BIOLOGY

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G

TOL, II A/I n R 04 19 1 3

Price Rs, 2 or 3s.

FLORA

OF

THE UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN,

AND OF THE

ADJACENT SIWALIK AND SUB-HIMALAYAN TRACTS.

BY

J. F. DUTHIE, B.A,, F.L.S.,

FORMERLY DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF
NORTHERN INDIA.

PLUMBAGINACE^ TO PLANTAGINACEJE.

CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA

1911

FLORA

01-

THE UPPER GANGET1C PLAIN

AND Of THE

ADJACENT SIWALIK AND SUB-HIMALAYAN TRACTS

J. F. DUTHIE, B.A,, F.L.S.

FOBMERLY DIRECTOB OP THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF
NOBTHBBN INDIA.

VOL. II.

PLUMBAGINACEJB TO PLANTAGINACE^E.

CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, iNDIA

><?

> LIBRARY

G

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JJtei of the itppn* (tabetic

jutb at the abjacettt

anb ttb-gintak*n tracts.

LXIII,-PLUMBAGINACE^3.

Herbs or undershrubs. Radical leaves often in rosettes, cauline
usually alternate ; stipules 0. Floivers on terminal scapes or ped an-
cles, solitary or in heads racemes or panicles, hermaphrodite, regular,
bracts usually rigid and with soarious margins, often sheathing the
flowers; braeteoles 2. Calyx inferior, tubular, 5-10-ribbed, often
hyaline between the ribs ; mouth frequently funnel-shaped, scari-
ous. Petals 5, free or connate at the base into a very short tube
or united into a linear tube, spreading. Stamens 5, opposite the
petals ; filaments nearly free, or adnate to the base of the corolla.
Ovary superior, 1-celled, 5* angled above ; styles 5, distinct from the
base or more or less connate below, stigmas subcapitate ; ovule 19
pendulous from a basal ascending funicle, anatropous. Capsule
membranous or hardened at the apex, usually included within the
calyx, dircumsciss or rupturing near the thin base, the hardened apex
often 5-valved. Seed cyliadric, pendulous ; endosperm more or less
copious or 0. Species about 200, throughout the world, chiefly mari-
time or in saline or desert places,

Calyx covered with stalked glands. • 1. PLUMBA.QO,
Calyx not glandular . . . .2. VOGELIA.

1. PLUMBAGO, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iii," 480.

Perennial herbs or uudershrubs, often scandent. Leaves alternate,
auricled and amplexicaul at the base or with dilated and amplexicaul
membranous petiole. Flowers in terminal spikes ; bracts and
bracteoles shorter than the calyx. Calyx tubular, covered with
stalked glands, limb 5-fid. Corolla-tube long, slender; lobes 5,
rounded, spreading. Stamens free ; filaments linear, dilated at the
base. Ovary narrowed towards the apex ; style slender, divided

245197

2 PL UMBA GIN ACE ^E. [ VOGELIA,

above into 5 stigmatose branches. Capsule membranous, circum-

sciss near the base, often splitting upwards into 5 valves.-— Species 10,

in tbe warmer regions of both hemispheres.
P. zeylanica, Linn. 8p. PI. 151 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 462 ; Royle III. 311 ;

F. B. I. Hi, 480 ; Watt E. D. ; Collet t Fl. Siml. 295 ; Pram Beng. PI. 639 ;

Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 75.— Vern. Chitra.

A rambling subscandent perennial herb. Stem somewhat woody, striate ,
glabrous. Leaves shortly petioled, H-4 in. long, ovate, acute, entire,
thin, glabrous, often glaucous beneath, suddenly narrowed at the base,
lower portion of the petiole dilated and often furnished with stipule-like
auricles. Flowers in long spike-like racemes, the rachia glandular,
striate ; bracteoles much shorter than the calyx, ovate, acuminate.
Calyx about ^ in. long, narrowly tubular, 5-ribbed, densely covered
with spreading stalked crimson glands; teeth very short. Corolla
with salver-shaped slender tube f-1 in. long, white, lobes apiculate.
Filaments equalling the corolla-tube ; anthers slightly exserted. Cap-
sule enclosed within the persistent calyx, oblong, pointed, pericarp
thickened above. Seeds oblong.

Extensively cultivated within the arei, and in many places apparently
wild. D IST BIB. : Throughout the hotter parts of India, and in tropical
regions of the Old World. The medicinal properties of the root of this
plant are well known to Indian practitioners.

Two other species of Plumbago are much cultivated in gardens as orna-
mental plants. P. rosea, L. with scarlet flowers, is a native of Sikkim and
the Khasia Hills. Except in the colour of the flowers it very mnch
resembles P. zeylanica, and it possesses similar medicinal properties.
P. capensis, Thunb., a native of South Africa, has pale blue flowers,
and the leaves are arranged in whirls.

VOGrELTA Lamk. ; PL Brit. Ind. iii, 481.

Small shrubs, more or less civered with scales. Branches long.
Leaves alternate, entire. Flower* in terminal panicled spikes j
bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx deeply 5-fid., with 5 broad
transversely undulate wings between the ribs, not glandular,
Corolla-tube oylindric ; lobes 5, round, spreading. Stamens free;
filaments linear, their bases shortly dilated. Ovary oblong-fusi-
form, somewhat pentagonal ; style filiform, ita 5 branches ^ stig-
matose throughout. Capsule included in the calyx, circumsciss at
the very base, finally splitting upwards into 5 valves. — Species 3, one
in S. Africa, the other two Arabian, one of which extends to India.

V. indica, Gibs, ex Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist, vii, 17 ; F. B. I.ii,
491 S Brvndis Ind. Trees 418 ; Gamble Man. 436 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 79.

PBIMULACEJ:.] PRIMULACE3V. 3

An erect glaucous shrnb, 6-10 ft. high. Stem terete, striate, somewhat
scurfy. Leaves pei foliate, up to 5 in. long, thick, coriaceous, more ir
less covered with scurfy scales ; the lower ovate, obtuse ; upper orbi-
cular and often apiculate, margins undulate. Flowers crowded in
panicled spikes, shortly pedicelled ; bracts small, lanceolate. Calyx
tubular, about ^ in lon#, winged between the 5 strong ribs, the wings
membranous and transversely wrinkled; teeth acute, equalling about
£ the length of the tube. Corolla-tube nearly 1 in. long ; lobes £-£ in.,
obovate-oblong, emarginate, apiculate. Stamens slightly protruding
from the throat of corolla. Style hairy at the base. Capsule £ in. long
or more. Seed pyriform, smooth, ^ in. long.

Confined to the dry western border of the area witbin the districts of
A]mer and Merwara. Fiowera during the cold season. DISTBIB. : Mt.
Abu in Kajputana, Sind and in the drier portions of the Bombay
Presidency. Found also in Arabia.

LXIV.-PRIMULACEJE.

Perenninl, rarely annual, herbs. Leaves all radical, or radical and
cauline, exstipulate. Flowers 2-sexual, regular. Calyx inferior
(except Samolus), 5- (rarely 4-9) cleft. Corolla hyf ogynous (except
Samolus and none in Glaux), rotate, bell- or funnel -shaped, usually
5-cleft. Stamens on the corolla-tube and opposite th>8 lobes (hypogy-
nous and \vith alternating staminodes in Glaux), filaments usually
short, anthers 2-celled and dehiscing usually by slits. Ovary 1-
celled, usually free, sub-globose or ovoid, style short or long, stigma
undivided; ovules many, on a free central placenta. Capsules
dehiscing transversely or by valves, few- or many -seeded. Seeds
minute, usually angular, often sunk in the placenta.* — Species about
250, chiefly in 3. temperate and alpine regions.

Ovary superior : —

Corolla with a distinct tnbe, lobes imbri-
cate : —

Corolla-tube long .... 1. PRIMULA.
Corolla-tube short .... 2. ANDBOSACB.
Corolla divided nearly to the base, lobes
contorted :—

Capsule opening by valves • . 3. LTSIMACHIA.
Capsule splitting transversely.

Corolla exceeding the calyx . 4. ANAGALLIS.
Corolla shorter than the oalyx • 5. CENTUNCULUS.
Ovary ^-inferior, corolla-lobes imbricate . 6. SAMOLUS.

B2

4 PRIMULACE&. [ANDKOSACE.

1. PRIMULA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 482.

Perennial seapigerous herbs. Flowers umbelled or whorled, rarely
solitary, dimorphic in regard to length of style and position of
stamens. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped ; throat
n>iked, or with folds opposite the lobes; lobes 5, spreading or incurved*
Stamens 5, included. Ovary ovoid, obovoid or globose. Capsule
globose oblong or cylindrical, 5-valved ; valves simple or 2-fid.
Seeds angular or subglobose, peltately attached. — Species about
150, mostly in northern and temperate regions.

P. floribunda, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 43, t. 33 ; F. B. I. iii, 495 ; Collett
FL Siml. 299.

Glandular-pubescent. Leaves 2-4 in., elliptic, acute or obtuse, narrowed
into a broadly-winged petiole, coarsely and irregularly toothed.
Scapes numerous, stout, 4-8 in. long. Flowers in whorls of 2-8 ; bracts
shorter thau- the very unequal pedicels, ovate or elliptic, acuminate,
toothed. Calyx campanulate, hemispheric in fruit, cleft to the
middle ; lobes ovate, acute, glandular. Cor olla salver-shaped, yellow;
tube £-3 in., pubescent, throat dilated, month annulate ; limb 4'i in.
in diam., lobes obcordate. Ovary rounded at the apax, stigma globose.
Capsule globose. Seeds very small, black, angled, minutely papillose.

Dehra Dun, in damp shady ravines (Wallich, T. Thomson, eto.) Flowers
during the cold season. DISTRIB. : W. Himalaya up to 8,000 feet, extend -
ing to Afghanistan,

2. ANDROSACE, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 495.

Perennial, rarely annual, low herbs. Leaves various, rosulate,
or imbricate on the branches. Flowers small, white, lilas or red.
Calyx 5-lobed or-partite. Corolla salver-shap3d with a very short
tube, or funnel-shaped; limb 5-lobed ; mouth annulate, or with folds
opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, anthers subsessile, included, obtuse.
Ovary globose, style short. Capsule ovoid or globose, 5-valved.
Seeds 2, rarely more, angular or subglobose; embryo transverse, —
Species about 50, chiefly in N". temp, and Arctic regions, or on lofty
mountain ranges.

A. saxifragsefolia, Bunge Enum. PI. Chin. Bor. 53 ; Prain Beng. PI .
€40.

A glandular-pubescent annual. Leaves £-f in. in diam., ovate or subor-
bicular, cordate, crenate ; petiole equalling or longer than the blade.
Scapes many, twice or • three times longer than the leaves; inpol-
bracts |-£ in. long, pedicels very unequal. Calyx deeply 5 cleft ; lobes
acuminate, enlarging and spreading in fruit, prominently

ANAGALLIS.] PRIMDLACEM. 5

veined. Corolla scarcely extending beyond the calyx, white or pink ;
tube globose, much contracted at the mouth* Capsule globose, whitish.
Seeds minute, angular, pitted.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik ransje, and in the submontane tracts from
Rohilkhand to Gorakhpur Flowers during the cold season. DISTBIB. :
Punjab Plain, and eastwards to N. Bengal and Calcutta; Betnl Dist.
of the C. Prov.; Outer Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim up to 5,000
feet. Found also in China, Japan and in the Looohoo Isla nd.

S. LYSIMACHIA, Linn.; PL Brit. Ind. iii, 501.

Erect procumbent or creeping herbs. Leaves quite entire, opposite
alternate or whorled. Flowers solitary racemed or in spikes. Calyx
5-6-partite. Corolla rotate or fnnnel-sliaped, 5-6-partite. Stamens
inserted on the base of the corolla-lobes. Geary subglobose ; style
filiform, persistent ; ovules many. Capsule globose or subgloboae,
5-valved or bursting irregularly, miny-seeded. Seeds trigonous or
piano-con vex. ^-Species about 60, chiefly in N. temp, regions.

L oborata, Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Cat. 1488 ; Royle III. 310s F.B.I,
Hi, 502. L. Candida, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. i, 301.

An eract somewhat glaucous herb. Stem 6-18 in. high, simple or branch-
ing from the base. Leaves ^-3 in. long, obovate-spathulate or oblan-
ceolabe, acute or obtuse, minutely gland-dottjd, the lower ones long
petioled. Racemes 2-8 n. long, lixly flowered ; pedicels f J in., 'bracts
equalling or shorter than the pedicels, subulate. Calyx-segments lanceo-
late, acuminate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, lobes obovate.
Filaments short, anthers apiculate. Capsule & in. in diam., bursting
irregularly.

Dehra Dun (Duthie) ; and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Rohilkhand
to G^rakhpur (Dnthie's collectors). Flowers during March and April.
DIST RIB, Manipur and Upper Burma, excending to China, Japan and
Java.

4. ANAGALLIS, Tournef. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 505.

Slender annual or perennial herbs. Levve* opposite, quite entire.
Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, ebracteate, red or blue, rarely
white. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate, 5-partite. Stamens 5,
attached to the base of the corolla, villous. Ovary globose, style
filiform, stigma globose ; ovules many, amphitropous. Capsule
globose., circumsciss. Seeds many, peltate, plano-convex, — Species
12, iu Temp. Asia, Europe, N. Africa and in Temp. S. America.

,6 PRIMULACE&. [CENTUNCULTJSV

A, arvensis. Linn. 8p. PI. 148 ;'Royle 111. 809; F. B. I. Hi, 506; Watt
E. D. ; Collett Fl. Siml. 302; Cooke Fl. Bomb, u, SO ; Prain Beng. PI. 64Q.
—Poor Man's Weather-glass.

n erect or procumbent glabrous annual, branching from the base*
Branches ascending, 5-15 in. long, quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves sessile)
up to one inch long, ovate or lanceolate, cordate, acute, gland-dotted.
Peduncles 1-2 in., erect in flower, decuryed in fruit. Calyx~lobes narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla £-| in. in diam., a little shorter
than the calyx, margins of lobes usually ciliate. Capsule about £ in.
in diam,, dehiscing transversely at the middle, style persistent. Seeds
trigonous.

Abundant throughout the area especially as a weed of cultivation, flower-
ing during the latter part of the cold season. Flowers always blue
within this area. DISTEIB. Over the greater part of India ascending
to 7,000 feet on the Himalaya. The red-flowered variety is frequently
found in Kashmir, and both kinds extend to Europe and W. Asia.
The flowers always close np in cloudy weather.

5. CENTUNCULUS. Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 506.

Small annual berbs. Leaves alternate or the lower subopposite,
sessile or nearly so, entire. Flowers minute, solitary, axillary,
ebracteate, white or pink. Calyx 4-5-partite. Corolla urceolate,
4 5-fid. Stamens 4-5, on the corolla throat ; filaments flattened
glabrous. Ovary subglobose ; style filiform, ovules many. Capsule
globose, circumsciss. Seeds many, peltate. Species 3 or 4, in Europe,
Asia and America.

C. pentandrus, R. Br. Prod. 427. C. tenellus, Duly ; t: B. I. iii ;
5061; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 80 ; Prain Beng. PI. 641 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 803.

A slender erect branching- glabrous annual, up to 8 in. high. Stem with
the angles more or less winged. Leaves alternate, subsessile, £•£ in.
long, ovate orbicular or obovate, obtuse or subacute, apiculate. Flowers
4-5-merous ; peduncles filiform, £--| in. long, erect in flower, spreading
in fruit. Calya?-segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla
shorter than the calyx, white ; tube subgloboee, lobes ovate-lanceolate.
Capsule membranous, dehiscing transversely about the middle. Seeds
minute, trigonous.

Pehra Dun (Gamble). DISTRIB. : Chota Nagpnr, extending to C. and S
India. It is found also on the Central and W. Himalaya up to 4,00#
feet5 and beyond India it extends to Trop. America and Australia.

6, SAMOLUS. Tournef.; Fl. Brit, Tnd. iii, 506.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves radical and alternate. Flowers
in terminal racemes or corjmbs, white; pedicels bracteate. Calyx

EMBELIA.] MYRSINACEJS. 7

J-superior, 5-fid. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate, 5-partite.
Stamens 6, alternating with, starninodes, filaments very short.
Ovary subglohose, style short ; ovules many, anatropous. Capsule
f -infer., ovoid, crown 5-valved. Seeds many, angular ; hilum
basilar. — Species 8, in temperate regions of both hemispheres.

S. Valerandi, Linn. Sp. PI. 44$ ; Royle III. 310; F. B. I. Hi, 506
Collett Fl. Siml. 303.— (Brook-weed.)

A glabrous perennial herb ; root-stock short. Stem £-2 feet, erect decum-
bent or ascending, often rooting at the base. Leaves 1-4 in. long,
entire, radical rosulats. Racemes ^-6 in. long ; pedicels filiform, spread-
i ng in fruit, bracteate above the middle. Calyx hemispheric, lobes
triangular. Corolla % in. in diam. ; lobes short, obtuse. Capsule
shorter than the calyx. Seeds rugose.

Bundelkhaud (Edge^orth), rare. DISTRIB.: Punjab Plain and W. Him .
up to 4,000 feet, extending westward to Europe and found in most
temperate regions.

LXV.-MYRSINACEJE.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, usually gland •
dotted, exstipulate. Flowers 2 -sexual or polygamo-dioecious, regular.
Calyx inferior (in Mossa more or less adnate to the ovary) ; limb 4-6-
(usually 5-) lobed, persistent and somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla-
tube short or none ; segments usually 5, rarely 3 or 7, contorted or
imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and
opposite to them, free or adnate to the tube ; filaments usually short,
free or more or less connate (in Reptonia alternating with staminodes).
Anthers dehiscing longitudinally, rarely by terminal pores. Ovary
1-celled, globose or ovoid, usually free (J -infer, in Mcesa), usually
narrowed into a simple style ; stigma capitate, rarely shortly lobed ;
ovules few or many, inserted on a free central placenta. Fruit
usually small and globose.

Cor.-lobes imbricate in bud, anthers not 1 onger
than the filaments, ovules few . • • 1 EMBELIA.

Cor.-lobes contorted yi bud, anthers much
longer than the filaments, ovules many . . 2 AEDISIA.

1. EMBELIA, Burm. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 512.

1| Shrubs mostly climbing, or small trees. Leaves entire or toothed ;
.petiole often margined or glandular. Racemes axillary or terminal,

8 MYPSINACE^. [EMBEIIA.

Bimple or compound, or flowers subf ascicled ; bracts usually sxrall,
bracteoles 0. Flowers small, polygamous, mostly dioecious, white or
greenish-yellow. Calyx free, 5-fid. or-partite, persistent. Petals
4-5, free or slightly cohering at the base, elliptic, spreading or
reflexed, usually imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5 ; filaments more or
less adnate to the petals, anthers ovate-oblong, Ovary ovoid or
glcbose, rarely with a conical beak, ovules f ew. Fruit small, globose,
usually l-Fceded. Seeds globose, hollowed at the base ; endosperm
pitted or eubruminate. — Species 92 (fide Mez), in the tropics of the
Old World.

Flowers 5-merous, leaves glabrous except on
the nerves beneath . . . . . 1. E. robusta.

Flowers 4-merous, leaves tomentose or pu-
bemlous beneath . . . . . 2. Et villosa.

1. E. robusta, Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 16; Fl. Ind. i, 587 ; F. B. I. Hi, 515
(in part) ; Brandis For. Fl. 284 • Ind. Trees 416 ; Watt, E. D. ; Kanjilal
For. Fl. 8ch. Circ. 216; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 440; Mez in Engl. Plan-
xenreich iv, 319; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 85 ; Prain Beng. PI. 643. E. picta
A. DO.; Eoyle III. 2£5.— Vern. Bayabirang, gaia (Dehra Dun).

A large rambling shrub or small tree. Branches stout, the younger ones
densely rusty-tomentcse. Bark brown, with horizontal cracks and
numerous lenticels. Leaves membranous and gland-dotted, 2^-5 in.
long, obovate or broadly elliptic, obtuse or subacute or abruptly acumi-
nate, rounded or subacute at the base, entire or irregularly toothed,
glabrous on the upper surface, usually rusty-pubescent beneath; main
nerves 6-12 pairs, slender, conspicuous and with reticulate veins
beneath ; petioles about f in. long, channelled above, papillose.
Racemes axillary, shorter than the leaves, rusty-puberulous. Flowers
5-merous, greenish-yellow ; pedicels longer than the calyx. Sepals
slightly connate at the base, ovate, subacute, margins glandular.
Petals nearly free, twice as long as the sepals, elliptic-oblong, gland-
puberulous, papillose irside. Ovules few, embedded in pulp. Capsule
subglobose, red when ripe.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, sub-Himafayan tracts of Eohilkhand
and N. Oudh, also in Bundelkband. Flowers July-Sep. DISTRIB. :
Throughout the greater part of India, also in Ceylon and Burma. The
berries are used medicinally. From the young leaves a gargle is pre-
pared, and the dried root-bark is considered to be a remedy for tooth-
ache. In Chota Nagpur the berries are much used for the adulteration
of black pepper.

AEDISIA.] MYRSINAGEJB. $

2. E. villoaa, Wall, in Roxb. FL I/id. (ed. Carey $ Wall.) ii, 239 ;
Wall. Cat. 2313; Mez in Engl. Planzenreich iv, 320. E. robusia, C. B.
Clarke in, F. B. I. Hi, 515 (not of Roxb.).

Branches rather thick, densely rusbyviUo is, the jmn^d: ones spotted
with minute pale laaticels. Leavss 4-5 in. long, obovtta or obovate-
elliptic, obtuse or shortly asu in iaate, acute at the has?, entire, carti-
laginous, upper surface glabrescant, can3sc3nt-to'neatose anl
minutely punstate benaabh, margins oiliate ; petiole about £ in. long,
rouad, villous. Racemes shortly peduncled, longer than the leaves,
usually in fascicles of 2-3, cylindric, many-fl )wared, rusty -villous,
pedicels about as long as the caducous filiform bracts. Flowers 4-
merous, small, whitish, shortly pedicelled. Sepals lanceolate, acute,
villous on the back and margins, punctate. Petals narrowly lanceolate,
acute, punctate, glabrous outside, distinctly papillose inside.

Dehra Dun (Gamble) ; Kheri district in N. Oudh (Duthie's collectors).
DISTRIB. : Bengal, on the Rajmahal Hills. This species differs from
E. robusta chiefly by the long fascicled racemes. It is also much more
hairy.

2. ARDISIA, Swarta ; Fl. Brit, Ind. iii, 518.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves sessile or petioled. Flowers usually
2-sexual, white or rose* coloured, in axillary or terminal simple or
compound umbels or corymbs; bracts small, usually deciduous or 0.
Calyx 5- (rarely 3- or 4-) lobed, persistent and often somewhat
enlarged in fruit ; lobes contorted or imbricate. Corolla usually
5 -partite, segments twisted to the right in bud. Stamens 6, attached
to base of corolla ; filaments free, usually very short ; anthers
sagittate, ovate -lanceolate, acuminate or apiculate, rarely obtuse,
dehiscing inwards longitudinally. Ovary ovoid globose or pyra-
midal ; style cylindric, often much longer than the corolla-lobes,
stigma punctifonn ; ovules few or many, immersed in a globose
placenta. Fruit globose or subglobose, usually apiculate with the
persistent style. Seed solitary, globose. — Species upwards of 235,
chiefly in Trop. Asia.

A. solanacea, Roxb. Cor. PI. i, 27, t. 27 ; Fl. Ind. *, 580 ; Mez. in Engl. ,
Pflanzenreich iv, 132 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii,86. A. humilis, A.DC. (not of
Vahl) ; Royle III. 265 ; Brandis For. Fl. 287 ; Ind. Trees 418 (in part} ;
F.B.I. Hi, 529 (in part) ; Watt E.D.; Kanjildl For. Fl. Sch. Circ. 217 ;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 441 ; Prain Beng. PI. 645.

A large much-branched shrub or small tree. Branches thick, glabrous
showing the scars of fallen leaves. Leaves scattered, obovate oblan-
oeolate or oblong-elliptic, tapering to an acute base, shortly and

]0 SAPOTACE&. [A.BDISIJU

Broadly acuminate or sub obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire,
subcoriaceous, fleshy, glabrous, minutely punctate ; lateral nerves many,
slender, reticulate between them ; petioles about ^ in. long, winged.
Corymbs axillary, often from the axils of fallen or reduced leaves,
few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, glabrous ; pedicels £-1 in. or
more in length, stout and thickening upwards ; bracts narrowly oblong,
acute, about ^o in. long, deciduous. Flowers in axillary corymbose
racemes, rose-coloured, or pinkish, about £ in. across. Calyx-lobes 5,
free, i in. long, ovate-orbicular, gland-dotted. Petals slightly connate
at the base, broadly elliptic, acute, marked with dark lines, punctate.
Stamens 5, shorter than the petals, filaments very short ; anthers large,
lanceolate, acute. Ovary free, ovoid, glabrous. Fruit $ in. in diam.,
subglobose, with a depressed apex, purplieh-black when ripe and filled
with a pinkish-coloured pulp.

Dehra Dun, Siwalik range, sub-Himalayan tracts of Bohilkhand, N. Oudh
and Gorakhpur, usually in damp shady spots. Flowers in March and
April, the fruit ripening during the cold season. DISTRIB. : Himalaya
up to 5,000 ft. and throughout India (except in the drier western por-
tion), extending to Malaya ard China. The juice of the berries is said,
to yield a good yellow dye. A. Jiumilis cf Vahl is a small sea-coast shrub
found in S. India and Ceylon and on the shores of Malacca and Siam.
It differs by having the flowers in terminal compound racemes, and in
its corolla-tube which is much longer than that of A. solanacea.

LXVI.— SABOTAGED.

Trees or shrubs; young parts often rusty-torn en tose. Leaves
alternate, rarely sub -opposite, coriaceous, entire, petioled ; stipules 0
or very caducous. Flowers 2-sexual, small or iredium-sized, axillary ;
pedicels clustered, rarely solitary or panicled ; bracts and bracteoles 0
or minute. Calyx-lobes 4-8, much imbricated, or 2-seriate with the
outer series valvate, persistent. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx,
lobes as many or 2-4 times as many as those of the calyx. Stamens
on the corolla-lube, as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite to
them, or 2-3 times as many, 1-3-seriate ; filaments usually short ;
anthers oblong-lanceolate, connective often produced; staminodea
(when present) alternate to stamens. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-8-
celled, style linear ; ovules solitary in each cell, usually attached to
the inner angle. Berry indehiscent, 1-8-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid or
compressed, exalbuminous, with large fleshy cotyledons, or albuminous
with flat cotyledons, testa usually crustacecus.— Species about 32(V
in the tropics of both hemispheres.

Calyx- segments 4-5, staminodes none . . 1. BASSIA.
Calyx-segments and staminedes 6-8 . . 2. MIMUSOPS.

BASSIA.] SAPOTACE3B. 11

1. BASSIA, Keen, ex Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Jnd. iii, 543.

Trees, usually with milky juice. Leaves coriaceous, crowded
towards the ends of the branchlets. Stipules caducous. Flowers
axillary, fascicled among the subterminal tufts of leaves, or in the
axils of fallen leaves. Calyx segments 4, in two series, the 2 outer
lobes valvate and enclosing the inner (except in _Z?t hutyracea),
Corolla campanulate ; lobes usually 8-10, contorted in bud. Sta-
men* at least twice as many as the corolla-lobes, usually 16-20;
anthers lanceolate, acute, connective often produced. Staminodes 0.
Ovary usually 6-8-celled, villous ; style subulate, often elongate.
Berry globose or ovoid, fleshy. Seeds few or solitary, albumen 0. —
Species about 30, inhabiting India and the Malay Archipelago.
Corolla-tube fleshy, lobes erect, anthers sessile 1. B. latifolia.

Corolla-tube not fleshy, lobes spreading, fila-
ments nearly as long as the anthers . 2. B. butyracea.

1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. PI. it 20, t. 19 ; Fl. Ind. ii, 526; Royle III.
"263; Brandis For. Fl. 289 ; Ind. Trees 428; F. B. I. ttt, 544; Watt E. D. ;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.447; Kanjilal For. Fl. Sch. Circ. 218; CooJce
Fl. Bomb, ii, 92; Prain Beng. PI. 649.— Vern. Mahua, mohwa. (The
Mahua tree.)

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey or blackish with shallow transverse
wrinkles and vertical cracks, the inner portions reddish and milky.
^Branches many, spreading, forming a close symmetrical head. Leaves
clustered at the ends of the branches, 5-9 in. long, elliptic obovate Or
broadly lanceolate, rounded or acute at the base, obtuse or shortly
acuminate at the apex, coriaceous, firm, densely woolly beneath whea
voung, at length glabrous ; main lateral nerves 10-14 pairs; petioles
1-1£ in. long ; stipules subulate, pubescent, soon falling. Flowers in
'dusters at the ends of the branches ; pedicels 1-lf in. long, droopiner,
rusty-tomentose. Calyx f in., divided nearly to the base, densely
tomentose; segments usually 4, anbacute, the two outer valvate and
enclosing the others. Corolla about f in. long, cream-coloured; tube
ovoid, fleshy, | in. long ; lobes usually 8-9, ovate-lanceolate, acute, erect.
•Stamens usually 21-26 ; anthers in 3 series, sessile, acuminate, hairy on
the back. Ovary hirsute ; style 1 in. or more in length, hairy at the
base. Berry 1-2 in. long, fleshy, ovoid, greenish, 1- 4-seeded.

£)ehra Dun and on the Saharanpur Siwaliks, but more abundant east-
wards in the submontane forest tract of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh ;
also in Bundelkhand. The tree blossoms during March and April
before the new leaves appear, and the fruit ripens in June and July.
DISTRIB. : From W. Beng., C. India and the C. Prov. to N. Kanara ; also
an Upper Burma. The tree is extensively cultivated within the area
•of this flora, especially in the eastern and southern divisions. It is

12 ' SAPOTAC.E&. [MIMUSOPEK

greatly valued for its sweet succulent corollas, which are eaten either
raw or cooked, or made into sweetmeats. A coarse kind of spirit is also
distilled from the flowers The fruit is eaten, and from it is extracted
an oil, which is used for soap-making as well as for burning and cook-
ing. The oil-cake is used for poisoning fish. The heartwood is of very
good quality, but owing to the value of the flowers and fruit the tree ia
very seldom felled.

2. B. tmtyracea, Roxb. in As. Res. viii, 477* Fl. Ind. ii, 527; Eon*
Prod. 146 5 Eoyle III. 263; Brand. For. Fl. 290, t. 35; Ind. Trees 427;
F. B. I. iiit 546 ; Watt E. D.; Eanjilcil For. II. 219; Gamlle Man. Ind-
Timb. 445.— Vern, Cheuli (Oudh), chiura (Kumaon).

A large tree, with dark grey or brownish bark. Leaves coriaceous,
crowded near the ends of the branches, 6-12 in. locg, obovate or obovate-
oblong, sub-obtuse, rhomboid at the base, tomentose when young,
glabrous or floccose-tomentose beneath when mature; primary nerves
15-20 pairs ; petiole 1-1^ in. ; stipules £ in., ovate-lanceolate, caducous.
Flowers crowded below the sub-terminal leaves, drooping, tomentose

. Calyx coriaceous, rustyvillous ; lobes 5, imbricate, not 2-seriate. Corolla
I in. long, tube pale-yellow, cylindrical, not fleshy ; lobes 8-10, spread-
ing. Stamens 30-40, inserted at the' mouth of the corolla tube ; fila-
ments glabrous, nearly as long as the anthers ; anthers exserted, linear*
lanceolate, not hairy. Ovary 7-9-celled. Berry ovoid, smooth, 1-3-
seeded.

Dehra Dun at Tapoban, and occasionally as a small tree in the forests cf
the Gonda district inN. Oudh. Flowers Nov. to Jan. DISTRIB. : Sub-
tropical Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikkim and Bhutan.
The seeds yield a white substance resembling lard, which remains
solid and does i ot deteriorate in the plains during the hot weather. It
is used in the manufacture of soap and candles, and in the preparation
of an ointment for relieving rheumatic pains. The pulp of the fruit
and the oil-cake are eaten.

2. MIMUSOPS, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iii, 548.

Trees with milky juice. Leaves coriaceous, with many slender
spreading primary nerves. Flowers axillary, solitary or in fascicles.
Calyx-segments 6-8, in 2 series ; outer series valvate in bud, enclosing
the inner 'imbricate segments. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 18 or 24, in
2 or 3 series. Stamens 6-8, inserted near the base of the corolla and
opposite to the lobes of its interior series; filaments ^hort ; anthers
lanceolate, connective excurrent ; ^taminodes as many as the stamens,
alternate with those of the same series or connate with them at the
base* entire or variously toothed. Ovary hairy, 6-8-celled. Berry

MIMUSOPS.] SAPOTACE&. 13

globose, few or 1-seeded, endooarp crustaceous. Seed ellipsoid, com-
pressed, albumen fleshy, cotyledons flat. — Species about 30, in the
t ropical regions of both hemispheres.

M, hexandra, Roxb. Cor. PL i, 16, t. 15; Fl. Ind. i, 233; F. B. Liii,
549 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl 219 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 450 ;
Cooke Fl Ecmb. ti, 92; M. indica, A. DC.; Brand For. Fl. 291; Ind-
Trees 425.— Vern. khirni.

A handsome evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. high. Trunk erect, the branches
forming a large ehady head. Bark blackish-grey, deeply furrowed.
Leaves 2 4 in. long, obovate or oblong, rounded c r emarginate at the
apex, cuneate at the base or occasionally rounded or sub-truncate,
coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, dark-green and shining above
paler beneath ; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath ; petiole
£-£ in., glabrous. Flowers white, axillary, solitary or in fascicles of
2-6 ; pedicels stout, £-| in., glabrous t r nearly so. Calyx-lobes usually
6, about y in. long, ovate, sub-acute, reflexed, usually somewhat rusty-
pubescent outside and with ciliate margins. Corolla % in. long ; lobes
usually 18, in two series, the 6 inner ones oblanceolate, the 12 outer linear.
Stamens 6-, anthers acute, as Icng as the filaments. Siaminocies 6,
alternate with the stamens, more or less denticulate, glabrous. Ovary
12-celled, hairy. Berry ^4 i»» l°n&> olive-shaped, 1-seeded, reddish-
yellow when ripe.

Forests in the Eheri district of N. Oudh, apparently wild (Duthie's
collector) ; also in Bundelkhand (Edgeworthj. Flowers in Nov. and
Dec. DISTRIB. : Cent, and S. India and in the dry region of Ceylon.
It is largely cultivated in India, and as far north as Multan and Lahore
The wood is hard, tough and very durable, and ip much used for oil
presses, house-building and in turnery. The bark is much sought after
for medicinal purposes, and trees are often greatly injured thereby.
The fruit is eaten, and an oil is extracted from the seeds.

M. ELENGI, Linn. 8p. PI 349; Eoxb. ; Fl Ind. ii, 236; Royle HI. 263*,
Brand For. Fl 293 • Ind. Trees 425; F. B. I. Hi, 548; Watt E. D.
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 449; E aw j Hal For. Fl. 219 ; Cooke Fl Bomb,
ii, 92 ; Prain Beng. PI. 649. Vern. M ulsdri —A large very ornamental
glabrous evergreen tree with rough dark-grey bark. It is found wild
in S. India, Ceylon, Burma, Martaban, on the Shan Hills and in the
Andaman Islands. It is also cultivated at many places witbin the
area, and throughout the hotter parts of India. It differs from M.
hescandra chiefly in having 8 calyx segments and 8 stamens. The
small fragrant star-shaped flowers appear during March and April.
These are collected after they have fallen on the ground and are
made into garlands ; they are also used in native perfumery. The
wood is like tlat of M, hexandra, and is used for similar purposes.
The bark is much employed in native medicine. The f rnit is eaten
and from the seeds an oil is extracted.

14 EBENACE3E. [DiosPYROs.

LXVIL—EBENACEJE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, exstipnlate,
entire, usually coriaceous. Flowers axillary, usually dioecious,
regular, solitary and sub-sessile, or in short usually bracteate cymes,
pedicels articulate under the flower. Calyx inferior, gainosepalous,
often accrescent in fruit, lobes 3-7. Corolla gamopetalous ; lobes
3-7, generally contorted. Stamens as many or 2-3 times as many as
the corolla-lobes, hypogynous, free or the filaments paired or variously
united ; aethers narrow, basifixed, usually dehiscing longitudinally,
connective often produced. Staminodes in the fern, flower resem-
bling stamens or 0. Ovary superior, sessile ; styles 2-8 ; cells as
many or twice as many as the styles, imperfectly septate ; ovules
twice as many as the styles, attached to the inner angle of the
cells, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit coriaceous or fleshy, indehiscent,
1- or few-seeded. Seeds pendulous, testa thin ; albumen copious
uniform or ruminate.— Species about 250, in the tropics of boh
hemispheres, a few in S. Africa and in N. America.

DIOSPYROS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 553.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite. Flowers
dioecious, very rarely polygamous, axillary and short-pedicel led or in
small cymes, sometimes (the females often) solitary, usually 4-5-
merous. Calyx more or less deeply lobed, rarely truncate, usually
accrescent in the female flower. Corolla tubular, salver-shaped or
rampanulate, shortly or deeply lobed ; lobes twisted to the right,
MALE fl. : Stamens 4-many (usually 16) ; filaments distinct or paired
or otherwise united ; anthers linear or lanceolate, rarely short ; ovary
rudimentary. FEM. fl. : Staminodes 0-16. Ovary globose or
conical, 4-10-celled.; ovules solitary (rarely 2) in each cell ; styles
or stigmas 1-4. Fruit globose ellipsoid or ovoid-conic, usually
supported by the enlarged and sometimes woody calyx, pulp often
viscid. Seeds oblong-, usually compressed, albumen uniform or rumi-
nate.—Species about 180, mostly tropical.

Seeds with ruminate albumen, leaves alter-
nate and subopposite . . . • 1. D. tomentosa.

Albumen of seeds not ruminate, leaves always
alternate: —

Stamens 16, in two rows, unequal : —
Male flowers in small few-flowered

panicles, staminodes usually four . 2. D. montana.

DIOSPYROS,] EBENACEJE. 15

Male flowers in threes . —

Anthers r.wned, glabrous, stami-

nodes usualJy eight . . . 3. D. RanjilaH.

Anthers not awned, pubescent, sta-
in inc des twelve . . . 4. D. cordifolia.

Male flowers in dense axillary clus-
ters, anthers glabr< us . . 5. D. Chlorotcylon.

Stamens many, in two rows, snbeqnal . 6. D. Embryopteris.

1. D. tomentosa, Eoxb. ffort. Beng. 40; Fl. Ind. ii, 532; Boyle III.
262; F.B. I. Hi, 564; Watt E.D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. Sch. Circ. 222;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 460 ; Prain Beng. PI. 654 ; D. Melanoxylon,
Brandis For. Fl. 294 (in part) ; Ind. Trees 433. D. exsculpta. Buck.-
Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XV, 110.— Vern. Tendu, mitha tendu, alnus.

A medium-sized tree with often a very crooked trunk. Baric dark-grey
or blackish, exfoliating in rectangular scales. Young parts densely
clothed with grey or rusty tomentum. Leaves alternate and sub-
opposite, 3-8 in. or more in length, broadly ovate from a rounded or cor-
date base, glabrous above ; the lower surface tomentose, becoming
glabrous or nearly so when mature, yery coriaceous ; main lateral nerves
8-10, impressed on upper surface, prominent beneath; petiole i in.
Flowers 4-5-merous, white. MALE flowers in short subsessile drcopirg
cymes. Calyx funnel-shaped, widened at the mouth, teeth ovate, iVi
in. Corolla fulvous-lanate outside. Stamens 12-16, free, filaments glab-
rous, anthers mucronate. FEM. flowers solitary, shortly stalked, larger
than the males. Calyx 4-5-gonal. Staminodes 8-10 or fewer, sometimes
connate in pairs. Ovary hairy, 4-8-celled; styles 2-3. Fruit globose
1-1$ in. in diam, glabrous, smooth, yellow when ripe, pulp sweet.
Seeds 4-8, compressed, oblong, albumen ruminate.

Siwalik range, chiefly on the southern slopes towards the Jumna, sub-
Himalayan tracts of Kohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur, also in
Bundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers in April, and the fruit ripens in
June. DISTRIB.: Pn m Bengal and Chota Nagpur to the Cent. Prov-
inces and southwards as far as the Godaveri, also in the Siwalik and
sub-Himalayan tracts of the Punjab westwards to the Eavi. The
heart wood of old trees constitutes the fine black ebony of Northern
India, where, especially in the Bijnor district, it is largely utilized in
the manufacture of carved walking-sticks, picture frames and other
small articles. The fruit contains a sweetish astringent pulp, which is
much eaten by the natives.

2. D. montana, Eoxb. Cor. PL i, 37, t, 48 ; FL Ind. ii, 538 ; Biern in
Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. vii, 220, Brand. For. FL 296 (in part) , Ind. Tre s
431 (in part) : Watt E, V. (in part) ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 454 (in

16 EBENACE&. [DIOSPYBOS.

part) ; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 104; PrainBeng. PI. 653.— Vern. Neori, bhori
(Bundelkhand).

A small or medium-sized tree, sometimes armed. Trunk usually crooked
covered with dark rust-coloured nearly smooth bark. Young branches
softly pubescent. Leaves 2£-4 in. long, ovate, bluntly acumiE ate, usually
rounded at the base, thinly coriaceous, margins undulate, softly pubes-
cent when young, but finally glabrous on both surfaces, petioles £-£ in.
long. MALE flowers in small few-flowered panicles ; bracts ovate, acute,
ciliate. Calyx glabrous outside and inside ; lobes 4, ciliate on tho
margins. Corolla about 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx, urceolate,
white ; lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens 16, in opposite pairs,
united at the base, the outer longest. Anthers lanceolate, awned,
glabrous. FEM. flowers axillary, solitary, nodding ; pedicels stout,
shorter than the flowers, bearing 2 small ovate ciliate bracts above the
middle. Calyx glabrous except the ciliate margins ; lobes ovate-oblong,
accrescent. Staminodes 4. Ovary globose, glabrous, 8-celled. Fruit
globose, about 1 in. in diam., supported by the enlarged reflexed calyx-
lobes, reddish-brown.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth, Mrs. Bell). These are the only specimens
I have seen of Roxburgh's D. montanafiom the Upper Gacgetic area.
Flowers during the hot season. DISTRIB. : Behar, Rohilasghur (Wall
Cat. 4115), the Circars (Kpxburgh), Konkan, Malabar, Belgaum, also
in Burma. It is easily distinguished from D. cordifolia by the shape
and thinness ot the leaves, by the male flowers being in panicles, and
by the number of the staminodes.

3. D. Kanjilali* Duthie in Ind. For. Vol. xxxi {1905) 307 ; Brandis
Ind. Trees 713.

A small or medium-sized tree with a fairly tall trunk. Bark greenish or
ashy-grey and quite smooth like that of the Guava, exfoliating in thin
scales. Branches forming a rather narrow and (open crown, not spines-
cent. Leaves 1|-5| in. long, elliptic-suborbicular, thicker than those of
D. cordifolia, usually densely tomentose when young, becoming rigidly
coriaceous and almost glabrous in age; midrib impressed above, pro-
minent beneath, petioles §-J- in. MALE flowers in short 3-flowered
cymes, pedicels & in. ; tracts ovate, sub-acute, ciliate on the margins.
Calyx-lobes broad and rounded, pubescent on both sides and with
ciliate margins. Corolla fa- fa in- long, slightly pubescent outside,
glabrous within, pale-green. Stamens 16, in opposite pairs, united
below; anthers awned, glabrous. FEM. flowers axillary, solitary,
nodding, pedicels about i in. Calyx in fruit accrescent ; lobes spread-
ing, broader than in D. cordifolia. Corolla dark-green, otherwise like
that of male. Staminodes 8, alternately longer, the longer ones often
toothed near the acuminate apex, the shorter ones obtuse. Fruit up to
1 in. in diara., globose. Seeds about £ in., sublunate.

DiosPYBoa.] EBENACE^. 17

Recorded by Kanjilal from Thano and Lachiwala in Dehra Dun, and from
Ranipur, Dholkhand and Badshahibagh on the Siwalik range. Flowers
daring April and May. DISTRIB. : Raj pur below Mussoorie at 2-3,000 ft.
(Edgeworth, Mackinnon) ; above Kalsi in Jauusar at 2,500 ft. (Kanjilal) ;
in the Chanda district of the Central Provinces (Duthie) ; collected also
by Gamble in the following localities :— Santal Parganaa iu Bengal
(No. 10614)) ; aud in the Madras districts of Ganjam (No. 13657),
Anantapur (N7o. 20873), Bellary (No. 16583); and by Ritchie in N.
Kanara (No. 972). This tree has already been alluded to by KanjiUl on
p. 221 of his ' Forest Flora.' It appears to occupy a position inter-
mediate between D. montana proper and D. cordifolia. With the former
it agrees in general habit, stature, smoothness of bark and in the absence
of spines ; but it differs by having thick coriaceous leaves, the male
flowers are in threes, and there are twice the number of staminodes.
From D. cordifolia it may easily be distinguished by its smooth bark,
absence of spines, the shape of the leaves, the glabrous awned anthers,
and by the number of the staminodes ; it also differs by having a more
defined trunk with ascending, not spreading, branches. As far as one
can judge from herbarium specimens it comes very near Dalzell's D,

' Goindu, but the latter has more acuminate leaves, hairy anthers and a
much smaller fruit.

4. D, cordifolia, Roxb. Cor. PI. t, 38, t. 50 ; Fl. Ind. it, 538 ; Eoyle
III. 262; Cookts Fl. Bomb, ii, 105. D. montana, C. B. Clarke, in F. B. I.
Hi, 555 (in part); WattE.D.; Kanjilal For. FL 221 ; Brandis Ind. Tree
431 (in part). D. montana, var. cordifolia, Hiern. in Trans. Camb»
Phil. Soc. scii, 222; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 455 ; Train Beng. PI. 653.—
Vern. Tendu, biatendu.

A small tree, with a short often crooked trunk. Bark blackish or dark
brown, furrowed with longitudinal and transverse cracks. Trunk and
larger branches armed with many stout and often ;branching spines.
Leaves 1^-2^ in. long, oblong obtuse, cordate rounded or subtruncate
at the base, softy downy on both surfaces especially when young ;
petiole £-£ in. long. MALE flowers axillary; peduncles 3-flowered,
pedicels •& in. long. Calyx -^ in. long, hairy outside; lobes elliptic,
obtuse or subacute, pubescent inside and with ciliate margins. Corolla
dull-white, § in. long, hairy outside ; lobes ovate-oblong, Rub-acute.
Stamens in opposite pairs, united below ; anthers not awned, pubescent.
FEM. flowers solitary, pedicels £ in. Calyx £-^-in., recuived and twisted
in fruit ; lobes thin, oblong, obtuse. Corolla-lobes obtuse. Staminodes
12, lanceolate, on long filaments. Fruit |-1 in. in diam., globose, yellow
when ripe.

Abundant in many parts of the area especially in the sab-Himalayan

tracts. Flowers in the hot season. DISTRIB. : Throughout tropical

India, extending to Ceylon, Burma and N. Australia. Every pare of

this tree has a bitter taste, including the fruifc, which has also a most
unpleasant smell.

18 EJ1ENACE&. [DiosPYBoa.

5. D. Chloroxylon, Eoxb. Cor. PI. i, 38, t. 49; Flt Ind. ii, 53S ; Eiern in
Trans. Cam 6. Phil. Soc. 233; Brand. For. Fl. 297 ; Ind. Trees 430; P. B. I.
iiit 560 ; Watt E. D. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 458 ; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii.
105 ; Prain Beng. PI. 653.

A large shrub cr medium-sized tree, sometimes spinescent. Bar k deeply
cracked. Young- parts tomentose. Leaves alternate, 1-2^ in. long",
elliptic or ob ovate oblong, obtuse, or sub-acute at both ends, more or
less pubescent above, rusty-tomentcse beneath, nerves obscure ; petiole
about % in., densely hairy. Inflorescence fulvous-pubescent. Flowers
white, 4-merous, MALF, flowers 4-10, in subsessile clusters ; bracts
small, elliptic. Calyx subglobose. ^ in. long, ovate, rounded, apiculate,
densely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Corolla % in , urceolate ; lobea
acute, hairy outside. Stamens 16, in two rows, the inner one smaller.
FEM. flowers solitary, sessile. Calyx and corolla larger than those of

' male flower, btaminodes 7-9, glabrous. Ovary 8-celled, glabrous ; styles
4. Fruit globose, % in. in diam., 2-3- seeded, glabrous, fruiting calyx
nearly flat.

Bahraich district of N. Oudh (Duthie's collector). Flowers during the-
hot season. DISTRIB. Central and S. India. The yellowish wood ia
said to be hard and durable.

6. D. Embryopteris, Pers. Syn. ii, 624; Eoyle III. 262; Hiern in Trans.
Camb. Phil. Soc. 257 ; Brand. For. Fl. 298; Ind. Trees 434 ; F. B. I. iiit
556; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For.Fl. Sch. Circ. 221 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.
455; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 106; Prain Beng. PL 653; D. glutinosa, Keen.
ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 533.— Vern. Gab, k&la tendu, kusi (Buadelkhand).

A medium-sized tree, with many spreading branches forming a compact
shady head, quite glabrous except the young parts and the inflorescence.
Bark dark-grey or greenish-black, exfoliating in large pieces. Leaves
distichous, spreading, 4 11 in. long and l£-3 in. wide, oblong or oblong,
lanceolate, obtuse or bluntly acuminate, rounded at the base, coria-
ceous, dark-green, (crimson when young), glabrous and shining ; petiole
£ in. long, wrinkled. Flowers 4-merous, white or cream-coloured, sweet-
scented. MALE flowers 2-7, in short-peduncled drooping rusty pubes-
cent racemose cymes. Calyx $ in. long, clothed outside with appressed
silky hairs; lobes 4-^ in., triangular, pubescent inside. Corolla Hn.
long, tubular-campanulate ; lobes thick, rounded at the apex. Stamens
usually about 40, in pairs at the base of the corolla-tube or on the
receptacle beneath, subequal ; filaments short, hairy ; anthers linear,
with a line of hairs up the middle. FEM. flowers larger than the male,
usually solitary, drooping. Calyx broadly ovate, subcordate at the base,
much enlarged in fruit. Corolla-lobes cordate, obtuse, recurved. Sta-
minodes 1-12 (often only 4). Ovary 8-celled, glabrous ; styles 4, stigmas
lobed. Fruit 1-2^ in. in diam., subglotose, covered with deciduous
rusty-coloured scurf, yellow when ripe. Seeds 4-8, embedded in gluti-
nous pulp, compressed, smooth, reddish-brown.

SYMPLOCOS.] STORAGE 'JE. 19

Dehra Dun, usually in swampy ground or beside streams ; Sub-Hima-
layan tracts eastwards from Dehra Dun ; also in Bundelkhand. Flowers
March to May and the fruit ripens during the cold season. DISTBIB.
Throughout the greater part of India, but not found in Assam, E,
Bengal, Pegu, nor in the drier tracts of Bombay, the Punjab and Sindh.
This is a very handsome tree at all times, but especially so when the
young crimson foliage appears amongst the olrler dirk-green leaves.
The viscid pulp of the fruit is used in bookbinding, and instead of tar
for caulking the seams of boats. Fishing nets and lines are said to be
rendered more durable after being steeped in an infusion of the astrin-
gent fruit. The unripe fruit and bark are used medicinally.

LXVIII. -ST YRACEJE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, exstinulate. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite (in the Indian species), usually white, arranged
in axillary or terminal, simple or compound racemes or spikes ; bracts
small or obsolete. Calyx campanulale, tube more or less adnate to
the ovary ; limb 5 (rarely 4)-Jobed, or truncate, persistent. Corolla
usually 5-partite ; segments almost free, imbricate (in the Indian
species). Stamens adnate to the petals, twice as many or indefinite,
those of the outer series longer, filaments free or connate, anthers
round or linear. Ovary more or less inferior, 2-5-celled, style fili-
form or rather thick ; stisrma capitate, entire or obscurely lobed ;
ovules 2, pendulous from the inner angle of each cell. Fruit drupa-
ceous, 1 (rarely 2-3)-seeded. Seeds albuminous, embryo straight or
curved. — Species about 350, found in the warmer regions of Asia,
Australia and America.

1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn. ; PL Brit. Ind. iii, 572.

This genus may easily be distinguished from all the other genera
of Styracece by having numerous stamens arranged in many series. —
Species upwards of 280, in the warmer regions of Asia, Australia and
America,

Flowers white, distinctly pedicelled . . I. 8. cratcegoides.
Flowers yellow, sessile or nearly so . .2. 8. racemosa.

1. S. crataegoides, Buch.-Ham. ex Do* Prod. 145 ; BrandisFor. Fl. 299 ;
p. B. I. Hi, 573; Watt E. D.; A. Brand. (Symploc.) in Engl. Pflanzenreich
33 / Kanjildl For. Fl. Sch. Circ. N. W. P. 223 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Tinib.
464 ; Collett FL Siml. 305. S. paniculata, Wall. ; Royle III. 261. Lodbra
•cratsegoides, Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 103, 1. 110.- Vern. Lodh., ludh.

20 OLE ACE ^. OYMPLOCOS..

A large shrub or medium- sized tree. Young branches more or less pilose.
Leaves membranous, 2-4 in. long, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute or
acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base, usually deeply serrate to-
wards the apex, under surface usually pilose especially on the midrib,
but sometimes quite glabrous, nerves prominent beneath, petiole I in.
long. Flowers pedicelled, white turning to yellow, fragrant, arranged
in cymose corymbs on eloruate terminal and axillary panicles, those of
the lateral branches often few and with longer pedicels ; bracts small,
linear, caducous. Calyx-tube obconic, glabrous or more or less pilose ;
lobes rounded or lanceolate and acute, ciliate. Corolla three times
longer than the calyx, 5-part. Stamens 2()- 60, equalling the corclla in
length ; filaments connate in 5 bundles. Ovary usually 2-eelled, glabrous
or hairy. Fruit %•£ in., globose or ovoid, crowned with the remains of
the calyx-limb, black when ripe.

Dehra Dun, in swamps (Kanjilal). DISTRIB. Abundant on the Himalaya
up to 9,000 ft. from the Indus to ^ssam and on the Khasia Mils, also in.
Upper and Lower Burma. The hawthorn-like flowers appear during
May and June. The flowers and leaves are much used in native dyeing,
the bark is medicinal, and the leaves afford fodder for sheep and goats.

2. S. racemosa, Eoxb. Hurt. Beng. 40 ; Fl. Ind. iit 539 ; Royle III. 260 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 300 ; F. B. I. Hi, 576 ; Watt. E. D. ; A Brand. (Symploc.)
in Engl.Pflanzenreich 59 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Tirnb., 465 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 655. S. Hamiltoniana, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 301.- Vern. Lodh.

A small tree, cr often only a shrub. Branchlets glabrous or sparingly
pilose. Leaves S-7 in. long, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rounded
or obtusely acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base
serrulate or obscurely crenate, coriaceous, glabrous above, sparsely
pilose on the midrib beneath, nerves indistinct, petiole £-i in. long.
Flowers sessile or nearly so, yellow, fragrant, on short axillary com-
pound spikes ; bracts unequal, ovate, hairy, deciduous. Calyse~tube,
glabrous ; lobes rounded, equalling the tube, slightly pubescent and
with oiliate edges. Corolla 3 times longer than calyx. Stamens often
exceeding one hundred. Ovary 3-celled, hairy. Fir wit oblong or cylin-
dric, 1 -3-celled.

Patli dun and Kumaon bhabar ; also in the forests of Bahraich and Gonda.
in N. Oudh (E. Thompson and Duthie's collectors). DISTRIB. East-
wards to Assam and Ghota Nagpur ; also in Upper Burma, the Anda-
man Islands and in China. The bark and leaves are used in dyeing, and
the bark is medicinal.

LXIX.-OLEACEJE.

Trees, or scandent or erect shrubs, unarmed. Leaves opposit e
rarely alternate, simple 3-foliolate or pinnate, entire or toothed ;
stipules 0. Flowers regular, often dimorphous, hermaprodite or

OLEACE&. 2$

sometimes polygamous or dioecious, arranged in terminal or axillary
trichotomous cymes or panicles, rarely fascicled or racemose. Calyx
small, truncate or 4-or more-lobed. Corolla rronopetalous, rarely
4-9-petalcus or 0 ; tube long or short ; lobes imbricate or valvate
in bud. Stamens 2 (in the Indian species), inserted on the corolla,
or (in the polypetalous or apetalcus genera) hypogynous, filaments
usually short, anthers oblong. Ovary free, 2-celled, stigma simple
or 2-loled ; ovules usually two in each cell, attached to tie inner
angle near the apex or base. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or a berry
or drupe. Seeds solitary or two in each cell, erect or pendulous,
albumen fleshy horny or 0, embryo straight, radicle inferior or
superior. — Species about 280, in tropical and temperate regions.

Corolla-lobes imbricate in lud, usually more
than four.

Fruit a berry, 2-lobed or (by abortion)
simple. — Usually scandent shrubs with
simple or compound leaves . . . 1. JASMINUM.

Fruit a flattened capsule.— A large shrub
or small tree with simple leaves . . 2. NYCTANTHES.

Fruit an olxvoid capsule.-— A tree with

compound leaves . . • .3. SCHREBERA.

Corolla-lobes valvate in bud, not more than
four, leaves simple.

Petals nearly free or connate in pairs . 4. LINOCIERA.

Petals ctnnate in a short tube or some-
times absent • . • . • 5. OLEA.

1. JASMINUM, Linn. ; PL Brit. Ind. iii, 591.

Shrubs, erect or scandent. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, simple
3-foliolate or impavipinnate. Flowers usually fragrant, arranged
in terminal cr axillary cymes, rarely solitary. Calyx 4-9-fid. or
-partite. Corolla salver-shaped, white pink or yellow, tube narrow ;
lobes 4-10 or more, spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, not
exserted, filaments very short, anthers attached near their bases on
the back, connective usually mucronate. Ovary 2-celled; style
cyliudric, short ; stigma simple or 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell,
attached near the base. Berry didymous, or by suppression simple ;
carpels globose ellipsoid or elongate. Seeds usually solitary in each.

22 OLEACE^Z. [JASMINUM.

carpel, erect, exalbuininous, radicle inferior. — Species about^ 90,
inhabiting Asia, Africa and Australia, and one is indigenous in S.
Europe.

Leaves simple

Leaves ovate, calyx densely pubescent.
Flowera sessile, or subsessile, in compact
cymes.— A scandent shrub . . . 1. J. pubeseens,

Flowers pedicelled, in lax cymes. — A large

erect or scandent shrub . . . 2. J. arliorescens.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate or ellipt'.c, calyx

glabrous or nearly so.— An erect shrub . 3. J. brevipetiolatutn.
Leaves imparipinnate. — A climbing shrub . 4. J> dispevmum.

1. J. pufcesceus, Willd. Sp. PL i, 37 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey $ Wall
•it 90 ; Don Prod. 105 ; F. B. I. Hi, 592 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl.
.225; Gamble Han. Ind. Timb. 468; Prain Beng. PL 659; Cooke FL
Bomb. ii, in. J. hirsutum, Willd. s Brandis For. ,Fl. 312.— Vern.

"Chameli, kunda.

A scandent shrub. Branchlets and young parts densely fulvous-tomentose.
Leaves opposite, simple, ovate, acute or mucrouate, blade l?-2^ in.
long by 1-2 in. broad, base rounded or cordate, soft'y pubescent on
both surfaces especially on the veins beneath, finally subglabrous
above ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs ; petiole £-f in., densely tomen-
tose. Flowers sessile or nearly so, white, fragrant, in dense terminal
capitate corymbose cymes, or terminating the short axillary branches.
Calyx about \ in. long, densely fulvous-tomentose; teeth linear, £•£
in. iong. Corolla glabrous, tube a little longer than the calyx; lobes
oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, shorter than the tube. Carpels
1-2, globose, i in. in diain., surrounded by the calyx-teeth, black when
ripe.

T)ehra Dun, Siwalik ruige and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Bohil-
khand and N. Ondh. Flowers December to April, and usually to
some extent during the rainy season. DISTBIB. Throughout the
greater part of India, ascending to 3,000 feet on the Himalaya, also in
Burma and China. It is largely cultivated in gardens as an ornamental
shrub.

2, J. arborescens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 3 ; Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey $ Wall.)
•4»94f Brandis For. Fl. 311; F. B. I. Hi, 594; Watt E. D.; Kanjildl For.

Fl.225; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 467,- Oooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 112; Prain
JBeng. PI. 05S.— Vern. Chameli, bara kunda.

.A large, suberect or scandent shrub with hairy braachlets. Leaves
opposite, simple, entire ; blade 3-5 in. long by 2-3 in. broad, ovate,
acute or shortly acuminate, truncate rounded or subcordate afc the

JASMINUM.] OLEACE^. 2&

base, softly tomentoee when young, at length glabrous, main lateral
nerves 6-8 pairs; petiole £-| in. loner. Flowers pedicelled, white,
fragrant, arranged in lax 3-chotomous terminal hairy cymes ; bracts
linear, about as long as the pedicels. Calyx-teeth -^ % in. long, linear
or subclavate, hairy. Corolla glabrous, tube about £ in. long ; lobes
usually 9, £-f in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Carpels
usually solitary, £in. long ; ellipsoid, black when ripe.

Western portion of Dehra Dun and along the southern side of the Siwalik
range, also in the submontane tracts of Echilkhand and N. Oudh.
Flowers during April and May. DISTRIB. Bengal, Cent, and S. India,
ascending to 3,000 feet on the Himalaya. The scandent form (Rox-
burgh's J. latifolium) is also found in Dehra Dun and in other parts
of the area. It differs in no other respect from the type.

3. J. brevipetiolatum, Duthie in Brandis Indian Trees, p. 450.

A shrub or small tree. Young parts and branches of inflorescence
sparingly pubescent. Stems obtusely quadrangular, smooth. Leaves
simple, opposite or suboppositel shortly petioled ; blade 2- 4£ in. long
narrowly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sub-
coriaceous and quite globuse ; margins entire, slightly recurved,
midrib stout and prominent beneath ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pairs,
slender , forming intermarginal loops ; petiole about £ in. long. Flwwers
white, arranged in lax terminal corymbose or panicled cymes ; pedicels
about i in. long ; bracts much shorter than the pedicels, lanceolate-
acuminate. Calyx % in. long, almost glabrous, tube subhemispheric ;
teeth about as long as the tube, elongating in fruit, linear or subclavate,
thick. Corolla f in. long, tube twice as longr as the narrowly elliptic
obtuse lobes. Fruit oval, about £ in. long, dark purplish-brown when
ripe.

Forests in the Pilibhit district of Eohilkhand and in the Kheri district
of N. Oudh (Duthie's collector). Flowers in May. This species is
very near J. laurifolium, Roxb., but differs from it by the much shorter
and thicker calyx-lobes and by the shorter and broader corolla-lobes.

4. J. dispermum, Wall, in Roxl. Fl. Ind. i (1820) 99 ; PI. As. Ear. w,.
46, t. 274 j Don. Prod. 106; Brand. For. Fl. 312; F. B. I. Hi, 602;.
Kanjildl For. Fl. 226 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 307.

A glabrous climbing shrub. Branches divergent, slender, 4-angular.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, or the upper ones often unifoliolate ;
leaflets usually 3-5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, cordate and
3-nerved at the base and with a long slender acuminate apex ; terminal
leaflet with a long stalk, the blade 3-4£ in. long ; lateral smaller, shortly
stalked or subsessile. Flowers many, white or pink, in elongate termi-
nal panicles, or few together in rather dense axillary cymes ; bracts
minute, pedicels 0-g- in. long. Calyx glabrous or minutely puberulous ;
teeth very short, triangular. Corolla-tube about £ in. long ; lobes ovate
or broadly elliptic, shorter than the tube. Carpels 2-seeded, £ in. long,,
ellipsoid, dark purple when ripe.

"24 OLEACEM. [NYCTANTHES.

•Dehra Dan, in shady ravines. Flowers Ma.y and June. DISTBIB.
Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to 8,000 feet; also
on the Khasia Hills.
The following species are cultivated within the area:^

Jasminum Sambac, Ait. (Arabian or Tuscan Jasmine). An erect or sub-
scandent shrub, very much cultivated in gardens. The fragrant white
flowers are sacred to Vishnu, and are largely used by the Hindus for
making into garlands. This shrub is believed to be indigenous in
S. India.

Jasminum humile, L. An erect shrub with alternate 3-f oliolate or pinnate
leaves and bright yellow flowers. Wild on the W. Himalaya up to
9,000 feet, also on the Salt Range, and on Mt. Abu in Eajputana. Culti -
vated within the area and in other parts of India.

Jasminum officinale, L. (common white Jasmine). A large scandent shrub
with opposite imparipinnate leaves and fragrant white flowers. Wild
in Kashmir, Afghanistan and Persia, and apparently so on the Salt
Range.

Jasminum grandiflorum, L. (Spanish Jasmine). A large subscandent
shrub with opposite imparipinnate leaves. The very fragrant flowers
larger than those of J. ojficinale, are white and streaked with pink
outside. It is wild on the W. Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, and is exten-
sively cultivated in gardens within the area. The flowers are much
used by the natives for making into garlands.

2. NYCTANTHES, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 603.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, ovate, entire or toothed.
Flowers sessile, in small peduncled and bracteate heads disposed in
terminal tricbotomous cymes. Calyx ovoid -cylindric, subtruncate,
finally splitting or deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric,
orange-coloured, lobes 4-8, imbricate in bud, spreading, white
Anthers 2, subsessile near the tcp of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-
•celled ; style cylindric, very shortly bifid ; otules 1 in each cell, erect,
•basal. Capsule orbicular, dorsally compressed, separating when ripe
into 2 subdiscoid 1 -seeded carpels. Seed erect, orbicular, flattened,
•testa thin, albumen 0, cotyledons flat, radicle inferior. — Species 2,
one Indian and another in Sumatra.

N. Arbor— tristis. Linn. 8p. PI. 6 ; Eoxl. FL Ind. (ed. Carey $ Wall.)
t., 85 ; Royle III. 268 ; Brandis For. Fl. 314; F. B. I. Hi, 603 ; Watt E. D. ;
Kanjildl For. Fl. 227 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 469; Collett Fl. Siml,
308 ; Prain Beng. PI. 660; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 115.— Vern. Harsingdr;
kurri (Dehra Dun).

.A shrub or small tree with rough 4-angular branches. Leaves petioled,
4-5 in. long by 2-2| in. wide, ovate, acute or acuminate, base rounded

SCHEEBEEA.J OLEACE3Z. 25-

or cuneate ; upper surface scabrous with bulbous-based hairs, pubes,
cent beneath, margin slightly recurved, entire or with distant teeth,
principal nerves conspicuous beneath. Flowers very fragrant, bracts
ovate or suborbicular, apiculate, hairy. Calyx $-§ in. long, hairy out-
side, glabrous within. Corolla -tube £ in. long, limb about as long as
the tube, 5-8-lobed, lobes obcordate. Capsule |-f in. in length and
breadth, glabrous, emarginate at the apex.

Forests of Dehra Dun and of the Siwalik range, and in the Sub-
Himalayan tracts of Kohilkhand and N. Oudh ; also in Bundelkhand.
Flowera August, to October. DISTBIB. Ascends to 5,000 feet on the
outer Himalayan ranges from the Chenab to Nepal, extending east-
wards to Assam and Bengal, and southwards through Central India as
far as the Godaveri ; found also in Burma. The fragrant flowers, which
open during the night and fall to the ground in the early morning, are-
made into garlands and used in Hindu ceremonies. They are also
collected for the preparation of an orange-coloured dye yielded by
the tubes of the corollas. The rough leaves are employed for polish-
ing wood and also medicinally. The wood affords excellent fuel.

3. SCHREBERA, Roxb. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 604.

Glabrous trees with opposite imparipinnate leaves. Flowers in
terminal 2-3-chotomous cymes, bracts small. Calyx tubular-campa-
nulate, truncate or unequally 4-6-lobed. Corolla salver-shaped, tube
cylindric ; lobes 4-7, imbricate, spreading. Stamens 2, attached near
the top of the corolla-tube ; filaments short, anthers included or
slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled, style cylindric, stigma shortly 2-
lobed ; ovules 3-4 in each cell, pendulous. Capsule obovoid, 2-celled,
loculicidally 2-valved, woody. Seeds pendulous, winged, albumen
0 ; cotyledons plano-convex or contorted, radicle superior. — Species
4, one Indian and three in Africa.

S.swietenioides, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii, i. t. 101; Fl. Ind. i \(1820), 109 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 305; Watt E. D. ; F. B. I. iii, 604 ; Prain Beng. PI. 660 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, it, 116.— Vern. Moka, ghanta (Bundelkhand).

A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, with grey scabrous bark ; youn g
parts pubescent. Leaves deciduous, common petiole 2-3 in. long ; leaf-
lets 7-9, opposite, glabrous when mature, the lowest pair smaller ; blade
2-4 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, base often
oblique ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs. Cymes 3-6 in. long and about
as wide, many-flowered; bracts small, linear, pubescent. Flowers
shortly pedicelled, fragrant. Calyx | in. long, pubescent, limb
irregularly 4-6-toothed or subtruncate. Corolla $ in. long, white
with elevated brown glandular dots on the inner surface of the elliptic-

-26 OLEACE&. [OiEA.

oblon<? ciliate lobes. Capsule pendulous, 2 in. long, pear shaped, hard
and woody, surface rough with white raised specks. Seeds 3-4 in each
cell.

Forests of Bundelkhand and Merwata. Flowers February- April, frag-
rant at night. DISTBIB. Subtropical Kumaon up to 1,500 feet, N.
Bengal, Chota Nagpur and from the Central Provinces to the drier
parts of S. India; also in Upper Burma. The grey close-grained
wood is largely used in turnery.

4. LINOCIERA, Swartz ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 607.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers in axillary
(rarely terminal) panicles or cymes, often in small terminal fascicles,
bracts small. Calyx small, 4-fid. Petals 4, nearly free, or cohering
in pairs, or shortly connate, iodaplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 2,
filaments short, attached at the ba^e of the petals. Ovary 2-celled,
style short, stigma obscurely bifid or entire ; ovules 2 in each cell,
pendulous. "Drupe ellipsoid; endocarp bony or crustaceous. Seed
usually solitary, pendulous, testa thin, albumen fleshy or 0, radicle
superior. — Species about 40, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

L. intermedia, VAB. Eoxburghii, Clarke in F. B. I. iiit 609 ; Watt
E. D. ; Oooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 117 ; Prain Beng. PI. 660. Olea panic alata,
:Roxb. Hort. Beng. 80 ; Fl. Ind. i (1820), 104 (riot of B. Br.).

'Usually a small tree, the branches covered with white lenticels. Leaves
(including petiole) 3£-5 in. long by 1-1£ in. wide, elliptic or oblanceo-
late, acute or bluntly acuminate, papery, glabrous, nerves prominent
beneath; petiole i-1 in. long. Flowers white, in axillary or extra
axillary rather dense thyraoid panicles,, which become lax after flower-
ing ; bracts falcate-lanceolate, equalling or exceeding the pedicels.
Calyx T*Q in. long, glabrous, lobes ovate. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong,
cohering by pairs at the base. Ovary glabrous, stigmatic lobes
divaricate. Drupe about 5 in. long, ellipsoid, l-seaded, purple when
ripe. Seed exalbuminous.

Kansrao on the Dehra Dun Siwalik range (Edge worth), a ad in the Sab-
Himalayan tracts of Kheri and Gonda in N. Oad1!. DISTBIB. Ghofca
Nagpur, Cent, and S. India.

5. OLEA, Linn. ; FL Brit. Ind. iii, 611.

Trees or shruba. Leaves opposite, entire or toothei. Flowers
-small, hermaphrodite dioecious or polygamous, in axillary or extra-
axillary (rarely terminal) panicles, bracts minute. Calyx small,
4-toothed or-lobed. Corolla-tube short lob^s 4, iuduplicate-valvate,

OLEA.] OLEACEJE. 2T

or none. Stamens 2, adnate to the corolla-tube or (in the male
flowers) sub-hypogynons ; filaments short, anthers oblong. Ovary
2-celled ; style short, stigma capitate or bifid ; ovules 2 in each cell,
subpendulous or attached laterally to the septum. Drupe ellip-
soid or snbglobose, endocarp bony or crustaceous, usually 1-seeded.
Seed pendulous, albumen fleshy, radicle superior. — Species about 35,
from the Mediterranean region to S. Africa and from India to
Australia and Polynesia.

O. glandulifera, Wall. Cat. 2S11 ; Brandis For. Fl. 309 ^

syn.) ; F. B. I. Hi, 612 ; Kanjildl For. Fl. Sch. Circ. 230 ; Gamble Man.
Ind. Timl. 474 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 309.— Vern. Gair.

A small or moderate-sized tree, branches lenticellate. Leaves 3-5 in. long
by l£-2 in. wide, ovate-lanceolate, with a slender or sometimes abruptly
acuminate apex, entire, glabrous, base cuneate, margins^ undulate ;
main lateral nerves slender, with glands in the axils on either side of
midrib, petiole £-1 in. long. Flowers small sessile or shortly stalked,
creamy white, in terminal or occasionally lateral 3-chotooious cymes.
Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla deeply divided; lobes ,V& in- long> elliptic,
valvate. Anthers large. Ovary glabrous or nearly so. Drupe £-$ in.
long, obliquely ovoid, acute, black when ripe, endocarp bony.

Dehra Dun at Sahdnsradhara (Boyle), and in the Mothronwala swamp
(Kanjilal). Flowers April and May. DISTBTB. Outer Himalaya from
Kashmir to Nepal up to 6,000 feet, also on the Nilgiri Hills and in
Ceylon. The reddish" grey wood is hard and durable and is used in
turnery and for agricultural implements. The bark is medicinal, and
the leaves are used as fodder.

0. CUSPIDATA, Wall. Cat. 2817 ; Brandis For. Fl. 507, f, 3*; F. B. I. Hi,
611; Watt, K. D. ; Kanjiltil For. Fl. 229; Collett Fl. Siml. 309;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 119. 0. ferruginea, Royle HI. 257 t. 65, f. 1. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 576 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 474.— Vern. Kau, kahi (Indian
Olive).— Cult, in Dehra Dun, but quite wild on the W. Himalaya as far
west as KuroaoTi ascending to 6,000 feet, a'so in Sindh, on the Punjab
Salt Eange and on the hills of the N.-W. Frontier Province. Allied to
the common olive (O. europaea). It flowers in April and May and the
fruit ripens August-November. The oil extracted from the fruit of this
tree is of good quality, but the quantity at present obtainable is unremu-
nerative. Sir D. Brandis suggests that by grafting or by other means
the yield may eventually be improved. Mr. Gamble remarks that the
wood, which is often prettily marbled, might be w orth trying ^ as a
substitute for box, or for the wood of the European Olive for inlay-
ing work.

OLEA EUROPE A. Linn, is the Olive-tree of S. Europe. The attempts
hitherto made to cultivate this tree in India for its oil have not
been successful. Although it often grcws to a considerable size in Nl
India it rarely flowers and never produces any fruit.

28 SALVADORACE^. [SALVADOR!.

LXX.— SALVADORACE^J.

Shrubs or trees, usually glabrous, armed or not. Leaves opp>site,
entire ; stipules minute or 0. Flowers small, clustered or panicled,
hermaphrodite or dioecious. Calyx fi\)e, campanulate or ovoid,
3-4-toothed or 4-fid. Corolla shortly cavnpanulate or the petals free,
4-merous, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube,
or hypogyno'is, alternate with the lobes or petals ; filaments free or
connate at the base. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled, style short, stigma
2-fid. or subentire ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect from its base. Berry
or drupe usually 1-seeded. Seed erect, globose or compressed,
exalbuTiinous. — Species 8 or 9, in tropical and subtropical Asia and
Africa, also in Madagascar and Malaya.

SALVADORA, Linn. ; PL Brit. Ind. iii, 619.

Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves usually pale green. Flowers
sessile or pedicelled, on the branches of axillary or terminal panicles,
Calyx campanulate, 4-fid. Corolla campanulate, tube short ; lobes 4,*
obtuse. Stamens 4, attached to the base or middle of the corolla
filaments somewhat flattened. Disk of 4 scales or glands alternating
with the filaments or 0. Ovary 1-celled, style very short or 0,
stigma broad ; ovule solitary, erect. Drupe globose, supported by
the enlarged c*lyx and subpersistent corolla, endocarp crustaoeous.
Seed globose. — Species 2, in E. Africa, Arabia and India.

Flowers pedicelled 1. 8. persica.

Flowers sessile 2. 8. oleoides.

1. S. persica, Linn. 8$. PL 122 ; Royle III. 319 ; Brand. For. Fl. 315 ;
F. B. I. Hi, 619; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 476 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 663 ; Gooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 121. -Vern. Kharjdl.

An evergreen shrub or small tree, with usually a short and crooked
trunk. Branches many, drooping, terete, glabrous, whitish-yellow.
Leaves fleshy, glaucous ; blade 1-2 in. long and up to 1£ in. wide, elliptic-
lanceolate or ovate, obtase or often mucronate at the apex, base cuneate
or rounded ; petiole i-f in. long. Flowers greenish -yellow, in lax
compound panicles : pedicels TVs in. long ; bracts ovate, a little shorter
than the pedicels, deciduous. Calyx -^ in. long, glabrous, lobes
rounded. < Corolla t\vice as long as the calyx, thin, persistent ; lobes
oblong, reflexed. Stamens exserted. Drupz globose, £ in. in diam.
smooth, led when ripe.

In the drier western and southern outskirts of the area in the neighbour-
hood of Delhi, Agra, Muttra and Ajmer, and on the banks of the

SALVADORA.] APOCYNACEM. 29

Ganges as far east as Patna, especially on saline soils. It is often found
growing with Capparis aphylla and Prosopis spicigera. Flowers Novem-
ber-May. DISTRIB. Baluchistan, Sindh, Rajputana and in the coast
regions on both side? of the Peninsula and in Ceylon, extending to
W. Asia, Abyssinia and Egypt. Often planted near Mahomedan tombs.
It is believed to be the Mustard- tree of Scripture. The pungent leaves
ara eaten as salad, ani camels are very fond of browzing on the foliage.
The bark of the roots acts as a vesicant. The bitter aromatic fruit is
, used medicinally, and the twiga are much used by natives for cleaning
the teeth, the tree being known as the ' tooth-brush ' tree.

2. S. oleoides, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 140, t. 144 ; Brandts For.
Fl.316,t.39; F. B. I. Hi, 620; Watt E. D. ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 122;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 477. S. indica, Royle III. 319.— Vern. Jhdl,jdl.

An evergreen shrub or small tree, with usually a short and twisted trank.
Branches many, spreading, whitish Leaves 1^-3 in. long and up to £ in.
wide, linear lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subobtase and often
mucronate, pale-green or glaucous, coriaceous, glabrous. Flowers
sessile, greenish-white, in erect axillary panicled spikes ; bracts minute,
ovate, acite, deciduous. Calyx about ^ in- Ion?- divided about f way
down into 4t rounded lobes. Corolla slightly exceeding the calyx ;
lobea oboyate oblong, reSexed. Stamens exserted. Drupe globose,
£-1 in. in diam., yellow when ripe.

Confined to the dry and usually saline tracts of the western portion of
the area, and often found gr >wing in company with 8. persica, from
which at a distance it may be distinguished by its more sombre green
foliage. Flowers Jan lary- April. DISTRIB. Common in Gujarat, Sindh,
Rajputana and in the drier parts of the Punjab and on the Salt Range
up to 2,400 feet, extending to Afghanistan and Aden. The sweet fruit
(pilu is eaten, especially in times of scarcity. Camels are fond of
browzing on the leaves and shoots, but no other animal will eat them.

LXXI.-APOCYNACE^J.

Trees, erect or twining shrubs, or herbs. Leaves simple, opposite
or whorled, rarely alternite, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal to
axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite ; bracts small. Calyx in-
ferior ; lobes 5, rarely 4, imbricate, often glandular within at the
base. Corolla usnally rotate or salver-shaped ; lobes 5, rarely 4,
spreading contorted and often twisted in bud, rarely valvate.
Stamens $, rarely 4, inserted usually on the tube of the corolla ; fila-
ments usually short, anthers linear-ohlong or sagittate, conniving,
connective sometimes adhering to the stigma ; cells 2, dehiscing
longitudinally, some times produced downwards a* empty spurs ;

pollen granular. Disk annular, cupular, or o£ scales, sometimes con-
cealing the ovary, or 0. Ovary 1-ceiled, with 2 parietal placentas,
or 2-celled with axile placentas, or of 2 distinct or partially connate
carpels, style simple or divided at the base only, thickened at the top ;
stigma 2-fid, obtuse or acute ; ovules few or many in each carpel.
Fruit a berry drupe or samara, or of 2 baccate or follicle-like meri-
carps. Seeds various, often with a tuft of hairs at one or both ends
or \vinged ; albumen hard or fleshy, or scanty or 0 ; embryo straight.
Cotyledons flat or contorted. — Species over 900, chiefly tropical,

Anthers included, free from the stigma, cells
with rounded bases.

Ovary of 2 completely connate carpels,
fruit a berry, seeds neither winged nor
comose, corolla- lobes overlapping to
the left. Spinous shrubs . . . 1. CARISSA.
Ovary of 2 carpels, united usually by the
style (see Rauwolfia).

Calyx not glandular inside, corolla-
lobes overlapping to the left.
Fruit indehiscent, of 2 more or
less c nnata 1-seeded drupes,
leaves whorled. A shrub . . 2. RAUWOLFIA.
Fruit dehiscent, of 2 slender free
follicles.
Leaves opposite, seeds not

comose . . .3. LOCHNERA.

Leaves whorled, seeds comose

at both ends ... 4. ALSTONIA.
Calyx glandular inside.
Seeds comose at the apex, follicles
many-seeded, corolla-lobes over-
lapping to the right . . . 5. HOLARRHENA*
Seeds few, imbedded in pulp, not
comose, corolla-lobes overlapping
to the left .... .6. ERVATAMIA.
Anthers included or exserted, cohering in a
cone round the style and attached to it,
cells spurred at the base, ovary of 2 carpels
united by the style only or (in Vallaris)
connate in flower, fruit follicular.
Anthers exserted, leaves opposite.

Mouth of corolla without scales, the

lobes overlapping to the right . 7. VALLARIS.
Mouth of corolla with a corona of
scales, the lobes overlapping to the
left 8. WRIGHTIA.

CABISSA.] APOCYNACE^E. 3i

Anthers included, corolla-lobes overlapping
to the right.
Leaves whorled, mouth of corolla with a

ring of scales . . . . . 9. NERIUM.
Leaves opposite, mouth of corolla with-
out scales.
Flowers i in. long, in lax terminal or

pseudo-axillary cymes . . . 10. TRACHELOSPEBMUM.
Flowers £ in. long, in compact 3-choio-
mous cymes forming elongated
leafy piniclea . . . .11. ICHNOCARPUS.

1. CARISSA, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iii, 620.

Spinous densely branching shrubs, usually erect. Leaves opposite,
small, coriaceous. Flowers nearly sessile, white often tinged with
pink, arranged in lax terminal umbel-like or corymbose 3-chotomous
cymes. Calyx 5-part, rarely glandular within, lobes acute. Corolla
salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, dilated round the anthers, throat
without scales, lobes overlapping to the right (in the Indian species).
Stamens attached to the top of the corolla- tube, included ; anthers
oblong, acute, the cells with obtuse bases. Disk 0. Ovary entire,
2-celled ; style filiform, stigma fusiform or columnar, minutely 2-
fid. ; ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely more. Berry ellipsoid or
globose. Seeds usually 2, peltately attached to the septum, albumen
horny or fleshy, cotyledons ovate, radicle inferior.— Species 2, in Trop.
Asia, Africa and Australia.

1. C. Carandas, Linn. Mantiss. 52 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 687; Royle III.
270 ; Brandts For. Fl. 320 ; F. B. I. in, 630 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For>
Fl. Sch. Circ. 232; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 479; Oollett Fl. Siml. 311.
Train Beng. PI. 668; Cooke Fl. Bomb, n, /24.-Vern. Karaunda.

A large erect evergreen shrub or small tree, glabrous except the
inflorescence. Bark yellowish-brown, scaly. Branch'ets usually alter-
nate, armed at their base with a pair of stout glabrous spreading
spines 1-1| in. long, the branches generally unarmed. Leaves shortly
petioled, l|-3 in. long by 1-2 in wide, elliptic or obovate, obtuse or
shortly mucronate, cuneate at the ba.se, coriaceous dark green and
shining above. Flowers white or pinkish, faintly scented, arranged in
terminal sessile or peduncled pubescent corymbose cymes ; pedils
short: bracts linear, pubescent. Calyx pubescent, divided more than
£ way down int > lanceolate ciliate segments. Corolla-tube about £in.
long, dilated upwards ; lobes lanceolate, acute, about half as long as
the tube, pubescent and ciliolate. Ovary glabrous, cells 4-ovuled.
Berry 4- or B»re-seeded, |-1 in. long, ellipsoid, smooth, purplish when
ripe,

32 APOCYNACE&. [RAUWOLPIA.

Wild in the Baraich and Gonda forests of N. Oudh and in the Gorakhpur
district, but cultivated in many places within the area. Flowers
January- April. DISTBIB, Wild or cultivated throughout India and
in Ceyion, extending to Burma ani Malaya. The wood is suitable for
turnery, and the branches make excellent hedges. The half-ripe fruit
is eaten as a pickle, and the ripe fruit is also much eaten both raw and
as a preserve.

2. C. spinarum, Linn. Mantiss. App. 559; F. B. I. Hi, 631 ; Watt E. D. •
Kanjildl For. Fl. 232; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 480; Cooke Fl. Bomb. iit
125 ; Prain Beng. PI. 669. 0. diffusa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. it 689. C. hirsata,
Roth. C. villosa, Roscb. Fl. Ind, ii (1824), 525. Vern. Karaunda.

A small evergreen shrub, glabrous or with the branches inflorescence and
leaves pubescent. Bark light grey, fibrous. Leaves smaller than those
of C. CarandaB and usually acute or mucronate. Flowers scented,
white cr tinged with pink. Calyx divided almost to the base. Berry
subglobose, £ in. in diam., red changing to dark purple when ripe.

Very common within the area as a forest shrub in dry and rocky
situations. Often forming extensive undergrowth in forests of bamboo
and f inns longifolia in the Siwalik tracts, and in the teak forests of
Bundelkhand and Saugor. Flowers April- June, and the fruit ripens
during the cold season. DISTRIB. Outer Himalayan ranges up to
6,000 feet from Kashmir to Sikkim, and throughout the drier parts of
India and in Ceylon, extending to the S. Andamans and Burma. The
branches afford excellent material for dry fences, and the wood is used
in turnery. The leaves are eaten greedily by sheep and goats, and the
berries, like those of C. Carandast are eaien either raw or as a cooked
preserve. C. hirsuta is a much more pubescent form, and is not
uncommon in the sub-Himalayan tracts of JRohilkhand and N. Oudh.

2. RAUWOLFIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 632.

Small shrubs. Leaves whorled, rarely opposite. Flowers small,
in terminal or pseudo-axillary 2-3-chotoinous umbel-like ov corymbi-
form cymes. Peduncles alternating with the terminal leaves,
finally becoming lateral. Calyx 5- fid, or -partite, eglandular within,
Corolla salver -shaped, tube cylindric, dilated round the anthers,
throat usaally hairy within ; lobes 5, overlapping to the left.
Stamens included, attached at or above the middle of the tube ;
anthers small, acute, free from the stigma, cells rounded at the base.
Disk large, cup-shaped or annular, entire or slightly lobed. Carpels
2, distinct or connate, style filiform ; stigma capitate, calyptriform
at the base, tip 2-fid. ; ovules 2, collateral in each carpel. Kipe
carpels drupaceous, distinct or connate, usually 1-seeded. Seeds
ovoid, albumen fleshy, cotyledons flat, radicle straight or recurved. —
Species about 50, in the tropics of both hemispheres and in S. Africa.

LOCHNEEA.] APOCYNACE&. 33

R. serpentina, Benth. ex Kurz For. Fl. Burma, u, 171 ; F. B. 1. Hi,
632; Wait E. D. ; Kanjildl For- Fl. 237; Gamble Man. Ind. Tirrib. 481 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 671 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, u, 127. Ophioxylon serpentinum,
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 694.— Vern. Chota chdnd.

A small erect glabrous shrub with a pale-coloured bark. Leaves whorled,
3-7 in. long by 1-2| in. wide, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or
acuminate, tapering gradually into the petiole, thin, pale beneath.
Flowers white or pinkish, arranged in terminal or lateral corymbose
cymes ; peduncles stout, 2-5 in. long ; pedicels and calyx red ; bracts
minute, lanceolate. Calyx-lobes T\j in. long, lanceolate. Corolla about
^ in. long ; tube slender, inflated above the middle ; lobes much shorter
than the tube, elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Disk membranous, slightly lobed.
Drupes about £ in. in diam., single or didymoiia and more or less
connate, purplish-black when ripe.

Dehra Dun, Siwalik range and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand,
N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. Flowers November- December. DISTRIB. West^
ward to Sirhind along the base of the Punjab Himalaya, and eastward
to Sikkim, Assam and N. and C. Bengal, and from Bombay through
C. and S. India to Ceylon ; also in Burma, the Andaman Islands
extending to Java. The plant has from very early times been in much
repute for its medicinal properties. (See Watt 13. D.)

3. LOCHNERA, Reiohb. Conspectus 134.
VINCA IN FL. BRIT. IND. in, 640.

Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite
axillary glands numerous, in a fringe ; outer long and filiform, inner
minute. Flowers axillar}', solitary or in pairs, white or pink. Calyx
herbaceous, 5-partite ; segments subulate, scarcely imbricate. Corolla
salver-shaped ; tube slender, cylindric, somewhat inflated round the
stamens below the constricted mouth, lobes overlapping to the left.
Stamens on the corolla-tube ; filaments very short ; anthers free
from the stigma, ovate-lanceolate, acute, shortly and obtusely 2-lobed
at the base. Disk replaced by 2 long linear glands alternating with
the carpels. Carpels 2, free, style filiform, stigma depressed-
capitate, with a long hyaline reflexed frill at the base and a minute
obtuse 2-lobed apiculus surrounded by a very short erect membra-
nous rim. Follicles cylindric, slightly spreading. /Seeds many,
small, testa rugose, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons oblong, fiat. —
Species 3, in Trop, America, India and Madagascar.

34 APOCYNACE&. [Axsrcmu.

L. pusilla, K. Schnm in Engl. and Prantl. Pflanzenf. iv, part 2, 145 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 129. Vinca pusilla, Murr. ; F. B. I. Hi, 640; Watt
E, D. V. parviflora, Eetz. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 1 ; Eoyle III. 270.

An erect much-branched pale-green glabrous annual, 6-24 in. high. Stem
and branches acutely 4-angled. Leaves membranous, 1^-3 in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the base, margins minutely scabrid,
petiole i in. or less. Flowers small, solitary or in pairs, pedicels very
short. Calyx &-£ in. long, lobes filiform. Corolla-tube^ in ; mouth narrow,
hairy, throat glabrous inside ; lobes £ in. long, oblong-oboTate,;apiculate.
Follicles H-2 in. long, slender, straight, striate, , glabrous. Seeds ^ in.
long, cylindric, rounded at the ends, muricately ribbed, black when
ripe.

A common weed in many parts of the area. DISTRIB. W. Himalaya up
to 2,000 feet, also in W., Cent, and S. India extending to Ceylon.

4. ALSTONIA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 641.

Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves usually whorled. Flowers in
sub terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx short, 6-lobed or-partite.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric ; throat naked, closed by a ring
of reflexed hairs ; lobes overlapping to the right or left. Stamens
included, attached near the top of the tube ; anthers free from the
stigma, subacnte. Disk annular or 0, lobed. Carpels 2, distinct ;
style filiform, top ovoid or oblong, stigma minute or 2-toothed, ovules
numerous. Follicles 2, linear, slender. Seeds oblong or linear,
flattened, peltately attached, often ciliate, albumen scanty ; cotyledons
oblong, flat, radicle superior. — Species about 30, in Tropical Asia*
Australia and Polynesia.

A. soholaris, E. Br. in Mem. Wern. 8oc. i, 75 ; Royle ILL 270 ; Brand.

For. Fl.325;F. B. I. iii, 642-, Watt K. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 233;

Gamble Man. Ind. Timl.; Prain Beng.. PI. 672; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 132.-

Vern Satidn.

A large evergreen tree with milky juice, up to 60 feet or more in height,
with dark-grey bark. Stem fluted and usually buttressed towards
the base ; branches whorled, the smaller ones densely lenticellate.
Leaves in verticils of 4-7, coriaceous, bright-green and shining above,
pale or glaucous beneath, 3-8 in. long, oblong lanceolate or obovate,
obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate, tapering at the base into a
short petiole ; main lateral nerves many, parallel and almost at right
angles to the stout midrib, uniting close to the edge into an intramar-
ginalvein. Flowers greenish -white, arranged in compact umbellately
branched pubescent cymes ; main peduncles stout, 2-3 in. long ; second-
ary ones slender, often supported by -a leaf -like spathulate bract ;
pedicels short, bracteoles oblong or ovate. Calyx ^-J in. long, pubescent :

HOLABBHENA.] APOCYNACE&. 35

lobes TV in., oblong-, ciliate. Corolla-tube % in. long, constricted in the
middle, hairy on both sides ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Disk 0. Anthers acute.
Ovary villous, stigma bifid. Follicles terete, 1-2 feet long and about
i in. in diam., pendulous in clusters. Seeds about •£ in. long, slender,
flattened, with a long tuft of tawny hairs at each end.
In the eastern portion of Dehra Dun and eastwards iu the moist forests
along the base of the Himalaya, but nowhere abundant. It flowers
December-March and the fruit ripens during May and June. DISTRIB. E,
Bengal, Assam, W. and S. India, Burma, Malay Pen. and Archipelago,
extending also to Queensland and Trop. Africa. The wood is light
and easily worked and is much used for boxes, etc., and in Burma for
making black boards, hence the specific name.

5. HOLARRHENA, R. Br,; Fl. Brit. Ind. in, 644.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, membranous. Flowers white, in
terminal subaxillary corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed or partite,
usually glandular within ; lobes small, narrow. Corolla salver-shaped ;
tube slender, cyliudric ; lobes oblong, overlapping to the left. Stamen*
near the base of the tube ; anthers included, oblong-lanceolate,
mucronate, free from the style. Disk 0. Carpels 2, distinct ; style
short, filiform, stigma oblong-fusiform, apex entire or with two
teeth ; ovules many in each carpel. Follicles elongate, spreading
and incurved, terete. Seeds linear or oblong, compressed, concave,
tipped with a deciduous coma, albumen scanty ; cotyledons broad,
complicate ; radicle short, superior. — Species 7 or 8, in Trop. Asia
and Africa.

H- antidysenterica, Wall. Cat. 1672; Brandis For. Fl. 32R, t. 40;
F.B.I. Hi 644; Watt E. D. ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 133; Kanjilal For.
Fl. 234 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 484 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 311; Prain
Beng. PI. 674. H. pubescens, Wall.; Royle III. 270.— Vern. Karra, kurat
dudhi, indarjau.

A small deciduous tree, with brown bark exfoliating in irregular flakes.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, rather thin, glabrous or more or less tomen-
tose especially beneath, 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate or elliptic, rounded
or tapering at the base ; main lateral nerves arcuate, con-
spicuous, connected by prominent transverse veins. Flowers white,,
inodorous, arranged in terminal sessile corymbose cymes, pedicels-
slender ; bracts small, deciduous. Calysc-lobes jV& in. long,,
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Corolla about 1 in. in diam.,.
creamy white, puberulous outside ; tube £•$ in. long, throat,
without a ring of hairs ; lobes about as long as the tube, oblong,
obtuse. Follicles slender, 8-15 in. long, |-£ in. in diam., usually marked
with many narrow white specks. Seeds linear, about \ in. long ; coma,
brown, about twice as long as the seed.

c2

36 A2OGYNAQEM. [ERVATAMIA.

Abundant in Dehra Dun, on the Siwalik range and throughout the sub-
Himalayan tract eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand,
Flowers in May and June, and the fruit ripens during the cold season.
DISTBIB. Throughout India and in Burma, ascending- to 4.000 feet on
the Western Himalaya. Sir Dietrich Braudis remarks that in Penin-
sula specimens the style is much longer than in those of Northern
India, and the anthers are attached to the middle of the corolla-tube
instead of at the base. Gamble draws attention to its sylvicultural
importance as an associate of sal in Northern and Central India, and
to its value in the reclamation of waste lanas. The soft white wood is
largely used, especially at Saharanpur, for carving and in turnery, and
many of the beads worn round the neck as a charm are made from this
wood. The bark is used for dysentery, and the leaves and seeds are
also employed medicinally.

6. ERVATAMIA, Stapf .
TABEBN^MONTANA IN PL. BBIT. IND. in, 645.

Shrubs rarely small trees, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite ;
axillary stipules usually distinct, axillary glands small. Flowers
often showy, usually in pairs and arranged in terminal or
pseudo-axillary corymbose or umbellifonn cymes. Calyx small;
lobes 5, free or connate at the base, glandular inside, imbricate.
Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric, slightly widened towards the
naked mouth ; lobes overlapping usually to the left. Stamens
included ; filaments short ; an I hers linear, acute, 2-lobed at the base
Disk 0. Ovary of 2 carpels which sometimes slightly cohere ; style
usually long and slender ; stigma on a level with the anthers, clavate
or oblong-ellipsoid, with a slender papillose bifid apiculus ; ovules
numerous, in many series. Follicles 2, more or less coriaceous when
mature, obliquely ovate to lanceolate, usually curved and beaked.
Seeds usually few, embedded in an orange-coloured or red aril,
ellipsoid, deeply grooved ventrally, albumen copious. — Species about
30, in Trop. Asia, Australia and Polynesia, and oue in Madagascar,

E. coronaria, Stapf. in Fl. Trop. Afr. iv,127 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 134.
Tabernsemontana coronaria, Willd. JEnum. Hort. Berol. 275 ; Roxb. FL
Ind. it, 23; Eoyle 111. 270; Brandts For. Fl. 322; F. 11. I. Hi, 646;
Watt E.D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 233; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 485; Prain
"Beng. PI. 673.— Vern. Chdndni.

An evergreen glabrous '* dichotomously branched shrub with silvery-grey
bark. Leaves 3-6 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate
or caudate, tapering at the base into a short petiole, dark green and
shining above, pale beneath, membranous or thinly coriaceous, main

VALIAEIS.] APOCYNACE&. 37

lateral nerves 6-9 pairs ; petioles ^-amplexicaul at the "base. Cymes
few-flowered ; peduncles about 1$ in. long, pedicels slender. Flowers
pure white, fragrant at night, buds clavate. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate,
acute or rounded. Corolla-tube £-1 in. long, dilated round the anthers ,
lobes about as long as the tube, obliquely ovate, obtuse, crisped on one
margin. Anthers acuminate. Carpels glabrous. Follicles 1-2 in. long,
spreading, recurved at the acuminate apex, 1-3-keeled, opening out
flat when ripe. Seeds 3-6, oblong, striated, embedded in a red pulpy
aril.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards. Flowers May-August,
fruiting during the cold season. DISTBIB. Garhwal, E. Bengal,
Khasia Hills, Assam and Burma, also found in Trinidad. An orna-
mental shrub, much cultivated in gardens. The flowers are dimorphic
as regards the length of the style and the position of the anthers.
Under cultivation the flowers often become double.

7. VALLABIS, Burn*. ; FL Brifc. Ind. iii, 650.

Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, minutely dotted. Flowers white
in axillary or pseudo-axillary cymes or fascicles. Calyx 5-partite-
glandular or not within, segments narrow. Corolla salver-shape or
subrotate, tube short, throat naked ; lobes broad, contorted, over-
lapping to the right. Stamens attached at the top of the corolla-
tube ; filaments very short, clavate ; anthers exserted, conniving in
a cone and adherent to the stigma, connective with a dorsal gUnd,
cells produced into rigid basal spurs. Disk annular or cupular,
•with 6 lobes or scales. Carpels 2, at first connate, many-ovuled ;
style filiform, pubescent ; stigma thick, obscurely annulate near the
base. Fruit oblong, acuminate, the carpels at length separating.
Seeds 2-seriate, ovate, acuminate, compressed, tip oomose, albumen
scanty.— Species 5 or 6, in Trop. Asia and Malaya.

V. Heynei, Spreng. 8yst. i, 635; F. B. I. iii, 165; Watt E. D- ; Cooke
fl.Bomd.fi, 136; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 486; Collett Fl. 8iml. 311,
Kanjildl For. Fl. 234; Prain Beng. PI. 675. V. dichotomy Wall. ; Eoyle
III. 270 ; Brandis For. Fl. 327. Echites dichotoma, Roseb. Fl. Ind. ii, 19.—
Vern. Dudhi lei.

A large twining shrub with aah-coloured bark. Leaves usually glabrous,
gland-dotted, 2-4£ in. long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
base acute, upper surface shining ; petiole £-f in. long, with glands in
the axils. Flowers f in. across, in lax pubescent cymes, creamy white,
fragrant ; peduncles slender, pubescent or glabrous ; pedicels usually
decurved, pubescent; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent-
Calyx pubescent ; lobes ^ in. long, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or sub-
acute, ciliate. Corolla % in. across, minutely pubescent outside, tube |

38 APOCYNACE&. [VAIIAEIS.

in. long, limb spreading ; lobes obovate, obtuse. Ovary hairy, stigma
pointed. Fruit 4-6 in. long, acuminate from a rounded base, valveg
thick and fibrous. Seeds about £ in. long, ovoid, beaked ; coma f in.
long, silvery white.

Abundant within the area, especially in the sub-Himalayan forests east-
wards from Dehra Dun, and in Bundelkhand. Flowers December-April,
and the fruit ripens from January- April of the following year. DISTBIB*
Punjab westwards to the Sutlei, Himalaya up to 5,000 feet in Kumaon,
E. Bengal and southwards to Ceylon, also in Burma. The twigs are
used for making baskets in the Saharanpur district. The plant is-
cultivated in gardens for its scented flowers.

8. WRIGHTIA, R. Br. ; PI. Brit. lad. iii, 652.

Shrubs or small trees, often with slender cord-like branches.
Leaves opposite. Flowers red white or yellow, in terminal or pseudo-
axillary cymes. Calyx short, 5-partite, with glands or scales inside.
Corolla salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, usually short, with a corona of
5-10 usually fimbriate scales in the throat, lobes overlapping to the
left. Stamens at the top of the corolla-tube ; filaments short, dilated ;
anthers exserted, sagittate, conniving around and adhering to the
stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disk none. Carpels 2, free or
connate, many-ovuled, style filiform. Follicles distinct or at first
connate. Seeds linear, compressed, narrowed at the apex and with
a deciduous coma at the base ; albumen scanty or none ; cotyledons
broad, convolute. Species about 10, in Trop. Asia and Australia, one
extending to S. Africa.

Leaves glabrous or puberulous beneath ; follicles
smooth, cohering at the apex only . . . 1. W. tinctoria.

Leaves tomentose on both surfaces ; follicles
connate throughout, rough with white tuber-
cles . . . . • . . 2. TF. tomentosa.

1. W. tinctoria, E. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 74 ; Royle III. 270 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 324 ; F. B. I. iii, 653; Watt E. V.; Gamble Man. Ind.
Timb. 4S6 ; Coolie Fl. Bonib. iit 137. W. Eothii, G. Don. Nerium tinc-
torium, "Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. iit 4.— -Vern. Dudhi (Bundelkhand), Khirni
(Eajputana).

A small deciduous tree, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Leaves 3-5
in. long, elliptic- ovate or -lanceolate or obovate-oblong, caudate or acu-
minate, base rounded or acute ; main lateral nerves 6-12 pairs, con-
spicuous in the mature leaf, petiole very short. Flowers -^-f in. in diam.,
white, fragrant, arranged in lax terminal dichotoinous cymes ; branches
slender, spreading ; bracts minute, ovate. Calyx-lobes ovate, rvunded,
margins membranous. Corolla tube | in. long ; lobes ^ in., linear-

WRIGHTIA.J APOCYNACE1E, 39

oblong, obtuse ; scales linear, scattered. Anthers white, exserted.
Follicles pendulous, 10-20 in. long, slender, cylindric, glabrous, cohering
at their tips only. Seeds •£-£ in. long, linear, glabrous except for the
basal coma.

Bundelkhand and Bajputana in deciduous forests, also in the forests of
N. Oudh. Flowers March-May. DISTRIB. Central W. and S. Indii,
also in Ceylon and Burma. The white even-grarned wood is much used
for carving and turnery. The leaves yield an indigo-like dye which
is used by the natives of S. India, and the seeds (mitha indarjau)ard
eaten. In C. Rothii the branchlets and leaves are distinctly pubescent.
This form occurs in Bundelkhand and southwards.

2. W. tomentosa, R. $ 8. Syst. ivt 414 ; Brandis For. Fl. 323 ; F. B. I.

Hi, 653 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL. 235; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 487 ;
Prain Beng. PL 674 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 137. W. mollissima, Wall.;
Royle III. 270. Nerium tomentosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 6.— Vern. Dudh,
indarjau.

A. small deciduous tree with grey corky bark ; young parts densely
tomeutose. Leaves tomentose on both surfaces, 3-6 in. long, elliptic-
oblong, caudate-acuminate, reddish-brown when dry, base acute, main
lateral nerves 8-14 pairs, petiole i in. long. Flowers about 1 in. across,
rather fcetid, arranged in short dense erect terminal corymbose cymes.
Calyx pubescent outside, glandular within ; lobes £ in. long, ovate,
obtuse. Corolla white or tinged with pink, turning to pale yellow,
tube twice as long as the calyx-lobes. Corona of orange-coloured
fleshy scales. Follicles 8-12 in. long, subcylindrical, laterally com-
pressed, connate throughout, grooved on each side at the junction of
the carpels, rough with many white prominences. Seeds -£-f in. long,
slender, tapering towards the apex and with a deciduous white coma at
the lower end.

'Sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in
Merwara and Bnndelkhand. Flowers during May and June. DISTRIB.
Throughout the hotter parts of India in deciduous forests, on the
Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. westwards to the Beas and eastwards to
Sikkim, also in Ceylon and Burma. The white close-grained wood is
suitable for carving and turning, and is largely used, like that of
Holarrhena, for the manufacture of carved plates and picture-frames
iu the Saharanpur district. The bark of the stem and roots is re-
garded as an antidutj to snake -bite and the sting of scorpions.

9. NERIUM, Linn. ; Fl, Brit. Ind. iii, 654.

Erect glabrous shrubs. Leaves usually in whorls of three, narrow,
coriaceous ; nerves slender, very close. Flowers large, in terminal
lacemose cymes. Calyx 5-partite, glandular within, segments narrow.
Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube cylindric, expanding above, with five
fringed scales on the throat , lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens

40 APOCYNACEM.

inserted near the mouth of the tube, filaments short ; anthers con-
niving around and adhering to the stigma, tipped with long hairy
appendages, each cell produced downwards into a rigid spur-like
appendage. Carpels 2, distinct, many ovuled ; style filiform or
dilated upwards ; stigma with a reflected lobed membrane surmounted
by 5 tubercles, tip subglobose. Follicles cylindric, straight, ad-
pressed. Seeds oblong, villous ; coma terminal, caducous ; albumen
fleshy, cotyledons flat.— Species 2 or 3, extending from the Medi-
terranean to N. Asia and Japan.

Nerium odorum, Soland. in Hort. Kew. ed. I, i, 297 • Roxb. Fl. Ind. iit

2 ; Brandis For. Fl. 328 ; F. B. I. Hi, 655 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl.

236; Gamble Man. Ind. Timl. 4S7 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 312; Prain Beng.

PI. 676; Coofce Fl. Bomb.ii, 143.-Vern. Kaner.

A large glabrous evergreen sbrab with milky juice. Leaves in threes,
shortly stalked, coriaceous, 4-6 in. long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate ,
tapering into the short petiole, dark green and shining above, midrib
stout ; nerves numerous, spreading horizontally. Flowers red rose-
coloured or white, fragrant. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla 1^ in. in
diam., fragrant, lobes rounded. Filaments hairy, appendages of
anthers twice as long as the cells. Follicles 6-9 in. long, rigid, at
length separating. Seeds about •£ in. long, tipped with a coma of
light brown hairs.

On the edges of rooky water-courses on both sides of the Siwalik
Kange in the districts of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, also in N.
Oudh. Flowers usually April to June. DISTBIB. Himalaya from
Nepal westwards to Kashmir up to 6,500 ft., on the Punjab Salt
Bange, extending westwards to Baluchistan and Afghanistan, also in
0. and S. India. It is extensively cultivated throughout the greater
part of India, as well as in China and Japan. The leaves are
used in native medicine, and the bark and root are poisonous. This
shrub is closely allied to the European oleander, which is found as far
east as Persia.

10. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 667.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowers white
or purplish, in lax terminal or pseudo-axillary cymes. Calyx small,
5-partite, glandular or scaly within. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube
cylindric, dilated round the anthers; lobes 5, oblique, overlapping to
the right, twisted to the left. Stamens attached above the middle of
the tube ; filaments short, broad ; anthers conniving over and
adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disk annular or
of^ oblong glands. Carpels 2, distinct, many -ovuled j style cupular,
stigma oblong. Follicles elongate, slender, incarved, terete. Seeds

TEACHELOSPEEMCM.] APOCYNACE&. 41

linear, crowned with a tuft of long hairs, albumen copious ; cotyledons
linear, flat. — Species 8, E. Asiatic and Malayan.

T. fragrans, Hook. f. in F. B. I. Hi, 667; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind.
Timb. 489 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 237 ; Collett Ft. Siml. 313. Ichnocarpus
fragrans, Wall. ; Royle III. 270 ; Brandis For. Fl. 327.

A tall nearly glabrous scandent shrub ; old stems with tubercled bark,
branches pendulous. Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate,
bluntly acuminate, thinly coriaceous, s Lining above, petiole £-•£ in.
long. Peduncles and pedicels slender ; bracts minute, lanceolate.
Flowers white or pink, fragrant. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, with ciliate
edges, ^ the length of the corolla-tube. C'oro?Ia-tube •£-•£ in. long
pubescent at the base of the lobes and round the mouth. "Disk of 5,
small erect glands. Follicles 4-9 in. long or more. Seeds f- in. long,
obtuse at both ends, smooth.

Dehra Dun, in the Mothronwala swamp and on the banks of the Ke'-nadi.
Flowers April-June. DISTBIB. Sub-tropical and temperate Hima-
laya up to 7,100 ft. from Simla to Sikkim and Bhutan, also in Assam
and Upper Burma.

11. ICHNOCARPUS, R- Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 669.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowers
small or minute, in long terminal and axillary paniculate cymes.
Calyx 5-fid., glandular within. Corolla salver shaped, throat
contracted or villous ; lobes narrowed to an obtuse point, overlapping:
to the right, the upper half of each lobe deflexed in bud. Stamens
at or below the middle of the corolla-tube ; anthers sagittate,
conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base.
Disk free, 5-lobed. Carpels 2, distinct, exserted from the disk,
many-ovuled, hairy, style short, stigma ovoid or oblong. Follicles
slender, spreading or divaricate. Seeds narrowed at the tip, crowned
with a deciduous coma, albumen scanty, cotyledons long and flat, —
Species 5 or 6, in India, Malaya and Australia.

I. frutescens, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i (1809), 62 ; Ait. Hort. Kew.
ed. 2, ii, 69; Eoyle III. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 327; F. B. I. iii, 669 ;
Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 286 ; Gamble Man, Ind. Timb. 489; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 142; Prain Beng. PL 680.— Vern. Kali dudhi, bellcamu
(Saharanpur), bamar (Gorakhpur).

An evergreen climbing shrub ; young branches inflorescence and under
surface of leaves rusty-tomentose. Leaves variable, 2-3 in. long,
elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually rounded
at the base, dark-green glabrous and shining above, pale and more or less
pubescent beneath, with slender reticulations between the main lateral

42 APOCYNACJK^. [ICHNOCABPTJS.

nerves ; petiole •£••$• in. long. Floivers greenish-white, more or less
fragrant. Calyx pubescent ; lobes ovate, acute, minutely glandular
inside. Corolla, £•£ in. across, twice as long as the calyx ; tube •§• in.
long, swollen round the included anthers, throat villous ; lobes ^ in.
long, hairy on upper surface, narrowed into a slender twisted acuminate
point. Disk-lobes longer than the hairy ovary. Follicles 3-6 in. long,
straight or somewhat curved, pubescent when young. Seeds -£-f in.
long, slender, coma as long as the seed.

Abundant within the area in forests and hedgerows. Flowers Aug.—
Dec. DISTRIB. Throughout the greater part of India, also in
Ceylon and Burma, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; found also
in China, Java and Australia. The roots and leaves are used
medicinally, and the twigs are collected for making baskets in the
Saharanpur district.

Thevetia mriifolia, Juss. (Yellow Oleander), a native of Trop. America,
is cultivated in gardens over the greater part ef India. It is an
evergreen glabrous shrub or small tree with leaves resembling those of
the oleander, and the flowers are bright yellow. The milky juice i&
extremely poisonous.

Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. Vern. Gul-dcTiin. This is another introduc-
tion, probably indigenous in Mexico. It is a small soft-wooded tree
with thick fleshy branches. The fragrant flowers, which open before
the leaves have developed, are white with a yellow centre and pinkish,
outside. It is often met with in gardens and in the vicinity of temples.
The bark and milky juice are used in native medicine.

LXXIL— ASCLEPIADACE^E.

Herbs or shrubs, generally with milky and acrid juice. Stems
simple or branched, usually twining. Leaves mostly opposite,,
sometimes wanting, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers usually
small, regular, 2-sexual, 5-mero'is, often arranged in umbelliform
cymes. Calyx inferior, divided nearly or completely to the base ;
segments imbricate, usually with minute processes at their bases
within. Corolla variously shaped, hypogynous, gamopetalou?,.
regular, 5-lobed ; tube within or at its mouth often furnished with
a ring of variously shaped scales or processes (the coralline corona).
Stamens 5, inserted usually at or near the base of the corolla and
alternate with its lobes ; filaments flat, usually connate in a fleshy
tube round the ovary (staminal column), the apex of the tube often
united to the dilated part of tlie style, and with usually fleshy scales
or processes on the back (staminal corona) ; anthers not connate
with each other, free or united to the style, 2-celled, margins of
anthers or their basal processes more or less horny or wing-like,.

A SCLEPIADA CE^.

43

•usually projecting outwards, the adjacent wings of each pair of
anthers nearly meeting and forming between them narrow fissures
leading to the Btigmatic cavities ; connectives of the anthers often
produced into terminal membranous and sometimes connate appen-
dages. Pollen forming 1 or 2 granular or waxy masses in each
cell, the polliuia of the adjoining cells of two contiguous anthers
united in pairs or fours either directly or by appendages (caudicles)
to glands (corpuscles) which lie on the dilated portion of the style.
Ovary of two distinct superior carpels, inclosed within the staminal
column ; styles 2, short, united above into a 5-angled disk (style
apex included between the anthers or produced beyond them into
a long or short simple or 2-fid column ; ovules many, rarely few,
imbricate in several series on the projecting placenta. Seeds com-
pressed, usually flat and often margined, crowned with a long
dense brush of hairs (coma], albumen thin or 0. — Species exceeding
1,800, widely spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions
of the world, a few in temperate regions.

Filaments free or slightly connate at the base,
pollen-masses granular.

Corolla-lobes valvate 1. HEMIDESMUS.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right.

Corona-lobes free, fleshy, not aristate . 2. CRYPTOLEPIS.
Corona-lobes connate in a ring, ariatate . 3. PERIPLOCA.
Filaments combined into a tube, pollen-masses
waxy.

Antrers with a membranous appendage.
Pollen-masses pendulous.
Stems erect .....

Corolla-lobes valvate, corona- pro-
cesses laterally compressed ; fol-
licles shorb, turgid. Flowers large . 4. CALOTBOPIS.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right,
corona processes short and fleshy.
Flowers medium-sized. . . .5. PENTABOTHRA.
Stems twining.

Corona staminal, single.
Corolla subrotate, reddish-purple
inside, corona a fleshy truncate

ring. Flowers large, fragrant. . 6. HOLOSTEMMA.
Corolla, divided | way down, white
or pink with purple veins, corona
5-lobed. Flowers lar^e . 7. OXTSTELMA.
Corolla lobed nearly to the base,
corona of 5 scales. Flowers small,
greenish 8. PENTATROPIS.

44 ASCLEPIADACE^. [HEMIDESMUS.

Corona staminal, double ; follicles

covered with soft spines . . 9. DMMIA.
Pollen-masses erect.

Corona adnate to the corolla- tube .10. GYMNEMA.

Corona staminal.
Corona-lobes adnate to the base of

the anthers or none . . .11. GONGRONEMA.

Corona-lobes adnate to the staminal
column, without a subulate process
on the inner face of the free apical

portion 12. MARSDENIA.

Corona-lobes adnate to the staminal
column, each vith a subulate pro-
cess on the inner face of the free

apical portion 13. PERGTJLARIA.

Corona of 5 small tubercles aduate to

the staminal column . . .14. TYLOPHORA.
Anthers incumbent on the stigma, without
a membranous appendage. Corolla-lobes
valvate, pollen-masses erect.
Corolla-tube short, limb rotate or saucer-
shaped,

Corona of 5 small erect hair-tipped
scales inserted in the sin uses of the
corolla-lobes, sometimes with an
inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base
of the staminal column , . .15. LEPTADENIA.
Corona double, entirely staminal.
Flowers 1-4 at the nodes, or many
in a terminal umbel . . . .16. BRACHYSTELMA.

Corolla-tube more or less elongate and
often inflated at the base.
Corona of 5 small erect scales inserted
in the sinuses of the corolla-lobes,
sometimes with an inconspicuous
fleshy ring at the base of the staminal
column . . . . . .17. ORTHANTHERA.

Corona double, staminal, attached to

the column ... . . .18. CEROPEGIA.

1, HEMIDESMUS, K. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 4.

A twining shrub- Leaves opposite, hoary or pubescent beneath
Flowers small, in opposite crowded subsessile axillary cymes
greenish-purple. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes glandular within at the
base, acuminate. Corolla rotate ; lobes thick, valvate. Coronal
scales 5, on the throat of the corolla aid alternate with its lobes,
short, fleshy. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla-tube,
filaments distinct or slightly connate at the base, anthers with

CEYPTOLEPIS. J ASCLEPIADAOE^l. 45

inflexed membranous tips, pollen-masses cohering in pairs in each
cell, granular, appendages of the corpuscles dilated or hooded.
Stigma 5 -angled, with a flat crown. Follicles divaricate, slender,
terete, smooth. Seeds comose. A. single species, restricted to India.

H. indicus, E. fir in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 57; F. B. 1. iv, 5 ; Royle
III. 274; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 686} Coolie ]?l. Bomb, «, 146
Asclepias pseudosarsa, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind., ii, 39 (esccl. synj.

A twining or prostrate shrub. Leaves 2-4 in. long, elliptic-oblorg to
linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, apiculate, usually glabrous, dark-
green or mottled with white above, pale or silvery white and sometimes
pubescent beneath, midrib stout, veins reticulate, petiole J in. long.
Pedicels short, clothed with many ovate acute imbricating bracts
Calyx T\j in. long, glabrous outside ; lobes ovate, acute, margins ciliate.
Corolla £-£ in. long, greenish outside, purple within ; tube very short ;
lobes fleshy, ovate-oblong, acuminate, valvate. Follicles 4-6 in. long.
Seeds ±-± in., flattened, black ; corna 1 in. long, pure white.

Forests of N. Oudh and Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers
during the greater part of the year. DISTRIB. Eastwards to Bengal
and the Sundribans, and from the Central Provinces to S. India and
Ceylon. In S. India the root of this plant is used as a substitute
for sarsaparilla ; and in many parts of India it is prescribed by native
doctors, either alone or in conjunction with other drugs, in the treat-
ment of various ailments.

2. CRYPTOLEPIS, R. Br., FL- Brit. Ind. iv, 5.
Glabrous and usually twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
small and in lax slender dichotomous few-flowered terminal or axillary
cymes. Calyx deeply 5-fid., with five scales within. Corolla-tube
short,. cylindric or bell-shaped ; lobes linear, overlapping and twisted
to the right in bud. Corona-scales free, adnate to the middle of the
corolla-tube, linear or clavate, conniving, Stamens attached towards
tKe base of the corolla-tube, filaments subconnate by their broad bases ;
anthers shorti adhering to the stigma by their bases ; tips acuminate,
conniving ; pollen-masses cohering in pairs in each cell, granular
appendages of corpuscles oblong. Stigma broadly conic. Follicles
2, divaricate, terete, smooth. Seeds comose. — Species about 20, in
tropical Asia and Africa.

C. Buchanan!, E. and S. Syst. iv, 409 ; Falc. in Trans. Linn. Soc. aix,
53, t. 5; Brandis For. Ft. 330 ; F. B. I. iv, 5; Watt J3. J). ; Kanjilal For,
Fl. 239 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 490 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 315; Prain Beng .
PI. 685; CookeFl. Bomb.ii, 147 ; G. reticulata, Wall. 5 Royle III. 270.
Nerium, reticulatum, Roxb, ; Fl. Ind. ii'JS. — Vern. Karanta, medka-singki
(DehraDun).

46 ASCLEPIADAGEJE. [PEEIPLOCI.

A large glabrous twining shrub ; branches terete, whitish. Leaves
coriaceous, shortly stalked, 3-6 by l-2£ in., oblong-ovate or elliptic,
with a rounded or retuse and apiculate apex, usually acute at the base,
dark-green above, glaucous beneath ; main lateral nerves many, slender,
horizontal and uniting within the margin; petioles ±-% in. long.
Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in short axillary panicled cymes ; bracts
ovate-lanceolate, with scarious margins. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute.
Corolla-lobes $ in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate. Corona of 5 clavate
scales. Follicles 2-4 in. long, stout, straight, terete, tapering. Seeds
•f in. long, ovate-oblong, compressed, black, coma 1£ in. long.

Common within the area, especially in the deciduous forests of the sub-
Himalayan tracts and in Bundelkhand, also found in hedges. Flowers
May June. DISTRIB. Throughout the hotter parts of India, ascending
to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya; also in Ceylon, Burma and China. A
useful fibre is said to be yielded by this plant.

3. PERIPLOCA, Linn. ; M. Brit. Ind. iv, 11.

Erect or twining glabrous shrubs, sometimes leafless. Leaves
opposite. Flowers in lax terminal or axillary cymes, greenish exter-
nally, purplish within. Calyx 5-partite, with five glands within.
Corolla rotate ; lobes obtuse, usually bearded within, overlapping to
the right. Coronal scales connate into a 10-lobed ring, often pro-
duced behind the stamens into five subulate or branched processes.
Stamens within the corona ; filaments free, broad and flat ; anthers
bearded on the back, conniving over and adhering to the stigma, tips
sobering and with incurved appendages ; pollen-masses in pairs in
each cell, granular ; appendages of the corpuscles dilated. Stigma,
convex. Follicles conniving or divaricate, cjlindric, smooth. Seeds
comose. — Species about 12, in S. Europe, W. Asia and tropical
Africa.

Leaves small, ovate, usually absent ; follicles
divaricate . .... 1. P. aphylla.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; follicles not
divaricate 2. P. calophylla.

1. P. aphylla, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. 190, t. 116 ; Brandis For. Fl.
330; Ind. Trees 467; F. B. J. iv9 12; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.
490 ; Coofce FL Bomb, ii, 148. Campelepis viminea, Falc. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xix, 109.

An erect branching shrub with milky juice, leafless or nearly so. Stems
many, as thick as a goose-quill or less, smooth or with pubescent tips.
Leaves (when present) £ in long, thick, ovate or oblong, acute, nerves
inconspicuous. Cymes many-flowered, often opposite, 4-1 in. long and
broad, on short thick peduncles or branching from the base ; bracts

CAIOTBOPIS,] ASCLEPIADACE&. 47

ovate-oblong, caducous from above the base. Flowers fragrant. Calyao
glabrous, £ in. long ; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse. Corona greenish and
glabrous outside, purple within; lobes reflexed,£in. long, oblong, obtuse,
densely bearded inside towarda the apex. Corona-lobes £ in. long, trans-
versely oblong at the base, each terminating in a long filiform process
with a recurved apex. Stamens with glabrons filaments. Follicles on
short thick peduncles, widely divaricate, 3-7 in. long, woody, terete,
tapering to a point. Seeds % in. long, coma 1 in. long.

Merwara (D. Brandis). Flowers Mar.- April. DISTRIB. Plains of Sind
and Punjab, Salt Range, lower slopes of the Outer Himalaya eastwards
to the Chenab ; abundant also in Afghanistan and Baluchistan, extend-
ing to Persia, Arabia and Egypt. The fragrant flowers are eaten. The
stems yield a fibre which is used for mating well- ropes. The milky
juice is employed medicinally.

2. P. calcphylla, Falc. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i, 115; Brand. For. Fl. 330 ;
F. B. I. iv. 12 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 239 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 490.
Streptocaulon calophyllurn, Wight; Eoyle III. 273. — Vern. Para
( Jaunsar).

A small glabrous twining shrub with slender branches. Leaves shortly
petioled, 1^-3 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, coria-
ceous, shining on both surfaces, margins undulate ; lateral nerves
many, parallel, uniting within the margin, petiole £ in. long. Bracts
minute, scarious. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla J- in. in
diam., pinkish or pale yellow. Corona-lobes hairy. Follicles 4-6 in.
long, straight or curved, conniving, tapering gradually to the apex.
Seeds linear, $••§ in. long, coma 1-1 £ in. long.

DehraDun at Sahansradhara (Eoyle, etc.) Flowers during April and
May. DISTKIB. Temp, and subtropical Himalaya from the Chamba to
Sikkim up to 7,000 ft., usually in shady ravines ; also in Assam and on
the Khasia Hills, extending to China.

4. CALOTROPIS, R. Br. ; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 17,
Erect glabrous or hoary shrubs, or small trees, leaves opposite
broad, subsessile. flowers large, arranged in umbel ate cymes.
Calyx divided to the base ; sepals broadly ovate, glandular within.
Corolla broadly carnpanulate or subrotate ; lobes broad, naked
valvate. Corona of 5 fleshy laterally compressed scales radiating
from the large si aminal column, their buses terminating in an up-
curved or involute spur. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers
snort, broad, tipped with membranous in flexed appendages ; pollen-
masses solitary in each cell, pendulous, waxy. Stigma depressed s
5-angled or 5-lobed Follicles short, turgid, smooth. Seeds comose*
—Species 4, in Trop. Asia and Africa.

48 ASCLEPIADACEM. [ CALOTKOPIS.

Leaves sessile or nearly so.

Corolla-lobes spreading . . . 1. C. gigantea.

Corolla-lobes erect 2. C.procera.

Leaves distinctly petioled, corolla-lobes erect 3. C. Ada.
1. C. gigantea, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii, 78 ; Ham. in Trans.

Linn. Soc. sdv, 245 • Eoyle III. 275 ; Brandis For. FL 331 ; F. B. I. iv, 17 ,•

Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL 240 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 491 ; Frain

Beng. PI. 688 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 151. Asclepias gigantea, Willd. ; Roscb.

Fl. Ind. ii, 30.— Vern. Muddr, safed dk.

A lai'ge shrub 8-10 ft. high or occasionally subarboreous ; "bark ash-
col oured, wrinkled ; young parts and under surface of leaves covered
with appressed white floccose tomentum. Leaves sessile, thick,
glaucous-green, 4-8 in. long, elliptic or obovate-oblong, acute or
shortly acuminate, with a narrow cordate or often amplexicaul base-
Flowers li-2 in. in diam., arranged in umbellate cymes, not scented,
buds ovoid. Sepals £ in. long, ovate, acute. Corolla £-1 in. in diam.,
purplish or white ; lobes ^ in. or more, spreading, deltoid, subacute.
Corona-lobes % in. long, hairy, shorter than the column, curved on the
back above the involute obtuse spur ; apex rounded, with two obtuse
auricles just below it. Follicles 3-4 in. long, recurved, turgid, smooth.
Seeds i in. long, broadly ovate, flat, minutely tomentose, with a silky
white coma.

Common in many parts of the area as a weed on fallow land and in waste
ground. Flowers and fruits throughout the year. DI^TEIB. Through-
out the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, Malay Pen. and Islands,
Burma, Siam to S. China. A valuable fibre is obtained from the stem
of this plant, and the floss of the seeds is largely used for stuffing pil-
lows. Almost 'every part of the plant possesses medicinal properties.
Gunpowder charcoal is prepared from the wood and the sap yields
a kind of gutta-percha. Garlands composed of the bluish-coloured
corona of the flowers are used at religious ceremonies.
2. C. procera, R. Br. in Ait. Eort. Kew. ed. 2, ii, 18 ; Ham. in Trans.

Linn. Soc. xiv, (1825). 246 ; Boyle 111.275; Brandis For. FL 331 ; Watt

E D ; F. B. I. iv, 18; Kanjilal For. Fl 241 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.

491 ; Collett FLSiml. 315 ; Prain Beng. PL 689 ; Goo fee Fl. Bomb, ii, 152—

Vern. A'k, maddr.

A large shrub 6-8 ft. high, very similar in foliage and general appearance
to the preceding. Flowers about 1 in. across, scented, buds hemis-
pherical. Corolla pink, with purple spots ; lobes f in. long, erect.
Corona-lobes 5 in. long, glabrous, equalling or exceeding the staminal
column, straight or nearly so on the back above the acute upcurved
spur, the apex bifid and without auricles. Follicles and seeds as in
C. gigantea.

Common within the area, but chiefly in the sub-Himalayan tracts east-
wards to the Sarda, also in Bun^elkhand. Flowers Mar. to May.
DISTK.IB. In the hot and drier parts of : India from the Punjab and
Sind to W. and C. India, extending through Afghanis I an, Persia and

PENTABOTHBA,] ASCLEPIADACE^E. 40

Arabia to Egypt and Trop. Africa. This plant possesses properties very
similar to those of the preceding.

3. C. Acia, Ham. in. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv, 247; F. B. I. iv, IS,

WattE. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 241; Gamble Man. Ind Tinib. 491 ; Prain
Peng. PI. 689. Asclepias herbacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 50.

Stems herbaceons. Leave petioled, 6-9 by 3-4 in., obovate oblanceolate
or oblong1, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, tapering
towards the base, clothed beneath when young1 with deciduous
white floccose tcmentum ; midrib very stout; main lateral nerves
about 6 pairs, prominent beneath, srcuate; petiole £-1 in. long.
Floivers about 1 in. across, arranged in compound umbels. Calyx
about half as long as the corolla ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, green
tinged with pink, floccose-tomentose outside. Corona greenish at the
base, purplu-h above; lobes erect, A in long, tapering to an acumi-
nate apex, margins undulate- Corona-lobes glabrous, pink, shorter
than the staminal column, with 2 obtuse auricles below the bifid
apex, basal spur abruptly incurved. Follicles subglobose, up to
4 in. long.

PeLra Dun, in grassy places at Kansrao and Lachiwala, etc.; and also in
tte sub- Himalayan tracts of Pilibhit, Kheri and Bahraich. DISTBIB.
Eastwards to N. and E. Bengal, Sikkim and Assam. This species
may be readily distinguished by its stalked leaves. The juice of
this plant is very acrid.

5. PENTABOTHRA, Hook, f.; Fl, Brit. Ind. iv, 18.

A dwarf erect glabrous herb. Leaves opposite, linear. Flowers
medium-sized, in axillary umbellitorm short -ped uncled cymes.
Calyx 5-paitite, minutely glandular vithin. Corolla campanulate,
deeply 5-lobed ; lobes oblong-ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona
of 5 pouch-like folds at the base of the staminal column alternating
with, the anthers, and 5 fleshy laterally compressed processes with
free obtuse tips adnate longitudinally to the backs of the anthers.
Anthers large, horny, membiancus, tips large and oblong ; pollen
IE asses one in each ceil, elongate, ccmpressed, falcate, with long
caudicles, pendulous, waxy. Stigma a depressed 5-angled cone,
included. Fruit not seen. — A single species confined to India.

P. nana, HOOK. /. Ic. PL 1426; F.B.l.iv,19. Cynanchum nanum,
Sam. in Wight Contrib. 59.

Stems 5-8| in. high, rigid, divided below. Leaves 2-4 by £-£ in., those
about the middle of the stem the longest, spreading, linear, acute,
base cordate, u idrib stout, nerves faint, petio'e ^ in. long. Umbels
clustered, many-flowered, pedicels £ in., hracts lanceolate. Sepals
linear-lanceolate, puberulous. Corolla *•£ in. in diam., reddish purple
within and glabrous, lobes with ciliate edge's.

50 ASCLEPIADACEM. [ HOLOSTEMMA.

Found at Garah in the Pilibhit district of Rohilfchand by Duthie's
collector. Flowers in May. DISTRIB. N. Kamrup in Lower Assam
(Hamilton and G. Mann). Sir Joseph Hooker, by whom the genus was
founded, regards it as being most nearly related to Holostemma.

6. HOLOSTEMMA, R. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 21.

Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, cordate. Flowers
large, fragrant, purple within, arranged in lax sublateral peduncled
cymes. Calyx 5-partite, without glands inside, lobes ovate. Corolla
snbrotate, deeply 5-fid. ; lobes thick, ovate, overlapping to the
right. Corona a fleshy truncate ring, aduate to tne base of the
10-winged staminal column. Filaments connate, anther-wings
large, decurrent to the base of the column ; pollen-masses solitary in
each cell, elongate, compressed, waxy, pendulous by a long caudicle.
Follicles slender, cylindric, somewhat tapering. Seeds comose.'—
Species 2, one in India, the other Chinese <

H. Rheedianum, Spreng. Syst. i, 851 ; Coolce Fl. Bomb, iit 156. H.
Rheedei, Wall. ; F. B. I. iv, 21 ; Watt E.D. Collett Fl. Siml. 316 ; Prain
Beng. PI. 690. H. Brunonianum, Eoyle III. 276, t. 66. Asclepias
annularis, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 37.— Vern. Rani Marwi (Dehra Dun).

A large much-branched almost glabrous twining shrub. Stems glabrous,
shining. Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate, acute or acuminate, deeply
cordate with rounded basal lobes, glabrous above, finely pubescent
beneath especially on the nerves; midrib minutely glandular at its
base ; nerves reticulate, red ; petioles ^-2 in. long. Flowers in
umbellate or subracemose cymes, subglobrse, redfiiah purple inside,
white or pinkish outside ; peduncles and pedicels 1-2 in. long. Calyx-
lobes ^ in. long Corolla-lobes I in. long, ovate, oblong, obtuse. Follicles
4-5 in. long, oblong, tapering to a blunt point. Seeds £ in. long, thin,
flattened, coma f-1 in. long.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik Range, also in the Bahraich district of N. Oudb.
Flowers in July and Aug. DISTB,IB. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft.
westwards to Simla and eastwards to Sikkim, Bombay, S. India, Ceylon
and Burma, also in China.

7. OXYSTELMA, B. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 17.

Twining glabrous herbs or undershrubs. Leaves narrow
opposite. Flowers large, in lai racemose or umbelliform cymes, or
solitary, pedicels filiform. Calyx small, 5-partUe, glandular within,
lobes acute. Corolla broadly saucer- shaped. Corolla-tube very
short, with a ring of hairs within the mouth ; limb divided

FENTATBOPIS.] ASCLEPIAVACEM. 51

half-way down, lobes triangular, acute, valvate at the base, tips
overlapping to the right in bud. Corona-scales 5, erect, ovate
or lanceolate, attached to the staminal column, 2-keeled within.
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla- tube ; filaments short,
connate; anthers erect, tipped with an inflexed membranous append-
age ; pollen-masses one in each cell, oblong, compressed, pendulous
waxy. Stigma depressed or subconvex, not exserted beyond the
anthers. Follicles oblong and obtuse, or lanceolate and acute, often
solitary. Seeds comose. — Species 4, in Trop. Asia and Africa.

O. esculentum, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i} 40 ; Eoyle III. 274; F. B.
I, ivt 17 ; Watt E. D. ; Train Beng. PI. 688 ; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 152
Feriploca esculenta, Linn.f. ; Roxb. Cor. PI. i, 13. t. 11. Asclepias rosea,
Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 40.

A glabrous climbing perennial herb. Stems many, slender, much
branched. Leaves deciduous, thin, pale green, 1^-4 in. long, lanceolate
or linear, acute or acuminate, the base acute rounded or cordate,
petioles £ in. long, very slender. Flowtrs drooping, 1 in. or more in
diam. ; peduncles slender, often exceeding the leaves. Calyx-lobes
oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla rotate, rose-coloured with purple
veins or nearly white ; lobes f in. long, with ciliate edges. Corona-
ecales acuminate, with incurved subulate tips. Style-apex slightly
convex. Follicles glabrous, 2-2g in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, tapering
to a point. Seeds many, ^ in. long, brcadly ovate, flat ; coma f- in,
long.

Found in many parts of the area, especially in the sub -Himalayan tracts
of Kohilkhand and N. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand, usually growing
near water. Flowers Sept.-Dec. DISTKIB. Punjab to Ceylon, Bombay,
N. and E. Bengal, Burma, extending to China and Java. The fruit is
said to be eaten in Sind, and the milky juice and roots are used
medicinally.

8, PENTATROPIS, B. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 19.
Slender twining herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, petioledj
usually small. Flowers small, on slender pedicels, arranged in
axillary nmbelliform cymes, purplish. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla
rotate, 5-partite ; lobes elongate, overlapping to the right, twisted to
the left. Corona of 5 laterally compressed scales adnate vertically
to the backs of the anthers. Stamens attached to the base of the
corolla, filaments connate, anthers with membranous inflexed append-
ages ; pollen-masses one in each cell, not compressed, pendulous,
waxy. Stigma snbtruncate. follicles small, glabrous, lanceolate
and with narrowed beak. Seeds comose. — Species about 6, in Trop.
Asia, Africa and Australia.

52 ASCLEPIADACE&. [ DJSMIA.

P. cynanchoides, E. Br. in Salt. Voy. Abyss., Append, p. 64 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 354. P. spit alls, Dene ; F. B. I. iv, 19 ; Watt E. D. ; Edgew .
in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi, 204, 1. 1, f. 9.

A small twining shrub with tuberous roots, almost glabrous. Leaves f -
1^ in. long, variable in widrh, ovate oblong or linear, acute or obtuse;
usually mucronate, more or less fleshy, base rounded or cordate,
petioles slender, TVi in. long, puberulous when young. Cymes 3-6-fld.
Flowers greenish; peduncles short or none, pedicels £-5 in. Jong, fili-
form. Calyx mmule, deep y divided, pubernlous ; lobes ovate, acu-
minate. Corolla | in. in diam., divided nearly to the base ; segments
•£-£ in. long, narrowly acuminate, glabrous outside, puberulous within.
Corona-scales deltoid-ovate, acute or acuminate. Follicles 2-3 in,
Seeds £ in. long, ovate, flat, minutely crenate at the lower end.

In the dry western and south-western portions of the area, abundant in
the Jumna and Chambal ravines. Flowers in Feb. DISTRIBI Through-
out the Sind and Punjab plains, extending through Afghanistan and
Baluchistan to Arabia and Tropical Africa. The flowers are used
medicinally, and Stewart mentions that the sweet tubers are often
eaten.

9. D-flEMIA, E. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 20.

Twining pubescent or tomentose herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
opposite, cordate. Flowers in lateral racemose or corymbiform
peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-partite, glandular witbin. Corolla-tube
short, cyliudric or campanulate ; lobes 5, large, ovate, spreading,
overlapping to the right. Corona double ; outer at the base of the
staminal column, annular, membranous, with 5 truncate or denticulate
lobes ; inner of 5 erect fleshy lobes, spurred at the base* adnate to
the staminal column up to the anthers, free above and produced into
inflexed subulate horns. Anthers erect, with a membranous inflexed
appendage ; pollen-masses one in each cell, compressed, pendulous,
waxy. Stigma exserted. Follicles lanceolate, usually echinate :
Seeds comose. — Species 6, in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia and Africa.

D. extensa, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i, 50; Royle III. 272 ; F. B. I. iv.
20', WattE. 1).; Collett FL Siml. 315: Prain Beng. PI. 692; Cooke F.
Bomb, ii, 155. Asclepias echinata, Hoxb. ; Fl. Ind. ii, 44.

A twining subhispid perennial foetid herb. Stems clothed with short
stiff spreading hairs. Leaves long-petioled, membranous, 2-4 in. long,
broadly ovate, acuminate, glabrous or slightly pubescent above,
hispid beneath especially on ttbe veins, deeply cordate at the base,
basal lobes rounded and incurved, margins ciliate. Flowers pale
yellowish-green tinged with pink at the base, corymbose at first then
racemose ; peduncles 2-6 in. long, pubescent ; pedicels capillary, i-2 in.
long. Caly a? divided almost to the base, pubescent ; lobes i-in. long*
ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Corolla f in. long ; lobes twice as long

GYMNEMA.] ASCLEPIADACE&. 53

as the campanulate tube,, ovate, acute ; margins ciliate. Follicles
reflexed, 2-3 by % in., covered with long soft spines, lanceolate, beaked.
Seeds % in. long, ovate, crenate at the rounded base, densely pubescent.

Abundant within the area. Flowers Jan. -April. DISTRIB. Through-
out the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, ascending to 3,000 ft. on
the Himalaya ; also in Afghanistan, extending to Arabia and
Tropical Africa. The fibre of the stem has been recommended as a
promising substitute for flax. The leaves and juice are used medicinally.

10..GYMNEMA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 28.

Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Floivers small, in crowded
umbelliform cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla subrotate
campanulate or urceolate ; lobes thick, overlapping to the right. .
Corona adnate to the corolla-tube, the tips more or less incurved,
or of 5 pairs of fleshy ridges alternating with the corolla-lobes
towards the base of the tube. Stvtminal-column attached to the
base of the corolla ; anthers short, erect, with short membranous
tips ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, erect, waxy. Stigma
large, often exserted. Follicles slender or turgid, smooth, acu-
minate. Seeds comose. — Species 20-25, in Asia, Africa and
Australia.

Corona-scales protruded beyond the sinuses of
the corolla-lobes — Large pubescent woody
climbers: —

More or less pubescent, cymes dis-
tinctly peduncled, corolla about £ in. in
diameter . . . . . . 1. G. sylvestre.

Softly rusty-tomentose, cymes subsessile,

corolla about 5 in. in diameter . . 2. 6r. hirsutum.
Corona-scales not produced beyond the sinuses
of the corolla-lobes. — An extensive almost
glabrous climber 3. G. ting ens.

sylvestre, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i, 33; Roylelll. 273;
Brandis Ind. Trees 469 ; F. B. I. iv, 29 ; Watt K. Z>, / Gamble Man.
Ind. Timb. 492 ; Coo/re Fl. Bomb, ii, 160. G. melicida, Edgew. in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxi (1852}, 174. Asclepias geminata, Roscb.; Fl. Ind. iit
45.— Vern- Gurmar (Bundelkhand).

A large more or less pubescent climbing shrub ; young stems and branches
terete, pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, 1-2^ in. long, elliptic or
ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, cuneate rounded or cordate at the
base, often glabrous above, mere or less pubescent beneath, especially
on the veins ; petioles £•£ in. long. Flowers yellow, in umbellate

[GYMNEMA.

cymes ; peduncles shorter than the petioles, densely tomentose ; pedicels
slender, £— | in long. Calyx pubescent, deeply divided ; lobes TV in.
long, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla i in. across : lobes glabrous, about
as long as the campanulate tube, thick, triangular, obtuse, recurved.
Corona-lobes protruded beyond the sinuses of the corolla-lobes. Anthers
white. Style — apex exserted. Follicles 2-3 in. long, lanceolate,
tapering into a beak, glabrous. Seeds % in. long, narrowly ovoid-oblong,
flat and broadly margined, pale-brown.

JBundelkhand (Edgeworth), Saharanpur district (Jameson). Flowers
during April and May. DISTRIB.; Bombay, S. India, extending to Trop.
Africa. The leaves of this plant, if chewed, have the peculiar
property of temporarily removing the sense of taste. The powdered
root is regarded by natives as a remedy for snake-bites.

2. G. hirsutum, W. $ A. Contrib. 44 ; F. B. I. iv, 29 ; Gamble Man.
Ind. Timl. 492 ; Prain Beng. PI 694; Brandis Ind. Trees 469.

A large stout woody climber. Young stems and inflorescence densely
clothed with rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves rather thick, 1-2 1 in.
long, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, often cordate attbe base, softly
tomentose on both surfaces, especially on the prominent nerves beneath ;
petioles stout, £-5 in. long. Cymes few-or many-flowered, subsessile.
Flowers larger than those of G. sylvestre. Calyx pubescent, half as long as
the corolla ; lobes ovate, rounded. Corolla J in. in diam., lobes ciliolate.
Follicles nearly straight, 2-2|. in. long, glabrous. Seeds % in. long,
ovate-oblong, flat, distinctly winged at the base, coma f in. long.

Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell). DISTEIB. Behar, Mlgiris. I have not
seen the ^Bundelkhand specimens. The single specimen at Kew from
Behar is in fruit only, and although the leaves are pubescent on both
surfaces it cannot, in the absence of flowers, be with perfect certainty
referred to this species. %

3. G. tingens. W. $ A. Contrib 45; Royle III. 273 ; F. B> I. iv, 31 ; Watt
E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 245 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492 ; Prain Beng. PL
694 ; Brand. Ind. Trees 469. Asclepias tingens Eoxl ; Fl. Ind. ii, 53.

An extensive climber with soft glabrous branches. Leaves membranous
bright green, glabrous on both surfaces, 4-6 in. long, broadly ovate
usually cordate at the base, acute or caudate-acuminate ; main lateral
nerves 4-6 pairs, prominent beneath and pale-coloured, petaoles
1-1£ in. long. Cymes many-flowered, corymbose, at length spirally
racemose, branches densely puberulous, peduncles shorter than the
petioles, lower pedicels exceeding the pedancle. Flowers £ in. across,
pale-yellow. Calyx divided almost to the base ; lobes linear-oblong,
obtuse, margins ciliate. Corolla-tube with double villous ridges below
the sinuses ; .lobes obliquely oval, glabrous. Follicles spreading,
.about 4 in. long, smooth, acute at both ends.

GOKGEOMENA.] ASCLEPIAVACEM. 55-

Dehra Dun (P. W. Mackinnon), Kheree Pass in the Siwalik Range
(Falconer), Gorakbpur (Vicary). Flowers during the rainy season,
fruiting in Nov. and Dec. DISTRIB.: Trop. Himalaya from Kumaon
to Sikkim, Assam and Lower Bengal, also in S. India and Burma,
extending to China. Regarding the indigo-like dye said to ba
yielded "by the leaves of this plant see Roxburgh 1. c. 54.

11. GONGRONEMA, Dene. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 33.

Twining shrubs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves opposite. Flowers
small, in umbelliform or racemose axillary cymes. Calyx 5-partite,.
glandular or not within, lobes ovate. Corolla urceolate subrotate-
or broadly campanulate, lobes slightly overlapping to the right.
Corona of 5 short scales adnate to the bases of the anthers, or none.
Stamens attached to the base of the corolla-tube, filaments connate
in a short column ; anthers erect, with inflexed membranous tips
concealing the stigma ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, erect
ovoid, waxy. Stigma convex clavate or conical. Follicles acumi-
nate. Seeds comose. — Species about 10, in Asia, Africa and
Australia.

G. nepalense, Dene, in DC. Prod, viii, 624 ; F. B. I. iv, 33 ; Eanjilal
For. Fl. 241 ; Prain Beng. PI. 694 (var. sagittatum).

An extensive twining shrub ; young parts and inflorescence rusty-puberul-
ous. Leaves membranous, 3-6 in. long, broadly oblong-elliptic or
ovate, acuminate, usually rounded at the base, glabrous above, puberal -
ous on the veins beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-9 pairs, arcuate ;
petiole slender, 1-2 in. long. Peduncles 2-6 in. long, branching into
three divaricate arms, each bearing three many-flowered umbelliform
clusters ; pedicels slender, up to •£ in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate. Corolla,
yellow, £ in. in diam., lobes about as long as the tube. Follicles slender,
2-3 in< long. Seeds about £ in. long, ovate, flat, margined, coma 1 in.
long.

Dehra Dun, in shady ravines. DISTRIB. : Subtropical Himalaya east-
wards from Kumaon to Sikkim, up to 4,000 ft. ; also in Assam, on the
Khasia Hills and in Chittagong, extending to China.

12. MARSDENIA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 34.

Twining, rarely erect, shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
medium-sized or small, in simple or branched, umbellate or corym-
bose, terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla campa-
nulate urceolate or rotate, lobes overlapping to the right. Corona
of 5 erect fleshy scales, adnate to the base of the staminal-columnt

56 ASCLEPIADACE^. [MARSDENIA.

the free portion contiguous to the backs of the anthers. Staminal*
column short, anthers with inflexed membranous tip>, pollen -masses
ereet, one in each cell, waxy. Stigma flat convex or beaked.
Follicles with a thick pericarp, smooth ribbed or winged. Seeds
comose. — Species about 70, in tropical and subtropical regions of
both hemispheres, one occurring in the Mediterranean region.

Corolla rotate, glabrous or hoary outside,
glabrous within 1. M. volubilis.

Corolla urceolate or subcampanulate.

Apex of stylo not exserted beyond the
anther-tips :-—

Corolla-lobes pubescent on both sides,
corona-lobes much exceeding the anther-
tips ; follicles beaked, transversely
rugose . . . . . . 2, M. Roylei.

Corolla-lobes pubescent outside, glabrous
within, corona- lobes not exceeding the
anther-lips ; follicles not beaked, longi-
tudinally rugose . . . . 3, M. tenacissima.

Corolla-lobes glabrous on both sides . 4. M. Hamiltonii.
Apex of style exserted beyond the anther-
tips ; corolla-lobes glabrous outside,
pubescent within . . . . . 5. M. lucida.

M, volubilis, T. Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 166. Dregea volubilis, Benth.
ex Hook. /. F. B. I. iv, 46 ; Watt E.D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 244 ; Gamble
Man. Ind. Timb. 493 ; Prain Beng. PI. 697 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 468.
Asclepias volubilis, Linn. f. ; Roxl>..Fl. Ind. ii, 36 ; Hoya Lacuna, Buch.
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8169.

A large twining shrub, glabrous or hoary-tomentose. Bark of old
branches often lenticellate and pustular. Leaves glabrous or softly
tomentose, subcoriaceous, 2|-6 by 2-4£ in., broadly ovate or suborbicular,
acuminate, base rounded or cordate ; main lateral nerves 4-5, branching
into fine reticulate veins ; petioles stout, $-2£ in. long. Flowers |-i in.
across, green or yellowish green, arranged in slender drooping axillary
or interpetiolar umbelliform cymes ; peduncles usually longer than the
petioles, slender, puberulous ; pedicels -i-l in. long, very slender.
Calyx deeply divided ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute.
Corolla rotate, glabrous or hoary outside, glabrous within, divided
nearly to the base ; lobes £ in. long, triangular-ovate. Corona-lobes
large and fleshy ; upper free portion rounded on the outer margin and
with an obliquely truncate apex, inner margin cuspidate. Staminal-
column arising from near the base of the corolla. Follicles 3-4 in. long

MARSDEXIA.] ASCLEPIADACE^. 57

tapering to a blunt point, longitudinally ribbed, velvety when young.

L Seeds about -\ in. long, broadly ovate and with a wide margin ; coma
about 1£ in. long, white.

Abundant within the area. Flowers April-June, fruiting during the cold
season. DISTBIB. : Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon ;
it occurs in the Himalayan region up to 5,000 ft. from Bashahr east-
wards, and extends to China and Java. The stems yie d a very strong
fibre which is much used for the manufacture of rope and thread. The
leaves are used as an application for boils, and many other parts of the
plant are employed medicinally. The plant is easily recognized when
in blossom by the large umbels of bright green flowers. Hoy a Lacuna
of Buch.-Ham. appears to be merely a more pubescent form of the
species.

2. M. Roylei, W. $ A. in Wight Contrib. 40 ; Royle 111. 273 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 333 ; Ind. Trees, 470 ; F. B. 1. iv, 35 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For^
Fl. 242 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 318, fig. 99.

A softly tomentose twining shrub. Leaves 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate,
acuminate, velvety beneath, base cordate; petiole ]|-2 in. long.
Flowers in compact peduncled corymbose cymes, £ in. long, pale-orange.
Calyx about half as long as the corolla, pubescent outside. Corolla
fleshy ; lobes as long as the tube, villous on both sides. Coroim- append-
ages flat, linear, erect, much exceeding the anther-tips. Follicles about
3 in. long, turgid, beaked, transversely rugose, puberulous. Seeds $ in.
long, ovate, flat, margined.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik Eange. Flowers May and June. DISTRIB. :
Himalaya up to 7,000 ft. from Hazara to Sikkim. The milky sap con-
tains a small quantity of caoutchouc. The stems yield a strong fibre
suitable for fishing lines.

3, M^tenacissima, Wight $ Arn. in Wight Contrib. 41 ; Royle III.
274 ; Fibrous PL of Ind. 304 ; Brand. For. Fl. 333 ; Ind. Trees 470 ; F. B. I.
iv, 35 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 243 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492.
Prain Beng. PI. 696; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 165. Asclepias tenacissima,

Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. ii, 51.— Vern. Jiti, mama frel, rani marua (Dehra Dun)

(Bajmehal hemp).

A large twining shrub. Baric of old stems grey and corky, deeply
furrowed. Young parts, leaves beneath and inflorescence densely
velvety and tomentoee. Leaves 3-6 in. long by £-4- in. wide, broadly
ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate at the base with rounded lobes, both
surfaces densely velvety-tomentose when young, becoming almost
glabrous above when old ; petioles 2-4i in. long softly pubescent. Flowers
greenish-yellow, in much -branched congested corymbose cymes,
peduncles intrapetiolar. Calyx deeply divided ; lobes •£ in. long,
oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla % in. in diam., hairy outside ; lobes
shorter than the tube, oblong, obtuse, spreading, glabrous within.

58 ASGLEPIAVACE^E. [MABSDENIA.

Corona-lobes acute, not exceeding the anther-tips. Follicles 4-6 in. long,
ovoid-lanceolate, longitudinally wrinkled, downy. Seeds % in. long,
flattened, ovate-oblong.

Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, and in the sub-Himalayan tracts
of Eohilkhand and N. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers in April
and May, the fruit ripening during the cold season. DISTRIB. : W.
Himalaya up to 4,500 ft eastwards toKumaon, also in Gujarat, Eajmahdl
Hills, Chittagong, Burma, Ceylon, extending to Java and Timor. The
stems of this plant yield a very strong elastic silky fibre which is much
used for fishing lines by the Gurkhas in Dehra Dun. It is also made use
of by the Sonthals in Lower Bengal for bow-strings. Both Eoxburgh
and Eoyle allude to the great value of this fibre. The milky juice of this
plant, when solidified, forms a useful caoutchouc capable of removing
pencil marks.

4. M. Hamilton!!, W. fy A. in Wight Contrib. 41 ; F. B. I. iv, 36 ;

Brandis Ind. Trees 470. Cynanchum reticulatum, Herb. Ham.

A suberect or climbing undershrub ; branches petioles undersurface of
leaves and inflorescence rusty -puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, pale-
coloured on both sides ; blade l|-3£ in. long by 1-2 in. wide, oblong-
ovate or lanceolate or suborbicuiar, obtuse or acute or obliquely
acuminate, base cordate, margins slightly re volute ; petioles |-lf in.
long. Cymes corymbosely branched many flowered. Calyx-lobes sub-
orbicular, puberulous outside. Corolla T\j-i in- in diameter ; lobes
glabrous on both sides, throat densely villous. Corona-lobes membran-
ous, subulate, exceeding the anther-tips. Style-apex not exserted,
Follicles (only young ones seen) narrowly ovoid, obtusely pointed,
wrinkled, puberulous.

Discovered in 1810 by Buchanan-Hamilton in N. Oudh, and by Edgeworth
in the Sub-Siwalik tract. It has more recently been gathered by my
plant collectors in several localities within the sub -Himalayan districts
of Pilibhit, Kheri and Gorakhpur. Flowers April-June. DISTRIB. :
Hill tracts of S. Garhwal. As usually met with, the primary stems of
this species are arrested and congested into a thick woody rootstock,
from which annual stems are produced. These latter commence to flower
during the early summer, but are destroyed by the periodical jungle
fires usually before the seed-vessels have time to develop and ripen. The
type specimens collected by Buchanan- Hamilton in N. Oudh exhibit the
ordinary dwarfed condition of this plant. Edgeworth' s Sub-Siwalik
specimens are more luxuriant, owing no doubt to the locality being more
favourable for vigorous growth and to a great extent fire-proof. Some
specimens recently collected in the Pilibhit district exhibit not only a
more luxuriant development of stems and foliage, but also very dis-
tinctly the scandent habit which characterizes the genus. A fact of still
greater interest in regard to these specimens is the presence of young
follicles, no fruiting specimens of this species having previously been
observed.

PEBGULARIA.] ASCLEPIADACE^. 59

5. M, lucida, Edgew. ex Madden in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii, pt. 1
(1848}, 870 ; Brandis For. Fl. 333; Ind. Trees 470 ; F. B. I. iv, 36 ; Gamble
Man. Ind. Timb. 492.

A large evergreen climber, glabrous all but the young parts and inflores-
cence. Leaves subcoriaceous, 4-5 in. long by 2-3 in. wide, elliptic or
ovate, subacute or obtusely acuminate, rounded at the base, pale
yellowish-green beneath, main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs ; petioles 1-1^ in.
long. Flowers many, purple, fragrant, in rather dense corymb if orm
cymes ; peduncles stout, interpetiolar, shorter than the petioles. Calyx
one-third the length of the corolla, pubescent outside, lobes obtuse.
Corolla ^-5 in. long and about | in. across ; lobes longer than the tube,
glabrous outside, sparsely hairy within, edges ciliate. Corona-scales
subulate, as long as the anther-tips. Style much longer than the column,
bifid at the apex. Follicles about 5 in. long, lanceolate, smooth. Seeds
f in. long, ovate-lanceolate, margined ; coma 1£ in. long.

Forests in the Bahraich district of N. Oudh. Flowers in Oct. and Nov.
DISTRIB.: Kumaon, in shady spots up to 7,500 ft« (Madden and S. & W.
No. 4), also in E. Bengal. The beautiful foliage of this plant and its
fragrant purple flowers merit the attention of horticulturists.

13. PERGULARIA, Linn.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 37.

Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate, membranous,
Flowers greenish or yellow, rather large, arranged in lateral
subumbellate cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla salver-shaped, tube
swollen at the base, lobes overlapping to the right. Corona adnate
to the lower portion of the Btaminal column, free portion 6-lobed and
with a narrow process on the face of each lobe. Staminal column
attached to the base of corolla ; anthers erect, with long membranous
inflexed appendages ; pollen-masses one in each anther-cell, erect,
waxy, caudicles short. Stigma stout, umbonate, capitate. Follicles
lanceolate, rather turgid. Seeds comose. — Species about 10, Asiatic
and African.

P. pallida, W. $ A. in Wight. Contrib. 42; Royle III. 273; Brand. For.
Fl. 334; Ind. Trees 470 ; F. B. I. iv, 38; Kanjildl For. Fl. 243; Gamble
Man. Ind. Timb. 493 ; Collett Fl. Siml.319; PrainBeng.Pl. 696; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, it, 165. Asclepiaa pallida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 4<9.— Vernt
Surkila.

A large twining shrub. Bark of old stems becoming corky. Branches,
pale-coloured, softly pubescent when young. ^Leaves membranous,
glabrous or somewhat pubescent when young, 2-4 in. long, ovate, acute
or acuminate, cordate at the base, pale and finely reticulate beneath ;
petioles -|-2 in. long, pubescent. Flowers pale-yellow, of ten < slightly
fragrant ; peduncles interpetiolar, pubescent, pedicels about £ in. long.

60 ASCLEPIADACE&. [TYLOPHOBI.

Calyx i in. long, pubescent; segments subulate, margins ciliate.
Corolla, | in. long, divided more than half-way down ; lobes linear,
obtuse, glabrous. Corona-scales linear, each with a long beaked process
projecting from the inner edge. Follicles 3-4 in. long, tapering to a blunt
point from rather a turgid base, longitudinally ribbed, glabrous. Seeds
f in. long, flat, ovate, bruadly margined, pale-brown, glabrous.

Dehra Dun, Moradabad, N. Oudh, Agra, Bundelkhand and Merwara.
Flowers May-July. DISTRIB. : Trop. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. from
Murree eastwards to Sikkim and southwards to Bombay and C. India,
also in Burma.

P. minor, Andr. is cultivated in Indian gardens, and is found wild on
the Himalaya as far west as Jaunsar. It is also a native of China. It
is sometimes known as the " West Coast "or " Primrose Creeper".

14. TYLOPHORA, K. Br., PL Brit. Ind. iv, 39.
Twining (rarely erect) herbs or undershrubs. leaves opposite.
JFlowers small, arranged in simple or branched lateral or axillary
nmbelliform racemose or fascicled cymes. Calyx 5-partite, lobes ovate
or lanceolate. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-fid. ; lobes broad, slightly
overlapping to the right. Corona of five fleshy tubercles, adnate
wholly or in part to the very short staminal-column. Anthers very
small, with a membranous in flexed appendage ; pollen-masses minute,
one in each cell, globose or ovoid, waxy, erect or ascending, rarely
horizontal ; caudicles very slender. Stigma disciform, 5-gonal,
usually included. Follicles acuminate, smooth, occasionally winged.
Seeds coniose. — Species about 40, in the tropical and subtropical
regions of Asia, Africa and Australia.

Stems short, erect or subscandent, puberulous

above . 1. T. fasciculata.

Stems long and twining : —

Calyx glabrous, coronal processes gibbous . 2. T. Mmalaicz.
Calyx hairy : —

Corona wholly adnate to the staminal
column and without free points : —
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cymes

few-flowered . ... 3. T.hirsuta.

Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate,

cymes many- flowered . . 4. T. rotundifolia.

Tips of corona- scales free . . . . 5. T. tenerrima.

1 . T. fasciculata, Buch.-Ham. in Wight Contrib. 50 ; F. B. I. iv, 40 ;
Watt E. D. ; CooTce Fl. Bomb, ii, 162.

Boot-fibres stout, cord-like. Stems several from the root, 12-18 in. higk,
erect flexuous or subscandent, finely puberulous upwards. Leavi*
petioled, thinly coriaceous, approximate in pairs, diminishing in size

TTIOPHORA.J ASCLEPIADACE^. 61

upwards, 1-2 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, acute, cuneate or rounded
at the base, glabrous above, puberulous on the veins beneath, petiole
i-| in. long. Flowers in lateral umbeilifonn or racemose cymes ;
peduncles interpetiolar, slender, puberulous, pedicels filiform ; bracts
minute, linear-lanceolate. Calyx-segments $ in. long, lanceolate, acute
pubescent. Corolla | in. long ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, sometimes
fleshy. Pollen-masses subtransverse. Follicles 1^-2 in. long, ovoid-
lanceolate, acute, longitudinally striate, glabrous. Seeds ± in. long-,
broadly ovoid, flat.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Bohilkhand, N. Oiidh and Gorakhpur.
Flowers during April and May. DISTRIB. : Eastwards to the Khasia
H ills and southwards through W. and C. India to Ceylon.

2 T. himalaica, Hook. f. F- B. I. iv, 42.

A slender glabrous twining undershrub. Stems pale -coloured, finely
striated. Leaves petioled. membranous ; blade H-3| in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute or rounded at the base, petioles £•£ in.
long. Flowers green or purplish, in distant umbels on a long slender
rachis ; bracts minute, linear-lanceolate. Calyx glabrous ; lobes
lanceolate, ciliate on the edges. Corolla about 7 mm. across ; lobes
thick, ovate-oblong, obtuse, purplish and minutely puberulous inside*
Coronal processes gibbous. Follicles 4-5 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate
finely striate. Seeds $ in. long, broadly ovate, margined ; coma 1 in.
long.

Sahansradhara in Dehra Dun (Vicary, Falconer) . DISTRIB. Himalaya
eastwards to Sikkim up to 3,000 ft., also on the Khasia Hills.
3, T.hirsuta, W. $ A in Wight Contrib. 49; F. B. I. iv, 43 ; Collett

Fl. Siml. 319. T. Jacquemontii, Dene.

Stems long and twining, densely and softly tomentose. Leaves petioled.
blade 2£-5 in- long, H-3 in. wide, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rounded or cordate at the base, more or less pubescent or
softly tomentose on both surfaces ; petioles £-1$ in. long. Flowers
white or pale green, in distant few-flowered umbellate cymes ; peduncles
villous, varying in length, often long and flexuous, pedicels filiform.
Calyx-segments lanceolate, hirsute. Corolla £•$ in. in diameter, puberu-
lous inside. Coronal processes subglobose, wholly adnate to the staminal
column. Follicles 2-2^ in. long, lanceolate, tapering gradually up-
wards, finely striate and glabrous. Seeds $ in. long, narrowly ovate,
coma nearly 1 in. long.

Dehra Dun (P. W. Mackinnon). DISTBIB. : Trop. Himalaya np to
5,000 ft., from Kashmir eastwards to Kumaon, also in Assam, and
extending to Java.
4. T. rotundifolia, Buch.-Ham. in Wight Contrib. 50; F. B. I. iv,4S

•Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 163.

A small shrub with pubescent twining stems. Leaves coriaceous, shortly
petioled ; blade l±-2£ in. long, broadly ovate-oblong or suborbicular,

62 ASCLEPIADACE^E. [LEPTADENIA.

rounded or emarginate at the apex and often mucronate, base rounded
or subcordate, almost glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath,
margins ciliate ; petioles |-£ in. long. Flowers many, in peduncled or
subsessile umbellate cymes ; peduncles interpetiolar, pubescent,
pedicels many, filiform, up to 1 in. long, bracts lanceolate. Calyx-
segments % in. long, narrowly lanceolate, hispid- Corolla % in. long^
glabrous ; lobes elliptic, obtuse. Corona-lobes wholly adnate to the
staminal column. Style-apex 5-gonal, not exserted beyond the anther-
tips. Follicles about 2 in. long, broadly ovate, fusiform, glabrous.
Seeds (immature) £ in. long, ovate, flat, margined, coma 1 in. long.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Bohilkhand and K. Oudh (Duthie's collectors)
Gorakhpur (Vicary). Flowers in June. DISTBIB. : Buchanan -Hamil-
ton's type specimens were found by him in the Kamrup district of
Assam. It was collected by Stocks in the Konkan, by Gamble in the
Ganjam District of Madras and by Beddome on the Anamally Hills in
Travancore. Although so widely distributed the plant is nowhere
abundant. Gamble's Ganjam specimen is the only one I have seen in
fruit.

5. T. tenerrima, Wight Contrib. 50 ; F. B. I. iv, 44.

A glabrous or sparsely pubescent perennial climber with slender much
branched stems. Leaves shortly petioled, 1-4 in. long by t^-^ in. wide,
ligulate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, rounded at the
base, nerves usually obscure ; petioles £-£ in. Cymes generally
4-flowered, on slender filiform peduncles which are often longer than
the leaves ; pedicels filiform, £-£ in. long. Flowers minute. Calyx %
in. long ; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, hispid. Corolla dark
purple, % in. in diam. ; lobes linear-oblong, puberulous within. Coronal
scales with free incurred cuspidate tips. Follicles not seen.

Dehra Dun (Vicary, Falconer). DISTRIB. : Himalaya from Kashmir to-
Sikkim up to 7,000 ft.

15. LEPTADENIA, R. Br. ; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 63.

Twining or erect shrubs with rigid rnsh-like stems. Leave?
opposite, sometimes absent. Flowers small , in crowded lateral
umbslliform cymes. Calyx more or less deeply 5- fid. Corolla
rotate, 54obed, pubescent or bearded within, lobes valvate in bud.
Corona of 5 short hair-tipped lobes between he corolla-lobes, some-
times, with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the short
staminal column. Anthers inflexed over the stigma, without
terminal appendages ; pollea-mas.ses one in each cell, erect, globose,
nearly sessile, tips pellucid. Stigma included, flat. Follicles.

LEPTADENIA.] ASCLEPIADACJSJS. 6.3

acuminate, smooth. Seeds como.se— Species about 12, in Trop. Asia
and Africa.

A leafy twining shrub 1. L. reticulata.

An erect almost leafless shrub . . . 2. L. Spartium..

1. L. reticulata, W. Sf A. in Wight Contrib. 47 ; F. B. I. iv, 63 ; Watt
£. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 244 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 493 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 172 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 472. Asclepias tuberosa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind.
i, 38.

A much-branched twining leafy shrub, bark of older stems corky,
branchlets more or less minutely pubescent. Leaves thin, subcoriace-
ous ; blade 2-3 in. lung, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate
subcordate rounded or acute at the base, glabrous above, more or less
minutely pubescent beneath, petioles -£-f in. long. Flowers pale-brown,
in many-uowered lateral or subaxillary umbeliiform cymes ; peduncle
i £ in. long, « ften in pairs, puberulous, pedicels shorter. Calyx silky
outside, divided about half-way down into ovate-oblong subacute seg-
ments. Corolla pubescent outside, -g--^ *n lonff> tube very short ; lobes
thick, ovate-oblong, subobtuse, margins re volute, tips often reflexed
and usually hairy on the inner face. Follicles usually solitary, 2-3j in.
long, tapering from a rather turgid base into an obtuse curved beak,
very hard, smooth and whitish. Seeds about £ in. long, narrowly ovate
oblong, flat and margined, coma 1\ in. long.

A common plant within the area, especially in the sub-Himalayan tracts
from the Jumna eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand.
Flowers May- July. DISTRIB. : From the foot of the Punjab Himalaya
through Central W. and S. India to Ceylon, extending to Burma and
the Malay Peninsula.

2. L. Spartium, Wight Contrib. 48; Royle. III. 272 ; F. B. I. ivt 64 ;

Watt B. D. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 493 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 173;
Brandis Ind. Trees 472.— Vern. Kip (Sind).

A much-branched often leafless bush, 2-6 ft. high ; young parts puberulous.
Branches slender, rigid, erect, terete, green. Leaves (when present) on
the young shoots only, subsessile, 1-3 in. long, linear, acute or acu-
minate, thick, glabrous. Flowers yellow, peduncles^-^ in. long. Calyx
pubescent, divided half-way down, lobes acute. Corolla, % in. long, deeply
divided ; tube short, funnel-shaped, glabrous ; lobes ovate-lanceolate,
thickened towards the apex, puberulous outside. Follicles, 3-5 in. long,
terete, tapering into the long slender straight beak, narrowed at the
base, glabrous. Seeds ± in. long, narrowly lanceolate, coma 1-li in. long.

Found only in the dry western portions of the area in the neighbourhood
of Agra, Delhi, Gwalior and Jhansi. Flowers Dec. and Jan. DISTBIB.:
Westwards through the Punjab Plain and Eajputana to Baluchistan,
Sind and Kacriawar, extending to Arabia and Trop. Africa. The fibre

64 ASCLEPIADACEdE. [BEACHYSTELMA.

ia found suitable for well-ropes iruSind, and sometimes in combination
with that of Periploca aphylla. Mr. Lace states that the plant is much
used in the Sibi district as a camel ftfdder.

16, BRACHYSTELMA. R. Br.; FL Brit. Ind. iv. 64.

Erect or twining pubescent or glabrous herbs with tuberous roots,,
Leaves opposite, sometimes very narrow or minute. Flowers few,
in axillary sessile umbels, or solitary, pedicels very slender. Calyx 5-
partite, with 5 glands or scales inside at the base. Corolla (in the
Indian species) rotate ; lobes 5, elongate, valvate. Corona double,
adnate to the staminal column, annular, variously 5-10-lobed or
toothed, lobes or teeth erect or incumbent on the anthers. Staminal
column very sbort ; anthers ovoid, tips without appendages, retuse ;
pollen-masses one in each cell, erect, sessile, globose, pellucid on the
inner margin or near the apes. Stigma nearly flat. Follicles slen-
der, smooth. Seeds comose. — Species 22, of which fourteen are African
and the remainder inhabit India.

Leaves minute ; flowers several, pendulous,

in sessile umbels . . . . . 1. B. Icevigatum.
Leaves manifest ; flowers solitary in the

axils, erect . . . . . . 2. B.pauciflorum.

1. B. laevigatum, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. iv, 65. Eriopetalum laeviga-
tum, Wight Contrib. 35. Gomphocarpus Isevigatus, Buch.-Ham.

Root the size of a small potato, Stem 12-18 in. high, pubescent upwards^
Leaves minute, subulate. Flowers in sessile umbels, pendulous, f in*
in diam. ; pedicels minute, hispid. Calyx lobes T| in. long, subulate,
hispid. Corolla pale dull-purple, with pale-green filiform segments
three times as long as the tube, puberulous outside. Corona with five
broad erect 2-toothed lobes between the anthers and as many narrow
oblong ones opposite to them. Follicles 2-3 in. long, erecfc, subfalcate,
tapering gradually to the apex. Seeds about J in. long, linear, margined,
coma twice as long as the seed,

Found by Buchanan-Hamilton in the sub-Himalayan district of Gorakh-
pur in 1814, and not since met with. Flowers during March.

2. B. pauciflorum, Duthie.

Quite glabrous except the inflorescence. Root globose, about £ in. in
diam. Stem erect, 1-lj ft. high. Leaves 2-4) in. long, linear-lanceolate*
sometimes falcate, tapering below into a short thick angular pebiole,
margins recurved, midrib thick and pr jminent underneath ; lateral
veins slender, ascending. Flowers solitarv in the upper axils, about
f in. across, pedicels slender, about 1 in. long, pubescent, baaring three

OBTHANTHEBA.] ASCLEPIADACE^. 66,

minute bracts near the base. Calyx deeply 5-lobed ; lobes lanceolate,
acute, reaching to the rounded sinuses of the corolla, pubescent.
Corolla dark purplish-browD, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes lanceolate,
subobtuse, puberulous, margins recurved. Inner Corona of five incum-
bent oblong emarginate scales. Follicles not seen.

Found by Duthie's collector at Chakia in the Bahraich district of N.
Oudh. Flowers in April. Its affinity appears to bo with B. parviflorum
Hk. f.,from which it differs in the broader leaves, the shorter pedicels
and in the size and colour of the flowers. From B. Icevigatum it may
be distinguished by its conspicuous foliage and by its solitary erect
and much larger flowers. A single specimen only was found, and the
material was insufficient for a complete description of the corona.

17. ORTHANTHERA, Wight., Fl. Brit. lad. ivt 64.

An erect vir^ate leafless shrub. Flowers small, crowded in dense
peduncled wholly cymes. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, eglandulav. Corolla
salver-shaped ; tube ovoid, equalling the lanceolata valvate lobes.
Corona of 5 small erect scales inserted in the sinuses of the corolla
lobes, sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring below the
anthers. Staminal column ovoid, anther-tips without appendages
pollen -masses globose, stipitate, erect. Stigma included, flat, 6-gonal.
Follicles elongate, cylindric, opening out flat after dehiscence. Seeds
ccmose. A single species confined to N. India.

p. viminea, W. $ A. in Wight Contrib. 48 ; Royle III. 274, t. 66, f. 1 ;
Dene in. Jacquem. Bot. Voy. 109, t. 115 ; Brandis For. Fl. 335; Ind. Trees
472 ; F. B. I. iv, 64 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 245 ; Gamble Man. Ind.
Timb. 493. Vern. Mahur-ghas (Rind), Chapkia (Bijnor), Khip (Delhi).

A small erect leafless shrub with stiff glabrous branches about as thick
as a crow's quill. Flowers dull-brown, arranged in compact woolly
cymes ; peduncles -j-1 in. long, pedicels very short. Sepals linear-
lanceolate, nearly as long as the corolla. Corolla, salver- shaped, ^ in.
long, villous outside, tube ovoid ; lobes erect, oblong, as long as the
tube, keeled and glabrous within. Follicles solitary, erect, 4-6 in. long,
linear, compressed; pericarp thin, brown within. Seeds % in. long,
coma | in. long.

Common in the stream- teds of the Siwalik range, and on the banks of
rivers in Dehra Dun, also in the Bijnor forests and eastwards to the
Gonda district of N. Oudh, and westwards to Delhi and Merwara.
Flowers during March and April. DISTBIB. : Himalaya up to 2,600 ft. from
Kumaon to Peshawar, Punjab, Sind and Eajputana. The fibre of the
stem is often made into ropes, and in Oudh the flower-buds are eaten as
a vegetable.

66 ASCLEPIADACE^. [CEKOPEGIA.

18. CEROPEGIA, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 66.

Twining, rarely erect, perennial herbs, often with a tuberous
roolsfcock. Leaves opposite, sometimes minute or none. Flowers
in lateral peduncled usually umbellate cymes, rarely solitary, often
lar^e, white or greenish and purple. Calyx 5-partite, lobes narrow,
Corolla-tube elongate, straight or curved, often swollen at the base ;
lobes ereot or incurved and with cohering tips, often at length
recurred or reflexed, valvate in bud. Corona staminal, double,
attached to the column; outer cupular, entire or toothed; inner
more or less adnate to the outer, consisting of 5 lobes erect or
incumbent over the anthers. Staminal column, very short, adnate
to the base of the corolla ; anthers short, without appendages ;
pollen- masses one in each cell, short, erect or ascending, attached to
the pollen-carriers by short caudicles or subsessile. Stigma included,
truncate or shortly conical. Fjllicles usually slender, acuminate,
smooth. Seeds coinose. — Species 80 or more, in Trop. and Temp.
Asia and Africa, also in Malaya and Australia.

C. bulbosa, Roxb. Cor. PI. i, 11, t.7s Fl. Ind. ii, 28; Royle El. 274 ;
F.B.I, iv, 67 \ Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii, 176.

A twining perennial herb ; rootstock tuberous, somewhat flattened like a
turnip, emitting many fibrous roots from below. Stems very slender,
usually glabrous. Leaves extremely variable. (In typical C. bulbosa
they are petioled and up to 2 in. long, the lowest almost orbicular, the
upper elliptic-oblong or obovate, usually apiculate and with a rounded
truncate subcordate or acute base.) Flowers few, in peduncled
umbellate cymes; peduncle £-1 in. 'long, pedicels much shorter. Calyx-
segments | in. long, lanceolate, acute. Corolla less than 1 in. long,
greenish, tube inflated at the base ; lobes ^ in. long, linear from a
triangular base, violet-purple and villous within. Outer corona-lobes 5,
minute, inner filiform. Follicles about 4 in. long, terete, tapering to a
slender point, glabrous. Seeds % in. long, ovate-oblong, flat.

In the Doab of the Upper Gangetic Plain near Allahabad (Hb. Kew)
also in Bundelkhand (Edge worth), growing on waste land and amongst
bushes. Flowers during the hot season. DISTBIB. : Punjab Plain and
southwards to Travancore. Roxburgh states that eyery part of the plant
is eaten by the natives, either raw or stewed in their curries, the fresh
roots tasting like a raw turnip, and the leaves and stem like purslane.

Many of the Asclepiadacece are extremely ornamental. The following
"belonging to genera which are not represented in the indigenous flora
of the Upper Gangetic Plain should be specially mentioned as being
often met with in gardens within the area of this flora. Cryptostegia
grandiflora, E. Br. (Tribe Periploceaa), a large climbing shrub with
glossy 'foliage and handsome rose-coloured flowers. It is believed to be

CEEOPEGIA.] ASCLEPIADACE&. 67

a native of Madagascar. See Watt E, D. regarding the caoutchous
formed from its abundant milky juice. — A?clepias curassavica, L, (Tribe
Cynancheoa , an erect perennial herb with linear lanceolate leaves and
handsome orange co cured flowers. It is a native of the W. Indies and
has been introduced into India and other tropical countries, often occur-
ring as a weed An account of its medicinal properties will be found
in Watt's Economic Dictionary— Stephanotis floribunda, Brongn. '
^Tribe Marsdeniege . a climbing shrub with thick smooth leaves and
large clusters of very fragrant pure white wax-like flowers. It is a
native of Madagascar and is sometimes known as Madagascar Jasmine.

LXXIII.-LOGANIACEJE.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite (iarely tei naff), un-
divided ; stipules various or reduced to a raised tran; verse line.
Inflorescence various. Flowers usually regular and bisexual,
generally in 2-3-ehotomous cvmes, the cymes sometimes subcapitnte
or reduced to solitary fl< weis ; Calyx inferior, small, 4-5-lobed.
Corolla 4-5- lobed or partite, lobfs imbricate or valvate. Stamens
4-5, inserted on the corolla tube, alternate with the lobee, antlers
2-celled. Ovary free, usually 'J-celled, styles 1 or 2, ovules one or
more in each cell. Fruit capsular or indebiscei.t, 1-many-seeded.
Seeds various, albuminous, embryo straight. — Species about 400,
mostly in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

Annual, corolla valvate, fruit a capsule, 1. MITEEOLA.
Shrubs or trees : —

Corolla imbricate, fruit a capsule . . 2. BUDDLEIA.
Corolla valvate, fruit a berry . . .3. STRYCHNOS.

1. MITREOLA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 79.

Herbs. Leaves opposite, membranous ; stipules small or reduced
to a transverse ridge. Flowers small, white, in terminal or axillary
2-3-chotomous cymes, often unilateial on the ultimate branchrs.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla urceolate ; lobes 5, short;, valvate.
Stamens 5, included. Ovary 2-cePed ; styles 2, short, connate i nder
a small hairy sligma, diverging after flowering ; ovules many in
each cell, placentas peltate. Capsule obovoid, compressed at rigbt
angles to the septum, carpels dehiscing along the inner face nfter
separation. Seeds many, minute, globose or elongate, albumen fleshy,
embryo linear. — Species 4, two American and two Asiatic.

[MITEEOLA.

M, oldenlandioides, Wall. Cat. 4350 ; F.B. I. iv, 79 ; Coolte Fl. Bomb.
ii, 1S1 ; Prain]Beng. PL\702.

An annual, 6-8 in. high. Leaves membranous, glabrous or nearly so,
1-3 in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, narrowed at both ends, petiole £ in-
long, stipules connate in a transverse ridga. Flowers in terminal and
• axillary dichotomous cymes, unilateral along the branches, very shortly
pedicelled ; bracts linear-lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx -fa
in. long, divided more than i way down ; lobes subacuts, denticulate.
Corolla, TV in long ; lobes half as long as the tube, acute, pilose towards
the base inside. Capsule wedga-shaped, 2-horaad, about ^ in, long.
Seeds elongate, trigonous, shining.

Dehra Dun (Gamble). Flowers Sep-Dec. DISTRFB. : Kumaonup to 4,000
ft. and eastwards to the Sikkim Terai and on Khasia and Naga Hills,
also in Chota Nagpur and southwards from Bombay and the Gent. Prov.
to S. India ; expending to Burma, Ohina, Malaya and N. Australia.

2. BT7DDLEIA, Linn, j Fl. Brit. lad. iv, 81.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed, united
by a raised stipulary line. Cymes dense, globose or corymbiform,
axillary or arranged in a thyrsoid terminal panicle. Calyx campa-
nulate, 4-lobed. Corolla-tube oylindrio or urn-shap9d ; lobos 4,
short, spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, on the corolla-tube ;
anthers subsessile, ovate or oblong, cordate or 2-lobed at the base.
Ovary 2-oelled; style linear, stigma olavate or capitate ; ovules
many in each cell. Capsule septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many,
oblong or fusiform, testa appressed or loosely reticulate, often
expanded into a wing or tail, albumen fleshy, embryo straight. —
Species about 70, in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, also IB
tropical America.

B, aslatica, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 72 ; RoyU TIL 291 ; F B. I. iv 82 •
Watt Jf. D. ; BrantisFor. Fl. 31?; Ind. Trees 475 ; Collett Fl. Si ml. 322;
Kanjilal For. Fl.247; G-amble Man. Ind. Timb. 495; Prain Beng. PI
703. B. Neemda, Buch.-Ham. ; Uoxb. Fl Ind.i, 398; Eoyle III. 291. B.'
subserrata, Don' Prod. 92.— Vern. Neemda, dudhia (Dehra Dun).

A large evergreen shrub with thin grey bark, extremities and young
branches softly tomentose. Ltaves 2|-6 in. long, lanceolate, acute or
acuminate and usually acute at the base, crenate or serrulate or the
upper ones usually entire, glabrous above, clothed beneath with white
or yellowish tomentum, petioles 0-£ in. long. Flowers white, scented,
•subsessile,,in dense slender bracteate tomentose terminal or axillary

BUDDLEIA. ] LOGANIACEM. 69

often panicled spikes. Calyar campanlate, •£-£ in. long, divided nearly
half-way down, lobes triangular. Corolla tubular, •£ in. long1, hairy
outside and in the throat, lobes obtuse. Capsule £ in. long, ovoid or
ellipsoid, glabrous. Seeds minute, not tailed.

Abundant within the area and often cultivated. Flowers during March
and April. DISTBIB. Throughout India but not in Ceylon, ascending
to 6,800 ft. on Himalaya and extending to Malaya and Ohina. This
shrub has been recommended as a suitable one for planting on land-
slips.

3, STRYCHNOS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind, iv, 86.

Trees, or sometimes scan dent shrubs with short axillary often
hooked tendrils. Leaves opposite, often coriaceous, 3-5- nerved from
or above the base. Flowers small, white or yellowish, in terminal or
axillary cymes. Calyx 5- or 4-partite. Corolla 6- or 4-lobed, lobes
valvate. Stamens 5 or 4, attached to the throat of the corolla, fila-
ments short, anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2 -celled, or the upper
portion 1-celled, style filiform, stigma capitate or obscurely 2-lobed
ovules many in each cell. Fruit a globose or oblong berry with a
hard rind, many- or 2- or 1-seeded. Seeds large, embedded in pulp,
oblong and variously compressed, albumen horny or fleshy, embryo
short, cotyledons foliaceous. — Species about 100, in tropical and sub-
tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Cymes terminal, berry orange-red when ripe,

seeds many 1. S. Nux-vomica.

Cymes axillary, berry black when ripe, seeds

lor 2 2. 8. potatorum.

1. S. Nux-vomioa, Linn. Sp. PL 189 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 575; Royle III.
271 ; Brandis For. FL 317 ; Ind. Trees 473; F. B. I. iv, 90 ; Watt E. D. ;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 497 ; Prain Beng. PL 704 ; Cooke FL Bomb. ii.
185.— Yern. Kuchla, Kajra. (The Strychnine tree).

A deciduous tree, usually medium-sized, but sometimes attaining 100 ft.
in height, often armed with -short axillary spines. Bark thin, grey,
smooth, or rough with lenticels. Young shoots polished, deep green.
Leaves 3-6 in. long, broadly elliptic, obtuse or acute, entire, 3-5*
nerved, glabrous and shining, petioles $-1 in. long. Flowers many
greenish-white, in terminal short-peduncled pubescent compound
cymes. Calyx T\j in. long, hairy outside ; lobes 5, acute. Corolla less
than | in. long, glabrous or nearly so outside ; tube cylindric, hairy
inside towards the base ; lobes 5, narrowly oblong, acute. Stamens 6,
half-exserted from the corolla-tube, oblong, glabrous. Ovary glabrous.
Berry globose, 1-3 in. in diam., rough and shining, orange-red when

70 LOGANIACEJE. [STBYCHNO&.

ripe. Seeds many, -|-f in. in diam., flat, grey, shining, clothed on "both
sides with fine silky hairs radiating from the centre.

Gorakhpur forests (Brandis, Duthie). DISTRIB. From Bengal and
Bombay to S. India, extending to the drier region of Ceylon ; also in
deciduous forests throughout Burma. Flowers February— April. The
tree is leafless for a short time during the hot season. Almost every
part of this tree is more or less poisonous, but especially the seeds,
which yield the alkaloids known as strychnine and brucine. The pulp
of the fruit, although containing strychnine, is largely eaten by certain
birds, as well as by monkeys and other animals. The wood is extremely
bitter, and is sometimes used as a remedy for intermittent fever. As a
timber it is chiefly useful for fancy cabinet, work and agricultural im-
plements,

2. S. potatorum, Linn. f. 8uypl. 148 ; Roscl. Fl. Ind. i, 576. ; PoyJe III
272 ; Brandis For. FL 817 ; Ind. Trees 474: F. P. I. iv. £0 ; Woit'E. D. ;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 498 ; Prain Seng. PI. 704; CoolceFl.Scnib.ii,
186,— Vern. Nirmali. (The Clearing-nut tree.)

A medium-sized glabrous tree, 40-50 ft. high. Trunk often irregularly
fluted. Bark blackish, deeply furrowed. Leaves nearly sessile, 2-3 in.
long, ovate or elliptic, acute or rounded at the base, the apex acute or
acuminate, subcoriaceous. glabrous and shining, spuriously 3- or 5-
nerved. Flowers white, fragrant, in short axillary cymes, pedicels very
short. Calyx -^ in. long; lobes 5, ovate, acute. Corolla £-i in. long j
lobes 5, oblong, acute, hairy inside at their bases. Ovary ovoid, glab-
rous, tapering into the sJender style, stigma slightly 2-lobed. Berry
about f in. in diam., black when ripe, Seeds 1 or 2, circular, ^ in. in
diam., bluntly lenticular, slightly compressed, clothed on both sides
with short silvery adpressed hairs.

Bundelkhand forests (Edgeworth, Duthie). DISTEIB. Bengal, Cent,
and S. India to Ceylon, also in Burma. Flowers during April and
May. This tree, unlike the preceding, is not poisonous. The pulp of
the fruit is eaten by the natives ; and the seeds, known as ' clearing-
nuts,' are much used for cleansing muddy water, the albumen acting as a
precipitant of -the suspended impurities. The seeds are also made use
of in diseases of the eye. The wood is said to be good for ploughs,,
building purposes, etc.

XXIV.-GENTIANACE.tfI.

Herbs, usually glabrous and bitter, rarely f-hrubs. Leaves opposite,
rarely alternate, entire (often sinuate in Limnantliem'um\ exstipu-
late. Flowers usually regular (except in Cansc^ra and Eoppea),
arranged in terminal spicate or fascicled cynics, or axillary and

EXACUM.] GENTIANACE&. 71

clustered, or solitary, rarely braoteafce. Calyx inferior, persistent,
4-7-lobed or -pmrtite ; lobes usually imbricate in bad. Corolla-tube
oatnpanulate, funnel-shap3l or oyliniric ; lobes 4-7, twisted to the
right or (in Limnan^kemum) induplicate-valvate. Sta>nens 4-7,
on the throat or tune of o^ro.la, alt^rnite with its lobes, unequal or
more or less suppressed in anscora and ELoppea ; filaments linear
or sometimes dilated below; amhers opening longitudinally, rarely by
apical pores. Dish annular «>r of 5 glands or aone. Ovary of 2
carpels, i-2-oelled ; style sunjle, stign* end re or 2-lob3d ; ovules
usually numerous. Fruit usaally a caps ile, membranous, dehiscing
septicidally by tw » valves, rarely deshy. Seeds inaay, small, some-
times winged, aloumin »ns. -Species o-o'OO, chiedy in temperate or in
mountainoas regions of both hemispheres.

Terrestrial herbs, leaves opposite, cor. -lobes
contorted in bad.

Ovary 2-celled '} . • . .1. BxAOUM.

Ovary 1-celled.

Cor.-lobes eglandular at the base.
Cor. regular.
Style linear.
Flowers white, in sesaile axillary

clusters 2. ENICOSTEMA.

Flowers pink or white, in dichoto-

mous cymea 3. EBTTHB^JA.

Style short or none, flowers usually

blue 4. GENTIANA.

Cor. irregular.

Flowers yellow, stigma subentire . 5. HOP PEA..
Flowers pink or white, stigma deeply

2-lobed 6. CANSCORA.

Cor. with one or two glandular nectaries at

the base of each lobe . . . .7. SWEBTIA.
Aquatic herbs, leaves alternate, cor .-lobes in-
duplicate. val vat e in bud . . . .8. LIMNANTHEMUM.

1. EXACUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 95,

Annual herbs with quadrangular and usually branching atems.
Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal an 1 axillary
usually diohotomous cymes. Calyx deeply 4-5-lobed ; lobes keeled,
winged or flat. Corolla rotate, blue, purple or white, usually pewis-

73 GENTIANAOE^ [EXACUM.

tent in fruit ; tube short, globose ; lobes 4-5, ovate or oblong.
Stamens 5-4, on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short,
dilated at the base ; anthers exserted, opening by terminal pores
which usually extend into lateral slits. Ovary 2-celled; style long,
curved ; stigma small, subcapitate, ovules many. Capsule globose.
Seeds reticulate. — Species 20, mostly Indian, a few extending to
Malaya, China and Africa.

Steins stout, up to 4 feet, leaves 5-nerved . 1. E. tetragonum.
Stems slender, up to 1 foot, leaves 3-nerved . 2. E. pedunculatum.

1. E. tetragonum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 10; Fl. Ind. i, 398 ; Don. Prod.
128; Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii,53l; Royle III. 276; F. B. I. iv 95; Watt. E.
D. ; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc, wiv, 424; Prain Beng. PI. 706;
Collett. Fl. Siml. 323; E. roseum, Royle III 276.— V ern. Uda chiretta.

.Stems erect, stout, 1-4 ft. high, 4 angled. Leaves sessile, about 5 in. long,
lanceolate, acute, usually 5-n.erved. Flowers azure-blue, 1£ in. in diam.,
usually 4-merous, arranged in many-flowered" terminal panicles. Calyx-
lobes % % in. long, ovate, acuminate, keeled but hardly winged. Corolla-
lobes ^-f in. long, broadly elliptic, acute. Style ^ in. long. Capsule
subglobose, J in. long.

Fairly abundant within the area in damp ground, especially in Bundel-
khand and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun eastwards.
DISTRIB. Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan ascending to 5,000 ft., and from
Bengal and Chota Nagpur to the Central Provinces ; also on the Khasia
Hills, extending to Burma, China, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and
the Philippines. The plant' is used medicinally as a substitute for
chiretta.

2. E. pedunculatum, Linn. Sp. PL 112; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Sec.
xiv, 427 ; P. B. I. iv, 97; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI 706; Cooke Fl. Bomb,
ii, 188. E. sulcatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 400.

Stems erect, slender, 3-18 in. high, 4-angled, much branched above. Leaves
subsessile, 1^-2 in. long, elliptic or lanceolate, tapering to the base,
glabrous, usually 3-nerved. Flowers many, in terminal much branched
panicled' cymes, 4-merous, blue ; peduncles and pedicels long, rigid,
lower bracts leaf like. Calyx £'£ in. long ; lobes ovate, acuminate,
distinctly winged on the back. Corolla £-•£ in. long, lobes lanceolate,
acute. Capsule globose, ^ in. in diam., smooth and shining.

Plentiful in Bundelkhand and along the base of the Himalaya from Dehra
Dun eastwards. Flowers in December. DISTRIB. Throughout the greater
portion of India and in Ceylon, ascending to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya ;
it is found also in Burma and in the Malay Peninsula. This plant
possesses the tonic properties of chiretta and gentian, and is much
used by the natives for fever.

EXICOSTEMA.] GENTIANACE2E. I t 73

2. ENICOSTEMA, Blame ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv/100.

Krect or decumbent branching herbs. Leave opposite, sessile,
Flowers small, in sessile axillary clusters. Calyvtube campanulate ;
lobes 5, lanceolate Corolla Jtubular below, narrowly funnel-ahaped
above; lobes 5, small. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla-tube;
filaments linear, with a small double-hooded scale on the inner side
of each at the hase ; anthers erect, not twisted, acute. Ovary 1-
celled, placentas slightly intruded ; style short, stigma capitate,
ovules many. Capsule ellipsoid. Seeds many, subglobose, foveolate.—
Species 4, two in Trop. Africa one of which occurs also in India, one
in Madagascar and one in Trop. America.

E.littorale, Blume Bijdr. 848; F. B. I. iv, 101; Watt. E. D.; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, n, ISO. Gentiana verticillata, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 71 Slevotia
verticillata, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. scvii, 532.— Yern. Chota chiretta.

A glabrous perennial herb, 4-20 in. high, branching from the base. Stem s
erect or procumbent, usually 4-angled. Leaves sessile, decussate,
1»2£ in. long, varying in shape from linear to elliptic-lanceolate,
3-nerved, the two marginal ones often obscure. F louvers in whorled
clusters, white, Calyx % in. long; lobes as long as the tube, obtuse,
with narrow membranous margins. Corolla tubular, £•§ in. long ; lobes
7^in., elliptic, acute. Anthers included. Stigma large, 2-lobed.
Capsule %-\ in. long, narrowed towards the base,

Common in wet places. Flowers during the rainy season. DISTRIB-
Throughout the greater part of India especially near the sea, but
apparently not in Bengal. It occurs in Ceylon and extends to Java,
Trop. and S. Africa and the W. Indies. The plant is used as a bitter
ionic, especially in W. and S. India.

3, ERYTHR/EA, Renealm ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 101.!

Herbs, annual or perennial, erect, branching. Leaves opposite,
sessile or amplexicaul. Flowers (in the Indian species) pink or
white, arranged in dichotomous often corymbose cymes. Calyx
tubular, 5 or 4-fid., lobes keeled. Corolla-tube long or short ; lobes
6 or 4, spreading. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted near the summit of
the corolla-tube ; filaments short, linear ; anthers narrowly oblong,
usually^exserted, often spirally twisted. Ovary 1-oelled plaoentas
much intruded, style linear, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, about
as long as the calyx, nearly 2«3elled, many seeded. Seeds very
small, fbveolate.— Species about 30, chiefly in temperate and sub-

74

tropical regions of the N. Hemisphere, extending to Chili ard
Aostralia.

Bracts conspicuous ; calyx-teeth about

equalling the corolla tube . . . 1. E. ramosissima.
Bracts not conspicuous ; calyx teeth much

shorter than the corolla tube . . 2. E. Roxlurghii.

1. E. r a me sis sim a, Pers. Syn. i, 283 ; F. B. I. iv, 101.

Stems 3 15 in. high, very leafy. Leaves f-1£ in. kng, ovate, elliptic or
lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the lowermost not in rosettes. Flowers in
conspicuously bracteate clusters, sessile, pink. Calyx-teeth linear,
about equalling the corolla tube, sub stellate in bud.

Moradabad and Saharanpur districts. DJSTEIB. Punjab Plain,
Afghanistan and Baluchistan extending to Egypt, also in China and
Manchuria.

2. E. Roxlurghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv, 206 ; Boyle 111. 277 ; F. B. I.
-iv, 102 ; T* ait £. 1).; Train Seng. PI. 707 ; Ccrte Fl. Bowl, ii, ]SO.
E. ramosissima (vars. A. and B.) Clarke in Journ. Htm. /Sec. air, 428 (no,
ofPoir.) Chironia centauroides, Ro«l. Fl Jnd. i, 5<?4.

A email erect annual. Stems 2-12 in. high, 4 angled. Badical leaves in
rosettes, f 1 in. long, obovate or oblong, obtuse ; cauline smaller, linear-
oblong. Flowers pink, in dichotcmcus cymes, -with a kng pedicelled
flower in each fork, bracts not prominent. Calya teeth linear, acute,
much shorter than the corolla tube, substellate in bud. Corolla rotate,

M in. long ; lobes elliptic, acv-te. Anthers at length spirally twisted.
gwa large, 2-lamellate. Capsule narrowly oblong.

Abundant within the area, especially in cultivated land. Flowers
Feb. — April. DISTBIB. From the Punjab Plain and Bengal to S.
India. The plant is used as a substitute for chiretta, especially in
Bengal.

ft. GENTIANA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 108.

Herbs, annual or perecnial, scmef'mes woody below. Xeates
opposite, often connate at the base, flowers bhie, yellow or white,
axillary and terminal, usually sessile. Calyx tubnlai, tente or rarely,
keeled, sojretiimp ppathace< rs, 1< be? 6 or 4» Cetclla tvbrlar, c»m-
panulate funn el-shaped or subrotate ; lobfP 6 or 4, often with folds
between the lobes. Stamens 5 or 4, attached at or below the middle
of the tnte, included ; filaments linear, s<me^ bat flattered downwards.
Ovary 1-celled, phitentss sightly intruded, style usually short or
nor e, Btigpias divei ^ent. Capsule stalkec or sessile. Seeds many,
email, reticulated.— Species about 300, chiefly inhabiting mountain-

GENTIANA.] GENTIANACE&. 75

ous parts of the Old World, a few occurring on the Andes and in
New Zealand and Australia. Forty species are described in the Flora
o£ British India, the majority of which are Himalayan.

Leaves green, calyx-lobes broad . . 1, G. pedicellata.
Leaves silvery, shining ; calyx-lobes nar-
row, pointed 2. G.aprica.

1. G, pedicellata, Wall. Cat. 9394 ; Clarke in Journ. Lin^i- Soc. xiv, 435.
G. quadrifaria, Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 111 (not of B'jUin?) ; Collett FL Siml.
324. Ericila pedicellata, D. Don in Trans. Linn. 801. xvii, 514.

Whole plant 2^-5 in. high. Steins many, slender, much branched, usually
procumbent. Lewes dark green, not margined ; radical rosulate,
spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the base, 3-nerved ; cauline
smaller, spreading or recurved, mucronate Flowers in terminal cymes,
s in. long, blue or greenish-yellow. Calyx about half as long as the
corolla, lanceolate, acute, rigid, often subsquarrose. Corolla 5-lobed ;
lobes ovate, acuminate. Capsule stipitate, narrowed to the base.

Dehra, Dun and on both sides of the Siwalik range up to 3,0 '0 ft. Flowers
in March. DISTRIB. Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to
10,000 ft., also on the Khaaia tiilla, the Deccan Mts. and those of Ceylon,
extending to Burma, Java and probably to China.

2. G. aprioa, Dcni. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 112, t> 118 ; Collett Fl. Siml.
324. G. decemfida, var. aprica, Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 112. Ericala decemfida,
D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xoii, 514 ; Koyle III. 277.

A glabrous erect annual. Stems stiff, 3-10 in. high, simple or with many
ascending branches. Leaves silvery, shining, radical rosulate, ^-f in.
long, broadly ovate, mucronate, 3-aerved, glaucous beneath ; cauline i
in. long, narrowly lanceolate, aristate, conduplicate, connate at the base;
uppermost smaller, subulate. Flowers blue, subpaniculate, pedicels
often 4 in. long. Calyx -3-fid., about half as long as the corolla ; lobes
narrow, finely pointed. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Capsule f
in. long, obovate or cuneate, stipitate, usually included, valves with
pale-coloured edges.

Abundant on rocks and grassy banks throughout the Siwalik range, also
in Dehra, Dan. Flowers in March and April. DISTBIB. Himalaya
from below Simla to Kumaon up to 3,OQt) ft. ; also in Upper Burma.

5. HOPPEA, Willd. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 100.

Small, much branched, glabrous herb*. Leaves small, opposite,
sessile. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled, in 2-3-ohotoinous cymes.
Calyx oampaaulate ; lob3S 4, ovate, acuminate. Corolla urceolato

$Q GENTIANACE&. [HOPPED

or tubular, shorter than the calyx ; lohes 4, more or less unequal.
Stamens 1 perfect and 3 sterile, attached to the throat of the corolla \.
filaments short, linear ; aethers small, ovate, dehiscing introrsely by
longitudinal slits, those of the "barren stamens srrall or none. Ovary
1-celled, placentas not far intruded ; style short, stigma suhentire.
Capsule globose or ellipsoid, Seeds neatly black, ohscurely reticulate.
—Species 2, both in India.

H, diohotoma, Willd. in Ges. Natwf. Fr. Neue Schr. Hi, 434; F.B.L i\\
100 ; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 190 ; Prain Beng. PI. 707. Pladera pusilla,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. t, 403 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. aiv, 429 ; Don in Trans.
Linn,. Soc. ssvii, 530.

A small glabrous annual, 2-5 in. high, copiously branching from near the-
base. Stems and branches 4-angled and more or less winged. Leaves
about J in. long, ovate, acute. Bracts lanceolate. Calyso TV& in. long j
lobes scarious, longer than the corolla, ovate, acuminate, with a pro-
minent green^ nerve alon^ the margin. Corolla -fa in. long, white or pale-
yellow, ventricose in fruit ; lobes half as long as the tube, triangular,
recurved* Capsule ellipsoid, -fa in. long.

Abundant, especially in damp ground- Flowers during September and
October. DISTRIB. Common on the Punjab Plain, and in Bengal,
Bombay, Central and S. India ; also in Lower Burma, extending to the
Philippines.

6, CANSCORA, Lamk. ; FL Brit. Ind. iv, 102.

Erect annuals, much branched. Leaves opposite, sessile, petioled
or connate below. Flowers pink or white, in lax terminal cymes.
Calyx tubular, 4-toothed, tube terete ribbed or winged. Corolla-tube
cylindrio ; lobes 4, more or less unsymmetric, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4, near the summit of the corolla-tube, 1 or 2 fertile with
longer filaments and larger anthers, the others with short filaments
and barren. Ovary 1-oelled, placentas not far intruded, style linear,
stigma deeply 2-lobed, ovules many. Capsule cylindrio, membranous.
Seeds very small, dark brown, reticulate.— Species 14, in India,
Malaya, Australia and Trop. Africa.

Flowers rose-coloured, calyx not winged . 1. C. diffusa.
Flowers white, calyx winged . . . 2. C. decussata.

1. C. diffusa, R. Br.Prod. 451 in Oos- ; Clarka in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi,
429; F. B. Liv,103 ; WattE.D.j Prain Beng, PI 708; Coolce Fl.Bomb.
ii, 191. Pladera virgata, Roxb.FL Ind. i, 401.

A slender, much branched annual, 2 ft. or more in height. Stems obtusely
Wrangled. Leaves membranous, 3-nerved, 1 in. long, the lower lanceolate-

CANSCOBA.J GENTIANACE&. 77

or elliptic and often petioled ; upper sessile, broadly ovate, acute or apicu-
late, rounded at the base, uppermost leaves much smaller. Flowers pink,
in lax diffuse panicles, pedicels filiform, the ultimate bracts very minute.
Calyx 4 in. long, not winged ; teeth lanceolate, acute. Corolla in. long ;
tube $ in., green; lobes unequal, obtuse. Stamens A, one of which is
fertile and larger than the others and inserted higher up. Capsule
narrowly oblong, nearly as long as the calyx, membranous.

Abundant within the area in wet places, especially in Merwara, Bundel-
khand, Dehra Dun, Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers during the rainy
season. DIBTEIB. Throughoub India up to 2,010 ft. in Kumaon, also in
Ceylon and Burma, extending to Malaya, E. Trop*. Africa, Australia and
the Philippines. The plant is used medicinally as a substitute for
0. decussata.
2. C. decussata, Ecem. $ Sch. Syst. Hi, Mant. 229 ; F. B. I. iv, 104 :

Collet t Fl. Siml. 823 ; Prain Beng. PI. 708. Pladera decussata, Roxb.Fl

2nd. i, 402.

An erect branching annual, up to 2 ft. in height. Stems 4-winged, branches
decussate. Leaves 1-1£ in- long, oblong, lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved.
Cy mes lax, the branches erect, rigid, 4-winged. Flowers white, those in
the forks long-pedicelled. Calyx £-£ in. long, 4-winged. Gorolla-tule
as long as calyx ; lobes | in. long, obovate. Stamens as in preceding.
Capsule and seeds rather larger.

Bundelkhand, Siwalik Barge, Dehra Dun and N. Oudh. Flowers August
and September. DISTBIB Himalaya ascending to 0,000 ft., and through-
out India extending to Ceylon, Bui ma and Trop. Africa. The plant is
much valued as a tonic in nervous complain.

7. SWERTIA, Linn. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 121.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves usually opposite. Flowers in
terminal corymbose or panicled cymes, blue, luried or white, sometimes
with yellow glands. Calyx 4-5 partite, tube none or very short ; lobes
4-5, acute or obtuse. Corolla subrotate, tube very short ; lobes 4-5,
acute or obtuse, each, with one or a pair of glandular nectaries at the
base. Stamens 4-5, attached near the base of the corolla, free; fila-
ments linear, often more or less dilated downwards ; anthers oblong,
versatile. Ovary 1 -celled, placentas slightly intruded ; style short or
none, stigma 2-lobed, ovules many. Capsule ovate or oblong, 2-val-
ved. Seeds usually many, minute, compressed, often winged, reticu-
late.— Species about 90, chiefly Asiatic, a few in Europe, S. Africa,
Madagascar and America.
8 . angustifolia, Buch.-Ham. * ex. D. Don Prod. Fl. Nep. 127 ; Clarke in

* For a more detailed account of this species and its allies see Mr. J.
H. Burkill's recently published paper in Journ. As. Soc., Beng. (New
Series), Vol. II, No 8.

73 GENTIAN ACEM. [SWERTIA.

F. B. I iv, 125 1 Waff E. D ; ColleU Fl. Siml. 327 ; Burlcill in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. ii, No. 8 (1903, 373. S. elegans, Wall. Cat 4376. S. pul-
chella, 'Buck-Ham. I. c. (nomen nudum ; Wall. Cat. 4375. Clarice in
F. B. J, I. c. ; in Journ Linn. Soc. scxv, 48. S. affinis, Clarice in F. B. I.
iv, 126. Ophelia angustifolia, D. Don. in Trans. Linn. Soc., xvii, 524.
O. porrigens, D. Don, ex G. Don. Gen. 8yst. iv, 178 O. pulchella, D.
Don in Trans. Linn Soc. scvii, 524. O. pretensis, Edgew. in Trans.
Linn, sex, 86. O. afflnis, W. $ A. 0. elegans, Wight.

Stems erect, 1-3 ft., much 3-chotomously branched, 4 gonous, the angles
narrowly winged. Leaves 2-2| in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 1-3
nerved. Flowers white or bluish, 4-merous. Caly x 4 -partite ; segments
lanceolate or oblong linear, acute, often much longer than the corolla.
Corolla tube oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, often veined with blue
and marked with blue or black dots ; each lobe with a solitary impressed
circular gland near the base, naked or partially closed by a small scale.

VAR. 1 Bamiltnniana, Rur kill. —Sepals equalling or slightly longer than
the corolla. — Dehra Dan (Dathie). DISTRIB. Himalaya, westwards
to Hazara and eastwards to Sikkim, up to 6,000 ft., extending to Assam
and China.

VAR. 2. pulchella, Burkill.— S. pulchella, Buch.-Ham. S. affinis, Clarice
in F. B.I. iv, 126. Ophelia porrigens G. Don.— Sepals shorter than
the corolla. Corolla lobes erect and conniyent in young fruit. Plant
about 1-ft. high.— Dehra Dun (Gamble); Siwalik range in the Mohand
Pass (Eoyle), Sub -Siwalik tract (Edgeworth).— DISTRIB. Himalayas,
westwards to Dalhousie, up to 10,000 ft. and eastwards to Sikkim ;
also on the Khasi-Naga Hills, Chota-Nagpur, the Central Provinces
and southwards along the E. Ghats to S. India, extending to C. and
Upper Burma, the Shan States and China,

VAE. 3. elegans, Clarke. S. elegans, Wall.— Corolla-lobes somewhat spread-
ing in young fruit. Plant dwarf — Oudh, Terai, in shisham forest
(Wallich) j forests in the Kheri district of K. Oudh (T. Thomson and
Duthie).

8. angustifolia and its varieties all possess more or less the bitter pro-
perties of the true CMretta (S. Chirata, Buch.-Ham. a species widely
distributed on the Himalaya), they are not, however, extensively made
use of medicinally except where S. Chirata is unobtainable.

S. LIMNANTHEMUM, S. P. Qmel; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 181.

Aquatic herbs, floating or creeping. Stems erect or runner-like
or resembling petioles. Leaves orbicular, elliptic or ovate, deeply
cordate or peltate, entire or obscurely sinuate. Peduncles clustered
at the nodes ; flowers white or yellow, dimorphic, solitary or in pairs

LIMNANTHEMUM.] GENTIANACE&* 79

or clusters at the nodes, or on the apparent petiole close below the
leaf -blade. Calyx 4 7 -partite, lobes lanceolate or oblong. Corolla
subrotate, 4-7-partite ; lobes induplicate-valvate in bud, usually hairy
or with a median crest margins fimhriate or naked. Stamens 4-7,
on the corolla-tube, filaments short, anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled,
placentas not intruded, style long or short, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds winged or not, smooth or
tubeculate. — Species about 20, in tropical or temperate regions of
the world.

Corolla-lobes glabrous, with a longitudinal
crest down the middle, seeds smooth . 1. L. cristatum.

Corolla-lobes densely papillose, not crested
down the middle, seeds scabrous . . 2. L. indicum.

1. L. cristatum, Gris b. in DC. Prod, ix, 139 ; F. B. L iv, 131 : Waft E.
D.; Prain Beng. Pi. 709 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 195. Menyanthes ciistata -
Roxb.; Fl. Indi, 459. Villarsia cristata, Sprfng- ; Royle III, 277.— Vern.
Chuli.

A smaller plant than L. indicvm, and with shorter and more slender
etiole like branches. Rhizome short, erect. Floating leaves 2-4 in. in
diam., purplish and with green veins beneath ; petioles 3-l£ in. long.
Flowers white, pedicels f ~2, in. long. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla £ in.
in diam. ; lobes £ in. long, obovate, glabrous, with a broad longitudinal
crest down the middle of each. Capsule % in. long. Seeds strongly
muri culate.

Very common within the area in ponds and ditches, flowering throughout
the summer months. DISTBIB. Throughout India and in Ceylon,
extending to China, Malaya and the Philippines. The stems, leaves and
fruits are often eaten in certain parts of India more particularly in
times of famine.

2, L. indicum, TTiwaites Envm. 205 ; F. B. L iv, 131 ; Train Beng. PL
709 ; Coolte Fl. Bomb, ii, 195. Menyanthes indica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. In
i,460. Villareia indica, Vent.; Royle III, 277— Vern. Bara chuli.
Rhizome horizontal or oblique; branches from the axils of sheathing

membranous scales, petiole-like, each on reaching the surface of the
water producing from a swollen node near the apex a tuft of roots,
a cluster of flowers, a single floating leaf and a branch eapable of
repeating the formation of other flowers and leaves. Floating leaves
fleshy, 3-12 in. in diam., orbicular, cordate, the basal lobes obtuse,
margins more or less sinuate, green beneath ; petioles stout, £ £ in. long.
Flowers in clusters, appearing above the surface of the water between the
basal-lobes of the leaves ; pedicels 2-5 in. long. Calyx 5-6-partite;
lobes £ in. long, oblong, Bubacute. Corolla 1£ in. across, white with a
yellow centre ; lobes usually 6, oblorg, obtuse, ? in. long, clothed inside
w\th long cottony hairs, but not crested down the middle. Capsule £-£
n. in diam., subglobose. Seeds many, obovate, smooth.

80 .' aENTIANACE^l. [LIMNANTHEMUM.

Abundant in ponds within the area. Flowers April to September. Dis-
TRIB. Throughout India and in Ceylon ; also in Afghanistan extending
to China, Malaya, Australia and to the Fiji and Mascarene Islands.

LXXV.-HYDROPHYLLACEJE

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate ; stipules none,
Flowers regular, bisexual; usually in unilateral or 2-chotomous
cymes, sometimes spica^e or in racemes. Calyx inferior, 5-partite.
Corolla 5-lobed ; lobes imbricate, rarely contorted. Stamens 5,
inserted on corolla-tube and alternate with its lobes ; filaments filiform,
anthers versatile, introrse. Disk hypogynous, inconspicuous or none.
Ovary superior, 1-2-celled ; ovules usually many, styles 1 or 2.
Capsule 2-valved or dehiscing irregularly. Seeds minute, albumen
fleshy, embryo minute.' — -Species about 170, chiefly American.

HYDROLEA, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 133.

Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers blue, in short terminal racemes
,or cymes. Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla rotate or campanu-
late, lobes imbricate. Stamens inserted on the short corolla-tube,
filaments usually dilated at the base, anthers sagittate. Ovary
completely 2-celled ; ovules many in each cell ; styles 2, distinct.
Capsule globose or ovoid, dehiscing septicidally or sometimes irre-
gularly.— Species about 20, in N. and S. America and in Trop.
Africa, extending to India, Malaya and Australia.

H.zeylanica, Vahl.8ymb.Bot. ii, 46; F.B.I. iv;i33; Watt E.D.;
Prain Beng. PI. 711; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 19? ; Nama zeylanica, L. ; Roxb*
Fl. Ind. ii, 73.

An annual usually decumbent herb. Stems up to 20 in. long, often rooting
at the lower nodes, somewhat succulent, glabrous below, glandular
pubescent upwards. Leaves membranous, |-2 in. long, lanceolate or

• oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent, petiole very short. Flowers in racemes, on short lateral branches,
bracts leafy. Calyx % in. long ; lobes acute, gland pubescent, 3-nerved.
Corolla blue with darker veins, £-£ in. long, deeply partite, lobes ovate.
Stamens exserted, filaments dilated at the base, anthers sagittate and
often twisted Capsule % in. long, ovoid-oblong, enclosed in the enlarged
persistent calyx, placentas central. Seeds many, minute, oblong.

HYDROLEA.] HYDEOPHYLLACE^. 81

•Common in wet ground, and often met with in rice-fields. Flowers Octo-
ber— December. DISTRIB. Throughout India, ascending to 4,000 ft. on
the Himalaya, also in Ceylon and Burma, extending to the Malay Penin-
sula and Islands, China, the Philippines, Australia, Trop. Africa and

' America. The leaves are sometimes used as a poultice and are regarded
as possessing antiseptic properties.

LXXVI.-BORAGINACEJE.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, often hispid or scabrous. Leaves usually
alternate, exstipulate. Inflorescence usually a dichotomous cyme
with scorpioid branches, sometimes S-chotomounly panicled, rarely
solitary and axillary. Flowers 2-sexual and usually regular, with or
without bracts. Calyx inferior, 5- rarely 6-8-toothed or lobed, usually
persistent and often accrescent in fruit, tube sometimes very sbort.
Corolla usually 6 -lobed, often with scales in the throat ; lobes imbri-
cate in bud, rarely twisted. Stamens on tbe corolla-tube, as many as
the lobes and alternate with them ; filaments filiform, often dilated at
the base. Disk bypogynous or obsolete. Ovary superior, 2-celled
witb 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-celled with one ovule in each cell ; style
terminal or gynobatdc, long or sbort, simple or once or twice forked,
ovules erect, anatropous. Fruit a drupe, or dividing into 2-4
nutlets. Seeds erect OP obliq ue, testa membranous, albumen fleshy
-or none, radicle superior. — Species about 1,500, cosmopolitan.

Ovary entire or slightly 4-lobed, style terminal.
Style twice forked. — Trees . . . .1. CORDIA.
Style once forked or styles 2.

Style bifid.— Trees or shrubs . . . 2. EHEETIA.
Styles free at the base and apex, but easily
separable at the middle.— A prostrate

herb 3. GOLDEN IA.

Style 1 , simple.— A virgate shrub . . . 4. EHABDIA.
Style with a depressed stigmatose ring below

the apex. — Herbs 5. HELIOTROPIUM.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed, style gynobasic (except
in Trichodesma).

Anthers connivent in a cone, connectives
much produced and twisted together at the
apex, style subterminal.— Herbs . . 6. TRICHODESMA.
Anthers not connivent in a cone, included,
style gynobasic.— Herbs.
-Nutlets attached to a convex or conical

carpophore. . . -

82

BOEAGINACE^l.

[CORDIA.

Nutlets depressed, glochidiate their
"bases produced downwards .

Nutlets free round the "base of the style,
not depressed downwards, granular-
scabrid, flowers blue or white
Nutlets on a flat receptacle, flowers yellow,

dimorphic ......

7. CTNOGLOSSUM.

8. BOTHRIOSPERMTJM.

9. ARNEBIA.

1, Cordia, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 136.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes subscandent. Leaves alternate, rarely
subopposite, petiolod. Flowers in cymes, spikes or heads, polyga-
mous (the 2-sexual flowers fewer than the males), ebracteate. Calyx
tubular or oampannlate, accrescent in fruit, tube often ribbed ; teeth
usually 5, short, sometimes unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, salver-
shaped <>r campanulate, white or orange ; lobes 4-8, spreading or
recurved. Stamens 4-8, filaments often hairy at the base; anthers
shortly exserted, sagittate or hastate. Ovary 4-celled, glabrous ;
style terminal, long, bipartite, the branches aerain bipartite, stigma
capitate or spathulate ; ovule? 1 in each cell. Fruit an ovoid or
ellipsoid drupe with a bony 1-4-celled putamen, usually only one with
a fertile seed. Seeds exalbuminous, cotyledons plicate. — Species
at out 280, all tropical.

Leaves alternate (sometimes subopposite in
C. Macleodii) with 3-5 nerves from near the
base.

Calyx not ribbed.
Leaves usually bioad with a subcordate or

cuneate base, calyx campanulate . . 1. 0. Myxa,
Leaves narrower, deeply dentate towards

the apex, calyx cylindrical . , . 2. C. crenata.
Calyx distinctly ribbed, leaves tomentose
beneath.
Leaves often subopposite, cordate and 3-5-

nerved at the base . . . . . 3. 0. Macleodii.
Leaves rounded or cuneate at the base,

with usually three basal nerves . . 4. C. vestita.
Leaves nearly or quite opposite, cuneate-
oblong, with no distinct basal nerves . . 5. 0. Rothii*

I, C. Myxa, Linn ; Sp. PI. 190; Roaib. PL Ind. i, 590; Eoyle III. 806*
Brandis For. Fl. 836; Ind Trees 478; F.B.I, iv, 186; Watt E. D.;
Kanjilal For. FL248; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 500; CoUett Fl. Siml.
329; Prain Peng. PL 714; CooTce Fl. Bomb, ii, 199. C. obliqua, Willd. ;
Clarice in F. B. I. iv, 137 ; Watt E. D. C. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. it 588.
— Vern. Lasora.

CORDIA.] BORAGINACE&. 83

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, up to 40 or 50 ft. high, and usually with
a crooked tranc. Bark grey or brown, rough with shallow longitudinal
furrows. Branchlets glabrous ; young shoots silvery-grey. Leaves
alternate, thinly coriaceous, 3-6 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate to broadly
ovate or suborbicular, rounded cordate or somewhat cuneate at the base,
entire or the margins more or less sinuate-dentate ; upper surface
glabrous, becoming scabrous when old, softly pubescent beneath when
young, usually 3-nerved from near the base ; petioles f-1^ in. long.
Flowers white, usually 5-merous, in large lax terminal and axillary
peduncled cymes ; peduncles 1-2 in. long, pedicels short. Calyx cam-
panulate, about £ in. long, glabrous outside, silky within, completely
covering the corolla in bud, irregularly 5-toothed, accrescent in fruit.
Corolla tube as long as the calyx ; lobes equalling the tube, narrowly .
oblong, obtuse, recurved. Stamens exserted, filaments hairy below.
Drupe -£-1 in. long, ovoid, apiculate, yellow, pink or nearly black,
shining, minutely rugose.

Abundant within the area, especially in the more hilly portions, often
planted. Flowers during March and April, and the fruit ripens May —
July. DISTBIB. Throughout the warmer parts of India and in Ceylon,
ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Punjab Himalaya. It is found also in
Egypt, China, Malaya and in Trop. Australia, but often cultivated.
The wood, though soft, is strong and seasons well, but is liable to be
attacked by insects ; it affords, however, excellent fuel. The bark
yields a fibre, and is also used medicinally. The leaves serve as plates
and are largely used in Burma for covering cheroots. The ripe fruit
(sebesten) is eaten either raw or pickled, also the kernels which have
the taste of fresh filberts. The viscid pulp of the fruit is used
medicinally as a demulcent, and is also employed as a bird-lime.

2, C. crenata, Delile Fl. Egypte 195, t. 20; DC. Prod, ix, 480. C.
Lowriana, Brandis Ind. Trees 479. Sebestena sylvestris, P. Alp. PI. Alg.
ti., 17, t. £.— Vern. Gundi (Merwara).

A shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous except the minutely hairy
inflorescence. Branches terete, suberect. Leaves bright green on both
sides, 1-3 in. long, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, rounded subacute or
shortly acuminate at the apex, obliquely rounded or cuneate at the base,
margins crenate -dentate or deeply dentate towards the apex, main
lateral nerves faint, 4-6 on each side, the lowest pair from near the base.
Flowers in small compact pedunculate cymes from the axils of the
•uppermost leaves. Calyx tube (in flower) f in long, cylindrical :
fruiting calyx campanulate, £ in. across, glabrous outside, densely hairy
within, margin crenate. Drupe -£-in. long, ovoid, acute.

Forests of Merwara in Rajputana (Brandis, Dec. 1878 ; Lowrie Oct. 1884;
Duthie Jan. 1886). Outside India it is at present known only as a cul-
tivated tree in kgypt, as at Cairo and Alexandria where the fruit is
eaten. It is undoubtedly indigenous in Rijputana, and may yet be
found wild in some of the higher reaches of the Nile Valley, whence
ripe fruits may have found their way to Egypt by water-carriage. It is

84, BOBAGINACfi^. [CoBDU.

a smaller tree than C. Myeea and much more glabrous ; the leaves are
smaller and narrower, and the calyx tube when in flower is more cylin-
drical. In foliage it somewhat resembles C. wonoica, Roxb., but the
upper surface of the leaves is devoid of the raised white dots which
characterize the latter. Brandis describes the heartwood as brown and
beautifully mottled on a radial section. In Egypt the flowers are said
to be fragrant.

3, C, Maoleodii, Hk.f.and T.in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii, 128 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 337 ; Ind. Trees 479 ; F. B. I. iv. 139 / Watt E. D. ; Gamble Man.
Ind. Timb. 502 ; Prain Beng. PL 714 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 200.— Venu
Dhengan.

A medium -sized deciduous tree up to 40 ft. high ; the young parts under-
side of leaves and inflorescence clothed with grey or fulvous tomentum.
Leaves alternate or subopposite, 3-6 in. long, firm and hard when
mature, ovate, cordate, obtuse, 3-5-nerved at the base; upper surface
pubescent when young, becoming rough shining and covered with white
raised disks and with the nerves deeply impressed when old ; lower
surface densely clothed with grey or fulvous tomentum ; petioles 1-2 in.,,
densely tomentose. Flowers white, subsessile, in dense terminal and
axillary panicled tomentose cymes. Calyx $ in- long* obconic, ribbed
and tomentose ; lobes unequal, short, obtuse, spreading or reflexed ;
male flowers with rudimentary ovary, but without style or stigma.
Stamens usually 6, exserted, filaments hairy at the base, anthers of male
flowers large. Drupe about \ in. long, ovoid, acute.

In the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Pilibhit and N. Oudh, also in Bundel-
khand and Eajputana. Flowers during April and May. DISTBIB.
Chota ISTagpur, C. India and in the C. Provinces, Bombay, Deccan,
Orissa and the Circars. The timber is hard and tough, and much used
for making carts, agricultural implements and furniture, also for-
fishing rods. The heart- wood is light brown, mottled with darker veins.
The fruit is not edible.

4. C. vestita, Hit,. /. and T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii, 128 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 338 ; Ind. Trees 480 ; F. B. L iv, 139 ; Watt E. D. / Kanjilal For. Fl.
249 ; Gamble Man. Ind Timb. 502 ; Collett Fl. Siml 330. C. incana,
Royle III. 306 (name only).— Vern. Kum-paiman,bairola (Dehra Dun),
later a (Oudh), godela (Ajmere).

A small deciduous tree with a low rounded crown, up to 30 ft. high ; young
parts, under-side of leaves and inflorescence clothed with grey or
fulvous pubescence. Bark grey or greenish, smooth, exfoliating when
old in large woody scales, inner bark silvery-grey. Leaves coriaceous,,
scabrous above, tomentose beneath until mature, usually 3-nerved from
near the base ; petioles 1-lfc in. long. Flowers pedicelled, yellowish-
white, in dense compound cymes, the male flowers usually in unilateral
racemes. Calyx tubular-clavate. about \ in . long, teeth unequal.
Corolla-tube % in. long, equalling the calyx ; lobes ovate- oblong, spread-

COBDIA.] BOEAGINACE3Z. 85

ing, as long as the tufce. Qrupe ^-f ijn. lorjg, ellipsoid, acute, supported
by the saucer-shaped or campanulate strongly ribbed accrescent calyx.-

Sub-Himalayan forests from Dehra Dun and the Siwalik range t east wards
to the Sarda River in N. Oudh. Flowers in March and April with the
young leaves, and the fruit ripens in October. DISTRIB. Punjab,
westwards as far as Jhelum, but not common. The wood is strong and
hard and is used for wheels and well-work, and also for furniture. The
gelatinous fruit is eaten, and is regarded as superior to that of 0. Myva.

5, C, Rothii, Roem. and Sch. Syst. tv, 798 ; Brandia For. Fl. 338 ; Ind.
Trees 480; F. B.I.iv,138; WattE.D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 501;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 202. C. augustifolia, tioxb. FL Ind. i, 595 ; lioyle III.
306.— -Yern. Gondi, gondni.

A small tree, about 30 ft. high, with greyish deeply furrowed bark. Leaves
nearly or quite opposite, 2-£-4 in. long, euneate-oblong, entire, apex,
rounded, rough above and more or less pubescent beneath; nerves
pinnate, 4-6 pairs, rather obscure ; petioles •£ in. Flowers small, white,
usually 4randrous, arranged in lax terminal or axillary pedunculate
cymes ; peduncles |-1 in. long, pedicels short. Calyco $ in. long, minutely

Eubescent outside, silky within j lobes obtuse, small. Corolla % in.
:>ng ; lobes usually 4, as long as the tube, oblong, obtuse, reflexed.
Filaments glabrous. Drupe about -i in. long, usually 1-seeded, ovoid,
mucronate, striate, yellow or reddish-brown when ripe.

Found wild in the Herwara and Bundelkhand districts, planted or self-
sown in other places within the area. Flowers April— June and the
fruit ripens during the following cold season. DISTRIB. In the
drier parts of India from the Punjab, Sind and Rajputana to Gujarat
and the Deccan, also in the dry region of Ceylon, extending to Arabia
and Abyssinia. The wood is valued for building and for agricultural
implements, the bark yields a gum, the inner bark is made into ropes,
and the pulp of the fruit is eaten.

. EHRETIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind, iv., 141,

Shrubs or trees, scabrous or glabrous. Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, usually white, in terminal or axillary corymbose or panicled
cymes, rarely on ] -flowered axillary peduncles. Calyx small, 5-
partite. Corolla with a *hort cylindrical tube ; lobes 6, spreading or
reflexed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube ; anthers
usually exserted. Ovary 2-oelled, ovules 2 in each cell ; style
terminal, cylindric, bificf or bipartite or styles 2 ; stigmas small,
capitate. Fruit a small subglobose drupe, with 4 or (by suppression)
3-1 seeds ; endooarp hard, consisting of one 4-celled or two 2-celled
or four 1-celled pyrenes. Seeds straight, albumen scanty, — Species
about 55, in tropical and subtropical regions chiefly of the Old World

86 BORAG-1NACE&. [EHBETIA.

Leaves serrate . . , « • . . 1. E. acuminata.

Leaves entire.

Leaves ovate to elliptic, up to 5 in. long,
glabrous beneath. — A tree . . , . 2. E. losvis.

Leaves usually obovate or spathulate, less
than 3 in. long, a pubescent beneath.— A
shrub . . 3. E. aspera.

1. E, acuminata, R. Br. Prod. 497; F. B. I. iv, 141; Watt E. D. ;
Kanjilal For. PL 250; Gamble M<tn. Ind. Tirnb 503; Qollett Fl. 8iml.
330; Brandis Tnd. Trees 431. E. a errata, Roxb. ; FL Ind. i, 596 ; lioyle
III. 303 ; Brandis For. FL 339.— Vern Puny an. panddyan (Dehra Dun).

A medium-sized tree up to 40 ft. high. Bark thick grey, marked with
longitudinal craoks and furrows. Leaves 3-5 in. long, elliptic or ovate-
oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, rather thin, almost glabrous, shin-
ing above, petioles slender, ^-| in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, in
subsessile fascicles forming larga d^n<e compound panicles. Qalyx-
lobes obtuse. Qorolia-lobes % in. long, raflexed. Drupe abjut the size of
a small pea, red orange or nearly black when ripe ; pyrenes 2, each
2-seeded.

Dehra Dun and eastwards along the base of the Himalaya in Eohilkhand
and N. Oudh. Flowers during March and April. DISTBIB. Sub-
Himalayan tracts westwards to the Indus and eastwards to Bhutan ;
also in .N". Bengal, Ghittigong, Upper Burma, extending to China, Japan,
Malaya and N. Australia. A handsome tree when in flower. The wood,
which resembles that of the ash, is used for various purposes. The
fruit is eaten, and the leaves, etc., are collected for fodder.

2. E. laevis, Roxb. Qor> PL i, 42, t. 56 ; Fl. Ind. i, 597 ; Royle III. 306 ;
Brandts For. FL 340, t. 42 ; Ind. Trees 431 ; F. B. I. ivt 142 ; Watt E. D. ;
Kanjilal Por. FL 250 ; Collett FL 8 i ml. 330 ; Prain Beng. PL 718; Oooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 203. E. floribunda, and E. pubescens, Benth in Royle III.
303 — Vern. Ohamror, tamboli (Bundelkhand).

A small tree, 30-10 ft. high, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Bark
thick, greyish, smaoth. Leives 2fc-5 in. long, elliptic or obovate, often
unequal-sided, entire, subacute acuminata obtaae or emarginate at the
apex, cuneate rounded or subtruncate at the base, dark green above,
paler beneath, "glabrous or nearly so when mature, main lateral nerves
6-10, petioles -J-| in. long. Flowers white, sessile or subsessile, in
much branched glabrous or pubescent axillary and terminal corymbose
peduncled cymes composed of unilateral spikes or racemes, bracts none.
Calyx pubescent ; lobes ^ in. long, ovata, acute. Q^rolla rotate, tube
T\f in. long ; lobes oblong, obtuse. Filaments glabrous ; anthers exsert,
not apiculata. Drupe almost 2-lobad, j in. in diim., rather broader
than long, red at first, becoming black and wrinkled when dry.

Abundant in forests along the base of the Himalaya, especially in damp
and shady places ; also in Bundelkhand. Flowers before or with the

EHEETIA.] BOEAGINACE^. 87

young leaves from February to April. DISTBIB. In deciduous forests
throughout India and in Ceylon, ascending to 3,000 ft. on the Himalaya ;
also in Baluchistan Persia, China and Australia. The grey or brownish-
grey wood is tough and durable and is used for agricultural implements
and for building purposes. The insipid fruit also the inner bark are eaten
during famine times, and the leaves afford good fodder. The leaves
are said to be employed in N. Oudh as a substitute for pan. In the
Flora of Brit. India descriptions of five varieties or forms of this
polymorphous species are given. E. floribunda has acuminate and
softly pubescent and ciliate leaves, and the flowers are arranged in
large axillary corymbs towards the ends of the branches, often forming
quasi-panicles 6 in. in diam. In E. pubescens, which is a more than
usually pubescent form, the leaves (even when mature) are softly hairy
beneath and scabrous and often hairy above, thus indicating an approach
to E. aspera of Roxburgh.

3. E. aspera, Roxb. Cor. PL i, 41, t. 55 ; Fl. Ind. t, 598, Coolce n, 204.
E. obtusifolia, Hcchst. ; ttrand. For. FL 340 ; Ind. Trees 481 ; Clarice in F.
B. I- iv, 142 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 504 ; E. laevis, var. aspera, Clarice
in F. B. I. l.c.

A shrub, usually with short terete glabrous branches which are downy
when young. Leaves variable, f-2£ in. long, obovate spathulate or
elliptic-oblong, rounded retuse or shortly acuminate at the apex,
scabrous and sometimes slightly hairy on the upper surface, persistently
hairy, petioles £-f in. long. Flowers white or blueish, in dense apparent-
ly terminal corymbose cymes, afterwards becoming paniculate lax and
lateral. Calyx ^ in. long, hairy outside ; lobes TV in. long, ovate-oblong,
Bubacute, ciliate. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx; lobes about
equalling the tube, oblong, obtuse. Ovary ovoid, style bifid from
below the middle, stigma capitate. Drupe £ in. across, depressed-
globose, smooth, containing usually 4 bony pyrenes.

Merwara in Eajputana and in Kheri district of N. Oudh. Flowers March"
May. DISTRIB. Punjab, on the Salt Range, and in the Deccan country
of Bombay, extending to' the drier parts of S. India and Upper Burma /
also in Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Abyssinia. The wood resembles
that of E. Iceris.

3. COLDENIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 144.

Branching diffuse or \ rostrate scabrous heibs. Zeares alternate,
small, often crisjed or plicate. Flowers white or yellcw, axillary,
sessile or i e*rly PO, the ujrper often in ore-siced ppikes. Calyx
4-5-partite, lobes lanceolate or lireftr. Corolla-tube Bhort, funnel-
shaped ; lobes 4-5, spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, on the
corolla-tube, included. Ovary 2-oelled, with two ovules in each cell,
or 4-celled and with a single, o^nle in each cell, styles 2, district

88 BORAGINACE&. [COLDENIA.

f irom the base or slightly cohering upwards, stigmas capitate. Fruit
an almost dry drupe of 4 subconnate 1 -seeded pyrenes. Seeds with
a thin testa, albumen scanty or none, cotyledons flat. — Species 11, all
American except the following which is widely ^distributed through-
out the warmer parts of the world.

C. procumbens, Linn, Sp. PL 125 ; Roxb. PL Ind. i, 443, F. B. I. iv,
144; Watt. E. D, ; Prain Beng. PI. 718 ; Coolte Fl. Bomb. ii> 205.— Vern.
Tripariki.

A procumbent herb with long' flat trailing stems ; the young parts clothed
with white silky hairs. Leaves crisped l-li in. long, obovate-oblong,
rounded at the apes, narrowed below into the shaggy petioles ; margins
coarsely serrate or subpinnatifid, scabrous and very hairy on both sides.
Flowers yellow. Calyx 4-partite, very hairy; segments T^ in, long,
ovate, acute, ciliate. Corolla as long as the calyx • lobes 4, oblong,
rounded. Stamens 4 hardly exserted Drupe about f in. long, pyra-
midal, 4-lobed, muriculate, separating when ripe into four 1-seeded
pyrenes. Seeds albuminous.

A weed in moist ground, especially on the edges of tanks and in rice
fields. Flowers September and October. DISTBIB. Throughout the hotter
parts of India and in Ceylon, extending to Burma. China, Africa,
Australia and America. The fresh leaves are applied to rheumatic
swellings.

4. RHABDIA, Mart. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 144.

A glabrous or more or less pubescent shrub, branches twiggy.
Leaves small, alternate or clustered, entire or obscurely toothed.
Flowers small, reddish-lilac, subterminal on short lateral branch-
lets. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, imbricate.
Corolla deeply 5-cleft ; tuba short, subcamparulate ; lobes oblong,
imbricate in biid. Stamens 5, on the corolla -tube. Ovary ovoid,
2-celled, cells 2-ovuled, or imperfectly 4-oelled with one ovule
in each cell, style terminal, stigma capitate or obscurely 2-lobed.
Drupe with, 4 crustaceous 1-seeded pyrenes. Seeds oblong, albumen
scanty ; cotyledons ovate, not plicate, — Species 1, in tropical Asia,
Africa and in S. America.

R, lycioides, Mart. Nov. Gen. and Sp. ii, 137, t. 195 ; F. B. I. iv, 145;

Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 504 ; Prain Beng. PL 717 : Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,
205; Brandis Ind. Irees 482. E. viminea, Dalz.; Brandis For. Fl. 841
find 577. E. sericea and fluviatilis, Edgew, PI. Banda 41.

A smalX shrub, 2-6 ft. ihigh ; branches often creeping and rooting ; the
young parts pubescent. Leaves subsessile, £-1 in. long, spathulate

RHABDIA,] BORAGINACEJB. $&

entire, rounded at the apex and sometimes apiculate, glabrous or more
of less hispid. Flowers shortly stalked ; bracts lanceolate, acute.
Calyx £ in.^long, fleshy, sparsely hairy ; lobes unequal, ciliate. Corolla
less that £ in. long ; lobes twice as lon^ as the tube, spreading. Stamens
exserted. Fruit subglobose, £ in. in diam., nearly dry and red or orange-
coloured when ripe.

Edges of sandy and rocky beds of streams in Bundelkhand, often com-
pletely submerged during the rainy season. Flowers in October and
November. DISTBIB. Beds of streams in Kumaon ascending to
2,500 ft. ; also in Assam and in 0., W. and S. India to Ceylon, common
in Tenasserim and extending to Trop. Africa and Brazil. Edgeworth's
R. sericea, distinguished by its very silky pubescence, is abundant on
the banks of the Sarju river in Kumaon. His R. fluviatilis is wholly
glabrous, and grows on granite rocks in the bed of the Ken river in
Bundelkhand, where, after remaining submerged for several weeks,
its long branches hang down into the water when the rocks are left
exposed.

5, HELIOTROP IUM, Li»n- ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 148.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubby, usually villous or
scabrous. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite. Flowers usually
smal), white or pale pnrple, usually in terminal dichotomous cymes,
with often long and scorpioid branches; bracts small or none, or
sometimes leaf j. Calyx 5-lobed ; lobes lanceolate or linear, rarely
short. Corolla-tule cylindrical, throat usually naked ; lobes 5,
imbricate or induplicate, usually spreading in flower. Stamens
5, on the corolla-tube, included, filaments very short. Ovary more
or less perfectly 4-oelled, ovules 1 in each cell ; style terminal, short
or long, with a depressed stigmatic ring below the ap -x ; stigma
above the disk none or short or elongate, rarely with 2 linear branches.
Fruit dry or somewhat fleshy, 2- or 4-sulcate or- lobe<i, at length
splitting into 4 distinct or germinately cohering nutlets, 1 or 2 of
which are often suppressed. 6'eeds straight or curved, albumen
usually scanty.-^ Species about 220, in warm and temperate regions
of both hemispheres.

Leaves up to 4 in. long, ovate, subserrate ;
fruit 4-beaked, separating into 2 nut-like

2-seeded pyrenes 1. H. indicum.

Leaves not exceeding 2 in. long; fruit not
beaked, separating into 2-4 nutlets.

Calyx enveloping the fruit, lobes short,
flowers in short woolly spikes. A pros-
trate villous annual - . . . 2. H. supinum.

90

BOEAG-INACE^.

[HELIOTEOPIUM.

Calyx not enveloping the fruit, lobes long
and narrow.
Corolla-lobes caudate-acuminate. An

erect hispid annual . . . 3. H. subulatum.

Corolla-lobes not candate-acuminate.
Corolla-lobes with intermediate
teeth spikes ebracteate. An erect
herb branched from a woody base 4. H. Eichwaldi.

Corolla-lobes without intermediate
teeth, spikes bracteate.

Leaves elliptic or ob ovate,
obtuse, bracts persistent . 5. H. ovalifolium.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate or
linear, acute.

Spikes not conspicuously
bracteate upwards.
A small shrub-like herb
with stiff ascending
branches , . . 6. H. zeylanicum.

A much branched pro-
cumbent herb . . 7. H. strigosum.

Spikes conspicuously brac-
teate throughout • 8. H. marifolium.

1. H. indicum, Linn. Sp. PL 130 ; Roxb. FL Ind. i, 454 ; F. B. I. tv,
152; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 716; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 207.

A coarse, diffuse, hairy annual, £-2 ft. high. Stem stout and somewhat
succulent but woody at the base ; branches ascending, clothed with stiff
spreading hairs. Leaves alternate or sub-opposite, petioled, 1-4 in.
long, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, sparsely hairy above,
minutely pilose beneath, margins undulate or subserrate, base rounded
or cordate or decurrent into the petiole, nerves prominent beneath.
Spikes 2-6 in. long, usually extra-axillary, simple or forked, ebracteate
hispid. Flowers pale-violet, sessile, 2-ranked Calyx 5-partite, -^ in.
long, sparsely bristly outside ; segments unequal, narrowly lanceolate,
acute. Corolla funnel-shaped, ^ in. long, hairy outside tube slender,
cylindric, slightly dilated at the base; lobes very small, rounded,
reflexed. Stigma shorter than the style, with an annular frill at the
"base ; apex short, obtuse. Fruit $ in. long, deeply 2-lobed, each lobe
"bluntly 4-ribbed, containing 2 angular beaked I -seeded pyrenes, each
with an empty cavity on the inner side. Seeds white, subquadrate.

Common in moist places and often as a weed on rubbish heaps and by
roadsides. Flowers Oct. DISTRIB. Throughout the hotter parts of
India and in Ceylon ; also in Malaya, China, Trop. Africa and America.
The plant is used as a local application to boils and stings of sorts.

HELIOTROPIUM.] 30RAGINACE&. 91

2, H, supinum, Linn. Sp. PL ISO; Poyle III. 806; F.B.I.iv, 149;
Prain Beng. PL 7 15 ; Coolie Fl Bomb, ii, 209.

A prostrate villous herb. Stems spreading, densely clothed with soft
white hairs. Leaves pelioled, £-1 in. long, elliptic or ovate, obtuse
plicate, entire or m«re or less crenate, villous on both sides. Flowers
subsessile, in short simple or forked villons spikes. Calyx % in. long,
hairy on both sides, lobes short but easily separable downwards.
Corolla £-£ in. kng ; lobes very small, rounded. Anthers lanceolate,
acute. Style a little longer than the stigma ; stigma conical or subcy-
lindric, stigmatic ring conspicuous. Outlets l-4: enveloped by the
calyx, ovate in horizontal section, dark-brown, rounded and somewhat
tuberculate on the back, and usually more or less margined when the
nutlets are fewer than four.

Abundant over the greater portion of the area, especially as a weed of
cultivation. In Bundelkhand and C. India it is very common on the
black soil tracts. DISTBIB. Throughout the h(tter parts of India
and in Ceylon, extending to S. Europe, N. and S. Africa and the Canary
Islands.

3. H. snbulatnm, Eochfi. ex Martelli Fl Bogos. 95. H. zeylanicum.
F. B. I. iv, 148 (not Of Lamk.) ; Wight Ic. t. 892 ; Ccobe Fl. Bomb- ii, 207'
Tournefortia subulata, H celt ft. in LC. Prod, iv, 528. T. Eoyleana. DC.
Prod.ia:, 527. T. Edgeworthii, LC. 1. c. 529. T. zeylanica, Wight HI. t,
170. Messerschmidia hispida, Berth, in Royle III. 806.

An erect annual, 1-3 ft. high, scabrous and hispid with stiff bulbous-based
hairs. Leaves} -2 in long, sessile or nearly so, narrowly lanceolate,
acute, subentire, tapering towards the base, nerves indistinct above.
Flowers sessile, in elongated, simple or blanching ebracteate spikes,
unilateral or sometimes 2-ranked, especially towards the apex of the
Bpike. Calyx T^ in. long, divided to the base, hairy on both sides;
segments ovate, acute, ciliate. Ccrolla-tube % in. long, wider upwards,
eetose outside ; lobes caudate-acuminate, spreading. Stamens attached
to the swollen portion of the corolla-tube ; anthers sessile, bifid at the
apex. Style glabrous, T^ in. long, the stigmatic ring supporting a long
cone which is penicillate with white shining hairs. Outlets 4, -fa in.
long, rounded and rugose or tuberculate on the back.

Confined to the drier western portion of the area in the neighbourhood of
Delhi (Eoyle, Vicary, T. Thomson) and of Agra (Munro). Flowers
October-January. DISTKIB. Punjab Plain, in the districts of
Ludhiana, Lahore. Ferozepur, Multan, and on the Salt Eange ; also in
Sind, Gujarat and from the Konkan southwards to Coimbatore in S.
India, extending to Trop Africa.— I fully agree with Trimen (Fl. Ceyl.
part iii, p 199) in recommending the adoption cf another name for this
species, for the very good reason that Lamarck based the description of
his H. zeylanicum on Burmann's H. curassivicum var. zeylanicum
(Fl. Ind. 41, 1. 16, fig. 2), and that Burmann's figure represents, without
doubt, H. paniculatum, E, Br., a species which is known to occur in

92 BORA&1NACE3E. [HELIOTEOPIUM.

Ceylon. Dr. Cooke (Fl. Bomb, ii, 208, in note), while agreeing with
Trim en in his contention, has, however, kept up the original name in
order to avoid the inconvenience which often follows the alteration of
a long-established name. At the same time he has suggested what
should be the correct name in the event of a change in nomenclature
being found necessary. Believing, however, such a step is more likely
in the present instance to prevent than create confusion in the future,
I have decided to adopt Dr. Cooke's proposed name (H. subulatum.
Hochst ) for the H. zeylanicum of the Fl. Brit. Ind., and to substitute
for fl. paniculatum Lamarck's older name, H. zeylanicum.

4 H, Eiohwaldi, Steud. ex DC. Prod, ix, 535; F. B. I. iv} 149 ; Watt
E. D.J Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 210.

An erect herb, branching from a woody base. Stems and branches
clothed with soft usually bulbous-based hairs. Leaves 1 — If in. long,
elliptic-oblong or obovate, obtuse, usually tapering to the base, clothed
on both sides with bulbous-based hairs, nerves more or less prominent
beneath; petioles of lower leaves much longer than those of the upper.
Spikes short ebracteate, in pairs or ternate, helicoid at the apex when
young. Calyx 5-partite ; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, densely
hairy on both sides. Corolla-tube $ in. long, narrowly cylindric, hairy
outside; lobes small, rounded, with a crenulate margin. Style very
short, stigma with a broad-based conical appendage bifid at the apex,
Stigmatic ring not conspicuous. Nutlets 4, elipsoid, fa in. long, obtuse
at both ends, minutely verrucose and puberulous. Merwara (Duthie)*
Flowers November -January. DISTBIB. Sind, Punjab, Kashmir and
W. Tibet extending to Australia. The leaves are applied externally
as a remedy fur stings, and internally as an emetic.

5 H. ovalifolium, Forsk. FL ^gypt-Arab. 38 ; F.B.I, iv, 150- Train
"BQug.Pl.716 -, Cooke. FL Bomb. iit 211. H. obovatum, Don. Prod. 101.
H. coromandelianum, Koen. ex. Retz., Uoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 454.*

An erect decumbent or almost prostrate herb, densely clothed with
long, white, appressed, silky hairs. Stems often woody below.
Leaves £-f in. long, elliptic or obovate, mucronate or not,
narrowed towards the base, covered with long, appressed silky hairs ;
petioles of lower leaves about \ in. long ; those of the upper shorter.
Flowers white, l-or-2 ranked, in compact hairy usually forked spikes
2-4 in. long; bracts persistent, -^-^ in. long, ovate, acute. Calyx deeply
5-partite, ]-^ in. long, hairy on both sides ; segments very unequal,
ovate or linear-oblong, bristle pointed and densely ciliate, not deciduous
with the fruit' Corolla % in. long, tube cylindric, hairy outside and in
the throat ; lobes small, ovate-oblong, acute, without intermediate teeth.
Ovary ^ glabrous, style very short ; stigma conical, minutely hairy at
the tip, stigmatic ring not conspicuous. Nutlets four, -fa in. long,
subacute, densely silky on the back, 1-seeded.

Upper Gangetic Plain (Eoyle). DISTBIB. Bengal and Sind to Bombay
and S. India ; also in Upper Burma extending to Australia and Trop.
Africa.

HELIOTBOPIUM.] BORAGlNdCE^l. 93

6, H. zeylanioum, LamTc. Encycl. Method Hi, 94 (not of Wall, nor of
F. B /.); tieyne in Herb. Rottl. H. paniculatum, R. Br. Prod. 494 (not of
Rcxb.); Clarke in F. B I. iv, 151 ; Coolie Fl. Bomb. ii. 212. H. linifolinm,
Lehm. H. glabellum, R. Br. H. curassavicum var. zeylanicum, Burm. Fl.
Ind.41,t.l6,fig.2. Cynoglossum zeylanicum in Herb. Wight. Myosotis
fruticosa, Linn. Hant.ii, 201.

An erect herb, 1-2 ft. high, with numerous rigid ascending branches. Stems
and branches more or less strigose or sometimes quite glabrous. Leaves
up to 1 in long, sessile or nearly so, linear, acute, clothed on both sides
with appressed hairs or the upper surface glabrous, margins recurved,
Flowers shortly pedicelled, in slender simple or forked racemes 2-6 in.
long; bracts | in. long, linear, hairy. Calyx 5-partite, strigose out-
side ; segments ovate, acute. Corolla $ in. long, hairy outside ; lobes
ovate-deltoid, the sinuses plicate. Style very short; stigma conical, a
little longer than the style, stigmatic ring conspicuous. Fruit sub-
globoae, depressed, shorter than the spreading preaistent calyx-seg-
ments. "Nutlets 4, j*y in. long, acute at the apex, hairy on the back.

Confined to the N. W. portion of the area, but not common. DISTBIB.
Punjab Plain, in the districts of Hissar (Duthie) and Jhelam (Aitchison),
also in Sind, Bombay, S. India and Ceylon, extending to Pegu, Siam
and Australia. See remarks under H. subulatum.

7. H. strigosum, Willd. 8p. PL i, 743; F. B. I. iv, 151; Watt E. D.;
Collett Fl. 8imL 330; Prain Beng. PL 716. !H. brevifolium, Wall. ;
Royle 111. 806. H. compactum, Don. Prod, 101.

A small, much branched, usually procumbent, etrigose perennial Herb,
woody at the base. Branches few, slender. Leaves -£-1 in. long, linear,
becoming smaller upwards. Flowers less than ^ in. long ; bracts linear
or the lowest leaf-like. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, enlarging in fruit.
Corolla salver-shaped. Stigma narrowly conical. Fruit depressed at
the apex, of 4 minute more or less united glabrous or slightly .hairy
nutlets.

Abundant within the area. DISTRIB. W. Himalaya, up to 5,500 ft., and
throughout India, extending to Baluchistan, Burma, Malaya, China and
Australia. B. brevifolium, Wall., reduced to a variety in F. B. I. 1. c.
differs only by its shorter leaves.
«, H. marifolium, Retz. Obs. ii, 8 ; F. B. I. iv, 152 ; Prain Beng. Pi*

716; Cooke FL Bomb. ii. 213. H. marifolium var. Wallichii, Clarke in F-

B. I. L c. H. scabrum, Retz.} F. B. 1. 1. c. Cynoglossuni marifolium, Roxb.

FL Ind. i} 457.

A much branched, procumbent, perennial herb. Stems woody at the base
spreading along the surface of the ground often to a considerable
distance, appressedly hairy. Leaves £-£ in. long or more, ovate lance-

.

olate or oblanceolate, acute, densely clothed with appressed hairs,
petioles very short. Flowers in axillary and terminal bracteate spikes,
>2 in. long; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate. Caly* $ in. Ion?, clothed on

94 BORAGINACE&. [HELIOTBOPIUM.

"both sides with long-, slender hairs ; segments slightly unequal, lance-
olate, ciliate. Corolla -g-in. long; tube cylindric, hairy outside, glabrous
within ; lobes minute, ovate, acute, with broad plicate sinuses and
minute teeth between the segments. Ovary ovoid, style very short ;
stigma bluntly conical or cylindric at the apex, stigmatic ring con-
spicuous. Fruit subglobose, bristly, separating into 4 chestnut-brown
nutlets.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth) DISTBIB. Throughout the hotter parts of
India and in Ceylon.

H. peruvianum, Linn., popularly known in England as Cherry pie, is much
grown in the gardens of Upper India for its scented flowers. It is a
native of S. America.

6, TRICHODESMA* R. Br. ; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 153,

Erect, usually hispid herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate,
entire, flowers solitary on pxillsry pedicels passing into terminal
racemes by the gradual reduction of the floral leaves. Calyx deeply
5-lobed, enlarged in fruit ; lobes angled winged or nuricled at the base.
Corolla-tube campanulate-cylindric or 5-gonons, throat without scales
or slightly closed by the intrusion of the sinuses ; lobes 5, often
long-acuminate, overlap) ing to the left. Stamens 5, on the ccrolla-
tuhe; anthers erect, elongate, lanceolate, ccnmvent in a cone ; con-
nectives more or less hairy on tbe lack, their tips excurrent and at
length twisted. Ovary 4-lobed ; style terminal, filiform, stigma
small, ovules BuhborizontaL Fruit pyramidal, sub-4-ridged ; nutlets
4, broad, with smooth, shining backs arid scabrous more or les»
margined inner faces, which are at first .closely adnate to the car-
pophore, finally separating. — Species about 10, in tropical and
subtropical Africa, Asia and Australia.

Calyx-lobes in fruit cordate or hastate at
the base 1. T. indicum.

Calyx-lobes in fruit rounded at the base . 2. T. zeylanicum.

I. T, indicum, P. Br. Prod. 496 ; Royle 111. 804 ; F. P. I. iv, 153 ; Wait
E. D. ; Collett Fl. fiimL 557 ; Train Peng. PL 720 ; Coole Fl. Pewl. ii. 214
T. amplexicaule, Roth ; Clarlte in F. P. 1. 1. c. T. indicum 'car. amplexi-
caule, Coolie FL Bf-vnb.l.c. T. hirsutum, Edgew. PL Panda 51. T. in-
equale, Edgew. 1. c. Borrago indica,iinn.y Poscl). FL Ind. i, 458. B, spinu-
losa, Eoxl. L c. 459.

An annual herb, rough with appressed hairs bulbous-based stiff hairs*
Stems erect or diffuse, up to 18 in. long, leaves mostly sessile, 1-4 in.
long, ovate oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, base narrowed

TBICHODESMA.] BORAQINACEAZ. 95

cordate; upper surface clothed with stiff hairs seated on flattened
circular tubercles ; lower surface less harshly hispid, more or less
villous or quite glabrous except on the nerves and veins. Flowers pale
blue, changing to pink or white. Calyx about ^ in. long, clothed with
long rather stiff hairs ; segments lanceolate, acute, cordatd or hastate
at the base. Corolla, -fciii. long ; limb oblique, funnel-shaped ; lobes ovate,
abruptly accuminate. Nutlets % in. long, smooth and polished on the
back, rugose on inner face, scarcely margined, white or blueish when
ripe,

Plentiful by road-sides and in waste ground throughout the area. Flowers
during the cold season. DISTIUB. Throughout India and in Ceylon,
ascending to £,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; extending to Afghanistan,
Baluchistan, Persia and the Mauritius. A most variable species as
regards indumentum. In what may be regarded as typical T. itidicum,
the stems aiid leaves are more or less villous, and sometimes much less
so than in specimens which have been referred to T. amplexicaule ;
and, as there are no other characters by which they can be distinguished
it will be more satisfactory to consider the latter merely as a climatal
form.
2. T, zeylanicum, R. Br. Prod. 496 ; Royle III 304 ; F. B. D. iv, 154 ;

Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 720 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 215. Borrago zeyla-

nica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. it 458.

An erect annual, 1-2 ft. high. Stems stout, densely pilose, often tinged with
purple. Leaves sessile or shortly petioled, 2-4 in long, lanceolate or
oblong, obtuse or acute, upper surface covered with short stiff, bulbous-
based hairs, finely pubescent beneath. Flowers pale- blue, usually in
terminal bract eate panicles, or with a few solitary ones in the upper
axils ; pedicels slender, pubescent, nodding; bracts leaf-like. Calyr
softly pubescent, rounded at the base ; lobes i in. long, lanceolate,
acute, hairy within, midrib prominent Corolla-tube ± in. long ; lobes
obovate, rounded, plicate, with a spirally twisted accuminate apex.
Nwt^ts grey when ripe, otherwise resembling those of T. indicum.

Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell) Flowers in Jan. DISTRIB. From Chota Nagpur
and Bombay to S. India and Ceylcn ; extending to Malaya, Australia
and the Mascarene Islands. The leaves are used medicinally.

7, CYNOGLOSSUM, Linn. Fl. Brit. IndViv, 155.
Erect, hairy, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, radical
petioled. Flowers blueish or purple, usually in elongate sparingly
branched panicked racemes, ultimately distant, sessile, or the lower
shoitly pedicelled, bracts none. Calyx 5 -partite, spreading in fruit,
sometimes slightly enlarged. Corolla-tube short, with 5 obtuse or
emargin ate scales in the throat ; lobes 5, obtuse spreading, imbricate
in bud, Stamens 5, adnate to the corolla-tube an«i included beneath
the scales. Ovary distinctly 4-lobed, styte short or long, from
between the bases of the lobes, stigma small. Nutlets 4-forming a

96 BOEAGINACE&.

much depressed pyramid, adnate to a coaic-based linear carpophore*
their bases rounded and produced downwards, outer faces convex or
flat, with or without a margin and more or less glochidiate. — Species
about 60, in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

Nutlets obscurely or not at all margined . . 1. 0. lanceolatum.
Nutlets with a prominent margin . . . 2. 0. de nticulatum var.

zeylanica.

1. C, lanceolatum, Forsk. Fl. -Egypt. 41 (not ofHeyne), F. P. 7, iv
156 , Prain Beng. PL 719.G. racemoSum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 456.

An erect hispid annual, about H ft. high. Leaves sessile, 2-3 in. long,
broadly lanceolate, nerves prominent beneath. Racemes with all the
flowers, or all but the uppermost pedicelled elongating in fruit. Flowers
at first erect, afterwards nodding. Calyx-lobes obtuse, ^ in. long in fruit.
Corolla very small, white with a purple throat. Nutlets % in. in diam.,
shortly ovate, hardly or not at all margined, glochidiate on all sides.

Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun eastwards ; Mohand Pass on the
Si walik Range (Royle 111. 306 under C. furcatum). DISTRIB. Frequent
in Bengal, westwards to Lahore, extending to Arabia.

2. C. denticulatum, var. zeylanica, C. B. Clark in F. B. I. iv, 157 ;

Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 217. 0. zeylanicum, ~

An erect, branching, annual herb, 1-2 ft. high, clothed with spreading or
appressed hairs. Leaves lf-3 in. long, lanceolate and usually acute>
narrowed towards the base and often decurrent ; upper surface covered
with short stiff hairs seated on bulbous bases which become white when
dry ; lower surface usually strigose and with prominent densely hairy
nerves ; margins more or less denticulate, ciliate. Flowers distant, pedi-
celled, in terminal and axillary racemes 6-8 in. long. Calyx £ in. long,
softly hairy, enlarged when in fruit ; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate,
midrib conspicuous within. Uo'rolla % in. long ; lobes oblong or suborbi-
cular. Nutlets glochidiate all over, attached rather obliquely to the
carpophore, their upper halves free, prominently margined, the rim
furnished with stout prickles each being crowned with 5 or 6 small
decurved hooks.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers in October and
November. DISTRIB. W., Cent, and S. India.

8. BOTHRIOSPERMUM, Bunge ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 167.

Prostrate or diffuse strigose annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate,
ovate or lanceolate. Flbwers small, blue or white, axillary,
pedicelled, the upper passing into a bracteafce raceme. Calyx
5-partite ; lobes narrow, hardly enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube
short, throat with 5 scales ; lobes 5, obtuse, spreading, imbricate

BOTHRIOSPBBMUM.] BORAGUNACE^. 97

in bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style short,
from the base of the lobes, stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ellipsoid,
rounded and granular-scabrid on their backs ; scar large, near the
middle of the inner face, hollow and smooth and with an inflexed
margin, carpophore oblong. — Species 4, in N. and Trop. Asia
and in the Mascarene Islands.

B. tenellum, Fisch. and Mey. Hort. Petrov i, 24 ; F. B. I. iv> 167. Prain
Seng. PL 719. Cynoglossum diffusum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. t, 457. C. prostratum
Don Prod. 100.

A weak prostrate or diffuse herb. Steins elongate, 6-18 in. long, appressedly
hispid. Leaves about 1 in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute, "entire, softly
hairy, the lowest petioled. Flowers white, distant, or the upper in close
bracteate racemes, pedicels as long as the calyx. Corolla % in. across,
tube gibbons. Nutlets with an elliptic longitudinal scar.

Kheri district of N. Oudh, Gorakhpur, Bundelkhand (Edgeworth).
DISTBIB. Himalaya eastwards to Bhutan ascending to 3,500 ft. ; in
Bengal it is common as a weed of cultivation ; found also in the Punjab
and in the C. Provinces, extending to China, Japan and Polynesia.

9, ARNEBIA, Forsk. ; FL Brit. Ind. iv, 175.

Annual or perennial erect or diffuse herbs, root often staining red.
Leaves alternate, flowers subsessile, dimorphic, yellow, violet
or whitish, in simple spikes or racemes, or in slightly branching
cymes, bracts leaf- like. Calyx 6-partite ; lobes lanceolate or linear,
not or slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, straight,
longer than the sepals, throat naked within ; lobes 5, imbricate in
bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, attached low down on the tube
in the long-styled flowers,or in the throat and -|-exserted in the short-
styled flowers ; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ;
style shortly bipartite, stigmas capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, oblong or
acuminate, erect ; scar basal, large, triangular, flat, shortly produced
npwards along the inner face.— Species 12, in N. Africa and W.
and C. Asia.

A. hispidissima, DC. Prod. «, 94; F. B. I. iv, 176; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii.
222. Lithospermum hispidissimum, Benth. in Eoyle III. 305.

A diffuse, very hispid, annual or biennial herb.! Stem* 3-15 in. long, branch-
ing from a woody^base, densely clothed with long, white, stiff, spreading
bulbous-based hairs. Leaves sessile, f-2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, sub-
obtuse, densely hispid on both sides. Flowers in compact secund racemes

98 BORAGINACE&. [ARNEBIA.

or spikes ; "bracts £-$• in. long, linear. Calyx $ in. long, divided almost to
the base, very hispid ; segments unequal, lanceolate, acute. Corolla
yellow, hairy outside, tube | in. long, mouth i in. in diam.; lobes -j^ in.
long, oblong, obtuse. Nutlets very small, ovoid, acute, tuberculate on all
sides.

Abundant locally in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh,
in sandy soil; also in Bundelkhand. Flowers in March. DISTRIB.
Common in the Punjab Plain and in Sind, also in W. Tibet ascending to
12,000 ft., extending to Persia, Arabia and Nubia. The root yields a
beautiful purple dye which is used in Bombay as a substitute for
Alkanet.

LXXVIL— CONVOLVULACEJE.

Herbs or shrnbs, usually twining, rarely trees. Leaves alternate,
exstipulate (none in Cuscuta}. Flowers regular, 5-merous (some-
times 4-merous in Cuscuta), hermaphrodite, often showy, arranged
in pedunculate axillary bracteate cymes, rarely solitary. Calyx
deeply 5-lobed, often persistent and sometimes much enlarged in
fruit, segments often unequal and distinct to the base. Corolla
campanulate or funnel-shaped, rarely subrotate ; limb entire, shortly
lobed, often plicate in bud. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla-tube;
antbers linear or oblong, dorsi-fixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary
superior, of 2 carpels, rarely more> tbe base often encircled by an
annular or lobed disk ; cells as many or (by spurious dissepiments)
twice as many as the carpels ; style filiform, simple or forked ;
stigma capitate or 2-lobed, or stigmas 2 ; ovules usually two in each
carpel, sessile, erect, anatropous. Fruit a berry or a capsule dehis-
cing by 2 valves or irregularly. Seeds 4-2, rarely solitary, erect;
albumen none or scanty; cotyledons generally plicate, obscure or
none in Cuscuta. — Species about 1>000, in trop. and temp, regions.

Corolla-tube usually uniformly enlarged from
the base, the 5 bands on the lobes rarely
clearly denned from the intervening spaces,
pollen not echinulate.

Yellow parasitic leafless twining herbs . 1. CUSCUTA.
Green non-parasitic leafy herbs, shrubs or
trees.

Fruit indehiscent, style none . . .2. ERTCIBE.
Fruit dehiscent, or if indehiscent then

small and with thin fragile walls, style

or styles present.

COSVOLVULACEM. 9

Flowers in racemes or panicles, outer
3 or all the sepals enlarged in fruit ;
capsule 1-seeded, indehiscent, rarely
2-valved 3. PORANA.

Flowers in cymes or solitary ; capsule
yalvate or opercular, rarely dehiscing
irregularly.

Styles 2, distinct from the base, sepals
not or slightly enlarged in fruit.

Corolla-lobes imbricate, flowers
solitary in the upper axils,
stamens exserted . . .4. CRESSA.

Corolla-lobes in duplicate-contorted,
flowers in few-flowered peduncled
cymes or solitary in the axils,
stamens included or slightly
exserted 5. EVOLVULUS.

Style entire, stigmas usually 2.

Ovary 1-celled, capsule 4-valved ;
stigmas short, oblong, calyx-lobes
not enlarged ; bracts 2, large,
enclosing the calyx . . .6. CALTSTEGIA.

Ovary 2- or sometimes 4-eelled.
Stigmas elongate.

Stigmas filiform, ovary 2-celled,
capsule 4-valved or indehi-
scent, hairs tdmple or rarely
2-branched . . . .7. CONVOLVULUS.

Stigmas elliptic, ovary 2-celied,
capsule usually 8-valved,
hairs 3-mar.y-branched . 8. JACQUEMONTIA*

Stigmas globose.

Capsule 4-valved, stems not

winged . . . .9. MERREMIA.

Capsule circumscissile above

the middle, stems winged . 10. OPERCULINA.

Corolla-tube not uniformly enlarged from the
base, the five bands on the lobes clearly
defined by 2 prominent lines, pollen echinu-
late.

Fruit dehiscent, or if indehiscent then with
thin fragile walls.

100 CONYOLVULACE^:. [CuscuTA.

Corolla more or less cam pannlate, calyx-
lobes never aristate, stamens included . 11. IPOM^A.

Corolla more or less salver-shaped, calyx-
lobes usually aristate, stamens exserted 12. CALONYCTION.

Fruit indehiscent, coriaceous or fleshy.

Fruit woody, corolla salver-shaped, stig-
mas linear-oblong . . . .13. EIVEA.

Fruit mealy or fleshy, corolla funnel-
shaped, stigmas globose.

Ovary 4-celled 14. ARGTREIA.

Ovary 2-celled 15. LETTSOMIA.

1. CUSCUTA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 225.

Leafless twining parasitic herbs, yellow or reddish. Flowers in
fascicles, small, white or rose-coloured, sessile or shortly pedicelled ;
bracts none or small. Sepals 5 or 4, subequal, distinct or shortly
connate at the base. Corolla ovoid, globose or campanulate ; lobes 5
or 4, short, imbricate, usually with fimbriate or lobed scales near the
base or below the stamens. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on or below
the throat of the corolla ; filaments short, linear; anthers oblong,
shortly exserted. Ovary more or less completely 2 -celled, styles I or
2, stigmas 2, ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule globose or ovoid, dry
or succulent, circumsc'ss or irregularly bursting, 4-2-seeded. Seeds
glabrous, albumen fleshy ; embryo slender, spiral. Cotyledons none
or obscure. — Species about 90, in tropical and temperate regions.

C. reflexa, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii, 3, t. 104; FL Ind. i, 446-, F.B.I.iv,
225 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 252 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 505 ;
'Collett Fl. Siml. 339, fig. 107 ; Prain Beng. PL 723 ; Coolie FL Bomb . ii,
224. C. anguina, Edgew. — Vern. Akds-bel. (Dodder.)

Stems long, branching, closely twining, glabrous ; branches stout, fleshy,
forming dense yellow masses on low trees and shrubs. Flowers
5-merous, solitary or in clusters or shortly racemose, pedicels short,
usually curved, often verrucose, rarely none ; bracts small, fleshy,
subquadrate. Calyx divided almost to the base ; segments ovate-
obtuse. Corolla white, deciduous j tube £•£ in. long, almost cylindrica 1 ;
lobes short, triangular, acute, reflexed ; scales prominent, attached near
the base of the corolla-tube, fimbriate, incurved at the apei. Style
simple, very short ; stigmas large, distinct, diverging. Capsule £-§ in.
in diam., depressed-globose, circumscissile near, the base. Seeds 2-4,
large.

jCuscuTA.] COJSVOLVULAC£^E .101

Very common within the area, and often very destructive to small trees
and shrubs if left to itself. Flowers Sep.-Feb. DISTRIB. Throughout
India and up to 8,000 ft. on the Himalaya, extending to Ceylon, Burma,
Malaya and China.

<7. anguina of Edgeworth, which is treated as a variety in the PI. Brit.
India, differs only by having much smaller flowers. Between this and
Wallich's C. grandijiora Mr. Clarke remarks that the chain of interme-
diates is nearly complete. The seeds are carminative, and the plant is
eaten by cattle and goats. The seeds of Cuscuta germinate on the
ground, but as soon as they have secured a footing on the host-plant
the stem is liberated ifrom the rooting portion and the plant becomes
wholly parasitic.

2. ERYCIBE, Roxb. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 180.

Scandent or diffuse shrubs, rarely erect trees, shoots rusty-tomen-
tose. Leaves entire, coriaceous. Flowers small, in axillary or
terminal racemose or panicled cymes ; bracts small, lanceolate.
Sepals subequal, orbicular, coriaceous, adpressed to the base of the
fruit. Carolla white or yellowish, hairy outside ; tube shortly cam-
panulate; limb plicate in bud ; lobes imbricate, deeply bifid, the cen-
tral portion of each thickened. Stamens on the throat of the corollae
subincluded, filaments short, anthers ovate-lanceolate. Ovary
globose, 1 -celled, 4-oyuled, style none ; stigma large, 5-orlO-ridged.
Fruit an ovoid or ellipsoid 1-seeded berry. Seed glabrous ; albumen
scanty, irregularly intruded between the plicate fleshy cotyledons. —
Species about 12, in Asia and trop. Australia.

E. paniculata Roxb. Cor. PI. ii, 31, t. 159 ; Fl. Ind. i , 585 ; "Bran-
dis For. FL 344; Ind. Trees 483 ; F. B. I. iv, 180 ; Watt E. D. ; Gamble
Man. Ind. Timb. 505 ; Prain Beng. PI. 724 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 225.

A large climbing evergreen shrub, or occasionally a small erect tree ;
branches long, more or less angular, clothed when young with reddish-
brown tomenturn. Leaves 3-5 in. long, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong,
abruptly acuminate, narrowed towards the base into a short petiole
glabrous or nearly so ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, arcuate. Flowers
yellow, in long terminal or (occasionally) axillary panicles, densely
rusty-tomentose. Calyx clothed outside with reddish-brown tomentum
and more or less stellate-pubescent. Sepals | in. long, orbicular.
Carolla % in. long, tube broadly funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, bifid, hairy
on the back below the division, margins plicate. Anthers with a long
curved apiculate connective. Berry % in. in diam., subglobose or ellip-
soid, supported on the persistent calyx, black and pulpy when ripe.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Pilibhit, Northern Oudh and Gorakhpur, also in
Bundelkhand. Flowers May to Nov. DISTRIB. From Nepal eastwards
ascending to 4,000 ft. on Himalaya, and from Bengal and Central Pro-

102 VOS-YOLVULACEM. [FOBANA.

vinces to Southern India and Ceylon, extending to Burma, the Nicobar
Islands, the Malay Archipelago and Australia. The "bark is used in
Chota Nagpur as a remedy for cholera.

3. PORANA, Burm. ; Fl. Brit.- Ind. iv, 221.

Large climbers. Leaves petioled, entire. Flowers white blue or
purple, often in large panicled cymes, bracts persist ent. Sepals in
flower small and narrow, in fruit the three outer or all much enlarged,
membranous and nerved. Corolla camtanulate or funnel-shaped;
limb plicate, subentire or lobed. Stamens subincluded. Ovary '2- oi-
l-celled, 4- or 2-ovuled ; style long or short, entire or 2-fid., stigma 2-
lobed or with 2 capitate stigmas. Fruit**'m&\\t subglobose, 1-seeded,
indehiscent or a 2-valved capsule. Seed glabrous, cotyledens
plicate. — Species about 10, in India, the Malay Archipelago and
North Australia.

Flowers in long pendulous racemes, 3 of the
sepals enlarged in fruit, limb of corolla,
shortly lobed 1. P. paniculata.

Flowers in dichotomous racemes, all the
sepals enlarged in fruit, limb of corolla
deeply lobed 2. P. racemosa.

1. P. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. PI. Hi, 81, t. 235 ; Fl. Ind. i, 466 ; Don
Prod. 99 ; Brandis For. Fl. 342 ; Ind. Trees 487 ; F. B. I. iv, 222; Watt
jjj. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 251 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 507 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 724; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 227.— Yern. Bel-Tiamu, safed bel. (Bridal
Creeper.)

A large climbing shrub, the branchlets underside of leaves and irjflore-
scence clothed with soft grey torn entum. Leaves yetioled, 2-4 in. long,
ovate-cordate, acuminate, entire, membranous, hairy on both surfaces,
basal nerves 5-7. Flouers small, pure-white, very numerous, arranged
in large axillary and terminal drooping panicles. Sepals (in flower)
7V in. long, linear-oblorj* ; three of them much enlarged in fruit, mem-
branous and strongly reticulate. Corolla abcut £ in. Jcng, campanulate,
glabrous ; limb shortly 5-lobed. Style very short. Capsule % in. in
diam., membranous, brittle, hairy, 1-seeded.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik Bange ; common eastwards alorg the Sub-
Himalayan tracts, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers October to January.
DISTRIB. Westward to the Punjab and IViounfc Abu and eastwards to
Bengal and Upper Burma, and on the Himalaya in Kumaon up to 4,000
ft. As a climber it forms when in flower a very beautiful object with its
dense masses of white blossom hanging in festoons from the branches.
The stems are much used in the Saharanpur district in making baskets
for rough work.

.POBANA.] CONVOLVULACE&. 103

2. P. racemosa tRoxb. Hort. Peng. 13 ;'Fl. Ind. i, 466 ; Don Prod. 98 ;
Eoyle III, 307 ; F. B. I. iv, 222 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 507 ; Collett
Fl.'Siml. 339; Brandis Ind. Trees 487.— (Snow-Creeper.)

A climbing shrub, puberulous or nearly glabrous. Leaves petioled, 2-3
in. long, ovate, acute, deeply cordate at the base- Flowers small, white,
pedicelled, arranged in lax 2-chotomous racemes ; bracts at the forks
amplexicaul, leaflike, persistent and scariose in fruit, those on the
pedicels linear. Sepals (in flower) £ in. long, linear-oblong, puberu-
lous, all five enlarging in fruit, oblong, spathulate, scariose and
strongly nerved. Corolla sub-campanulate, £-£ in. long, lobed nearly
half-way down, lobes oblong. Style linear; stigmas short, oblong.
Capsule ^ inch long, ellipsoid, apiculate, membranous, glabrous.

Dehra Dun. DISTRIB. Sub-tropical Himalaya from Garhwal eastwards
to Bhotan, up to 6,000 feet, and from the Khasia Hills to Burma. A
very beautiful plant when in blossom, the i white flowers resembling
at a distance patches of snow.

4, CRESSA, Linn. ; FJ. Brit. Ind. iv, 225.

Small erect or diffuse branching undei shrubs, usually grey-
pubescent. Leaves small, entire. Flowers small, sessile in the
upper axils or passing into terminal suikes or clusters. Sepals
small, thin, imbricate, nob enlarging in fruit. Corolla small,
funnel-shaped, tube shore, lobes subimbricate in bud. Stamen
exserted, filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; styles
3, distinct, equal, stigmas capitate. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule,
usually 1-celled. /Seeds usually 4 in India plants, glabrous cotyledons
linear, plicate. — Species 3, in the warmer regions of the world.

C. cretica, Linn. Sp. PL 223 ; F. B. I. iv, 225 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain
Beng. PL 725; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 228. 0. indica, Retz.; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii, 72.

A small erect bush-like annual. Stems 6-18 in. long, slender, much
branched. Leaves crowded, sessile •£-£ in. long, densely silky-hairy ;
lower cordate, upper smaller, ovate or lanceolate. Flowers very shortly
pedicelled, white or pink ; bracts 2, small, linear, appressed to the
calyx. Calyx densely silky; segments £ in. long, elliptic, obtuse,
concave. Corolla % in. long, divided down to the middle; lobes
oblong, reflexed, hairy outside near the apex. Capsule %-£ in. long,
ovoid, pointed, hairy at the apex. Seeds 4.

Found mostly in the western portion of the area, and usually in cultivated
ground where the soil is sandy, as in the districts of Muttra, Agra and
in Merwara, but nowhere common. DISTRIB. Throughout the hotter
parts of India from the Punjab and Calcutta to Ceylon, especially nepr

104 COSVOLVULAOE^. [CBESSA.

the sea, extending to Baluchistan and most warm regions. The Indian
plant differs from the commom form of 0. cretica in having the capsule
4-seeded.

5. EVOLVULUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 220,

Small usually silky-pubescent prostrate or erect herbs or under-
shrubs. Leaves small, entire, often distichous. Flowers small,
white blue or pink, solitary in the axils or in few-flowered peduncled
cymes. Sepals subequal, not enlarging in fruit. Corolla funnel-
shaped or subrotate ; limb plicate, subentire. Stamens included or
exserted, filaments slender. Ovary 2- or 1-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles
2, distinct from the base, each cleft into 2 linear or subclavate
stigmas. Capsule globose, 4- or 2-valved. Seeds 4 or 2, rarely
solitary, glabrous, cotyledons twice folded.— Species about 70, in
tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.

E. alsinoides. Linn. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 105, F. B. I. iv, 220 ; Watt E.
D./ Collett Fl. Siml. 338 ; Prain Beng. PI. 725 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,
229. E. linifolius, Linn. E. angustifolius, Eoxb. II. Ind. ii, 107. E.
hirsutus, Lamlc.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 106.

A much-branched diffuse perennial herb ; annual branches many, spread-
ing from a short woody rootstock, wiry , more or less pilose or some-
times almost glabrous. Leaves variable, sessile or nearly so, £-1 in.
long, lanceolate to ovate, obtuse, mucronate, acute at the base, densely
clothed with appressed white or fulvous silky pubescence. Flowers
"blue 01 white, on 1-3-flowered filiform peduncles ; bracts small, linear,
hirsute, persistent, pedicels filiform. Calyx densely silky ; segments
^ in. long, i lanceolate, acute. Corolla subrotate, £ in. long. Capsule
$••§• in. in diam., 4-valved and usually 4-seeded.

Very common in most parts of the area, epecially on open sandy ground
and "by roadsides. Flowers July to November. DISTEIB. Through-
out India and in Ceylon, Himalaya up to 6,000 feet ; also found in
nearly all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The commonest
Indian form is the type with leaves %-% in. long, oblong or elliptic,
moderately silky with white or fulvous hairs. E. linifolius has linear
leaves up to 1 in. long. E. hirsutus has thick leaves densely clothed
with fulvous or reddish hairs. The plant is used in Ceylon as a bitter
tonic and febrifuge.

6. CALYSTEGIA, E. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 217.

Climbing or prostrate herbs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves entire
or lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely in few-flowered cymes ;
bracts 2, large, persistent and enclosing the calyx. Sepals ovate or

CALYSTEGIA.] CONVOLYULACE&. 105

oblong, the two inner rather smaller. Corolla funnel-shaped or
eampanulate, glabrous ; limb plicate, subeutire. Stamens included.
Ovary 1- or imperfectly 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; style entire, filiform,
stigma of 2 oblong lobes. Capsule ovoid or sub-globose, 1-celled,
4-valved and usually 4-seeded. Seeds black, glabrous or verrucose. —
Species 8, in temperate aud sub-tropical regions, two in Britain.

C, hederacea, Wall. 1323; F. B. I. iv, 217; Prain Beng. PL 727.'

"A prostrate or climbing perennial herb. Leaves 1-3 in. long, somewhat
irregular in shape, entire or lobed, cordate or sagittate, petioles about
1 in. long. Flowers pinkish-purple, peduncled, bracts ovate. Sepals 5,
glabrous, £ in. long. Corolla subcampanulate, tube 1 in. long. Capsule
£ in. long, ovoid, subacute, glabrous. Seeds glabrous.

Prostrate as a weed of cultivation, or climbing on hedges and bushes.
DISTRIB. Westwards to the Punjab and Afghanistan, and eastwards
to N. and B. Bengal and Penang; extending to China, Japan and
Amurland.

7. CONVOLVULUS, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 217.

Herbs or undershrubs, erect prostrate or twining, sometimes spinous.
Leaves entire toothed or lobed. Flowws axillary, solitary or in few-
flowered cymes, bracts usually narrow. Sepals usually subequal.
Corolla campauulate or funnel-shaped, limb plicate or nearly entire.
Stamens included, filaments usually unequal. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled, style filiform ; stigmes 2, linear or oblong, distinct. Fruit
a 2-celled capsule, 4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds normally
4, smooth or minutely tuberculate. — Species about 150, chiefly in
temperate or sub-tropical regions.

Branches prostrate or suberect, not twining,

flowers sessile or nearly so, corolla |-£ in.

long . • . . • . .l.C. pluricaulis.

Stems trailing or twining, peduncles 1-2 in. long,

corolla f-1 in. long . . . . . 2. C. arvensis.

1, C. pluricaulis, Chois. Convol. Or. 25 ; F. B. I. iv, 218; Watt E. D.;
Prain Beng. PI. 728.

A diffuse hairy perennial herb with a woody rootstock ; branches slender,
terete, prostrate or suberect, sparsely fulvous-pilose. Leaves shortly
petioled, linear-oblanceolate, np to li in. long ; the upper ones smaller,
linear-oblong, hairy on both sides. Flowers solitary or in pairs, sessile
or nearly so in the leaf-axils, bracts linear. Calyx thinly hairy ; sepals
subeqnal, lanceolate to ovate, tips acuminate. Corolla pale-rose, shortly
- funnel-shaped, £-£ in. long. Capsule globose, less than £ in. in diam.
Seeds brown, minutely puberulous.

106 CONVOLVULACE^. [CONVOLVULUS.

Common within the area, especially on sandy or rocky ground.
DISTRIB. Punjab Plain, and eastwards to Behar and Chota Nagpnr ;
found also in Senegal.

VAB. macra 0. B. Clarlte in F.B.I. I.e. E volvulus pilosus, Roxl. Fl. Ind. ii>
106. A larger and more densely hairy plant. Leaves oblong. Sepals
elliptic-lanceolate, rufous-hirsute. Corolla f-f in. long.— -Common in
the Punjab Plain and up to 3,000 ft. in Kashmir, extending eastwards to
Eohilkhand.

2. C. arvensis, Linn. Sp. PI. ]53 ; Eoyle III. 208 ; F. B. I. iv, 219 f
Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl. Siml. 338; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 235, C. Malcolmi,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 474. (Small Bindweed.)

A glabrous or somewhat pubescent herb with a slender creeping root-
stock. Stems many, trailing or twining, angular. Leaves petioled, 1-3
in. long, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse and apiculate at the apex,
entire or (the lower ones ) sometimes lobed, base auriculate or hastate j
petioles £-f in. long. Peduncles 1-2 in. long, solitary, slender, with a
pair of small linear bracts at the summit from , the axils of which the
pedicels arise ; pedicels up to 1 in. long, each except the primary one
2-bracteolate beyond the middle. Sepals $ in. long, unequal, broadly
elliptic, obtuse and sometimes mucronate, glabrous or nearly so. Corolla
widely funnel-shaped, f-in. long, pink or white with a pale-yellow

. centre, glabrous. Capsule ^-f in. in diam., globose, glabrous. Seed
subtrigonous, dark reddish-brown.

Common as a weed of cultivation, especially in the drier western portion
of the area. Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. From Kashmir
and the Punjab Plain to^the Deccan, Western Himalaya up to 10,000 ft.;
also widely distributed in nearly all temperate and subtropical regions
of the world. Well-known in Britain as a troublesome agricultural
pest.

8. JACQUEMONTIA, Choisy.
UNDER CONVOLVULUS IN FL. BRIT. IND.

Twining herbs or undershrubs, rarely prostrate. Leaves tonally
cordate, entire or rarely toothed or lobed. Flowers in axillary com-
pound umbellate or capitate cymes, rarely solitary, bracts usually
small. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla small, tubular or funnel-
shaped, limb plicate, the vertical bands ending in 2 distinct nerves.
Stamens included. Ovary glabrous, 2-celled, 4-cvuled, style filiform ;
stigmas 2, linear or elliptic-oblong. Fruit a globose, 2-celled usually
8-valved capsule. Seeds normally 4, usually glabrous, often with the
margins slightly winged. — Species about 60, chiefly in Trop. America.

JACQUEMONTIA.] CONVOLVULACE^. 107

J. pvniculata, Hallicr f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi, 541 ; xviii, 95 ;
Prain Beng. PL 739; Qooke Fl. Bom,1) ii, 235. Convolvulus parviflorus,
Vahl.; Eixb. FL Ind. i, 471; F. B. I. iv, 220 ; Watt. E. D.

A slender twining puberulous harb. Leave* 1^-3 in. long, ovate cordate
acute or acuminate, entire, pubescent beneath, nearly glabrous above
pjtioles $-1 in, long, pubescent, flowers white, peduncles longer than
the petioles. Sepal* % in. long, ovate, cordate, acuminate, pubescent,
not enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular, £ in. long, mouth narrow, limb
shortly and acutely 5-lobed. Capsule glabrous, £ in. in diam. Seeds
slightly tubereulate on the back.

Bundelkhand (Duthie), Saugor (Jerdon). Flowers Oct. and Nov. DISTRIB.
Oent. Provinces and Bombay to S. India and Ceylon ; also in
Assam extending to the Malay Peninsula, N. Australia and Trop. Africa.

9. MERREMIA, Pennat.
UNDER IPOM^EA IN FL. BRIT. IND.

Shrubs or herbs usually climbing. Stems rarely winged. Leaves
entire lobed or divided. Flowers axillary, usually on long peduncles
solitary or in few-flowered (rarely many- flowered) cymes, bracts small.
Sepals gabequaly elliptic or lanceolate and usually acuminate, convex
usually slightly enlarged and thickened in fruit. Corolla funnel-
shaped or campanulate, usually white, the 5 vertical bands usually
defined by dark violet lines ; limb plicate, the margin slightly lobed.
Stamens unequal, included or exserted ; filaments filiform, anthers
usually twisted ; pollen usually with longitudinal folds, never spinu-
lose. Ooary 2-4-celled, style tiliform ; stigmas 2, globose, ovules 4.
Fruit a 4-valved capsule, 1-4-celled, the style sometimes separating
with a small operculum. Seeds 4, rarely fewer, dull and usually
glabrous. — Species about 40, in the warmer regions of the world.

Corolla large, shaggy outside ; seeds minutely

velvety, margins subvillous . . . . 1. M. crispatula.
Corolla under 1 in. long, not shaggy outside.
Buds long, aoute ; leaves subsessile, oblong-
hastate or linear-hastate.
Prostrate but never twining ; leaves obtuse

truncate or 3-toothed at the apex . 2. If. tridentata.

A twining herb, leaves gradually tapering

to the apex . . . . . 3. N. hastata.

Buds short, globose ; leaves distinctly
petioled, not hastate.

Stems twining ; leaves ovate, cordate,
acute ; peduncles distinct, often long,
many-flowered ; seeds velvety-pubescent 4. M. cliryseides.

108 CONTOLVULACE^. [MEREEMIA.

Stems filiform, creeping and rooting at the
nodes, not twining ; leaves usually reni-
form, obtuse ; peduncles short or none,
few-flowered, seeds glabrous . . . 5. M . emarginata.

1. M. crispatula, Prain Beng. PI. 730; Ipornsea pataloidea, Chois. ;
F. B. I. iv, 212.

A large glabrous climber. Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, acute
rounded or subcordate at the base ; upper smaller, narrower, petioles
about 1^ in. long. Flowers, subracemose, on peduncles £-1 iu. long,
pedicels often up to 1 in. long, bracts caducous. Sepals f-in. long, elliptic-
ovate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous. Corolla yellow, If-in. long, shaggy
outside. Capsule | in. long, ovoid. Seeds minutely velvety, margins
subvillous.

N. Oudh (E. Thompson, Duthie). Flowers during April and May. DISTRIB.
Behar, Chota Nagpur, Orissa and southwards to the Godaveri, extend-
ing to Lower Burma.

VAE. pauciflora, Ipomsea petaloidea, var. pauciflora, C. B. Clarke in F. B.
I.I.C.; Prain Nov. Ind. vii (1894), 99 —Leaves all narrowly oblong-
lanceolate. Peduncles 1- rarely 2-flowered. In the Sub-Himalayan tracts
of N. Oudh and Gorakhpur (Duthie). Flowers in May. DISTKIB.
Kumaon ^Dr. T. Thomson), Pegu (Kurz). Upper Burma (Collett).

2. M. tridentata, Hallier f. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi, 552 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 730; Cooke Fl. Bomb.ii, 237. Convolvulus tridentatus, Linn.; Roxb.
FL Ind. iy 475. Ipomaea tridentata, Roth; F. B. I. iv, 205.

A small glabrous perennial herb. Stems many, elongate, not twining,
decumbent from a small woody rootstock. Leaves sessile or nearly
so, ^-1 in. long, linear-hastate oblong-obovate or subquadrate, the apex
obtuse truncate or 3-toothed. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, wiry, as long
as or longer than the leaves ; buds acute ; bracts minute, lanceolate ;
pedicels subclavate. Sepals £-£• in. long, elliptic, mucronate, glabrous.
Corolla funnel-shaped, |-| in. long, pale-yellow with a pink eye, limb
with shallow lobes. Capsule £ in. in diam., ovoid, glabrous, 2-celled.
Seeds dark, glabrous.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth, Duthie). Flowers Oct. to Dec. DISTRIB.
Bengal and Central Provinces to S. India And Ceylon ; extending to the
Malay Peninsula, Trop. Africa and Madagascar.

3. M. hastata, Hallier f. in. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi, 552 ; Prain Beng.
PL 730; Coo'ke Fl. Bomb, ii, 238; Ipomgaa angustifolia, Clarke in F. B.
I. iv, 205 (not of Jacq., nor of Chois.). I. filicaulis, Bl. ; Royle III. 207 ;
Convolvulus medius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i,474.

A diffuse twining biennial herb. Stems angular. Leaves subsessile,
2-3 in. long, hastate-oblong or hastate-linear, tapering gradually to the

MBBBEMIA.] QONVOLVULAQEM. 109

apex, "basal lobes coarsely dentate. Flowers 1-3, on slender peduncles
as long as or longer than the leares ; buds acute, bracts minute, pedicels
subclavate. Sepals |-| in. long, narrowly lanceolate, with acuminate
recurved tips, glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped, f in. long, pale-yellow,
with a purple or reddish eye, limb with shallow lobes. Capsule 2-celled,
4 in. in diam., ovoid, glabrous, surrounded by the slightly enlarged
sepals. Seeds glabrous.

Bundelkhand (Edge worth). Flowers Aug. to Dec. DISTRIB. Khasia
Hills, Orissa, Bombay and southwards to Ceylon ; extending to China,
• the Malay Peninsula, Australia and Trop. Africa.

4. M. chryseides. HaUierf. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi, 55$; Prain
Beng. Pi. 730 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii,233. Ipomaa chryseides, Ker-Gawl. ;
F. B. I. iv, 206 ; Collett FL.l SimL. 337- Convolvulus dentatus, Vahl ;
Roxb. Ft. Ind. i, 477.

An annual or perennial herb, twining or procumbent. Stems filiform,
branching, glabrous, or sometimes rough with prominent tubercles.
Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate, acute, apiculate, often 3-lobed, entire or
toothed, glabrous, base deeply cordate, with rounded lobes, petioles
slender, 1-2 in. long, often muriculate. Flowers small, in dense
axillary cymes ; buds short, obtuse, peduncles £-3-in. long ; bracts
minute, caducous, pedicels short. Sepals £-in. long, oblong, truncate,
apiculate or obscurely toothed, glabrous, reflexed in fruit. Corolla
campanulate or funnel-shaped, yellow, £-in. long, limb with triangular
lobes, bands distinctly striate. Stamens slightly exserted. Capsule
£-in. long, ovoid or subquadrangular, 2-celled, glabrous, transversely
wrinkled. Seeds trigonous, yelvety-tomentose.

Moradabad (T. Thomson), Pilibhit dist. (Duthie). Flowers Oct. and Nov-
DISTRIB. Himalaya up to 4,000 ft., ttengal, Bombay and southwards
to Southern India and Ceylon ; extending to Burma, China, Malaya,
Australia and Trop. Africa.

5. M. emarginata, HaUierf. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi., 552; Prain
Beng. PL 730 ; CooJce Fl.Bomb. ii, 236; Convolvulus reniformis, Roxb.;
Fl. Ind, i. 4S1. Ipom»a reniformis, Chois.; F. B. I. iv, 206 ; Watt E. O.

A prostrate creeping herb. Stems cord-like, rooting at the nodes, glabrous
or softly pubescent. Leaves £-!£ in. broad, reniform or ovate-cordate,
obtuse, crenate-toothed, glabrous, often purplish or rust-coloured,
petioles 4-1 in. long. Floicers, yellow, solitary or 2-3 together on a short
peduncle ; buds short, globose, bracts inconspicuous, pedicels short.
Sepals slightly hairy on the back, the margins ciliate ; the 2 outer
sepals £-in. long, ovate, mucronate ; 3 inner longer, subquadrate,
2-lobed. Corolla campanulate, ^-in. long ; lobes 5, acute. Capsule
2-celled, £-in. in diam.; surrounded by the slightly enlarged ciliate
sepals. Seede 2-4i, brown, glabrous.

110 CONVOLVULACE^. [MEBEEMIA.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowers Sep. and Oct. DISTRIB. Bengal
Bombay and southwards to Ceylon, also in Upper Burma and Trop.
Africa. Boxburgh remarks that tne flowers open late in the forenoon
and close early in the evening. The juice of this plant is used medi-
cinally and the plant is sometimes eaten as a pot-herb.

M. dissecta, Hallier f. ; Coolte Fl. Bomb, ii, 241. Ipomsa sinuata,
Ortega ; F. B.L iv, 214.— This, is a native of Trop. America and of the
West Indies, is becoming naturalized in India, and occurs within the
area of this flora as a garden escape. Stems twining, usually hirsute.
Leaves palmately 7-partite, the lobes toothed or sub-pinnatifid.
Corolla white or pinkish with the throat purple, the bands distinctly
lineate.

M. pentaphylla, Hallier f. ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 239. Ipomaea penta-
phylla, J Jacq. ; F. B. I. iv,202. Batatas pentaphylla, Chois.; Royle
III. 207.— A twining annual with digitate leaves and large white or
yellowish flowers. Found in Western and Northern India, also in Africa
and Trop. America ; often cultivated.

10. OPERCULINA, Manso.
UNDER IPOM/EA. IN FL. BEIT. IND.

Large climbing herbs, stems petioles and peduncles winged.
Leaves large, entire or lobed, rarely peltate. Flowers large, axillary,
solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Sepals large, glabrous, enlarging
and thickening in fruit, at length splitting irregularly from the
lip. Corolla funnel-shaped, rarely campanulate, tube with 5 vertical
smooth bands. Stamens with filiform filaments ; anthers large,
atlength contorted, pollen not spinulose. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled,
gla brous, style filiform, stigmas 2, globose. Fruit a capsule, the
epi carp, splitting transversely above the middle, tbe cap carrying
away the style, endocarp at length bursting irregularly. Seeds
large, usually solitary, black, smooth. — Species about 10, mostly
in tropical countries.

O. Turpethum, Manso ; Prain Beng. PI. 731 ; Cooke\Fl. Bomb. iit 240.
Convolvulus Turpethum, Linn. ; Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. i, 476. Ipomaea Turpe-
thum, R. Br.; Royle III. 308 ;F. B. I. iv, 212 ; Watt E. D. Merremia
Turpethum, Rendle in Fl. Trop. Afr. ivt Sect. 2, 102. (Indian Jalap.)

A stout softly pubescent twining' perennial herb. Stems with milky
juice, very long, more or less compressed, angled and winged. Leaves
2-5 in. long, ovate or oblcng, subacute, mucronate, base cordate or
truncate, pubescent on both surfaces especially when young ; petioles
|-2 in., pubescent. Cymes few-flowered ; peduncles 1-2 in. long, stout ;
bracts up to 1 in. long, oblong or lanceolate, pubescent, caducous, often

CONVOLVULACE&. Ill

pinkish ; pedicels £-1 in. long, stout, pubescent. Outer sepals (in flower)
about i in. long, ovate, mucronate, pubescent, much enlarged in fruit,
orbicular, concaye, scariose ; the 3 inner sepals smaller, membranous,
apiculate, glabrous. Corolla white, 1^-2 in. long. Capsule $-£ in. in
diam., globose, enclosed in the enlarged imbricate brittle calyx-
segments. Seeds round, black, one in each cell.

Moradabad (T. Thomson), Dehra Dun (Gamble), Kheri dist. of N. Oudh*
(Duthie), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowers Oct. to Jan. DISTRIB.
Bengal, Bombay and Deccan and southwards to Southern India and
Ceylon ; extending to China, the Malay Islands, Australia Philippines,
and to Trop. Africa and America. The root, known as Turpeth-root,
is largely used as a purgative. Cattle do not eat this plant. The
flowers are sacred to Siva.

11. IPOMJEA, Linn ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 196 (in part).

Twining or prostrate herbs, rarely shrubby or erect. Leaves entire
lobed or divided. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes. Sepal
ovate or linear, equal or unequal. Corolla campanulate or funnels
shaped ; limb plicate, slightly lobed. Stamens usually included,
filaments filiform or dilated below, often unequal, anthers straight
or conlorted, pollen spinulose. Ovary 1-3 (rarely 4)-celled, usually
4-ovuled, style filiform, stigma capitate, entire or 2-3 -globose, rarely
stigmas 2-linear. Fruit a 4-6-valved capsule, rarely indehiscent.
Seeds usually ,4 or 6., glabrous bearded or uniformly velvety or
woolly.— Species about 400, in the warmer regions of the world.

Leaves entire (occasionally 3-lobed in I. pilosa)
Outer sepals sagittate or cordate at the base 1. J, calycina .

Outer sepals not cordate at the base.
Sepals much enlarged in fruit . , . 2. I. barlerioides .

Sepals not or slightly enlarged in fruit.
Flowers in sessile or nearly sessile heads.
Leaves ovate, acute, capsule hairy ;

seeds glabrous, minutely foveolate . 3. J. hispida.

Leaves oblong-hastate, acute or acu-
minate, capsule glabrous, seeds
velvety . . . . . , 4. I. sindica.

Flowers in pedunculate cymes or pani-
cles.

Sepals hispid.

Stems prostrate ; leaves as broad as
long, very obtuse . . . . 5. I. rumicifolia.

Steins twining, leaves acute or acu-
minate . , . . . 6. I. pilosa.

112 CONVOLVDLACE^. [IPOMJSA.

Sepals glabrous.

An aquatic plant, stems trailing in
mud or floating . • . .7.1. reptans.

Terrestrial plants.
Two outer sepals shorter than the
inner, corolla 1| in. long or
more • . . . . 8. I. sepiaria.

Sepals subequal, corolla f-1 in.
long . . . . . . 9. J. obscura.

Leaves lobed, (occasionally entire in I. pes-tig-

ridis).

A prostrate glabrous herb, leaves digitately
or the upper sometimes pedately 3-7-par-
tite ; corolla white, less than 1 in. long . 10. I. dissecta.

Twining herbs.

Flowers in lax usually subumbellate
cymes, not surrounded by large persis-
tent bracts, sepals with long ligulate
tips ; corolla light-blue tinged with pink
or orange-coloured below, over 1| in.
long 11. I. hederacea.

Flowers in dense long-peduncled heads,
surrounded by large persistent outer
bracts ; corolla white or pale-pink,
under 1£ in. long 12. I. pes-tigridis.

1. 1. calycina, Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 201 ; Prain Beng. PI. 734 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 242. Convolvulus calycinus, Roxb. / Fl. Ind. i, 471.

A twining herb with yillous stems. Leaves 2-3 in. long, ovate, acuminate,
entire, sparsely hairy t>r nearly glabrous ; base cordate, with a wider
sinus; petiole slender, 7^-l| in long, villous. Flowers 1-3 together;
peduncles and pedicels about | in. long, pedicels in fruit deflexed,
bracts % in. long, ovate-co*rdate, acute. Sepals in flower i in. long, un-
equal, ciliate ; the outer ones (in fruit) £ in. long lanceolate-sagittate
with obtuse lobes ; inner linear-lanceolate. Corolla scarcely 1 in. long
tubular, white. Capsule | in. long, ovoid, pointed, deflexed, glabrous.
Seeds villous, the margins fringed with long white silky hairs.

Jumna ravines near Agra (Duthie), Bund elkhand ( Edgeworth) , Merwara
(Duthie). Flowers October. DISTRIB. W- Himalaya (Royle), Behar,
Chota Nagpur and the Deccan ; also in Trop. Africa and Formosa.

2. I. barlerioides, Clarke in F. B. I. iv. 201; Prain Beng. PI. 734 •
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 243. Anigteia barlerioides, Chois. ; Eoyle III. 207.

A hairy twining perennial herb. Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate-oblong, sub'
acute, often mucronate, hairy on both sides, base cordate or rounded ;

. CONVOLVULACE^. 113

petioles densely hairy, up to | in. long. Flowers solitary, peduncles
longer or shorter than petioles ; bracts 2, at the base of the short
pedicel, % in. long, linear-lanceolate. Sepals densely villous, the 3 outer
i-f in. long, ovate or lanceolate, acute ; the 2 inner linear, acute and
smaller, all enlarged in fruit. Corolla purple, funnel-shaped, 2-3£ in.
long, hairy outside, tube narrowed to the base ; limb subentire, plicate,
Capsule | in. long, ovoid, glabrous. Seeds oblong, hairy.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh and Gorakhpur (R. Thompson and
Duthie), W. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft., and from Chota Nagpur south-
wards to Bombay and Southern India ; also in Upper Burma.

3. I. hispida, R. $ S. Syst. iv, 23S ; Pram Beng. PI. 734. I. eri. ocarpa,
R. Br. ; F. B. 7. iv, 204 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl. Siml. 336 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb.

i, 243. Convolvulus sph^rocephalus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 472.

A; twining annual. Stems slender, clothed with appressed or spreading
hairs. Leaves 2-3 in. long, ovate or oblong, acute, hairy on both surfaces
and along the margins, base cordate and with rounded lobes ; petiole
about 1 in. long, densely clothed with reflexed hairs. Flowers 2-3 in.
long, in subsessile heads, rarely solitary or more than three in a head ;
bracts small, linear, pedicels very short or none. Sepals nearly as long
as the corolla, hairy, not or hardly enlarged in fruit, ovate, acuminate.
Corolla campanulate, pink, £-f in. long, the upper portion hairy and
with small tufts of ' hairs on the tips of the small acute lobs. Ovary
very hairy. Capsule ^ in. in diam., globose, 2-celled, hiery. Seeds
minutely foveolate.

Dehra Bun, Rohilkhand, Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowers September
and October. DISTRIB. Punjab to Afghanistan, and throughout India
and in Ceylon, up to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; also in Burma and
generally throughout the tropics of the Old World. The leaves and
stems are often eaten as a vegetable.

4. I. sindica, Stapf. in Kew Bull. (1894) 346 ; CooTce FL Bomb, ii, 244.

Annual. Stems many from the base, prostrate, slender, hispid. Leaves
f-2^ in. long, narrowly triangular-hastate, acute or acuminate, hairy on
both sides or nearly glabrous above, basal lobes diverging, obtuse ;
petioles £-f the length of blade, rather hispid. Flowers solitary or in
few-flowered cymes, peduncles and pedicels very short ; bracts shorter
than the calyx, linear or linear-subulate, hispid. Sepals £-5 in. long,
lanceolate, hispid, somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla i in. long,
funnel-shaped ; limb broadly 5-lobed, minutely .pilose outside and at the
tips of '.the lobes. Capsule £-J in. long, subglobose, glabrous. Seeds
black, thinly grey-velvety.

Etawah district (Duthie). Flowers October. DISTRIB. Westwards to
Sirhind, Multan and Sind. This species much resembles I. hispida
which latter differs, however, by its larger flower-heads and bracts, its
hairy capsules and glabrous seeds.

114 CONVOLVULACE&. [IPOMJBA.

5. I. rumioifolia, Chois. Convol. Or. 447 ; F. B. I. 'iv, 207 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 244.

An annual usually prostrate herb, sparsely pubescent. Leaves 1-2 in.
long, ovate-oblong hastate or subrenifonn, obtuse, apiculate or emar-
ginate, entire or somewhat angular or lobulate, glabrous ; base cordate,
with a wide sinus and rounded lobes, petioles 1^-2 in. long. Peduncles
short, laxly few-flowered ; bracts £ in. long, linear, hairy, subpersistent,
pedicels £-£ in. long, thickened in fruit. Sepals ^in. long, ovate, acute,
clothed with spreading bulbous-based hairs, ciliate on the margins.
Corolla tubular-campanulate, £-£ in. long, glabrous. Capsule £•£ in.
long, ovoid, apiculate, glabrous, veined. Seeds usually 4, velvety.

Kheri district of N. Oudh (Duthie). Flowers December. DISTRIB,
Punjab at Hissar, also in Sind and in Southern India, extending to
Trop. Africa.

6. I.pilosa, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. ii, 372; F. B.I.iv,213; Collett Fl.
Siml. 336 ; Prain Beng. PI. 734 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 244. Convolvulus
pilosus, Roxb.; Fl. Ind. *, 473.

An annual twining herb. Stems pilose with gland-based hairs. Leaves 2-5
in. long, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, entire or deeply 3-lobed,
hairy above, white-woolly beneath, base cordate, petioles 2 in. or more-
Flowers in lax racemose bracteate cymes, peduncles 1-3 in. long, bracts,
about 4 in. long, linear-lanceolate, subpersistent, pedicels £-f in. long.
Sepals | in. or more, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, very hairy and
with ciliate margins. Corolla purple, narrowly funnel-shaped, about
| in. long, limb acutely lobed. Capsule £-§ in. in diam., subglobose,.
slightly hairy towards the apex. Seeds velvety pubescent and pilose.

Dehra Dun (Duthie) and in the districts of Saharanpur and Agra and in
Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). DISTRIB. From the Western Himalaya to
Bengal, also in the Punjab, Sind and in Southern India, extending to
Trop. Africa.

7. 1. reptans. Poir. Encyc. Suppl. Hi, 460 ; Eoyle III. 307 ; Prain
Beng. PL 736. I. aquatica, Fortk. Fl. ^gypt.-Arab. 44 ; F. B. I. iv, 210;
Watt E D ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 246. Convolvulus repens, Willd.; Roxb. Fl..
Ind. it 482— Vern. Kalmi.

An annual or biennial aquatic herb. Stems elongate, trailing on mud and
rooting at the nodes or floating, thick, hollow, glabrous. Leaves 2-6 in.
long, elliptic-oblong or subdeltoid, often very narrow, acute, cordate or
hastate at the base, rarely truncate, glabrous, petioles 1-5 in. long.
Peduncles up to about 4 in. long, 1-5 flowered, bracts very small, pedicels
1-2 in. long. Sepals % in. long, subequal, pi) long-lanceolate, subacute,.
membranous, glabrous. Corolla glabrous, 2 in. long, funnel-shaped, with
a pale rose-coloured limb, the throat and tube dull-purple. Filaments
unequal, woolly below. Capsule % in. long, ovoid, glabrous. Seeds
minutely hairy.

IPOM2EA.] CONVOLrVLACE^E. 115

In most parts of the area ; very common in ponds, ditches and in moist
ground. Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. Throughout
India and in Ceylon, extending to China, the Malay Pen., Trop. Africa
and N. Australia. The young shoots and roots are eaten as a vegetable
and the plant is often cultivated in S. India and Ceylon. The juice, when
dried, is used as a purgative.

8. 1. sepiaria, Kcenig in Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14 ; Fl. Ind. i, 499 ;F. B. I.

tv, 209 ; Watt E. [).; Prain Peng. PL 736 ; Cooke Ft. Bomb, ii, 246.

A perennial herb, glabrous or more or less hairy, Stems slender, twining.
Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate, acute, entire, base cordate, with a wide sinus
and rounded lobes, petioles 1-2 in. long. Flowers many, in umbelliform
lony-peduncled cymes, peduncles 1-6 in. long ; bracts small, caducous,
pedicels clavate in fruit. Sepals about i in, long, ovate, glabrous or
slightly hairy, margins membranous, 2 outer rather shorter than the
inner- Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped pink or white with a purplish
centre, about H in. long, or more, limb suddenly widened at the mouth ;
lobes acute, shortly apiculate. Filaments hairy at the base. Capsule
i in. long, ovoid, glabrous. Seeds 4 or 2, clothed with grey silky hairs.

Common within the area, and often found in hedges. Flowers Aug. to Oct.
DISTKIB. Throughout India and in Ceylon ; also in Malaya, Hainan
and Formosa. It is sometimes eaten as a pot-herb.

9. I. obscura, Ker-Gawl. in Bot. Reg. t, 239 ; ?. B. I. iv, 207 ; Watt E. D.;
Prain Beng. PL 736 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 24S. Convolvulus obscurus,
Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 472.

Annual. Stems long, slender, twining, glabrous or slightly villous, often
tinged with purple. Leaves 1-2| in. long, broadly ovate, cordate, acute
or acuminate, entire, thin, glabrous, petioles 1-3 in. long. Peduncles 1 or
2-3-flowered, aboiit as long as the leaves, bracts minute, pedicels clavate.
Sepals about f in. long, nearly equal, ovate or oblong, subacute or
obtuse, minutely verrucose. Corolla funnel-shaped, f-1 in long, yellow,
or white with yellow bands, base purple, mouth of limb 1 in. in
diam., with shallow lobes. Capsule 2-valved, | in. long, ovoid, subacute,
glabrous. Seeds dark -brown, velvety.

All parts of the area, common. Flowers during the greater part of the
year. DISTKIB. Throughout India and in Ceylon, also in Burma and
the Andaman s, extending to N. Australia, trop. Africa and the
Mascarene Islands.

10 I. dissecta, Willd. Phytogr. 5, t.2,fig. 3; 'F. B. I.iv,200; Cooke FL
Bomb, ii, 249. I. coptica Roth ; Royle III. 307. Convolvulus coptious
Linn.- Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 477.

A glabrous prostate herb, rarely twining ; branches many, $-2 ft. long,
slender, angular. Leaves 1-1£ in. in diam , digitate or the upper otten
pedate ; lobes 3-7, linear-lanceolate, irregularly serrate ; petioles £-£ in.
long, with stipule-like leaves in the axils. Flowers usually solitary,

116 COXVOLVULACE&.

peduncles \-\\ in. long ; bracts near the flower, minute, lanceolate,
acute, or with the flowers subsessile amongst leaf -like pectinate bracts.
Sepals j in. long, oblong-lanceolate, recurved at the cuspidate apex,
usually muriculate on the back. Corolla white, £-£ in- long, narrowly
funnel-shaped, glabrous, lobes acute. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule % in. in
diam., subglobose, 3- or 6- valved. Seeds usually 3.

In the districts of Delhi (Koyle), Agra, Dholpur (J. R. Drummond) and
Aligarh (Duthie), not common. DISTRIB. S. India and in Ceylon
extending to Upper Burma, Hongkong, Trop. Africa and Australia.

11. I. hederacea, Jacq. Collect, i, 124; F. B. I. iv, 199; Watt E. D.
Collett FL Siml. 336 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 252. I. ccerulea, Keen.; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i,501; Royle III. SOS. I. Nil, Roth; Royle III. 307 ; Prain Beng. PI.
734.— Vern. Nilkalmi.

An annual. Stems twining, sparsely retrorsely hairy. Leaves 2-5 in. in
diam., ovate-cordate, more or less deeply 3-lobed ; lobes ovate, acuminate,
petioles 1-4 in. long. Peduncles 1-5-flowered, usually shorter than the
petioles ; bracts ^ in., linear, close to the calyx, pedicels 5 in long. Sepals
£-1 in. long, subequal, narrowly linear upwards, more or less hirsute
near the base. Corolla l|-2 in. long, tubular-funnel-shaped, blue tinged
with pink, or somewhat orange-coloured below, glabrous outside. Ovarij
3-celled. Capsule % in. in diam., 3-celled, 6-ovuled, subglobose or ovoid,
glabrous. Seeds 6 or 4, glabrous.

Abundant within the area, but not truly wild. DISTRIB. Throughout
India both cultivated and apparently wild, ascending to 6,000 ft. on the
Himalaya ; also in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, but
believed to be of American origin. The seeds known as kaladana are
used as a purgative.

12. I. pes tigridis, Linn. 8p. PI. 162 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 503 ; F. B. I. iv.

204 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 734 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 250.

A diffuse or twining pubescent herb. Stems clothed with long spreading
hairs. Leaves fulvous-hairy on both surfaces, more or less deeply pale
mately 5-9-lobed, sometimes 3-lobed or occasionally entire, 1 -5 in. long
and about as broad ; lobes elliptic, acuminate ; petioles 1-3 in long.
Flowers^ or more together inpeduncled heads ; peduncles 1-3 in., densely
hairy ; outer bracts nearly 1 in. long, longer and broader than the inner,
sometimes cordate at the base. Sepals %-% in. long, lanceolate, acute,
fulvous-hirsute and ciliate, the 2 outer broader. Corolla white or pink,
funnel-shaped, about 1 in. long. Capsule concealed in the calyx, £-i in.
in diam., ovoid, glabrous, papery. Seeds minutely grey-velvety.

A. common weed in all parts of the area, climbing on hedges and bushes •
Flowers in Sep. and Oct. DISTRIB. Throughout the greater part of
India and in Ceylon ; extending to Upper Burma, China, the Malay
Pen. and Islands, Polynesia and Trop. Africa. The plant is said to be
used medicinally.

COHVOLVULACEM. 117

The following are the more important species of Jpomcea which are culti-
vated within the area of this flora, or are occasionally met with as
garden-escapes : —

Ipomsea Batatas, Lamk. F. B.I.iv,202; Duthie and Fuller Field and
Garden Crops N.-W. Prov. and Oudh ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PI. 735 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 251. Convolvulus Batatas, Linn.; DC. L'Orig. PL
Cult. 42. Batatas edulis, Chois. ; Koyle 111. 207.— Vern. Batalu, mitha-alu,
for the sake of shakarkand-alu (The sweet Potato).— Largely cultivated
within the area the tuberous roots which are eaten as a vegetable. There
are two forms, one with red and the other with white tubers. The plant
is hardly ever seen in flower and still more rarely in fruit. It is widely
cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of both hemispheres.
It is believed to be a native of Trop. America.

Ipomaea Jalapa, Pursh.. I (Exogonium) Purga, Hayne. (Jalap). The
turnip -like roots contain a resin which has valuable purgative properties,
The plant has been experimentally cultivated in the hilly districts of
Northern and Southern India with a view to supplying the drug locally.
It is a native of Mexico.

Ipomsea Leari, Paxt. A very handsome perennial climber with dark-blue
flowers, which turn red tvhen fading. It is much grown within the area
as a trellis-plant, and was introduced into India probably from Temp.
S. America.

Ipomaea pulchella, Roth ; Prain Beng. PI. 757. I. palmata, F. B. I. iv.
210 (in part). Convolvulus digitatusj Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 479. This species
is universally cultivated in the gardens of N. India, where it is very
hardy. It is usually known by the name of the " Railway creeper," on
account of its frequent use as the principal decorative plant at many
railway stations. It is a perennial climber with glabrous palmately 5-
lobed leaves and pale-purple campanulate flowers. It is supposed to be
wild in W. and S. India and in Ceylon, and is cultivated in many tropical
countries.

Ipomaea dasysperma, Jacq.; F. B. I. iv, 215. A glabrous twiner with
pedately divided leaves, and the flowers are buff-coloured with a purple
centre. Clarke in F. B. I. I.e. regarded it as a cultivated variety of I.
pulchella* It is said, however, to be wild in Nubia and Abyssinia.

Ipomaea purpurea, Eoth ; F. B. I. iv, 200 ; Collett Fl. Siml, 336 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 735 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb ii, 252 (Morning Glory).- A hairy twiner with
entire leaves and large handsome flowers varying in colour from white
to dark-purple. Within the area of this flora it is met with only in
gardens. It is abundant and apparently wild on the Himalaya from
Kashmir to Sikkim up to 7,000 feet. It somewhat resembles!, fiederacea
at first sight, but may be distinguished by its smaller and entire leaves
and by the sepals not having long ligulate tips. It is cultivated in all
warm countries, and was probably introduced into India from Trop.
America.

Ipomaea tricolor, Cav.; Prain Beng. PI. 736. I. rubro-coarulea, Hook.; Cooke
FL Bomb, ii, 252.— An annual climber with large handsome blue or white

118 CONVOLVULACE^E. [IPOICJBA.

flowers. It is largely used to form a screen on trellis-work. It is a
Mexican species of rather recent introduction into India.

12. CA1.ONYCTION, Choisy.
UNDEK IPOM-&A IN FL. BRIT. IND.

Large herbaceous climbers ; sterns usually muricate. Leaves
lerge, cordate, entire or angled Floivers solitary or in few-flowered
axillary cymes, bracts caducous. Sepals herbaceous, smooth, usually
aristate, subequal or the outer smaller. Corolla large, salver-shaped,
white or rose-purple, glabrous ; tube narrow, much longer than the
calyx, limb plicate. Stamens exserted. Ovary 2-celled and 4-
ovuled, style filiform, stigma 2-globose. Fruit a 4-valved capsule.
Seeds 4, dull, glabrous. — Species 6 or 7, in Trop. America, two of
which are subspontaneous throughout the tropics.

Corolla white, stamens exserted, seeds yellow 1. C. Bona-nox.
Corolla rose -purple, stamens included, seeds
black . 2. C. muricatum.

1. C. Bona-nox, #oj. Sort. Maurit. 227; Prain Beng.Pl. 738. C.
speciosum, Chois. ; Coolce Fl. Bomb. ii. 252 Ipomsea grandiflora, Eoxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 497 ; (not of Lamlc) I. Bona-noy, var. grandiflora F. B. I. iv, 197 ;
Watt. E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 252 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 507. (Moon

fl ower.)

A large scandent twiner. Stems often muricate or almost prickly.
Leaves 3-7 in. long, broadly ovate, acute entire or occasionally Ipbed,
glabrous, thin, base deeply cordate and with rounded auricles,
petioles about as long as the leaves^ Peduncles 2-6 in. long, 1-5
flowered ; pedicels short, stout. Sepals ^ in. long, ovate, the 3 outer ones
abruptly aristate. Corolla white with sometimes greenish bands ;
tube linear, 3-3£ in. long, glabrous within, limb 3-5 in. across.
Stamens exserted. Capsule ovoid-oblong, about 1 in. long, narrowed
upwards. Seeds % in long, glabrous, polished, yellow.

Apparently wild in many places within the area, but found chiefly near
habitations. The flowers expond in the evening and close to wither
on the following morning. DISTRIB. Throughout the warmer parts of
India, also in Ceylon, extending to all tropical countries and often
cultivated. All parts of the plant are used medicinally.

2. C. muricatum, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv, 264, Prain Beng. PL 738. /
Coohe Fl. Bomb. ii. 253. Ipomasa muricata, Jacq. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i, 499; F. B. I. iv, 197:, Watt E.D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 336.

A climbing twiner. Stems often muricate. Leaves 3-6 in. long, broadly
ovate, entire, glabrous, base deeply cordate and with rounded auricles,
petioles about as long as the leaves. Peduncles 1-5-flowered, varying in

CAIOHTCTIOK.] CONVOLVULACEM. 119

length, pedicels, thickened upwards in fruit. Sepals $ in. or more, elliptic
lanceolate, tapering to a point which is shorter in the two inner ones,
Corolla 2-3 in. long, rose-purple ; tube 1-2 in. long, hairy within. Stamens
included. Capsule £-f in- in diam.; 'globose, apioulate. Seeds f in. long,
glabrous, polished, black.

Moradabad (T. Thomson), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), Guna (King)
Flowers Sep. to Nov. DISTBIB. Himalaya from Kangra to Sikkim, up
to 5,000 ft., Bengal, Deccan Hills and Upper Burma, extending to
China and Japan. Often cultivated for the sake of the thickened
pedicels which are eaten.

13. RIVEA, Choisy ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 183.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves cordate, more or less silky beneath
long-petioled. Peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered, or sometimes 7-
flowered ; bracts 2-3, narrow. Sepals ovate or lanceolate-oblong,
subeqnal. Corolla large, white, salver-shaped ; tube narrow, cylindric,
limb with rounded plicate lobes. Stamens included; anthers narrow,
oblong, stra'ght. Ovary 4-celled, ovules 4, style filiform ; stigmas
2, linear-oblong. Fruit subglobose, dry, indehiscent or opening
irregularly, often 1-celled from the absorption of the septa. Seeds
1-4, glabrous, surrounded by mealy pulp. — Species about 10, three
in India and the rest S. American.

Sepals ovate, obtuse, peduncles usually

1-flowered, leaves rarely broader than long . 1. E. hypcerateriformis*
Sepals lanceolate, acute, peduncles usually 7-

flowered, leaves usually broader than long . 2. R. ornata.

B. hypocrateriformis, Chois. Convol. Or. 408; F. B. I. iv, 184, Watt
E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 506 ; Train Beng. PI. 739 ; Coolce Fl.
Bomb, ii, 254 ; Brandis Ind. Trees. 484. Lettsomia Bona-nox, Roxb
Fl. Ind. i, 494. L. uniflora, Roxb. I. c. 495. Argyreia uniflora, Sweet;
Brandis For. Fl. 342.— -Vern. Phang (Bundelkhand). The " Midnapore"
or "Clove- scented creeper".

A large climbing shrub. Stems of old plants often very stout ; bark grey,
thin. Young shoots silky-pubescent. Leaves l£-2£ in. long, rarely
broader than long, orbicular, obtuse, emarginate, mucronate, usually
broadly cordate at the base, glabrous or nearly so above, appressedly
silky hairy beneath, basal nerves 5-7 ; petioles £-2 in- long, with an obs-
cure gland on each side of the apex, flower* pure-white, clove-scented j
peduncles short, usually 1-flowered ; pedicels very short, in the axils
of linear deciduous bracts. Sepals i in. long, ovate elliptic, obtuse,
silky-hairy. Corolla 2^-3 in. long, tube very lonjr, limb up to 2 in.
across, glabrous or sparsely hairy outside. Fruit $ in. in diam.,
globose, tipped with the persistent base of the style, brown, glabrous,,
polished. Seeds 1-4.

120 COXVOLVULACE^. [RiviA.

Often met with within the area, especially in the forest tracts of
Mervvara and Bundelkhand. Flowers during the rainy season.
DISTBIB. Plains of Punjab, Bajputana and Sind to the Deccan, and
from A.ssam and Bengal to S. India. The pure-white clove-scented
flowers open at sunset and close and wither the next morning. The
leaves and young shoots are eaten as a vegetable.

2. R. ornata, Chois. Convol. Or. 409; Royle 111.307 (not of F. B. I.)/
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 506 ; Prain Beng. PI. 739. R. ornata, var*
Oriffithii. Clarke in F. B.~ I. iv, 183. Lettsomia ornata, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i, 496. Argyreia ornata, Sweet ; Brandis For. Fl. 343,

large spreading shrub. Stems subherbaceous, hardly ever twining.
Leaves 3-6 in. long, usually broader than long, orbicular or reniform,
obtuse, somewhat emarginate and often apiculate at the apex,
rather silky beneath, lobes rounded ; petioles shorter than
the leaves, with a greenish gland on either side of the apex.
Peduncles as long as the petioles, usually 7-flowered, bracts lanceolate.
Flowers white, fragrant. Sepals about fin. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
thick, silky-hairy outside, persistent. Corolla-tube 2-3 in. long, limb
about 2-2j in. in diam. Berry oblong, pointed, 1-celled. Seeds usually
solitary.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik Range. Flowers during the rainy season.
DISTRIB. Eastwards to N. Bengal and the Sikkim Terai. The
flowers open at sunset and wither on the following morning. The
so called R. ornata of S. India is a separate species. A more correct
name for this plant of N. India would be R. Roxburghii, Prain. (See
Prain in Nov. Ind. viii, 89.

14. ARGYREIA, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 184.

Climbing, rarely suberect shrubs. Leaves ovate-cordate to narrow -
lanceolate, pubescent or silky beneath. Flowers showy, purplo or
rose, rarely white, usually in many-flowered cymes, often capitate,
bracts usually conspicuous. Sepals herbaceous, leathery, slightly
enlarged in fruit, often red within. Corolla funnel-shaped; limb
plicate, more or less hairy outside, shortly lobed. Stamens included ;
anthers obloug, straight. Disk annular. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled,
style filiform ; stigmas 2, globose. Fruit a dry hard berry.
Seeds 4 or fewer, embedded in mealy pulp. — Species about 30, in
Trop. Asia and Africa.

Of the 25 species described in the Fl. Brit. Ind. mone are indigenous
within the area of this flora. One, however, deserves mention, viz.

' A. speciosa, Sweet (Lettsomia nervosa, Roxb.), from its abundance in
Dehra Dun as a naturalized escape. It is a large woody climber.
Stems stout and densely clothed with white tomentum. Leaves 4-12

AEGYEEIA] COXVOLVULACEM. 121

in. long, ovate, cordate, acute, glabrous above and persistently
white-tomentose beneath. The deep rose-coloured flowers which open
during the rainy season, are arranged in subcapitate cymes, peduncles
3-6 in. long ; bracts large, foliaceous, ovate, acuminate, deciduous,
pedicels and calyx white-tomentose. Corolla 2^ in. long, tubular-
funnel-shaped, the bands silky-pubescent outside, limb 2 in. in diam.
This plant is known as the " Elephant creeper " (Vern. Samandar-sok,)
and is often cultivated for its handsome flowers and foliage. . It is
regarded as wild in Bengal.

15. LETTSOMIA, Roxb. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 191.

Scandent more or less hairy shrubs. Leaves cordate or ronnded
at the base. Flowers in axillary peduncled densely corymbose cr
capitate cymes, bracts usually conspicuous. Sepals orbicular or
elliptic, often thickened or somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla
usually pink, funnel-shaped, limb plicate, lobes shallow. Stamens
included or exserted; anthers oblong or linear, straight (not twisted).
Disk annular or cupular. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, style filiform,
stigmas 2, globose. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seeds 4 or fewer,
embedded in mealy pulp. — Species about 40, in S.-E. Asia and in
Trop. Africa. — Hardly separable generically from Argyreia.

I lowers sessile in compact pedunculate heads,
bracts spathulate-oblong . . . . 1. L. TTiomsoni.

Flowers pedicelled (in dense corymbose cymes,
bracts broadly ovate 2. L. setosa.

1. L. Thomson!, Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 198 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 252 .
Brandis Ind. Trees 486. Argyreia capitata, Brandis For. Fl. 343 (not of
Chois.)

A large climber. Stems sparsely villous. Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate
lanceolate, cordate, sparsely strigose on both sides, petioles 2-in. long.
Flowers sessile, in compact peduncled heads, peduncles 2-5 in. long ;
bracts £-£ in. long, spathulate-oblong, sparsely villous, deciduous or
sometimes sub-persistent. Sepals longer than the bracts, ovate, acute,
densely clothed with soft fulvous hairs, in fruit coriaceous and
somewhat enlarged. Corolla nearly 2 in. long, rose-purple, hairy
outside. Capsule usually 4-2-seeded.

Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun and the Siwalik range to N. Oudh.
Flowers May to October. DISTRIB. Outer Himalayan ranges from
Kasauli to Sikkim ascending to 4,000 ft.

122 CONVCLVULACE&. [LETTSOMIA.

2. L. setosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13 ; Fl. Ind. i, 490 ; F. B. I. iv, 194 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 742 ; Coo'ke Fl. Bomb, ii, 260 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 486 >
Argyreia setosa, Chois. ; Brandts For. Fl. 344.

A large climber, "branches strigose when young. Leaves 3-6 in- long,
ovate-cordate, apnta or acuminate, sparsely hirsute on both sides,
becoming sometimes glabrous in age, petioles 1-3 in. long. Flowers in
dense hairy corymbose cymes ; peduncles 2-8 in. long, stout, strigose ;
bracts about £ in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, strigose, deciduous.
Sepals % in. long, suborbicular, thick, fleshy and densely strigose,
somewhat enlarged in fruit, the 2 inner with membranous margins.
Corolla rose-coloured, about 1 in. long, upper portion as well as the
bands densely setose outside. Stamens included, filaments dilated and
hairy at the base. Berry f in. long, ovoid, subacute, red, succulent,
usually 4-2-seeded.

Forests of Bundelkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers November to January.
DISTRIB. Southwards from Mount Abu and Chota Nagpur to Central
and S. India and Geylon, extending to Upper and Lower Burma.

Aniseia uniflora, Chois.', Coo'ke Fl. Bomb, ii, 232. A martinicensis,

Prain Beng. PI. 727. Ipomsea uniflora, E. $ S. ; F. B.Liv,201.- ±
glabrescent twining herb with creeping stems. Leaves petioled, oblong,
obtuse, entire. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Outer sepals larger
than the inner and decurrent on the pedicel. Corolla white, cam-
panulate, hairy on the bands outside. Ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2,
capitate. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds 4, with a fringe of hairs round the
margin.— Eecorded by Edgeworth as'growing in hedges in Bundelkhand.
There are no Bundelkhand specimens in the Kew Herbarium, and
there is much doubt as to the plant being indigenous within the area
of this flora. DISTRIB. Nepal, Assam, E. Bengal, Chota Nagpur and
S. Konkan to S. India and Ceylon ; also in the Malay Peninsula, extend-
ing to most tropical countries.

"Quamoclit Phoenicia, Chois.; Prain Beng. PI. 737. Q. coccinea, Coo'ke in Fl.
Bomb, ii, 261. Ipomsea phcenicia, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. i, 502. I. coccinea.
Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 199. — A subscandent herb with weak stems. Leaves
petioled, ovate-cordate, acute, entire or lobed, glabrous. Flowers in
axillary lax cymes, pedicels erect. Corolla salver -shaped, crimson orange
or yellow. Stamens exserted. Capsule 4-celled. — Cultivated and quasi-
wild within the area and throughout the warmer parts of India. Intro-
duced from Trop. America, and now widely spread over S. E. Asia.

Q. pinnata, Boj.; Prain Beng. PL 738. Q. vulgaris, Chois.; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 261. Ipomaea Quamoclit, Linn. ; F. B. I. iv, 199.— This differs
from the preceding in having the leaves pinnately divided into many
filiform segments. The flowers are bright red or occasionally white. —
Very common in gardens within the area and throughout India, also in
a semi-wild condition. It is a native of Trop. America and is now
widely spread in the warmer parts of the Old World.

SOLANUM.] SOLANACE&. 123

LXXVIII— SOLANACEJE.

Herbs, shrubs or rarely small trees. Leaves alternate, often in
unequal pairs, rarely clustered, never opposite, entire lobed or pin-
natisect, stipules none. Flowers regular or rarely 2-lipped, usually
hermaphrodite, very rarely dioecious, arranged in terminal or
lateral axillary or extra-axillary cymes, or on solitary or clustered
pedicels, bracts and bracteoles none. Calyx inferior, limb
usually 5-lobed or -toothed, persistent and often much enlarged in
fruit. Corolla funnel-shaped, campanulate or rotate, often plicate ;
lobes 5, rarely 10, or the limb subentire. Stamens on the corolla-
tube, 5, or fewer in zygomorphic flowers : anthers dehiscing by
apical pores or longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, or imperfectly 1- or
4-celled, rarely 3-5-celled ; style linear, stigma capitate or shortly
lobed ; ovules usually many, on prominently peltate placentas.
Fruit a berry or a circumscissile or valved usually 2-celled capsule.
Seeds many, compreseed or subreniform, embryo (in the indige-
nous British Indian genera) curved — Sprcies about 1,400, in tropical
and subtropical regions of the world, but chiefly in Central and
South America.

Fruit a berry : —

Corolla rotate or campanulate, lobes plicate in
bud:—

Anthers connivent in a cone, dehiscing by apical
pores ; calyx small ...... 1. SOLANUM.

Anthers not connivent, dehiscing longitudinally ;

calyx much enlarged in fruit . . . 2. PHYSALIS.
Corolla urceolate, lobes valvate.in bud, calyx accre-
scent 3. WITHANIA.

Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes imbricate in bud, calyx

not enlarging in fruit 4. LTCIUM.

Fruit a capsule 5. DATUBA.

I. SOLANUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 229.

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes subscandent, rarely small trees, unarmed
or prickly. Leave* alternate, or subopposed in unequal pairs,
entire lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers in dichotomous racemose
lateral or terminal cymes. Calyx 5- or 10-lobed, rarely 4-lobed or
subentire ; accrescent or not in fruit. Corolla rotate, rarely cam-
panulate, tube short ; limb usually 5-lobed, plicate in bud. Stamens
5, rarely 4 or 6, attached to the corolla-throat, nlaments short, anthers
oblong, often narrowed upwards, connivent in a cone, opening by
terminal pores or short slits. Ovary 2-celle<2, rarely (iu cultivated

124 SOLANACE&. [SOLANUM.

forms) 3-4-eelled, style columnar, stigma small. Fruit a globose
or elongated berry. Seeds many, discoid, embryo peripheric. —
Species about 800, chiefly in S. America.

Unarmed : —

A small usually glabrous herb with white
flowers . . . . • . 1. 8. nigrum.

A shrub or small tree densely clothed with grey

01 yellowish stellate tomentum . . . 2. 8. verbascifolium.
Armed: —

A very prickly diffuse bright-green herb with
purple flowers . . . . . . 3. 8. xanthocarpum.

Shrubs or under shrubs :—
Flowers bisexual, in racemose extra-axillary
cymes . . . . . • . 4. 8. indicum.

Peduncles lateral, paired, one bearing a soli-
tary fertile flower, the other a raceme of
males . . . . - . . 5. 8. incanum.

1. S, nigrum, Linn. 8p. PI. 186 ; Royle 111. 279 ; F. B. I. iv, 229 ; Watt
E.D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 341 ; Prain Beng. PI. 745 ; CooTce Fl. Bomb, ii, 263
S. rubrum, Mill.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i> 565.— Vern. Makoi> (Black Night
shade.)

An erect nearly glabrous annual with much branched and somewhat
angular stems. Leaves petioled, l-3£ in. long, ovate or oblong, sinuate-
toothed or lobed, petioles about f in. long. Flowers small, drooping-
Bubumbellate on rather stout extra-axillary peduncles £-J in. long ;
pedicels 5-8, slender, £ in. long. Calyx i in. long, 5-toothed, glabrous or
sparsely puberulous ; teeth small, oblong, obtuse. Corolla white, rarely
purple, | in. in diam., divided to below the middle into 5 oblong
sabacute lobes, glabrous outside. Filaments hairy at the base. Ovary
globose, glabrous, style hairy towards the base. Berry % in. in diam.,
supported by the saucer-shaped calyx, black, less often red or yellow,
smooth and shining. Seeds yellow, minutely pitted.

A common weed, especially in cultivated ground. Flowers chiefly during
the cold season in the plains. DISTBIB. : Throughout India and up to
9,000 ft. on the W. Himalaya ; also in Afghanistan, Baluchistan and in
all temperate and tropical regions of the world. The berries and juice
are used medicinally, and the leaves and young shoots are eaten as
spinach.

2. S. verbascifolium, Linn. 8p. PL 184 ; Eoyle. 111. 279 ; F. B. I. iv,
230 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 253 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 508 ;
Collett Fl. Siml. 342 ; Prain Beng. PL 746 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 263 ;
Brandis Ind. Trees 489. S. pubescens, Roxb. FL Ind. 564. S. erianthum,
Don Prod. 96. — Vern. Aseda (Bijnor), ban-tamdku (Dehra Dun).

A tall erect unarmed shrub or small tree, densely tomentose with
yellowish or grey scurfy stellate hairs. Leaves 4-8 in. long, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, softly pubescent above, densely
woolly beneath, thickly herbaceous ; base usually acute, sometimes

SOLANUM.] SOLANACE&. 125

rhomboid or rounded, main lateral nerves about 8 pairs, petiole
1-.2 in. Flowers many, densely clustered in woolly 2-chotomous corym-
bose subterminal cymes ; peduncles erect, stout, 1-4 in. long ; pedicels
fc-f in. long, stout. Calyx i in. long, densely stellate-tomentose,
enlarged in fruit but shorter than the berry ; teeth triangular, acute.
Corolla white, £ in. across, stellate-hairy outside ; lobes £ in. long, acute.
Ovary hairy, style glabrous. Berry % in. in diam., globose, yellow.
Seeds minutely dotted.

Dehra Dun, Siwalik range and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand
and N. Oudh ; also in Bundelkhand and in other parts of the area,
frequently met with in hedges near villages. Flowers during the
greater portion of the year.— DISTRIB. : Throughout India in the
tropical and sub-tropical zones and up to 3,000 ft. on the Himalaya ;
also in Ceylon, extending to the Nicobar Islands, Malaya, N. Australia
and N. America. The roots, leaves and fruit are used in native
medicine1, and in S. India the plant is said to be cultivated for its fruit
which is eaten.

3. S. xanthocarpum, Schrad. $ Wendl. Sert. i, 8, t. 2 ; F. B. I. iv,
236; Watt E.D. Collett Fl. Siml. 343; Prain Beng. PI. 746 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 265. S. diffusum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 568. S. Jacquini, Willd.
Roxb. FL Ind. i, 569 ; Royle III. 279.— Vern. Kateli.

A very prickly bright-green perennial herb, young parts stellate tomen-
tose Stem flexuose, woody at the base ; branches many, armed with
compressed straight or somewhat curved yellow glabrou? shining
prickles up to £ in. long. Leaves 2-4 in long, ovate or elliptic, sinuate or
subpinnatifid, rounded and unequal-sided at the base, clothed especially
beneath with stellate hairs, ultimately glabrous, the midrib and often
the main lateral nervesiarmed with long straight yellow spines, petioles
up to 1 in. long. Flowers few, in extra-axillary shortly peduncled cymes
or solitary ; pedicels curved, stellately hairy. Calyx •£-£ in. long,
densely stellate-hairy and prickly ; lobes linear-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla bluish-purple, 1 in. in diam ; lobes acute, hairy outside. Fila-
ments glabrous. Ovary ovoid, glabrous as also the style. Berry £-£ in.
in diam., yellow or white streaked with green. Seeds glabrous.

Abundant within the area by roadsides and on waste ground. Flowers
during the greater part of the year. DISTRIB.: Throughout India,
ascending to 7,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; also in Ceylon, extending to
Malaya, Trop. Australia and Polynesia. All parts of the plant are
used as ingredients of native medicines, and tha fruits are said to be
sometimes eaten.

4. S. indicum, Linn. Sp. Pi 187 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 570; Royl&
III. 279 ; F. B. I. iv. 234 ; Watt E.D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 273; Gambit
Man. Ind. Timb. 507 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 342 ; Prain Beng. PI. 746 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 266 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 489.— Vern. Bhut-kataia.

An erect very prickly undershrub, 1-6 ft. high ; prickles large, compressed
at the base, usually somewhat curved. Stem stout, often tinged with
purple, the branches minutely stellate-hairy. Leaves 2-6 in. long,

126 SOLANACE^. [SOLANDM.

ovate, acute, subentire or sinuate-lob ed, cuneate or truncate at the
base and often unequal-sided, sparsely prickly and stellate-pubescent
on both sides, the upper surface with also a few bulbous-based hairs.
Flowers in extra-axillary racemose cymes ; peduncles and pedicels
short, clothed with grey stellate pubescence and sometimes prickly.
Calyx 5-tpothed, about 5 in. long, sometimes with a few straight
slender spines, teeth triangular. Corolla blue, rotate, f-1 in. in diam.;
with purple stellate hairs outside ; lobes £ in. long, broadly triangular,
Berry % in. in diam., globose, orange- yellow when ripe, usually gla-
brous, supported by the scarcely altered calyx. Seeds ± in. in diam.,
minutely dotted.

Common within the area on waste ground. DISTRIB : Throughout India,
ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; also in Ceylon and extending
to Malaya, China and the Philippines. The roots and berries are used
in native medicine, and the latter as a vegetable in some parts of
India. Allied to the above is S. torvum, Swartz, a common plant in
Bengal. It is less prickly and has white flowers and larger berries, and
may very possibly occur within this area.

5. S. incanum, Linn. Sp. PL 188; Coo'ke Fl. Bomb, ii, 267 ; S
coagulans, For sic. Fl. JLgypt.-Arab. 46; F. B. I. ivt 236 ; Watt E. D. Vern.
Asind (Merwara).

A stiff prickly shrub, densely clothed with soft yellowish stellate
pubescence ; prickles stout, recurved, shining above, broad and usually
tomentose at the base. Leaves petioled, 34£ in. long, ovate-elliptic
sinuate or lobed, stellate-tomentose above with soft fulvous hairs,,
densely woolly beneath, midrib and sometimes the lateral nerves with
scattered prickles, base subcordate or truncate, rarely cuneate, petioles
prickly. Peduncles lateral, usually in pairs, one bearing a solitary
fertile flower, the other a raceme of males. Calyx densely stellate-
hairy, -3- in. long, usually prickly in the fertile flowers ; lobes trian-
gular, acute. Corolla blue, under f in. long, stellate-hairy on both
sides. Filaments glabrous. Ovary globose, hairy at the summit, style
hairy below. Berry about 1 in. in diam.; ovoid or subglobose, yellow.
Seeds minutely pitted.

Siwalik range (Eoyle), Merwara (Duthle). Flowers Jan.-May. DISTRIB. :
Punjab Plain and eastwards to the bhdbar and lower hills of Kumaon
ascending to 4,000 ft.; also in S. India extending to Baluchistan,
Arabia Egypt and to Tropical and S. Africa. The fruit is said to be
eaten by natives either raw or pickled. This plant is more rigid and
more tomentose than S. Melongena, and the tomentum is usually
tinged with yellow ; the calyx-tube is often strongly spinous, and the
deeply divided corolla is more densely hairy outside.

SOLANUM MELONGENA, L. The Egg-plant or Brinjal (Vern. Baigan or
baingan} is largely cultivated within the area and in all warm countries.
It is not truly wild in India, and its native country is not quite certain.
DeCandolle regarded it as a native of Asia, and not of America, whilst
others believed it to have come from Arabia. Many distinct forms or

PHISALIS.] SOLANACEM. 127

races are recognized according to the shape or colour of the fruit. The
plant is more or less prickly according to the nature of the soil. In rich
garden soil the prickles almost or entirely disappear. When cultivated
as a field crop it becomes rather prickly, and very much so as an escape,
under which conditions the peduncles bear 3-4 small and usually roun-
dish fruits. Prain mentions two varieties : 1. ESCULENTA (8. longum,
Roxb.), a stout prickly herb with the fruit always cylindrical, and, accor-
ding to Roxburgh, a distinct species ; and 2. INSANA, (8. insanum,
Roxb ) which is a very prickly herb found in a semi-wild state near
villages. Its fruit is quite round, and the fruiting peduncles usually
bear more than one. The fruit of the egg-plant is always eaten cooked.
Its value as a vegetable is increased by its coming into season during
the autumn months when other kinds are scarce. The leaves possess
narcotic properties, and the seeds are regarded as stimulant. See also
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 556 ; D. C. VOrig. PL Cult. 229. Field and Qard. ; Crops
N. W. Prov. and Oudh,part Hi, 31, t. 95 ; F. B. I. iv, 235 ; Watt B. D.-t
Comm. Prod. Ind. ; Prain Beng.Pl. 146 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 269.

SOLANTJM TUBEROSUM, Linn. The Potato. Vern. Alu. A native of tem-
perate regions in S. America. Introduced into Europe during the six-
teenth century it reached India in the early portion of the seven-
teenth century. Largely cultivated within the area of this flora and on
the neighbouring parts of the Himalaya. Acclimatized varieties are sown
in the plains from about the middle of September, and the hill kinds
and those imported from Europe later on. For further information,
see DC. L'Orig. PI. Cult, 36 ; F. $ G. Crops N. W. Prov. and Ondh, part
tu, 25 : Watt E.D.; Comm. Prod. India .

2. PHYSALIS Linn. ; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 238.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, sinuate or
shortly lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicelled. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-fid., much enlarged in fruit and loosely enclosing the berry;
teeth small, connivent. Corolla campanulate, lurid-yellow, often
with purple spots near the base. Stamens 5, attached near the
base of corolla ; anthers oblong, shorter than the filaments, dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, style linear, stigma obscurely
2-lobed. Fruit a globose berry. Seeds many or few, compressed,
smooth or faintly tuberculate, embryo peripheric. — Speciea about 30,
mostly tropical American.

P. minima, Linn. Sp. PL 183 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 563 ; F. B. I. tv,
23S; Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl. 8iml. 343; 'Prain Beng. PI. 750 ; Cook
FL Bomb, ii, 270.— Vern. Ban-tipariya.

Annual. Stem erect, 6-18 in. high, striate, more or less pubescent and
often viscid. Leaves petioled, thin, 1-2| in. long, ovate, acute, sinuate-
toothed or almost lobei, more or less pubescent, base cuneate, petioles
about 1 in. long. Flowers solitary, on long slender deflexed pedicels.

128 SOLANACE&. [WITHANIA.

Calyx (in flower) |-^ in., not angular, base truncate ; lobes triangular,
acute, nearly equalling the tube, ciliate. Corolla % in. long, clear

e'low, or with 5 basal spots inside, limb with very short lobes. Kerry
in. in diam., completely enclosed within the enlarged membranous
0-ribbed reticulately-veined calyx. Seeds discoid or reniform,
muriculate, orange-yellow.

Common within the drier portions of the area, usually on waste ground.
Flowers May — Aug. DISTRTB. : Common on the plains of Punjab and
Bengal, and in Peninsular India, also! in Ceylon, and up to 7,000 ft.
on the outer Himalaya, extending to Afghanistan, Baluchistan and to
Tropical Africa and Australia.

VAR. indica, F. B. I. iv, 238 ; Watt E. D. -, Prain Beng. PL 750. P.
indica, Lamk. Encycl. ii, 102. The leaves and fruiting calyx are
glabrescent, and the latter is distinctly 5-angular. The corolla has no
basal spots. Common within the area and throughout India in similar
situations.

P. peruviana, Linn. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 562 ; F. B. I.iv, 238 ; Watt E. D. ;
Prain Beng. PL 750 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 270.— Vern Tipari. A small
shrub, resembling P. minima, but much stouter and with larger
flowers and fruit. It is a native of Trop. America, whence it was
introduced into India and S. Africa, and hence its name of "Cape
Gooseberry " by which it is usually known. The plant is much culti-
vated in India, and the bright amber-coloured fruit is eaten either raw
or cooked.

3. WITHANIA, Pauq. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 239,

Unarmed shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers axillary, sessile or
shortly pedicelled, fascicled or solitary, sometimes poly^amo-dioecious.
Calyx canopanulate, 5- or 6-toothed, enlarged and sub-globose in
fruit. Corolla campanulate ; lobes 3-6, short, valvate in bud.
Stamens attached near the base of the corolla ; anthers oblong,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, style linear, stigma
shortly 2-fid. Fruit a globose berry. Seeds very many, discoid,
embryo peripberic. — Species 4 or 5, from S. Europe to N. Africa and
the Canary Islands, also in W. Asia,

W. somnifera, Dunal in DC. Prod, sciii, pt. 1, 453 ; F.B.I, iv, 239 ;
Watt E.D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 508 ; Prain Beng. PL 750 ; Cooke Fl.
"Bomb, ii, 271 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 490. Physalis somnifera Link ; Eoyle
III. 219 Physalis flexuosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 561. — Vern. Askand,
asind.

An erect branching undershrub up to 5 ft. high, nearly all parts more or
less stellately tomentose ; branches flexuose, terete, densely tomentose.
Leaves petioled, 2-4 in. long, ovate, subacute, base acute ; main lateral
nerves about 6 pairs, prominent, petioles i-^in. long. Flowers greenish
or lurid-yellow, usually about 5 together in subsessile umbelliform

LYCIUM.] SOLANACE&. 129

cymes, pedicels i in. long or less- Calyx (in flower) £ in long, stellate -
tomentose ; teeth linear from a broad base, acute. Corolla § in. long ;
lobes lanceolate, acute, hairy outside. Berry %•% in. in diam., enclosed
in the much enlarged inflated somewhat 5-angled pubescent calyx, red
when ripe.

Abundant within the area in dry situations. DISTRIB. Throughout the
drier portions of India and in Ceylon, extending to Persia, Arabia, the
Mediterranean region, the Canaries and to Trop. and S. Africa. The
roots and other parts of this plant are used medicinally, and the fruit
possesses the same property as that of the allied W. coagulans of coagu-
lating milk. The latter species, known as punirband (Cheese maker),
is found in the drier parts of the Punjab and of Smd, also in Afghanistan
and Baluchistan, and is very generally employed as a substitute for
rennet.

4. LYCIUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 240.

Spinous shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves sm;ill, alternate or often
fascicled at the nodes, entire, linear-terete or flat. Pedicels usually
solitary, rarely fascicled at the nodes, flowers small. Calyx
campanulate, at first 5-merous, then 3-5 lobed or 2-lipped, not or
slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla funnel-shaped ; lobes 5 or 4,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 5 or 4, on the corolla-tube ; anthers
oblong, exserted or included, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-
celled, style filiform, stigma subcapitate. Fruit a small globose or
oblong berry. Seeds several few or solitary, compressed, embryo
peripheric.— Species abont 50, in temperate and sub-tropical regions,
especially in S. Africa and S. America.

L. europeeum, Linn. 8p. PL 192 ; Royle UL 279 ; Brandis For. PL 345 ;

Ind. Trees 490 ; F. E. I. iv, 240 ; Watt E.D.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.

508.— -Vern. Achmehndi (Ajinere), Chirchitta (Delhi).

A glabrous thorny shrub, sometimes pubescent when young. Leaves
^-l in. long, linear-oblong or oolanceolate. Flowers white or pale-
purple, £ in. long, solitary, on slender pedicels which are shorter
than the flowers. Calyx % in. long, teeth rarely less than five. Corolla
% in. long, tube cylindrical, gradually widening upwards and somewhat
curved ; lobes less than half the length of the tube, rounded. Filaments
glabrous at the base, anthers almost included. Berry % in. in diam.,
sub-globose, yellow or red. Seeds many.

Found in Merwara and Eajputana. Flowers Oct. to March. DISTRIB. :
Abundant in the Punjab plain, Sind and Gujarat ; also in Afghanistan,
Baluchistan and Persia, extending through W. Asia to the N. African
and Mediterranean coasts and to the Canaries. In Europe and W. Asia
the flowers are usually purplish. The berries are eaten by natives,
and camels and goats feed on the branches. The wood affords fuel
and is used also in the construction of wattled frames for the walls
of huts.

130 SOLANACE&. [DATURA.

5. DATURA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 242.

Coarse rank shrub-like herbs, glabrous or minutely pubescent.
Leaves large, entire sinuate or deeply toothed. Flowers large,
solitary, pedicelled, purple or white. Calyx long, tubular, herbaceous,
5-toothed, circumscissile above the base in fruit. Corolla long,
funnel-shaped, mouth wide ; limb plicate, entire or shortly 5- or 10-
lobed. Stamens attached near the base of the corolla-tube, filaments
filiform ; anthers included, linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
2 or spuriously 4-celled, style filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Fruit an
ellipsoid 4-celled usually spinons capsule, 4-valved or irregularly
bursting near the apex. /Seeds very many, compressed, rugose,
embryo peripheric. — Species about 35, widely distributed in the
temperate and tropical regions of the world. — For historical and
economic information regarding the different species see Bentley
and Trimen Med. PL and Watt's Commercial Products of India.

Capsule deeply 4-valved, erect; corolla 5-too the d.
?-•' (§ Stramonium) :—

Flowers white . . . . . . 1. D. Stramonium.

Flowers purple or blue 2. D. Tatula..

Capsule opening irregularly near the apex, reflexed
or spreading (Wutra) : —

Whole plant densely clothed with greyish -
green tomentum, corolla white, 10-toothed ;
capsule globose, reflexed, covered with
long slender spines . . . . . 3. D. Metel.

Plant glabrous or minutely pubescent, corolla
5-toothed, usually purplish outside; capsule
reflexed, covered with blunt tubercles . 4. D. fastuosa.

Plant glabrous or nearly so, calyx and corolla
puberulous outside, corolla 5-toothed, white
or cream-coloured ; capsule spreading,
covered with sharp spine a . . . .5. alba.

1. D. Stramonium, Linn. 8p. PI. 179; F. B. I. iv, 242 ; Watt, E. D.;
Oomm. Prod. Ind. 488; Oollett Fl. Siml. 344.— Thorn -Apple.

A coarse annual. 2-4 ft. high, glabrous or farinose-puberulous. Leaves
stalked, about 7 in. long, ovate, deeply toothed or sinuate, pale-green.
Calyx 1-lf in. ; lobes i in long, ovate-laneeolata. Corolla 3-6 in. long,
white, 1-8 in. in diam. ; lobes 5, cuspidate. Capsule erect, ovoid,
deeply 4-valved, covered with rigid long and short prickles surrounded
below by the enlarged reflexed base of the calyx.

DATDEA.] SOLANACE&. 131

Occasionally met with as an alien in the Sub-Himalayan districts also in
Merwdra. DISTRIB. Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim up to 8,000
ft. ; also in the hilly districts of Central and S. India, and generally
throughout the temperate and warmer regions of the world. It occurs
in Britain as a casual weed. DeOandolle regarded the plant as having
come originally from the countries bordering the Caspian, and to have
entered India, by way of Persia and Afghanistan. The Himalayan
form has been referred to D. Wallichii, Dun., which is a taller plant
more canescent and with larger flowers.

2. D. Tatula, Linn. 8p. PI. 256; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 76.
D. Stramonium var. Tatula, D.C.;F. B. I. iv, 242 ; Watt, E. D. ; Comm.
Prod. India; Prain Beng. PL 750; Collett Fl. 8iml. 344.

Similar in many respects to D. Stramonium, but the stems are more
branching and usually tinged with purple ; the leaves are more
sharply toothed and they are often cordate at the base ; the flowers
are larger and bluish or purple in colour, and the longer prickles of
the capsule are more of one size.

The distribution of this species in India is like that of the preceding.
Ifc is found at Simla and in other parts of the Himalaya, also near
villages in the Sub-Himalayan tracts and in the hilly districts further
south. Believed by DeCandolle and others to be a native of Central
America. In Britain it is known as a casual weed, and it has been
introduced into Australia.

3. D. Mtetel, Linn. 8p. PL 179; F. B.I. iv, 243; Watt, E. D.; Comm.
Prod. Ind.; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 273..

Whole plant densely clothed with greyish tomentum. Stem erect, 3-4 ft
high, stout, herbaceous, terete. Leaves 6-8 in. long, ovate-lanceolate or
broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, unequal at the base and often cordate,
entire or repand-dentate, densely tomentose on both surfaces and
generally glandular, petioles 2|-3£ in. long ; peduncles at first erect,
afterwards nodding. Calyx about 3 in. long, inflated towards the
middle, persistent and reflexed in fruit ; teeth lanceolate, acuminate,
unequal. Corolla about twice as long as the calyx, white tinged with
green below, pubescent outside, limb 10-toothed. Capsule globose,
nodding, covered with long rather slender spines.

I have seen no record of this plant having been found within the limits
of this flora, though probably occurring near habitations in the Sub-
Himalayan tracts. It is found not infrequently in Kashmir and in
other parts of the North-West Himalaya. It is not uncommon in S.
Europe, but it is supposed to have originally spread from S. America
to all other parts of the w^rld. It is regarded in India as being the
moat poisonous of all the species of Datura, and for this reason it is
much resorted to for criminal purposes. The plant is at once recog-
nized by the characters given above.

132 SOLAKACE<ffi. [DATURA.

4. D. fastuosa, Linn. Byst. ed. x, 932 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. -i, 561 ; F. B.I. iv.
242; Watt ti. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. ; Coliett Fl. Siml. 344; Prain Beng.
PI. 751 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, n, 273.— Vern. Kola dhutra, Kdla dhatura.

Glabrous or slightly puberulous. Stem erect, 4-5 ft. high, woody
below; branches zigzag, purplish and with scattered white spots.
Leaves up to 8 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate or repand-
dentate, base unequally cuneate. Flowers erect, often double when
cultivated. Calyx about 2 in. long ; teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate ; base persistent and reflexed in fruit. Corolla violet or
purplish outside, white within, limb 5-plicate and 5-angled, folds long-
cuspida^e. Capsule nodding, dehiscing irregularly, covered with stout
tubercles.

Throughout India, in gardens and on waste ground, often appearing as if
wild This is the species most commonly met with in the hotter parts
of this country. It is found also in Africa and throughout the tropics
of both hemispheres.

5. D. alba, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. vvii 73 ; Wight Ic. 852 ; Dun. in
D.C. Prod, xiiiy pt. 1, 542. D. Metel, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 561 (non Linn.).
D. fastuosa, var. alba, Clarke in F B. I. iv, 243 ; Watt E.D, j Comm. Prod.
India ; Prain Beng. PI. 751 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 273.— Hummatu.
Rheede Hort. Mai. ii, 47, t. 28 ; Rumph. Herb. Amb. r, 242, t. 87, fig. 1.—
Vern. Dhatura.

Stem 5-6 ft. high, herbaceous or slightly woody below. Leaves stalked,
6-7 in. long, ovate, acuminate, repand-dentate, unequal at the base,
glabrous, bright-green. Flowers white or cream-coloured, erect, shortly
stalked. Calyx about 1£ in. long, deeply 5-toothed ; teeth triangular-
lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla 4£-5 in. long, 5-plicate, puberulous out-
side, limb obscurely 5-lobed, lobes cuspidate1. Capsule globose, spread-
ing or nodding, aculeate.

Dr. T. Thomson's Moradabad specimen at Kew, obtained from a garden
is the only one I have seen which represents the species as occurring
within the limits of this flora, although doubtless it exists in other
localities. DISTRIB. : Common in Bengal and throughout India in
gardens, as well as in waste ground near villages, flowering and pro-
ducing fruit all through the year. It is found in Hongkong, and
according to Bentham is probably of Asiatic origin. The seeds are
described as intensely narcotic, and as being used both medicinally
and for criminal purposes.

Datura suaveolens, H. & B. (Brugmansia suaveolens, G. Don) A
handsome shrubby plant with large white fragrant flowers. It is often
grown in the gardens of both natives and Europeans, and is usually
known as the ''trumpet Iflower." It is a native of Mexico.

LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENT UM, Mill, is the Tomato or Love-apple. Vern.
Vilayati baigan. It is extensively cultivated in gardens throughout
India, both on the hills and in the plains, and is occasionally found as
an escape. It came originally from Peru. See Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 565
(Solanum); DC. L'Orig. PI. Cult. 231; F. B.I.iv,237; Watt JE. D. ;
Prain Beng. PI. 743 / Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 275.

CAPSICUM.]

SOLANACE^.

133

CAPSICUM, Linn. This genus contains the various forms of Chillies and
Bed and Yellow Peppers so widely cultivated in India and other tropical
countries. It is indigenous in S.^America and is believed to have been
introduced into India about the middle of the seventeenth century. The
very large number of cultivated forms, many of which were previously
recognized as distinct species, have by recent authors been reduced to
the two original Linnean species : C. annuum and G. frutescens, the one
an annual and the other a perennial. Moreover, there is some
probability that these two may have originated from a single very
variable S. American species ; for, as Praiu remarks, the forms of
C. annuum are often not truly annual in the tropics, and in temperate
regions the perennial tropical forms rarely persist for more than one
season. (See Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol. Ixxiv, part 2, extra
number (1905), 335 ; Beng. PI 747; Cooke Fl Bomb, ii, 276 ; DC. L'Orig.
PL Cult. 229 -, P. B. I. iv, 238 ; Watt E.D. ; Comm. Prod. India 264.

The following key, taken from Pram's " Bengal Plants," shows the
distinguishing characters of the varieties or forms of the two now
recognized species as met with in N. India : —

Pedicels solitary, erect or reflexed ; fruit erect, spreading or pendent
usually longer than the pedicel. Annual or perennial plants : —
Flowers white ; berries red, orange or yellow when ripe : —
Fruit not globular : —

Berries tapering, much longer than broad : —

Fruit stout ; flesh thick, usually mildly

pungent ; calyx not enclosing base of

berry .......

Fruit slender ; flesh thin, keenly pungent ;
calyx enclosing base of berry

Berries not or hardly longer than broad,
usually blunt ; calyx not enclosing base of
berry: -

Berries circular in section , flesh thin,
pungent ......

Berries swollen, angular in section, flesh
very thick, hatdly at all pungent

Fruit globular, extremely pungent . . .

Flowers purple ; berries dark-purple, becoming
orange -red, longer than broad, slightly
pungent ; calyx hardly enclosing the base

Pedicels 2 or more, erect ; fruit always erect, red,
shorter than the pedicel, pungent. Perennial
plants with white flowers :—

C. annuum.

C. annuum var.
acuminata.

C. annuum var.
abbreviata.

C. annuum var.

grossa.
C. annuum var.

cerasiforme.

C. annuum Tar.
nigra.

134 SOLANACEJE. [CAPSICUM.

Berries elongate, tapering . . . . 0. frutescens.
Berries globose or nearly so «... C. frutescens var.

baccata.

C. annuum, L., Watt E. D.— A shrubby herb, cultivated sparingly in
gardens of Europeans. It includes the majority of the mild forms of
ohillie usually raised from European seed.

Var acuminata, Fingerh. C. frutescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 574 ; P. B. I.
iv,239; Watt E. jL>.-A shrubby herb, generally cultivated. The
forms with erect fruits are the true Bed and Yellow Chillies ; ttote
with pendent fruits are the Gachh mmch or Lai gach-mirich, Lanka
mirich or Lai lanka ruirich of native cultivators, according as the
fruits are yellow or red. Prain is of opinion that these forms must
have been evolved since C. annuum was first introduced to India,
for in America they are only known as having been raised from
Indian seed.

Var. abbreviata, Fingerh. C. an nuum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 573- Cultivated
sparingly in gardens of Europeans. This includes the majority of
the pungent forms of Chillie usually raised from European seed.

V ar. grossa, Sendt. C. grossum, Roxb Fl. Ind. i, 574; F. B. 1. iv, 239;
Watt E. D. A shrubby herb, cultivated in gardens both European,
and native. Vern. Kaphari miricli. Spanish Pepper.

Var. cerasiformis, Mill. C- cerasiforme, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 574. C. grossum,
var. cerasiformip, F. B. I. iv, 229.— A. shrubby herb, cultivated occa-
sionally in European gardens. Cherry-pepper.

Var. nigra. C. purpureum, Roxb Fl. Ind. i, 574 ; A shrubby herb, cul-
tivated occasionally in native gardens. Purple chillie.

C. frutescens, Linn. C. minimum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 574 ; F. B. L

iv,239; Watt E D. — A much-branched shrub ; cultivated, but not
very extensively ; quite naturalized in waste places. Birds-Eye
Chillie of; Europeans. Vern. Dhan gachh mirich or Dhan lanka
mirich.

Var. baccata Irish. C. minimum, F. B I.iv, 239 in part. — A much-
branched shrub, cultivated occasionally. Brazil pepper or Fimentas.

HYOSCTAMUS NIGER, Linn. (Henbane). Vern. Khar asani-aj wain. A
coarse herb, clothed with viscid hairs ; the flower* lurid-green, veined
with purple. It is wild on the N. Himalaya up to 11,000ft,, and extend&
through W. Asia to Europe and N.Africa. The plant has for many
years been cultivated in the Saharanpur Botanical Garden durirg the
cold season for supplying the medical depots in India with leaves and
extract.

NICOTIANA, Linnt contains the well-known tobacco plant, N.
Tabacum; also a'second species, N. rustica, both of which are cultiv-
ated within the area of this flora. An important monograph of the
genus by Professor Comes of Naples was published in 1899. See also :
F. B. I iv, 245; Watt E.D.: Comrr.. Prod. Ind. 793 ; DC. L' Orig.
Fl. Cult. Ill ; Field and Oard. Crops, N. W. Prov. and Oudh, part i, 69.

NICOTIANA.] SOLANACE^. 135

t.t. xvi Sf xvii ; Prain Beng. PL 752 ; Oooke FL Bomb, ii, 276. N.
rustica differs from N. Tabacum in it 3 smaller stature, its sub-orbicular
leathery leaves, and in the greenish-yellow flowera, the segments of
which are much shorter.

Petunia. Varieties of P. nyctaginiflora, Juss.,and of P. violacea Lindl.
both natives of Argentina, are largely grown in gardens throughout
India. They thrive remarkably well, especially in Upper India, and
are very showy. They appear to hybridize freely, and when self -sown
or as escapes, the colour of the flowera reverts to dull-white, the
characteristic colour of P. nyctaginiflora. The flowers are very
fragrant during the evening, and this is characteristic of P. violacea.

LXXIX.— SCROPHULARIACEJE.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, often semi-parasitic. Leaves all, or
the lower only, opposite, rarely all alternate or whorled, stipules none.
Flowers hermaphrodite, usually more or less irregular ; inflorescence
centripetal or composite. Calyx inferior, usually persistent ; lobes
5, rarely 4. Corolla hypogynous, more or less 2-lipped or sometimes
personate, 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens usually 4, didynamous or sub-
equal, with or without a staminode, rarely 5 or only 2 ; anthers
variously shaped, 1- or 2-celled, the cells distinct or more or less
confluent. Disk annular glandular or cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled,
style simple, stigma capitate or 2-lobed or 2-lamellate ; ovules many,
rarely few or only 2 in each cell, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit
capsular, rarely a berry, placentas on a free central axis or remaining
attached to the margins of the valves. Seeds small, albumen fleshy,
rarely none. — Species about 2,209, in all parts of the world.

Leaves all alternate, corolla sub-rotate :—

Stamens 5 t 1. VERBASCUJI.

Stamens 4 2. CELSIA..

Leaves all opposite or the lower only : —

Corolla spurred or saccate at the base in
front : —

Corolla spurred in front . . . .3. LINARIA.
Corolla saccate in front . . , .4. A.NTIBEHINUM.
Corolla not spurred or saccate at the base in
front, capsule opening by valves :—

Corolla with the upper lip or the 2 upper
lobes outside in bud :—

136

SCR OPHULAEIA CEM.

Corolla elongate, tube cylindric with a
more or less expanded throat, limb
with sub-equal lobes or 2-lipped,
stamen 4 or 2 : —

Stamens 4, inserted within the corolla-
tube : —

Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped; lobes
rounded, sub-equal : —

Anther-cells confluent towards
the apex, divaricate down-
wards, capsule septicidal . . 5. SUTERA.

Anther-cells parallel, contiguous
but distinct, capsule septici-
dal and loculicidal . . .6. MONIERA*

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped : —
Corolla with a 2-gibbous throat :—

Calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed ;
anther-cells confluent, often
1-celled . . . . .7. MIMULUS,

Calyx widely campanulate, 5-
lobed, anther-cells conti-
guous but distinct . . .8. MAZTTS.

Corolla-throat not gibbous, anther-
cells distinct :—

Placentas either separating in
fruit or, if conjoined in a
column, the column not wing-
ed, seeds terete . , .9. STEMODIA.

Placentas always united in a
column which is winged 'by
the remains of the septa, seeds

angular

. 10. LIMNOPHILA.

Stamens 2, perfect, the lower pair
reduced to staminodes, all inserted
within corolla-tube, capsule locu-

licidal

11. DOPATBIUM,

Stamens if 4 the lower pair , if 2 the
staminodes inserted in corolla-
throat, the upper or only perfect
pair inserted in the corolla-tube,
capsule septicidal : —

SCROPRULAEIACE^. 137

Stamens 4 with perfect anthers : —

Calyx winged or keeled, mouth
oblique 12. TORENIA.

Calyx not winged or keeled,
segments equal . . . 13. VANDBLLIA.

The 2 upper stamens only with
perfect anthers, the two lower
reduced to staminodes and
inserted on corolla-throat : —

Leaves with parallel veins,
staminodeg bilobed, capsule
ovate or shortly oblong . . 14. ILYSANTHES.

Leaves pinnate-veined, stami-
nodea entire, capsule linear-
oblong . ... 15. BONN AY A.

Corolla small, tube very short, uniform,
stamens 2, anther-cells diverging at
the base, the tips confluent, capsule
loculicidal. — A minute glabrous
creeping herb 16. GLOSSOSTIQM A.

Corolla with the upper lip or the 2 upper
lobes innermost iu bud or, if corolla-
lobes imbricate as in Scoparia, lobes 4
and stamens 4 : —

Corolla-tube very short, subrotate, throat
narrow: —

Corolla-lobes 4, sub-equal, imbricate,

stamens 4, capsule septicidal . . 17. SCOPABIA.

Corolla-lobes 4 or 5, unequal, one or
both the lateral outermost in bud,
stamens 2, capsule loculicidal . . 18. VERONICA.

Corolla-tube elongate (except in 8opu-
bia) ; lobes 5, the two upper inner-
most in bud ; stamens 4, didy-
namous, capsule loculicidal. — Plants
often parasitic or partially so :—
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed or -fid :—

Corolla-tube straight or nearly so,
lobes subequal . . . .19. BUCHNBBA.

Corolla-tube abruptly incurved at
or about the middle, the 2 upper
lobes smaller . . . .20. STRIGA.

138 SCROPHULARIACE&. [

Calyx spathacecus, compressed, split
in front ; corolla somewhat ventri-
cose at the throat, limb obscurely
2-lipped, anthers with one perfect
and one sessile empty cell . . 21. CENTRANTHERA.

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed or fid.

Corolla tubefunnel-shaped ; tube
Bhort, throat dilated ; anthers
2-celled, one of the cells sterile,
leaves pinnatisect . . .22. SOPUBIA.

Corolla-tube cylirdric, anther-cells
both fertile, leaves toothed . 23. LINDENBERGIA.

1. VERBASCUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 250.

Erect, tomenbose or woolly, usually tall herbs. Leaves all alternate.
Flowers yellow, often tinged with purple or red, rarely white,
arranged in sin pie or panicled terminal racemes or spikes, ebracteate.
Calyx 5-lobed or partite, lobes imbricate. Corolla rotate ; lobes
5, broad, the 2 posterior ones (upper lip) outside in bud. Stamens
5 ; filaments all, or cnly the 3 upper ones, bearded; anthers trans-
verse or oblique, cells confluent. Stjle dilated towards the apex,
stigma simple. Fruit a globose oblong or ovoid capsule, septicidally
2-valved, tbe valves separating from the axis. Seeds many, not
winged, rugose, embryo straight. — Species about 1£0, occurring in
Europe, N. Africa and in Western «nd Central Asia.

V. Thapsus, Linn. Sp. PI. 177; Eoxb. FL Ind. i, 560; F.E.I, iv,
250 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 347. Vern. Gidavtamaku (Jackal's
tobacco), known also by the name " Mullein " in England.

An erect herb, densely clothed with soft greyish-yellow stellate tomen-
tum. Stems usually stout, simple, winged with the prolonged leaf-
bases. Leaves entire or crenate ; radical and lower cauline stalked,
6-18 in. long, ob ovate-lanceolate ; upper oblong, acute or acuminate.
Flowers crowded in a simple terminal woolly spike, 6-10 in. long,
yellow, bracts of ten longer than the flowers. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla
f-1 in. across, concave, woolly outside. Stameiis with 3 of the filaments
clothed with white hairs, the other 2 longer and glabrous. Capsule
ovoid, tomentose.

This species has been collected in Dehra Dun, N. Oudh and in the dis-
tricts of Moradabad and Agra, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers in April.
DISTRIB.: Punjab Plain and throughout the Himalayan ranges from
Bhutan to Kashmir, ascending to 13,000 ft. in N. Kumaon. It is found

VERBASCUM. ] SCROPHULARIACE^E. 139

also in Afghanistan and extends to Britain. The plant has narcotio
properties, and the seeds are sometimes used for stupefying fish.

2. CELSIA, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. i?, 251.

Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, crenate sinuate-
dentate or incised. Flowers in terminal simple or rarely branched
spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-fid., lobes imbricate. Corolla
rotate, tube very short ; lobes 5, broad, somewhat unequal, the upper
outside in bud. Stamens 4, didynarnous or nearly equal, filaments
all woolly ; anthers transverse or oblique, with confluent tips. Ovary
2-celled, ovules many, style entire, stigma compressed, terminal.
Fruit a globose or ovoid septicidally 2-valved capsule, valves usually
2-fid. Seeds many, minute, transversely rugose, not winged. —
Species about 40, extending from VV. Asia to Abyssinia, N. Africa
and S. Europe.

C. coromandeliana, VcM Sumb. Bot. Hi, 79 ; Rwb. PL Ind. Hi, 100 ;
F.B.I, iv, 251] Watt E. D. ; Collett PL. Siml. 347 ; Prain Beng. PI.
757 ; CooTce Pi. Bomb . ii, 281.

An ereot pubescent annual herb. Stem 2-3 ft. high, glandular above.
Radical leaves petioled, crowded, 2-4 in. long, lyrate-pinnatifld ; the
large terminal lobe usually oblong, obtuse, toothed; cauline sessile,
smaller, and passing upwards into bracts, oblong-ovate, cordate, toothed,
hairy on both sides. Flowers in simple or branched terminal
racemes which are 1-2 ft. 1'onsr, pedicels £-£ in. long ; bracts shorter,
ovate. Calyx shorter than the pedicels, deeply divided ; segments
linear-oblong, sabaoute, entire or serrulate. Corolla % inch across,
yellow. Filaments all densely bearded with purple hairs. Capsule
i~k in. in diam., sub-globose, glabrous. Seeds obloag, truncate,
verrucose.

Frequent within the area and often as a weed in cultivated ground, flower-
ing in the plains during the cold season. DISTRIB. : Throughout India
from the Punjab to Ceylon, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya,
extending to Afghanistan, Burma and China. The juice of this plant
is used for dysentery and also as a sedative.

3. LINARIA, Juss.; Fl. Brifc. Ind. iv, 251.

Herbs. Leaves usually opposite, or whorled below and alternate
above. Flowers axillary, solitary or passing into terminal racemes
or spikes with the floral leaves reduced to bracts. Calyx 5-partite,
segments imbricate. Corolla 2-lipped and personate, tube spurred

140 SCKOPRULAEIACE3E. [ LMTABIA.

in front at the base ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading,
3-lobed, throat usnally closed by the tumid palate. Stamens
didynamous, ascending, included ; anther-cells distinct, parallel.
Style filiform, stigma minute. Fruit an ovoid or globose 2-celled,
capsule, each cell or the anterior only opening by an apical pore.
Seeds angled, rugose wingless or discoid and winged. — Species about
150, chiefly in temperate regions of the world.

L. ramosissima, Wall. PI. As. Ear. it, 43, *. 153; Eoyle III. 290;
F. B. I. iv, 251 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 347 ; Prain Beng. PI. 757 ;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 282. Toad-flax.

A glabrous or slightly pubescent perennial herb, often much branched
from the rootstock; branches slender, 1-2 ft. long, usually prostrate and
glabrous. Leaves alternate, petioled, very variable in size and
breadth, glabrous or the lowermost somewhat pubescent; lower 5-7
lobed, triangular-hastate ; upper usually lanceolate, with acute diverg-
ing basal lobes; petioles filiform, |-| in. long. Flowers on slender
axillary ^usually solitary ebracteate pedicels longer than the petioles.
Calyx % in. long, hairy but often glabrous wben in fruit ; segments
linear-lanceolate, the margins membranous towards the base. Corolla
(including spur) nearly | in. long, yellow, hairy outside ; spur straight
obtuse, shorter than the tube; lobes of both lips oblong, obtuse.
Filaments somewhat pubescent. Style stout. Seeds small echinulate.

On walls and rocks within the drier portions of the area, common in the
Jumna and Chambal ravines in the districts of Agra and Etawah
also in Bundelkband. Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. :
Throughout India in the plains and up to 5,000 ft. in Kumaon, extend-
ing to Afghanistan and Upper Burma.

4. ANTIRRHINUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 253.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire or lobed, lower opposite,
upper alternate. Flowers solitary and axillary or passing into
terminal racemes with bract-like floral leaves. Calyx 5-partite,
seg-ments imbricate. Corolla 2-lipped and personate ; tube com-
pressed, eaccate in front at the base ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower
spreading, 3-lobed; palate broad, bearded, closing the throat.
Stamens didynamous; anther-cells distinct, parallel. Style filiform,
stigma 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid or globose capsule, each cell open-
ing by one pore, or the posterior by a pair of toothed pores. Seeds
many, minute, oblong, rugose or pitted. — Species about 35, in tem-
perate regions of the northern hemisphere, chiefly in N. America.

A, Orontinm, Linn. 8p. PL 617; Eoyle HI. 290: F.B.I, iv, 253;
Collett Fl. 8iml> 348. Corn Snapdragon.

SUTEEA.] SCROPKULARIACEJS. 141

An erect herb, 6-18 in. high. Stem much branched from the base, more or
less glandular-hairy above. Leaves 1-2 in. long, sub-sessile, linear or
oblong-lanceolate, entire. Flowers £ in. long, pale-pink streaked with
purple. Sepals narrow, speading, longer than the corolla. Capsule $ in.
long, pubescent. Seeds compressed, concave on one face, back keeled,
margins thickened.

Common within the area, in cornfields. Flowers during the cold season.
DISTRIB.: Punjab Plain, Salt Kange and W. Himalaya up to 6,000ft.,
mostly in cultivated ground, extending to N. Africa, Europe and the
Canaries.

5. SUTERA, Roth; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 258.

Annual or perennial herbs, or small shrubs, glabrous pubescent
or sometimes viscid. Leaves opposite or the upper often alternate,
pinnatifid toothed or subentire. Flowers axillary or in terminal
usually simple racemes ; bracts small, leafy, not aduate to the
pedicels. Calyx usually 5 -partite ; lobes narrow, more or less imbri-
cate in bud. Corolla tubular, not spurred ; tube slender, cylindric
or funnel-shaped, straight or somewhat curved, throat dilated or
not ; lobes 5, subequal, obtuse, imbricate in bud, the 2 upper outside
in bud and rather smaller than the 3 lower. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, included ; anthers 1-celled by confluence. Ovary 2-celled ;
style filiform. Fruit an ovoid-oblong septicidal capsule, valves
bifid. Seeds many, rugose. — Species about 120, chiefly in S. Africa.

S. glandulosa, Roth. Nov. 8p. 291; P. B.I.iv, 253: Prain Beng. PI.
759 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 285.

A diffuse or sub-erect glandular-pubescent annual, branched from or
near the base, branches 6-12 in. long. Leaves shortly petioled, £-f in.
long, ovate in outline, pinnatifid, the segments more or less deeply
toothed. Flowers nearly sessile, solitary in the axils, or the uppermost
in racemes. Calyx T£-| in- long ; segments linear-oblong, subacute.
Corolla white, about twice as long as the calyx, glabrous ; lobes
subequal, oblong-obtuse. Capsules % in. long, viscid-pubescent or
glabrous. Seeds minute, yellowish.

Common in the tracts of the Jumna ravines, and in the black soil of
Bundelkhacd. Flowers in Jan. and Feb. DISTBIB. : From Behar and
Eajputana to the Deccan and S. India, extending to Arabia, Nubia and
Egypt.

6. MONIERA, B. Juss.

UNDER HEBPESTIS IN FL. BEIT. IND. iv, 272.

Glabrous herbs. Leaves often punctate, entire or toothed, or
multifid when submerged. J?lowers axillary or in racemes, yellow
blue or white, bracteoles small or none. Calyx 5-partite ; segments

142 SCROPHULARIACEJE. [ MONIEBA.

sub-equal, imbricate, upper largest ; lateral innermost, usually narrow.
Corolla slightly 2-lipped, tube cylindric ; lips spreading, the upper
outside in bud and emarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. Stamens
didynamous, included ; anther-cells contiguous, distinct, parallel.
Ovary 2-celled, style dilated at the top, stigma entire or 2-lobed.
Fruit ^ a globose or ovoid 2-grooved capsule, valves 2 or 4, separating
septicidally and loculicidally from the p'acentiferous dissepiment.
Seeds many, minute.— Species about 50, in tropical and sub-tropical
regions, chiefly in America.

Leaves obovate-oblong or spathulate, flowers
stalked ; capsule ovoid, acute . . . 1. M. cuneifolia.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers sessile ; cap-
sule globose 2. M. Hamiltoniana.

M. cuneifolia,i Michx PI. Bor. Amer. ii, 22l(Monnieria) ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 286. Herpestis Monnieria. H. B. $ K. ; Royle III. 291 ; Collett
FL 8iml. 352 ; Prain Beng. PI. 765; H. Monniera, Benth. ; F. B. 1. iv,
272 ; Watt. E. D. Gratiola Monnieria, Linn. ; Roxb. FL Ind. i, 141.

A creeping somewhat succulent herb. Stems several, 4-12 in. long, root-
ing at the nodes, terete, branches ascending. Leaves sessile, decussate,
i-1 in. long, obovate-oblong or spathulate, entire, nerves obscure,
lower surface dotted. Flowers axillary and solitary ; pedicels slender,
£-!£ in. long; bracteoles linear, shorter than the pedicels. Calyx
divided to the base, glabrous ; upper segment ovate-acute, longer and
broader than the others. Corolla % in. long, blue or white with purple
veins ; lobes nearly equal and rounded, glistening with shining dots
when fresh. Anthers bluish-purple, pollen white. Capsules ^--in. long,
ovoid, acute, glabrous.

Abundant within the area in wet places. DISTBIB. : Throughout India,
ascending to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya, and in all warm countries.
The juice of this plant mixed with petroleum is used by Hindus
externally for rheumatism.

M Hamiltoniana, T. Cooke FL Bomb. ii. 286. Herpestis Hamiltoniana,
Benth. ; F. B. I. iv, 272 ; Collett. FL Siml. 353 ; Prain Beng. PL 765.

An erect glabrous herb up to 10 in. high. Stem stout, simple or branched,
often decumbent at the base. Leaves subsessile, |-1 ia. long, linear-
lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, entire or sub-serrate, nerves
indistinct. Flowers^ sessile, opposite and solitary, bracteoles linear-
subulate. Calyx % in. long, upper lobe broadly ovate, acute, the 2
lateral narrowly lanceolate. Corolla pink with a bluish tinge ; tube
about as long as the calyx, narrowed upwards, upper lip deeply emar-
ginate. Anthers white. Capsules % in. diam., globose, glabrous.

Horadabad (T. Thomson), sub- Himalayan tracts, in marshy ground.
DISTBIB.: Punjab ascending to 3,000 ft. and extending south to the
Konkan and eastwards to Assam and Sylhet'; also in Trop. Africa.

MIMULUS, ] SCROPEULARIACE&. 143

7. MIMULUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. End. iv, 258.

Erect prostrate or creeping herbs, often viscid. Leaves opposite.
Flowers solitary, ax ill.-iry. Calyx tubular, 5-angled; lobes 5, short-
Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed ; lower 3-lobed>
spreading, throat usually with a swollen 2-lobed palate. Stamens 4,
didynarrous; authers attached near the base of the corolla- tube,
with divergent sob- con fluent cells. Ovary 2-celled, style slender,
stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit an oblong obovoid or sub-linear looulicidally
2-valved capsule. Seeds many, minute, oblong. — Species about 90,.
chiefly in extra tropical and mountainous regions of W. America,
Asia, Australia and Africa.

M. gracilis, R. Br. Prod. 439 ; F.B.I, iv, 259; Collett Fl. 8iml. 350 r
Prain Beng. PI. 759; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 287.

An erect ascending or decumbent glabrous perennial herb, 6-20 in. high,
often branching from the base ; stem and branches 4-aogular, striate.
Leaves 1^-3 in. long, rather fleshy, turning black when dry, sessile or the
lowermost shortly stalked, ^-amplexicaul, narrowly oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, oltuse, entire or slightly toothed, glabrous. Flowers on
slender pedicels, $-1$ in. long. Calyx (in flower) £ in. long, somewhat
enlarged in fruit ; teeth short, deltoid, acute. Corolla about i in.
long, white or pale-blue spotted with yellow, glabrous ; lobes shallow,
rounded. Stamens included, filaments glabrous, anthers subreniform.
Ovary glabrous. Capsules £ in. long, included in the slightly enlarged
calyx. Seeds smooth.

Wet places near Saharanpur, also in Delira Dun^ and in the sub-Hima-
layan tracts of N. Oudh. Flowers during April and May. DISTRIB.:
Punjab Plain, and N. Bengal ; Himalaya from Kumaon to Kashmir up
to 5,000 ft.; extending to China, Australia and to Trop. and S. Africa.

8. MAZUS, Lour ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 259.

Small herbs, often with runners. Leaves opposite, sometimes
rcsulate, those of the flowering branches mostly alternate. Flowers
in terminal sub-secund racemes ; bracts minute, bracteoles none.
Calyx broadly campanulate ; lobes 5, leafy. Corolla 2-lipped, tube
short, upper lip erect, 2-fid. ; lower much larger, spreading, 3-fid.,
throat with a 2-lobed palate. Stamens didynamous, anther-cells
contiguous but distinct. Ovary 2-celled, short, stigma 2-lamellate.
Fruit a small globose or compressed luculicidbl capsule included
within the calyx, valves entire. Seeds many, minute, ovoid. Species-
about 6, extending from China to India and Australia.

144 8CROPHULARIACEM. [ STEMODIA.

M. rugosus, Lour. Fl. C chinch. 385 ; Royle III 291 ; F. B. I. iv, 259 ;
Collett Fl. Siml 851 ; Prain Beng. PL 759. Columnea tomentosa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. Hi, 98.

A small glabrous or sparsely hairy annual. Stems tnfted, without run-
ners. Radical leaves crowded. 1-3 in. long, oblong or oboyate-spathu-
late, coarsely crenate, narrowed to the base into a short petiole. Scapes
many from the root, 2-10 in. long, leafless or with a few spathulate
leaves. Racemes terminal, 1-6 in. long, bracteoles none. Flowers
pale-blue or white streaked with blue. Calyx % in. long; lobes half
as long as the tube, ovate-lanceolate, acute, spreading in fruit.
Corolla 4"i io. long. Capsule % in., globose. Seeds very min ute, pale-
yellow.

Chiefly in the northern districts of the area, in the sub-Himalayan tracts
from Dehra Dun eastwards, Moradabad (T Thomson). -Agra (Munro).
DISTRIB. Punjab Plain, Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to
7,000 ft., Bengal, Bnrma and the Malay Peninsula ; also in Afghanistan,
extending to China, Japan, Java and the Philippines.

9. STEMODIA, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 265.

Herbs, sometimes woody below, glandular-pubescent and often
aromatic. Leaves opposite or sometimes whorled. Flowers solitary,
axillary, passing into terminal leafy spikes or dense racemes ; bracts
leaf-like, bracteoles 1 or 2. Calyx 6-partite ; segments narrow,
imbricate, equal or the upper somewhat larger. Corolla 2-lipped,
tube cylindric; upper lip suberect, entire or notched, outside in
bud ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, throat not plicate. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, included ; anther-cells distinct, stipitate, all fertile. Ovary
2-celled ; style filiform, dilated but not winged at the apex, stigma
usually 2-lobed. Fruit, a globose ovoid or acuminate capsule ; valves
2, bifid and dehiscing eepticidally, or 4- valve d and dehiscing both
septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds many, minute. — Species about
30, in tropical regions of both hemispheres.

S. viscosa, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii, 33, t. 163 ; FL Ind. Hi, 94 ; F.B.I, iv,

265 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 761 ; Coo'ke Fl. Bomb, ii, 288.

An erect viscidly pubescent aromatic herb, 3-24 in. high ; stem and branches
angular. Leaves |-1| in. long, sessile, usually oblong, tapering to
the base, or the upper cordate-amplexicaul, acute or rarely obovate at
the apex, glandular-pubescent or subglabrous, margins serrulate or
subentire. Flowers axillary, ^ solitary or in terminal, few-flowered
racemes ; pedicels filiform, J-$ in. long, bracteoles Z, close under the
calyx, linear-subulate. Calyx % in. long ; segments narrowly lanceolate,
acute, glandular-hairy and ciliate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx,

LIMNOPHILA. ] SCEOPRULAEIACE^E. 145

violet, glabrous, tube compressed, lower lip hairy in the throat* lobes
about equal in length, Filaments glabrous ; anther-cells shortly stalked
sub-orbicular. Ovary glabrous. Capsules % in. long, ovoid-oblong,
acuminate, 4-valved and glabrous.

Common within the area, especially in rice-fields and in swampy ground.
Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. W. Behar, C. and S. India ;
also in Afghanistan.

10. LIMNOPHILA, R. Sr.-t FL Brit. Ind.iv, 265.

Glabrous or pubescent aromatic herbs, often aquatic or paludine.
Leaves with transparent dots, opposite or whorled, toothed or incised,
often multifid when submerged. Flowers sessile or pedicelled,
axillary, solitary or passing into terminal spikes or racemes ; bracts
leaf-like, bracteoles small or none. Calyx 5-partire, segments sub-
equal or the posterior larger. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric ; upper
lip outside in bud, suberect, entire or 2-fid. ; lower spreading, 3-lobed,
throat not plicate. Stamen* didynamous, included ; anther-cells
usually separate, s'ipitate. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender, deflexed at
the tip, stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit an ovoid or oblong capsule, opaning
both septicidally and loculicidally, the placentiferous dissepiment
separating with the valves. Seeds many, small, angular, reticulate. —
Species about 30, in the warmer parts of Africa, Asia and Australia.

Flowers sessile or nearly so . . . 1. L.

Flowers stalked, the pedicels usually longer

than the calyx ; —

Stems 1-2 ft., corolla \ in. long or more . 2. L. racemosa.

Stems 3-8 in., corolla £ in. long. . . . 3. L. gratiol aides.

1. L. sessiliflora, Blume Bijdr. 749; F.B.I. ivt 270 ; Prain Beng. PL
764 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 290.

A small pubescent or subglabrous herb. Stem rather stout, 4-8 in. long.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, usually 3-6 in a whorl ; the upper often
undivided, lanceolate, acute, serrate or dentate, 3-nerved, the lower
divided into numerous very narrow segments. Flowers solitary,
axillary. Calyx less than ± in. long, glandular hairy, divided
about •£ way down ; tube hemispheric in fruit, membranous not s triate ;
lobes ovate, long-acuminate. Corolla % in. long, pink. Capsule % in.
long, sub globose, glabrous. Seeds truncate at both ends.

In rice-fields and awampy gronod. Flowers in rainy and cold seasons.
DISTEIB.: From Punjab Plain and Bengal to C. India and the Deccan ;
alao in Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Burma, extending to China, Japan,

146 SCROPRULARIACEJE. [LIMNOPHILA.

Java and Trop. Africa. This species olosely resemble short-flowered
forms of L. gratioloides, also states of L. heterophylla in which the
multifid submerged leaves are not present.

2. L. racemosa, Benin. Scroph. Ind. 442 ; F. B. L iv, 271 ; Prain Beng.
PL 764; Cooke. Fi. Bomb, ii, 291. Cyrilla aquatiea Roxb.-, ii, 115.

An aquatic herb with creeping roots ; stems stout, erect, attaining 12 ft.
or more in deep water, glabrous or slightly hairy. Upper leaves sessile,
l|-2 in. long, opposite or 3-nately whorled, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
serrulate, glabrous, |-amplexicaul and somewhat rounded at the base,.
3-5-nerved ; lower leaves capillaceo-multifid, often deflexed and root-
like. Flowers rather large, usually in erect terminal leafy racemes,
2-4 in. long, bracteoles linear-subulate'; pedicels filiform, longer than
the bracteoles. Calyx % in. locg, lobes as long as the tube, deltoid,
acute or acuminate, often coloured, membranous and not striate in fruit.
Corolla % in. long or more, pale-violet with yellow tube ; lobes of upper
lip rounded, of the lower acute. Capsules ^in. long, sub-globose, enclosed
in the membranous calyx. Seeds truncate at both ends.

Merwara (Duthie), C. India (Edgeworth) on black soil. DISTBIB: Bajpntana,
N. & C. Bengal, Deocan, Ceylon extending to Java. Small states of this
species are with difficulty distinguished from L. gratioloides.

3. L. gratioloides, E. Br. Prod. 442 ; Eoyle III. 291 ; F.B.I. iv. 271 ;
Prain Beng. PL 264 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 20L Columnea balsamica, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iiit 97.

A small herb, 3-8 in. high, with a strong scent of turpentine, roots creep-
ing ; stems much branched from the base, erect, stout or slender, sub-4-
angular, rooting from the lower nodes, glabrous, striate. Leaves sessile,
usually all whorled, pinnatifid or the lowest multifid, the upper occa-
sionally opposite and entire. £-f in. long, linear-oblong, serrate-dentate,
1-nerved. Hoovers pedicelled, usually axillary and solitary, rarely
racemose, bracteoles linear^subulate ; pedicels longer than the leaves,
filiform, spreading. Calyx (in flower) %-% in long, membranous, glandular,
hemispheric and not striate in fruit ; lobes narrowly triangular, acute
or acuminate. Corolla % in. long, pink. Capsules % in. long, sub-globose.
Seeds truncate or obscurely rounded, at each end.

Saharanpur diet. (Boyle), Moradabad (T. Thomson), Merwara (Duthie)
Rohilkhand and Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), in swamps and rice-fields
Flowers during the rainy and cold seasons. DISTEIB. : Punjab Plain
Bajputana and throughout the greater part of India, also in Ceylon,
extending to Baluchistan, Trop. Africa, the Malay Archipelago, China,
Japan and Australia.

VAR. intermedia F.B.I. lc.— 8t em robust. Leaves all close-set. Flowers
sometimes racemose with opposite entire bract-like leaves. Moradabad
(T. Thomson). Path Dun (Strach. & W. No. 2). Sub-Siwalik tract
Edgeworth). DISTBIB.; Punjab Himalaya 3-4,000 ft., extending to
Baluchistan.

DOPATEIDM. ] SCROPRULARIACEJE. 147

VAB. elongata. Benth.— Stem very long ; upper leaves opposite, entire ;
submerged leaves capillaceo-nmltifid. -Moradabad (T. Thomson), Oudh
{Wallich), extending to the Central Provinces and the Deocan.

11. DOP ATRIUM, Buch.-Ham. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 273.

Glabrous slender annual marsh herbs. Leaves few, opposite ; lower
pairs small, the upper minute, remote. Flowers small, solitary,
axillary, usually violet ; pedicels filiform or none, bracteoles none.
Calyx small, S-partite ; lobes narrow, imbricate, Corolla 2-lipped ;
tube slender below, dilated into a broad tbroat ; upper lip outside in
bud, 2-fid. ; lower broad, 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 2. upper only
perfect, included ; anther-cells parallel, distinct, equal ; stami nodes 2,
minute, included within the tube. Ovary 2-oelied, style short, stigma
2-lamellate. Fruit a small globose or oblong capsule, opening loculi-
cidally, the valves placentiferous, Seeds many, very small, tuber-
culate. — Species 12, in Asia, Africa and Australia.

D. junceum, Buch — Ham. in Benth. 8croph. Ind. 31; F.B.I. ivt 274 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 766; Coo ke Fl. Bomb. ii,292. Gratiola juncea, Roxb.; Pi.
Ind. i, 142.

Bather fleshy : stems erect, 6-12 in. high, branched from the base, lower
portion swollen and spongy. Leaves few, sessile ; the lower oblong or
obovate, obtuse or subacute, entire upper much smaller, in pairs and
remote. Flowers subracemose, in opposite distant pairs, sessile or shortly
stalked ; pedicels (when present) filiform, erect in fruit. Calyx-lobes
oblong, obtuse. Corolla ^-g- in- l°ng» pinkish-violet. Capsules -^ in. in
diam, globose. Seeds minute, tuberculate.

In rice-fields and swampy ground, flowering in rainy season. DISTRIB.;
Throughout India and in Ceylon ; Himalaya, in Brit. Garhwal and
Kumaon at low elevations ; extending to the Malay Islands, China,
Japan and Philippines to Australia.

12. TORENIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 275.

Glabrous or pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, entire, crenate or
serrate, Flowers often showy, axillary or in terminal or pseudo-axillary
umbels or racemes, bracteoles none. Calyx tubular, 3- 5 -winged or
-folded or -keeled, 2-lipped or 3-5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, tube
cylindric, somewhat curved and dilated upwards ; upper lip concave or
pinched, notched or 2-fid. ; lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens
didynamoue, all perfect, 2 upper included, 2 lower adnate to the
throat, appendaged or not at tbe base and conniveut under the upper
lip, cells often confluent. Ovary 2-celled, style slender, stigma

148 SCROPRULARIACE&. [ VANDELLIA.

2-lamellate. Fruit a linear or oblong sepHoidal capsnle, included, valves
separating from the placentiferous dissepim -nt. Seeds many, rugose
or cancellate. — Species 25, in tropical Asia and Africa, and one in
America,

T. cordifolia, Roxb. Cor. PL ii, 32, t. 161 • Fl. Ind. Hi. 95 ; Royle III.
291 ; F.B.L iv, 276; Oollett FL 8iml. 353 ; Prain Beng. PL 767 ; Coolce
ffil. Bomb, ii, 292.

An erect nearly glabrous annual, 4-10 in. high. Stems and branches 4-
angled or almost 4-winged. Leaves f-l-J in. long, ovate, acute or sub-
obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous, base usually cuneate, petioles |-| in.
long. Flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils towards the ends of the
branches ; pedicels slender, often exceeding the leaves. Calyx f in.
long, 2-lipped, ovoid, cordate or rounded at the base, wings not decurrent
on the pedicel, teeth ciliate. Corolla f in. long, bluish-purple. Fila-
ments arching, not toothed. Capsules oblong, acute, enclosed in the
persistent calyx. Seeds minute, truncate at both ends.

Dehra Dun. Flowers Sep. DISTRIB.: W. Himalaya from Simla to
Kumaon up to 6,000 ft., Behar and hilly parts of Peninsular India,
Burma, Java and China.

13. VANDELLIA, Linn.: Fl.' Brit. Ind. iv, 279.

Herbs, usually annual, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite,
often toothed, penninerved (except in V. pyxidarid). Flowers small,
axillary or eub-racemose, bracteole* none. Calyx subcampanulate ;
lobes free or connate, not winged. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric ;
upper lip outside, erect, concave, notched or bifid, lower broader, 3-lobed,
spreading. Stamens didynamous, usually, all perfect, 2 posterior usually
included ; 2 anterior with arched filaments, appendaged near the base ;
anthers touching or cohering in pairs under the upper lip, cells divari-
cate. Ovary 2-celled, style slender, stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a
globose or ovoid or long-cylindric septicidally 2-valved capsule, valves
separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, rugose.—
Species about 26, chiefly in Trop. Asia.

Leaves pinnately veined :—

Capsule equalling the calyx or shorter : —
Calyx in flower not divided beyond the

middle . . . 1. V. Crustacea.

Calyx divided to the base or nearly so . 2. 7. multiflora.
Capsule much longer than the calyx : —

Calyx in flower cleft to the middle . 3. V. nummulari folia.
Calyx-lobes free to the base or nearly
so . . . . . . . 4. 7. pedunculata.

VANDELLIA.] SCROPHULARIACE&. 149

Leaves with 3-5 parallel nerves ; calyx
divided to the base, shorter than the
ovoid orbicular capsule . . . 5. V. pyxidaria.

1. V. Crustacea, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 35 ; F.B I. iv, 279 ; Collett Fl.
Bivnl. 354 ; Prain Beng. PI. 768 ; Coofce Fl. Bomb, ii, 295. Torenia
varians, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 96. Gratiola lucida, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
138.

A glabrous or sparsely hairy annual, 4-18 in. high, diffusely branched
from the base ; stems angular. Leaves shortly petioled, f~J in. long,
ovate or lanceolate, sub-acute, margins with shallow teeth or sub-entire.
Flowers axillary and sub -racemose at the ends of the branches ; pedicels
|-1£ in. long, slender, stiff. Calyx £-£ in. long in flower, elongating
in fruit, 5-ribbed, not divided beyond the middle ; teeth triangular,
acute. Corolla £-£ in. long, purplish or white. Capsule shorter
than the calyx, oblong-ovate, obtuse.

A common weed within the area. DISTEIB. : Throughout India and
in Ceylon, Himalaya up to 4,000 ft., and generally scattered throughout
the tropics of the Old World.

2. V. multiflora, G. Don 8yst. iv, 549 ; F.B.I. ivt 280 ; Prain
Beng. PL 768. Torenia multiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi. 96.

A small erect glabrous herb, somewhat succulent Stem 4-6 in. high, with
3-chotomous quadrangular branches. Leaves 1-2 in. long ; lowest
stalked, upper sessile, oblong ovate-oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire
sinuate or subserrate. Flowers minute, racemed, pedicels exceeding the
calyx- Calyx -^ in. long, divided to the base or nearly so ; segments
narrowly acuminate, lanceolate, Capsule about as long as the calyx,
suborbicular. with an acute apex.

Guna in C. India (King). DISTRIB. t Behar, E. Bengal and S. India ;
Sarju Valley in Kumaon up to 4,000 ft. and eastwards to Assam.

S.V.nummularifolia, Don Prod, 86 ; F.B.L iv, 282; Collett FL 8imL
354 ;Licdernia nummularifflfolia, WettstinEngl. andPrantl,Pfl.iv,3B, 79.

An erect glabrous herb, simple or branching from the base, branches
2-6 in. locg, divaricate, not rooting. Leaves sessile or shortly stalked,
£-f in. lonjr, broadly ovate obovate or euborbicular, crenate-serrate,
nerves su I flat el late. Pedicels very slender, or in subumbellate or
few-flowered racemes longer than the leaves. Calyx % in. long,
divided half-way or to the base when in fruit, teeth acute. Corolla ^
in. long, reddish-purple, lateral lobes of lower hp white. Capsule % in.
long, ellipsoid, acute, longer than the calyx.

Dehra Dun (Duthie). DISTRIB.: Himalaya from Kashmir to gikkim up
to 7,000 ft., and on the Khasia Hills ; also in Trop. Africa.

4. V. pedunculata, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 37 ; F.B.L iv, 282; Prain.
Beng. PI. 769; Coofce Fl. Bomb, ii, 295. Torenia diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii, 95.

150 SCEOPHULARIACE^. [ ILYSANTHES.

A small diffuse glabrous herb. Stems often creeping at the base and
rooting: from the nodes, sometimes tinned with purple ; branches 4-10
in. long, slender. Leaves shortly stalked, fc-f iu. long, ovate, obtuse or
subacute, obscurely crenate-serrate, usually unequally subcordate at
the base. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicels about twice as long as
the leaves. Calyx-segments almost free to the base, narrowly lanceb-
late, acuminate. Corolla f in. long, white, margined with pale-purple
ani marked with a yellow spot on the lower lip. Capsule linear-lanceo-
late, acute, twice as long as the calyx. Seeds ellipsoid.

Abundant within the area in swamps and rice-fields, flowering during the
rainy and cold seasons. DISTBIB. : Throughout India and in Ceylon,
W. Himalaya up to 4,0)0 ft. and extending to the Malay Peninsula,
Borneo, China and Cochin-Chiua,

5. V. pyxidaria, Maxim. Diagn. PI. Nov. Dec- xix, 413 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 769. V. erecta, Benth : F.B.L ivt 231. Gratiola integrifolia, Roxb. Fl.
2nd, i, 137,

A small erect glabrous annual, 4-8 in. high, branching from the base,
branches not rooting. Leaves sessile, |-f in long, elliptic or oblong,
obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate ; nerves 3-5 in. Ion?, parallel.
Pedicels axillary, solitary, slender, usually twice HS long as the leaves.
Calyx-segments %-% in. long, free to the base, lanceolate or linear, rather
obtuse, shorter than the ovoid-orbicular capsule.

Dehra Dun (Gamble), Rohiikhand (T. Thomson), Bundelkhand (Duthie) .
flowers during the rainy and cold seasons. DISTRIB. : Himalaya from
Kashmir to Assam, common in Bengal, also in C. and S. India, but
not recorded from Ceylon ; extending to Siam, China, Japan, Malaya
and Polynesia and westwards to France. This plant closely resembles
Ilysanthes parviflora, and the nerves of the leaves are parallel as in
the latter genus. Roxburgh describes the plant as erect when young,
but afterwards straggling.

14. ILYSANTHES, Rafin. 5 Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 283.

Annual glabrous slender marsh-plants. Leaves opposite, entire or
iootbed, 1-5-nerved from the base. Flowers small axillary or
passing into terminal racemes, pedicels often reflexed in fruit,
bracteoles none. Calyx 5- partite, segments narrow. Corolla
2-lipped, tube cylindric ; upper lip outside, concave, notched ; lower
larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens, the 2 upper only perfect, sub-
included, the lower pair reduced to staminodes, anthers connivent,
cells divaricate; staminodes 2, bilobed, one lobe glandular, the other
glabrous. Ovary 2-celled, stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a septicidal
-capsule ; valves entire, separating from the placentiferous septum.
Seeds, many, rugose. — Species 35, India, extending to Siam, S. Africa
and S. America.

BONNAYA. ] SCROPHULARIACE&. 151

I. parviflora, Berth, in DC. Prod, x, 419; P.B.L iv, 253; I Coolce FL
Bomb, ii, 296 ; Prain Beng. PL 769. Gratiola parviflora, Roxb.; Fl. Ind. i,
140.

A small erect glabrous herb. St em about 6 in. high, simple or diffusely
branched, 4-eided. Leaves sessile or the lowermost very shortly
stalked, 4-1 in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire or slightly
serrate, 1-5 nerved irtm the bhse. Flowers axillary and in terminal
racemes, filiform. Calyx ^-£ in. long, deeply divided ; segments
linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla twice BP Ici.g as the calyx, blue cr
white. Capsule ovoid-c.blorg, acute, usually exceeding the calyx.

Common within the area in wet ground, flowering during the rainy
season. DISTEIB.: Throughout' the greater part of Incia, but not in
Ceylon, extending to Siam and Trop. Africa. Very similar in general
appearance to Vandellia pyxidaria, but the shorter stamens reduced
to staminodes and the longer and acute capsules distinguish it from the
latter.

15. BONNAYA, Link & Otto ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 284.

Annual glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or serrate, ob-
scurely penninerved. Flowers solitary, axillary, or often passing
into terminal racemes, bracteoles none. Calyx 5-partite ; segments
narrow, partly imbricate. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric ; upper
lip outside, erect, concave, 2-fid.; lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed.
Stamens, the 2 upper only perfect, sub-included, filaments filiform,
anthers connivent, cells divaricate ; staminodes 2, entire, obtuse,
glandular. Ovary 2-celled, st.yle slender, stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit
a narrow exserted septicidal capsule ; valves entire, separating from
the placentiferous septum. Seeds many, rugose. — Species 8, in Asia
and Trop. Africa.

Leaves deeply aud closely serrate • . 1. B. brachiata.

Leaves narrower with shallow distant
teeth, the lower leaves often sub-entire 2. B. veroniccefolia .

1. B. brachiata, Link $ Otto Ic. PL Bel. it 25, t. 11 ; F.B.L iv, 284 ;

Collett FL 8iml. 354 ; Prain Beng. PL 770; Coofce FL Bomb, ii, 297.
Gratiola serrata, Roxb. FL Ind. i, 139.

A small rigid glabrous herb, 3-10 in. high. Stem 4-sided, the lowest
branches decumbent below. Leaves sessile, ^-1£ in. long, oblong,
obtuse or subacute, closely and deeply spinose-serrate, glabrous.
Flowers shortly pedicelled, forming terminal racemes ; pedicels about
equalling the calyx, rigid ; bracts lanceolate, lowermost often dentate.
Calyx about ,-§• in. long, deeply divided ; segments narrow, aristate.

152 SC^OPRULAEIACE^. [GLOSSOSTIGMA.

Corolla % in. long, pink or white. Staminodes shorb, pubescent. Capsules
% in. long, narrowly cylindrio, diverging, acute, glabrous. Seeds
minute, usually truncate at both ends.

Abundant within the area, flowering during the rainy season. DISTRIB.:
through nut India and in Ceylon: Himilava up to 5,000 ft., extending
to the Malay Peninsula, Java, China and the Philippines.

2. B. veronicaefolia, Spreng. 8yst. Veg. i, 41 ; P.B.I, iv. 235; Prain
Beng.Pl.770; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 29S. Gratiola veronicaefolia, Retz ;
Fl. Ind. i, 138.

A decumbent or creeping herb. $£em]4-sided ; branches ascending, often
rooting at the nodes. Leaves £-l| in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate
or obovate, rather distantly serrate or the lower sometimes subentire.
Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes. Calyx deeply divided;
segments linear-Unceolate, acute. Corolla £-^ in. long, violet streaked
with purple. Capsules slender, ere-st or somewhat spreading, about
twice as long as the calyx.

Very common all over the area, flowering during the rainy and cold
seasons. DISTBIB. : Throughout India and in Ceylon, W.Himalaya
up to 5,000 ft., extending tj iVTiUy Pen. and Islands , Siam, China and
the Philippines. A very variable species.

16. GLOSSOSTIGMA, Arn,; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 237.

Minute glabrous creeping herbs. Leaves opposite or in fascicles,
linear or spathulate, entire. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary,
bracteoles none. Calyx campanulate, obtusely 3-4-lobed. Corolla
shortly tubular ; lobes 5, subeqnal, spreading. Stamens 2 (in tbe
single Indian species) or 4, filaments fil ifonn ; anther-cells diverging,
their tips confluent. Ovary perfectly or imperfectly 2-celled,
style short ; stigma dilated, apathulate, recurved. Fruit a small
included loculicidal capsule ; valves entire, separating from the
•columnar place ntifero us axis. Seeds small, ovoid. — Species 3, all
Australian, one of which extends to Asia and Africa, and another
occurs in New Zealand.

G. spathulatum, Arn. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 355 ; F.B.I, iv,
288; Prain. Beng. PI. 772 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 299. Limosella diandra,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 91.

A minute tufted herb with creeping stems and rooting at the nodes, the
branches intricately interwoven. Leaves -j5'4 in- long, narrowly
spathulate, tapering into a flat petiole of variable length. Pedic-els
slender usually shorter thin the leaves. Calyx about |^ in. long.

SCOPARIA. ] SCROPHULARIACE&. 153

slightly enlarged in fruit ; lobes 3, shallow, broadly ovate. Corolla
bluish, tube included within the calyx. Stamens 2. Capsule about
as long as the calyx.

Somewhat abundant within the area, on margins of stagnant water as
at Saharanpur (Royle), Moradabad (T. Thomson) and also near Jhansi
in Merwara (Duthie). DISTRIB. : Mt. Abu in Rajputana, Behar,
Konkan to S. India and Ceylon. It has been collected also in Trop.
Africa (Senegambia) and in Australia. Very similar in habit to
Limosella aquatica and Microcarpcea muscosa. The latter may very
possibly be found within the area of this flora if carefully searched
for in similar localities. It may be distinguished by its acutely 5-fid.
tubular calyx.

17. SCOPARIA, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 289.

Branched glabrous or pubescent herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
opposite or whorled, entire or toothed, punctate. Flowers small,
white or yellow, axillary, solitary or 2-nate, bracteoles none. Calyx
campanulate, 4-5-partite, imbricate in bud. Ccrolla rotate, 4-tid.,
throat densely bearded ; lobes obtuse, subequal. Stamens 4, sub-
equal, filaments filiform; anthers sub sagittate ; cells distinct,
parallel or diverging. Ovary 2-celled ; style subclavate, stigma
notched or truncate. Fruit a small globose or ovoid septicidal
capsule; valves membranous, entiie ; margins inflexed, separating
from the placentiferous axis. Seeds many, obovoid, angled,
scrobicuLite. — Species 5 or 6, all American, one of which is sporadic
in Asia, Africa and Australia.

S. dulcis, Linn. 8p. PL 116 ; F.B.L iv, 289 ; Prain Beng. PL 772 ;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 310.

A glabrous leafy undershrnb, up to 3 ft. high ; branches many, erect or as-
cending. Leaves opposite or ternate, 1-2 in. long, lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, or obtuse, shortly petiole d, margins serrate. Flowers many,
in terminal panicles ; pedicels t4 in. long, slender, rigid. Calyx 4-
partite, segments oblong. Corolla white, -f in. in diam., tube very
short. Capsule globse, £ in. in diam.

Often met with as a weed of cultivated ground, more especially in the
sub-Himalayan tracts of Eohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers March-
June DISTRIB : Abundant all over Bengal where, according to
Clarke, it was unknown in Roxburgh's time. The first record of its
occurrence in Bengal was, by Voigt in 1845. It has been found
recently by Woodrow in a salt swamp near Bombay. The plant is^
a native of Trop. America, whence it has spread more or less
throughout the tropics.

154 SCROPHULARIACEJB. [ VEBOJSICA.

18. VERONICA, Linn, ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 291.

Herbs or shrnbs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, the oauline or all
rarely alternate. Flowers usually blue or purple, solitary, axillary or
in terminal or axillary racemes, bracts usually conspicuous, bracteoles
none. Calyx 4-5-parfcite, the lower segments connate, upper (if
present) smaller. Corolla rotate or shortly salver-shaped ; lobes 4 or
6, spreading, the lateral, or one of them, outside in bud. Stamens 2,
exserted, adnate to corolla- tube by the sides of the upper lobe ;
anther-cells confluent at their tips. Ovary 2-celled, stigma subcapi-
tate ; ovules many or few, rarely only 2 in each cell. Fruit a com-
pressed or turgid 2-grooved capsule, dehiscing in various ways.
deeds many or few, smooth or rugose, sometimes winged. — Species
over 200, mostly in temperate and alpine regions of both hemispheres,
less frequent in America.

Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, flowers in axillary
racemes. An erect perennial usually glabrous
herb . . . 1. V. Anagallis.

Leaves cordate-ovate or orbicular, flowers in
terminal racemes. A prostrate pubescent annual 2. V. agrestis.

1. V. Anagallis, Linn. 8p. PL 12; Royle III. 290', F.B.I, iv, 293;
Collett Fl. 8iml. 357 ; Prain Beng. PL 773 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 301. V,
punctata, Buch.-Ham. in Don Prod. 93. V. Anagallis, var. punctata,
F.B.I. l.c. ; Prain Beng. PL Zc.

An erect more or less succulent glabrous herb, 3-18 in. high. Stems
hollow, creeping below and atoloniferous. Leaves sessile or the lowest
shortly stalked, 2-6 in. long, /oblong-lanceolate, or linear-oblong,
entire or serrate, base usually c ^rdate. Flowers in lax axillary racemes,
3-6 in. long ; pedicels filiform, spreading, longer than the linear-lanceo-
late bracts. Calyx about half as long as the pedicels, divided to the
base ; segments ovate, subacute. ^ Corolla £-£ in. across, pale-purple or
white. Capsules compressed, -g--^ in. long, orbicular or orbicular-oblong,
emarginate, glabrous.

Abundant in wet places. Flowers in the cold season. DISTRIB, : Over
the greater part of India, and up to 9,000 ft. on the Himalaya and at
much higher elevations in Baltistan. Found also in Europe, N.
America, and in nearly all warm and temperate regions of the world.

2. V. agrestis, Linn. 8p. PL 13; Eoyle III. 290 ; F.B.I, iv, 294; Collett
Fl.8iml.357; Prain Beng. PL 773.

A prostrate more or less pubescent annual. Stems spreading, 6-18 in.,
long, much-branched. Leaves shortly petioled, |-1 in. long, broadly
ovate-cordate, or orbicular, coarsely crenate-serrate. Pedicels axillary

BUCHNERA. ] SCROPHULABIACJS&. 155

solitary, about as long as the leaves, decurved in fruit- Sepals $ in.
long, ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla shorter or longer than the sepals,
blue or white. Capsule % in. in diam.; lobes globose, 4-10-seeded.
A common weed within the area, appearing during the cold season in
gardens and cultivated ground. DISTBIB. : Punjab Plain and W.
Himalaya from Kashmir and Baltistan to Kumaon up to 9,000 ft., also
in C. Bengal, extending to Europe, N. Africa, China, Japan and the
Loochoo Islands.

19. BUCHNERA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 297.

Rigid annual herbs, black when dry. Leaves, the lower ones, oppo-
site and broad, upper alternate and narrow. Flowers sessile, axillary
or in bracteate spikes, 2-bracteolate. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, 10-
nerved and sometimes 5-ribbed. Corolla-tube straight or nearly so,,
slender; lobes 5, flat, subequal, spreading, 2 upper inside in bud.
Stamens didynamous, included ; anthers 1-celled, vertical, dorsifixed,
bases obtuse, connective sometimes mucronate. Ovary 2-celled, style
thickened or clavate upwards, stigooa entire or notched. Fruit an
oblong loculicidal capsule ; valves coriaceous, entire, septiferons,
separating from the placentas. Seeds many, obovoid or oblong,
reticulated.— Species about 78, in the warmer regions of both
hemispheres.

B. hispida, Buch.-Ham in Don Prod. 91; F.B.L iv, 298 ; Coll ett Fl.
8iml. 358 ; Prain Beng. PL 774 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 301.

An erect hispid herb, 6-18 in. high. Stem slender, often branched above.
Leaves sessile or obscurely petioled ; the lower crowded, 1-2 in. long,
obovate or oblong ; the upper usually longer and narrower. Flowers
distant, sessile in the axils of narrow bracts and forming terminal spikes
6-10 in. long ; bracteoles small, subulate. Calyx £-5 in long, tubular,
hispid ; teeth lanceolate, acute. Corolla pale-purple or white ; tube,
slender, cylindrie, longer than the calyx, hairy within. Capsule oblong,
shorter than the calyx.

Frequent in grassy places on the Siwalik range and throughout the sub-
Himalayan tracts eastwards. Flowers July-Get. DISTRIB. : W. and

C. Himalaya from Kashmir to E. Nepal, up to 9,000 ft., and from Chota
Nagpur, C. India and the Konkan to S. India ; also in Madagascar and
Trop. Africa.

20. STRIGA, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 298.

Usually scabrid herbs, turning blackish when dry. Leaves, the
lower, opposite ; upper alternate, linear, entire, rarely toothed, some-
times reduced to scales. Flowers axillary or the upper in bracteate-

156 SCROPHULARIACE3E. [ STEIGA.

spikes, bracteoles usually 2. Calyx 5-toothed or -fid.; tube with 4 or 5
or 15 strong nerves. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube slender, abruptly in-
curved at or above the middle ; limb spreading ; upper lip inside
in bud, usually short, notched or 2-fid., lower 3-lobed. Stamens
didynamous, included ; anthers 1-celled, vertical, dorsifixed, bases
obtuse, connective sometimes mucronate. Ovary 2-celled, style
thickened upwards, stigma simple. Fruit an oblong or stibglobose
capsule ; valves entire, septiferous, separating from the placentas.
Seeds many, reticulated. — Species about 34, in the warmer parts of
Asia, Africa and Australia.

Calyx 4-5-ribbed, with one rib running to
the apex of each calyx-tooth : —

A reddish-brow Q root-parasite with tuberous

rootstock, leaves scale-like, corolla pink . 1. 8. orobanchoides.
A green non-parasitic plant, rootstock not

tuberous, leaves linear, corolla white . 2. 8. densiflora.

Calyx 10-15-ribbed:-

Eibs ©f calyx usually 10, the secondary ones
terminating in the sinus, corolla yellow . 3. 8. lutea.

Eibs of calyx 15, the secondary ones con-
tinued up the sides of adjacent calyx-teeth
and beyond the sinus, corolla white . . 4. 8. enphrasioides.

1. S. orobanchoides » Benth. in Hook. Covnp. Hot. Mag. i, 361, 1. 19 ;
F.B.I, iv, 299 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 302. Buchnera orobaachoides, R. Br.:
Royle III. 291.

A small glabrous or puberulous herb, 6-10 in. high, usually parasitic ;
rootstock tuberous. 8tems stout or slender, simple or branched,
Leaves scale-like, ovate-oblong, acute, reddish-brown as are the stems,
passing gradually into floral bracts. Flowers sessile, arranged in erect
usually dense spikes ; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate,
acute ; bracteoles narrower, ciliolate. Calyx 5- or 4-ribbed, less than
£ in. long; teeth 5 or 4. shorter than the tube, lanceolate, acuminate
and tipped with a bristle. Corolla usually pink with a white spot at
the base of each lobe ; tube about | in. long, incurved above the middle,
hairy in the throat ; limb about £ ia. across. Capsule about £ in. long,
oblong-ellipsoid.

Dehra Dun (Royle), Aj mere, parasitical on the roots of Lepidagathis
Hamiltoniana (Duthie). Flowers in Oct. DISTBIB.: Rajputana, on
Mt. Abu, Sind, Konkaa, Deccan, Gujarat to S. India and Ceylon ; also
in Arabia, Soootra, Cape de Verde Islands, and in Trop. and S. Africa.
Trimen says that in Ceylon the plant is sometimes green, and then the
flowers are white.

2. S. densiflora, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i, 363 ; F.B.I, iv,
299 ; Prain Beng. PI. 775 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 303.

STEIGA. ] SCROPR ULARIACE&. 157

An erect scabrid or strigoae herb, 6-18 in. high. Stem simple or branched,
stout or slender, rootstock not tuberous. Leaves sessile, erect, £-1$ in.
long, linear, acute, passing into floral bracts. Flowers in slender
spikes, bracts longer than the calyx ; bracteoles linear, acute, ciliate.
Calyx % in. long, lengthening in fruit, 5-ribbed ; teeth lanceolate-
subulate, ciliate. Corolla white ; tube nearly £ in. long, incurved above
the middle, throat hairy within, limb about i in. across, upper lip
much shorter than lower. Capsule g in. long, oblong-obovoid, included
within the calyx.
Saharanpur (Eoyle), banks of Ganges near Benares ("Madden). Flowers

during the rains and the cold season. DISTRIB.: N. Bengal and from

Gujarat, Konkan and the Deccau southwards.

3. S. lutea, Lour.. PL Cochinch. 22 ; F. B. I. iv, 299 ; Collett Fl. 8iml.
358; Prain Beng.Pl. 775; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 303. Buchnera asiatica,
Linn; Roxb. Fl. I/id. Hi, 31.

A slender erect herb, 6-18 in. high, simple or fastigiately branched, scabrid
or villoue. Leaves sessile, ^-1£ in. long, linear, rough. Flowers in
elongated usually interrupted spikes 2-6 in. long ; bracts usually longer
than the calyx. 'Calyx 10-ribbed, £ in. long, narrowly tubular in flower,
widening in fruit; teeth 5, subequal. Corolla about £ in. long, usually
yellow or sometimes white pink or purple ; tube slender, cylindric,
incurved at the apex ; upper lip slightly emarginate, reflexed, much
shorter than lower. Capsule shorter than the calyx, oblong-ellipsoid,
grooved.

Grassy places in Dehra Dun; also in Rohilkhand, Bundelkhand and in the
sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh. DISTRIB.: W. Himalaya np to
6,000 ft., Bengal, Punjab, Sind, W. and S India to Ceylon} extending
to the Malay Pen., Siam, Java, China, Arabia, Africa and Mascarene
Islands.

4. S. euphrasioides, Berth, in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i, 364 ; F. B.I.
tv, 299 ; Prain Beng. PI. 775 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 303. Buchnera euph-
rasioides, Valil ; hoxb. FL Ind. Hi, 32. Vern. Aggia ^Bundelkhand).

Very variable in habit, sometimes only 4-6 in. high and with a simple fili«
form stem, or a much-branched stout herb up to 2 ft. high. Leaves
sessile, 1-2 in. long, often with 1 or 2 teeth on each margin, scabrous.
Flowers sessile or nearly so, in long often interrupted spikes or racemes.
Calyx % in. long, campanulate ; ribs 15, strong and scabrous ; segments
linear-subulate, acute, usually reflexed in fruit : each segment with one
rib passing along the centre to the apex, the secondary ones not
ending in the sinus but continuing to the apex of each segment along
the edges which thus become strongly margined. Corolla white, £-| in.
long, tube exserted, the much-incurved upper portion hairy within.
Capsule i in. long.

Moradabad (T. Thomson), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth Duthie, Mrs. Bell).
Parasitic on and said to be destructive to crops of juar (Andropogon
Sorghum). Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB.: — Plains of

158 SCROPHULARIACE&. [ CENTBANTHEBA.

Punjab and Bengal, Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. in Kumaon ; also on the
Khasia Hills and in Burma, in W. C. and S. India to Ceylon, extending-
to Java Very injurious as a parasite to sugar cane in the Central
Provinces.

21. CENTRANTHERA, B. Br., PI. Brit, iv, 300.

Annual rigid scabrid herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate,
oblong or linear, obtuse, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or in
bracteate spikes or racemes, bracteoles 2. Calyx compressed, spath-
aceons, split on one side, entire or shortly 3-5-lobed. Corolla-tube
long, incurved and dilated above, limb oblique ; lobes 5, broad, sub-
equal, spreading, the two upper in side in bud. Stamens didynamous,
included ; anthers meeting in pairs, cells transverse, bases spurred or
mucronate, one cell often empty; stigma tongue-shaped, acute.
Fruit an ovoid or subglobose loculicidal capsule ; valves entire, Carry-
ing away the placentas. Seeds very many., oblong, ctmeate ; testa
lax, reticulate. — Species 4, in tropical and sub-tropical Asia, the
Malay Archipel. and in Australia.

C. hispida, R. Br. Prod. 438 ; Eoyle III. 291; F.B.L iv, 301; Collett
Fl. Siml. 359; Prain Beng: PI. 776; Cooke Fi. Bomb, ii, 308. C.
nepalensis, Don Prod. 88. Digitalis stricta, Roxb. FL Ind. iiit 99.

An erect hispid and somewhat hoary herb, 1-2 ft. high. Stem stout
simple or more or less branched above. Leaves sessile or nearly so, f -1^-in.
long, linear or elliptic-oblong, the lower opposite, the upper alternate,,
passing into floral bracts, hispid on both surfaces with tubercled
hairs. Flowers rather large for the size of the plant, arranged in
terminal bracteate spikes. Calyx % in. long ovate, inflated, narrowed
towards the mouth. Corolla f in. long or more, funnel-shaped, purplish
or white, lobes rounded. Filaments softly hairy. Capsule %•% in. long,
broadly ovoid-oblong, grooved, subrugose.

Grassy places in Dehra Dun and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of
Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers June-Oct. DISTRIB. : Throughout
India and in Ceylon, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the W. Himalaya ; also
in Burma, Java, China, the Philippines and Australia.

22. SOPUBIA, Buch.-Ham. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 302.

Erect herbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, narrow*
often laciniate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, bracts leafy, bracteoles
2, Calyx campanulate ; lobes 5, narrow, valvate. Corolla funnel-
shaped ; tube short, dilated at the throat ; lobes 6, broad, spreading,

LITOBNBEBGIA. ] SCEOP HULARIACE^E. 159

s'lbequal, the 2 upper inside in bud. Stamens didynamous, anthers
of both sets of stamens meeting in pairs, one cell of each perfect and
ovoid, the other empty and stipitate. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma
thickened, tongue-shaped, obtuse. Fruit an ovoid or oblong
loculicidal capsule ; valves entire or 2-fid., separating from the
placentiferous septum. Seeds numerous, testa somewhat lax.—
Species about 27, in Africa, Madagascar, India, China, Malaya and
Australia.

S. delpMnifolia. G. Don. Gen. 8yst. iv, 560 ; F.B.I . iv, 302; Wats
E.D.; Prain Beng. PL 777 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. iit 305. \ Gerardia delphini-
f olia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 99.

A tall erect much-branched herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stem 4-sided, grooved,
glabrous or scaberulous, often spotted with purple. Leaves^ pin-
natisect, 1-1 fc in. long, the uppermost (bracts) simple, segments filiform.
Flowers subsessile, axillary, solitary or in few-flowered terminal
racemes ; bracteoles £ in. long, filiform, pedicels slender. Calyx f in.
long, tube strongly ribbed ; teeth linear-subulate, erect. Corolla rose-
coloured, 1-1£ in. long, limb £ in. across; lobes Droad, spreading.
Filaments hairy. Capsule as long as the calyx, oblong-ellipsoid.

<5rassy places near Agra (Munro), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowers
in the wet and cold seasons. DISTEIB : Behar, Chota Nagpur,
Konkan, Deccan and south to Ceylon. The juice of this plant is
sometimes used medicinally.

23. LINDENBERGIA, Lehm. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 261.

Annual or perennial herbs. Branches erect straggling, or ascen-
ding, rarely woody below. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate,
toothed. Flowers yellow, axillary, passing into terminal spikes or
racemes ; bracts leaf -like, bracteoles none. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid,
lobes leaf -like. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric ; upper lip short,
notched or 2-fid, innermost in bud ; lower larger, 3-lobed, speading,
throat and lip with a 2-plicate palate. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included ; anther-cells separate, stipitate, all fertile. Fruit a 2-
grooved loculicidal capsule ; valves entire, separating from the placen-
tiferous dissepiment. Seeds many, minute. — Species 14, Indian,
Malayan and S. African.

Glabrous or nearly so with stout erect stems

2-3 ft high, calyx longer than the bracts . 1. L. macrostachya.
Glandular-pubescent herbs with slender

stems, calyx shorter than bracts.

Leaves shortly petioled. flowers sessile . 2. L.polyantha.

Leaves long-petioled, flowers pedicelled . 3. L. urticwjolia.

160 SCROP&ULARIACEJE. [ LINDENBERGIA.

1 L. macrostachya, Benfh. Scroph. Ind. 22 ; F. B. I. iv, 262 ; Collett Fl.
Biml. 851.

A glabrous or slightly pubescent herb. Stems 2-3 ft. high, erect and
usually stout. Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
petioles less than half the length of blade. Flowers $ in. long, uni-
lateral, usually crowded in erect rigid spikes. Calyx longer than the
bracts ; lobes short, acute. Capsule about £ in. long, pubescent.

Siwalik range and sub -Himalayan tracts eastwards to ftorakhpur ; also in
Merwara Flowers April and May. DISTBIB. : Western Himalaya up to
4,000 ft., 'Punjab Plain and Shan Hills, extending to Siam, Tonkin and
China. Closely allied to L. philippinensis, bufc less hairy and with
much shorter petioles.

2. L. polyantha, Royle ex Benth. Scroph. Ind. 22 ; F.B.I, iv, 262 ;
Prain Beng. PI 760; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 307.;

A densely glandular-villou? annual. Stems erect or ascending, leafy,
12-20 in. long, branching from the base. Leaves very shortly petioled,
ab >ut |-in. long, ovate or elliptic, acute, margins crenate -serrate.
Flowers many, unilateral, arranged in axillary ard terminal leafy spikes.
Calyx £-in. long, gland.-villous ; lobes oblong, obtuse. Corolla yellow,
twice as long as the calyx, hairy outside, upper lip pubescent, mid-lobe
of lower lip oblong, rounded at the apex. Ovary ovoid, pubescent.
Capsule | -in. long, hairy at the apex.

Common within the area, on walls and banks. DISTRIB.: Throughout
India, ascending to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; also in Baluchistan.

3. L.urtiosefolia, Link and Otto Ic. PL Ear. Hort. Berol.t. 48;
F. B. I. iv. 262 ; Collett FL 8iml. 352; Prain Beng. PI. 760; Cooke Fl.
Bomb. ii. 307. Stemodia ruderalis, Vahl ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 94.

An annual, more or less glandular-hairy. 8tems 4-10 in. high, simple or
branched, of ten tufted, brittle w ben dry. Leaves f-2 in. long, broadly
ovate, crenate- serrate, usually gland -villous on both sides ; petioles £-£
in. long. Flowers unilateral, shortly pedicelled, solitary or in pairs
in the axils of large leaves, sometimes farming axillary or
terminal leafy racemes. Calyx $-in. long, densely gland.-villo us ; lobes
triangular-oblong, obtuse. Corolla yellow, 6 in. long, hairy outside, tube
tinged with red or purple, throat hairy, mid-lobe of lower lip narrow.
Ovary pubescent round the apex. Capsule £-in. long, oblong, hairy
above.

Walls and banks, abundant within the area. DISTRIB.: Throughout.
India and up to 6,000 ft, on the Himalaya, extending to Afghanistan.
Not found in Ceylon. •

OROBANCRACE&. 161

LXXX.-OROBANCHACE^.

Leafless brown, white or reddish root-parasites containing little
or no chlorophyll. Stem usually simple, stout or slender, scaly.
Flowers 2-sexual, irregular, solitary or in spikes or racemes. Calyx
spathaceous or 2-lipped, with 4 or 5 free or connate segments.
Corolla hypogynous, curved, usually distinctly 2-lipped, or some-
times with 5 subequal lobes ; upper lip often arohed, lower 3 fid.,,
throat often with 2 villous folds. Stamens didynamous, inserted
on the corrolla-tnbe ; anthers 1- or 2-celled ; cells frequently spurred
at the base, opening by slits or apical pores, one cell often imperfect.
Disk usually obscure. Ovary of 2 (rarely 3) carpels, 1 or (rarely)
2-celled ; ovules usually many, anatropous, on 2 (rarely 3) pairs or!
free or confluent parietal placentas which sometimes ultimately
reach the centre of the ovary. Fruit a capsule, usually 1-celled ;
valves 2, rarely 3. Seeds usually many, testa pitted or reticulated,,
albumen fleshy, embryo often undivided.— Species about 150, in
temperate and tropical regions.

Corolla-lobes broad, subequal : -

Calyx spathaceous. anther-cells unequal . . 1. ^EGINETIA.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed ; anther-cells equal 2. CISTANCHE.
Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed . 3. OROBANCHE..

1. JEGINETIA, Linn.-, Fl. Brit, Ind. iv, 820.

Leafless herbs with branched or simple naked or soaly scapes or
stems. Flowers few, large solitary or corymbose, bracteoles none..
Calyx spathaceous, split in front nearly to the base. Corolla
broadly tubular, incurved, obscurely 2-lippe<i ; lobes 5, broad,
spreading, the 2 upper connate. Stamens didynamous, included ;
anthers meeting iu pairs, each with 1 perfect cell adnate to the
filament and not spurred at the base, the other cell absent from the
upper pair, the absent cell in the lower pair represented by an empty
clavate and deflexed spur. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas large, 2- or
more-lobed, filling the cavity ; ovules very many, covering the
whole placental surface ; style slender ; stigma large, peltate.
Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seeds many, minute, pitted. — Species 3
in Tropical and Sub-tropical Asia.

Scape slender, naked, corolla purple, placentas multi-
fied . 1. J£. indica.

Soape, short, stout, bracteate; corolla-tube yellow,
mouth blue, placentas 2 lamellate • • . 2. M. ptduncu-

162 OROBASCHACEJE [ JEGINETIA.

1. JE. indica, Linn. Sp. PL 632 ; Roxb.; FL Ind. Hi, 30 ; Eoyle III. 292;
F. B. I. ivt 320 ; Prain Beng. PL 778 ; Corte Fl. Boml>. ii, 311.

Whole plant tinned with purple, turning brown when dry. Rhizome
small, tuberous, emitting many short branching coral-like roots.
Scapes erect, slender, solitary or several, 6-12 in. high, with usually a
fe>v scales at the base. Flowers s olitary on the t->p of each nake"i
scape, nodding. Calyx £-!£ in. long, closed in bud, pointed, glabrous.
Corolla purple ; tube 1-1$ in. long, curved, inflated ; limb f-1 in.
across ; lobes small, equal, rounded, margins fimbriate. Anthers of
lower stamens with thick blunt dorsal spurs. Placentas multifid.
Capsule | in. Ion?, ovoid, beaked, enclosed in the persistent calyx and
corolla. Seeds pale-yellow, testa loose and hyaline.

Dehra Dun, in shady ravines. Flowers daring the rainy season.
DISTEIB. Throughout the greater part of India from the W. Hima-
laya in Kumaon up to 3,500 ft., also in Nepal, Assam and on the Khasia
Hills and southwards to Travanoore and Ceylon, extending to Burma,
China, Japan and the Philippines.

2. JB. pedunculata, Wall. PL As. Rar. Hi, 13, t. 219 ; F. B. I. iv, 320 ;
Prain Beng. PL 778. Orobanche pedunculuta, lioxb.; FL Ind. Hi, 29.
O. acaulis, Roxb.j PL Ind. Hi, 29.

Whole plant red or yellow. Stem very short, buried in the soil. Scape
short, stout, very fleshy, many-flowered ; bracts £-£ in. long, ovate,
obtuse. Calyx l$-2$ in. fleshy, red taming to yellowish-white, obtuse,
acute or shortly beaked, very mucilaginous. Coro7?a-tube equalling the
calyx, yellowish ; limb violet, lobes crenate or erose. Stigma broadly
cordiform, palta-te. Capsule ovoid. Seeds brown.

Sub-Himalayan tracts ; Moradabad (T. Thomson), parasitic on roots of
the Khas-khas grass (Vetiveria zizanioides). Flowers during the rainy
neason. DISTRIB. Throughout the greater part of India from near
Marree (W. Himalaya) to SiUkirn and Assam, and from Bengal (in
jhils) to Travancore and Ceylon (on roots of grasses); also in Upper
Burma, Malay Peninsula and Islands end Cochin China.

2, CISTANCHE, Hoffmgg. and Link ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 324.

Scapigerous herbs, scape or stem simple, scaly. Flowers subsessile,
in dense spikes, yellow violet or purple* Calyx "broadly tubular-
campanulate ; lobos 5, subeqnal, obtuse. Corolla-tube long, curved,
dilated above ; limb spreading, oblique; lobes 5, broad subequal.
Stamens 4, subexserted ; anthers sub trans verse, often villous ; the
cells equal, parallel, bases obtuse. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 4,
equidistant or in pairs, stigma broad. Capsule ovoid, laterally
compressed, 2- valve to the base. Seeds numerous, subgloboee,
reticulately punctate. — Species 1'?, Mediterranean region and N.
Africa exten 4ng to W. and C. Asia.

OROBANCHE. ] OROBANCHACE^. 163

C. tubulosa, Wight Ic.t. 1420 Ms; F. B. I. iv, 324 ; CooU PI. Bomb.
iit 313. Orobanche calotropidis, Edgew. in Hook, Journ. Bot. ii, 285.
Vern. Bhumphor (Bajputma).

Whole plant yellowish or sometimes tinged with purple. Stem £-2 ft.
high and as much as 2 in. in diam., not branched, densely covered with
acute triangular scales |-1 in. long, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers
many, arranged in den1 e epikes 6-10 in. long and sometimes 3 in. in
diam.; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the calyx, margins
membranous : bracteoles narrower, shorter than the calyx. Calyx
|-£ in. long ; lobes rounded, about ^ as lorg as the tube ; margins
membranous, veined. Corolla yellow ; tube erect, inflated above, 2 or
3 times as long as the calyx, hairy inside at the base ; upper half
campanulate, bent outwards from the middle ; lobes rounded, reflexed.
Filaments hairy at the base, anthers not or scarcely apiculate. Style
exserted, curved below the stigma. Capsule I in. long, beaked.

Ajmer ( Duthie). Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. Plains
of Punjab and Sind, extending to C. Asia and Arabia.

3. OROBANCHE, LinD.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 324.

Scapigeions lierb?, scapes or steros simple or branched, stout or
slender, scales acute. Flowers in dense or lax or interrupted spikes
or racemes, bracts scale-like, bracteoles 2 or none. Calyx unequally
4-fid., or 2-partite from back to front ; segments entire or 2-fid., with
rarely a fifth lobe or segment. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube curved,
dilated above, circumscissile at tbe base ; upper lip erect, crenulate
notched or 2-fid ; lower somewhat spreading, 3-iobed. Stamens
included ; anther-cells equal, parallel, usually mucronate at the base.
Disk none or glandular. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 4, equidislant
or in pairs ; stigma funnel-shaped or peltate, or more or less
2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved capsule, the valves often cohering with
the style. Seeds very many, globose or ovoid— Species about 90, in
northern or sub-tropical regions of the Old World.

Flowers without bracteoles, arranged in dense
spikes . . . . . . . 1. 0. cernua.

Flowers with 2 bracteoles, arranged in rather
lax spikes ....... O.cegyptiaca.

1. O. cernua, Loeffi. It. Hisp. 152 ; F. B. I. ivt 325 ; Prain Beng. PI. 778.

0. indica, Wall- Cat, 9636 (not of Buch .-Ham. ).

Stems 1 or more, stout or slender, 6-12 in. high, pale-brown or bluish •
scales ovate, upper acute or acuminate. Spikes dense, about half as
long as the stein or longer. Flowers blue; >r acts lanceolate, shorter

o2

164 LENTIBULAEIACE^E. [ OROBANCHE.

than the corolla, cleft to the middle ; segments lanceolate, cuspidate ;
bracteoles none. Corolla |-f in. long, carved outwards, glabrous or
sometimes puberulous above ; lobes crenate, not ciliate, the 2 upper
broad ; the 3 lower ovate, acuminate. Filaments glabrous ; anther-
cells acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy. Style glabrous ; stigmatic-
lobes short, thick.

Oudh (Wallich). DISTRIB. W. Himalaya from Nepal to Kashmir,
Baltistan and Gilgit up to 12,COO ft.; alsa in Bengal, C. India and C.
Provinces to 8. India , extending to N. Africa and Spain, occurring also
in extra-tropical Australia.

2. O. segyptiaca, Pers. Syn. ii, 181 ; Eoyle III. 181; Cooke Fl. Bomb,
ii, 314, O. indica, Buch.-Ham. in Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 27 ; F. B. L ivt
326 ; Watt 1$. D.; Prain Beng, PL 779.

.Stems 4-20 in. high, usually branching from the bass. Scales few,
lanceolate, often slightly hairy. Flowers many, sessile or the lowest
shortly stalked and forming a rather lax spike ; bracts half as long as
the corolla-tube, ovate or lanceolate ; bracteoles ^filiform, shorter than
the calyx. Calyx f in. lorg, 4-toothed, campanulate, pubescent, sub-
rnembranous ; teeth about equalling ths tube, lanceolate from a broad
base, strongly nerved down the middle. Corolla f-l-j in. long, hairy
outside, upper portion blue or lilac, whitish below ; upper lip 2-lobed,
lower equally 3-lobed ; tube slightly curved above, constricted above
the insertion of the stamens. Filaments hairy at the base, anthers
woolly. Capsule oblong, acuminate, glabrous.

Abundant within the area, parasitic on various cultivated plants, often
in mustard fields. DISTRIB. more or less throughout the plains of
India, extending to Central and W. Asia. Cattle appear to be fond
of this plant, and their milk is said to be improved thereby.

LXXXI.— LENTIBULARIACEJE.

Herbs aquatic or in wefc places, often insectivorous. leaves
Tosulate, capillary-multifid or obsolete when submerged. Flowers
purple blue or white, irregular, hermaphrodite, arranged on 1-raany-
flowered simple or branched scapes or peduncles ; bracts small or
none, braoteoles 2 or none. Calyx inferior, 2-5-lobed. Corolla 2
lipped, spurred ; upper lip usually the smaller, entire or emarginate,
lower • -5-lobed. Stamens 2. attached t<> the base of corolla, alternate
with lobe of lower lip ; filaments curved, anthers 2-celled ; cells diverg-
ing, transversely confluent. Ovary superior, 1-celled, style short,
stigma unequally 2 lobed ; ovules usually many, anatropous, attached
:fco a free basal placenta. Fruit a globose few- or many-seeded capsule,

UTRICULARIA. ] LENTIBULARIACE^. 165

opening by 2-4 valves or circumscisslle or bursting irregularly.
Seeds minute, without albumen. — Species about 200, found in all
parts of the world, except in arid regions,

UTRICULARIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 328.

Herbs floating and rootless, or on wet ground and rocks, often
furnished witb minute bladder-like insect-traps. Leaves rosulate,
or when submerged many-partite with capillary segments. Flowers
on simple or branched scapes ; racemes few or many-flowered, pedicels
bracteate and often 2-bracteolate. Calyx 2-pirtite ; lobes entire or
nearly so, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip entire
or emarginate ; lower larger, 3-6-lobed ; tube with a straight or
curved spur. For characters of stamens, ovary, fruit and seeds see
the family. — Species over 100, in the tropical and temperate regions
of both hemispheres.

Inflorescence held up above waj^r by a whorl
of floats on the peduncle . . . . 1. U. stellar is.

Inflorescence without floats on the peduncle : —
Peduncles stout ; pedicels reflexed in
fruit, bearing usually more than 3
flowers; seeds not cr scarcely winged . 2. U.flexuosa.

Peduncles slender, pedicels erect in fruit,
bearing 1-3 flowers ; seeds distinctly
winged 3. 17. exoleta.

1. U. stellaris, Linn. f. Suppl.86 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 143 ; F. 8. I. iv, 328 •
Prciin Beng. PI. 780 ; Coolie Fl. Bomb, u, 316.

An aquatic herb. Stolons and leaves floating under the surface of the
water. Stolons long and usually rather slender, sparingly branched. Leaves
^-1£ in. long, often in whorls of four, pinnately divided into capillary
segments, each primary segment furnished near the base with a small
roundish bladder, the mouth of which is truncate. Racemes erect,
slender, few-12-flowered, rising above the surface of the water ; peduncles
1-8 in. long, each suspended by a whorl of spongy floats attached about ^
in. below the lowest flower, each float tipped with a tuft of filiform
pinnae ; ^bracts small, ovate, obtuse, bracteoles none ; pedicels T^-i in.
long1, thickened, usually deflexedin fruit. Calyx ^-^ in. long ; segments
nearly equal^ suborbicular, enlarged in fruit. Corolla yellow, £ in. iu

entire.

166 LENTIBULARIACE^E. [ UTKICFLARIA.

Common in ponds and ditches and especially in the Sub-Himalayan
tracts. Flowers during the rainy season. DISTRJB. Throughout the
greater part of India and in Ceylon : extending to Malaya, Tropical and
S. Africa,. Madagascar and N. Australia.

2. U- flexuosa, VaU Enum. i, 19$ ; F. B. I. iv, 329 ; Prain Beng. PL
780 ; Cnol-e Ft. Bomb, ii, 316. U. fasciculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 143. U.
confervifolia, Don Prod, 84.

An aquatic herb, submerged all but the inflorescence. Stolons stout, much
branched and often very long. Leaves 1^-3 in. lung, usually in whorls of
4 ; segments filiform, pectinate, each pinna usually bearing at its base a
small subglobose bladder which becomes black by age. Racemes erect,
3-8-flowered ; peduncles up to 9 in. long, rather stout, naked or with a
few small scales, but with no whorl of floats, the whorl of leaves however
at the base of the peduncles has often its rhachis more or less inflated
and thus acts as afloat; bracts small, ovate; pedicels ^-f in. long,
deflexed in fruit. Calyx £-| in. long ; lobes subequal, ovate, obtuse or
subacute, somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla yellow, £-£ in. across;
spur nearly as long as the lower lip, conical, acute. Capsule subglobose,
£ in. long. Seeds as in U. stellaris but rather larger.

Abundant within the area in watery places, flowering in the hot season.
DIFTRIB Throughout the greater part of India and in Ceylon, extending
to Malaya, Tropical Africa and N. Australia.

3. U. exoleta, R. B:\ Pwd. 430 ; F. B I. ir, 329 ; Prain Beng. PL, 781 ;

Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 316. U. biflora, Roxb. FL Ind. i, 143 (not of Wall.) U.
| pterosperma, Edgeiv. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i, 352.

A small aquatic herb, usually floating, but sometimes rooting when
stranded on mud. Stolons very slender, varying in length ; branches
slender, flattened. Leaves variable, rarely more than £ in. long, not much
dissected, the segments all capillary, but one or more represented by
bladders, or the whole leaf transformed into a bladder, bladders obliquely
ovoid, the mouth truncate, ciliate. Racemes 1-3-flowerecl ; peduncles slen-
der, 1^-3 in. long, with a minute bract-like scale below the middle ;
pedicels islender, £-£ in, long, erect in fruit ; bracteoles very small, broad-
ly ovate, truncate or rounded. Calyx T^ in, long ; segments subequal,
broadly elliptic, obtuse. Corolla yellow with darker streaks, £-£ in.
long ; spur conical, obtuse, equalling or slightly longer than the lower
lip. Capsule globose, $-£ in. in diam. Seeds orbicular, flat, with a broad
more or less crenulate wing.

Saharanpur district (Boyle), and probably in many other localities within
the area, especially in the Sub-Himalayan tracts, but not common.
DISTRIB. Throughout India from the N.-W. Himalaya and Assam to
Ceylon, extending to S. E. Asia, Malay Pen. and Islands and N. Australia.

U.' STBIATULA, Smith (syn. U. orbiculata, Wall.; F. B. I. iv, 434) very
probably occurs within the area of this flora, and should be looked for in
Dehra Dun in damp shady spots. It is abundant on the Himalaya up to-

DIDYMOCARPCS. ] G ESXERIACEJS. 167

8,000ft., also in Assam and on the hills of Peninsular India ; extending to
Ceylon, Malaya, S. China and Trop. Africa. It is a very small terrestrial
species with violet-coloured flowers, and is found usually on wet rocks.
It may at once be distinguished by its orbicular or reniform persistent
leaves, its very unequal calyx-segments and the glochidiate seeds.

LXXXII.-GESNERIACEJE.

Herbs or undershrubs, often epiphytic. Leaves opposite alternate
or solitary, undivided, entire or toothed ; stipules noue. Flowers
hermaphrodite, nearly always irregular, peduncles axillary, bracteate ;
bracteoles usually small. Calyx-lobes 5, valvate or open in bud.
rarely imbricate. Corolla-tube long or short ; lobes usually 5 and
imbricate in bud. Stamens attached to the corolla-tube, usually
didynainous, sometime* 5, all or only 2 fertile, anfchers 2-or 1-celled,
Disk annular or shoitly cylindric or none, sometimes unilateral.
Ovary 1-or imperfectly 2-celled, style linear, stigma capitate or
2 lobed ; ovules many, anatropous, on bifid parietal sometimes
subconfluent placentas. Fruit a 2-valved capsule or a berry. Seeds
many, minute, fusiform or ovoid, smooth, sometimes tipped with a
long hair, albumen scanty or none, embryo straight. — Species about
700, mostly in S. E. Asia, Polynesia and in Trop. America. The
Indian representatives of this family all belong to the suborder
Cyrtandrea, recognized by having the ovary free and superior. The
Euge*ner*<g, which are confined to the New World, are characterized
by a more or less inferior ovary.

Capsule linear, exceeding the calyx . . 1. DIDYMOCARPUS.
Capsule ellipsoid, included in the calyx . . 2. RHYNCHOGLOSSUM.

1. DIDYMOCARPUS, Wall. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 345.

Stemless or erect herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate or crowded,
rarely solitary. Peduneles axillary, bearing few or many flowers ;
pedicels cymose, subumbellate or subracemose n pairs ; bracts usually
inconspicuous. Calyx small, 5-fid- or partite, lobes narrow. Corolla
with a cylindric or ovoid tube, limb oblique or subsymtnetric ; lobes
5, rounded. Stamens included, the 2 anterior perfect with 2-3 sta-
le inodes, rarely 4 perfect ; anthers cohering in pairs ; cells 2, ovate,
oon confluent. Disk cylindric or none. Ovary narrow, 1-celled,
sessile or stipuate ; stigma peltate, emarginate or unilateral ; placentas

168 GESNERIACE&. [DIDYMOCARPUSV

deeply in flexed, at length recurved ; ovules many, crowded along
the margins. Fruit a loculicidally 2-valved or subfollicular capsule ;
valves not twisted before opening, their edges revolute and concealing
the seeds. Seeds ellipsoid, small, smooth, minutely reticulate. —
Species about 90, in India, Malaya, China, Trop. Africa, Madagascar
and Australia.

Stems distinct, leaf solitary. — Plant minute . 1. D.pygmcea.
Stems none or very short ; leaves more than
one, usually all radical . . . . 2. D. pedicellata.

1. D. pygmaea, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. iv, 345 ; Prain Beng. PI. 783.

A small delicate pubescent herb. Stems filiform, ^-2 in. long. Leaf solitary,
sessile or nearly so, membranous, 1-2 in. long, obliquely ovate or lanceo-
late, obtuse at both end s ; margins sinuate, scarcely crenate. Pedicels
few, about 5 in. long, fascicled in the leaf -axil, bracts minute or none.
Calyx T£-^ in. long, densely pilose with white hairs ; lobes linear,
slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla £-in. long, tubular, shortly 5-lobed.
Stamens 2, fertile ; staminodes 2, linear, f the length of the fertile
filaments. Ovary and style villous. Capsule ^-f in. long.

Found originally by Vicary close to a waterfall near Mhowganj in the
Eewah district of C. India, and just within the south-east border
of the area of this flora. DISTIUB. Chota Nagpur (C. B. Clarke),
Nimar district of C. Prov. (Duthie). This interesting little plant has
probably been often overlooked in other localities and should be searched
for on wet rocks in the vicinity of waterfalls, especially in the districts
of Mirzapur and Bundelkhand. In its size and general habit this plant
may be compared with Platystemma violoides which it greatly resembles
in its filiform stems, each of which bears a solitary leaf. The latter
plant inhabits the W. Himalaya at elevations between 6 and 9,000 ft.,
and flourishes within the spray of dripping rocks.

2. D. pedicellata, R. Br. in Benn. Fl. Jav. Rar. 118 ; F. B. I. iv, 345.

D. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 784 (in part} ; Royle III. 294, t. 70, f. 1.

Stems none or very short, innovations scabrous-pub erulous. Leaves
usually all radical, 3-3 in. diarn., roundly ovate, crenate-serrate, gland-
ular-punctate. Pedicels longer than the calyx ; bracts about 4 in,
often shortly connate. Calyx funnel-shaped, about 5 in. long ; lobes
shallow, rounded. Corolla purple, nearly 1 in. long. Capsule 1-1 1 in.
long ; its stalk slender, longer than the persistent calyx.

IDehra Dun, in damp shady ravines. Flowers in Aug. DISTBIB. Sub-
tropical W. Himalaya from Chamba to Kumaon, up to 5,500 ft.

2. RHYNCHOGLOSSUM, Blume; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 367.

Herbs, glabroos cr minutely pubescent. Leaves alternate, elliptic,
acuminate, unequal*sided, cordate on one iide of the unequal base,
subentire or sinuate, Eacemes long, many-flowered ; bracts none,

EHYNCHOGLOSSUM. ] BIGNONIACE^E. 169

bract eoles minute. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla-tube
cylindric, contracted at the mouth ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip short,
bifid ; lower longer, 3-loled. Stamens 2, perfect, included ; anther
connivent, S-celled ; cells ellipsoid, *nbparallel, slits ultimately
confluent at the apex. Ovary 1-celled, ovoid, style linear, stigma
minutely 2-lobed ; placentas much intruded, divided into 2 thick
lamellae bearing many ovules on all sides. Fruit an ellipsoid mem-
branous loculicidally 2-valved smooth capsule, included within the
calyx. ^ Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, testa minutely reticulate.
— Species 2, extending from India to the Philippines.

B. obliquum, Blume Bijdr. 741, Var. parviflora, C. B. Clarke in

D. C. Monogr.v, 162; F. B. I. iv, 367; PrainBeng. pi. 784; Coolie FL

Bomb. i», 324.

A succulent herb up to 20 in. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 2-6 in
long, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, unequal at the base, semicordate at the
base on one side, acute on the other ; lateral nerves many, parallel,
curved, prominent beneath, petioles $-2 in. long. Racemes about 4$ in.
long. Flowers solitary or in pairs ; bracteoles about T'a in. long, narrow,
subulate ; pedicels filiform, ncdding. Calyx % in. long, divided about
£-way down ; lobes triangular, acute, Corolla blue, tube about as long
as the calyx ; upper lip about ^ in. long, with 2 triangular acute lobes,
lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper and with 3 shallow obtuse
lobes. Capsule ± iu long.

Dehra Dun, flowering during the rainy season. DISTBIB. Himalaya from
Kumaon to Bhutan up to 5:000 ft., Chuta ISagpur and C. India to
W. and S. India, also in Ceylon. The type occurs in Tenasserim
the Malay Islands and in China.

LXXXIII-BIGNONIACEJE.

Trees, shrubs (rarely climbing) or herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely
alternate, unequally 1-3-pinnate, or sometimes undivided. Flowers
hermaphrodite, irregular, usually showy, arranged in terminal racemes
or panicles, rarely on short lateral branches ; bracts and bracteoles
inconspicuous. Calyx spathaceous or funnel-shaped ; lobes 2-5 or
more, valvate. Corolla 2-lipped, tubular -veniricose ; lobes 5,
-subequal, imbricate in bud. Stamens didj-namous, rudiment of 5th
stamen often present and inserted where the corolla-tube is suddenly
.swollen, rarely with five perfect stamens ; filaments glabrous or
hairy at the base ; anthers 2-celled, included or rarely shortly
exserted ; cells elliptic or oblong, parallel or diverging, dehiscing by
longitudinal slits. Disk usually thick or annular. Ovary subsessile,
2-celled ; style long, glabrous, stigma of 2 elliptic lobes ; ovules

170 BIGNONIACEJE. [ OROXYUTM.

usually in many rows, 'arsatropous. Fruit a loculicidally or septi-
cidally 2-valved capsule, usually elongated ; septum enlarging in
fruit, deciduous with the placentas. Seeds compressed, discoid, rarely
subtrigonous, usually prominently winged, exalbuminous. — Species
about 550, mostly tropical and chiefly in S. America ; PI few are
extratropical, including two Himalayan herbaceous species of
AmpJiicome.

Perfect stamens 5 .... 1. OBOXYLDM.

Perfect stamens 4: —

Leaves simple ..... 2. TECOMELLA.
Leaves pinnate: —

Calyx spatbaceous . ... 3. DoLiCHANDRONE.

Calyx campanulate . 4. STEREOSPERMUM.

1. OROXYLUM' Vert. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 377.

A glabrous tree. Leaves opposite, large, 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets ovate,
entire. Flowers in long terminal racemes. Calyx large, cam-
panulate, coriaceous, truncate or obscurely toothed, persistent.
Corolla large, campanulate, white or purplish ; lobes 5, subequal,
round, crisped and toothed. Stamen* 5, perfect, exserted, four of
them equal, the fifth shorter ; filaments straight ; anthers glabrous,
2-celled ; cells oblong, parallel. Disk wide. Fruit a large linear 2-
valved capsule, compressed parallel to the septu/r, opening septi-
fragally. Seeds many, thinly discoid ; wing b>oad, hyaline. —
A single species, found in India, Ceylon, Burma, Malava, China and
Cochin-Chin a.

O. indicum, Vent. Dec. Gen. Nov. 8; F. B. I. iv, 378 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanji-
lal For. Fl. 254 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 510 ; Collett Fl. Sitnl. 368, Prain
Beng. PL 787 ; Coolie FL Bom 6, ii, 327 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 496. Bignonia
indica, Linn.; Rcxb. FL In<*. Hi, 110 ; Royle IIL295. Calosanthes indica,
Blume ; Brandis For. FL 347. Vern. Ullu, arlu, pharkath, pharri, sanna
lOudh).

A small deciduous soft-wooded tree, up to 40 ft. high, branching near the
top ; bark light-brown, usually covered with corky lenticels. Leaves very
large, sometimes attaining 5 ft. in length ; rhachis stout, cylindric ;
leaflets 2-4 pairs, 2|-5 in. long, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, entire,
glabrous, base rounded or cordate, petiolules £-f in. long. Flowers many,
in large erect racemes 1-2 ft. long or more, foetid, pedicels ^-1$ in. long.
Calyx about 1 in. long, oblong-campanulate, obscurely toothed,
coriaceous, glabrous. Corolla 2-3 in. long, fleshy, tube green, limb lurid-
purple, margins crisped. Filaments woolly at the base. Capsule 1-3
ft. by 2-3£ in. wide, flat and straight. Seeds many, 2-3 in. long, margins
broadly winged except at the base.

DOLICHANDRONE.] BlGNONIACE^. 171

Sub-Himalayan tracts from the Jumna eastwards, usually in more or less
moist places Flowers during June. and July, and the fruit ripens in the
cold season. DISTRIB. Throughout India except in the western drier
area, Himalaya ascending to 4,000 ft. in Kumaon ; also in Ceylon and
Burma, extending to the Malay Peniiis. and Archipel, and Cochin-China .
The bark and fruit are used as a mordant in dyeing and tanniog, and the
root-bark is much valued as a native medicine, the extremely light seeds
are made use of for lining hats.

2. TECOMELLA, Seem. ; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 378.

A shrub or small tree with glaiicescent foliage ; innovations
stellately grey-tomentose, otherwise qtrite glabrous. Leaves usually
opposite, simple, oblong, obtuse, entire. Flowers in terminal racemes.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-
vrntricose, month wide ; lobes subequal, rounded, imbricate. Stamens
exserted ; anther-cells divergent, pendulous. Disk cupular. Ovary
oblong, ovules many in each cell. Capsule linear-oblong, somewhat
compressed, opening loculicidally. Seeds discoid, winged, the wing
very narrow at its apex, absent at the base. — A single species found
in India, Baluchistan and Arabia.

T. undulata, Seem, in Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, Vol. X, 30 ; Coolie
Fl. Bomb, ii, 328. Tecoma undulata, G. Don ; F. B. I. iv, 378 ; Watt
E. D. ; Brandis For. Fl. 352; Ind. Trees 492 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.
511. Bignonia undulata, Smith; Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 10 1 ; Roy le III. 295.
B. glauca, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Dot. 137, t. 142. Vern, Roira, rohera
(Merwara).

Branches drooping. Leaves 2-5 in. long, narrowly oblong, margins
undulate, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers inodorous, in corymbose racemes
terminating short lateral branches, pedicels |-J in. long. Calyx nearly
£ in. long ; lobes hardly £ in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, mucronate.
Corolla H--£ in. long, orange-yellow, veined. Filaments glabrous.
Stigma of 2 spathulate-oblong plates. Capsule about 8 in. long, slight-
ly curved, glabrous, valves thin. Seeds (including wing) 1 in. by f in.

Jumna and Chambal ravines near Etawah, also in Merwara Flowers
Jan.-April. DISTRIB. Punjab, on the Siwalik range west of Jumna,
Rajputana, Sind and Gujarat, extending to Baluchistan and Arabia.
Very ornamental when in flower. Wood grey or yellowish-brown
mottled with lighter streaks, strong and durable. The leaves afford
good fodder and the bark is used medicinally.

3, DOLTCHANDRONE, Seem.; Fl Brit. Ind. iv, 378.

Trees, glabrous or tomentose. Leaves opposite, 1-pinnat.
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx spathaceous, cleft
to the base ou one side. Corolla tubular, tube long or short ; lobes

17U BIGNONIACE^E. [ DOLICHANDEOKE;

5, sabequal, round, crisped, crenate or incised. Anther-cells oblong,
parallel. Disk annular, cushion-like. Ovary sessile, ovules usually
many-seriate. Fruit a long subterete or compressed capsule, lo-
cuUcidally 2-valved, imperfectly 4-celled. Seeds thinly discoid,
with a broad wing on each side.— Species about 20, in India and
Ceylon, extending to Malaya, China, Trop. Africa and Australia.

D. falcata, Seem, in Journ. JEM. viii, 381 ; F. B. J. iv, 380 ; Watt
E. D.', Gamble Man. Ind. Ttmb. 512; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 329; Brand.
Ind. Trees 493. D. Lawn, Seem.; F. B. I. iv, 380. Spathodea falcata,
Wall.; Brandis For. Fl. 350. Bignonia spathacea, Roxb.; PI, Ind. Hi, 103.

A deciduous tree up to 50 ft. high ; innovations grey-pubescent or shortly
villous. Leaves simply pinnate, 3-6 in. long ; leaflets 5-7, pubescent or
glabrous, |-1| in. long, obovate or suborbicular, rarely with a small
obtuse point, more or less unequal at the base, the terminal usually
larger ; main lateral nerves about 4 pairs, prominent beneath, petio-
lules short or none. Racemes terminal, few-fid., pedicels ^-in. long.
Calyx |-J in. long, softly grey-pubescent. Corolla white, about 1 in. long;
tubs 1 H in. long, slender, tapering downwards ; lobes obovate-oblong,
their margins undulate and crisped, Capsule 10-18 in. long and about f
in wid falcately curved, compressed, glabrous. Seeds about 1 in, long
by £-in. wide, rectangular, winged at both ends.

Bundelkhand, on hills above Doni (Duthie), dry hills in C. India
(Edgeworth). Flowers in May and June. DISTRIB. Eajputana, W,
and S. India. The hard whitish wood is used for building and agri-
cultural purposes A decoction of the fruit is said to be used in native
medicine.

4, s EREOSPERMUM, Cham.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 382.
Trees. JLeaves large, 1-or 2 -pinnate. Flowers in large lax termi-
nal panicles. Calyx ovoid, closed or open in bud, truncate or shortly
and unequally 2-5-lobed or 5-toothed in flower. Corolla tubular-
campanulate ; limb spreading, 5-lobed and somewhat 2- lipped ; lobes-
subequal, round, often crisped toothed or laciniate. Stamens 4, with a
radirnentnry 5th ; anther-cells linear, diverging. Disk cushion -like,
fleshy. Fruit an elongate terete subcompressed or obscurely 4-acgled
capsule, loculicidally 2-valved and toften spirally twisted, septum at
length thick and corky. Seeds many, in one or two series, trigonous,,
with a transverse groove outside and a prominent ridge within which
fits into a deep groove of the septum ; wings membranous, lying flat-
on the septum.— Species 12, in Tropical Asia and Africa.

Panicle-branches slender, glabrous; capsule

subquadrangular, smooth . . . 1. S. chelonoides.

Panicle-branches short, viscidly hairy ;

capsule cylindric, rough . . . 2. S. suaveolens.

STBEEOSPEEMUM. ] BIQNONIACE^E. ITS

1. S. chelonoides, DC. Trod, ix, 210 ; Brandis For. Fl. 852 ; Ind. Trees
495 ; F. B. I. iv, 882 ; Watt E. D. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 514 ; Prain
Beng. PL 790; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, 331. Bignonia chelonoides, Linn. f. ;
Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 106. Vern. Pader, parral.

A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft. high, glabrous except the flowers; bark thick,
brown, corky outside, branches spreading^ Leaves simply pinnate,
12-18 in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, 4-5 in. long by 1-2 in.
wide, elliptic, caudate-acuminate, glabrous ; base acute or rounded,
often unequal-sided, petiolules $ in. or less. Flowers fragrant, in lax
drooping panicles with slender articulate glabrous branches. Calyx
campanulate, £ in. long, glabrous, usually puiple, shortly 3-5-lobed.
Corolla f in. long, yellow, veined and tinged with purple, more or less
pubescent outside, bearded within on the lower side ; lobes of limb
rounded and crisped. Filaments villous at the base. Capsule 1-2 ft.
long by £ in. wide, subquadrangular and pointed, spirally twisted, often
dotted with white specks. Seeds 1-1 £ in. long, splitting easily along the
transverse furrow.

Forests of N. Oudh. Flowers April to June, after the leaves have
appeared. IMSTRIB. Eastwards to Sikkim Chittagong and Chota Nag-
pur; also in the moist forests of Bombay, S. India and Ceylon, extending
to Burma. The hard grey wood is used for building and for making
furniture. The roots, leaves and flowers are employed in native
medicine.

2. S. suaveolens, DC. Prod, ix, 211 ; Brandis For. FL 351 ; Ind. Trees
495 ; F. B. I, iv, 382; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. .FL Sch. Circ. 255;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 515 ; Prain Beng. PL 790 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb . ii,
331. Bignonia suaveolens, Roxb, FL Ind. Hi. 104 ; Royle III. 295. Vern.
Pddal.

A deciduous tree up to 60 ft. high, young parts viscous-hairy. Baric grey
exfoliating in large thick flat scales. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, simply
pinnate ; leaflets 3-4 pairs with an odd one, shortly stalked, 3-6 in. long,
broadly elliptic, acute or acuminate, entire or serrulate, rough above,
hairy beneath, rounded and unequal at the base, main lateral nerves 6-8
pairs, petiolules about fa in. long. Flowers very fragrant, arranged in
large lax 3-chotomously branched viscidly hairy panicles. Calyx £ in.
long, shorty 3-5-lobed. Corolla dull-purple, funnel-shaped, 1-1^ in. long,
puberulous outside, bearded within at the throat ; limb oblique, Si-
lipped ; lobes rounded, crenate and crisped, the 3 lower longer than the
2 upper. Filaments not villous at the base. Capsule 1-2 ft. long by f
in wide, straight, cylindric, somewhat ribbed, grey or purplish, rough
with white raised specks. Seeds 1£ in. long, with a long membranous-
wing at each end.

Common within the sal areas of the Dehra Dun and Saharanpur forest s
and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts eastwards, Flowers during May and
June, and the fruit ripens in the cold season. DISTBIB. Punjab Plain,
"becoming scarce west of the Jhelum ; outer Himalayan ranges from

174 BIGJSONIACE&. [ STEREOSPERMUM,

Kashmir to Sikkim, up to 4,000 ft. ; found also in the drier parts of
Bengal, and in Central W. and S. India, extending to Burma. The
wood is valued for planks and beams ; it polishes well, and is much
used as fuel and for making charcoal. The Lark and flowers are said
to be employed medicinally. "Regarding the sylvicultural value of this
tree see Gamble I.e. ^

This family is remarkable for the large number of handsome-flowered
trees and shrubs which it contains. The following, belonging to genera
not indigenous in India are some of the more important species cultiva-
ted within the area of the upper Gangetic Plain : —

MILLINGTONIA HORTENSis, Linn, f.; Brandis For. Fl. 347 ; Ind. Tree
496 -, F. B. I. iv, 377 ; Watt E. D ; 'Kanjilal For. Fl. 253 ; Gamble Man.
Ind Timb. 509 ; Prain Beng. PI. 788 ; CooTce Fl. Bomb, ii, 334. Bigrionia
euberosa, Roxb ; FL Ind. Hi, 111. — Vern. Akas-nim, chambeli, (Indian
Cork tree).— A tall erect fast-growing tree with corky bark and soft
yellowish wood. Leaves bi-or tripinuate, 2-3 ft. long. Flow TS white,
very fragrant, arranged in large panicles which are terminal on the
pendent branches. This tree, supposed to be indigenous in Burma and
the Malay Archipelago, is cultivated in gardens and as a roadside tree
within the area of this flora and in many other parts of India. As an
avenue-tree it cannot be altogether recommended ; for, owing to the
brittleness of its branches, it is liable to be much damaged during severe
storms. It flowers at the beginning of the cold season, but produces no
seed in this part of India.

PANDOREA JASMINOIDEA. K. Schum.; Coo fee FL Bomb, ii, 335. Tecoma
jasminoides, Lindl. — A climbing shrub with pale bluish flowers. It is
a native of Australia and is frequently cultivated in the gardens of
Upper India.

PYROSTEGIA IGNEA PresL; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 335. Bignonia venusta,
Ker. GawL — A largo climbing shrub with 3-foliolate leaves and large
handsome orange-red flowers arranged in terminal racemes. A native of
Brazil.

CAMPSIS RADICANS, Seem; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 335. Tecoma radicans,
Lindl. — A scandent shrub climbing like ivy, and with red flowers.
Indigenous in N. America.

STENOLOBIUM STANS, Seem. ; Cooke PL Bomb, ii, 335. Tecoma stans,
Juss.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 511; Prain Beng. PL /<?#.— A hardy
shrub or small tree with handsome foliage and large yellow flowers.
It is a native of S. America, and in some parts of India has become
almost naturalized.

HETEROPHRAGMA ADENOPHTLLUM, Seem.; F. B. I. iv, 381 ; Watt E. D.;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 514 ; Brand. Ind. Trees 494 ; Prain Beng. PL
789 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 336. — A handsome tree with large pinnate
leaves. Flowers brownish-yellow, densely tomentose. Capsule 1-3 ft.
long, twisted. A native of E. Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Often planted in the gardens of Upper India. The wood is valued for
cabinet work.

SESAMUM.] PEDALIACKM. 175

KIGELIA PINNATA, DC. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Tiirib. 517 ; Coo/re Fl. Bomb.
ii, 336 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 492. — An ornamental tree introduced from.
Trop. Africa, and now largely grown in Indian gardens The rough,
pinnate leaves are clustered towards the ends of the branches, and the
large handsome maroon-coloured flowers are arranged on long pendent
racemes and open during the hot season. The hard gourd-like fruits, 2-3
ft. long, ripen during the cold season. It is a quick-growing tree and
the wood is hard.

LXXXIV.-PEDALIACE^J.

Herbs, rarely undershrnbs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate,
entire toothed or lobed. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite, usually
axillary and solitary (rarely fascicled or in racemes), pedicels short
bracts none or minute. Calyx 4 5-partife. Corolla tubular- ventri-
cose ; limb obscurely 2-lipped ; lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens didynam-
ous, rarely 2. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 1 -celled, style filiform, stigma
shortly 2-lobed ; ovules many or few, superposed. Fruit hard and
indehiscent, or a 2-(rarely 3-4) valved capsule. Seeds (in the Indian
species) wingless, albumen none. — Species about 45, in the warmer
parts of both hemispheres, especially in desert regions and on sea«
coasts.

SESAMUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 386.

Erect to prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite below, upper alternate,
entire toothed, lobed or divided. Flowers axillary, solitary or few
and fascicled, shortly pedicelled, purplish or pink, often marked with
yellow. Calyx small, 5-partite. Corolla tubular-ventricose, base
subgibbous ; limb 2-Kpped ; lobes 5, those of the upper lip usually
smaller. Stamens didynamous, included ; anthers sagittate, the
cells subparallel, distinct. Ovary 2-celled, becoming 4-celled by the
intrusion of a false, dissepiment ; ovules many, 1-seriate in each
chamber ; style filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong or ovoid,
loculicidally 2-valved, 4-chambered, usually 4-angled. Seeds many,
obliquely oblong, subcompressed, foveol ate.— Species about 10, in
India and in Trop. and S. Africa.

S, indicum, Linn. Sp. PL 634 ; DC. L'Orig. PL Cult. 557; Duthie and
Fuller Field and Gard. Crops n, 55, t 42 ; F. B. I. iv,387 ; Watt E. D.;
Comm. Prod. Ind. 981 : Prain Beng. PL 792 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 338. S.
orientale, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 100— Vern. Til, tili, tila (Sansc.)
Gingelly or Sesame.

An erect pubescent or puberulous annual, 1-2 ft. high, branching from
the base. Leaves oblong or ovate, 3-5 in. long, the lower ones lobed
or often pedatisect, lobes serrate ; upper leaves narrowly oblong, entire,
glabrous above, puberulous beneath. Pedicels % in. long, solitary or

176 ACANTHACE^.

2-3-nate. Flowers, with a strong unpleasant odour. Calyx-segments i in.
long, lanceolate, acute, hairy. Corolla 1£ in. long, hairy outside, pinkish-
purple and often marked with yellow. Capsule about 1 in. long, erect,
hispid, beak short, valves separating half-way down. Seeds black or
white, glabrous.

Extensively cultivated within the area during the rainy season, but
chiefly as a mixed crop. Sometimes met with as a naturalized
weed. In other parts of India it is usually grown as a pure crop.
There are two well-marked varieties, black-seeded and white-seeded ;
the former yields the best oil and is therefore more abundantly grown.
The oil is largely used in India for culinary purposes, as well as for
burning in lamps, and it is also employed in anointing the body and in
the manufacture of soap and perfumes. The seeds of the white-seeded
variety are often eaten, chiefly in the form of sweetmeats. The oil
and seeds are very largely exported to Europe, for particulars of which
trade see Watt's " Commercial Products of India," p. 987. There
is considerable doubt as to the native country of this plant. Decandolle
regarded it as having come originally from the Malay Archipelago,
Whilst other authors consider it be of Indian or of African origin.

MARTTNIA DIANDRA Glox.; F. B. I. iv, 386 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng
PL 791 ; Coolte Fl. Bomb, ii, 339.— Vern. Bichu. (Tiger-claw or Devil's
tjlaw). A tall coarse herb. Leaves large, opposite, cordate, glutinous.
Flowers diandrous, rose-coloured. Fruit large, woody, beaked by two
strong curved spines. Common within the area and in other parts of
India on roadsides and in waste places, flowering during the rainy
season. The plant is a native of Mexico

LXXXV.-ACANTHACEJE.

Herbs or shri»bs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, usually entire,
•exstipulate. Flowers nearly always irregular, in cymes racemes or
spikes, rarely solitary ; bracts lar^e or small or none ; bracteoles usually
2, sometimes more and forming an epicalyx. Calyx 5-or 4-partite
or (in Thunbergia) minute and multifid. Corolla 2-lipped or
subequally 5-lobed, lobes imbricate or twisted in bud. Stamens
4 or 2, inserted on the corolla-tube ; anthers 2-or 1-celled, the cells
sometimes remote. Disk often conspicuous. Ovary superior, 2-
celled ; style simple, filiform or swollen below ; stigma usually 2-
lubed, the lobes often unequal ; ovules 1 or more in each cell, in one
or two series, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves often
•elastically recurved and the septum splitting. Seeds usually hard,
attached (except in a few genera) to recurved subacute supports
(retinacula), ovoid or compressed, smooth rugose or rarely hispid,
usually ex albuminous. — Species upwards of 2,000, in tropical and
warm temparate regions.

ACANTRACEJE.

177

Climbers ; seeds not supported on hard retina-

cula ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral . . 1. THDNBERQIA.
Erect or prostrate plants, not climbing : —
Seeds not supported on retinacula ; ovules
many, superposed in 2 rows in each cell I—-
Calyx 4-partite, stamens 2.
Bracts rigid, peduncle of spike covered

with alternate scales . . . 2. TUBTFLORA.

Bracts herbaceous, spike sessile, or if

stalked the peduncle without scales . 3. NELSONIA.
Calyx 5-partite, stamens 4* . • . 4. STAUKOQTNE.

Seeds supported on retinacula : —

Upper lip of corolla subobsolete ; lower lip
large, expanded, 3-lobed ; ovules 2 in each

cell 5. BLEPHABIS.

Corolla 2-lipped or with 5 subequal lobes : —

Corolla lobes twisted to the left in bud :—

Ovules more than 2 in each cell, capsule

normally 6- or more — seeded :—
Corolla distinctly 2-lipped : —

Inflorescence spinose . . .6. ASTERACANTHA.
Inflorescence not spinose . . 7. HYGROPHILA.
Corolla subequally 5-lobed : —
Bracteoles large ; capsule clavate,

with a solid base . . .8. EUELLIA.
Bracteoles small, narrow or none,
capsule seed-bearing through-
out :—

Flowers in sessile clusters which
are arranged on the branches of
a trichotomous or 1-sided

panicle . .9. -33CHMANTHERA.

Flowers sessile; in terminal or
pseudo-axillary heads or
spikes . . . 10. HEMIQRAPHIS.

Ovules 2 in each cell, capsule with 4 or

fewer seeds :—

Placentas separating elastically from
the base of the capsule ; stamens
4 ; bracteoles very large . . 11. PETALIDIUM.
^__^Tiacentas remaining attached to the

base of the ripe capsule : —
Anthers minutely mucronate or
spurred at the base ; stamens
four . . . . .12. DISCBORISTE.

Anthers blunt at the base : —
Cor-tube slender, linear ; stamens

two . . . .13. D-ZEDALACANTHU8.

Cor-tube widened from near the

base ; stamens four . . 14. STROBILANTHEB.

178 ACANTH.ACE&. [TH:NBEHGHA-

Cor-lobes imbricate in bud : —
Ovules 3-8 in each cell, capsule nor-
mally 6 — or more-seeded : —
Capsule compressed at right angles to
the septum ; seeds ovoid, hardly
compressed : —

Flowers in panicled often 1 -lateral
racemes, without axillary barren

branches (cladodes) . . 15. ANDROGRAPHIS.

Flowers in spikes in the midst of

cladodes . . .16. HAPLANTHUS.

Capsule subterete, seeds much com-
pressed . . . . .17. PHLOGACANTHOS.
Ovules 2 or rarely 1 in each cell :—
Corolla-lobes 5, subequal : —

Calyx 4-part., the two opposite
outer segments much longer than
the inner ; perfect stamens 2 . 18. BARLERIA.
Calyx 5-part., segments subequal ;

stamens 4, all perfect . . 19. ASYSTASIA.
Corolla distinctly 2-lipped : —

Stamens 4 ..... 20. 1 EPIDAGATHIS.
Stamens 2 : —

Placentas remaining attached to
the valves of the capsule : —
A.nther-cells parallel, sub-
equal ; bracts large, imbri-
cate ; cor-tube long,
. narrow . .21. ECBOLIUM.

Anther-cells placed one higher

up than the other : —
Anther-cells (at least the
lower) with a white basal
spur-like appendage (api-
culate in J. Adhatoda) . 22. JUSTICIA.
Anther-cells muticous . 23. PERISTROPHE.
Placentas separating elastically
from the base of the cap-
sule : —

Flowers in 1-lateral spikes . 24. RTJNGTA.
Flowers crowded in axillary
cymes towards the end of the
branches . . . .25. DICLIPTEBA.

1. THUNBERGIA, Linn, f.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 390.

Climbers. Leaves opposite, oflen cordate hastate or angular.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs or racemose, bracts at the base
of the pedicels leaf -like ; bracteoles large, the margins cohering, at

THUNBERGIA.] ACANTHACE^. 179

least wl; en young. Calyx small, annular, teeth 10-16 or obscure.
Corolla conspicuous ; tube swollen, curved ; limb oblique, with
rounded lobes, twisted to the left in bad. Stamens didynamous,
attached to the base of the corolla-tube ; anthers 2-celled ; cells
parallel, oblique, spurred or not at the base ; pollen globose, obscurely
banded. Disk annular or cuflhiou-like. Ovary with 2 collateral
ovules in each cell, style lon<:, stigma funnel-shaped, 2-lobed or
entire, or style 2-fid and with capitate stigmas, Fruit a capsule,
globose below, suddenly narrowed to a barren sword-shaped beak.
£eeds 2 in each cell, ovoid or dorsally compressed, the glabrous base
plane or hollowed, funicle minute or conic. — Species about 90; in
tropical regions of the Old World.

T. fragrans, Eoxb. Ccr. PL i, 47. f. 67 ; FL Ind. m, 53 ; F. B. I. ir,
393 / Prain Beng. PI. 795 ; Cooke FL Bomb. 342.

Stem long and slender with swollen nodes, ictroreely hairy or glabrous.
Leaves 2-3 in. long, oblong or deltoid-ovate, acute or obtuse, rounded
cordate or hastate at the base, entire or with a few basal angular
apiculate lobes, petioles {-\ in. long. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the
axils, pedicels 1-2 in. long ; bracteoles £-f- in , broadly falcate-oblong,
snbacute. Calyx %-% in., pubescent, deeply divided into 12-15 linear-
lanceolate acute segments, nearly glabrous in fruit. Corolla inodorous,
pure white, 1| in. long, pubescent outside ; tube about as long as the
segments, constricted below the limb ; segments 5, spreading, obovate,
truncate, coarsely toothed. Anthers not spuried. Capsule (including
beak) about 1 in", long, grey-pub crulous. Seeds 4 or less, ^ in. in diam.,
hemispheric, excavated on the plane face, rugose.

Probably indigenous in the Sub-Himalayan tract? frum the Jumna east-
wards. Cultivated in gardens. Flowers in Oct. and Nov. DISTKIB.
Throughout India chiefly in the hilly districts ; also in Ceylon, Burma,
and the Malay Peninsula, extending to Timor, the Philippines and
N. Australia. The specimens from N. India are referred to T. fragrans,
var. Icevis F. B. 1. 1. c., which differs from the type in having 2 pedicels
in each axil, and it is also a much less hairy plant. The specific name
applies to the plant as a whole, and not to the flowers which are
inodorous.

THUNBERGIA ALATA, Bvj. ; F. B. I. iv. 391 ; Prain Seng. PL 795;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 343.— A slender climber. Leaves softly villous,
ovate, cordate, enbentire ; petioles usually winged. Flowers yellow or
whitish, with a brown or claret-coloured eye. Much cultivated in
gardens, and becoming naturalized as an escape in many parts of the
area. It is a native of Trop. Africa and Natal.

TBUNBEKGIA GEANDIFLOFA, Poxb. ; FL Ind. Hi, 84; F.B.I.iv, 392;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 518 ; Prain Beng. PL 796. Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
843 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 497.- An extensive climber with large cordate-

180 ACANTHACE^. [ NELBOIUA"

ovate or sometimes angular leaves and blue flowers. Often cultivated
in gardens, and sometimes nut with in a semi-wild state within the*
area. It is a native of E. Bengal whence it extends to S. China.

2. TUBIFLOBA, J. F. Gmel.
UNDER ELYTRARIA IN FL. BRIT. TND. iv, 394,

Herbs, stemless or nearly so. Leaves alternate, crowded, sub-
radical. Flowers in close rigid simple or divided spikes. Scapes
covered by spirally imbricate bracts ; bracteoles smaller than the
bracts. Calyx 4-partite ; segments unequal, the largest sometimes
2-fid. Corolla white or bluish, 2-lipped, tube linear ; lobes 5,
oblong, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, perfect, attached to the
throat of the corolla ; anthers elliptic, acnte ; cells parallel, with or
without a minute spur at the base. Disk femall. Style short,
stigma shortly 2-lobed; ovules 6-10 in each cell, superposed. Fruit
an ellipsoid acute capsule. Seeds minute, ovoid, reticulated,
minutely papillose, attached by a small hilum, without a retina-
culum. — Species 3 or 4, American, one of which is widely spread in
Trop. Africa and Asia.

T. acaulis, 0. Kuntze Eevis. Gen. i, 500 ; Qooke FL Bomb, ii, 345.
Elytraria crenata, VaU ; Royle 111.298; F. B. I.iv,894. Justicia,
acaulis, Linn. /.; Roxb.; Fl. Ind. i, 119.

Stem none or up to 2 in. long, woolly. Leaves 3-8 in. long, obovate
or oblanceolate, obtuse or apiculate, tapering into a hairy petiole, more
or less crenate, nerves beneath pubescent. Scapes several, usually
longer than the leaves, clothed with small rigid elliptic acuminate bract-
like scales. Spikes hard, i-4 in. long, simple or branched ; bracts 5 in.
long, ovate, acuminate or spine tipped, hairy outside and with ciliate
margins. Calyx £ in. long ; segments pennicillate at the apex and
with scarious ciliate margins, three of them narrowly lanceolate, the
4th broader and sometimes 2-fid. Corolla £-£ *n' iong, pale-blue or
white. Anthers without a basal spur. Capsule |--£ in. long.

Moradabad (T. Thomson), ravine-tracts in the vicinity of Delhi and
Agra (Royle, Munro), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth, Duthie), Merwara
(Duthie). Flowers after the rainy season. DISTRIB. Southwards
through the drier parts of Peninsular India and in Ceylon, extending
to Trop. and S. Africa and to Trop. and N. America.

3. NELSONIA, K. Br. ; FL Brit. Ind. iv, 394.
A diffuse softly villous herb. Leaves opposite, subequal. Flowers
in ovate or cylindric spikes; bracts herbaceous, ovate, glandular-
villous, closely imbricate, alternate or spirally scattered, bracteoles-

NELSONIA.] ACANTHACEJE. 18t

none. Calyx small, 4-partile; segments unequal, lanceolate, the
larger often bifid. Corolla very small, purplish-rose or white, tube
slender, limb 2-lippefl; lobes 5, obtusp, spreading. Stamens 2,
attached ahove the middle of the corolla-tube ; anthers 2-celled,
subincluded ; cells elliptic, distinct, more or less divergent, glabrous
or ciliate, muticous or minutely spurred. Ovary with 8-10 ovules
in each cell, stigma Bhoitly 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid pointed capsnle,
bearing the seeds below tbe middle. Seeds small, ellipsoid or sub-
globose, smooth, not supported on retinacula. — A single species,-
occurring in S. E. Asia, Africa, and Australia; also in America
where it has probably been introduced.

N. campestris, E. Br. Prod. 481 ; F. B. I. iv, 394 ; Prain Beng. PI.
797 ; Coo'ke Fl. Bomb, ii, 345. Justicia lamifolia, Koen.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i,
134.

Stems short, branches trailing. Young parts more or less densely clothed
with white hairs. Leaves elliptic-oblong, entire, the lower 4-8 in.
long and with long petioles; upper subaessile, ^-2 in, clothed with
grey woolly pubescence. Flowering spikes ^-2 in. long, ovate or cylin-
dric ; bracts herbaceous, £-£ in. long, ovate, subobtuse, softly pu-
bescent, bracteoles represented by 2 opposite tufts of hairs situated below
the calyx. Calyx £ in. long, strongly nerved. Corolla £ in. long, pur-
plish. Capsule ovoid-conic, 8-12-seeded, glabrous. Seeds broadly ellip-
soid, yellowish with brown granulations.

Dehra Dun and in the Sub -Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and
Gorakhpur ; also in Bundelkhand. DISTRIB. Throughout India, except
in the desert tracts, up to 4000 ft. on the Himalaya and in Ceylon;,
extending to S. E. Asia, Australia, Africa and America.

4. STAUROGYNE, Wall.
UNDER EBERMAIERA IN FL. BRIT. IND. iv, 395.

Herbs or small undorshrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate
Flowers in terminal or pseudo-axillary simple or compound dense
or lax racemes or spikes, bracts usually leaf -like ; bracteoles 2, near
the base of the calyx, smaller than the bracts. Calyc deeply 5-
partite; segments obbng or linear, subequal or one larger than the
others. Corolla 2-lipped, tube long or short, cylindric or somewhat
f iinnel-shaped ; lobes 5, short, spreading. Stamens didynamous,
usually included, filaments usually hairy ; anthers with 2 ovoid
muticous distant cells. Disk inconspicuous. Style linear, glabrous,
with 2 lobes, the lower one often again 2-lobed ; ovules numerous-

182 AC ANTE ACE ^E. \ BLEPHARIS.

Fruit a small oblong capsule, seed-bearing throughout Seeds
15-30 in each ceL, small, globose or cuboid, glandular or nearly
smooth when mature, retinacula none, hihim hollowed. - Species
about 40, in 8. E. Asia, .Malaya, Australia and Brazil.

S. glutinosa, 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen.i, 497 ; Ebermaieraglutinosa, Wall.;
F. P. I. ivy 396; Prain Beng. PL 798. E. glauca, T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix, 450 (not of Nees).

••Stems many, 12-18 in long1, trailing, pubescent. Leaves all opposite,
shortly stalked, about 1£ in. long, elliptic, subobtuse. entire, tapering
to the base, minutely pV.bescent or glabrous. Heads pseudo-axillary, on
short branches, 2-8 — fll., oubglobose ; bracts 5 in. long, narrowly obovate-
oblong, viscid. Calyx-segments viscidly pubescent, one slightly longer
than the others. Corolla § in. long, bluish with dark veins, pubescent
outside. Stigma with one lobe oblong, the other bifid.

Abundant within the area, often met with in rice-fields and on swampy
ground. DISTRIB. Punjab Plain, Rajputana, and C. India to N. and
C. Bengal, also in Sylhet.

5. BLEPKARIS, Juss. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iy, 478.

Herbs or undershrnbs, often rigid or prickly. Leaves opposite or
4 in a whorl, subentire or toothed and sometimes prickly. Spikes
terminal or on suppressed Literal branches, strobilate, 4-ranked or
capitate and few or 1 -flowered ; lower bracteoles leaf-like, upper
linear. Calyx deeply 4-partite ; segments unequal, in opposite pairs,
one of the larger pair e margin ate or 2-lobed, the 2 inner segments
much shorter and narrower. Corolla 2-lipped, tube rigid, upper lip
subobsolete ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, purple blue or white. Stamens
didynamous; filaments thick, rigid, connective of the lower stamens
] roduced ; anthers with one large cell densely bearded on the margin,
the other cell small and obsolete. Disk annular, inconspicuous.
Ovary glabrous, widi 2 ovules in each cell, style linear, stigma
shortly 2-fid. Fruit an oblorg or ellipsoid capsule, 2- or 4-seeded.
Seeds compressed, suborbicular, echinate or ciliate. — Species about 50,
mostly African, 5 in India.

Flowers in short heads, solitary or 2 or 3 together. — Herbs :—
Leaves petioled, up to 2| in. long, thin acute . 1. B. loerhavicefolia.
Leaves subsessile, ^-1 in. long, fleshy, obtuse . 2. B. molluginifoha,

Flowers in strobiliform spikes,— A small shrub
with a very short stem 3. B. sindica.

BLEPHABIS. ] ACANTHACEM 183

1. B. boerhavisefolia, Pers. 8yn. ii, 180 ; Royle III 298 ; F. B. I. ivt

47? ; Prain Peng. PL 799; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 349. Acanthus maderaspa-
tanus, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 33.

A prostrate roughly pubescent herb. Stems much-branched, wiry, rooting
at the nodes. Leaves petiolel, thin, 4 in a whorl, unequal, 1-2$ in. long,
elliptic or obovate, acute and finely apiculate, appresse Jly hairy above,
lower surface paler and with hairs only on the nerves ; margins entire
or with a few distant teeth, ciliate. Flower* axillary, solitary or 2 or 3
together ; bracteoles 8, in opposite pairs, becoming larger upwards ;
outermost pair •$ in. long, second ^ in., third 3-3- in., all 3 pairs cuneiform,
below, broadly spathulate and rounded at the apex, strongly 3-nerved,
furnished on the upper margin with stiff retrose bristles ; the fourth or
innermost pair of bracteoles longer than the others, linear with a flat
rounded apex ; all four pairs of bracteoles white with green veins.
Calyx-segments £-£ in long, lanceolate, acute, pubescent and ciliate, the
largest one 3-nerved, the opposite one 2-fid. and 2-nerved, the 2 lateral
ones with a single nerve running down the centre. Corolla ^-f in. long,
blue or pinkish-purple spotted with yellow on the lower lip. Capsule
-4-3 in. long, usually 2-seeded. Seeds obtusely eoliinate.

Not uncommon within the area, but mostly in dry or rocky ground ;
Moradabad (T. Thomson), Saharanpur district (Eoyle), Siwalik range
(Falconer), Agra (Munro), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), Ajmer (Lowrie),
Merwara (Duthie). Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. From
Mt. Abu and Chota Nagpur to S. India and Ceylon, also in Burma and
extending to Trop. and S. Africa.

2. B. moUuginifolia, Pers. Syn. ii, 180 ; Royle III. 293; F. B. I. iv, 479 ;
Prain Seng. PI. 799; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 350.

Stems slender, prostrate, wiry, more or less hispid. Leaves £-1 in. long,
sessile or nearly so in a whorl of four, unequal, fleshy, oblong or obovate,
obtuse, mucronate, hairy or minutely scabrous, pale beneath. Heads
usually 1 -flowered ; bracteoles 10, in opposite pairs, enlarging in size
upwards, varying in length from fa to | in., the 4 outer pairs very similar
to those of the preceding species, the 5th or innermost pair oblong or
oblong-spathulate, tipped with a spinulose mucro about fa in. in length
with sometimes one or two shorter ones alongside. Calyx-segments
linear-lanceolate, acute, margins membranous, nervation as in the preced-
ing species. Corolla blue, f in. long. Capsule included, £ in. long,
ellipsoid, 2-seeded. Seeds shaggy.

Abundant within the area, especially in the drier southwestern and
western portions. DISTRIB. Chota Nagpur and southwards through
C. W. and S. India to Ceylon, extending to Trop. and S. Africa.

3. B. sindica, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. S<~c. ix, 500; F. B. I. iv, 479 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 350.

3L84 ACANTHACE^. [ ASTERACANTHA.

-A small shrub, somewhat spinose-bristly. Stem usually very short or
none ; branches slender, clothed with short grey pubescence. Leaves
sessile in whorls of four, unequal, l-2fc in. long, linear, acute, finely
apiculate, roughly hairy, margins often with a few spine-like teeth near
the base. Spikes strobilate, hairy, 1-3 in. long, in the forks of the
branches, solitary in the upper forks and usually numerous in the lowest
*one ; peduncle stout, woody ; bracts in four rows, £-1 in. long, the lowest
the smallest, ovate, abruptly acuminate and spinous-pointed at the apex,
hairy on the both sides, armed towards the apex with slender usually
recurved spines, nerves 5 braofce°les 2, shorter than the bracts, lanceo-
late, acute, hairy and ciliate, reticulate-veined. Calyx softly hairy on
both sides ; largest segment ^ in. long, ovate, bluntly acuminate, the
apex truncate and densely ciliate ; nerves 7, the 3 central ones parallel,
each ending in a bristly tooth ; the opposite calyx-segment f in. long
similar in shape, the 3 parallel nerves not produced ; lateral segments £
in. long, ovate, acute, 1-nerved. Corolla about -| in. long, mid-lobe of
lower lip quadrate, twice as large as the rounded lateral ones ; tube %
in. long, constricted below the limb. Capsule % in. long, ellipsoid,
compressed, shining, 2-seeded. Seeds % in. long, densely clothed with
long stout hairs.

-Ajmer (Duthie). Flowers during the end of the rainy season. DISTRIB.
Punjab, Sind and Gujarat. Reduced by Clarke in " Fl.Trop. Africa " to
the African B. linearicefolia, Pers., but, as Dr. Cooke points out, the
corolla is very different.

6. ASTERACANTHA, Nees.
UNDER HYGROPHILA IN FL. BRIT. IND. iv, 408.

A stout herb, growing in wet ground. Stems many, fascicled,
•spinous at the nodes. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, arranged in whorls
of 6, the 2 outer leaves of each whorl larger. Floivers in sessile
axillary whorls, surrounded by rigid spines, bracts leaf -like, bracteoles
.linear-lanceolate. Calyx deeply 4-partite, the upper segment broader.
Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed ; lower 3-lobed, with 2
crest-like folds on the palate. Stamens didynamous ; anthers 2-celled,
equal ; the cells parallel, glabrous, muticous. Ovary with 4 ovules in
each cell, style hairy ; stigma simple, acuminate. Fruit a compressed
linear-oblong capsule. Seeds 4-8, clothed with white hygroscopic
hairs, retinacula hard. —A single species, found in India, Ceylon and
in Trop. and S. Africa.

A. longifolia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. Hi, 90 ; Royle III. 298 •
Lindau in Engl. and PrantL Pflanzenf. iv, 3 B, 297 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
352. Hygrophila spinosa, T. Anders. ; 'F. B. I. iv, 408 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett ,
FL Siml. 371 : Prain Beng. PL 802. Euellia longifolia, Roxb. FL Ind. iiit

ASTERACANTHA, ] ACANTHACE&. 185-

Stems erect, 2-5 ft. high, more or less hispid with long hairs especially at
the base of each node. Leaves subsessile, the 2 outer of each whorl up
to 7 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, sparsely hispid on both
sides with long white hairs, each of the 6 leaves with a long sharp nearly
straight yellow spine in its axil. Flowers in a whorl of 8 (four pairs) at
each node ; bracts about 1 in. long, lanceolate, ciliate ; bracteoles smaller,,
linear-lanceolate. Calyx-segments f-f in. long, linear-lanceolate, hairy
outside and with hyaline ciliate margins, the upper broader and rather
longer than the other three. Corolla 1-1$ in. long, pale bluish-purple
or white ; tube f in. long, abruptly dilated above, lips subequal.
Capsule % in. long, linear-oblong, pointed.

Common over the greater portion of the area, in ditches and swampy
ground. DISTRIB. Throughout India and in Ceylon, also at Singapore1
and extending to Trop. and S. Africa. The whole plant, including the-
root and seeds, is valued by natives for certain medicinal properties.

7. HYGROPHILA, B. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 406.

Herbs, usually found in wet places. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or
obovate, entire. Flowers bluish -pur pie, sessile, in terminal heads or
axillary whorls ; bracts elliptic or lanceolate ; bracteoles linear or
lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx tubular, 5-fid., rarely 4-
partite, lobes linear or lanceolate. Corolla 2-lipped, nearly glabrous,
tube dilated above, lobes twisted to the left in bud. Stamens didyn-
araous, the posterior pair sometimes smaller or rudimentary, fila-
ments glabrous, anthers oblong ; cells equal, diverging or connate at
the base. Ovary oblong, tip hairy; style slender, hairy; stigma
simple, linear ; ovules few or many in each cell. Fruit a linear or
narrowly oblong capsule, bearing the seeds from near the base.
Seeds usually, many, ovoid, compressed, hygroscopically hairy ;
retinae ula hard, curved, acute. — Species about 30, in tropical and
subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

Flowers in terminal spikes.— Procumbent herbs": —
Fertile stamens 2, upper pair reduced to teeth,

leaves usually glabrous, seeds 20 or more . 1, H. polysperma.
Fertile stamens 4, leaves hairy, seeds 8-10 . 2. H. Serpyllum.
Flowers in axillary whorls, stamens 4, seeds

20 or more. — An erect herb . . . • 3. H. angustifolia.

1. H. polysperma, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 456 ; F. B. I, ivr

408 ; Collett FL SM. 371 ; Prain Beng. PL 801 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 35,3*
Justicia polysperma, Eoxb.; FL Ind. i, 119.

186 ACANTHACE&. [ HYGROPHILA.

-A small much-branched procumbent herb, branching and rooting near the
base. Leaves subsessile, |-1| in. long, narrowly oblong to ovate, sub-
obtuse at the apex and tapering to the base, entire or almost so, usually
glabrous- Flowers in dense terminal oblong spikes 1-4 in. long ; bracts
£-£ in., elliptic-oblong, obtuse, hairy on both sides, mid -nerve prominent ;
bracteoles £ in., linear. Calyx ^ in. long, pubescent ; teeth linear, with
scarious ciliate margins. Corolla % in. long, pale-blue or white, pube-
scent Fertile Stamens 2, the upper reduced to teeth. Capsule f in.
long, narrowly oblong, glabrous. Seeds 20-30.

Very common in most parts of the area in wet places, flowering during
the rains. DISTBIB. Throughout India, ascenling to 4,000 ft. on the
Himalaya ; extending to Afghanistan, Malacca and Tonkin.

2. H. Serpyllum, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn, Soc, ix. 456; F. B. I. iv, 406;
Prain Beng. PL 801 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 354.

Rootstockwoody. Stems procumbent, 4-15 in. long, glabrous or slightly
hairy. Leaves f-lt in. long, elliptic or suborbicular, entire, more or less
hairy on both sides, petioles of the basal leaves up to 1 in. long. Flowers
in dense or rather lax spikes ; bracts £ in, long, elliptic, subacute, hairy ;
bracteoles £ in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Calyx £-£ in. long ;
lobes linear, densely ciliate, Corolla | in. long ; upper lip shorter than
lower, with 2 short obtuse lobes ; lower bullate, shortly 3-lobed. Fertile
stamens 4, anthers of the 2 lower larger. Capsule 5 in. long, pointed
glabrous, 8-10 seeded.

Bundelkhand and Malwa (Edge worth), recorded also from Guna in C. India
(King) and from Saugor (Jerdon). Flowers during the cold season.
DISTRIB. From Behar and 0. Provinces to W. and S. India.

3. H. angustifolia, R. Br. Prod, 479; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 354. H salici-
folia, Nees ; F. B. I. iv. 407, Watt E D.: Prain Beng. PL 804. Euellia
salieifolia, Vahl ; Eoxb, FL Ind. Hi, 50.

A much-branched erect herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stems bluntly 4-angular,
nearly glabrous. Leaves sessile or shortly petioled, glabrous, f-3 in.
long ; lower obovate or oblong, upper lanceolate, Flowers in dense
rather distant axillary whorls ; bracts £ in. long, ovate or oblong,
subobtuse, hairy ; bracteoles about half as long as the calyx, lanceolate,
acute, hairy. Calyx %-% in. long, divided ^ way down in flower ; teeth
linear from a broad base, acute, hairy ; margins hispid, ciliate. Corolla
i-i in. long, pale-purple, hairy outside ; tube abruptly swollen
above, hairy inside at the base of the stamens, Stamens 4, all fertile,
Style pubescent, Caps ule longer than calyx, narrow, sub quadrangular,
20-28,-seeded.

<Comm3n in wet ground in most parts of the area. DISTBIB. Through-
out the greater part of India and in Ceylon, extending to China and
Japan, The leaves are sometimes eaten by natives as a pot-herb.

BUELLIA. ] ACANTHACEJE. 187

8.RUELLIA, Linn.; Fl, Brit. Ind. iv, 411.

Herbs or undei>hrubs. leaves opposite, entire. Flowers sessile-
or subsessile, solitary or in clusters or racemes ; bracts none ; bracteoles
large, usually exceeding the calyx. Calyx 5-partife or 5-fid.; lobes
subequal, narrow, acute. Corolla more or less oblique, tube ventri-
cose ; lobes subcqaal, rounded, twisted to the left in bud, spreading
in flower. Stamens didynamous ; filaments glabrous or hairy at the
base ; anthers subequal, 2-celled ; cells oblonjr, muticous, glabrous.
Ovary glabrous ; ovules 3-10 in each cell ; style linear, hairy, un-
equally bifid. Fruit a clavate cylindric or ellipsoid capsule, seed-
bearing above the solid base. Seed* large, thin, discoid, margined,
hygroscopically hairy ; ret.inacula larjre, b coked, strong. — Species
about 200, in sill warm regions. The above generic description refers
only to the section Dipt er acanthus t to which all the Indian species
belong.

Stems prostrate or climbing-, woody ; leaves

ovate or elliptic, acute, glabrous or slightly

hairy ; flowers greyish- purple ; capsule

pubescent . . . . . - . 1. R. prostrata.
Stems erect, woody ; leaves ovate, obtuse,

rather densely pubescent on both surfaces ;

flowers greyish-purple, capsule glabrous

below the tip • . . . . . 2. R. patula.

Stems annual, erect from a woody rootstock ;

leaves nrarowly elliptic, subobtuse, villous

on both surfaces ; flowers white ; capsule

glabrous 3. R. suffruticosa.

1. K. prostrata, Lamk. Encycl. vi, 349. VAR. dejecta, Clarke in F. B. I.
iv, 412; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 803 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 355.
E. ringens Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 44.

A small diffuse undershrub. Stems 6-18 in. long, prostrate or climbing,
amongst bushes, much branched, internodes long, the nodes more or less
haiiy and often tinged with purple. Leaves |-3 in. long, ovate or elliptic.,
acute at both ends, entire, glabrous or slightly hairy, petioles, g-f in.
long. Flowers subsessile, solitary or few together ; bracteoles similar
to the leaves but snmller. Calyx % in. long, divided to below the middle ;
segments linear-subulate, acute, hairy. Corolla pale greyish-purple, H in.
long, caducous, pubescent outside ; tube narrowly cylindric below,
funnel-shaped above ; lobes subequal, obovate-oblong, rounded. Cap-
sule f in. long, clavate, pointed, pubescent. Seeds 16-20, subglabrous
but with a dense fringe of hygroscopic hairs on the margin.

188 ACANTHACEM. [ RUELLIA.

Abundant within the area, especially in bushy places. Flowers during
several months of the year. DISTJRIB. Throughout India from the
Punjab and Assam to Ceylon, extending to E. Africa, The plant is used
by natives as a remedy for diseases of the ear.

2. R. patula, Jacq. Misc. Bot. ii, 353 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 45 ; F. B. I.

iv, 412 >} Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 656.

A small hoary-pubescent shrub. Stems erect or long and straggling, much-
branched, densely and closely pubescent. Leaves ^-1| in. long, ovate or
elliptic, obtuse and sometimes apiculate, rounded at the base or abruptly
narrowed, closely pubescent on both surfaces, petioles £-f in. long. Flow-
ers subsessile, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils; bracteoles leaflike, less
than $-in. long (including the short flat stalk), elliptic, obtuse, densely
pubescent and ciliate. Calyx 5-partite, 5 in. long, densely pubescent ;
segments linear-lanceolate, very acute. Corolla pale greyish-purple,
1-1 £ in. long, hairy outside ; tube narrowly cylindric below, funnel-
shaped above ; lobes $-in. long, elliptic or suborbicular. Ovary glab-
rous except the tip, style hairy. Capsule | f. in. long, clavate, glabrous-
Seeds suborbicular, nearly glabrous, but with a dense fringe of hair
on the margin,

' Common in uncultivated ground, chiefly in the drier western portion of the
area, as in Bundelkhand and Marwara and in the ravine tracts skirting
the districts of Delhi, Agra and Etawah. Flowers during the hot and
rainy seasons. DISTBIB. Punjab Plain, Rajputana, 8ind and south-
wards through the drier portions of W. and S. India to Ceylon, extend-
ing to Arabia, Tropical Africa and Ava.

3. R. suffruticosa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 53 ; F. B. I. iv, 413 ; Watt E'
D. ; Prain Beng. PL 803. Dipteracanthus Sibua, biees in Wall. PI. As. Rar.
Hi, 81.

An erect pubescent undershrub, 1-2 ft, high. Roots stout, often with fusi-
form swellings. Stems herbaceous, annually produced from a short creep-
ing woody rhizome. Leaves petioled, lanceolate elliptic or oblanceolate,
the lower ones usually smaller and often suborbicular, obtuse or subacute,
entire, villous with white hairs on both surfaces especially on the nerves
and veins beneath, margins ciliate. Flowers solitary, terminal, subsessile ;
bracteoles resembling the leaves but smaller and narrower, f in. long,
stalked. Calyx-segments $ in. long, linear, puberulous or nearly glabrous.
Corolla white, l£-2 in. long, tube slender, limb subregular. Capsule 1% in.
long, oblong, glabrous, often tinged with purple. Seeds, few.

-Saharanpur district (Royle), Moradabad (T. Thomson), also in the fire-
exposed tracts of Pilibhit, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur (Duthie). Flowers
April to July. Roxburgh states that the flowers open at sunset and drop
off on the following morning. DISTRIB. N. and W. Bengal and in Chota
Nagpur, also in Upper Burma (Collett). The roots of this plant are said
to be used by the Santals for producing fermentation in the grain from
-which they manufacture their beer. Similar tuberous roots occur in the

EUELLIA. ] A6ANTHAOMJ& 189

closely allied R. cernua, as well as in R. tulerosa, a native of America
and now naturalized in C. Bengal. See also under ticbolium Linnea-
num.

9.-JECHMANTHERA, Nees ; Fl. Brit. Iiid. iv, 428.

Small villons shrubs. Leaves broadly elliptic, acute, crenate, often
viscid. Flowers pale-violet or purplish, in sessile close or distant
clusters arranged on the branches of a 3-chotomous or 1 -sided
panicle; bracts linear, as loner as the calyx; bracteoles, similar,
smaller. Calyx 5 -partite ; segments linear, subequal. Corolla
nearly straight ; tube cylindric at the base, suddenly widened near the
middle, palate with 2 hairy lines within ; lobes 5, subequal, rounded,
twisted to the left in bud. Stamens didynamous, included, longer
filaments hairy ; anthers ovate or oblong, 2-cel)ed, cells blunt,
connective sometimes produced. Ovary densely hairy at the apex ;
style sparsely hairy, thickened upwards, stigma large, simple, linear-
lanceolate, ovules 4-6 in each cell. Fruit a narrowly oblong capsule,
seed-bearing from the base. Seeds 6-8 (sometimes 12), discoid and
densely hairy, or thicker and glabrous ; retinacula strong, booked. —
Species 2, both Indian.

A. tomentosa, NeesinWall. PL As, Ear. Hi, 87; F. B, I. iv, 428;
Kanjilal For. Fl> 257 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 518,

A. small erect shrub, 1-3 ft. high, clothed with grey or whitish (not snowy
white) hairs. Leaves petioled, 2-4 in. long, elliptic or lanceolate, acute,
slightly crenate, base rounded ; upper surface coarsely pubescent, lower
densely grey-tomentose. Flowers arranged in small 3-8-flowered clusters
which are sessile along the spreading branches of a large terminal panicle ;
bracts £ in. or more long, linear, glandular-hairy, bracteoles similar but
smaller. Calyx %-% in. long, segments linear, glandular-hairy. Corolla
pale-blue, 1 in, long ; lobes spreading, about f in. across. Anthers with
the connective very slightly excurrent. Capsule about as long as the
calyx, linear, usually 8-seeded.

Summit of Siwalik range. Flowers during the cold season. DISTKIB.
W. Himalaya, up to 5,000 ft. in Kumaon, also in Nepal.

VAB. Wallichii, F, B. L iv, 428; Watt E< D., Kanjilal I c,; Gamble I, c. ;
Prain Beng. Pi. 804. &. gossypina, Nees ; Royle III. 298. Vern. Bharara.
— Stems and leaves densely clothed with snow-white wool. Anthers with
the connective distinctly excurrent, - Dehra Dun and Siwalik range.
Flowers in the late autumn, and abundantly every 4 and 5 years after the
manner of some species of StrobilantJies. DISTRIB. W. Himalayan, Simla to
Kumaon up to 5,000 ft., also in N. Bengal and Chittagon?. Madden says
that beea are particularly fond of the flowers of this plant. It usually

]90 ACANTHACEM. [ HEMTGRAPHIS.

grows gregariously, and is therefore a conspicuous feature during the
periods of prof use flowering. The thick white wool which covers the
stems and the under surfaces of the leaves is much used by the natives
for making a kind of cloth. The wool when young is often tinged with
lilac.

10, HEMIGRAPHIS, Nee?, PI. Brit, Ind. iv, 422.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, toothed or sabentiro. Flowers
blue or yellow, sessile, in heads or spikes, rarely solitary ; heads ter-
minal or pseudo-axillary OQ shortened branchlets, rarely in panicles or
solitary; bracts large, imbricate, each 1- flowered ; bracteoles small,
narrow or none. Calyx 5- partite nearly to the base ; segments
subequal, lanceolate or linear. Corolla elongate, tube cylindric
below, funnel-shaped or ventricose above ; loboa 5, sub-equal, rounded,
twisted to the left in bud. Stamens didynamous, included or
nearly so ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, muticous, sometimes triangular,
bases acute. Ovary with 3-rnany ovules in each cell, style long,
stigma unequally 2-lcbed. Fruit a linear or linear-oblong capsule,
seed-bearing almost from the base. Seeds 6 to 20, compressed, discoid,
brown with a white ^ margin.— Species about 30, Indian and Mala-
yan, & three in Africa.

Corolla-limb ventricose, longer filaments hairy belo;v : —

Bristly, corolla purplish . . . . . 1. //. dura,

Softly hairy, corolla pale blue ... , 2. H. hirta.

Corolla-tube narrowly funnel-shaped throughout,
longer filaments densely bearded in their upper half 3, H. latebrosa,

1, H. dura, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 461 (easel, syn. Ruellia
crispa)', F. B. I. iv, 422 ; Coolie FL Bomb, ii, 357.

A procumbent or diffuse herb, hispid or almost prickly. Stems 1-2 ft, high,
clothed with stiff white deflexed bristles, Leaves hispid, 1 -If in. long,
spathulate-oblong, obtuse, subcrenate, tapering below into a short petiole.
Heads many-flowered, densely clothed with white and yellowish-brown
hair ; bracts f -1 in. long, oblong or spathulate, subacute, densely hairy.
Calyx | in, long ; segments linear, acute, densely hairy and ciliate with
jointed hairs. Corolla f in, long, blue ; tube slender, lower cylindric
portion about as long as the upper ventricose part ; lobes obovate, rounded*
Filaments (the longer ones) laxly hairy below. Ovary glabrous, style
hairy. Capsule | in. long, glabrous, 6-8-seeded.

Bundelkhand (Duthie). Flowers in the cold season. DISTRIB. C. India
in black soil (Edgeworth), Sincl, Gujarat, Konkan and C, Provinces ta
S, India.

HEMIGIUPHIS.] ACASTHACE&. 191

2. H. liirta, T. Anders, in J^urn. Linn. Soc. ix, 462 ; F. B. I. iv, 422 ;

Train Beng. PL 805. Kuellia liirta, Vahl ; ROOL!J. FL Ind. Hi, 46.

A softly pubescent herb. Stems 6-18 in. long, creeping, 4 -sided. Leaves
£-1 in. long, ovate or oblong, crenate. Heads 2-0 flowered or the flowers
occasionally solitary ; bracts J in , elliptic, pubescent, bracteoles none.
Calyx $ in long, green ; segments (in fruit) spathulate. Corolla pale-
blue, \ in. long, soon falling, glabrous except for the 2 lines of hairs on
the palate, the swollen upper portion nearly as long as the cylindric
base ; lobes subequal, obliquely oval. Filaments (the longer ones)
laxly hairy below. Style hairy. Capsule % in. long, linear, about 12-
seeded, glabrous.

Abundant in most parts of the area. Flowers in early part of the hot
season. DISTBIB. Behar and in C. and W. Bengal ; W. Himalaya, up
to 5;000 ft. in Kumaon.

3. H. lateferosa, Nees in DC. Prod, xi, 723, VAR. rupestris, C. P,.

Cl arl-e in F. B. I. iv, 423 ; Prain Beng. PL 805 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 358.

A diffuse rather rigid viscidly pubescent herb. 8! ems slender, obtusely
4-angled, clothed with soft white hairs. Leaves petioled, 1-3 in. long,
ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, tapering towards the base, petioles
i-l£ in. long, leaves ; of the flowering branches much smaller. Flowers
in rather dense heads ; bracts ovate or elliptic, acute, hairy and with
ciliate margins, the outer ones largest. Calyx $ in. long, linear, acute,
whitish with green tips, hairy and with ciliate margins, one segment
larger than the others. Corolla about £ in. long, narrowly funnel-shaped
and nearly straight ; tube yellowish, limb blue ; lobes obovate, obtuse.
Filaments (the longer ones) densely woolly above. Capsule ± in. long,
puberulons, 6-seeded. Seeds hairy.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, Bundelkhand (Duthie), in shady places.
DISTRIB. W. Himalaya up to 5;000 ft. ; also in Behar, Eajputana, C.
Provinces, Bombay and S. India.

11. PETALIDIUM, "Nees ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 416.

Undershrubs, minutely pubescent. Loaves ovate or narrowly
obl->ng, entire or toothed. Flowers solitary, sessile or nearly so,
usually crowded on short lateral branches ; bracts narrow : small or
none ; bracteoles large, ovate, reticulate-veined, at length scarious.
Calyx unequally 5- fid. or 5-partite, segments narrowly lanceolate.
Corolla straight or curved, dilated upwards or funnel-shaped at the
top ; lobes 5, rounded, twisted to the left in bud, spreading in flower.
Stamens didynamous ; anthers subsimilar, 2-celled ; cells parallel,
spurred at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, style linear,
stigma unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a chivate capsule, compressed
parallel to the septum.- Seeds 2 or 4, discoid, hygroscopically hairy ;

192 A CANTHACE^}. [ DYSCHOBISTB.

placeDtas separating elastically from the base of the capsule, carrying
the seeds with them ; retinacula hard, curved. — Species 18, one in
India, the rebt in Africa and the Mascarene Islands.

P. fcarlerioides, Nees in Wall. PL As. Ear. Hi, 82; Royle III. 298 1
F. B. I. iv, 416 ; Kanjlal For. Fl. 261 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 518 /
Ccllett FL Siml. 371; Prain Beng. PL 805; Cooke FL Bomb. ii} 359.
Buellia bracteata, Roxb. FL Ind. iii} 47.

An undershrub, 4-5 ft. or more, minutely hairy. Stems several, straight,
woody, subterete, glabrous. Leaves on the main stems 2-4 in. long,
broadly ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous except on the nerves
and veins beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, prominent beneath,
petioles about £ in. long ; leaves on the shortened flowering branches
much smaller. Brads none, bracteoles leaf -like, | in. long, ovate,
acuminate, strongly nerved and veined, scarious when old, margins
ciliolate, pedicels 5-! in. long. Calyx glandular-hairy, about f in. long.
Corolla H in- long> yellowish-white, hairy outside, the palate clothed
within with long deflexed fulvous hairs, tube dilated upwards ; lobes
obovate, obtuse, the margins crenate. Filaments hairy at the base,
anthers slightly pubescent. Ovary glabrous, style hairy. Capsule \ in.
long, compressed, glabrous. Seeds usually 2, clothed with soft hairs
along the margins.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards through the Sub -Himalayan
tracts of N. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers March
May. DISTRTB. W. Himalaya up to 3,000 ft. ; also in Chota Nagpur,
Rajputana, and in C. A W. India and in the Bombay Presidency.

12. DYSCHORISTE, Nees.

UNDER CALOPHANES IN FL. BRIT. IND. iv, 410.
Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled. Flowers in axillary
clusters or short cymes ; bracteoles, small, narrow. Calyx tubular";
lobes 5, subequal, lanceolate or subulate. Corolla tubular, obscurely
2-lipped ; lobes 5, obtuse, twisted to the left in bud, spreading in
flower. Stamens didynamous, perfect, filaments glabrous or hairy,
anthers similar, ^-celled ; cells oblong, parallel, minutely mucronate
or spurred at the base ; pollen globose, ribbed. Ovary glabrous,
ovules 2 in each cell ; style linear, hairy ; stigma linear, the upper
lobe minute or obsolete. Fruit an oblong capsule, narrowed below
into a short solid base. Seeds 4, orbicular, much compressed, hygros-
copically hairy when moistened ; retinacula strong, carved.— Species
60, in S. E. Asia, Tropical Africa and America.

D. depressa. Nees in Wall. PL As. Rar. Hi, 81 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
361. Calophanes Nagchana, Nees ; F. B. I. iv, 410 ; Prain Beng. PL 806.
Yern. Nagchana.

LOCHNEEA.] APOCYNACEM. 33

R. serpentina, Benth. ex Kurz For. Fl. Burma ti, 171 ; F. B. 1. Hi.
632; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For- Fl. 237; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 431;
Prain Beng. PI. 671 ; Cooke PI. Bomb, ii, 127. Ophioxylon serpentinum,
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 694.— Vern. Chota chdnd.

A small erect glabrous shrub with a pale-coloured bark. Leaves whorled,
3-7 in. long by 1-2| in. wide, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or
acuminate, tapering gradually into the petiole, thin, pale beneath.
Flowers white or pinkish, arranged in terminal or lateral corymbose
cymes ; peduncles stout, 2-5 in. long ; pedicels and calyx red ; bracts
minute, lanceolate. Calyx-lobes T\j in. long, lanceolate. Corolla about
| in. long ; tube slender, inflated above the middle ; lobes much shorter
than the tube, elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Disk membranous, slightly lobed.
Drupes about £ in. in diam., single or didymotis and more or less
connate, purplish-black when ripe.

Dehra Dun, Si^valik range and in the sub-Himalayan tracts of Eohilkhand,
N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. Flowers November- December. DISTBIB. West-
ward to Sirhind along the base of the Punjab Himalaya, and eastward
to Sikkim, Assam and N. and C. Bengal, and from Bombay through
C. and S. India to Ceylon; also in Burma, the Andaman Islands
extending to Java. The plant has from very early times been in much
repute for its medicinal properties. (See Watt JB. D.)

3, LOCHNERA, Reiehb. Conspectus 134.
VINCA IN FL. BRIT. IND. in, 640.

Ajinual or perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite
axillary glands numerous, in a fringe ; outer long and filiform, inner
minute. Floivers axillar}', solitary or in pairs, white or pink. Calyx
herbaceous, 5-partite ; segments subulate, scarcely imbricate. Corolla
salver-shaped ; tube slender, cylindric, somewhat inflated round the
stamens below the constricted mouth, lobes overlapping to the left.
Stamens on the corolla-tube ; filameuts very short ; anthers free
from the stigma, ovate-lanceolate, acute, shortly and obtusely 2-lobed
at the base. Disk replaced by 2 long linear glands alternating with
the carpels. Carpels 2, free, style filiform, stigma depressed-
capitate, with a long hyaline reflexed frill at the base and a minute
obtuse 2-lobed apiculus surrounded by a very short erect membra-
nous rim. F.ollicles cylindric, slightly spreading. Seeds many,
small, testa rugose, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons oblong, flat. —
Species 3, in Trop. America, India and Madagascar.

34 APOCYNACE&. [ALSTONIA.

L. pusilla, K. ScJinm in Engl. and Prantl. Pflanzenf. iv, part 2, 145 ;
Coolee Fl. Bomb, ii, 129. Vinca pusilla, Murr. ; F. B. L Hi, 640; Watt
E, D. V. parviflora, Eetz. ; Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 1; Eoyle III. 270.

An erect much-branched pale-green glabrous annual, 6-24 in. high. Stem
and branches acutely 4-angled. Leaves membranous, l|-3 in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the base, margins minutely scabrid,
petiole i in. or less. Flowers small, solitary or in pairs, pedicels very
short. Calyx &-£ in. long, lobes filiform. Corolla-tube | in ; mouth narrow,
hairy, throat glabrous inside ; lobes £ in. long, oblong-obovate/'apiculate.
Follicles H-2 in. long, slender, straight, striate, glabrous. Seeds ^ in.
long, cylindric, rounded at the ends, muricately ribbed, black when
ripe.

A common weed in many parts of the area. DISTBIB. W. Himalaya up
to 2,000 feet, also in W., Cent, and S. India extending to Ceylon.

4. ALSTONIA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 641.

Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves usually whorled. Flowers in
sub terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx short, 6-lobed or-partite.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric ; throat naked, closed by a ring
of reflexed hairs ; lobes overlapping to the right or left. Stamens
included, attached near the top of the tube ; anthers free from the
stigma, subacute. Disk annular or 0, lobed. Carpels 2, distinct ;
style filiform, top ovoid or oblong, stigma minute or 2-toothed, ovules
numerous. Follicles 2, linear, slender. Seeds oblong or linear,
flattened, peltately attached, often ciliate, albumen scanty ; cotyledons
oblong, flat, radicle superior. — Species about 30, in Tropical Asia*
Australia and Polynesia.

A- scholaris, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. 8oc. i, 75 ; Royle III. 270 • Brand.

For. Fl.325;F. B. I. tit, 642; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 233;

Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.; Prain Beng.. PL 672; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 132.—

Vern Sdtidn.

A large evergreen tree with milky juice, up to 60 feet or more in height,
with dark-grey bark. Stem fluted and usually buttressed towards
the base ; branches whorled, the smaller ones densely lenticellate.
Leaves in verticils of 4-7, coriaceous, bright-green and shining above,
pale or glaucous beneath, 3-8 in. long, oblong lanceolate or obovate,
obtuse or shortly and bluntly acuminate, tapering at the base into a
short petiole ; main lateral nerves many, parallel and almost at right
angles to the stout midrib, uniting close to the edge into an intramar-
ginal vein. Flowers greenish «white, arranged in compact umbellately
branched pubescent cymes ; main peduncles stout, 2-3 in. long ; second-
ary ones slender, often supported by a leaf-like spathulate bract ;
pedicels short, bracteoles oblong or ovate. Calyx T^-| in. long, pubescent :

HOLAEEHENA.] APOCYNACE&. 35

lobes T^ in., oblong1, ciliate. Corolla-tube % in. long, constricted in the-
middle^ hairy on both sides ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Disk 0. Anthers acute.
Ovary villous, stigma bifid. Follicles terete, 1-2 feet L ng and about
£ in. in diam., pendulous in clusters. Seeds about ^ in. long, slender,
flattened, with a long tuft of tawny hairs at each end.
In the eastern portion of Dehra Dun and eastwards iu the moist forests
along the base of the Himalaya, but nowhere abundant. It flowers
December-March and the fruit ripens during May and June. DISTRIB. E,
Bengal, Assam, VV. and S. India, Burma, Malay Pen. and Archipelago,
extending also to Queensland and Trop. Africa. The wood is light
and easily worked and is much used for boxes, etc., and in Burma for
making black beards, hence the specific name.

5. HOLARRHENA, R. Br.; FL Brit. Ind. in, 644.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, membranous. Flowers white, in
terminal subaxillary corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed or partite,
usually glandular within ; lobes small, narrow. Corolla salver-shaped ;
tube slender, cyliudric ; lobes oblong, overlapping to the left. Stament
near the base of the tube ; anthers included, oblong-lanceolate,
mucronate, free from the style. Disk 0. Carpels 2, distinct ; style-
short, filiform, stigma oblong-fusiform, apex entire or with two
teeth ; ovules many in each carpel. Follicles elongate, spreading
and incurved, terete. Seeds linear or oblong, compressed, concave,
tipped with a deciduous coma, albumen scanty ; cotyledons broad,
complicate ; radicle short, superior. — Species 7 or 8, in Trop. Asia
and Africa.

H- antidysenterica, Wall. Cat. 1672 ; Brandis For. Fl. 32*, t. 40;
F.B.I. Hi 644; Watt E. D. ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. iit 133; Kanjilal For.
Fl. 234 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 484 ; Collett Fl. 8iml. 311; Prain
Beng. PI. 674. H. pubescens, Wall.; Eoyle III. 270.— Vern. Karra, kura,
dudhi, indarjau.

A small deciduous tree, with brown bark exfoliating in irregular flakes,
Leaves sessile or nearly so, rather thin, glabrous or more or leas tomen-
tose especially beneath, 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate or elliptic, rounded;
or tapering at the base ; main lateral nerves arcuate, con-
spicuous, connected by prominent transverse veins. Flowers white*
inodorous, arranged in terminal sessile corymbose cymes, pedicels*
slender ; bracts small, deciduous. Calyx-lobes TVs in* long,,
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Corolla about 1 in. in diam.,
creamy white, puberulous outside ; tube f-^ in. long, throat,
without a ring of hairs; lobes about as long as the tube, oblong1,
obtuse. Follicles slender, 8-15 in. long, £-3 in. in diam., usually marked
with many narrow white specks. Seeds linear, about i in. long ; coma,
brown, about twice as long as the seed.

c2

36 APOCYNACEM. [ERVATAMIA.

Abundant in Dehra Dun, on the Siwalik range and throughout the sub-
Himalayan tract eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand,
Flowers in May and June, and the fruit ripens during the cold season.
DISTRIB. Throughout India and in Burma, ascending to 4,000 feet on
the Western Himalaya. Sir Dietrich Brandis remarks that in Penin-
sula specimens the style is much longer than in those of Northern
India, and the anthers are attached to the middle of the corolla-tube
instead of at the base. Gamble draws attention to its sylvicultural
importance as an associate of sal in Northern and Central India, and
to its value in the reclamation of waste lands. The soft white wood-is
largely used, especially at Saharanpur, for carving and in turnery, and
many of the beads worn round the neck as a charm are made from this
wood. The bark is used for dysentery, and the leaves and seeds are
also employed medicinally.

6. EBVATAMIA, Stapf .
TABEBN^MONTANA IN FL. BRIT. IND. in, 645.

Shrubs rarely small trees, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite ;
axillary stipules usually distinct, axillary glands small. Flowers
often show}', usually in pairs and arranged in terminal or
pseudo-axillary corymbose or umbelliform cymes. Calyx small;
lobes 5, free or connate at the base, glandular inside, imbricate.
Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric, slightly widened towards the
naked mcuth ; lobes overlapping usually to the left. Stamens
included ; filaments short ; anthers linear, acute, 2-lobed at the base
Disk 0. Ovary of 2 carpels which sometimes slightly cohere ; style
usually long and slender ; stigma on a level with the anthers, clavate
or oblong-ellipsoid, with a slender papillose bifid apiculus ; ovules
numerous, in many series. Follicles 2, more or less coriaceous when
mature, obliquely ovate to lanceolate, usually curved and beaked.
Seeds usually few, embedded in an orange-coloured or red aril,
ellipsoid, deeply grooved ventrally, albumen copious. — Species about
30, in Trop. Asia, Australia and Polynesia, and one in Madagascar.

E. coronaria, Siapf. in Fl. Trop. Afr. iv,127 ; Coo'ke Fl. Bomb, ii, 134.
Tabernsemontana coronaria, W'ilid. Enwn. Hort. Berol. 275 ; Roscb. FL.
Ind. ii, 23 ; Royle 111. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 322; F. J?. I. iiif 646;
Watt E.D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 233; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 485; Prain
Beng. PI. 675'. — Vern. Chdndni.

An evergreen glabrous* dichotomously branched shrub with silvery-grey
bark. Leaves 3-6 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate
or caudate, tapering at the base into a short petiole, dark green and
shining above, pale beneath, membranous or thinly coriaceous, main

VALLARIS.] APOCTNACJBM 37

lateral nerves 6-9 pairs ; petioles •£• ample xicaul at the base. Cymes
few-flowered ; peduncles about 1£ in. long, pedicels slender. Flowers
pure white, fragrant at night, buds clavate. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate,
acute or rounded. Corolla-tube f-1 in. long, dilated round the anthers ,
lobes about as long as the tube, obliquely ovate, obtuse, crisped on one
margin. Anthers acuminate. Carpels glabrous. Follicles 1-2 in. long,
spreading, recurved at the acuminate apex, 1-3-keeled, opening out
Hat when ripe. Seeds 3-6, oblong, striated, embedded in a red pulpy
aril.

Sub'Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards. Flowers May-August,
fruiting during the cold season. DISTBIB. Garhwal, E. Bengal,
Khasia Hills, Assam and Burma, also found in Trinidad. An orna-
mental shrub, much cultivated in gardens. The flowers are dimorphic
as regards the length of the style and the position of the anthers.
Under cultivation the flowers often become double.

7. VALLARIS, Barm. ; FL Brifc. Ind. iii, 650.

Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, minutely dotted. Flowers white
in axillary or pseudo-axillary cymes or fascicles. Caly® 5-partite-
glandular or not within, segments narrow. Corolla salver-shape or
subrotate, tube short, throat naked ; lobes broad, contorted, over-
lapping to the right. Stamens attached at the top of the corolla-
tube ; filaments very short, clavate ; anthers exserfced, conniving in
a cone and adherent to the stigma, connective with a dorsal gl .tnd,
cells produced into rigid basal spurs. Disk annular or cupular,
•with 5 lobes or scales. Carpels 2, at first connate, many-ovuled ;
style filiform, pubescent ; stigma thick, obscurely annulate near the
base. Fruit oblong, acuminate, the carpels at length separating.
Seeds 2-seriate, ovate, acuminate, compressed, tip comose, albumen
scanty.— Species 5 or 6, in Trop. Asia and Malaya.

V. Heynei, Spreng. Syst. i, 635; F. B. I. iii, 165; Watt E. D. ; Cooke
FI.Botnb.ti, 136; Gamble Man. Ind. Timl. 486; Collett Fl. Siml. 311,
Kanjildl For. Fl. 234; Prain Beng. PI. 675. V. dichotoma, Wall. ; Boyle
III. 270 ; Brandis For. Fl. 327. Echites dichotoma, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 19.—
Vern. Dudhi lei.

A large twining shrub with ash-coloured bark. Leaves usually glabrous,
gland-dotted, 2-4^ in. long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
base acute, upper surface shining ; petiole £-f in. long, with glands in
the axils. Flowers | in. across, in lax pubescent cymes, creamy white,
fragrant ; peduncles slender, pubescent or glabrous ; pedicels usually
decurved, pubescent ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent-
Calyx pubescent ; lobes Vo in. l°ng} ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or sub-
acute, ciliate. Corolla f in. across, minutely pubescent outside, tube £

38 APOCYXACEM. [VALIABIS.

in. long, limb spreading ; lobes obovate, obtuse. Ovary hairy, stigma
pointed. Fruit 4-6 in. long, acuminate from a rounded base, valves
thick and fibrous. Seeds about £ in. long, ovoid, beaked ; coma f in.
long, silvery white.

Abundant within the area, especially in the sub-Himalayan forests east-
wards from Dehra Dun, and in Bundelkhand. Flowers December-April,
and the fruit ripens from January- April of the following year. D is TRIE*
Punjab westwards to the Sutlej, Himalaya up to 5,000 feet in Kumaon,
E. Bengal and southwards to Ceylon, also in Burma. 1 he twigs are
used for making baskets in the Saharanpur district. Ihe plant is
cultivated in gardens for its scented flowers.

8. WRIGHTIA, K. Br. ; PI. Brit, Ind, iii',-652.

Shrubs or small trees, often with slender cord-like branches,
Leaves opposite. Flowers red white or yellow, in terminal or pseudo-
axillary cymes. Calyx short, 5-partite, with glands or scales inside.
Corolla salver-shaped ; tube c'ylindric, usually short, with a coroca (f
5-10 usually fimbriate scales in the throat, lobes overlapping to the
left. Stamens at the top of the corolla-tube ; filaments short, dilated ;
anthers exserted, sagittate, conniving around and adhering to the
stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disk none. Carpels 2, free or
connate, many-ovuled, style filiform. Follicles distinct or at first
connate. Seeds linear, compressed, narrowed at the apex and with
a deciduous coma at the base ; albumen scanty or none ; cotyledons
broad, convolute. Species about 10, in Trop. Asia and Australia, one
extending to S. Africa.

Leaves glabrous or puberulous beneath ; follicles
smooth, cohering at the apex only . . . 1. W. tinctoria.

Leaves tomentose on both surfaces ; follicles
connate throughout, rough with white tuber-
cles ... . . . . 2. W. tomentosa.

1. W. tinctoria, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 74 ; Royle III. 270 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 324; F.B.I. Hi, 653; Watt E. V.; Ganible Man. Ind.
Timb. 4S6 ; CooTce Fl. Boml. ii, 137. W. Eothii, G. Don. Nerium tine-
toriutt), Rosib. ; Fl. Ind. ii, 4.— -Vern. Dudhi (Bundelkhand),.K7wm
(Rajputana).

A small deciduous tree, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Leaves 3-5
in. long, elliptic- ovate or -lanceolate or ob ovate-oblong, caudate or acu-
minate, base rounded or acute ; main lateral nerves 6-12 pairs, con-
spicuous in the mature leaf, petiole very short. Flowers -i-f- in. in diam.,
white, fragrant, arranged in lax terminal dichotomous cymes j branches
slender, spreading ; bracts minute, ovate. Calyx-lobes ovate, rounded,
margins membranous. Corolla tube | in. long ; lobes ^ in., linear- .

WEIOHTIA.J APOCYNACEM, 39

oblon?, obtuse ; scales linear, scattered. Anthers white, exserted.
Follicles pendulous, 10-20 in. long, slender, cylindric, glabrous, cohering
at their tips only. Seeds -|-f in. loag, linear, glabrous except for the
basal ooma.

Bundelkhand and Eajputana in deciduous forests, also in the forests of
N. Oudh. Flowers March-May. DISTRIB. Central W. and S. India,
also in Ceylon and Burma. The white even-grained wood is much used
for carving and turnery. The leaves yield an indigo-like dye which
is used by the natives of S. India, and the seeds (mitha indarjau) are
eaten. In C. Rothii the branchlets and leaves are distinctly pubescent.
This form occurs in Bundelkhand and southwards.

2. W. tomentosa, R. $ S. Syst. iv, 414 ; Brandis For. Fl. 323 ; F. B.I.

Hi, 653 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL. 235; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 457 ;
Prain Beng. PL 674 ; Cooke FL Bomb. iit 137. W. mollissima, Wall.;
Roylelll.270. Nerium tomentosum, Roxb. FL Ind. ii, O.—Vetn.Dudh,
indarjau.

A small deciduous tree with grey corky bark ; young parts densely
tomeritose. Leaves tomentose on both surfaces, 3-6 in. long, elliptic-
oblong, caudate-acuminate, reddish-brown when dry, base acute, main
lateral nerves 8-14 pairs, petiole | in. long. Flowers about 1 in. across,
rather foetid, arranged in short dense erect terminal corymbose cymes.
Calyx pubescent outside, glandular within ; lobes £ in. long, ovate,
obtuse. Corolla white or tinged with pink, turning to pale yellow,
tube twice as long as the calyx-lobes. Corona of orange-colonred
fleshy scales. Follicles 8-12 in. long, subcylindrical, laterally com-
pressed, connate throughout, grooved on each side at the junction of
the carpels, rough with many white prominences. Seeds ^-f in. long,
slender, tapering towards the apex and with a deciduous white coaaa at
the lower end.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in
Merwaraand Bundelkhand. Flowers during May and June. DISTRIB.
Throughout the hotter parts of India in decidujus forests, on the
Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. westwards to the Beas aiyl eastwards to
Sikkim, also in Ceylon and Burma. The white close-grained wood is
suitable for carving and turning, and is largely used, like that of
Holarrhena, for the manufacture of carved plates and picture-frames
in the Saharanpur district. The bark of the stem and roots is re-
garded as an antidut) to snake -bite and the sting of scorpions.

9. NERIUM, Linn. ; PI. Brit. Jnd. iii, 651.

Erect glabrous shrubs. Leaves usually in whorls of three, narrow,
coriaceous ; nerves slender, very close. Flowers large, io terminal
lacemose cymes. Calyx 5-parfcite, glanduUr within, segments narrow.
Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube cylindric, expanding above, with five
fringed scales on the throat ,lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens

40 APOCYNACEM.

inserted near the mouth of the tube, filaments short ; anthers con-
niving around and adhering to the stigma, tipped with long hairy
appendages, each cell produced downwards into a rigid spur-like
appendage. Carpels 2, distinct, many ovuled ; style filiform or
dilated upwards ; stigma with a reflected lobed membrane surmounted
by 5 tubercles, tip subglobose. Follicles cylindric, straight, ad-
pressed. Seeds oblong, villous ; coma terminal, caducous ; albumen
fleshy, cotyledons flat. — Species 2 or 3, extending from the Medi-
terranean to N. Asia and Japan.

Nerium odorum, Soland. in Hort. Kew. ed. I, i, 297 • Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii,
2 ; Brandis For. Fl. 328 ; F.B. I. Hi, 655 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. FL
236; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 487 ; Collett Fl. 8iml. 312; Prain Beng.
PI. 676; Cooke Fl. Bomb.ii, i43.-Vern. Kaner.

A large glabrous evergreen shrub with milky juice. Leaves in threes,
shortly stalked, coriaceous, 4-6 in. long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
tapering into the short petiole, dark green and shining above, midrib
stout ; nerves numerous, spreading horizontally. Flowers red rose-
coloured or white, fragrant. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla 1^ in. in
diam., fragrant, lobes rounded. Filaments hairy, appendages of
anthers twice as long as the cells. Pollicles 6-9 in. long, rigid, at
length separating. Seeds about £ in. long, tipped with a coma of
light brown hairs.

On the edges of rooky water-courses on both sides of the Siwalik
Range in the districts of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, also in N.
Oudh. Flowers usually April to June. DISTBIB. Himalaya from
Nepal westwards to Kashmir up to 6,500 ft., on the Punjab Salt
Eange, extending westwards to Baluchistan and Afghanistan, also in
C. and S. India. It is extensively cultivated throughout the greater
part of India, as well as in China and Japan. The leaves are
used in native medicine, and the bark and root are poisonous. This
shrub is closely allied to the European oleander, which is found as far
east as Persia.

10. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire ; PI. Brit. Ind. iii, 667.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowers white
or purplish, in lax terminal or pseudo-axillary cymes. Calyx small,
5-partite, glandular or scaly within. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube
cylindric, dilated round the anthers; lobes 5, oblique, overlapping to
the right, twisted to the left. Stamens attached above the middle of
the tube ; filaments short, broad ; anthers conniving over and
adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disk annular or
of oblong glands. Carpels 2, distinct, inany-ovuled ; style cupular,
stigma oblong. Follicles elongate, slender, incurved, terete. Seeds

TEACHELOSPEEMUM.] APOCYNACE2E. 41

linear, crowned with a tuft of long hairs, albumen copious ; cotyledons
linear, flat. — Species 8, E. Asiatic and Malayan.

T. fragrans, Hbofe./. in F. B. I. Hi, 667; Wait E. D.; Gamble Man. Ind.
Timl). 489 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 237 ; Collett Fl. 8iml. 313. Ichnocarpus
fragrans, Wall. ; Royle III. 270 ; Brandis For. FL 327.

A tall nearly glabrous scandent shrub ; old stems with tubercled bark,
branches pendulous. Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate,
bluntly acuminate, thinly coriaceous, shining above, petiole £~£ in.
long. Peduncles and pedicels slender ; bracts minute, lanceolate.
Flowers white or pink, fragrant. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, with ciliate
edges, £ the length of the corolla-tube. CoroZZa-tube -5-^ in. long
pubescent at the base of the lobes and round the mouth. Disk of 5,
small erect glands. Follicles 4-9 in. long or more. Seeds f in. long,
obtuse at both ends, smooth.

Dehra Dun, in the Mothronwala swamp and on the banks of the Ee'-nadi.
Flowers April-June. DISTBIB. Sub-tropical and temperate Hima-
laya up to 7,(JOO ft. from Simla to Sikkim and Bhutan, also in Assam
and Upper Burma.

11 ICHNOCARPUS, K. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iii, 669.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowers
small or minute, in long terminal and axillary paniculate cymes.
Calyx 5-fid., glandular within. Corolla salver shaped, throat
contracted or villons ; lobes narrowed to an obtuse point, overlapping:
to the right, the npper half of each lobe deflexed in bud. Stamens
at or below the middle of the corolla-tube ; anthers sagittate,
conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base.
Disk free, 5-lobed. Carpels 2, distinct, exserted from the disk,
many-ovuled, hairy, style short, stigma ovoid or oblong. Follicles
slender, spreading or divaricate. Seeds narrowed at the tip, crowned
with a deciduous coma, albumen scanty, cotyledons long and flat. —
Species 5 or 6, in India, Malaya and Australia.

I. frutescens, E. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i (1809), 62 ; Ait. Hort. Keiv.
ed. 2, ii, 69; Royle III. 270; Brandis For. Fl. 327 ; F. B. I. iiit 669 ;
WattE.D.; Kanjilal For. Fl. 286 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 489; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 142; Prain Beng. PI. 680.— Vern. Kali dudhi, lelkamu
(Saharanpur), bamar (Gorakhpur).

An evergreen climbing shrub ; young branches inflorescence and under
surface of leaves rusty-tomentose. Leaves variable, 2-3 in. long,
elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually rounded
a» the base, dark-green glabrous and shining above, pale and more or less
pubescent beneath, with slender reticulations between the main lateral

42 APOCYNACE&. [ICHNOCABPIJS.

nerves ; petiole \-% in. long. Flowers greenish-white, more or less
fragrant. Calyx pubescent ; lobes ovate, acute, minutely glandular
inside. Corolla £•£ in. across, twice as long as the calyx ; tube £ in.
long, swollen round the included anthers, throat villous ; lobes £ in.
long, hairy on upper surface, narrowed into a slender twisted acuminate
point. Disk-lobes longer than the hairy ovary. Follicles 3-6 in. long,
straight or somewhat curved, pubescent when young. Seeds \-% in.,
long, slender, coma as long as the seed.

Abundant within the area in forests and hedgerows. Flowers Aug.—
Dec. DISTBIB. Throughout the greater part of India, also in
Ceylon and Burma, ascending to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; found also
in China, Java and Australia. The roots and leaves are used
medicinally, and the twigs are collected for making baskets in the
Saharanpur district.

Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (Yellow Oleander), a native of Trop. America,
is cultivated in gardens over the greater part of India. It is an
evergreen glabrous shrub or small tree with leaves resembling those of
the oleander, and the flowers are bright yellow. The milky juice is
extremely poisonous.

Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. Vern. Gul-dchin. This is another introduc-
tion, probably indigenous in Mexico. It is a small soft-wooded tree
with thick fleshy branches. The fragrant flowers, which open before
the leaves have developed, are white with a yellow centre and pinkish
outside. It is often met with in gardens and in the vicinity of temples.
The bark and milky juice are used in native medicine.

LXXIL-ASCLEPIADACEJE.

Herbs or shrubs, generally with milky and acrid juice. Steins
simple or branched, usually twining. Leaves mostly opposite,
sometimes wanting, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers usually
small, regular, 2-eexual, 5-mero"s, often arranged in umbelliform
cymes. Calyx inferior, divided nearly or completely to the base ;
segments imbricate, usually with minute processes at their bases
within. Corolla variously shared, hypogynous, gamopet alone,
regular, 5-lobed ; tube within or at its mouth often furnished with
a ring of variously shaped scales or processes (the coralline corona).
Stamens 5, inserted usually at or near tbe base of the corolla and
Rlternate with its lobes ; filaments flat, usually connate in a fleshy
tube round the ovary (staminal column), the apex of the tube often
united to the dilated part of the style, and with usually fleshy scales
or processes on the back (staminal corona) ; anthers not connate
with each other, free or united to the style, 2-celled, margins of
anthers or their basal processes more or less horny or wing-like,.

A SCLEPIAD

43

usually projecting outwards, the adjacent wings of each pair of
anthers nearly meeting and forming between them narrow fissures
leading to the stigmatic cavities ; connectives of the anthers often
produced into terminal membranous and sometimes connate appen-
dages. Pollen, forming 1 or 2 granular or waxy masses in each
cell, the polliaia of the adjoining cells of two contiguous anthers
united in pairs or fours either directly or by appendages (caudicles)
to glands (corpuscles) which He on the dilated portion of the style.
Ovary of two distinct superior carpels, inclosed within the staminal
column ; styles 2, short, united above into a 5-angled disk (style
apex included between the anthers or produced beyond them into
a long or short simple or 2-fid column ; ovules many, rarely few,
imbricate in several series on the projecting placenta. Seeds com-
pressed, usually flat and often margined, crowned with a long
dense brush of hairs (coma], albumen thin or 0. — Species exceeding
1,800, widely spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions
of the world, a few in temperate regions.

Filaments free or slightly connate at the base,
pollen-masses granular.

Corolla-lobes valvate .....
Corolla -lobes overlapping to the right,
Corona-lobes free, fleshy, not aristate
Corona-lobes connate in a ring, ariatate
Filaments combined into a tube, pollen-masses
waxy.

Antrers with a membranous appendage.
Pollen-masses pendulous.

Stems erect

Corolla-lobes valvate, corona-pro-
cesses laterally compressed ; fol-
licles shorb, turgid. Flowers large *
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right,
corona processes short and fleshy.
Flowers medium-sized. .
Stems twining.

Corona staminal, single.
Corolla subrotate, reddish-purple
inside, corona a fleshy truncate
ring. Flowers large, fragrant.
Corolla, divided | way down, white
or pink with purple veins, corona
5-lobed. Flowers lar^e
Corolla lobed nearly to the base,
corona of 5 scales. Flowers small,
greenish

1. HEMIDESMUS.

2. CBYPTOLEPIS.

3. PERIPLOCA.

4. CALOTBOPIS.

5. PENTABOTHBA.

6. HOLOSTEMMA.

7. OXYSTELMA.

8. PENTATROPIS.

44

ASCLEPIADA CE^E.

[ HEMIDESMTTS.

13.
14.

Corona staminal, double ; follicles

covered with soft spines .
Pollen-masses erect.

Corona adnate to the corolla- tube . 10.

Corona staminal.
Corona-lobes adnate to the base of

the anthers or none . . .11.

Corona-lobes adnate to the staminal
column, without a subulate process
on the inner face of the free apical
portion . . . .
Corona-lobes adnate to the staminal
column, each vith a subulate pro-
cess on the inner face of the free
apical portion .....
Corona of 5 small tubercles adnate to

the staminal column

Anthers incumbent on the stigma, without
a membranous appendage. Corolla-lobes
valvate, pollen-masses erect.
Corolla- tube short, limb rotate or saucer-
shaped.

Corona of 5 small erect hair-tipped
scales inserted in the sin uses of the
corolla-lobes, sometimes with an
inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base
of the staminal column . .
Corona double, entirely staminal.
Flowers 1-4 at the nodes, or many
in a terminal umbel . . . .16.
Corolla-tube more or lesa elongate and
often inflated at the base.
Corona of 5 small erect scales inserted
in the sinuses of the corolla-lobes,
sometimes with an inconspicuous
fleshy ring at the base of the staminal
column . • . .

Corona double, staminal, attached to
the column . . .

9.

GYMNEMA.

GONGRONEMA.
12. .MARSDENIA.

PERGULARIA.
TYLOPHORA.

15.

17.

18.

LEPTADENIA.
BRACHYSTELMA.

ORTHANTHERA.
CEROPEGIA.

1, HEMIDESMUS, K. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 4.

A twining shrub. Leaves opposite, hoary or pubescent beneath
Flowers small, in opposite crowded subsessile axillary eyines
greenish-purple. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes glandular within at the
base, acuminate. Corolla rotate ; lobes thick, valvate. Coronal
scales 5, on the throat of the corolla and alternate with its lobes,
short, fleshy. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla-tube,
filaments distinct or slightly connate at the base, anthers with

CEYPTOLEPIS. ] ASCLEPIADAOE^E. 45

inflexed membranous tips, pollen-masses cohering in pairs in each
cell, granular, appendages of the corpuscles dilated or hooded.
Stigma 5 -angled, with a flat crown. Follicles divaricate, slender,
terete, smooth. Seeds comose. A. single species, restricted to India.

H. indicus, E. fir. in Mem. Wern. 8oc. t. 57; F. B. I. iv, 5; Eoyle
III. 274 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 686 ; Cooke pi. Bomb. «, 146
Asclepias pseudosarsa, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind.t ii, 89 (esccl. syn.}.

A twining or prostrate shrub. Leaves 2-4 in. long, elliptic-oblong to
linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, apioulate, usually glabrous, dark-
green or mottled with white above, pale or silvery white and sometimes
pubescent beneath, midrib stout, veins reticulate, petiole J in. long.
Pedicels short, clothed with many ovate acute imbricating bracts
Calyx -jL in. long, glabrous outside ; lobes ovate, acute, margins ciliate.
Corolla £-£ in. long, greenish outside, purple within ; tube very short ;
lobes fleshy, ovate -oblong, acuminate, valvate. Follicles 4-6 in. long.
Seeds ±-± in., flattened, black ; coma 1 in. long, pure white.

Forests of N. Oudh and Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand, Flowers
during the greater part of the year. DISTRIB. Eastwards to Bengal
and the Sundribans, and from the Central Provinces to S. India and
Ceylon. In S. India the root of this plant is used as a substitute
for sarsaparilla ; and in many parts of India it is prescribed by native
doctors, either aloue or in conjunction with other drugs, in the treat-
ment of various ailments.

2. CRYPTOLEPIS, K. Br., PL Brit. Ind. iv, 5.

Glabrous and usually twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
son all and in lax slender dichotomous few-flowered terminal or axillary
cymes. Calyx deeply 5-fid., with five scales within. Corolla-tube
short, cylindric or bell-shaped ; lobes linear, overlapping and twisted
to the right in bud. Corona-scales free, adnate to the middle of the
corolla-tube, linear or cl&vate, conniving. Stamens attached towards
the base of the corolla-tube, filaments subconnate by their broad bases ;
anthers shortt adhering to the stigma by their bases ; tips acuminate,
conniving ; pollen-masses cohering in pairs in each cell, granular
appendages of corpuscles oblong. Stigma broadly conic. Follicles
2, divaricate, terete, smooth. Seeds comose. — Species about 20, in
tropical Asia and Africa.

C. Buchanan!, R. and S. 8yst. iv, 409 ; Falc. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xix,
55, t. 5; Brandis For. Fl. 330; F. B. I. iv, 5; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For.
Fl.239; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.490; Collett Fl. 8iml. 315 ; Prain Beng .
PI. 685; CookeFl. Bomb. iit 147 ; C. reticulata, Wall.; Royle III. 270.
Nerium, reticulatum, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. ii,*S.— Vern. Karanta, medka-singki
(DehraDun).

46 ASCLEPIADACE^. [PEEIPLOCA.

A large glabrous twining shrub ; branches terete, whitish. Leaves
coriaceous, shortly stalked, 3-6 by 1-2^ in., oblong-ovate or elliptic,
with a rounded or retuse and apiculate apex, usually acute at the base,
•dark-green above, glaucous beneath ; main lateral nerves many, slender,
horizontal and uniting within the margin; petioles ^--| in. long.
'Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in short axillary panicled cymes ; bracts
ovate-lanceolate, with scarious margins. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute.
Corolla-lobes % in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate. Corona of 5 clavate
scales. Follicles 2-4 in. long, stout, straight, terete, tapering. Seeds
% in. long, ovate-oblong, compressed, black, coma 1£ in. long.

Common within the area, especially in the deciduous forests of the sub-
Himalayan tracts and in Bundelkhand, also found in hedges. Flowers
May June. DISTRIB. Throughout the hotter parts of India, ascending
to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya; also in Ceylon, Burma and China. A
useful fibre is said to be yielded by this plant.

3. PERIPLOCA, Linn. ; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 11.

Erect or twining glabrous shrubs, sometimes leafless. Leaves
opposite. Flowers in lax terminal or axillary cymes, greenish exter-
nally, purplish within. Calyx 6-partite, with five glands within.
Corolla rotate ; lobes obtuse, usually bearded within, overlapping to
the right. Coronal scales connate into a 10-lobed ring, often pro-
duced behind the stamens into five subulate or branched processes.
Stamens within the corona ; filaments free, broad and flat ; anthers
bearded on the back, conniving over and adhering to the stigma, tips
cohering and with incurved appendages ; pollen-masses in pairs in
each cell, granular ; appendages of the corpuscles dilated. Stigma
convex. Follicles conniving or divaricate, cjlindric, smooth. Seeds
comose. — Species about 12, in S. Europe, W. Asia and tropical
Africa.

Leaves small, ovate, usually absent ; follicles
divaricate . .... 1. P. aphylla,

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; follicles not
divaricate . . . . • . 2. P. calopJiylla.

1. P. aphylla, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. 190, t. 116 ; Brandis For. Fl.
330; Ind. Trees 467 ; F. B. I. iv9 12; Watt E. !>.; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.
490 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 148. Campelepis viminea, Falc. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. nix, 109.

An erect branching shrub with milky juice, leafless or nearly so. Stems
many, as thick as a goose-quill or less, smooth or with pubescent tips.
Leaves (when present) £ in- long, thick, ovats or oblongr, acute, nerves
inconspicuous. Cymes many-flowered, often opposite, 4-1 in. long and
broad, on short thick peduncles or branching from the base ; bracts

CALOTEOPIS.] ASCLEPIADACE&. 47

ovate-oblong, caducous from above the base. Flowers fragrant.
glabrous, £ in. long ; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse. Corolla greenish and
glabrous outside, pnrple within; lobes reflexed^in. long, oblong, obtuse*
densely bearded inside towards the apex. Corona-lobes ± in. long, trans-
versely oblong at the base, each terminating in a long filiform process
with a recurved apex. Stamens with glabrous filaments. Follicles on
short thick peduncles, widely divaricate, 3-7 in. long, woody, terete.
tapering to a point. Seeds I in. long, coma 1 in. long.

Merwara (D. Brandis). Flowers Mar.- April. DISTRIB. Plains of Sind
and Punjab, Salt Range, lower slopes of the Outer Himalaya eastwards
to the Chenab ; abundant also in Afghanistan and Baluchistan, extend-
ing to Persia, Arabia and Egypt. The fragrant flowers are eaten. The
stems yield a fibre which is used for making well- ropes. The milky
juice is employed medicinally.

2. P. caUphylla, Falc. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i, 115; Brand. For. Fl. 330 ;
F.B.I.iv. 12; Kanjilai For. Fl. 239; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 490.
Streptocaulon calophyllum, Wight; Royle III. 273. — Vern. Parn
( Jaunsar).

A small glabrous twining shrub with slender branches. Leaves shortly
petioled, 1^-3 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, coria-
ceous, shining on both surfaces, margins undulate ; lateral nerves
many, parallel, uniting within the margin, petiole % in. long. Bracts
minute, scarious. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla J- in. in
diam., pinkish or pale yellow. Corona-lobes hairy. Follicles 4-6 in.
long, straight or curved, conniving, tapering gradually to the apex.
Seeds linear, ^-| in. long, coma M£ in. long.

DehraDun at Sahansradhara (Royle, etc.) Flowers during April and
May. DISTRIB. Temp, and subtropical Himalaya from the Chamba to
Sikkim up to 7,000 ft., usually in shady ravines ; also in Assam and on
the Khasia Hills, extending to China.

4, CALOTROPIS, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 17.
Erect glabrous or hoary shrubs, or small trees. Leaves opposite
broad, subsessile. Flowers large, arranged in umbellate eymes.
Calyx divided to the base ; sepals broadly ovate, glandular within.
Corolla broadly carnpanulate or subrotate ; lobes broad, naked
valvatp. Corona of 5 fleshy laterally compressed scales radiating
from the large staminal column, their buses terminating in an up-
curved or involute spur. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers
short, broad, tipped with membranous in flexed appendages ; pollen-
masses solitary in each cell, pendulous, waxy. Stigma depressed,
5-angled or 5-lobed Follicles short, turgid, smooth. Seeds comose*
—Species 4, in Trop. Asia and Africa.

48 ASCLEPIADACE^. [ CALOTEOPIS.

Leaves sessile or nearly so.

Corolla-lobes spreading . . . 1. C. gigantea.

Corolla-lobes erect 2. 0. procera.

Leaves distinctly petioled, corolla-lobes erect 3. C. Acia.

1. C. gigantea, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii, 78 ; Ham. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiv, 245 ; Eoyle III. 275 ; Brandis For. Fl. 331 ; F. B. I. iv, 17 ;
Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 240 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 491 ; Frain
Beng. PL 688 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 151. Asclepias gigantea, Willd, ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii, 30.— Tern. Mud6rt safed ok.

A large shrub 8-10 ft. high or occasionally subarboreous ; bark ash-
coloured, wrinkled ; young parts and under surface of leaves covered
with appressed white floccose tomentum. Leaves sessile, thick,
glancous-green, 4-8 in. long, elliptic or obovate-oblong, acute or
shortly acuminate, with a narrow cordate or often amplexicaul base-
Flowers l£-2 in. in diam., arranged in umbellate cymes, not scented,
buds ovoid. Sepals ± in. long, ovate, acute. Corolla -£-1 in. in diam.,
purplish or white ; lobes | in. or more, spreading, deltoid, subacute.
Corona-lobes % in. long, hairy, shorter than the column, curved on the
back above the involute obtuse spur ; apex rounded, with two obtuse
auricles just below it. Follicles 3-4 in. long, recurved, turgid, smooth.
Seeds £ in. long, broadly ovate, flat, minutely tomentose, with a silky
white coma.

Common in many parts of the area as a weed on fallow land and in waste
ground. Flowers ard fruits throughout the year. DibTuiB. Through-
out the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, Malay Pen. and Islands,
Burma, Siam to S. China. A valuable fibre is obtained from the stem
of this plant, and the floss of the seeds is largely used for stuffing pil-
lows. Almost every part of the plant possesses medicinal properties.
Gunpowder charcoal is prepared from the wood and the sap yields
a kind of gutta-percha. Garlands composed of the bluish-coloured
corona of the flowers are used at religious ceremonies.
2. C. procera, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii, 78 ; Ham. in Trans.

Linn. Soc. xiv, (1825). 246 ; Boyle III. 275 ; Brandis For. Fl. 331 ; Watt

E. D.; F. B. I. iv, 18; Kanjilal For.Fl. 241 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.

491 ; Collett Fl.Siml. 315 ; Frain Beng. PI. 689 ; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 152—

Vern. Akt maddr.

A large shrub 6-8 ft. high, very similar in foliage and general appearance
to the preceding. Flowers about 1 in. across, scented, buds hemis-
pherical. Corolla pink, with purple spots ; lobes f in. long, erect.
Corona-lobes 5 in. long, glabrous, equalling or exceeding the staminal
column, straight or nearly so on the back above the acute upcurved
spur, the apex bifid and without auricles. Follicles and seeds as in
C. gigantea.

Common within the area, but chiefly in the sub-Himalayan tracts east-
wards to the Sarda, also in Bnnrlelkhand. Flowers Mar. to May.
DISTRIB. In the hot arid drier parts of India from the Punjab and
Sind to W. and C. India, extending through Afghanistan, Persia and

PBMTABOTHBA.] ASCLEP1ADACE3E. 40

Arabia to Egypt and Trop. Africa. This plant possesses properties very

similar to those of the preceding.

3. C. Ada, Ham. in. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv, 247; F. B. I. iv, IS,
WattE. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 241 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 491 ; Prain
Beng. PI. 689. Asclepias herbacea, Roxb. Fl. 2nd. ii, 50.

Stems herbaceous. Leave petioled, 6-9 by 3-4 in., obovate oblanceolate
or oblong-, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, tapering
towards the base, clothed beneath when young with deciduous
white floccose t( mentum ; midrib very stout ; main lateral nerves
about 6 pairs, prominent beneath, arcuate; petiole £-1 in. long.
Flowers about 1 in. across, arranged in compound umbels. Calyx
about half as long as the corolla ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, green
tinged with pink, floccose-tomentose outside. Corolla greenish at the
base, purplish above; lobes erect, A in. long, tapering to an acumi-
nate apex, margins undulate- Corona-lobes glabrous, pink, shorter
than the staminal column, with 2 obtuse auricles below tfce bifid
apex, basal spur abruptly incurved. Follicles subglobose, up to
4 in. long.

Pelra Dun, in grassy places at Kansrao and Lachiwala, etc.; and also in
the sub-Himalayan tracts of Pilibhit, Kheri and Bahraich. DISTRIB.
Eastwards to N. and E. Bengal, Sikkim and Assam. This species
may be readily distinguished by its stalked leaves. The juice of
this plant is very acrid.

5. PENTABOTHRA, Hook, f.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 18.

A dwarf erect glabrous herb. Leaves opposite, linear. Flowers
medium-sized, in axillary nmbelliform short-ped uncled cymes.
Calyx 5-paitite, minutely glandular within. Corolla campanulate,
deeply 5-lobed ; lobes oblong-ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona
of 5 pouch-like folds at the base of the staminal column alternating
with the anthers, and 5 fleshy laterally compressed processes with
free obtuse tips adnate longitudinally to the backs of the anthers.
Anthers large, horny, membianou^, tips large and oblong ; pollen
masses one in each cell, elongate, compressed, falcate, with long
caudicles, pendulous, waxy. Stigma a depressed 5-angled cone,
included. Fruit not seen. — A single species confined to India.

P. nana, Hook. f. Ic. PL 1426; F. B.I. iv, 19. Cynanchum nanum,
Bam. in Wight Contrib. 59.

Stems 5-8| in. high, rigid, divided below. Leaves 2-4 by ^-£ in., those
about the middle of the stem the longest, spreading, linear, acute,
base cordate, midrib stout, nerves faint, petiole -^ in. long. Umbels
clustered, many-flowered, pedicels £ in., bracts lanceolate. Sepals
linear-lanceolate, puberulous. Corolla £-| in. in diam., reddish purple
within and glabrous, lobes with ciliate edges.

50 ASCLEPIADACE^. [ HOLOSTEMMA.

Found at Garah in the Pilibhit district of Rohilkhand by Duthie's
collector. Flowers in May. DISTRIB. N. Kamrup in Lower Assam
(Hamilton and G. Mann). Sir Joseph Hooker, by whom the genus was
founded, regards it as being most nearly related to Holostemma.

6. HOLOSTEMMA, R. Br. PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 21.

Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, cordate. Flowers
large, fragrant, purple within, arranged in lax sublateral peduncled
cymes. Calyx 5-partite, without glands inside, lobes ovate. Corolla
subrotate, deeply 5 -fid. ; lobes thick, ovate, overlapping to the
right. Corona a fleshy truncate ring, adnate to tne base of the
10-winged staminal column. Filaments connate, anther-wings
large, decurrcnt to the base of the column ; pollen-masses solitary in
each cell, elongate, compressed, waxy, pendulous by a long caudicle.
Follicles slender, cylindric, somewhat tapering. /Seeds comcse. —
Species 2, one in India, the other Chinese,

H. Rheedianum, Spreng. Syst. i, 851 ; Coofce Fl. Bomb. iit 156. H.
Rheedei, Wall. ; F. B. I. iv, 21 ; Watt E.D. Collett Fl. Siml. 316 ; Prain
Beng. PI. 690. H. Brunonianum, Royle III. 276, t. 66. Asclepias
annularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 37. — Vern, Rani Manvi (Dehra Dun),

A large much-branched almost glabrous twining shrub. Stems glabrous,
shining. Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate, acute or acuminate, deeply
cordate with rounded basal lobes, glabrous above, finely pubescent
beneath especially on the nerves; midrib minutely glandular at its
base ; nerves reticulate, red ; petioles ^-2 in. long. Flowers in
umbellate or subracemose cymes, subglobc se, red(ii»h purple inside,
white or pinkish outside ; peduncles and pedicels 1-2 in. long. Calyx-
lobes ^ in. long Corolla-lobes | in. long, ovate, oblong, obtuse. Follicles
4-5 in. long, oblong, tapering^to a blunt point. Seeds ± in. long, thin,
flattened, coma f-1 in. long.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik Range, also in the Bahraich district of N. Oudh.
Flowers in July and Aug. DISTRIB. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft.
westwards to Simla and eastwards to Sikkim, Bombay, S. India, Ceylon
and Burma, also in China.

7. OXYSTELMA, R. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 17.

Twining glabrous herbs or undershrubs. Leaves narrow
opposite. Flowers large, in las. racemose or umbeUiform cymes, or
solitary, pedicels filiform. Calyx small, 5-partite, glandular within,
lobes acute. Corolla, broadly saucer-shaped. Corolla-tube very
short, with a ring of hairs within the mouth ; liinb divided

ASCLEPIADACEM. 51

half-way down, lobes triangular, acute, valvate at the base, tips
overlapping to the rigbt in bud. Corona-scales 5, erect, ovate
or lanceolate, attached to the staminal column, 2-keeled within.
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube ; filaments short,
connate; anthers erect, tipped with an inflexed membranous append-
age ; pollen-masses one in each cell, oblong, compressed, pendulous
waxy. Stigma depressed or subconvex, not exserted beyond the
anthers. Follicles oblong and obtuse, or lanceolate and acute, often
solitary, Seeds comose. — Species 4, in Trop. Asia and Africa.

O. esculentum, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i, 40 ; Royle 111. 274; F. B.
I, it?, 17 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 688 ; Coofce Fl. Bomb, ii, 152
Feriploca esculenta, Linn.f. ; Roxb. Cor. PI. i, 13. t. 11. Asclepias rosea,
ttoxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 40.

A glabrous climbing perennial herb. Stems many, slender, much
branched. Leaves deciduous, thin, pale green, 1^-4 in. long, lanceolate
or linear, acute or acuminate, the base acute rounded or cordate,
petioles £ in. long, very slender. Flowtrs drooping, 1 in. or more in
diam. ; peduncles slender, often exceeding the leaves. Calyx-lobes
oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla rotate, rose-coloured with purple
veins or nearly white ; lobes -| in. long, with ciliate edges. Corona-
scales acuminate, with incurved subulate tips. Style-apex slightly
convex. Follicles glabrous, 2-2\ in. long, ovoid-lanceolate, tapering
to a point. Seeds many, % in. long, brcadly ovate, flat ; coma f- in.
long.

Found in many parts of the area, especially in the sub -Himalayan tracts
of Eohilkhand and N. Gudh, also in Bundelkhand, usually growing
near water. Flowers Sept.-Dec. DISTRIB. Punjab to Ceylon, Bombay,
N. and E. Bengal, Burma, extending to China and Java. The fruit is
said to be eaten in Sind, and the milky juice and roots are used
medicinally.

8. PENTATROPIS, R» Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 19.
Slender twining herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, petioleda
usually small. Flowers small, on slender pedicels, arranged in
axillary umbelliform cymes, purplish. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla
rotate, 5-partite ; lobes elongate, overlapping to the right, twisted to
the left. Corona of 5 laterally compressed scales adnate vertically
to the backs of the anthers. Stamens attached to the base of the
corolla, filaments connate, anthers with membranous inflexed append-
ages ; pollen-masses one in each cell, not compressed, pendulous,
waxy. Stigma snbtruncate. Follicles small, glabrous, lanceolate
and with narrowed beak. Seeds comose. — Species about 6, in Trop.
Asia, Africa and Australia.

52 ASCLEPIADACE&. [ DJSMIA.

P. cynanchoides, R. Br. in Salt. Voy. Abyss., Append, p. 64 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 154. P. spiralis, Dene ; F. B. I. iv, 19 ; Watt E. D. ; Edgew .
in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi, 204 , 1. 1, f. 9.

A small twining shrub with tuberous roots, almost glabrous. Leaves f-
1^ in. long, variable in width, ovate oblong or linear, acute or obtuse;
usually mucronate, more or less fleshy, base rounded or cordate*
petioles slender, T\j--g in. long, puberulous when young. Cymes 3-6-fld.
Flowers greenish; peduncles short or none, pedicels £-£ in. long, fili-
form. Calyx minute, deeply divided, puberulous ; lobes ovate, acu-
minate. Corolla % in. in diam., divided nearly to the base ; segments
•£•! in. long, narrowly acuminate, glabrous outside, puberulous within.
Corona-scales deltoid-ovate, acute or acuminate. Follicles 2-3 in,
Seeds ^ in. long, ovate, flat, minutely crenate at the lower end.

In the dry western and south-western portions of the area, abundant in
the Jumna and Chambal ravines. Flowers in Feb. DISTRIB, Through-
out the Sind and Punjab plains, extending through Afghanistan and
Baluchistan to Arabia and Tropical Africa. The flowers are used
medicinally, and Stewart mentions that the sweet tubers are often
eaten.

9. DJEMIA, E. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 20.

Twining pubescent or tomentose herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
opposite, cordate. Flowers in lateral racemose or corymbiform
peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-partite, glandular within. Corolla-tube
short, cylindric or campanulate ; lobes 5, large, ovate, spreading,
overlapping to tbe right. Corona double ; outer at tbe base of the
staminal column, annular, membranous, witb 5 truncate or denticulate
lobes ; inner of 5 erect fleshy lobes, spurred at the base, adnate to
the staminal column up to the anthers, free above and produced into
inflexed subulate horns. Anthers erect, with a membranous inflexed
appendage ; pollen-masses one in each cell, compressed, pendulous,
waxy. Stigma exserted. Follicles lanceolate, usually echiuate ;
Seeds comose. — Species 6, in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia and Africa.

D. extensa, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. 8oc. i, 50; Royle III. 272 ; F. B. I. iv.
20', WattE. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 315: Prain Beng. PI. 692; Cooke F.
Bomb, n, 155. Asclepias echinata, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. ii, 44.

A twining subhispid perennial foetid herb. Stems clothed with short
stiff spreading hairs. Leaves long-petioled, membranous, 2-4 in. long,
broadly ovate, acuminate, glabrous or slightly pubescent above,
hispid beneath especially on * the veins, deeply cordate at the base,
basal lobes rounded and incurved, margins ciliate. Flowers pale
yellowish- green tinged with pink at the base, corymbose at first then
racemose ; peduncles 2-6 in. long, pubescent ; pedicels capillary, ^-2 in.
long. Calyx divided almost to the base, pubescent ; lobes £-in. long,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Corolla f in. long ; lobes twice as long

GYMNEMA.] ASCLEPIADACEJE. §3

as the campanulate tube, ovate, acute ; margins ciliate. Follicles
reflexed, 2-3 by £ in., covered with long soft spines, lanceolate, beaked.
Seeds % in. long, ovate, crenate at the rounded base, densely pubescent.

Abundant within the area. Flowers Jan.-April. DISTRIB. Through-
out the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, ascending to 3,000 ft. on
the Himalaya ; also in Afghanistan, extending to Arabia and
Tropical Africa. The fibre of the stem has been recommended as a
promising substitute for flax. The leaves and juice are used medicinally.

10. GYMNEMA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 28.

Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in crowded
uinbelliforin cymes. Calyx 5 -partite. Corolla subrotate
campanulate or urceolate ; lobes thick, overlapping to the right.
Corona adnate to the corolla-tube, the tips more or less incurved,
or of 5 pairs of fleshy ridges alternating with the corolla-lobes
towards the base of the tube. Staminal-column attached to the
base of the corolla ; anthers short, erect, with short membranous
tips ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, erect, waxy. Stigma
large, often exserted. Follicles slender or turgid, smooth, acu-
minate. Seeds comose. — Species 20-25, in Asia, Africa and
Australia.

Corona-scales protruded beyond the sinuses of
the corolla-lobes. — Large pubescent woody
climbers:—

More or less pubescent, cymes dis-
tinctly peduncled, corolla about £ in. in
diameter . . . . . . 1. G. sylvestre.

Softly rustytomentose, cymes subsessile,

corolla about £ in. in diameter . . 2. G. hirsutum.
Corona-scales not produced beyond the sinuses
of the corolla-lobes. — An extensive almost
glabrous climber 3. G. tingens.

sylvestre, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i, 33; Roylelll. 273;
Brandis Ind. Trees 469 ; F. B. I. iv, 29 ; Watt K.D.; Gamble Man.
Ind. Timb. 492 / Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 160. G. melicida, Edgew. in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxi (1852\ 174. Asclepias geminata, Roscb.; Fl. Ind. ii,
45.— Vern- Gurmar (Bundelkhand).

A large more or less pubescent climbing shrub ; young stems and branches
terete, pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, 1-2^ in. long, elliptic or
ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, cuneate rounded or cordate at the
base, often glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, especially
on the veins ; petioles £•£ in. long. Flowers yellow, in umbellate

54 ASCLEP I ADAGES.

cymes ; peduncles shorter than the petioles, densely tomentose ; pedicels
slender, \—\ in long. Calyx pubescent, deeply divided ; lobes -^ in.
long, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla % in. across : lobes glabrous, about
as long as the campanulate tube, thick, triangular, obtuse, recurved.
Corona-lobes protruded beyond the sinuses of the corolla-lobes. Anthers
white. Style — apex exserted. Follicles 2-3 in. long, lanceolate,
tapering into a beak, glabrous. Seeds \ in. long, narrowly ovoid-oblong,
flat and broadly margined, pale-brown.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), Saharanpur district (Jameson). Flowers
during April and May. DISTKIB.; Bombay, S. India, extending to Trop.
Africa. The leaves of this plant, if chewed, have the peculiar
property of temporarily removing the sense of taste. The powdered
root is regarded by natives as a remedy for snake-bites.

2. G. hirsutum, W. $ A. Contrib. 44 ; F. B. I. iv, 29 ; Gamble Man.
Ind. Timb. 492 ; Prain Beng. PI. 694 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 469.

A large stout woody climber. Young stems and inflorescence densely
clothed with rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves rather thick, 1-2 1 in.
long, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, often cordate at'tbe base, softly
tomentose on both surfaces, especially on the prominent nerves beneath ;
petioles stout, £-5 in. long. Cymes few-or many-flowered, subsessile.
Flowers larger than those of G. sylvestre. Calyx pubescent, half as long as
the corolla ; lobes ovate, rounded. Corolla % in. in diam., lobes ciliolate.
Follicles nearly straight, 2-2^. in- long, glabrous, ^eeds % in. long,
ovate-oblong, flat, distinctly winged at the base, coma f in. long.

Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell). DISTRIB. Behar, Nilgiris. I have not
seen the Bundelkhand specimens. The single specimen at Kew from
Behar is in fruit only, and although the leaves are pubescent on both
surfaces it cannot, in the absence of flowers, be with perfect certainty
referred to this species.

3. G. tingens, W. $ A. Contrib 45; Royle III. 273 ; F. B- 1. iv, 31 ; Watt
E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 245 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492 ; Prain Beng. PI.
€94 ; Brand. Ind. Trees 469. . Asclepias tingena Roxb ; Fl. Ind. ii, 53.

An extensive climber with soft glabrous branches. Leaves membranous
bright green, glabrous on both surfaces, 4-6 in. long, broadly t vate
usually cordate at the base, acute or caudate-acuminate ; main lateral
nerves 4-6 pairs, prominent beneath and pale- coloured, petioles
1-1£ in. long. Cymes many-flowered, corymbose, at length spirally
racemose, branches densely puberulous, peduncles shorter than the
petioles, lower pedicels exceeding the peduncle. Flowers ^ in. across,
pale-yellow. Calyx divided almost to the base ; lobes linear-oblong,
obtuse, margins ciliate. Corolla-tube with double villous ridges below
the sinuses; .lobes obliquely oval, glabrous. Follicles spreading,
about 4 in. long, smooth, acute at both ends.

GONGROMENA.] ASCLEPIADACEM. 55

Dehra Dun (P. W. Mackinnon), Kheree Pass in the Siwalik Range
(Falconer), Gorakhpur (Vicary). Flowers during- the rainy season,
fruiting in Nov. and Dec. DISTRIB. : Trou. Himalaya from Kumaon
to Sikkim, Assam and Lower Bengal, also in S. India and Burma,
extending to China. Kegarding the indigo-like dye said to be
yielded by the leaves of this plant see Eoxburgh 1. c. 54-.

11. CONGRONEMA, Dene. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 33.

Twining shrubs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves opposite. Flowers
small, in umbelliform or racemose axillary cymes. Calyx 5-partite,
glandular or not within, lobes ovate. Corolla urceolate subrotate
or broadly campanula! e, lobes slightly overlapping to the right.
Corona of 5 short scales adnate to the bases of the anthers, or none.
Stamens attached to the base of the corolla-tube, filaments connate
in a short column ; anthers erect, with inflexed membranous tips
concealing the stigma ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, erect
ovoid, waxy. Stigma convex clavate or conical. Follicles acumi-
nate. Seeds comose. — Species about 10, in Asia, Africa and
Australia.

G. nepalensc, Dene, in DC. Prod, viii, 624 ; F. B. I. iv, 33 ; Kanjilal
For. Fl. 241 ; Prain Beng. PI. 694 (var. sagittatum).

An extensive twining shrub ; young parts and inflorescence rusty-puberul-
ous. Leaves membranous, 3-6 in. long, broadly oblong-elliptic or
ovate, acuminate, usually rounded at the base, glabrous above, puberal -
ous on the veins beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-9 pairs, arcuate ;
petiole slender, 1-2 in. long. Peduncles 2-6 in. long, branching into
three divaricate arms, each bearing three many-flowered umbelliform
clusters ; pedicels slender, up to ^ in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate. Corolla
yellow, ^ in. in diam., lobes about as long as the tube. Follicles slender,
2-3 in. long. Seeds about £ in. long, ovate, flat, margined, coma 1 in.
long.

Dehra Dun, in shady ravines. DISTRIB. : Subtropical Himalaya east-
wards from Kumaon to Sikkim, up to 4,000 ft. ; also in Assam, on the
Khasia Hills and in Chittagong, extending to China.

12. MAKSDENIA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 34.

Twining, rarely erect, shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
medium-sized or small, in simple or branched, umbellate or corym-
bose, terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla, campa-
nulate urceolate or rotate, lobes overlapping to the right. Corona
of 5 erect fleshy scales, adnate to the base of the staminal-colurcn^

56 ASCLEPIADACE^. [MARSDENIA.

the free portion contiguous to the backs of the anthers. Staminal*
column short, anthers with inflexed membranous tip?, pollen -masses
erect, one in each cell, waxy. Stigma flat convex or beaked.
follicles with a thick pericarp, smooth ribbed or winged.* Seeds
comose. — Species about 70, in tropical and subtropical regions of
both hemispheres, one occurring in the Mediterranean region.

Corolla rotate, glabrous or hoary outside,
glabrous within . . . . . . 1. M. volubilis.

Corolla urceolate or subcampanulate.

Apex of style not exserted beyond the
anther-tips : —

Corolla-lobes pubescent on both sides,
corona-lobes much exceeding the anther-
tips ; follicles beaked, transversely
rugose 2. M. Roylei.

Corolla-lobes pubescent outside, glabrous
within, corona-lobes not exceeding the
anther-tips ; follicles not beaked, longi-
tudinally rugose .... 3. M. tenacissima.
Corolla-lobes glabrous on both sides . 4. M. Hamiltonii. *
Apex of style exserted beyond the anther-
tips ; corolla-lobes glabrous outside,
pubescent within 5. M. lucida.

M. volubilis, T. Cooke Fl. Bomb, u, 166. Dregea volubilis, Benfh.
ex Hook. f. F. B. I. iv, 46 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 244 ; Gamble
Man. Ind. Timb. 493; Prain Beng. PI. 697; Brandis Ind. Trees 468.
Asclepias volubilis, Linn. f. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 36 ; Hoya Lacuna, Buch.
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8169.

A large twining shrub, glabrous or hoary-tomentose. Bark of old
branches often lenticellate and pustular. Leaves glabrous or softly
tomentose, subcoriaceous, 2^-6 by 2-4f in., broadly ovate or suborbicular,
acuminate, base rounded or cordate ; main lateral nerves 4-5, branching
into fine reticulate veins ; petioles stout, \-2\ in. long. Flowers %-%. in.
across, green or yellowish green, arranged in slender drooping axillary
or interpetiolar umbelliform cymes ; peduncles usually longer than the
petioles, slender, puberulous ; pedicsls £-1 in. long, very slender.
Calyx deeply divided ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute.
Corolla rotate, glabrous or hoary outside, glabrous within, divided
nearly to the base ; lobes £ in. long, triangular-ovate. Corona-loles
large and fleshy ; upper free portion rounded on the outer margin and
with an obliquely truncate apex, inner margin cuspidate. Staminal-
column arising from near the base of the corolla. Follicles 3-4 in. long

MABBDBNIA.] ASCLEPIADACE&. 57

tapering to a blunt point, longitudinally ribbed, velvety when young.
Seeds about I in. long, broadly ovate and with a wide margin ; coma
about 1^ in. long, white.

Abundant within the area. Flowers April-June, fruiting during the cold
season. DISTBIB. : Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon ;
it occurs in the Himalayan region up to 5,000 ft. from Bashahr east-
wards, and extends to China and Java. The stems yield a very strong
fibre which is much used for the manufacture of rope and thread. The
leaves are used as an application for boils, and many other parts of the
plant are employed medicinally. The plant is easily recognized when
in blossom by the large umbels of bright green flowers. Hoy a Lacuna
of Buch.-Ham. appears to be merely a more pubescent form of the
species.

2. M. Roylei, W. $ A. in Wight Contrib. 40 ; Royle III. 273 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 333 ; Ind. Trees, 470 ; F. B. 1. iv, 35 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For.
Fl. 242; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 492 ; Oollett Fl. Siml. 318, fig. 99.

A softly tomentose twining shrub. Leaves 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate,
acuminate, velvety beneath, base cordate; petiole ]£-2 in. long.
Flowers in compact peduncled corymbose cymes, £ in. long, pale-orange.
Calyx about half as long as the corolla, pubescent outside. Corolla
fleshy ; lobes as long as the tube, villous on both sides. Corona- append-
ages flat, linear, erect, much exceeding the anther-tips. Follicles about
3*in. long, turgid, beaked, transversely rugose, puberulous. Seeds $ in.
long, ovate, flat, margined.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik Eange. Flowers May and June. DISTRIB. :
Himalaya up to 7,000ft. from Hazara to Sikkim. The milky sap con-
tains a small quantity of caoutchouc. The stems yield a strong fibre
suitable for fishing lines.

3. M.%tenacissima, Wight fy Arn. in Wight Contrib. 41 ; Eoyle III.
274 ; Fibrous PI. of Ind. 304 ; Brand. For. Fl. 333 ; Ind. Trees 470 ; F. B. I.
iv, 35 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 243 ; Gamlle Man. Ind. Timb. 492.
Prain Beng. PI. 696; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 165. Asclepias tenacissima,

Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. ii, 51.— Vern. Jiti, marua bel, rani marua (Dehra Dun)

(Bajmehal hemp).

A large twining shrub. Bark of old stems grey and corky, deeply
furrowed. Young parts, leaves beneath and inflorescence densely
velvety and tomentose. Leaves 3-6 in. long by b'-4i in. wide, broadly
ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate at the base with rounded lobes, both
surfaces densely velvety-tomentose when young, becoming almost
glabrous above when old : petioles 2-4 in. long, softly pubescent. Flowers
greenish. -yellow, in much -branched congested corymbose cymes,
peduncles intrapetiolar. Calyx deeply divided ; lobes -| in. long,
oblong-lanceolate, acute. Corolla £ in. in diam., hairy outside ; lobes
shorter than the tube, oblong, obtuse, spreading, glabrous within.

58 ASGLEPIAVACE&. [MABSDBNIA,

Corona-lobes acute, not exceeding the anther-tips. Follicles 4-6 in. long,
ovoid-lanceolate, longitudinally wrinkled, downy. Seeds | in. long,
flattened, ovate-oblong.

Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, and in the sub-Himalayan tracts
of Eohilkhand and N. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand. Flowers in April
and May, the fruit ripening during the cold season. DISTRIB.^ : W.
Himalaya up to 4.500 ft eastwards to Kumaon, also in Gujarat, Kajmahal
Hills, Chittagong, Burma, Ceylon, extending to Java and Timor. The
stems of this plant yiel d a very strong elastic silky fibre which is much
used for fishing lines by the Gurkhas in Dehra Dun. It is also made use
of by the Sonthals in Lower Bengal for bowstrings. Both Boxburgh
and Eoyle allude to the great value of this fibre. The milky juice of this
plant, when solidified, forms a useful caoutchouc capable of removing
pencil marks.

4. M. Hamilton!!, W. $ A. in Wight Contrib. 41; F. B. I. iv, 36;
Brandis Ind. Trees 470. Cynanchum reticulatum, Herb. Ham.

A suberect or climbing undershrub ; branches petioles undersurface of
leaves and inflorescence rusty -puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, pale-
coloured on both sides ; blade 1|-3| in. long by 1-2 in. wide, oblong-
ovate or lanceolate or suborbicular, obtuse or acute or obliquely
acuminate, base cordate, margins slightly re volute ; petioles £-!£• in.
long. Cymes corymbosely branched many flowered. Calyx-lobes sub-
orbicular, puberulous outside. Corolla TVs in. in diameter ; lobes
glabrous on both sides, throat densely villous. Corona-lobes membran-
ous, subulate, exceeding the anther-tips. Style-apex not exserted,
Follicles (only young ones seen) narrowly ovoid, obtusely pointed,
wrinkled, puberulous.

Discovered in 1810 by Buchanan-Hamilton in N. Oudh, and by Edgeworth
in the Sub-Siwalik tract. It has more recently been gathered by my
plant collectors in several localities within the sub -Himalayan districts
of Pilibhit, Kheri and Gorakhpur. Flowers April- June. DISTRIB. :
Hill tracts of S. Garhwal. As usually met with, the primary stems of
this species are arrested and congested into a thick woody rootstock,
from which annual stems are produced. These latter commence to flower
during the early summer, but are destroyed by the periodical jungle
fires usually before the seed-vessels have time to develop and ripen. The
type specimens collected by Buchanan- Hamilton in N. Oudh exhibit the
ordinary dwarfed condition of this plant. Edgeworth' s Sub-Siwalik
specimens are more luxuriant, owing no doubt to the locality being more
favourable for vigorous growth and to a great extent fire-proof. Some
specimens recently collected in the Pilibhit district exhibit not only a
more luxuriant development of stems and foliage, but also very dis-
tinctly the scandent habit which characterizes the genus. A fact of still
greater interest in regard to these specimens is the presence of young
follicles, no fruiting specimens of this species having previously been
observed.

PEBGULABIA.] ASCLEPIADACE^. 59

5. M. lucida, Edgew. ex Madden in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. -scvii,pt.l
(1848), 370 ; Brandis For. Fl. 533; Ind. Trees 470 ; F. B. I. iv, 36 ; Gamble
Man. Ind. Timb. 492.

A large evergreen climber, glabrous all but the young parts and inflores-
cence. Leaves subcoriaceous, 4-5 in. long by 2-3 in. wide, elliptic or
ovate, subacute or obtusely acuminate, rounded at the base, pale
yellowish-green beneath, main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs ; petioles l-l£ in.
long. Flowers many, purple, fragrant, in rather dense corymbifonn
cymes ; peduncles stout, interpetiolar, shorter than the petioles. Calyx
one-third the length of the corolla, pubescent outside, lobes obtuse.
Corolla ^-5 in. long and about w in. across ; lobes longer than the tube,
glabrous outside, sparsely hairy within, edges ciliate. Corona-scales
subulate, as long as the anther-tips. Style much longer than the column,
bifid at the apex. Follicles about 5 in. long, lanceolate, smooth. Seeds
| in. long, ovate-lanceolate, margined ; coma 1£ in. long.

Forests in the Bahraich district of N. Oudh. Flowers in Oct. and Nov.
DISTRIB.: Kumaon, in shady spots up to 7,500 ft- (Madden and S. & W.
No. 4), also in E. Bengal. The beautiful foliage of this plant and its
fragrant purple flowers merit the attention of horticulturists.

13. PERGULARIA, Linn.; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 37.

Twining fthrub*. Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate, membranous,
Flowers greenish or yellow, rather large, arranged in lateral
subumbellate cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla salver-shaped, tube
swollen at the base, lobes overlapping to the right. Corona adnate
to the lower portion of the staminal column, free portion 6-lobed and
with a narrow process on the face of each lobe. Staminal column
attached to the base of corolla ; anthers erect, with long membranous
inflexed appendages; pollen-masses one in each anther-cell, erect,
waxy, caudicles short. Stigma stout, umbonate, capitate. Follicles
lanceolate, ratber turgid. Seeds conaose. — Species about 10, Asiatic
and African.

P. pallida, W. $ A. in Wight. Contrib. 42; Eoyle III. 273; Brand. For.
Fl. 334; Ind. Trees 470 ; F. B. I. iv, 38; Kanjildl For. Fl. 243; Gamble
Man. Ind. Timb. 493 ; Collett Fl. 8iml. 319 ; Prain Beng. PI. 696 ; CooTce
Fl. Bomb, ii, 165. Asclepias pallida, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iit 48.— Vern.
8urkila.

A large twining shrub. Bark of old stems becoming corky. Branches,
pale-coloured, softly pubescent when young. ^Leaves membranous,
glabrous or somewhat pubescent when young, 2-4 in. long, ovate, acute
or acuminate, cordate at the base, pale and finely reticulate beneath ;
petioles £-2 in. long, pubescent. Flowers pale-yellow, often slightly
fragrant ; peduncles interpetiolar, pubescent, pedicels about \ in. long.

60 ASCLEPIADACEM. [TYLOPHORI.

Calyx £ in. long, pubescent ; segments subulate, margins ciliate.
Corolla, | in. long, divided more than half-way down ; lobes linear,
obtuse, glabrous. Corona-scales linear, each with a long beaked process
projecting from the inner edge. Follicles 3-4 in. long, tapering to a blunt
point from rather a turgid base, longitudinally ribbed, glabrous. Seeds
f in. long, flat, ovate, broadly margined, pale-brown, glabrous.

Dehra Dun, Moradabad, N. Oudh, Agra, Bundelkhand and Merwara.
Flowers May- July. DISTRIB. : Trop. Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. from
Mnrree eastwards to Sikkim and southwards to Bombay and C. India,
also in Burma,

p. minor, Andr. is cultivated in Indian gardens, and is found wild on
tho Himalaya as far west as Jaunsar. It is also a native of China. It
is sometimes known as the " West Coast "or " Primrose Creeper".

14. TYLOPHORA, R. Br., Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 39.
Twining (rarely erect) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite.
JFlowers small, arranged in simple or branched lateral or axillary
umbelliform racemose or fascicled cymes. Calyx 5-partite, lobes ovate
or lanceolate. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-fid. ; lobes broad, slightly
overlapping to the right. Corona of five fleshy tubercles, adnate
wholly or in part to the very short staminal-column. Anthers very
small, with a membranous iu flexed appendage ; pollen-masses minute,
one in each ceil, globose or ovoid, waxy, erect or ascending, rarely
horizontal ; caudicles very slender. Stigma disciform, 5-gonal,
usually included. Follicles acuminate, smooth, occasionally winged,
Seeds comose. — Species about 40, in the tropical and subtropical
regions of Asia, Africa and Australia.

Stems short, erect or subscandent, puberulous
above ....... 1. T.fasciculata.

Stems long and twining : —

Calyx glabrous, coronal processes gibbous . 2. T. himalaicz.
Calyx hairy : —

Corona wholly adnate to the staminal
column and without free points : —
Leaves ovate or ovate -lanceolate, cymes
few-flowered . ... 3. T.hirsuta.

Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate,

cymes many- flowered . . 4. T. rotundifolia.

Tips of corona- scales free . . . 5. T. tenerrima.

1. T.fasciculata, Buch.-Ham. in Wight Contrib. 50 ; F. B. I. iv, 40 ;

Watt Et D. ; Coolce Fl. Bomb, ii, 162.

Boot-fibres stout, cord-like. Stems several from the root, 12-18 in. high,
erect flexuous or subscandent, finely puberulous upwards. Leavts
petioled, thinly coriaceous, approximate in pairs, diminishing in size

TYLOPHORA.J ASCLEPIADACE^E, 61

upwards, 1-2 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, acute, cuneate or rounded
at th® "base, glabrous above, puberulous on the veins beneath, petiole
l-\ in. long. Flowers in lateral umbelliform or racemose cymes ;
peduncles interpetiolar, slender, puberulous, pedicels filiform ; bracts
minute, linear-lanceolate. Calyx-segments $ in. long, lanceolate, acute
pubescent. Corolla •§• in. long ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, sometimes
fleshy. Pollen-masses ^ sub trans verse. Follicles lf-2 in. long, ovoid-
lanceolate, acute, longitudinally striate, glabrous. Seeds ^ in. long,
broadly ovoid, flat.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Eohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur.
Flowers during April and May. DISTRIB. : Eastwards to the Khasia
Hills and southwards through W. and C. India to Ceylon.

2 T. himalaica, Hook. f. F- B. I. iv, 42.

A slender glabrous twining undershrub. Stems pale -coloured, finely
striated. Leaves petioled, membranous ; blade H-3^ in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute or rounded at the base, petioles £•£ in.
long. Flowers green or purplish, in distant umbels on a long slender
rachis ; bracts minute, linear-lanceolate. Calyx glabrous ; lobes
lanceolate, ciliate on the edges. Corolla about 7 mm. across ; lobes
thick, -ovate-oblong, obtuse, purplish and minutely puberulous inside.
••>nal processes gibbous. Follicles 4-5 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate
finely striate. Seeds §• in. long, broadly ovate, margined $ coma 1 in*
long.

Sahan sradhdra in Dehra Dun (Vicary, Falconer). DISTRIB. Himalaya
eastwards to Sikkim up to 3,000 ft., also on the Khasia Hills.

3. T.hirsuta, W. # A in Wight Contrib. 49; F. B. I. iv,43 ; Collett
Fl. Siml. 319. T. Jacquemontii, Dene.

Stems long and twining, densely and softly tomentose. Leaves petioled.
blade 2£-5 in- long, 1^-3 in. wide, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rounded or cordate at the base, more or less pubescent or
softly tomentose on both surfaces ; petioles ^-1£ in. long. Flowers
white or pale green, in distant few-flowered umbellate cymes ; peduncles
villous, varying in length, often long and flexuous, pedicels filiform.
Calyx-segments lanceolate, hirsute. Corolla ^$ in. in diameter, puberu-
lous inside. Coronal processes subglobose, wholly adnate to the staminal
column. Follicles 2-^ in. long, lanceolate, tapering gradually up-
wards, finely striate and glabrous. Seeds % in. long, narrowly ovate,
coma nearly 1 in. long.

Pehra Dun (P. W. Mackinnon), DISTBIB. : Trop. Himalaya up to
5,000 ft., from Kashmir eastwards to Kumaon, also in Assam, and
extending to Java.

4, T. rotundifolia, Buch.-Ham. in Wight Contrib. 50; F. B. I. iv, 48

•Coo fee Fl. Bomb, ii, 163.

A small shrub with pubescent twining stems. Leaves coriaceous, shortly
petioled ; blade 1^--2|- in. long, broadly ovate-oblong or suborbicular,

62 ASCLEPIADACEM. [LEPTADENIA.

rounded or emarginate at the apex and often mucronate, base rounded
or subcordate, almost glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath,
margins ciliate ; petioles \-± in. long. Flowers many, in peduncled or
subsessile umbellate cymes ; peduncles interpeti >lar, pubescent,
pedicels many, filiform, up to 1 in. long, bracts lanceolate. Calyx-
segments | in. long, narrowly lanceolate, hispid- Corolla £ in. long
glabrous ; lobes elliptic, obtuse. Corona-lobes wholly adnate to the
staminal column. Style-apex 5-gonal, not exserted beyond the anther-
tips. Follicles about 2 in. long, broadly ovate, fusiform, glabrous*
Seeds (immature) -$ in. long, ovate, flat, margined, coma 1 in. long.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Ondh (Duthie's collectors)
Gorakhpur (Vicary). Flowers in June. DISTJRIB. : Buchanan -Hamil-
ton's type specimens were found by him in the Kamrup district of
Assam. It was collected by Stocks in the Konkan, by Gamble in the
Ganjam District of Madras and by Beddome on the Anamally Hills in
Travancore. Although so widely distributed the plant is nowhere
abundant. Gamble's Ganjam specimen is the only one I have seen in
fruit.

5, T. tenerrima, Wight Contrib. 50 ; F. B. I. iv, 44.

A glabrous or sparsely pubescent perennial climber with slender much
branched stems. Leaves shortly petioled, 1-4 in. long by T\j-^ in. wide,
ligulate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, rounded at the
base, nerves usually obscure ; petioles %-j in. Cymes generally
4-flowered, on slender filiform peduncles which are often longer than
the leaves ; pedicels filiform, £-4 in. long. Flowers minute. Calyx %
in. long ; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, hispid. Corolla dark
purple, -^ in. in diam. ; lobes linear-oblong, puberulous within. Coronal
scales with free incurved cuspidate tips. Follicles not seen.

Dehra Dun (Vicary, Falconer). DISTRIB. : Himalaya from Kashmir to
Sikkim up to 7,000 ft.

15. LEPTADENIA. R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 63.

Twining or erect shrubs with rigid rnsh-like stems. Leave?
opposite, sometimes absent. Flowers small , in crowded lateral
umbelliform cymes. Calyx more or less deeply 5- fid. Corolla
rotate, 5-lobed, pubescent or bearded within, lobes valvate in bud.
Corona of 5 short hair-tipped lobes between he corolla-lobes, some-
times with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the short
staminal column. Anthers inflexed over the stigma, without
terminal appendages ; pollen-masses one in each cell, erect, globose,
nearly sessile, tips pellucid. Stigma included, flat. Follicles

LEPTADENIA.] ASCLE PIADACE&. 63

acuminate, smooth. Seeds comose — Species about 12, in Trop. Asia
and Africa.

A leafy twining shrub . . . , . 1. L. reticulata.
An erect almost leafless shrub . • . 2. L. Spartium.

1. L. reticulata, W. $ A. in Wight Contrib. 47 ; F. B. I. iv, 63 ; Watt
E> D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. 244 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 493 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 172 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 472. Asclepias tuberosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i, 38.

A much-branched twining leafy shrub, bark of older stems corky,
branchlets more or less minutely pubescent. Leaves thin, subcoriace-
ous ; blade 2-3 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate
subcordate rounded or acute at the base, glabrous above, more or less
minutely pubescent beneath, petioles £-f in. long. Flowers pale-brown,
in many-flowered lateral or subaxillary umbelliform cymes ; peduncle
i | in. long, t ften in pairs, puberulous, pedicels shorter. Calyx silky
outside, divided about half-way down into ovate-oblong subacute seg-
ments. Corolla pubescent outside, %-% in long, tube very short ; lobes
thick, ovate-oblong, sabobtuse, margins revolute, tips often reflexed
and usually hairy on the inner face. Follicles usually solitary, 2-3£ in.
long, tapering from a rather turgid base into an obtuse curved beak,
very hard, smooth and whitish. Seeds about $ in. long, narrowly ovate
oblong, flat and margined, coma 1 \ in. long .

A common plant within the area, especially in the sub -Himalayan tracts

from the Jumna eastwards to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand.

Flowers May- July. DISTRIB. : From the foot of the Punjab Himalaya

t through Central W. and S. India to Ceylon, extending to Burma and

the Malay Peninsula.

2, L. Spartium, Wight Contrib. 48; Royle. III. 272 ; F. B. I. iv, 64 ;

Watt E. U. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 493 ; Cooke FL Bomb. ii, 173 s
Brandis Ind. Trees 472.— Vern. Kip (Sind).

A much-branched of ten leafless bush, 2-6 ft. high ; young parts puberulous.
Branches slender, rigid, erect, terete, green. Leaves (when present) on
the young shoots only, subsessile. 1-3 in. long, linear, acute or acu-
minate, thick, glabrous. Flowers yellow, peduncles^-^ in. long. Calyx
pubescent, divided half-way down, lobes acute. Corolla % in. long, deeply
divided ; tube short, funnel-shaped, glabrous ; lobes ovate-lanceolate,
thickened towards the apex, puberulous outside. Follicles, 3-5 in. long,
terete, tapering into the long slender straight beak, narrowed at the
base, glabrous. Seeds | in. long, narrowly lanceolate, coma 1-1| in. long.

Eound only in the dry western portions of the area in the neighbourhood
of Agra, Delhi. Gwalior and Jhansi. Flowers Dec. and Jan. DISTRIB.:
Westwards through the Punjab Plain and Eajputana to Baluchistan,
Sind and Kacriawar, extending to Arabia and Trop. Africa. The fibre

64 ASCLEPIADACE&. [BEACHYSTELMI.

is found suitable for well-ropes in?Sind,.and sometimes in combination
with that of Periploca aphylla. Mr. Lace states that the plant is much
used in the Sibi district as a camel fodder.

16, BRACHYSTELMA. R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 64.

Erect or twining pubescent or glabrous herbs with tuberous roots*
Leaves opposite, sometimes very narrow or minute. Flowers few,
in axillary sessile umbels, or solitary, pedicels very slender. Calyx 5-
partite, with 5 glands or scales inside at the base. Corolla (in the
Indian species) rotate ; lobes 5, elongate, valvate. Corona double,
adnate to the staminal column, annular, variously 5-10-lobed or
toothed, lobes or teeth erect or incumbent on the anthers. Staminal
column very short ; anthers ovoid, tips without appendages, retuse ;
pollen-masses one in each cell, erect, sessile, globose, pellucid on the
inner margin or near the apex. Stigma nearly flat. Follicles slen-
der, smooth. Seeds comose. — Species 22, of which fourteen are African
and the remainder inhabit India.

Leaves minute ; flowers several, pendulous,

in sessile umbels 1. B. Iwvigatum.

Leaves manifest ; flowers solitary in the

axils, erect • . . . . . .2. B.pauciflorum.

1- B.laevigatum, Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. iv, 65. Eriopetalum laeviga-
tum, Wight Contrib. '65. Gomphocarpus Isevigatus, Buch.-Ham.

Root the size of a small potato, Stem 12-18 in. high, pubescent upwards ^
Leaves minute, subulate. Floivers in sessile umbels, pendulous, f in*
in diam. ; pedicels minute, hispid. Calyx lobes ^\ in. long, subulate,
hispid. Corolla pale dull-purple, with pale-green filiform segments
three times as long as the tube, puberulous outside. Corona with live
broad erect 2-toothed lobes between the anthers and as many narrow
oblong ones opposite to them. Follicles 2-3 in. long, erect, eubfalcate,
tapering gradually to the apex. Seeds about J in. long, linear, margined,
coma twice as long as the seed,

Found by Buchanan-Hamilton in the sub-Himalayan district of Gorakh-
pur in 1834, and not since met with. Flowers during March.

2. B. paucifiorum, Duthie.

Quite glabrous except the inflorescence. Root globose, about | in. in
diam. Stem erect, 1-li ft. high. Leaves 24 in. long, linear-lanceolate,
sometimes falcate, tapering below into a short thick angular petiole,
margins recurved, midrib thick and prominent underneath; lateral
veins slender, ascending. Flowers solitarv in the upper axils, about
| in. across, pedicels slender, about 1 in. long, pubescent, bearing three

CLEBODENDEON.] VERBENACEM. 225

9. CLERODENDRON, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 589.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes sarrnentose. Leaves opposite, rarely
3-4-nate, simple entire or lobed. Flowers in axillary cymes or
terminal panicles, often leafy below, bracts conspicuous or small.
Calyx campanulate ; limb truncate 5-toothed or almost 5-partite,
persistent, often accrescent, sometimes coloured. Corolla-tube slender,
usually long, limb more or less oblique ; lobes 5, spreading. Stamens
didynamous, much exserted ; anthers ovate or oblong, the cells
parallel. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, style
filiform, stigma shortly bind. Fruit a globose usually succulent
drupe, 4-grooved and separating into 4 pyrenes of which, 1-3 are
sometimes suppressed. — Species about 100, chiefly in the warm regions
of the Old World, a few in Trop. America.

Corolla irregularly salver-shaped, f in. long or less : —
Calyx not or only slightly enlarged in fruit : —
Calyx-lobes long, ovate-acuminate; leaves
opposite, less than 3 in. long . . . 1. C. Phlomidis.

Calyx-lobes very short, broadly triangular ;
leaves often in whorls of 3, reaching more
than 6 in. long 2. C. serratum.

Calyx much enlarged in fruit and turning

red • . . 3. C. infortunatum.

Oorolla narrowly funnel-shaped, 3-4 in. long or

longer . . . . . . . . 4. C. Siphonanthus.

1. C. Phlomidis, Linn. /. Suppl. 292; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 431. C.
phlomoides, Linn.}.; Roxb. Fl.Ind.iii, 57 ; Roylelll. 299; Brandis For.
Fl. 363 ; Ind. Trees 507 ; F. B. I. iv, 590 : Watt E. D. ; Gamble Man. Ind.
Timb. 543; Prain Beng. PI. 835.— Vern. Urui.

A large shrub, or small tree, up to 30 ft. high ; young parts pubescent.
Leaves l|-2^ in. long, ovate or subhomboid, obtuse or acute, coarsely
crenate-dentate or entire, undulate, glabrous above, more or less
puberulous beneath, base truncate or subcordate, petioles i-f in.,
pubescent. Flowers medium-sized, in small 2-chotomous axillary cymes
forming a rounded terminal panicle ; pedicels slender ; bracts leaf -like,
obovate or lanceolate, acute, Calyx about f in. long., divided about £-
way down, glabrous or puberulous, slightly enlarged in fruit ; lobes
ovate, acutely acuminate, veined. Corolla white or pink ; tube £ in.
long., sparingly pubescent outside ; lobes under £ in. long, elliptic,
obtuse, veined. Drupe % in. long,, broadly obovoid, black when ripe.

•Common in the drier parts of the area, and often found in hedges, also in
the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Eohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers during

226 VEBBENACE&. [ CLERODENDRON.

the greater part of the year. DISTRIB. Throughout the drier parts
of India from the Punjab and Bengal to S. India and Ceylon, also in
Baluchistan. The roots are used in native medicine.

2. C. serratum, Spreng. 8yst. Veg. ii, 758 ; Don Prod. 103 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 864; Ind. Trees 508 ; F. B. 1. iv, 592; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For.
Fl. 266 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb, 543 : Prain Beng. PL 835 ; Cooke FL
Bomb, a, 432. Volkameiia serrata, Linn.; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 62.— Vern.
Barangi (N. Oudh), ban-bakri (Jaunsar).

A shrub 3-8 ft. high, or sometimes occurring as a perennial herb, nearly
glabrous. Stems bluntly 4-angular, often burnt down during the perio-
dical jungle fires. Leaves sessile or nearly so, opposite or sometimes
ternate, passing upwards into bracts, usually about 5-6 in. long , some-
times much longer, narrowly obovate-oblong or subelliptic, acute or
acuminate, usually coarsely and sharply serrate, glabrous when mature
or more or less pubescent beneath, base cuneate. Flou-ers many, conspi-
cuous, arranged in dichotomous cymes, the whole forming a lax more or
less pubescent subpyramidal panicle 6-10 in. long ; bracts sub-persistent,
obovate to lancelate, pubescent, often coloured. Calyx ^ in. long., cup-
shaped, hardly enlarged in fruit ; lobes minute, broadly triangular,
ciliolate. Corolla blue purple or white, 2-lipped, glabrous outside ;
lower lip large, often directed upwards by reason of the twisting of the
pedicels, usually purple ; tube f in. long., cylindric, the 2 upper and 2
lateral lobes | in. long., spreading. Filaments curved, very hairy at
their bases. Drupe about % in. long broadly obovoid, rather succulent,
dark-purple when ripe.

Common in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun eastwards.
Flowers April-Aug. DISTRIB. Outer Himalayan ranges up to 5,000
ft., and on the Khasia Hills, and thence throughout Cent, and S. India
to Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. The root, leaves and seeds are used
in native medicine ; the young leaves and the flowers are eaten as a
vegetable, and the Santals are said to make use of the root for bringing
about the fermentation of their rice-beer.

3. C. infortunatum, Linn. Sp. PL 637 ; Eoyle III. 299 ; Brand. For. Fl.
363 ; Ind. Trees 507 ; F. b. I. iv, 594 ; Watt E. 0. ; Kanjilal For. FL 267 ,-
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 543 ; Prain Beng, PL 835 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,
432. Volkameria infortunata, Roxb. FL Ind. iii, 59.— Vern. Bhant, karu
(Dehra Dun).

A shrub up to 12 ft. high, often gregarious; branchleta bluntly 4-
angular, clothed with yellowish-white pubescence. Leaves 4-10 in. long,,
ovate, acuminate, entire or denticulate, sparingly hairy on both sides,
base cordate or rounded ; petioles H-4 in., cylindric, hairy. Flowers on
rather long, pedicels, arranged in peduncled cymes and forming a large
terminal panicle ; bracts leaf-like, deciduous. Calyx % in. long
(in flower), 5-partite, silky -pubescent, much enlarged in fruit ; segments
broadly lanceolate, very acute. Corolla densely hairy outside, white

CLEBODENDKON.] VERBENACE^S. 227

tinged with pink ; tube £ in. long, slender; lobes f-£ in. long, oblong,
obtuse. Filaments glabrous. Drupe seated on the enlarged pink calyx,
£ in., in diam., subglobose, black when ripe.

Abundant througlfl&ut the Sub-Himalayan tracts from the Jumna east-
wards, also in Merwara and Bundelkhand ; often aa an undergrowth in
sal forests, and in open places near villages. Flowers Dec.- April.
DISTUIB. Outer Himalayan ranges from Garhwal eastwards, and
from Bengal southwards to Ceylon, and from Burma, to the Malay
Peninsula and Islands. The plant is said to be useful in the reclama-
tion of land. The leaves, juice and bark are used in native medicine.
Edgeworth mentions that the stems are used in the Umballa district for
producing fire by friction.

4. C, Siphonanthus, £. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv, 65 ; Royle III.
299 ; Brand. For. Fl. 364 ; Ind. Trees 50S ; F. B. I. iv, 595 ; Watt E. D. ;
Kanjilal For. Fl. 267 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 543; Prain Beng. PI. 836;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 433. C. verticillatum, Don Prod. 102. Siphonanthus
indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 67. Vern. Barangi, chingdri (Dehra
Dun).

A glabrous shrub, 4-8 ft. high ; branches virgate. Leaves subsessile,
about 6 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, tapering to
the base, entire or sinuate. Flowers white, in a large terminal lax
panicle of cymes ; bracts about \ in. long, linear or linear- lanceolate,
pedicels ^-1| in. long. Calyx \ in. long, 5-partite ; segments oblong,
acute. Corolla white, glabrous ; tube 3-4 in. long, curved ; lobes f in.
long, ob ovate -oblong. Drupes bluish-green, seated on the enlarged
persistent red calyx.

Common in open grassy places in Dehra Dun and eastwards in the Sub-
Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers in the hot
season and sometimes again in Oct. DISTRIB. Himalaya up to 4,000
ft. in Kumaon and eastward to Bengal, Sikkim and Assam, also in
Burma the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra ; extensively cultivated in
l3oth hemispheres. At once recognized by its oleander-like leaves, the
very long corolla tube and by its bluish-green drapes supported by the
red persistent calyx. The root and the juice of this plant are used
medicinally.

10, HOLMSKIOLDIA, Retz. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 596.

Straggling or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in
short cymes, axillary or collected towards the ends of the branches,
bracts small, bracteoles none. Calyx widely obconic, subtruncate,
membranous, red. Corolla cylindric, curved, limb oblique ; lobes 5,
short. Stamens didynamous ; anthers ovate, exserted, cells parallel.
Ovary obtuse or obscurely depressed, becoming ultimately 4-celled ;
ovules 1 in. each cell, laterally attached, style terminal, stigma shortly

i2

228 VEEBEKACEM. [ HOLMSKIOLDIA,

bifid. Fruit an obovoid drupe, included in the accrescent calyx,
divaricately 4-lobed about half-way down, pyrenes 1-4.- Species 4,.
Himalaya, Africa and Madagascar.

H. sanguinea, Retz. Ols. i"i, 31; Dene, in Jacquem. Vog. Bot.t. 140 ;
Brand. For. Fl. 370 ; Ind. Trees 506; F. B. 1. ivt 596 ; Wait E. D. ; Kanji-
lal For. Fl. 267 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 544; Collett Fl.Siml. 380;
Prain Beng. PL 836. Hastingia coccinea, Smith ; Boscb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 65.
Hastingia scanclens Roxb. I.e. 66. Vern. Rilhoul (Dehra Dun).

A nearly glabrous straggling shrub, 10-30 ft. high. Leaves stalked, about
3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, toothed or entire, cordate at the base ;
petioles about | in. long. Flower? crowded in axillary stalked cymes.
Calyx scarlet tinged with orange, much enlarged in fruit, tube very
short ; limb spreading, about 1 in. in diam. when in fruit, membranous,
circular, entire. Corolla coloured like the calyx, f-1 in, long ; tube
nearly cylindric, curved ; limb short, obscurely 2-lipped, lobes unequal,
lowest the longest. Drupe £-£ in., nearly dry.

Dehra Dun in shady ravines, and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts.
Flowers Oct.-Dec. DISTRIB. Subtropical Himalaya from the Sutlej
to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft., extending to Chota Nagpur, Assam and
Burma. Often grown in gardens.

11. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 597.

Erect or rambling shrubs. Leaves opposite, acuminate, toothed or
subentire, minutely punctate with yellow glistening glands. Flowers
in small dense many-flowered cymes, axillary or passing into a
terminal thyrse, bracts small, bracteoles none. Calyx 5-partite ; seg-
ments triangular or lanceolate, somewhat accrescent. Corolla 2-
lipped ; tube short, cylindric, limb spreading, middle lobe of lower lip
tlte longest, crisped or fimbriate. Stamens didynamous, anthers
exserted ; cells divaricate confluent. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, ovules
1 in each cell, style filiform, stigma shortly 2-fid. Fruit a small globose
capsule, separating into 4 concave valves with incurved margins
retaining :the seeds. — Species 5, Himalaya, extending to Japan.

C. Wallichiana, Schauer in DC. Prod. <ci, 625 ; Brandis For. Fl. 370 ;
Ind. Trees 512 ; F. B. I. iv, 597 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. 268 ;
Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb 544 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 381 ; Prain Beng, PI. 836^
Vern. Karui (Dehia Dun).

An erect or spreading shrub ; bark grey, papery ; branchlets 4-sided,,
young shoots grey-pubescent or eubtomentose. Leaves shortly stalked,
about 4 in. long, elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, toothed or subentire,
canescent. Cymes arranged mostly in terminal thyrses 3-5 in. long.

CARYOPTEBIS.] VERBENACE&. 229

grey-pubescent and glandular. Flowers fragrant. Calyx campanulate,
rV in. long, enlarging in fruit, pubescent ; segments lanceolate, erect in
fruit. 1-3 ribbed. Corolla % in. long, pubescent and glandular, tube £
in. ; limb f in. in diam. ; midlobe of lower lip £-^ in. long, blue, the
other lobes smaller and white. Capsule globose, £ in. in diam,, closely
pubescent, dark-blue when ripe.

Dehra Dun and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and
N. Oudh. Flowers April and May. DISTBIB. Punjab and outer
Himalayan ranges eastwards from the Indus to Bhutan, up to 5,00u ft.,
also in N. Bengal. The wood has a fragrant scent like that of cherry.

The following, belonging to genera not indigenous within the area of this
flora, are frequently cultivated in gardens : —

Stachytarpheta indicv, Vahl ; P. B. I. iv, 564 ; Pram Beng. PI 826 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii. 421. —A nearly glabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves
elliptic, serrate. Flowers dark-blue, in long slender terminal spikes. —
A native of S. America, but cultivated in most tropical and subtropical
countries, and often occurring aa a naturalized weed.

Duranta Plumieri, Jacq. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb- 524 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb,
ii, 437. — An erect shrub with spinose branches. Leaves oblong lanceo-
late, acuminate. Flowers blue or white, in terminal racemes. Berries
orange-coloured. A native of S. America and the W. Indies. It is
much cultivated in Indian gardens.

Petrea volubilis, Linn.; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 437. — A large woody climber
with very scabrous ovate or lanceolate leaves. Flowers in copious
racemes. Calyx large, persistent, blue. Corolla violet-coloured,
caducous. A native of Trop. America. A very handsome climber when
in flower.

Congea tomentosa, Rpxb., var. azurea, F. B. I. iv, 604 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,
437. — A robust climbing shrub with densely tomentose branches.
Leaves ellipbic, acute Bracts lilac, oblong. Calyx toothed £ way down.
Corolla white. This plant is found wild in Manipur, Burma and in
Siam and is often cultivated in the gardens of N. India.

LXXXVII.— LABIATJE.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, usually gland- dotted. Stems usually
4-angled. Leaves opposite or whoiied, stipules none. Flowers
2-sexual, irregular, solitary '^-nate or fascicled and axillary, or in.
centrifugal spicate cymes which by their union in pairs form false
whorls. Calyx inferior, persistent, more or less irregular, 4-5-cleft
or distinctly 2-lipped. Ccrolla hj'pogynous, gamopetalous, !imb
4-5-lobed or 2-lipped, lobes inbricate in bud. Stamens inserted in
the corolla-tube, didynamous or only 2 perfect, anthers with connate

230

LABIATE.

discrete or confluent cells dehiscing longitudinally. Disk prominent.
Ovary superior, of two 2-celled carpels ; style simple, inserted
between the lobes stigma usually 2-fid., sometimes unequally; ovules
1 in each lobe, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 4 dry or rarely fleshy
1-seeded nutlets at the base of the calyx, sometimes 1 or more sup-
pressed. Seeds small, albumen scanty or none. —Species about 3,000,
chiefly in warm dry temperate regions.

Ovary 4-partite ; areola of nutlets small, basilar or placed somewhat
obliquely to the outer side : —

Stamens 4, all perfect and declinate, anther-cells at
confluent : —

length

Attachment of nutlets basilar : —

Lower lip of corolla declinate, flat or slightly concave, generally
narrower, but hardly longer than the 3-4-lobed upper lip-,—

Calyx deflexed in fruit ; upper lobe widest, large, ovate, re-
curved, the margins decurrent on the tube : -

Corolla-tube short, lower lip flat,
stigma 2-fid

Corolla-tube usually long, lower
lip concave, stigma entire .

Calyx suberect or declinate in fruit,
upper lobe broader than the others,
margins not decurrent on the
tube :— '-

Whorls crowded in terminal and
axillary globose or ovoid heads
with imbricate bracts, calyx sub-
erect . . ...

Whorls forming long terminal spi-
cate recemes ; bracts white, con-
spicuous, calyx usually declinate

Lower lip of corolla deflexed, concave
or boat-shaped, much longer than
the upper lip : =

Calyx equally 5-toothed or somewhat
2-lipped, with a 3-toothed upper
and a 2-toothed lower lip, or with
the upper lobe large rounded and
reflexed, the others narrow and
subulate .....

1. OCIMUM.

2, OETHOSIPHON.

3. ACROCEPHALUS.

4. GENIOSPORUM.

5. PLECTRA.NTHUS.

LABIATE.

231

Calyx very oblique, suberect, 2-
lipped ; upper lip large, entire in-
flexed and closing the mouth :
lower lip truncate, obscurely
toothed

6. ANISOCHILUS,

Attachment of nutlets slightly oblique to
the outer side, the nutlets also dorsally
attached to the lobes of the disk
and leaving a large areola on separa-
tion ; calyx-lobes subequal, 13-15-
nerved ; corolla 2-lipped, lobes all flat
and spreading, stamens included in the
tube 7. LAVANDULA.

Stamens erect spreading or ascending : —
Stamens 4, all perfect :—

Corolla-lobes 4, flat, sub-equal and
similar ; stamens subequal, anther-
cells confluent : —

Calyx 5-toothed, teeth equal, stamens
exserted, filaments usually

bearded : —

Lower lobe of corolla flat, spread-
ing ; whorls in glomerate or in
solitary interrupted spikes : — . 8. POGOSTEMON,

Lower lobe of corolla like the
others ; whorls in slender dense
continuous spikes ... 9. DYSOPHYLLA.
Calyx 5-partite ; segments plumose

in flower, pappose in fruit ; whorls

in slender cylindric spikes ; stamens

of female flowers included, filaments

naked ....

10. COLEBROOKIA,

Corolla 2-lipped, stamens didynamous : —
Anterior pair of stamens the longer : —
Calyx 13-nerved, anthers 2-celled : —
Calyx equally 5-toothed . . 11. MICROMEEIA.
Calyx distinctly 2-lipped . . 12. CALAMINTHA,
Calyx 5-10-nerved : —

Upper lip of corolla short, nearly
flat ; anthers of upper stamens
2-celled, of lower 1-celled, the
cells transverse and parallel . 13. ANISOMBLBS.

232

LABIATE.

Upper lip of corolla hooded : —

Upper lip of corolla not woolly ;

calyx 2-lipped, with a broad

plate at the back, the mouth

closed after flowering . ,

Upper lip cf corolla woolly ;
calyi 5-10-toothed, its month
remaining open after flower-
ing:—

Calyx 5-toothed, leaves more
or less lobed or cut : —
Anther-cells connivent,

calyx teeth spinescent
Anther-cells divergent : —
A shrub, flowers white

tinged with pink
An erect robust, herb,
leaves mostly radical,
flowers yel'ow, nutlets
bearded at the apex

Calyx 6-10-toothed, anther-
cells divergent : —

Lower lip of corolla longer
than the upper lip .

Lower lip of corolla shorter
than the upper lip .

Posterior pair of stamens the longer ;
calyx 5-toothed, 15-nerved, stamens
not exserted .....

14. SCUTELLARIA.

15. LEONURUS.

16. EOTLEA.

17. EREMOSTACHYS.

18. LEUCAS.

19. LEONOTIS.

25. NEPETA.

Perfect stamens 2 : —
Lower (anterior) pair of stamens per-
fect, filaments short ; anther-cells
linear, separated by an elongated
connective which is jointed with the
filaments ; upper arm of connective
ascending and bearing one fertile
anther-cell, lower arm horizontal or
deflexed and bearing a fertile or an
empty cell or naked, nutlets trique-
trous . ...

Upper (posticous) pair of stamens per-
fect, anther-cells not separated by
an elongated connective, nutlets
subglobose ...

21. SALVIA.

22. Mo SLA.

OCIMUM.]

L ATS I AT JR.

233

Ovary 4-lobed, nutlets with a large oblique
or lateral areola on the inner side ; stamens
4-, perfect, erect, exserted from the notch or
fissure of the upper lip.

Corolla deeply slit behind and apparently
1-lipped, the two small upper lobes along
with the small lateral pair springing from
the contracted base of the very large
lower lobe

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped ; upper lip short,
2-lobed, notched ; lateral pair of lobes
very small, springing from the sides of
the very large lower lobe ....

23. TEUCRIUM.

24. AJUGA,

1. OCIMUM, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 607.

Strongly scented herbs shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in
6-10-flowered whorls, spicate or racemose, pedicels with recurved
tips ; bracts minute, caducous. Calyx 2-lipped, ovoid or campanu-
late, deflexed, enlarged and strongly veined in fruit ; upper lip broad,
flat, decurrent ; lower with 4 mucronate teeth. Corolla 2-lipped ;
tube short, not annulate within ; upper lip subequally 4-fid.; lower
hardly longer than the upper, declinate, entire. Stamens didynamous,
declinate, exserted ; filaments free or the lower pair connate below,
naked or the upper toothed or hairy below, anther-cells confluent.
Disk entire or 3-4-lobed. Ovary 4-partite, style-lobes subulate or
flattened. Nutlets dry, smooth or subrugose, mucilaginous when
moistened, basal scar small. — Species about 60, in tropical and warm
temperate regions of both hemispheres.

Pedicels as long as or longer than the calyx,
the 2 lower cal, -teeth exceeding the upper lip 1. 0. sanctum.

Pedicels shorter than the calyx : —

Bracts sessile, longer than calyx, the 2 lower
cal.-teeth minute 2. 0. gratisrimum.

Bracts stalked, shorter than calyx, the 2
lower cal.-teeth longer than the upper lip :—

Corolla ^-£ in. long . . . .8.0. canum.
Corolla f-| in. long . . . . 4. 0. Basilicum.

1. O. sanctum, Linn. Mant. i, 85 ; Roxb. FL Ind. m, 14 ; F. B. I. iv

609} Watt ti.D.; DutMe F.$ G. Crops, N.W. Prov. Hi, 50 ; Kanjila

234 LABIATE. [ OCIMUM.

For. Fl. 272 ; Train Beng. PL 843 ; Cooke PL Bomb, ii, 440.— Vern.
Tulsi, krishna tulsi. Holy Basil.

A much-branched herb, 1-2 ft. high, sometimes woody at the base ; stems
and branches clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves 1-2 in. long,
oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, entire or sabserrate, hairy
on both surfaces and minutely dotted, petioles |-1 in. long. Racemes
slender, 6-8 in. long ; bracts not exceeding the calyx, broadly ovate or
cordate-ovate, acuminate, ciliate ; pedicels slender, as long as or longer
than the calyx. Calyx %-% in. long, elongating in fruit ; upper lip
much reflexed, broadly obovate, apiculate ; lower lip exceeding the
upper, the two central teeth with long slender awns which curve up*
wards beyond the upper ; the two lateral teeth with short straight
awns. Corolla % in. long, purplish-pink, upper lip hairy on the back.
Filaments of upper pair of stamens with a small bearded appendage
at the base. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid, smooth, yellow dotted with black.

Much cultivated within the area by Hindus, and often occurring as if
wild. This is one of their most sacred plants and is to be found in every
Hindu garden and around their temples. — DISTRIB. Throughout
India and in Ceylon, and up to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya, extending
also from W. Asia and Arabia to the Malay Islands and Australia.
Native country uncertain. Beads for rosaries are made from the
woody stems, and all parts of the plant are used medicinally.

2, O. gratissimum, Linn. Sp. PL 1197 ; Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 17 ; F.B. I
iv., 608 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 843 ; Coolte Fl. Bomb, ii, 441. -Vern.
Ram tulsi. Shrubby Basil.

A much branched shrub, 4-6 ft. high, young branches pubescent. Leaves
2^-5 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, coarsely crenate or serrate, pubes-
cent and gland-dotted on both sides, base cuneate ; petioles l-2£ in.,
slender, pubescent. Racemes rather short, simple or branched, rhachis
softly pubescent ; bracts sessile, longer than the calyx, broadly ovate,
acuminate, ciliate ; pedicels softly hairy, shorter than the calyx. Calyx
•% in. long, elongating in fruit, pubescent and glandular ; upper lip
longer than lower one, rounded and curved upwards iu fruit ; lower lip
strongly nerved, shortly toothed, the two central subulate ones a little
longer than the broadly lanceolate lateral ones. Corolla % in. long,
greenish-yellow, hairy outside ; upper lip f- in. broad, teeth rounded ;
lower lip longer and narrower. Filaments of upper pair of stamens
with a bearded appendage at the base. Nutlets subglobose, brown,
rugose.

Cultivated within the area and apparently wild in Merwara.—
DISTRIB. Throughout India, in Ceylon and Java ; found also in Trop.
Africa, but its native country is not known for certain. The leaves
and seeds are used medicinally.

3. O. canum, Sims in Bot. Mag. 2452 ; Koyle HI. 301 ; F. B. 1. iv, 607 ;
Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 843; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 440. O. album,

OCIMUM.] LAB I ATM. 235

Roxb.; Fl. Ind. Hi, 15 (not of Linn).— Vern. Bharbari (Beng.), Rdmtulsi
(Bombay). Hoary tulsi.

An erect much-branched herb, 6-24 in. high, young parts pubescent.
Leaves ^-1^ in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, entire or with shallow teeth,
gland-dotted ; petiole |-1 in. long, slender, hairy. Spikes 3-8 in. long ;
whorls rather close, 6-fld. ; bracts stalked, elliptic-lanceolate, ciliate ;
pedicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx % in. long, pubescent ; upper
lip rounded, flat, reticulately veined, mucronate, ciliate ; lower lip with
the two central awned teeth longer than the two lateral ones and exceed-
ing the upper lip. Corolla white, £-g- in. long, upper lip broadly oblong,
4-toothed at the subtruncate apex, shorter and broader than the oblong
obtuse lower lip. Filaments very long, the 2 upper ones toothed at the
base. Nutlets ellipsoid, black.

Cultivated in Bundelkhand and probably elsewhere within the area.—
DISTEIB. Plains and lower hills of India, also in Ceylon, Java and in
Trop. Africa, where by some authors it is believed to be indigenous.
The leaves are used medicinally.

4. O. Basilicum, Linn. Sp. PI. 597 ; Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 17 ; Royle III.
301 ; F. />'. I. iv, 608; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops N V/. Prov. and Oudh,
part iiit 50; WattE.D.; Prain Beng. PI. 843 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ii,442.
O. pilosum, and O. caryophyllatum, Roxb. FL lnd.iii,16.—VQTn.Kdli
tulsi, babui tulsi Sweet Basil.

An erect branching nerb, 2-3 ft. high, glabrous or more or less hispidly
pubescent. Stems and branches green or sometimes purplish. Leaves
1-2 in. or more long, ovate, acute, entire or more or less toothed or lobed ;
base cuneate, entire, petiole £-1 in. long. Whorls densely racemose, the
terminal raceme usually much longer than the lateral ones ; bracts
stalked, shorter than the calyx, ovate, acute. Calyx ^ in. long, enlarging
in fruit, very shortly pedicelled ; lower lip with the 2 central teeth longer
than the rounded upper lip. Corolla £••£ in. long, white pink or purplish,

flabrous or variously pubescent. Stamens slightly exserted, upper
laments toothed at the base. Nutlets about ^ in. long, ellipsoid, black
and pitted.

Sweet Basil is much grown in native gardens within this area, and is some-
times met with as if wild.— DISTRIB. Dr Aitchison considered, it to be
truly indigenous on the lower hills of the Punjab. It is cultivated
throughout the greater part of India and in Ceylon, also in Burma and
generally within the tropics of the E. Hemisphere and in Polynesia.
0- Basilicum is a more robust plant than 0. canum and has much larger
flowers and seeds. There are numerous varieties, differing from one
another as to the degree of hairiness and in the colour of their stems
and flowers. The form usually regarded as typical has quite smooth
green leaves and white flowers. The plant is strongly aromatic and is
much used by the natives as a flavouring ingredient. The seeds swell
up in water and form a jelly which is employed medicinally.

236 LABIATE. [ OETHOSIPHON.

2. ORTHOSIPHON, Benth.; PL Brit Ind. iv, 612.

Undershrubs or shrubs. Flowers racemose in 6-or fewer- flowered
whorls, bracts small. Calyx ovoid campanulate or tubular, deflexed
in fruit ; upper tooth broad, membranous, margins decurrent on the
tube ; lateral and lower teeth distinct or shortly connate, usually
subulate. Corolla 2-lipped, tube often slender, straight or incurved,
upper lip 3-4-fid, ; lower entire, concave. Stamens didynamous,
declinate ; filaments free, toothless at the base, anther-cells confluent.
Disk usually gibbous. Ovary 4-partite, style with a minute capitate
or clavate entire or notched stigma. Nutlets dry, ovoid or globose,
smooth or nearly so, baeal scar small. Species about 60, in the
warmer regions of the Old World.

Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx . L O. pallidus.
Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx . 2. 0. rubicundus.

1. O. pallidus, Royle Mss. ex Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. Hi, 370 ;
F. B, I. iv, 613 ; Prain Beng. PL 844 ; Cooke Fl, Bomb, ii, 442.

A low diffuse under shrub, 6-12 in high; branches many from a woody
root-stock, 4-angular, finely pubescent or subglabrous. Leaves petioled,
not scented, |-H in- long, ovate, obtuse or acute, coarsely serrate or cre-
nate, glabrous or sparingly hairy ; base cuneate, entire, petiole £-f in.
long. Racemes rather short ; whorls distant, 6-flowered ; bracts minute,
hairy ; pedicels about as long as the calyx in flower, hairy. Calyx | in.
long, enlarging to twice as long in fruit, hairy below ; upper lip with
3 obtuse lobes ; lower lip membranous, strongly parallel-nerved, the
2 central teeth narrowly lanceolate and ending in a long up-curved
awn exceeding the upper lip ; lateral teeth broadly lanceolate and with
short straight awns. Corolla white or lilac, % in. long, tube about as
long as the calyx ; upper lip shorter than the rounded and concave lower
lip. Nutlets subglobose, smooth, pale-brown.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh (Duthie), Banks of the Jumna (Royle),
Lucknow (T. Anderson), Bundelkhand (Duthie). Flowers in July.
DISTBIB. Throughout the greater part of India from Kashmir and
the Punjab to W. Behar and southwards to Travancore ; extending to
Gilgit, Baluchistan, Aden and Arabia.

2. O. rubicundus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar, ii, 14 ; F. B. I. iv, 614 ;
Prain Beng. PL 844. O. virgatus, Benth. I.e. Ocinram tuberosum. Roseb.
FL Ind. Hi, 18. Plectranthus rubicundus, Don Prod. 116.

An erect perennial herb with a woody often tuberous rootstock. Stems
slender, 1-2 ft. high, 4-angled, pubescent or glabrate. Leaves usually ses-
sile, 2-4 in, long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely crenate or serrate,
base cuneate. Flowers in rather distant whorls, bracts minute. Calyx

OBTOOSIPHON. ] LAKIATM. 237

hairy, lower lip with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla white or pink, £-£ in.
long, its tube twice as long as the calyx. Nutlets suborbicular, com-
pressed, punctulate.

Not uncommon in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun and the
Siwalik range eastwards. Flowers April — June. DISTRIB. W. Hima-
laya from Kashmir to Nepal ascending- to 5,00;1 ft., and from W. Bengal
to the Nilgiri Hills, extending to Upper Burma and China. Specimens
obtained by Duthie's collectors in the Bahraich District of N. Oudh
are furnished with large fusiform root-tubers similar to those of Ruellia
suffruticosa and of other undershrubs which become modified by the
action of periodical fires. This is probably Boxburgh's Ocimum tubero-
sum. Bentham's Orthoaiphon virgatus has taller stems much narrower
leaves and shorter racemes ; the whorls also are more remote and
fewer-flowered, the calyx is coloured and the corolla is smaller. This
form was found by Wallich at Gorakhpur ; it occurs also in Dehra
Bun (Duthie) and up to 3,090 ft. in Kumaon (S. and W.), and was
collected by Collett in Upper Burma.

3. ACROCEPHALUS, Benth. ; PL Brit. Ind. iv, 611.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves small, opposite ..or whorled,
petioled. Flowers very small, sessile ; whorls in terminal or axillary
globose or ovoid dense heads with imbricate bracts. Calyx 2-lipped,
ovoid, tabular in fruit, base gibbous ; upper lip flat, usually entire,
lower-entire or 4-toothed, throat naked, Corolla small, somewhat
2-lipped upper lip subequally 4-lobed ; lower entire scarcely longer
than the upper. Stamens didynamous, declinate ; filaments free,
included, toothless. Disk small, gibbous. Ovary 4-partite. style
shortly 2-fid. Nutlets dry, smooth, basal scar small. — Species about
40, in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia, also in Trop. Africa and in
Madagascar.

A. capitatus. Benth. in Wall. PL As. Ear. ii, 18 ; Royle III. 301 ;
F. 8. I.iv, 611 ; Collett PL. Siml. 384 ; Prain Beng. PL 844; Cooke
FL Bomb. ii. 443.

An annual, 6-12 in. high. Stems simple or branching from the base, bluntly
4-angled, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves glabrous, £-l£ in. long, ovata
or lanceolate, subacute, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base and often
decurrent into an obscure petiole. Heads |-f in. in diam., globose or
ovoid, often with 2 spreading leaves at the base, peduncles 4-angled.
Whorls close ; bracts shorter than the fruiting calyx, broadly obovate,
shortly acuminate, base cuneate. CaZya? (in flower) ^ in., long, elongat-
ing in fruit, hairy outside ; upper lip oblong, entire, rounded at the
apex ; lower lip shorter, 4-toothed. Corolla % in. long, pale-purple.
Nutlets oblong-ellipsoid, compressed, dark-brown when ripe.

238 LABIATE, [ ACBOCEPILALUS.

Dehra Dun (Gamble and Duthie), Moradabad (T. Thomson). Flowers
July to October DISTRIB. Throughout India, chiefly in the hilly
districts, Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. from Kashmir to Bhutan, extending
to Burma, Java and Borneo.

4. GENIOSPORUM, Wall, ; Fl. Brit. Ind., iv, 609.

Herbs. Flowers small or minute ; whorls many-flowered, in long
lax racemes or spikes, bracts often coloured. Calyx ovoid in flower,
tubular in fruit, suberect or declinate, 5-toothed : upper tooth broadest,
not decurrent ; lateral free or connate with the upper ; lowest pair
short, free or connate. Corolla 2-lipped, tube short, upper lip 4-fid.j
lower declinate, entire. Stamens didynamous, declinate, filaments
free, toothless. Disk swollen, gibbous. Ovary 4-partite , style-arms
short, flattened. Nutlets dry, ovoid or oblong, smooth or punctulate.
Species about 12, in Tropical Asia and Africa and in Madagascar.

G. strobiliferum, Wall. PI. As. Ear. ii, 18 ; F. B. I. ivt 610. Plectran-
thus coloratus, Don Prod. 116.

An erect puberulous herb. Stem 2-3 ft. high, obtusely angled. Leaves
2-5 in. long, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, base acute or rounded, petioles
•J-f in- long. Flowers % in. long, arranged in spikes 2-5 in. long ; bracts
leaf-like, white, deciduous, exceeding the pedicelled flowers. Calyx
pubescent, with 2 black glands on the lower lip, ovoid in flower,
erect and tubular in fruit, throat glabrous. Corolla white with purple
veins, lower lip narrow. Stamens exserted. Nutlets ellipsoid, black
hispid towards the apex.

Dehra Dun (Gamble and Duthie). Flowers July to Oct. DISTRIB. In
dry forests f-om Knmaon to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft., also on the Khasia
Mts.

5. PLECTRANTHUS, L'Herit. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 616.

Herbs or undershrnbs. Flowers usually small, in lax (rarely close)
panicled or racemose 6-8-flowered cymes. Calyx usually 2-lipped;
lobes 5, subequal or the upper widest, enlarged in fruit. Corolla 2-
lipped ; tube exserted, long or short, straight or decurved, throat equal
or obliquely swollen ; upper lip usually short, broad, 4-fid., recurved ;
lower much longer, entire, boat-shaped, stipitate or narrowed at the
base. Stamens didynamous, declinate ; filaments simple, free, anther-
cells usually confluent. Disk usually enlarged in front. Ovary 4-
partite, style subequally 2-fid. Nutlets orbicular ovoid or oblong,
smooth granulate or punctate, basal scar small.— Species about 90, in
Trop. and Sub-trop Asia, Africa, Australia and Polynesia.

PLECTRANTHUS.] LABIATE. 239

Fruiting calyx decurved, corolla blue . . . 1. P. Ccetsa.
Fruiting calyx erect ; corolla white spotted with
pink . . . • . . . . . 2. P. ternifolius.

1. P. Ccetsa, Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Prod. 117 ; F. B. I. iv, 619 ; Collett
FL. Siml. 3S5 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 447.

A tall erect much-branched strong-smelling perennial herb, 3-6 ft. high.
Stems stout, 4-angled, pubescent, often tinged with red. Leaves 1^-4 in.
long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate or iserrate, softly pube-
scent above, white-tomentose beneath, base tapering into the more or
less winged petiole, nerves and .veins prominent beneath ; petioles £-£
in. long, stout, woolly. Flowers in many short cymes which are arranged
in long axillary and terminal pubescent panicled racemes ; pedicels
slender, deflexed, hairy. Calyx clothed with stiff grey hairs, in flower
yVto in« l°ne and campanulate, decurved in fruit and tubular ; tube
curved, 10-ribbed ; teeth subequal, acute. Corolla, ^-\ in. long, lavender-
blue, hairy outside, tube abruptly decurved ; upper lip obscurely lobed ;
lower longer, boat-shaped. Nutlets broadly ellipsoid or suborbicular
smooth, yellow.

Dehra Dun, in the Nakraunda swamp (Kanjilal). DIKTRIB. Sub-trop.
and Temp. Himalaya from the Punjab to Mishmi, up to 8,000 ft. ; also
oti the Khasia Hills and in Burma, extending to Afghanistan, the
Konkan, Deccan, S India and Ceylon.

2. P. ternifolius, D. Don Prod. 117 ; F. B. I. iv, 621 ; Kanjilal For. Fl>
272 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 386; Prain Beng. PL 846 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 516.
Elsholtzia Thompsoni, Hook.f. in F. B. I. iv, 643.

A bush-like herb, 3-6 ft. high ; branches erect, densely white-tomentose
Leaves opposite and ternately whorled, sessile or nearly so, thick
rugose, 4*-« in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, Lase acute ; upper
surface hairy, lower white-tomentose. Cymes shortly stalked, crowded
in erect cylindric villous racemes forming terminal panicles, lower
bracts leaf -like. Calyx tomentose ; tube campanulate when in flower
elorgate tubular and erect in fruit ; teeth subequal, acute. Corolla
white with pink spots at the base of the upper lip ; tube inflated, longer
than the calyx, limb very short. Nutlets trigonous, acuminate.

Dehra Dun, at Karwapani (Kanjilal); N. Oudh, at Gadughat (R.
Thompson), Kheri forests iHearle). DISTRIB. Outer Himalayan
ranges from Kashmir eastwards, up to 5,(00 ft.; also in Bengal, the
Khasia Hilla, Manipur, Upper Burma and Tonkin.

6. ANISOCHILUS, Wall. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 627.
Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in dense oblong 4-angled or
cylindric spikes, bracts caducous. Calyx sub erect, inflated below the
middle, 2-lipped or 5-toothed, rarely 1 -lipped ; upper lip entire and
deflexed, or short and minutely 3-lobed ; lower lip short, truncate
obscurely toothed or none. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube selnder, decurved,

240 LABIAT^E. [ ANISOCHILUS.

throat inflated ; upper lip short, entire or 3-4- fid. ; lower elongate,
concave, Stamens didynamous, decimate, filaments free. Disk
lobed. Ovary 4-partite, style 2-fid. at the apex. Nutlets dry, ovoid,
smooth, basal scar small — Species about 15, all confined to India
except one in Trop. Africa.

A. carnosus, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii, 18 ; Royle III. 301 ; F. B. I. iv9
627; Watt K. D.; Prain Beng. PI. 847 ; Coolie Fl- Bomb, ii, 450. A
eriocephalus, Benth. ; F. B. I. i.e. Plectrantlms strobiliferus, Roscb. Fl.
Ind. Hi, 23. Vern. Panjiri.

An erect annual, 1-2 ft. high. Stem stout, bluntly 4-angled. glabrous or
sparsely pubescent, often tinged with red. Leaves rather fleshy, 1-2^
in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate, rounded or subcordate at the
base, usually hairy beneath, petioles £-!£ in. long. ^ Spikes ^-1| in. long,
4-gonous in flower and becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncles slender ;
bracts | in. long, ovate, acuminate, ciliate, glandular. Calyx pubes-
cent, 5 in. long, enlarging in fruit ; upper lip ovate-lanceolate, acute,
ciliolate, bending over the lower lip and closing the mouth of the calyx
when in fruit ; lower lip truncate, its membranous ciliate tip reflexed
and appress&d against the tube. Corolla pale-purple, f in long, hairy
outside ; upper lip short, erect, with shallow lobes. Nutlets suborbi-
cular, compressed, polished and brown when ripe.

Upper Gangetic Plain (IVallich), Banks of Jumna from Delhi to Allahabad
(Boyle), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). Flowers Sep. and Oct. DISTRIB.
W. Himalaya, up to 8.0' 0 ft. in Garhwal and Kumaon, and southwards
through (\ and S. India to Ceylon, extending to Ava.

7. LAVANDULA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 630.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves incised or entire. Flowers in 2-10-
flowe.ed whorls forming simple or branched spikes, bracts persistent.
Calyx erect, ovoid, tubular, shortly and equally 5-toothed, 13-15-
nerved. Corolla blue or purple, rarely white, oblique, 2-lipped ;
upper lip 2-fid., lower 3-partite, the lobes all spreading. Stamens
didynamous, declinate, included, filaments free, anther-cells con-
fluent. Disk equally 4-lobed. Ovary 4-partite, style shortly 2-fid.,
the lobes flattened. Fruit of 4 dry smooth nutlets, basal scar some-
what oblique.— Species 30, chiefly Mediterranean.

L. Burmanni, Benth. Lab. Gen. $ Sp. 151 ; Royle III. 300 ; F. B. I.

iv, 631 ; Prain Beng. PI. 848 ; Coolce Fl. Bomb, ii, 452.

A slender erect herb. Stems 2-3 ft. high, simple or branched, 4-angled,
pubescent. Leaves sessile or nearly so, 2-4 in. long and as broad as
long, pinnatipartite or deeply pinnatisect j lobes linear, entire or cut or
' ithed, obtuse or subacutef glabrous or pubescent above, pale and

-L.AVANDULA.] LABIATE. 241

pubescent ibeneath. Spikes simple or more or less branched, or some-
times subumbellate, bracts pubescent, $-% in. long, broadly ovate and
strongly nerved at the base, the apex ending in a long capillary awn.
Calyx (in fruit) grey-pubescent, £ in. long, tube somewhat curved;
teeth lanceolate, acute and with pennicillate tips. Corolla blue or white,
nearly £ in. long, hairy outside ; tube ^ in. long, slender below ; upper
lip |- in. long ; middle lobe of lower lip twice as long as the 2 lateral
ones. Nutlets oblong-ellipsoid, mucilaginous, when moistened.

Central India at Indore (Jacquemont). This is the only known record of
this plant as occurring within the area of this flora. There is, however^
every reason to suppose that it is not restricted to a single locality.
Flowers Oct. and Nov. DISTEIB. Chota Nagpur, and in Western,
Cent, and S. India.

8. POGOSTEMON, Desf . ; Fl. Brit, Ind. iv, 631.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely ternate.
Flowers small, in simple or panicled spikes or contracted racemes
formed of many dense-flowered subcapitate cymes (whorls). Calyx
subequally 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped, 4-lobed; upper
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe often longer and narrower than the lateral ;
lower lip flat, spreading, narrow, entire. Stamens 4, subequal,
exserted, straight or declinate, filaments usually bearded, anther-cells
confluent. Disk subentire, equal. Ovary 4-partite, style shortly
2-fid. Nutlets dry, smooth, ovoid or oblong, basal scar small.—
Species about 30, in India and Malaya to Japan.

P. plectranthoides, Desf. in Mem. Mus. Par. n, 155,t.6;F.B. I.

iv, 632 ; KanjilalFor. FL 272 ; Collett FL 8iml. 387; Prain Beng. PL 849,
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 454 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 516. Mentha fruticosa -r
Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 6.

A large gregarious aromatic bush; young parts grey-tomcntose ; branches
terete or subquadrangular, often tinged with dark-purple, pith large.
Leaves 2-5 in. long, ovate, acute, doubly seriate, rounded or cuneate at
the base, petioles ^-1£ in. long. Flou-ers in dense villous bracteate
whorls crowded in numerous stout cylindric spikes 1-4 in. long, the whole
forming an erect terminal panicle ; bracts leaf -like, up to ^ in. long,
ovate, acute, softly hairy and glandular, enclosing a fascicle of sessile
flowers ; bracteoles mostly linear-lanceolate, often tinged with purple.
Calyx Q-^ in. long, glandular-pubescent ; teeth triangular-lanceolate,
ciliate, usually tinged with purple at the apex. Corolla % in. long, white
tinged with pink ; tube % in. long, slender, curved ; upper lip £ in.
long ; middle lobe longer and narrower than the 2 obtuse lateral ones j
lower lip shorter than the upper, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire. Fila-
ments bearded with long lilac moniliform hairs. Nutlets minute,,
broadly ellipsoid, shining, dark-brown, when ripe.

242 LABIATE. [ POGOSTEMON.

Abundant within the area, especially in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from
Dehra Dun to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand. DISTRIB. W.
Himalaya up to 5,00»> ft., Punjab plain, Bengal, the Circars and in the
Bombay Pres., also in Upper Burma. The asheg prepared from the
stems are used in some places as manure for young rice plants. The
scent of the leaves resembles that of black-currants. The true patchouly
p^ant, from which the well-known scent is derived is, .according to
Prain, P. Cablin, Benth. ( - P. suavis, Ten. and P. Patchouli var. suavis,
Hook. f. in. F. B. I. iv, 634). It is known only in cultivation, and it
very seldom produces flowers. P. Patchouli of the F. B. I. is P. Hey-
neanus, Benth. and is recognized in commerce as " Indian patchouli."

9. DYSOPHYLLA, Blame ; ¥1. Brit. Ind. iv, 637.

Herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers minute, in dense
long spikes composed of numerous close-set many-flowered cymes.
Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed, teeth subequal, throat naked within.
Corolla small, tube exserted or included, limb equally 4-fid.; upper
lobe entire or 2-fid., lower somewhat spreading. Stamens 4, exserted,
straight or subdeslinate ; filaments very long, bearded ; anther-cells
confluent. Disk equal, subentire. Style 2-fid., lobes subulate.
Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth or granulate. — Species about 15,
in Tropical Asia and in Australia.

D. crassicaulis, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Ear. i, 30 ; F. B. I. iv, 640 ;
Collett FL SM. 387 ; Prain Beng. PI. 851. VAR. pumia, F. B. I. iv,
I.e.; Prain I.e.; D. pumila, Benth. I.e. Mentha verticillata, Don Prod.
114.

A dwarf annual. Stems few, erect, 3-4 in. high, usually subglabrous,
Leaves sessile, flat, usually in whorls of 4, about | in. long, narrow-
ly oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, distantly and rather coarsely
toothed. Spikes terminal, ^-1 in. long, dense, cylindric, sometimes
interrupted below, raohis hairy ; bracts exceeding the calyx, ob-
lanceolate. obtuse, the lowest often leaf-like. Calyx hairy, teeth erect
or conniving in fruit ; lobes triangular, enlarging in fruit. Corolla
purplish, tnbe exserted. Filaments bearded with bluish moniliform
hairs. Nutlets very small, orbicular, compressed, pale, shining.

Dehra Dun, in swampy ground at Kaluwala, elevatiou about 1.500 ft.
(Gamble). Flowers in Dec. DISTRIB. Northern Bengal. The type
is abundant on the Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim ; also in E .
Bengal, Assam, Sylhet and on the Khasia Hills. The variety differs
by its dwarf habit, much shorter spikes and the more hairy calyx.

10. COLEBROOKIA, Smith ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 642.

A densely hoary or woolly shrub. Leaves opposite or ternate,
petioled, rugose, oblong-lanceolate, crenulate or serrulate. Flowers

COLEBROOKIA.] LABIATM. 243

small, functionally dioecious, arranged in panic-led spikes, bracteoles
connate. Calyx-tube very short ; teeth long, subulate, elongating
in fruit, capillary and plumose. Corolla small, tube very short ; lobes
4, subequal. Stamens 4, equal, distant, exeeited in the male flowers,
included in the female flowers ; filaments naked, anthers orbicular,
cells confluent. Disk uniform. Ovary 4-partite, style 2-fid., pro-
truded in the female flowers. Nutlets 1-4, ob ovoid, dry, with hairy
tips, basal scar small. — A single species, confined to India and Burma.

C. oppositifolia, 8m. Exot. Bot. ii, 111, t. 115; Roxb. F1. Ind. Hi, 26 ;
F. B. 1. iv, 642 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilul For. Fl. 270; Gamble Man. Ind.
Tivnl. 547 ; Collett FL SimL 3SS ; Prain Beng. PI. 851 ; Cooke Fl> Bomb,
ii. 458; Brandts Ind. Trees 515. C. ternifolia, Lionel.; FL Ind. tit, 25. —
Vern. Pansra, linda (DehraDun).

An erect tomentose much-bi anchor! shiub 4-10 ft. high: branches stout
sub quadrangular, grooved, usually in whorls of three. Leaves rugose,
softly hairy on both surfaces, crowded towards the ends of the branches,
opposite or in verticils of three. 4-6 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuter
crenulate or serrulate, base acute, both surfaces softly haiiy, petioles
-£-l in. long. Spikes axillary or in panicles towards the ends <f the
branches, often 3-nately airranged, erect, cylindrical, slender when in
flower, becoming much stouter in fruit ; bracts solitary, ^ in. long,
linear, pubescent ; bracteoles many. ,1, in. long, connate at the base.
Calyx 5-partite J0-§ in. long; teeth subulate, plumose with white hairs,,
elongate in fruit and often with purple tips. Corolla T\ in. long, white.
Nutleis usually solitary, 3^ in. long, oblong-ob ovoid, hairy at the tip.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, in ravines and by water-courses extending
along - the Sub-Himalayan tracts and eastwards to Gorakhpur.
Flowers in Jan. and Feb. DI&TRIB. Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. from
the Indus to Bhutan, and more or less throughout the hilly parts of
Cent., W. and S. India, extending to Tenasserim, Upper Burma and
China. The wood is used for making gunpowder-charcoal, and the
leaves are applied to wounds and bruises.

11. MICROMERIA, Benth. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 649.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually small, entire or toothed.
flowers small ; whorls few- or many-flowered, in axillary or terminal"
spikes, rarely, panicled. Calyx 13-nened, 5-toothed or 2-lipped.
Corolla 2-lipped, tube straight ; upper lip entire or emarginate,
flattish ; lower spreading, 3-fid. Stamens didynamous, the lower
pair longer, ascending, incurved and with diverging apices; anther-
cells distinct, parallel, at length diverging, connective usually thicken-
ed. Ovary 4-lobed ; style 2-loted, the lot es equal or the upper very

244, LABIATE. [ MICROMEEIA,

short ; the lower recurved, flattened. Outlets 4, dry, ovoid or oblong,
basal scar small. — Species about 60, found in nearly all parts of the
world, but not in Australia.

1. M. capitellata, Benth. in DC. Prod, xii, 218 ; F. B. I. iv, 649 ;
Watt E. D. ; i'rain Beng. PL 852; CooJce Fl. Bomb, ii, 459.

A slender herb, 1-2 ft. high, very aromatic, root stock woody. Stems
erect, 4-angled, pubescent, often tinged with purple. Leaves shortly
stalked, £-1 in. long, ovate or oblong, subobtuse, hairy and gland-dotted
on both surfaces ; margins crenate or entire, ciliate, petioles £-£ in.
long. Flowers in distant subglobose whorls ; cymes of lower whorls
peduncled, the upper sessile, the whole forming a long slender spike-
like raceme ; floral leaves smaller upwards ; bracts small,. linear-lanceo-
late, hairy. Calyx ^ in. long (in flower), hairy and glandular, divided
£ of the way down into erect lanceolate ciliate teeth. Corolla $ in. long,
hairy outside ; upper lip pale-violet, oblong and slightly emarginate ;
lower twice the length of the upper, dark-violet. Nutlets ellipsoid,
smooth, brown when ripe.

Dehra Dun (Dathie). DISTRIB. Chota Nagpur, Deccan and on the
Nilgiri Hills.

12. CAL AMINTHA, Moench. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 650.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers small,
whorls dense and axillary or loose and panicled or in spikes. Calyx
13-nerved, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-fid. and with
narrower teeth, throat naked or villous. Corolla 2-lipped, tube
straight, throat Bilious ; upper lip erect, flattish ; lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens didynamous ( the upper pair rarely imperfect ) ;
lower pair longer, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-cells dis-
tinct, parallel or diverging. Ovary 4-lobed ; style 2-fid., the lobes
«qual, or the lower larger. Nutlets 4, minute, subglobose, dry,
smooth. — Species 40, chiefly in temperate regions of the N.
Hemisphere.

C. umbrosa, Fisch. and Mey. Ind. Sem. tiort. Petrop. vi,6; F. B.I.
iv, 650; Collett Fl. Siml. 393; Prain Beng. PL 853. Clinopodium
ripens, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 13.

A small slender procumbent or decumbent laxly hairy herb. Leaves f-l|
in. long, ovate, serrate. Flowers in small globose lax or densely
flowered whorls ; bracts small, not forming an involucre. Calyx i in. long ;
teeth of upper lip triangular, those of the lower longer and subulate.
Corolla purple, hairy. Nutlets very small.

Dehra Dun, rather common DISTRIB. Temperate Himalaya from Kash-
mir to Bhutan, up to 12,000 ft., Khasia Mts. up to 4,000, and in the hJly

LABIATE. 245

portions of Peninsular India from the Konkan and southwards to
Ceylon j extending to Afghanistan, the Caucasus range, China, Japan
and Java. This species is closely allied to C. Clinopodium (Wild Basil),
differing by its more slender and procumbent or decumbent habit ;
the bracts and calyx are much shorter, and the upper lip of the latter is
more recurved.

13 ANISOMELES. R. Br.; Fl. Brit. Ind, iv, 672.
Tall erect branching coarse and more or less tomentose herbs.
Flowers purplish, in axillary whorls, or in lax-flowered branching
panicled cymes. Calyx ovoid or tubular, straight, limb equally 5-
toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube short, annulate within ; upper lip
short, erect, entire ; lower broad, spreading, 3-lobed ; midlobe large, 2-
fid. Stamens didynamous, exserted, the lower pair longer ; anthers
of upper pair 2-celled, those of the lower pair 1 -celled, the cells trans-
verse and parallel. Disk equal. Ovary 4-partite ; style 2-fid., the
lobes equal, subulate. Nutlets ovoid, obtuse, dry, basal scar small. —
Species about 8, from Trop. and Subtrop. Asia to N. Australia.

A. ovata, E. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii, 264 ; Eoyle III. 301 ; F. B. I.
iv, 672; Watt E. V.; Collett Fl. Siml. 402; Prain Beng. PL 853 ; Cpoke
FL Bomb, ii, 461. A. ovata, VAB. mollissima Prain I.e.* Ajuga disticha,
Heyne ; Eoxb. FL Ind. Hi, 2.

A suffruticose herb, 3-6 ft. high, sparingly hairy to densely pubescent
or almost woolly. Stems acutely 4-angled. Leaves H-3 in. long, ovate,
acute, crenate-serrate, thickly herbaceous, softly pubescent on both
sides, base truncate rounded or rarely cuneate, the margins entire ; pe-
tiols £-H in. long, densely hairy. Whorls axillary, many-flowered, more
or less interrupted below, crowded above, the whole forming a dense spi-
cate inflorescence ; bracts |-^ in. long, linear, clothed with long stiff hairs.
Calyx subsessile, } in. long, enlargingUn fruit, hirsute ; teeth about as
long as the tube, lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Corolla £ in. long ; upper lip
pale-purple, £ in. long, oblong, rounded; lower lip deep-blue, much longer,
the midlobe deeply 2-fid. Filaments bearded. Nutlets ^ in. long, smooth
shining and black when ripe.

Very common within the area. Flowers after the rainy season.
DISTRIB. Throughout India and in Ceylon, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the
Himalaya, extending to the Malay Peninsula and Islands to China and
the Philippines. The form with densely woolly pubesceiice (A moUis-
sima, Wall.) and regarded by Prain as deserving varietal rank is abund-
ant within our area. The whole plant has a strong scent resembling
camphor.

14. SCUTELLARIA, Linn ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv; 667.

Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence various. Calyx campanulate,
2-lipped, lips closing after flowering ; upper lip deciduous, furnished

246 LABIATE. [ SCUTELL ABIA

on the back with a large deciduous shield or pouch (the posterior
calyx-lobe), lower lip persistent. Corolla 2- lipped ; tube long, usually
sharply recurved beyond the calyx and then ascending, dilated at
the throat, not annulate within ; upper lip erect, galeate, entire or
notched ; lower broad, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous ; the lower pair
longer, ascending under the galeate upper lip ; anthers conniving,
ciliate ; those of the upper stamens 2-celled, of the lower 1-celled.
Disk elongate. Ovary 4-partite, oblique; style 2-fid., the upper lobe
very short. Nutlets 4, very minute, smooth, granulate or hispidu-
lous. — Species about 90, in northern temperate regions, and on
mountains in the tropics, abundant on the Andes.

S. repens, Buch.-Ham. exD. Don Prod. 110 ; F. B. I. iv, 669; Collett
Fl. Siml. 400.

A diffuse pubescent or tomentose herb with long rather stout 4-angled
curved brittle stems ; branches crowded, ascending. Leaves stalked,
i-1^ in. iong, ovate, acute, the^ower ones usually crenate-serrate, upper
entire ; base acuta or truncate, rarely subcordate, petioles i-l-in. long.
Floiuers £-£ in. long, arranged in curved glandular-hairy racemes fi-10 in.
long ; bracts £-1 in. long, ovate, longer than the pedicel and calyx, but
hardly leaf-like. Corolla dull-yellow with usually a tinge of purple,
sharply recurved. Nutlets subgranulate.

In the Sub-Himalayan tract of the Gonda district in N. Oudh. DISTRIB.
Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim up to 6,000 ft., usually amongst loose
stones, extending to Ava.

15, LEONURUS, Linn.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 677.

Erect stout leafy herbs. Leaves lobed. Flowers small, in dense-
flowered distant axillary whorls. Calyx 5 -nerved, turbinate; teeth
5, spreading, spinescent. Corolla 2-lipped, tube naked or annulate
.within ; upper lip entire, erect ; lower 3-fid., midlobe obcordate. Sta-
mens didynamous, the lower pair the longest, filaments ascending,
anthers conniving, cells transverse. Disk uniform. Ovary 4-partite,
style 2-fid.; lobes equal, obtuse or subulate. Fruit of 4 triquetrous
smooth dry nutlets, truncate at the apex, basal scar small. — Species 10,
in Europe, Asia, Africa and America.

L. sibiricus, Linn. Sp. PL 5S4 ; F. B. I. iv, 673 ; Prain Beng. PI.
854 ; Coolte Fl. Bomb, ii, 463.

An annual, 2-6 ft. high, glabrous or more 01 less pubescent. Stems
bluntly 4-angled, sulcate. Leaves 1^-4 in. long, palmatipartite ; seg-
ments linear, incised, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, pale
beneath and more or less pubescent on the prominent nerves, petioles

LEONUEUS.] LABIATE. 247

up to 2 in. long. Floral leaves of upper whorls usually entire ;
bracts £ in. long, spinescent. Calif x £-3 in. long, glabrous or slightly
pubescent ; teeth triangular, spine-tipped. Corolla red, up to £ in
long; tube as long as the limb, annulate within; upper lip hooded,
hairy ; lower equalling the upper, the 2 lateral lobes rounded. Nutlets
Y'U in. long.

Widely dispersed within the area, but often as a naturalized plant.
Flowers after the rainy season. DISTRIB. Plains of India from
Bengal and Sylhet to Kurg, but doubtfully indigenous. The plant has
spread to Africa and America from trop. Asia.

16. ROYLEA, Wall. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 679.

A tall hoary shrub or undershrub. Leaves shortly petioled, deeply
crenate -toothed or lobed. Whorls axillary, 6-10-flowered ; bracteoles
small, subulate. Calyx-tube cylindric. 10 -nerved; lobes 5, large,
obovate -oblong, obtuse, rigid, reticulate-veined. Corolla white or
pinkish ; tube included, cylindric, annulate within ; upper lip erect,
hooded, entire ; lower spreading, 3 -fid.; midlobe longest, entire. Sta-
mens didynamous, lower pair longer ; anthers conniving, the cells
diverging. Style-lobe* subequal, subulate. Nutlets ovoid- oblong,
obtuse, smooth. — A single species, restricted to the Western Himalaya
ascending to 5,000 ft. from the base of the outer ranges.

R. calycina, Briquet in Engl. and Pranil. Pflanzenf. iv, 3 a, 260. R-
elegans, Walt.; F. B. I. iv, 679 ; Kanjilal For. FL 271 ; Gamble Han-
Ind. Timb. 54S ; Colled Fl. Siml. 404 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 515. Phlomis
calycina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 11. Ballota cinerea, Don Prod. 111.— V em.
Kaur (Punjab), karanoi (Jaunsar), titpati (Garhwal).

An erect much-branched shrub with grey bark, 3-5-ffc. high ; branches
slender, terete, pale-brown, finely tomentose. Leaves 1-1£ in. long,
ovate, acute, deeply crenate or lobed, finely tomentjse beneath, base
cuneate, petioles £-$ in long. Flowers % in. long. Calyx (in flower)
nearly as long as the corolla ; lobes erect, oblong, obtuse, much
enlarged in fruit. Corolla | in. long, white or pinkish, hairy, upper lip
hooded. Nutlets % in. long.

Dehra Din DISTRIB. W. Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal up to
5,000 ft.; abundant on hill-sides and often gregarious. Stewart states
that the plant is used medicinally for its bitter tonic properties.

17. EREMOSTACAHYS, Bunge.; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 694.

Erect herbs, usually not much branched. Kadical leaves broad,
toothed or incised ; cauline few, smaller. Whorls densely many-
flowered, axillary or in a terminal spike. Calyx subcampanulate,

248 LABIATE. [ EBEMOSTACHYS.

dilated upwards into a broad membranous limb ; teeth 5, eqilal,
setaceous. Corolla 2-lipped, tube included ; upper lip erect, hooded,
bearded within ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, midlobe largest. Stamens
didynamous, ascending, the lower pair longer, filaments of upper pair
fimbriate or appendaged at the base ; anthers conniving, cells
divaricate. Disk equal. Style-lobes equal, or the upper one shorter.
Nutlets obovoid» triquetrous, truncate, their summit densely hairy. —
Species 27, in W. Asia.

E. superba, Royle ex Benth. in Hook. Sot. Misc Hi, 381 ; III. 803, t.
74 ; F. B. I. iv, 695.

A robust softly hairy herb, about 2 ft. high. Stem annual, from a large
tuberous rootstock, erect, unbranched. Radical leaves petioled, 8-12 in.
long, ovate in outline, pinnatisect, segments lobulate ; lobules broad,
obtuse ; cauline leaves few, small, pinnatifid. Whorls many-flowered,
crowded on a stout woolly spike 6-10 in. long ; floral leaves erect, ovate,
acute, concave, enclosing the flowers, deciduous. Calyx woolly, £ in,
long ; mouth truncate, shortly and broadly 5-lobed. Cor ->lla yellow
tube included ; upper lip galeate, £ in long, villous.

Siwalik range near the Mohand Pass (Boyle, etc.). DISTRIB. : Punjab*
near Peshawar (Vicary). An extremely local and very handsome plant-
When cultivated in the Saharanpur garden, it used often to make its
appearance as an escape on sheltered parts of the lawns.

18. LEUCAS, K. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 630.

Herbs or undershrubs, usually woolly or villous. Flowers usually
white, in axillary mostly distant whorls. Calyx. 10-nerved, striate ;
mouth equal or oblique, equally or unequally 6-10-toothed. Corolla
2-lipped ; tube included, annulate or naked within ; upper lip erect,
concave, externally villous; lower spreading, 3-fid., midlobe very
large. Stamens didynamous, the lower pair longer, filaments ascend-
ing; anthers conniving, the cells divaricate, at length confluent,
Disk entire or lobed, equal or glandular in front. Ovary 4 -partite ;
style subulate at the apex, the posterior lobe obsolete. Nutlets 4,
ovoid, triquetrous, obtuse, dry, basal scar small. — Species about 100,
chiefly in Asia and Africa.

Calyx-mouth oblique : —

Mouth of calyx split above, much produced
below 1. L. urticce folia.

Mouth of calyx projecting forward above : — •
Calyx-teeth very short: —

LAB1ATM. 249

Mouth of calyx glabrous within, whorls
both axillary and terminal : —

Perennial, hispidly hairy ; bracts
few, subulate, mouth of calyx wide 2. L. hyssopifolia.

Annual, mouth of calyx contracted :—

Calyx smooth below ; bracts long,
linear, filiform . . . .3. L. aspera.

Calyx smooth throughout ; bracts
few, short . . . . 4. L. linifolia.

Mouth of calyx hairy within ; whorls
terminal, veiy large, subglobose ;
bracts many, large, awned . . . 5. L. Cephalotes.

Calyx-teeth long and slender . . . 6. L. nutans.

Calyx-mouth straight or nearly so :—

Whorls many-flowered, flowers almost ses-
sile, leaves and calyx more or less pubes-
cent : —

Hairs on the stem and branches erect or
spreading, not deflexed . . . 7. L, lanata.

Hairs on the stem and branches deflexed S. L. mollissima.

Whorls 1-2-flowered. flowers pedicelled,

leaves and calyx subglabrous . . . 9> L. procumbens.

1. L. urticaefolia, E. Br. Prod. 504; Eoyle III. 301 ; F. B. I. iv, 680 ;

Prain Beng. PL 855 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 464. Phlomis urticsefolia, Vahl ;
Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 11.

A tomentose or hairy annual, 6-18 in. high. Stems bluntly 4-angled, finely
pubescent. Leaves rather thin, lf-3 in. long, ovate, acute, coarsely
serrate, acute or rounded at the base, petioles ^-1 in. long. Flowers in
dense distant globose whorls up to 1 in. in diam. ; bracts shortly stalked,
f in. long, narrowly lanceolate, aristate, ciliate, distinctly veined. Calyx
|-| in., cylindric, pubescent or villous ; mouth very oblique, about 10-
toothed ; upper lip very small, with minute spinescent teeth ; lower lip
much prolonged, truncate, membranous and reticulate-veined, the 3
lowest teeth the largest. Corolla white ; tube £ in. long, not annulate
within, upper lip villous outside, midlobe of lower lip 2-fid. Nutlets -^
in. long, obovoid-oblong, 3-gonous, glandular on the obliquely truncate
apex, brown when ripe.

Merwara, Bundelkhand and in the districts of Agra and Delhi, extending
eastwards to Patna (Madden). DISTBIB. Punjab Plain, W. Behar,
Sind, Gujarat, Deccan and southwards to the Nilgiris, extending to
Baluchistan, Arabia and Abyssinia.

250 LABIATE. [ LEDCAS*

2. L. hyssopifolia, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i, 60 ; F. B. I. iv, 690 ;
CollettFl. 8iml. 405; Prain Beng. PI. 855.

An erect hispidly hairy much-branched perennial herb, 4-8 in. high, hairs
on stems usually spreading, rootstock woody. Leaves sessile, spreading
or ascending, 1-2 in. long, linear, obtuse, often rigid ; margins entire,
recurved. Flowers f in. long, in small axillary and terminal whorls |-f
in. in diam. ; bracts few, slender, subulate. Calyx % in. long, obconic,
glabrous ; mouth very oblique, wide, truncate, glabrous within ; teeth
minute, erect.

Dehra Dun and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand
and N. Oudh to Gorakhpur. Flowers in Oct. DISTEIB. Subtropical
Himalaya from Jamu to Sikkim, up to 3,000 ft., also in Chota Nagpur.

2. L. aspera. Spreng. Syst ii, 745 ; F. B. I. iv, 690 ; Watt E. D.; Prain
Beng. PI. 855 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 465. Phlomis esculenta, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
Hi, 10.

An annual, 6-18 in. high, very variable. Stem stout erect, diffusely
branched from below, hispid or scabrid, branches 4-angled. Leaves
subsessile or with distinct petioles, linear or oblong, obtuse, entire or
crenate, more or less pubescent, base tapering, petioles T\j-£ in. long.
Flowers sessile or nearly so, in terminal and axillary whorls up to 1 in. in
diam.; bracts nearly as long as the calyx, linear, acute and tipped with
a bristle, margins ciliate. Calyx |-| in. long ; tube curved, constricted
above the nutlets, lower portion usually glabrous, upper half ribbed and
hispid or scabrid ; mouth small, very oblique, not villous ; upper lip
produced forward ; teeth small, triangular, bristle-tipped, ciliate, the
upper one the largest. Corolla f in. long ; tube ^ in., enlarged and hairy
above, annulate within ; upper lip | in. long, densely white-woolly ;
lower lip longer than upper; midlobe obovate, larger than the acute
lateral ones. Nutlets yQ in. long, oblong with a subtruncate apex, smooth,
brown.

Common within the area. Flowers Feb. to April. DISTRIB. Punjab
Plain, Behar and more or less throughout India, extending to
Mauritius, Java and the Philippine Islands.

4. L. linifolia. Spreng. Syst. ii, 743; F. B. L iv, 690 ; Watt E. D.; Prain
Beng. PI. 856 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 465. Phlomis zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
Hi, 9.

An erect pubescent or tomentose annual, 1-2^ ft. high. Stem usually stout
and much branched below, branches 4-angled. Leaves sessile or shortly
stalked, If -4 in. long, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or remotely
serrate, clothed with appressed hairs or subglabrous, base tapering.
Flowers shortly stalked, arranged in axillary and terminal whorls |-| in*
in diam., usually towards the ends of the branches ; bracts shorter than
the calyx, setaceous, finely pubescent. Calyx £-£ in-, glabrous or slightly
pubescent ; mouth very oblique, glabrous within ; upper tooth large,

LEUCAS.] LABIATE. 251

much produced forwards, very acute ; the other teeth minute, distant,
erect. Corolla white, less than £ in. long ; tube £ in., annulate within ;
upper lip £ in. long, white-woolly, lower lip £ in. long. Nutlets % in.,
oblong, rounded at the apex, brown when ripe.

Dehra Dun, in cultivated ground. DISTRIB. Plains of India from Assam
and Bengal, southwards to the Konkan, Deccan and Cravancore, extend-
ing to^ Mauritius and the Malay Islands. Roxburgh mentions that this
plant is used by the Brahmins to decorate their idols.

5. L. Cephalotes, Spreng. Syst. ii, 743 ; F. B. I. iv, 6K9 ; Watt E. D. ;
Collett Fl Siml. 405 ; Prain Beng. PI. 856 ; Coolie Fl. Bomb, ii, 466:
Phlomis Cephalotes, Keen, ex Roxb.; Fl. Ind. Hi, 70.— Vern. Dhurpi sag.

A pubescent or scaberulous annual, 1-3 ft. high, stems and branches obtu-
sely angled, clothed with spreading hairs. Leaves 1^-4 in. long, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, subacute, crenate-serrate, membranous, pubescent,
tapering to the base, petioles £•£ in. Flowers sessile, in large dense globose
terminal whorls 1-2 in. in diam., floral leaves similar to the cauline ;
bracts £-| in imbricate, leaf-like, acute and awned, green, thin, reticu-
lately veined, ciliate. Calyx tubular, slightly curved, f-f in. long,
lower half glabrous, upper half pubescent outside and within, mouth
oblique ; teeth minute, subequal, narrowly triangular-subulate. Corolla
| in. long, tube annulate within ; upper lip £ in. long, white-woolly ;
lower lip longer, its midlobe truncate. Nutlets % in. long, obovoid-
oblong, smooth, brown.

A common weed in cultivated ground over the greater portion of the area.
DISTRIB. Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to 6.000 ft., and south-
wards throughout India, but not in Ceylon. It is found in Afghanistan.

6. L. nutans, Spreng. Syst. ii, 743; F.B.I, iv, 688} Prain Beng. PL
856 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 466.

A small straggliDg diffusely branched annual, 2-12 in. high ; stems and
branches 4-angled, laxly hairy. Leaves sessile or shortly stalked, 1-2 in
Jong, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, subserrate Flowers sessile
or nearly so, in terminal and axillary many-flowered whorls about
| in. in diam.; bracts £-£ in., leaf-like, slender, lanceolate, acute and
bristle-tipped, veined, ciliate. Calyx (in fruit) j{ in. long, falcately
decurved, strongly ribbed, hispid, tube hairy within, mouth oblique,
the internal villi shorter than the teeth ; teeth 10, the uppermost one
the largest, the rest subequal and about T\j in. long, lanceolate, spine-
tipped, ciliate. Corolla white, over ^ in. long ; tube slender, annulate
within near the base ; upper lip white-woolly, | in. long; lower £ in.;
midlobe obovate, rounded. Nutlets % in. long, narrowly oblon'g- ellipsoid,
smooth, brown.

Dehra Dun and in the Saharanpur District, also in the Jumna ravines of
the Agra district. DISTRIB. Punjab Plain, Parasnath in Bengal,
Sind, and southwards to the Deccan and S. India, and also in Burma.

252 LABIATE. [ LEDCAS.

7. L. lanata, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Ear. i, 61; F. B. I. iv, 681 •
Collett Fl. Siml. 405 : Prain Beng. PI. 856 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 468.

A softly woolly or subsilky perennial herb, 2-3 ft. high ; rootstock stout,
woody; stem and branches bluntly 4-angled, clothed with erect hairs.
Leaves thick, sessile or shortly petioled, 1-3 in. long, ovate, obtuse or
acute, crenate or subserrate, rugose softly tpmentose or silky, rounded
or cuneate at the base. Flowers sessile, in many-flowered axillary
whorls ; bracts shorter than the calyx, setaceous, densely hairy and
ciliate. Calyx -3 in. long, very silky outside, upper half of tube villous
inside, mouth truncate ; teeth minute, triangular-subulate. Corolla
white, exceeding-^ in.; tube as long as the calyx, annulate above the
middle; upper lip densely silky on both sides, midlobe of lower lip
obovate, 2-tid. Nutlets oblong-ob ovoid, apex obliquely truncate.

Dehra Dun at Kansrao (Wallich), Gonda district of N. Oudh. (Duthie),
Bundelkhand (Edgeworth). DISTEIB. W. Himalaya from Kashmir to
Kumaon, up to 8,000 ft. and from the Konkan and Kanara to the Nil-
girls, extending to Upper Burma and S. China.

8. L. mollissima, Wall PL As. Ear. i, 62 • B,oyle III. 301 ; F. B. L
iv, 682, Watt E. D.: Prain Beng. PL 856 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 469.

A straggling much-branched hoary-tomentose herb. Stems 3-4 ft. long,
4-angled ; branches slender, clothed with appressed deflexed hairs.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, 1|-2| in. long, ovate or ovate-lancolate
usually acute, serrate ; upper surface sparsely clothed with
appressed hairs, densely white-tomentose beneath. Flowers subse-
ssile, arranged in distant many-flowered whorls ; bracts shorter than
the calyx, linear, hairy. Calyx £-3 in. long, silky-villous outside, the

2-fid. Nutlets TV in. long, oblong-obovoid, obtusely truncate at the apex.

Dehra Dun, N Oudh, Bundelkhand, often found climbing amongst bushes.
DISTRIB. Subtropical Himalaya in Nepal and "Kumaon, Bengal, Orissa,
Khasia Mts. up^ to 4,000 ft., C. India, Konkan, Kanara, S. India and in
Ceylon, extending to China.

VAB. scabcrula, F.B.I. I c.; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL I.e.— More
glabrous; calyx hispid. — Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards
along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Kohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur.
DISTRIB. Chota Nagpur, C. India and Khasia Mts.

9. L. procumbens, Desf. in Mem. Mus. Par. %i, 7, t. 3, f. 2 ; Eoyle IlL
301 ; F. B. I. iv, 683 ; Prain Beng. PI. 857 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 470 ;
Phlomis biflora, Roacb. FL Ind, Hi, 12 (in part).

A procumbent perennial herb, root-stock woody ; stems and branches
slender, 2-3 ft. long, 4-angled, more or less pubescent on the angles,
Leaves stalked |-lf in. long, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, acute, serrate,

LEUCAS.] LABIATE. 25$

membranous, subglabrous, base usually acute, petioles ±-± in. long.
Whorls axillary, lax, 1-3-flowered, pedicels filiform, up to ^ in. ; bracts
minute, ciliate. Calyx §-T] in. long, nearly glabrous, reticulate-veined,

at the apex.

Bundelkhand (Duthie). DISTRIB. Cent, and E. Bengal, Nimar district
of Cent. Prov., Belgaum, Katiara and Mysore,

Leucas sp, A email erect more or less hispid perennial herb with a woody
root-stock. Stem* rather slender, sparingly hispid with short appressed
ascending hairs. Leaves sub-erect, -|-1 in. long, linear or elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, narrowed at the base into a very short petiole ; margins entire,
revolute ; upper surface strigose with short white hairs, glabrous and
minutely gland-dotted between the prominent hispi.l midrib and nerves.
Whorls small, confined to the upper axils, few-flowered ; bracts slender,
linear-subulate, shorter than the calyx, hispidly ciliate. Calyx £• in,
long, obconic, tube almost glabrous except on the hispid ribs ; mouth
wide, slightly oblique, margin shortly ciliate ; teeth distant, very
minute, subequal. Corolla-lube about j in. long, not annulate within,
midlobe of lower lip ^ in. long Filaments sparsely pilose. — Near
Indalpur in the Shahjehanpur district of Rohilkhand (Duthie No. 4316).
Vern. Chota guma.— Resembles L. hyssopifolia in general habit, but the
hairs on the stems are ascending (not spreading); the very rigid leaves
are more erect, the whorls which are confined to the upper axils are
smaller and fewer-flowered, and the mouth of the calyx is only slightly
oblique. The above-mentioned characters indicate a possible alliance
with L. diffusa, but the habit is very different. I have given provision-
ally the name of L. linearifolia to the specimens in the Kew herbarium,
as the material is hardly sufficient for a complete description.

19. LEONOTIS, K-. Br. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 691.

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers rather large, scarlet or yellow, arranged
in axillary densely many- flowered whorls ; bracts many, slender.
Calyx 10-nerved, tube often incurved ; mouth oblique, with 8-10 rigid
teeth, upper tooth largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip long, concave,
with a villous crown ; lower very small, 3-lobed, the midlobe largest.
Stamens didynamous ; lower pair longer, ascending, anthers connivent,
cells divaricate. Disk equal. Ovary 4-partite ; style subulate, the
upper lobe very short. Nutlets 4, oblong or ovoid, triquetrous, obtuse
or truncate, dry, glabrous, basal scar small. — Species 12, mostly
African, one of which occurs also in India and America.

L. nepetaefolia, R. Er. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii'i, 409 ; Boyle III.
301 ; F. B. I. iv, 691 ; Watt E. D ; Prain Beng. PL 857 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,.
471. IJhlomis nepetifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 8. — Vern. Bara guma.

254 LABIATJE. [ LEONOTIS,

A tall erect annual, 4-6 ft. high. Stem stout, puberulous, bluntly 4-angled
deeply sulcate, the faces concave. Leaves membranous. 2^-6 in. long
ovate, acute, coarsely cranate-serrate, puberulous on both sides, base
cuneate ; petioles 1-4 in. long, winged above. Whorls axillary, dense,
globose, many-flowered, liH^ in» *& diam ; floral leaves lanceolate,
deflexed ; bracts up to {{ in. long, deflexed, linear, hairy, spine-pointed.
Calyx if in long, ribbed, puberulous below, upper part densely villous
and clothed with long white bristly hairs, tube incurved, mouth oblique,
throab glabrous ; teeth unequal, spine-tipped, the upper one up to -^ in.
long, ovate, acute, the rest smaller and triangular. Corolla orange*
scarlet ; tube •£ in. long, glabrous below, upper parb hairy, inside with 3
parallel rings of white hairs ; upper lip ^ in. long, densely woolly,
lower £-£ in. long, Nutlets % in. long, obliquely truncate.

Cultivated and naturalized in most parts of the area, but chiefly in the
vicinity of villages. Flowers in Oct. DISTRIB. Throughout the hotter
parts of India and in Ceylon, widely spread also in S. E. Asia, Trop.
America and in Africa, in which latter country, it is believed by
some to be indigenous. It is a very striking-looking plant when in
flower.

20.NEPETA, Linn.; Fl. Brit, Ind. iv, 656.

Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite. Floivers blue white or
yellow, arranged in axillary or terminal whorls. Calyx tubular,
15-nerved, equally o-toothed or subbilabiate with the 2 lower teeth
narrower than the upper. Corolla 2-lipped, tube not annulate within,
throat inflated; upper lip straight notched or 2-fid ; lower 3 -fid,
midlobe largest. Stamens didynamous, ascending under the upper lip
or exserted, upper pair longer, anther-cells diverging. Disk uniform
or enlarged in front. Ovary 4-partite, style shortly 2-fid.; lobes
subequal, subulate. Nutlets 4, ovoid or compressed, dry, smooth. —
Species about 120, in Temp. Europe and Asia and in N. and S.
Africa,

Whorls dense, many -flowered, lower ones
distinctly stalked . . . . 1. N. ruder alis.

Whorls few-flowered, forming lax often
drooping panicles with very sleuder filiform
branches . . . . . . 2. N. graciliflora.

1. N. ruderalis, Buch.—Ham. Mss. ex. Hook. F. B. I. iv, 661 ; Walt

E. D.; Coltett Fl. Siml. 398 ; Prain Peng. PI. 857; Coofce Fl. Bomb. 472.
Glechoma erecta, Roxb. II. Ind. Hi, 7.

A pubescent annual, 6-18 in. high, branching from the base ; branches erect
or ascending, obtusely 4-angled and grooved. Leaves stalkod green or
hoary, -£-2^ in, long, broadly ovate or suborbicular, crenate, base cordate
or truncate, petioles £-!£ in. long. Flowers stalked, unilaterally arranged

NEPETA.] LABIATJE. 255

in dense many-flowered peduncled 2-branched cymes 1 in. or more in
length ; bracts ;=•-}- in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Calyx (in
flower) ^ in. long, villous and gland ular-liairy ; upper lip ^ in. long, with
3 triangular aristate teeth : lower lip shorter, with 2 subulate teeth.
Corolla, exserted, bluish-purple, £ in. long, hairy outside ; upper lip
oblong, 2-fid., lobes obtuse ; lower lip shorter, .its midlobe broad emar-
ginafce and crenulate, much longer than tbe 2 rounded lateral ones.
Nutlets minute, oblong-ellipsoid, brown spotted with white, mucilaginous
when moistened.

Siwalik range, Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts,
also in the Agra district and in Merwara. DISTRIB. Plains of Punjab
and Bengal, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya, also in Central India,
and the Konkan, extending to Afghanistan. The plant is used
medicinally. It has a scent like that of Balm and a pungent bitterish
taste.

2. N. graciliflora, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Ear. t, 65; F. B. I. iv, 663;
Collett Fl. Siml. 399.

Apubescant or nearly glabrous annual. Stems many, slender, 1-3 ft.
high, erect or ascending. Leaves long-petioled, 1-lf in. long, ovate, or
ovate- cordate, acute, coarsely crenate or serrate. Whorls few-flowered,
the lower ones distinctly stalked, forming loose often drooping panicles
with very slender branches ; peduncles and pedicels capillary, bracts
setaceous. Flowers % in. long. Calyx % in. long ; upper teeth triangular-
lanceolate, awned ; lower shorter, setaceous. Corolla % in. long, pale-
lilac or rose. Nutlets minute, oblong, granulate.

Common on steep rocks on both sides of the Siwalik range. Flowers in
Nov. DISTRIB. Subtrop. Himalaya from the Punjab to Garhwal and
Kumaon, up to 5,000 ft.

21. SALVIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 653.

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers small, or large and showy ; whorls usually
racemed or in spikes ; bracts small or large and often coloured.
Calyx tubular or campanulate, 2-lipped, thioat naked ; upper lip
entire or 3-toothed, lower 2-fid. Corolla 2-lipped, tube naked or with
a ring of hairs inside ; upper lip erect, entire ; lower 3-lobed, lateral
lobes spreading. Stamens 2 (the lower pair) perfect ; filaments
short, articulate with the slender connective, sometimes pioduced
beyond the joint, anthers dimidiate ; connective linear, transverse,
the upper arm ascending and bearing a linear fertile cell ; the lower
arm straight or deflexed, bearing a fertile or an empty cell, or naked,
the 2 upper (posterior) stamens represented by small staminodes or
obsolete. Disk usually enlarged in front. Ovary 4-partite ; style

256 LABIATE. [SALVIA.

shortly bifid, lobes equal or the anterior longer Outlets 4, ovoid,
triangular, dry, smooth, basal scar small. — Species about 450, chiefly
in temperate and tropical regions of the world.

An erect annual, leaves 1-3 in. long, upper lip of

calyx entire . ...... 1. 8. plebeia.

A straggling undershrub, leaves not exceeding

1 in., upper lip of calyx 3-toothed . . 2. 8. cegyptiaca.

1. S. plebeia, R. Br. Prod. 501 ; Royle III 301 ; F. B. I. iv, 655 ; Watt
~E. D. ; t'rain Beng. PI. 859 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 474. S. brachiata
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i> 145.

An erect roughly pubescent annual, 6-18 in. high . Stems stout, fastigi-
ately branched, obtusely 4-angled and grooved, hoary-pubescent.
Leaves 1-3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, crenate-
glaborus or slightly hairy, base usually acute and often decurrent,
petioles 1-2 in. long. Blowers in paiiicled usually compact glandular-
pubescent spicate racemes ; floral leaves stalked, T\j in. long, ovats,
subacute, bracts smaller and narrower. Calyx pedicelled, hairy, T\5-J in.
long, enlarging in fruit ; upper lip entire, shorter than the lower,
reflexed. Corolla lilac or white, ^ in. long, tube annulate within,
midlobe of lower lip much larger than the lateral ones. Nutlets minute,
ovoid, brown when ripe.

A common weed in all parts of the area. Flowers Sep. to April. DISTBIB.
Throughout India in the plains and up to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya, but
not in Ceylon; it extends also to China, the Malay Peninsula and
Islands and to Australia. The seeds are used medicinally for their
mucilaginous properties.

2. S, aegyptiaca, Linn. 8p. PL 23 ; F. B. I. iv, 656 ; Watt E. D. /
Coolie Fl. Bomb. ii} 474.

A low much-branched straggling undershrub ; branches spreading, rigid,
4-angled, hairy or more or less scabrid. Leaves shortly stalked, varying
in length up to 1 in., linear-lanceolate, acute, crenate, much-wrinkled,
hairy, nerves and veins prominent beneath. Whorls distant, 2-4-
flowered, arranged in long racemes ; floral leaves small, ovate-lanceolate.
Calyx glandular-hairy, $-£ in. (when in flower), enlarging in fruit and
nodding, upper lip 3-toothed. Corolla ^-in. long, tube annulate within ;
upper lip oblong or subquadrate, slightly notched. Nutlets T^ in. long,
oblong-ellipsoid, nearly black.

Within the dry western borders of the area in the neighbourhood of Delhi
(Jacquemont, etc.). DISTRIB. Plains of Punjab and Sind and westwards
to Afghanistan ; also in W. Asia, N. Africa and the Cape Verde Islands-

VAB. pumila, F. B. I. iv, 656 ; Watt E. D. ; Cooke FL Bomb, iv, 474;
S. pumila, BentJi. ; Decne in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 128, t. 188.

SALYIA.] LABIATE. y 25?

More seabrid and villous than the type. Leaves very rigid and rugose,
Calyx longer, villous with long hairs. — In the drier western portions of
the area from Delhi to Bundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers Nov. -Jan.
DISTUIB. Puiijab plain and Salt range up to 2,500 ft., Sind, Gujarat and
Deccan ; also in Afghanistan and Baluchistan.

8. coccinea, Juss. A slender herb up to 3 ft. high with handsome scarlet
flowers. It is often grown in the gardens of N. India, And is a native
of C. and S. America.

8. officinalis, Linn. (Common Sage) is a native of S. Europe. It is some-
times cultivated in gardens within the area.

22. MOSLA, Buck-Ham. ; PL, Brit. Ind. iv, 646.

Annual fragrant herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers very minute ;
whorls 2-ilowered, arranged in terminal and axillary seeund racemes ;
bracts very small, or the lower leaf -like. Calyx campanulate, 5-
tpothed, enlarged in fruit, subequal or 2-lipped, base gibbous ; upper
lip truncate or 3-toothed, lower of 2 longer teeth, throat closed with
hairs. Corolla-tube naked or with a ring of hairs ; lips short upper
notched, lower 3-fid. Stamens 2, posticous, short, erect, distant ;
anther-cells 2, divaricate, staminodes 2. Disk a large posticous

fland. Nutlets globose, smooth or reticulate. — Species 7 or 8, in
ndia, Burma and China.

M, ocymoides, Buch.-Ham. ex. Benin, in Wall. PL As. Ear. i, 66.
M. dianthera, Maxim. ; F. B. I. iv, 647. Hedeoma nepalensis, Benth. ;
Decne. in Jacquem. Voy Bot. 183, t. J3S. Lycopus dianthera, Buch.-
Ham.; Roxb. Fl> Ind. i, 144.

A slender erect sparsely pubescent herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves stalked,
1-1| in. long, ovate, acute, serrate, petioles £-£ in. long. Racemes termin-
ating the branches, slender, lax-flowered. Calyx (in fruit) £ in. long,
hemispherical. Corolla white or purplish, 5 in. long, tube short.
Nutlets reticulate.

Dehra Dun, on the Nagsidh Hill at about 2,000 ft. (Gamble) DISTRIB.
Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to 6,000 ft., and on the Khasia
Mts., extending to Burma and China.

23. TEUCRIUM, Linn.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 700.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire serrate or lobed, floral leaves often
bract-like. Whorls 2-6 -flowered, arranged in axillary or terminal
spikes racemes or heads. Calyx 10-nervel; teeth 5, equal or the
uppermost larger. Coroll i apparently 1-Hpped, tube not annulate
within, limb slit behind, the 2 upper and the lateral lobes cuneate

258 LABIATE. [ TEUCEIUM.

or very shprt or obsolete, lower-lobe very large. Stamens didynamous ;
the lower pair longer, exserted ; anthers reniform ; the cells short, at
length confluent. Disk equal. Ovary 4-lobed ; style 2-fid, its lobes
subequal. Nutlets 4, obovoid, rugosely reticulate ; scar oblique or
lateral, often extending more than half-way up the nutlet, — Species
about 100, mostly in the warm temperate regions of the world.

T. stoloniferum, Roxb. Hort. Beng.[44 ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 3 ; F. B.'J iv,-700.
Prain Beng. PL 860.

An erect perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or puberulous." Stem stoloni-
ferous j of ten woody below. Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong-
subacute, deeply crenate or subserrate ; base truncate or cuneate, rarely
cordate. Racemes slender, simple or panicled ; bracts lanceolate, pedi-
cels in fruit usually longer than the shortly campaiiulate Calyx. Calyx f
in. long, glandular-pubescent ; lower teeth short, obtuse. Corolla pink,
tube included, limb very small. Nutlets enclosed in the globose calyx-
tube, nearly smooth.

In the Kheri district of N. Oudh (Duthie). Flowers in May. DISTRIB.
Bengal plain, Chittagong, Sikkim, Himalaya up to 6,000 ft., also on the
Khasia Hills ; extending to Burma, Java and China.

24. AJUGA, Linn.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, ?02.

Annual or perennial herbs, often decumbent or stoloniferous.
Leaves usually coarsely toothed. Floivers sessile ; whorls 2- or
more-flowered, axillary or in terminal leafy spikes. Calyx 10- or
more-nerved ; teeth 5, subequal. Corolla 2-lipped, marcescent, tube
often annulate within, throat slightly dilated ; upper lip very short,
2-fid.; lower spreading ; the midlobe usually largest, emarginate or 2-
lobed. Stamens didynamous, the lower pai? longer, ascending,
exserted or included, anthers 2-celled ; cells diverging or divaricate, at
length confluent. Disk uniform or swollen behind. Ovary shortly
4-lobed ; style 2-lid., the lobes nearly equal. Nutlets 4, obovoid,
rugosely reticulate ; scar lateral, extending beyond the middle of the
nutlet. Species 30, in temperate and subtrop. regions of the Old
World.

Corolla-tube straight, base not inflated . . 1. A. Iracteosa.
Corolla-tube geniculate above the swollen base 2. A. macrosperma.

1. A. bracteosa, Wall. ex. Benth. in Wall. PL As. liar, t, 59 ; F. B. L
iv,702; Collett Fl. Siml. 406.
A perennial herb, softly hairy or glabrate, stolons none ; branches many,

4-12 in. long, usually stout, erect or ascending, simple or branching ,

AJUGA.] LABI ATM. 259

leafy. Leaves 1-4 in. long, ovate oblanceolate or subspathulate, obtuse,
sinuate-toothed, the lower ones petiolecl. Whorls axillary, often crowded
in spikes. Flowers |-^ in. long ; bracts leaf -like, longer than the
whorls, ovate or cuneate-ob ovate, entire or toothed. Calyx % in. long,
villous ; teeth half as long as the tube, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla
pale-blue or lilac, pubescent ; tube exserted, nearly as long as the calyx ;
upper lip erect, lateral lobes of lower lip oblong, midlobe varying in
length. Stamens exserted. Nutlets -^ in. long, deeply rugose.

Dehra Dun and on the Siwalik range, and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan
tracts of Eohilkhand and N. Oudh, DISTRIB. W. Himalaya from
Kashmir to Nepal up to 7,000 ft., and oji the Punjab plain along the base
of the hills from Peshawar ; extending to Afghanistan, China, Japan and
Abyssinia.

2. A macrosperma, Wall, ex Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. it 55; F. B .
I, iv, 704 ; Prain Beng. Pi. 860. A. repcns, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. in, 3.

A decumbent or prostrate herb, glabrous or somewhat pubescent.
Stems or branches |-3 ft., often stout, spreading and branching
and sometimes rooting from the nodes, glabrous or densely hairy.
Leaves stalked, 2-6 in. long, variable in breadth, ovate-oblong or
obovate, obtuse, sinuate-crenate, rarely lobed or cut, narrowed into
the often very long petiole. Whorls continuous or interrupted ; lower
bracts leaf -like ; upper ovate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-teeth very
short, obtuse. Corolla blue, usually glabrous ; tube twice as long as
the calyx, inflated at the base, geniculate above the swelling ; limb
small, upper lip erect, lobes of lower lip subequal or the midlobe
broader. Stamens exserted. Nutlets yVa'o in-> rugosely pitted.

Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Eohilkhand
N. Oudh and G Takhpur. Flowers in March and April. DISTRIB.
Subtrop. and Temp. Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan, up to 8,000 ft.,
Khasia Mts. and Chittagong, extending to Burma and China.

The following cultivated species belonging to genera which are not
indigenous within the area of this flora should be mentioned :—

COI/EUS AMBOINICUS, Lour. ; Cooke Fl. Bornb ii, 449. 0. aromaticus,
Benth.; F. B. I.iv, 625 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 846. Plectran-
thus aromaticus, Roxb, Fl. Ind. Hi, 22. Vern. Pathor-cJiur. — A fragrant
perennial herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stems fleshy. Leaves stalked, broadly ovate,
cordate, crenate, villous or tomentose. Corolla pale-purple, but the
flowers are usually not developed. The plant is frequently grown in
native gardens. "Roxburgh mentions that the leaves are often eaten
with bread and butter, or are used as a flavouring ingredient in country
beer. They may also be employed as a substitute for borage, and the
plant is sometimes known as "Indian borage." It is a native of the
Moluccas.- Coleus barbatus, Benth., a species allied to the above, is
common on the outer ranges of the Himalaya up to 8,000 ft., usually
in wet ground. It is found also on Parasnath in Chota Na#pur, and

260 IABIATM [ A JUG A,

in the hilly parts of the W.'Peninsula. to Ceylon, extending to Trop.
E. Africa. It may possibly occur wild within the northern boundary
of the area of this flora.

ERILLA OCYMOIDES, Linn. ; F. B. I ivt 646; Watt E. D ; DutUe Field
and Oard. Crops N. W.Prov. and Oudh, part Hi, 45 ; Collett Fl. Siml.
890 ; Prain Beng. PI, 851. Mentha perilloides, Willd. ; Eoxb Fl. Ind.
Hit 7. Vern. Bhanjira. — An erect aromatic herb, 2-4 ft. high, with
ovate or rounded crenate or coarsely serrate leaves. WTiorls 2-fld. form-
ing long axillary and terminal secund racemes," Cafyx 2-lipped, 5.
toothed, gibbous at the base, enlarging in fruit. Corolla white, limb
5-fid. Nutlets globose, reticulate. — The plant is wild and cultivated
on the outer ranges of the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to
10,000 ft. and extends to Burma, China and Japan. It is grown near
villages in Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts
and in Chittagong. The oil yielded by the seeds is much valued for
culinary purposes, as well as for burning.

MENTHA. A large genus of aromatic plants found chiefly in northern
temperate regions. They include several kinds of mint, which are
known to the natives of India by the general name of podina, and are
largely grown in their gardens as pot-herbs. M. sylvestris, L. is the
horse-mint. It is common on the Western Himalaya up to 12,000 ft.
The variety it cana with more slender and much interrupted spikes,
and with a 5 mailer calyx and white corolla, occurs in Dehra Dun in
a semi-wild state and is probably an escape from cultivation. Other
species occasionally met with in native gardens within the area are
spear-mint (M. viridis'), marsh-mint (M. arvensis), and pepper-mint
(M. piperita). They are all more or less in use for culinary or medici-
nal purposes.

MERIANDRA BENGALENSIS, Benth; F.B.I, iv, 652; WattE.D.; Prain
Beng. PI. 858; CooTce Fl. Bomb, ii, 475, Salvia bengalensis, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i, 145. — A large straggling shrub with white flowers. It is culti-
vated in native gardens within the area of this flora and throughout the
freater part of India, and is often known under the name of " Bengal
age." The leaves have a strong camphor-like scent and are used
medicinally and also for preserving cloth from the attacks of insects.

LXXXVIII.-PLANTAGINACE-ZE.

Scapigerous annual or perennial herbs. Leaves usually radical
Scapes axillary. Flowers small, spicate, often dimorphic. Sepals 4,
imbricate in bud, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, salver- shaped,
scarious ; lobes 4, short, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the
corolla-tube ; filaments capillary, inflexed in bud, persistent ; anthers
large, pendulous, versatile. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled ; style filiform,
with 2 lines of stigmatic hairs, ovules 1-8 in. each cell, Fruit a

PLANT AGIflACElE. 261

1-4-celled capsule, dehiscing circumscissilely, membranous, 1-or-more-
seeded. Seeds usually peltate ; testa thin, mucilaginous, albumen
fleshy ; embryo cylindric, transverse, radicle inferior. - Species over
200, chiefly in temperate and subtropical regions. — The above descrip-
tion does not include the two anomalous monotypic genera Littorella,
and 'Bougueria.

PLANTAGO. Linn.; PI. Brit. Ind. iv, 705. Characters of the Family.

Flowering- spikes slender, 2-6 in. long ; cells of
capsule 4-8 seeded 1. P. major.

Flowering spikes ovoid, |-1£ in. long ; cells of
capsule 1-2 seeded . 2. P. amplexicaulis.

1. P. major., Linn. Sp. PI. 112; F. B. I. iv, 705; Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl.
Siml. 407; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 477. P. asiatica, Linn.; Wall, in Roxb.

Fl. Ind. ed. Carey and Wall, i, 423.

A perennial herb, glabrous or nearly so. Rootstock stout, erect, truncate.
Leaves petioled, all radical, alternate, 2-5 in. long, oblong or oblong-ovate,
obtuse or subacute. entire or sinuate-toothed, 3-7 ribbed, base tapering
and decurrent into the long sheathing petiole. Flowers usually crowded
in long slender cylindric spikes, 3-6 in. long or more ; bracts equalling
or shorter than the calyx, concave, ovate-oblong, obtuse, margins
Bcarious. Calyx | in. long, glabrous ; sepals oblong, obtuse or subacute,
obtusely keeled on the back, margins broadly scarious. Corolla % in.
long, glabrous ; lobes lanceolate, acute, reflexed. Anthers purple.
Capsule 2-celled, ^ £ in. long, ovate, glabrous, splitting transversely
near the base, cells 4-8 seeded. Seeds minute, angled, dull-black, rugu-
lose.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range. Flowers in July. DISTBIB. Temperate
and alpine Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan and up to 12,000 ft. in
Baltistaii; Konkan, Deccan, Nilgiris and Ceylon; also in Assam, the
Khasia Hills, Burma and the Malay Peninsula, extending to Afghanistan
and westwards to the Atlantic. In many of the above-mentioned locali-
ties the plant has probably been introduced. The leaves are applied to
bruises in the Punjab, and the seeds are used medicinally as a substitute
for ispaghul (P. ovata).

2. P, amplexicaulis, Cav. Ic. ii, 22 ; F. B. I. iv, 706; Watt E. D., Cook*
Fl . Bomb, ii, 477. P. Bauphula, Edgew. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii, 285.

Annual or perennial, sparsely hairy or glabrate, stemless or with a short
often branching stem. Leaves radical, alternate, 3-6 in. long, narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, entire or sparingly toothed, tapering to the
sheathing base. Scapes many, axillary, usually exceeding the" leaves,
terete, glabrous. Spikes ovoid, £-!£ in. long ; bracts £ in. long, cucullate,
broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, membranous except the green
midrib. Calyx as long as or slightly exceeding the bracts ; sepals ovate-

362 PIA N T

oblong1, sub-acute, membranous with green midrib, or the inner entirely
membranous. Corolla glabrous, tube ^ in. long ; lobes as long as the
tube, ovate, acute, concave. Capsule £ in. long, ovoid, subobtuse, cells
1-2 seeded. Seeds % in. long, boat-shaped, nearly black.— Malwa (Edge-
worth). DISTEIB. Punjab Plain westward from the Sutlej ; also inSind,
extending westwards to Egypt and Greece. The seeds are sometimes
used.as a substitute for those of P. ovata.

P. ovata. Forsk. Fl. JEgypt. Aral. 31 ; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops, N. W.
Prov. and Oudh part Hi, 53, t. 92 ; F. R 1. ivt 707 ; Watt E. D.;Coolce Fl.
Bomb, ii, 478. P. Ispaghula, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 404; Eoyle IV. 312. Vern.

i Ispaghul, isafgol.—A softly hairy annual, stemless or nearly so. Leaves
linear or filiform, finely acuminate. Spikes \-\% in. long, ovoid or
cylindric. Sepals elliptic, obtuse. Corolla-lobes rounded, apiculate.
Capsule 2 seeded. Seeds light-brown. This plant is cultivated in some
of the western districts of the area for the sake of the seeds, which
yield, when boiled, a large amount of tasteless mucilage. This latter is
much used by the natives as a remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery. The
plant grows wild in the Punjab Plain and on low hills from the Sutlej
westwards, extending to Persia, Spain and the Canary Islands.

263

INDEX to NATURAL ORDERS and GENERA
CONTAINED in VOL. II.

Acanthaceae .

Acrocephalus .

JEchmanthera

-^Eginetia

Ajuga .

Alstonia . .

Anagallis . «

Andrographia

Androsace . .

Anisochilus

Anisomelfs .

Antirrhinum ..

Apocynaeeaa .

Ardisia

Argyreia

Arnebia

Asclepiadaceaa

Astoracantha

Asystasia . .

Barleria .

Baesia

Bignoniacese

Blepharis .

Bonnaya

Boraginacea9

Bothrio.spermum

Brachystelma

Bucbnera

Buddleia .

176

237

189

C

161 Calamintha .

258 Callicarpa .

|

34 Calonyction .

5 Calotropis .

1

196 Calystegia .

4 Canscora

239 Carissa

245 : Caryopteris

140 j Celsia

29 Centranthera

•

9 Centuneulua

120 Ceropegia .

97 Cistanche .

42 Clerodendron

184 j Colebrookia

202 Coldecia .

Colvolvulaceas

Convolvulus

Cordia

.

Cressa .

9

199 Cryptolepis .

11 Cuscuta ,

169 Cynoglossum

.

182

151

81

D

96 Da3mia

t

64 Daedalaoanthus

1 5

244
218
118

47
104

76

31

228

139

158

6

6«
162
225
242

87

98
105

82
103

45
100

95

52

INDEX TO NATURAL OEDEES AND

Datura
Dioliptera
Didymocarpus
Dolicaandrone
Dopatrium .
Diospyros .
Dyschoriste
Dysopbylla .

Ebenacese

Ecbolium
Khretia
Embelia .
Enicostema .
Sremostachys
Ervatamia .
Erycibe .
Erythrgea .
Evolvulua .
Bxacum •

G

Geniospcrum
Gentian aces9
Gentiana
Gesneriaceaa
Glossostigma
Gmelina »
Gongronema
Gymnema •

H

Haplanthus
H el iotr opium

130

Hemidesmua

. 44

212

Hemigrapbis

. 190

167

Holarrheria .

35

171

Holmskioldia

. 227

147

Holostemma

50

14

Hoppea

75

192

Hydrolea

.' 80

212

Hydrophyllaceae .

80

Hygrophila .

. 185

14

I

206

85

Ichnocarpus •

41

7

Ilysanthes .

. 150

73

Ipomsea

, HI

247

36

101

J

73

104

Jacqueinontia

. 106

71

Jasmimim . •

21

Justieia

. 206

238

Ij

<

70

74

Labiataa .

. 225

167

Lantana

. 219

152

Lavandula .

. 240

220

Lentibulariaceas .

. 164

55

Leonotis

, 253

53

Leonurus

. 246

Lepidagathii

. 203

Leptadenia . . .

63

Letts omia . . .

. 121

Leucas . • •

. 218

197

Limnanthemum . <,

. 78

S9

Limnophila . *

. 145

GENEE,

i CONTAI

NED IN VOL. II.

265

Linaria

. 139

Lindenbergia

. 159

Orthanthera

65

Linociera

26

Orfchoaiphon

. 236

Lippia

. ai?

Oxystelma . . .

50

Lochnera

33

Loganiacese

. 67

Lycium

. 129

Lysimachia .

5

P

Pedaliacese

. 175

Pentabothra

49

M

Pentatropia .

51

Marsdenia .
Mazua
Merremia
Micromeria .
Mimulus
Mimuaopa .
Mitreola
Moniera . . .
Mosla ' .

55
. 143
, 107
. 243
. 143
12
. 67
. 141
257

Perguluria .
Periploca
Periatrophe . . .
Petalidium .
Phlogacanthus .
Phyaalia
Plantaginaceaa
Plantago
Plectranthus

59

46
. 210
. 191

. 398
. 127
. 260
. 261

. 238

Myrsinaceaa

7

Plumb aginacese .
Plumbago . . •

, 1
1

Pogostemon . . .

. 241

Porana .

. 102

N

Premna

. 221

180

Primula . . .

3

Nepeta

. 254

Primulacese .

3

Nerium

39

Nyctanthes

24

B

0

Eauwolfia .

. 32

Ocinium . .

. 233

Ehabdia

88

Olea ....

26

Oleacese .

20

Eoylea

. 247

Operculina .

. 110

Euellia , . .

. 187

Orobanchacese

. 161

Eungia . ,

. 211

Orobanche .

. 163

Ehynohoglossum .

. 116

266

INDEX TO NATUBAL OEDEBS, ETC., VOL. JL

8

Teucrium

. 257

Thunbergia .

. 178

Salvador a . . •

28

Torenia

. 147

Salvadoraceae .

28

Trachelospermum

40

Salvia ....

255

Trichodesma •

94

Samolus . .

6

Tubiflora

180

Sapotaceaa

10

Tylophora . .

60

Sehrebera

25

Scoparia

. 153

Serophulariaceaa .

. 135

U

Scutellaria . •

. 245

Q

. 175

__, . _

IfiC

Solanacese

. 123

Utricuiaria » •

• - Ot)

Solatium

. 123

Sopubia

. 158

V~

Staurogyne

. 181

Stemodia . .

. 144

Stereosperfnum .
Striga , . . .
Strobilanthes

. 172
155

. 194

Vallaria
Vandellia .
Verbascmn . . •

37

. 148
. 138

Strychnos .
Styracesa . . .

Sutera

. 69
19
. 141

Verbena
Verbenaceaa .
Veronica

217
. 214
. 154

•223

Swertia

77

Symplo.cos -.

19

Vogelia

a

T

W

Tecomelia .

. 171

Withania

. 128

Tectona

. 219

Wrightia

38

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BIOLOGY LIBRARY

Flora of the upper
Gangetic plain

LIBRARY

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