Aden and Arabia. 2.0. rubicundus, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1i,14; F. B. I. iv, 614 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 844. O. virgatus, Benth. lc. Ocimum tuberosum. Rozwb. Fl. Ind. ii, 18. Plectranthus rubicundus, Don Prod. 116. An erect perennial herb with a woody often tuberous rootstock. Stems slender, 1-2 ft. high, 4-angled, pubescent or glabrate. Leaves usually ses- pile, 2-4 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely crenate or serrate, base cuneate. Flowers in rather distant whorls, bracts minute. Calyx ORTAOSIPHON, J LABIAT A. 237 hairy, lower lip with 4subulate ceeth. Corolla white or pink, }-} in. long, its tube twice as long as the calyx. Nutlets suborbicular, com- pressed, punctulate. Not uncommon in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun and the Siwalik range eastwards. Flowers April—June. Disrris. W. Hima- laya from Kashmir to Nepal ascending to 5,00) ft., and from W. Bengal to the Nilgiri Hills, extending to Upper Burma and China. Specimens obtained by Duthie’s collectors in the Bahraich District of N. Ondh are furnished with large fusiform root-tubers similar to those of Ruellia sufruticosa aud of other undershrubs which become modified by the action of periodical fires. This is probably Roxburgh’s Ocimum tubero- sum. Bentham’s Orthosiphon virgatus has taller stems much narrower leaves and shorter racemes ; the whorls also are more remote and fewer-flowered, the calyx is coloured and the corolla is smaller. This form was found by Wallich at Gorakhpur ; it occurs also in Dehra Dun (Duthie) and up to 3,000 ft.in Kumaon (S.and W.), and was collected by Collett in Upper Burma, 3. ACROCEPHALUS, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 611. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves small, opposite ,or whorled, petioled. Flowers very small, sessile ; whorls in terminal or axillary globose or ovoid dense heads with imbricate bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, ovoid, tubular in fruit, base gibbous ; upper lip flat, usually entire, lower-entire or 4-toothed, throat naked, Corolla small, somewhat 2-lipped upper lip subequally 4-lobed ; lower entire scarcely longer than the upper. Stamens didynamous, declinate ; filaments free, included, toothless. Disk small, gibbous. Ovary 4-partite. style shortly 2-fid. Mutlets dry, smooth, basal] scar small.—Species about 40, in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia, also in Trop. Africa and in Madagascar. A. capitatus. Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ti, 18 ; Royle Ill. 30% ; F. 8. I. wv, 611 ; Collett Fi. Siml. 384; Prain Beng. Pl. 844; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii. 443. An annual, 6-12 in. high. Stems simple or branching from the base, bluntly 4-angled, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves glabrous, 4-1} in. long, ovate or lanceolate, subacute, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base and often decurrent into an obscure petiole. Heads }-} in. in diam., globose or ovoid, often with 2 spreading leaves at the base, peduncles 4-angled. Whorls close ; bracts shorter than the fruiting calyx, broadly obovate, shortly acuminate, base cuneate. Caly# (in flower) 5 in.,long, elongat- ing in fruit, hairy outside ; upper lip oblong, entire, rounded at the apex; lower lip shorter, 4-toothed. Corolla % in. long. pale-purple. Nutlets oblong-ellipsoid, compreased, dark-brown when ripe. 238 LABIATA. [ AcRocEPHaLts. Dehra Dun (Gamble and Duthie), Moradabad (T. Thomson). Flowers July to October Distris. Throughout India, chiefly in the hilly districts, Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. from Kashmirto Bhutan, extending to Burma, Java and Borneo. ; 4. GENIOSPORUM, Wall, ; Fl. Brit. Ind., iv, 609. Herbs. Flowers small or minute ; whorls many-flowered, in long lax racemes or spikes, bracts often coloured. Calyx ovoid in flower, tubular in fruit, suberect or declinate, 5-toothed : upper tooth broadest, not decurrent ; lateral free or connate with the upper; lowest pair short, free or connate. Corolla 2-lipped, tube short, upper lip 4-fid.; lower declinate, entire. Stamens didynamous, declinate, filaments free, toothless. Disk swollen, gibbous. Ovary 4-partite , style-arms short, flattened. NutZets dry, ovoid or oblong, smooth or punctulate. Species about 12, in Tropical Asia and Africa and in Madagascar. G. strobiliferum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ti, 18; F.B.I. av, 610. Plectren- thus coloratus, Den Prod. 116. An erect puberulous herb. Stem 2-3 ft. high, obtusely angled. Leaves 2-5 in. long, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, base acute or rounded, petioles 1-3in.long. Flowers } in. long, arranged in spikes 2-5 in. iong ; bracts leaf-like, white, deciduous, exceeding the pedicelled flowers. Culyax pubescent, with 2 black glands on the lower lip, ovoid in flower, erect and tubular in fruit, throat glabrous. Corolla white with purple veins, lower lip narrow. Stamens exserted. Nutlets ellipsoid, black hispid towards the apex. Dehra Dun (Gamble and Duthie). Flowers July to Oct. Distris. In dry forests f-om Kumaon to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft., also on the Khasia ts. 5. PLECTRANTHUS, L’Herit.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 616. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers usually smal}, in lax (rarely close) panicled or racemose 6-8-flowered cymes. Calya usually 2-lipped ; lobes 5, subequal or the upper widest, enlarged in fruit. Corolla 2- lipped ; tube exserted, long or short, straight or decurved, throat equal or obliquely swollen ; upper lip usually short, broad, 4-fid., recurved ; lower much longer, entire, boat-shaped, stipitate or narrowed at the base. Stamens didynamous, declinate ; filaments simple, free, anther- cells usually confluent. Dist usually enlarged in front. Ovary 4- partite, style subequally 2-fid. Nutlets orbicular ovoid or oblong, smooth granulate or punctate, basal scar small.— Species about 90, in Trop. and Sub-trop. Asia, Africa, Australia and Polynesia. “) err PrectRaNTHvs.] LABIATH. 239 Fruiting calyx decurved, corolla blue. : - 1. P. Cotsa. Fruiting calyx erect ; corolla white spotted with pink . ; : . : : . . 2 P. ternifolius. 1. P. Coetsa, Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Prod. 117 ; F. B. I. iv, 619; Collett Fl. Siml, 385 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 447. A tall erect much-branched strong-smelling perennial herb, 3-6 ft. high. Stems stout, 4-angled, pubescent, often tinged with red. Leaves 1}-4 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate or iserrate, softly pube- scent above, white-tomentose beneath, base tapering into the more or less winged petiole, nerves and .veins prominent beneath; petioles 4-} in. long, stout, woolly. Flowers in many short cymes which are arranged in long axillary and terminal pubescent panicled racemes; pedicels slender, deflexed, hairy. Calyw clothed with stiff grey hairs, in flower jets In. long and campanulate, decurved in fruit and tubular; tube curved, 10-ribbed ; teeth subequal, acute. Corolla 4-1 in. long, lavender- bine, hairy outside, tube abruptly decurved ; upper lip obscurely lobed ; lower longer, boat-shaped. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid or suborbicular smooth, yellow. Dehra Dun, in the Nakraunda swamp (Kanjilal). Disrris. Sub-trop. and Temp. Himalaya from the Punjab to Mishmi, up to 8,000 ft.; aiso on the Khasia Hills and in Burma, extending to Afghanistan, the Konkan, Deccan, S India and Ceylon. 2. P. ternifolius, D. Don Prod. 117 ; I’. B. I. iv, 621; Kanjilal For. Fl. 272; Collett Fl. Siml. 386 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 846 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 516. Elsholtzia Thompsoni, Hook. f.in F. B. I. iv, 643. A bush-like herb, 3-6 ft. high; branches erect, densely white-tomentose Leaves opposite and ternately whorled, sessile or nearly so, thick rugose, ¥-6 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, Lase acute ; upper surface hairy, lower white-tomentose. Cymes shortly stalked, crowded in erect cylindric villous racemes forming terminal panicles, lower bracts leaf-like. Calyx tomentose; tube campanulate when in flower elorgate tubular and erect in fruit; teeth subequal, acute. Corolla white with pink spots at the base of the upper lip ; tube inflated, longer than the calyx, limb very short, Nutlets trigonous, acuminate. Dehra Dun, at Karwapdni (Kanjilal); N. Oudh, at Gadnghat (R. Thompson), Kheri forests :Hearle). Disrris. Outer Himalayan ranges from Kashmir eastwards, up to -5,(00 ft.; also in Bengal, the Khasia Hills, Manipur, Upper Burma and Tonkin. 6. ANISOCHILUS, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 627. Herbs or undershrubs. #Zowers small, in dense oblong 4-angled or cylindric spikes, bracts caducous. Calyz suberect, inflated below the middle, 2-lipped or 5-toothed, rarely ]-lipped; upper lip entire and deflexed, or short and minutely 3-lobed; lower lip short, truncate obscurely toothed or none. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube selnder, decurved, 240 LABIATZ. [ AntsocHiLus. throat inflated ; upper lip short, entire or 3-4-fid.; lower elongate, concave. Stamens didynamous, declinate, filaments free. Disk lobed. Ovary 4-partite, style 2-fid. at the apex. NWutlets dry, ovoid, smooth, basal scar small —Species about 15, all confined to India except one in Trop. Africa. A. carnosus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ti, 18; Royle Ill. 301; F. B. I. w, 627; Watt FE. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 847; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 450. A eriocephalus, Benth.; F. B. I. l.c. Plectranthus strobiliferus, Rowb. Fl. Ind. tit, 23. Vern. Panjiri. An erect annual, 1-2 ft. high. Stem stout, bluntly 4-angled, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, often tinged with red. Leaves rather fleshy, 1-25 in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, usually hairy beneath, petioles 3-13 in. long. Spzkes 3-1} in. long, 4-gonous in flower and becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncles slender ; bracts + in. long, ovate, acuminate, ciliate, glandular. Caly# pubes- cent, } in. long, enlarging in fruit; upper lip ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliolate, bending over the lower lip and closing the mouth of the calyx when in fruit; lower lip truncate, its membranous ciliate tip reflexed and appressed against the tube. Corolla pale-purple, 2 in. long, hairy outside ; upper lip short, erect, with shallow lobes. Nutlets suborbi- cular, compressed, polished and brown when ripe. Upper Gangetic Plain (Wallich), Banks of Jumna from Delhi to Allahabad (Royie), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowers Sep. and Oct. DIsTRIiB. W. Himalaya, up to 8.0/0 ft.in Garhwal and Kumaon, and southwards through C. and 8. India to Ceylon, extending to Ava. 7, LAVANDULA, Linn.; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 630. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves incised or entire. Flowers in 2-10- flowered whorls forming simple or branched spikes, bracts persistent. Calyz erect, ovoid, tubular, shortly and equally 5-toothed, 13-15- nerved. Corolla blue or purple. rarely white, oblique, 2-lipped; upper lip 2-fid., lower 3-partite, the lobes all spreading. Stamens didynamous, declinate, included, filaments free, anther-cells con- fiuent. Disk equally 4-lobed. Ovary 4-partite, style shortly 2-fid., the lobes flattened. Fruzt of 4 dry smooth nutlets, basal scar some- what oblique.—Species 30, chiefly Mediterranean. L. Burmanni, Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 151; Royle Ill. 300; F. B. I. iv, 631; Prain Beng. Pl. 848; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 1i, 452. Aslender erect herb. Stems 2-3 ft. high, simple or branched, 4-angled, pubescent. Leaves sessile or nearly so, 2-4in. long and as broad as long, pinnatipartite or deeply pinnatisect; lobes linear, entire or cut or toothed, obtuse or subacute? glabrous or pubescent above, pale and LAaVANDULA. | _ LABIATLE. 241 pubescent jbeneath. Spikes simple or more or less branched, or some- times subumbellate, bracts pubescent, 4-}in. long, broadly ovate and strongly nerved at the base, the apex ending in a long capillary awn. Caly# (in fruit) grey-pubescent, } in. long, tube somewhat curved ; teeth lanceolate, acute and with pennicillate tips. Corolla blue or white, nearly ¢ in. long, hairy outside ; tube 4 in. long, slender below; upper lip 4 in. long; middle lobe of lower lip twice as long as the 2 lateral ones.. Nutle¢s oblong-ellipsoid, mucilaginous when moistened. Central India at Indore (Jacquemont). This is the only known record of this plant as occurring within the area of this flora. There is, however, every reason to suppose that it is not restricted to a single locality. Flowers Oct. and Nov. Disrris. Chota Nagpur, and in Western, Cent. and 8. India, 8. POGOSTEMON, Desf.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 631. Herbs or undershrubs. eaves opposite, rarely ternate. Flowers small, in simple or panicled spikes or contracted racemes formed of many dense-flowered subcapitate cymes (whorls). Calya subequally 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped, 4-lobed; upper lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe often longer and narrower than the lateral ; lower lip flat, spreading, narrow, entire. Stamens 4, subequal, exserted, straight or declinate, filaments usually bearded, anther-cells confluent. Disk subentire, equal. Ovary 4-partite, style shortly 2-fid. NVutlets dry, smooth, ovoid or oblong, basal scar small.— Species about 30, in India and Malaya to Japan. P. plectranthoides, Desf. in Mém. Mus. Par. ii, 155, t.6; F.B. I. iv, 632 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 272 ; Collett Fl. Simi. 387; Prain Beng. Pl. 849, Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 454; Brandis Ind. Trees 516. Mentha fruticosa ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 6. A large gregarious aromatic bush; young parts grey-tomentose ; branches terete or subquadrangular, often tinged with dark-purple, pith large. Leaves 2-5 in. long, ovate, acute, doubly serrate, rounded or cuneate at the base, petioles 3-1} in. long. Flowers in dense villous bracteate whorls crowded in numerous stout cylindric spikes 1-4 in. long, the whole forming an erect terminal panicle; bracts leaf-like, up to 4 in. long, ovate, acute, softly hairy and glandular, enclosing a fascicle of sessile flowers ; bracteoles mostly linear-lanceolate, often tinged with purple. Calyx ;-+ in. long, glandular-pubescent ; teeth triangular-lanceolate, ciliate, usually tinged with purple at the apex. Corolla 4 in. long, white tinged with pink; tube} in. long, slender, curved; upper lip jin. long ; middle lobe longer and narrower than the 2 obtuse lateral ones ; lower lip shorter than the upper, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire. Fila: ments bearded with long lilac moniliform hairs. Nutlets minute, broadly ellipsoid, shining, dark-brown, when ripe. 242 LABIATA. [ PoGosrrmon. Abundant within the area, especially in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Debra Dun to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand. Distrris. W.- Himalaya up to 5,000 ft., Punjab plain, Bengal, the Circars and in the Bombay Pres., also in Upper Burma. The ashes prepared from the stems are used in some places as manure for young rice plants. The scent of the leaves resembles that of black-currants. The true patchouly plant, from which the well-known scent is derived is, according to Prain, P. Cablin, Benth. (- P. suavis, Ten. and P. Patchouli var. suavis, Hook. f. in. F. B. I. iv. 634). It is known only in cultivation, and it very seldom produces flowers. P. Patchouli of the F. B. Lis P. Hey- neanus, Benth. and is recogzized in commerce as “ Indian patchouli.” 9. DYSOPHYLLA, Blume; FI. Brit. Ind. iv, 637. Herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers minute, in dense long spikes composed of numerous close-set many-flowered cymes. Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed, teeth subequal, throat naked within. Corolla small, tube exserted or included, limb equally 4-fid.; upper lobe entire or 2-fid., lower somewhat spreading. Stamens 4, exserted, straight or subdeclinate; filaments very long, bearded; anther-cells confluent. Disk equal, subentire. Style 2-fid., lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth or granulate.—Species about 15, in Tropical Asia and in Australia. D. crassicaulis, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i; 30 ; F. B. 7: 1v, 640 y Collett Fl. Siml. 387; Prain Beng. Pl. 851. Var. pumia, F.B. I. iv, lcs Prainl.c.; D. pumila, Benth. lc. Mentha verticillata, Don Prod. 114. A dwarf annual. Stems few, erect, 3-4 in. high, usually subglabrous. Leaves sessile, flat, usually in whorls of 4, about }in, long, narrow- ly oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, distantly and rather coareely toothed. Spikes terminal, 3-1 in. long, dense, cylindric, sometimes interrupted below, rachis hairy: bracts exceeding the calyx, ob- lanceolate. obtuse, the lowest often leaf-like. Calyx hairy, teeth erect or conniving in fruit; lobes triangular, enlarging in fruit. Corolla purplish, tabe exserted. Filaments bearded with bluish moniliform hairs. Nwutlets very small, orbicuiar, compressed, pale, shining. Dehra Dun, in swampy ground at Kaluwala, elevation about 1,500 ft. (Gamble). Flowers in Dec. Distris. Northern Bengal. The type is abundant on the Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim; also in E. Bengal, Assam, Sylhet and on the Khasia Hills. The variety differs by its dwarf habit, much shorter spikes and the more hairy calyx. 16. COLEBROOKIA, Smith; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 642. A densely hoary or woolly shrub. Leaves opposite or ternate, petioled, rugose, oblong-lanceolate, crenulate or serrulate. Flowers Cone BROOKIA. | LABIAT&A. 243 small, functionally diccious, arranged in panicled spikes, bracteoles connate. Calya-tube very short; teeth long, subulate, elongating in fruit, capillary and plumose. Corolla small, tube very short ; lobes 4, subequal. Stamens 4, equal, distant, exserted in the male flowers, included in the female flowers ; filaments naked, anthers orbicular, cells confluent. Disk uniform. Ovary 4-partite, style 2-fid., pro- truded in the female flowers. Nutlets 1-4, obovoid, dry, with hairy tips, basal scar small.—A single species, confined to India and Burma. C. oppositifolia, Sm. Exot. Bot. ii, 111, t. 115; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti, 26 ; F. B. 1. iv, 642; Watt BE. D.; Kanjilol For. Fl. 270 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 547 ; Collett Fl. Siml, 388 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 851; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 458; Brandis Ind. Trees 515. (C. ternifolia, Rowh.; Fl. Ind. ti, 25.— Vern. Pansra, binda (Dehra Dun). An erect tomentose much-branched shrub 4-10 ft. high; branches stout subqnadrangular, grooved, usually jn whorls of three. Leaves rugose, softly hairy on both surfaces, crowded towards the ends of the branches, opposite or in verticils of three, 4-6 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, crenulate or serrulate, base acute, both surfaces softly hairy, petioles 8-1 in. long. Spikes axillary or in panicles towards the ends cf the branches, often 3-nately arranged, erect, cylindrical, slender when in flower, becoming much stonter in fruit; bracts solitary, ,', in. long, linear, pubescent ; bracteoles many, ,, in. long, connate at the base. Calyx 5-partite ),-} in. long; teeth subulate, plumose with white hairs, elongate in fruit and often with purple tips. Corolla ;; in. long, white. Nutlets usually solitary. , in. long, oblong-obovoid, hairy at the tip. Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, in ravines and by water-courses extending along the Sub-Himalayan tracts and eastwards to Gorakhpur. Flowers in Jan. and Feb. DistRis. Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. from the Indus to Bhutan.and more or Jess throughout the hilly parts of Cent., W. and S. India, extending to Tenasserim, Upper Burma and China. The weod is used for making gunpowder-charcoal, and the leaves are applied to wounds and bruises. 11. MICROMERIA, Benth.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 649. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually small, entire or toothed. Flowers small; whorls few- or many-flowered. in axillary or terminal spikes, rarely; panicled. Ca/yx 13-nerved, 5-toothed or 2-lipped, Corolla 2-lipped, tute straight; upper lip entire or emarginate, flattish ; lower spreading, 3-fid. Stamens didynamous, the lower pair longer, ascending, incurved and with diverging apices ; anther- cells distinct, parallel, at length diverging, ccnnective usually thicken- ed. Ovary 4-lobed; style 2-lobed, the lobes equal or the upper very 244, LABIATA. _ [ Mrcromerra. short ; the lower recurved, flattened. Nutlets 4, dry, ovoid or oblong, basal scar small. — Species about 60, found in nearly all parts of the world, but not in Australia. 1, M. capitellata, Benth. in DOC. Prod. vii, 218; F. B. I. iv, 649; Watt H.D.; Urain Beng. Pl. 852; Cooke Fl. Bomb. «i, 459. A slender herb, 1-2 ft. high, very aromatic, rootstock woody. Stems erect, 4-angled, pubescent, often tinged with purple. Leaves shortly stalked, 3-1 in. long, ovate or oblong, subobtuse, hairy and gland-dotted on both surfaces; margins crenate or entire, ciliate, petioles }-} in. long. Flowers in distant subglobose whorls; cymes of lower whorls peduncled, the upper sessile, the whole forming along slender spike- _ like raceme ; floral leaves smaller upwards; bracts small, linear-lanceo- late, hairy. Calyz ,, in. long (in flower), hairy and glandular, divided 3 of the way down into erect lanceolate ciliate teeth. Corolla % in. long, hairy outside ; upper lip pale-violet, oblong and slightly emarginate ; lower twice the length of the upper, dark-violet. Nutlets ellipsoid, smooth, brown when ripe. Dehra Dun (Duthie). Disrris. Chota. Nagpur, Deccan and on the Nilgiri Hills. 12, CALAMINTHA, Moench. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 650. Herbs or shrubs. eaves entire or toothed. Flowers small, whorls dense and axillary or loose and panicled or in spikes. Calyr 13-nerved, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-fid. and with narrower teeth, throat naked or villous. Corolla 2-lipped, tube straight, throat villous ; upper lip erect, flattish ; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous (the upper pair rarely imperfect ) ; lower pair longer, ascending under the upper lip; anther-cells dis- tinct, parallel or diverging. Ovary 4-lobed; style 2-fid., the lobes equal, or the lower larger. Nutlets 4, minute, subglobose, dry, smooth.— Species 40, chiefly in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere. Cc. umbrosa, Fisch. and Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. vi,6; F. B.I. iv, 650; Collett Fl. Siml. 393; Prain Beng. Pl. 853. Clinopodium repens, Rowb.; Fl. Ind. wii, 13. A small slender procumbent or decumbent laxly hairy herb. Leawes $-1} in. long, ovate, serrate. Flowers in small globose lax or densely flowered whorls ; bracts small, not forming an involucre. Calyz { in. long ; teeth of upper lip triangular, those of the lower longer and subulate. Corolla purple, hairy. Nutlets very small. Dehra Dun, rather common Distris. Temperate Himalaya from Kash- mir to Bhutan, up to 12,000 ft., Khasia Mts. up to 4,000, and in the h.lly CALAMINTHA. | LABIATA. 245 rtions of Peninsular India from the Konkan and southwards to ra es ; extending to Afghanistan, the Caucasus range, China, Japan and Java. This species is closely allied to C. Clinopodium (Wild Basil), differing by its more slender and procumbent or decumbent habit ; the bracts and calyx are much shorter, and the upper lip of the latter is more recurved. 13 ANISOMELES. R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind, iv, 672. Tall erect branching coarse and more or less tomentose herbs. Flowers purplish, in axillary whorls, or in lax-flowered branching panicled cymes. Calyx ovoid or tubular, straight, limb equally 5- toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube short, annulate within; upper lip short, erect, entire ; lower broad, spreading, 3-lobed; midlobe large, 2- fid. Stamens didynamous, exserted, the lower pair longer; anthers of upper pair 2-celled, those of the lower pair 1-celled, the cells trans- verse and parallel. Disk equal. Ovary 4-partite; style 2-fid., the lobes equal, subulate. Nwtlets ovoid, obtuse, dry, basal scar small.— Species about 8, from Trop. and Subtrop. Asia to N. Australia. A. ovata, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, vi, 264; Royle Ill. 301; F. B. I. iv, 672; Watt E. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 402; Prain Beng. Pl. 853 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 461, A. ovata, Var. mollissima Prain lc. Ajuga disticha, Heyne ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 2. A suffruticose herb, 3-6 ft. high, sparingly hairy to densely pubescent or almost woolly. Stems acutely 4-angled. Leaves 13-3 in. long, ovate, acute, crenate-serrate, thickly herbaceous, softly pubescent on both sidea, base truncate rounded or rarely cuneate, the margins entire ; pe- tiols 3-1} in. long, densely hairy. Whorls axillary, many-flowered, more or less interrupted below, crowded above, the whole forming a dense spi- cate inflorescence ; bracts }-2 in. long, linear, clothed with long stiff hairs. Calyx subsessile, + in. long, enlarging?in fruit, hirsute ; teeth about as long as the tube, lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Corolla § in. long; upper lip pale-purple,}ia. long, oblong, rounded; lower lip deep-blue, much longer, the midlobe deeply 2-fid. Filaments bearded. Nutlets 5 in. long, smooth shining and black when ripe. Very common within the area. Flowers after the rainy season. DistRis. Throughout India and in Ceylon, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya, extending to the Malay Peninsula and Islands to China and the Philippines. The form with densely woolly pubescence (A mollis- sima, Wall.) and regarded by Prain as deserving varietal rank is abund- ant within our area. ‘lhe whole plant has a strong scent resembling camphor. 14, SCUTELLARIA, [Linn ; Fi. Brit. Ind. iv, 667. Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence various. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, lips closing after flowering ; upper lip deciduous, furnished 246 LABIAT. [ ScUTELL ARIA on the back with a large deciduous shield or pouch (the posterior calyx-lobe), lower lip persistent. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube long, usually sharply recurved beyond the calyx and then ascending, dilated at the throat, not annulate within ; upper lip erect, galeate, entire or notched ; lower broad, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous ; the lower pair longer, ascending under the galeate upper lip; anthers conniving, ciliate ; those of the upper stamens 2-celled, of the lower 1-celled. Disk elongate. Ovary 4-partite, oblique; style 2-fid., the upper lobe very short. Wutlets 4, very minute, smooth, granulate or hispidu- lous.—Species about 90, in northern temperate regions, and on mountains in the tropics, abundant on the Andes, S. repens, Buch.-Ham. e« D. Don Prod. 110; F. B. I. iv, 669; Colleté Fl. Siml. 400. A diffuse pubescent or tomentose herb with long rather stout 4-angled curved brittle stems; branches crowded, ascending. Leaves stalked, _ 414 in. ong, ovate, acute, the lower ones usually crenate-serrate, upper entire ; base acute or truncate, rarely subcordate, petioles 4-l-in. long. Flowers i-} in. long. arranged in curved glandular-hairy racemes 4-10 in. long ; bracts 4-1 in. long, ovate, longer than the pedicel and calyx, but hardly leaf-like. Corolla dull-yellow with usually a tinge of purple, sharply recurved. Nutlets subgranulate. In the Sub-Himalayan tract of the Gonda district in N. Oudh. DISTRIB. Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim up to 6,000 ft., usually amongst loose stones, extending to Ava. 15, LEONURUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 677. Erect stout leafy herbs. Leaves lobed. Flowers small, in dense- flowered distant axillary whorls. Calyx 5-nerved, turbinate; teeth 5, spreading, spinescent. Corolla 2-lipped, tube naked or annulate within ; upper lip entire, erect ; lower 3-fid., midlobe obcordate. Sta- mens didynamous, the lower pair the longest, filaments ascending, anthers conniving, cells transverse. Disk uniform. Ovary 4-partite, style 2-fid.; lobes equal, obtuse or subulate. Frut of 4 triquetrous smooth dry nutlets, truncate at the apex, basal scar small. —Species 10, in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. L. sibiricus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 584; F. B. I. iv, 678 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 854 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 463. An annual, 2-6 ft. high, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Stems bluntly 4-angled, sulcate. Leaves 13-4 in. long, palmatipartite ; seg- - ments linear, incised, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, pale beneath and more or less pubescent on the prominent nerves, petioles Lronvrvs.] _ LABIAT. 247 4 up to 2 in. long. Floral leaves of upper whorls usually entire ; bracts } in. long, spinescent. Calyw 4-} in. long, eee or slightly ubescent ; teeth triangular, spine-tipped. Corolla red, up to 4 in ong; tube as longas the limb, annulate within; upper lip hooded, hairy ; lower equalling the upper, the 2 lateral lobes rounded. Nutlets zy in. long. Widely dispersed within the area, but often as a naturalized plant. - Flowers after the rainy season. DistTris. Plains of India from Bengal and Sylhet to Kurg, but doubtfully indigenous. The plant has spread to Africa and America from trop. Asia. 16. ROYLEA, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 679. A tall hoary shrub or undershrub. Leaves shortly petioled, deeply crenate-toothed or lobed. Whor/s axillary, 6-10-flowered ; bracteoles small, subulate. Calyzx-tube cylindric, 10-nerved; lobes 5, large, obevate-oblong, obtuse, rigid, reticulate-veined. Corolla white or inkish ; tube included, sabes. annulate within; upper lip erect, ooded, entire ; lower spreading, 3-fid.; midlobe longest, entire. Sta- mens didynamous, lower pair longer; anthers conniving, the cells diverging. Style-lobes subequal, subulate. Nutlets ovoid- oblong, obtuse, smooth.—A single species, restricted to the Western Himalaya ascending to 5,000 ft. from the base of the outer ranges. R. calycina, Briquet in Engl. and Prantl. Pfllanzenf. iv, 3 a, 260. R: elegans, Wall.; F. B. I. iv, 679 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 271; Gamble Man: Ind. Timb. 548 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 404 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 515. Phlomis ealycina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 11. Ballota cinerea, Don Prod. 111.—Vern. Kaur (Punjab), karanoi (Jaunsar), titpati (Garhwal). An erect much-branched shrub with grey bark, 3-5-ft. high ; branches slender, terete, pale-brown, finely tumentose. Leaves 1-14 in. long. ovate, acute, deeply crenate or lobed, finely tomentose beneath, base caneate, petioles 3-i in long. Flowers 4 in. long. Calya (in flower) nearly as long as the corolia; lobes erect, oblong, obtuse, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla } in. long, white or pinkish, hairy, upper lip hooded. Nutlets 4 in. long. Dehra Din Duistrris. W. Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal up to 5,000 ft.; abundant on bill-sides and often gregarious. Stewart states that the plant is used medicinally for its bitter tonic properties. 17. EREMOSTACAHYS, Bunge.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 694, Erect herbs, usually not much branched. Radical leaves broad, toothed or incised; cauline few, smaller. Whorls densely many- flowered, axillary or in a terminal spike. Calyx subcampanulate, 248 LABIATZ. [ EpEMosracHys. dilated upwards into a broad membranous limb; teeth 4, equal, setaceous. Corolla 2-lipped, tube included ; upper lip erect, hooded, bearded within ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, midlobe largest. Stamens didynamous, ascending, the lower pair longer, filaments of apper pair fimbriate or appendaged at the base; anthers conniving, cells divaricate. Disk equal. Style-lobes equal, or the upper one shorter. Nutlets obovoid, triquetrous, truncate, their summit densely hairy.— Species 27, in W. Asia. E. superba, Royle ex Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc iii, 381; Il. 303, t. 74; F. B. I. iv, 695. ‘ A robust softly hairy herb, about 2 ft, high. Stem annual, from a large tuberous rootstock, erect, unbranched. Radical leuves petioled, 8-12 in. long, ovate in outline, pinnatisect, segments lobulate ; lobules broad, obtuse ; cauline leavesfew, small, pinnatifid. Whorls many-flowered, crowded on a stout woolly spike 6-10 in. long ; floral leaves erect, ovate. acute, concave, enclosing the flowers, deciduous. Calyx woolly, 2 in, long ; mouth truncate, shortly and broadly 5-lobed. Cor lla yellow tube included ; upper lip galeate, 4 in long, villous. Siwalik range near the Mohand Pass (Royle, etc.). DistRis.: Punjab, near Peshawar (Vicary). An extremely local and very handsome plant. When cuitivated in the Saharanpur garden, it used often to make its appearance as an escape on sheltered parts of the lawns. 18. LEUCAS, R. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 630. Herbs or undershrubs, usually woolly or villous. Flowers usually white, in axillary mostly distant whorls. Calyx 10-nerved, striate ; mouth equal or oblique, equally or unequally 6-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube included, annulate or naked within; upper lip erect, concave, externally villous; lower spreading, 3-fid., midlobe very large. Stamens didynamous, the lower pair longer, filaments ascend- ing; anthers conniving, the cells divaricate, at length confluent, Disk entire or lobed, equal or glandular in front. Ovary 4-partite ; style subulate at the apex, the posterior lobe obsolete. Nutlets 4, ovoid, triquetrous, obtuse, dry, basal scar small—Species about 100, chiefly in Asia and Africa. Calyx-mouth oblique :— Mouth of calyx split above, much produced below : 3 : ° i : - 1. L. urticefolia. Mouth of calyx projecting forward above :— Calyx-teeth very short:— LABIATA. 249 Mouth of calyx glabrous within, whorls both axillary and terminal :— Perennial, bispidly hairy; bracts few, subulate, mouth of calyx wide 2. L. hyssopifolia. Annual, mouth of calyx contracted :— Calyx smooth below ; bracts long, linear, filiform . ‘ ° - & L. aspera, Calyx smooth throughout ; bracts few, short F , : . 4. DL. linifolia. Mouth of calyx hairy within; whorls terminal, very large, subglobose; bracts many, large,awned . . . 5. L. Cephalotes. Calyx-teeth long and slender . ° . 6. L. nutans, Calyx-mouth straight or nearly so :— Whorls many-flowered, flowers almost ses- sile, leaves and calyx more or less pubes- cent :— Hairs on the stem and branches erect or spreading, not deflexed : ¢ - 7 DL, lanata. Hairs on the stem and branches deflexed 98. DL. mollissima. Whorls_ 1-2-flowered. flowers pedicelled, leaves and calyx subglabrous . . . 9 L. precumbens, 1. L. urticaefolia, R. Br. Prod. 504; Royle Ill. 801; F.B.I. iv, 680 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 855 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 464. Phlomis urticefolia, Vahl ; Roab. Fl. Ind. iii, 11. A tomentose or hairy annual, 6-18 in. high. Stems bluntly 4-angled, finely pubescent. Leaves rather thin, 13-3 in. long, ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, acute or rounded at the base, petioles 3-1 in. long. Flowers in dense distant globose whorls up to 1 in. in diam. ; bracts shortly stalked, # in. long, narrowly lanceolate, aristate, ciliate, distinctly veined. Calya 4-$in., cylindric, pubescent or villous; mouth very oblique, about 10- toothed ; upper lip very smalJl, with minute spinescent teeth; lower lip much prolonged, truncate, membranous and reticulate-veined, the 3 lowest teeth the largest. Corolla white; tube+in. long, not annulate within, upper lip villous outside, midlobe of lower lip 2-fid. Nutlets j; in. long, obovoid-oblong, 3-gonous, glandular on the obliquely truncate apex, brown when ripe. Merwara, Bundelkhand and in the districts of Agra and Delhi, extending eastwards to Patna (Madden). DisTris. Punjab Plain, W. Behar, Sind, Gujarat, Deccan and southwards to the Nilgiris, extending to Baluchistan, Arabia and Abyssinia. 250 LABIATA. [ Levcas. 2.L. hyssopifolia, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i, 60; F. B.I. iv, 690 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 405; Prain Beng. Pl. 855. An erect. hispidly hairy much-branched perennial herb, 4-8 in. high, hairs on stems usually spreading, rootstock woody. Leaves sessile, spreading or ascending, 1-2 in. long, linear, obtuse, often rigid; margins entire, recurved. Flowers 2 in. long, in small axillary and terminal whorls 3-3 in. in diam.; bracts few, slender, subulate. Calyx in. long, obconic, glabrous ; mouth very oblique, wide, truncate, glabrous within; teeth minute, erect. Dehra Dun and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh to Gorakhpur. Flowers in Oct. DistTRiB. Subtropical Himalaya from Jamu to Sikkim, up to 3,000 ft., also in Chota Nagpur. 3. lL. aspera. Spreng. Syst ti, 745 ; F. B. I. iv, 490; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 855 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. vi, 465. Phlomis esculenta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. itt, 10 An annual, 6-18 in. high, very variable. Stem stout erect, diffusely branched from below, hispid or scabrid, branches 4-angled. Leaves subsessile or with distinct petioles, linear or oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, more or less pubescent, base tapering, petioles ;4-; in. long. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in terminal and axillary whorls upto 1 in. in diam.; bracts nearly as long as the calyx, linear, acute and tipped with a bristle, margins ciliate. Calya 3-3 in. long; tube curved, constricted above the nutlets, lower portion usually glabrous, upper half ribbed and hispid or scabrid; mouth small, very oblique, not villous; upper lip produced forward; teeth small, triangular, bristle-tipped, ciliate, the upper one the largest. Corolla 3 in. long; tube § in., enlarged and hairy above, annulate within; upper lip + in. long, densely white-woolly ; lower lip longer than upper; midlobe obovate, larger than the acute lateral ones. Niitlets {5 in. long, oblong with a subtruncate apex, smooth, brown. Common within the area. Flowers Feb. to April. DistTris. Punjab. Plain, Behar and more or less throughout India, extending to Mauritius, Java and the Philippine Islands. 4. L, linifolia. Spreng. Syst. wi, 743; F. B. I. iv, 690 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 856 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 11, 465. Phlomis zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iit, 9. An erect pubescent or tomentose annual, 1-23 ft. high. Stem usually stout and much branched below, branches 4-angled. Leaves sessile or shortly stalked, 13-4 in. long, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or remotely _ serrate, clothed with appressed hairs or subglabrous, base tapering. Flowers shortly stalked, arranged in axillary and terminal whorls 3-3 in. in diam., usually towards the ends of the branches ; bracts shorter than the calyx, setaceous, finely pubescent. Calya 4-3 in-, glabrous or slightly pubescent; mouth very oblique, glabrous within; upper tooth large, Leveas.]) LABIAT&®. 251 much produced forwards, very acute; the other teeth minute, distant, erect. Corolla white, less than } in. long; tube $ in., annulate within; upper lip } in. long, white-woolly, lower lip 4in. long. Nutlets } in., oblong, rounded at the apex, brown when ripe. Dehra Dun, in cultivated ground. DistTR1s. Plains of India from Assam and Bengal, southwards to the Konkan, Deccan and Travancore, extend- ing to Mauritius and the Malay Islands. Roxburgh mentions that this plant is used by the Brahmins to decorate their idols. 5. L. Cephalotes, Spreng. Syst. ii, 743 ; F. B. I. iv, 659; Watt E. D.; Collett Fl Siml. 405; Prain Beng. Pl. 856; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ti, 466: Phlomis Cephalotes, Koen. ex Roxb; Fl. Ind. wii, 10.—Vern. Dhurpi sag. A pubescent or scaberulous annual, 1-3 ft. high, stems and branches obtu- sely angled, clothed with spreading hairs. Leaves 1}-4 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, subacute, crenate-serrate, membranous, pubescent, tapering to the base, petioles 4-} in. Flowers sessile, in large dense globose terminal whorls 1-2 in. in diam., floral leaves similar to the cauline; bracts 4-$ in. imbricate, leaf-like, acute and awned, green, thin, reticu- lately veined, ciliate. Calya tubular, slightly curved, 3-{ in. long, lower half glabrous, upper half pubescent outside and within, month oblique ; teeth minute, subequal, narrowly triangular-subulate. Corolla fin. long, tube annulate within ; upper lip } in. long, white-woolly ; lower lip longer, its midlobe truncate. Nutlets 4 in. long, obovoid- oblong, smooth, brown. A common weed in cultivated ground over the greater portion of the area. DistrRiB. Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan'up to 6,000 ft., and south- wards throughout India, but not in Ceylon. It is found in Afghanistan. 6. L. nutans, Spreng. Syst. ii, 743; F. B. I. iv, 688; Prain Beng. Pl. 856 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 466. A small straggling diffusely branched annual, 2-12 in. high; stems and’ branches 4-angled, laxly hairy. Leaves sessile or shortly stalked, 1-2 in Jong, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, subserrate. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in terminal and axillary many-flowered whorls about Sin, in diam.; bracts }-} in., leaf-like, slender, lanceolate, acute and bristle-tipped, veined, ciliate. Calyx (in fruit) 2 in. long, falcately decurved, strongly ribbed, hispid, tube hairy within, mouth oblique, the internal villi shorter than the teeth; teeth 10, the uppermost one the largest, the rest subequal and about ;5 in. long, lanceolate, spine- tipped, ciliate. Corolla white, over }in. long; tube slender, annulate within near the base ; upper lip white-woolly, { in. long; lower } in.; midlobe obovate, rounded. Nutlets } in. long, narrowly oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, brown. Dehra Dun and in the Saharanpur District, alsointhe Jumna ravines of the Agra district. Disrrie. Punjab Plain Parasnath in Bengal, Sind, and southwards to the Deccan and 8, India, and also in Burma, 252 LABIATA. » [ Levcas. 7. L. lanata, Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. «4, 61; F. B. I. iv, 681; Collett Fl. Siml. 405 : Prain Beng. Pl. 856 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 468. A softly woolly or subsilky perennial herb, 2-3 ft. high; rootstock stout, - woody; stem and branches bluntly 4-angled, clothed with- erect hairs. Leaves thick, sessile or shortly petioled, 1-3 in. long, ovate, obtuse or acute, crenate or subserrate, rugose softly tomentose or silky, rounded or cuneate at the base. Flowers sessile, in many-flowered axillary whorls; bracts shorter than the calyx, setaceous, densely hairy and ciliate. Calyx sin. long, very silky outside, upper half of tube villous inside, mouth truncate; teeth minute, triangular-subulate. Corolla white, exceeding }in.; tube as long as the calyx, annulate above the middie; upper lip densely silky on both sides, midlobe of lower lip obovate, 2-tid. Nutlets oblong-obovoid, apex obliquely truncate. Dehra Dun at Kansrao (Wallich), Gonda district of N. Oudh. (Duthie), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Distris. W. Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon, up to 8,000 ft. and from the Konkan and Kanara to the Nil- giris, extending to Upper Burma and S. China. 8. L. mollissima, Wall Pl. As. Rar. i, 62; Royle Ill. 301; F. B.I. iv, 682, Watt B. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 856 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wt, 469. A straggling much-branched hoary-tomentose herb. Stems 3-4 ft. long, 4-angled; branches slender, clothed with appressed deflexed hairs. Leaves sessile or nearly so,135-2} in. long, ovate or ovate-lancolate usually acute, serrate; upper surface sparsely clothed with appressed hairs, densely white-tomentose beneath. Flowers subse- ssile, arranged in distant many-flowered whorls ; bracts shorter than the calyx, linear, hairy. Calyx 4-3 in. long, silky-villous outside, the upper half densely silky inside; teeth very short, triangular-subulate. Corolla white or purplish, tin. long, tube annulate above the middle ; upper lip densely silky on both sides; midlobe of lower lip obovate, 2-fid. Nutlets 3; in. long, oblong-obovoid, obtusely truncate at the apex. Dehra Dun, N Oudh, Bundelkhand, often found climbing amongst bushes. DistrRis. Subtropical Himalaya in Nepal and Kumaon, Bengal, Orissa, Khasia Mts. up to 4,000 ft., C. India, Konkan, Kanara, 8S. India and in Ceylon, extendiug to China. VaR. seaberula, F. B. I. lc.; Watt BE. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. l.c—More glabrous; calyx hispid.—Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. DistRris. Chota Nagpur, C. India and Khasia Mts. 9. L. procumbens, Desf. in Mem. Mus. Par. xi,7,t.3, f. 2; Royle Ill. 301; F. B. I. iv, 683 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 857 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ui, 470 ; Phlomis biflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti, 12 (in part). A procumbent perennial herb, root-stock woody; stems and branches slender, 2-3 ft. long, 4-angled, more or less pubescent on the angles, Leaves stalked 3-13 in. long, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, acute, serrate, Laveas.] LABIAT&. 953 membranous, subglabrous, base usually acute, petioles t-} in. long. Whorls axillary, lax, 1-3-flowered, pedicels filiform, up to } in. ; bracts minute, ciliate. Calyx A in. long, nearly glabrous, reticulate-veined, tapering to the base ; teeth 10, subequal, lanceolate, acute, usually less than ;'5 in. long, ciliate. Corolla white, § in, long, tube annulate within, midlobe of lower lip emarginate. Nutlets js; in. long, obovoid, truncate at the apex. Bundelkhand (Duthie). Distris. Cent.and E. Bengal, Nimar district of Cent. Prov., Belgaum, Kanara and Mysore, Leucas sp, A small erect more or less hispid perennial herb with a woody root-stock. Stems rather slender, sparingly hispid with short appressed ascending hairs. Leaves sub-erect, }-1 in. long, linear or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base into a very short petiole ; margins entire, revolute ; upper surface strigose with short white hairs, glabrous and minutely gland-dotted between the prominent hispid midrib and nerves, Whorls small, confined to the upper axils, few-flowered ; bracts slender, linear-subulate, shorter than the calyx, hispidly ciliate. Calyx + in, long, obconic, tube almost glabrous except on the hispid ribs ; mouth wide, slightly oblique, margin shortly ciliate; teeth distant, very minute, subequal. Corolla-tube about + in. long, not annulate within, midlobe of lower lip 3 in. long Filaments sparsely pilose.—Near Indalpur in the Shahjehanpur district of Rohilkhand (Duthie No. 4316). Vern. Chota guma.—Resembles L. hyssopifolia in general habit, but the hairs on the stems are ascending (not spreading); the very rigid leaves are more erect, the whorls which are confined to the upper axils are smaller and fewer-flowered, and the mouth of the calyx is only slightly oblique, The above-mentioned characters indicate a possible alliance with L. diffusa, but the habit is very different. I have given provision- ally the name of LD, linearifolia to the specimens in the Kew herbarium, as the material is hardly sufficient for a complete description. 19. LEONOTIs, R. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 691. Herbs or shrubs. lowers rather large, scarlet or yellow, arranged in axillary densely many-flowered whorls; bracts many, slender. Calyx 10-nerved, tube often incurved ; mouth oblique, with 8-10 rigid teeth, upper tooth largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip long, concave, with w villous crown ; lower very small, 3-lobed, the midlobe largest. Stamens didynamous ; lower pair longer, ascending, anthers connivent, cells divaricate. Disk equal. Ovary 4-partite; style subulate, the upper lobe very short. | Nutlets 4, oblong or ovoid, triquetrous, obtuse or truncate, dry, glabrous, basal scar small.--Species 12, mostly African, one of which occurs also in India and America. L. nepetaefolia, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iti, 409; Royle Ml. 301; F. B. I. tv, 691 ; Watt B.D. ; Prain Beng. Pl. 857 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii,. 471. Phlomis nepetifolia, Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii, 8.—Vern. Bara guma, 254 LABIATA. [ LEoNoTIs, A tall erect annual, 4-6 ft. high. Stem stout, puberulous, bluntly 4-angled deeply sulcate, the faces concave. Leaves membranous. 23-6 in. long ovate, acute, coarsely cranate-serrate, pubernlous on both sides, base cuneate ; petioles 1-4in. long, winged above. Whorls axillary, dense, globose, many-flowered, 13-2} in, in diam; floral leaves lanceolate, deflexed ; bracts up to ® in. long, deflexed, linear, hairy, spine-pointed. Calyx in long, ribbed, puberulous below, upper part densely villous and clothed with long white bristly hairs, tube incurved, mouth oblique, throat glabrous ; teeth unequal, spine-tipped, the upper one up to 3 in. long, ovate, acute, the rest smaller and triangular. Corolla orange: scarlet; tube 3 in. long, glabrous below, upper part hairy, inside with 3 . parallel rings of white hairs; upper lip 3 in. long, densely woolly, lower 2-3 in. long. Nutlefs 3 in. long, obliquely truncate. Cultivated and naturalized in most parts of the area, but chiefly in the vicinity of villages. Flowersin Oct. Distris. Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, widely spread also inS. EH. Asia, Trop. America and in Africa, in which latter country, it is believed by cae to be indigenous. It is a very striking-looking plant when in ower. : 20. NEPETA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 656. Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers blue white or yellow, arranged in axillary or terminal whorls. Calyz tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed or subbilabiate with the 2 lower teeth narrower than the upper. Corolla 2-lipped, tube not annulate within, throat inflated; upper lip straight notched or 2-fid; lower 3-fid, midlobe largest. Stamens didynamous, ascending under the upper lip or exserted, upper pair longer, anther-cells diverging. Dzsk uniform or enlarged in front. Ovary 4-partite, style shortly 2-fid.; lobes subequal, subulate. MNutlets 4, ovoid or compressed, dry, smooth.— Species about 120,in Temp. Europe and Asia and in N. and 8, Africa, Whorls dense, many-flowered, lower ones distinctly stalked 4 ; : : Whorls few-flowered, forming lax often drooping panicles with very sleuder filiform branches . ; ; 4 2. N. graciliflora, 1. N. ruderalis, Buch.— Ham. Mss. ex, Hook. F. B. I, iv, 661; Watt E. D.; Coltett Fl. Siml. 898 ; Prain Beng. Pl. 857; Cooke Fl. Bomb. 472. Glechoma erecta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. vit, 7. A pubescent annual, 6-18 in. high, branching from the base ; branches erect or ascending, obtusely 4-angled and grooved. Leaves stalked green or hoary, 3-23 in. long, broadly ovate or suborbicular, crenate, base cordate or truncate, petioles 3-13 in. long. Flowers stalked, unilaterally arranged 1. N. ruderalis. Nepeta.] LABIATAE. 255 in dense many-flowered peduncled 2-branched cymes lin. or more in length ; bracts }-} in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Cabyw (in flower) } in. long, villous and glandular-hairy ; upper lip }5 in. long, with 3 triangular aristate teeth; lower lip shorter, with 2 subulate teeth. Corolla exserted, bluish-purple, } in. long, hairy outside; upper lip oblong, 2-fid., lobes obtuse ; lower lip shorter, its midlobe broad emar- inate and crenulate, much longer than the 2 rounded lsteral ones. utlets minute, oblong-ellipsoid, brown spotted with white, mucilaginous when moistened. Siwalik range, Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts, also in the Agra district and in Merwara. DisTris. Plains of Punjab and Bengal, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya, alsoin Central India, and the Konkan, extending to Afghanistan. The plant is used medicinally. Ithasa scent like that of Balm and a pungent bitterish taste. 2.N. gracilifiora, Benth. in Wall. Pl. Az. Rar.i, 65; F. B. I. iv, 663 ; Collett Fl. Siml, 399. A A pubescant or nearly glabrous annual. Stems many, slender, 1-3 ft. high, erect or ascending. Leaves long-petioled, 1-12 in. long, ovate, or ovate-cordate, acute, coarsely crenate or serrate. Whorls tew-flowered, the lower ones distinctly stalked, forming loose often drooping panicles with very slender branches ; peduncles and pedicels capillary, bracts setaceous. Flowers} in. long. Calya 3 in. long ; upper teeth triangular- lanceolate, awned ; lower shorter, setaceous. Corolla? in. long, pale- lilac or rose. Nutlets minute, oblong, granulate. Common on steep rocks on both sides of the Siwalik range. Flowers in Noy. Distris. Subtrop. Himalaya from the Punjab to Garhwal and Kumaon, up to 5,000 ft. 21. SALVIA, Linn. ; FI]. Brit. Ind. iv, 653. Herbs or shrubs. Flowers small, or large and showy ; whorls pat racemed or in spikes; bracts small or large and often coloured. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 2-lipped, thioat naked ; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower 2-fid. Corolla 2-lipped, tube naked or with a ring of hairs inside ; upper lip erect, entire ; lower 3-lobed, lateral lobes spreading. Stamens 2 (the lower pair) perfect; filaments short, articulate with the slender. connective, sometimes produced beyond the joint, anthers dimidiate ; connective linear, transverse, the upper arm ascending and bearing a linear fertile cell; the lower arm straight or deflexed, bearing a fertile or an empty cell, or naked, the 2 upper (posterior) stamens represented by small staminodes or obsolete. Dzsk usually enlarged in front. Ovary 4-partite; style 256 LABIATA. fSatvra. shortly bifid, lobes equal or the anterior longer utlets 4, ovoid, triangular, dry, smooth, basal scar small.—Species about 450, chiefly in temperate and tropical regions of the world. An erect annual, leaves 1-3in. long, upper lip of calyx entire. 2 5 Z : 1. &. plebeia. A straggling undershrub, leaves not exceeding 1in., upper lip of calyx 3-toothed . ; : 2. 8. egyptiaca. 1. S, plebeia, R. Br. Prod. 501; Royle Ill. 301; F.B. I. iv, 655 ; Watt E.D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 859; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ti, 474. 8. brachiata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 4, 145. An erect roughly pubescent annual, 6-18 in. high. Stems stout, fastigi- ately branched, obtusely 4-angled and grooved, hoary-pubescent. Leaves 1-3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, crenate- glaborus or slightly hairy, base usually acute and often decurrent, petioles 1-2 in. long. Flowers in panicled usually compact glandular- pubescent spicate racemes; floral leaves stalked, ;5 in. long, ovate, subacute, bracts smaller and narrower. Calyx pedicelled, hairy, 74-3 in. long, enlarging in fruit; upper lip entire, shorter than the lower, reflexed. Corolla lilac or white, + in. long, tube annulate within, midlobe of lower lip much larger than the lateral ones. Nutlets minute, ovoid, brown when ripe. A common weed in all parts of the area. Flowers Sep. to April. DisTRIB. Throughout India in the plains and up to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya, but not in Ceylon; it extends also to China, the Malay Peninsula and Islands and to Australia. The seeds are used medicinally for their mucilaginous properties. 2. S.aegyptiaca, Linn. Sp. Pl. 23; F. B. I. iv, 656; Watt EH. D.; Cooke Fl. Bomb. wi, 474. A low much-branched straggling undershrub ; branches spreading, rigid, 4-angled, hairy or more or less scabrid. Leaves shortly stalked, varying in length up to 1 in., linear-lanceolate, acute, crenate, much-wrinkled, hairy, nerves and veins prominent beneath. Whorls distant, 2-4- flowered, arranged in long racemes ; floral leaves small, ovate-lanceolate. Calyx glandular-hairy, }-} in. (when in flower), enlarging in fruit and nodding, upper lip 3-toothed. Corolla tin. long, tube annulate within ; upper lip oblong or subquadrate, slightly netched. Nutlets ~; in. long, oblong-ellipsoid, nearly black. Within the dry western borders of the area in the neighbourhood of Delhi (Jacquemont. etc.). DistRiB. Plains of Punjab and Sind and westwards to Afghanistan ; also in W. Asia, N. Africa and the Cape Verde Islands. Var. pumila, F. B. Liv, 656; Watt EH. D.; Cooke Fl. Bomb. iv, 474; S. pumila, Benth. ; Decne in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 128, t. 133. Sanyra.] LABIATZ. 257 More seabrid and yvillous than the type. Leaves vory rigid and rugose. Calyz longer, villous with long hairs.——In the drier western portions of the area from Delhi to Bundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers Nov.-Jan. Distuis. Punjab plain and Salt nee up to 2,500 ft., Sind, Gujarat and Deccan; also in Afghanistan and Baluchistan. 8. coccinea, Juss. A slender herb up to 3 ft. high with handsome scarlet flowers. It is often grown in the gardens of N. India, und isa native of C. and S. America. 8. officinalis, Linn. (Common Sage) is a native of S. Europe. It is some- times cultivated in gardens within the area. 22, MOSLA, Buch-Ham.; F., Brit. Ind. iv, 646. Annual fragrant herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers very minute 3 whorls 2-flowered, arranged in terminal and axillary secund racemes ; bracts very small, or the lower leaf-like. Calyx campanulate, 5- toothed, enlarged in fruit, subequal or 2-lipped, base gibbous; upper lip truncate or 3-toothed, lower of 2 longer teeth, throat closed with hairs. Corolla-tube naked or with a ring of hairs; lips short upper. notched, lower 3-fid. Stamens 2, posticous, short, erect, distant ; anther-cells 2, divaricate, staminodes 2. Disk a large posticous land. Nuwtlets globose, smooth or reticulate.—-Species 7 or 8, in ndia, Burma ae | China. M, ocymoides, Buch.-Ham. ex. Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 3%, 66. M. dianthera, Maxim. ; F. B.. I. iv, 647. Hedeoma nepalensis, Benth. ; Decne. in Jacquem. Voy Bot. 133, t. 138. Lycopus dianthera, Buch.- Ham.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 144. A slender erect sparsely pubescent herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves stalked, 1-1} in. long, ovate, acute, serrate, petioles 1-} in. long. Racemes termin- ating the branches, slender, lax-flowered. Calyx (in fruit) + in. long, hemispherical, Corolla white or purplish, 4 in. long, tube short. Nutlets reticulate. Dehra Dun, on the Nagsidh Hill at about 2,000 ft. (Gamble) Distrip, Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to 6,000 ft., and on the Khasia Mts., extending to Burma and China, 23. TEUCRIUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 700. Herbs or shrubs. eaves entire serrate or lobed, floral leaves often bract-like. Whorls 2-6-flowered, arranged in axillary or terminal spikes racemes or heads. Calyx 10-nervel; teeth 5, equal or the uppermost larger. Coroll1 apparently 1-lipped, tube not annulate within, limb slit behind, the 2 upper and the lateral lobes cuneate K 258 < LABIATA. [ Tevcrium. or very short or obsolete, lower-lobe very large. Stamens didynamous ; the lower pair longer, exserted ; anthers reniform ; the cells short, at length confluent. Disk equal. Ovary 4-lobed; style 2-fid, its lobes subequal. Nutlets 4, obovoid, rugosely reticulate ; scar oblique or lateral, often extending more than half-way up the nutlet.—Species about 100, mostly in the warm temperate regions of the world. T. stoloniferum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 44; Fl. Ind. ii, 2; F. Bel iv, 700. Prain Beng. Pl. 860. An erect perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or puberulous. Stem stoloni- ferous, often woody below. Leaves 1-3in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong- subacute, deeply crenate or subserrate ; base truncate or cuneate, rarely cordate. Racemes slender, simple or panicled ; bracts lanceolate, pedi- cels in fruit usually longer than the shortly campanulate Calyx. Calya } in. long, glandular-pubescent; lower teeth short, obtuse. Corolla pink, tube included, limb very small. Nutlets enclosed in the globose calyx- tube, nearly smooth. In the Kheri district of N. Oudh (Duthie). Flowers in May. Distriz. Bengal plain, Chittagong, Sikkim, Himalaya up to 5,000 ft., also on the Khasia Hills ; extending to Burma, Java and China. 24. AJUGA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 702. Annual or perennial herbs, often decumbent or stoloniferous. Leaves usually coarsely toothed. Flowers sessile ; whorls 2- or more-flowered, axillary or in terminal leafy spikes. Caly# 10- or more-nerved ; teeth 5, subequal. Corolla 2-lipped, marcescent, tube often annulate within, throat slightly dilated; upper lip very short, 2-fid.; lower spreading ; the midlobe usually largest, emarginate or 2- lobed. Stamens didynamous, the lower pair longer, ascending, exserted or included, anthers 2-celled ; cells diverging or divaricate, at length confluent. Disk uniform or swollen behind. Ovary shortly 4-lobed; style 2-fid., the lobes nearly equal. Nutlets 4, obovoid, rugosely reticulate ; scar lateral, extending beyond the middle of the nutlet. Species 30,in temperate and subtrop. regions of the Old World. Corolla-tube straight, base not inflated . . 1. A. bracteosa. Corolla-tube geniculate above the swollen base 2. A. macrospermd. 1. A. bracteosa, Wall. ea. Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Lar. 1,59; F.B. 1. iv, 702 ; Collett Fl. Stuml. 406. A perennial herb, softly hairy or glabrate, stolons none ; branches many, 4-12in. long, usually stout, erect or ascending, simple or branching, LABIAT®. — f 259 a” ; leafy. Leaves 1-4 in. long, ovate oblanceolate or subspathulate, obtuse, sinuate-toothed, the lower ones petioled. Whorls axillary, often crowded in spikes. Flowers 4-} in. long; bracts leaf-like, longer than the whorls, ovate or cuneate-obovate, entire or toothed. Calyx 4 in. long, villous ; teeth half as long as the tube, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corol pale-blue or lilac, pubescent ; tube exserted, nearly as long as the calyx ; upper lip erect, lateral lobes of lower lip oblong, midlobe varying in length. Stamens exserted. Nutlets 5 in. long, deeply rugose. Dehra Dun and on the Siwalik range, and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Onudh, Disrris. W. Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal up to 7,000 ft., and on the Punjab plain along the base of the hills from Peshawar ; extending to Afghanistan, China, Japan and Abyssinia. g. A macrosperma, Wall. ex Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 1,58; F. B. I, iv, 704; Prain Beng. Pl. 860. A. repens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. tii, 3. A decumbent or prostrate herb, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Stems or branches 34-3 ft., often stout, spreading and branching and sometimes rooting from the nodes, glabrous or densely hairy. Leaves stalked, 2-6 in. long, variable in breadth, ovate-oblong or obovate, obtuse, sinuate-crenate, rarely lobed or cut, narrowed into the often very long petiole. Whorls continuous or interrupted ; lower bracts leaf-like; upper ovate, shorter than the calyx. Calyz-teeth very short, obtuse. Corolla blue, usually glabrous; tube twice as long as the calyx, inflated at the base, geniculate above the swelling; limb small, upper lip erect, lobes of lower lip subequal or the midlobe broader. Stamens exserted. Nutlets ~5-25 in., rugosely pitted. Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. Flowers in March and April. DistTR1B, Suabtrop. and Temp. Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan, up to 8,000 ft., Khasia Mts. and Chittagong, extending to Burma and China. The following cultivated species belonging to genera which are not indigenous within the area of this flora should be mentioned :— COLEUS AMBOINICUS, Lowr.; Cooke Fi. Bomb. ii, 449. C. aromaticus, Benth.; F. B. I. iv, 625; Watt FE. D.; Prain Beng. Pl. 846. Plectran- thus aromaticus, Row), Fl. Ind. tii, 22, Vern. Pathor-chur.—A fragrant perennial herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stems fleshy. Leaves stalked, broadly ovate, cordate, crenate, villous or tomentose. Corolla pale-purple, but the flowers are usually not developed. The plant is frequently grown in native gardens. Roxburgh mentions that the leaves are often eaten with bread and butter, or are used as a flavouring ingredient in country beer. They may also be employed as a substitute for borage, and the plant is sometimes known as “Indian borage.’ It is a native of the Moluccas.— Coleus barbatus, Benth.,a species allied to the above, is common on the outer ranges of the Himalaya up to 8,000 ft., usually in wet ground. Itisfound also on Parasnath in Chota Nagpur, and 260 LABIATS. [ Asvea. in the hilly parts of the W.'Peninsula to Ceylon, extending to Trop. E. Africa. It may possibly occur wild within the northern boundary of the area of this flora. PERILLA OCYMOIDES, Linn.; F. B.I. iv, 646; Watt E. D; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops N. W. Prov. and Oudh, part it, 45; Collett Fl. Siml. 590; Prain Beng. Pl. 851. Mentha perilloides, Willd.; Rowb. Fl. Ind. wit, 7. Vern. Bhanjira—An erect aromatic herb, 2-4 ft. high, with ovate or rounded crenate or coarsely serrate leaves. Whorls 2-fid. form- ing long axillary and terminal secund racemes, Calyx 2-lipped, 5. toothed, gibbous at the base, enlarging in fruit. Corolla white, limb 5-fid. Nutlets globose, reticulate.—The plant is wild and cultivated on the outer ranges of the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to 10,000 ft. and extends to Burma, China and Japan. It is grown near villages in Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts and in Chittagong. The oil yielded by the seeds is much valued for culinary purposes, as well as for burning. MentHa. A large genus of aromatic plants found chiefly in northern temperate regions. They include several kinds of mint, which are known to the natives of India by the general name of podina, and are largely grown in their gardens as pot-herbs. WM. sylvestris, L. is the horse-mint. It is common on the Western Himalaya up to 12,000 ft. The variety ix cana with more slender and much interrupted spikes, and with a¢ maller calyx and white corolla, occurs in Dehra Dun in a semi-wild state and is probably an escape from cultivation. Other species occasionally met with in native gardens within the area are spear-mint (M. viridis), marsh-mint (M. arvensis), and pepper-mint (M. piperita). They are all more or less in use for culinary or medici- nal purposes. MERIANDRA BENGALENSIS, Benth; F. B. I. tv, 652; Watt E.D.; Prain Beng. Pl, 858; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii,475, Salvia bengalensis, Rowb. Fl. Ind, i, 145.—A large straggling shrub with white flowers. It is culti- vated in native gardens within the area of this flora and throughout the greater part of India, and is often known under the name of “ Bengal Sage.” The leaves have a strong camphor-like scent and are used medicinally and also for preserving cloth from the attacks of insects, LXXXVIII—PLANTAGINACEZE. Scapigerous annual or perennial herbs. Leaves usually radical Scapes axillary. Flowevs small, spicate, often dimorphic. Sepals 4, imbricate in bud, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, salver-shaped, scarious ; lobes 4, short, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments capillary, inflexed in bud, persistent ; anthers large, pendulous, versatile. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled ; style filiform, with 2 lines of stigmatic hairs, ovules 1-8 in. each cell, Fruita PLANTAGINACE®. 261 1-4-celled capsule, dehiscing circumscissilely, membranous, 1-or-more- seeded. Seeds usually peltate; testa thin, mucilaginous, albumen fleshy ; embryo cylindric, transverse, radicle inferior.— Species over 200, chiefly in temperate and subtropical regions.—The above descrip= tion does not include the two anomalous monotypic genera Littorella and Bougueria. PLANTAGO. Linn,; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 705. Characters of the Family. ‘Flowering spikes slender, 2-6 in. long ; cells of , capsule 4-8 seeded . . ‘ ° ° 1. P. major. Flowering spikes ovoid, }-1} in. long; cells of : ? capsule 1-2 seeded ° of ews ‘ - 2 P. amplezicaulis. 1. P. major., Linn. Sp. Pl. 112; F.B. I. iv, 705; Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl. Sim]. 407; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 477. P. asiatica, Linn.; Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey and Wall. i, 423. A perennial herb, glabrous or nearly so. Hootstock stout, erect, truncate. Leaves petioled, all radical, alternate, 2-5 in. long, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, entire or sinuate-toothed, 3-7 ribbed, base tapering and decurrent into the long sheathing petiole. Flowers usually crowded in long slender cylindric spikes, 3-6 in. long or more; bracts equalling or shorter than the calyx, concave, ovate-oblong. obtuse, margins gscarious. Caly« } in. long, glabrous; sepals oblong, obtuse or subacute, obtusely keeled on the back, margins broadly scarious. Corolla } in. long, glabrous; lobes lanceolate, acute, reflexed. Anthers purple. Capsule 2-celled, }1in.long, ovate, glabrous, splitting transversely “as the base, cells 4-8 seeded. Seeds minute, angled, dull-black, rugu- ose. Dehra Dun and Siwalik range. Flowers in July. DistTRiB. Temperate and alpine Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan and up to 12,000 ft. in Baltistan; Konkan, Deccan, Nilgiris and Ceylon; also in Assam, the Khasia Hills, Burmaand the Malay Peninsula, extending to Afghanistan and westwards to the Atlantic. In many of the above-mentioned locali- ties the plant has probably been introduced. The leaves are applied to bruises in the Punjab, and the seeds are used medicinally as a substitute for ispaghul (P. ovata). 2. P. amplexicaulis, Cav. Ic. ii, 22; F. B. I. iv, 706; Watt EB. D., Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 477. P. Bauphula, Edgew.in Hook. Journ. Bot. tt, 285. Annual or perennial, sparsely hairy or glabrate, stemless or with a short often branching stem. Leaves radical, alternate, 3-6in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, entire or sparingly toothed, tapering to the sheathing base. Scapes many, axillary, usually exceeding the leaves, terete, glabrous. Spikes ovoid, }-1} in. long; bracts } in. long, cucullate, hroadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, membranous except the green midrib. Calyx as long as or slightly exceeding the bracts ; sepals ovate- 26% PILANTAGINACEZ. ; oblong, sub-acute, membranous with green midrib, or the inner entirely membranous. Corolla glabrous, tube + in. long; lobes as longas the tube, ovate, acute, concave. Capsule } in. long, ovoid, subobtuse, cells 1-2 seeded. Seeds 4 in. long, boat-shaped, nearly black.—Malwa (Edge- worth). DistErp. Punjab Plain westward from the Sutlej; also in Sind, extending westwards to Egypt and Greece. The seeds are sometimes used as a substitute for those of P. ovata. P. ovata. Forsk. Fl. Zgoypt. Arab. 31 ; Duthie Field und Gard.Crops, N. W. Prov. and Oudh part tit, 53, t. 92 ; PF. B. I. iv, 707; Watt E. D.;Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 478. P.Ispaghula, Rowb. Fl. Ind. 1,404; Royle Il/. 312. Vern. Ispaghul, isafgol.—A softly hairy annual, stemless or nearly so. Leaves inear or filiform, finely acuminate. Spikes 3-13 in. long, ovoid or cylindric. Sepals elliptic, obtuse. Corolla-lobes rounded, apiculate, Capsule 2 seeded. Seeds light-brown. This plant is cultivated in some of the western districts of the area for the sake of the seeds, which yield, when boiled, a large amount of tasteless mucilage. This latter is much used by the natives as a remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery. The plant grows wild in the Punjab Plain and on low hills from the Sutlej westwards, extending to Persia, Spain and the Canary Islands. e 263 INDEX to NATURAL ORDERS and GENERA CONTAINED in VOL, II. A P Buddleia , Acanthacese 176 Acrocephalus. 237 A chmanthera 189 Cc Mginetia : 161 | Calamintha . . Ajuga . ° : 258 | Callicarpa , ; Alstonia " “ 34 | Calonyction . ; Anagallis . ‘ 5 Calotropis . : Andrographis : 196 | Calystegia . : Androsace . : 4 | Canscora Anisochilus . 239 Carissa 2 : Anisomeles . 245 | Caryopteris Antirrhinum e 140 Celsia r : Apocynacese . 29 | Centranthera s Ardisia , . 9 | Centunculus Argyreia . 120 | Ceropegia . Arnebia ‘ 97 | Cistanche . ’ Asclepiadacese 42 _ Clerodendron Asteracantha . 184 Colebrookia Asystasia . ‘ 202 | Doldenia . : | Colvolvulacess Convolvulus B Cordia | Cressa . Barleria . , 199 | Cryptolepis . Bassia ’ “ 11 Cuscuta Bignoniacesz 169 Cynoglossum Blepharis . 182 Bonnaya 151 D Boraginacess 81 Bothriospermum . 96 | Demia Brachystelma 64 Deedalacanthus Buchnera , 254 INDEX TO NATURAL ORDERS AND : Datura . - e «ao Hemidesmus ¥ : : 44, Dicliptera . y ° . 212 | Hemigraphis Didymocarpus . . . 167 | Holarrhena . ; Dolichandrone . : mee We | Holmskioldia e : <5 nee Dopatrium . : : . 147 | Holostemma Diospyros . . 3 5 14 | Hoppea : : : Dyschoriste : - - 192 | Hydrolea . ° ° : 89 ro — to Dysophylla . . Hydrophyllacexzs . eo Hygrophila . a ;. poke EB Bbhenacee e . : 14 I Eebolium . 5 . . 206 Ehretia : ‘ : . 85 | Ichnocarpus ° , Pama 8] Hmbelia : ‘ . : 7 | Tlysanthes . : s oD Enicostema . . . ° 73 Tpomza . a < Lil fremostachys .« ‘ . 247 Ervatamia . X : ‘ 36 Erycibe ; : : xt, OF J Erythrea . . ; ; 73 Evolvulus . 3 F » 104 | Jacquemontia . i o a8 Exacum ‘ F a 3 71 | Jasminum . j : 21 | Justicia - : . 206 G Geniosporum : ‘ FEBS | ih Gentianaces , ; , 70 : Gentiana . , : ; 74 Labiatz . : ‘ an es Gesneriaces . x 7 SBT Lantana 2 . . e- 219 Glossostigma , ° . 152 | Lavandula . ‘ : . 240 Gmelina . ‘ ‘ . 220 | Lentibulariacee . - 164 Gongronema ° F 3 55 | Leonotis . . . » 280 Gymnema . : ° : 53 Leonurus . , " . 246 Lepidagathis . ° « 203 Leptadenia . , . F 62 HE Lettsomia . - . piss | Leucas ‘ ° ° eee Haplanthus ° s - 197 | Limnanthemum . : ° 78 Heliotropium . : » §9 | Limnophila. é ° » 14 GENERA CONTAINED IN VOL, II. 265 Livaria ; ° ; . 139 | QOroxylum . : : ore Lindenbergia . ‘ » 159 | Orthanthera : ; e 65 Linociera . ; . » 26 | Orthosiphon ° . » 236 Lippia : . . - 217 | Oxystelma . ° : - 0 Lochnera . d ; ; 33 Loganiaces . ‘ ‘ 67 Lycium ; ‘ . - 129 P Lysimachia . : : ‘ 5 Pedaliaces . . . 1% Pentabothra . : ~ 49 M Pentatropis . . ‘ ° 51 Pergularia . ‘ : . 99 Marsdenia . ° : . 99 | Periploca., . . ° 46 Mazus . . ‘ . 143 | Peristrophe . ° F - 210 Merremia . . +» « 107 | Botalidinm. . . «7 AO Micromeria . J ° . 243 | Phlogacanthus “ Mimulus . ° : - 148 | Physalis . : . » 127 Mimusops . ; ; pitta Plantaginaces : . - 260 Mitreola . > - . 67 Plantago a é "I : 261 Moniera ’ , ‘ » idl Plectranthus : : » 238 cmeaael ‘ ; : pone | Plumbaginacexs . . 1 Myrsinaces . , : 7 | Plumbago . ; J i | Pogostemon, . : o 241 Porana ‘ . ° Pee Cy) N Premna ‘ F ‘ ae 180 | Primula : : $ = 3 Nepeta ‘ ‘ ‘ . aoe Primulacess Nerium ‘ ; : a 39 Nyctanthes ° ; 24 R Oo Rauwolfia . ‘ ' > ae elma =. a} ce 8B} addin Sw ee Olea . e : ; 4 26 Rivea . . ° ° ‘ee Oleaceo . . . . 20. Roylea 5) oy er Operculina . ‘ eae be Ruellia : . . » - 2 Orobanchacese ; - 161 | Rungia home 3; (fe Orobanche . . e . 163 Rhynchoglossum 4 3 ¢ 116 Pe 266 INDEX TO NATURAL ORDERS, ETC., VOL. It. 8 Teucrium , : : > yee Thunbergia , : ; 4S Salvadora . . ; - 281) Torenia ; é tis Maeteege y ' Salvadoracesz . : - 28 | Trachelospermum Sts oe ae Salvia . t a ee - 255 | Trichodesma : : : 94, Samolus . . : - @6 1 Tubiflora . , : 180 Sapotacess : ° - 10 | Tylophora . ; : ean Schrebera . ; P 3 25 Seoparia ¢ ; 5 - 153 Scrophulariacess . Make U Seutellaria . ° 4 . 245 Sesamum ¢. . + + 1% | Utricularia. . . . 165 Solanaces : ; . 123 Solanum ; . ; . 128 Sopubia ° ; . 158 Staurogyne ° : ecg! ii! ¥ Stemodia . ; : . 144 Stereospermum. . x . 172 | Vallaris . . . - 37 Striga . ; ; ; 155 | Vandellia . . ‘ . 148 Strobilanthes . . . 194 | Verbascum. . » . 138 Strychnos . ; } E 69 Verbena . : : eee Styracez . : 2 : 19 | Verbenaces . ; . 214 Sutera : : : . 141 | Veronica . ‘ ‘ ~- soe Swertia : i 3 vy | Vitex . ° 2 : ot ee Symplocos . : . 19 | Vogelia se ame 2 T WwW Tecomelia . . : . 171 | Withania . ‘ ; e~. 1s Tectona : : . 219 -| Wrightia . ‘ , : 38 7 y ° .= CALCUTTA: SUPDYT. 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