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FLORA

THE UPPER. GANGETIG: PLAIN,-

AND OF THE

ADJACENT SIWALIK AND SUB-HIMALAYAN TRACTS.

J

J. F./DUTHIE+-B.A., F.LS-,

FORMERLY DIRECTOlT"OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF
NORTHERN INDIA.

; TO CERATOPHYLLACE^.

CALCUTTA

SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA

1915

FLORA

l^°

OF

THE UPPER

AND OF THE

ADJACENT SIWALIK AND SUB-HIMALAYAN TRACTS.

J. F. DUTHIE, B.A., F.L.S.,

DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL DEPAETMENT QF
NORTHERN INDIA.

VOL. III.
PART I.

NYCTAGINACE^] TO CERATOPHYLLACE.E,

CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA

1915

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Jlora 0f the Upper

anb of tht abjacent

§xtb-f)imabigan

LXXXIX.— NYCTAOINACEJE.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite, entire, ex
stipulate. Flowers 2-(rarely 1-) sexual, regular, sometimes dimor-
phous ; inflorescence various ; bracts often forming an involucre,
free or connate. Perianth small, monophyllous, usually petaloid,
the tube persistent, enveloping the fruit ; limb 3-5-lobed, persistent
or deciduous, lobes plicate in bud. Stamens 1-30, hypogynous,
sometimes unilateral ; filaments usually unequal, inflexed in bud ;
anthers included or exserted, dorsifixed, didymous. Ovary free,
1 -celled ; style filiform, involute in bud, stigma simple or multifid ;
ovule solitary, basal, erect. Fruit membranous, indehiscent, en-
closed in the hardened perianth-tube. Seed erect, testa adherent,
albumen soft or floury, embryo curved or straight and with folded
cotyledons, radicle inferior. — Species about 220, chiefly in Trop.
America.

i

BOERHAAVIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 708.

Erect or diffuse herbs, often with divaricate branches. Leaves
opposite, often unequally paired. Flowers small, arranged in
panicles umbels or heads, pedicels jointed ; bracteoles minute,
often deciduous, rarely whorled and involucrate. Perianth-tube

5939

2 NYCTAGINACE&. [ BOERHAAVIA.

long or short, ovoid below ; limb funnel-shaped, 5-lobed.

Stamens 1-5, exserted. Ovary oblique, stipitate, stigma peltate.
ItFSuit si^a»,: 6-jjil>bed or -angled, viscidly glandular. Embryo

ftotfked ;• ctftyieffoiiS. b'road and thin, the outer the larger, enclosing
; eq£t.s<?antj.atyumen.~Species about 30, in tropical and sub-tropical
' '* bbth

Fruit glandular on the ribs, not at the

crown : —

Leaves of each pair very unequal, entire
or subundulate ; flowers subcapitate,
pink or purple ... .1- B. diffusa.

Leaves of each pair nearly equal, repand-
sinuate ; flowers in umbels, long-pedi-
celled, pink . . 2. B. repanda.

Fruit with large semiglobose glands round
the crown ; flowers in whorls, usually
white ; leaves obtuse . . . . 3. B. verticillata.

1. B, difftisa, Linn. Sp. PL 3 ; Royle III. 312 ; Watt E. D. ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 480. B. repens, Linn. ; F. B. I. iv, 709 ;
Collett Fl. Siml. 410, fig. 131 ; Prain Beng. PL 862. B. repens,
var&. diffusa and procumbens, F. B. I. L c. and Prain I. c. B.
procumbens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 146.

A diffusely branched herb ; root stout, fusiform, rootstock woody. Stems
2-3 ft. long, slender, prostrate or ascending, swollen at the nodes,
minutely hairy and sometimes viscid or subglabrous, often tinged
with purple. Leaves rather thick, arranged in unequal pairs at each
node, J-1J in. long, ovate oblong or sub-orbicular, green and
glabrous above, usually white beneath ; base rounded or subcordate,
margins subundulate, often pink ; petioles about as long as the blade.
Flowers minute, subcapitate, 4-10 together in small bracteolate
umbels forming slender long-stalked axillary and terminal panicles ;
bracteoles lanceolate, acute. Perianth J in. long ; tube glandular-
hairy ; limb red, funnel-shaped, with 5 narrow vertical bands out-
side. Stamens 2 or 3, slightly exserted. Fruit \ in. long, clavate,
rounded, viscidly glandular on the 5 broad blunt ribs.

An abundant weed within the area of this flora, and very variable in
habit and pubescence according to soil and situation DISTRIB. :
Throughout India, ascending to 7,000 ft. in the warm valleys of the

BOERHAAVIA.] NYCTAGINACE&. 3

Himalaya ; also in Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula ; extending to
China, Africa, America and the Islands of the Pacific. The root is
used medicinally and the leaves are eaten as a pot-herb. The viscid
perianth-tube containing the fruit is easily detached and thus becomes
widely distributed by animals.

2. B. repanda, Willd. Sp. PI i, 22 ; Royle III. 312 ; F. B. 7.
iv, 709 ; Prain Beng. PL 863 ; Cooke Fl Bomb, ii, 480.

A diffuse subscandent herb, glabrous or pubescent ; branches 3-6 ft.
long, cylindric, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves in nearly equal pairs,
1-3 in. long, triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, repand-sinuate,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath, base cordate or truncate ; petioles
slender, J-l-J in. long. Umbels 3-8-fld., on long slender peduncles ;
pedicels filiform, J-l in. long ; bracteoles lanceolate, acute. Perianth
pink, about f in. long, lobes notched. Stamens 4 or 5, much exserted.
Fruit } in. long, clavate, obscurely ribbed, rough with glandular
projections.

Plentiful within the area, and often found climbing amongst bushes.
DISTRIB. : Throughout the W. Peninsula ; also in Ceylon, Balu
chistan and Burma, extending to China and Australia.

3. B. verticillata, Poir. Encycl. Method, v. 56 ; F. B. 1. iv, 710 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 480. Vern. Satha (Merwdra).

A decumbent or climbing annual or perennial herb ; branches long, pale,
terete, glabrous. Leaves thick, H-2J in. long, often broader than
long, broadly ovate or suborbicular, obtuse, mucronate, usually
glabrous, margins sinuate, base usually cordate, petioles J-f in.
Flowers in long-peduncled racemes, arranged in distant few-flowered
whorls on a slender rhachis ; bracteoles small, ovate -oblong, acute,
deciduous, pedicels slender. Perianth usually white, J in. long,
lower portion constricted above the ovule, limb funnel-shaped, lobes
2-fid. Stamens slightly exserted. Fruit J in. long, clavate, with
large semi-globose glands round the crown.

Merwara in Rajputana (Duthie). DISTRIB, : Punjab, Siud and in the
drier parts of the W. Peninsula ; also in Afghanistan ami Baluchi-
stan, extending westwards to Syria and Trop. Africa.
The following plants belonging to genera introduced from South

America, are much grown in the gardens of North India : —

MIRABILIS JALAP A L. (Marvel of Peru) — A tall much -branches
perennial herb, bearing a profusion of yellow white crimson or varie-
gated flowers. It is cultivated in all parts of India, and is sometimes

4: NYCTAGINACEM.

met with as an escape. The structure of the flowers is very similar
to that of Boerhaavia. The leaves and flowers are used in native
medicine under the name of gul-abbas.

BOUGAINVILLEA SFECTABiLis, Willd. A robust thorny extensively
climbing shrub with softly pubescent branches and leaves. It
bears masses of flowers during the hot season, and at that time be-
comes a very beautiful and conspicuous object by reason of its large
and brilliant purple -coloured bracts. A very handsome variety
known as B. lateritia, with crimson or brick-red bracts, was introduced
into India about 30 years ago, and from the two original plants, now
at Saharanpur, the gardens in other parts of India have been sup-
plied.

B. GLABRA, Choisy is also largely cultivated in gardens. It is less-
robust as a climber, and almost devoid of thorns ; the branches and
leaves are glabrous and the bracts are magenta-coloured. It flowers
more or less throughout the year.

XC.— AMARANTACE^E.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs, erect or with climbing branches.
Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers small, usually
2-sexual, (rarely dioecious or polygamous), arranged in terminal
simple or panicled spikes cymes or clusters, the outer flowers of a
cluster sometimes deformed ; bracts hyaline or scarious, never leaf-
like bracteoles 2, scarious. Perianth dry, persistent, usually of
5 free or slightly connate hy aline or scarious segments, imbricate
in bud. Stamens 1-5, opposite the perianth-segments ; filaments
usually connate below or united with intervening membranous
staminodes in a hypogynous cup ; anthers l-or-2-celled. Ovary
1 -celled ; style sometimes simple or obsolete and with a capitellate
or small stigma, or 2-3-fid. with acute stigmas, or styles 2-3, erect
or recurved and stigmatic on the lower face ; ovules 1 or more,
amphitropous, erect or suspended from free basal funicles. Fruit
a membranous utricle, rarely a circurnscissile or irregularly bursting
capsule, very rarely a berry enclosed in or supported by the persis-
tent perianth. Seed inverted or erect, orbicular ovate or renifonn,
compressed, testa crustaceous ; embryo horseshoe-shaped or
annular, surrounding the floury albumen. — Species about 500,

DEERINGIA. ]

AMARANTACE&.

inhabiting tropical and sub-tropical regions. The family is closely
allied to the Chenopodiacece, differing chiefly in habit.

Leaves alternate ; staminodes none : —
Ovary 2-many-ovuled : —

A shrub with scarlet berries . .1. DEERINGIA.

Herbs with circumscissile capsules . 2. CELOSIA.

Ovary 1-ovuled ; ovule erect : —

Flowers 2-sexual, in spikes ; fruit a crus-

taceous nut . . . . .3. DIGERA.

Flowers monoecious or polygamous :
fruit an indehiscent or circumscissile
utricle . . . . . .4. AMARANTHS.

Leaves alternate or fascicled or with opposite
and alternate leaves mixed ; stamens with
interposed staminodes . . . .5. MEUA.

Leaves all opposite (not fascicled) ; stamens
with or without interposed staminodes : —

Anthers 2 -celled : —

Flowers all perfect, in spikes : —

Stamens 2 ; staminodes none . 6. NOTHOS^RVA.

Stamens 5, with interposed stami-
nodes . . . . .7. ACHYRANTHES.
Flowers fascicled, each fascicle con-
taining one perfect flower and several
sterile ones the perianth -segments
of which become converted into
spreading hooked bristles ; stami-
nodes none ..... 8. PUPALIA.
Anthers 1 -celled 9. ALTERNTHERA.

1. DEERINGIA, 7?. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 714.

Rambling or climbing undershrufcs. Leaves alternate, petioled.
Flowers small, in simple or panicled spikes, 2- sexual or polygamo-
dicecious ; bracts and bracteoles scarious. Perianth-segments 5,
sepaline, free and equal or nearly so, membranous or herbaceous,
spreading in fruit. Stamens 4 or 5, connate below in a hypogy-
nous cup ; anthers broadly oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovoid or sub-
globose, sessile or stipitate ; styles 2 or 4, subulate, connate below,
uniformly papillose throughout, or small sessile and capitellate ;

6 AMARANTACE&. [ DEERINGIA.

ovules few or many, on long funicles. Fruit a small globose berry
seated on the persistent spreading perianth. Seeds few or many,
reniform, compressed ; testa black, shining, aril none ; embryo
annular, surrounding the floury albumen ; cotyledons linear^
radicle descending. Species 5-6, in Asia, Australia and the Pacific
Islands, and one in Madagascar.

D. celosioides, R. Br. Prod. 413 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 682 ; Royle
III 320 ; F. B. I. iv, 714 ; Kaniilal For. FL ed. 2, 323 ; Gamble
Man. 550 ; Collet Fl. Siml. 412 ; Prain Beng. PL 866 ; Brand.
Ind. Trees 518. Cladostachys frutescens, Don Prod. 76 (excl. syn.}
Vern. Latman (Hind.), chundri (Dehra Dun).

A climbing shrub with long slender arching striate branches ; bark thin,
rough, dark-grey. Leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate or broadly lanceolate,,
acuminate, entire ; base rounded or acute, rarely cordate, petiole
i-J in. long. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green, shortly pedicelied,
arranged in simple or branching racemes 4-10 in. long and forming
terminal panicles, bracts acute. Styles usually 3. Berry globose,
J-J in. in diam., supported by the persistent spreading perianth-
segments, scarlet when ripe. Seeds usually 3.

Found in hedges and on the outskirts of forests in Dehra Dun and
eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Bohilkhand and N. Oudh.
It flowers during Sep. and Oct., and in the cold season the panicles
of scarlet berries render it a conspicuous object. DISTRIB. : Subtrop.
Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan, up to 5,000 ft. ; also in Chota
Nagpur, Assam, the Khasia Hills, Bengal and Upper Burma ; ex-
tending to the Malay Islands, China and Australia. Kanjilal states
that the juice of the fruit can be used as a substitute for red ink.

2, CELOSIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 714.

Usually annual herbs, the stems often woody below. Leaves
alternate, usually petioled. Flowers 2-sexual, in dense terminal
and axillary spikes, sessile or shortly pedicelled, white or coloured ;
bracts and bracteoles scarious, shining. Perianth-segments 5,
connate below, scarious, erect in fruit. Stamens 5, filaments
united below in a membranous cup : anthers 2-celled ; staminodes
none. Ovary 1 -celled, containing 2 or more ovules attached to
long funicles ; styles short or long or none, sometimes elongating
in fruit ; stigmas simple or 2-3, subulate. Fruit a circumscissile

DIGERA.] AMARANTACE&. 1

capsule, membranous or sometimes corky or coriaceous. Seeds
2 or more, erect, lenticular ; testa crust aceou?. black and often
shining ; embryo annular, surrounding the floury albumen ; coty-
ledons linear, radicle descending or ascending. Species about 35,
in Trop. Asia. Africa and America.

C. argentea, Linn. Sp. PL 206 ; Roxb. FL 2nd. i, 678 ; Boyle
III. 320 ; F. B. I. iv, 714; Watt. E. D. ; Collett FL SimL 42 2 ;
Prain Beng. PL 867 ; Cooke FL Bomb. «, 486. C. margaritacea,
Linn. ; Don Prod. 76. — Vern. Safedmurga-ka-phul.

An erect glabrous annual, 1-3 ft. high. Stem stout or slender, simple
or branching. Leaves 1-4 in. long, linear or narrowly lanceolate,
rarely ovate, tapering into a short petiole or sessile. Floivers pink
when young, becoming white and glistening, closely imbricate and
forming blunt or accuminate cylindric terminal spikes 1-6 in. long
and sometimes branching at the apex ; braoteoles shorter than the
perianth, linear-lanceolate. Perianth ± in. or more ; segments
linear-lanceolate, acute. Capsule J-J in. long, elipsoid. Seeds 4-8,
compressed, subreniform, J in. in diam.

Abundant within the area, especially on cultivated ground. Flowers
during the end of rainy season. DISTRIB. : Throughout India, culti-
vated or as an escape, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; also
in Ceylon, and as an introduction in most tropical countries. Its
native country is not known for certain. The plant is used as a
pot-herb in times of scarcity and the seeds are employed medicinally.

C. CRISTATA, Linn. ; Roxb. FL Ind. i, 679 ; Don Prod. 76 ;
EoyU III. 320 ; F. B. I. iv, 715 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 867;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 486. C. cerium, P?\rb. L c. 680. Vern. Murgha-
ka-phul (Cockscomb).

Closely allied to the proceeding, but usu lly a taller plant and with
broader leaves and much smaller flowers. It is cultivated in gardens
as an ornamental plant throughout India and up to 5,000 ft. on the
Himalaya. It has pink crimson or yellow flowers borne on the usually
fasciated and crest-like divisions of the spikes. I: is often found as
an escape, but never truly wild.

3. DIGERA, Forsk. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 717.

An annual herb ; branches angular. Leaves alternate, entire*
petioled. Flowers in axillary peduncled spikes, ternate, the 2

8 AMARANTACEJE. [ DIGEEA.

outer reduced to crested scales, the central one perfect. Perianth
Bub-membranous, calycine ; segments 5, slightly connate below,
oblong, erect, the 2 outer larger. Stamens 5, hypogynous ; filaments
free, filiform ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes none. Ovary 1-
celled, oblong, compressed, truncate ; style filiform ; stigmas 2,
recurved ; ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a subglobose crustaceous
nut, included in the perianth. Seed subglobose, erect ; testa thin,
crustaceous, brown, adhering to the albumen, embryo annular,
cotyledons linear, radicle descending. A single species, occurring
in India and Ceylon, and extending to Afghanistan, Baluchistan,
Arabia and N. Africa.

D. arvensis, Forsk. Fl. ^Egypt-Arab. 65 ; Royle 111 320 ; F. B.
1. iv, 717 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 868; Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
487. Achyranthes alternifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 674.

A slender annual weed of cultivation, or sometimes becoming perennial
and with spreading prostrate branches. Leave,? glabrous, very vari-
able, -|-3 in. long, ovate or elliptic, acute or rounded at the apex,
base rounded or cuneate, margins often tinged with red ; petioles
slender, J-l in. long. Flowers sessile, forming lax axillary peduncled
spikes 1-5 in. long ; bracts and bracteoles shorter than the perianth,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, submembranous, persistent. Perianth pink,
•J in. long ; segments ovate-oblong, acute. Fruit J-j1^ in. in diam.,
slightly compressed and margined, muriculate.

Common and widely distributed over the area of this flora, flowering
usually after the rains are over. DISTBIB. : Plains of N. India from
the Punjab to Bengal, and in Western C. and S. India ; extending to
Ceylon, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Arabia and N. Africa. The leaves
are often used as a pot-herb.

4. AMARANTUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. iv, 718.

Erect or decumbent annual herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, monoecious or polygamous, arranged in axillary clusters or
in dense terminal and axillary spikes or panicles ; bracts herbaceous,
often persistent ; bracteoles 2. MALE fl. : Perianth of 5 (rarely, 1-3)
membranous ovate-lanceolate segments. Stamens 5 (rarely 1-3) ;
filaments free, subulate or filiform ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes
none. FEM. fl. Perianth-segments oblong or spathulate, erect in
fruit. Ovary ovoid, compressed ; style short or none, stigmas 2 or

AMARANTUS.] AMARANTACE&. 9

3 ; ovule solitary, subsessile, erect. Fruit an orbicular or ovoid
compressed utricle, or a circumscissile membranous or coriaceous
capsule, entire or 2-3-toothed at the apex. Seed erect, orbicular,
compressed, testa crustaceous ; embryo annular, enclosing the
floury albumen, cotyledons linear, radicle inferior. The number
of species cannot be definitely determined, as a large proportion
of those described as such are known only in cultivation. Many
of them are widely distributed in tropical and subtrop. regions
of the world either cultivated or as weeds.

Bracteoles awned or setaceous, equalling or exceeding the sepals ;
fruit dehiscent, circumscissile : — •

Stamens 5 ; Sepals 5 : —

Leaf-axils with 5 spines ; stems terete ;
leavee ovate or oblong, obtuse ; bracts
setaceous ; flowers in dense or lax spikes . I. A. spinosus.

Leaf-axils not spinous ; stems striate ;
jeaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate ; bracts
acicular ; spikes thyrsoid : —

Leaves acute or acuminate ; bracts re-
curved, much exceeding the oblong-lan-
ceolate accuminate sepals . . . 2. A. paniculatus.
Leaves obtuse, rarely acute ; bracts hardly
recurved, not greatly exceeding the ob-
ovate mucronatc sepals . . . 3. A. catidalns.
Stamens 3 ; sepals 3 ; leaves obtuse or emar-
ginate : —

Stems branching above the middle, yielding

under cultivation only one crop annually . 4. A. gangeticus.
Stems branching near the base, yielding

several crops annually . . . . A. gangeticus var.

tristis.

IBractecles acute, hardly awned, shorter than the
sepals ; fruit usually indehiscent ; leaves obtuse,
rounded or notched : —

Stamens 3 ; sepals 3 : —

Fruit with an acute apex, indehiscent,
rugose ; clusters axillary and in terminal
panicled slender spikes . . . 5. A. viridis.

10 AMARANTACE&. [AMARANTUS.

Fruit blunt at the apex : — •

Fruit orbicular or broadly ovate, indehis-
cent, membranous : —

Procumbent ; leaves small, 2-lobed ;

clusters all axillary . . . C. A. Blitum.

Tall, succulent ; leaves large, oblong
or rounded ; clusters axillary and
in terminal simple or lobed spike's . A. Blitum var..

oleracea.

Fruit ovoid, rugose, indehiscent or dehis-
cent ; leaves obtuse, rarely retuse or
2-lobed ; clusters all axillary . . 7. A. -polygamus.
Stamens 2 ; sepals 2 ; fruit orbicular, com-
pressed, membranous, indehiscent ; clusters
minute, all axillary ; leaves small, linear-
oblong, obtuse or 2-lobed at the apex . . 8. A. tenuifoliu**

1, A, spinosus, Linn. Sp. PL 9ul ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 611 ;.
F. B. I. iv, 718 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 63 ; Frain Beng.
PI. 869 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 488.— Prickly Amaranth.

An erect spinous herb. Stems terete, glabrous, hard, often tinged with
red ; branches grooved, armed with sharp straight divaricate spines
in the leaf axils. Leaves 1 J-4 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, obtuse
and spine-tipped, glabrous on upper surface, often scurfy beneath ;
main lateral nerves close, prominent beneath ; petiole equalling or
shorter than the blade. Flowers many, sessile, in dense axillary
clusters or in terminal and axillary more or less interrupted spikes ;.
bracts usually longer than the sepals, linear and tipped with a bristle.
Perianth of male flowers TJ-f in. long, with ovate acute bristle-
tipped segments ; perianth of female flowers much smaller and with
oblong obtuse apiculate segments. Stamens 5. Capsule T^ in. long,
ovoid, thickened above, rugose ; styles 2, spreading. Seeds black
and shining.

Found abundantly in all parts of the area, and often troublesome as a
weed in fields and gardens. DISTRIB. : Throughout India and in
Ceylon, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; extending to all
tropical countries. The ashes of this plant are used in dyeing, the
leaves are often eaten as spinach, and the roots are much used in
native medicine.

AMARANTHS.] AMARANTACEM. II

2, A. paniculatns, Linn. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1406 ; F. B. I. iv, 718 ;
Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 63 ; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops,
N. W. Prov. and Gudh, part Hi, 23, t. 68 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 411 ;
Prain Beng. PL 870 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 489 ; A. frumen-
taceus, Bucli.-Ham. in Roxb. FL Ind. in, 609 ; Royle 111. 320 ;
A. DC. UOrig. PL Cult. 382. A. Anardana, Buch.-Ham. ; Royle
III. 321. — Vern. Chua, marsa, bathu, etc.

A tall robust annual, up to 0 ft. high or more. Stem stout, grooved
striate and often tinged with red. Leaves 2-6-in. long, elliptic or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, base cuneate ; main lateral
nerves slender, prominent beneatli ; petioles 1-4 in. long. Spikes
dense, many -flowered, subsquarrose, red, green or golden-coloured,
the whole forming a thyrsoid panicle of which the central spike is
the longest ; bracts recurved, much longer than the sepals. Perianth
Xo~i in. long. Sepals 5, oblong, lanceolate, acute and shortly awned.
Stamens 5. Fruit a capsule, | in. long, ovoid and narrowing to the
apex ; styles usually 3, short. Seeds subglobose, white, red or black.

Cultivated as a cold-season crop within the area, but chiefly in the Sub-
Himalayan tracts ; it is also found as an escape. The minute seeds
are very nutritious and afford wholesome food for a large number of
the poorer class of ratives. DISTRIB. : Largely grown as an autumn
crop on the outer Himalayan ranges up to 10,000 ft. or more, as well
as in the hilly districts of Peninsular India. It forms a very hand-
some crop when in full flower, especially on the Himalaya where it is
usually grown in terraces, the crimson and golden kinds mixed to-
gether. The plant occurs also in E. and W. Asia and hi Africa,
either cultivated or as an escape.

3, A. caudatus, Linn. Sp. PL 990 ; F. B. I. iv, 719 ; Watt
E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. p. 63 ; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops,
part Hi, 24, t. 68 A ; Collett Fl. Siml. 411 ; Prain Beng. PL 870 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 491. — Vern. Keddri-chua.

Similar in many respects to A. paniculatus, but in its typical state it
may be distinguished by its smaller size, the obtuse leaves and by
the very long and drooping terminal spike ; the bracts also, which
are hardly recurved, do not greatly exceed in length the obovate
mucronate sepals ; also the utricle and seeds are smaller, the
latter, as in A. paniculatus, varying very much in colour and shape.

This plant is cultivated for its grain in the northern portion of the area
as a cold season crop, and also on the neighbouring Himalaya, where*

12 AMARANTACE& [AMARANTUS.

the grain is known under the name of rdmddna. It is much grown
in English gardens as well as in India as an ornamental plant under
the name of " Love-lies-bleeding." In the warmer parts of Africa
it takes the place of A. paniculatus as a grain-yielding crop.

4. A. gangeticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1268 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind:
ill, 606 ; Boyle III. 321 ; F. B. I. iv, 719 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod.
Ind. 62 ; Duthie Field and Card. Crops, part tii, 77, t. 67 ; Train
Beng. PI. 870 ; Cooke Fl Bomb, ii, 489. A oleraceus, Willd. (not
Linn.]-, Eoxb. 1. c. 605; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 62.
A. lanceolatus, Eoxb. 1. c. 607 ; "Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 62.
A. atropurpureus, Eoxb. 1. c. 608 ; F. B. I. iv, 722 ; Watt E. D.
A. tricolor, Willd. ; Eoxb. 1. c. 608. A. melancholicus, Willd. ;
Eoxb. 1. c. 608 ; Eoyle III. 320 ; Watt E. D. A. lividus, W ilU.;
Eoxb. 1. c. 605 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 62.— Vern.
Lai-sag, chaulai-sdg, labra (Merwara).

.An erect stout glabrous annual. Stem 2-4 ft. high, branching above
the middle, grooved and striate, glabrous or nearly so, often tinged
with purple. Leaves very variable both as to size and colour, rhom-
boid or deltoid-ovate, obtuse or emarginate and often apiculate at
the apex, tapering to the base and decurrent on the petiole ; petioles
up to 3 in. long. Flowers in axillary clusters and also forming long
interrupted spikes ; bracts membranous, exceeding the perianth,
narrowly lanceolate arid tipped with a slender awn. Perianth J in.
long. Sepals 3, lanceolate, tipped with a long capillary awn. Stamens
3. Capsule -3— in. long, ovoid abruptly narrowed at the apex, rugose,
membranous ; styles 3, distinct. Seeds lenticular, black and shining.

Xargely cultivated throughout India and in Ceylon and in other parts
of Tropical Asia ; also in Trop. Africa and America. This is an
extremely variable plant especially in Bengal. The species de-
scribed by Roxburgh, and enumerated above as synonyms of A.
gangeticus, are regarded by Prain as representing well-marked races,
some of which, and more particularly A. oleraceus, include many more
or less distinguishable and definite sub-races or cultivated forms.

TAR. tristls, Prain Beng. PI. 870 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 490. A. tristis,
Willd.; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 604. A. polygamus,TF?7Zrf. (not of Linn.) ;
Eoxb. I c. 603. A. mangostanus L.; F. B. I. iv, 720 ; Watt E. D. ;
Prain Beng. PL 871. An annual herb, branching from near the base.
The leaves are as variable in shape and colour as are those of the
type, from which it chiefly differs in that the plants can be cut down
several times without injuring them, a new crop of shoots springing

AMARANTUS.] AMAEANTACEM. 13

up. Roxburgh states that the plant is known only in cultivation,
and that it is held in great esteem as a pot-herb by all classes of
the natives. — A. mangostanus, L. is very probably only a stunted
and prostrate form of A. gangeticus, or a feral state of the variety
tristis as suggested by Plain. A. polygamus of Roxburgh (now re-
garded as a synonym of A. tristis} is described by him as sometimes
having the terminal clusters in spikes as in A. gangeticus.

5. A. viridis, Linn. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1405 ; Poxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 605 ;
F. B. I. iv, 720 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 63 ; Prain Beng.
PL 871 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 490. A. fasciatus, Roxb. L c. 609.

An erect much-branched glabrous annual, 1-2 ft. high ; branches
sulcate, often tinged with purple. Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate or
deltoid-ovate, rounded and usually notched at the apex, the base
truncate or cuneate, petioles J-2 in. long. Flowers shortly stalked,
pale-green, arranged in small axillary clusters and in slender axillary
and terminal panicled spike-like racemes ; bracts shorter than the
sepals, ovate-oblong, acute, membranous and with a green keel.
Sepals 3, similar to the bracts, but longer. Stamens 3. Fruit in-
dehiscent, compressed, suborbicular, acute, rugose. Seeds minute,
lenticular, black and shining.

A common weed in cultivated ground throughout India, flowering during,
the rainy and cold seasons. It is widely distributed in all tropical
countries, and may be easily recognised by its slender panicled spikes
and indehiscent herbaceous fruits. The tender tops are eaten.
Roxburgh's A. fasciatiis is regarded as a sport with a pale crescent-
shaped band across the leaf.

6. A. Blitum, Linn. Sp. PL 990 ; F. B. L iv, 721 ; Watt E. D.;
Prain Beng. PL 871.

A glabrous procumbent annual. Leaves small, long-petioled, oblong,
ovate or rounded, usually 2-lobed at the apex ; base acute. Flowers
in axillary clusters. Sepals 3, shorter than the utricle, linear-oblong
or lanceolate, obtuse and apiculate or acute. Stamens 3. Utricle
orbicular or broadly ovate, membranous, usually indehiscent.

A common weed throughout India and in Ceylon, extending to many
other countries in temperate and tropical regions. The plant is much
used as a pot-herb in India.

VA.R. oleracea, F. B. I. iv, 721 ; WattE.D. ; Duthie Field and Garden
Crops, part in, IS ; Prain Beng. PL 871 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 490.—
Vern. Chaulai. — A tall erect glabrous succulent herb. Stem stout,.

14 AMARANTACEJE. [AMABANTQS.

grooved and striate. Leaves l-|-2-| in. long, ovate-oblong or rounded,
usually notched at the apex ; base ouneate ; nerves prominent
beneath ; petioles 1-2J in, long. Flowers in axillary clusters and in
terminal simple or branched spikes ; bracteoles shorter than sepals.
Sepals 3, linear-oblong, obtuse or acute. Stamens 3. Utricle T^ in.
long, broadly ovate and with a blunt apex ; styles 3, very short.
Seeds lenticular, dark-brown and shining.— Cultivated throughout
India and in Ceylon. Thejeaves are extensively used as a pot-herb,
and in the submontane tracts of Garhwal and Kumaon ; this plant
is grown also for its grain, and the parched seeds are either eaten with
milk or mixed with sugar and made up into sweetmeat balls (ladus}.

7. A. polygamus, Linn. Amcen. Acad. iv, 294 ; Royle, 111. 321 ;
F. B. I. iv, 721 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 63 ; Prain Beng.
PL 871 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, H9 491. A. polygonoides, Willd. ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. Hi, 602 ; Royle I. c.

A diminutive annual glabrous weed. Stems prostrate or ascending,
striate. Leaves |-1 in. long, obovate, obtuse, rarely retuse or some-
what 2-lobed at the apex, often rigid and apiculate, base tapering ;
petioles J-J in. long. Flowers few, in axillary clusters ; bracteoles
membranous, shorter than the sepals, lanceolate-oblong, slightly
awned, mid-nerve prominent. Perianth -gViV i*1- l°ng- Sepals 3,
ovate- oblong, awned. Stamens 3. Fruit ovoid, rugose, tapering up-
wards, usually circumscissile ; styles 3, distinct. Seeds lenticular,
black and shining.

A common weed in gardens and cultivated land throughout India and
in Ceylon, extending to Trop. Africa. Though not cultivated, this
plant is largely used in India as a pot-herb, and is considered to be
very wholesome. It is closely allied to A. Blitum.

8. A, tenuilolius, W Hid. Sp. PL iv, 381 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi,
602 ; F. B. 1. iv, 722 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 871 ; Cooke
Fl Bomb, ii, 491.

A glabrous annual weed ; branches many from the root, 6-18 in.
spreading, prostrate or ascending. Leaves J-l in. long, linear or
oblanceolate-oblong, rounded and usually notched at the apex, base
tapering ; petioles J-J in. long, often obscured by the decurrent leaf-
blade. Flowers in minute axillary clusters, bracteoles shorter than
the sepals, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, mid-nerve green. Perianth -1-
in. long. Sepals 2, ovate-oblong, subacute, concave. Stamens 2°.
Utricle indehiscent, ^ in. in diam., orbicular, compressed, mem-
branous, plicate when dry. Seeds lenticular, brown and shining

AMARANTACEdE. 15

A common weed in the plains of N. India ; also in Western India,
extending to Trop. Africa and other warm countries.

5. JERUA, Forsk. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 727.

Erect prostrate or climbing herbs or undershrubs, often woody.
Leaves alternate opposite or fascicled. Flowers small or minute,
in simple or panicled spikes, 2-sexual or polygamous ; bracts and
bracteoles small. Perianth membranous or papery, sepaline, 5
(rarely 4) -lobed ; segments equal or the outer broader. Stamens
5, rarely 4 ; filaments subulate, connate, with short or long
intervening staminodes in a short hypogynous cup ; anthers
2-celled. Ovary ovoid or subglobose ; style simple, long or short,
stigma capitellate or stigmas 2 ; ovule solitary, pendulous from
a long basal funiole. Fruit a membranous utricle or a circum-
scissile capsule with a coriaceous crown. Seed inverse, testa
coriaceous ; embryo annular, surrounding the floury albumen,
cotyledons linear, radicle superior. — Species about 15, in Trop. Asia
and Africa.

Spikes axillary and terminal : —

Erect ; leaves alternate, flowers dioecious . 1. jE. tomentosa.

Climbing ; leaves alternate and opposite ; flowers

2-sexual . . . . . . . 2. M. scandens.

Spikes all axillary ; leaves alternate ; flowers 1-

sexual and 2-sexual 3. M. lanata.

1, JE. tomentosa, Forsk. Fl. JEgypt.-Arab. cxxii and 727 ; FL
Trop. Afr. vi, 37. M. javanica, Wight ; Royle 111. 320; F. B. I. iv,
727 ; Watt E. D. ; CooJce FL Bomb, it, 493. M. Bovii, Edgew. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. vi, 206. Achyranthes incana, Roxb. FL Ind. i,
671. — Vern. Chin (Merwara).

A hoary tomentose undershrub, 2-3 ft. high. Stem branched, terete, as
thick as a goose quill, densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves alternate,
sessile or nearly so, 1-24 in. long, linear-oblong or oblong- spathulate,
acute obtuse or somewhat retuse, densely tomentose. Flowers diceci-
ous, sessile, in densely woolly oblong or linear spikes 1-6 in. long and
forming leafless terminal panicles ; bracteoles ovate, acute, hyaline.
MALE flowers : Perianth about TV in. long. Sepals elliptic-oblong,
-woolly on the back. Ovary rudimentary, with short style and bifid,

16 AMARANTACEM.

stigma. FEM. flowers : Perianth Tln in, long. Sepals subacute, api-
culate. Stigmas 2, equalling the style. Utricle broadly ovoid.
Seeds dark-br^wn and shining.

Abundant in the dry western and south-western portions of the area,,
also in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh.
DISTRIB.: Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, Central India and southwards
through the W. Peninsula to Ceylon, also in Burma and Baluchistan,
extending to Arabia, Vrop. Africa and the Cape de Verde Islands.
Edgeworth insists that his M. Bovii is a distinct species. It has much
narrower leaves and is sweet-scented, whilst M. javanica, which grows
with it, is not. Bossier regarded it as a variety. I have seen no
specimens from the area of this flora.

2. JG. scandens, Wall. Cat. 6911 ; Royle III. 320 ; F. B. I. ivr
727 ; Watt. E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 414 ; Prain Beng. PL 874 ;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 492. Achyranthes scandens, Eoxb. FL Ind*
i, 676.

A climbing undershrub with long hoary tomentose branches. Leaves
alternate and opposite, 1J-4 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate^
obtuse or acute and mucronate, glabrous or softly hairy, base taper-
ing into a short petiole. Flowers silvery -white, 2-sexual, arranged in
ovoid or cylindric axillary and terminal subsessile white-woolly
spikes J-l in. long, the spikes often in pairs and forming a lax terminal
panicle ; bracteoles shorter than the sepals, ovate, acuminate,
Perianth -£$ in. long. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate. Utricle broadly
ovate, acute. Seeds lenticular, black and shining.

Common in most parts of the area in waste ground, and often found
climbing amongst bushes . DISTRIB.: Plains of Upper India from
the Punjab to Bengal and Assam ; outer Himalayan ranges from
Kumaon to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft., also in C. and W. India and ex-
tending to China, Malay Islands, Philippines and Trop. Africa.

3. JE. lanata, Juss. in Mus. Par. ii, 131 ; F. B. I. iv, 728 ;
Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 874 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 493.
Achyranthes lanata, Linn. ; Eoxb. FL Ind. i, 676.

An erect or prostrate undershrub. Branches many from a stout woody,
rootstock, terete and striate, pubescent or woolly. Leaves petioled,.
alternate, J-l in. long, those of the branches smaller, elliptic-obovate
or suborbicular, obtuse or acute, entire, pubescent above and usually
white-woolly beneath. Flowers minute, greenish- white, sessile, 1-or
2-sexual, arranged in small dense axillary heads or spikes which are

NOTHOSJSRUA.] AMARANTACE&. 11

sometimes crowded into globular clusters ; bracteoles ovate, concave,
apiculate. Perianth T^ in. long, oblong, obtuse and often apiculate,
silkily hairy on the back. Utricle ovoid, acute. Seeds black and
shining.

An abundant weed over the greater portion of the area. DISTBIB.:
Throughout the hotter parts of India and up to 3,000 ft. on the hills ;
also in Ceylon, extending to Arabia, Trop. Africa, Java and the
Philippines. This plant is in general appearance very similar to,
and may easily be mistaken for, Nothoscerva brachiata. The woolly
spikes are often used for stuffing pillows. ^

JE. MONSONIA, Mart. ; F. B. I. iv, 728 ; Prain Beng. PL 874 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 493. Achyranthes Monsonia, Pers. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i,
673. — This species will very probably be found growing within the
dry southern border of the area of this flora. It is common in Chota-
Nagpur, W. Bengal, in C. and W. India, as well as in Burma. Leaves
filiform, in fascicles ; flowers in peduncled spikes, 2-sexual, pale pink ;,
perianth-segments 4.

6. NOTHOS-ffiRUA, Wight ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 726.

An annual with opposite spreading branches. Leaves opposite
Flowers very minute, 2 -sexual, woolly, arranged in axillary solitary
or clustered spikelets, bracteate and 2-bracteolate. Sepals 3-5,,
hyaline, obtuse, 1 -nerved. Stamens usually 2, free ; anthers 2-
celled ; staminodes none. Ovary oblong, compressed ; stigma
subsessile, capitellate ; ovule solitary, pendulous from a long basal
funicle. Fruit a membranous oblong compressed utricle, enclosed
within the perianth. Seed inverse, lenticular ; testa crustaceous ;
embryo hooked, surrounding floury albumen ; cotyledons linear,,
radicle superior. A single species, found in Asia and in Trop.
Africa.

N. brachiata, Wight lc. vi. 1 ; F. B. I. iv, 726 ; Watt E. D. ;.
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 495. Pseudanthus brachiatus, Wight Ic. v, t.
1776 (excl. analysis), and vi, t. 1776 bis, fig. B.

An erect slender berb, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or minutely puberulous.
Stem branched from the base, branches spreading. Leaves thinly
membranous, f-ij in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse,
tapering to the base ; petiole short or obscure. Flowera sessile,,
glistening-white, crowded in small dense axillary subsessile cylindric.

18 AMAEANTACEM. [ NOTHOSJSRUA,

spikes J-J in. long ; bracts and bracteoles hyaline, acute, persistent.
Perianth •£§ in. long, villous with silky hairs. Sepals acute or sub-
acute, hyaline. Seeds minute, black and shining.

Near Saharanpur (Edgeworth), Moradabad (T. Thomson), Oudh
(Wallich), Bundelkhand and Merwara (Duthie). DISTRIB.: Punjab
Plain, Sind, C. Prov., and south to Mysore and Ceylon ; also in
Burma, extending to Mauritius and Trop. Africa. This plant is very
similar in general appearance to JErua lanata.

7. ACHYRANTHES, Linn. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. iv, 729.

Herbs, often woody below. Leaves opposite, entire, petioled.
Flowers 2-sexual, in slender simple or panicled spikes, soon deflexed;
bracts and bracteoles spinescent. Perianth- segments 4-5, sepaline,
rigid, somewhat connate below, lanceolate, aristate, shining,
at length hardened and strongly ribbed. Stamens 2-5 ; filaments
connate at the membranous base, with as many quadrate stami-
nodes, each of which is toothed or has a toothed scale at its back ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary oblong, subcompressed ; style filiform,
stigma capitellate ; ovule solitary, pendulous from a long basal
iunicle. Fruit an oblong or ovoid utricle, areolate or rounded
at the apex. Seed inverse, oblong, testa coriaceous ; embryo
annular, surrounding the floury albumen, cotyledons linear or
lanceolate, radicle erect. — Species about 15, in tropical and subtro-
pical regions.

A. aspera, Linn. Sp. PL 204 ; Eoxb. FL Ind, i9 672 ; Boyle 111,
321 ; F. B. I. iv, 730 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL SimL 414 ; Pr«in
Beng. PL 875 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 495. Vern. Chirchita.

A coarse weed, 1-3 ft. high. Stem erect, simple or slightly branched ;
branches striate, pubescent. Leaves very variable, up to 5 in. long'
elliptic obovate or suborbicular, usually rounded at the apex, tomen-
tose or velvety on both surfaces, rarely glabrate ; petioles J-f in.
long. Flowers many, greenish-white, sharply deflexed against the
stout pubescent rhachis of the terminal spikes which elongate in fruit
up to as much as 20 in. in length ; bracts shorter than the perianth,
ovate, acuminate, aristate, persistent ; bracteoles about as long as
the bracts, ending in a spine which hardens in fruit and remains
attached to the fruiting perianth. Perianth J-£in. long, glabrous
and shining ; sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, white 'margined.

PUPALIA.] AMARANTACEJE. 19

Stamens 5 ; staminodcs truncate, fimbriate. Utricle oblong, enclosed
in the hardened perianth. Seed subcylindrical, with a truncate apex,
brown.

A vory common weed of way-sides and waste places all over the area.
DISTRIB. : Throughout India and in Ceylon, extending to Trop. Asia,
Africa, Australia and America. The plant is used medicinally for
various purposes. There appears to be amongst many of the peasant
people of N. India a general belief in its efficacy as an antidote for
the poison of snakes and scorpions. Colonel Madden mentions that
in Oudh the plant is considered to have a paralizing effect on scor-
pions. The fruit, when ripe, becomes easily detached from the rhachis,
carrying with it the hardened persistent perianth to which are
attached the spine-like bracteoles.

3. PUP ALIA, Juss. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 723.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled. Flowers
fascicled in simple or panicled spikes ; fascicles containing one
perfect flower, and several imperfect ones, the perianth-segments of
which are reduced to stellately spreading hooked bristles ; bracts and
bracteoles scarious ; perianth -segments of perfect flowers 5, slightly
connate below, herbaceous, rarely equal, lanceolate, acuminate,
3-5-nerved. Stamens 5, filaments slightly connate below, anthers
2-celled, staminodes none. Ovary ovoid, style slender, stigma
capitellate ; ovule solitary, pendulous from a long basal funicle.
Fruit an ovoid membranous utricle, enclosed in the perianth, its
apex areolate. Seed inverse, lenticular, rostellate, testa thinly
coriaceous, embryo annular; cotyledons linear, flat, radicle ascending.
— Species 5, in Asia and Africa.

P. lappacea, Juss. in. Ann. Mus. Par ii, 132 ; F. B. I. iv, 724 ;
Prain Beng. PL 872 ; Cooke Fl. Botnb. ii, 497.

A large straggling undershrub ; branches terete, tomentose. Leaves
petioled, membranous, 1 J-4 in. long, ovate or elliptic, acute or acumi-
nate, tomentose on both surfaces, ciliate ; base rounded or shortly
cuneate ; main nerves many, prominent beneath. Flowers in approxi-
mate or distant clusters arranged in terminal spikes 4-10 in. long ;
rhachis slender, tcmentose ; bracts J-J in. long, ovate, acuminate,
pungent, villous ; bracteoles 4- in. long, ovate-oblong, apiculate, con-
. <cave. Perianth i in. long. Sepals lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved,
densely white-woolly. Sterile flowers reduced to a number of un-

20 AMAEANTAQEM. [ PUP ALIA.

equal glabrous hooked awns, enlarging, stellately spreading,
yellowish during the fruiting time and supported during the flowering
period by a lanceolate acute 3-nerved aristate braeteole. Utricle
thinly membranous, oblong and abruptly narrowed to the apex.
Seed Tlg in. long, ellipsoid, compressed, black and shining.
Dehra Dun, Siwalik range and in the Siub -Himalayan tracts eastwards ;
also in Bundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers towards the end of the
rainy season. DISTRIB.: Behar, Punjab Plain and up to 3,000 ft. on
the W. Himalaya ; also in Rajputana, Sind and Deccan Peninsula,
extending to S. E. Asia, Trop. Africa and Madagascar.

9. ALTEBNANTHERA, Forsk. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. iv, 731.

Herbs, usually prostrate. Leaves opposite. Flowers 2 -sexual,
small, white, in axillary often clustered heads. Perianth- segments
5, sepaline, unequal ; anterior and 2 posterior flattened ; the 2
lateral ones innermost, concave. Stamens 2-5 ; filaments short,,
connate in a short cup, with or without interposed staminodes ;
anthers 1 -celled. Ovary suborbicular or ovoid, style very short,,
stigma capitellate, rarely 2-fid. ; ovule solitary, pendulous from a
long basal funicle. Fruit a compressed orbicular or obcordate
utricle, often with thickened or winged margins. Seed inverse,,
lenticular, testa crustaceous ; embryo annular, surrounding the
floury albumen, cotyledons narrow, radicle superior. — Species
about 16, in tropical and sub-tropical regions, abundant in
Australia and America.

A. sessilis, E. Br. Prod. 417 ; Eoyle III 320 ; F. B. I. iv, 731 •
Watt E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 415 ; Prain Beng. PL 875. A. triandra.
Lamk. ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 499. A. prostrata, Don. Prodr. 86,
Achyranthes triandra, Roxb. Fl. 2nd* i,. 678. Vern. Ghardughi
(Rohilkhand).

A prostrate herb ; branches many, often rooting from the lower nodesr
glabrous or the younger ones with 2 opposite lines of hairs. Leaves
shortly stalked, glabrous and rather fleshy, J-2 in. or more long,
linear-oblong lanceolate or elliptic, obtuse or subacute, sometimes
subdenticulate. Flowers sessile, white and shining, arranged in small
axillary sessile heads ; bracteoles ovate, searious. Perianth ^-J uu
long. Sepals ovatey acute, 1 -nerved, searious. Ovary broader thaw
long, compressed. Utricle broadly obcordate,- margins thickened.
Seed

AMARANTACE&. 21

Common in all parts of the area in waste places and as a weed of culti-
vation. DISTEIB.: Throughout India and in Ceylon and up to 4,000
ft. on the Himalaya, extending to all warm countries.

OOMPHRENA GLOBOSA, Linn.; Eoxb. Fl. 2nd. ii, 63 ; F. B. I. iv, 732 ;
Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 876 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 499. (The
•Globe amaranth). — A tall much-branched annual, hairy or subsilky.
Leaves shortly stalked, pale-green, 2-4 in. long, elliptic or obovate-
oblong. Heads large, globose, terminating the branches, yellowish-
white or crimson ; bracts leafy ; bracteoles pinkish-purple. Sepals
.densely woolly, shorter than the long staminal tube. Anthers 1-
celled. Stigma 2-fid. — Much cultivated in Indian gardens and often
met with as ai> escape. Cultivated in most warm countries, having
probably originated in Ameiica. It flowers in India during the rainy
and cold seasons.

XCL-CHENOPODIACE-aE.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate,
simple, exstipulate. Flowers small, usually green, 1- or 2-sexual,
usually regular, often dimorphic ; bracts 1 or none, bracteoles
none or 2. Perianth simple, sepaline, of 3-5 free or connate sepals,
imbricate, often wanting in female flowers. Stamens usually 5,
opposite the perianth-segments, perigynous or hypogynous ; fila-
ments free, sometimes with intervening staminodes ; anthers
2-celled. Ovary ovoid globose or depressed, 1 -celled ; style ter-
minal, short or long ; stigma capitate or 2-3-lobed ; or stigmas 2-
5, free or/slightly united ; ovule solitary, basal or lateral, campylo-
tropous. Fruit a small utricle, rarely a circumscissile capsule,
enclosed in the often enlarged fleshy perianth when the latter is
present. Seeds erect, inverse or horizontal, crustaceous coriaceous
or membranous ; albumen floury or fleshy or none ; embryo
curved, annular or spiral.— Species about 520, widely dispersed
throughout the world, and chiefly in saline soils.

Stems not twining ; bracteoles free from the peri-
anth ; anthers erect or incurved in bud : —

Leaves flat ; embryo annular or horseshoe-
shaped : —

Fruiting perianth not winged ; albumen
copious . . . . . .1. CHENOPODITJM.

Fruiting perianth with transverse wings ;

albumen scant v ... .2. KOCHIA.

22 CHENOPODIACE&. [ CHENOPODIUM.

Leaves fleshy, J terete ; embryo spiral ; albu-
men none :* —

Sepals not winged . . . . .3. STL&DA.
Sepals transversely winged . . .4. SALSOLA.

Stems twining to the right ; leaves flat, membran-
ous ; bracteoles 2, broad, adnate to the face of
the perianth ; anthers versatile ; embryo spiral . 5. BASELLA.

1. CHENOFODIUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 3.
Annual or perennial erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves alternate,
entire lobed or toothed. Flowers minute, 2-sexual, in axillary
clusters or cymes ; bracts and bracteoles none. Perianth usually
5-lobed ; segments concave, incurved. Stamens 5 or fewer, hypo-
gynous or almost perigynous, anthers 2 -celled. Disk none or
annular. Ovary depressed-globose, rarely ovoid ; stigmas 2-5,
sometimes united below in a style ; ovule solitary, subsessile.
Fruit a membranous utricle, enclosed in the perianth. Seed usually
horizontal, testa crustaceous or coriaceous, embryo nearly or quite
.annular, surrounding the floury albumen. Species about 60, in all
parts of the world. The fruit of some of the species is dimorphic.

A tall scentless herb ; seeds smooth and shining . 1. C. album.
A low rather foetid herb ; seeds rugose, dull-black . 2. C. murale.

1. C. album, Linn. Sp. PL 219 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 58 ; F. B. L
v, 3 ; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops, N. W. Prov. and Oudh, part Hi,
21 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 293 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 416 ; Prain
Beng. PL 878 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 501. C. giganteurn, Don Prod.
74. C. viride, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 58. C. laciniatum, Linn. ;
Roxb. 1. c. 59. C. purpurascens, Buch.-Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6955. —
Vern. Bathu, bathu-sdg, chel (Merwara). White Goose-foot.

An erect herb, 1-10 ft. or more high, green or more or less coated with
white mealy pubescence, inodorous. Stems angled, often tinged with
red or purple. Leaves very variable in size and shape, entire toothed
or lobed ; petioles slender, often equalling or longer than the blade.
Flowers in clusters, forming compact or loosely panicled spikes, be-
coming thyrsoid under cultivation. Sepals TyTV m- l°ng» oblong-
lanceolate, keeled on the back, closely investing the thin membranous
utricle. Stigmas 2. Seed -^ in. in diam. orbicular, compressed and
with an acute margin, black and shining.

CHENOPODIUM.] CHENOPODIACE&. 23

A very common weed throughout the area especially in cultivated
ground and in waste places, very variable. DISTRIB.: Plains of
Punjab and Bengal, extending, to S. India ; also en the Himalaya
from Kashmir to Sikkim up to 12,000 ft., and to still higher elevations
in W. Tibet ; also on the Khasia Hills where it is cultivated. The
plant is very rich in potash salts and the leaves are often eaten raw
as a salad or cooked as a pot-herb, and on the W. Himalaya it is
much grown for its grain. Baden-Powell mentions that in the
Punjab this plant is sometimes used in cleaning copper vessels pre-
paratory to tinning them. In C. viride the leaves are narrower
than in the type and almost entire, and the plant is much less
mealy.

2. C. murale, Linn. Sp. PL 219 ; F. B. I. v, 4 ; Watt E. D. ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb., ii. 501.

A subglabrous rather foetid herb. Stem C-15 in. high, branches erect of
ascending. Leaves stalked, bright-green and somewhat shining, 1-3
in. long, rhombic or deltoid-ovate, obtuse or acute, margins irre-
gularly lobed and more or less sharply toothed, entire at the cuneate
base. Flowers clustered in lax or dense cymes arranged in axillary
racemes or panicles, the terminal leafless panicle much shorter than
in C. album. Sepals •£% in. long, oblong, subacute, closing over the
utricle, slightly keeled. Stigmas 2. Seeds horizontal, orbicular, com-
pressed, sharply keeled, dull-black, rugose.

Upper Gangetic Plain (T. Thomson), N. W. India (Royle). DISTRIB.:.
Punjab Plain (Edgeworth, etc.), and on the Himalaya in Kumaon
and Nepal ; Western and S. India, but Cooke says '* scarcely indi-
genous in the Bombay Presidency " ; also in Ceylon, extending to
W. Asia, N. Africa and Europe, but introduced in N. America.
The plant is used as a pot-herb in the Punjab.

2. KOCHIA, Roth ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 10.

Herbs or undershrubs, usually villous or pubescent. Stem*
slender. Leaves alternate, sessile, narrow, entire. Flowers minute,,
axillary, solitary or in clusters, 2 -sexual and female, rarely only
male, ebracteate. Perianth subglobose ; lobes 5, coriaceous, in-
curved arid ultimately closing over the utricle, girt by 5 free or
confluent wings. Stamens 5, usually exserted ; anthers large,
ovate. Ovary depressed-globose ; style slender, stigmas 2 or 3,.
capillary. Fruits, depressed membranous utricle. Seed ovoid or

24 CHENOPODIACEJE. [ KOCHIA.

orbicular, horizontal, testa membranous, albumen scanty, embryo
annular. Species about 20, in Temp. Asia, N. and S. Africa and
in N. W. America.

K. indica, Wight Ic. 1791 ; F. B. I. v, 11 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm.
Prod. Ind. ; Cooke FL Bomb. ii> 503.— Vern. Bui.

A tall erect annual, diffusely branching from the base. Stem and bran-
^ohes white, more or less villous or woolly, striate. Leaves J-1J in.
tong, elliptic or linear-lanceolate, acute, hairy on both surfaces, base
tapering. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Perianth aboutT^
in. across (when spread out), divided about £ of the way down,
woolly ; segments hooded, mucronate ; wings (in fruit) broadly
triangular- ovate, scarious. Utricle thinly membranous ; stigmas 2,
filiform. Seed T\j in. in diam., orbicular or ovoid, black.

In the neighbourhood of Delhi (F.B.I.). DISTRIB.: Plains of Punjab
and Sind, also in the drier parts of S. India, extending to Afghanistan.
The plant is sometimes used as fodder for camels.

3, SUJEDA, Forsk. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 13.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves fleshy, ternate, terete, rarely flattish.
Flowers minute, axillary, usually 2-sexual, bracteate and 2-bracteo-
late. Perianth short, globose or urceolate, 5-lobed or -partite ;
segments equal or not, simple, gibbous or almost winged. Stamens
5, filaments short, anthers large. Ovary usually sessile, with a
wide base, adnate below to the perianth, style none, stigmas 2-5,
minute, subulate, recurved. Fruit a small membranous or spongy
utricle, included within the perianth. Seed erect, oblique or
horizontal, testa crust aceous or coriaceous, albumen scanty or
none, embryo slender and somewhat spiral. Species about 40,
usually on desert saline tracts and sea-shores.

Perennial ; stigmas 3 ; seed usually erect. . . 1,. S. fruticosa.
Annual or occasionally perennial ; stigmas 2 ; seed

usually horizontal . . . . . . 2. S. maritima.

1. S. fruticosa, Forsk. FL Mgyyt.-Arab. 70, t. 9 ; F. B. /., v. 13 ; Watt
E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 519, Cooke FL Bomb, n, 505. Salsola Lana,
Edgew. in Hook. Journ. ii, 286. — Vern. Lunak, choti-ldni.

A much-branched usually erect shrub. Stem pale, glabrous, branches
usually slender. Leaves subsessile, fleshy, very variable, ^-f in. long,

SALSOLA.] CHENOPODIACEJE. 25

linear or ellipsoid, obtuse, narrowed to the base, floral leaves shorter.
Flowers 2-sexual, axillary, solitary or 2 or 3 together, the upper ones
forming slender leafy spikes ; bracteoles membranous, shorter than
the perianth, ovate, acute, entire or denticulate. Perianth (in fruit)
subglobose, about TV in. long ; segments thick, oblong, concave,
obtuse, incurved. Utricle obovoid ; stigmas 3, short, spreading.
Seed erect, obliquely ovoid, beaked, black and shining when ripe.
A common plant in saline soils, and often found as a gregarious bush
in the usar tracts of the Upper Gangetic Plain and in Merwara. It
flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB.: Plains of Punjab and
Sind, also in Baluchistan, extending to Africa and the Mediterranean
region. The plant is much eaten by camels, and a crude form of
barilla is prepared from it in Sind.

2. s. maritime, Lumcrt. FL Bclg. 22 ; F. B. L i\ 14 ; Watt E. D.;
Comm. Prod. Ind. 114 ; Train Beng. PL 878 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
506. Salsola indica, Willd. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 62.— Vern. Ldni,
Jchari-ldni.

An erect annual herb or occasionally an undershrub, glaucous-green,
Stems 1 J-2 ft. high, with many slender erect branches. Leaves many,
f-1 in. long, fleshy, semiterete, linear or filiform, subacute, floral
leaves very small. Flowers in small subglobose clusters forming
slender lax elongate spikes ; bracteoles membranous, ovate, entire.
Perianth minute ; segments rounded, covering the utricle. Stigmas
2, slender. Seed horizontal, obliquely ovoid or suborbicular, black
and shining.

In the neighbourhood of Delhi (C. B. Clarke), also on the usar tracts in
the Upper Gangetic Plain (Duthie). Flowers during the hot season.
DISTRIB.: Sea-coast of Bengal and Bombay and in S. India and
Ceylon, extending to Siam, N. and W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe and
N. America. The leaves, which are quite wholesome, are eaten by
the poorer classes in times of scarcity. :

4. SALSOLA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 17.

Herbs or shrubs, branches not jointed. Leaves usually alternate,
sessile and often amplexicaul, sometimes with pungent tips,
Flowers small, axillary, solitary or fascicled, bracteoles 2. Perianth
5 (rarely 4) -partite ; segments concave, accrescent in fruit, usually
furnished with a broad scarious horizontal wing above the middle
.and completely embracing the utricle. Stamens 5 or fewer, usually

26 CHENOPODIACEM. [SALSOLA.

hypogynous. Fruit an ovoid or orbicular fleshy or membranous
utricle ; stigmas 2 or 3, subulate or linear. Seed usually horizontal,
testa membranous, albumen none, embryo spiral. — Species about
40, in Temp. Asia, Australia and N. America.

S. fcetida, Del. Fl. ^gypt. Ill (1812) n. 310 ; F. B. I. v, 18 ; Watt
E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 114 ; Gamb. Man. 552 ; Brand. Ind.
Trees 519 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 507. S. indica, Herb. Royle.—Vem.
Ldna, sJiora, gora-ldna.

A large much-branched hoary shrub up to 4 ft. or more in height. Stem
stout ; branches densely crowded, slender. Leaves minute, sub-
globose, fleshy ; the floral ones imbricate and forming very short
cylindric spikes ; bracteoles fleshy, -^ in. long, broadly ovate or
orbicular. Perianth silvery- white, not exceeding the bracteoles,
oblong, obtuse ; wings symmetrical, rounded, membranous and
transparent, margins often overlapping. Stigmas 2, large, re-
curved.

Found in the districts of Delhi and Agra (Royle, Munro, etc.). Flowers
in the cold season. DISTRIB.: Plains of Punjab and Sind ; also in
Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and westwards to Persia, Arabia and N.
Africa. This plant is much used in the preparation of barilla (car-
bonate of soda). The branchlets often bear globose villous galls J-f
in. in diam. ; these latter are covered by linear leaves somewhat re-
sembling the involucre of a composite. The plant is described as
having a strong odour of rotten fish. It is eaten greedily by camels.

5. BASELLA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 20.

Much-branched twining fleshy herbs. Leaves alternate, broad,
entire. Flowers in spikes, 2-sexual, white, red or violet ; bracts
minute, caducous ; bracteoles 2, united into a 2-lipped cup and
adnate to the perianth. Perianth fleshy, 5-ficl. ; at length berry-
like ; lobes short, incurved. /Stamens 5, on the mouth of the
perianth-tube ; filaments short, erect in bud ; anthers versatile,
globose. Styles 3, stigmas 2, linear-clavate, papillose on the inner
side? ovule subsessile. Fruit a globose utricle, included within
the fleshy perianth ; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. Seed
erect, sub-globose, testa crustaceous, albumen scanty, embrya
piano -spiral ; cotyledons large, thin, involute. — Species' 2, in Asia
and Trop. Africa, elsewhere cultivated in the tropics.

BASELLA.] CHENOPODIACEM. 2T

B. rubra, Linn. Sp. PL 272 ; F. B. I. v, 20 ; Watt E. D. ; Duthie
Field and Gard. Crops N. W. Prov. and Oudh, part Hi, 19 ; Prain
Beng. PL 882 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 509. B. alba, Linn. ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii, 104. — Vern. Poi, Idl-bachlu. (Indian Spinach.)

A glabrous fleshy perennial much- branched climbing herb, often tinged
with red. Leaves 2-5 in. long or more, broadly ovate, acute or acum-
nate, thick, entire, often cordate at the base ; petioles J-l in. long.
Flowers sessile, white or red, in lax axillary peduncled spikes 1-6 in.
long ; bracts apiculate, bracteoles longer than the perianth, oblong,,
obtuse. Perianth remaining closed, divided half-way down ; lobes
elliptic, obtuse. Utricle red white or black, about the size of a pea.

Wild and cultivated within the area. It flowers during the cold season
DISTRIB.: Throughout the hotter portions of India and in Ceylon
extending to other parts of Trop. Asia, and to Trop. Africa. Rox-
burgh describes five varieties in Bengal, 2 of them wild and 3^
cultivated ; also a further kind (B. lucida, L. and B. cordifolia
Lamk.). This latter is a much larger and more succulent plant,
and is the one chiefly grown in Bengal for use as a pot-herb. It
is usually raised from cuttings and planted so as to climb over
the roofs of native houses and on trellises, where it affords both shade
and food.

The following cultivated species belonging to genera which are not in-
digenous within the area of this flora should be mentioned : —

BETA VTJLGARIS, Linn.; F. B. I. v, 5 ; Watt E. D. ; DC. UOrig. PL
Cult. 46 ; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops, part Hi, 19 ; Prain Beng.
PL 879 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 509. B. benghalensis, Roxb. FL Ind.
Hi, 59. — Vern Chukandar, patdk, palang. (Garden beet). Extensively
grown in India for its root, which is used chiefly by Europeans as a
salad. B. benqhalcnsis is a form with more erect branches. It is
much cultivated by the natives of N. India for the sake of its leaves
which are eaten as a vegetable. B. maritima L., from which the beet
and the mangold- wurzel are supposed by some to have originated,
has decumbent branches. The genus Beta differs from Chenopodium
in the presence of both bracts and bracteoles, and by the perianth
becoming thickened and hard at the base.

SPINACIA OLERACEA, Linn. ; F. B. I. v, 6 ; Watt E. D. ; DC. L'Orig,
PL CvlL 78 ; Prain Beng. PL 880 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 509. S.
tetrandra, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 771 ; Royh III. 318. — Vern. Paldk
(Spinach). This plant is largely grown in Indian native gardens,.

.28 CHENOPOD1ACE&.

and is much used as a pot-herb. Its original habitat as a wild plant
is not known. It differs from the Genus Chenopodium in having
1 -sexual flowers, the males being crowded in terminal leafless spikes
and the females arranged in axillary clusters.

A.TRIPLEX HORTENSIS, Linn.; F. B. I. v, 6 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng.
PI. 880 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb., ii, 502. — An erect succulent annual, often
tinged with red or purple. The flowers are 1-sexual or polygamo-
dicecious. The female flowers have no perianth, its place being taken
by 2 bracteoles which become dilated and form a 2-valved covering
to the utricle. The plant is extensively cultivated as a pot-herb in
the plains of Upper India, as well as on the Himalaya up to 12,000 ft.
In Europe it is often grown as a vegetable under the name of " Orache"
or " Mountain Spinach." The origin of this species is not known
for certain.

.A. NUMMTJLARIA, Lindl. is an Australian shrub known in that country
as the " Salt bush." It is much valued as affording good fodder for
sheep in the drought-affected areas, where it is able to hold its own
during very dry seasons when nearly all other vegetation disappears.
For this reason it was introduced into India about twenty years ago
by the writer in order to test its value as a reclamation plant on the
usar tracts of the Upper Gangetic Plain. Ihe results, however,
proved to be unsatisfactory owing to the excessive moisture in that
^portion of India during the hot rainy season.

XCIL— POLYGONACE-3E.

Herbs or shrubs, very rarely trees. Leaves usually alternate,
•entire or sometimes serrulate ; stipules scarious or membranous,
usually sheathing the stem. Flowers small or medium-sized, regular,
usually 2-sexual, solitary or in axillary cymose clusters, pedicels
usually jointed. Perianth inferior, simple ; segments 3-6, free or
connate, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5-8, rarely more or fewer,
opposite the perianth-segments. Disk annular, glandular or none.
Ovary free, sessile, 1 -celled ; styles 3 or 2, rarely 4, free or connate ;
stigmas capitate, peltate or fimbriate ; ovule solitary, orthotropous,
sessile or on a distinct funicle. Fruit a small hard nut, compressed
•or 3-gonous, rarely 4-gonous, enclosed in the persistent perianth.

POLYGONUM.] POLYGON ACE &.~} 29

Seed erect, testa membranous, albumen floury, sometimes rumi-
nate. Species about 600, chiefly in temperate regions.

Perianth 4-5 (rarely 3)-cleft ; stigmas capitellate ;
fruit a compressed or 3-gonous nutlet . .1. POLYGONUM.

Perianth 6-cleft, the 3 inner segments much en-
larged in fruit ; stigmas fimbriate ; fruit a small
3-quetrous nutlet . . . . . .2. RUMEX.

1. POLYGONUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 23.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, entire, rarely
toothed lobed ; stipules tubular, membranous. Flowers 2-sexual, .
small or minute, axillary or terminal, clustered, the clusters sessile
or in spiciform capitate or panicled racemes ; pedicels short, .
usually jointed under the perianth, bracts and bracteoles membran-
ous, ochreate. Perianth green or coloured, 4-5 (rarely 3)-cleft, the
2 outer lobes usually smallest. Stamens 5-8 (rarely 1-4), perigyn-
ous ; filaments often dilated at the base or alternate with the lobes
of an annular or glandular disk. Ovary compressed or 3-gonous ;
styles 2 or 3, free or slightly connate, stigmas usually capitellate.
Fruit a compressed or 3-gonous nutlet, covered or partially so by
the persistent perianth ; pericarp usually hard and often shining.
Seed with the embryo lateral or excentric, radicle long, cotyledons
small. — Species about 150, throughout the world, but chiefly in
temperate regions.

Of the 79 species now known to occur within the area of British India,
45 are restricted to the Himalayan and the North -West Frontier"
regions ; and of the remaining 34 species, fourteen are here included
as inhabiting the Upper Gangetic Plain. The very useful " Census
of the Indian Polygonums " prepared by Major Gage in 1903 as a
contribution to Vol. II of the " Records of the Botanical Survey of
India " has been freely made use of by the present writer.

Inflorescence in axillary clusters. — Annual or
perennial herbs with small leaves and hyaline
stipules . . . . . . 1. P. pie bejum and vars. .

POLYGON ACE M.

[POLYGONUM.

Inflorescence terminal, racemose spicate or
capitate : —

Inflorescence in elongate stout or filiform
racemes or spikes : —
Nutlets biconvex : —
Bracts hairy : —

Bracts coarsely hairy or strigose ; —
Leaves ovate, petioles 1—1 in. long .
Leaves lanceolate, petioles less than
-J in. long ....

2. P. orientale.

Bracts densely hite-woolly • . .4
Bracts glabrous : —

Perianth not glandular, ochreae usu-

ally eciliate . . . .5,
Perianth glandular, ochre se shortly

ciliate . . . .6,

.Nutlets triganous : —

Racemes stout and short, with closely
imbricate bracts, perianth not glan-
dular : —

Bracts more or less hairy . .

^Bracts glabrous : —

Leaves tapering to the acute base,
marginal cilia of ochre se longer
than the tube . . .

Leaves tapering to a rounded or
subcordate base, marginal cilia of
ochreae not longer than the tube

/Racemes slender, filiform, bracts more
or less distant : —

Perianth glandular ; stems shortly
creeping below ; nutlets not
polished : —

Ochreae very shortly ciliate or eci-

liate ; bracts glandular or not .

Ochreae with cilia at least half as

long as the tube ; bracts always

glandular

P. limbatum.
P. lanigerum.

P. glabrum.

P. lapathifolium.

7. P. stagninum.

8.

P. barbatum.
P. serrulatum.

10.

.Perianth not glandular, very small ;
stems extensively creeping below ;
.nutlets polished .

11.

12.

P. Hydropiper.
P. flaccidum.

P. Posumbu.

POLYGONUM.] POLYGON ACE M. 31

Inflorescence capitate, compressed : —

Heads with an involucral leaf at the

base ...... 13. P. alatum. •

Heads without an involucral leaf at the

base . . . . . . 14. P. capitatum.

1. P. plebejum, R. Br. Prod. 420 ; F. B. I. v, 27 : Watt E. D. ;
Colle.it Fl. Siml. 421 ; Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. ii, 383 ; Prain
Beng. PI. 885 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 512. P. aviculare, Don Prod.
72 (not of Linn.). P. herniarioides, Del. ; Royle III 313.

A prostrate diffusely branched herb, often with a woody rootstock ;
branches stout or slender, terete, striate, glabrous ; lower internodes
often longer than the leaves, upper shorter or very short. Leaves
sessile or shortly stalked , J-f in. long, oblong or linear or obovate ;
stipules hyaline, rather short, lacerate to the middle and fimbriate,
nerves usually obscure. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3-nate,
sessile or nearly so. Perianth pink, about T^ in. long, divided nearly
to the base ; segments short, broad, rounded or the 2 outer ones
acute. Nutlets 3-gonous, shining.

Throughout Trop. India, ascending to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya from
Bhutan to Kashmir, but not in Ceylon. Beyond India it extends to
Afghanistan, Egypt, Trop. and S. Africa, Madagascar, Java, Philip-
pines, and Australia. Regarding this very variable species Sir Joseph
Hooker remarks that, if he was right in bringing all the ten varieties
(or forms) described by him in the Fl. Brit. India under one species,
this is a far more protean plant than P. aviculare with which it is
generally compared, but from which it differs entirely in habit, in
the usually few-nerved stipules and in the rhombic smooth nutlet.
P. aviculare is abundant on the W. Himalaya and in W. Tibet.
Major Gage, after a careful and detailed examination of the many
specimens included in the Calcutta Herbarium, as forms or varieties
oi P. plebejum, enumerates 8 varieties in his census. At the same
time he is very much inclined to regard them as representing 4 dis-
tinct species, and that they might be grouped as follows : —

f plebejum (proper). jj ( indica.

T \ effusa. I brevifolia.

lelegans. III. Griffithii.

\ micranthema. IV. polyneura.

32 POLYGON ACE M. [POLYGONUM.

He draws attention also to the fact that, apart from morphological con-
siderations, the altitudinal distribution of the constituents, as given
in his census, tends to support this -view. Of the eight varieties
therein mentioned, and which may be regarded for the present as
belonging to a single species, all except polyneura appear to have
been recorded as growing within the limits of this flora. The des-
criptions are mainly Hooker's, taken from the Fl. Brit. India.

VAR. 1. PLEBEJTJM (proper). — -Branches stout or slender. Lower in—
ternodes often longer than the leaves, upper shorter or very short.
Leaves J-Jin. long ; upper often much shorter, oblong or linear,
obtuse, margins often recurved. Flowers sunk amongst the stipules,,
rarely exserted. Sepals short, broad, rounded. — Dehra Dun, Luck-
now, Bundelkhand. DISTRIB. Common from Assam to N. W.
India and on the outer Himalayan ranges ; found also in N. Kanara^
and extending to Africa and Australia.

VAR. 2. EFFUSA. — A slender rather flaccid plant with long inter-
nodes. Leaves narrowly linear or widening upwards from a very
narrow base, tip rounded. Floivers all or mostly pedicelled.
Sepals short, broad. — -Dehra Dun (King), N. W. India (Royle),
Merwara (Duthie). DISTRIB.: Bengal to Bombay and Sind. P.
effusum, Meissn. Herb. Strach. and Winterb. No. 22. Usually in
wet places.

VAR. 3. ELEGANS. — Black when dry. Branches stout, grooved, smooth
or scaberulous ; internodes longer or shorter than the leaves. Leaves
J-^ in. long ; upper as long as the lower, linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rarely obtuse, margins flat or re volute ; stipules flmbriate,
brownish. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled. Sepals narrow, the
two outer acute. — Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh
(Wallich, Duthie), Saugor (Vicary). DISTRIB.: Bengal, Nepal, Assam
and Tenasserim, extending to Australia. P. elegans, Roxb.; Fl.
Ind. ii, 291. Hooker describes this as a large form passing into
plebejum (proper) by insensible transitions. It is also P. prostratum
of Roxb. I.e.

VAR. 4. MICRANTHEMA. — A small plant with slender branches. Leaves
J-J in. long, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at the apex and narrowed
towards the base ; upper crowded, as long as the often distant lower,
stipules short. Floivers very minute, pedicelled, crowded in the
upper axils. Sepals narrow, obtuse. Nutlets minute, ^-^ in. in
diam. — Dehra Dun (King), Siwalik range and N. Oudh (Duthie).
DISTRIB.: Bengal in sandy river beds, also in Sind. Hooker regards
this as only a small state of P. plebejum, into which it passes by in.

POLYGONUM.] POLYGON ACEM. 3a

sensible gradations. Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 514. P. micranthemum
Francbet.

VAR. 5. INDICA. — Branches uniformly spreading all round from the
crown and leafy, internodes short. Leaves J-J in. long, linear or
obovate-oblong, flat, obtuse or apiculate ; stipules very short. Flowers
crowded in the axils, pedicels shorter than the perianth or none.
Sepals broad, 2 outer acute. Nutlets T*T in. — Sangor (Jerdon).
DISTRIB. : Common in Central and S. India, also in the Bombay
Pres., extending to Africa and Australia. Watt E. I).; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 513. P. indicum, Heyne.

VAE. 6. BREVIFOLIA. — Rootstock woody ; branches stout, often 1-2 ft.
long, dark- brown, grooved ; internodes of branchlets very short,
concealed by the leaves and stipules which latter show as a continuous
White vUlous band on the underside of the branchlets. Leaves J-J in.
long, obovate, acute or apiculate, flat, coriaceous, dark-brown when
dry. Flowers sessile, almost concealed by the stipules. Sepals
narrow, outer acute. Nutlets TV-iV in. — Abundant within the area
in dry places. DISTRIB. : Bengal to Garhwal and W. India, also in
Burma and extending to Africa. Prain Beng. PI. 886 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 514. A short form with crowded leaves ; allied to indica,
and differing from Griffithii by its stout habit and narrower longer
leaves which are less covered by the stipules.

VAR. 7. GRIFFITHII. — Branches excessively numerous from the root,,
very slender flexuous and quite naked below ; branchlets with the
internodes so close that they look woolly from the crowded and fim-
briate stipules. Leaves shorter than the almost nerveless stipules,
orbicular or broadly obovate, flat, apiculate. Flowers minute, sub-
sessile, hidden amongst the stipules. Sepak rounded, the 2 outer
apiculate. — N. W. India (Falc.) ; abundant in the Jumna and Chambal
ravines of Agra and Etawah (Duthie), and in Bundelkhand (Duthie)
and Saugor (Jerdon). This very distinct-looking plant is considered
by Hooker to be probably a modified form of brevifolia with the
bases of the branches buried in soil and hence almost leafless and very
slender.

2. P. orientate, Linn. Sp. PL 362 ; F. B. /. v, 30 ; Collett FL
Siml 421 ; Prain Beng. PL 886 ; Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. ii,
386 ; P. pilosum, Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 286.

A tall erect branching annual, 3-10 ft. high, usually softly pubescent or
silkily villous ; stems robust, grooved, branches hollow. Leaves 6-9
in. long, ovate or ovate-cordate, acuminate ; petioles 1-4 in. long,
stipules short, truncate, hirsute, ciliate at the mouth, expanded or

34 POLYGON ACE &. [ POLYGONUM.

tightly embracing the stem. Racemes laxly panicled, cylindric, 3-5
in. long, peduncles stout, erect or drooping ; bracts crowded, 3-6-
flowered, strigosely tomentose and ciliate. Flowers large ; perianth
white red or green, 4 or 5 partite. Stamens 7-8, included. Styles
connate below, stigmas capitellate. Nutlets J in. long, orbicular,
compressed, with rounded margins and rather concave faces, black
and shining when ripe.

Dehra Dun, in swamps (Falconer, Duthie) ; Sub-Himalayan tracts of
N. Oudh. Flowers during the rainy season. DISTRIB. : Himalaya
eastwards from Kashmir, ascending to 5,000 ft. ; also in Bengal,
Assam and Burma ; extending to Turkestan, Siam, China, Japan,
Java and Borneo. The plant is often cultivated, and in that condi-
tion it often becomes almost glabrous.

3. P. limbatum, Meissn. in DC. Prod, xiv, 123 ; F. B. I. v, 30 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 886 ; Gage in Eec. Bot. Surv. Ind. ii, 387 ; CooJce
Fl. Bomb, ii, 515.

Annual. Stem simple, very stout, erect or prostrate below, pubescent
or glabrous. Leaves shortly petioled, 4-8 in. long, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, tapering below, scaberulous on both surfaces ; stipules cylin-
dric, strigose ; mouth truncate, with a spreading or recurved scabrid
and ciliate herbaceous limb. Flowers in short erect panicled racemes,
peduncles strigose ; bracts crowded, hispid. Nutlets J in. in diam.,
orbicular, compressed, margins rounded, faces convex.

"Saharanpur, R/ohilkhand (T. Thomson), N. Oudh (R. Thompson),
Bundelkhand (Vicary), Saugor (Jerdon) ; usually in wet ground.
DISTBIB. : Garhwal, Bengal, W. and S. India ; extending to Egypt
and Trop. Africa.

4. P. lanigerum, E. Br. Prod. 419 ; Eoyle 111. 313 ; F. B. I.
t>, 35 ; Prain Beng. PI. 886 ; Gage 1. c. 394. P. lanatum, Eoxb.
Fl. Ind. ii, 285.

A robust annual (or perhaps sometimes perennial), 2-5 ft. high. Stem
stout, prostrate below and rooting at the nodes, clothed with
snow-white tomentum ; branches slender, deep-red within especially
at the nodes. Leaves shortly stalked, narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, densely white-cottony beneath ; stipules membranous, striate ;
mouth unequally truncate, sparsely ciliate. Racemes slender, 1-2 in.
long ; peduncles spreading, white-tomentose ; bracts small, crowded,
densely white-Woolly Perianth small, white or pink, eglandular.
Stamens 6. Style 2-cleft. Nutlets small, orbicular, black and shining.

POLYGONUM.] POLYGON ACE JE. 35

In ditches and wet places, chiefly in the northern portion of the area,
from Dehra Dun eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts. Flowers
during the rainy season. DISTRIB. : Rajputana, and on the outer
Himalayan ranges from the Punjab to Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 ft.
in Garhwal and Kumaon ; also in Bengal, Assam and Burma ; and
extending to China, Java, the Philippines, Egypt, Trop. and S. Africa,
America and N. Australia.

5. P. glabrum, Willd. Sp. PL ii, 447 ; Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 287 ;
Royle III 313 riF. B. I. v, 34 ; Watt E. D.; Collett FL Siml. 422 ;
Pram Beng. PL 886 ; Gage, L c. 393 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 514.

An erect glabrous annual, 2-5 ft. high. Stems stout, simple or slightly
branched, procumbent below and usually tinged with red. Leaves
3-9 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at the base, glabrous and
usually gland-dotted, lateral nerves close ; petioles J- J in. ; stipules
1-1J in. long, closely embracing the stems when young, veins con-
spicuous, mouth truncate, eciliate. Racemes erect, slender, 2-4 in.
long, forming a terminal panicle, peduncles usually glabrous ; bracts
-glabrous, J in. long, ovate, obtuse ; margins membranous, rarely
ciliate. Perianth J- £ in. long, pink or white, not glandular ; segments
ovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens 6-8. Styles 2, rarely 3, connate
below. Nutlets \ in. in diam., sub-orbicular and biconvex, or 3-angled
in the 3-styled flowers.

Abundant in all parts of the area in swamps and by streams. DISTRIB. :
Throughout the greater part of India in wet places, ascending to
6,000ft. on the Himalaya, also in Ceylon. It is found also in China,
Australia, Africa and America. Hooker (in F.B.I., 1. c.) notes that
it is difficult to separate this species from smooth forms of P. Per-
sicaria, of which it may be regarded as the tropical representative
in India. It is, however, as he says, a much larger plant, less branched
and with more attenuate leaves, which turn brown when drying ;
also in normal specimens the stipules and bracts are eciliate. The
pungent leaves and young shoots are cooked by the natives in certain
parts of India and eaten as an adjunct to other vegetables.

6. P. lapathifolium, Linn. Sp. PL 360 ; F. B. 1. v, 35 (var.
laxa) ; Gage 1. c. 395 ; Prain Beng. PL 886 ; Duihie in Strachey Cat.
PI. Kumaon (1906) 258. P. laxum, Reichb. P. nutans, Roxb. FL
Ind. ii, 285. P. simlense, Eoyle ex Bab. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii
U841), 102 ; Collett FL Siml. 422 (in part). P. quadrifidum, Herb.
S. and W. No. 24).

36 POLYGON ACE M. [POLYGONUM

An erect branching usually pale -green annual. Stems often tinged with
red. Leaves subsessile, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, glandular beneath ;.
stipules usually shortly ciliate. Racemes erect or nodding, dense or
(in Indian specimens) rather lax ; bracts eciliate, peduncles and pedi-
cels glandular. Perianth greenish, glandular, nerves strong. Stamens
usually 6. Nutlets orbicular, biconvex.

Collected by Dr. T. Thomson in the Moradabad District. This is the
only authentic record I have seen of its occurrence within the area o£
this flora, though doubtless existing in other localities. DISTRIB. •
From Bengal to the N. W. Frontier, ascending to 5,000 ft. on the
Himalaya ; also in Assam and Burma. This is the var. laxa of the
Fl. Brit. Ind., distinguished from the type by its cylindric and more
lax racemes.

7. P. stagninum, Buch.-Ham. ex Meissn. in Wall. PI. As. Ear.
Hi, 56 ; F. B. I. v9 37 ; Prain Beng. PL 887 ; Gage, in Rec. Bot,
Surv. Ind. ii, 397.

A simple or branched annual. Stems erect or ascending, eglandular.
Leaves 3-5 in. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, strigosely pubes-
cent on both surfaces, often glandular beneath, usually silky when
young, turning grey when dry ; stipules strigose, cilia shorter than
the tube. Racemes erect, many-flowered ; peduncles usually long
and stout, sub-silkily strigose ; bracts close, more or less hairy and
ciliate on the margins. Perianth white, eglandular. Styles long
connate below. Nutlets 3-gonous, pitchy black.

In Wet places in the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun to N. Oudh.
DISTRIB. : Himalayan outer ranges from the Punjab to Sikkim ; also
in Bengal, Assam and Burma. This plant is so closely related to
P. barbatum that, apart from certain differences in regard to pubes-
cense, characters which are not invariably constant, the two might
Well be united under one species, treating P. stagninum as a variety
of P. barbatum., as already suggested by Sir Joseph Hooker and Major
Gage.

8. P. barbatum, Linn. Sp. PL 362 ; Eoyle III. 313 ; F. B. I. vf

37 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 887 ; Gage I. c. 397. P. rivularey
Keen. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 290.

A stout annual. Stems erect, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 4-7 in. long,,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the acute base,,
glabrous except the ciliolate margins and midrib beneath ; stipules
strigose, the mouth with cilia which exceed the length of the tube.

POLYGONUM.] POLYGON ACE &. 37

Peduncles quite glabrous. Racemes erect, slender, weak, 2-4 in. long ;
bracts crowded, glabrous, margins sparingly and shortly ciliate.
Perianth white, eglandular. Stamens 5-8. Styles 3-cleft. Nutlets
trigonous.

Oommon within the area usually in wet places. DISTRIB. : Hotter parts
of India from Assam and Bengal to the N. W. Frontier, and from the
Cent. Prov. to S. India and Ceylon ; also in Burma extending to the
Malay Peninsula, China, Japan", Trop. Africa and Australia. This
species differs from P. serrulalum by the acute base of the leaves and
by the much longer bristles of the stipules ; the leaves also turn
brown when drying. Watt mentions that in China and Japan this
plant yields a blue dye similar to that of indigo.

9. P. serrulatum, Lagasc. Gen. and Sp. PL 14 ; F. B. I. v, 38 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 887 ; Gage I c. 399 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 515. P.
flaccidum, Eoxb. FL Ind. ii, 291 (not of Meissn. or Boiss}. — Vern.
Pdnimirch.

An annual. Stems prostrate and rooting below ; branches 2-4 ft. high,
glabrous, often reddish. Leaves subsessile, drying green, 2-5 in. long,
linear or elliptic -oblong, acute or acuminate, glabrous or sparsely
hairy on upper surface and midrib ; base rounded or cordate ; stipules
strigose ; mouth truncate, with bristles on the margin nearly as long
as the tube. Racemes panicled, slender, erect, J-2 in. long ; bracts
glabrous, strongly and often squarrosely ciliate. Perianth white,
T\5 in. long, eglandular. Stamens 5-8. Styles 3, connate below.
Nutlets trigonous, T^ in. long, polished.

Common within the area in swamps and by river- banks. DISTRIB. :
From Assam and Bengal to the Indus, ascending to 7,000 ft. on the
W. Himalaya ; also in Central and S. India and in Ceylon ; extending
to Burma, China, the Malay Pen., W. Asia, S. Eur., Africa, America
and Australia.

10. P. Hydropiper, Linn. Sp. PL 361 ; Eoyle III. 317 ; F. B. I.
v, 39 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 423 ; Prain Beng. PL 887 ;
Gage, 1. c. 401. — Water-pepper.

A rather robust glabrous annual. Stems much-branched, minutelj
glandular, 12-18 in. high, swollen at the joints, prostrate and rooting
at the lower nodes. Leaves shortly stalked, rarely more than 3 in.
long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, variable in width and in the
length of the apical portion, usually covered with impressed glands
glabrous c;r with the midrib scabrid beneath ; stipules glabrous or

38 ;^ POLYGON ACE M. [ POLYGONUM.

sparsely strigose with hairs that are sunk in the tissue, very shortly
ciliate or ecttiate. Racemes decurved, filiform, flexuous, leafy at the
base ; bracts more or less interrupted, glabrous, glandular or not ;
mouth naked or minutely ciliate. Perianth pink, very glandular.
Nutlets usually trigonous, opaque, granulate.

In wet places, chiefly in the northern portion of the area, from Dehra
Dun and Rohilkhand eastwards. DISTRIB. : From Assam and Bengal
to the N. W. Frontier, ascending to 7,000 ft. on the Himalaya.,
also on the Khasia Hills ; extending to Europe, N. Africa, Java, N.
America and Australia. The fresh plant contains an acrid juice,
which is used as a powerful diuretic.

H. P. flaccidum, Meissn. in DC. Prod, xiv, 107 in part, excl,
syn. (not of Roxburgh) ; F. B. I. v, 39 ; Prain Beng. PI. 887 ; Gage
I. c. 402. P. tenellum. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 289.

A glabrous or pubescent annual or perennial. Root shortly creeping.
Stems 2-3 ft. high, slender, shortly creeping below, simple or branched.
Leaves usually stalked, 2-6 in. long, lanceolate or elliptic -lanceolate,
acuminate, quite glabrous except sometimes on the midrib and nerves
beneath, or strigosely hairy beneath or on both surfaces, more or less
glandular, brown when dry ; stipules strigose or hirsute, marginal
cilia half as long as the tube or longer. Racemes subpaniculate, some-
times 6 in. long and very slender ; bracts usually very distant, glab-
rous or more or less ciliate, glandular or not. Perianth bright-pink
or white (Roxburgh) closely glandular. Stamens 8. Nutlets smalU
trigonous, dull-black, minutely rugose.

In wet ground, Upper Gangetic Plain (T. Thomson), Dehra Dun (King).
Flowers during the rainy season. DISTRIB. : Throughout India in
wet places, ascending to 6,000 ft. on the Kumaon Himalaya ; also in
Ceylon, Malay Pen. and Islands and China.

12. P. Posumtm, Buch.-Ham. in Don. Prod. 71 (not of Wallich) *
F. B. I. v, 38 ; Gage, I. c. 425. „

A very slender flaccid perennial herb. Stems extensively creeping then
ascending or decumbent. Leaves petioled, membranous, 1-3 in. long,
elliptic -lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, glabrous or sparsely hairy ;,
stipules slightly strigose ; cilia stiff, longer than the tube. Racemes
erect, filiform, 1-3 in. or longer ; bracts minute, imbricate or distant,
very shortly ciliate. Perianth very small, eglandular. Nutlets
smooth and polished.

POLYGONUM.] POLYGONACE&. 3fr

Dehra Dun (King). DISTRIB. : Sub-tropical and temperate Himalaya.
from Kashmir to Sikkim ascending to 9,000 ft. ; also in Assam and
on the Khasia Hills, extending to Java, China and Japan.

13. P. alatum, Buch.-Ham. in Don. Prod. 72 ; F. B. I.

Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 887 ; Collett Fl Siml. 423 (in part) ;
Gage 1. c. 404 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 516. P. punctatum, Buch.-
Ham. 1. c. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. Hi, 413. P. nepalense, Meissn.

A procumbent glabrous or sparsely hairy annual. Stems 1-2 ft. long,
rooting at the nodes ; branches many, ascending. Leaves J-1J in.
long, deltoid-ovate, acute or subobtuse, entire, minutely punctate ;
base subtruncate or subcordate, shortly cuneate ; petioles winged ,
amplexicaul at the base ; stipules membranous, obliquely truncate,.
eciliate but with a tuft of hairs at the base. Flowers in compressed
peduncled heads, with an involucral leaf at the base of each head ;
peduncles glandular-hairy above ; bracts membranous, J-T1^ in. long,.
eciliate. Perianth J in. long, 4 fid. Nutlets £$ in. long, broadly
ovoid, compressed, usually biconvex, black and minutely pitted.

Dehra Dun (Duthie). Flowers during the rainy season, DISTRIB. :
Abundant on the Himalaya up to 10,000 ft., Parasnath in Bengal
also in Assam, Burma and on the hills of W. and S. India, extending
to Ceylon, China, Afghanistan and Africa. The above description
refers to var. nepalensis of Hook. /. F. B. I. v, 42.

14. P. capitatum, Buch.-Ham. ex. Don. Prod. 73 ; F. B. I. v,.
44 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 4239 fig. 134 ; Gage I. c. 428.

A perennial herb. Stems many, leafy, 6-10 in. long, creeping from a
stout woody usually twisted rootstock, usually reddish and clothed
with brown hairs. Leaves crowded, bifarious, shortly stalked, J-lJ
in. long, ovate-elliptic, acute, downy on both surfaces, rather thick,.
eglandular, turning brown when dry ; petioles J-£ in., with 2 small
rounded glandular hispid auricles at the base. Inflorescence capitate ;
heads £-| in. in diam., dense-flowered, glandular and hairy ; ped-
uncles often glandular-hispid ; involucral leaf none ; bracts flat, ovate,
acute, eciliate, glabrous. Perianth pink, 5-cleft, segments obtuse.
Stamens 8. Nutlets 3-gonous, ^ in. long.

Dehra Dun, in crevices of rocks in many of the ravines (Duthie). Prob-
ably in other localities in Sub-Himalayan tracts eastwards. DIS-
TRIB. : Sub-tropical and temperate Himalaya, up to 6,000 ft. ; also
on the Khasia hills and extending to China.

40 POLYGON ACEM. [RUMEX.

2. RUMEX, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 58.

Perennial or annual herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves mostly radical
or cauline, alternate ; stipules hyaline ochreate, often disappearing
with age. Flowers 2 -sexual or monoecious, in axillary clusters or
in whorls arranged in simple or panicled racemes. Perianth-
segments 6, rarely 4 ; inner accrescent, entire or toothed, midrib
often enlarged or tubercled. Stamens 6, filaments short, anthers
oblong. Ovary 3-gonous, styles 3, stigmas fimbriate. Fruit a
small nut. enclosed in the usually enlarged inner perianth-
segments, angles acute. Seed erect, embryo lateral, nearly straight,
cotyledons linear or oblong. — Species about 140, in all temperate
and in many tropical regions.

Flowers 2-sexual ; inner fruiting sepals coriaceous ;
styles terminal ; leaves never hastate : —

Inner fruiting sepals with narrow margins and
few or no teeth : —

Leaves gradually narrowed into the petioles,
tips usually acute ; flowers distinctly
stalked ; inner fruiting sepals brownish-
yellow (R. maritimus).

Leaves cordate at the base and with a contrac-
tion just above it, tips always obtuse ;
flowers shortly stalked ; inner fruiting sepais
much longer and almost black . . . 1. R. nigricans.

Inner fruiting sepals with wide much-toothed
wings : —

Teeth of wings not hooked . . . . 2. R. dentatus.
Teeth of wings usually hooked . . . 3. B. nepalensis.

Flcwers 1-sexual or polygamous ; inner fruiting
sepals membranous ; styles from the angles
of the ovary ; leaves hastate . . . ( E. liastatus}.

1. K. nigricans, Hook, /. in F. B. I. v, 59 ; Prain Beng. PI. 888.

An erect annual, f-lj ft. high. Leaves linear- oblong, obtuse, contracted
above the cordate base, margins often waved or crisped. Flowering
branches rigid, spreading, with or without leaves. Flowers shortly
pedicelled, densely crowded in globose distant whorls or confluent
heads. Perianth enlarging in fruit, nearly black ; inner sepals large

EUMEX.] POLYGONACEM. 41

and with a conspicuous oblong dark-coloured tubercle on the back :
tips acute ; margins very narrow, entire or with one or two short
straight teeth or spines. Styles terminal.

Edges of tanks near Banda in Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell). DISTRIB. :
Bengal, Behar, Khasia Hills and in the Deccan Peninsula. This
species is very similar to the European E. conglomeratus, but the leaf
is panduriform, and the tips of the valves are acute.

2. R. dentatus, Linn. Mant. ii, 226 ; JRoyle III. 313 ; F. B. 1.
v, 59 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 889 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 518.

An erect annual, 1-2 ft. high. Stems grooved, glabrous, usually tinged
with red. Leaves 3-4 in. long, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, base rounded or
cordate, petioles of radical leaves up to 2J in. long. Flowers shortly
pedicelled, 2-sexual, arranged in distinct leafy or leafless whorls.
Perianth J-^ in. long ; inner segments broadly ovate, reticulate-
veined, much enlarged in fruit and with an ovoid- oblong smooth
tubercle on its back, margins irregularly toothed or pectinate ; the
teeth numerous, short, straight, not hooked. Nutlets T\j in. long,
acutely 3-gonous or almost winged.

N. W. India (Boyle), Dehra Dun (King), Sub-Himalayan tracts of N.
Oudh and Gorakhpur (R. Thompson and Duthie), Moradabad (T.
Thomson), Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell). DISTRIB. : From Bengal and
Assam to W. and S. India ; also on the Himalaya up to 1,000 ft. in
Kumaon and extending to China. Hooker alludes to a specimen
from Oudh in which the inner segments of the perianth are very
narrowly winged, thus showing a transition to R. nigricans. The
roots yield a dye which is said to be used in Sind.

3. B. nepalensis, Spreng. Syst. ii, 159 ; F. B. I. v, 60 ; Collett Fl
Siml 428.

Annual or occasionally perennial. Root sometimes with tuberous
fibres (Boiss.) Stems stout, erect, 2-4 ft. high, branched. Leaves at
the base of the stems up to 14 in. long, oblong or triangular-ovate,
acute or obtuse, base cordate, petioles very slender ; upper leaves
sessile or nearly so, narrowed to the base. Whorls distant, on elongate
nearly leafless racemes. Fruiting sepals orbicular- ovate, broadly
winged, one or more with an oblong tubercle on the back, wing
pectinately toothed and strongly reticulate, teeth usually with hooked
tips.

Dehra Dun (King), and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh and
Gorakhpur (Duthie). DISTRJB. : Temp. Himalaya from Bhutan to

42 POLYGON ACEM. [ RUMEX.

Kashmir, up to 9,000 ft. or more ; also on the hills of W. and S. India
and extending to W. Asia and S. Africa. Its habit is that of R.
obtusifolius, a common European species.

R. MARITIMUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. v, 59 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL
888.— There is a record of this plant having been found by Mr.
A. O. Hume in marshes by the banks of the Jumna near Etawah.
There are, however, no specimens at Ke\v from the area of this flora.
As the plant appears to be fairly abundant in Bengal its occurrence
within the eastern border of the Upper Gangetic Plain may be regarded
as probable. I have therefore included it in the clavis where
its distinguishing characters will be found. It occurs also in Assam
and in the Central Provinces, and extends to N. Africa, Europe and
in N. and S. America.

R. HASTATUS, Don Prod. 74 ; Boyle III. 314 ; F.B.I.v, 60; Watt E.
D. ; Brandis Ind. Trees 521 ; Collett FL Siml. 428, fig. 136 ;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 553. Vern. Chulmora (Kumaon). — A some-
what glaucous perennial herb or small shrub, 1-2 ft. high. Rootstock
\*ocdy. Leaves 1-2J in. long, broadly triangular or hastately 3-lobed.
Flowers minute, polygamous, pedicels lengthening in fruit. Inner
enlarged sepals £-£ in. in diam., orbicular, notched at both ends,
usually bright pink and very delicately veined. — Found occasionally
in Dehra Dun at the base of the Himalaya. It is a common plant, on
the W. Himalaya, ascending to 8,000 ft. and is found usually on
exposed rocks and dry stony hillsides. The hill-station of Almora in
Kumaon is said to have been so-called by reason of the abundance of
this plant in that neighbourhood. The leaves are very acid and may
be eaten as salad.

R. VESICABITJS, Linn. ; Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 209 ; F. B. I. v, 61 ; Duthie;
Field and Gard. Crops Hi, 45 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 428 ;
Prain Beng. Pi. 889. Vern. Chuka-sdk. A pale-green rather fleshy
glabrous annual. Leaves ovate. Flowers monoecious. Fruiting,
sepals \ in. across, orbicular, hyaline. — Cultivated in many parts of
India as a vegetable. It is found wild on the hills of the W. Punjab,
also in Afghanistan, Persia, the Levant and in N. Africa.

CALLIGONUM POLYGONOIDES, Linn.; Brandis For. FL 372 ; Ind. Trees
520 ; F. B. I. v, 22 ; Watt E. D. Gamble Man. 552 ; Cooke FL
Bomb, ii, 510. Vern. Phog, phok. — An almost leafless shrub or small
tree found within the arid districts of N.-W. India on both sides of
the Indus, extending as far north as Lahore and eastwards to Bikanir,
often gregarious. It is found also in Sind,s and beyond India in
Persia, Armenia and Syria. During the hot season the bushes are
covered with the fragrant pinkish flowers which after falling are

KUMEX.] POL YGONACEM. 43

swept up by the country people and eaten cooked. The fruit is
densely setose. I have seen no specimens from the area included in
this flora.

FAGOPYRTJM ESCTJLENTUM, Mcench ; Don Prod. 73 ; Royle III. 317 ;
F. B. I. v, 55. Watt E. D. ; DC. UOrig. PL Cult. 279 ; Duthie
Field and Gard. Crops N. W. Prov. and Oudh m, 25, t. 83. Vern.
Phdphra, kulti, ogla. (Buckwheat). — An erect glabrous annual 1-3 ft.
high. Leaves triangular-cordate, acute. Flowers white or pink, in
terminal subcapitate cymes. Nuts trigonous, acutely angled. — Much
cultivated for its grain in Dehra Dun and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts
eastwards, as well as in the hilly districts of Central and S. India ;
also extensively on the Himalayan ranges and up to 12,000 ft. in W.
Tibet. Another species, known as jP. tataricum, and distinguished by
having the angles of the nuts blunt, is a much taller and coarser
plant, and is usually restricted to the Himalaya and at rather
higher elevations. It is much cultivated by the inhabitants of the
higher villages.

ANTIGONUM LEPTOPUS, Hook, and Am. ; Gamble Man. 552 ; Prain
Beng. PL S89 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 519. The Coral Creeper.— A large
handsome climbing shrub with bright pink flowers. It is a native
of S. America, and is largely grown in the gardens of N. India.

MUEHLENBECKIA PLATyCLADOs, Meissn. (Cocoloba platycloda, F. Muell.).
— A quaint-looking glabrous shrub with flattened leaf-like branches

(phylloclades) is often grown in the gardens of Upper India. It is a.

native of the Solomon Islands.

XCIIL— ARISTOLOCHIACE-flE.

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, usually more or less foetid.
Leaves alternate, entire or lobed ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual,
often large, usually lurid, terminal axillary or lateral, solitary
racemose or cymose, with or without bracts. Perianth simple,
more or less adnate below to the ovary, regular or irregular, 3-lobed
or tubular, lobes valvate. Stamens 6 or more, adnate in 1 or 2
series to the top of the ovary or round the style ; anthers erect ;
cells parallel, dehiscing dorsally. Ovary 4-6-celled ; placentas
parietal, free or extending to the axis ; style columnar, stigma
lobed ; ovules many, anatropous. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds
many ; albumen copious, fleshy, embryo minute. — Species about
200, chiefly tropical.

44: ARISTOLOCHIACEM. [ARISTOLOCHIA.

ARISTOLOCHIA, Linn. ; FL Brit, Ind. v, 74.

Shrubs or perennial herbs, often twining. Leaves with the petioles
dilated at the base, and often with a stipule-like leaf of an undevel-
oped bud in the axil. Perianth coloured, tube inflated below,
then contracted, hairy within ; limb dilated, oblique, usually
2-lipped. Stamens 6, rarely 5 or more than 6 ; adnate in 1 series
above the ovary, filaments or connectives not distinguishable from
the style ; anthers adnate to the column, dehiscing extrorsely.
*0vary inferior, more or less perfectly 6-celled, rarely 5- or 4-celled,
style or column short and thick, divided above into 3 or 6 (rarely
more) obtuse or linear lobes, ovules 2-seriate. Fruit a capsule,
"lantern-like, septicidally 6 (rarely 5) -valved, or splitting through
the placentas. Seeds horizontal, often covered by the remains of
'the placenta. — Species about 180, chiefly tropical.

-A. bract eat a, Retz. Obs. Bot. fasc. v, 29 ; Roxb. FL Ind. in,
490 ; Royle III. 330 ; F. B. I. v, 75 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL
890 ; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, 524.— Vern. Kiramar.

A slender decumbent glabrous perennial herb. Stems 12-18 in. long,
weak, prostrate ; branches striate, glabrous. Leaves 1J-3 in. long
and broad, reniform or broadly ovate, usually widely and shallowly
cordate at the base, glaucous beneath,, finely reticulate- veined,
glabrous ; petioles J-l J in. Flowers solitary ; pedicels with a large
sessile orbicular or subreniform bract at or near the base. Perianth
1-lf in. long, base subglobose ; tube cylindric, with a trumpet-
shaped mouth, villous inside with purple hairs ; lip as long as the
tube, linear, dark -purple, margins revolute. Capsule |-1 in. long,
oblong-ellipsoid, 12-ribbed, glabrous. Seeds J in. long, triangular with
a cordate base.

Banks of Jumna and Ganges (Royle), Bundelkhand (Eclgeworth),
Gwalior (Maries). Flowers at the end of the rainy season. DISTRIB. :
Bengal, W. and S. India and in Ceylon, extending to Arabia and
Tropical Africa. The whole plant is intensely bitter, and it is
much used by Hindu doctors for its purgative and anthelmintic pro-
perties..

.A. INDICA, Linn.; Roxb. FL Ind. in, 489 ; Royle III. 330 ; F. B. I. v, 75 ;
Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 891 ; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, ,594 ; Brandis
Ind. Trees 522. (Indian Birthwort). — A climbing perennial herb
with the under surface of the leaves green. It occurs in Nepal and
over the greater part of Bengal, also in W. and S. India, and in Ceylon.

HOUTTUYNIA.] AEISTOLOCHIACEM. &

It is found in gardens within the area of this flora, and the very
bitter roots, like those of A. bracteata, are used medicinally.
Several exotic species are grown in Indian gardens as ornamental
plants, notably some from Brazil with curious and highly coloured
flowers.

XCIV.-PIPERACEJE.

Herbs or shrubs, usually aromatic. Leaves alternate opposite-
or whorled, entire, gland-dotted ; stipules none or 2, connate or
adnate to the petiole. Flowers minute, 1- or 2-sexual, in axillary
or terminal catkin-like spikes, subtended by a peltate bract.
Perianth none. Stamens 2-6, rarely 7-8, hypogynous ; anthers
often jointed on the filaments, the cells sometimes confluent and
bursting longitudinally. Ovary of 3 or 4 carpels free or connate at
the base, each with many ovules, or ovary 1 -celled with a solitary
orthotropous ovule ; stigmas distinct on the free carpels or ovary-
lobes, or terminal on the undivided ovary, occasionally solitary,
sessile, simple or penicillate. Fruit small, indehiscent, or of cocci
or follicles. Seeds globose, ovoid or oblong, testa thin ; albumen
copious, floury, embryo enclosed in an amniotic cavity at the end
of the albumen remote from the hilum, cotyledons minute or
obsolete, radicle superior. — Species over 1,000, in tropical and
sub-tropical regions, chiefly American.

Flowers 2-sexual ; ovary of 3 or 4 free or connate

carpels . . . . . . .1. HouTTTTYNiA.

Flowers usually dioecious ; ovary 1 -celled . 2. PIPER.

1. HOUTTUYNIA, Thunb. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 78.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, usually cordate ; stipules
broad, membranous. Spikes terminal and leaf-opposed, pedun-
cled, dense, usually with an involucre of 4-6 white petaloid bracts.
Flowers minute. Perianth none. Stamens 3-6, filaments adnate at
the base to the ovary, anthers oblong. Ovary of 3-4 partially con-
nate 1 -celled carpels ; styles free, erect, stigmatose on the inner
surface ; ovules many, on parietal placentas. Fruit subglobose,
bursting between the styles. Seeds many, globose, testa membran-

.46 PIPERACE&. [ HOUTTUYNIA.

ous. — Species 2, one in N. W. America and the other Indian, extend-
; ing to Siam, China and Japan.

H.eordata,Tftwi&. FL Jap. 214, t. 26 ; Royle III. 331 ; F. B.
J. v, 78 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. ed. 2, 324 ; Collett FL Siml. 429.

A perennial herb with a creeping rootstock. Stem erect, 1-3 ft. high,
leafy, angular, herbaceous, pubescent at the nodes. Leaves cauline,
i J-2J in. long and broad, broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, 5-nerved,
abruptly narrowed into the petiole, glabrous or with the nervos pub-
escent beneath, gland-dotted ; petiole 1-2 in. ; stipules membranous,
linear-oblong, obtuse, emarginate or bifid, adnate to the channelled
petiole, cliate on the margins. Spikes J in. long, dense-flowered,
elongating in fruit ; bracts J-i in. long, rounded or oblong. Stamens
3.

; Sub-Himalayan tracts in N. Oudh (Duthie). DISTEIB. : Trop. Hima-
laya from the Punjab to Sikkim, up to 5,000 ft. ; also Assam, the
Khasia Mts. and Ceylon, extending to China and Japan.

2. PIPER, Linn. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 78.

Shrubs, rarely herbs, erect or scandent, often glandular and aro-
imatic, branches with swollen nodes. Leaves usually entire and
often oblique, stipules various. Flowers very minute, dioecious,
rarely 2-sexual, spicate, each in the axil of a bract, with or without
2 lateral bracteoles ; bracts peltate or cupular, adnate to the
rhachis, sometimes decurrent, with or without raised margins ;
bracteoles (when present) forming low ridges on each side of the
flower or connate in a semilunar form. Stamens 2-4, rarely more ;
filaments short, anthers 2-celled, the cells distinct, Ovary 1 -celled,
style short, conic, beaked, or none, stigmas 2-5 ; ovule solitary,
- erect. Fruit a small ovoid or globose 1 -seeded berry. Seeds
usually globose, albumen floury within. Species about 600, in
tropical and sub-tropical regions.

P. brachystachyum, Watt. Cat. 6656 in part ; Royte III. 332 ;
F. B. /. v, 87 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. ed. 2, 325 ; Gamble Man. 554 ;
Collett Fl. Siml. 430 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 523.— Vern. Pahdri pan.

A glabrous much-branched rambling shrub. Stems often very long
climbing on trees and rocks and rooting at the nodes ; branches
slender, rigid, terete, the lower often warted. Leaves petioled,

P1PERACEM. 47

thinly coriaceous, 3-7 in. long, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, obtusely
caudate-acuminate, base acute ; nerves prominent beneath ; petioles
slender, \~\ ia. ; leaves of the climbing stems much smaller, orbicular,
pointed. MALE spikes 2-3 in. long, slender, drooping ; bracts minute,
peltate. Stamens 2, anthers reniform ; cells confluent, dehiscing
across the tip. I EM. spikes very shortly peduncled £-| in. diam.,
globose or shortly oblong in fruit. Berries -^ in. in diam. ; stigmas
3, very minute.

Dehra Dun on the banks of the Re nadi (Kanjilal), Sub-Himalayan
tracts of N. Oudh in damp places (Duthie). DISTRIB. : Sub-tropical
Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan, up to 5,000 ft. ; also on the
Khasia and Nilgiri Hills.

PIPER BETLE, Linn.; Roxl. FL 2nd. i, 158 ; F-B.I., v, 85 ; Duthie Field
and Gard. Crops N. W. Prov. md Ovdh Hi, 51, it. 91 and 91A ; Watt
E. D.; Comm. Prod. 2nd. 891 ; Gamble Man, 554 ; Brandis Ind.
Trees 523 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 528. Vern. Pan, tambuli, etc. (Betel
pepper). — A perennial dioecious creeper extensively cultivated in the
hotter and damper parts of India and in Ceylon extending to the Malay
Islands. It is believed to have come originally from Java. The leaves
mixed with portions of areca-nut, lime and catechu, are universally
chewed by the natives of India, to which are added by well-to-do
classes other ingredients such as cardamoms, nutmeg and camphor.
For further particulars as to cultivation, etc., see Watt's Comm. Prod,
of India 891.

P. NIGRUM, L. Vern. Gul-mirch, kala-mirch. (Black pepper). — This
furnishes the ordinary pepper of commerce, black and white, the
latter resulting in the grinding of the fruit after the removal of the
outer skin. The plant is wild in Travancore and Malabar, and is
cultivated in the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon and in the tropics
generally.

PEPEEOMIA PELLUCIDA, H. B. & K. ; Prain Beng. PL 894 ; Cooke FL
Bomb, ii, 629. — A slender much-branched glabrous and succulent
annual. Has been introduced comparatively recently from S.
America, and is becoming naturalized in various parts of India, and
as a weed in the gardens of N. India.

XCV.-LAURAOEJE.

Aromatic trees or shrubs, very rarely (Gassy tha) leafless para-
sites. Leaves usually alternate, gland-dotted, exstipulate. Flowers

48 LAURACEM.

small, regular, 2- or 1 -sexual, in axillary cymes clusters panicles or
racemes ; bracts deciduous, often involucrate or none. Perianth
usually inferior ; tube short, sometimes enlarged in fruit ; lobes of
limb small, usually G, rarely 4, in two series, usually all similar and
equal, imbricate, rarely sub-valvate, herbaceous or petaloid.
Stamens usually a multiple of the perianth -lobes, in 2-4 series on
the tube ; filaments flattened, inner or some or all often 2-glandular
at the base ; anthers erect, 2-or 4-celled, rarely 1 -celled, cells
dehiscing by up-curved at length deciduous valve-like lids. Ovary
sessile at the base of the perianth-tube, 1 -celled, style terminal,
stigma simple or discoid or dilated ; ovule solitary, pendulous from
the apex of the cell, anatropous. Fruit a dry or fleshy berry on an
often thickened peduncle, naked or rarely enclosed in or adnate to
the perianth-tube. Seed pendulous, testa membranous, albumen
none ; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy ; radicle superior, minute. —
Species about 1,000, chiefly in the warmer regions of Asia,
Australia, America and the Pacific Islands.

Trees or shrubs : — •

Anthers of the two outermost rows of stamens
opening inwards, those of the third row open-
ing outwards ; flowers hermaphrodite, usually
panicled : —

Anthers all 2-celled ; perianth deciduous . 1. BEILSCHMIEDIA,
Anthers all 4-celled ; perianth peristent : —

Perianth-lobes reflexed in fruit . . 2. MACHILUS,

Perianth-lobes erect in fruit ; flowers

often polygamous . . . .3. PHCEBE.

Anthers of each row of stamens opening in-
wards, 4-celled ; flowers dioecious, in um-
bels, each umbel supported by an in-
volucre of bracts : —

Leaves penninerved ; stamens 9 or more,

glands of the inner row sessile . . 4. LITSEA.

Leaves 3- nerved above the base ; stamens

usually 6, glands of inner row stalked . 5. NEOLITSEA.

Leafless parasitic twining herbs . . .6. CASSYTHA

BEILSCHMIEDIA.] LAUEACEM.

1. BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 121.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, penni-
nerved. Flowers small, 2-sexual, usually in panicles. Perianth-
tube short ; lobes subequal. Stamens 9, perfect, those of the two
outer series with eglandular filaments and with the anthers in-
trorsely 2-celled ; those of third series with 2-glandular filaments
and with the anthers extrorsely 2-celled ; anthers of the inner-
most series replaced by ovoid or cordate staminodes. Ovary
sessile, free from the perianth, narrowed into the style, stigma
obtuse. Fruit an oblong ovoid or globose berry ; pedicel not or
slightly thickened, the perianth quite deciduous. Seed with a
membranous testa. — Species about 20, all tropical.

B. Roxbnrghiana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. ii, 69 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 378 ; Ind. Trees 528 ; F. B. I. v, 121 ; Watt. E. D. ; Gamble
Man. 559 ; Prain Beng. PI. 897 ; Haines For. Fl. Ch. Nagpur 151.
B. fagif olia, Nees ; F. B. I. v, 122. Laurus bilocularis, Roxb. FL
Ind. ii, 311.— Vern. KonTiaia (Oudh).

A large or medium-sized almost evergreen tree. Bark ash-coloured.
Branches many, spreading horizontally and forming a dense shady
head. Leaves coriaceous, 6-10 in. long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or bluntly acuminate, glabrous, dark-green and shining ; base
cuneate ; main lateral. nerves 6-12 pairs, prominent on both surfaces
and finely and distinctly reticulate#bet\veen ; petioles J-l in. long.
Peduncles axillary and from the base of the young shoots, a little
shorter than the petioles, pubescent, bearing a raceme or panicle of
6-12 flowers ; bracts ovate, caducous. Perianth 6-partite ; segments
spreading or refiexed, J in. long, linear- oblong, hairy on both sides.
Filaments hairy ; anthers bilocular. Berry 1-1 j in. long or more and
about 1 in. in diam., narrowly oblong- obo void, dark-purple when ripe
and covered with a whitish-grey bloom which is easily rubbed off.

Forests of N. Oudh in the districts of Gonda and Bahraich, in shady
ravines (B. Thompson). Flowers Mar.-April when the old leaves are
falling. DISTRIB. : From Kumaon to Assam, Tipperah and Burma,
also in Ch. Nagpur. The wood is white rather hard and even-grained,
and is said to be used in Assam for making boats. I have not seen
the specimens from N. Oudh.

£0 LAV RACEME. [MACHILUS.

2. MACHILUS, Nees ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 136.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the ends
of the branchlets, penninerved. Flowers small, 2-sexual, in axillary
panicles. Perianth-tube short or obsolete ; lobes persistent, spread-
ing or reflexed in fruit. Stamens 9, perfect, filaments of the 1st and
2nd rows eglandular and with introrse 4-celled anthers ; of the 3rd
row with 2 stipitate glands at the base and with extrorse 4-celled
anthers ; those of the 4th row replaced by stipitate cordate stami-
nodes. Ovary sessile, narrowed into the style ; stigma discoid,
Fruit a globose or oblong berry seated on the persistent perianth. —
Species about 20, in E. Asia.

Leaves up to 6 in. long, somewhat glaucous beneath,
main lateral nerves 8-12 pairs ; perianth vttlous
within ; drupe globose, J- \ in. in diam . . 1. M. Gamblei.

Leaves up to 10 in. long, distinctly glaucous beneath,
main lateral nerves 12-18 pairs ; perianth silky-
tomentose outside ; drupe globose, f-lj in. in
diam. . . . . . . . . 2. M . Duthiei.

1. M. Gamble!, King, in F. B. I. v, 138 and 860 ; Kanjilal
For. Fl. ed. 2, 327 ; Gamble Man. 566; Brandis Ind. Trees
531. — Vern. Kdwala.

A small or moderate-sized tree with dark grey bark ; shoots and young
leaves beneath finely silky. Leaves 3-6 in. long, elliptic -lanceolate to
obovate, acute or acuminate, entire, thinly coriaceous, impressed-
punctate on both surfaces, glaucous and glabrous beneath when
mature, main lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, slender ; petioles J in., slender.
Panicles lax, few-flowered. Sepals linear-oblong, villous within.
Drupe globose, J-J in. in diam., black when ripe.

Dehra Dun, in shady and swampy localities, fairly common (Kanjilal).
Flowers in March and April. DISTBJB. : Outer ranges of Himalaya
eastwards to Bhutan and the Duphla Hills at from 2 — 4,000 ft., also
in the Assam Valley.

2. M. Duthiei, King in F. B. I. v, 861 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed
2), 327 ; Gamble Man. 567 ; Duthie in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix,
part 1, 67, t. 83 ; Collett Fl. Siml 431, fig. 138 ; Brandis Ind. Trees
531. — Vern* Kdwala* Wiadrao (Garhwal), bhojo (Jaunsar).

PHOSBE.] LAVE AGE M. 51

A medium -sized tree with a thin dark-grey rather rough bark ; young
parts finely silky. Leaves thickly coriaceous when mature, becoming
reflexed in age, 6-10 in. long, oblong^or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
often subfalcate, dark-green and shining above, glaucous beneath ;
main lateral nerves 12-20 pairs ; petioles about J in. long. Panicles
about 6 in. long when in flower ; peduncles and pedicels rather stout,
elongating and drooping in fruit, often tinged with red. Flowers J in.
in diam. Sepals linear- oblong, finely silky outside, reflexed in fruit.
Drupe globose, -f-f in. in diam., changing from a dark sage-green
colour to purple or almost black.

Sub-Himalayan tract of Rohilkhand in the Kota Dun at 2,000 ft. (Herb.
Strachey and Winterbottom, Machilus No. 1) ; Kumaon Bhabar at
Barmdeo (Herb. S. and W. No. 3), Kotri Dun at 1,800 ft. (Brandis).
Flowers d *fing April and May. DISTBIB. : W. Temp. Himalaya from
Chamba dad Simla to Nepal, ascending to 8,000 ft. This hand-
some tree is abundant in shady places on northern slopes of the outer
Himalayan ranges, especially in Jaunsar and Garhwal. It is some-
times found associated with M. odoratissima, Nees to which the
present species and some others had previously been referred, but it
may easily be recognized by its larger leaves, the pubescent panicle-
branches and flowers and especially by its globose drupes.

3. PHGGBE, Nees ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 141.

Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, scattered or in
clusters at the ends of the branchlets, penninerved. Flowers small,
2-sexual or polygamous, in axillary or sub-terminal panicles.
Perianth-tube short ; lobes 6, subequal, erect, accrescent and
clasping the base of the fruit. Stamens 9, perfect ; those of the
2 outer rows eglandular at the base and with extrose 4-celled an-
thers ; of the 3rd row 2-glandular at the base, with extrorse 2-celled
anthers, those of the 4th row replaced by cordate or sagittate
staminodes. Ovary sessile, narrowed into the style, stigma discoid.
Fruit an ellipsoid or oblong berry, clasped at the base by the
hardened perianth-segments. — Species about 26, in India and
Malaya.

Quite glabrous except the young shoots and the

perianth inside . . . . . . 1. P. lanceolata.

Panicles and flowers puberulous . . . . 2. P. vallida*

52 LAUEAGEM. [PHCEBE.

I.P. lanceolata, Nees Syst. Laurin. 109, F. B.I. v, 141 ;

Brandis For. Fl. 377 ; Ind. Trees 532 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For..
Fl. (ed. 2), 328 ; Gamble Man. 568 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 432 ; Prain
Beng. PL 900. Laurus lanceolaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 308. — Vern.
Haulia (Hind.), tumri (Dehra Dun). ^ J,_.L..J

A small evergreen tree with yellowish -white bark, quite glabrous except
the very young parts and the perianth inside. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
usually crowded towards the ends of the branches, 6-9 in. long*
elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, narrowed below into a short
petiole ; main lateral nerves 6-10 paiis. Flowers pale-yellow, 2-
sexual, or sometimes polygamous, T1Q-J in. long, arranged in lax
axillary panicles 2-4 in. long.; peduncles slender, about 2 in. long when
in flower, elongating in fruit. Perianth- segments broad, obtuse,,
villous inside, erect in fruit. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, clasped at the
base by the hardened perianth, black when ripe.

Sub-Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun (Gamble) to the forests of N.
Oudh (Brandis). Flowers Feb.-June. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan
ranges from Simla to Bhutan up to 6,000 ft.; also on the Khasia
Hills and in Burma. The wood is hard and close-grained and is said
to be used for planks.

2. P. pallida, Nees Syst. Laurin. 112 ; Brandis For. FL 377 ;
Ind. Trees 532 ; F. B. I. v. 142 ; Gamble Man. 567.

A small tree with finely puberulous shoots. Leaves coriaceous, 6-9 in.
long, elliptic -lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate, pubescent be-
neath when young; main lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, very oblique,
deeply impressed above, prominent beneath. Panicles long-pedun-
cled. Flowers puberulous.

Moist ravines in the forests of E. Oudh (Brandis). Flowers in June.
DISTRIB. : Kumaon Himalaya up to 5,000 ft., and eastwards to Nepal
and Sikkim. Perhaps too closely allied to p. lanceolata to be regarded
as more than a variety.

4. LITSEA, Lamk. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 155.

Trees or shrubs, usually evergreen. Leaves alternate, rarely
opposite or subopposite, penninerved, rarely 3-nerved from the-
base, buds naked or scaly. Flowers small, dioecious, usually
umbellate ; umbels 4-6 (rarely more)- flowered, sessile or shortly
peduncled ; peduncles clustered, rarely solitary, axillary or in the-

LITSEA.] LAV RACE JE. 53

leaf -scars, sometimes racemose or fascicled on common peduncles ;
bracts involucrate, 4-6, rarely more in one involucre, coriaceous or
membranous. Perianth-tube ovoid campanulate or very short;
lobes of limb 6 or 4, equal or unequal, sometimes small or obsolete.
MALE flowers : Stamens 9 or 12 in trimerous flowers, 6 in dimerous
flowers, occasionally fewer than 6, rarely more than 12 ; filaments
of 1st and 2nd rows usually eglandular, those of the 3rd (and 4th
if present) 2-glandular ; anthers all introrse, 4-celled. Ovary
minute or obsolete, very rarely perfect. FEM. fls. Staminodes 9 or
12, or in the dimerous flowers 6 (rarely more than 12). Ovary
enclosed in the perianth-tube or free ; style short or long, stigma
usually irregularly lobed. Fruit a drupe or berry seated on the un-
•enlarged perianth, or partly clasped at the base by the often much
enlarged discoid or cupular perianth -tube. Seed with a thin testa.
— Species about 140, in Trop. Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands,
rare in Africa and America.

Perianth -lobes incomplete or none ; leaves oblong
or ovate- acute, lower surface sparingly pube-
scent or closely tomentose ; fruit globose,
seated on the slightly enlarged perianth-tube 2. L. chinensis.

Perianth-lobes complete, 6- or 5-partite : —

Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong ; upper sur-
face glabrous ; lower surface grey- or tawny-
pubescent ; main lateral nerves 5-10 pairs ;
fruit ovoid, on a very small perianth- tube . 2. L. polyantha.

Leaves usually narrowly lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, grey-hoary, rarely glabrous
beneath ; main lateral nerves 8-15 pairs ;
fruit on the enlarged per. -tube, ellipsoid^ % . 3. L. salici folia,

var. lauri folia

1. L. chinensis, Lamk. Encycl. Method, Hi, 574 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 539 ; Gamble i^n Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXXV, part. 1,
131. L. sebifera, Pers. Syn. ii, 4 ; F. B. I. v, 157 ; Watt E. D. ;
Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 329 ; Gamble Man. 570 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 902 ; Brandis Ind. Trees, 536. Tetranthera laurifolia, Blume ;
(not of Roxb.) ; Brandis For. Fl. 379. T. apetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
Hi, 819 ; Eoyle 111. 325. T. Roxburghii, Nees ; Eoyle I. c.—
Vern. Maida, gwa (Hind.), medh (Oudh), chandna (Dehra Dun).

54: LAURACEM. [LITSEA

A small or medium -sized evergeen tree, very variable in habit foliage and
inflorescence. Bark dark-grey, cork-like, with an inner viscid layer
Young parts inflorescence and underside of leaves more or less pubes-
cent or tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous, 5-9 in., long, ovate
oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute obtuse or rounded at the apex,
glabrous or pubsecent on the upper surface, grey -pubescent beneath
and usually glabrescent when mature ; main lateral nerves 8-12 pairs,
and with fine reticulations between ; petioles J-l J in. long. Flower t
globose, White or yellowish, J in. in diam. before expansion, arrangec
in axillary peduncled corymbose or racemose umbels ; bracts 4, tomen-
tose. Perianth very irregular, the segments often wanting, tube long
and silky. Stamens 9 to 20 or more ; filaments villous. Fruit globose"
J in. in diam., supported by the slightly enlarged perianth-tube.

Fairly common in the forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, espe-
cially in shady ravines ; also in the Sub-Himalayan districts of Rohil-
khand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. It flowers in the rains and the fruil
ripens during the cold season. DISTRIB. : Throughout the hotter parts
of India and in Ceylon, extending to the Malay Islands, China and
Australia. The wood of this tree, as described by Gamble, is greyish-
brown or olive-grey, moderately hard and durable, and it is not attack-
ed by insects. The granular and viscid inner bark (meda-lakri) is said
to be good for sprains and bruises.

2. L. polyantha, Juss. in Ann. Mus. Par. vi, 211 ; F. B. I.v,
162 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 330 ; Gamble Man
571 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 433 ; Prain Beng. PL 903 ; Brandis Ind.
Trees 536. Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 821 ,
Brand. For. Fl. 380; L 45.— Vern. Maida, katmarra (Hind.),
karkawa, karka ( Dehra Dun).

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, the young parts inflorescence and
underside of leaves rusty-tomentose. Bark dark-grey, finally ex-
foliating in corky-scales. Leaves alternate, very variable, 4-8 in. long
or more, elliptic-oblong ovate or obovate, tip usually rounded or
retuse, glabrous above, rusty-tomentose and strongly reticulate-
veined beneath ; main lateral nerves 5-10 pairs, base rounded or
cordate, petiole J-l in. long. Umbels 5-6-flowered, densely tomen-
tose, pedicels stout, bracts 4-5. Perianth white, 6- or 5-partite«
Stamens 9-13, filaments hairy. Fruit ovoid, about J in. long, seated
on the small unchanged perianth.

Common in the forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur and eastwards
to the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, often found
in shady ravines and on the banks of streams. Flowers March-May,

NEOLITSEA.] LAURACEM. 55

the new foliage appearing at about the same time, and the fruit ripens
about 3 or 4 months later. DISTBIB. : Salt Range and Punjab
Himalaya and eastwards to Nepal up to 3,000 ft., also in Assam,
Bengal, Central India, Orissa, Burma and Malay Peninsula, extend-
ing to Java and China. The wood of this tree is similar in appear-
ance to that of L. chinensis, but is softer and less durable. Its medi-
cinal properties are the same. The leaves when crushed have a strong
scent of cinnamon, they aie used in Assam for feeding the Muga silk-
worm.

L. salicifolia, Hook. f. VAR. laurifolia, F. B. I. v, 167 ; Prain
Beng. PL 903. Tetranthera saliciiolia, Roxb. T. laurifolia, Eoxb.
Fl. 2nd. in, 823 ; T. lanceseiolia, Eoxb. L c. 822:

An evergreen bush or small tree ; branchlets puberulous. Leaves sub-
distichous, 3-5 in. long, variable in shape from elliptic to linear-lan-
ceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute or acuminate, brownish and
glabrous above, grey -hoary rarely glabrous beneath ; lateral nerves
8-15 pairs, prominent beneath ; petioles J-l in. Umbels clustered ;
pedicels short, slender. Stamens 6-9 ; filaments villous. Fruit £ in.
long, narrowly ellipsoid, seated on the funnel-shaped or clavate
perianth-tube.

Forests in the Sub- Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh (Brandis). DISTRIB. :
Outer Himalayan ranges from Nepal to Sikkim, up to 6,000 ft. ;
also in Assam, the Garo, Khasia and Naga Hills, Bengal Plain, Sun-
dribuns and Chittagong, extending to Upper and Lower Burma.

5. NEOLITSEA, Men*. ; included under Litsea in Fl. Brit. Ind.

v, 178.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate opposite or in whorls, 3t
nerved, more or less lanceolate ; buds perulate. Flowers dioecious,
in 3-7- fld. umbellules arranged in clusters or short racemes in the
axils of the upper leaves or on the branchlets between the nodes,
the clusters with small bracts at their bases ; involucral bracts 4,
deciduous ; pedicels elongating. Perianth 4-partite. Stamens
of male flowers 6 ; those of the 2 outer rows eglandular ; the inner
biglandular ; anther-cells all introrse or the lower lateral. Sta-
minodes of fern, flowers 6, arranged as the stamens, usually linear
or linear-clavate. Ovary ovoid, style thick, stigma usually peltate,
in the male flowers none or rudimentary. Fruit a globose or
elliptic- oblong berry, seated on the slightly enlarged disciform

56 LAUEACEM. [ NEOLITSEA.

perianth-tube ; pedicels somewhat elongate ; pericarp smooth.
Cotyledons hemispheric. — Species about 30, in India or Malaya,
one or more extending to the Philippines and Australia.

N. lanuginosa, Duthie. Tetradenia lanuginosa, Nees in Wall.
Pl» As. Ear. ii, 64. Litsea lanuginosa, Nees Syst. Laur. 634 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 382 ; 2nd. Trees 540 ; F. B. I. v, 178 ; Kanjilal
For. Fl. (ed. 2), 331 ; Gamble Man. 573 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 433.
Tetranthera Cuipala, Don. Prod. 65.

A tall or moderate- sized tree, with brownish bark. Leaf-buds con-
spicuous, enclosed within softly pubescent scales, the terminal ones
often up to 1 in. in length. Leaves alternate or more or less crowded in
whorls towards the ends of the branchlets, thickly coriaceous, 6-12 in.
long, elliptic -lanceolate or -oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, softly
tomentose beneath when young, soon becoming glabrous and glaucous,
prominently 3-nerved above the base ; petioles J-f in. Flowers and
bracts villous, the latter soon falling ; pedicels of fern, flowers longer
than those of the males. Perianth- segments fringed, silky outside.
Stamens longer than the perianth ; glands of the 2 inner filaments
long-stalked. Berry about |- in. long, its pedicel thickened towards
the apex.

Dehra Dun, in the Mothronwala swamp (Kanjilal). Flowers Feb.-
June. DISTEIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges from Kashmir, sparingly
at about 3,000 ft., and eastwards to Sikkim up to about 6,000 ft.,
also on the Khasia Hills.

6. CASSYTHA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 187.

Filiform twining parasites, adhering to their hosts by suckers.
Leaves of minute scales or none. Flowers minute, bisexual, some-
times dimorphic, in spikes heads or racemes, bracteoles 3. Perianth-
tube short and globose, or in the same species often as long as the
limb and turbinate ; segments 6, the 3 outer smaller. Stamens
'9 or 6, perfect, those of the 1st row with eglandular filaments and
introrsely 2 -celled anthers ; of the 2nd row similar or reduced to
staminodes ; of the 3rd row with 2-glandular filaments and
•extrorsely 2 -celled anthers ; those of the 4th row replaced by
sessile or stipitate staminodes. Ovary globose, free in flower, in
iruit closely covered by the enlarged perianth ; stigma sessile,
small or capitate. Fruit a small drupe, enclosed in the succulent

CASSYTHA.] LAV RACEME. 57

perianth-tube and crowned by the perianth-lobes. Seed with thin
testa, cotyledons at length confluent. — Species 15, one of which is
widely spread throughout the tropics ; 1 or 2 are found in S. Africa
and in Borneo ; the rest are Australian.

C. flliformis, Linn. Sp. PL 35 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 314, F. B.
1. v, 188 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 904 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb.
if 542. — Vern. Amarbeli.

A twining leafless parasite with the habit of Cuscuta, quite glabrous or
the young parts puberulous. Stems long, slender, cord-like, often
intricately matted, branched, dark-green. Flowers small, sessile,
in lax dense divaricate spikes J-2 in. long ; bracteoles small, rounded,
ciliate. Perianth twice as long as the bracteoles, tube short ; segments
6, in two rows, the three outer short ; the inner longer, oblong, acute,
concave, valvate. Fruit abcut J in. in diam., globose, smooth, white,
enclosed in the fleshy perianth -tube and crowned by the erect seg-
ments.

Uundelkhand (Edgeworth), and probably in many other localities within
the area. DISTBIB. : Throughout the greater part of India, espe-
cially near the sea-coast, also, in Ceylon, the S. Andaman Islands,
extending to the Malay Pen. and Islands, Arabia, Mascarene Islands,
Irop. Africa, Australia, Polynesia and America.

The following plants belonging to genera not indigenous within the area
of this flora deserve to be briefly mentioned : —

CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANicuM, Nees in Wall. PL As. Ear. ii, 74 ; F. B. I.
v, 131; DC. ISOrig. Pi. Cult. 116 ; Brandis For. FL 375 ; Ind. Trees
533 ; Watt Comm. Prod. Ind.; Prain Beng. PL 899 ; Cooke FL Bomb-
ii, 535. Laurus Cinnamomum, Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 295. — The bark
of this tree yields the true cinnamon of commerce. It is found wild
in W. & S India, Ceylon and Burma, and is cultivated in the Malay
Islands and elsewhere in the tropics.

C. T AM ALA, T. Nee* and Eberm. ; F. B. I. v, 128 ; C. albiftorum, Nees ;
Royle 111. 325. Laurus Cassia, Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 297. Vern. Dakhini,
tezpat. — A moderate-sized evergreen tree, closely allied to C. zeylani-
cum. It is found abundantly on the outer Himalayan ranges up to
7,000 ft., and the root-bark and leaves are much valued for medicinal
purposes.

€. CAMPHORA, T. Nees and Eberm. (The Camphor tree of China and
Japan). — An evergreen tree much cultivated in Indian gardens. It

58 LAURACE&. [CASSYTHA.

thrives fairly well in Dehra Dun, and in the Government Garden at
Saharanpur.

PERSE A GRATISSIMA, Gcertn. ;. (The Avocada or Alligator Pear). A
native of Trop. S. America. It is cultivated in Indian gardens. The
pear-shaped fruit, about 4-6 in. long, contains a single seed which is
embedded in a soft pulp.

LAURUS NOBILIS, Linn. (Sweet Bay or Laurel). — A small slow-growing
evergreen tree of the Mediterranean region, and well-known on
account of its aromatic leaves.

XCVL— ELJEAGNACE^E.

Shrubs or trees, copiously covered with silvery or brown scales
Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate, usually coriaceous,
Flowers small, regular, 2-sexual or dioecious, arranged in axillary
fascicles spikes or racemes, rarely from leafless axils ; bracts smalls
deciduous or none. Perianth in 2-sexual or female flowers tubular,
narrowed above the ovary and persistent below, deciduous above ;
limb 2-4-lobed, rarely truncate ; perianth in male flowers reduced
to a 2-4-lobed limb. Stamens of 2-sexual flowers adnate to the
throat of the perianth, those of the male flowers adnate to the base
of the perianth, 4 alternate with or 8 both opposite to or alternate
with the perianth-lobes ; filaments free, usually short ; anther
oblong, 2-celled ; cells parallel, contiguous, staminodes in fern,
flowers none. Ovary free, 1 -celled ; style terminal, linear or dilated
above, stigma lateral ; ovule solitary, erect, basal, anatropous.
Fruit a nut, enclosed in the perianth-tube. Seed erect, testa hard,
albumen scanty or none, embryo straight ; cotyledons thick, fleshy ;
radicle inferior, very short. — Species 17, in north temperate and
tropical regions.

EL-ffiAGNUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 201.

Flowers 2-sexual, solitary or 2-3-nate, or sometimes on shon
leafless or leafy branchless, bracts none. Perianth with an oblong
or globose persistent base, narrowed above the ovary into a cam-
panulate or funnel-shaped deciduous limb, yellow or white within
valvately 4-lobed and usually with a prominent ring inside above

ELMAG^ACEM. 59

the constriction. Stamens 4, on the mouth of the perianth. Style
linear, included. Fruit enclosed in the persistent accrescent
usually berry -like perianth-base, pericarp thin. Seed with a hard
shining testa. — Species 12, in S. Europe, Temp, and Trop. Asia,
Australia and N. America.

E. latifolia, Linn. Sp. PL 121 ; Brandis For. Fl. 390, t. 46 ;
Ind. Trees 547 ; F. B. I. v, 202 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL
(ed. 2), 334 ; Gamble Man. 581 ; Prain Beng. PL 908 ; Cooke FL
Bomb. M, 543 ; E. conCerta, Roxb. FL Ind. i, 440 ; Royle III. 323.
E. arborea, Roxb. L c. 441 ; Don. Prod. 67. — Vern. Ghiwai.

A much-branched evergreen usually scandent shrub ; branches often
spinescent ; young shoots densely clothed with shining rust-coloured
scales. Leaves variable, thin or more or less coriaceous, 3-5 in. long,
broadly elliptic to lanceolate, obtuse, acute or acuminate ; upper
surface pale-green, scurfy, the lower coated with silvery white or rust-
coloured glistening scales ; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs ; base acute or
rounded ; petioles scaly, J-J in. long. Flowers usually many in a
cluster, straw-coloured, scented ; pedicels elongating in fruit. Peri-
anth J in. long, clothed with silvery scales, as are the pedicels ; lobes^
| in. long, ovate, acute, spreading. Style hairy. Fruit crowned by
the upper free portion of the perianth, about 1 in. long, ellipsoid or
pear-shaped with 8 strong blunt ribs, pinkish when ripe and rough
with small white spots ; endocarp white, woolly within. Seed J in.
long.

Dehra Dun, usually in swampy ground (Kanjilal) ; also in the Sub-
Himalayan tracts eastwards. Flowers Nov. -Feb., and the fruit
ripens during May and June. DISTRIB. : Subtrop. Himalaya from
the Sutlej to the Mishmi Hills, ascending to about 8,000ft., and from
Bengal and the Konkan southwards to Ceylon ; extending to
Burma, the Malay Peninsula and China. The sub -acid astringent
fruit is much eaten by the village people and is sometimes used as a
preserve. The wood affords a good fuel.

XCVII.-LORANTHACEJE.

Evergreen parasitic shrubs. Leaves opposite, usually entire,,
coriaceous, exstipulate, sometimes absent. Flowers 2-or 1 -sexual*
in racemes spikes heads or fascicles ; bracts usually scale-like,
bracteoles usually 2. Perianth simple or double. Sepals, or simple

60 i LORANTHACEJE.

perianth when sepaloid, adnate to the ovary, in fern, flowers solid
or obsolete ; limb annular or cupular, entire or shortly toothed.
Petals, or simple perianth-segments when petaloid, 3-6, rarely 2,
valvate, free or more or less connate in a tube or in a sheath split
on the upper side. Stamens as many as and opposite the corolla-
lobes and usually adnate to them ; filaments usually filiform ;7
anthers usually 2-celled, bursting longitudinally or by pores. Disk
epigynous or in fern, flowers within the stamens, fleshy and rather
prominent or none. Staminodes in fern, flowers and rudimentary
ovary in male flowers rarely present. Ovary inferior, at first appa-
rently solid, at length 1 -celled ; style short or long, stigma simple ;
ovule solitary, erect, adnate throughout to the walls of the ovary.
Fruit a 1 -seeded berry or drupe. Seed adnate to the pericarp;
albumen fleshy, often toothed at the apex, or none ; embryo
straight, usually fleshy, radicle superior. — Species about 500,
mostly tropical.

Flowers bisexual ; style long . . . . 1. LOBANTHTJS.
Flowers unisexual ; style short or none . . 2 . VISCTJM.

1. LORANTHUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 203.

Semiparasitic shrubs, usually on trees. Leaves opposite, rarely
alternate, usually thick and fleshy or coriaceous, nerves obscure.
Flowers 2-sexual, usually coloured, in spikes racemes or cymes,
axillary or on the old nodes ; bracts concave or oblique, cupular ;
bracteoles 2, free or connate with the bract or none. Perianth
double. Calyce-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb short, truncate or
4-6-toothed or obsolete. Petals 4-6, valvate, free or more or less
connate in a tube with spreading tips, or in a sheath split behind ;
tube naked or with conniving scales at the base. Stamens 4-6,
adnate to the petals ; anthers adnate or versatile, with parallel
cells. Disk none. Style columnar, filiform, rarely twisted. Fruit
a berry or drupe, 1 -seeded. Embryo usually fleshy, cotyledons
2 or 4. — Species about 350, mostly tropical.

Corolla of 4 free petals ; flowers small, shortly
pedicelled, rusty -pubescent ; anthers con-
tinuous with the filaments, distinctly 2-celled 1. L. ligustrinus.

LORANTHUS.I LORANTHACE&. 61

Corolla gamopetalous, 4-5 lobed or-partite, the
tube split above ; anther-cells indistinct ;
flowers nearly always mealy or scurfy : —

Corolla 4-fid. ; calyx hardly produced above
the ovary ; leaves mealy or scurfy on the
lower and usually also on the upper sur-
face : —

Fruit mealy, clavate ; young shoots and
leaves covered with flocculent white fuga-
cious mealy tomentum ; flowers long-
pedicelled in solitary or fascicled racemes,
scurfy white -tomentose . . . . 2. L. pulverulentuz..

Fruit tomentose, pyriform ; young shoots
and leaves covered with short soft rusty or
white scurfy tomentum : —

Leaves less than 3 in. wide, sessile or
shortly petioled ; base cuneate or round-
ed, rarely subcordate, appressed tomen-
tose or glabrate beneath . . 3. L. Scurrula..

Leaves large, exceeding 3 in. in width,
orbicular or broadly ovate ; base cor-
date or rounded, densely tomentose
beneath; petioles long . . 4. L. cordifolius..

Corolla 5-fid. ; calyx distinctly produced above
the ovary ; leaves and flowers glabrous ;
fruit oblong . . . . . . 5. L. longiflorus.

L. ligustrinus, Wall in Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey and Wall.)
ii, 219 ; Don. Prod. 143 ; Brandis For. Fl. 395 ; Ind. Trees 549 ;
F. B. I. v, 207 ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 336 ; Gamble Man. 582 ;
Prain Beng. PL 811.

A parasitic shrub, or sometimes a small terrestrial tree parasitic on
roots ; young shoots and inflorescence rusty-pubescent ; bark pale-
coloured, closely lenticellate. Leaves glabrous, opposite or the upper
alternate, 1J-2J in. long, lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, pen-
ninerved, brown or black when dry, thinly coriaceous ; nerves obscure «
base acute ; petioles J-£ in. Racemes axillary, single or hi pairs, J-in.
long. Flowers 4-merous, J-in. long ; pedicels very short ; buds sub-
terete, swollen at the base ; bracts rather large, orbicular. Calyx-
limb entire. Corolla pink outside, deep-red within. Petals 4, free,.

62 LORANTHACEJE. [ LOEANTHUS.

linear, reflexed from the middle. Ovary urceolate, rusty-pubescent.
Fruit J in. long, ovoid, truncate, brown when ripe.
Dehra Dun, occasionally met with in the forests (Kanjilal); Siwalik
range in the Timli Pass (Griffith). Flowers May- July. DISTRIB. :
Outer Himalayan ranges from the Jumna to Sikkim, ascending to
4,000 ft. ; also in Assam, the Khasia Hills and in Chittagong.

2, Ii. pulverulentus, Wall, in Eoxb. Fl. 2nd. (ed. Carey and Wall.)
ii, 221 ; Brandis For. Fl. 396 ; Ind. Trees 549 ; F. B. I. v, 211 ;
Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 337 ; Gamble Man. 582 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 911.

A robust branch-parasite ; branchlets and young leaves clothed with
white flocculent fugacious mealy tomentum. Leaves opposite, long-
petioled, 2-8 in. long, broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, dark-
brown when dry ; nerves distinct, arching. Racemes solitary or in
fascicles, J-2J in. long ; bracts minute. Flowers about 1 in. long, on
long pedicels, scurfUy white -tomentose. Calyx-limb none. Corolla
slender, curved, green when fresh, cream-coloured when dry ;
tube terete, split above ; lobes 4, connate. Fruit clavate, mealy.

Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, and in the Sub-Himalayan
tracts eastwards ; often found on dhdk, sTiisham and on other trees
Flowers Dec. -June. DISTRIB. : Subtropical Himalaya, from Chamba
and Garhwal to Bhutan, up to 3,000 ft., also in N. Bengal and in the
C. Provinces.

3, L. Scurrula, Linn. Sp. PL ed. 2, 472 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 550 ;
F. B. I. v, 208 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 336 ; Gamble Man.
£82 ; Prain Beng. PI. 911 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 546 ; Brandis Ind.
Trees 549.

A large bushy branch -parasite, very variable. Branches terete ; bark
often copiously lenticellate ; young parts rusty-tomentose. Leaves
opposite, sessile or stalked, coriaceous, 1J-3 in. long, less than 3 in.
wide, elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous or nearly so above,
more or less rusty-tomentose beneath, or subglabrous beneath (when
mature) ; base sub-acute or rounded, rarely sub-cordate. Flowers
% 1 in. long, arranged in axillary short-peduncled rusty or grey-tomen-
tose sub-racemose fascicles ; pedicels slender ; buds clavate ; bracts
minute, obliquely ovate, concave, tomentose. Calyx subcuneate ;
limb truncate, very short. Corolla greenish-yellow, tomentose ; lobes

4, narrow, acute. Fruit J- j- in. long, pyriform, tomentose. Albumen
pink, obtusely quadrangular at the radicle end, the other end termina-
ting in a hard elongated point, surrounded by a green sticky layer ;

LORANTHUS.] LOEANTHACEM. 63

embryo green, fusiform ; radicle not distinguishable from the tigellus
(Talbot in Trees Bomb. ed. 2, p. 289).

Siwalik range (Kanjilal), and eastwards along the Sub- Himalayan
tracts. Flowers during the cold season. DISTBIB. : Throughout
the greater portion of India (except the Punjab and Sind), extend-
ing to Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula and Islands.

4. Ii. cordifolius, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. 2nd. (ed. Carey and Watt.)
ii, 222 ; Don Prod. 143 ; Brandis For. Fl. 396 ; Ind. Trees 549 ;
F. B. I. v, 209 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 337; Collett Fl. Siml.

438 ; Prain Beng. PL 911.

A stout branch -parasite ; young shoots and leaves covered with soft
rusty or white scurfy tomentum. Leaves opposite, orbicular or
broadly ovate, exceeding 3 in. in width, obtuse or rounded at the
apex ; base rounded or cordate ; lower surface densely white-tomen-
tose ; petioles about J in. long or more. Flowers f~l in. long,
arranged in short lateral 2-chotomous corymbs, densely rufous or
white-tomentose ; buds acute. Corolla slender, curved, terete ; tube
split behind ; lobes 4, short, acute. Fruit clavate, J in. long, tomen-
tose.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range (Kanjilal), also in N. Oudh in the Bahraich
forests (Duthie). Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. :
Outer Himalayan ranges from Kashmir to Nepal, up to 5,000 ft. ;
abundant on Woodfordia in Behar and Chota Nagpur, extending
southwards to the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon. It is very closely allied
to L. Scurrula from which it may be distinguished by its greater
size, its much broader and usually cordate leaves and by the copious
White tomentum.

5. longiflorus, Desr. in Lamlc. Encycl. Meth. iii9 598 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 397 ; Ind. Trees 549 ; F. B. I. v, 214 ; Watt E. D. ;
Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 337; Gamble Man. 583 ; Collett Fl. Siml

439 ; Prain Beng. PL 911 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 548 ; L. bicolor,
JKoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 548. — Vern. Banda, patha.

A large bushy usually glabrous branch-parasite ; bark grey, smooth.
Leaves usually opposite, glabrous and thickly coriaceous, 3-7 in.
long, very variable in shape and venation, ovate elliptic or linear-
oblong, obtuse ; midrib prominent, usually red, secondary nerves
obscure ; petioles stout, J-J in. long. Fhwers in stout spreading
axillary or supra -axillary unilateral racemes, often two from an axil ;
pedicels short ; bracts broadly ovate, concave, subacute. Calyx

64 LOEANTEACEM. [ LORANTHUS,

distinctly produced above the ovary, \ in. long, lioary-tomentose,
tube cylindrical ; limb cupular truncate or shortly 5-toothed. Corolla
usually glabrous ; tube curved, widened upwards, split on the back,
red or orange, rarely pink or white ; lobes 5, linear, reflexed, f in. long,,
green or yellowish. Fruit J-^in. long, ovoid-oblong, crowned by the
cup-shaped calyx, black when ripe. Albumen white, copious, with
five linear teeth at the top surrounding the green embryo, which
resembles a small nail J in. long with a flattened head representing
the radicle. (Talbot in Trees Bomb., ed. 2, p. 290).

Abundant in all parts of the area and especially in the forest tracts, where
it is very destructive to a great many kinds of trees, especially the
mango, the mahua, and nim. It flowers chiefly during the cold season.
DISTRIB. : More or less throughout India, ascending to 3,000 ft. in.
the W. Himalaya ; also in Ceylon, Burma and Australia.

In the Government garden at Saharanpur there used to exist a very
interesting specimen in which this species of Loranthus played a
prominent part as illustrating the occurrence of parasitism on the
branches of an epiphyte (Ficus religiosa). This latter, having com-
menced life as an epiphyte on the stem of a Wild Date Palm (Phoenix
sylvestris), rapidly developed its aerial roots downwards so as ultima-
tely to form a continuous casing round the entire trunk of the
palm from a height of 20 feet or more. The presence of some
kind of lichen growth on the woody branches of the Loranthus
would have added a further link to the interesting symbiotic
history of this remarkable composite specimen of vegetation.

2. VISCUM, Linn; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 223.

Shrubs, semi-parasitic on trees. Leaves flat and thick, or reduced
to small scales or teeth. Flowers small, dioecious or monoecious,
fascicled or rarely solitary in the axils or on nodes, rarely ter-
minal : bracts usually small ; bracteoles free or connate, rarely
obsolete. Perianth-tube of male-flowers short, solid, of the females
adnate to ovary ; limb 3-4 lobed, lobes usually deciduous. Stamens
3-4; anthers broad, sessile, adnate to the perianth-lobes; cells
confluent, opening by many pores. Ovary inferior ; stigma
sessile or subsessile, large, pulvinate. Fruit a succulent berry, the
mesocarp soft and viscid. Embryo in fleshy albumen, solitary or 2
in each seed. — Species about 30, in temp, and trop. regions.

Branches Jeafy, terete . . . . 1. V. monoicum.

Branches leafless, flattened . . . . 2. V. articulatum.

VISCUM.] LORANTHACE&. 65

1. V. monoicum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 105 ; FL Ind. Hi, 763 ;
Brandis For. FL 393 ; Ind. Trees 552 ; F. B. I. v, 224 ; Watt E. D. ;
Gamble Man. 584 ; Prain Beng. PL 912 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 552.
A large parasitic shrub. Branches slender, smooth, terete, slightly

swollen at the nodes. Leaves shortly petioled, rather thin and usually
drying black, 1-5 in. long, variable in width, obliquely ovate or lan-
ceolate, often falcately curved, acute or acuminate ; basal nerves
3-5, prominent. Flowers minute, monoecious, greenish, arranged
in axillary sessile or shortly stalked usually 3-flowered fascicles ;
central flower of each fascicle usually male ; bracts truncate, apicu-
late. Perianth-lobes 3 or 4, triangular-oblong. Berry J-J in. long,
oblong, narrowed at both ends.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth) ; Forests of N. Oudh (Vicary, R. Thompson,
Duthie), Gorakhpur (Vicary). Flowers in May. DISTRIB. : Behar,
Chota Nagpur, W. and C. Bengal, Sundribuns ; also in the Nepal
and Sikkim Terai, Khasia Hills, Bombay Pres., S. India, Ceylon and
Burma. The Bundelkhand specimens collected by Edgeworth near
Banda on Zizyphus xylopyrus and Bassia latifolia indicate a more
robust habit of growth. The leaves are much broader and exces-
sively coriaceous, and the light brown colour to which they have
dried gives them a different aspect as compared with typical speci-
mens from other localities in N. India. Trimen says that in Ceylon
the plant dries to a pale yellowish-brown colour. Sir Joseph Hooker
was of opinion that the Banda plant might prove to be a different
species. The only available material now at Kew is, however, in-
sufficient to settle this point.

2. V. articulatum, Burm. /. FL Ind. 311 ; F. B. I. v, 226 ;
Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 339 ; Gamble Man. 584 ;
Collett FL SimL 440 ; Prain Beng. PL 913 ; Brandis Ind. Trees
552 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 553 ; V. attenuatum, DC. ; Brandis For.
FL 394. V. dichotomum, Don. Prod. 142. V. opuntioides Heyne ;
Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 763. — Vern. Budu, pand.

A much- branched parasitic leafless shrub forming pendulous tufts 6 in.
to 3 ft. long. Branches jointed, the internodes 1-2 in. long, flattened
somewhat narrowed at each end, readily disarticulating, pale-green
when fresh, yellowish-brown when dry and longitudinally furrowed,.
Flowers monoecious, very minute, 3-4-merous, very shortly stalked,
1-6 together in fascicles at the nodes, each with a cupular bract at
the base. Perianth of male flowers reflexed. Female flowers 2-
bracteolate, the perianth-lobes erect, triangular. Berry J in. in diam.,
subglobose, greenish-yellow, smooth.

P

66 LOEANTHACEM. [ VISCUM.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth), Siwalik range near Dehra Dun (Kanjilal).
DISTRIB. : Sub-trop. Himalaya from the Punjab eastwards to
Sikkim and up to 3,000 ft. ; also in Central, W. and S. India and
Ceylon ; extending to Burma and the Malay Peninsula and Islands
to Australia. V. dichotomum appears to be the more common form
within the area of this flora, and may be distinguished by its more
robust habit and by its thicker and broader internodes.

V. ALBUM. Linn, is the true " Mistletoe," easily distinguished from the
other species of this genus by its large 'flat coriaceous leaves, the
dioecious flowers, and by its white almost transparent berries. In
India it is confined to the N. W. Himalaya at elevations be-
tween 4,000 and 9,000 ft. It is found on various trees, but very
rarely on oaks. It extends westwards through Afghanistan to the
Atlantic and to N. Asia and eastwards to Japan.

XCVIII. -S ANT ALACE JE.

Trees shrubs or herbs, often semi-parasitic on roots. Leaves
alternate or opposite, quite entire, sometimes scale-like or none,
nerves inconspicuous, stipules none. Flowers 2-or 1 -sexual,
regular, usually small, in simple or compound cymes, bracts
usually small or sometimes leafy ; bracteoles 2, free or connate,
sub-opposite, sometimes one or both obsolete. Perianth superior or
inferior, simple, green or coloured : limb 3-8-toothed-lobed or
-partite, lobes with often a tuft of hair behind the anthers. Stamens
at many as and opposite the perianth-lobes, adnate above, rarely
at its base ; filaments filiform or broad ; anthers 2-celled, bursting
inwards or laterally. Disk epigynous or perigynous. Ovary usually
inferior and 1-celled, style usually short, stigma entire or 3-6-lobed ;
ovules 2-3, adnate to or pendulous from a central column, rarely
solitary and basal. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seed globose or ovoid,
smooth rugose or sulcate, testa thin or obsolete ; albumen copious,
fleshy, radicle superior. — Species about 250, in temp, and trop.
regions.

OSYRIS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 231.

Shrubs, Glabrous, branchlets acutely angular. Leaves alternate,
entire, exstipulate. Flowers small, axillary, polygamous ; male-
flowers in clusters, the bisexual often solitary. Perianth-tube solid
in the male-flowers, of the bisexual flowers adnate to the ovary ;
lobes 3-4, triangular, valvate, with a tuft of hairs on the face.

SANTALACE&. 67

Stamens 3 or 4, inserted at the base of the perianth -lobes ; anther-
cells distinct. Disk angular. Ovary inferior, sunk in the perianth-
tube, style short, stigmas 3-4-fid. ; ovules 2-4, pendulous
from a short stout central placenta. Fruit a globose or ovoid
drupe. Seed globose, solitary.— Species 5 or 6, in S. Europe, Africa
and India.

O. arborea, Wall Cat. 4035 ; Royle 111. 322 ; Brandis For
Fl. 399 ; Ind. Trees 554 ; F. B. I. v, 232 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal
For. Fl. (ed. 2), 340 ; Gamble Man. 588 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 442y i,
144 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 555.

A large usually glabrous shrub ; young branches sharply triangular,
puberulous at the tips. Leaves subsessile, coriaceous, glaucous,
becoming black when dry, 1-2 in. long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate
or obovate-oblong and mucronate, base cuneate. Flowers minute,
polygamous (male and 2-sexual), yellowish-green. Male-flowers
shortly stalked, arranged in long-peduncled 5-10 flowered umbels or
panicles. Bisexual flowers solitary in the axils, the peduncles elonga-
ting and drooping in fruit. Perianth 3-lobed. Stamens 3, opposite
the perianth -lobes and alternate with the lobes of the fleshy disk.
Drupe subglobose, £-J in. in diam., yellow or red when ripe.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts east-
wards. Flowers Dec. -April. DISTBIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges
from the Sutlej to Bhutan, up to 7,000 ft. (but not in Sikkim) ; ex-
tending to Central and S. India, Ceylon and Upper Burma.

.SANTALUM ALBUM, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 442 ; F. B. I. v, 231 ; Watt
Comm. Prod. Ind. 976 : Brandis Ind. Trees 553 ; Gamble, Man. 585 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 914 ; Cookz Fl. Bomb, ii, 555. — Vern. Chandan
(Sandalwood Tree). — A small glabrous evergreen tree with drooping
branches. The yellowish-brown strongly-scented heartwood con-
stitutes the well-known sandalwood of commerce. The tree is indi-
genous in the Western Peninsula southwards from Nasik and the N.
Circars, cultivated elsewhere.

XCIX.— EUPHORBI AC E JE,

Herbs, shrubs or trees, often with milky juice. Leaves usually
alternate, rarely divided or compound ; stipules usually small,
caducous or persistent, rarely connate in a bud-protecting sheath,
sometimes replaced by glands or thorns. Flowers usually amall
or minute, always 1 -sexual ; inflorescence various, usually

68 EUPHORBIACE&.

pound, sometimes (in Euphorbia) consisting of single naked 1-
stamened florets in a perianth-like involucre surrounding a pistil,
more often with the main inflorescence centripetal axillary or
iracemose, the subdivisions cymose, sometimes wholly cymose
on terminal dichotomous panicles, or reduced to simple clusters
or solitary florets ; bracts usually solitary, small and scale-like,
sometimes enlarged or 2-3-connate and forming an involucre ^
bracteoles often 2 within each bract or numerous in the more
open cymes. Perianth often small, sometimes obsolete, often,
dissimilar in the two sexes, usually simple, calycine and with the
segments valvate or imbricate, sometimes calycine 2-seriate and
imbricate with the segments all similar, or occasionally dissimilar
and rarely double, the inner then of 4 or 5 scale-like or very rarely
conspicuous petals. MALE-flowers. Torus sometimes forming
an intra-staminal disk or disk-glands or of lobes alternate with the
stamens of the outer series. Stamens 1-many, free or connate ;
anthers 2 -celled, with longitudinal transverse or porous dehiscence.
FEMALE -flowers. Sepals usually larger and less connate than in the
male. Disk hypogynous, entire or of distinct glands, or none.
Staminodes often present. Ovary superior, usually of 3 more or
less united carpels, styles as many as the carpels, united free or
divided, stigmas usually on the inner face of the styles or style-
arms ; ovules 1 -2 in each carpel, pendulous from the inner angle
of the cell, the funicle often thickened. Fruit usually a capsule of
three 2-valved 1-2-seeded cocci separating from a persistent axis,
or a drupe with 1-3 cells, or of one or more combined nuts.
Seeds laterally attached at or above the middle of the cells with
or without an aril or caruncle at the hilum ; embryo straight,
enclosed in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat, leafy, radicle superior,
albumen rarely none and cotyledons fleshy. Species about 4,000,
throughout the world, except in Arctic regions, but chiefly tropical.

Flowers monoecious, in heads resembling single
flowers consisting of a calyx-like involucre
enclosing several flowers without a perianth,
viz., many males, each consisting of a soli-
tary pedicelled stamen surrounding a single
central female consisting of a 3-carpelled
pistil ; fruit a capsule. — Herbs shrubs or
small trees with milky juice . . .1. EUPHORBIA.

EUPROKBIACEM.

69

Flowers dioecious or monoecious ; inflorescence
mostly axillary or lateral ; perianth of sepals
always present and sometimes also petals : —
Stamens of the outer or only series opposite

the sepals, or if stamens are all in centre

of the flower the cells of the 2-many-car-

pelled ovary are each 2-ovuled ; petals,

when present, minute ; sepals in one or two

series : —

Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets crenate ; fruit

a berry. — A large tree . . .2. BISCHOFIA.

Leaves simple, usually entire : —

Male flowers in axillary fascicles or soli-
tary in the axils : —

Corolla of 5 (rarely 6) scale-like
petals : —

Ovary 2-celled ; fruit indehiscent. —

Trees or scandent shrubs . . 3. BBIDELIA.

Ovary 3-celled ; fruit a capsule. —

A small deciduous tree . . 4. CLEISTANTHUS.

Corolla absent in both sexes ; sepals
imbricate : —

Styles confluent in a column or
cone ; disk none in either sex ;
anthers 3-8, adnate to a central
column ; fruit a capsule. — Ever-
green shrubs or trees . . 5. GLOCHIDION.

Styles separate or if partially con-
nate the style-arms and stigmas
free : —

Styles or style-arms slender : —
Pistillode in males large ; disk
present in both sexes ;
filaments free. — Dioecious
shrubs . . . .6. FLUGGKA.

Pistillode absent in males : —
Disk none in either sex : —

Shrubs or small trees . 7. BREYNIA.

70 EUPHORBIACE&.

Disk present in the fern, and
often in the male flowers ;
filaments free or united ;
fruit usually a capsule,
rarely a berry or drupe. —
Herbs, shrubs or trees . 8. PHYLLANTHUS,

Style much dilated ; fruit a 1 -seeded
drupe : —

Stamens 2-4, central. — An ever-
green tree . . . .9. PUTRANJIVA.

Stamens 4-many, surrounding
a broad disk. — An evergreen
tree . . . . .10. CYCLOSTEMON,

Male flowers in axillary panicled spikes
or racemes ; stamens free round a
rudimentary pistillode ; fruit a
drupe. — Trees or shrubs with dioecious
flowers . . . . . .11. ANTIDESMA.

Stamens of the outer or only series alternate
with the sepals, or, if stamens are all in
the centre of the flower the cells of the 2-3-
(rarely 4-) carpelled ovary are each 1-
ovuled ; petals, if present, often exceeding
the sepals : —

Petals present in both sexes ; fruit a cap-
sule : —

Flowers solitary or clustered on the
rhachis of a terminal raceme. — Trees
or shrubs, rarely herbs . . .12. CROTON.

Flowers in axillary bracteate racemes ;

leaves sinuate -toothed or lobed ; fruit

a capsule. — Hispid or stellately tornen-

tose herbs . . . . .13. CHROZOPHORA.

Petals none in either sex ; male sepals 4-5,

imbricate, free ; fruit a capsule. — A

stout undershrub .... 14. BALIOSPERMUM,

Male calyx closed in bud, usually mem-
branous, splitting valvately into 3-5
concave sepals, the sepals of the fern,
calyx sometimes imbricate : —

EUPHORBIACEM.

Styles distinct, often, 2-fid. multifid
or papillosely fimbriate : —

Filaments free : —

Stamens few ; anther cells united
by their bases only ; styles
very long, laciniate or fim-
briate ; fruit a capsule. —
Herbs . . . . .15. ACALYPHA.

Stamens many ; anther-cells

attached by a narrow or broad

connective : —

Leaves opposite ; flowers dioe-
cious, rather large, appearing
before the leaves ; anther-
cells oblong ; fruit a drupe.
— A soft-wooded tree . . 16. TREWIA.

Leaves alternate or opposite ;
flowers minute, dioecious ;
anther-cells globose ; fruit
a capsule. — A small ever-
green tree . . .17. MALLOTTJS.

Filaments connate in bundles or
branched ; fruit a capsule : —

Flowers dioecious, male and fern,
in axillary or infra-axillary
spikes ; seeds with a thin fleshy
coat ; fruit a capsule. — An
evergreen willow-like shrub . 18. HOMONOIA^

Flowers monoecious, in terminal
subpaiiicled racemes, the
upper ones male and crowded,
lower fern. ; seeds with a firm
coat ; fruit a capsule. — A tree-
like annual herb with palmate
serrate-lobed leaves . . 19. RICINUS.

Styles united below in a stout column /
and continuous with the body of
carpels ; male calyx valvately 3-5-
partite ; stamens 3 ; fruit a cap-
sule.— Twinning perennial herbs . 20. TBAGTA-

72 EUPHORBIACEJE.

Calyx of male flowers open in bud ;
leaves alternate ; stamens 2 ; styles
free or connate at the base ; fruit a
capsule. — Trees with monoecious
flowers in terminal spikes . . .21. SAPITJM.

1. EUPHORBIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 244.

Herbs, shrubs or small trees of various habit and provided with
copious milky juice. Stems slender and leafy or thick and fleshy,
sometimes leafless or nearly so. Leaves alternate or opposite,
usually entire. Flowers monoecious, combined in an inflorescence
of many male florets surrounding a solitary female, all enclosed
within a small 4-5-lobed turbinate or campanulate perianth-like
involucre, involucre-lobes with thick glands at the sinuses, glands
with often a petaloid spreading white or coloured limb. MALE-
flowers composed of a simple pedicelled stamen without floral en-
velopes, anthers 2-celled. FEMALE -flowers consisting of a 3-celled
pedicelled ovary in the centre of the involucre, also without floral
envelopes ; styles 3, free or connate, stigmas simple or 2-fid. Fruit
a capsule of three 2-valved cocci separating elastically from a
persistent axis and dehiscing ventrally or both ventrally and
dorsally. Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons broad, flat. — Species
about 600, chiefly in subtropical and warm temp, regions.

Stems not developed above ground ; leaves all

radical. — A dwarf perennial glabrous herb . 1. E. acaulis.

Stems well developed above ground ; leaves not
all radical : —

Shrubs or small trees with thick fleshy and
often prickly branches : —
Branches ascending, armed with pairs of
short persistent spines : —
Style-arms 2-cleft ; branches promi-
nently 3-6 -angled ; leaves few, less
than 1 in. long, soon falling . . 2. E. antiquorum.

Style-arms undivided : —

Branches prominently 5-7-angled and
with flat intervening spaces ; leaves
4-6 in. long . . . . 3. E. Royleana.

EUPHORBIA.]

EUPHORBIACE&.

73

Branches terete or 5-angled ; leaves
many, 6-12 in. long : —

Branches subterete, the spines aris-
ing from low distant spirally
arranged tubercles .

Branches angular, the spines arising
from thick subconfluent tubercles
arranged in more or less regular
rows . ...

Branches spreading, unarmed, cylindric ;
leaves none or few and small ; style -
arms 2-lobed, short, recurved

Annual or perennial herbs with slender erect
ascending or prostrate stems, leafy
throughout : —

Leaves alternate below and opposite above
or all alt. except the uppermost floral
leaves, exstipulate ; glands of involucre
2-horned, without a petaloid limb : —
Rootstock not proliferous ; seeds stro-
phiolate : —

Leaves less than 2 in. long ; seeds
oblong, with a whitish rugose or
tuberculate testa. — An annual

Leaves over 2 in. long ; seeds oblong,
bluish. — An annual or perennial
herb . ....

4. E. neriijolia.

5. E. ligularia.

6. E. Tirucalli.

7. E. dracunculoides .

8. E. Rothiana.

Rootstock usually with proliferous
shoots ; seeds globose, smooth, with-
out a strophiole . . 8. E. prolifera.

Leaves all opposite, stipulate or, if stipules
are absent the leaf -attachments are con-
nected by a transverse interpetiolar
raised line ; glands of involucre not 2-
horned : —

Glands of involucre with a prominent
membranous petaloid limb : —

74: EUPHORBIACEM. [EUPHORBIA.

Floral leaves distichously imbricat-
ing and concealing the involucres.
— Erect dichotomously branching
herbs clothed with long soft
hairs : —

Limb of glands sinuate at the apex,

rose-coloured . . . 9. E. elegans.

Limb of glands pectinate . . 10. E. cristata.

Floral leaves not distichously imbrica-
ting ; involucres in many-flowered
cymes ; leaves serrulate ; capsule
hairy . . . . . 11. E. hyper id folia.

Glands of involucre with a narrow wing
or wingless : —

An erect or ascending herb 6-20 in.
high, hispid with crisped hairs ;
leaves J-l J in. long, acute . . 12. E. hirta.

Prostrate herbs ; leaves less than J in.
long, rounded or retuse at the
apex : —

Stems more or less hispidly hairy »
capsule pubescent or hirsute : —

Leaves Crenulate ; capsule pubes-
cent ; seeds furrowed . . 13. E. thymifolia.

Leaves entire ; capsule hirsute ;
seeds pitted . . . . 14. E. granulata.

Stems and capsule glabrous : —

Leaves about as broad as long ;

seeds smooth . . . 15. E. micro phylla.

Leaves much longer than their
breadth ; seeds obscurely trans-
versely rugose . . . 16. E. ClarJceana.

1. E. acaulis, Eoxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 36; Fl. Ind. ii, 472;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 562. E. fusiformis, Buch.-Ham. ex Don Prod.
(1825), 62 ; F. B. I. v, 257 ; Prain Beng. PL 923. E. nana, Royle
III 329, t. 82, ff. 2 & 3.— Vern. Ban muli (Rohilkhand).

EUPHORBIA.] EUPHORBIACEJE. 75

A dwarf unarmed glabrous herb. Stem reduced to a long stout under-
ground cylindric rootstock 6-18 in. long or more. Leaves all radical,
fubsessile, fleshy, glabrous, 6-8 in. long, oboyate or oblanceolate,
obtuso or subacute, base cuneate, margins curled, nerves not shoeing.
Cymes from the crown of the rootstock and appearing after the leaves
have fallen, dichotomously branched, very variable in length, 3- many-

. fid : bracts ovate, or the upper or all truncate and 3-nd. ; Involucres
about 1 in. long, subsessile or on peduncles of variable length, hemis-
pheric ; lobes spathulate, nrnbriate. Capsule J in. in diam., pedicels
| in. long. Cocci compressed, styles connate to the middle,
broadly ovoid, subacute, smooth.

Siwalik ran^e from Dehra Dun and Saharanpur eastwards along the
Sub-Himalayan tracts to N. Oudh and Gorakhpur (Royle, Falconer,
T Thomson, Duthie and others). It flowers during the hot season,
and the leaves develop afterwards and fall off during the rams
DISTBIB. : Tropical Himalaya up to 1,500 ft, from Garhwal to Nepal
and Bengal ; also in the Konkan and on the Deccan hills.

2 E. antiquorum, Linn. Sp. PL 450 ; Roxb. Fl Ind. ii, 468- ;
Brandis For. FL 438 ; Ind. Trees 558 ; F. B. I. v, 255 ; Watt ED;
Comm. Prod. Ind. 530 ; Gamble Man. 590 ; Prain Beng. PL 9M ;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 563.— Vern. Tidhara-sehnd.

A large shrub or small tree 15-30 ft, ; trunk stout, cylindric or fluted ;
bark thick, rough, brown ; branches many, jointed, fleshy, green,
more or less whorled when young, prominently 3-(sometimes 4-6)
winged, the wide fleshy wings sinuately repand-crenate, narrowed
towards the joints and armed with pairs of persistent spines at the
protuberances of the angles. Leaves few, soon deciduous, shortly
petioled, J- J in. long, obovate-oblong ; tip rounded or subtruncate,
crenate ; nerves obscure. Involucres ternate, forming short pedun-
cled cymes in the sinuses, hemispheric, nearly \ in. broad, yellow ;
the two lateral ones on thick pedicels, the central one sessile and
female ; bracteoles many, fimbriate. Glands 5, large, broader than
long. Capsule about Jin. in diam. ; cocci compressed, glabrous-
styles 2-fid.

Occasionally met with in village hedges, and sometimes in gardens as
a cultivated plant. DISTRIB. : Throughout the hotter parts of India-
and in Ceylon ; also in Burma and the Andaman Islands. It is largely
used for hedges, and the wood is believed by Indian peasants to pos-
sess the power of warding ofi lightning strokes. The acrid milky
juice supplies remedies for a great variety of ailments.

76 EUPHORBIACEM. [EUPHORBIA.

3. E. Royleana, Boiss. in DC. Prod, xv, part 2, 83 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 438 ; Ind. Trees 558 ; F. B. I. v, 257 ; Watt E. D.; Comm.
Prod. Ind. 531 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. ed 2, 343 ; Gamble Man. 591 ;
Collett Fl. Siml. 446. E. pentagona, Eoyle III. 329, t. 82, fig. 1.—

Tern. Thor (N. Ind.), thuor (Dehra-Dun), Sihund (Kumaon).

An erect glabrous fleshy cactus-like shrub up to 16 ft. high and with a
girth of usually 2-3 ft., or occasionally up to 5 ft. Branches with 5-7
prominent angles and 5-7 broad flat intervening faces ; the spines in
pairs on the protuberant portions of the undulating edges. Leaves few,
inserted on the angles of the branches, alternate, sessile, soon falling
off, 4-6 in. long, spathulate, rounded and shortly mucronate at the
apex, tapering to the base ; main lateral nerves quite indistinct until
dry. Involucres hemispheric, greenish -yellow, about \ in. across,
arranged 3 or more together in axillary sub-sessile cymes ; lobes
cuneate, fimbriate. Styles free nearly to the base. Capsules about
f in. in diam., trigonous, on pedicels up to J in. long ; cocci compressed,
glabrous.

'Siwalik range, and on exposed rocky slopes on the northern side of Dehra
Dun. In flower and fruit during the hot season, the new leaves
appearing during the rains. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of the W.
Himalaya from Kumaon to the Jhelum ascending to 6,000 ft. ; also
on the Salt range of the Punjab. The plant is easily propagated and
is often used for hedges ; and the white dry wood affords abundant
fuel. Although the milky juice of this plant contains a considerable
amount of guttapercha, the attempts to extract it with profit have
hitherto failed. The acrid juice is often used medicinally.

4. E. neriifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. 451 ; Eoyle III. 328 ; Coolce Fl.
Bomb, ii, 564 ; E. Nivulia, Buch-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv,
286 ; Wight Ic. 1862 ; Brandis For. Fl. 439 ; Ind. Trees 558 ; F.
B. I. v, 255 ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 345 ; Gamble Man. 590 ;
Prain Beng. PL 923. E. nereifolia, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii,
467. EJieede Hort. Mai. ii, t. 43. — Vern. Thor, senhur, sij.

A large erect glabrous shrub or small tree up to 20 ft. or more ; trunk
cork-like when old. Branches fleshy, cylindric, not ribbed, subver-
ticelled, with pairs of sharp persistent spines arising from, low conical
truncate distant spirally arranged tubercles. Leaves alternate, fleshy,
clustered towards the ends of the branches, sessile or nearly so, 4-8
in. long, obovate or obovate-oblong or linear, rounded at the apex
and often mucronate, tapering towards the base, deciduous ; midrib
prominent beneath, lateral nerves obscure. Involucres ternate, form-

EUPHORBIA.] EUPHORBIAQE&. 77

ing small shortly peduncled solitary or twin 3- flowered cymes from
above the leaf-scars on the tubercles, ttye central flower of each cyme
usually male, sessile, and the first to appear, the 2 lateral ones male or
2-sexual and pedicelled ; lobes of involucres large, erect, ovate, firn-
briate ; glands transversely oblong ; bracteoles numerous, finibriate.
CapsuU £ in. broad ; styles connate to the middle, undivided. Seeds
smooth.

Dry rocky hills of Merwara and in the Ajmere country (possibly wild).
It is used for hedges in Dehra Dun and probably elsewhere in the
Upper Gangetic Plain. The plant flowers and ripens seed during the
hot season, and the new leaves appear during the rains. DISTRIB. :
Outer ranges of N. W. Himalaya on dry exposed rocks ; also in Bengal,
Sind and Gujarat, extending to S. India and Burma ; cultivated else-
where.

5. E. ligularia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 36 ; Fl. 2nd. ii, 465 ; Royle
III. 328 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 563. E. neriifolia, Dak. and
Gibs, (not of Linn.) ; F. B. I. v, 265 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod.
Ind. 530 ; Gamble Man. 590 ; Prain Beng. PI. 923 ; Brandis For.
FL 439 ; Ind. Trees 558. — Vern. Sehund, mansa-sij.

An erect fleshy glabrous shrub or small tree up to 20 ft. high. Branches
scattered, asbending, the younger ones 5-sided and angled and with
short sharp black persistent spines arising from thick tubercles which
are arranged in 5 irregular rows. Leaves alternate, fleshy, from near
the ends of the branches, 6-12 in. long, obovate-oblong or subspathu-
lately obovate, acute, deciduous, base narrowed into a short petiole,
margins undulate. Involucres hemispheric, yellowish, smooth,
arranged in small stout dichotomous shortly peduncled 3-15-flowered
cymes ; the lateral ones of the cymes with short thick pedicels, the
central sessile and usually male ; lobes large, erect, roundish, fim-
briate, glands transversely oblong ; bracteoles very many, firnbriate.
Styles connate above the middle, stigmas capitate. Capsules deeply
3-lobed, about \ in. broad. Cocci compressed, glabrous.

On waste land near villages, but not truly wild within the area of this
flora. The leaves drop ofi in the autumn, the new ones appearing
again in May after the plant has flowered. DISTRIB. : Rocky places
in Orissa, the Deccan, S. India, Ceylon, also in Baluchistan and in
the Malay Islands, elsewhere cultivated and often used for fences.
The milky juice of this plant is used medicinally, and the root mixed
with pepper is regarded as an antidote for snake bites. The plant is
sacred to Mansa, the goddess of serpents.

78 EUPHORBIACE&. [EUPHOKBIA.

6. E. dracunculoides. Lamk. Encyd. Method, ii, 428 ; Roxb.
Fl Ind. ii, 474 ; F. B. I. v, Z62 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI 924 ;
•Cooke Fl Bomb, ii, 564.

A glabrous dichotomously much -branched annual. Stems many, erect,
leafy, 12-18 in. high. Leaves sessile, 1J-2J in. long, linear or linear-
lanceolate, subacute ; base acute, rarely rounded or subcordate ;
floral leaves shorter, broader at the base. Involucres subsessile,
.solitary, broadly campanulate, T\j in. across, glabrous outside, hairy
within ; lobes ovate, ciliolate ; glands semi-lunats. Filaments pubes-
cent. Capsules smooth, J--J in. diam. ; styles free to the base, shortly
.2-fld. Seeds J in. long, ellipsoid, rounded at the base, grooved on one
side and with a strophiole at the oblique depressed apex ; testa whitish,
leprous, rugose or tuberculate.

N. W. India (Royle), Moradabad ^T. Thomson), Sub-Himalayan tracts
in Rohilkhand and N. Oudh (Duthie), Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell).
Usually in cultivated ground. Flowers April to June. DISTRIB. :
Plains of Punjab and Bengal, and southwards to Kanara and Coro-
mandel ; also in Arabia and Trop. Africa.

7. E. Rothiana, Spreng. Syst. Hi, 796 ; F. B. I. v, 263 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 564. E. glauca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 473.

An erect glaucous annual or perennial herb. Stem 1-2 ft. high, glab-
rous, terete, copiously branched above, often tinged with red ; branches
slender, some in whorls from the upper axils, others in a whorled
umbellate crown from the top of the stem, all again dichotomously
branched. Leaves of the stem alternate, sessile, 2-4J in. long, linear-
lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, mucronulate, entire, glabrous,
tapering to the base ; leaves beneath the whorled crown of branches
4, sessile, radiating, broader than those of the stem ; floral leaves
(bracts) beneath the dichotomous forks opposite, broadly ovate or
orbicular, acute, mucronate, rounded at the base. Involucres soli-
tary in the upper axils and terminal, -^ in. across, campanulate,
glabrous or hairy outside, villous within ; pedicels short ; lobes sub-
quadrate, ciliate ; glands crescent-shaped. Capsules about J in. in
diam., glabrous ; styles -fa in. long, free almost to the base, 2- fid. at
the apex. Seeds J-J in. long, semicylindric, rounded at the base,
grooved on one side and with a fleshy rugulose strophiole at the
oblique depressed apex, smooth, bluish -grey when ripe.

Bundelkhand 'on black soil (Edgeworth). DISTRIB. : Hills of Central
and Southern India and in the Bombay Presidency ; also in Ceylon.

EUPHORBIA.] EUPHORBIACEM. 79

8. E. prolifera, Bucli.-Ham. ex Don Prod. 62 ; F. B. I. v, 264 ;
Collett FL Siml 447. E. cuneifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 471.

A glabrous perennial herb. Stems many, up to 1 ft. high, erect from a
stout woody rootstock, often emitting from near the base proliferous
barren shoots bearing very narrow acute leaves. Stem-leaves alter-
nate, sessile, coriaceous, 1-3 in. long, narrowly linear or linear-oblong
or spathulate, obtuse or acute ; upper or floral leaves sometimes
oblong or ovate ; nerves 3, very slender. Involucres J in. in diam.
shortly campanulate ; lobes triangular, fimbriate, glabrous on both
sides ; glands yellow, stalked, peltate reniform or crescent-
shaped, the horns usually short and blunt, the intervening margins
entire or toothed, bracteoles many. Capsule J in. in diam., smooth ;
styles connate below the middle. Seeds globose, smooth.

Dehra Dun (Gamble), Mo*radabad (T. Thomson), Sub-Himalayan tracts
of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh (Duthie). DISTRIB. : Punjab Plain,
Central and W. Himalaya from Nepal to Kashmir ascending to 6,000
ft. in Kumaon, also in China.

9. E. elegans, Spreng. Syst. in, 794 ; F. B. I. v, 246 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 566.

A dichotomously branched annual, 1-2 ft. high, clothed with long soft
spreading hairs. Leaves opposite, crowded or in distant pairs, sub-
sessile, £-| in. long, broadly elliptic -oblong, often obliquely so, obtuse,
serrulate towards the tips ; stipules minute, setaceous ; floral leaves
up to f in. long, broadly elliptic or obovate, closely imbricating and
forming short spikes at the ends of the branches. Involucres J in.
long, turbinate, hairy on both sides ; limb J in. or more ; lobes pink,
obovate-cuneate, sinuate at the tip. Capsule hairy, cocci globose ;
styles elongate, 2-fid. Seeds quadrangular, transversely grooved,
glabrous.

Malwa near Indore, in black soil (Edgeworth). DISTEIB. : Central
and W. India ; found on rocks, and often as a weed of cultivation.

10. E. cristata, Heyne ex Roth Nov. Sp. 226 ; F. B. I. v, 247 ;
Prain Beng. PL 924.

An annual herb, clothed with long flexuous hairs. Stem slender, 6-10
in. long, prostrate or ascending, dichotomously branched. Leaves
slightly hairy on both surfaces, opposite, subsessile, membranous,
J-f in. long, obliquely ovate -cordate, obtuse, serrulate upwards,
stipules short, subulate. Floral leaves suborbicular, distichously

80 EUPHORBIACEM. [EUPHORBIA.

jimbricate in a rounded head. Involucres subsolitary, J in. in diam.,
pubescent, throat ciliate, lobes linear-lanceolate, limb of glands pec-
tinately laciniate and fimbriate. Cocci globose. Seeds with 3 or 4
parallel furrows, white.

Bundelkhand (Duthie) usually in cultivated ground ; C. India at Mandu
(Edgeworth). This latter locality is just within the southern boundary
of the area of this flora. DISTRIB. : W. Behar, S. India, Ceylon and
extending to Ava.

11. E. hypericifolia, Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1, 454 ; F. B. I. v, 249 ;
Watt E. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 445, fig. 145 ; Prain Beng. PL 924 ;
N. E. Brown in Fl. Trop. Afr. vi, 498 ; E. pilulifera, Linn. I. c.
E. indica, Lamk. E. uniflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 472. E.
parviflora Roxb. I. c.

An erect decumbent annual, 3-18 in. long, branching at the base, glab-
rous or puberulous. Leaves shortly stalked, opposite, J-1J in. long,
very variable in shape from linear-oblong to elliptic -ovate, subacute
to rounded or retuse at the apex ; base obliquely rounded or cordate ;
margins minutely serrulate, rarely entire, puberulous or glabrous
on one or both sides ; stipules minute or none. Cymes axillary, J-J
in. in diam., laxly few-flowered or densely many-flowered ; peduncles
•iVi in. long, often with a pair of leaves at the apex. Involucres
very minute, cup-shaped ; glands orbicular or transversely elliptic,
entire, green, bordered by a conspicious white or pink rounded limb.
Capsule •£% in. in diam., pubescent or glabrous ; styles short, <Jeeply
bifid. Seeds ellipsoid, 4-angled, transversely rugose, reddish-brown
with a glaucous hue.

Abundant within the area of this flora as a weed in waste places, flower-
ing all through the year. DISTRIB. : Throughout the hotter parts
of India, ascending to 4,500 ft. on the Himalaya ; widely dispersed
in all Warm regions.

12. F. hirta, Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1, 454 ; Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 472 ;
N. E. Brown in Fl. Trop. Afr. vi, 496. E. pilulifera, Jacq. (not
of Linn.) ; F. B. I. v, 250 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind.
531 ; Prain Beng. PL 925 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 568.

An annual with erect or ascending stems up to 2-ft. high, clothed with
long often yellowish crisped hairs ; branches often 4-angled. Leaves
opposite, -shortly stalked, J-1J in. long, elliptic -oblong obovate or
oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacute, dentate or serrulate, dark-green

EUPHORBIA.! EUPHOKBIACEM. 81

above, pale beneath ; base narrow, obliquely cordate ; main nerves
few, distinct ; stipules pectinate, soon falling. Involucres many,
stalked, less than ~ in. long, crowded in small axillary shortly stalked
cymes ; glands minute, globose, limb very small or obsolete. Cap-
sule .1$ in. in diam., appressedly hairy. Seeds fo in. long, ovoid,
trigonous, minutely rugose, reddish-brown.

An abundant weed within the area of this flora, flowering during the
greater part of the year. DISTRIB. : Throughout the hotter parts
of India ; also in Ceylon and in nearly all tropical and subtropical
regions. The plant has medicinal properties similar to those of E.
thy mi folia.

13. E. thymifolia, Linn. Sp. PL 454 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 473 ;
F. B. I. v, 252 ; Watt E. D.; Collett Fl. Siml 446 ; Prain Beng.
PL 925; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 569.

A small annual herb, more or less hispidly pubescent, the whole plant
often with a pale coppery tinge. Steins prostrate, and usually closely
flattened on the ground, 4-12 in. long, divaricately branched, slender,
cylindric. Leaves very small, opposite, petioled, J-|- in. long, obli-
quely oblong, obtuse, crenulate, glabrous above, glaucous and usually
slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules elongate, fimbriate. Involu-
cres minute, axillary, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils, cainpanu-
late, very shortly stalked ; glands very minu;<^ or none, limb none-
Capsules erect, shortly stalked, T\j- in. broad, obtusely keeled, pubes-
cent. Seeds •£§ in. long, quadrangular, bluntly pointed and with
5-6 shallow transverse furrows.

Very common within the area, and often a conspicuous garden weed
especially on gravel -walks, flowering during the greater portion of
the year. DISTRIB. : Throughout the greater part of India and in
Ceylon, ascending to over 5,000 ft. on the Himalaya. It is found
also in all hot countries except Australia. The leaves and seeds
are said to be aromatic and astringent and the juice acts as a violent
purgative. Trimen remarks that the severed end of a branch made
to touch lightly the surface of water has the singular effect of violently
repelling all floating particles in the neighbourhood.

14. I. granulata, Forsk. Mgypt.-Arab. 94 ; F. B. I. v, 252 ;
Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 925 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 569.

A small hispidly hairy prostrate perennial herb. Branches many, 3-6
in. long, very brittle. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled, coriaceous,
_i_.i. in. long, obliquely oblong or obovate-oblong, rounded or retuse

82 EUPHORBIACEM. [EUPHORBIA.

at the apex, quite entire, villcms on both surfaces ; base narrow,
rounded or subcordate ; stipules minute, ciliolate. Involucres very
minute, axillary and on short leafy branchlets, subsessile, turbinate ;
glands usually without a limb. Capsule T\ in. in diam., cocci hir-
sute, not keeled ; styles very short, 2-fid. Seeds -fa in. long, 4-angled,
bluntly pointed, faintly pitted, testa mucous when moistened.

Jumna ravines near Agra (Duthie) ; Chambal ravines near Etawah
(Duthie) ; Rohilkhand, Bundelkhand and Malwa (Edge worth).
DISTRIB. : Plains of Punjab and Sind, Chota Nagpur and in S. India ;
extending to Afghanistan, Arabia, Egypt and the Canary Islands.
The leaves are said to be often used as a pot-herb.

15. E. microphylla, Heyne ex Roth Nov. PL Sp. 229 ; F. B. I.
F, 252 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 925 ; CooTce Fl. Bomb, ii, 570.
E. Chamsesyce, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 473.

A subglabrous annual, or perennial (according to Roxburgh). Stems
many, prostrate, very slender, spreading from the root and dichoto-
mously branched, pale, glabrous, brittle. Leaves opposite, coriace-
ous, J-J in. long and about as broad, obliquely oblong rounded-oblong
or subquadrate, rounded truncate or retuse at the apex, entire or
toothed only at the broad end, margins often pink ; stipules minute,
triangular, 2-partite or laciniately toothed. Involucres axillary,
subsolitary, minute, very shortly stalked, broadly campanulate,
glabrous ; lobes triangular, apiculate ; glands very shortly stalked
and with a very small limb. Capsule glabrous, j\ in. in diam., ob-
tusely keeled ; styles short, deeply 2-fid. Seeds less than •£§ in. long-
obtusely 4-angled, blunt at the apex, pale-brown, smooth, mucous
when moistened.

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth) ; Sub-Himalayan tracts of N. Oudh in the
districts of Gonda, Bahraich and of Gorakhpur (Duthie) ; on the
banks of the Ganges (Madden). DISTRIB. : Bengal, Behar, Konkan,
Madras, extending to Burma and Java.

16. E. Clarkeana, Hook. f. F. B. I. v, 253 ; Coolte, Fl. Bomb.
ii 570. E. granulata, (Herb. Royle). E. Heyneana, Boiss. (in part).

A glabrous annual. Stems many, 3-8 in. long, usually prostrate and
spreading. Leaves opposite, J-f in. long, very shortly stalked, dichoto-
mously spreading, coriaceous and glabrous, often crowded towards
the ends of short branchlets, obliquely linear-oblong, entire or toothed
at the rounded apex, glabrous, base almost auricled on one side ;
stipules rather large, setaceous from a broad toothed base. Involu-

BISCHOFIA.] EUPHORBIACEM. 83

ores axillary, solitary, T\j in. long, campanulate, glabrous ; lobes
lanceolate, toothed; glands minute, without a limb. Capsule glab-
rous, jVn- in diam., cocci keeled. Seeds •£$ in. long, acutely 4-angled
and with a blunt point, obscurely transversely rugose, pale-brown,
mucous when moistened.

Jumna ravines in the Meerut district (Duthie). DISTRIB. : N. W.
India (Royle), and from Delhi to Lahore (Herb. Kew) ; also in Sind
and the W. Peninsula.

E. TIRUCALLI, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 470 ; Brandis For. Fl. 439 ;
Ind. Trees 558 ; F. B. I. v, 254 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 531 ;
Prain Beng. PL 924 ; Gamble Man. 591 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 570. —
Vern. Sehnd. Usually known to Europeans as the " Milk-bush ".
A shrub or small tree up to 20 ft. high, with very smooth spreading
terete rush -like almost leafless branches. Originally introduced
from Tropical E. Africa the plant has become naturalized in many of
the drier parts of India. It is a very useful hedge-plant, for by reason
of its acrid milky juice cattle refuse to touch it. The wood is not
attacked by insects, and being fairly strong and close-grained it is
often used for rafters, also a good charcoal suitable for blasting powder
can be prepared from it.

E. PTTLCHERRIMA, Willd. Is the well-known Poinsettia so extensively
grown in gardens throughout the hotter parts of India on account
of its large, very handsome crimson or whitish upper floral leaves.
It is a native of Mexico. — Poinsettia pulcherrima, It. Grah.

E. SPLENDENS, Boj. Is a small very prickly and much-branched shrub
with very showy crimson flowers. It is largely grown in the gardens
of Upper India and makes a pretty hedge. It is a native of Mada-
gascar.,

E. GENICULATA, Orteg. Is an annual herb introduced from Trop.
America. It is often met with as a weed in Indian gardens. The
narrow floral leaves are green towards the apex and almost white
near the base.

2. BISCHOFIA, Blume ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V> 344.

A large tree. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate, leaflets often crenate.
Flowers minute, dioecious, in axillary or lateral panicled racemes ;
males scattered or clustered, the females with longer pedicels.

84 EUPHORBIACEM. [BiscnoFiA.

Petals and disk none. MALE -flowers. Sepals 5, concave, obtuse,
imbricate, concealing the anthers. Stamens 5, filaments short,
anthers large, cells parallel. Fistillode short, broad. FEMALE-
flowers. Sepals 5, ovate, caducous. Staminodes small or none. Ovary
exserted, 3-4-celled ; styles dong, stout, entire, stigmatic on the
inner face, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a globose fleshy berry
with 3-4 cells, lined with a parchment-like 2-valved endocarp.
Seeds turgidly oblong, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy ; coty-
ledons broad, flat ; radicle straight, elongate. — A single species,
confined to India and China and to the Malay and Pacific Islands.

B. javanica, Blume Bijdr. 1168 ; Brandis For. Fl. 446 ; Ind.
Trees 558 ; F. B. I. v, 345 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. FL
(ed. 2) 351 ; Gamble Man. 607 ; Prain Beng. PL 926 ; Cooke Fl
Bomb, ii, 571. Andrachne trifoliata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. in, 728 ; Boyle
III. 327. — Vern. Kain, kein (Hind.), panidla (Dehra Dun), irum
(Oudh).

A large very handsome quick-growing deciduous tree ; trunk erect,
30-40 ft. high and often of considerable girth ; bark rough, dark-
grey ; branches spreading, forming a large shady oval head. Leaves
alternate ; common petiole 3-6 in. long, terete ; leaflets 3-6 in. long,
elliptic, acuminate, crenate, glabrous ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs r
stalks of the lateral leaflets f-f in., that of the terminal leaf up to 1J
in. long, channelled ; stipules and stipels caducous. Flowers greenish"
yellow, arranged in slender axillary and lateral peduncled racemes.
MALE -/towers on very short slender pedicels. Sepals -^ in. long, An-
thers f globular. Fern. -powers on pedicels longer and stouter than
those'' of the male and elongating in fruit. Sepals -fa in. long, not
persistent. Styles nearly J in., linear. Fruit J-J in. in diam., red-
dish-brown when ripe. Seeds J in. long, brown, shining.

Moist shady ravines and in swampy places in Dehra Dun arid east-
wards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts, common in the forests of
Gonda and Gorakhpur. The new leaves appear in February and
March, and they turn red before falling. It flowers during April
and May. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of Himalaya from Kumaon
eastwards ; also in Assam, Burma, Bengal, W. Ghats and south -
wards to the Niligris, but not in Ceylon ; found also in the Malay and
Pacific Islands. The reddish close-grained wood is much valued for
its durability under water and is largely used in the making of bridges
and in some parts of India for boat-building.

BRIDELIA.] EUPHORBlACEjE. 85

3. BRIDELIA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 267.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, quite entire, sometimes
with strong straight nerves and prominent veins. Flowers small
or minute, monoecious or dioecious, arranged in axillary or spicate
clusters, sessile or very shortly pedicelled ; bracts small, scale-
like. MALE -flowers numerous. Perianth double. <7e%#-segments
5, valvate. Petals 5, short, scale-like, stalked or spathulate.
Disk broad, pulvinate or adnate to the calyx- tube. Stamens 5 ;
filaments united below in a column which bears a terminal pistillode,
free and spreading above ; anther-cells 2, parallel. FEMALE-flowers
few or solitary. Calyx- segments usually narrower than in the
male. Disk double, the inner forming a membranous central
truncate cone often enclosing the young ovary. Ovary 2 (rarely
3)-celled, glabrous ; styles free or shortly united below, forked
or subentire. Fruit a small drupe with one or two usually 1 -seeded
cocci or pyrenes. Seed with usually fleshy sometimes membranous
albumen, cotyledons thin or fleshy. — Species about 30, in Trop.
Asia, Africa and Australia.

Flowers dioecious ; leaves deciduous ; main
lateral nerves 15-20 pairs, straight, pro-
minent ; drupe globose. — A small tree with
stout more of less persistent spines . 1. B. retusa.

Flowers monoecious ; leaves persistent ; nerves
more or less arching : —

Leaves glabrous or slightly tomentose

beneath, but not glaucous ; main lateral

nerves 10-15 pairs ; calyx in fruit not

enlarged ; drupe fusiform. — A small

tree . . . . . . . 2. B. montana, var.

communis.
Leaves pubescent beneath, or if at length

glabrous then glaucous beneath ; main

lateral nerves 6-9 pairs ; calyx in fruit

distinctly enlarged ; drupe oblong. — A

scandent sometimes spinose shrub . . 3. B. stipularis.

i. B. retusa. Spreng. Syst. Veg. Hi, 48 ; Brandis For. Fl.
449, t. 56 ; Ind. Trees 560 ; F. B. I. v, 268 ; Watt. E. D.; Kanjilal
For. Fl. (ed. 2) 345 ; Gamble Man. 595 ; Prain Beng. PL 927 ; Cooke

86 EUPHOBBIACE&. f BRID.ELIA.

FL Bomb, ii, 572. B. spinosa, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 735. —
Vern. Kdj, kdja (Hind.), lamkana (Ajmir), gaya (Dehra Dun).

A small or moderate -sized erect deciduous tree, more or less spinescent
when young ; bark grey. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic -oblong, ovate
or obovate, acute, obtuse or rounded at the apex, the base usually
rounded, bright-green and glabrous on the upper surface and turn-
ing pinkish-purple before falling, often finely tomentose beneath ;
main lateral nerves 15-25 pairs, straight, prominent, finely reticulate
between ; petioles J- J in. long, stipules ovate-lanceolate, unequal
at the base, deciduous. Flowers dioecious, greenish-yellow, sessile
or shortly pedicelled, arranged in dense axillary clusters or in long
axillary or terminal panicled spikes exceeding the leaves ; bracts
small, obtuse, villoup. Calyx J in. in diam.; lobes fleshy, spreading,
triangular-ovate, acute, glabrous and often tinged with red ; tube
pubescent. Petals of males obovate, pectinate ; of the fern, sub-
spathulate. DM of male flower thick and pulpy ; of the fern, trun-
cate, enclosing the ovary. Drupe fleshy, subglobose, J in. in diam.,
seated on the persistent hardly enlarged calyx, flesh-coloured or
purplish-black when quite ripe.

Siwalik range (T. Thomson) ; forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur,
often associated with sal ; plentiful in the Sub^Himalayan tracts
of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur ; also in Bundelkhand and
Rajputana. Flowers May- July, and the fruit ripens in the cold
season. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges from Kashmir to Mishmi
up to 3,500 ft., and southwards to S. India and Ceylon, extending
to Burma and Malacca. The wood is much valued for various
purposes, and it lasts well under water ; the bark is used for tanning,
the sweetish fruit is eaten, and the leaves afford good fodder for
cattle. An earlier name for this plant under Bridelia is B. spinosa,
ee Cooke Fl. Bomb. 1. c.

2. B* montana, Willd. Sp. PL iv, 978, var. commums, Frpin
Beng. PI. 928. B. montana, Royle III. 327 (not of Willfi.) ;
Brandts For. Fl. 450 ; Ind. Trees 560, F. B. I. v, 269 ; Watt E. Dl.
Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2) 346 ; Gamble Man. 596 ; Collelt Fl. Sim.
448. — Vern. Gondni (Saharanpur).

A small or moderate-sized glabrous deciduous tree ; trunk short, with
a low spreading crown ; bark dark-grey ; branchlets often warted.
Leaves membranous, very variable, 4-7 in. long, obovate-oblong or
broadly obovate, obtuse acute or abruptly mucronate, entire, often
shining above, paler beneath, but not glaucous ; main lateral nerves

CLEISTANTHUS.] EUPHORBIACE&. 87

8-15 pairs, slightly arched ; petioles -yYrl in. long, stipules deciduous.
Flowers monoecious, small, greenish-yellow, shortly pedicelled and
arranged in dense axillary clusters ; bracts many, very short, ciliate.
Calyx -J— J- in. in diam. ; lobes triangular-ovate, not enlarging in fruit.
Petals broadly ovate, entire. Fruit -J in. long, ovoid-oblong or fusi-
form.

Dehra Dun and in the ravines of the Siwalik range ; forests of N. Oudh.
Flowers in April and May. DISTRIB. : Along the base of the W-
Himalaya from the Jholum to Kumaon, ascending to 4,000 ft. ; also
in Bengal the Khasia Hills and in Upper Burma. The foliage is lopped
for cattle-fodder.

3. B. stipularis Blume Bijdr. 597 ; Brandis For. Fl. 449 ; Ind.
Trees 560 ; F. B. I. v. 270 ; Watt E. D.; < amble Man. 596 ; train
Beng. PI. 928; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 573. B. scandens, Willd. ;
Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 736. — Vern. Madlatah, undergupa (Oudh).

A large more or less scandent evergreen shrub with dark-grey or brown -
ish bark. Stem 2-8 in. in diam. ; branches often with long deflexed
spines, the young shoots pubescent or fulvous-tomentose. Leaves
subcoriaceous, 2-6 in. long, elliptic-oblong or obovate, obtuse or
subacute, rounded or cordate at the base, glabrous or puberulous
above, fulvous-tomentose beneath, margins sometimes undulate or
repand ; main lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, slightly arching, the trans-
verse veins parallel and at right angles, petioles f in. long. Flowers
monoecious, greenish-yellow, in small dense axillary clusters or long
spikes which are often subtended by hairy obliquely ovate-lanceolate
acute stipule-like bracts J in. long ; male-flowers sessile ; females
pedicelled, pubescent or glabrate. Calyx J in. in diam., distinctly
enlarging in fruit ; lobes connate below, lanceolate-acuminate. Petals
•fo in. long, suborbicular, shortly cuneate at the base, crenulate to-
wards the apex. Drupe nearly |- in. long, oblong, obtuse, smooth,,
bluish-black and juicy when ripe.

Sub-Himalayan tract, abundant in the sal forests of Oudh and Gorakh-
pur. DISTRIB. : Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon,
extending to Burma and to the Malay Peninsula and Islands. The
earliest name of this plant under Bridelia is B. scandens, Willd. — See
Cooke Fl. Bomb. 1. c.

4. CLEISTANTHUS. Hook, f; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 274.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, bifarious, entire. Flowers
monoecious, small or minute, in axillary clusters or spikes, all sessile

88 . EUPHORBIACEJS. [CLEISTANTHUS.

or the females shortly pedicelled. MALE flowers : Calyx-seg-
ments 5, valvate. Petals 5, short, scale-like, stalked or spathulate.
Disk broad, entire or sinuate. Stamens 5 ; filaments connate
below in a central column, bearing a pyramidal or 3-lobed pistil-
lode, free and spreading above ; anther-cells parallel. FEM.-flowers :
Calyx less deeply lobed than in the male, cupular under the ovary.
Disk double, the inner conic or turbinate, more or less enclosing
the young ovary. Ovary 3 (rarely 4) -celled, usually clothed with
long hairs ; ovules 2 in each cell ; styles 3, free, 2-fid. Fruit a
sessile or stipitate subglobose or depressed capsule with three 2-
valved cocci. Seeds without an aril or arillode ; albumen copious
or scanty ; cotyledons thin or fleshy, often folded. — Species about
30, in Tropical India, Malaya and Africa.

C. collinus, Benth. in Gen. PI. iii, 268 ; F. B. I. v 274 ; Gamble
Man. 597 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 561; Prain Beng. PL 928. Lebidi-
oropsis orbicularis, Muell-Arg. ; Brandis For. Fl. 450 ; Watt E. D.
Cluytia collina, Eoxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 732.

A small tree with a dark rough bark ; branches stiff, smooth or pustu-
late. Leaves coriaceous, 1J-4 in. long, orbicular broadly obovate or
elliptic, rounded or retuse at the apex, glaucous beneath, pale when
dry ; main lateral nerves 5-8 pairs, very slender ; petiole J in.,
slender. Flowers in small axillary and shortly spicate villous clus-
ters. Calyx J in. in diam., ovate-lanceolate. Petals narrow, fleshy,
incurved. Disk of male-flowers pulvinate ; of the females conical
with a thick margin. Ovary globose, glabrous ; styles free, thick,
stigmas lobed. Capsule sessile, rounded, § in. in diam., obscurely
3-lobed, dark-brown, shining and wrinkled when dry. Seeds ^ in.
in diam., globose, reddish-brown.

Forests of Bundelkhand. Flowers in June, and the fruit ripens during
the cold season. DISTRIB. : From the C. Provinces, Chota Nagpur
and Circars to S. India and Ceylon. The hard and tough dark-
coloured wood is much valued for posts and poles. The capsules, as
well as the leaves and roots, are said to be very poisonous.

5. GLOCHIDION, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 305.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, bifarious, shortly
petioled, entire. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, monoecious
or dioecious. Perianth simple. Petals none. Disk none. MALE-

GLOCHIDION.] EUPHORBIACE&. 89

flowers : Sepals 6, rarely 5, spreading, in 2 series, imbricate. Stamens
connate in an ellipsoid or oblong sessile column ; anthers 3-8 (or
more), cells linear, bursting outwards, connectives produced as
free points or connate in an umbonate head. Pistillode none or
rarely minute. FEMALE-flowera : Calyx usually of 6 short imbricate
sepals, or shortly tubular and unequally toothed or cleft. Ovary
3-15-celled ; styles connate in a globose conic or subclavate column
lobed or toothed at the tip, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a capsule
of three or more 2-valved cocci, often with twice as many lobes
as cells, globose or orbicular and depressed or intruded at the base
and apex, crowned by the enlarged style ; cocci coriaceous or crusta-
ceous, the epicarp separable or not. Seeds hemispherical or laterally
compressed, testa crustaceous and with often a succulent coat ;
albumen copious, fleshy, cotyledons flat. — Species 135, in Asia
and Polynesia.

Anthers 4 or more ; leaves glabrous beneath : —

Pedicels of male flowers stout, about J in.

long ; leaves glaucously purplish beneath 1. G. multiloculare.
Pedicels of male flowers filiform, 4-J in. long ;

leaves pale-green beneath . . . 2. G. lanceolarium.

Anthers 3 ; leaves softly tomentose beneath . 3. G. velutinum.

1. G. multiloculare, Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calc. 152 ; F. B. I. v,
307; Gamble Man. 601 ; Prain Beng. PL 930 ; Brandis Ind. Trees,
672. Bradleia multilocularis, Spreng.; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. in, 696.

An evergreen shrub or small tree with usually drooping branches,
branchlets angular, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves thinly coria-
ceous, purplish -brown, 3-5 in. long, oblong, linear-oblong or obovate,
obtuse or subacute, apiculate, lower surface glaucous ; main lateral
nerves 5-8 pairs and with many prominent transverse veins between ;
petioles stout, -^ in. long, stipules triangular-ovate, cuspidate.
MALE-flowers small ; pedicels stout, £ in. long. Perianth -J- in. in
diam. Sepals oblong. Anthers 4-12, adnate to the middle, connec-
tives very short. FEM.-flowers J in. in diam., stoutly pedicelled.
Ovary 10-15-celled ; style low, slightly furrowed. Capsule orbicular,
J-l in. in diam. ; epicarp thin, reddish, separating from the coria-
ceous cocci. Seeds persistent on the axis, furnished with a fleshy
orange-red coat.

90 EUPHOEBIACEM. [ GLOCHIDION,

Abundant in the grass-lands of the Sub-Himalayan forest tracts of
N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. DISTRIB. : N. Behar, Sikkim Terai,
Assam, Sylhet and Upper Burma.

2. G. lanoeolarium, Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calc. 153 ; F. B. I. v,

308 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For. Fl (ed. 2), 348 ; Gamble Man. 601 ;
Prain Beng. PI 930 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 577 ; Brandis Ind. Trees
573. Phyllanthus lanceolarius, Muell. Arg.; Brandis For. Fl. 453.
Bradleia lanceolaria, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 697.

A small or medium-sized glabrous evergreen tree ; bark grey, with
longitudinal wrinkles ; branchlets angular, glabrous. Leaves coria-
ceous, glabrous and shining, 3-6 in. long, elliptic -oblong or lanceo-
late, acuminate, pale-green beneath, base acute, decurrent on the
petiole; main lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, slender; petioles J--J- in.,
stout, channelled ; stipules triangular, acuminate. Flowers pale-
green. MALE-flowers many, glabrous, on filiform pedicels J-f in.
long. Sepals ± in. long, linear-oblong. Anthers 4-6 ; connectives
i the length of anthers, acute. FEM. -flowers smaller, few, sessile
or nearly so, mostly in the upper axils, a few mixed with the males,
Sepals unequal, lanceolate, acute, rigid, glabrous. Ovary hairy,
6-8-celled ; style shortly exserted, glabrous near the toothed apex,
Capsule hoary, about f in. in diam., orbicular, depressed, usually
6-8-lobed. Seeds often persistent on the axis.

Dehra Dun, fairly common in swampy places and in moist shady
ravines ; also in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh.
It flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges
from Kumaon and Nepal eastwards, up to 4,000 ft. ; also in Chota
Nagpur, Bengal and Assam, extending to the Shan Hills and Upper
Burma. Roxburgh states that it sometimes grows to be a large tree
with hard and durable wood. The seeds yield an oil for burning,
and the bark is used medicinally.

3. G. velutinum, Wight Ic. t. 1907-2 ; F. B. I. v, 322 ; Wait
E. D.; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 348 ; Gamble Man. 602 ; Collett FL
Siml. 451 ; Prain Beng. PL 931 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 578 ; Brandis
Ind. Trees 574. Phyllanthus nepalensis, Muell. Arg.; Brandis For.
FL 453.— -Vern. Chamdri (Dehra Dun).

A small or moderate-sized tree ; young branches petioles under surface
of leaves and inflorescence clothed with soft velvety pubescence.
Leaves thinly coriaceous, 2-4J in. long, from orbicular to elliptic-
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, base usually round-
ed, upper surface puberulous or glabrate ; main lateral nerves 6-8

.FLUGGEA.] EUPHORBIACEM. 91

pairs, prominent beneath, transverse veins distinct ; petioles stout,
i"n> m-5 stipulea triangular, cuspidate. Flowers small, greenish-yellow,
arranged in axillary clusters, the male and female usually in the
same cluster. MALE-flowers stalked. Sepals J in. long, ovate, sub-
acute, keeled and pubescent on the back. Staminal-column T^ in. ;
anthers 3, connate below, connectives acute. FEM. -flowers sessile
or nearly so, pubescent. Sepals as in male. Ovary 4-7-celled, tomen-
tose ; style longer than the ovary, enlarged at the truncate 4-7-toothed
apex. Capsule J-J in. in diam., orbicular-depressed, 4-7-lobed.
Seeds bright-red, often persistent on the tree.

Common in the forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur (Kanjilal), and
eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts. Flowers from February
to April. DISTRIB. : Hot valleys of the Outer Himalaya from
Kashmir eastward to Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 ft. ; also Assam,
Khasia Hills and Burma, and from Central India and the Deccan to-
the Nilgiris. The bark is used for tanning.

6. FLUGGEA, Willd.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 328.

Unarmed or spinescent shrubs. Leaves small, alternate, disti-
chous, entire. Flowers minute, dioecious, axillary, pedicelled,
apetalous ; males numerous, clustered ; females few, in lax fascicles,
perianth simple, 5-cleit. MALE-flowers : Sepals 5, subpetaloid,
imbricate. Petals none. Stamens 5, rarely i or 3, alternating
with as many disk-glands, filaments free, anthers erect ; cells
parallel, bursting longitudinally. Pistillode 2-3-fid. FEMALE -flowers :
Sepals as in male. Petals none. Disk flat, annular, toothed .
Ovary 1-3-celled ; styles 3, recurved, usually 2-fid., ovules 2
in each cell. Fruit globose, coriaceous, or with a fleshy epicarp,
bursting irregularly or into distinct 2-valved cocci. Seeds trique-
trous, with convex backs and acute faces, testa - crustaceous,
albumen scanty, embryo curved ; cotyledons flat, broad. — Species
6, in the tropics of the Old World.

Unarmed ; leaves 1-3 in. long . . 1. F. micrbcarpa.

Spinous ; leaves rarely exceeding 1 in. long . 2. F. Leucopyrus.

1. F. microcarpa, Blume Bijdr. 580 ; F. B. 1. v, 328 ; Kanjilal
For. Fl (ed. 2), 349 ; Gamble Man. 603 ; Collett FL Siml. 451 ; Prain
Beng. PL 931 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, n, 581 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 569.
Securinega obovata, Muell. Arg.; Brandis For. FL 455. Phyllanthus
virosus, Willd.; Roxb. FL Ind. in, 659 ; Eoyle 111. 328 (Fluggea).

92 EUPEOEE1ACEM. [ FLUGGEA.

P. retusus, Roxb. I. c. 657 ; Royle 111. 327 (Fluggea). — Vern. Dalme
<Hind.), rithoul (Dehra Dun).

A large unarmed glabrous shrub or small tree ; bark smooth, thin, rusty
or reddish-brown, marked with small lenticular specks ; branchlets
slender, angular, compressed. Leaves very variable, shortly petioled,
thin, glabrous, 1-3 in. long, elliptic or obovate, rounded at the apex,
rarely retuse or subacute, base usually acute ; main lateral nerves
5-7 pairs, very slender ; under-surface glaucous and with loose reti-
culate venation ; petioles slender, -|-J in. Flowers very* small,
arranged in axillary clusters from a crowd of minute bracts; the males
very many ; the females 1-5, rarely more. MALE -flowers on filiform
pedicels. Sepals spreading, -^ in. long, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
concave. Stamens usually 5, exserted ; filaments opposite the sepals,
slender. Pistillode large, 3-fid. FEM. -flowers. Pedicels shorter
than those of males. Sepals as in males. Ovary glabrous, styles
deeply bifid. Berry globose, of two sizes, mostly minute and with
a dry pericarp, a few J in. in diam. and white with a fleshy pericarp.
Seeds 3-6, minutely punctate.

Dehra Dun, in scrub forest (Kanjilal), and eastwards along the Sub-
Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur ; also in
Bundelkhand and Merwara. Flowers in April and May. DISTRIB. :
Hilly parts of the Punjab westwards to the Suliman range ; Himalaya
from Kashmir to Bhutan up to 5,000 ft., also in Bengal and in Central
W. and S. India, extending to Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, China,
Australia and Trop. Africa. The hard close-grained reddish wood
is used for agricultural implements, and the bark is said to be used
for intoxicating fish.

2. F, Leucopyrus, Willd. Sp. PL iv, 757 ; F. B. I. v, 328 ;
Gamble Man. 603 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 569 ; Cooke II. Bomb, ii,
581. Securinega Leucopyrus, Muell. Arg.; Brand. For. Fl. 456, t. 54
(in part). Phyllanthus Leucopyrus, Koen. Mss.; Roxb. FL Ind. Hi,
658. — Vern. Hartho, ainta (Brandis), salipan or halepan (Merwara).

A large gla'brous bush with rigid straggling branches ; branchlets slender,
angular, ending in sharp spines. Leaves f-1 in. long, rarely longer,
obovate obcordate or rotundate, glaucous and with indistinct reti-
culate venation beneath. Flowers as in F. microcarpa. Berry 3-
celled, globose, about J in. in diam., smooth, white when ripe ; styles

3, bifid. Seeds 2 in each cell.

In the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Kheri (N. Oudh) and Gorakhpur.
Flowers May and June. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of the Kumaon

BBEYNIA.] EUPHORBIACE&. 9$

Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. ; common also in the Punjab Plain and in
Sind, extending to Kanara, the Carnatic, Ceylon and Upper Burma.

7. BREYNIA, Forst.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 329.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves small, alternate, petioled, entire,
often distichous. Flowers monoecious, axillary, minute ; pedicels
distinct, solitary or the males in fascicles. Perianth simple. MALE-
flowers : Calyx turbinate or hemispheric with a truncate limb ;
margin often thickened and lobulate opposite the minute inflexed
and rounded lobes. Petals none. Disk none. Stamens 3, filaments
connate ; anthers slender, adnate to the whole length of the column ;
cells linear, parallel, distinct. Pistiltode none. FEM. -flowers :
Calyx coriaceous, turbinate or rotate ; limb broadly and shortly
6-lobed, often much enlarged and disciform in fruit. Petals disk,
and staminodes none. Ovary 3-celled, fleshy above, globose
truncate or depressed at the apex ; styles 3, sessile or connate-
in a short column, each 2-fid. or 2-lobed ; or stigmas 3, minute,
simple and immersed in a cavity at the top of the ovary; ovules
2 in each cell. Fruit globose or depressed, more or less succulent,
indehiscent or with a 6-valved pericarp enclosing 3-6 imperforate
indehiscent cocci. Seeds with a membranous testa, hilum without
a caruncle, albumen fleshy, cotyledons broad, radicle long. —
Species 12, in Trop. Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands.

B. rhamnoides Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv9 part 2, 440 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 455 ; Ind. Trees 568 ; F. B. I. v, 330 ; Watt E. D.;
Gamble Man. 604 ; Frain Beng. PL 933 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 583.
Phyllanthus Vitis-Idoaa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 665.— Vein. Tikkar
(Oudh).

A shrub or small tree, quite glabrous. Bark rough, yellowish-brown.
Branches many, horizontal ; branchlets flexuous, angular. Leaves
many, membranous, distichous, shortly stalked, f-lj in. long, elliptic,
obtuse or subacute, pale beneath, turning dark'brown or black when
dry, base subacute or rounded'; petiole T\j in. ; stipules ^ in., subulate
from a triangular base. Flowers very small, on filiform pedicels,
the males usually in small fascicles, females generally solitary. MALE-
flowers : Calyx turbinate or subcampanulate, mouth entire or
obscurely lobed. Staminal column truncate at the apex and produced
beyond the adnate anthers. FEM. -flowers. Calyx cup-shaped *
hardly enlarged in fruit ; lobes 6, acute. Ovary exserted, oblong,

<94 EUPHORBIACEM. [BREYNIA.

truncate ; styles very short. Fruit globose, about J in. in diam .
smooth, succulent, dull-red or purple.

Sub-Himalayan tracts and in the forests of Oudh and Bundelkhand ;
abundant in open scrub lands and often met with in hedges.
Flowers in April and May. DISTRIB. : Throughout tropical India ;
extending to Ceylon. Burma, China, the Malay Islands and the
Philippines.

8. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 285.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves distichous, the branehlets with
Jtheir leaves often resembling pinnate leaves, entire, stipules usually
narrow or none. Flowers small, monoecious, rarely dioecious,
axillary or on the old nodes ; males usually many, fascicled, sub-
sessile or pedicelled, rarely few or solitary ; females in the same
or in distinct axils with longer pedicels, solitary or few ; perianth
simple. MALE-flowers : Sepals 4-6, free or nearly so, imbricate,
more or less 2-seriate. Disk glandular, rarely none. Stamens
3, rarely 4 or 5, in the centre of the flower, filaments free
or connate, anthers 2 -celled, oblong or didymous, rarely reniform ;
cells parallel or diverging, dehiscence extrorse. vertical or trans,
verse. Pistillode none. FEM. -flowers : Sepals as in male. Petals
none. Disk glandular. Ovary usually 3-celled; styles free or con-
nate, usually 2-fid. and with slender arms ; ovules 2 in each cell.
Fruit of 3 crustaceous or coriaceous rarely bony 2-valved cocci,
sometimes a 4-celled berry or a drupe with a 3-4-celled bony epicarp.
Seeds trigonous, testa crustaceous, hilum without a caruncle,
albumen fleshy, cotyledons flat or flexuous. — Species about 400
'in all warm countries.

Stamens 5, in 2 series, the 3 inner filaments

connate. — A shrub, often scandent . . 1. P. reticulatus.

.Stamens 3, filaments united in a column, rarely
free and recurved : —

Anthers erect, slits vertical, connective
usually produced : —

Fruit large, fleshy, containing 3 bony
2-valved cocci ; disk absent in the male-
flowers ; styles connate below, twice
2-fid.— A tree 2. P. Emhlica.

PHYLLANTHUS.] EUPHOEBIACEM.

95

Fruit a capsule of 3 crustaceous 2-valved
cocci ; disk present in the male and
fern, flowers ; styles once 2-fid., free ;
stipules peltate. — Herbs : —
Leaves scattered, cuneate-obovate ;
capsule smooth ....

Leaves close-set, distichously imbricat-
ing, oblong or linear-oblong ; capsule
echinate .....

Anthers didymous, reniform, the cells sub-
globose, slits very short ; fruit a capsule ;
styles once 2-fid., free or connate : —

Seeds finely tubercled ; stipules peltate. —
A perennial herb or undershrub

Seeds with parallel ribs on the back ;
stipules simple, not peltate. — An annual
weed ......

3. P. maderas paten-

4. P. urinaria.

5. P. simplex.

6. P. Niruri.

JL P* reticulatus Pair. Encycl. Meth. v, 298 ; Brandts For.
Fl. 453 ; Ind. Trees 570 ; F. B. I. v, 288 ; Watt E. D.; Comm.
Prod. Ind. 887 ; Gamble Man. 598 ; Prain Beng. PL 935 ; Cooke
FL Bomb, ii, 585. P. multiflorus, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 664
(not of Roxb. Ic.). — Vern. Panjuli, kabonan (Merwara).

A large often scandent shrub, glabrous or pubescent ; branchlets slender,
drooping, smooth or lenticellate ; bark thin, greyish -brown. Leaves
variable, thin, glabrous or nearly so, pale beneath, 1-2 in. long, oblong
elliptic or rotundate, obtuse or acute at the apex ; base rounded, acute
or subcordate ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, slender ; petioles up to
J in. long ; stipules shorter than the petioles, ovate, acute, sometimes
bristle-pointed. Flowers axillary, males in fascicles, the females
solitary, pedicels slender. Calyx T\y in. long, glabrous ; segments
oblong, obtuse, alternating with the glands of the disk. MALE-
flowers. Stamens 5, the three inner connate, the two outer free
and shorter. FEM. -flowers. Ovary 5-10-celled ; ovules 2 in each
cell, superposed ; styles 3, minute, 2-lobed. Fruit a globose berry,
about J in. diam., smooth and shining, dark-purple when ripe.
Seeds usually 10, trigonous, crustaceous, punctulate.

Meerut (T. Thomson), Rohilkhand (Edgeworth), N. Oudh and Gorakh-
pur (Duthie) ; often found climbing amongst bushes and in hedges.

96 EUPHORBIACE&. [PHYLLANTHUS.

DISTRIB. : Throughout tropical India from Sind, Bengal and Sikkim
to S. India and Ceylon ; also in Burma, the Andaman Islands, Malay
Archipelago, China and Trop. Africa. The leaves bark and juice are
used medicinally. Manson states that the charcoal prepared from
this species is much used in Burma for lighting hookas.

2. P. Emblica, Linn. Sp. PI. 982 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 671 ;
Brandis For. FL 454, t. 52 ; Ind. Trees 570 ; F.B.I, v, 289 ; Watt
E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 886 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 346 ; Gamble
Man. 599 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 450 ; Prain Beng. PL 935 ; CooJce FL
Bomb, ii, 585. Emblica officinalis, Gwrtn.; Eoyle III. 327.— Vern.
Ambla, dmla, aonhla, aola. (Emblrc myrobalan.)

A moderate-sized deciduous tree with usually a crooked trunk ; bark
light-grey, or greenish, peeling off in small irregular patches, red
inside. Branches spreading, branchlets glabrous or finely pubescent,
often deciduous. Leaves small, subsessile, distichously arranged
along the branchlets and thus simulating the leaflets of a pinnate
leaf, f-J in. long, narrowly linear, obtuse, pale-green, glabrous or
puberulous beneath ; stipules minute, ovate, finely acute. Flowers
greenish -yellow, arranged in axillary fascicles on the leaf -bearing
branchlets or on the naked portion below the leaves ; bracts fimbriate,
MALE-flowers many, shortly pedicelled. Sepals 6, oblong, obtuse,
•fo in. long. Disk none. Anthers 3, erect, on a short column, slits
vertical. FEM. -flowers few, subsessile. Sepals as in male. Disk
cupular, lacerate. Ovary 3-celled ; styles connate at the base, twice
2-fid. and with acute lobes. Fruit fleshy, globose, pale-yellow and
often tinged with pink when ripe, about } in. in diam., obscurely
6-lobed, breaking up when dry into three 2-seeded crustaceous cocci.
Seeds 6, trigonous.

Abundant in forest tracts within the area of this flora, and often planted
near villages and as a roadside tree. Flowers March to May, and
the fruit ripens during the cold season. DISTRIB. : Throughout
tropical and subtropical India, chiefly in the dry deciduous forests,
ascending to 4,500 ft. on the Himalaya ; also in Ceylon, Burma, the
Malay Islands and China. The acid fruit is eaten as a pickle, and
the bark leaves and fruit are used in dyeing and tanning. The hard
red wood is valued for poles and, being durable under water, it is
much used for well-work. Excellent charcoal is prepared from it.
It is said that chips of the wood thrown into muddy water will clear
it effectually. For further particulars regarding the medicinal and

\ other useful properties of this tree see Watt's Dictionary.

PHYLLANTHUS.] EUPHORBIACE&. 97

3. P. maderaspatensis. Linn. Sp. PL 982 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. in,
654 ; F. B. I. v, 292 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 935 ; Cooke
FL Bomb, ii, 586. P. obcordatus, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. m, 656.—
Vern. Hazarmani.

A glabrous annual but occasionally often with a woody rootstoek.
Stems erect, 1-3 ft., ascending or decumbent below. Leaves scattered,
J-1J in. long, cuneate, ovate, with a rounded truncate or subcordate
and mucronate apex, tapering at the base into the very short petiole,
glaucous beneath, the lateral nerves few and rather conspicuous ;
stipules membranous, peltate, acute. Flowers axillary ; males
minute, in small clusters, subsessile ; females solitary and longer,
shortly stalked. Sepals 6, obovate, rounded at the apex, green
margined with white. Stamens 3, filaments connate ; anthers erect
and with vertical slits. Styles 3, minute, free, 2-lobed. Capsule J-J in.
in diam., depressed-globose, 3-lobed, glabrous. Seeds •£§ in., trigon-
ous, rounded on the back, muriculate in fine lines, glabrous.

Dehra Dun (Edgeworth), Malwa, in black soil (Edgeworth). DISTRIB. :
Drier parts of India from Bengal and C. India to S. India and Ceylon ;
also in Trop. Africa, Java, China and Australia.

4. P. urinaria, Linn. Sp. PL 982 ; Roxb. FL Ind. iii9 660 ;
F. B. I. v, 293 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 935 ; Cooke FL Bomb.

ii, 587.

An annual or rarely perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect ;
branches few, often tinged with red ; branchlets flattened and slightly
winged, minutely hispid at the angles. Leaves sessile, distichously
imbricate, J-J in. long, oblong or linear-oblong, tip rounded or apicu-
late, pale beneath, glabrous or the margins minutely hispid ; base
rounded, usually oblique ; stipules peltate, acute from a broad base.
Flowers minute, solitary, subsessile. Sepals green, ciliolato, those
of the males suborbicular ; of the females oblong, not enlarge 1 in
fruit. Filaments very shortly connate ; anthers erect, the slits verti-
cal. Capsule £ in. in diam., globose, obscurely lobed, eohinate. Needs
trigonous, rounded on the back, transversely furrowed.

5. P, simplex, Retz. Obs. Eot. fasc. v, 29 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi,
654; F. B. I. v, 295; Watt E. D.; Collett. FL SimL 450; Frain
Beng. PL 936 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 587.

A glabrous perennial herb or an undershrub, very variable, usually
with a long tap-root ; branches flattened. Leaves many, distichous

&8 EUPHORB1ACEJE. [PEYLLAKTHUS.

and often imbricate, subsessile, -J-J in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse
and apiculate ; stipules peltate, sagittate, brownish, scarious.
Flowers usually solitary, on slender or stout pedicels, the females
larger than the males. Sepals about -^ in. long, oblong, obtuse v
those of the female flowers slightly enlarged in fruit. Stamens 3,
filaments free ; anthers diclymous, the slits very short so that when
the cells are confluent the dehiscence appears to be transverse. Styles
short, once 2-fid., free or connate. Capsule globose, T\j in. in diam.
obscurely 3-lobed, crustaceous, rough but not echinate. Seeds
minute, trigonous, rounded on the back, finely tubercled, dark-
brown.

Dehra Dun (Gamble), Pilibhit, N. Oudh in the districts of Kheri and
Bahraich (Duthie). DISTRIB. : Throughout the hotter parts of
India and up to 2,000 ft. in Kumaon ; also in Ceylon, Malay Islands,
China and in the Pacific Islands.

6. P. Niruri, Linn. Sp. PL 941 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 659 ;
F. B. I. v, 298 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 887 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 936 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 587. — Vern. Jar-dmla, jangli-dmli.

A glabrous annual, up to 2 ft. high. Stems often branching from the
base, angular ; branchlets slender, spreading. Leaves many, subsessile.
distichous and often overlapping, J— J- in. long, elliptic-oblong,
obtuse or rarely subacute, glaucous beneath, nerves obscure ; stipules
lanceolate-subulate, acute. Flowers axillary, numerous, very minute,
the males solitary or 2-3-nate, the females solitary, on short pedicels.
Sepals of male flowers •£§ in. long, rounded ; those of the female twice
as long, oblong, subacute, white -margined, not enlarging in fruit.
Stamens 3 ; anthers didymous, on a short column. Styles minute,
free, 2-lobed. Disk of males of minute glands ; of females annular,
lobed. Capsule depressed -globose, ^ in. in cliam., smooth, obscurely
lobed. Seeds trigonous, rounded on the back and with parallel
regular longitudinal ribs.

A common garden weed and in cultivated fields within the area ; Dehra
Dun (Duthie), Moradabad (T. Thomson), Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell),
etc. Flowers in July and August. DISTRIB. : Throughout the
hotter parts of India, also in Ceylon and in most tropical countries,
but not in Australia. The plant is much used as a diuretic by the
natives of India.

P DISTICHUS, Muell.-Arg.; F. B. 1. v, 304; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng.
PI. 936; Gamble Man. 600; Brandis Ind. Trees 570; Cooke Fl. Bomb,
ii, 589. P. longifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 672. Cicca disticha, Linn.

PUTRANJIVA.] EUPHORBIACE&. 99

Royle 111. 327. — A small glabrous deciduous tree with pinnately
distichous leavers and small reddish flowers in dense clusters. The
arid fruit, about as large as a big gooseberry, is much used in tarts
or as a pickle. The tree is a native of the Malay Islands and in Mada-
ar. It is met with in gardens within the area of this flora and
in other parts of India.

9. PUTRANJIVA, Wall.; Fl. Brit, v, 336.

Trees. Leaves alternate, evergreen, entire or serrulate, penni-
nerved and reticulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary
pedicelled ; the males clustered, the females subsolitary. Petals
and disk none. AlALE-flowers : Calyx unequally 3-6-lobed, imbricate.
Stamens 2-4, in the centre of the flower, filaments free or
partially connate ; anthers erect, cells parallel. Pistillode none.
FEM.-fliwvrs : Calyx as in male. Ovary ovoid, 2-3-celled ; styles
short, spreading, dilated into broad fleshy arms, ovules 2 in each
cell. Fruit An ovoid or globose drupe; endocarp hard, 1-celled.
Seed solitary, ovoid, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy, cotyledons
broad and flat. — Species 2, India and Ceylon.

P. Roxburgh!!, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 61 ; Royle III. 347, t. 83
U* : Brandts For. FL 451, t. 53 ; 2nd. Trees 566 ; F. B. I. v,
336; Watt E. D.; Collttt Fl SimL 452; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2),
349 ; Gamble Man. 604 ; /rain Beng. PL 936 ; Cooke FL Bomb.
ti, 590. Nageia Putranjiva, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 766. — Vern. Jiaputa,
putjia (Hind.), patji (Oudh), juti (Kumaon bhabar), putranjiva
(Sansc.).

A moderate -sized evergreen tree, almost glabrous except the young
shoots ; bark-grey, whitish when young. Branches drooping. Leave*
alternate, coriaecous, dark-green, shining, 2J-4 in. long, obliquely
elliptic-oblong or ovate, obtuse, acute or shortly acuminate, entire
or distantly serrulate ; main lateral nerves many, with reticulate
venation between; petioles £ in. long, pubescent; stipules small,
triangular, acute, deciduous. Flowers small, yellow, dio3cious.
MALES very shortly pedicelled, arranged in dense axillary often spike -
like clusters. Sepals 3-5, oblong, obtuse, ciliolate. Stamens usually
3, filaments more or less connate, at the base, anthers globose. FEM.-
flowere 2-3 ; pedicels J-J in. long, pubescent. Sepals 5-6, broadly
elliptic, obtuse, concave, ciliolate. Ovary 3-celled, tomentose :

100 EUPHORBIACE&. [PUTRANJIVA.

styles 3, short, recurved, stigmas crescent-shaped. Drupe J-J in.
long, ovoid -globose, rounded or pointed at the apex, white-tomen-
tose. Putamen pointed, very hard, deeply wrinkled, 1 -seeded.

Moist shady forests in the Dehra Dun and Saharanpur forest divisions
and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts. Flowers April
and May, and the fruit ripens during the cold season. DISTBIB. :
Throughout Tropical India, also in Ceylon and Burma. The whitish
strong and durable wood is used by turners. Rosaries are made of
the hard stones of the fruit to place round the necks of Hindu children
tovkeep them in good health. The leaves are lopped for fodder and
the seeds yield an oil which is used for burning.

10. CYCLOSTEMON, Blume ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 339.

Trees. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, base
often unequal. Flowers dicceious, in axillary clusters. Petals
none. MALE-flowers : Sepals 4-6. Stamens many or few, inserted
round a globose or depressed disk ; filaments short, free ; anthers
erect, the cells parallel. Pistillode none or minute. FEM. -flowers :
Calyx as in male. Disk annular or none. Ovary 2-4-celled, style
elongate or none ; stigmas dilated, fleshy or connate in a peltate
disk, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit subglobose or ovoid, indehiscent ;
pericarp hard, 2-celled. Seeds solitary in each cell, albumen fleshy,
cotyledons broad and flat. — Species about 18, in Trop. India,
Malaya and Africa.

C. assamicus, Hk. f. in F. B. I. v, 342 ; Kanjilal For. FL
(ed. 2), 350 ; Gamble Man. 607 ; Pram Beng. PL 937 ; Erandis
Ind. Trees 567.

A small evergreen tree with very thin greenish-grey bark. Leaves 3-5
in. long, ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute at the apex,
dark-green, glabrous, shining ; base rounded or acute, usually
oblique ; margins undulate ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, slender ;
petioles up to J in. long ; stipules none. Flowers globose, green .
MALE-flowers in clusters. Stamens about 12. FEM. -flowers solitary.
Ovary 2-celled, densely silky ; stigmas 2, subsessile, fleshy. Fruit
shortly pedicelled, j-f in. long, ovoid or elliptic-oblong, rusty-tomen-
tose. Seeds solitary in each cell ; testa coriaceous, red.

Forests of Dehra Dun :n swamps (Kanjilal) and eastwards along the Sub-
Himalayan tract. Flowers Nov. -Dec. DISTRIB. : Kumacn up to

ANTIDESMA.] EUPRORBIACEM. 101

2,500 ft. and eastwards to the Darjeeling Terai, Assam, Khasia Hills,
and from Chota Nagpur to Eastern Bengal and the Circars. The
wood is hard and tough and with an even grain.

11. ANTIDESMA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 354.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, stipules narrow,
Flowers dioecious, apetalous, small or minute, in slender axillary
or in terminal simple or branched spikes or racemes. MALE-flowers :
Calyx 3-5, rarely 6-8-lobed or partite. Disk entire or lobed.
Stamens 2-5, rarely more, inserted on or around the disk, often
irregularly ; filaments inflexed in bud, anthers lunate or didymous ;
cells globose, approximate or distant, connective thickened. Pistil-
lode minute or obsolete. FEM. -flowers : Calyx as in male. Disk
usually annular or cushion-like. Ovary usually 1 -celled ; stigmas
2-4, usually short, 2-fid. or 2-partite ; ovules 2, pendulous. Ftpuif
a small more or less compressed drupe, crowned- hy'tnVsublaieral
or terminal stigmas. Seed small, albumen fleshy; cotyledons
broad, flat. — Species about 70, in the tropical0 );egi^ns 6£'tj{d plel
World.

Leaves very obtuse ; flowers sessile ; stamens

4-7; ovary hairy . . . . . 1. A. Ghcesembilla.

Loaves acute or acuminate ; flowers pedicelled ;

stamens usually 2 ; ovary glabrous . . 2. A. diandrum.

1. A. Ghaesembilla, Gcertn. Fruct. i, 189, t. 39 ; Brandis For.
Fl- 446 ; Ind. Trees 664 ; F. B. I. v, 357 ; Watt E. D.; Gamble
Man. 610 ; Prain Beng. PL 938 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 592. A.
paniculatum, Boxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 770. A. pubescens, Boxb. I. c.

A small deciduous tree with greyish bark ; branchlets pubescent or
fulvous-tomentose. Leaves 2-4 in. long, oval obovate or orbi-
cular-oblong, rounded or emarginate at the apex, glabrous or
nearly so on the upper surface, pubescent or tomentose beneath ;
base rounded or subcordate ; main lateral nerves 5-6 pairs ; petioles
^-J in. long ; stipules about as long as the petioles, lanceolate, acute,
downy. Flowers greenish-yellow, sessile, arranged in slender panicled
spikes. ~MALE-flowers : Calyx 5-7 -partite, densely fulvous-hairy.
Stamens 4-7 ; anthers crescent-shaped. Disk 5-part., pubescent.
FEM. -/foyers : Calyx as in the male. Disk annular. Ovary densely

102 EUPEOEEIACEM. [ANTIDESMA.

hairy ; stigmas minute, recurved. Drupe, subglobose when fresh ,
I in. in diam., reddish or black when ripe.

Common in the Sub-Himalayan forests of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and
Gorakhpur. Flowers during May and June. DISTRIB. : Outer
Himalayan ranges at low elevations, from the Sutlej to Bhutan ;
also in Assam Bengal, and from C. W. and S. India to Ceylon ; extend-
ing to Burma, the Andamans, the Malay Pen. and Islands, China
and Australia. The acid fruit is eaten, as well as the leaves. The
Simla locality mentioned in Fl. Frit. Ind. refers to Glochidion velu-
tinuni.

2. A. diandrum, Roth Nov. PL Sp. 369 ; Brandis For. FL
447 ; Ind. Trees 566 ; F. B. I. v, 361 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjilal For.
Fl. (ed. 2), 352 ; Gamble Man. 610 ; Prain Beng. PL 938 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, n, 593. Stilago diandra, Eoxb. FL Ind. m, 759.— Vern.
Kdli-khalai (Dehra Dun), dhakki (Oudh), amli (Hind.).

A small de'citbwiitfiifeeror bush, the young parts usually glabrous ; outer
bark smootli, 'grey! * Reaves bright-green, turning red before falling,
thitt, sh^tjy?petio|£d,* varying in size from 1 to 5 in. in length, lanceo-

/ hitb"oV6va£tHa,iK#<>!ate,'*acute or acuminate, glabrous above, rarely
pubescent beneath ; stipules linear, acute, about twice as long as the
petioles. Flowers minute, all pedicelled, in long slender glabrous or
pubescent racemes ; bracts ovate, shorter than the pedicels. MALE
flowers : Calya -^ in. long ; lobes 4, short, obtuse. Stamens 2, rarely
3, at the base of the glabrous lobed disk. FEM.- flowers : Pedicels
stouter than in the male. Calyx -fs in. long ; lobes deeper than
in the male. Ovary glabrous. Drupe J in. in diam., purplish-red
when ripe.

Common in the sal forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, and
eastward along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand, N. Oudh
and Gorakhpur. Flowers during May and June, and the fruit ripens
in the cold season. DISTEJB. : Outer ranges of Himalaya from Garh-
wal and Kumaon eastwards ; also in Bengal and in Central, W.
and S. India, extending to Ceylon and Burma. The pinkish-grey
wood is hard and close-grained. The leaves and small reddish fruits
have a pleasantly acid taste, and are much eaten either raw or pickled.

12. CROTON, Linn., Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 385.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite
or whorled, usually with 2 glands at the base. Floivers usually

CROTON.] EUPHOSB1ACE&. 103

monoecious, solitary or clustered on the rhachis of a terminal
raceme ; bracts small. MALE-flowers : Calyx 5 (rarely 4 or 6)-partite;
segments imbricate or subvalvate. Petals 5, rarely 4 or 6, never
larger and sometimes smaller than the calyx. Disk of 4 or 6
glands, opposite the sepals. Stamens many, inserted on the hairy
receptacle ; filaments free, inflexed in bud ; anthers adnate, the
cells parallel. Pistillode none. FEM'.- flowers : Sepals rarely
accrescent in fruit. Petals smaller than the sepals. Disk as in
the males. Oraiy 3 (rarely 2 or 4)-celled ; ovules solitary in each
cell ; style usually slender, 2-4-cleft. Capsule subequally 6-valved
or of 3 separating 2-valved cocci. Seeds smooth, caruncle small,
testa crustaceous, albumen copious, cotyledons broad. — Specie3
upwards of 500, in all hot countries.

C. oblongifolius, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 69 ; FL Ind. Hi, 685 ;
Brandis For. FL 440 ; Ind. Trees 577 ; F. B. I. v, 386 ; Watt E. D.;
Gamble Man. 614 ; Prain Beng. PL 943 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 599.—
Vern. Arjunna (Oudh).

A medium-sized deciduous tree ; young parts inflorescence and ovary
clothed with minute orbicular silvery scales. Leaves crowded to-
wards the ends of the branchlets, 5-10 in. long, oblong-lanceolate,,
subacute, glabrous (when mature), crenate or serrate, penninerved ;
base usually acute, without apparent glands above the petioles ;
petioles J-1J in. long. Flowers yellowish-green, solitary or clustered
in the axils of minute bracts on long erect often fascicled racemes.
MiALX-flowers many, on the upper portion of the raceme. Calyx
divided about J towards the base ; segments ^ in. long or more, ovate,
obtuse. Petals | in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, woolly.
Stamens 12, inflexed in bud ; filaments hairy below. F 'EM. -flowers at
the base of the racemes ; pedicels short, stout. Sepals acute, the
margins ciliate. Petals ^ in. long, obovate, the margins densely
woolly. Styles 3, nearly £ in. long, each divided into 2 slender
curled branches J in. long. Capsules J in. in diam., subglobose,
slightly 3-lobed, clothed with minute orbicular scales. Seeds ellipsoid,
rounded on the back.

Common and often gregarious in the Gonda district of N. Oudh and
in the Gorakhpur district (Brandis). The leaves turn red before
falling in March, and the new foliage appears soon afterwards. Dis-
TRIB. : Bengal, Ch. Nagpur, Silhet, Central, W. and S. India and in
the dry region of Ceylon ; also in the mixed forests of Burma. The
bark, leaves and fruit are used in native medicine.

104 EUPRORB1ACEM. [ CROTON.

C. TIGUUM, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. 2nd. iU9 682 ; Brandis For. FL 440 ;
F. B. I. v, 393 ; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. 614 ; Prain Beng. PL
943 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 600.— Vern Jaipdl (The Purging Croton).

A small evergreen tree, with the young shoots stellately hairy. Leaves
glabrous and membranous, 2-4 in. long, ovate, acuminate serrate,
3-5-nerved. Stamens 15-20. Capsule £-1 in. long, ovoid, 3-gonous.
The plant is not truly indigenous in India, but it is frequently found
as if wild, and in some parts of India is becoming naturalized. It
is often cultivated in native gardens for the sake of the powerfully
purgative oil yielded by the seeds. The so-called garden " Crotons,"
with variegated leaves, and which are much cultivated in Indian
gardens, belong to the genus Codiceum.

13. CHROZOPHORA, Neck. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 408.

Diffuse densely hispid or stellately tomentose herbs or under -
shrubs. Leaves alternate, sinuate-toothed or lobed, wavy or plaited,
2-glandular at the base. Flowers monoecious, in sessile axillary
bracteate racemes ; males crowded in the upper part of the raceme ;
females solitary and pedicelled. MALE fl. Calyx globose or ovoid,
splitting into 5 valvate segments. Petals 5, short. Disk obscure.
Stamens 5-15, filaments connate below in 1-3 series, anthers oblong ;
cells parallel, contiguous. Pistillode none. FEM. fl. Sepals 5,
very narrow, sometimes setaceous or obsolete. Disk of 5 short
broad glands alternate with the petals. Ovary 3-celled ; styles
2-fid., erect or spreading, ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a
capsule of 3 hispid tomentose or scaly almost fleshy 2-valved cocci
Seeds without a strophiole, testa shining, albumen fleshy ; coty-
ledons broad, flat. — Species about 7, Asiatic, Mediterranean and
African,

Ovary and capsule clothed with stellate to-

mentum and silvery scales ; stamens 5 . 1. C. obliqua, VAB

hierosolymitana.

Ovary and capsule clothed with stellate to-
mentum, but without silvery scales ;
stamens 15, in 2 series : —
An erect stellately hairy herb sparingly
branched below ; leaves up to 4 in. long,
pale-green ; sepals of female flowers tri-
angular . . . . . . 3. C. Eo'tleri.

CHROZOPHORA. ] EUPHORB1ACEM. 105

Prostrate woolly herbs diffusely branching
from the root ; leaves up to 1£ in. in
diam., often dark purplish -browr ; sepals
of female flowers linear : —
Leaves about as broad as long, eglandular

at the base . . . . 3. C. pro^t-ata.

Leaves longer than broad, 2-glandul^r at

the base . . . . C. prostrata, VAB.

parvifolia.

1. C. obliqua, .4 Juss. Tent. Euphorb. 28, VAR. hierosoly-
juiitana, Spreng. Syst. 850. C. verbascifolia, A. Juss. Croton
tinctorius, Wall. Cat 7716 G. Leaves ovate, nearly as long as broad,
usually more or less toothed, clothed on both sides with stellate
tomentum. Stamens 5. Ovary and capsule clothed \\ith stellate
hairs and silvery scales. Seeds glabrous.

The only locality recorded for this plant as occurring within the area
of this flora is Muttra, where specimens are said to have gathered
many years ago by Colonel Hardwicke, but by no other collector
east of the Jumna subsequently. The plant appears to be widely
distributed in the Punjab Plain from Ambala to Rawal Pindi and
on the Salt Range ; it extends alrfo to Arabia, Palestine (Garden of
Gethsemane near Jerusalem, collected by Sieber) and North Africa.

2. C. Rottleri, A. Juss. Tent. Euphorb. 28. C. plicata, Da/2.
and Gibs, (not of A. Juss.) ; Royle III. 329 ; F. B. I. v, 409 ; Watt
E. D.; Prain Beng. i I. 944 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 607. Croton
plicatus, Vahl; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 681.

An erect hoary annual herb up to 2 ft. high, with a long straight slender
tap-root. Stem usually naked below, sparingly branched above.
Leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate to orbicular, often obscurely 3-lobed,
thick, rugose, pale -giv en, stellate-hairy on both surfaces ; petioles
1-2 in. Ion?. Male flowers. Calyx J in. long. Petals smaller, very
thin, ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 15, in two whorls. Fern, flowers.
Sepals TV in. long, triangular. Petals shorter and narrower. Cap-
sules J in. in diam., densely stellate -hairy, but without silvery scales.

Jdirzapur at Shahganj (J.D.H.). DISTBIB. : Punjab Plain (T. Thomson);
Sind (Stocks) ; Gujarat (D. and G.) ; Dharwar (Cooke).
Deccan (D. and G., Graham, Cooke) ; Behar (J. D. H.) Bengal
(Prain) ; Chota Nagpur (Haines) ; Burma (Griff) ; also in Madras
Pres., extending to N. Africa and Spain. The root and leaves are
stated by Stewart to be used medicinally in the Punjab.

106 EUPHORBIACEM. [ CHROZOPHORA

3. C. prostrata, Dalz. in Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. FL 233 ;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 607. C. plicata, forma prostrata, Hook /. in
F. B. I. v, 410.

A procumbent humifuse stsllately woolly herb ; branches many, spread-
|| ing from the root, woolly -torn entose. Leaves |-1 in. long and about
as broad, deeply bullate, often dark purplish -brown, finely pubescent
above, densely stellate-woolly beneath, base eglandular. Flowers in
short few-flowered axillary racemes ; bracts linear, J — J in. long.
Male flowers. Calyx % in. long. Petals smaller, elliptic-lanceolate.
Stamens 15, in two whorls. Fern, flowers. Sepals linear, acute.
Petals linear, smaller and narrower than the sepals. Capsule £ in-
in diam., stellately woolly, without silvery scales.
Gorakhpur district (Dulthie) ; Naorangah (Jacquemont). DISTRIB. :
Bengal, in Behar, Patna (Buch. -Hamilton)- Wall. Cat. 7716 C. partly ;
Punjab Plain, Lahore (T. Thomson), Multan (Edgeworth 8028),
Jabalpur (Vicary) ; C. India, Guna (King) ; C. Prov., Nimar district
near Hewra (Duthie) ; without locality (R. Thompson) ; also in the
Bombay and Madras Presidencies, and extending to N. Africa.

VAR. parvifolia. C. parvifolia, Klotzsch ex- Schweinf. PL Nilot. 10.
Leaves longer than broad, 2-glandular at the base. Bundelkhand, in
black soil (Edgeworth 8029) ; N. Oudh in the Kheri district (Duthie) ;.
Lucknow (T. Anderson) ; Mirzapur (Griffith), Farakhabad and
Fatehpur (Griffith 4794). DISTRIB. : Punjab Plain : (Edgeworth
126), (T. Thomson 1508), (Drummond 3061, 6348), Sind (Stocks 547) ;
extending south to Bombay and Madras Presidencies, also in N.
Africa.

14. BALIOSPERMUM, Blume ; FL Brit. Ind. v, 461.

Erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, sinuate-toothed or lobed,
penninerved or 3-5-nerved at the 2-glandular base. Flowers small,
monoecious or dioecious, apetalous, arranged in panicles or racemes.
MALE fl. globose. Sepals 4-6, membranous, orbicular, concave,
imbricate. Disk of. 4-6 glands. Stamens 10-30 ; filaments slender,
free ; anthers teririnal, the cells adnate throughout to the broad con-
nective, dehiscing introrsely, the slits at length becoming lateral.
Pistillode none. FEM. fl. Sepals 5-6, lanceolate, entire or toothed,,
sometimes accrescent in fruit. Disk entire. Ovary 3-celled ;
styles rather long, stout, 2-fid. or-partite, stigmas smooth, ovules
solitary in each cell. Fruit a capsule of three 2-valved crustaceous

BALIOSPERMUM. ] EUPHORBIACE&. 107

cocci. Seeds ovoid, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy, cotyledons
flat and broad. — Species 6, in India and Malaya.

B. axillare. Blume Bijdr. 604 ; F. B. I. r, 461 ; Kan j Hal
For. Fl. (ed. 2], 357 ; Gamble Man. 624 ; Prain Beng. PL 946,
Brandis Ind. Trees 583, Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 608. B. indicum,
Dene, in Jacqm. Voy. Bot. 154, t. 155. B. montanum, Muell. Arg.,
Watt E. D.; Croton polyandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 682 ; Royle III,
327, 328.

A stout leafy tmdershrub 3-6 ft. high with herbaceous branches from
the root, glabrous except the young shoots and sometimes the leaves
beneath. Leaves firmly coriaceous, very variable hi size and shap • ;
the upper 2-3 in. long, lanceolate, penninerved ; the lower 6-12 in.
long, often palmately 3-5-lobed and with sinuate-toothed margins ;
base rounded or cuneate ; petioles 2-6 in. long ; stipules of 2 glands.
Flowers usually monoecious, arranged in many axillary racemes or
contracted panicles, all male or with a few females at the base.
MALE flowers : Calyr globose, -f-t in., 4-5-partite, often slightly
hairy ; segments finely mottled. Disk of 6 glands. Stamens about
20. FEM. flowers. Sepals not enlarging in fruit. Disk thin,
-r1^ in. in diam. Ovary hairy ; styles about T'g in. long, thick, 2-
partite, dull-red. Capsules J-J in. long, obovoid, usually hairy. Seeds
J in. long, smooth, mottled.

Dehra Dun, in shady places, and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan
forest tracts, where it often forms a considerable portion of the under-
growth. It flowers and produces fruit almost throughout the year.
DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan up to
3,000 ft. ; also Assam, Khasia Hills, Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and
Siam, and from C. & W. India to Travancore ; extending to Java
and the Malay Peninsula. The seed, which resembles that of the
Castor-oil plant, but smaller, is used as a drastic purgative, and the
root and leaves are much employed in Hindu medicine.

15. ACALYPHA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 414.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, toothed or crenate,
rarely entire, penniveined or 3-5-nerved. Flowers small, monce-
cious or occasionally dioecious, apetalous and without a disk,
arranged in axillary or terminal racemes ; males minute, without
bracts ; females 1-2, within a peduncled solitary bract, or sometimes
at the base of large accrescent leafy bracts, low on the male spikes-

108 E UPHORBIACEJE. [ ACALYPHA ,

or on separate spikes. MALE flowers : Sepals 4, valvate, more or
less connate in a membranous calyx. Stamens usually 8, or many
on a convex receptacle ; filaments short, free ; anther-cells dis-
tinct, divaricate, often becoming twisted or flexuous. Pistillode
none. FEM. flowers : Sepals 3-4, minute, imbricate. Ovary 3-
celled ; styles filiform, often long and laciniate or fimbriate ; ovules
solitary in each cell. Fruit a capsule of 3 minute 2-valved crusta-
ceous cocci. Seeds subglobose, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy,
cotyledons broad and flat. — Species about 225, in trop. and sub-
trop. regions of the world.

Bracts distant, shortly dentate ; capsule hispid 1. A. indica.

Bracts crowded, fimbriate ; capsule glabrous . 2. A. ciliata.

1. A. indica, Linn. Sp. PL 1003 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 675 ;
Royle III. 327 ; F. B. I. v, 416 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 948 ;
'Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 610.

An erect annual herb, 1-2| ft. high. Branches many, angular, finely
pubescent. Leaves thin, glabrous, 1-3 in. long, ovate or rhomboid-
ovate, obtuse or subacute, crenate -serrate ; base cuneate, 3-nerved ;
petioles slender, usually longer than the blade ; stipules minute.
Flowers in lax erect axillary elongate spikes ; the males minute,
clustered towards the summit of the spike, ebracteate ; the females
in clusters of 3-5, subtended by a shortly stalked leaf -like truncate
dentate many-nerved bract J-J in. in diam. Capsules hispid, con-
cealed by the bracts, often only 1-seeded. Seed -^ in. long, ovoid,
smooth, pale-brown.

Very common within the area, especially as a garden weed, flowering
during the greater part of the year. DISTRIB. : Throughout the
hotter parts of India and in Ceylon, extending to Java and Trop.
Africa.

2. A. ciliata, Forsk. FL ^Egypt.-Arab. 162 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind.
m, 676 ; F. B. I. v, 417 ; Watt E. D.; Collett Fl. Siml. 452 ; Prain
Beng. PL 948 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 611.

A stout herb, 1-2J ft. high. Stems erect ; branches few, pubescent
when young. Leaves thin, If -3 in. long, ovate, acuminate or caudate-
acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath ; base
usually rounded, 5-nerved ; petioles spreading, slender, usually ex-
ceeding the leaf-blade. Flowers in axillary androgynous spikes ^-J
in. long ; the males few, very minute and sessile at the top of the
«pike ; the females many and crowded at its base ; bracts large,

TREWIA. ] EUPHORBIACE&. 10$

pale-green, 1-2-flowered, exceeding the capsules, strongly nerved, the
many nerves ending in long subulate hispid teeth. Capsules glab-
rous ; cocci very thin, white. Seeds globose -ovoid, smooth, TV in.
long.

Dehra Dun (Duthie), Bundelkhand (Edgeworth) and probably in many
other localities within the area. DISTRIB. : W. Himalaya from
Kashmir to Kumaon up to 6,000 ft., and southwards from Bengal and
Bombay to S. India and Ceylon, extending to Arabia and Trop-
Af rica .

16. TREWIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 423.

Soft-wooded trees. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate or orbi-
cular ; entire ; base cordate, 3-5-nerved. Flowers rather large,
dioecious, appearing before the leaves, apetalous and without a
disk ; males in 4ax lateral racemes, one to each bract ; females
solitary on long peduncles or racemose. MALE fl. : Calyce globose,
splitting into 3-4 broad concave often reflexed segments. Stamens
many, on a convex receptacle, filaments free, anthers dorsifixed,
oblong, the cells parallel and contiguous. Pistillode none. FEM.
fl. : Sepals 3-5, broad, imbricate, caducous. Ovary 2-4-celled ;
styles connate below, long, terete, entire, papillose throughout,
ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit 2-4-celled, indehiscent or open-
ing loculicidally, endocarp crustaceous. Seeds ovoid, testa hard,
albumen fleshy, cotyledons broad and flat. — Species 2, one in India
extending to Ceylon, the other apparently endemic in W. and S.
India.

T. nudlflora, Linn. Sp. PL 1193 (Trevia) ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. hi,
837 ; Brandis For. Fl. 443 ; Ind. Trees 590 ; F. B. I. v, 423 ;
Watt E. D.; Kanjildl For. FL (ed. 2,), 353 ; Gamble Man. 617 ;
Prain Beng. PL 948 ; CooJce FL Bomb. if, 614.

A medium-sized deciduous tree with a smooth grey bark. Young
shoots and the leaves beneath and the inflorescence clothed with
cottony wool or sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves 3-7 in. long,
ovate, acuminate, glabrous and bright-green above ; base rounded or
cordate, 3-5-nerved ; petioles 1-3 in. long ; stipules minute, acute,
caducous. MALE flowers J-£ in. in diam., pale -green, arranged in
pendulous racemes 3-8 in. long ; pedicels short, slender, horizontal.
Sepals valvate, concave. Stamens many. FEM. flowers solitary or
2-3 together, on long peduncles. Sepals 3-5, imbricate, caducous.

110 EUPHORBIACEJE. [ TREWIA.

Ovary woolly ; styles J-f in. long, yellow. Fruit almost woody,
globose, 1-1£ in. in diam. Seeds smooth and polished, dark-brown.
Ravines and damp places in the forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur,
extending eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan forest tracts of
Rohilkhand, N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. The tree is leafless from
Jan. to March, the new leaves appear during March and April, and
the flowers between Feb. and April, and the fruit ripens during the
cold season. DISTRIB. : Kumaon, Assam and the Khasia Hills, and
southwards throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon,
extending to Burma and to the Malay Pen, and Islands. Brandis
states that this tree, reproduces abundantly from root-suckers. The
soft white wood is used for making drums.

17. MALLOTUS, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 427.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire toothed
or 3-lobed, penniveined or 3-7 -nerved, sometimes peltate, often
gland-dotted beneath and sometimes with glandular areas at the
base on the lower surface. Floivers small, dioecious or monoecious,
apetalous, arranged in axillary or terminal simple or branched
spikes or racemes ; males fascicled, females solitary in the bracts.
MALE flowers : Calyx globose or ovoid, 3 -5 -partite, lobes valvate.
Disk none. Stamens many, crowded on the flat or convex recep-
tacle, filaments free, anthers small, dorsifixed ; the cells globose
or shortly oblong, parallel, adnate to the wide connective, often
distinct. Pistillode none or very minute. FEM. flowers :
Calyx spathaceous or 3-6-lobed or-partite. Disk none or small ;
styles free or connate below, spreading or recurved above, entire
plumose or papillose, ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a capsule
of 2-3 (rarely 4) 2-valved tubercled echinate paleaceous or smooth
cocci. Seeds ovoid oblong or globose, testa crustaceous, albumen
fleshy, cotyledons broad and flat. — Species 70-80, in tropical regions
.of the Old World.

M. phiipplnensis, Muell. Arg. in Linncea xxiv, 196 ; Brand.
For. Fl. 444 ; Ind. Trees 590 ; F. B. I. v, 442 ; Watt E. D.; Comm.
Prod. Ind. 755 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2) 353 ; Gamble Man, 619 ;
Collett Fl. Siml. 453 ; Prain Beng. PL 950 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,
615. Rottlera tinctoria, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 827 ; Royle III. 329.—
Vern Kamela, mini (Behra Dun), reoni (Bundelkhand), rohni (Oudh),
senduria (Merwara).

MALLOTUS. ] EUPHORBIACEM. Ill

A small much-branched evergreen tree with a thin dark-grey bark ;
young parts and inflorescence tawny or rusty-pubescent. Leaves
alternate, variable in size and shape, 3-6 in. long, ovate ovate -oblong
or lanceolate, acuminate, entire or sometimes toothed, glabrous above,
sub-glaucously pubescent and with many close -set orbicular reddish
glands beneath, reticulately veined, base rounded or acute, strongly
3 -nerved and with 4-7 pairs of lateral nerves above the basal ones ;
petiole about half the length of the blade, fulvous-pubesc-cnt and with
two small sessile glands one on each side of the summit. Flowers
small, dioecious. MALE flowers sessile or nearly so, in erect terminal
spikes longer than the leaves. Sepals usually 4, lanceolate, acute.
FEM. flowers sessile in short spikes. Sepals 3 or 4. Cap&ules J-£ in.
in diam., 3-lobed and 3-valved, covered with a bright red powder
composed of fine grains of a resinous substance mixed with minute
stellate hairs. Seeds about -J in. in diam., subglobose, black.

Very common within the area, and often associated with sal. Flowers
during the cold season and the fruit ripens from March to May
DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges from the Indus eastwards, up to
4,500 ft. ; and throughout tropical India ; extending to Ceylon,
Burma, the Andaman and Malay Islands, China and Australia. The
red resinous grains with which the ripe capsules are covered is the
well known kamela powder. It is much valued as a dye, especially
for silk, and is also extensively used as a vermifuge. The bark is
sometimes employed in tanning, and the wood affords good fuel.

18. HOMONOIA, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 455.

Rigid shrubs. Leaves alternate, long, narrow and subentire or
short and toothed, glandular-lepidote. Flowers usually dioecious,
apetalous and without any disk, arranged in many-or few-flowered
axillary spikes, or from the old wood. MALE flowers : Calyx
globose, splitting into 3 valvate segments. Stamens many, in a
dense globose cluster of branched filaments ; anther-cells sub-
globose, divaricate, connective obscure. Pistillode none. FEM.
flowers : Sepals 5-8, narrow, unequal, imbricate, caducous.
Ovary 3-celled, styles entire, spreading, papillose, ovules solitary in
each cell. Fruit a small capsule of 3 smooth 2-valved cocci, Seeds
rounded on the back, slightly angular on the inner face ; testa
cmstaceous, hard with a thin fleshy coat, albumen fleshy, coty-
ledons broad and flat. — Species 3 or 4, Indian or Malayan.

112 EUPHORBIACE&. [ HOMONOIA.

H. riparla, Lour. FL Cochinch. 637 ; Erandis For. Fl. 445 ;
Ind. Trees 593 ; F. B. I. v, 455 ; Watt E. D.; Gamble Man. 622 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 951 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 620 ; Adelia neriifolia,,
Roth ; Roxb. FL Ind. w, 849.

A small evergreen willow -like shrub with brown bark ; branchlets young
leaves and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves erect, closely set, 3-6 in.
long, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, apiculate, entire or
serrulate towards the tip, glabrous above, densely clothed beneath
with reddish-brown orbicular gland-like scales ; base acute or rounded ;
main lateral nerves 10-30 pairs, the veins between them reticulate ;
petioles J-f in. long.; stipules £ in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute.
Flowers dioecious, sessile, in axillary bracteate spikes 2-5 in. long ;
rhachis pubescent ; bracts ovate -acuminate, pubescent. MALE
flowers : Sepals 3, broadly elliptic, concave, glabrous, J in. long.
Anthers red. FEM. flowers. Sepals usually 5, narrowly ovate,
acuminate, £ in. long, pubescent. Ovary pubescent ; styles 3, shortly
connate at the base. Capsule globose, J in. in diam., tomentose.
Seeds T^ in. long, smooth, yellowish -brown.

Bundelkhand, in rocky river-beds (Edg£worth, Duthie, etc.). DISTRIB. t
Bengal, Sikkim, Chittagong, Assam, Khasia Hills, Burma and south-
wards to Central and W. India to Ceylon ; extending to the Andaman
Islands, Cochinchina and Java.

19. RICINUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 457.

A tall glabrous and glaucous annual, sometimes shrubby or
tree-like. Leaves alternate, broad, palmately lobed ; lobes 7 or
more, serrate. Flowers monoecious, rather large, in terminal sub-
paniculate racemes. Perianth simple and without any disk, the
male flowers crowded in the upper portion of the inflorescence, the
females below. MALE flowers : Calyx membranous, splitting
valvately into 3-5 segments. Stamens very many ; filaments
connate and repeatedly branched ; anthers with distinct distant
sub-globose divergent cells. Pistillode none. FEM. flowers : Calyx
spathaceous, caducous. Ovary 3-celled ; styles entire, 2-fid. or
2-partite ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a prickly capsule of
three 2-valved cocci. Seeds oblong, testa crustaceous, albumen
fleshy ; cotyledons broad, flat. — A single species, probably of
African origin, now widely cultivated in tropical countries.

RICINUS. ] EUPHORBIACEM. 113

R. communls, Linn., Roxb. Fl. Ind. in, 689 ; Royle III. 328 ;
Brandis For. FL 445 ; Ind. Trees 593 ; DC. UOrig. PL Cult. 339 ;
Duthie and Fuller F. and G. Crops ii, 38, t. 43 ; F. B. I. v, 457 ;
Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind., 915 ; Gamble Man. 622 ; Prain
Beng. PL 952 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 627.—Vern. Arand, etc.— The
Castor-oil plant, or Palma Christi.

The Castor- oil plant is much cultivated within the area of this flora
and throughout the hotter parts of India. It frequently runs wild,
and in many places has become naturalized. The tall perennial
bushy kind is often grown in hedges, or in fields as a shelter for
other crops. In order to obtain oil of the best quality the plant is
usually grown as an annual, and often as a pure crop. The oil is
largely used for burning and as a lubricant, and (when cold-drawn) for
medicinal purposes. The plant is much cultivated in gardens for the
sake of the brightly coloured foliage of some of its varieties. For
full particulars regarding its cultivation in India, and the extraction
ana the various uses of the oil see Watt's " Commercial Products of
India."

20. TRAGIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 464.

Perennial usually twining or climbing herbs, hispid u ith stinging
hairs. Leaves alternate, simple or palmataly 3-lobed, serrate,
3 -5 -nerved at the base. Flowers monoecious, in terminal and leaf-
opposed androgynous racemes, apetalous and without any disk ;
the males uppermost in the raceme, females below and few. MALE
flowers: Calyr globose or obovoid, valvately 3-5-partite.
Stamens 1-3, rarely many, filaments free or connate ; anthers ovate
or oblong, cells parallel and contiguous. Pistillode minute, 3-fid.
or none. FEM. flowers : Sepals 6, imbricate, entire or pinnatifid,
often enlarged, hardened and stellately spreading in fruit. Ovary
3-celled ; styles united below in a stout column, free spreading and
entire above ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a capsule of three
2-valved cocci, endocarp crustaceous. Seeds globose, testa crusta-
ceous, albumen fleshy, cotyledons broad and flat. — Species about
50, chiefly tropical.

A twining herb ; leaves simple ; style circin-

nately revolute . . . . . \. T involucrata.

An erect or sometimes climbing herb ; leaves
palmately 3 -partite ; styles slightly spreading,
not revolute ... . 2. T* cannabina.

114 EUPHORBIACE&. [ TRAGIA

1. T. involucrata, Linn. Sp. PI. 980 ; Eoxb. Fl. hid. Hi.
576 ; Eoyle III. 327 ; F. B. I. v, 465 ; Watt E. D.; Pram Beng.
PL 952 ; Cooler Fl. Bomb, it, 621.

A perennial more or less hispid herb, with scattered stinging hairs-
Sterns elongate, slender, twining. Leaves 1-4 in. long,variable, oblong-
lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy ; base rounded
or cordate ; petioles J-f long ; stipules J in. long, ovate, acute,
somewhat auricled at the bast;. Flowers yellowish, shortly stalked,
usually in hairy racemes 1-2 in. long ; bracts T'rj in. long, lanceolate,
acute. MALE flowers : Sepals 3, broadly elliptic or orbicular,
concave, glabrous, T^ in. long. Stamens 3. Pistillode minute, 3-fid«
FEM. flowers : Sepils 6, ovate, pinnatifid, very hispid, J in. long,
elongating in fruit. Ovary 3-lobed, hispid ; styles 3, united below in
a stout column which is often as long as the circinnately revolute
branches. Capsules J in. in diam., 3-lobed, white, hispid. Seeds
globose, smooth.

Forests of N. Oudh (R. Thompson), Kheri district (Duthie) DISTRIB.:
Throughout India from the Punjab and the outer Himalayan ranges
eastwards to Assam, and south to Burma S. India and Ceylon ; also
in China. The plant is not eaten by cattle. The root, leaves and
fruit are used medicinally.

2. T. cannabina* Linn. /. Suppl. 415 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, '575 ;

Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 622. T. involucrata, var. cannabina, MuelL-

Arg.; F. B. I. v, 465.

An erect or climbing shrub 4-5 ft. high, not twining, more or less hispid
and with stinging hairs. Stems stout, terete, woody. Leaves pal-
mately 3-partite, up to 3J in. long ; lobes toothed or pinnatifid, the
mid-lobe much longer than the lateral ones. Male flowers and calyx
of female flowers as in T involucrata. Styles 3, slightly spreading,
not revolute. Capsules |- in. across, 3-lobed, hirsute ; lobes globose.
Seeds globose, smooth, -J in. in diam.

Jumna ravines near Etawah (Duthie), Bundelkhand (Duthie), and prob-
ably in other localities within the area of this flora. DISTRIB. :
Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon ; often found in
hedges.

21. SAPIUM, P. Br.; Fl, Brit. Ind. v, 469.

Trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, serrate or toothed,
penninerved, petiole often 2 -glandular at the top. Flowers monoe-
cious, in terminal simple or branched spikes or racemes, apetaJous
and without any disk; males above, several in each bract;

SAPIUM. ] EUPHOUBIACEM. 115

females in the lower part of the spikes or racemes, or in
separate spikes, solitary in the bracts. MALE flowers :
Calyx membranous, shortly 2-3-lobed or toothed, or splitting
to the base into 2 or 3 valvate segments. Stamens 2 or
3, filaments free ; anther-cells ovoid, distinct, contiguous,
parallel. Pistillode none. FEM. flowers: Calyx 3-fid. or 3-
partite. Ovary 2-3- celled, styles free or connate at the base,
spreading and recurved, entire ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit
a crustaceous capsule, fleshy or pulpy, rarely woody, at length
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds globose, with a strophiole, usually
long-persistent on the columella, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy,
cotyledons broad and flat. — Species 25, all tropical.

S. Insigne, Trimen Syst. Cat. Ceyl. PI. 83 ; F. B. I. v, 471 /
Watt E. D.; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2) 356 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 453;
Gamble Man. 625 ; Prain Beng. PL 954 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 622 ;
Brandis Ind. Trees 585. Falconeriadnsignis, Royle III. 354, t. 84 a
ort. 98. F. Wallichiana, Royle l.c.f. 3. Excaecaria insignis, Muell.
Arg.; Brandis For. Fl. 442. — Vern. Khinna, khirun, khiria,
khirni, lendwa.

A medium-sized glabrous deciduous tree or shrub, with a thick acrid
milky juice ; bark grey, rough and cork-like when old ; branches
thick and soft. Leaves bright-green, crowded towards the ends of the
branches, 5-10 in. long, elliptic-or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
crenate- serrate ; base acute, sometimes unequal ; main lateral
nerves 10-16 pairs, slender ; petioles 1-lf in. long, with 2 conspicuous
glands at the apex. Flowers appearing before the leaves, yellowish
green, in 1 -sexual robust spikes 3-8 in. long. MALE FLOWERS sessile,
£-*• in. in diam., the central flower of each fascicle opening first.
Sepals 2, open in bud, orbicular, concave, ^ in. in diam. Stamens
2, filaments very short, anthers scarlet, FEM. FLOWERS shortly
stalked. Sepals ovate-acuminate. Styles 3. short spreading, slightly
connate at the base. Capsules $ in. in diam., subglobose, at first
fleshy, becoming dry and irregularly dehiscent when ripe, closely
packed on the robust rhachis.

Dehra Dun and Sub-Himalayan tract eastwards. Flowers Jan . — March-
DISTRIB. : Outer warm valleys of the Himalaya on dry rocky slopes
from the Beas eastwards to Bhutan (not in Sikkim) up to 5,500 ft. ;
also in Assam. Chittagong and Burma ; extending to the Bombay
Pres., S. India and Ceylon. The soft white wood is used for making
the cylinders of native drums. The acrid milky juice, said to be

116 EUPHORBIACEM. [ SAPIUM

poisonous, is sometimes used externally in medicine. The tree is
frequently killed by frost at the higher elevations.

SAPIUM SEBIFERUM, Eoxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 693 ; F. B. L v, 470 ;
Watt. E. D.; Cowm. Prod. Ind. 979 ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2), 355 ;
Gamble Man. 624 ; Prain Beng. PL 954 ;. Brandis Ind. Trees 584 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 623. Excoecaria sebifera, Mudl.-Arg.; Brandis
For. Fl. 441. Stillingia sebifera, Miclix.; Royle III. 328.— Vein.
Tdr-charbi (Dehra Dun), palidri shisham (Saharanpur). (Chinese
Tallow-tree). A small quick-growing deciduous tree, somewhat
resembling in its foliage the shisham-tree (Dalbergia Sissoo). It is
cultivated in many parts of the Upper Gangetic Plain, and has
become quite naturalized, especially in Dehra Dun. It flowers
June — Aug., and the seeds ripen Oct. — Dec. The tree is indigen-
ous in China and Japan, where the white tallow-looking wax sur-
rounding the seeds is used for burning. The leaves before falling
become beautifully coloured with orange and scarlet.

The following plants belonging to genera not mentioned above should

be briefly noticed : —

PEDILANTHUS TITHYMALOIDES, Poit. — A shrub with fleshy branches,

allied to Euphorbia, from which it chiefly differs in its conspicuous

scarlet slipper-shaped involucre. It was introduced into India from

the West Indies, ana is grown in hedges in many parts of the country.

Royle (111. 328) mentions it as a possible substitute for ipecacuanha

(Psychotria Ipecacuanha), which is a native of Brazil.

JATROPHA CURCAS, Linn.; Royle III. 328 ; Brandis For. Fl. 442 -

Ind. Trees 576 ; F. B. I. v. 383 ; Watt E. D.; Kanjildl For. Fl;

(ed. 2), 352 ; Gamble Man. 613 ; Prain Beng. PL 941 ; Cooke Fl.

Bomb, ii, 578. — Vern. Safed arand. (Physic-nut). A soft-wooded

evergreen shrub or small tree introduced from Trop. America.

It is often found in a semi- wild condition in the vicinity of villages

or is planted in hedges. The oil extracted from the seeds is

much used for burning, as well as medicinally. Other exotic

species of Jatropha, including J. gossypifolia, multifida and poda-

grica, are more or less cultivated in Indian gardens for ornamental

purposes.

ALEURITES MOLUCCAS A, Willd.; Royle III. 327 ; F. B. I. v, 384 ;
Watt. E. D.; Gamble Man. 613 ; Prain Beng. PL 942 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 626. A. triloba, Forst.; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 629. Bel-
gaum Walnut.

MANIHOT. ] EUPHORBIACEM. 117

A handsome tree with polymorphous leaves and white flowers. It is
a native of the Malay Archipelago, whence it was introduced into
India and is now largely grown in gardens. The edible seeds
contain a large quantity of oil, which is used for cooking as well as
medicinally.

MANIHOT TTTILISSIMA, Pohl is the Bitter Cassava plant, from the
pounded roots of which mandioc or cassava meal is prepared, also
tapioca. It is a tall plant with tuberous roots and palmate leaves.
It wa§ introduced from S. America by the Portuguese and is occa-
sionally cultivated in Indian gardens.

C. URTICACEJE.

Herbs shrubs or trees. Leaves usually alternate, often oblique ;
stipules various. Flowers cymose or in clusters, usually minute,
inonoacious or dioecious and sometimes 2-sexual or polygamous,
often crowded on the surface of a fleshy flat concave or globose
receptacle or (in Ficus) on the inner walls of a closed receptacle ;
bracts usually small or none, but sometimes 2 — 4 or more in an in-
volucre ; bracteoles small or none, but sometimes conspicuous.
Perianth simple, calycine, regular or irregular, equally or unequally
toothed lobed or partite, segments imbricate or valvate. Disk
hypogynous, obscure or none. Stamens as many as and opposite
the perianth-lobes, rarely fewer or more, filaments usually free at
the base, anthers 2-celled. Pistillode in male flowers small or none.
Ovary superior, 1 -celled, style often eccentric, simple or 2-ficl,
with stigmatose arms, or stigmas sessile, plumose or penicillate,
ovule solitary. Fruit simple, as a drupe or samara, or of small
free achenes, or compound in a confluent mass of perianths and
pericarps. Seed erect, lateral or pendulous, testa membranous ;
albumen copious scanty or none, embryo straight or curved. —
Species 1,500 or more, chiefly in tropical and sub-tropical regions
of the world.

Plants with watery juice : —

Anthers in bud erect ; style 2-fid. ; ovule
pendulous : —

Flowers usually 2-sexual or polygamous —
Trees or shrubs with penninerved decid-
uous leaves : —
Fruit dry, samaroid L HOLOPTELEA.

118

URTICACEM.

Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs : —
Leaves glabrous or softly pubescent ;
male-sepals imbricate ; cotyledons
broad .....

Leaves scabrous ; male-sepals indu-
plicate-valvate ; cotyledons narrow

Flowers usually dioecious. — Herbs with
digitate leaves .....

Anthers in bud inflexed ; style undivided

or none ; ovule erect : —

Leaves and stem with stinging hairs. —
Herbs with alternate leaves and connate
stipules ......

Leaves and stems without stinging hairs : —

Female perianth 3-5-partite or obsolete ;

stigma penicillate ; flowers in cymes

or clustered on a fleshy receptacle : —

Leaves opposite ; flowers minute, in

dense cymose heads .

Leaves alternate ; flowers on a fleshy
receptacle ; female perianth minute
or obsolete .....

Female perianth tubular, shortly toothed
or subentire, enclosing the achene : —
Fruiting perianth dry, membranous ;

stigma filiform : —

. Stigma persistent — Shrubs or small
trees .....
Stigma jointed to apex of ovary,
deciduous — Herbs or under
shrubs

Fruiting perianth
fleshy : —

Stigma sessile,
ciliate

more or less
subpeltate,

Stigma penicillate

Female perianth none ; flowers minute,
in small cymose globose heads ;
stigma penicillate. — A shrub with
the leaves snowy-white beneath .

2. CELTIS.

3. TREMA

4. CANNABIS.

5. GlRARDINIA.

6. PlLEA.

7. ELATOSTEMA.

8. BOEHMERIA.

9. POUZOLZIA.

10. VlLLEBRUNEA

11. DEBREGEASIA.

12. MAOUTIA,

HOLOPTELEA.]

UETICACEM.

119

Plants with milky juice :—

Anthers in bud reversed ; stamens inflexed ;
ovules pendulous, anatropous. — Shrubs or
trees : —

Female sepals fleshy and confluent in
fruit, enclosing the achenes ; styles 2-
fid. ; flowers many, in spikes, or the
fern, flowers subcapitate . . .13. MORUS.

Female sepals not fleshy in fruit — A
small tree or shrub with very rough
leaves . . . . . 14. STREBLUS.

Anthers in bud erect : —

Flowers all exposed ; inflorescence con-
gested in globose or oblong heads : —
Flowers dioecious, in small globose heads ;
,- rumens 4. — A subscandent spine-
scent shrub . . . . .15. CUDRANIA.

Flowers monoecious, in large oblong

heads ; stamen 1. — Erect evergreen

unarmed trees . . . .16. ARTOCARPU*.

Flowers attached to the inner walls of

a closed receptacle, monoecious

rarely dioecious. — Trees or erect or

climbing shrubs, often epiphytic . 17. Ficus.

1. HOLOPTELEA, Planch. ; Fl. Biit. Ind. v, 481.

A large deciduous tree. Leaves alternate, distichous, penni-
nerved, entire ; stipules lateral, scarious. Flowers polygamous
or 2-sexual, the males without a rudimentary ovary, arranged in
fascicles at the scars of the previous year's shoots which are scaly
but leafless. Perianth simple, calycine, 4-8-partite ; lobes imbricate,
often unequal. Stamens 4-8, usually 6-8 ; filaments erect, at
length exserted, anthers hairy. Ovary stipitate, compressed ;
style short, 2-fid., the arms stigmatose within throughout their
length ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit dry, indehiscent, sama-
roid or flat, the nucleus expanded into an obliquely ovate reticulate
wing. Seed flat, albumen none, cotyledons longitudinally com-
plicate ; radicle small, superior — A single species, confined to
India, Ceylon and Cochin China.

120 URTICACEJE. [ HOLOPTELEA.

H. integrifolia, Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3, 259 ; F. B.
L V., 481 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2) 360 ; ( amble
Man. 628 ; Prain Beng. PL 958 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 629 ; Brandis
2nd. Trees 595. Ulmus integrifolia, Willd. ; Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 68 ;
Eoyle III. 341 ; Brandis For. FL 431. — Vern. Pdpri, banchilla
(Saharanpur), Kunj and dhamna (Oudh), chilla (Bundelkhand).
Indian Elm.

A large spreading almost glabrous deciduous tree. Bark grey ; branch-
lets lenticellate ; young shoots often pubescent. Leaves more or
less coriaceous, or sometimes almost membranous, 3-5 in. long,
elliptic, acuminate, entire (those of the seedlings and shoots often
serrate), glabrous and shining or sometimes pubescent beneath ;
base unequally rounded or subcordate ; main lateral nerves 5-7
pairs ; petioles about £ in. long. Flowers J in. across. Perianth
pubescent ; segments 4-5- partite. Stamens usually 6 or 7 ; filaments
glabrous, anthers pubescent. Ovary stalked, compressed, the jointed
stalk lengthening as the fruit ripens ; styles stigmatose on the inner
side. Samara obliquely elliptic or suborbicular, about 1 in. in diam. ;
wing reticulately veined, notched at the apex.

Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur and eastwards along the Sub-
Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh ; also in Bundelkhand
and in the forest tracts of Merwara. It is frequently met with near
villages and in many gardens, within the area of this flora. The
new leaves appear in March and April soon after the tree has flowered,
and the fruit, which ripens during the hot season, remains for a
long time on the tree. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges from
Jamu eastwards up to 2,000 ft., extending to Assam and Burma,
and southwards from Bengal through Central, Western and South
India to the dry region of Ceylon. The wood is used chiefly for fuel
and charcoal. It emits a very unpleasant odour when freshly cut.

2. CELTIS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 481.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes evergreen. Leaves alternate,
bifarious, ovate, entire or serrate, base 3-nerved ; stipules lateral,
free. Flowers small, polygamous, solitary or cymose, male and
androgynous cymes usually at the base of the shoots, the females
in the upper axils. Se-pals 4 or 5, imbricate. Petals none. Sta-
mens 4 or 5, short, erect in bud, inserted round a woolly torus.
Ovary sessile; style central, arms simple or lobed, plumose, ovule
pendulous. Fruit a small ovoid or globose drupe ; endocarp

CELTIS. ] URTICACEJE. 121

hard, smooth or rugose. Seed with a membranous testa, albumen
scanty or none, embryo curved ; cotyledons broad, inflexed flat or
replicate, surrounding the upcurved radicle. — Species about 60,
in temperate and tropical regions chiefly in the N. Hemisphere.

C. australls, Linn. Sp. PL 1043 ; Brandis For. Fl. 428, t. 50 >'
Ind. Trees 595 ; F. B. I. V., 482 ; Watt, E. D. ; Kanjilal For-
FL (ed. 2), 360 ; Gamble Man. 629 ; Collett FL Siml 455. G
caucasica, Willd. ; J. L. Stewart in Journ. Agri.-Hort. Soc. Ind.
xiii, pt. 3, 299. — Vern. Kharak, kharak-chena (Dehra Dun). —
Kettle-tree.

A medium-sized deciduous tree with bluish-grey or brown bark which
is often speckled with whitish dots and in large trees horizontally
wrinkled ; branchlets drooping ; young branches, leaves and petioles
more or less hairy. Leaves 3-5 in. long, obliquely ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate or entire towards the base, rough
and coriaceous when full-grown, dark-green and glabrous on upper
surface ; base acute or rounded, sometimes oblique and with 3 strong
nerves, midrib penninerved above ; petioles J in., stipules subulate,
shorter than petioles, caducous. Flowers pale-yellow, the females
in the upper axils, long-pedicelled rather larger than the males. Sepals
oblong, with woolly margins, deciduous. Ovary woolly. Drupe
yellowish or black, ovoid or subglobose, J in. in diam. or less, ite
pedicel J-2 in., putamen rugose.

Dehra Dun, both planted and self-sown ; it is probably wild in the
forests of N. Oudh, (Wallich, Duthie ; and in the Bijnor forests
of Rohilkhand (Stewart). Flowers March-May, often before the
leaves appear. DISTKIB. : W. Himalaya eastwards to Nepal up to
8,000 ft. ; Punjab, on the Salt range ; extending to Chitral, Afghan-
istan, Baluchistan, and westwards to S. Europe. The wood is strong
and tough and is used in the manufacture of oars, whip-handles ;
agricultural implements, etc. In the south of France and in Spain
the tree is much cultivated for such purposes. The sweet fruit is
sometimes eaten, and the leaves are much used for fodder. The
villagers on the lower slopes of the North-West Himalaya very
frequently store their winter supplies of fodder in the forks of the
branches of this tree.

3. TREMA, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 483.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-7-nerved at the base ;
stipules lateral, caducous. Flowers monoecious subdioscious or

122 UET1CACEM. [ TREMA-

polygamous, in small axillary cymes. Perianth simple. MALE
flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, induplicate-valvate or subimbricate. Sta-
mens 4 or 5, erect in bud. Pistillode small or none. FEM. flowers.
Sepals as in male when stamens are present, flat and subimbricate
in the absence of stamens. Ovary sessile ; style central, with 2
linear arms, ovule pendulous. Fruit a small straight ovoid or
subglobose drupe, usually tipped by the style, endocarp harci
Seed small, testa membranous, albumen fleshy, cotyledons narrow,
radicle ascending. — Species about 20, in tropical and sub-tropical
regions of the world.

Leaves distinctly unequal at the base, softly

pubescent beneath . . . . . 1. T . orientalis.

Leaves almost equal at base, very scabrid on

both surfaces . . . . . 2. T . politoria.

1. T. orientalis, Blume Mus Bot. ii, 62 : F. B. L V., 484 ;
Watt, E. D., Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 361 ; Gamble Man. 630 ;
Prain Beng. PL 960 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 631 ; Brandis Ind. Trees
597. Sponia orientalis. Planck. ; Royle III. 341 ; Brandis
For. FL 430. Celtis orientalis, Linn, ; Roxb. FL Ind. II, 65 ;—
Indian Nettle-tree or Charcoal-tree.

A small quick-growing short- lived evergreen tree ; bark thin, dark-grejf,
with many lenticels. Branches spreading, straight ; branchlets
hairy. Leaves 2-3 in. long, obliquely ovate, acuminate, crenate-
serrulate, rather rough on the upper surface, soft beneath with white
pubescence ; base unequally rounded or subcordate, 3-nerved>
lateral nerves above the basal ones 3-4 pairs ; petioles J-| in. ; stipules
as long as the young petioles, deciduous. Cymes lax, spreading,
pubes cent, usually exceeding the petioles. MALE FLOWERS : Sepals
elliptic -lanceolate. Stamens 5, longer than the sepals. Pistillode
small. FEM. FLOW^ERS : Sepals as in the male. Drupe ovoid, J- in.
in diam., glabrous, black when ripe.

Dehra Dun, usually in swampy ground and eastwards along the Sub-
Himalayan forest tracts of N. Oudh and Gorakhpur. Flowers
during the greater part of the year. DISTRIB. : More or less through-
out India, extending to Ceylon, the Malay Islands and China. This
tree is remarkable for its sudden appearance in clearings of moist
forest ; it is also very useful for planting on landslips. The wood
produces a good charcoal suitable for making gunpowder, and the
inner bark yields a strong fibre much used for binding loads.

TEEMA.] URTICACE&. m

2. T. politoria, Tlanch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3, X, 326 ; Ind.
Trees 597 ; F. B. I. F., 484 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2} 362 ; Gamble
Man. 631 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 456 ; Prain Beng. PL 960. Sponia
politoria llancli. ; Brandis, For. Fl. 430. — Vern. Kagshi, kuri
(Dehra Dun), Khardd (Saharanpur), jaiin and bdtn (Bijnor)..
banJiarria (Oudh) rabna (Merwara).

A small sparingly branched evergreen tree with a short trunk and
stout branchlets which are scabrid with firm white hairs swollen
at the base. Leave* bifarious, 2-5 in. long, oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, semi late, very scabrous on both surfaces, dark-green
and usually shining above, paler beneath ; base nearly equal, rounded
or cordate, 3-nerved ; petiole | in. long, stipules exceeding the petioles.
Flowers in compact cynics, usually monoecious. Drupe globose,
seated on the persistent perianth.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan
tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh ; also in Merwara (Lowrie).
Flowers April-June. DISTRIB. : Salt range of Punjab and lower
Himalayan valleys eastwards to Bhutan ;. Bengal, C. India and
Mt. Abu in Rajputana. This tree, like the preceding, is very useful
for planting on landslips. The foliage affords good fodder for cattle,,
and the inner bark yields ; strong fibre. The hard rough leaves are
much used for polishing wood and ivory.

4. CANNABIS, Tournef. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 487.

A tall annual. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, upper
1-3-, lower 5-11-partite, penninerved ; lobes lanceolate, serrate;
stipules lateral. Flowers small, dioecious, rarely monoecious ;
males in axillary panicled cymes ; females iti axillary racemes ;
bracts in females convolute, leafy. MALE flowers. Sepals 5,
imbricate. Stamens 5, erect in bud ; filaments filiform, anthers
oblong. Pistillode none, FEM. flowers. / erianili hyaline, embrac-
ing the base of the ovary. Ovary sessile, of 2 carpels, 1 fertile
and 1 sterile, 1-locular ; ovule pendulous, reversed, campylotropous ;
style central ; arms 2, filiform, caducous. Fruit a somewhat
compressed crustaceous nut. Seed somewhat flattened ; albumen
unilateral, fleshy, embryo curved ; cotyledons broad, thick ;.
radicle upcurved, incumbent. — A single species, wild in Central
Asia, and possibly in Northern India.

124 URTICACE&. [ CANNABIS.

C. sativa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 772 ; Royle 111 333 ;
Madden in Journ. As. Soc., Beng. xvii (1848), pt. 1, 399 ; A. DO.
VOrig. PI. Cult. 117 ; Duthie and Fuller in Field and Gard. Crops
i} 80, t.t. 19 and 20 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 249 ; F. B. 1. V,
487 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2) 385 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 456 ; Prain
Beng. PL 960 ; in Sc. Memb. Med. Depmt. (New ser. 1904) No. 12 ;
— Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 659. Vern. Bhang, siddhi, ganja, charas.
(Hemp).

Abundant throughout the greater part of India in waste ground and
by roadsides ; also widely distributed up to considerable elevations
on the Himalaya, especially in the vicinity of habitations and on the
sites of much frequented camping grounds along the principal trade-
routes leading to C. Asia. For this reason it is difficult to ascertain
to what extent, if at all, this plant may be regarded as truly indi-
genous in British India. The following are the more important
products derived from this plant : — charas, bhang, ganja, also the
fibre and the seeds. Charas is the narcotic resinous substance which
appears on the stems and inflorescence, and is collected chiefly from
cultivated female plants. This substance is imported into India
chiefly from C. Asia where the drier climate is more suitable for its
cultivation. Bhang consists of the dried leaves and flowers and is
largely prepared in India, as also is ganja, the name given to the dried
flowering tops of the cultivated female plant. Both bhang and
ganja are often mixed with tobacco and smoked. The cultivation
of the plant for its fibre (hemp) is mainly restricted to some of the
warm valleys of the W. Himalaya between Nepal and Kashmir.
The male plant yields the best fibre and is always cultivated, as the
fibre yielded directly by the wild-growing plant is worthless. Hemp
seeds are well known as a favourite food of cage-birds, and in India
they are often roasted and eaten by the Himalayan villagers. For
further information regarding this plant see Watt in Commercial
Products of India, p. 249.

5. GIRABDINIA, Gaud. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 550.

Herbs or undershrubs with stout stinging hairs. Leaves alter-
nate, 3-nerved, entire or lobed, serrate ; stipules connate, foliaceous.
Flowers in clusters, monoecious or sometimes dioscious ; clusters
in simple or panicled spikes or heads, armed with stinging hairs.
Perianth simple. MALE flowers. Sepals 4-5, valvate. Stamens
4-5, inflexed in bud, filaments free. Pistillode globose or cupular.

GIRAKDINIA.] URTICACE&. 125-

FEM. flowers. Perianth tubular, ventricose, 2-3-toothed, at length
splitting on one side and spat he- like. Ovary straight ; stigma
subulate, papillose, ovule erect. Fruit a broad compressed achene^
seated on the perianth, pericarp rather thick. Seed with a mem-
branous testa, albumen scanty, cotyledons broad. — Species 7, in
Trop. Asia and Africa.

G. heterophylla, Dene, in Jacquem.Voy. Bot. 151, t. 153 ; Brandt's
For. Fl. 404 ; F. B. I. V, 550 ; Kanji'lal Far. Fl. (ed. 2) 384 ;
Gamble Man. 656 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 462, fig. 149 ; Watt Comm.
Prod. Ind. 161. Urtica heterophylla, Wittd. ; Roxb. Fl. 2nd. nu
586. — Vern. Bichua, chichru, kushki.

A co rse erect perennial herb 4-10 ft. high, closely beset with slender
rigid sharp stinging hairs. Leaves 4-12 in. long and often as broad,
broadly ovate, acuminate ; base cordate or truncate ; margins
usually sharply and falcately dentate, rarely entire ; under surface
usually glabrous except for the bristly stinging hairs on the nerves ;
petioles 3-6 in. long, densely armed with stinging hairs ; stipules
about J in. long, ovate. Flowers small, monoecious, densely crowded.
MALE flowers in long slender often panicled spikes. Perianth 4-
partite. Stamens usually 4. Pistillode globose. FEM. flowers
crowded in simple or panicled spikes and usually forming a stout
densely bristly inflorescence up to 6 in. long or more. Perianth
,V. in. long, 3-lobed, splitting when the fruit ripens ; lobes triangular,,
acute. Style filiform. Achenes ~ in. long, flat, obliquely ovate.

Abundant in Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tract.
Flowers during the rainy season. DISTRIB. : Sub-tropical and temp.
Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim, up to 7,000 ft. ; also in Assam
and the Khasia Hills, extending to Burma, Java and China. The
stems yield a strong silk-like fibre which is used for making twine
or ropes, and sometimes (in Sikkim) a coarse kind of cloth is made
from it. The leaves are often used as a vegetable by the village
people of the Western Himalaya.

VAR. zeylanica, F. B. I. L c. 551. G. zeylanica, Dene. 1. c. 152 ; Prain
Beng. PI. 961 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, u, 633. Urtica zeylanica, Burm.
— Leaves pinnatifidly lobed ; margins rather bluntly serrate ;
stipules broadly cordate ; female inflorescence (in fruit) densely
compacted into oblong or reniform masses. This variety occurs
in the dry south-western hilly portion of the area of this flora and
extends through Central India and the Deccan to Travancore and
Ceylon. It is often known as the Nilgiri nettle, which name, however,.

126 URT1CACEM. [ GIRARDINIA.

should more correctly be referred to G. palmata, Gaud. (G. heteroplylla,
VAR. palmata, F. B. 1. I.e.) as being the more prevalent variety found
on the Nilgiris.

6. PILEA, Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 551.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves opposite, in equal or unequal
pairs, entire or serrate, 3-nerved at the base, rarely penni-
nerved ; stipules connate, intrapetiolar. Flowers minute, monoe-
cious or dioecious, in axillary long or short peduncled dichotomously
branching cymes, bracts small or none. Perianth simple. MALE
flowers. Sepals 2-4, free or connate in a cup, often gibbous or
horned on the back. Stamens 2-4. Pistillode conical or oblong.
FEM. flowers. : Sepals 3, rarely 4, very small and unequal, dorsal
longest, sometimes gibbous or hooded. Staminodes minute and
scale-like or none. Ovary straight ; stigma sessile, pennicillate,
ovule erect. Fruit an ovoid or oblong compressed membranous
or crustaceous achene, sometimes clasped at the base by the per-
sistent sepals. Seed erect, testa thin, albumen very scanty, cotyle-
dons broad. — Species about 100, tropical or sub-tropical, none
found in Australia.

P peploides, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 96 ; F. B. I.
v, 554.

A very smaH tufted glabrous herb, branching from the base. Stems
or branches 3-5 in. long, succulent, flaccid. Leaves J- in. long
and broad, orbicu]ar-ovate, rounded at the apex, entire or crenate
above the middle ; base cuneate, 3-nerved ; petiole as long as the
blade ; stipules obscure. Flowers minute, indense sessile andro-
gynous, globose heads J in. in diam. Schene-s very minute sub-globose,
smooth.

In the Kheri district of N. Oudh, and in the Gorakhpur district (Duthie's
' collectors). DISTRIB. : From the Punjab Himalaya to the Sikkim
Terai also in Cachar and Burma, extending to China, Japan, Java
and to the Sandwich and Galapagos Islands.

P. Muscosa, Lindl. A minute creeping herb with entire penninerved
leaves is often found as a garden weed in damp places and is known
as the Gunpowder Plant owing to the profuse discharge of pollen
from the anthers when the plant is shaken. It has been introduced
from S. America.

ELATOSTEMA. ] URTICACE.E. 127

7. ELATOSTEMA, Forst., Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 562.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or with sometimes
a minute leaf sub-opposite to the normal leaf, distichous, sessile
or sub-sessile, usually very oblique and unequal-sided, 3-nerved
at or near the base ; stipules lateral or intrapetiolar. Flowers
very minute, crowded on sessile or peduncled unisexual usually
involucrate receptacles ; bracts oblong or ovate, the outer some-
times with a dorsal spur or horn, bases nearly free or more or less
confluent in a fleshy circular or lobed disk, the tips usually projecting
from its margin ; bracteoles densely crowded, those of the male
heads usually oblong, of the females spathulate ; florets often
in clusters, each cluster surrounded by a partial bract, giving the
head a lobed appearance. MALE flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, two or
more usually tubercled or spurred on the back. Stamens 4 or 5,
inflexed in bud. PisfiUode minute. FEM. flowers : Sepals 3-5,
very minute, much shorter than ovary, persistent. Staminodes
minute or none. Om-ry straight, .stigma penicillate, ovule erect.
Fruit a minute ellipsoid or fusiform usually ribbed achene subtended
by the very minute perianth. Seed, usually exalbuminous, testa
membranous, cotyledons ovate or semiterete. — Species about 50,
tropics of the Old World except in Australia.

E. sessile, Forst. Char. Gen. 106, VAR. polycephala, Hk. /. in
F. B. 1. V, 563 ; Collett FL Siml 466. Procris "punctata, B.-Ham.
in Don 1 rod. 61.

1-2 ft., often bent at the joints, prostrate and rooting below.
e or nearly so, membranous, 4-8 in. long, obliquely
oblanceolate or oblong, coarsely serrate, the tip caudate, bright
green when dry, cystoliths abundant on upper surface. Receptacles
solitary or 2-3 together, J-J in. diam., the males sessile, the fern,
shortly stalked and without involucral bracts ; bracteoles very
minute, villous, hyaline. Achenes very minute, ellipsoid, acute
at both ends, ribbed.

Dehra Dun, in shady ravines. DISTRIB. : Himalaya from the Punjab
eastwards and up to 8,000 ft. ; also in Assam, and southwards to
the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon ; extending to trop. Africa, the Malay
and Pacific Islands, China and Japan.

128 UETICACEM. [ BOEHMERIA.

8. BOEHMERIA, Jaoq. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 575.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, toothed,
3-nerved at the base ; stipules usually free, deciduous. Flowers
monoecious or dioecious, both sexes in axillary spicate racemed or
panicled clusters ; bracts small, scarious. MALE flowers : Perianth
3-5-lobed or partite, valvate. Stamens 3-5, inflexed in bud.
Pistillode elevate or globose. FEM. flowers : j. erianth tubular,
2-4-toothed, angled winged or ventricose in fruit. Ovary included ;
stigma filiform, persistent, ovule erect. Fruit a crustaceous achene^
at first closely invested by the perianth, at length free. Seed with
membranous testa, ablumen copious or scanty, cotyledons ovate. —
Species about 45, chiefly tropical.

Leaves all alternate — A tree . . . 1. B. rugulosa.

Leaves mostly opposite — Shrubs : —

Leaves lanceolate ; petioles up to one inch

long . . . . . . 2. B. macropJiylla.

Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular ; petioles
exceeding one inch : —
Female spikes long, overtopping the ter-
minal leaves . . . . . 3. B. platyphylla.

Female spikes short, erect, not overtopping

the terminal leaves . . . . 4. B. scabrella.

1. B. rugulosa, Wedd. in Ann. /tfc. Nat. Ser. 4, i, 200 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 403 ; Ind. Trees 617 ; F. B. I. V, 577 ; Kanjilal For. Fl.
(ed. 2), 380 ; 6 amble Man. 657. B. nervosa, Madden in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xvii, pt. 1, 587. — Vern. Geti, genthi (Dehra Dun).

A small or medium-sized evergreen tree ; young parts and under surface
of leaves hoary ; branches terete ; bark brown, deeply fissured.
Leaves alternate, coriaceous, 3-5 in. long, elliptic -lanceolate, acuminate,
crenulate, rugulose and dark-green above, paler or velvety pubescent
beneath strongly 3-nerved, the intervening veins and veinlets con-
spicuously anastomosing ; petiole J-l in. long ; stipules ovate, connate.
Flowers dioecious, in sessile globose clusters forming simple axillary
spikes 3-8 in. long, each cluster in the axil of a cordate bract.

Dehra Dun, in shady ravines and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan
tracts. Flowers in the rainy season. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan
ranges from the Sutlej to Bhutan, ascending to 4,000 ft. ; also in.
Upper Burma.

BOEHMERIA.] URTICACEM. 129

The wood of this tree is much used by the villagers of Garhwal and
Kumaon in the manufacture of many of their household articles,
such as cups, boxes, combs, etc., also the vessels which they employ
for holding milk. The tree is highly recommended for planting on
dry bare slopes, and should be protected where found growing natur-
ally in such situations.

2. B. macrophylla, Don. "rod. 60 ; Brandis For. Fl. 403 ;
Ind. Trees 617 ; F. B. 1. F, 577 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl.
(ed. 2), 380 ; > amble Man. 658. — Vern. Bara siaru (Dehra Dun).

A short or small tree ; bark greyish-brown, rough with small lenticels ;
branchlets stout, obtusely 4-angled, usually strigose. Leaves oppo-
site, 6-12 in. long, lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, obtusely serrate,
upper surface sparsely hispid, rugulose and pustular, softly or hispidly
pubescent or glabrate beneath ; petiole J-l in. long ; stipules lanceo-
late, midrib hairy. Spikes elongate, pendulous, leafless, simple
or branched below. Clusters globose, £-£ in. in diam. ; bracts lanceo-
late. Fruit obovate, cuneate, compressed, ciliate, with a 2-4-toothed
neck.

Ravines on Nagsidh Hill in Dehra Dun (Kanjilal), and in river-beds
eastwards along the Sub- Himalayan tract. Flowers Aug. -Sep.
DISTRIB. : Sub-tropical Himalaya from the Jumna to Mishmi, up
to 4,000 ft., and from the Khasia Hills south to Chota Nagpur ; also
in Upper Burma and extending to China. The bark yields an excel-
lent fibre of which fishin^ nets and lines are made.

3. B. platyphylla, Don Prod. 60 ; Brandis For. FL 403 ; Ind.
Trees 617 ; F. B. I. V, 578 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2)
381 ; Gamble Man. 658 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 466.— Vern. Sidr (Dehra
Dun).

A large shrub up to 12 ft. high, with dark-brown and rather rough
branches. Leaves mostly opposite, 4-9 in. long, broadly ovate,
cordate elliptic or suborbicular, acuminate or caudate, coarsely
toothed, more or less rugose, sparsely hispid-pubescent or glabrate
on both surfaces ; base 3-nerved ; petiole 1-5 in. Flowers dioecious
or monoecious. Male spikes often branching, generally not exceeding
the leaves. Fern, spikes simple, far-exceeding the terminal leaves,
becoming brown when achenes are ripe.

Shady ravines and banks of streams in Dehra Dun (Kanjilal), also
in the Sub-Himalayan tracts eastwards. Flowers April-Aug. Widely
distributed in India, and very variable, especially on the outer rangel
of the Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. The bark yields a strong white
fibre, and the foliage affords a good fodder for cattle.

130 URTICAGEM. [BOEHMERIA,.

4. B. scabrella, Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 500 ; C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, 124 ; i rain Beng. PL 964 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb.
636, B, platyphylla var scabrella, Wedd. ; F. B. L V, 573 ;:
Watt, E. D. Urtica scabrella, Roxb. Hi, 581.

A shrub with soft glabrous or strigose branches. Leaves usually
opposite, 3^7 in. long, broadly ovate obovate or sub -orbicular,
acuminate or cuspidate, sharply serrate with triangular teeth, usually
rugose and lacunose beneath ; base rounded or cordate, 3-nerved ;
petioles -4 in. long ; stipules lanceolate, acute. Flowers in small
globose clusters on slender erect spikes. Male spikes crowded in
th^ lower axils, the female spikes usually solitary, net exceeding the
terminal leaves. MALE FLOWERS : Sepals 4, ovate, acuminate,
FEM. FLOWERS : Perianth ^ in. long, pubescent, shortly contracted
round the base of the persistent style into a small 4-toothed mouth.
Achenes compressed, shining, closely invested by the turgid per-
sistent perianth.

Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tract. DISTRIB. :
More or less throughout India from the outer Himalayan ranges ;
also in Ceylon.

B. Nivea, Gaud. ; Brandis For. Fl. 402 ; F. B. 1. V\ 576 ;
Viatl E. D. ; in Agril. Ledger No. 15 (1898) ; Comm. Prod. Ind.
143 ; Gamble Man. 657 ; Prain Beng. PL 964 : Cooke FL Bomb,
ii, 637. Urtica nivea, L. — This is the ^Well-known rheea or China
grass, a native of China, Japan and the Malay Islands. It yields
a most valuable fibre and has been cultivated for several years
in various parts of India. The expense, however, involved in its
cultivation, and the difficulties met with in the extraction and
preparation of the fibre have hitherto kept it in the background
as a marketable fibre plant.

B. Tenacissima, Gaud. ( Urtica tenacissima, Roxb. ) is regarded
by most authors as a tropical variety of the above, differing cheifly
by having the under surface of its leaves green instead of pure white.
It is found wild in the Malay Peninsula and its native name is
rdmi.

9. POUZOLZIA, Gaud, ; FL Brit, Ind. V, 580.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or the lower, rarely
all, opposite, usually entire, 3-nerved at the base, smaller upwards,.

POUZOLZIA.I URTICACEM. 131

the uppermost often reduced to bracts ; stipules free, often persist-
ent. Flowers minute, usually monoecious, in 1 -sexual or androgy-
nous clusters sessile in the axils of the leaves or bracts, bracteoles
small, individual florets pedicelled. MALE flowers : Perianth 4 or
5-partite or-lobed, rarely 3-part, ; lobes valvate, with concave
or abruptly inflexed tips and transversely plicate bracts. Stamens
4 or 5, rarely 3. Pistillode clavate or oblong. FEM. flowers :
Perianth tubular, often beaked ; mouth contracted, 2-4-toothed,
Ovary included, stigina filiform, jointed at the top of the ovary,
soon deciduous, ovule erect. Fruit a small achene with brittle
shining pericarp, enclosed in but usually free from the inareescent
perianth. Seed with membranous testa, albumen very scanty
or none, cotyledons ovate. — Species about 50, in the tropics of the
Old World. *

Lobes of male perianth usually 4, convex or
gibbous on the back ; stamens 4, rarely 5 : —
Leaves toothed — A small shrub . . 1. P. viminea.

Leaves quite entire — A perennial herb . 2. P. indica.

Lobes of male perianth 5, abruptly inflexed
above the middle ; stamens 5 — A perennial
herb . . . . . . . 3. P. pentandra.

1. P. viminea, Wedd. in DC. Prod, zvi, i, 228 ; Brandis For,
Fl. 405 ; Ind- Trees 617 ; F. B. I. F, 581 ; Kanjilal For. FL
(ed. 2), 381, C amble Man. 658. Collett Fl. Siml. 467 ; Bcehmeria.
frondosa, Don Prod. 59.

A small shrub with slender virgate pubescent or strigose branchlets.
Leaves alternate, |-5 in. long, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
dentate, smooth or scaberulous on the upper surface, strigose or
pubescent beneath and <*f ten with a grey or white tomentum ; base
3-nerved ; petioles J-2 in. long, strigose. Perianth of male flowers
4-partite ; segments convex on the back. Stamens 4. Fruit angled
or obscurely margined.

Dehra Dun, in moist shady ravines. Flowers during the rainy season.
DISTRIB. : Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards to Sikkim, ascending
to 7,000 ft. ; also in Burma, Assam and in the Malay Peninsula and
Islands. The leaves are eaten in Sikkim by the Lepchas as a cooked
vegetable. The bark yields a fibre suitable for making ropes.

132 URTICACEM. [ POUZOLZIA.

2. P. tndica, Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 503 ; F. B. I. V., 581 ; Collett
Fl Siml. 467 ; Prain Beng. PL 965 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 638. Urtica
suffruticosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 584.

A perennial herb, very variable as to size and habit, glabrous, hoary
or pubescent. Stem erect or prostrate, 6-20 in., stout or slender.
Leaves opposite or alternate, '-1 J in. long, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse,
acute or acuminate, entire, hairy ; base acute or rounded ; lateral
nerves 1 pair above the 3 basal ones; petioles |- in.; stipules
ovate, acuminate, ciliate. Flowers strigose with simple or hooked
hairs. MALE FLOWERS : Sepals 4, dorsally rounded, acute. Stamens
4. Pistillode small, clavate. FEM. FLOWERS : Perianth .tubular,
persistent, ribbed, 2-fid. at the apex, closely investing the achenes.
Achenes -^ in. long, broadly ovoid, shining.

Abundant within the area and often met with as a garden weed. Dis-
TRIB. : Throughout trop and sub-trop. India and in Ceylon, ascend-
ing to 7,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; eastwards to Burma and south
to Malay Peninsula and Islands, also in China.

VAR. alienata, Wedd. in F. B.I. V. Ic. P. nana, Don Prod. 60. Urtica
alienata, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 582. It differs from the type
in having the leaves mostly opposite, long-petioled and ovate, and
the leaf-base is usually rounded. It is said to be common in India,
but I have seen no specimens from the Upper Gangetic Plain.

3. P. pentandra, Benn. PL Jav. Rar. 64, t. 14 ; F. B. I. V, 583 ;
Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl. Siml. 468 : Prain Beng. PL 965 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 638. Urtica pentandra, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 583.

A tall erect glabrous perennial herb, 2-3 ft. high ; stem terete below,
usually angular above, diffusely branched. Leaves sessile or shortly
stalked ; the lower opposite, 1-4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, strongly 3-nerved, ciliolate ; the upper much smaller
than the lower ones and mostly alternate, linear-oblong, acuminate
or cuspidate, exceeding the flower-clusters, the base often cordate.
Flowers in clusters in the axils of the floral leaves (bracts) of an erect
or nodding terminal spike up to 18 in. long. MALE FLOWERS stalked,
truncate in bud, ciliate. Perianth 5-partite. Stamens 5. FEM.
FLOWERS : Perianth (in fruit) with 2 or 3 broad lateral wings.

Dehra Dun (Gamble and Duthie), Pilibhit (Duthie), Gorakhpur
(Burkill). DISTRIB. Trop. Himalaya from Kangra eastwards to
Assam Khasia Hills and Bengal and south to Orissa and Kanara,
extending to Afghanistan, Java and China. A very variable species
of which four varieties are described in Fl. Br. Ind.

VILLEBRUNEA.] URTICACE&. 133

10. VILLEBRUNEA, Gaud. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 589.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or crenulate
penninerved or 3-nerved at the base ; stipules partially connate
intrapetiolar. Flowers dioecious, densely capitately fascicled,
fascicles solitary or laxly cymose ; bracts small, often linear ;
bracteoles cup-shaped, sometimes connate. MALE flowers : i eri-
anth 4- partite ; segments ovate, acute, valvate or slightly imbricate,
subglobose in bud. Stamens 4 ; Pistillode obovate — clavate.
FEM. flowers. Perianth tubular, adnate to the ovary ; mouth
narrowed, minutely toothed. Ovary erect, covered by the ad-
herent perianth ; stigma sessile, small or discoid, ovule erect.
Fruit a crustaceous achene, adnate to the slight fleshy perianth.
Seed straight, often acuminate, testa membranous, albumen usually
scanty, cotyledons broadly ovate. — Species about 8, in India and
the Malay Archipelago extending to Japan.

V. frutescens, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. ii, 168 ; Brandis For.
FL 406 ; Ind. Trees 610 ; F. B. I. V, 590 ; Watt L.D., Kanjilal
For. Fl. (ed. 2), 382 ; Gamble Man. 659 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 468.
Urtica frutescens, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 589.

A shrub or small tree with slender pubescent branches ; bark dark-grey,
rough. Leaves membranous, 4-8 in. long, elliptic, oblong lanceolate
or ovate, rarely suborbicular, acuminate or caudate, crenulate except
towards base ; base rounded or subcordate, 3-nerved to the middle
and penninerved above, sparsely plose on the upper surface, grey
or white beneath with woolly hairs, or glabrate ; petioles J-4 in.
long ; stipules J in., lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers in subsessile
clusters or short cymes in the axils of the previous year's leaves*
Fruit of many minute dry ovoid nuts, surrounded at the base by
the fleshy perianth and bracteoles.

Dehra DUD, often found by the sides of water-courses, and eastwards
along the sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhaud and N. Oudh. Dis-
TRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges from the Sutlej to Sikkim, ascending
to 5,000 ft. ; also in Assam and on the Khasia Hills, and on the
Nilgiris in S. India, extending to China and Japan. The fibre is
used for ropes.

11. DEBREGEASIA, Gaud. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 590.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate- crqnate,.
3-nerved at the base ; stipules connate, intrapetiolar, 2-fid. Flowers

134 11ET1CACEM. [ DEBREGEASIA.

monoecious or dioecious, in dense globose panicled spicate or
-sessile clusters, bracts of male clusters scarious. MALE flowers :
Perianth usually 4 (rarely 3 or 5)-partite, lobes valvate. Stamens
4, rarely 3 or 5, inflexed in bud. Pistillode glabrous or woolly
at the base. FEM. flowers : Perianth ovoid or obovoid, with a
contracted and minutely toothed mouth, succulent in fruit. Ovary
straight, included ; stigma sessile, pennicillate ; ovule erect. Fruit
an achene, at first adnate to the fleshy perianth. Seed with mem-
branous testa, albumen copious or scanty, cotyledons short and
broad. — Species 5, in Trop. Asia and Africa.

Flower-heads in 2-chotomous cymes ; male
sepals exceeding the bracteoles ; leaves clothed
beneath with ash-coloured tomentum . 1. I), velutina.

Flower-heads sessile or subeessile ; male sepals
shorter than the bracteoles ; leaves clothed
beneath with snow-white tomentum . 2. D. hypoleuca.

1. D. velutina Gaud, in Bot. Voy. Bonite t. 90 ; F. B. I. F, 590 ;
Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. ' 160 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2),
383 ; Gamble, Man. 660 ; Cooke FL Bomb, 'ii, 640 ; Brandis Ind.
Trees 618. D. longifolia, Wedd. ; Brandis For. Fl. 405.— Vern.
Tushidriy sidru (Dehra Dun).

A tall erect shrub or small tree ; bark thin, brown, rough ; branches
and petioles pubescent or tomentose. Leaves 2-7 in. long, linear
or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, upper surface rugose,
pubecent or scabrid and dark-green, veins prominently reticulate ;
lower surface ashy-tomentose ; base rounded or acute, 3-nerved
and with 2-3 pairs from the mid rib above ; petioles J-l£ in. ; stipules
scarious, 2-fid. Flowers in compact heads, arranged in lateral 2-
chotomous cymes. MALE FLOWERS : Sepals 4, exceeding the brac-
teoles. Stamens 4. FEM. FLOWERS : Perianth tubular, with a
small 4-toothed mouth. Fruiting dusters J in. in diam., consisting
of an aggregation of fleshy perianths and their contained achene s.

Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub- Himalayan tracts. Flowers
during July and Aug. and the fruit ripens during the cold seasons
DISTRIB. : Sub-trop, Himalaya up to 5,000 ft. from Garhwal to Sikkim,
also in Assam, and on the Khasia Hills ; ard from Konkan to S.
India and Ceylon, extending to Java. The strong fibre yielded by
the stems is used for ropes and bow-strings. The orange-coloured
ripe fruit resembles a small raspberry and is eaten.

DEBREGEASIA.] URTICACE^E. 135

2. D. hypoeluca, Wedd. Monogr. 463, t. 15 ; F. B. I. V, 59,
Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 160 ; Kanyilal For. Fl (ed. 2)
383 ; Gamble Man. 660 ; Colleti FL SimL 468. D. bicolor, Wedd.
Brandis For. Fl. 405. Urtica bicolor, Jtoxb. FL Ind. Hi, 589;
Bcehuieria salicifolia, Don Prod. 60. — Vern. Sansdru (Dehra Dun).

A large shrub with a thir grey bark ; branches and leaves beneath
clothed with snow-white wool. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, 3-6
in. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate,
scabrid with minute round elevated white dots on the upper surface,
densely clothed beneath with white tomentum ; base rounded or
acute ; main nerves 3 from the base, and with 3-5 pairs from the
midrib above ; petioles J-l in. ; stipules 2-fid. Flowers usually
•dioecious, arranged in rounded sessile or subsessile axillary heads.
MALE FLOWERS : Sepals 4, shorter than the bracteoles, white-
tomentose outside. Stamens 4. FEM. flowers : Perianth tubular,
narrowed to a minute 4-toothed mouth.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range in the Bijnor district. Flowers in March
and April and the fruit ripens June-Aug. DISTRIB. : Sub-tropical
and Temp. Himalaya from the Sarda river in Kumaon westwards
to the Indus, up to 6,000 ft. ; also on the Punjab Salt range and
extending to Afghanistan, W. Asia and Abyssinia. The fibre of the
stems is much used for making ropes. The fruit becomes yellow
when ripe and is eaten.

12. MAOUTIA, Wedd. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 592.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, petloled, crenatc, 3-nerved, white-
(tomentose beneath ; stipules connate, intrapetiolar. Floivers minute,
monoecious or sometimes androgynous, in small cymose globose
heads. MALE flowers : Perianth 5- part., valvate, Stamens 5,
inflexecl in bud. Pistillode woolly. FEM. flowers : Perianth none.
Ovary straight, stigma penicillate, ovule erect. Fruit an ovoid
achene, with a crustacecms or fleshy pericarp. Seed with mem-
branous testa, cotyledons elliptic or oblong. Species 8, in Trop.
Asia and Polynesia.

M. Puya, Wedd. in Ann. Sc-Nat. Ser. 4, i, 103 ; Royle 111. 333 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 406 ; Ind. Trees 619 ; F. B. I. F, 592 ; Wvtt E. D. ;
Comm. Prod. Ind. 163 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 384 ; Gamble
Man. 660. Boehmeria frutescens, Don Prod. 59 (not of Thunb.)
Vern. Pua, poi (Hind.), dhaul-kdgsJii (Dehra-Dun) — Nepal Hemp.

136 URTICACEdS. [ MAOUTIA.

A shrub, with dark-grey bark marked with vertical lines of brown
lenticles ; branches clothed with long soft hairs. Leaves membra-
nous, 4-8 in. long, elliptic, caudate-acuminate, coarsely dentate with
large triangular teeth, scabrid above, intensely white beneath with
densely matted soft hairs except on the pubescent nerves, promi-
nently 3 -nerved from the rounded or subacute base, and with 3-4
pairs of lateral nerves from the midrib above ; petioles 1-5 in. long ;
stipules lanceolate, 2-fid. Flowers minute, in small round unisexual
or androgynous heads which are arranged in slender axillary and
terminal cymose panicles shorter than the petioles. Achenes gibbously
ovoid, trigonous, hispid.

Dehra Dun, and Siwalk Range, in ravines and on banks of streams ;
also eastwards along the Sub- Himalayan tract. Fl. and fr. May to .
November. DISTRIB : Outer Himalaya eastwards from Garhwal up
to 4,000 ft. ; also on Khasia Hills and extending to Burma and
Japan. The plant yields a strong fine white fibre suitable for making
fishing nets and lines, and was formerly known as the wild rhea
of Sikkim.

13. MORUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 491.

Trees or shrubs with milky juice. Leaves alternate, entire or
toothed or 3-lobed, base 3-5-nerved ; stipules small, lateral, cadu-
cous. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, spicate. MALE flowers in
elongate catkin-like spikes. Sepals 4, imbricate. Stamens 4, in-
flexed in bud. Pistillode turbinate. FEM. flowers in long and
cylindric, or in short oblong or subglobose spikes. Sepals 4, decus-
sate, imbricate, accrescent and succulent in fruit. Ovary included,
straight, 1-celled ; style central, 2-part. or 2-fid. ; ovule pendulous.
Fruit of many achenes enclosed in the succulent perianths and
aggregated in berry] ike spikes or heads. Seed subglobose, albumen
copious, fleshy, embryo incurved ; cotyledons oblong, equal, radicle
ascending. Species about 10, in temperate and tropical regions.

1. M. indica, Linn. Sp. PL 986 ; Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 596 ; Boyle
III. 337 ; Brandis For. FL 408 ; Ind. Trees 612 ; F. B. /, V, 492 ;
Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 785 ; Kanjildl For. FL (ed. 2} 365 ;
Gamble Man. 635 ; Prain Beng. PL 968 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 457 ;
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 658 ; M. parvifolia, Royle 1. c. — Vern. Tut, tutris
sia tut, sia tunt. Small-leaved mulberry.

MORUS.] URTICACEM. 137

A deciduous tree or shrub. Leaves ovate, caudate-acuminate, coarsely
and unequally serrate, 2-5£ in. long, pubescent, or scabrous when,
old. Male spikes lax, on short slender 'peduncles. Fern, spikes
short, ovoid. Sepals 4, the two inner flat or concave, the outer ones
more less keeled ; styles long, hairy, connate high up. Fruit dark-
purple when ripe.

Wild on the outer Himalayan ranges up to 7,000 ft., and on the Sub-
Himalayan tract ea&twards to Sikkim and Upper Burma. It is
largely cultivated as a shrub in Bengal and Burma for feeding silk-
worms, as well as on the Nilgiri Hills. In N. India the new foliage
and flowers appear in February and March and the fruit ripens in
May. The wood is hard and close-grained.

2. M. Ijevigata, Wall. Cat 4649 ; Boyle III. 337 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 409 ; Ind. Trees 613 ; Gamble Man. 636 ; Prain Beng. PL 968 ;.
Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 658. M. cuspidate, Wall-Mem. Tut.

A large or medium-sized tree ; young shoots stipules and bud-scales
clothed with long soft hairs. Leaves 3-7 in, long, ovate, cuspidater
finely serrate, often cordate at jthe base ; petioles 1-1 J in. Spikes
drooping, male spikes very hairy, the female almost glabrous. Sepals
of feni. thin, two inner flat, outer ones keeled. Styles nearly free,
papillose from base. Fruit long, cylindric, yellowish-white, insipid.

Tropical and subtrop. Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, wild and
cultivated, ascending to 4,000 ft., al.^o in Burma. A variety (M.
viridis, B.-Ham.} witk the leaves rounded at the apex is cultivated
in Behar.

3. M. alba, Linn.; Boyle III. 336 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. in, 594 ; DC.
UOrig. PL Cult. 119 ; Brandw For. FL 407, t. 47 ; Ind. Trees 612 ;.
F. B. I. V, 492 ; Watt E. D.; Comm. Prod. Ind. 784 ; Gamble Man.
634 ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2} 364 ; Collett FL Siml. 457 ; Cooke FL
Bomb, ii, 658. M. tatarica,— Vern. Tut, tutri, tuntri.-White
Mulberry.

A small or medium-sized deciduous tree ; young parts petioles and
underside of leaves more or less pubescent. Leaves 2-3 in. long or
more, ovate, acute, dentate or often lobed ; upper surface usually
glabrous ; base cordate ; petioles J-l in. Flowers on short ovoid
spikes, monoecious, the male and female often on distinct branches.
Sepals of fern. fls. 4, the two inner flat or concave, the outer ones
keeled. Styles free. Fruiting spikes white or red, sweet.

£38 URTICACEM. [ MORUS.

'This is the Mulberry which has been used chiefly throughout north-
western India for supplying food for silkworms. For this purpose, as
well as for the sake of its edible fruit, it is widely cultivated in the
Punjab, Kashmir and in many other parts of the N. W. Frontier.
Although often met with as apparently wild in many places, its
'Original home is probably in N. Asia or China. Within the area
of this flora the young leaves and the flowers appear in February,
The fruit, which ripens during May and June is much eaten by the
'People, by whom many distinct forms are recognized, varying in the
size of the tree and in the shape and colour of the fruiting spikes.
The wood is much used in making furniture and agricultural imple-
ments, and on many of the Punjab rivers for boat-building. The
leaves afford excellent fodder for sheep and goats, and the twigs are
used for binding loads. — Closely allied to the preceding species is
M. ATROPTJRPUREA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. in, 595. It was introduced from
China, and is now cultivated in various parts of India. The leaves
are cordate, serrate and rarely lobed, smooth, and the long cylindric
fruiting spikes are dark-purple when ripe. — -M. NIGRA, Linn. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 407 ; D. C. L'Orig PL Cult. 121. Vern Shah tut. (Black
Mulberry). This tree* is extensively cultivated in the Peshawar
Valley, in Kashmir, also in many parts of the N. W. frontier, and
beyond in Baluchistan and Afghanistan. It is also grown in Europe,
in W. and Cent. Asia and in China. Its original home is not knowr
with certainty, though it is said to be wild in Persia, whence it was
introduced into Greece and Italy. — M. SERRATA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi,
596 : Brandis For. FL 409 ; Ind. Trees 612 ; Gamble Man. 635 ; Kanji-
lal For. FL 365. — Vern. Kimu., himu, tut, tunt. — A large deciduous
tree, cultivated in Dehra Dun, but wild on the outer ranges of the
W. Himalaya up to 9,000 ft. Leaves 2-8 in. long, broadly ovate-
cordate, acumi ate. coarsely toothed or serrate, softly pubescent
beneath. Flowers dioecious. Styles hairy, connate below. Fruit
shortly cylindric, purple and sweet when ripe. The wood, which
seasons well and takes a fine polish, is valued for cabinet work and
is also used for making agricultural implements and tennis bats.
The tree is often lopped for cattle fodder.

14. STREBLUS, Lour. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 489.

Unarmed shrubs or trees with milky juice. Leaves alternate,
penninerved, scabrid ; stipules small, lanceolate. Flowers axillary,
usually dioscious ; males in peduncled heads or spikes ; fern, flowers
.solitary or 2-4 together, stalked, bracteate. MALE flowers. Sepals

STREBLUS.] UETICACEM. 139

4, imbricate. Stamens 4, inflexed in bud. Pislillode dilated at
the top. FEM. flowers. Sepals 4, imbricate, embracing the ovary.
Ovary straight, retuse ; style central, with very long arms, ovule
pendulous. Fruit membranous, straight, subglobose, laxly covered
by the persistent perianth. Seed globose, testa membranous,
albumen none, embryo globose ; one cotyledon very large, fleshy,
•embracing the smaller one and tbo ascending radicle. — Species 2,
Indian and Malayan.

S. asper, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. //, 615 ; Brandts For.Fl. 410 ; Ind.
Trees 615 ; F. B. I. V. 489 ; Wait E. D. ; Kanjilal (ed. 2), 362 ;
Gamble Man. 632 ; Train Beng. PL 962 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 642.
Trophis aspera, Retz. (eocl. syn.) ; Roxl). FL Ind. Hi, 761. — Vern.
Siora (Hind.), dahia and kuchna (Saharapur), rusa (Oudh).

A small usually gnarled evergreen tree attaining 20 ft. in height, but
very frequently merely a shrub. Bark thick, soft, grey or greenish-
white or brown, becoming rough when old. Branchlets many,
rigid and often much interwoven, pubescent. Leaves 2-4 in. long,
elliptic or rhomboid or obovate, acute or acuminate, margins more or
less toothed towards the apex, rough on both surfaces with minute
raised dots especially beneath ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs ; petioles
about T*TJ in. long ; stipules obliquely lanceolate. Flowers usually
dioecious. MALE FLOWERS in shortly stalked globose heads.
Perianth campanulate. Sepals hairy outside. FEM. FLOWERS
solitary, on slender axillary usually fasicled pedicels J in. long. Fruit
a 1 -seeded subglobose berry about the size of a pea, yellow when
ripe.

Common along river-banks and in hedges near villages, especially in
Bundelkhand and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and
N. Oudh. Flowers Jan-. March, fruiting May-July. The new leaves
appear in March. DISTRIB. Along the base of the W. Himalaya
eastwards to Bengal and through C. W. and S. India to Ceylon ;
extending to Burma, Siam and China. The wood of this tree resem-
bles that of a fig. It is useful, however, by reason of its toughness
and elasticity. The rough leaves are used for polishing wood and
ivory. The tree is much lopped for fodder, and the fruit is eaten.

15. CUDRANIA, Trecul ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 538.

Shrubs, often scandent, or small trees, usually spinous. Leaves
alternate, entire, penninerved ; stipules lateral, small. Flowers

140 URTICACE&. [[ CUDRANIA,

dioecious, bracteolate. MALE FLOWERS : Sepals 3-5, oblong, obtuse,
adnate to 2-4 bracts, imbricate. Stamens 4, erect, more or less
adnate to the sepals. Pistillode subulate or obsolete. FEM,
FLOWERS : Sepals broader than in the male, embracing the ovary,
Ovary straight ; style terminal, simple or 2-armed ; arms stout or
slender ; ovule pendulous. Fruit of ovoid compressed crustaceous
achenes enclosed in the enlarged fleshy bracts and perianth and
forming globose and fleshy heads. Seed with a membranous testa,
albumen scanty, cotyledons twisted and folded, embracing the
slender upcurved radicle. — Species 3 or 4, in Asia, E. Africa.
Australia and New Caledonia.

C. javanensis, Trecul in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3, VIII, 123; Brand.
For.Fl. 425; Ind. Tress 614; F. B. I. V., 538; Wait E. IX;
Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2), 378 ; Gamble Man. 651 ; i rain Beng. PL
970.— Vern. Manda.

A large straggling or subscandent spiny shrub or small tree ; bark
smooth, thin, yellowish-brown, with oblong horizontal lenticels ^
branchlets pubescent ; spines usually curved. Leaves glabrous
subcoriaceous, 1-4 in. long, oblong or obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse,
acute or acuminate ; base obtuse ; lateral nerves slender, 8-10 pairs ;.
petioles J in. or less. Flower-heads solitary or in pairs, pubescent ;
the males J in. across ; the female-heads enlarging to j- in. in diam.
when in fruit. FEM. FLOWERS : Perianth -lobes 4, thickened and
velvety at the tips. Styles 2-fid. Fruit an irregularly shaped com-
pound berry somewhat resembling a small custard-apple (Anona),
pinkish-orange and velvety when ripe.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards along the sub-Himalayan,
tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh. Flowers Apr. -June, and the fruit
ripens in Aug. DISTRIB : Trop. Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards
to Sikkim ; also Khasia Hills, E. Bengal, Orissa and Ceylon ; extend-
ing to Burma, the Malay Peninsula, China, East Africa and Australia.
The wood is used as fuel and the ripe fruit is eaten. The leaves of
this shrub are often attacked by a fungus which converts them into a
whitish brittle mass. This substance which is known by the name of
' Mande-ki-roti ' is eaten by the villagers in Dehra Dun. This shrub
bears a great resemblance to Plecospermum spinosum both in habit
and foliage, but in the latter the stamens are inflexed in bud, as in
the tribe Morece, and the spines are and more slender and nearly
straight. I have seen no specimens of Plecospermum from within
the area of this flora and I am inclined to believe that Cudrania
javanensis has often been mistaken for it.

ARTOCARPUS.] URT1CACEM. 141

16. ARTOCARPUS, Forst. ; FL Brit, Ind. v, 539.

Evergreen trees with milky juice. Leaves alternate, coriaceous,
often very large, entire or pinnatel}7 lobed, penninerved. stipules
lateral. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded on globose or oblong
unisexual solitary usually axillary receptacles often mixed with
scale-like bracts peltate bracts. MALE FLOWERS : Perianth 2-4-
lobed or partite ; lobes obtuse, concave, valvate or slightly im-
bricate. Stamen 1, erect, Pistillode none. FEM. flowers.
Perianth tubular, confluent below with the receptacle, limb minute.
Ovary straight, style central or lateral ; stigma entire, rarely 2-3-fid.,
ovule pendulous. Fruit a much enlarged fleshy oblong cylindric
globose or lobed receptacle, clothed bearing on its outer surface the
accrescent fleshy perianths and carpels (anthocarps), which have
hard spinous or truncate or paramidal or flat apices. Achenes
deeply sunk in the fleshy mass. Seed pendulous, exalbuminous,
embryo straight orincurved, cotyledons fleshy ; radical very short,
superior. — Species about 40, in Trop. Asia, Malaya, China and the
Pacific Islands.

A. Lakoocba, Roxb. Fl Ind. m, 524 ; Royle III. 337 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 426 ; Ind. Trees 612 ; F. B. I. F., 543 ; Watt E. D. ; King
in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. ii, U, t. 13 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 379 ;
Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 655 ; Prain Beng. PI. 971 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb,
ii, 6-57. — Vern. Barhal, dheu.

A large deciduous tree 50 — 60 ft. high, with a wide-spreading head ;
bark thick, rough, dark-grey ; young- parts clothed with soft grey
or tawny tomentum. Leaves subcoriaceous, 4-12 in. long, oblong
elliptic or subobovate, entire or (or the young shoots) sometimes
serrate, dark-green glabrous and shining above, softly tomentose
beneath ; base rounded or truncate ; main lateral nerves 6-12 pairs
with conspicuous reticulations between ; petioles J-l in. long, pubes-
cent when young ; stipules lanceolate, caducous. Flowers in axillary
globose shortly stalked heads, the male and female heads from
different axils ; bracteoles peltate, puberulous. MALE FLOWERS :
Sepals 2-3, truncate, puberulous. Stamen 1, its filament tapering
from a broad base ; anther exserted, short, broad, 2-celled. FEM.
FLOWERS : Fruit-clusters 2-3 in. in diam. lobulate, smooth, velvety,
yellow when ripe. Achenes surrounded by the fleshy perianths, the
whole immersed in a common fleshy receptacle.

14:2 URTICACE^E. [ ARTOCARPUS.

Dehra Dun and eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand
and N. Oudh, usually in swampy ground. Often planted in gardens
within the area and by roadsides. The leaves fall during the cold
season and are again renewed with the flowers at the beginning of the
hot season. DISTRIB : Trop. and Subtrop-Himalaya, ascending to
4,000 ft. in Kumaon, also eastwards to Burma and fcouth to Travan-
core Ceylon and Malacca. The fruit is largely eaten by the natives
of India, either cooked or raw, or as a pickle. A fibre suitable for
cordage is obtained from the bark, and the wood yields a yellow dye.

A. INTEGRIFOLIA, Linn. f. Suppl. 412. A large evergreen tree with
leaves 4-8 in. long, thickly coriaceous and glabrous. Fruit l-2£ ft.
long. The tree is largely cultivated throughout the warmer parts
of India and in Burma and is quite wild in the forests of the Western
Ghats. The fruit, which is known generally as the Jack-fruit, is
much eaten as are also the seeds which are cooked. The wood, which
somewhat resembles that of mahogany, has been extensively used in
the manufacture of furniture.

A. INCISA, Linn. f. Suppl. 411 is the Bread-fruit tree, a native of the
Pacific Islands. It is cultivated in some of the hottest parts of India,
but it does not thrive well if planted at any great distance from the
sea.

17. FICUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 491.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent or epiphytic ; juice milky.
Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, entire lobed toothed or serrate ;.
stipules enveloping the bud, cadacous. Flowers minute, usually
monoecious, on the inner walls of a fleshy receptacle, the mouth of
which is closed by imbricate bracts ; florets often mixed with bra,c-
teoles, of four forms : male, female, gall and (rarely) neuter ; recepta,-
cles usually androgynous, the males nearest the mouth ; male fern,
and gall flowers sometimes occur in the same receptacle, or males
and galls may be in one set, females and neuters in another, or males
and galls in one set, females only in another. MALE flowers :
Perianth 2-6-ficl, or-partite. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 3-6, erect in
bud. NEUTERS. 1 erianth as in males. FEM. flowers : 2 erianth..
as in the male or imperfect or obsolete. Ovary straight or oblique,
style excentric ; stigma entire or 2-armed, acute or obtuse ; ovule
pendulous. GALL flowers : Perianth as in female. Ovary contain-
ing the pupa of a hymenopterous insect ; style short, often dilated
upwards. Fruit, an enlarged hollow cup- shaped closed recep-

Ficus.]

URTICACEM.

H3

tacle, the inner wall studded with crustaceous or fleshy achenes.
Seed pendulous, testa membranous, albumen scanty, embryo curved,
radicle ascending. — Species about 600, mostly tropical.

For full information regarding the figs of British India see Sir George
King's valuable monograph published in Vol. I of the Annals of the
R. Botanic Garden, Calcutta in 1888.

Section I. PAL^SOMORPHE. Male flowers
with 1 stamen and a rudimentary pistil
in the same receptacle with gall flowers ;
female flowers in separate receptacles : —

A large epiphytic climbing shrub with
thinly coriaceous leaves and small stalked
globose receptacles . . . . 1. F. parasitica.

Section II. UROSTIGMA. Flowers unisexual,
rarely neuter. Male gall and fern, flowers in
the same receptacle. Male flowers usually
monandrous. Leaves alternate, entire,
rarely membranous (see F. infectorid). Re-
ceptacles axillary or from the scars of fallen
leaves, 3-bracteate at the base. — Usually
trees or powerful climbers, epiphytic at least
in early life : —

Petioles £- J in. long, rarely (in F. bengalensis)
as much as 2 in., never jointed to the
blade : —

Receptacles sessile : —

Leaves more or less hairy, at least when
young, main lateral nerves much
stronger than the secondary ones : —

Leaves obtuse at the apex, glabrous
above, puberulous beneath when
young ; petioles up to 2 in. long ;
receptacles globose, v in. in diam.,
red and downy when ripe. — -A large
wide-spreading tree with many
aerial roots from the main bran-

ches

. 2. F. bengalensis..

144 URTICACEM. [ FICUS.

Leaves bluntly apiculate, persis-
tently tornentose ; petioles -1 in.
long ; receptacles globose, \-\ in.
in diam., grey-tomemtose.- — A large
tree with a few aerial roots from
the main branches . . . 3. F. tomentosa.
Leaves small, glabrous on both sur-
faces ; nerves close, the primary
lateral ones hardly stronger than the
secondary ; receptacles about J in. in
diam., smooth, yellowi&h or red
when ripe. — A large evergreen tree
with usually a few aerial roots from
the lower branches, often epiphytic . 4. F. retusa.
Receptacles distinctly stalked ; leaves
elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, bluntly
acuminate at the apex and narrowed to
the 3-nerved base, glabrous and shin-
ing above. — A tall evergreen tree . . 5. F. glaberrima.

Petioles rarely less than 2 in* (See F. infec-
toria), sometimes jointed to the blade : —

Leaves 5-7 nerved at the base : —

Leaves terminating at the apex in a
slender tail about i the length of the
blade ; base rounded or truncate ;
stipules minute . . . 6. F. religiosa.

Leaves narrowed at the apex into a
cusp about J the length of the blade ;
stipules J-l in. long. : —

Base of leaf truncate or slightly nar-
rowed into the petiole, usually
5-nerved ; receptacles sessile, in
pairs, axillary or from leaf-scars. —
A medium-sized tree . . . 7. F. EumpTiii.

Base of leaf usually cordate, never
narrowed into the petiole, always
7-nerved ; receptacles usually
shortly stalked, in pairs or clusters
from below the leaves.— -A small
glabrous tree or shrub, often epi-
phytic . . . . . 8. F. Arnottiana.

Ficus.] URTICACE&. 145

Leaves 3-nerved at the base, the apex
abruptly acuminate. — A large spread-
ing deciduous glabrous tree, often an
epiphyte in early life . . . . 9. F. infectoria.
Section III. SYCIDIUM. Flowers unisexual.
Male and gall flowers in one set; of recept-
acles, fern, flowers in separate receptacles.
Male flowers monandrous.

Leaves alternate, polymorphous, entire
toothed or variously lobed, more or less
scabrid on both surfaces. — A small creep-
ing shrub, rarely an epiphyte . . . 10. F. heterophylla.

Section IV. COVELLIA. Flowers unisexual.
Male and gall fls. in same receptacle ; female
fls. in separate receptacles. Male fls.
monandrous ; sepals 3-4. Perianth of
fern. fls. gamophyllous, short or none, rarely
of 4-5 sepals. Leaves alternate or opposite.
Receptacles on long leafless branches from
near the base of the stem or subhypogeal,
or on tubercles of the trunk, and larger
branches, rarely axillary : —
Receptacles in the leaf-axils, or in fascicles
from the stem and larger branches : —
Leaves ovate-oblong or subobovate,

usually opposite ; receptacles axillary

and froDi tubercles on the stem. — A

shrub or medium-sized tree with hollow

branches . . . . . . 11. F. hispida.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, opposite, crowded ; receptacles
solitary, stalked, subglobose, Axillary
or on short leafless branches from the old
wood ; young parts densely but deci-
duously hirsute. — A low shrub, usually
found in rocky beds of streams . . 12. F. laminosa,

Receptacles in pairs or clusters on scaly
usually leafless branches from near the
base of the trunk ; leaves alternate, more
or less scabrid or hispid-pubescent, basal
lobes very unequal. — A low tree with
reddish bark. .... 13. F. Cunia.

146 URTICACEJE. [ FIOTS.

Section V. ETJCYCE. Flowers unisexual.
Male and gall flowers in one set of receptacles,
fern, flowers in separate receptacles. Male
fls. usually diandrous (rarely 1-andr. in F.
scandens, or 3-andr. in F. foveolata). Recep-
tacles axillary, usually small.— Scandent or
erect shrubs or small trees, rafely epiphytic.
Creeping or climbing shrubs : —

Leaves broadly ovate or elliptic, their

length not twice the breadth ; male fls.

rarely 1-andr ; receptacles on long

stalks. — A scandent or creeping shrub,

often rooting from the nodes . . 14. F. scandens.

Leaves oblong, their length more than
twice the breadth ; male fls. rarely 3-
andr. ; receptacles sessile or nearly so. —
A creeper or lofty climbing shrub . 15. F. foveolata.

An erect shrub or small tree with more or
less scabrid entire toothed or 3-5-lobed
leaves ; receptacles stalked . . . 16. F. palmata.
Section VI. NEOMORPHE. Flowers unisexual.

Male and gall fls. in one set of receptacles,

fern. fls. in a separate set (except in F.

glomerata which has male fern, and gall fls.

in the same receptacle as in Sect. Urostigma).

Male fls. 2-andr. (rarely 3-andr. in F. Eox-

burghii). Perianth inflated, 3-4-sepalous.

Receptacles often very large, in clusters

from tubercles on the stem and larger bran-
ches, or in F. glomerata with a few

axillary pairs. — Trees with alternate leaves,

never epiphytic : —

Leaves subcoriaceous, 5-15 in. long, broadly
ovate or rounded, usually deeply cordate
at the strongly 5-7-nerved base ; recept-
acles 2J in. in diam. or more, in clusters
low down on the trunk . . . . 1 7. F. EoxburgJiii.

Leaves membranous, 4-7 in. long, ovate-
oblong or-elliptic-lanceolate, rounded or
acute at the 3-nerved base ; receptacles
1-1J in. across, on scaly stalked panicled
branchlets from the trunk and larger
branches, rarely in the leaf-axils . . 18. F. glomerata.

Ficus.] URTICACEM. 147

1. F. parasitica, Keen, ex Willd. in Mem, Acad. Berol. 1798, 102 ;
Brandis For. Fl, 420. F. gibbosa, Blume, -car. parasitica, King
£p. Ficus 6, t. 2, fig. B ; F. B. I. V., 497 ; Watt E. D. ; KanjiW
For. Fl. (ed. 2) 368 ; Prain Beng. PL 979 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 644 ;
Brandis 2nd. Trees 599. F. Ampelos, K&n. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi,
'j-j'j. F. sclerophylla, Roxb. I. c. 546. — Vern. Chhanchri and dadu-
banda (Dehra Dun).

Usually an epiphytic climber ; branchlets scaberulous- ; bark thin,
smooth, greenish-yellow. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous, 3-6
in. long, more or less rhomboid, obtuse acute or acuminate, minutely
hispid above, scabrid and minutely hispid beneath ; base acute, often
unequal-sided, 3-nerved ; main lateral nerves 3-7 pairs, prominent
beneath and joining within the margin ; petioles J-J in. ; stipules
about as long as the petioles, ovate-lanceolate, convolute. Recep-
tacles stalked, solitary or in pairs or fascicled, axillary and from below
the leaves, -J-J in. across, depressed- globose or subpyriform, without
basal bracts, scabrid and mammillate, yellow when ripe ; peduncle
.as long as the receptacle, bracteate at the base. MALE FLOWERS near
the mouth of the receptacles containing gall flowers. Sepals 4-6,
linear, fleshy, hairy. Stamen 1 , filament short, united at the base to
an abortive pistil. GALL FLOWERS : Perianth as in the male. Ovary
globose, smooth ; style short, lateral. FERTILE FLOWEBS in separate
receptacles. Sepals 4, hyaline. Style elongate, lateral. Achene
obliquely ovid, slightly papillose.

Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan forest tracts ;
also in Bundelkhand ; often found as an epiphyte on other species of
Ficus, such as pipal and banyan. Receptacles ripen Jan. -March.
DISTRIB. Throughout India and in Ceylon extending to Burma and
the Andaman Islands. The rough leaves are used for polishing ivory
and wOvjd, and the root-bark is used in native medicine ; the leaves
are given as fodder to cattle.

2. F. bengalcnsls- Linn. Hort. Cliff. 471 No. 4 : Brandis For.
Fl. 412 ; Ind. Trees 600 ; King Sp. Fie. 18, t. 13 ; F. B. I. V., 499 ;
Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 536 ; Collett FL SimL 459 ; Kanjilal
For. FL (ed. 2], 369 ; Gamble Man. 638 ; Prain Beng. PL 979 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 645. F. indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 539 ; Rotjle
III. 339.— Vern Bor. bar, bargat—The Banyan tree.

A large nearly evergreen tree sometimes up to 100 ft. .in height ; branches
horizontally spreading and throwing down ot intervals a succession
.of aerial roots which form supports for the indefinite elongation of

148 UETICACEM. [ Ficus.

the main branches by which the circumference of this tree is extended.
Young parts softly pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, 4-8 in. long, ovate
or orbicular-ovate to elliptic, obtuse, entire, glabrescent above,
glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath ; base rounded or subcordate
and with 3-7 nerves, the upper lateral nerves about 5-7 pairs and with
conspicuous reticulate venation between ; petioles stout J-2 in. long ;
stipules -1 in. long, coriaceous. Receptacles axillary, sessile in pairs,
globose, about v in. in diam., puberulous and red when ripe and
with f broad rounded subglabrous coriaceous basal bracts. MALE
flowers many, near the mouth of the receptacle. Sepals 4, lanceolate-.
Stamen 1. GALL flowers : Perianth as in male. Style short. FERTILE
flowers : Perianth shorter than in the male. Style elongate.

Common in the sal forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur and in the
Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh ; also largely
planted by Hindus near villages and in the vicinity of their temples.
The new leaves appear March to May. DISTRIB. : Universally dis-
tributed throughout the plains of India and in Ceylon, either as a
planted tree or appearing spontaneously as an epiphyte on tombs or
old buildings, and also on the stems of various kinds of trees, often
entirely enveloping their stems and eventually killing them. The-
common wild Date-palm is very often attacked, but owing to the
endogenous growth of their stems they are not usually destroyed.
The Banyan tree is believed to be quite wild in the Sub-Himalayan
forests and on the lower slopes of the Deccan Hills, also in damp
valleys of Chota Nagpur. The foliage affords excellent fodder for
cattle and elephants.

3. F. tomentosa, Eoxb. ex Willd. ; Hort. Beng. 103 ; FL Ind.
Hi, 550 ; Brandis For. FL 414 ; Ind. Trees 601 ; King Sp. Fie.
22, t. 18 ; F. B. I. V., 501 ; Gamble Man. 640 ; L rain Beng. PL
980 ; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, 646.

A large shade -giving tree, but often an epiphyte ; bark smooth, greenish-
white ; aerial roots from the branches thin ; young parts clothed
with rusty-grey tomentum. Leaves crowded towards the ends of
the branches, coriaceous, 2-5 in. long, elliptic-ovate or obovate,
obtusely acuminate, entire ; upper surface glabrous or nearly so, rusty-
grey-tomentose beneath ; base rounded or subcordate, 3-7-nerved ;
main lateral nerves above the basal ones about 5 pairs, prominent
beneath ; midrib with a broad smooth gland at the base ; petiole
£-1 in. long, tomentose ; stipules J-| in., densely woolly on the back.
Eeceptacles in pairs, axillary, sessile, globose, £-J in. in diam., grey-
tc mentose ; apical scales, small, glabrous ; basal bracts 3, large,.

Ficus.] URTICACEM. 149

spreading, pubescent, sometimes 3-fid. when young. MALE FLOWERS
few, near the mouth of the receptacle. Sepals 4, lanceolate. Stamen
1. GALL FLOWERS : Sep. 4, shorter than the smooth ovary ; style
short. FERTILE FLOWERS : Sep. as in the gall flowers ; style elongate.
Achenes tuberculate.

Forests of Bundelkhand. The fruit ripens during the hot season.
DISTRIB. : Southwards from Behar and Chota Nagpur through Central
W. and S. India, also in the drier tracts of Ceylon. It is very
destructive to buildings if allowed to encroach as an epiphyte.
The fruit is much eaten by birds.

4 F. retusa, Linn. Mantiss. 129 ; Brandis For. Fl. 417 ; Ind.

Trees 603 ; King Sp. Ficus 60, t. 61 and t. 84 ; F. B. I. V., 511 ;
Watt E. D. ; Gamble Man. 643 ; Prain Beng. PL 980 ; CooJce FL
Bomb, ii, 647. — Vern Ndndan.

A large or moderate-sized evergreen glabrous tree, often epiphytic ;
aerial roots few ; bark dark-grey, smooth. Leaves coriaceous, shortly
stalked, 2-3 in. long and nearly as broad, elliptic ovate or obovate,
rounded or shortly and bluntly acuminate at the apex, polished and
shining ; base narrowed into the petiole, 3-nerved ; main lateral
nerves 5-6 pairs above the basal ones, not more prominent than the
secondary ones, reticulately veined between ; petiole £-£ in., stipules
lanceolate, -| in. Receptacles about J in. in diam., sessile in pairs,
-axillary or from the scars of fallen leaves, depressed-globose, smooth,
yellow or reddish when ripe ; basal bracts 3, spreading broadly ovate,
blunt, persistent. MALE FLOWERS many, scattered, sessile or shortly
stalked. Sepals 3, subspathulate. Stamen 1, filament as long as the
cordate apiculate anther. GALL FLOWERS sessile or nearly so. Sepals
3, oblong or broadly spathulate. Style short. FERTILE FLOWERS
usually sessile. Sepals 3, much shorter than those of the gall flowers.
Style short ; stigma cylindric or clavate. Achenes ovoid or obovoid

Bundelkhand (Edgeworth, Duthie), often on rocks. DISTRIB. : Chota
Nagpur and Behar and from Cent. W. and S. India to Ceylon ; also
in the Sundribuns and in the Andaman and Malay Islands, extend-
ing to Australia. This tree, when cultivated, affords an abundance
of cool shade and might be used more generally than it now is as a
roadside tree and in the formation of groves. Gamble states that
the wood in moderately hard and might be used for making furniture.
The small figs, are much eaten by pigeons.

VAR. nitida, King Sp. Ficus 51, it. 62 and 84 fig. P. ; F. B. I. F., 511 ;
Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 370 ; Prain Beng. PL 980. F. nitida, Thunb*

150 URTICACEM. [Ficus.

Fie. 14. F. Benjamina, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 550. — Vern.
Kamrup. — Leaves 2-5 in. long, ovate or rhomboid-elliptic ; recept-
acles usually whitish. — Siwalik range at about 3,000 ft. (Kanjilal)y
and in the forests of N. Oudh (R. Thompson, Duthie). — Distrib. :
Along the base of Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards ; also in Bengal,
Assam, Khasia Hills, extending to Burma and China. A very
handsome evergreen tree and suitable for planting in gardens if
sufficient space be allowed for the development of aerial roots from
the lower branches.

5. F. glaberrima, Blume Bijdr. 451 ; King Sp. Fie. 37, t. 43 ;
F. B. I. V., -506 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 370 ; Gamble Man. 640;:
Prain Beng. PL 980 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 600. F. angustifolia,.
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 554. — Vern. Kakri, durla (fide Brandis).

A tall tree, glabrous except the branchlets and lower surface of leaves ;
bark light yellowish-brown, lenticellate. Leaves subcoriaceousr
5-8 in. long, elliptic oblong or ovate-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate,
entire, glabrous and shining above, puberulous beneath ; base acute,
rarely rounded. 3-nerved ; lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, nearly .hori-
zontal, not very prominent ; petiole f -1 J in., slender ; stipules J- in.
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, fugacious. Receptacles stalked, in axil-
lary pairs, \-\ in. in diam., smooth and orange-coloured when ripe ;
basal bracts 3. MALE FLOWERS, a few near the mouth of the recep-
tacle, subsessile. Sepals 4, lanceolate. Stamen 1 ; filament short..
GALL FLOWERS sessile or nearly so. Perianth 4-fid. FERTILE
FLOWERS : Perianth none. Achenes viscid when ripe.
Swampy ground in Dehra Dun (Duthie), and in the Sub-Himalayan tract
eastwards. Receptacles ripen in Feb. -March. DISTRIB. : Tropical
Himalaya, in shady ravines from Garhwal and Kumaon to
Bhutan ; also in Burma, the Andam'ans and the Malay Islands. The
leaves and young shoots afford excellent fodder.

6. F. religioaa. Linn. Sp. PL 1059 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 547 ;
Royle III. 337 ; Brand. For. FL 415 ; Ind. Trees 601 ; King Sp. Fie.
55, t. 67 A ; F. B. I. F., 513 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. I rod. Ind. 538 ;
Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 371 ; Gamble Man. 644 ; Collett FL SimL
459 ; Prain Beng. PL 980 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 649.- Vern. Pipal,
pipli (Hind).

A large glabrous tree usually at first epiphytic ; bark grey, exfoliating
in roundish irregular flakes ; branches without aerial roots. Leave*
coriaceous, shining, long-petioled, drooping, 4-7 in. long, ovate-

Ficus.] URTICACEM. 151

rotund, entire, narrowed upwards and with the apex produced into
a linear-lanceolate tail £ the whole length of the blade ; base broad,
rounded o'r truncate, or sometimes in young leaves cordate ; 5-7
nerved ; main lateral nerves about <S pairs, with fine reticulations
between ; petioles 3-4 in. long, slender, terete ; stipules minute,
ovate, acute. Receptacles in pairs, axillary, sessile, smooth, depres-
sed-globose, \ in. in diam., dark-purple when ripe ; basal bracts 3,
broad, spreading, coriaceous. MALE FLOWERS few, only near the
mouth of some receptacles, absent in others, sessile. Sepals 3,
broadly ovate. Stamen 1, filament short. Gall and fertile flowers
sessile or pedicelled, the gall flowers predominating, many without a
perianth. Sepals 5, lanceolate. Style short, lateral, stigma rounded.

Very common within the area, but chiefly planted in villages and in
the vicinity of Hindu temples. Probably wild on the 8iwalik range
and in the forests of the Sub-Himalayan tracts. The tree is leafless
for a few weeks only, the new foliage appearing in Feb., and the
receptacles ripen during April and May. DISTRIB. : Sub-Hima-
layan forests from the Punjab eastwards, also in Bengal, Orissa,
the Circars and Central India. In other parts of India it has been
planted or has run wild. On the Himalaya it occurs as a planted tree
up to 5,000 ft. In Ceylon and Burma it was introduced by Bud-
dhists, by whom and by all Hindus the tree is held very sacred. On
this account it is often very difficult to insist upon the removal of
the trees from the forests where they do very much damage as epiphy-
tes. Buildings are also liable to serious injury by the growth of
seedling plants. The trees are much lopped, chiefly by Muhamme-
dans, in order to obtain fodder for their cattle, elephants and camels.
The greyish wood is moderately hard and is sometimes used for
making packing-cases or burnt for charcoal. The leaves, bark and
fruit are used medicinally.

7. F. Rumphii, Blums Bijdr. 437 ; King Sp. Fie. 54, t. 67B. ;
F. B. I. v, 512 ; Watt E. D. ; KanjUal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 371 ; Gamble
Man. 644 ; Collett FL Siml. 459 ; Prain Bang. PL 980 ; Cooke FL
Bomb, ii, 648 ; Brandis Ind.. Trees 601 and 717. F. cordifolia,
Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 548 (not of Blume) ; Brandis For. FL 416, t.
48. — Vern. Khobar gajiun, (Hind.), pilkhan (Punj.), ganiper
(Oudh), 'pards-pipal (Merwara).

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, usually epiphytic in early life ; all
parts glabrous ; bark yellowish -grey, smooth. Leaves subcoria-
ceous, glabrous and shining, 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate and with ao

152 URTICACEM. [Ficus.

acuminate apex forming about J of the blade ; margins entire, sub-
undulate ; base broad, truncate, slightly narrowed towards the
petiole, rarely subcordate, usually 5 -nerved ; main lateral nerves
3-6 pairs, prominent only in the young leaves ; petiole 2J-3J in.,
flattened or channelled above ; stipules J-l in., ovate-lanceolate.
Receptacles sessile in pairs, axillary and from the old leaf scars, J in.
in diam., globular and not depressed at the apex, smooth and whitish
and with dark spots when young, nearly black when ripe ; basal
bracts 3, small, rotund. MALE FLOWERS few, only near the mouth
of the receptacle. Sepals 3, spathulate. Stamen 1, filament about
as long as the anther. Ovary of gall flower smooth, usually obovoid.
Achene minutely tubercled, mucilaginous ; style elongate, stigma cla-
vate.

Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur and eastwards along the Sub-
Him. forest tracts of Rohilkhand N. Oudh and Gorakhpur, also in
Bundelkhand and Merwara. Often planted in avenues, but a de-
structive epiphyte in forests. The young leaves, which are red,
appear in March, and the receptacles ripen during May and June. Dis-
TRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges from the Chenab, ascending to 5,000
ft. ; also in Assam Bengal and southwards through Central W. and
S. India, extending to Burma and the Malay Peninsula and Islands.
The fruit is eaten, and the foliage is much used as fodder for cattle and
elephants. The soft spongy wood is pinkish-white. The tree is closely
allied to F. religiosa which it much resembles.

8. F. Arnottiana, Miq. Ann. Mus. Liigd. Bat. Hi, 287 ; King Sp.
Fields 56, t. 68 and t. 84. ; F. B. I. v.9 513 ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2),
371 ; Gamble Man. 638 ; Prain Beng. PI. 980 ; Coolce FL Bomb, ii,
649 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 602.

A small glabrous tree or a shrub, often epiphytic. Leaves subcoriaceous,
3-8 in. long, broadly ovate, narrowed upwards to the shortly caudate-
acuminate apex, margins entire ; base usually cordate, never nar-
rowed into the petiole, 7-nerved ; main lateral nerves 5-7 pairs with
fine lucid reticulations between ; petioles 2-6 in. long ; stipules
ovate -lanceolate, J-l in. long, caducous, reddish-brown when dried.
Receptacles mostly from the axils of fallen leaves, in pairs or clusters
from tubercles, sessile or shortly stalked, depressed-globose, smooth,
J-f in. in diam., purple with greenish dots when ripe ; basal bracts 3,
brown, membranous. MALE FLOWERS few, near the mouth of the
receptacles, sessile. Sepals 3, loose, inflated, broadly acuminate,
larger than the small subsessile solitary anther. GALL AND FERTILE
FLOWERS undistinguishable except by the contents of the ovary,

Ficus.] URTICACEM. 153

sessile or pedicelled. Perianth gamophyllous, lax, toothed at the
apex, completely investing the ovary. Style elongate, stigma flat.

Rajputana, in the neighbourhood of Ajmer, on rocky ground (Brandis).
DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of W. Himalaya in Jaunsar Garhwal and
Kumaon, up to 3,000 ft., and from Chota Nagpur through Central W.
and S. India to Ceylon. The leaves resemble those of F. Rumphii,
but they are never narrowed at the base into the petiole.

9. F. Infectoiia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 551 (excl. syn, Eheede) (not of
Willd.) ; Brandis For. FL 414 (excl. syn.) ; Ind. Trees 602 ; King
Sp. Fie. 60, t. 75 ; F. B. I. v, 515 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind.
538 ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 372 ; Gamble Man. 645 ; Prain Beng.
PL 981 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 651. F. Lacor, Buch.-Ham. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. XV, 150. — Vern. Khobar, pdkJiar, pilkJian.

A large spreading deciduous fast-growing glabrous tree, often epiphytic
in early life and sometimes sending down a few aerial roots from the
trunk or branches ; bark greenish -grey, smooth. Leaves membran-
ous, 3^-5 in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, shortly and rather abruptly
acuminate ; margins entire, subundulate ; base usually rounded,
slightly cordate or sometimes narrowed or acute, 3-nerved, main
lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, not very prominent; petioles H-2£ in.,
sometimes indistinctly jointed with the blade ; stipules about J in.,
long, broadly ovate, acute, pubescent. Receptacles axillary, in pairs
sessile, globose, • in. in diam., whitish flushed with red and
dotted when ripe ; basal bracts 3 minute, ovate-rotund. MALE
FLOWERS few, sessile near the mouth of the receptacles. Sepals
4 or 5. Stamen 1 ; anther broadly ovate filament short. Perianth
of gall and fertile flowers as in the male. Style of gall flowers short ;
of the fertile female flowers long, stigma elongate.

Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur and eastward? along the Sub-
Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and K. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand.
It is not common anywhere wild, but is occasionally met with near
villages as a planted tree. DISTRIB. : Throughout India, extending
from the outer Himalayan ranges to Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula
and China. The wood is used chiefly for making charcoal, and the
young shoots are eaten in curries. The bark yields a fairly good
fibre, and the tree is much lopped to supply fodder for cattle and
elephants.

VAR. 1. Lambertiana, King Sp. Fie. 63. t. 76 ; F. B. I. V, 516 ; Kanjilal
For. FL (ed. 2) 373 ; Prain Beng. PL 981 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 651.
F. Lambertiana, Miq. — Leaves coriaceous ; base broad, rounded

154 URTICACEM. [ Ficus.

emarginate or subcordate ; receptacles stalked. — Dehra Dun and
Siwalik range. DISTRIB. : W. C. and S. India.

VAR. 2. Wightiaiia, King. Sp. Ficus 1. c. ; F. B. I. V., 516 ; F. Wightiana
Wall. — -Leaves smaller, often under 2| in. long, narrowed to the base ;
receptacles stalked, i- in. long, large in proportion to the size of leaves,
pubescent. — .Southern edge of gangetic Plain. DISTRIB. : W. and
S. India.

10. F. heterophylla, Linn. f. Suppl. 442 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi,
532 ; Brandis For. FL 424 ; Ind. Trees 606 ; King Sp. Ficus 75,
t. 94 ; F. B. I. v, 518 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2) 373 ;
Gamble Man. 646 ; Prain Beng. PL 981 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 652.
F. repens, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 535 ; Brandis For. Fl. I.e.

A shrub, often creeping along the ground or over rocks ; branchlets
pubescent. Leaves alternate, polymorphous, petioled, membranous,
2-5 in. long, ovate or orbicular-ovate to lanceolate, more or less
acuminate, entire or 3-many-lobed, scabrous on both surfaces ;
margins coarsely toothed or repand-dentate ; base rounded or cordate,
3-5-nerved ; main lateral nerves 4-8 pairs, arched, or in much-lobed
leaves palmate ; petioles J-2J in. ; \stipules 2 to each leaf, i-i in. long,
ovate, scarious. Receptacles stalked, solitary, axillary, globose to
pyriform, more or less hispid, scabrid or warted when young, nearly
smooth and orange-yellow when ripe, always with a more or less
prominent mammilate partially open umbilicus ; peduncle J-l in.
long ; basal bracts minute, triangular glabrous. Perianth of all the
flowers 3-4-cleft. MALE FLOWERS : Stamen 1. GALL FLOWERS : Ovary
ovoid, smooth ; style short, lateral. FERTILE FLOWERS : Perianth
hyaline, viscid, tubercled. Achenes subglobose ; style long, lateral,
stigma cylindric.

Banks of rivers and wet places in Dehra Dun, and eastwards along the
Sub-Himalayan tracts to Gorakhpur, also in Bundelkhand, etc,
DISTRIB. : Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon,
extending to the Malay Peninsula and Islands.

The rough rust-coloured bark is used medicinally, and the fruit is said
to be eaten. King mentions F. scabrella Roxb. and F. repens Willd.
as representing the two most prevalent forms of this polymorphous
shrub. In the former the leaves are shortly petioled, narrow and
never lobed, and the receptacles are shortly pedicelled, globular or
pyriform. The latter has broader leaves, lobed or not and with
petioles over 1 in. long, and the pedicels of the pyriform receptacles

Ficus.] UETICACEM. * 155

are much longer. — Examples of both of the above-mentioned form&
are found within the Upper Gangetic area.

11. F. hispida, Linn. /. Suppl. 442 ; Brandis For. Fl. 423 ;
Ind. Trees 606 ; King Sp. Fie. 116, tt. 154 and 155 ; F. B. I. vy
522 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2), 374 ; Gamble Man,
647 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 460 ; Prain Beng. PL 981 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 653. F. oppositifolia, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 561.
F. dsemonum, Keen. ; Roxb. I.e. 562 (daemona). — Vern. Kagsha,
gobla (Hind.), kdksa, Gogsba, gobha (Dehra Dun), kat gularia
(Oudh).

A shrub or small tree ; all parts more or loss hispid-pubescent ; bark
grey, peeling off in irregular flakes ; young shoots hollow. Leaves
usually opposite, petioled, membranous, 4-12 in. long, ovate oblong
or subovate, apiculate or shortly and abruptly apuminate, toothed or
entire, the lower surface hispid-pubescent, the upper hispid-scabrid ;
base rounded subcordate or subcuneate, 3-5-nerved ; main lateral
nerves 3-5 pairs, finely reticulate between ; petioles J-l J in. or those
of young shoots longer, densely hispid ; stipules 2 to each leaf, ovate-
lanceolate, pubescent outside, about J in. long. Receptacles J-l in-
across, turbinate obovoid or subpyriform, hispid and often with
scattered bracts along the sides, yellowish when ripe ; peduncles ^-J
in. long, in axillary pairs, or in fascicles from shortened tuberculate
branches from the old wood, or on elongate leafy branches issuing
from the stem or larger branches and often reaching and even pene-
trating the soil ; basal bracts 3. MALE FLOWERS many, near the
apex of the receptacles containing galls. Sepals 3, concave, hyaline.
Stamen 1, filament short. GALL FLOWERS stalked. Perianth none.
Ovary globose, smooth ; style short, subterminal, stigma dilated.
FERTILE FLOWERS : Perianth none or obscure. Achenes ovoid ; style
lateral ; stigma cylindric, tubular.

Fairly common in the forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur and east-
wards to N. Oudh, also in Bundelkhand and in other parts of the
area. The new foliage appears in Feb. and March. DISTRIB. :
Outer Himalayan ranges from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to
3,500 ft. ; also in Bengal and from C. W. and S. India to Ceylon ;
extending to Burma, the Andamans and from the Malay Peninsula
and Islands, extending to China and Australia. This tree is
reproduced partly by root-suckers. The. foliage 'affords fodder for
cattle, and the young receptacles are eaten in curries. The bark
supplies a fibre suitable for making ropes.

156 URTICACEM. [ Ficus.

12. F. laminosa, Hardw. in As. Res. vi, 379 ; ex Roxb. Hort).
Beng. 103 ; Fl. Ind. in, 531 ; Madden in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii,
part 1, 643 ; Prain Beng. PL 982. F. ssemocarpa, Miq. ; King
Sp. Fie. 116, t. 152 ; F. B. I. v, 523 ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2),
374 ; Gamble Man, 647 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 606 and 718. F,
squamosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 531. F. tuberculata, Wall, (not of
Roxb.) ; Brandis For. Fl. 424 and 577. F. pyrrhocarpa, Kurz. —
Vern. Chancheri^GsiThwal), gur-timla (Kuaiaon).

A low shrub ; branchlets hirsute. Leaves opposite, crowded at the ends
of the branches, 3-9 in. long, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire,
smooth, rarely scabrid on upper surface, smooth or scaberulous and
rarely hispid beneath ; base narrowed, 3-nerved ; main lateral nerves
•6-8 pairs ; petioles J-l in. long, pubescent ; stipules in pairs J-J in.,
ovate, acuminate, nearly glabrous, persistent. Receptacles shortly
stalked, solitary in the axils, or in short leafless panicles from the old
wood, subglobose, ^-1 i^i. in diam. ; base constricted, 8-10-ribbed,
warted and hispid and with scattered bracts on the sides ; umbilicus
large ; peduncles i-J in., pubescent ; basal bracts 3, triangular,
deciduous. MALE-flowers : Stamen 1. Perianth of fern, flowers none
or obscure. Ovary of gall flowers smooth ; style short, lateral.
Achenes rhomboid, style very long, hairy.

Dehra Dun and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tracts, usually by
shady streams and often in the crevices of partially submerged rocks.
The receptacles ripen during the cold season. DISTRIB. : Outer
Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan, in sandy and rocky streams,
also in Assam, the Khasia Hills and Burma. Closely allied to F.
liispida, of which it may, as suggested by King, be a much modified
form brought about by the peculiar conditions of its habitat. There
is a coloured drawing of this shrub (plate 65) in Hardwicke's unpub-
lished collection of drawings of Indian plants, a copy of which will
be found in the botanical library at the Natural Hist. Museum.
Colonel Hardwicke mentions that the villagers in Garhwal feed their
cows on the branches and leaves of this shrub.

13. F. Cunia, Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 561 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 421 ; Ind. Trees 606 ; King Sp. Fie. 101, t. 126 ; F. B. 1.
v, 523 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 538 ; Kanjildl For. Fl.
(ed. 2), 375 ; Gamble Man. 648 ; Prain Beng. PL 982 ; Collett Fl.
Siml. 460. F. conglomerata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 559. — Vern.
Jarhphali (Hind.), khain, klieina (Dehra Dun), kJienna (Bijnor),
khurhur (Oudh).

Ficus.l URTICACEJE. 157

A low tree with reddish- brown rough bark ; branchlets scabrous,
Leaves alternate, 6-12 in. long, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, very
unequal-sided, acuminate, entire or serrate, scabrid or smooth on
upper surface, more or less pubescent bereath ; base semisagittate,
the larger basal lobe 3-4-nerved, the smaller 1 -nerved; main lateral
nerves 9-14; petioles ^-f in., scabrid; stipules :M in., linear-
lanceolate, puberulous. Receptacles £ in. in diam., globose or pyri-
form, in pairs or clusters on scaly usually leafless branches, hispid,,
reddish- brown and ribbed when ripe ; peduncle short ; basal bracts 3.
Male sepals 3. Gall and fern, sepals about 4, lanceolate, gamophyl-
lous. Ovary of galls globose, smooth ; style very short, lateral.
Achrncs broadly ovoid, emarginate on one side, tubercled, viscid ;
style very long, lateral ; stigma large, bifid.

Forests of Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, common on the Siwalik range
and extending eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan tract to N. Oudh.
Usually found in ravines or on the banks of streams. The receptacles
ripen mostly during Aug. and Sep. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan,
ranges from the Chenab eastwards to Bhutan, ascending to 4,000 ft. ;
also in Assam, the Khasia Hills, Chittagong, Bengal and C. India. The
fruit is often eaten, but is rather insipid ; the bark yields a strong
fibre, and the leaves are said to be used for polishing wood.

14. F. scandens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 65 ; FL Ind. Hi, 536 ;
Brandis For. FL 421 ; Ind. Trees 609 ; King Sp. Ficus 129, t. 162 ;.
F. B. I. v, 526 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2\ 375 ; Gamble
Man. 648 ; Prain Beng. PL 982 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 654. F.
fruticosa, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 533 ; F. hederacea. Roxb. I.e. 538. —
Vern. Chhanchri (Dehra Dun).

A scandent or creeping shrub, often rooting from the stem and branches.
Leaves 2-3£ in. long, ovate or elliptic -ovate, acute or subacute-,
entire, rugulose and scabrid above, sub-areolar beneath ; base broad,
rounded, strongly 3-nerved ; main lateral nerves 3 pairs ; petioles
J-J in. ; stipules -J in., ovate, acuminate. Receptacles axillary, long-
peduncled, solitary or in pairs, J in. in diam., globose, scaberulous,
yellow turning to red when ripe ; base sometimes constricted into a
stipe; peduncle 3-5 in. long. Sepals of all flowers 4. Male flowers
usually diandrous, anthers subsessile. Ovary of gall flowers o bo void,
smooth ; style subterminal, short, thick, stigma hooked. Achene&
oblong, smooth ; style lateral, long ; stigma subcapitate.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan
tract, usually in damp places, often climbing and trailing on rocks or

158 URT1CACEJE. [Ficus.

on trees. The receptacles ripen durirg the rainy season. DISTRIB. :
Valleys of Outer Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards to Bhutan ;
also Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong, Chota Nagpur, Burma, and
Andaman Islands.

15. F. fovcolata, Wall. Cat. 4493 ; Brandis For. Fl 423 ; Ind.
Trees 608 ; King Pp. Ficus 133, t. 166; F. B. I. ,v, 528; Watt
E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed, 2), 375 ; Gamble Man. 648 ; Collett
Fl. Siml 460 ; Prain Beng. PL 982 ; F. pubigera, Wall. ; Brandis
For. FL 424.

A creeper or a lofty climbing shrub. Shoots pubescent". Leaves of
climbing stems membranous, 1^-6 in., ovate oblong or lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, glabrous above, pubescent or
glabrate beneath and with prominent nerves ; base rounded cordate
or subcuneate, 3-nerved ; main lateral nerves 3-6 pairs ; petioles i-J
in., pubescent ; stipules in pairs, J in., villous. Receptacles axillary,
sessile, usually solitary, subglobose to ovoid or obovoid, i-l in. long,
warted or wrinkled, downy, red or orange-coloured when ripe ; basal
bracts 3, ovate, acute, often reflexed ; peduncle T\j-i in. MALE
FLOWERS stalked. Stamens 2, rarely 3 ; filaments connate ; anthers
ovate, pointed. Sepals of all flowers 4. Ovary of gall flowers obovoid ;
style short, stigma dilated. Acliene oblong-reniform, papillose ;
style long, subterminal.

Dehra Dun, near the Robbers' Cave. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan
ranges from Chamba (Punjab) to Bhutan ; also Chitral, Khasia Hills,
Chittagong and Burma, extending to Hongkong, China and Japan,
Collett remarks that the receptacles are rarely, if ever, produced on
the creeping branches.

16. F. palmata, For sic. FL Mgypi.-Arab. 179 ; King Sp. Fie.
146, t. 185 ; F. B. I. v, 530 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2),
376 ; Gamble Man. 649 ; Collett FL Siml. 460, f. 148 ; Brandis Ind.
Trees 607, 718. F. caricoides Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 529. F.
virgata, Eoxb. Lc. 530 ; Eoyle III. 337 ; Brandis For. FL 419.—
Vern. Anjiri, bedu, Jchemri (Dehra Dun), kembu (Merwara).

A bush or small tree, never an epiphyte ; bark smooth, dull ashy
grey ; young shoots usually tomentose or pubescent. Leaves mem
branous 1J-5 in. long, orbicular-ovate, acute or apiculate, dentate or
serrate or entire or obtusely 3-5-lobed, somewhat scabrous above,
scabrid or shortly tomentose beneath ; base 3-nerved ; main lateral
nerves 3-6 pairs ; petiole 1-2 in., stipules in pairs, ovate, acute, pubes.

Ficus.] URTICACE&. 159

cent, deciduous. Receptacles axillary, solitary, J-l in. in diam., sub-
globose or pyriform, pubescent, yellow when ripe ; base constricted ;
bracts acute, deciduous ; peduncle J-l in. MALE FLOWERS on hairy
pedicels. Sepals 4-5, lanceolate, hairy. GALL FLOWERS sessile or
stalked. Perianth deeply 5-fid. Ovary ovoid, smooth ; style very
short, lateral, stigma dilated. Perianth of fern, flowers as in galls.
Achenes trigonous, granular ; style subterminal, long, hairy, stigma
bifid.

Dehra Dun, and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N.
Oudh, also in Merwara. The new foliage is renewed during March and
April and the figs ripen from June to Oct. DISTRIB. : Central and
N. W. India, Outer Himalaya from Nepal westwards, ascending to
5,000 ft., and from the Suliman and Salt ranges to Chitral, Egypt and
Abyssinia. This species much resembles the European fig (F. carica),
and is generally regarded as its Indian representative. It is often
cultivated in N. W. India, but chiefly on the hills where the fruit
produced is of better quality. The leaves are much used as cattle
fodder.

17. F. Roxburgh!!, Wall. Cat. 4508 ; Brandis For. Fl. 422 ;
Ind. Trees 609 ; King Sp. Ficus 168, t. 211 and frontispiece ;
F. B. I. v, 534 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 377 ; Gamble
Man. 649 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 461 ; J rain Beng. PL 983. F. macro-
phylla, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 556 (not of Des}.).— Vern. Trimmal,
timla.

A low spreading tree 10-30 ft. high ; trunk short, bark grey or brown,
warty ; branchlets few, stout, hollow. Leaves 5-15 in. long, broadly
ovate or rounded ; margins entire or toothed, mucronate, glabrous
or glabrescent above, softly pubescent beneath ; base usually deeply
cordate, strongly 5-7-nerved ; main lateral nerves 3-6 pairs, promi-
nent on both surfaces, nervules nearly transverse; petioles 1-4 in. ;
stipules J-l in., ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Receptacles 8-12-
ribbed, turbinate, in clusters on short leafless branchlets from
low down on the trunk, 2J in. across or larger, pubescent or
glabrous, russet-brown or purplish and spotted when ripe ; umbilicus
large, triangular ; peduncle pubescent, |-1J in. long. MALE flowers :
Sepals large, inflated, broadly imbricate. Stamens 2, rarely 3 ;
filaments long, stout. GALL flowers : Perianth 2-3-lobed. Style
short, subterminal, stigma dilated. FEM. flowers subsessile or
stalked. Perianth as in gall flowers. Achenes granulate, viscid ;
style long, lateral, curved, hairy, stigma cylindric.

160 VETICACEM. [Ficus.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range and eastwards along the Sub-Himalayan
tract. The receptacles ripen April to June. DISTRIB. : Outer
Himalayan ranges from the Indus to Bhutan, up to 5,000 ft., rarer
towards the west, also Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong, Chota Nagpur
and Orissa, extending to Burma, China and Japan. The bark yields
a coarse fibre, and the foliage is regarded as a good fodder for ele-
phants and camels. The fruit is much eaten either raw or cooked
in curries. For information regarding the development and fertili-
zation of the flowers see I). D. Cunningham in Appendix to Vol. I of
Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc.

18, F. glomerata, Roxh. Cor. PL ii, 13, t. 123 ; Fl hid. Hi,
558 ; Royle III. 337 ; Brandis For. Fl. 422, t. 49 ; Ind. Trees 609 ;
King Sp. Ficus 173, t. 218 A ; F. B. I. v, 535 ; Watt E. D. ; Oomm.
Prod. Ind. 538 ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2), 378 ; Gamble Man. 650 ;
Prain Beng. PL 983 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 654. F. Goolerea,' Roxb.
Fl. Ind. Hi, 538. — Vern. Gular (Hind.), umri (Mervvara).

A tree, up to 60 ft. high ; bark smooth, reddish-brown ; young shoots
glabrous pubescent or scaberulous. Leaves membranous, 4-7 in. long,
ovate-oblong or elliptic -lanceolate, subacute, entire, glabrous or
upper surfaces when mature, usually somewhat pubescent beneath ;
base rounded or acute, 3-nerved ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pairs ;
petioles J-l| in., glabrous; stipules |-1 in. long; ovate-lanceolate,
scarious, pubescent. Receptacles in clusters on short thick scaly leafless
panicled branchlets from the trunk and larger branches, rarely with a
few axillary or.es, subglobose pyriform or turbinate, smooth or
downy, 1-2 in. across, reddish or orange-coloured when ripe ; umbilicus
depressed ; base much contracted and with 3 ovate-triangular
bracts. The male, female and gall flowers are all found together in
the same receptacle. MALE FLOWERS near the mouth of the receptacle,
sessile. Sepals 3-4, membranous, inflated, enveloping the 2 anthers.
Filaments connate. GALL FLOWERS stalked. Perianth gamophyllous,
irregularly toothed. Style lateral, elongate, stigma clavate. FERTILE
FLOWERS nearly sessile, forming a layer near the walls of the
receptacle. Perianth gamophyllous, with 4 or 5 long lanceolate teeth,
enveloping the small tuberculate achene. Style subterminal, stigma
clavate.

A common tree within the area and also largely planted in villages.
It is leafless during the rainy season (about Aug.), and the figs ripen
between April and July. DISTRIB. : Throughout the greater part
of India from the Outer Himalayan ranges and south to S. India
and Ceylon, its western limit being Raj put ana and the Salt Range of

Ficus.] URTICACE&. 161

the Punjab. The fruit is much eaten by the natives, both raw and
cooked, and it constitutes a valuable food supply during times of
famine. The viscid milky juice is made into birdlime. The foliage
is much lopped for supplying fodder for cattle and elephants, and the
leaves, bark and fruit are used in native medicine. Kanjilal mentions
that the wood of this tree is one of the few kinds prescribed in Hindu
scriptures for sacrificial fires. It is said to last well under water.

The following non-indigenous species of Ficus are occasionally met
with in gardens within the area of this flora : —

F. BENJAMINA, L. var. COMOSA Kurz ; F. B. I. v, 508 ; Prain Beng.
PL 979 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 601 ; Gamble Man. 641. F. comosa,
Boxb. FL Ind. Hi, 552. — A very ornamental tree with the habit of
F. retusa, and producing from its lower branches similar aerial roots.
The receptacles are yellow and much larger than those of the type.
It is wild in Chota Nagpur and in the Circars and in the valleys of the
E. Himalaya ; also in Assam, Chittagong and throughout Burma.

F. ELASTICA, Roxb. / FL Ind. Hi, 541 ; Brand. For. Fl. 417 ; Ind.
Trees 603 ; F. B. I. v, 508 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2), 369 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 655 ; Gamble Man. 641. — The well-known india-rubber,
or caoutchouc-tree, a native of the Eastern Himalaya up to 3,000 ft.;
also in Assam, the Khasia Hills and extending to Upper Burma. It
is grown in many parts of India as an ornamental tree in gardens, as
well as for avenues. For full particulars regarding its cultivation
for rubber seeWatt's Comm. Prod. Ind., p. 651.

F. TSIELA, Boxb. FL Ind. Hi, 549 ; Brandis For. FL 415 ; Ind. Trees
603 ; King Sp. Ficus 59, tt. 73, 74 ; F. B. I. v, 15 ; Gamble Man.
645 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 650. — A large spreading glabrous tree, with-
out aerial roots ; allied to F. infectoria. It is found in the Ajmer
district of Rajputana as a planted tree, but it is truly wild in the
drier parts of S. India and in Ceylon. The smooth greenish-white
bark is said to yield a good fibre.

F. CAHICA, Linn. ; Brandis For. FL 418 ; Ind. Trees 607 ; DC. UOrig.
PL Cult. 235; Watt Comm. Prod. Ind. 537.— Vern. Anjir, kimri
— Edible fig of Europe. The European fig is extensively cultivated
/in the plains of N. India and up to 5,000 ft. on the Outer Himalayan
ranges. It is also largely grown in Kashmir, Baluchistan and
Afghanistan and many excellent varieties may be found in those
countries. It is said to be truly indigenous in Syria and Palestine
In S. Europe it has become naturalized, and is quite hardy ip
England.

162 URT1CACEM. [ BROUSSONETIA.

BROXTSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA, Vent. ; Eoyle III. 340 ; Brandis For. FL
410 ; 2nd. Trees 613 ; F. B. I. v, 490 ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2) 366 ;
Gamble Man. 633 ; Prain Beng. PL 967 ; Watt in Comm, Prod. Ind.—

< Paper Mulberry. — A small tree belonging to the mulberry tribe.
Branchlets tomentose. Leaves membranous, 3-nerved, 3-8 in. long,
obliquely ovate or oblong, acuminate, lobed (when young) and
dentate, scabrid above, pubescent beneath ; petioles 2-3 in. long.

, Flowers dioecious. MALE spikes 2-3 in. long, cylindrical, stalked
pubescent. FEM. flowers in compact long-stalked heads. Fruit
fleshy, red shining. — Wild on the hills of Upper Burma and in Mar-
taban ; extending to Siam, China, Japan and the Pacific Islands.
The stems yield a fine fibre which is used for making paper in Japan,
and in the South Sea Islands the natives prepare from it a cloth
called tapa or Tcapa. Experiments undertaken within the area of
this flora, both in Dehra Dun and at Saharanpur, clearly show that
the climate of N. India is quite suitable for its cultivation. It has
been suggested that it might possibly pay to grow this tree on a
large scale in N. Irdia if a paper factory were situated near enough,
and if a constant supply of the fibre material of this and other fibre -
yielding plants suitable for making paper were available.

CI. CASUARINACEJE.

CASUARINA, For si. A single genus, containing 23 species,
mostly Australian and a few in New Caledonia, one only extending
to India, Several other species are in cultivation in India,
especially on the Nilgiri Hills.

C. EQUISETIFOLIA, Forst. ; F. B. I. v, 598 ; Brandis For. FL
435 ; Ind. Trees 620 ; Gamble Man. 665 ; Prain Beng. PL 985 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 660. C. muricata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 519 ;
Boyle III. 346. — A tall handsome straight-stemmed dioecious leafless
tree. Branches terminating in long slender drooping deciduous 6-8
jointed branchlets, which perform the functions of leaves. The ribs
of each joint terminate upwards in the teeth or scales * of a mem-
branous sheath alternating with the ribs of the next joint above.
Male flowers monandrous, in terminal cylindric spikes, and the
females are arranged in small cone-like clusters which become woody

* Similar to the scale-leaves of

CASUARINA.] CASUARINACEM. 163

when ripe. This tree is indigenous on the sandy sea-coasts of
Chittagong and Burma, also in the islands of the Indian Archi-
pelago and in N. Australia, where it is known as the " Beef wood
tree." It is cultivated largely all over India, and thrives well as far
north as Saharanpur and Ambala. The wood is of a reddish colour
and resembles in texture that of Cedrela Toona, but is very hard,
and difficult to work. It is chiefly used for fuel. The tree is very
useful in the reclamation of land near the sea and is much valued in
the Madras and Bombay Presidencies for planting on sand-dunes
along the coasts of Coromandel and N. Kanara.

OIL CUPULIFERffi.

Trees or sTirubs. Leaves simple, alternate, penni nerved, serrate
or entire, rarely lobed; stipules free, usually caducous. Flowers
minute, monoecious, males in erect or pendulous catkins or spikes,
rarely capitate ; females in spikes or heads or solitary, bracts some-
times forming an involucre. MALE flowers : Sepals 1-5, free con-
nate or obsolete. Stamens 2-20, on a hairy receptacle or adnate
to the base of the sepals. FEM. flowers : Sepals connate in a
perianth adnate to the ovary or none, limb minute. Ovary 2-3-,
rarely 4-6-celled, styles or style-arms as many as the cells ; ovules
1 or 2, collateral, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a nut included
within or in the axil of often greatly enlarged, sometimes involu-
crate bracts. Seed usually solitary by abortion, pendulous, albu-
men none ; cotyledons plano-convex, sometimes rugose or rumi-
nate, radicle superior. — Species about 400, chiefly in N. temperate
regions.

QUERCUS, linn. ; PI. Brit. Ind. v, 600.

Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen. Leaves alternate,
simple, penni nerved, stipules fugacious. Flowers small, monoecious ;
males in pendulous or erect spikes, bracts small ; females in erect
spikes, rarely androgynous, bracts involucrate. MALE flowers :
Perianth campanulate, 4-7-lobed or -partite. Stamens 6-12, fila-
ments slender ; anthers erect, ovate, the cells contiguous. Pistillode
hairy or none. FEM. flowers : Perianth adnate to the ovary and
enclosed within imbricate bracts ; limb very minute, lobed or

164 CUPULIFER&. [ QUERCUS

toothed. Staminodes minute or none. Ovary after fecundation
more or less perfectly 3-celled, rarely 4-5-celled ; styles 3-5, short,
ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit, an ovoid globose or depressed 1 -celled
nut, seated on or enclosed in and attached by its broad base or by
its whole surface to an involucre of imbricating hard bracts.
Seeds 1-2, testa membranous, cotyledons plano-convex, thick,
fleshy, smooth, grooved, lobed or ruminate, radicle minute. — Species
about 300, in temperate and tropical regions. There are no wild
oaks in S. India or Ceylon, and the genus is absent from S. America,
Trop. and S. Africa and Australia.

a. incana, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 104 ; Fl Ind. Hi, 642 ; Brandis
For. FL 482 ; Ind. Trees 626 ; F. S. I. v, 603 ; Watt E. D. ; Comm.
Prod. Ind. 911 ; King in Ann. Bot. Gard. ii, 26, t. 20 ; Kanjildl
For. Fl. (ed. 2), 402 ; Gamble Man. 675 ; Collett FL Siml, 475.—
Vern. Ban, banj (N. W. Him.). — White or grey oak.

A medium-sized or large evergreen tree up to 80 ft. high ; young shoots
hoary or woolly. Leaves coriaceous, pinkish when young and woolly
all over, 3-6 in. long, oblong or ovate -lanceolate, acuminate, mucro-
nate-serrate, glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath ;
main lateral nerves 14-20 pairs, straight, parallel, prominent beneath.
MALE flowers softly pubescent, in slender drooping catkins 2-4 in.
long. Perianth 4-5-lobed. Anthers glabrous. FEM. flowers axillary,
sessile, usually in clusters of 2-5. Styles linear- clavate, spreading.
Cup axillary, solitary or clustered, J in. in diam., embracing half the
conico-ovoid nut when ripe. Nut •£ — 1 in. long, white-tomentose
when young, at length glabrous and brown.

Dehra Dun, in the Mothronwala swamp, at an elevation of 1,900 ft. A
few specimens of this tree planted many years ago on a shady spot in
the Government Garden at Saharanpur managed to survive the
tropical heat during several summers. DISTBIB. : W. Himalaya
from the Indus to Nepal at 2-8,000 ft. It also occurs in the neigh-
bourhood of Chitral in the N. W. Frontier Province, as well as on
the Punjab Salt range and on the Shan hills of Upper Burma. The
tree is very common on the outer ranges of the W. Himalaya and is
often gregarious. It is frequently associated with Rhododendron
arboreum, Pieris ovatifolia (ayar) and occasionally with deodar. The
wood is used as fuel and for making charcoal. The bark contains a
large percentage of tannin, and the leaves are much used as cattle
fodder

QUERCUS.] CVPVLIFEEJE. 165

Q. SERRATA, Tkunb. A handsome deciduous oak of the Central and
E. Himalaya. It has been planted in Dehra Dun where it thrives.
The wood closely resembles that of the English oak, and is much
valued. This tree is found also in China and Japan.

CASTANEA VULGARIS, Lamk. ; Brandts For. Fl. 491 ; Ind. Trees 635 ;
DC. UOrig. PL Cult. 283; Gamble Man. 667. C. vesca, Gcertn.
C. sativa, Mill. — Sweet chestnut. Many attempts have been made to
introduce this tree for cultivation on the outer ranges of the Hima-
laya. Gamble remarks that the most successful results have been
obtained at comparatively low elevations (3-5,000 ft.) with a northern
aspect, and where the rainfall is not excessive. Also a good sandy
soil rather than a clayey one appears to suit the trees best. The
plantations which were started many years ago in Dehra Dun have
been fairly successful, but the nuts are smaller than those yielded by
the European tree and are inferior in quality. It resembles more
nearly the fruit of the tree as grown in Japan and N. America.

CIII. SALICACEJE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, 3-5-nerved at the
base, stipulate. Flowers in catkins, one within each bract, diceci-
ous, rarely monoecious or androgynous, bracteoles none. Perianth
none. Disk of one or more scales or glands, or cupular. MALE
flowers : Stamens 2 or more, filaments free or connate ; anthers
ovate-oblong, bursting longitudinally. FEM. flowers : Ovary sessile
or stipitate, 1 -celled, style short or no^e ; stigmas short, notched or
lobed ; ovules few or many, on 2-4 subbasal or parietal placentas,
erect, anatropous. Fruit, an ovoid or lanceolate 2-4-valved capsule.
Seeds few or many, funicle with a pencil of long silky deciduous
hairs, albumen none, cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short, in-
ferior.— Species about 180, chiefly in N. temperate regions.

SALIX, Linn. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. v, 626.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes small and prostrate. Leaves usu-
ally narrow or small, entire or serrulate, penni nerved ; stipules
various. Flowers small, dioecious, sessile, in erect, usually dense
catkins ; bracts small, entire or rarely toothed. Perianth none.
Disk of 2 scales, anterior or posterior, or of one posterior scale,

166 SALIC ACEM. [ SALIX.

fleshy or glandular. MALE flowers : Stamens 2, rarely 3 or more ;
filaments filiform, free, rarely connate ; anthers usually small.
FEM. flowers : Ovary sessile or stipitate ; placentas 2 ; ovules
usually 4-8 ; style usually short, with 2 short retuse or 2-fid arms.
Fruit, a 2-valved capsule. Seeds with penicillate funicle ; albumen
none ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle inferior. — Species about
160, mostly in N. Temp, regions.

Stamens 4 or more ; flowers appearing after the leaves : —

Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, capsule ovoid,
on long pedicels . . . . 1. S. tetrasperma.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire ; capsule

ovoid-lanceolate, on short pedicels . 2. S. acmophylla.

1. S. tetrasperma, Eoxb. Cor. PL i, 66, t. 97; Fl. Ind. Hi, 573 ;
Royle III. 343 ; Brandis For. Fl. 462, t. 58 ; Ind. Trees 636 ; F. B.
I. v, 626 ; Watt E. D. ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2), 387 ; Gamble Man.
685 ; Collett Fl Siml. 478 ; Prain Beng. PL 989 ; Coolce Fl. Bomb.,
ii, 661. — Vern. Bed, bent, baislii (Hind.), laila, bains (N. W. Ind.),
bilsa, bhiusa (Oudh), jalmdla (Dehra Dun), besa (Bundelkhand),
bhynsh (Bijnor).

A medium -sized tree or shrub. Bark rough with deep vertical furrows.
Young parts silky, the branchlets and underside of leaves sometimes
pubescent. Leaves 3-6 in. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
glaucous beneath, usually regularly serrulate ; petioles J-l in. long.
Male catkins 2-4 in. long. ^Flowers scented. Stamens 5-10. Fern,
catkins 3-5 in. long. Capsules glabrous, long-stalked, style short,
with two spreading, usually entire stigmas. Seeds 4-6.

Abundant within the area, especially on the banks of streams and on
moist swampy ground. It is common in Dehra Dun and on the
Siwalik range, and along the Sub- Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand
and N. Oudh to the Gorakhpur district, and it occurs also in
Bundelkhand and in the Ajmer district. The new foliage appears
during Feb. and March, and it flowers from Feb. to April and some-
times again in the autumn. DISTKIB. : More or less throughout
tropical and subtropical India from the Punjab eastwards to Manipur
and Burma, ascending the Himalayan valleys up to 6,000 ft., and
southwards to Travancore and to the Malay Peninsula and Java. It
is not found in Ceylon nor in the more arid tracts of W. and Central
India. The soft reddish porous wood is used for making gunpowder

SALIX.] SALICACE&. 167

charcoal. The branches are lopped for fodder, and the twigs are
much used by basket-makers. Many varieties of this polymorphous
plant are mentioned in the Fl. Brit. Ind., the majority of which must
be regarded merely as representing geographical forms. Thus Sir
Joseph Hooker distinguishes the prevalent N. W. Indian form as
compared with the southern and eastern ones. In the former the
leaves are usually longer and narrower and become pale-green or
yellowish when dry, and the nerves are more oblique. The pale-
coloured capsules also are larger and on shorter stalks. In the
southern and eastern forms the leaves are usually shorter and broader
and with the upper surface shining, and they are dark- brown when
dry ; the nerves too are nearly horizontal, and the capsules are
smaller and dark-coloured and usually with longer and more slender
stalks. From my own observations I am inclined to believe that the
southern form extends as far north as Mt. Abu and Bundelkhand.

2. S. acmophylla, Boiss. Diagn. vii, 98 ; Fl. Or. iv, 1183 ;
Brandis For. FL; Ind. Trees 636 ; F. B. I. v, 628 ; Watt E. D. ;
Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2), 388 ; Gamble Man. 686.— Vern. Jalmdla.

A moderate -sized glabrous tree, with the trunk up to 7 ft. in girth ;
branches lax, forming a rounded crown ; branchlets often pendulous.
Leaves 2-5 in. long, linear-lanceolate, the upper ones caudate-acu-
minate, entire or serrulate, glaucous beneath. Catkins short, shortly
stalked ; bracts scale-like, ovate or oblong, concave villous. Male
catkins 1-2 in. long, cylindric, dense-flowered. Stamens 4-6. Fern,
catkins nodding, 1 in. long, bracts .deciduous . Capsules ovoid-oblong,
on short stalks ; stigmas sessile, short, entire.

Dehra Dun and Saharanpur forests, Siwalik range and Sub-Himalayan
tracts from the Ganges westwards, often cultivated. Flowers after
the leaves appear. Distrib. : Himalayan valleys up to 6,000 ft. and
westwards to Afghanistan and Baluchistan where it is much culti-
vated for cattle fodder. It is also grown to some extent in gardens
as an ornamental tree. Brandis regarded this tree as intermediate
between S. tetrasperma and the W. African S. Sufsuf. A local form
found in Dehra Dun with reddish fragile branches, gland-serrulate
leaves, and male flowers always with 6 stamens pay prove to be a
distinct species.

S. BABYLONIOA, Linn. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii9 754 ; Brandis For. Fl. 465,
t. 59 ; Ind. Trees 637 ; F. B. I. v, 629 ; Gamble Man. 6SS.— Weeping
willow. — Largely cultivated in the plains of N. W. India in gardens
and on canal banks, also on the Himalaya up to 9,000 ft. It is culti-

168 SALIC ACEM. [ SALIX.

vated in Afghanistan and in S. and Cent. Europe and in most sub-
tropical countries. It may possibly be wild in Persia and Cent.
Asia and in China.

CIV. CERATOPHYLLACEJE.

Slender, fragile, branched, submerged herbs. Leaves whorled,
dichotomously cleft into filiform minutely toothed lobes ; stipules
none. Floioers minute, monoecious, axillary, sessile. MALE- flowers
solitary. Perianth (or involucre) of 6-12 narrow subvalvate 2-fid
segments. Stamens 10-30 ; filaments very short ; anthers erect,
extrorse, dehiscing longitudinally, connective truncate or 2-toothed
at the apex. FEM. flowers : Perianth of the male. Ovary sessile,
ovoid, 1 -celled ; ovule solitary, pendulous, orthotropous ; style
subulate, stigmatic on one side. Fruit, a small coriaceous ovoid or
ellipsoid subcompressed nutlet, terminating in a long subulate
style with a spur projecting from the base on either side. Seed
pendulous ; testa membranous ; albumen none ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons thick ; radicle short, inferior ; plumule many-leaved. —
A single genus, and one variable species distributed in all temperate
and tropical countries.

CEBATOPHYLLUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 639. Characters of the
family.

C. demersum, Linn. Sp. PL 992 ; F. B. I. v, 639 ; Prain Beng.
PL 990 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 663. C. verticillatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
Hi, 624. — Vern. Jhangi (Beng.).

Whole plant 8 in. -3 ft. long, forming a much-branched tangle of slender
branches and leaves which collapse in a tassel when taken out of the
water. Leaves 1 in. long ; segments spreading in water, variable in
thickness and amount of toothing. MALE flowers solitary, in sepa-
rate axils from the female but on the same plant. Anthers large,
white. FEM. flowers. Perianth (or involucre) as in the male, often
with an entire acute (not 2-fid) apex.

Rohilkhand near Moradabad (T. Thomson) ; Kheri in N. Oudh and
Gorakhpur (Duthie) ; Saugor ( Jerdon), and probably overlooked in
many other localities. DISTEIB. : Bengal, ponds and ditches in all
the provinces, and no doubt generally distributed throughout the
greater part of India.

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CLASS II.
GYMNOSPERMS.

CV.— CONIFERJE.

Trees or shrubs, wood-cells studded with disks. Leaves usually
alternate, rigid, linear or subulate, rarely broad, solitary or fas-
cicled in membranous sheaths. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ;
males in deciduous catkins ; females solitary or in cones. Perianth
none. MALE flowers : stamens many, filaments connate in a
globose ovoid oblong orcylindric column; anthers 1- or more- celled,
shortly stipitate or sessile round the axis of the column. FEMALB
flowers : vulos one or more, sessile, naked, usually orthotropous,
seated on a scale (an open carpel) which is free or adnate to the
scale (bnu'Oof a cone. Seeds often winged, testa thick or thin ;
albumen (•• use, flesh v ; embryo axile, straight ; cotyledons 2 or
more ; ia< i -lo terete, often attached to a crumpled thread-like
suspensor. — Species about 350, chiefly in cold regions, rare in Trop.
Africa and America, absent in the W. Peninsula of Indir and in
Ceylon.

P1NUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. 651.

Evergreen monoecious trees. Leaves dimorphic, the rrimary
consisting of small membranous scales ; secondary linear, in clusters
of 2 or 3 or 5 in the axils of the primary, clusters girt at the base
by a sheath of hyaline scales. MALE flowers in spikes, frtaminal
column ovoid, oblong or cylindric ; anthers in many series, shortly
stipitate, 2-celled, connective produced at the apex. FEMALE
cones globose or ovoid, bracts spirally imbricate, ovuliferous scale
much <argrr than the bracts ; ovules 2, at the base of the scale,
reflexed. Ripe cone ovoid or oblong, bracts obsolete or small ;
scales persistent, formed of the enlarged thickened usually woody
i-v 1 ferou? scales the tips of which are often square and with a
boss. Reeds 2, reversed, usually winged, the wing formed by the
adhesion < f the hard testa to a thin separable layer of the scale 9

170 CONIFERS. [PiNus.

cotyledons 2 or more. — Species about 70, confined to the N. Hemis-
phere.

P. longifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 651 ; Eoyle III. 353, t, 85,
f. 1 ; Brandis For. Fl. 506 ; Ind. Trees 690 ; F. B. I. F, 652 ; Watt
Comm. Prod. Ind. 889 ; Kanjildl For. Fl. (ed. 2). 431 ; Gamble Man.
706; Collett Fl. Siml. 485, fig.158.-Vem. Chir, chil (W. Him.),
dhup (Oudh). — Long-leaved pine.

A large more or less deciduous tree with symmetrical branches high
up on the trunk and forming a rounded head of light foliage. Bark
rough, reddish-brown outside, dark -red within, cut by deep fissures
into large irregular thin plates. Leaves in clusters of three, 9-12 in.
or longer, linear, slender, subtriquetrous. Sheaths persistent,
fimbriate, greyish -brown. Male-spikes ovoid, cylindric, about f in.
long. Fertile cones on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved,
solitary or in whorls of 3-5, ovoid-conical, 4-7 in. long when mature
and about 3 in. in diam. above the base. Scales 1J-2 in. long and
f in. broad ; apex much thickened and with a 4-6-lobed tip which
is beaked in the centre. Seeds, including wing, J-l in. long ; its
wing obliquely oblanceolate, obtuse ; cotyledons about 12.
Wild on the Saharanpur Siwalik range at 2-3,000 ft. It is culti-
vated in Dehra Dun and in many other places within the northern
portion of the Upper Gangetic Plain. The tree flowers February
to April, and the seeds are shed during the hot weather of the
following year. The cones remain on the branches long after the
seeds have been shed. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges and in
the valleys of the principal rivers from the Indus to Bhutan at eleva-
tions between 2,000 and 7,500 ft., reaching its highest altitude in
Kumaon. In Sikkim and Bhutan it rarely rises to over 3,000 ft.
The tree is gregarious in the Western Himalaya, where it forms pure
forests over very extensive areas. The resin obtained from the
sapwood of this tree is the most important of its products, which
include tar, turpentine, colophany and charcoal as bye-products.
The quantity of resin obtained per individual tree is much larger
a-s compared with that of the * Blue pine ' (Pinus excelsa), but the
quality is somewhat inferior. The timber is largely used by the
hill men for building and other purposes. It is not very durable,
especially when exposed to wet, and it is very liable both to insect
and fungoid attacks, and is altogether inferior to that of the * Blue
pine.' This latter tree (P. excelsa) occurs abundantly in the Temp.
Himalaya at elevations between 6,000 and 12,500 ft., extending
from Kafristan on the west to Sikkim and Bhutan eastwards,
except for certain gaps in Central and N.-W. Kumaon. — For

HYDROCHARITACEJE. 171

further particulars regarding these two Himalayan pines see
Gamble's "Manual of Indian Timbers" and Brandis' "Forest
Flora of N.-W. and Central India."

The following non-indigenous conifers are met with in gardens
-within the area of the Upper Gangetic Plain : —

THUYA ORIENTALIS, L. — A small evergreen tree of China and Japan,
and sometimes known as the Chinese Arbor -Vitce.

'CupRESSUS SEMPER, VIRENS, L. — A tall evergreen tree, indigenous in
Persia, Syria and Asia Minor. — Cypress. Vern. — Sards (Hind.)
Largely cultivated in the plains of N.-W. India, especially the fas-
tigiate variety.

JTTNTPERUS MACROPODA, Boiss. — Himalayan Pencil Cedar. A small
or medium sized tree of the inner dry ranges of the Western Himala-
ya, ascending to 14,000 ft. in Ladak, and found as low down as
5,000 ft. on the Indus. It has been cultivated in the Saharanpur
Garden, where it appears to thrive. — Vern. Dliup.

ARAUCARIA CUNNINGHAMII Ait. — A tall handsome evergreen tree,
introduced from Queensland. There used tc be a fine specimen of
this tree in the Saharanpur Garden.

ARAUCARIA BIDWILLI, Hook.— The Bunya-Bunya pine of N.-E.
Australia. This tree also thrives at Saharanpur and in other
gardens of North- West India.

(Belonging to the allied and remarkable family of CycadacecB some
mention should be made of Gycas revoluta, Thunb., a Japanese
species introduced into India, and often grown in gardens within
the area of the Upper Gangetic Plain. It is a small palm-like
evergreen tree with linear pinnately divided leaves arranged in
terminal crowns.

CLASS m.

MONOCOTYLEDONS.

CVI.— HYDROCHARITACE-ffiJ.

Aquatic usually submerged herbs. Leaves undivided, usually
narrow and ribbon-like, rarely with a distinct lamina. Flowers
regular, monoecious or dioecious, rarely - sexual, enclosed in an

11 2 HYDROCHARITACE&. [ HYDRILLA,

entire or 2-leaved spathe ; MALE flowers: stamens 3-12, in 1-4
series, anthers 2-celled. FEM. flowers : Solitary. Perianth
superior. Sepals 3, green or petaloid. Petals membranous or
none. Ovary 1-celled, inferior ; placentas 3-6, parietal or intruded3
and sometimes almost meeting at the axis ; styles or style-arms
3-12; ovules many on each placenta, anatropous or orthotropous.
Fruit globose or ovoid, dry or pulpy, rarely dehiscent. Seeds
few or many, albumen none, embryo smooth or lineate. — Species
about 50, in tropical and temperate regions of the world, some of
them marine.

Stems branching, leafy ; leaves small ; spathes
small, sessile : —

Leaves whorled or the lower ones opposite ;

styles undivided ; ovules anatropous . 1. Hydrilla.

Leaves scattered, fascicled or somewhat whorl-
ed ; styles notched ; ovules orthotropous . 2. Lagarosiphon..

Stems none, or with stolons only, or a creeping
rootstock : —

Leaves all long, narrow and sessile ; male
scapes several-fld. : —

Perianth single . . . . .3. Vallisneria.

Perianth double . . . . .4. Blyxa.
Leaves mostly or all petioled : —

Ovary not beaked ; fruit without wings ;

leaves all petioled ; male scapes 2-3*fld. . 5. Hydrocharis.

Ovary beaked ; fruit winged, submerged ;
leaves narrow, the floating ones long-
petioled ; flowers solitary . . .6. Oitelia.

1. HYDRJLLA Rich. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 659.

A submerged leafy freshwater herb. Leaves short, usually
opposite below, 3-4-nately whorled above. Flowers minute,,
dioecious, the males shortly pedicelled, solitary in a subglobose
muricate spathe ; females sessile, 1-2 in a tubular 2-toothed spathe.
MALE flowers : Sepals 3, ovate or obovate, green. Petals 3, oblong
or cuneiform. Stamens 3 ; anthers large, reniform, opening elasti-
cally. Pistillode minute. FEM. flowers : Sepals 3, linear, green?

LAGAROSIPHON.] HYDROCHARITACEM. 173

Petals 3, narrow. Ovary produced beyond the spat he in a filiform
'beak, 1-celled ; styles 2-3, linear, undivided, stigmas fimbriate,
ovules anatropous. Fruit subulate, smooth or muricate. Seeds
2-3, minute, oblong, testa shortly produced at each end. — A single
species found throughout India and in Ceylon extending to
Britain and C. Europe, Mauritius, Madagascar, Trop. Asia and
Australia.

S. vertlcillata. Royle III. 376 ; F. B. I. V, 659 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain
Beng. PL 995 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 668. Serpicula verticillata,
Linn. f. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 578. Vallisneria verticillata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. in, 751.

Stems slender, 1 ft. or more long, branching, flaccid, often rooting
at the nodes ; branches with a short sheathing leaf at the base.
Leaves sessile, 4-8 in a whorl, the lowest often opposite, J-f in.
long, linear or linear-oblong, apiculata, entire or serrulate, midrib
prominent. Flowers J-|- in. long. Perianth-segments very variable.
Fruit smooth or muricate.

Abundant throughout the area of this flora in still or slowly running
water ; common also in all India and in Ceylon. DISTRIB : Sec
under the genus. The small membranous spathes of the male-flowers
ultimately split and liberate the flowers which rise to the surface of
the water, where they float, expand and scatter their pollen. Sugar-
refiners in India use this plant, whilst moist, for covering the surface
of their sugar in order to produce a slow percolation of moisture
;(See Royle HI. 1. c.).

2. LAGAROSIPHON, Harv. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 659.

Submerged fresh- water herbs. Leaves scattered, fascicled or
somewhat whorled ; lower opposite, serrulate. Flowers dioecious.
MALE flowers minute, many in an ovoid 2-fid. axillary spathe.
.iSepals petaloid. Petals rather shorter. Stamens 2 or 3, filaments
short, anthers ovate, with often 2 or 3 staminodes. Pistillode none.
FEM. flowers : Staminodes none. Ovary oblong, produced into a
filiform beak ; styles 3, stout, notched ; ovules many, orthotropous.
JFruit ovoid oblong or linear, pericarp membranous. Seeds many,
testa with a mucous coat. — Species about 12, in India, Africa and
Madagascar.

174 HYDROCHARITACE&. [ LAGAROSIPHON.

L. Roxburgh!!, Benih. in Gen. PL Hi, 451 ; F. B. I. F, 659 ;
Prain Beng. PL 995 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 669. Vallisneria alter-
nifolia, Roxb. Fl. 2nd. Hi, 750.

Stems filiform, 2-3 ft. long ; roots fibrous ; upper branches floating*
Leaves sessile, alternate and opposite, 3-4 in. long, oblong'-lanceolate,
acute, minutely serrulate. MALE flowers : Spathe ovoid, at length
2-valved, enclosing many minute shortly stalked flowers. Sepals
shortly oblong, pink. Petals about as long as sepals, white. Stamens
2 ; anthers opening transversely. FEM. flowers : Spathe J in. long,.
tubular, 2-fid. Ovary lanceolate, tipped with a filiform flexuous
beak.

Common within the area in tanks and streams. DISTRIB. : Throughout
the plains of India and in Ceylon, extending to China and Japan.

3. VALLISNERIA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 660.

Submerged tufted stemless stoloniferous herbs. Leaves very
long, linear. Flowers dioecious, the males numerous, minute, in
an ovoid 3-lobed shortly peduncled spathe, the females solitary
in a tubular 3-toothed spathe terminal on a very long filiform
spiral scape ; sepals 3, petals 3, minute or none. MALE flowers. r
Stamens 1-3, filaments rather thick, anthers didymous. Pistillode
none. FEM. flowers : Staminodes 3, each 2-fid. Ovary narrow,
not produced upwards ; stigmas 3, broad, notched, ovules numerous.
Fruit linear, included in the spathe. Seeds numerous, oblong,
testa membranous. — Species about 4, in the warmer regions of
both hemispheres.

V. spiralis, Linn. Sp. PI 1015 ; F. B. I. V., 660 ; Watt E. D. ;
Prain Beng. PL 996 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 669. V. spiraloides, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. Hi, 750.

Leaves radical, narrowly linear, varying in length with the depth of
the water, translucent, entire, or serrulate at the tips. MALE flowers
many, minute, in shortly stalked spathes ; when ready to open they
become detached and rise to the surface of the water, the expanded
perianth acting as a float. FEMALE flowers solitary within a 3~
toothed spathe and borne on a long spiral stalk, the uncoiling of
which brings the flower to the surface to be fertilized by the floating
males, after which the female scape coils up again into a close spiral

BLYXA.] HYDROCHARITACEM. 175

dragging the young fertilized female flower to within a small distance
of the muddy bottom of the water to ripen.

Abundant within the area. DISTRIB. : — More or less throughout India
and in Ceylon, extending westwards to Spain, and in most warm
regions of the World.

4. BLYXA, Thouars ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 660.

Annual, submerged, tufted, scapigerous herbs. Leaves linear,
acute, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers 2-sexual or dioecious ;
scapes long or short ; males pedicelled, several in a tubular 2-toothed
spathe, long-peduncled ; 2-sexual or fern, flowers solitary, sessile
within a tubular 2-toothed spathe. Sepals 3, linear. Petals 3,
linear, longer than the sepals. MALE flowers : Stamens normally
3-seriate, 1 or more often reduced to staminodes ; anthers narrow,
erect. Pistillodes 3, slender. FEM. flowers solitary. Staminodes
none or minute. Ovary linear, 1 -celled, beaked ; style very short ;
stigmas 3, filiform, ovules many. Fruit linear, included in the ribbed
narrow ventricose spathe ; pericarp membranous. Seeds many,
oblong, smooth or tubercled, often tailed. — Species 7 or 8, in Tropt,
Asia, Madagascar, Australia and in Sumatra.

Leaves not serrulate ; flowers dio3cious ;

stamens 8 . • . . . 1. B. Roxburghii.

Leaves serrulate ; flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 3 2. B. oryzeiorum.

1 B. Roxbnrgbii, Rich, in Mem. Inst. Fr. (1881) 77, t. 5 ; F.
B. I. F., 660 ; Prain Beng. PL 996 ; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, 670. Vailis-
neria octandra, Roxb. ; FL Ind. Hi, 572. — Vern. Syala (Beng.).

A submerged tufted annual. ' Leaves radical, 8-24 in. long, linear, entire,
broad at the base, finely acuminate at the apex. Flowers dioecious,
white. MALE flowers : Scape straight, as long as or longer than the
leaves. Stamens 8 ; filaments unequal, shorter than the petals.
FEM. flowers : Scape shorter and thicker than in the males. Fruit
2-4 in. long. Seeds ^V in. long, distinctly tuberculate, shortly tailed.

I have seen no specimens from the Upper Gangetic Plains, but being
widely distributed in Bengal in still water it has in all probability been
overlooked. It is said to be plentiful throughout the Bombay Pre-
sidency, and is found also in Malay Peninsula and in Australia.

176 H JDEOCHAEITACEM. [ BLYXA.

2, B. oryzetorum, Hook. f. in F. B. I. V, 661 ; Prain Bcng.
PL 997. Diplosiphon oryzetorum, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot.
167, t. 167.

A submerged tufted annual. Leaves 4-6 in. long, with serrulate edges.

Scape very short. Flowers 2 sexual. Stamens 3. Capsule 1-1 1 in.

long by J in. wide. Seeds ^ in., sparsely tubercled ; tails none or

very short.
Bundelkhand (Edgeworth, No. 9002). DISTRIB. : Kashmir (Jacque-

mont), also on the Khasia Mountains.

5. HYDROCHARIS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 662.

Aquatic floating herbs. Leaves petioled, orbicular or reniform,
entire. Flowers monoecious ; males 2-3 in a peduncled 2-foliate
spathe ; females solitary within a spathe. Sepals 3, herbaceous.
Petals 3, white, membranous. MALE flowers. Stamens 6 or 9 ;
staminodes 6 or 3 ; filaments forked, anther-cells basifixed.
FEMALE flowers. Staminodes 6, in pairs. Ovary ovoid, 6-celled ;
ovules many ; stigmas 6, linear, 2-fid. Fruit an ovoid or oblong
fleshy berry, 6-celled. Seeds numerous ; testa pulpy, filled with
spiral vessels ; embryo ovoid. — Species 2 or 3, in Europe and Asia.

H. cellulosa, Buck.- Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5042 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 997. H. Morsus-Ran«, F. B. I. V, 662 (in part) ; Eoyle III.

377.

Prain in his Beng. Plants follows Buchanan-Hamilton in consider-
ing this plant as specifically distinct from the European H. Morsus-
Ranaz, to which it has been referred in the Fl. Brit. Ind. The reni-
form leaves are much less deeply lobed at the base, and after flower-
ing they become very much enlarged. The male flowers contain 12
antheriferous stamens, 3 of which are sterile. "Within the area of
this flora specimens of this plant were collected by Buchanan-Hamil-
ton in the Gorakhpur district, and by the present writer in the N.
Oudh district of Bahraich. The plant appears to be common also in
N. and Central Bengal.

6. OTTELIA, Pers. ; FL Brit. Ind. v, 662.

Submerged or partially floating fresh-water herbs with fibrous
roots. Leaves radical, crowded, the submerged narrow and shortly

QRCH1DACE&. 177

•petioled, the floating long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate oblong or
•cordate. Flowers solitary, 2-sexual, sessile within a tubular long-
•peduncled spathe. Sepals 3, linear or oblong. Petals 3, longer
than the sepals, obovate or orbicular, with fleshy basal appendages.
Stamens 6-15, in 2-5 series, anthers erect. Ovary oblong, beaked,
almost 6-celled ; styles 6, linear, 2-fid. ; ovules many, placentas
diffuse. Fruit oblong, 6-valved, enclosed in the spathe, 3-6- winged.
Seeds many, oblong, testa pulpy. — Species 6 or 7, in tropical or
•subtropical regions of the world.

O. alismoldes, pers. Syn. i, 400; F. B. I. F, 662 ; Prain Beng.
PL 997 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 671. Damasonium indicum, Willd ;
Moxb. FL IncL ii, 216.

A succulent flaccid herb, submerged or partially floating. Leaves
variable, 2-6 in. long, oblong or orbicular, cordate, membranous, un-
dulate, 7-11-nerved; petioles trigonous. Spathe 1-1J in. long,
1-flowered, 5-6-winged.; peduncles varying in length with the depth
of the water; wings of spathe unequal, undulate ; mouth 5-6-toothed.
Sepals small, oblong, green. Petals suborbicular, about 1 in. broad,
white with yellow base, reticulate- veined. Ovary narrowly oblong ;
placentas 6-12. Fruit 1-1J in. long, ellipsoid, crowned by the per-
sistent perianth.

Abundant within the area of this flora, in tanks and slow-running water.
DISTRIB. : Throughout India and in Ceylon, extending to Australia.

C VII.— ORC HIDACE JE.

Herbs of various habit, rarely shrubby, of two principal forms :
"either (1) terrestrial tuberous-rooted herbs with annual herbaceous
simple stems and solitary or spicate or racemose flowers ; or (2)
•epiphytes with perennial stems or branches variously thickened
and often forming a pseudobulb, flowering from the top sides or
base of the pseudobulb ; bracts usually present. Flowers 2-sexual,
irregular, often showy. Perianth superior, of 6 free or variously
combined segments in two series ; 3 outer segments (sepals) more
or less alike, the 2 lateral sometimes connate in a short or long sac
or spur-like base (mentum) ; 3 inner (petals) dissimilar, the 2 lateral
;alike, the other (lip) usually very differently shaped. Stamens
-and style united in a column opposite the lip ; fertile anthers usually

178

OECHIDACEM.

one (2 in Cypripediece), on the front or top or back of the column-
and free or adnate to it, 2-celled or by subdivision 4-celled; top of the-
column sometimes produced towards the lip into a beak (rostellum) j,
pollen-grains usually coherent in each cell into 1, 2, or 4 pairs of
oblong globose or pyriform waxy or powdery masses (pollinia),
which are free or attached by pairs or fours immediately, or by a
stalk (caudicle) to a gland. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, usually linear
or twisted ; stigma one or two viscid spots on the top or concave
face of the column, opposite the lip and below the anther, rarely
discoid and above the two anthers (in Cypripediece) ; ovules many,
minute. Fruit a capsule, usually opening by 3 or 6 longitudinal
fissures, rarely fleshy and subinclehiscent. Seeds many, minute,
with a lax hyaline testa enclosing a homogeneous nucleus. — Species*
about 5,000, in temperate and tropical regions, rarely arctic.
Anther single : —
Polliuia waxy : —

Pollinia free, or those of each cell held
together at the base by a viscid ap-
pendage, not attached by their bases or
by a caudicle to the rostellum : —

Pollinia 4 : —

Leaves equitant, xuiaceous or fleshy.

Epiphytic her * . . . .1. OBERONIA.
Leaves not eq j cant. Usually ter-
restrial herbs —

Leaves membranous, rarely coriace-
ous : —
Lip sup .f ior, with basal auricles ;

column very short . .2. MICROSTYLIS*

Lip inferior, without basal

auricles ; column long . . 3,. LIPABIS.

Epiphytic herbs with coriaceous
leaves : —

Stems solitary or cssspitose, or
composed of discrete pseudo-
bulbs basally attached on a
Jong or short rhizome ; column
prolonged into a foot : —
Tap not articulate on the foot

of the column . . .4. DENDROBIUM*.

ORCHID ACE IE.

5. BI/LBOPHYLLUM.

6. PHOLIDOTA.

7. PACHYSTOMA*

8. THUNIA.

9. ERIA.

Lip articulate on the foot of
the column and mobile

Steins jointed, composed of
elongated pseudobulbs at-
tached to a woody core ;
leaves solitary or in pairs,
chartaceous ; column without
a foot .....

Pollinia 8

Terrestrial herbs without pseudo-
bulbs : —

Scapes from a stout rhizome, flower-
ing before the leaves appear

Steins leafy ; flowers large, appear-
ing with the leaves .

Pseudobulbous epiphytes ; column
with a long foot ....

Pollinia attached singly or in pairs or fours
through one or rarely two caudicles to a
stigmatic gland : —

Pollinia 2, rarely 4 in Cymbidium : —

Terrestrial glabrous herbs with fleshy
tubers or rhizomes, rarely pseudo-
bulbous ; flowers in peduncled
racemes ; leaves chartaceous or
membranous, plicate* —

Lip distinctly 3-lobed, saccate or
. spurred at the base ; inflore-
scence straight . . .10. EULOPHIA.

Lip obscurely 3-lobed, widely ven-

tricose at the base, but not

spurred; inflorescence at first

decurved . . . .11. GEODORUM.

Epiphytic herbs, rarely terrestrial or

leafless, usually with long linear

coriaceous leaves sheathing on a

large fleshy pseudobulb ; scapes

racemose, column footless or very

slightly produced ; lip not spurred 12, CYMBIDIUM.

i80 ORCHIDACE&.

Epiphytic herbs, never terrestrial ;
pseuodobulbs none : —
Stem very short, leaves few,

crowded, pendulous, broad, flat

and softly coriaceous ; flowers in

long, often branching, racemes ;

lip with a long claw ; midlobe

2-lobulate; lateral lobes fimbri-

ate; spur bent . 13., ORNITHOCHILTTS,

Stems more or less elongate ; leaves
coriaceous, flat, or fleshy and
terete : —
Lip not spurred ; leaves terete . 14. LUISIA. •

Lip spurred, adnate to the
column or its foot ; leaves flat,
1 orate : —
Column with a long foot . 15. ABIDES.

Column slightly produced into
a foot : —

Spur with neither calli nor
septum within : —

Spur compressed laterally,
deep, pubescent at the
mouth ; side-lobes of lip
none . . . .16. RHYNCHOSTYLISJ

Spur not compressed,

rarely (in Vanda)

reduced to a gibbous

swelling : —

Side-lobes of lip usually
large (small in Vanda
Roxburghii), spur

widely funnel-shaped,
glabrous at the
mouth ; flowers usu-
ally large (small in
Vanda parviflora)
caudicle of pollinia
short and broad . 17. VANDA.

ORCHIDACEJE. 181

Side-lobes of lip small

or none ; spur narrow

and cylindric, or short

and widely saccate ;

mouth naked or fim-

briate ; caudicle of

pollinia very narrow 18. SACCOLABIUM.

Spur within partially or

tf completely occluded by

calli : —

Spur occluded by a dorsal

scale or by calli on

the anterior or posterior

walls, fyut without a

septum . . .19. CLEISOSTOMA.
Spur within partially

occluded by calli and

divided by a vertical

antero-posterior septum

into two lateral

chambers . . .20. SARCANTHU'S.

Pollinia powdery or lamellate, not waxy : —

Anther terminal, pollinia 2 or 4 ; leaf solitary,

radical, appearirg alter the flowers . 21. POQONIA.

Anther dorsal ; pollinia 2, bipartite ;
leaves several, appearing with the flower,
racemes drooping ; lip with a concave
or saccate much depressed hypochile
jointed at a right angle to the epichile . 22. EPIPACTIS.

Stigma single, anticous ; lip saccate, the

sac usually setose within . . . 23. GOODYERA.

Stigmas two. distant, lateral ; pollinia
bipartite; lip saccate, the sac with
calli of lamina- within . . .24. ZEFXINE.

Anthers two, each with one perfect cell ; cells
sessile on the column, remote or contiguous,
always separate ; pollinia 2. often bipartite,
adnate with or without caudicles to separate
glands ; leaves flat, membranous. Terrestrial
herbs . . 25. HABENARIA.

IS2 ORCH1DACEM. [ OBERONIA.

1. OBERONIA, Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 675.

Epiphytic herbs, with usually very short often tufted stems.
Leaves coriaceous or fleshy, usually ensiform distichous and equitant, t
very rarely terete. Flowers minute, in dense sub-cylindric spikes,
4>r racemes, expanding centrifugally. Sepals broadly ovate or
oblong, subequal. Petals as wide as or narrower than the sepals.
Lip larger than the sepals, 2-4-lobed, the hypochile more or less
concave. Column very short and stout, rarety winged. Anther
terminal or incumbent ; pollinia 4, cohering in pairs, waxy. —
Species about 60, Indo-Malayan region, extending to China, Aus-
tralia and the Pacific Islands.

Lip without lateral lobes or basal auricles . 1. 0. pachyrachis.
Lip with lateral lobes : — #

Lip oblong, with small lateral lobes . . 2. 0. Fcdconeri.

Lip obcordate, with large broad lateral lobes 3. O. ensiformis.

1. O. pachyrachis, Eeidib. /. in Herb. Kew. ex Hook. /. in F. B.

1. F, 681 ; King and Pantl. in Ann. R. Bot. Card. Calc. viii, 4, t.
3 ; Duthie id., ix, pt. 2, 85.

Stems very short, tufted. Leaves 3-4 in. long, narrowly ensiform and
slightly falcate, acute. Peduncle of inflorescence, short, broad, com-
pressed, adnate to a leaf nearly to its apex. Spike 4-5 in. long,
equalling or a little longer than its leaf. Flowers minute, pale-brown,
sunk singly in rather distant pits in the fleshy rhachis ; bracts ovate-
rotund, irregularly serrulate. Sepals elliptic, obtuse, glandular on
the back, not reflexed. Petals smaller, linear-oblong, obtuse, suben-
tire. Lip without lateral lobes or basal auricles, orbicular-elliptic,
obtuse, concave, entire or slightly erose at the apex and with a deep
depression at the base. Capsule short, turgid, often gibbous ; ribs
not prominient.

Dehra Dun, on trunks and branches of trees (Vicary, Falconer, Duthie,
etc.). Flowers after the rainy season. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of
Himalaya from Garhwal eastwards to Sikkim, up to 4,000 ft.; also
on the Khasia Hills.

2. O. Falconer!, Hook. /. in F. B. I. F, 678 ; Ic. PI. t. 1780 ;
Prain Beng. PI. 1004 ; Duthie in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, pt.

2, 86, t. 94 ; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, 676. 0 iridifolia, Wall, {not of
Lindl.),

OBERONIA. ] ORCHID ACEM. 183

-Stems short. Leaves 1-2J in. long, broadly ensiform, straight or falcate,
acute, coriaceous. Peduncle of inflorescence, stout, shorter than the
leaves, terete, bracteate. Racemes erect or decurved, longer than the
leaves ; rbachis stout, deeply grooved in fruit. Flowers minute,
shortly stalked ; floral bract longer than ovary, ovate-lanceolate ,
acuminate, the margins serrulate. Sepals and petals brownish -
yellow. Sepals ovate, acute, reflexed. Petals spreading, falcately
lanceolate, obtuse, longer and narrower than the sepals. Lip oblong
or subquadrate, green, the upper surface glistening with many gland-
like specks ; lateral lobes small, with truncate emarginate tips ;
the apey with two small incurved obtuse lobes separated by a broad
sinus. Anther obovate, its lip emarginate. Capsule J-£ in. long,
shortly stalked.

Dehra Dun (Wallich, Falconer, Duthie, etc.). Common as an epiphyte
on mango trees. Flowers in Sep. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of Hima-
laya from the Jumna to Sikkim, up to 3,500 ft.; also on the Khasia
Hills and in Chota Nagpur and in the Konkan.

3. O. ensiformis, Lindl. Fol. Orch. Oberon. 4 ; F. B. I. V; 679 ;
King and Panil. in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 9, t. 9 ; Duthie id
4x, pt. 2, 86.

2f-3] ft. long, Leaves 10-18 in. long and up to f in. wide, linear-
eniviform, acuminate, falcate. Inflorescence erect, shorter than the
leaves, subtruncate, its peduncle 2-2} in. long, bearing many
minute lanceolate appressed pale bracteoles ;, raceme about twice the
length of the peduncle ; its rhachis thick, fleshy, terete ; floral bracts
longer than the ovary, convolute, ovate-rotund, subacute, erose.
Flowers -^ in. long, not sunk in the rhachis, pale-brown. Sepals
reflexed, subequal, broadly ovate, subacute, entire not ciliolate.
Petals ovate, subacute, stiffly pubescent, the edges entire and ciliolate.
Lip twice as long as the sepals, 3-lobed, with two large rounded
entire basal lobes ; mesochile subquadrate, smooth, slightly concave,
bearing on its edges two large projecting blister-like processes ; ter-
minal lobe obreniform, with two rounded lobules separated by a
broad subquadrate apical sinus, the whole surface and margins of lip,
except the smooth mesochile, clothed with stiff hairs.

Dehra Dun, chiefly on sal trees (Falconer, King, Mackinnon, Duthie).
Flowers during Nov. DISTRIB. : Up to 3,000 ft. on the adjacent
Himalaya, extending eastwards to Nepal, Sikkim and the Khasia
Hills ; recorded also from the Nilgiris.

184 ORCHIDACE.E. [ MICROSTYLIS.

2. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 686.

Terrestrial or epiphytic, rarely saprophytes, often pseudo-
bulbous. Leaves one or more, membranous, plicate, continuous-
with their sheaths. Flowers small, in terminal racemes, resupinate.
Sepals spreading or recurved, subequal. Petals narrower than*
the sepals and about as long. Lip adnate to base of column, usually
flat, with or without basal lobes ; apex emarginate or 2-3-lobed.
Column usually very short with two short spreading arms. Anther
subterminal, or accumbent, 2-celled ; pollinia 4, ovoid or obovoid,
waxy. — Species about 70, in temperate and tropical Asia and
America.

M. Macklnnoni Duthie in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxi, pt. 2, 37 ;
Ann., E. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, pt. 2, 88, t. 95.

Terrestrial, whole plant up to 7 in. high. Stem short, swollen below,,
rising from the base of the previous year's pseudo-bulb. Leaves two
or three, horizontal, unequal, the large.- 1 2J in. long by 1 in. broad *
ovate, obtuse, cordate and amplexicaul at the bate, fleshy; upper
surface dark brownish-green ; the lower surface purplish ; nerves 3-7,
reddish-purple, prominent beneath, the interspaces bullate. Scape
about 3 in. long, sharply 4-angular. Receme about as long as the
scape ; bracts subulate, longer than the ovary, reflexed, persistent.
Flowers sessile, about J in. long, dull-yellowish and reddish-purple.
Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, subacute ; lateral shorter, subfalcate,
edges of all reflexed. Petals linear, shorter than the sepals, reflexed.
Lip with a prominent transverse rim dividing its basal and apical
portions ; basal lobes falcately ovate-lanceolate, often continuous or
overlapping at the tips ; apical portion deeply bifid and protruded,
crimson-purple. Column with fleshy rounded arms. Anthers with a
truncate or emarginate lip. Ovary clavate, not twisted.

Dehra Dun, on Kalanga hill, at 2- 3,000 ft. (P. W. Mackinnon). Flowers
July and Aug. DISTKIB. : Outer ranges of Garhwal Himalaya, up to
6,000 ft., easily distinguished from M. Wallichii by its leaf -coloration f
also the flowers are smaller and the lip is very differently shaped.

3. LIPARIS, Rich. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 691.

Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs, with or without pseudobulbs*
Leaves one or more, membranous or coriaceous, continuous with
the p.heath or thickened and jointed at the base. Flowers small,.

LIPARIS. ] ORCHID ACE M. 185

in terminal racemes, resupinate or not. Sepals spreading or re-
curved, the margins usually revolute. Petals much narrower
than the sepals and about as long. Lip adnate to the base of the
column, usually broad, flat or deflexed from the middle, sometimes
concave and with calli near the base. Column elongate, often
arched, usually winged near the apex and tumid, or dilated and
compressed at the base. Anther terminal ; pollinia 4. — Species
about 120, in temperate and tropical regions.

Leaf solitary, membranous . • . 1. L. di^don.

Leaves two, coriaceous . . . 2. L. longipes.

1. L dlodon, Reiclib. /. in Linncea xli, 43 ; Ridley in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxii, 285 ; F, B. L F, 696 ; Duthie in Ann. ~R. Bot. Gard.
Calc. ix, part 2, 97.

Leaf solitary, elongate, spathulate, obtuse, membranous. Scape angled,
naked ; bracts minute. Sepals linear. Petals filiform. Lip cuneate,
angled on both sides at the base, then dilated, subquadrate, crenu-
late, apiculate. Column slender, curved, 2-toothed at the base.
Anther not beaked.

Dehra Dun (Hort. W. Sanders). I have seen no specimens of this
plant.

2. L. longipes, Lindl in Wall. PL As. Ear. i, 31, t. 35 ; F. B.

I. F, 703 ; K. & P. in Ann. R. Bot. Qtrd. Calc. viii, 29, t. 37,; Duthie
id. ix, part 2, 97. L. spathulata, Lindl. •

Epiphytic. Pseudobulbs close together in a row, cy indric and stem
like or swollen at the base, 3-6 in. long, with a few vertical striae and
with tightly clasping sheaths. Leaves 2, jointed at the base upon
the leaf-sheath or on pseudobulbs, 4-6 in. lon^, oblanoeolate-oblong,
subacute to acuminate, sometimes aristate. Inflorescence erect,
shorter or longer than the leaves ; peduncle slender, terete, ebrateate ;
raceme twice as long as the peduncle, manv-flowered ; floral bracts
linear-lanceolate, shorter than the pedioelled ovary. Flowers about
\ in. lonoj, pale yellowish-green. Sepih 1 -nerved, linear-oblong, sub-
acute. Petals shorter than the sepals, linear, obtuse, reflexed, ancj
with recurved margins as are the sepals. Lip about as long as the
lateral sepals, broadly oblong, recurved from about the middle,
inner margins at the base much thickened so as to form triangular
processes but without true calli ; margins entire, the apex broad
and shortly apiculate. Column slightly curved and with small
rounded wings.

18 6 ORCHID ACE M. [ LIPARIS .

Pehra Dun (Falconer, Mackinnon, Duthie). Flowers in. Sep. DISTRIB. :
Subtrop. Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaon, up to 3,000 ft., and
eastwards to Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, also on the Nil-
giris and in Ceylon, extending to China and to the Malay and Pacific
Islands. A widely distributed and polymorphic species. The
Dehra Dun plant agrees best with Lind ley's L. spathulata, which has
shorter and thicker pseudobulbs, rather broader leaves and shorter
racemes than in the type. Hooker observes that it occurs frequently
in company with the form having long pseudobulbs, and that inter-
mediates abound.

4. DENDROBIUM, Swartz ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 710.

Epiphytic herbs. Pseudobulbs short and fleshy or elongate
and stem-like, usually tufted. Leaves usually sessile and with
slender bases, never plicate. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or
racemes, often large and showy. Sepals subequal, the lateral
pair obliquely adnate to the foot of the column and forming with it
a sac or mentum. Petals usually similar to the sepals. Lip sessile
or clawed at the base, adnate to and incumbent on the foot of the
column ; side-lobes embracing the column, or spreading, or absent ;
terminal lobe broad or narrow, flat convex concave or saccate,
the disk sometimes lamellate. Column short, with a long or short
foot and with usually a nectar-secreting cavity at its extremity,
the apex angled or 2-toothed. Anther 2-celled ; pollinia 4, equal
in length, usually all slightly coherent but sometimes in free pairs,
ovoid or oblong, slightly compressed, waxy. — Species 700 or more,
in Temp, and Trop. regions of both hemispheres.

Flowers small, not exceeding J in. across, dull-
yellow with stripes of red spots . . . 1. D. bicameratum.
Flowers about 1 J in. across or larger : —
Basal portion of lip convolute : —

Apical portion of lip pale-yellow, basal

portion white . . 2. D. primulinum.

Lip pale-yellow with purple veins at the

base 3. D. Pierardi.

Lip convolute throughout its length, pale-
yellow with reddish-purple veins . . 4. D. Gamblei.

DENDKOBIUM. ] ORCRIDACEM. 187

1. D. blcameratum. Lindl. in Bot. Eeg. (1839), Misc. 85 ;
F. B. I. V, 729 ; K. & P. Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Calc., viii, 42, t. 56 ;
Duihie, id. ix, part 2, 95 ; Prain Beng. PI. 1,009. D. breviflorum
Lindl? D. bulbiflorum, Falc. mss. in F. B. I. 1. c. ; Ic. PI. t. 2028.

Stems 12-18 in. long, clavate or fusiform. Leaves coriaceous, 3-4 in.
long, linear-lanceolate to el lip tic -oblong, obliquely and minutely 2-fid.
at the apex. Flowers about J in. across, dingy -yellow speckled with
stripes of red, densely crowded on a short sheathed peduncle ; flower-
ing bract sheathing the shortly stalked ovary. Dorsal sepal ovate-
oblong, subacute; lateral pair triangular, concave, subacute. Petals
about as long as the sepals, broadly elliptic, obtuse. Lip fleshy,
concave, 3-lobed ; side lobes small, erect, triangular, acute ; mid-lobe
very short, truncate, the disk fleshy and smooth. Column very
short, with two large oblong nectar-secreting cells. Mentum urceo-
late. Anther fleshy.

Dehra Dun (Gollan, Gamble). Flowers in Aug. DISTRIB. : Outer
Himalayan ranges of Garhwal and Kumaon, up to about 4,000 ft. ,
and eastwards to Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, and Burma ; it occurs
also on Parasnath in Behar.

2. D. primulinum, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. (1858) 223 ; Journ.
Linn. Soc. m, 12 ; F. B. I. v, 735 ; Duihie in Ann. E. Bot. Gard.
-Calc. ix, pt. 2, 97, t. 98.

•Stems 10-12 in. long, pendulous. Leaves about 4 in. long, broadly
oblong, coriaceous, the upper ones smaller. Flowers solitary from
the nodes of the leafless stems, shortly pedicel led, 2J in. across ;
floral bracts minute, emarginate. Sepals and petals white, or tinged
with pink or pale-blue. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
spreading or reflezed. Petals smaller, linear-lanceolate, acute, erect
or spreading. Lip broadly oblong (when spread flat), very shortly
clawed, about 1£ in. long and nearly as broad, convolute towards the
base, with a broad central lamellate band, margins strongly ciliate ;
basal portion white ; apical portion pale primrose-yellow, puberu-
lous ; mentum rounded. Column produced into a rather long foot
and with 2 horn-like processes at the apex, pale-blue. Anther
puberulous, its lip toothed.

Dehra Dun, at Nalapani (Gamble). Flowers in April. DISTRIB.
Outer Himalayan ranges of Garhwal up to about 3,000 ft. There
has been some confusion in regard to the distribution of this species.
Under D. crepidatum in the Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 740 Sir Joseph Hooker
remarks. " A specimen in Herb. Kew, marked ' Garhwal, Falconer '

188 ORCHIDACEM. [ DENDROBIUMV

is perhaps a cultivated one.'* This evidently refers to the two scraps
of D. crepidatum glued down on the same sheet with Falconer's
specimens of D. primulinum. There is also on the same sheet
Falconer's original ticket referring to the specimens of D. primulinum
and bearing the manuscript name of D. petrocarpum. Both D.
primulinum and D. crepidatum were found by Falconer, and they
were no doubt cultivated in the Saharanpur Garden and sent thence
to Kew under one name. The supposition that D. primulinum
was ever found wild in Sikkim is probably an error.

3. D. Pierardl, Roxb. in Hook. Exot. FL t. 9 ; Fl. Ind. iii, 483 ;
F. B. I. V, 738 ; Prain Beng. PL 1009 ; K. & P. in Ann. E. Bot.
Gard. Gale, viii, 51, t. 72 ; Duthie id. ix, pt. 2, 97.

Stems slender, pendulous, ,2-3 ft. long. Leaves sessile, 2-5 in. long,
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sub-acuminate, caducous. Flowers
about 1J in. across, solitary or 2-3 together, on very short minutely
bracteate peduncles which proceed from the slightly swollen nodes
of the leafless stems, rose-coloured or pale-purple, the lip yellow
with purple radiating veins at the base. Sepals subequal, oblong-
lanceolate, subacute. Petals elliptic, obtuse, as long as the sepals,
but broader. Lip sub-orbicular (when spread out), without side-
lobes, the claw very short, edges shortly ciliate on the apical half,
basal portion convolute, upper surface pubescent. Column about
equalling its foot in length the latter with a nectary at its extremity.
Anther with a curved erose lip. Capsule about 2 in. long.

Dehra Dun, on the banks of the Song river and in the adjacent forests
(Gamble, Mackinnon). Flowers in May.. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges
of the Kumaon Himalaya up to about 3,000 ft., extending eastwards
to Nepal, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills ; also in Assam, Bengal, Chota
Nagpur and southwards to S. India and Tenasserim, and extending
to China.

4. D. Gamble!, King and Pantl. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXVI,
part 2j 584 ; Duthie in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, part 2, 99, t. 99.

slender, pendulous, 1-2 ft. long, with short scarious sheaths at
the nodes. Leaves sessile, up to 3 in. long, subfalcately ovate-lan-
ceolate, subacuminate, thick, caducous ; veins obscure. Peduncles
solitary or in pairs from the nodes of the leafless stems ; floral bract
very small, lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers about 1J in. across,
inodorous. Sepals and petals subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, with
reflexed tips, pale greenish-yellow, 5-nerved. Lip about f in. long,.

M. ] ORCHIDAOEJE. 189

convolute throughout its length, broadly elliptic-oblong or subquad-
rate when spread out ; margins fimbriate-serrate except at the
cuneate and clawed base ; apex obtusely cuspidate ; upper surface
with a broad central grooved band villous towards the apex ; vein?
reddish-purple, bifurcating within the margin. Column nearly | in.
long, its narrow elongate foot with a small ovate laciniate nectary
at its base; mentum elongate, slightly curved- and spur-like.
Anther minutely papillose outside, its lip denticulate.

Delira Dun (Gamble) on trees. Flowers June-August. DISTRIB.:
(iarhwal Himalaya, up to 3,000 ft. Recorded also as occurring on
the Nilgiri Hills. It is closely allied to D. macrostachyum, Lindl
a species of S. India and Ceylon.

5?BULBOPHYLLUM, Thouars ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 752.

Epiphytic herbs. Pseudobulbs from a creeping rhizome, rarely
none, 1 (rarely 2)-leaved. Flowers on scapes from the rhizome
and usually close to the pseudobulbs, solitary, capitate, umbellate,
or in spikes or racemes. Sepals subequal or the lateral pair rather
longer than the dorsal one and free or connate under the lip.
•Petals usually smaller than the dorsal sepal. Lip jointed on the
foot of the column, mobile, small and usually much recurved.
Column very short, often 2-aristate at the apex. Anther 2-celled ;
pollinia 4, free, the two inner smaller (rarely suppressed). — Species
nearly 200, chiefly in tropical and sub-tropical Asia, a few in Africa,
America and Australia.

B. polyrhizum, Lindl. Gen. and Spec. Orch. 53 ; HL in F. B.
I. v, 767 ; Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. V, pt. 7, 15, t. 23 ; K. and P.
id. viii, 70, t. 95 ; Duihie id. ix, pt. 2, 105.

Rhizome thread-like, branching; pseudobulbs crowded or distant,
globular or ovoid, smooth, base broad. Leaf 2J in. long, narrowly
oblong, subacute, slightly narrowed to the sessile base, deciduous
before the flowers open. Scape filiform, about 4 in. long, the sub-
erect peduncle longer than the raceme, bearing 1 or 2 minute bracts ;
raceme inclined. Flowers about 6, distant, secund, pale-yellow, £ in.
long ; floral bracts minute, oblong, about as long as the short stalk of
ovary. Sepals spreading ; dorsal one ovate, concave ; lateral pair
longer, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, 3-nerved. Petals much shorter
than the sepals, broadly ovate, acute, I -nerved. Lip stalked,
deflexed, oblong, obtuse, scaberulous. Column shortly toothed, its
foot short and slightly curved. Anther papillose, its lip acute.

190 ORCHIDACEdE. [ BULBOPHYLLUM..

Dehra Dun (Gamble) ; flowers during June and July. DISTKIB. r
Kumaon in the Gori Valley, up to 4,500 ft. (Duthie), and from Nepal
eastwards to Sikkim and on the Khasia and Naga Hills.

6. PHOLIDOTA, Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Tnd. v, 844.

Epiphytes with jointed and often branching stems, the internodes
resembling pseudobulbs, or with tufted pseudobulbs. Leaves
in pairs or solitary, membranous, many-nerved. Flowers small,
racemore, subglobose, expanding from above downwards, usually
drooping and distichous ; peduncles ebracteate, terminal or from
the base of the pseudobulb ; floral bracts large, persistent, Sepals
concave. Petals narrower than sepals. Lip more or less cymbi-
form, usually without side-lobes. Column without a foot, short,
hooded or winged at the apex. Anther subglobose ; pollinia 4,
waxy, subglobose or clavate, cohering in pairs to one or two mem-
branes.— Species about 20, in India, Malaya and China.

Leaf solitary . . . . 1. P. imbricata.

Leaves in pairs . . . . . 2. P. articulata, var.

Griffithii.

1. P. imbricata, Lindl. in Hook. Fl.Exot. t. 138 ; Gen. & Spec-
Orch. 37 ; F. B. I. v, 845 ; K. & P. in Ann. R. Sot. Gard. Calc.
viii, 144, t. 201 ; Duthie id. ix, pt. 2, 115 ; Prain Seng. PL 1012 ;
Coolce Fl. Bomb, ii, 688. Ptilocnema bracteatum, Don Prod.
33. Cymbidium imbricatum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 460

A pendent epiphyte. Pseudobulbs ccespitose, cylindric, thickened at
the base, 2-3 in. long, or shorter and more ovoid, usually partly
enveloped in large fibrous sheaths. Lea solitary, 6-12 in. long,,
elliptic-oblanceolate or lanceolate, acute, tapering to the stout petiole,
strongly 3-5-nerved. Inflorescence from the top of a pseudobulb,
drooping, 8-10 in. long, lengthening in fruit; peduncle slender, as
long as or longer than the dense many-flowered distichous raceme.
Flowers about J in. long, white tinged with pink or yellow ; fl. bract
longer than the slender stalked ovary, convolute, subrotund, minutely
apiculate, many-nerved, persistent, pale-brown. Sepals J in. long ;.
dorsal sepal orbicular, 3-nerved; lateral pair connate at the base,
cymbiform, winged along the keel. Petals linear-oblong, subacute..
Lip 3-lobed, saccate between the large rounded lateral lobes ; terminal*
lobe divided at the apex into two small oblong lobules. Column

PACHYSTOMA. | ORCHIDACEM. 191

broad, its upper half winged. Pollinia clavate, attached in pair*
to two small membranes. Capsule about in. long, ellipsoid.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon, Gamble, Duthie). Flowers June-Aug,
DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of the Garhwal and Kumaon Himalaya
up to 4,000 ft., and eastwards to Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan ; also
on the Khasia Hills, in Chota Nagpur, Chittagong, Konkan and
Kanara, and south to S. India and Ceylon ; extending to the Anda-
man Islands, Burma, Malay Pen., China, Pacific Inlands and Aus-
tralia.

2. P. articulata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 1992, VAR. Griffithii, K.& P.
in Ann. R. Bot. Card. Calc. viii, 147, t. 204 ; Duthie id. ix, pt. 2f
116. P. Griffithii, Hook. /. Ic. PL t. 1881 ; F. B. I. v, 845.

Internodes of pointed stems terete, slightly furrowed, 3-5 in. long, the
nodes bearing a few short broad scarious sheaths. Leaves 2, narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, tapering at each end. Racemes
1-2 in. long, decurved ; peduncles from the top of the pseudobulbs ;
rhachis flexuose ; floral bracts J in. long, oblong, obtuse, pale-brown.
Flowers white tinged with brown and pink. Sepals J in. long, the
dorsal one broadly ovate or suborbicular ; lateral ovate-lanceolate,
5-nerved. Petals elliptic-lanceolate. Lip cymbiform, with a didy-
mous terminal lobe; side-lobes none; base with 5 lamellate nerves.
Column suborbicular; rostellum ovate-acuminate. Pollinia sub-
globose.

Dehra Dun, on sal trees (Mackinnon Gamble). DISTRIB. : Outer
ranges of Garhwal Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. and eastwards to Sikkim
and the Khasia Hills. This plant is similar in most respects to the
type, but smaller in all its parts, and the leaves are much narrower.

7. PACHYSTOMA, Plume ; FJ. Brit. Ind. v, 811.

Terrestrial herbs with rather thick rhizomes. Leaves solitary
or in pairs, usually appearing after the flowers, long, narrow,
many-nerved. Flowers rather small, pendulous, white or pale-
purple, puberulous, in racemes or on long pale scapes with clasping
striate sheaths ; bracts often large and scarious. Sepals unequal,
the dorsal one blunt, lateral subacute. Petals narrow, spathulate.
Lip sessile on the footless column, erect ; side-lobes oblong, acute ;
terminal small ; disk with 3-5 deeply crested and fimbriate ridges.
Column slender, clavate above. Anther dorsal ; pollinia 8, pyri-
form, waxy, adhering to a single membrane. — Species 6-8, in
India, Malaya and Africa.

192 ORCHIL ACEM. [ PACHYSTOMA*

P. senile, Reickb. /. in Bonpl. Hi, 251 ; F. B. I. v, 812 ; K & P.
IT* Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc viii, 101, t. 140 ; Duthie id. ix, pt. 2,
108 ; Prain Beng. PI. 1014.

An erect terrestrial herb, leafless when in flower. Rhizome rather
stout, producing scapes and solitary leaves at intervals of about 2 in.
Leaf longer than the scapes, linear, membranous, 4-5-nerved. Scapes
about 12 in. high, clothed with many pale striate sheaths 1-2 in. long.
Racemes many-flowered. Flowers about \ in. across, greenish-white
tinged with pink or purple, gland-puberulous ; floral bract longer
than the curved stalked pubescent ovary, erect, lanceolate, acuminate.
Sepals unequal ; dorsal oblong, rounded at apex ; lateral pair spreading
oblong-lanceolate, subacute. Petals narrowly spathulate, re-curved
puberuJous as are the sepals. Lip sessile on the base of the column,
3-lobed, broadly oblong, gibbous at the base, pubescent ; side-lobes
acutely falcate ; terminal one suborbicular, recurved and abruptly
' acuminate at the apex ; upper surface of disk with 5 stout crested
: ridges extending from base to apex. Column dilated upwards,
puberulous. Anther on the back of the column, indistinctly 8-
celled.

Dehra Dun (T. Thomson, Mackinnon) ; also in many localities within
the area of this flora from the Jumna eastwards to Moradabad and
N. Oudh. Flowers in April. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges
from Garhwal to Sikkim ; also on the Khasia Hills, and eastwards
to the Nicobar Islands, and the Malay Archipelago to S. China. It
occurs also in N. Bengal and Chota Nagpur and extends southwards
to S. India ^and Ceylon.

8. THUNIA, Reichb. ; included under Phaius in Fl. Brit. Ind.
v, 816.

Terrestrial, rarely epiphytic herbs. Stems slender or equally
thickened along their entire length, elongate, leafy, with many
foliaceous sheaths below. Leaves distichous, lanceolate, glaucous.
Flowers appearing with leaves, large, showy, in terminal drooping
racemes ; bracts large, scarious. Sepals erecto -patent, subequal,
lanceolate, acute. Petals like the sepals. Lip adnate to the base
of the footless column, shortly spurred ; side-lobes short, involving
the column ; mid-lobe fringed. Anther narrow, pendulous, incom-
pletely 4-celled ; pollinia 8, waxy, attached in fours to a granular
membrane ; rostellum 3-lobed. — Species about 9, in tropical and
temperate regions of the OJd World.

ERIA. ] ORCHID ACEM. 193

T. venosa, Rolfe in Orch. Rev. (1905)206 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,
€92. Phaius albus, Lindl. in Well. PL As. Ear. ii (1831), 85
4. 198 ; Bot, Reg. (1838), t. 33 (not of Lindl.); Bot. Mag. t. 3991 1
Paxt. Mag. Bot. xv, 125 ; F. B. I. v, 818 in part ; K. & P. in Ann.
J2. Bot. Gard. Cede, viii, 110, t. 153 ; Duthie id. ix pt. 2, 109 ; Prain
Beng'. PL 1014. Limodorum bracteatum, Eoxb. Ft. Ind., Hi,, 466.

JPseudobulbs none. Stems stout, erect, tufted, 1-3 ft. long, bearing
many tubular 8heaths at the base. Leaves many, sessile, 1J-3 ft.
long, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
membranous, glaucous beneath, usually plicate. Racemes 4-6-flcU
4-6 in. long, shortly peduncled and with a single elongated sheath.
Flowers 2-2^ in. long ; bracts equalling or exceeding the long-stalked
ovary, oblong, cymbiform, acute, pale-coloured. Lip broadly
oblong-panduriform when spread out; lower half convolute into a
tube ; upper portion cuoullate, forming a rounded shell-like mouth
slightly acuminate, the margins undulate and unequally dentate;
upper surface with 7-9 crested ridges. Spur horizontal, slightly
bifid. Column with a short foot, somewhat winged at the apex.
Pollinia unequal, elongate. Capsule 1J in. long, narrowly elliptic.

;Dehra Dun (Gamble, Mackinnon), sometimes found as an epiphyte on
sal trees. Flowers in June. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges
of Garhwal and Kumaon, up to about 4,000 ft. It extends eastwards
to Sikkim, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Burma, and occurs a^o in
Chota Nagpur. A variety with shorter and more congested racemes
is mentioned by Cooke as having been found by Dalzell on the
Matheran Hill in Konkan.

9. ERIA, Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. v, 785.

Epiphytic and usually pseudobulbous. Pseuddbulbs often
elongated and stem-like. Flowers never large, rarely showy,
arranged in racemes spikes or heads or on 1-2-flowered pedicels,
-often pubescent or tomentose. Sepals free from each other, adnate
to the long foot of the column and with it usually forming a spur-
like or saccate mentum. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip sessile
on the foot of the column and incumbent. Column short and
.straight or long and somewhat curved, prolonged below as a foot.
.Anther accumbent, imperfectly 4-celled or 8-celled; pollinia 8,
,pyriform or broadly obovoid, waxy, attached in fours by their

194: ORCHIDACEM. [ ERIA.

bases to a granular membrane, or sometimes all attached together
to a single viscus. — Species over 300, chiefly in Tropical Asia.

Flowers in dense spikes, glabrous or sparsely

hairy, not woolly . . . . . 1. E. convallarioides*.

Flowers distant, sessile, on scapes, densely

woolly outside . . . . 2. E. fiava.

1. E. convallarioides, Lindl in Wall. Cat. 1975 ; Gen. & 8p»
Grch. 70 ; F. B. I. v, 791 ; K. & P. in Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Calc.
viii, 118, t. 161; Duthie id. ixf-pt. 2. 110. Octomeria spicata,
Don Prod. 31.

Pseudobulbs tufted, flattened, 3-7 in. long, covered when young with
large loose sheaths. Leaves four to six, subcoriaceous, 4-7 in. long,,
elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, many-nerved, but not
plicate. Spikes produced on the young growths, cylindric, decurved ;
peduncle about 1 in. long, stout, naked below. Flowers many,
white tinged with yellow, densely crowded, subglobose, about J in.
across, inodorous ; floral bracts equalling the sessile pubescent ovary,
ovate, lanceolate, concave. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse; lateral
pair deeply concave. Petals oblanceolate-oblong, spreading, nearly
as long as the sepals but narrower. Lip obscurely 3-lobed, cuneate,.
concave, apex subacute, the disk without lamellse. Column rather
slender, with a long curved foot. Pollinia clavate, attached to a
large translucent viscus. Capsule oblong, obtupe, not winged.

Dehra Dun (P. W. Mackinnon), flowering during Aug. and Sep.
DISTEIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges from Garhwal eastwards to
Nepal and Sikkim, up to 4,000 ft., also in Tenasserim.

2. E. fiava, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. (in part) ; Gen. & Sp. Orch.
65 ; F. B. I. v, 801 ; K. & Pantl. in Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii,.
126, t. 175 ; Duthie id. ix, pt. 2, 111 ; Prain Beng. PI. 1013.

Rhizome stout, clothed with imbricating tubular sheaths. Pseudobulbs
large, stem-like, of 4-6 nodes, 3-5 in. long, much compressed, sheathed
at the base. Leaves 6-10 in. long, narrowly oblong, acuminate,
tapering to the base, subcoriaceous. Scapes from the base of the
pseudobulbs, about as long as the leaves, clothed with dense pale
tomentum and with many sheaths at the base. Flowers distant,,
yellow, J in. across, densely white-woolly outside ; floral bracts lanceo-
late, pilose, shorter than the pinkish piloFe stalked ovary, shrivelling
as the flowers open. Dorsal sepal small, lanceolate; lateral pair
f in. long, triangular, spreading. Petals smaller than the dorsal1

EULOPHIA. ] ORCHIDACEM. 195

f-rpal, lying parallel over the column, narrowly oUong, tapering to
the base and apex. Lip oblong, 3-lobed, tumid ; side-lobes narrow,
truncate at the apex, puberulous and with two lon^ tapering ridges
at their junction with the disk ; terminal lobe oblong, acute, recurved,
slightly 2-ridged, glabrous. Column erect, its foot at right angles
to and longer than its body. Ovary pinki* h and densely pilose.
Pollinia small, compressed, attached to two granular rrembranes-
Capsule cylindric, 1J-1? in. long.

Dehra Dun (Duthie, Mackinnon) ; flowering in April. DISTRIB. :
Outer Himalayan ranges of Garhwal up to 4,CCO ft. and eastwards
to Bhutan; also in Chota Nagpur. In Sikkim specimens the base
of the lip, on both surfaces, and the foot of the column are often
blotched with reddish-purple.

10. EULOPHIA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 1.

Terrestrial glabrous herbs with fleshy tubers or rhizomes rarely
pseudobulbous. Leaves appearing with or after the flowers, long
narrow and usually plicate. Flowers in racemes, rarely panicled,
on a tall erect sheathed usually lateral scape. Sepals free, spread-
ing, subequal. Petals somewhat similar to the sepals. Lip adnate
to the base of the column or to its foot, saccate or shortly spurred
at the base ; side-lobes erect, embracing the column, rarely sup-
pressed; midlobe spreading or recurved; disk usually ridged or
crested. Column with or without a foot, its apex entire and often
oblique, the margins occasionally winged or lobed. Anther terminal,
2-celled, sometimes with two apical processes; pollinia 2, globose,,
attached by a caudicle to the flat gland of the rostellum.— Species
over 300, in tropical or subtropical Asia and Africa.

Column not or only slightly produced into a
foot :—

Leaves appearing with the flowers : —

Lip with a short bent spur ; bracts as long
or longer than the ovary : —

Sepals spreading, linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, green ... 1. E. herbacea.

Sepals erect, ovate-obtuse, yellowish-
brown . . . . . . 2. E. Mackinnoni^

Lip saccate at the base; bracts shorter

than the ovary . . . . . 3. E. explanata.

t96

ORCHIDACEM.

[EULOPHIA.

Leaves appearing after the flowers have
opened : —

Terminal lobe of lip yellow . . . 4. E. Hormusjii.
Terminal lobe of lip purple . . . 5. E. campestris.
Column produced into a distinct foot : —

Lateral sepals inserted on the spur; basal

lobes of lip obscure . . . 6. E. nuda.

Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the
column ; lip with distinct basal lobes : —
Flowers not exceeding 1 in. diam.,

greenish-yellow tinged with purple . 7. E. bicarinata.

Flowers large, exceeding 1J in. in diam.,
lemon-yellow, often spotted or streaked
with lilac : —

Terminal lobe of lip J as long as the
rhomboid-oblong basal lobes ; spur
saccate, blunt . . . . 8. E. flava.

Terminal lobe of lip twice as long as
the rounded basal lobes ; spur short,
curved, acute . . . 9. E. obtusa.

1. E. herbacea, Lindl. Gen. & Spec. OrcJi. 182 ; Royle III. 366 ;
#\ B. I. vi, 2 ; Duihie in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, pt. 2, 123,
'I. 106 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 693. E. bicolor. Lindl. in Journ. Lim.
Soc. Hi, 24 (not of Dalz.}. Limodorum bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. w,
469.

Moot tuberous, the tubers about 1 J in. long, broadly ovate. Pseudostem
4-6 long. Leaves 6-10 in. long, linear-lanceolate, variable in breadth,
many-nerved, plicate. Flowering stem stout, 2-3 ft. high, with a
few sheathing bracts towards the base. Raceme short, 8-10-fld. ;
floral bracts about as long as the ovary, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
scarious. Flowers appearing with the leaves, about 2 in. across,
white, tinged with green, fragrant. Sepals |-1J in. long, spreading,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, green with pale margins ; lateral pair
adnate to the base of the column. Petals shorter than the sepals,
pure white, elliptic or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Lip f- in. long,
white tinged with green at the base ; side-lobes small oblong, rounded
at the apex ; midlobe oblong, rounded at apex, margins crenate ;
disk with five median fimbriate lamellae ; spur very short subgeni-
'Culate, obtuse. Column stout, J in., curved and without a foot,

EULOPHIA. ] ORCHID ACEM. 197

slightly winged. Pollinia transversely oblong, attached by a short
broad caudicle to a triangular gland. Capsule about If in., ellipsoid
slightly ribbed.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon) ; Siwalik range (Vicary). Flowers during
June and July. DISTEIB. : Outer ranges of W. Himalaya up to
about 6,000 ft. ; also found in the Bombay Presidency and in Mysore.

2. E. Macklnnonl, Duthie in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxi, pt. 2
(1902), 40 ; Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, pt. 2, 124, 1. 107. E. bicolor
Falc. mss. in Herb. Saharanpur (not of Lindl. nor of Dalz.).

Rhizome composed of a series of flattened triangular-shaped tubers.
Pseudostem up to 7J in., proceeding from the summit of the bulb-
like current year's tuber. Leaves usually two, appearing with the
flowers, up to 2J ft. long and 2-3 in. wide, broadly lanceolate, acu-
minate, tapering into long sheaths and with a few leafless sheaths
below, prominently nerved and plicate. Flowering stem much
shorter than the leaves, rising from the side of the current year's
tuber and bearing 3 or 4 loosely sheathing bracts. Flowers 8-10,
in a lax raceme, spreading or at length deflexed, J-f in. long ; floral
bracts equalling or exceeding the ovary, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
persistent. Sepals and petals erect, fleshy, yellow tinged with reddish-
brown, the veins prominent outside ; dorsal sepal J in. long, ovate, .
obtuse, subcordate at the base, the margin inflexed at the apex ;
lateral pair rather longer, unequal at the base. Petals shorter than
the sepals, oblong-obovate, obtuse, their margins overlapping and
inflexed at the apex. Lip 3-lobed, with long erect rather shallow,
side-lobes ; its body streaked with purple on a yellow ground and
with three prominent white Lamellae which extend into a carunculate
area to within the base of the terminal lobe ; terminal lobe broad,
yellow rounded and with undulate edges. Spur short, geniculate.
Column short, broadly winged, its foot very slightly produced.
Anther yellow, with two short purple horns at the apex, its lip
bifid. Pollinia, transversely oval, attached by a broad caudicle to a
shallow crescent shaped gland.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon, Duthie) ; Siwalik range (Vicary) ; N. Oudh
in the Bahraich district (Duthie) ; N. W. India Royle. Flowers in
July and Aug. DISTKIB. : Cent. Prov. in the Raipur district
(J. Marten). This plant appears to be most nearly related to E.
geniculate, King and Pantl., a very rare Sikkim species, but differing
in the shape of the rhizome, the much broader leaves and in the
shape and colouring of the lip.

198 ORCHIDACE&. [ EULOPHIA.

3. E. explanata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 180 ; F. B. 7. vi, 3 ;
Dufhie in Ann. ix, part 2, 125, t. 108. Dipodium scariosum, Herb.
Ham. ; Hooh Ic. PL 1882.

^Pseudobulb about 2 in. long, ovoid, annulated. Pseudo-stem 1J-2 in.
long. Leaves young when the plant is flowering, attaining, when
fully developed, about 10 in. in length and 4 in. in width, broadly
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering below into a short petiole
7 -veined. Flowering stem about 10 in. long, arising from below the
summit of the pseudobulb, bearing a few loose sheaths at its base.
Raceme 5-6 in. long, laxly many-fid. ; flowering bract lanceolate,
acuminate, much shorter than the slender ovary. Flowers about
1 in. across. Sepals and petals subequal, spreading, white or
yellowish streaked with reddish-purple. Sepals spat hulate -lanceolate,
acute. Petals broadly oblong, rounded at the apex. Lip a little
shorter than sepals and petals, 3-lobed, subpanduriform when flat-
tened out, adnate by its base to the lateral sepals ; basal lobes rounded,
erect, white with reddish-purple branching veins, forming at the
base a short conical sac ; terminal lobe yellow with purplish ve-ns
terminating within the margin, oblong, with a rounded emarginate
apex, the margins reflexed ; disk with two prominent crenate lamellae
and a shorter interposed one, all three abruptly terminating within
the margin of the apex. Column short, its foot slightly produced.
Anther emarginate at the apex. Pollinia subglobose, attached to
a short broad caudicle ; gland conical.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon) ; N. W. India (Falconer) ; Sub-Himalayan
traete of Rohilkhand and of the districts of Kheri and Gonda in N.
Oudh (Duthie). Flowers in May. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan
ranges of Garhwal, and in Nepal at Maghada in the Morung district
(Buch.-Hamilton). This plant was regarded by Sir J. Hooker as an
anomalous species with the habit of an Australian Dipodium.

4. E. Hormusjii, Duthie in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, part 2,
125, t. 109.

Tuber depressed, transversely oval, about 1J in. across ; Pseudo-stem
about 4 in. long, bearing two tightly fitting sulcate subacute sheaths.
Leaves two, developing later than the flowers, narrowly elliptic,
acuminate, plicate. Flowering stem stout, 8-12 in. long, rising from
tho summit of the tuber, clothed at intervals with a few loose mem-
branous lanceolate acuminate sheathing bracts. Flowers 8-10
forming a rather lax raceme about 3 in. long, and about 1 in. across,
at first spreading, at length deflexed ; floral bracts variable in length,
lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, brownish. Sepals and petals

EULOPHIA. ] OECH1DACEJE. 199

eubequal in length, nearly ^ in. long, narrowly oblong or oblanceo-
late, acuminate or abruptly mucronate, white with pink veins and
tinged with pale-green at the apex. Lip including spur a little longer
than the sepals and petals ; side-lobes deep-purple, erect, rounded,
entire ; between the side-lobes are three prominent whitish lamellae ;
midlobe orbicular, yellow spotted with purple, and with a coarsely
fimbriate disk, the margin undulate and irregularly erose. Spur
cylindric, curved, obtuse, white, grooved in front. Column about
half as long as the lip, with a very slightly produced foot.
Pollinia oval, attached by a short stout caudicle to a shallow crescent-
shaped gland.

ODehra Dun (Mackinnon)"; N. Oudh, in the Kheri district (Duthie).
Flowers during April. DISTEIB. : Outer ranges of the W. Himalaya
up to 5,000 ft. from Garhwal westwards to Hazara and the Chitral
district, often in pine forests. This species is nearly related to E.
campestris, differing chiefly by its shorter scapes, larger flowers and
more congested racemes. The shape of the lip and the general colour-
ing of the flowers are also very different. E. campestris is essentially
a species of the plains, whereas E. Hormusjii extends up to the tem-
perate region of the W. Himalaya where the climatic conditions are
more favourable for leaf development.

5. E. campestris, Wall. Cat. 7367 ; Eoyle 111. 366 ; F. B. I. vi,
4 ; K. & P. in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 178, t. 41 ; Duthie id.
ix, part 2, 126 ; Prain Beng. PL 1016. E. ramentacea and E.
rupestris, Lindl. E. henrileuca, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Hi
(1859), 25. Limodorum ramentaceum, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 467.
Bletia Dabia, Don Prod. 30. — Vern. Sang-misri (Beng).

{Tubers irregularly oblong, often lobed. Leaves two, rising from the
apex of a slender shea-thing pseudostem, developing long after the
plant has flowered, 10-16 in. long, linear, acuminate, plicate. Scape
6-12 in. long, sheathed at intervals by loose membranous bracts ;
raceme laxly many-fid. Flowers drooping, subsecund, yellowish
or green with pink or purple markings, about 1 in. across ; floral
bracts, membranous, linear or lanceolate, acuminate, usually longer
than the slenderly stalked ovary. Sepals slightly attached to the
base of the lip, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-7-nerved.
Petals spreading, narrower than the sepals, oblanceolate. 3-5-nerved.
Lip as long as the sepals, cuneate-obovate or oblong; side-lobes
short, rounded or subacute, incurved round the column ; midlobe
orbicular quadrate or oblong, crenulate, usually purple ; basal portion
«of disk with three median lamellae ending in a fimbriate or tubercled
ipatch on the terminal lobe. Spur short, conical subclavate or

200 OECHIDACEM. [ EULOPHIA..

subacute. Column as long as the lip, slender, without a foot. Pollinia
broad ; caudicle stout ; gland elongate. Capsule in. long, ellipsoid.
Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh (Wallich, Duthie).
Flowers Mar. to May. DISTEIB. : Nepal, Sikkim, Chittagong,.
Bensal and Upper Burma, extending to Baluchistan and Afghanistan.

6. E. nnda, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7371 ; F. B. I. vi, 5 ; HooL /.
in Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Calc. v, 32, it. 47—50 ; K. & P. id. viii, 180,.
t. 243 ; Duthie id. ix, pt. 2, 127 ; Cool:e Fl Boml. ii, 694.

Tuber large, spherical, smooth. Leaves 10-14 in. long, rising from the
side of a tuber and forming by their sheaths a short pseudo-stein,
elliptic-lanceolate, acute1, plicate, many-nerved, narrowed at the
base into a long tubular sheath. Flowering stem stout, erect, firm,

' 2-3 ft. high, rising from the ba^e of the pseudostem, with a few loose
sheaths near the base and other more dl tant ones higher up. Racemes
lax, about 1 J in. long, man37-fld. Flowers usually pale-green or white
with purple or pink or brownish markings ; floral bracts lanceolate,
acute, about half as long as the stalked ovary. Sepals about f in.
long, erect, greenish-purple, linear-oblong, acute, 7-nerved; lateral
pair slightly falcate, inserted on the spur of the lip, the dorsal one
rather narrower. Spur very short, conical, obtuse, purplish-green,
ribbed at the mouth. Petals shorter than the .sepals, white, obtuse*,
many-nerved. Lip as long as the sepals, white or pale yellow flush-
ed with pink or purple, o.blong ; side-lobes short, rounded ; midlobe,
oblong, obtuse, with a crisped margin ; disk with about 9 strong
prominent nerver. Column short, with a distinct foot, dilated at
the margins. Anther small, its apex with two small conical processes
and a third depressed one in front. Pollinia transversely oblong,
attached by a broad caudicle to a shallow gland. Capsule 1J in.
long, fusiform.

N. Oudh, in the districts of Khrri and Gonda (Duthie's Collector)..
Flowers April-June. DISTEIB. : Trop. Himalaya from Nepal east-
wards to Sikkim ; also in Chota Nagpur, Assam, Khasia Hills,
Manipur and Burma, and south to Bombay Presidency and Ceylon.

7, E. bicarinata, Hook. f. in F. B. I. vi, 6 ; K. & P. in Ann. R.
Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 180, t. 244 ; Duthie id. ix, pt. 29 127 ; Praia
Beng. PL 1016. Cyrtopera bicarinata, Lindl.

Tuber about 2 in. long, compressed, irregularly lobed. Leaves usually
undeveloped at the time of flowering, 7-12 in. long, linear, acuminate,
narrowed below into the long petiole. Scape erect, 10-20 in. high,,
with two tubular inflated sheaths at the base and a few shorter one*

. j ORCHIDACE&. 201

higher up. Racemes 3-5 in. long, oblong, rather densely flowered
Flowers pale yellowiflh-green tinged with purplish -brown, 1 in. in
diam.; floral bracts shorter than the stalked ovary, membranous,
lance- .la-' linear-oblong, acute, keeled, their edges reflexed

and undulate ; lateral pair irserted on the foot of the column, wider
than the dor.-al one and free from it at their bases. Petals narrowly
elliptic, .-ubacute, shorter and wider than the sepals. Lip adnatr
to the foot of the column, longer than the sepals, slightly saccate
at the base, 3-lobed ; side-lobes shallow, obu. rt-ddish-purple,

branching within the margin ; terminal lobe tinged with yellow,
transversely oblong, emarginate ; disk w ith two short smooth ridges-
half as long as the side-lobes and ending in a free triangular tooth,
in front of which rise five unequal carunculate ridges extending to
the terminal lobe. Anther apiculate in front. Pdlinia broadly
triangular, attached by a broad caudicle to a thin angular gland.

Sub-Himalayan tract in Pilibhit and in the Kheri district of N. Oudh
(Duthie). Flowers in March and April. DISTBIB. : N. Bengal, Sikkim,
in, Khasia Hills, Manipur and Upper Burma.

8. E. flava, Hook. /. in F. B. I. vi, 7 ; Prain. Beng. PI. 1016 ;
Dnthie in Ami. R. Bot. Card. Calc. ix, part 2,128, t. 110. Cyrtopera
tfava, Lindl. ; Royle 111 370, t. 8$, fiy. 1.

A tall robust herb with a tuberous rhizome. Leaves about three
forming when young a short pseudostem by their sheathing base
appearing later than the flowers, attaining 4 ft. in length and about 4
in. in width when fuUy developed. Flowering stem stout, unbranch-
ed, 2-5 ft. high, clothed at the base with a few distant closo-fitting
sheaths and rising from a tuber beside the leaf- bearing pseudostem.
Racw>r 1-2 ft. long, bracts much shorter than the ovary, \- in.
long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers many, large, drooping,
lemon-yellow. Sepals 1-1£ in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
Petals rather shorter thar the sepals and much broader, obtuse or
emarginate, many-nerved. Lip equalling the sepals in length, 3-
lobed ; side-lobes large, rounded or oblong, whitish towards the apex,
and spotted v. ith purple at their yellow bases ; midlobe oblong,.
ydlow, the disk with two small pyriform basal ealH and three crenate
'lamellae ; spur a short blunt sac. Column about f ill. long, produced
at the base into a short foot. Anther emarginate at the apex and
v.ith a long anterior process. Pollinia obtusely angled, attached
-tout caudicle to a broad shallow gland.

Dehra Dun (Royle, Mackinnon); sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand
and in the Kheri district of N. Oudh (Duthie). Flowers in June
and July. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges of Garhwal and

-202 ORCHID ACEM. [ EULOPHIA.

Kumaon to Nepal, up to 5,000 ft. ; also in Chota Nagpur and Travan-
core, extending to Hongkong and China.

e.B. o'btUBa.Hook.f.inF.B. I. vi., 3; Duthiein Ann. E. Bol-
Gard. Calc. ix, part 2, 129, t. 111. E. campanulata, Duthie in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixxi, part 2 (1902) 39. Cyrtopera obtusa,
Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. 190.

Height of plant 3-4 ft. ; the leaves and scape rising from a horizontal
oblong tuber. Pseudostem formed by the sheaths enclosing the
bases of the leaves and scape. Leaves two or three, 12-18 in. long,
linear, acuminate, plicate ; veins sharply prominent. Flowering stem
exceeding the leaves, with a few long tight-fitting acuminate sheaths
towards the base. Flowers six to ten, in a lax raceme, appearing
with the leaves, 1 J in. across, erect in bud, drooping and campanulate
-when open ; floral bracts acuminate, less than half the length of the
ovary. Sepals and petals prominently veined on the back, bright-
yellow outside, pale-lemon within ; dorsal sepal obovate, acute,
£ in. long ; lateral pair rather shorter, falcately oblong, obtuse or
subacute, adnate to the foot of the column. Spur short, curved sub-
acute. Petals obovate, obtuse, about as long as the lateral sepals.
Lip 3-lobed, longer than the sepals; side-lobes suborbicular, erect,
whitish or pale-yellow, with lilac-coloured streaks at the base ;
midlobe bent upwards, the margin undulate. Disk with 5-8 promi-
nent white ridges terminating within the margin of the apical lobe
in a dull -yellow oblong grooved callus and prolonged towards the
base into two sets of free fimbriate projections. Column about §
in. long, oblong, narrowly winged curving forward into a distinct
foot at the purple-streaked base. Anther with a rounded or slightly
emarginate apex and a long anterior projection. Pollinia subglobose,
attached by a cyl indric caudicle to a crenulated obconical gland.

D ehra Dun, in swamps (W. Bell, Mackinnon, Duthie) ; Rohilkhand

in the Pilibhit district, and at Chandanpur in the Gonda district of

N. Oudh (Duthie's collector). Flowers during July and August

DISTRIB. : Warm valleys in the vicinity of Mussoorie (Royle).

After examining in the Royal Herbarium at Kew the single type

specimen of Lindley's Cyrtopera obtusa,, as well as Faloner's excellent

•draw ing of the same plant under his manuscript, name of Eulophia

arundinacea, I had no hesitation in referring to it the E. campanulata

which was described by me in the Journ. As. Soc. Beng. I.e. as a

distinct species. Lindley was correct in his description of the

<3ol umn and its distinctly produced foot characteristic of the Cyrtopera

«ec t/ on of the genus.

CYMBIDIUM. ] OECEIDACEM. 203

ll.GEDORUM. Jackson; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi., 16.

Terrestrial herbs with underground subglobose rhizomes. Leaves
elliptic, plicate, their sheaths forming a pseudostem. Flowers
rather crowded, narrow, forming a decurved corymbose raceme on a
stout sheathed scape arising from the base of the pseudostem.
Sepals erect, equal, oblong, subacute. Petals as long as the sepals
but broader and blunt. Lip sessile on the base of the column ;
side-lobes suppressed ; terminal lobe broad, rounded, bifid or
emarginate ; disk with a forked basal callus. Column less than
half the length of the lip. Anther broad, 2-celled ; pollinia 2,
broadly ovoid, attached by a slender tapering caudicle to a small
orbicular gland. — Species about 9 or 10 in India, Malaya and
Australia.

G. dllatatum, R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, v, 207 , Prain.
Beng. PL 1017 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 695. G. purpureum, R.
Br. I.e. F. B. I. vi, 16 (in part)-K. and P. in Ann. R. Bot. Gard.
Cole, viii, 181, L 245 ; Duthie id. ix, part 2, 130. Limodorum
recurvum, Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 469.

Tuber globose, apiculate, 1} in. in diam. Pseudo-stem 3-6 in. long.
Leaves 6-20 in. long, broadly elliptic, tapering at the base to along
sheath. Flowers about \ in. long, pale-purple or rose-coloured, in
racemes which are short corymbose and drooping when in flower, but
elongate and erect in fruit; floral bract lanceolate, acute, exceeding
the pedicelled ovary. Sepals f in. long, oblong, acute, S^nerved,
Petals as long as the sepals, oblong, obtuse. Lip pale-purple with
darker markings, f in. long, ventricose at the base, and much thick-
ened, subpandurate ; side-lobes none ; mid-lobe rounded, 2-fid. or
emarginate ; disk with a channelled ridge ending in raised yellow
calli. Pollinia with elongate pits on their posterior surface.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon). Flowers during June and July. DISTRIB.:
Eastwards to Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan; also in Assam, Bengal,
Chota Nagpur, Burma, Malay Pen., Andaman Islands, extending to
W. and S. India and Ceylon.

12. CYMBIDIUM, Swartz ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 8.

Epiphytes with a short stout pseudstem, rarely terrestrial or
with an elongated leafy stem. Leaves coriaceous, usually long and

204 ORCHID ACE M.

narrow, rarely rudimentary at the time of flowering. Flowers rather
large, in many- or few-flowered suberect or drooping racemes,
rarely 1-flowered ; scape loosely sheathed ; floral bracts various.
Sepals and petals subequal, erect or spreading. Lip adnate to the
base of the column and embracing it more or less by its convolute
side-lobes ; terminal lobe decurved ; disk usually with two ridges.
Column long, without a foot. Anther 1- or (imperfectly) 2-celled ;.
pollinia 2, rarely 4, ovoid, pyriform cuneiform or subglobose,
more or less partite, sessile on a small or large often strap-shaped
gland. — Species about 50, in temperate subtropical and tropical
Asia, a few in Africa and Australia.

A terrestrial almost leafless parasite ;

pollinia 4 . . . . 1. C. macrorhizum.

An epiphyte, with long strap- shaped

leaves ; pollinia 2 . . . 2. C. aloifolium.

!• C. macrorhizum, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 162 ; Boyle
111 366 ; F. B. /., vi, 9; Duthie in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix,
part 2, 134, t. 114.

A terrestrial almost leafless parasite. Rootstock as thick as a goose
quill, creeping branched and jointed. Scape very short, basal sheath
up to 2 in. long. Raceme up to 6 in. long, 6-8-flowered ; floral bracts
J-Jin. long. Flowers 1J in. across ; pedicel with ovary 1 in. long.
Sepals about J in. long, linear-lanceolata, acuminate, pale-yeilow,
tinged with pink, spreading or reflexed. Petals shorter and broader
than the sepals, whitish streaked with pink. Lip about J in. long,
white with crimson or purple blotches along the margin ; side-
lobes narrow, erect, margins inflexed ; midlobe oblong or subpan~
duriform, acute at the apex ; disk with two thick whitish ridges
between the side-lobes. Column about -£ in. long, curved, inner
surface streaked with crimson. Anther papillose outside. Pollinia
4, sessile on the erescent-,«haped gland

N. W. India (Royle, Falconer) ; Dehra Dun, Kalanga Hill (Mackinnon).
Flowers during July and August. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan
Ranges of Garhwa.l and Kumaon, up to 7,000 ft. ; eastwards to Sikkim
(but very rare) ; also in Assam and on the'Khasia and Naga Hills.
There is also a record of its having been found in Kashmir.

2. C. aloifolium, Rwartt in Nov. Act. Upsal. vi, 73 ; Boxb. Fl.
Ind. tit, 458 ; F. B. I. vi, 10 ; K. & P. £nn. B. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii,
198, t. 252 ; Duthie id. ix, part 2, 136 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 696.

ORNITHOCHILUS. ] ORCHIDACE& 205

Pseudoslem short. Leaves 12-18 in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, fleshy,
obliquely notched at the apex, slightly expanded at the sheathing
base. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves ; peduncle 3-4 in. long,
bearing several tubular acute scarious sheaths near the base. Flowers
yellowish -red, in many — flowered drooping racemes 9-15 in. long ;
floral bracts ovate, J-J in. long ; pedicels with ovary £• j in. Sepals
subequal, oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse ; lateral pair subfalcate. Petals
•as long as sepals, obtuse. Lip purplish, equalling the sepals, 3-
lobed, its upper surface with two stout lamellae broken and discon-
nected in the middle ; lateral lobes narrow, blunt, entire ; midlobe
ovate-oblong, decurved. Column slighty thickened at the apex.
Anther subquadrate, papillose. Pollinia 2, small ; gland crescent-
shaped.

N. Oudh, in the Bahraich district (Duthie). Flowers during Apri
and May. DISTRIB. : Nepal Terai and Trop. Himalaya eastwards
to Sikkim and Assam ; also in W. and S. India, extending to Ceylon,
Tenasserim, the Andaman Islands and Malay Peninsula.

13. ORNITHOCHILUS, Wall.; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 76.

Epiphytic, without pseudo bulbs. Stem very short. Leaves
few, crowded, broadly oblong, softly coriaceous. Inflorescence
supra-axillary, racemose or in panicles. Sepals subequal, spread-
ing, incurved at the apex, lateral ones obliquely obovate. Petals
smaller, cune ate -oblong, blunt. Lip much longer than sepals,
adnate to foot of the column by a long broad claw with a rectangu-
larly bent subcylindric spur at its junction with the terminal lobe ;
side-lobes shallow, subquadrate ; terminal with three lobules ;
the two lateral recurved and pectinate ; the central one triangular,
entire or infolded ; mouth of spur closed by two calli projecting
from its back and front walls, the latter hairy. Column short,
cylindric, with a short foot ; rostellum short ; stigma circular,
surrounded by a hairy rim. Anther oblong ; pollinia 2, subglobose
caudicle broad, obcuneate ; gland large. — Species 1 or 2, Indian
and Chinese.

O. fusous, Wall, in Lindl. Gen. and Spec. Orch. 242 ; F. B. /.
vi, 76 ; K. & P. in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc., viii, 200 9 1. 268 ; Duthie
id ix, part 29 139.
Leaves 3-7 in. long, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obliquely tapering to

the acute apex and narrowed to the sessile sheathing base, fleshy,

206 QECI11DACEM. [ ORNITHOCHILUS.

shining on both surfaces when young ; nerves inconspicuous.
Inflorescence much longer than the leaves ; racemes simple or spar-
ingly branched ; floral bracts lanceolate, much shorter than the
long-pedicelled ovary. Flowers J-J-in. across. Sepals and petals
greenish-yellow and streaked with red, the former with four, and the
latter with two, broad brown vertical bands. Lip with two pecti-
nate lobules, brown passing into purple. Capsule 1 in. long, fusiform.
Dehra Dun (Mackinnon), flowering in July. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan
ranges of Garhwal and Kumaon up to 3,000 ft., extending eastwards
to Sikkim, Bhutan, Khasia Hills, Burma and China.

14. LUISIA, Gaud. ; Fl. Brit, Ind. vi, 22.

Epiphytes with rigid terete sheathed usually erect stems, woody
below. Leaves terete, fleshy, distant, spreading. Flowers usually
small and dull-coloured, in short extra -axillary spikes ; rhachis
stout ; floral bracts short, scarious persistent. Sepals subequal,
or the decurved dorsal one smaller. Petals equalling the sepals
or much longer, spreading. Lip sessile on the base of the column,
divided into two parts, basal portion (hypochile) concave or flat ;
apical portion (epichile) decurved, broad and ridged, entire or
crenate or undulate and with a more or less blunt apex. Column
stout, much shorter than the lip ; stigma usually large. Anther
broad, 2-celled ; pollinia 2, ovoid or subglobose, attached by a
broad caudicle to a subquadrate or elongate gland. Capsule
suberect narrow, ridged. — Species about 15, chiefly in Tropical
Asia, a few in Australia.

L. t richer hiza, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i, 63; F.B.I.
vi, 23 ; K. <£• P. in Ann. R. Bot. Gale, viii, 202, t. 270 ; Duthie
id. ix, part 2, 140.

Stem 4-9 in. long, very stout, not branched. Leaves fleshy, 4-6 in. long
and about J in. thick, slightly tapering to the apex. Spikes stout,.
4 or 5-flowered. Flowers f in. long, on short thick tubercles ; flowering
bracts broad, acuminate, persistent. Sepals unequal, green with
faint purple lines ; dorsal sepal oblong, blunt ; lateral pair shorter,
obliquely ovate, acute, keeled. Petals longer and narrower than
the lateral sepals, oblong, blunt, all spreading. Lip longer than
sepals, dull purple on a greenish ground ; basal portion (hypochile)
deeply concave and with erect rounded edges ; epichile broadly
cordate and tapering to the subtruncate emarginate apex ; upper

BRIDES. ] ORCHIDACE&. 207"

surface with short blunt vertical ridges. Column stout, half as long
as the lip, purple. Anther subquadrate, compressed. Jtostellum
broad. Pollinia ovoid, attached by a broad caudicle to the quadrate
gland.

Dehra Dun, epiplytic chiefly on sal trees (Gamble, Mackinnon). Flowers-
during March and April. DISTRIB.: Tropical Himalayan Valley*
from Garhwal to Sikkim. It occurs also in Chota Nagpur.

15. BRIDES, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind, vi, 43.

Epiphytes with leafy stems ; pseudobulbs none. Leaves lorate'
rarely terete. Flowers usually many and showy, in dense or lax
decurved racemes, sometimes solitary ; floral bracts minute.
Sepals broad, spreading ; lateral ones adnate to the base or foot of
the column. Petals like the sepals. Lip adnate to the column,
spurred ; side-lobes large or small or none ; midlobe longer than
the side -lobes or smaller and incurved between them. Column
short with a short or long foot. Anther 2-celled, beaked or not ;
pollinia 2, globose, silicate ; caudicle long or short ; gland various*
— Species about 20, in E. Asia.

Terminal lobe of lip Iarg3, hastate-ovate ;

flowers pink with purple spots . . , 1. JR. multiflorum.

Terminal lobe of lip small, linear or narrowly
oblong ; flowers white, spotted with lilac,
very fragrant . . . . . 2 ffi. odoratum.

l.JE. multiflorum, Roxb. Cor. PL Hi, 63, t. 271 ; Fl. Ind. m,
475 ; F. B. I. vi, 44 ; K. & P. in Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii,
212, t. 283 ; Duthie id. ix, part 2, 142 ; Prain Beng. PL 1020.

Stem stout, 4-10 in. long. Leaves 6-8 in. long, narrowly oblong, con-
duplicate, recurved, slightly tapering to the oblique bifid apex, not
narrowed to the base, often tinged with red. Racemes longer than
the leave?, simple, axillary, densely many^flowered ; peduncle long,,
clothed with short distant sheaths. Flowers }-l in. across, deep-
pink and with darker spots. Sepals and petals about equal, oblong,
blunt. Lip twice as long as the sepals, triangular, adnate to the
base of the column, acute or obtuse at the apex, margins erose ;
basal portion thick and with a retrorse tooth or callus across the
mcuth of the short rectangularly bert spur. Column with a short
foot, its margins thickened and slightly winged near the base.

108 ORCH1DACEM. [ ABIDES.

Anther depressed and with a long curved beak in front. Pollinia
globular, caudicle filiform, gland narrow. Capsule up to 2 in. long
subclavate, stoutly pedicelled.

-Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, common on mango trees. Flowers
during June and July. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of Himalaya from
Kangra to Nepal and Sikkim, up to about 4,000 ft. ; also found in
Assam, Chota Nagpur and N. Bengal.

2. JE. odoratum, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 525 ; F. B. I. vi, 47 ; K.
& P. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 212, t. 282 ; Duthie id. ix
cart 2, 143 ; Prain Beng. PL 1020 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 701. &.
ornutum, Roxb.; Fl. Ind. Hi, 272.

Stem 4- 12 -in. long, very stout. Leaves 6-12 in. long and 1-1 J in. wide
oblong, flat, keeled, tapering slightly to the blunt unequally bilobed
apex, riot contracted at the sheathing base. Racemes supra-axillary,
deflexed, as long as or longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; ped-
uncle short, stout, with short distant sheajbhs. Flowers about 1 in.
long, white, spotted with pink, fragrant ; floral bract broad, sheathing,
blunt, much shorter than the stalked ovary. Sepals unequal, obtuse,
spreading, the dorsal one elliptic -ovate, the lateral pair larger.
Petals oblong, falcate, shorter than sepals. Lip adnate to the short
foot of column ; side-lobes larger than the incurved almost linear
emarginate midlobe. Anther triangular, depressed, beaked. Pol-
linia globose, caudicle linear, gland quadrate. Capsule about 1J in.
long, fusiform.

JDehra Dun (King, Gamble, Mackinnon) ; N. Oudh, in the Bahraich
district (Duthie). Flowers during July and August. DISTRIB. ;
Trop. Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaon and eastwards to Nepal and
Sikkim ; also in E. Bengal, Chota Nagpur and the Circars ; extending
to Tenasserim, Malaya and China.

16. RHTNCHOSTYLIS, Blume ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 32.

Epiphytes, without pseudobulbs. Stems elongate, stout, leafy.
Leaves very coriaceous, linear- oblong, truncately or bluntly 2-
lobed at the apex. Flowers in long drooping densely cylindric
racemes, showy. Sepals spreading, broad, obtuse. Petals similar
to the sepals bat narrower. Lip adnate to the short foot of the
column, the hypochile forming a deep wide pubescent sac without
side-lobes ; epichile obovate, acute, concave with erect margins.
Column short, stout, dilated at the base and with a very short

VANDA. ] ORCHIDACE.E. 209

foot ; stigma small. Anther terminal, rounded ; pollinia"2, elliptic,
attached by a long slender caudicle to a small oblong gland. —
Species 2 or 3, Indian and Malayan.

R. retusa, Blume Bijdr. 286, t. 49 ; F. B. I. vi, 32 ; K. & P.
Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 213, t. 284 ; Duthie id. ix, part 2, 143 ;
Prain Beng. PL 1020 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 698. Saccolabium
guttatum, Lindl. ; Royle 111. 366. brides guttatum, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iiiy 471. Epidendrum retusum. Linn.

•Stems stout, 3-8 in. long, clothed with the sheaths of decayed leaves
and emitting many stout branching roots. Leaves 6-18 in. long
and J-1J in. wide, strap-shaped, spreading and recurved, obliquely
praemorse or bluntly and unequally 2-lobed at the apex. Racemes
dense, cylindric, longer than the leaves. Flowers about f in. across,
white or palev-pink, dotted with darker-coloured spots ; bracts TV
£ in. long, ovate, acute, persistent. Sepals veined, about J in. long ;
lateral pair obliquely obovate-orbicular ; dorsal one obovate, rounded.
Petals as long as the sepals, elliptic -oblong, subobtuse. Lip dark-
pink, with a saccate flattened spur ; epichile variable in shape, J in.
long, oblong or cuneate-oblong at the base, widening towards the
apex. Capsule 1-1 J in. long, acutely 3-angled and 6-ribbed, its
pedicel short and stout.

Dehra Dun (King, Mackinnon, etc.) ; Siwalik range (Royle) ; N. Oudh,
in the Gonda district (Duthie). Flowers during June and July.
DISTRIB. : Trop. Himalaya from the Punjab eastwards to Nepal,
Sikkim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 ft., also in Assam, the Khasia Hills,
Ohota Nagpur, Konkan and Kanara ; extending to Burma, S.
India, Ceylon and the Malay Islands.

17. VANDA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 49.

Epiphytes with leafy stems. Leaves thickly coriaceous or
fleshy, flat and keeled or terete. Flowers usually large and often
showy, in simple lax or dense racemes, sometimes solitary ; floral
bracts much shorter than the ovary. Sepals and petals subequal,
spreading or connivent, narrowed at the base. Lip large, usually
saccate or spurred at the base ; side-lobes large or small, rarely
absent, adnate to the short foot of the column or to the sides of
the sac or spur ; midlobe fleshy, various ; disk usually ridged or
amellate, sometimes carunculate. Column short, stout, the foot

210 ORCHIDACEM. [ VANDA.

short or none. Anther 2-celled ; rostellum small ; pollinia 2,.
didymous, subglobose or obovoid ; caudicle short and broad or
long and geniculate ; gland usually large. Species about 20, in
Tropical Asia and Australia.

Sepals and petals spreading : —

Flowers small, less than 1 in. across, yellow ,

except the bluish caruncles on the lip . 1. V. parviflora.

Flowers 1 J-2 in. across ; sepals and petals gree-
nish-yellow mottled with brown ; mid lobe
of lip with purple caruncles . . . 2. V. Roxburghii.

Sepals and petals incurved . . . .3. V.cristata.

1. V. parviflora, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxx (1844) Misc. 45 /•
F. B. I. vi, 50 ; K. & P. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 215, t. 286 ;
DutUe id. ix, part 2, 144 ; Prain Beng. PL 1021 ; Cooke FL
Bomb, ii, 703.

Stem stout, 3-6 in. long, enveloped in the sheathing bases of fallen
leaves. Leaves 3-8 in. long by f-J in. wide (when flattened out),,
linear-oblong, conduplicate, keeled, unequally and obtusely 2-lobed
at the apex. Inflorescence from below the leaves and about as long ;
peduncle as long as the raceme, bearing a few small scattered sheaths .
Raceme few-flowered ; floral bracts ovate, acute, deciduous. Flowers
yellow except the blue fleshy ridges on the lip, less than f in. across .
Sepals and petals spreading. Sepals spathulate, obtuse ; the lateral
pair shorter than the dorsal one. Petals as long as the lateral sepals ,
falcately spathulate -oblong, falcate. Lip £ in. long, actuate to the
short foot of the column, spuried ; side-lobes erect, oblong, rounded r
rising from the mouth of the spur ; midlobe fleshy, obovoid ; tip
dilated, crenulated ; disk with two broad bluish ridges. Column
short, with a short thick foot. Anther depressed, slightly beaked
in front. Pollinia subglobose, attached to a short broad caudicle.
Capsule 1-1 J in. long, fusiform, with winged ridges.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon). Flowers May and July. DISTRIB.: Outer
ranges of Himalaya, up to 4,000 ft., from Carhwal eastwards to Nepal
and Sikkim ; extending to Assam and Burma ; also in Chota
Nagpur, the Konkan and S. India to Ceylon.

2, V. Roxburghll, R. Br. in Bot. Reg. t. 506 ; F.B.I, vi, 52 ;
Watt. E. D.; Duthie Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, part 2, 145, t.
110 ; Prain Beng. PL 1021 ; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, 704. Cymbidium

VANDA. ] ORCH1DACE&. 211

tessallatum, Sw.; Roxb. FL Ind. Hi, 462. C. tessalloides, Roxb.

1. c. 463. — Vern. Rasna, nai.

Stem climbing, 1-2 ft. long, emitting many thick white fleshy roots..
Leaves bifarious, approximate, 6-8 in. long, narrow, complicate,
keeled; apex praemorse. Racemes longer than the leaves; peduncle
6-10 in. long. Flowers 1J-2 in. across. Sepals and petals subequal,
spreading, clawed, obovate, undulate, yellowish (rarely bluish),
tessellated with brown, their claws and outer surfaces white.
Lip f in. long, bluish streaked with purple ; side-lobes small, acute,
rising from the mouth of the spur, £ in. long, ovate, acute, erect ;
terminal lobe panduriform, with a purple dilated truncate 2-lobed
apex, the margins deflexed ; disk convex, with fleshy ridges ; spur
conical, obtuse, straight, hairy within. Column very short. Capsule
3-3 J in. long, shortly stalked, clavate, sharply ridged.

Forests of Dehra Dun and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand
and N. Oudh (R. Thompson, Duthie). Often climbing on the
branches of mango trees and Bassia latifolia (mahua). Flowers during
the rains. DISTRIB. : Konkan, Gujarat and Kanara in the Bombay
Pres. ; also in Bengal, Behar, Chota Nagpur and Central Provs.,
extending south to Travancore and Ceylon. The roots are used
medicinally in the Chanda district of C. Provinces for rheumatism
and fever, and for allaying the pain caused by the stings 'of scorpions..

3. V. crlstata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7328 ; F. B. I. vi, 53 ; K.
& P. Ann. R. Bol. Gard. Calc. viii, 216, t. 287 ; Duthie id. ix, part
2, 146.

Stem 3-6 in. long, clothed with the remains of old leaf -sheaths. Leaves
bifarious, crowded, 3-4 in. long, conduplicate, unequally bilobed
at the truncate apex, dilated at the sheathed base. Raceme not
exceeding the leaves, axillary, 2-5-fld. Flowers 1^-2 in. across.
Sepals and petals incurved, pale olive -green or yellowish. Sepals
unequal, oblong, obtuse. Petals narrower than sepals, oblong. Lip
adnate to base of column, longer than sepals, green blotched with
dull purplish-brown ; basal lobes erect, triangular ; terminal lobe
yellow streaked with purple, oblong, with two divaricate oblong
lobules and a horn-like, deflexed fleshy beak ; upper-surface with
five carunculate ridges. Spur short, conical, obtuse. Column short,,
without a foot. Pollinia ovoid, attached by a short broad caudicle
to a large quadrate gland. Capsule narrowly clavate, 2-2 1- in. long .

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon). Flowers during May. DISTRIB. : Outer
ranges of Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaon, up to 4,000 ft.; extend-
ing eastwards to Sikkim, Bhutan and Sylhet.

212 ORCHIDACEdS. [ SACCOLABIUM.

18. SACCOLABIUM, Blume ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 54.

Epiphytes, without pseudobulbs. Leaves coriaceous, flat or
conduplicate, often keeled. Flowers usually small, in leaf — opposed
or supra-axillary racemes corymbs umbels or panicles ; floral
bracts minute. Sepals and petals adnate to the column, subequal,
spreading or reflexed. Lip sessile on the footless column, forming
a cylindric or saccate spur ; lateral lobes small or none ; terminal one
small, often hairy. Anther 1- or imperfectly 2-celled ; pollinia 2,
entire or bipartite. — Species 50, in E. Asia.

Spur cylindric, straight . . . . . 1. S. papillosum.

Spur short, at right angles to the ovary, widely
saccate : —

Apax of leaves not setulose ; terminal lobe of

lip papillose -hairy . . . . . 2. S. calceolare.

Apex of leaves setulose ; terminal lobe of lij^

fleshy and glabrous . . . . . 3. S. distichum.

1. S. papillosum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1552 (exd. syn.) ; F. B.
Lvi, 63 ; K. & P. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 219, t. 290 ; Duthie
id. ix, part 2, 147 ; Prain Beng. PL 1022.

Stems 2-3 ft., stout, erect, clustered, bearing many nearly horizontal
leaves. Leaves coriaceous, 3-4 in. long, conduplicate, curved ; apex
truncate or deeply notched. Peduncle 1-2 in. long, leaf -opposed, about
£ in. long, bearing a subcorymbose 4-8-flowered raceme. Flowers
J in. in. diam. ; bracts triangular. Sepals and petals yellow barred and
blotched with brown. Sepals subequal, oblong, subacute, spreading.
Petals narrower than sepals, subspathulate. Lip longer than sepals,
adnate to the base of the column ; side-lobes none ; terminal lobe
decurved, ovate-eblong, obtuse, crenate ; upper surface transversely
rugulose, white with transverse purple bars. Spur cylindric,
straight, half as long as the ovary and parallel to it, cylindric or slightly
tapering, pale -yellow, hairy within. Column short. Anther broadly
conical. Pollinia subovoid, deeply bipartite ; caudicle slender,
tapering to the small oblong gland. Capsule 1J in. long, fusiform,
ridged.

Dehra Bun, in swamps (Gamble, Mackinnon). DISTRIB. : Outir
ranges of Himalaya in Garhwal and Kuma on and eastwards to Sikkim ;
also in Assam, Bengal, Circars and Burma.

SACCOLABIUM. ] ORCHIDACE&. 213

2. S. calceolare, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7302 ; F. B. I. vi, 60 ;
K. d-.P Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 225, t 300 ; Duthie id. ix,
part 2. 147. Gastrocbilus calceolaria, Don Prod. 32.

Stem short, pendulous. Leaves 4-10 in. long, narrowly oblong, unequally
bifid at the apex, slightly narrowed towards the base. Racemes
much shorter than the leaves, corymbose, many-flowered ; peduncle
stout, bearing several short shepths. Flowers crowded, f in. across ;
floral bracts small, broad and blunt. Sepals and petals pale-grsen
with large brownish spots. Sepals unequal, spreading, the dorsal
one obovate-oblong ; lateral pair falcately oblong, narrower. Petals.
shorter than the sepals, oblong-obovate. Lip adnate to the lower
half of the column, the base forming a short wide yellow sac about
half as long as the ovary ; side-lobes none ; terminal lobe at right-
angles to the sac, semicircular ; its upper surface, except a triangular
yellow patch at the base, pure white and covered with hair-like
papillae. Column very short and thick. Anther depressed, shortly
beaked. Pollinia broadly ovoid-elliptic, attached by a slender
caudicle to a small cordate gland.

Behra Dun (Mackinnon). Flowers in April and May. DISTBJB. :
Outer Himalayan ranges from Garhwal eastwards to Sikkim and
Bhutan ; also on the Khasia Hills, extending to Burma and the
Malay Peninsula.

3. S. distichum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii, 4 ; F. B. I. vi,
64 ; K. & P. Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 227, t. 303 ; Duthie
id. ix, part 2, 148.

Stems pendulous, 5-10 in. long, branching, slender, leafy. Leaves £-
1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, with two or three fine
setae from the apex ; base sessile and slightly oblique. Peduncles
leaf-opposed, about equalling the loaves in length. Flowers 2-4,
in a lax raceme, about J in. in diam., green, irregularly spotted
with brown ; floral bracts oblong, subacute. Sepals and petals
subequal, oblong, elliptic, obtuse. Lip about as long as the petals^,
adnate to lower half of column, the base with a wide blunt sac at
right angles to the ovary, its inner surface without hairs or calli ;
side-lobes none ; terminal lobe yellow, semicircular, entire, smooth^.
flesh}' ; margins deflexed, the base with two blunt conical calli.
Column short, broad. Anther shortly beaked in front. Pollinia
elliptic ; caudicle long, slender, cylindric, the gland elongate,
bifid. Capsule fusiform, about f in. long.

Northern Oudh, in the Bahraich district (Duthie's collector). Flowers
during April and May. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges in

214 ORCHID ACEM. [ SACCOLABIUM.

Garhwal, up to 6,000 ft., and eastwards to Sikkim, the Khasia Hills
and Manipur.

19* CLBISOSTOMA* Blume ; included under Saccolabium in
FL Brit. Ind. vi, 59.

Epiphytic herbs. Stems more or less elongate. Leaves coriaceous
or fleshy, flat or semiterete. Flowers in leaf-opposed racemes or
panicles. Sepals adnate to the column, subequal, spreading. Petals
like the sepals. Lip sessile on the footless column, the base with
a large saccate or funnel-shaped spur which is sometimes dilated
at the apex ; its opening more or less occluded by 2 calli, the pos-
terior of which is frequently 2-fid., and also sometimes by a dorsal
scale, but never septate ; the lateral lobes small or obsolete ;
apical lobe thickened, concave. Column short, thick, footless.
Anther depressed ; pollinia 2, often 2-fid. ; caudicle single. —
Species about 40 in. E. Trop. Asia and Australia.

C. micranthum, K. & P. Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Cole, viii, 234, t.
312 ; Di-ithie id. ix, part 2, 148 ; Prain Beng. PL 1023. Saccolabium
micranthum, Lindl ; F. B. I. vi, 59.

^Stem stout, compressed, 3-8 in. long, enveloped in the leaf-sheaths.
Leaves 2J-3J in. long., narrowly oblong, keeled, obliquely truncate,
obtusely bifid, tapering to the shortly sheathed base. Flowering
stem equalling or longer than ; the leaves ; racemes many -flowered ;
peduncle and rhachis stout. Flowers about J in. across ; bracts
broad, blunt, much shorter than the short sessile ovary. Sepals
and petals spreading, white with large purple spots. Sepals broadly
ovate, obtuse. Petals smaller than the sepals, oblong. Lip fleshy,
pink or purple, as long as the sepals. Spur addressed to and as
long as the ovary, wide, blunt ; lateral lobes of lip small ; term-
inal one convex, oblong, blunt, margins thin, erose ;i upper surface
smooth. Column very short and stout, with a large p'rotuberance
on either side of the rostellum. Anther with a long pointed beak.
Pollinia obovoid ; caudicle triangular, shallowly cordate, attached
to a small orbicular gland.

.Dehra Dun (Vicary, Mackinnon). Flowsrs during June and July.
DISTB.IB. : Outer ranges of Trop. Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaoni
up to 3,000 ft., and eastwards to Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, and on the
Naga and Khasia Hills ; also in Chota Nagpur and in Tenasserim.

POGONIA. ] ORCH1DACEM. 215

20. SARCANTHUS. Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 66.

Epiphytic herbs, with usually elongate stems. Leaves fleshy
terete or flat. Flowers in extra-axillary racemes or panicles. Sepals
subequal, spreading or reflexed, or the dorsal one concave and
connivent over the column. Petals smaller than the sepals, spread-
ing. Lip adnate to the base of the column, or to its foot, rarely
jointed, the base with a funnel-shaped spur sometimes dilated at
its apex, the opening more or less occluded by calli on its anterior
and posterior walls, and always divided into two lateral compart-
ments by a vertical anteio-posterior septum ; lateral lobes small
more or less triangular and acute ; apical lobe small, triangular
or hastate. Column short, stout, often with a foot as long as or
longer than itself. Anther depressed ; pollinia 2, bifid. — Species
about 35, in E. Trop. Asia.

S. insectifer, Reichl. f. in Bot. Zeit. 159; F. B. 1. vi, 68 ;

Duthie Ann. R. Bot. Card. Calc. ix, part 2, 149 ; Prain Beng. PL

1023.

Stem 1 ft. or more in length, robust, scandent, flexuous; emitting many
elongate fibres. Leaves firmly coriaceous, crowded, almost imbricate,
J-2 in. long, distichously spreading, oblong, amplexicaul, apex
obtusely 2-lobed. Racemes shorter than the leaves, subsessile,
few-flowered, decurved ; rhachis stout ; bracts minute, deciduous.
Flowers about £ in. across ; sepals and petals 3-nerved, yellowish-
green, striated with red. Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacuto.
Petals oblong. Lip white and pink, or purple ; side-lobes short ;
terminal lobe larger than the sepals, triangular-ovate or cordate.
Spur vertically septate, its mouth with a pubescent ridge. Column
very short. Anther hemispheric. Pollinia sulcate, attached to a
short caudicle broader than long ; gland transverse, membranous.

N. Oudh, in the Bahraich district (Duthie). Flowers in Sep. DISTEIB. :
Garhwal, in the Ramganga valley, also in Chota Nagpur, Behar,
Cachar, Chittagong, Sundribans, extending to Tenasserim.

21. POGONIA, Juss. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 118.

Terrestrial unifoliolate tuberous-rooted herbs ; tuber stoloni-
ferous, each stolon bearing at its tip a tuber smaller than that
of the parent. Leaf broadly cordate or orbicular, strongly plicate,
rising from the same tuber as the flowers, but usually after the

216 ORCHIDACE&. [ POGONIA.

appearance of the flower-scape, occasionally coetaneous. Flowers
solitary few or several, racemose, often pendulous, on scapes rising
from the tuber. Sepals subequal, narrow, connivent or spreading.
Petals like the sepals. Lip adnate to the base of the column, some-
times slightly saccate at the base, rather narrow, the lower portion
convolute round the column ; lateral lobes small, usually triangular ;
apical lobe flat, ovate or orbicular, entire, or fimbriate. Column
elongate, clavate upwards ; stigma anticous, oblong or orbicular.
Anther more or less incumbent, substipitate ; pollinia 2 or 4,
elongate, powdery, often coherent, without caudicle or gland.
Species about 80, in Trop. Asia, America and Africa. — The above
characters apply only to the section Nervilea, to which all the
Old World species of Pogonia belong, and which differ by flowering
before the leaves appear. All the other species, except one in
Japan, are found in the New World, and their flowering stems
bear leaves.

Leaves many-nerved ; floral bracts longer

than ovary, deflexed ; lip slightly saccate

at the base . . . . . . 1. P. GAMMIEANA.

Leaves 7-9-nerved ; floral bracts erect ; lip

not saccate at the base . . . . 2. P. CABIN AT A.

1. P. Gammleana, Hook. /. 'in Bot. Mag. t. 6671 ; F. B. I. F/,
120 ; K. & P. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 269, t. 359 ; Duthie id,
\x, part 2, 158.

Tuber globular waited, about 1J in. in diam. Leaf glabrous, 5-6 in.
across, reniform, abruptly acuminate, many-nerved, its margin much
undulate ; petiole about as long as the blade, sheathed at the base.
Flowering stem, stout, 3-12 in. long, peduncle bearing two or three long
tubular acute and often bifid bracts. Raceme laxly 5-8 fid. Flowers
about 1 in. long, drooping, pink streaked with white ; floral bracts
deflexed, longer than the truncate stalked ovary, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate. Sepals and petals subequal, oblanceolate, connivent..
Lip pale-green, as long as the sepals, saccate at the base, elliptic-
obovate (when spread out) ; lower half convolute and with two short
side-lobes pointing forwards ; epichile spreading, the margin deeply
crenulate ; disk hairy, with three parallel central ridges.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon, Duthie) ; Siwalik range, in the Timli Pass
(Duthie). Flowers in May, and the leaves appear about two months
later. DISTEIB. : Trop. Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaon, up to-
3,000 ft. ; also in Sikkim.

EPIPACTIS. ] ORCHIDACEM 217

2. P. carlnata, LindL Gen. & Spec. Orch. 414 ; F. B. I. vi,

121 ; Prain Beng. PL 1026 ; Duthie Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix9
part 2, 159, t. 124 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 707. Epipactis carinata*
Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 454.

Tubers globose or obovate, J-J in. in diam., annulated and warted.
Leaf l|-2^ in. wide, ovate, acute or cuspidate, cordate or cuneat^e at
the ba^e, 7-9-nerved, glabrous ; petiole 1-2 in. long, sheathed at
the base. Flowering stem .up to 1 ft. high, bearing 3 or 4 loose
tubular acute or acuminate sheaths. Raceme laxly flowered ; floral
bracts twice as long as the stalked ovary, erect lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 5-nerved. Flowers about 1 in. long. Sepals and petals, sub-
equal, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, green. Lip $ in.
long, straight, trough -shaped, not saccate at the base, 3-lobed above
the middle, white tinged with yellowish green and with conspicuous
pink-coloured veins usually bifurcating within f;he margin ; upper
surface hairy especially on the ridges and veins ; side-lobes erect,
margins entire, terminal lobe not deflexed, ovate, bluntly acuminate,
its margin irregularly cremulate. Column J- in., slightly curved,
dilated at the apex. Anther triangular, beaked in front.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohflkhand and North Oudh, in the districts
of Pilibhit, Bahraich and Gonda. Flowers in May, the leaves appear-
ing about one month later. DISTRIB. : Ramganga valley in Kumaon
(T. Thomson) ; common in Bengal and eastwards to Burma ; also
in the Bombay Pres. and southwards to S. India.

22. EPIPACTIS, Andans. ; FL Brit. Ind. vi, 125.

Terrestrial herbs with fibrous roots and leafy stems. Leaves
sessile, plicate. Flowers in racemes, drooping ; floral bracts elong-
ating and often leaf-like. Sepals and petals broadly lanceolate,
acuminate, strongly nerved. Lip adnate to the base of column,
distinctly divided into hypochile and epichile ; hypochile much
deflexed, concave or saccate, jointed to the epichile at a right
angle, both with entire edges. Column short ; stigma large, anti-
cous ; rostellum broad, prominent. Anthers erect, obtuse, its
cells contiguous ; pollinia 2, bipartite, very narrow. Species about
12, in the North Temp. Hemisphere.

E. consimilis, Wall Cat. 7043 (not of Don) ; F. B.il. vi, 126 ;

K. <£. P. Ann, R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 272, t. 364; Duthie id, ix,
part 29 161 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 498.

218 ORCHIDACE&. [ EPIPACTIS.

Height of plant 1-2 ft. Stem leafy, slender, glabrous. Leaves 4-7 in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate ; uppermost shorter and much narrower ;
nerves prominent. Raceme 4-6 in. long, laxly fid., rhachis tomentose.
Flowers 1-1J in. across ; flowering bracts ovate or linear -lanceolate,
varying in size. Sepals spreading, unequal, concave, clothed with
white hairs on a deep-lavender ground, green inside as are both sur-
faces of the petals, and marked with broad bands of reddish-brown ;
dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute ; lateral pair much broader. Petals
ovate, acute, tomentose on the stout midrib beneath. Lip rather
shorter than the sepals ; hypochile purple, trough-shaped, bearing
granular unequal calli inside, with two larger obtuse nectar-exuding
ones near the apex ; epichile pale brown, lanceolate and with
erect lobes ; upper surface with a median ridge terminating within the
white apex. Column stout, curved ; stigmas large, subrotund and
with two glands on the lower margin. Anther tumid.

Oehra Dun (Gamble, Mackinnon) ; banks of 'canal near Saharanpur
(Duthie). Flowers during Feb. and March. DISTRIB. : W. Himalaya
from the Simla Hills to Kumaon, up to 3,000 ft. and eastwards to
Nepal and Sikkim, extending to upper Burma and China ; it is found
<'i Iso on the N. W. frontier of India in the districts of Gilgit and
Chitral, and extends to Afghanistan and Syria.

23. GOODYERA, R. Br. ; Fl. Brit Ind, vi, 110.

Terrestrial leafy herbs ; stem decumbent below. Leaves usually
rather thick, with wide sheaths and often distinct petioles.
Flowers small, numerous, in terminal, sometimes secund, spikes
or racemes. Sepals subequal, often pubescent outside ; lateral
pair free, subconnivent or spreading ; dorsal concave. Petals
like the dorsal sepal and forming with it a hood over the column.
Lip adnate to base of column, entire saccate or cymbiform at the
base ; apical lobe small, usually acute and decurved ; basal sac
with seta£ calli or ridges inside, rarely smooth. Column short,
with projecting rostellum ; stigma anticous, undivided. Anther
usually pyriform, with a long erect beak ; polHnia 2, clavate, sessile
on a large or small gland.— Species about 25, in Europe, Temp.
and Trop. Asia, North America, New Caledonia and the Mascerene
Islands.

G. procera Hook, Exot. Flora, t. 39 ; Don Prod. 28 ; Royle III.
384 ; F. B. I. vi, 111 ; K. & P. Ann. K Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 282, t.
378 ; Duthie id, ix, part 2, 165 ; Prain Beng. PL 1027.

'ZEUXINE. ] ORCH1DACEM. 219

Stem 10-30 in. in length, very leafy below, glabrous, loosely enveloped
by the wide leaf-sheaths. Leaves many, long-petioled ; blade 4-8 in.
long, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, tapering at each end.| acute or acumi-
nate ; petiole stout, 1J-3 in. long. Peduncle bearing many lanceo-
late acuminate bracts which are hairy above and glabrous beneath.
Spike, 3-8 in. long, many-and densely fld.; rhachis pubescent.
Flowers minute, subglobose, white tinged with green ; fl. bract as
-long as ovary, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent on the margin.
Sepal glabrous, subequal, broadly ovate, obtuse. Petals clawed,
cuneately obovate. Lip longer than sepals, with a large saccate
base, its apex decurved, triangular, entire ; interior of basal sac with
two rows of long setse on the sides and an oblong callus at the apex
of each row. Column very short, with a transverse depression below
the broad anticous stigma. Anther pyriform, obtuse. Pollinia clavate-
cylindric, eessile on a small oblong gland.

J)ehra Dun (Mackinnon) ; N. Oudh in the Bahraich district (Duthie)
Flowers in May. DISTRIB. : Outer Himalayan ranges of Garhwal
and Kumaon, up to 3,000 ft., and eastwards to Sikkim and Bhutan ;
also in Assam and on the Khasia and Naga Hills ; found also in Bengal,
the C. Prov. and S. India, extending to China, Hongkong and Java.

24. ZEUXINE, Lindl. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 106.
Terrestrial herbs with succulent glabrous stems. Leaves mem-
branous, sometimes withering at the time of flowering. Flowers
small, in racemes or spikes. Sepals subequal; lateral pair free,
the dorsal one concave. Petals like the dorsal sepal, and with it
forming a hood to the column. Lip adnate to base of column,
cymbiform or saccate at the base; apical lobe shortly -clawed
or sessile, divided into two subquadrate more or less truncate
diverging lobules, or entire, or with narrow decurved lobules, the
basal sac with calli or laminse within. Column very short, its
anterior face with lamellar or conical processes ; stigmas 2, lateral,
distinct. Anther membranous, sometimes ridged, the cells conti-
guous ; pollinia pyriform, attached by an oblong gland to the
erect rostellum. Species about 30, in Trop. Asia and in Trop.
and S. Africa.

Z. sulcata, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 485 ; Royle, 111. 368 ;
F. J3. I. vi, 106 ; Watt E. D. ; K. & P. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii,
286, t. 381 ; Duthie id, ix, part 2, 168 ; Pram Beng. PL 1029 ; Oooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 708. Pterygotiium suicatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii9 452,

220 ORCHIDACEM. [ ZEUXINE.

Whole plant 2-10 in. high. Stem and peduncle glabrous. Leaves 1-2
in. long, linear, acuminate, sessile on the hyaline truncate sheaths,
gradually passing into linear bracts higher up. Raceme, £-2 in. long,
densely-fld., glabrous ; fl. bract £ in. long, ovate -lanceolate, acuminate,,
much longer than the ovary. Flowers about £ in. long, white or
pink. Sepals unequal, the dorsal one ovate, concave, lateral pair
obliquely lanceolate, connivent. Petals falcately oblong, obtuse,
forming with the dorsal sepal a hood over the column. Lip yellow,
as long as the sepals, cymbiform and saccate at the base ; terminal
lobe short, subquadrate, entire or bifid. Column very short, with
two wings at its apex covering the anther ; rostellum with two short
stout parallel arms. Anther depressed, very shortly beaked.
Pollinia attached within the tip of a linear appendage of the gland.
Capsule ellipsoid, about J in. long.

Common within the area in open turfy and usually moist ground.
Flowers during February and March. DISTRIB. : Abundant in
grassy places throughout the greater portion of India, ascending
to about 5,000 ft. on the outer Himalayan ranges ; found also in
Afghanistan, Ceylon, China, Japan, Java and the Philippines.

25. HABENABIA, Willd. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 131.

Terrestrial leafy herbs with undivided or lobed tubers or fleshy
root-fibres. Leaves flat, with sheathing bases. Flowers small or
large, in racemes or spikes. Sepals subequal, the lateral pair
spreading reflexed or deflexed, or sometimes erect. Petals smaller
or larger than the sepals, entire or 2-cleft, often connivent with the
dorsal sepal to form a hood over the column. Lip adnate to base
of column, entire, 3-lobed 'or 3 partite, its base spurred. Column
short, usually broad ; stigmas 2, distant or conjoined across the
face. Anther-cells adnate to the front of the column, discrete,,
rarely touching, parallel or divergent below, their bases often
prolonged into tubes containing the candicles ; staminodes rugulose,
one on the outer side of each anther-cell, rarely filiform ; pollinia
2, clavate or pyriform, usually grooved, sometimes 2-partite ;
caudicles long, short or obsolete ; glands exposed, flat and discoid
or elliptic and globular, or elongate with truncate ends. Species
about 500, widely distributed in temp, subtrpp. and trop. regions of
the world.

Petals 2-partite, segments filiform ; lateral
sepals deflexed, tips filiform ; flowers
greenish . . • • . . . 1. H. graveolens*

HABENARIA. ] ORCHIDACE&. 221

Petals entire ; lip 3 -partite or lobed —

Side-lobes of lip pctaloid, truncate, much
wider than the narrow linear midlobe ;
flowers white : —

Side-lobes of lip pectinate to the middle ;
petals small ; spur slender, twice as
long as the ovary or longer . . 2. H. Susannce.

Side-lobes of flabelliforrn lip not pecti-
nate : —

Stem leafy upwards ; spur slender, twice

as long as the ovar^ . . . 3. H. longifolia.

Leaves all radical ; spur equalling or

longer than the ovary . . . 4. H. plantaginea.

Petals entire; lip 3-partite, the side-lobes
very narrow and usually filiform : —

Spur filiform, fusiform or Tong ~clavate, as
long as or longer than the ovary : —

Anther-tubes long : —

Leaves distinctly pale-margined ; spur
usually much longer than the ovary,
funnel-shaped at the mouth and cla-
vate at the apex . . . . 5. H. commelinifolia.

Leaves not margined ; spur about as long

as the ovary . . . . . 6. H. pubescens.

.Anther- tubes short : —
Leaves three or more : —

Leaves not margined ; flowers green . 7. H. furcifera.

Leaves pale- margined ; flowers

yellow . . . . . 8. H. marginata.
Leaves two, radical, orbicular, cordate,

margined ; spur shorter than ovary . 9. H. diphylla.

;Spur small, globose ellipsoid or shortly
tlavate, much shorter than the ovary : —

Leaves narrowly lanceolate or elliptic ;
flower small, white tinged with yellow
and green ^ tubers glabrous . . . 10. H. Lawii.

222 ORCHIDACE&. [ HABENARIA.

Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic ; tubers
hairy : — •

Flowers in lax subsecuncl spikes, white,

fragrant . . . . . 11. H. goodyeroides.

Flowers in dense cylindric spikes, white

or pale-yellow, fragrant . . . 12. H. constricta.

1. H. graveolens, Duthie, (n. sp.). H. digitata (not o
Duthie, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, part 2, 178, t. 128.

Stem 1-2 ft. high, stout, cylindric, lower portion clothed with closely
fitting sheaths. Leaves 1J-3 in. long, broadly lanceolate or ovate -
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved ; apex acuminate and with reflexed
tips ; margins undulate and coarsely toothed. Race'me laxly many-
flowered, about 6 in. long, elongating in fruit ; floral bracts subfolia-
ceous, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the slender ovary,
pale-margined. Flowers subsecund, about f in. in diam. Sepals
unequal, the dorsal one erect, suborbicular, its apex bluntly acumi-
nate, green on both surfaces, minutely pustulate on the back ; lateral
pair longer than the dorsal one, deflexed, subfalcately lanceolate,
white towards the base and tapering into short filiform tips. Petals
deeply partite ; segments filiform, fleshy, white, with slender recurved
green tips. Lip 3-partite, lateral lobes resembling the segments of the
petals, but rather longer ; midlobe linear, straight, longer than lateral
ones. Spur shorter than the ovary, laterally compressed, white
towards the dilated mouth and with a green clavate apex. Anther '»
cells separate, with prominent diverging tubes. Staminodes herba-
ceous, oblong or orbicular, margins erose. Pollinia obliquely ovate ;
caudicles slender, attached by the dilated base to small brownish
glands. Stigmatic processes subcylindric, blunt, recurved, the
entrance to the spur lying between their bases.

Dehra Dun, at Kansrao, in sal forest (Duthie, 'Mackinnon). Flowers
during July. DlSTRiB. : W. Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaon
in warm valleys. The flowers have a peculiarly pungent odour
resembling that of Valeriana Wallichii. This plant is, I now con-
sider, quite distinct from H. digitata of Lindley, under which name it
was described and figured in the second part of Vol. IX of the Annals
of R. Bot. Gard. Calc. p. 178, t. 128. In H. graveolens the leaves
are mostly collected at about the middle of the stem ; the lateral-
sepals are deflexed longer and with filiform tips, and the filiform
segments of the 2-partite petals are recurved at the apex.

2. H. Susanna, R. Br. Prod. 312 ; tioyle III. 367; F. B. I.
vi, 137 ; C-ollett Fl. Siml. 501 ; Pram Beng. PL 1032 ; Duthie Ann.

HABENARIA. ] OECHIDACEM. 223

R. Bot. Card. Calc. ix, part 2, 178, t. 128. H. gigantea,
Don. Prod. 24. Platanthera Susannse, Lindl. ; Cooke Fl. Bomb.
ft, 71 3. Orchis Susannae, Linn.

Height of plant about 2 ft. Tubers elongate, 3-4 in. long. Stem stout
with many blunt funnel-shaped sheaths on its lower portion. Leaves
2-6 in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, the upper ones bract-like, acunmi-
nate, imbricate. Raceme 3-5-fld. ; floral bracts longer than the ovary,
cucullate, acuminate. Flowers subsessile, 3-4 in. in diam. white
tinged with gre3nish-yellow, fragrant. Sepals very broad, spreading,
the dorsal one suborbicular, about 1 J in. long and broad ; lateral
pair 1 J in. long, obliquely oblong, obtuse. Petals J in. long, linear
falcate, acute, fleshy. Lip 3-lobed, about as long as the sepals,
fleshy ; side-lobes very broad, truncate, deeply pectinate ; midlobe
linear-spathulate, with recurved margins. Spur slender more than
twice the length of the elongate ovary. Anther very broad, cells
divergent ; tubes long, adnate to the sides of the column. Pollinia
linear, curved, yellow, about as long as their white flexuous caudiclos ;
glands ovoid, white. Staminodes linear-oblong, with crisped margins.
Stigma on the front of the column. Capsule with pedical 2 in. long,
ellipsoid, beaked.

Siwalik range (Royle). Flowers July-Sep. DISTRIB. : Outer Hima-
layan ranges in Garhwal and Kumaon up to 6,000 ft. ; Chota Nagpur
and in the hilly districts of Bombay and S. India, extending to
Burma, China and the Malay Archipelago.
3. H. longifolia. Buck.- Ham. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 324 ;

F. B. I. vi, 141 ; Prain Beng. PL 1032 ; Duthie Ann. E. Bot. Gard.

Calc. ix, part 2, 181. H. trapezoidea, Falc. mss.

Stem 10-18 in. high, slender, leafy. Leaves 3-5 In. long, scattered
erect, linear, acuminate, smaller upwards. Spike 2-2J in. long,
few and laxly fld. ; floral bracts linear, acuminate, longer than the

* slender beaked ovary. Flowers medium-sized, white. Sepals
minute, the lateral 'pair J in. long, oblong -lanceolate, 3-nerved,
larger than the dorsal one. Petals gibbously ovate, as long as the
dorsal sepal, 3-nerved. Lip flabelliform, J-f in. long and broad ;
side-lobes semicircular, entire ; midlobe linear, shorter than the
side-lobes. Spur slender, twice as long as the ovary, green. Anther
beaked, cells parallel ; tubes incurved. Stigmatic processes short,
clavate, incurved towards the mouth of the spur. Rostellum long,
erect, spathulate.

Siwalik range, on the Mohand Pass (" Portus Kheree ") Royle. DIS-
TRIB. : N. Bengal at Nathpur in Purnea (Buch.-Hamilton). I have
seen no living or herbarium specimens of this plant.

224 ORCHIDACEJE. [ HABENAEJA.

4. H, plantaginea, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 323 ; Hook. f.
F. B. I. vi, 141 ; Prain. Beng. PL 1032 ; Duthie Ann. E. Bot. Gard.
Calc. ix, part 2, 181, t. 132 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 718. Orchis platy
phyllos, Eoxb. Fl. 2nd. Hi, 609.

Tubers ellipsoid, about l£ in. long. Stem scapigerous. Leaves about
three or four, radical, horizontal, 3-6 in. long, elliptic-oblong, sub-
obtuse, membranous. Scape slender, 8-12 in. high, bearing many
lanceolate acuminate bracts, the lowest often larger and leaflike.
Spike 2-5 in. long, laxly flowered. Flowers subsecund, white ; floral
bracts lanceolate, acuminate or setaceous, half as long as the cuived
beaked ovary. Sepals subequal, about \ in. long, strongly 3-nerved,
white tinged with green ; dorsal erect, ovate-oblong ; the lateral pair
falcately oblong, spreading. Petals linear-lanceolate, adpressed to
and forming a hood with the dorsal sepal. Lip 3-lobed, flabelliform,
clawed, twice as long as the lateral sepals, puberulous ; side-lobes
semiovate, entire or with undulate margins, often overlapping at their
tips ; midlobe a little shorter, linear-oblong, deflexed. Spur equal to
or longer than the ovary, tapering to the apex, greevnish-yellow.
Anther broad, cells divergent ; tubes short, upcurved. Pollinia
globose or ellipsoid ; caudicles curved, widening upwards from a
narrow base ; glands falcately ovate, connate when young. Stigmatic
processes, large, fleshy, oblong ; rostellum triangular, broad. Stamin
nodes prominent with sinuate margins. Capsule £ in. long, turgid,
curved.

Dehra Dun (Falconer, Duthie). Flowers Sep. and Oct. DISTKIB. :
Outer Himalayan ranges of Garhwal and Kumaon up to 7,000 ft. ;
also in Sikkim and Bengal and southwards to the Konkan and Deccan
to Ceylon.

5. H. commellnlfolia, Wall, in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch 325 ;
Hook. /. F. B. I. vi, 143 ; Prain Beng. PL 1032 ; Duthie Ann. R.
Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, part 2, 183, t. 134 ; Cooke Fl Bomb, ii, 719.
Orchis commelinifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 451.

Stem 2-3 ft. high, loosely sheathed at the base. Tubers ellipsoid or cylin-
dric. Leaves scattered, 3-6 in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sub-
cordate, acute and often subspinescent at the tips, margins pale. Spike
4-8 in. long, many- and loosely flowered ; flowering bracts erect,
nearly equalling the long-beaked ovary, scaberulous on both surfaces
and ciliolate on the margins. Flowers J-f in. in diam., white, inodor-
ous. Sepals scaberulous ; dorsal small, saccate, with a short curved
beak ; lateral pair spreading, much shorter, hatchet-shaped, beaked,

H ABENAKI A. J ORCH1DACE&. 225

the veins deeply looped or arched. Petals unequally oblong, smaller
than the lateral sepals. Lip divided into three long filiform seg-
ments, about 1 in. long from its base to the tip of the mid-segment ;
lateral ones 1 J in. long, curved downwards ; mid-segment channelled
above, spreading, scaberulous ; spur 1J-2J in. long, slender and
curved downwards, its upper portion funnel-shaped and white, its
apex clavate and green. Anther -cells elongate, distant, diverging
at the base ; tubes long, straight. Pollinia small, oval ; caudicles
very long, dilated upwards, translucent ; glands minute. Staminodes
seated on the long arms of the column and curving round in front of
the anther tubes. Stigmatic processes large, clavate, incurved ;
rostellum triangular.

.Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, usually in open grassy places (Mackinnon,
Duthie). Flowers during Aug. and Sep. DISTRIB. : Outer ranges
of W. Himalaya from the Punjab to Kumaon, up to 5,000 ft., ex-
tending eastwards to Parasnath, Chota Nagpur and Upper Burma,
and south to Cent. W. and S. India.

6. H. putoescens, Lindl Gen. & Sp. Orch. 322 ; Hook. f. F. B. I.
vi, 144 ; Duthie Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, part 2, 183, t. 135.

.Tubers elongate, stout, often divided, and with a few thick fleshy fibres
from their summits. Stem 12-18 in. high, clothed at the base with a
few tight-fitting pubescent sheaths. Leaves crowded towards the
middle or base of the stem, 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, taper-
ing to the base, 7-9 nerved, undulate, not margined. Raceme with
a few empty leaflike bracts at its base, 8-10 in. long, lax, many-fld.,
pubescent ; floral bracts longer than the long-beaked ovary, ovate
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliolate. Flowers small, greenish-yellow.
Dorsal nepal £-J in. long, broadly ovate, a little shorter than
the dimidiate-ovate obtuse deflexed lateral ones. Petals narrowly
falcate, longer than the dorsal sepal and forming with it a hood over
the column. Lip 3 -partite, longer than the sepals ; segments linear
with filiform tips ; midlobe shorter, obtuse, keeled beneath. Spur
slender, about as long as the curved ovary. Anther-tubes long, flexu-
ous. Pollinia ovate, obliquely attached to the long slender flexuous
caudicles ; glands flat ; Staminodes prominent. Stigmatic processes
globose. Capsule curved and with a long beak, prominently ridged.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon). DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of W. Himalaya in
Garhwal and Kumaon, up to 5,500 ft. (Royle, Falconer, Duthie).

7. H. furcifera, Lindl Gen. d> Sp. Orch. 319 ; Hook. /. F. B. I.,
vi, 149 ; K. and P. Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii, 313, t. 410 ;
Duthie id. ix part 2, 184.

226 OECHIDACEM. [ HABENARIA.

Stem stout, 10-18 in. high, sheathed at the base, leafy below the middle
bracteate above. Leaves 3-4J in. long, elliptic, acute or acuminate.
Racemes 5-1 in. long, laxly many-fld. Flowers about J in. across from
base to apex, green ; floral bracts about as long as the ovary, lanceolate,
acuminate. Sepals unequal ; dorsal one ovate-oblong, obtuse, con-
cave ; lateral pair shorter, broadly and falcately lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, spreading. Petals as long as the dorsal sepal and with it
forming a hood over the column, oblong, retuse. Lip 3-partite,
longer than the sepals ; lateral segments filiform, diverging, curved,
longer than the stouter blunt midlobe. Spur slender, longer than
the ovary, laterally compressed, curved at the apex. Anther-cells
contiguous, diverging at their base^, the tubes rather short, up-curved.
Pollinia falcately ovoid ; caudicles slender, slightly curved ; glands-
narrowly oblong. Staminodes large, broadly oblong. Stigmatic pro-
cesses short. Capsule fusiform, decurved, shortly beaked, promi-
nently ribbed.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range (Mackinnon, Duthie). Flowers during.
Aug. and Sep. DISTEIB. : Outer ranges of "W. Himalaya in Garhwal,
up to 6,000 ft., and eastwards to Sikkim and Bhutan ; also in Bengal.
'Assam, Orissa, and extending to Upper Burma.

8. H. marginata, Colebr. in Hook. Flor. Exot. t. 136 ; Hook, f,
F. B. I. vi, 150 ; Collett Fl. Siml 504 ; Prain Beng. PL 1033 ; Duthie
Ann. It. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, part 2, 184, t. 136 ; CooJce Fl. Bomb,

a, 721.

Subscapigerous, glabrous. Tubers small, narrowly cylindric. Leaves
few, subradical, sessile, ^-5 in. long, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse,
3-5-nerved ; margins pale-yellow. Scape 4-10 in. long ; sheaths
erect, lanceolate, acuminate. Spike 2-6 in. long, many-fld. ; floral
bracts nearly as long as the ovary, lanceolate, acuminate, with pale
ciliolate margins. Flowers | in. across. Sepals green ; dorsal one
J in. long, erect, broadly ovate ; lateral longer, falcately oblong-
lanceolate, spreading or deflexed, 3-5 nerved. Petals \ in. long,
falcately oblong, closely adpressed to the dorsal sepal. Lip nearly
J in. long, 3-partite nearly to the base, lateral segments narrowed
into filiform tips ; midlobe shorter and broader, the margins
inflexed. Spur about as long as the curved ovary, laterally com-
pressed at the fusiform apex. Anther-cells distant ; tubes funnel-
sKaped, short, spreading. Pollinia obovate, with short geniculate
caudicles ; glands triangular. Staminodes elongate. Stigmatic
processes long, -adnate to the base of the column. Capsule about | in.
long, fusiform, turgid.

HABEXARIA. ] OPCHIDACEdE. 227

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range (Duthie). Flowers during August
DISTEIB. : Western Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon, up to 7,000
ft. ; also in Bengal, and found as a weed in the Bot. Gard. Cal-
cutta, extending to Burma and to W. and S. India.

9. H. dlphylla, Dalz. in HcoL Journ. Bot. ii (1850), 262 ;
F. B. I. vi, 151 ; Pram Beng. PL 1033 ; Duthie Ann. R. Bot. Gard.
Calc. ix, part 2, 185, t. 137 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 722.

Tuber* small, elongate or globose. Leaves radical, usually two, 1-2 in.
in diam. ; orbicular cordate, margined, rather fleshy. Scape 4-10 in.
high, with a few distant lanceolate acuminate bracts. Flowers many,
distant, spreading, about | in. diam., white tinged \\ith green; floral
bract much shorter than the slender curved ovary. Sepals about } in.
long ; dorsal erect, ovate, concave, acute, obscurely nerved ; lateral
pair slightly longer, deflexed, obliquely ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved.
Petals linear, white, as long as the dorsal sepal and forming a hood
with it. Lip much longer than the sepals, 3-partite; segments
filiform, white with green tips, lateral pair spreading and with spirally
twisted tips ; midlobe shorter, deflexed. Spur shorter than the
ovary, inflated towards the acute inflated apex. Anther broad, the
cells distant ; tubes very short. Pbllinia dimidiate-ovate, obliquely
attached to caudicles equalling them in length ; glands very small,
flat, circular. Staminodes large, petaloid. Stigmatic processes
elongate, clavate, adnate to the mouth of the spur. Eostellum
obscure.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon). Flowers during Aug. DISTRIB. : Outer
ranges of W. Himalaya in Garhwal (Falconer) ; eastwards to Bengal
and Chota Nagpur, and southwards from Konkan and Kanara to
Malabar.

10. H. Lawii, HL /. in F. B. I. vi, 162 ; Prain Beng. PL 1033 ;
Duthie Ann. E. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix, Part 2, 192, t. 143. Peristylus
Lawn Wight Ic. t. 1695 ; Coolce FL Bomb. ii. 712.

Tubers ellipsoid or globose. Stem 6-12 in. high, slender, with a few
short loose sheaths below the leaves. Leaves 3-5, clustered above the
middle of the stem, 3-4 in. long, narrowly lanceolate or elliptic, acute,
membranous. Spike 2-3 in. long, slender, narrow, many-fid. Flowers
small, crowded, spreading, white tinged with yellow and green ;
floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the slender
curved ovary. Sepals and petals £ in. long, white tinged with yellow
at the base, connivent, obtuse ; dorsal' sepal elliptic^ concave ; lateral
subfalcately linear-oblong. Petals oblong, obtuse, fleshy. Lip aa

:228 ORCHIDACE&. [HABBNARIA.

long as the sepals, broadly and obtusely 3-fid.; lobes rounded at the
apex ; midlobe twice as long as the lateral pair, its claw green
tinged with yellow, and with a short ciliate ridge at its base.
Spur small, globular, dark -green. Anther-cells parallel, tubes none.
Pollinia obovate ; caudicles nearly as long, attached to minute
globular glands. Staminodes large, green, with broad white margins.
Stigmatic processes short, clavate. Rostdlum short, triangular,
acute.

Dehra Dun (Mackinnon, Duthie). Flowers during July and August.
DISTRIB. : W. Himalaya, in Garhwal (Herb. Calc.) ; Bengal and Bi-
har ; C. Prov., in the Chanda district, and extending to S. India from
the Konkan.

11. H. goodyeroides, Don Prod. Fl. Nep. 25 ; F. B. I. vi, 161

(in part) ; K. & P. Ann. R. Bot. Gard.Calc. viii, 326, t. 430 ; Duthie
id. ix9 part 2, 192 ; Collett FL Siml. 505 ; Prain Beng. PL 1039
"Peristylus goodyeroides, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 299.

Tubers ellipsoid or ovoid, hairy. Stem stout, 1-2 ft. high, its lower
portion clothed with many loose blunt sheaths. Leaves clus-
tered above the middle of the stem, but not in whorls, 6-10 in.
long, ovate or ovate-elliptic, acute, narrowed to the shortly sheathed
base. Spike 4-8 in. densely flowered, its peduncle bearing a few
lanceolate acuminate bracts. Flowers subsecund, white, fragrant,
about i in. across ; floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about
as long as the slender curved ovary. Sepals unequal, tinged with
brown the dorsal one broadly ovate-lanceolate, concave, conniving
with the petals and forming a hood ; lateral pair oblong,
involute, apiculate. Petals as long as sepals, trapeziform, blunt.
Lip longer than the petals, 3-lobed ; side lobes linear-oblong
falcate, acute, slightly longer than the broad blunt midlobe, Spur
minute, subglobose, much shorter than the sepals. Column short,
broad. Anther-cells parallel, not contiguous, tube none. Pollinia
pyriform, caudicles very short, the glands small, obovoid. Stami-
nodes large, oblong, spreading, Stigmatic processes short, lying be-
neath and parallel to the staminodes. t

'Dehra Dun (Mackinnon). Flowers during July and August. DrsTRiB, ;
Outer Himalayan ranges from Garhwal to Sikkim and Bhutan.; also
in Assam, Khasia Hills and south to Bengal, extending to China.

12. H. constricta, Hook. f. in F. B. I. vi, 161 ; K. &. P. Ann.
R. Bot, Gard. Calc. viii, 325, t. 429; Duthie id. ix9 part 2, 193 ; Prain

.Beng. PL 1033. H. goodyeroides, Lindl in Wall. Cat. 7066

SCITAMINPCE. 229

(not of Don). Platan thera constricta, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7043.
Herminium constrictum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. under t. 1449. Peris*
tylus constrictus, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 300.

Tubers oblong, hairy. Stem stout, 2-3 ft. high, clothed at the base
with wide blunt sheaths. Leaves five or six, on upper portion of
stem, more or less whorled, 4-7 in. long, ovate-elliptic, acute or
acuminate, narrowed towards the long sheaths ; bracts on the pe-
duncle linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Spike broadly cylindric, 4-8 in.
long, many-and densely-flowered. Flowers spreading, white or pale
yellow, sweet-scented ; floral bracts large, erect, lanceolate, acuminate,
about as long as the ovary. Sepals subequal, J-f in. long, oblong,
obtuse, ciliolate ; lateral pair spreading, with involute edges. Petals
larger than the sepals, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, somewhat gibbous
on the lower side, spreading upwards in front of the dorsal sepals, but
not connivent to form a hooH. Lip as long as the petals, 3-lobed to
about the middle ; lateral lobes linear, acuminate, somewhat diverging
at their tips ; rnidlobe shorter, oblong, tapering to a blunt point.
Column very short and broad. Anther -cells close together but not
contiguous ; tubes none. Pollinia obovoid, caudicles short, tapering
to the large oblong-elliptic glands. Staminodes oblong, obtuse.
Stigmatic processes clavate, spreading. Bostellum erect, 2-fid.

Siwalik range (Duthie) ; Dehra Dun, in sal forests (Mackinnon). Flowers-
during July and August. DISTEIB. : Outer Himalayan valleys in
Kumaonandin Sub-tropical Sikkim ; also in Assam, Chota Nagpur
and Chittagong, extending to Upper and Lower Burma.

CVIII. SCITAMINECE.

Herbs, often large, frequently with a pseudostem of convolute
leaf -sheaths, rarely with a woody candex. Leaves radical or
cauline, usually membranous ; sheaths generally large, clasping
the stem ; lamina with a strong midrib ; secondary nerves close
pinnate, parallel. Flowers 2 -sexual, rarely 1 -sexual (as in Musa),
irregular, solitary or spicate ; bracts membranous or herbaceous,
bracteoles membranous or none. Perianth 2-seriate, superior ;
outer segments 3, calycine, rarely petaloid, free and imbricate
or connate in an entire toothed or spathaceous tube ; inner seg-
ments, petaloid, connate in a long or short corolla-tube, free or
adnate to the petaloid staminodes ; limb 3 -partite, the segments

.230

SCITAMINE(E.

free or connate. Stamens only 1 perfect, the rest replaced by
petaloid staminodes, or 5 perfect and a sixth imperfect or obsolete ;
anthers linear, 2-celled, rarely of one cell on the margin of a peta-
loid connective. Ovary inferior, 3-rarely 2-or 1 -celled ; style
usually slender, with 2 short stylodes crowning the ovary, stigma
entire or subentire ; ovules usually many, axile, rarely parietal,
anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule or indehiscent
and membranous or fleshy, usually crowned by the remains of the
perianth. Seeds often aril! ate, albumen floury, embryo small. —
Species 400-500, chiefly tropical.

Stamen only one perfect, others reduced to
staminodes or wanting : —

Anther 2-celled ; calyx tubular or spathaee-
ous ; style slender, embraced below the
stigma by the anther : —

Ovary' 1 -celled ; placentas 3, parietal;

cor-tube long ; flowers yellow . .1. GLOBBA.

Ovary 3 -celled ; placentas axile : —
Lateral staminodes broad : —

Connective not spurred at the base ;
cor-tube long, slender : —

Filament short ; connective broad,

crested ; stigma turbinate . * KGEMPFERIA.

Filament long, narrow ; connective
very narrow, not crested ; stigma
subglobose . . . .2. HEDYCHIUM.

Connective spurred at the base ;
cor-tube funnel-shaped ; stigma 2-
lipped, the lips ciliate ; bracts
forming a cone-like spike . .3. CURCUMA.

Lateral staminodes small or none,
rarely narrow and adnate to the
lip ; cor-tube cylindric : —
Flowers in a dense cone-like spike : —

Filament short ; anther-cells con-
tiguous, parallel ; connective
produced as a narrow appendage
as long as the anther ; stigma
small, subglobose ; spikes usually

GLOBBA.]

SC1TAM1NEOZ.

231

produced direct from the root-
stock, sometimes at the top of
a leafy stem . . . .4. ZINGIBER.

Filament forming with the pro-
duced connective an oblong
petaloid process, with the con-
tiguous linear anther-cells placed
in its middle ; stigma with a
semilunar pit ciliate round the
margin ; spikes usually at the
top of leafy stems . . .5. COSTUS.
Flowers in racemes or panicles at
the top of leafy stems ; filament
long ; anther-cells divergent at
apex ; stigma subglobose . . * ALPINIA.
Anther 1 -celled, laterally adnate to a
petaloid filament ; calyx of free sepals : —

Staminal tube with 5 subsimilar
slightly unequal petaloid segments,
the 1 -celled anther adnate to one
of the smaller segments ; ovary
3-celled ; placentas many-ovuled . * CANNA.

Stamens 5 perfect, free, the 6th imperfect or
absent ; sepals united in a split spathe-like
tube ; corolla short, included and envelop-
ing the stamens and style ; fruit fleshy,
indehiscent ; leaves very large . . . * MUSA.

The genera marked with an asterisk in the above key are not truly
indigenous within the area of this flora.

1. GLOBBA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 201.

Herbs with creeping rhizomes and erect stems. Leaves oblong
or oblong-lanceolate. Flowers in terminal panicles, rarely in
spikes, bracts usually deciduous, buds often replaced by bulbils.
Calyx funnel-shaped, 3-lobed. Corolla 3-lobed, longer than calyx ;
lobes ovate, subequal. Stamen 1, filament long, incurved, with
2 dorsal appendages ; anther oblong ; connective simple, winged
or spurred, produced beyond the cells. Ovary 1-celled ; style
filiform, placed in a groove of the filament, stigma turbinate ;
ovules many, on 3 parietal placentas. Fruit a globose capsule,

232 SCITAMINE(E. [ GLOBBA.

tardily dehiscent. Seeds many, small, ovoid, with a small white
lacerate ajril. — Species 60 to 70, in India, Malaya, China, Philip-
pines and New "Guinea.

G. orixensis, Eoxb. in Asiat. Res. xi, 358 ; Fl. Ind. i, 78 ; F.
B. I. vi. 201 ; Prain Beng. PL 1037.

Herb with perennial rootstock and annual leafy stems, 1-2 ft. high.
Leaves 8-10 in. long, glabrous beneath. Panicle long, narrow;,
lower branches 2- 3 -fid. at tip ; bulbils none ; bracts small, deci-
duous. Flowers deep-orange. Corolla segments staminodes and lip
equal in length. Lip spotted with reddish brown at the throat.
Capsule warted.

Dehra Dun and on the Siwalik range. Flowers during the rains. —
DISTHIB. : Bengal, Chota Nagpur, Bihar, Sikkim, N. Circars
(Roxburgh).

2. HEDYCHIUM Koenig ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 225.

Herbs with perennial horizontal tuberous rootstocks ; root-fibres
not much thickened ; stem elongate, leafy. Leaves distichous,
oblong or lanceolate. Flowers usually in terminal spikes ; bracts
oblong, subcoriaceous, 1-or more-flowered. Calyx tubular,
3-toothed. Corolla-tube, long, slender ; lobes equal, linear, spread-
ing. Perfect stamen 1 ; filament long, slender, anther-cells con-
tiguous, connective not produced ; lateral staminodes linear or
cuneate-oblong ; lip large, bifid. Ovary 3-celled ; style long,
filiform, stigma sub globose ; ovules many, superposed on axile
placentas. Fruit a globose 3-valved capsule. Seeds many, small,
with a lacerate aril. — Species 38, chiefly Indian and Malaya.

H. coronarium, Koen. in Eetz. Obs. Bot. fasc. Hi, 173;
Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i, 10 ; F. B. I. VI , 225 ; Prain Beng. PL 1039 ; Cooke
FL Bomb, ii, 728.

A tall herb with erect leafy stems, 4-6 ft. high ; rootstock J-2 in. in
diam., fleshy, jointed. Leaves sessile, 9-14 in. long, lanceolate,
finely acuminate, glabrous above, glabrous or sparsely pubescent
beneath ; base narrowed ; sheath smooth ; ligule membranous.
Flowers pure white, fragrant, in dense oblong spikes 4-8 in. long ;
bracts closely imbricate, 3-4-fld. ; the outer ones l|-2 in. long, ovate,
obtuse ; bracteoles 3, membranous. Calyx 1-1J in. long, cylindric,
green, shorter than the bracts. Corolla-tube 3 in. long ; segments
half as long as the tube, reflexed'. Lateral staminodes 1J-2 in. long,.

CURCUMA.] SCITAMINECE. 233

subobtuse, white. Lip 1J-2 in. broad, suddenly contracted into a
short claw ; lobes short, rounded. Stamen 1 in. long ; anther about
J in. Capsule oblong, glabrous, the valves orange-yellow within.
Seeds with a crimson aril.

Dehra Dun (Duthie). Flowers during the rains. DISTRIB. : Through-
out India from the Himalaya and the Khasia Hills southwards to
Chittagong, Bengal, Kanara, Konkan and Ceylon, extending to
Malay Pen. and Islands. See Kew Bulletin (No. 9, 1912) for an
account of the fibre yielded by this and allied species of Hedychium,
and of its value as a material for paper-making. See also Watt's
"Comm. Products of India" p. 776.

3. CURCUMA, Linn. ; FJ. Brit. Ind. vi, 209.

Stemless herbs with tuberous rootstocks bearing sessile and
long-stipitate tubers. Leaves usually oblong, often very large.
Flowers usually in dense compound spikes, vernal or sestival and
preceding the leaves or autumnal and coetaneous, crowned by a
coma of enlarged coloured bracts ; lower bracts ovate, membran-
ous, enclosing several bracteolate fugitive flowers which open in
succession. Calyx short, cylindric, minutely toothed. Corolla-
tube funnel-shaped ; segments usually ovate or oblong ; upper
longer, somewhat concave. Stamen 1, perfect, filament short,
anther not crested ; cells contiguous, spurred at the base ; lateral
sbaminodes oblong, petaloid, connate with the filament ; lip orbi-
cular, with a defbxed tip. Ovary 3-celled, style filiform ; stigma
2-lipped, the lips ciliate ; ovules many, on axile placentas. Fruit
a tardily dehiscent globose membranous 3-valved capsule. Seeds
ovoid or oblong, usually arillate. — Species about 40, mostly in
S. E. Asia.

C. angustlfolia, pOxb. in As. Res. xi, 338, t.J ; Fl Ind. i, 31.
Koyle III 357, 359 ; F. B. I. vi, 210 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL SimL
512 ; Prain Beng. PL 1041. Vern. Tikhur.—ft. Indian Arrow-
root.

Eootstock small, emitting long fleshy fibres terminating in pale oblong
pendulous tubers Leaves (with petiole) 1-1J ft. ; blade lanceolate,
acute J-l ft. long. FL spike lateral, apart from and usually appear-
ing earlier than the leafy spike, crowned by several enlarged empty
pink bracts. Flowers yellow, longer than their bracts, 3 or 4
together in the axil of each bract opening in succession and quickly

234 SCITAMINEGE. [ CURCUMA.

fading ; sheaths of pseudostem pale-green. Calyx 3-toothed.
Corolla-tube % in. long, somewhat gibbous ; upper lobe erect, con-
cave, ovate, longer than the two lateral ones. Lateral staminodes
oblong, united to the filament ; the lower large, broad, spreading,
notched ; connective produced at the base in a fork. Capsule ovoid,
ultimately opening by 3 valves. Seeds many, small.
Abundant in Dehra Dun and in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohil-
khand and N. Oudh. Flowering during the rains. DISTBIB. : Outer
ranges of Central Himalaya, also in W. Behar and N. Bengal ;
extending to Bombay and S. India. A kind of starch resembling
arrowroot is prepared from the tubers.

C. LONGA, L. Sp. PL 2 ; Koxb. Fl Ind. i, 32 ; Eoyle III. 358 ; F. S. /.
vi, 214 ; Duthie in Field and Gard. Crops Hi, 41, t. 77 ; Watt
E.D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 445 ; Prain Seng. PL 1042 ; Kanjilal For.
FL (ed. 2) 405 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 732. Vern. Haldi— Turmeric.
— A tall herb. Eootstock large, ovoid, with sessile cylindric tubers
orange-coloured inside. Leaves very large, in tufts up to 4 ft. or
more long, including the petiole which is about as long as the blade,
oblong-lanceolate, tapering to the base. Flowers in autumnal
spikes, 4-6 in. long ; peduncle 6 in. or more, concealed by the sheath-
ing petiole ; flowering bracts pale-green ; ftracts of coma tinged with
pink. — This plant is much cultivated throughout India chiefly for
the yellow dye obtained from the tubers, which also used as a condi-
ment. The plant was probably introduced originally from China,
though having all the appearance of being wild in Behar and Ch.
Nagpur.

4. ZINGIBER, Adans. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 243.
Herbs with elongated leafy stems and horizontal tuberous
rootstocks. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Flowers in spikes, usually
radical, less often terminal, rarely lateral on the leafy stems ;
peduncle short or long ; bracts persistent, usually 1-fld. Sepals
3, connate in a, cylindric shortly 3-lobed calyx. Petals 3, connate
in a corolla with cylindric tube ; lobes lanceolate, the upper con-
cave. Stamen 1 perfect ; filament short ; anther 2-celled ; cells
contiguous, with a narrow crest as long as themselves ; lateral
staminodes none, or adnate to the obovate-cuneate lip. Carpels
3, connate in a 3- celled ovary ; ovules many, superposed ; placentas
axile ; style filiform ; stigma small, subglobose. Fruit an oblong
capsule, tardily dehiscent. Seeds large, globose, arillate. — Species
about 30 or more, in tropical regions of the Old World.

€OSTUS.] SCITAMINECE. 235

Z. capitatum, Roxb. in Asial. Res. xi, 348 ; Fl. Ind. i, 55 ;
F. B. I. vi, 248; Prain Beng. PL 1045.—- Vern. Jangli-adraJc.

Rootstock of many long-stalked oval tubers with a spicy fragrance.
Stems slender, leafy, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves 12-18 in. long, linear,
acuifcinate, ascending, usually pubescent beneath. Spike terminal,
sessile, or somewhat prolonged beyond the sheaths of the upper
leaves, erect or oblong-cylindric, 3-6 in. long ; bracts closely im-
bricate, 1J in. long, ovate, green with a narrow brown edge. Cor.-
tube as long as the bract, segments pale-yellow. Lip pale-yellow,
not spotted ; midlobe £ in. broad, orbicular, emarginate ; basal
auricles large, oblong, obtuse. Capsule bright-red, size of small
olive, valves ovate. Seeds black, shining ; aril large, lacerate, white.

Dehra Dun (Duthie), Banda (Edgew.), Gorakhpur (Burkill). Flowers
in rains. DISTRIB. : Central Himal. from Kumaon to Sikkim ; also
Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Ch. Nagpur, and Chanda in Cent. Prov.

Z. OFFICINALE, Rose. ; Roxb. FL Ind. t, 47 ; F. B. I. vi, 246 ; Watt
E. D. ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 1139 ; Duthie in Field and Gard. Crops,
part Hi, 47, t. 100 ; Kanjildl For. FL (ed. 2) 405 ; Prain Beng.
PL 1045 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 736.— Vern. Adrak (fresh root), sunt
(when dry) — Ginger. — A herb, with horizontal jointed tuberous
zhizomes. Stems slender, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves 6-12 in. long, lan-
ceolate, glabrous beneath. Bracts suborbicular, cuspidate. Cor.-
lobes green • Lip and stamen purplish-black. — The ginger plant is
much cultivated in Dehra Dun and throughout the Sub-Himalayan
tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, and elsewhere in India. It has
also been extensively introduced in the tropics of both hemispheres.
The plant is known to have been grown in /India and China for many
centuries, but there is no record of its having been found in a truly
wild condition. The usual vegetative mode of cultivating the ginger
plant has brought about a tendency to cause sterility as in Musa
and Citrus.

6. COSTUS. Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 249.

Herbs with long leafy stems ; root stock tuberous, horizontal.
•Leaves oblong, with broad sheaths. Flowers in dense globose or
ovoid usually terminal spikes. Calyx short, funnel-shaped ;
teeth 3, ovate. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx ; segments
large, oblong, subequal. Lip large, obovate with incurved margins.
.Stamen 1 perfect, filament forming -with the connective an oblong
.petaloid process with the contiguous linear anther-cells situated
.in its middle ; lateral staminodes minute or obsolete. Ovary 3-celled,

236 SCITAMINECE.

style filiform, stigma with a semilunar marginally ciliate foveola ;
ovules many, superposed. Fruit a globose or ovoid capsule,
finally dehiscing on one side between the ribs. Seeds obovoid
or subglobose, aril short. — Species nearly 100, in the tropics oi
both hemispheres. Many of them are cultivated for their hand-
some flowers.

C. speciosus, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. i, 249 ; Eoxb. FL
Ind. i, 8 ; F. B. I. vi, 250 ; Walt E. D. ; Prain Beng.
PL 1045 ; CooJce FL Bomb, ii, 736 ; Kanjildl For. FL (ed. 2) 406.
— Vern. Kust.

An erect herbaceous plant, 4-6 ft. high. Stem somewhat woody at
the base. Leaves subsessilej arranged spirally, 6-12 in. long, oblong
or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, often cuspidate, glabrous above,
silky -pubescent beneath, base rounded ; sheaths coriaceous : ligule
none. Flowers many, in dense terminal spikes 2-5 in. long ; bracts
bright red, f-lj in. ovate, acuminate or pungently mucronate ;
bracteole solitary, f in. long. Calyx 1J in. long, deltoid- ovate,
cuspidate. Corolla-tube as long as calyx ; lobes ovate-oblong,
apiculate, lateral lobes about If in. long, dorsal one rather shorter ;
lip. suborbicular, white with a yellow centre, 2 in. or more in diam. ;
concave, plicate, crisped ; disk pubescent and with a tuft of
hairs at the base. Stamen IJ-lf in. long, with a tuft of hairs at the
base of the filament ; connective petaloid, J in. broad, pubescent,
produced into two glabrous appendages about as long as the linear
anther-cells. Style slender, 1 J in. long ; stigma with a semilunar
ciliate mouth. Capsule f in. in diam., globosely trigonous, red.
Seeds black, with a white aril.

Dehra Dun and Siwalik range, common in sal forest, and eastwards
along the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Kohilkhand and N. Oudh, usually
in moist shady places. Flowers during the rainy season. DISTEIB. :
Outer ranges of Himalaya, up to 4,000 ft., and more or less through-
out India ; also in Ceylon, Malay Pen. and Islands and in China.

The following non-indigenous plants belonging to this family
are occasionally cultivated within the area of this flora : —

KCEMPFERIA GALANGA, Linn. Sp. PL 3, Roxb. ; FL Ind. 15 ; F. B. I.
vi, 219 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 1038 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
726. — Vern. Chandra-mula. A stemless herb. Leaves appearing
with the flowers, sessile, suborbicular, 3-6 in. long, spreading flat
on the ground. Corolla-segments lanceolate ; lip white with lilac
throat. Lateral staminodes cuneate-obovate. More or less through-

'CosTus.] SCITAMINECS. 237

out India, wild or cultivated, extending to the Malay Pen. and
Islands, also in China. It is often grown in gardens within the
area of this flora. The tubers are employed in perfumery and in
Hindu medicine.

:K. ROTUNDA, Linn. Sp. PL 3 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 16 ; F. B. I. vi,
222 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 1038 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
727. — Vern. Bhui-Champa. — A stemless herb. Leaves petioled, erect,
•oblong, 12 by 3 in., appearing after the flowers. Corolla-segments
long, linear. Lip lilac or reddish. Staminodes oblong, acute. —
Wild or cultivated throughout India, extending to Malay Pen. and
Islands. Flowers very fragrant.

ALPINIA NUTANS, Roscoe ; Roxb. ; FL In<l. i, 65 ; F. B. I. vi, 256 ;
Watt E. D. ; Gamble Man. 723 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 738.— Stems
up to 10 ft. high. Leaves 1-2 ft. long by 3-6 in., obloftg-lanceolate.
Flowers very handsome, in panicles 6-12 in. long, the rhachis very
hairy ; bracts large, concave, ivory-white tinged with pink and
variegated with red and yellow. — Mr. Gamble states that this
planted in Dehra Dun at Rajawala, where it affords good fodder
for elephants. It is also much grown as an ornamental plant in
gardens. It is a native of the E. Himalaya and Burma, extend-
ing to the Malay Pen. and Islands.

•CANXA IXDICA, Linn. ; var. ORTENTALIS Rose ; F. B. I vi, 260. Prain
Beng. 1>L 1047. C. indica, Linn..; Roxb.; FL Ind. i, 1. ; Watt
E. D. ; Cooke FL Bomb. //, 744. — Rootstock tuberous, with many
fibres. Stems 3-4 ft. high. Leaves 6-18 in. long, oblong or . elliptic -
lanceolate, caudate-acuminate. Flowers distant. 2| in. long, scarlet
or yellow. The seeds are black and shining and are known under
the name of Indian shot. This species is much grown in Indian
gardens for its handsome flowers.

"MusA, Linn. — Tree-like herbs with stout steins composed of convolute
leaf-sheaths. Leaves very large, oblong, spirally arranged. Flowers
in an erect or decurved subterminal spike, practically 1 -sexual, the
lower female, the upper male ; bracts large, spathaceous. ovate or
orbicular. Calyx tubular, spathaceous, 3-5-lobed, slit to the base
on one side. Petals connate, forming a unilateral corolla as long
as the ca'lyx or shorter, convolute round tKe stamens and style.
Stamens o, perfect, the 6th rudimentary ' or obsolete ; filaments
stout, filiform ; anthers linear, erect, 2-celled. Carpels 3, connate
in a 3 -celled ovary ; -erfules many ; style filiform from a thickened
base ; stigma 6~k*bec}, subglobose. Fruit oblong or fusiform,
3-gonous, fleshy, imJeMscent. Seeds subglobose or angled by pressure,
in cultivated forms often obsolete. — Species about 40, in tropical

238 SCITAMINECE. [COSTUS.

regions mostly of the Old World. As a cultivated plant Musa has
spread extensively throughout the warmer regions of both hem-
ispheres, and more especially the kinds which yield the well-
known and highly valued banana and plaintain fruit (M. paradisiac®
and its subspecies sapientum).

M. PARADISIAC A, L. S p. PL (1753) 1043 ; K. Schum in Engl. Pflan-
zenreich iv, pt. 45 (1900), 19 ; Cooke II Bomb, ii, 742 ; Eendle FL
PL, part 1, 331. M. paradisiaca, var. normalis, 0. Kuntze Revis*
Gen. ii, (1891) 692. M. sapientum var. paradisiaca, Baker in
F. B. I. vi (1893) 262 ; Watt E. D. and in Comm. Prod. Ind. 786 ;
Prain . Beng. PL 1050 ; Kanjildl For. FL (ed. 2), 405 ; Gamble.
Man. 723- — Vern. Kach-Jcela. The Plantain. — Male fls. and bracts
subpersistent. Fruit cylindric, up to 12 in. long, usually yellowish -
green when ripe, pulp hardly sweet and rather firm, only edible
when cook5d. — A variety of the above (var. sylvestris of Prain) is
found apparently wild in Dehra Dun in the Khairi swamp and in
shady ravines of Nagsidh Hill, also at Sahansra-dhara, It is
frequently met with at low elevations on the outer ranges of the
Himalaya, and has been recorded also from Chota Nagpur and
Chittagong. The fruit of this plant contains many seeds and is
not edible.

M. PARADISIAC A, subsp. SAPIENTUM, K. Schum in EngL Pflanzenreich
iv, pt. 45 (1900) 20 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 742 ; Eendle FL PL part
7, 331. M. paradisiaca, var. sapientum, 0. Kunze Rev. Gen. ii,
692, M. sapientum (sp.), L. ; Baker in F. B. I. vi, 262 ; Watt
E. Z>, ; Comm. Prod. Ind. 786 ; Prain Beng. PL 1050. —Vern.. Kela.
The Banana. — Male fls. and bracts deciduous. Fruit oblong, usually
3-gonous, yellowish or reddish when ripe, the pulp is soft and sweet
and is edible uncooked. — Numerous forms or varieties of this sub-
species are cultivated throughout the warmer parts of India, the
quality of the fruit differing according to the climate. For further
particulars see Watt's Comm. Prod. India*

MUSA CHINENSIS. Sweet in Hort. Brit. ed. 2 (1830) 596 ; Cooke FL
Bomb, ii, 742. M. Cavindishii, Lambert, — Chinese or Dwarf banana.
—Whole plant 4-6 ft. Leaves 6-8, forming a dense -rosette, 2-3 ft.
long and about 1 ft. broad, spreading, oblong ; petioles short, stout,
deeply channelled, with broad crisped green edges. Spikes dense,
1-2 ft. long ; bracts reddish -brown. Male fls. persistent. Fruit
4-5 in. long, 6-angled, yellow, with a thick skin, the flavour insipid
until dead ripe. A native of S. China and much cultivated in India
and other tropical countries. In the Saharanpur district the fruit
is ripened underground in earthenware vessels.

AMARYLLIDACE&. 23d

CIX.-AMARYLLIDACEJE.

Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or undershrubs ; rootstock a
bulb tuber or corm, rarely an erect stock. Leaves radical, few or
many. Flowers few or solitary, on terminal leafless scapes, cften
umbellate ; bracts membranous or coloured, rarely herbaceous, the
outer under the umbel 1-3, rarely many, the inflorescence occa-
sionally racemose or panicled with scattered bracts. Perianth
regular or irregular, 2-seriate, 6-lobed or partite, sometimes with a
corona on the limb. Stamens 6, adnate to the base of the perianth-
segments, rarely epigynous ; filaments free or connate, anthers
erect or versatile. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, style slender, stigma
simple or 3-cleft ; ovules many, 2-seriate on the inner angles of the
cells, anatropous. Fruit inferior, usually a loculicidal capsule,
rarely fleshy and bursting irregularly. Seeds few or many ; albumen
fleshy, enclosing the small embryo.— Species about 650, in temperate
and tropical regions.

Leaves large, thick and fleshy, densely clus-
tered at the top of a rootstock or a simple
stem, spiny at the tip and usually armed
along the edges ; scape long, terminal, simple
or branching towards the apex : —

Inflorescence simple and spicate or com-
pound and thyrsoid ; stamens in bud in-
flexed under the tips of the per-segments,
much longer than the perianth ; filaments
filiform or flattened at the base ; style
filiform . . . . . .1. AGA.VE.

Inflorescence loosely panicled ; stamens
about equalling the perianth ; filaments
thickened at the base ; style thickened in
the middle . . . . . .2. FURCRCEA.

Leaves thin and flat or, if somewhat fleshy,
unarmed : —

Rootstock tuberous ; leaves strongly nerved
flat or plicate ; flowers in spikes or racemes ;
perianth yellow not showy : —
Fruit opening by 3 valves or circum-

scissile 3. HYPOXIS.

Fruit a succulent berry . . . .4. CURCUUGO.

240

AMARYLLIDACE&.

Rootstock a tunicate bulb ; leaves not
strongly nerved, flat, smooth ; flowers
usually umbellate at the apex of a
scape ; perianth white or pink, large and
showy : —
Filaments attached to the perianth-lobes,

but not connate. . . . .5. CHINUM.
Filaments united towards their base by

an intervening petaloid membrane . 6. PANCRATIUM.

1. AGAVE, Linn. — The following key to the species of Agave which
are cultivated or have become naturalized in N. India is based on a
paper in the Agricultural Ledger of 1906, No. 7, by Mr. J. R.
Drummond and Sir David Prain : —

Leaves in section flat to concave, but never
channelled throughout : —
Teeth minute, close set . . .

Teeth larger, more or less remote : —

Leaves in a lax rosette or tufted, never
less than 3 ft. long : —
Perianth-segments not constricted
towards the tips : —
Leaves broadest in the middle, taper-
ing to both ends : —
Leaves oblong -lanceolate, neck
sharply constricted .

Leaves linear-oblong, neck not

constricted : —

Marginal prickles of upper por-
tion of leaf pointing upwards,
leaf deeply trough -shaped in
upper fourth . .

Marginal prickles pointing uni-
formly downwards ; leaf flat-
tish throughout

Agave species under
letter A in D. & P.
page 83.

A g ive a ner ic ana,

L. under letter B.
in D. & P. page 84.

A gave species, under
letter C. in D. & P,

page 85.

A grave Vera-Crnz,

Miller., under letter
D in D. & P. page

88.

AGAVE.]

AMAE YLLIDACE^.

241

Leaves hardly widened in the middle,
very narrow in proportion to
length : —

Leaves linear-lanceolate, curving
outwards throughout their
length, terminal spine acicular .

Leaves narrowly oblong, not
curving, stiff, erect ; terminal
spine conical from a stout base .

Perianth-segments narrowed from the
middle to the ligulate tip : —

Leaves straight

Leaves drooping from
£ or less

their upper

Leaves in a close
exceeding 3 ft.

globose rosette, never

Leaves in section channelled throughout.

Agave Cantata.
Eoxb. under letter
E in D. & P. page
87.

A (/ * re species under
letter F in D. & P.
page 88.

Agave sisalana,
Per. under letter G
in D. £ P. page 89.

Agave species under
letter H in D. & P.
page 90.

Agave WJghtit D.

& P. under letter
J, page 91.
Agave decipiens,

Baker under letter
K in D. & P. page
92.

1. AGAVE.
Agave sp. (A) D. & P. in Agril. Ledger No. 7 (1906), p. 84.

This is supposed to be the same as a plant cultivated in the Saharanpur
Bot. Garden under the erroneous name of " A. Ixtilli." A plant
reported to be naturalized in Burma seems to be very near to this,
and is perhaps allied to A. Keratto, Miller. No information regarding
the fibre is available, nor is the native country known. — Leaves
deep-green with a glaucous bloom ; marginal prickles minute, sharp,
ruby-coloured when young, pointing both upwards and downwards ;
terminal spine brown, subulate.

242 AMARYLLIDACEJE. [AGAVE.

A. amerlcana, Linn. Sp. PL (ed. /), t, 323 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3654 ;
D. & P. 1. c. under B. page 84 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 754.

The American Aloe. Planted in parks and large gardens throughout
India, but not naturalized, nor grown for its fibre. Outside India
it is cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens in N. Europe and
N. America. Its native country is not known. The plant widely
naturalized and commonly termed A. americana in S. Europe, is
believed by D. & P. to be A. Vera-Cruz of Miller. — Trunk prostrate
or ascending ; leaves deep -green often variegated with white or pale-
yellow stripes or borders, sometimes rather glaucous ; marginal
prickles mostly pointing downwards ; terminal spine dull-brown,
1-2 in. long ; perianth-lobes obtuse, amber-coloured.

A. sp.'(c), D. & P. I. c. page 85.—

Considered to be closely allied to A. Vera-Cruz, Miller. It was formerly
cultivated in the Saharanpur Bot. Gard. under the erroneous name of
A. Jacquiniana. The plant was sent to Saharanpur from Europe
but its native country is not known. The freshly cut leaves smell
like rhubarb stalks, and their juice soon ferments. — Leaves oblong-
linear from a very thick caudex, dark-green, glaucous ; tips stiffly
recurved ; blade 6 ft. long or more and 8-12 in. at the widest part
some way above the middle and there forming a deep trough by the
bending of the leaf and the inward rolling of the margins ; prickles
very stout and black, those above the trough -like portion of the leaf
spreading or ascending, the rest pointing downwards ; tsrminal
spine about } in. long, dark- coloured.

A. Vera-Cruz, Miller Gard. Diet. (ed. 8), No. 7 ; D. & P. I. c.

(under D) p. 86. A. lurida Zucc. ; Baker in Gard. Chron. N. S. viii

(1.877), 264 excl. var. Jacquiniana and ref. A. Vera-Crueis, HUW*

A. Cantula, Prain Beng. PL 1057 (not of Roxb.}. —

The common Grey Aloe of India. — Cultivated in Bot,. Gardens from

Calcutta as far as Lahore, also planted in hedges throughout the

greater portion of India, and sometimes on the sides of railways,

and it is said to be naturalized in Mysore. DISTRTB. : naturalized

throughout S. Europe, in S. France and Mediterranean Islands,

also in N. W. Africa and the Atlantic Islands (not recorded from S E.

Europe or the Orient). Extending to S. Africa, Mauritius and Ceylon.

Its native country is probably Mexico. — Leaves linear- oblong, many

from a short stout trunk which is hidden by their thickened bases,

sage-green and often very glaucous, early curving upwards, the

ends usually more or less recurved or drooping, 4-6 ft. long, often

AGAVE.] AMARYLLIDACEM. 243

rather concave at the widest part which is above the middle, neck
hardly constricted ; marginal prickless broad, stout, blackish, spread-
ing or decurved ; terminal spine £-1 in. long, dark-brown.

A. Cantala, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 25 ; D. and P. (under E.), page
87. A. Cantula, Roxb. Fl 2nd. ii, 167 ; not of Dalz. and Oils.
which is A. Wightii, nor of Pram which is A. V era-Cruz, Miller.

Naturalized in many parts of India, extending from C. India to
both E. and W. coasts to the N. W. Gangetic Plain and to the Sub-
Siwalik tracts as far as the Ravi, absent in the arid strip between
Gwalior and Delhi, where another species, the so-called A. mexicana,
has found its way. (See under letter F in D. & P. I. c. p. 88.)
It is also found in Burma. Its native country is not known for
pertain. This appears to be the first Agave to reach India, and it
came probably from the Pacific coast of C. America. The fibre
exported from Bombay with that of other species is often wrongly
named A. vivif.ara. The freshly cut leaves smell like rhubarb. —
Leaves linear- lanceolate in a lax but even tuft from a short
ascending rootstock, pale- green or sometimes glaucous, very narrow
in proportion to their length (4 ft. or more), the greatest width
just above the middle being about 3 in., curving outwards
gradually from their bases or bent over almost from their origin ;
upper surface more or I ess concave, sometimes trough- shaped in
lower portions ; marginal prickles large, alcate, always ascending.
J in. or more long, very sharp, pale-brown or garnet-coloured, from
a small light -coloured cushion ; terminal spine, acicular, cylindrical,
reddish or dark brown J in. long.

A. sp. (F) D. and P. I. c. pages 88 and 101.

According to D. and. P. this species seems to be intermediate between
A. Cantala and the Sisalana series. It differs from the former
species by its stiff upright leaves which are never involute and hardly
concave, do not bend outwards and are seldom recurved, even at
the tips ; also the flowers are more delicate in texture. Specimens
were sent by Mr. Gamble to the Calcutta Bot. Gard. from Dehra
Dun under the name of A. mexicana. It is planted and has become
naturalized in many places within the Upper Gangetic PL, and ia
often found in railway hedges in X. W. India. Its native country
is not known. Further information is required regarding the quality
of its fibre. Leaves tufted on a very short caudex, never forming
a rosette, stiff erect, 4-5 ft. long, of uniform breadth and ending in
the suddenly acuminate tip ; marginal prickles distant, chestnut
or garnet -coloured, their hooks sharp and ascending ; terminal spine
stout, conical, J in. long or more, brown.

AMARYLLIDACEJE. [AGAVE.

A. sisalana,, Perrine : D. and P. I. c. (under letter G), p. 89.
True Sisal. —

The sisal -hemp was first known as a cultivated plant in Yucatan in
1834, whence it was introduced to Florida and there naturalized.
From Florida it was brought to the W. India Islands and thence to
India during the years 1885-1892. Its native country is not known
for certain. It is cultivated in many parts of India as far north
as Lahore, also in C. India, Bombay, Bengal, Mysore and Madras,
also in Burma. Outside India it is grown in Australia, Fiji, Hawai
and E. Africa. Leaves 20-35, oblong-lanceolate, deep-green or some-
times glaucous, up to 6 ft. long, never forming a rosette, but closely
tufted on the rhizome or on a short ascending caudex, neck not at
all constricted ; margins with or without prickles which, if present,
are weak scattered and pale-coloured ; terminal spine not channelled,
glossy, purple or dark-brown.

A. sp. D. and P. I. c. page 90 (under letter H).

The finest of the naturalized Indian species of Agave. It is the large
species which was wrongly named A. lurida at Saharanpur. Vern.
Rambanskeom. It is regarded by D. and P. as closely allied to the
Sisalana group. It occurs in many parts of Bengal and in the
Gangetic Plain as far north as Saharanpur where it has run wild in
the Botanical Gardens. It flourishes under the same condition as
A. Wightii and is often found with it in the same hedge. It is cul-
tivated also in Dehra Dun, Lucknow, Madras and Burma and often
becomes naturalized in hedges. Its native country is not known.
The freshly cut leaves have the scent of rhubarb. More information
is required as to the quality of the fibre. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
not forming a rosette, the inner ascending from the stout caudex,
the, ends recurved for about ^ of the total length and drooping, dull
dark-green, often glaucous, reaching 7 ft. in length and 10 in. in
breadth at the widest part ; marginal prickles distant, stout, falcate,
yellow-brown from a broad pale cushion ; terminal spine not de-
current, stout, slightly recurved.

A. \\ightii, D. and P. 1. c. page 91 (under letter J) A. vivipara,
Wight Ic. 2024 ; Baker Gard. Chron. N. S. VIII (1877), 780 excl.
all syn. except Wight, not of Linn, nor of others). Agave Cantula,
Dabz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. (not of Roxb.).—

Vern. BdnsJceora (Saharanpur). Small Aloe of India. Cultivated and
naturalized in the Upper Gang. PI. at Moradabad, in Dehra Dun,
Saharanpur Bot. Gard., and from Delhi northwards to Ludhiana.
It is the only Agave in N. India which develops a conspicuous trunk.

AMARYLLIDACE&. 245

Its native country is not known. A variegated form is often cul-
tivated in gardens. D. and P. say that A. Wightii will doubtless
hold its own as a hedge plant, especially in the drier provinces. The
fibre is reported as good, but shorter than that of A. sisalana. — Leaves
ensiform, linear-lanceolate, very many, 2£-3 ft. long, and up to H
in. at its widest part, inserted in a compact series on a stout usually
conspicuous trunk which is partly procumbent or throughout ascend-
ing, forming a stiff even rosette 3-5 ft. in diam., pale green or often
tinged with ashy grey ; base thin, broadly amplexicaul ; marginal
prickles rather weak, about f in. apart, usually consisting of a small
brown cushion carrying a semi-transparent garnet -coloured spine
which is often sharply recurved parallel to the leaf edge, but ending
in a finely barbed hook pointing upwards ; terminal spine about i
in, long, pale, slightly decurrent.

A. deoipiens, Baker in Kew Bull. July -Aug. 1893, No. cclvii
D. & P. I c. under letter K, p. 92.

False Sisal. Cultivated only in Bot. and Horticultural Gardens at
Calcutta, Saharanpur and Lahore ; naturalized in Florida with
A. sisalana, . Perrine ; native country not known. Very near to A.
Ixtli, Karwinski, a native of Yucatan.— Leaves fleshy, linear, stiff,
in section canaliculate, glossy apple-green, 2-4 ft. long, widest just
below the middle, forming a compact radiating tuft, of which the
outer leaves are nearly at right angles with the axis, the inner ones
making gradually an acuter angle ; marginal prickles reddish brown
small Lut sharp; terminal spine J in. long or more, not decurrent,
blackish, very sharp, inclining backwards.

2. FURCR^A, Vent.

Only one species of this genus has shown any tendency to become
naturalized in India. This has usually been identified with F.
gigantea, Vent, but its exact identification with that species has
not been satisfactorily determined by Drummond and Pram*
for want of specimens of the inflorescence. It is planted and has
become naturalized within the area of this flora and in most of
the public gardens of India. It is often grown as a hedge plant and
sometimes on the sides of railway lines. In Southern India it is
known as the "Mauritius Hemp." The fibre is much used in
N. India, but it is not known to what extent it is in cultivation for
this purpose. (D. and P. L c. pages 105 and 147.)

:246 AHARYLLIDACEJS. [ HYPOXIS.

\

3. HYPOXIS, Linn. ; El. Brit. Ind. vi. 277.
Herbs with a tuberous rootstock, or a tunicate membranous or
fibrous corm. Leaves radical, narrow, strongly nerved. Flowers
solitary, or racemed, or in umbels. Perianth rotate, 6-partite,
sessile on the top of the ovary and persistent. Stamens 6, adnate to
the base of and shorter than the perianth-segments, filaments
short ; anthers erect, dorsifixed. Ovary 3 -celled ; style short,
columnar ; stigmas 3, erect, stout, distinct or connate ; ovules
2-seriate in each cell. Fruit a globose or oblong capsule, opening
by 3 valves or circumscissilely. Seeds subglobose ; testa crusta-
ceous, shining, beaked at the tip. — Species about 50, chiefly in
S. Africa.

H. aurea, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 200 ; F. B. I. vi, 277 ; Prain
Beng. PL 1058 : Collett Fl. Siml 516 ; CooJce Fl Bomb, ii, 747.
H. minor, Don. Prod. 53 ; Eoyle 111. t. 91, f. 3.

A small dioecious herb. Rootstock subglobose or elongate, crowned
with the fibrous remains of the old leaves. Leaves 6-12, subcoriaceous,
keeled, 4-14 in. long, narrowly linear. Scapes 1-4, filiform, or
2-flowered, subglabrous or thinly clothed with pale-brown hairs ;
bracts setaceous. Perianth-segments J-J in. long, slightly hairy and
yellow, the outer ones green outside. Anthers sagittate. Ovary
clavate, J-J in. long, clothed with short shining golden -brown
hairs. Capsules with thin walls, ultimately 3-valved, crowned with
the erect per -segments. Seeds black, finely tuberculate.
Abundant within the area of this flora along the Sub-Himalayan tracts
of Pilibhit and N. Oudh ; also in Bundelkhand. — DISTBIB.: Outer
Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim up to 7,000 ft., and south-
wards through the hilly parts of Peninsular India ; extending to Java,,
China, Japan and the Philippines.

4. CURCUMGO, Goartn ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 278.
Herbs with a tuberous rootstock, or a tunicate fibrous corm.
Leaves often large, lanceolate and plicate or linear and fiat. Flowers
often 1 -sexual, the lower flowers usually 2-sexual, spicate racemose
or subcapitate. Perianth 6-partite, usually produced above the
ovary as a solid stipe and bearing the rotate limb. Stamens 6,
adnate to the base of the perianth-lobes, filaments short ; anthers
linear, erect. Fruit a berry. Seeds subglobose, testa crustaceous,
black, often beaked. Species about 12, in tropical and sub-tropi-
cal regions.

•CRINUM.] AMARYLLIDACEM. 247

C. orchioides, Ocsrtn. Fruct. i, 63, t. 13 ; Roxb.; Fl hid. u,
144 ; F. B. I. vi, 279 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PL 1059 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 748.—Vern. Musali-kand (Oudh), Mushali (Hind).

Rootstock tuberous, stout, with many fleshy root-fibres. Leaves mem-
branous, sessile or stalked, 6-18 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate
plicate, glabrous or sparsely and softly hairy, the tips sometimes
rooting when reaching the ground. Scape very short, clavate, flat-
tened, the pedicels bracts and ovary hidden by the leaf and sheaths.
Flowers bright yellow, distichous. Per -segments \-\ in. long, elliptic-
oblong, acute, hairy on the back. Ovary lanceolate ; cells 6-8-ovuled.
Berry J in. long, hypogeonus. Seeds J in. long ; testa deeply grooved,
black, shining.

Abundant in the Sub -Himalayan tracts of Pilibhit and X. Oudh. also
in Merwara (Duthie, Burkill, etc.). DISTRIB. : Outer Him. ranges
from Kumaon eastwards, Khasia Hills, Manipur, south to Bengal.
W. Ghats, Konkon and Nilgiri Hills extending to Java, China and
the Philippines. The black root, a kind of musali is "ground and
eaten like flour at Balrampur in N. Oudh (Burkill). The roots are
also much used medicinally.

5. CRINUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 280.

Herbs with large tunicate bulbs. Leaves long, ensiform or lorate.
Flowers large, umbellate, sessile or nearly so, with 2 spathe-like
bracts at the top of a long solid scape ; bracteoles linear. Perianth
funnel-shaped or almost salver-shaped ; tube long, straight or
incurved, cylindric or with a wide mouth ; lobes 6, recurved or
spreading or conniving. Stamens 6, adnate to the throat of peri-
anth-tube ; filaments free. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 — many in
each cell ; style filiform ; stigma small. Fruit a subglobose
membranous or coriaceous capsule, bursting irregularly. Seeds
few, large, testa thick ; albumen copious. Species about 75, in
Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia, and America, mostly on sea-
coasts, and in India often found wild in rocky beds of rivers.
Perianth-tube straight, erect; lobes stellately
patent ; stamens spreading : —
Leaves 5 in. wide or wider ; umbels 15-50
fid. ; per-tube 3-4 in. long, equalling the
linear lobes ; neck of the very large bulb
4 in. or more across . . • . 1. C. ASIATICTJM,

248 AMARYLLIDACE^E. \

Leaves 2 in. wide or less ; umbels 6-12 fld. ;
neck of bulb 2-5 in. or less across : —

Bulb, with a fusiform stoloniferous base ;
per-tube 2i-3 in. long, equalling the
linear lobes, which much exceed thte
stamens . • . . . s . 2. C. DEFIXUM.

* Bulb not stoloniferous ; per-tube 3-5-4
in. ; lobes lanceolate, about as long as
the stamens.

Leaves obtuse or subacute ; per-lobes
3-5-4 in. long, about as long as the
tube . . . . . . 3. C. PRATENSE.

Per-tube curved, declinate ; lobes ascending ;
stamens declinate : —

Leaves 3-5 in. wide, margin scabrous,
hardly waved ; per-lobes oblong, almost
white ; anthers grey . . . . 4. C. LATIFOLIUM,

Leaves 1-5-2 in. wide ; linear lanceolate,
margin smooth, distinctly undulate ; per-
lobes lanceolate, pinkish ; anthers
brown . . . . . . .0. LATIFOLIUM var,

ZEYLAKECA.

Leaves f-1 in. wide ; umbels 6-12-fld. ;

perianth 2J-3 in. long • . . 2 C. defixum.

Perianth-lobes lanceolate ; leaves 1-2 in.
wide ; flowers subsessile ; bracts 2-3 in.
long . . . . . . 3 C. pratense.

Perianth funnel-shaped ; tube curved ; lobes
ascending, oblong or lanceolate ; stamens
declinate ; style longer than the filaments . 4 C. lotifolium.

1. C. ASIATICUM, L. ; F. B. I., vi, 280 ; Prain Beng. PL 1061 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 749. C. toxicarium, Eoxb. FL 2nd. ii, 134.—
Cult, within the area of this flora and throughout trop.
India. Wild on the Chittagong coast and in the Sundribuns.

2. C. DEFIXUM, Ker. GawL, F. B. I. vi, 281 ; Prain Beng. PL
1061 ; Ccoke L c. 749. C. asiaticum, Eoxb. L c. 127 (not of Linn.).—
Cultivated within the area of this florrv and in other parts of India.
Probably wild in Bengal and in the Central Prov. in swamps
and rocky beds of rivers.

DIOSCOREACEM. 249

3. C. PRATENSE, Herbert ; F. B. I. vi, 282 ; Prain I. c. 1061 ;
Cooke 1. c., 750. C. longifolium, Roxb. I. c. 130.— Plains of India
and in Burma. Cult, only in Upp. Gang. Plain.

4. C. LATIFOLIUM, Linn. ; Roxb. ; 1 c. 137 ; F. B. I. vi, 283;
Prain 1. c. 1061. — Gardens generally in India, perhaps wild in
Orissa and Chota Nagpur. VAR. zeylanica, Herb. ; C. zeylanicum,
Roxb. I. c. 138. — In gardens in India, perhaps wild in Orissa.

6. PANCRATIUM, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 285.

Herbs with tunicate bulbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate, often 2-
farious. Flowers large, solitary or umbellate, sessile or stalked
within 1 or 2 membranous spathes ; bracteoles linear, hyaline.
Perianth funnel-shaped ; tube usually long, widened at the mouth ;
lobes 6, narrow, suberect, subequal. Stamens 6, shorter than
perianth, adnate to the throat; filaments, connate below in a
petaloid membranous cup ; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 3-celled ;
ovules many, 2-seriate in each cell ; style long, filiform ; stigma
small. Fruit a large subglobose 3-cornered loculicidally 3-valved
capsule. Seeds many, angular ; testa thick, lax, black. — Species
about 12, in S. Europe, Africa, and a few are cultivated in Indian
gardens, and are often apparently wild within the area of this flora.

Zephyrantlies tubispatha Herbert ; F. B. I. vi, 277 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 1060. A bulbous plant with white flowers. It was intro-
duced into India from Peru, and is much grown in gardens, and
has become naturalized as an escape in many parts of India.
Another species, Z. rosea Lindl., is also met with in Indian
gardens, and in Dehra Dun it occurs as an escape from cultivation.
It is wild in Cuba, and the flowers are red.

Polianihes-tuberosa, Linn.; Watt, E. D.; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 753.
A well-known garden plant within the area of this flora and in
other parts of India. Roots tuberous ; flowering stems 3-4 ft,
high ; flowers white and fragrant, in terminal racemes. Intro-
duced from Mexico and known in India as the Tuberose.

CX. DIOSCOREACEJE.

Large usually climbing herbs and generally with a thick fleshy
tuberous underground rootstock, rarely a cluster of tuberous

250 DIOSCOEEACEM. [ DIOSCOBEA.

roots, or with sometimes an epigseal and often woody tuber.
Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound, costate and
reticulate ; petioles often angular and twisted at the base, some-
times articulate. Flowers small, usually 1 -sexual, arranged in
spikes or racemes, dioecious or monoecious in separate spikes, regular ;
bracts often minute, sometimes obsolete ; male spikes or racemes
simple or panicled ; female simple, sometimes reduced to 1-2
flowers ; perianth superior, MALE flowers : Perianth campanulate
or rotate, deeply 6-fid-or urceolate with narrow mouth and short
spreading lobes. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth,
all perfect or 3 reduced to staminodes, or only 3 and no staminodes,
filaments incurved or recurved ; anthers small, 2-celled, globose,
oblong or didymous, or with the cells discrete on branches of the
filament. Pistillode thick, columnar, 3-fid. or entire or obsolete.
FEM. flowers : Perianth smaller than in male, • 6-fid. or-partite,
persistent. Staminodes 3, 6 or none. Ovary inferior, 3-quetrous,
usually 3-celled ; styles 3, very short ; stigmas entire or 2-fid.,
recurved ; Ovules 2 in each cell, superposed, pendulous. Fruit a
berry or a 3-valved capsule. Seeds flat or globose ; embryo
small, enclosed in the fleshy and rather hard albumen. — Species
about 160, in tropical and subtropical regions. — Tamus communis,
L., the Black bryony, is a climbing plant with tuberous roots, and
is frequently met with in hedges in many parts of Britain.

DIOSCOBEA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 288.

Herbs with slender climbing, rarely procumbent, stems ; tuber
solitary, often large, underground or rarely epigceal, very rarely
with clustered long-peduncled tubers at the base of stem. Leaves
alternate or sometimes opposite, entire or lobed or digitately
3-9-foliolate. Flowers 1 -sexual and usually dioecious. MALE
flowers : Perianth campanulate rotate or urceolate; lobes short,
spreading. Stamens 6, free round a pistillode, or connate in a
central column, or 3 alternating with 3 staminodes, or 3 without
staminodes ; anthers small, the cells contiguous or discrete. Pis-
tillode thick and fleshy or none. FEM. flowers: Perianth- segments
6, small, free. Staminodes 6, 3 or none. Ovary 3-celled, stigmas
reflexed above the style. Fruit a 3-cornered loculicidal capsule,
the angles laterally flattened and almost winged. Seeds compressed,
often with a large membranous wing ; albumen fleshy or hard, 2-

DlOSCOREA.]

DIOSCOREACE&.

251

laminate, embryo between the laminae with a suborbicular cotyle-
don.— Species about 150, in tropical and subtropical regions. —
The tubers of Dioscorca, known as yams, contain much starch,
and are largely cultivated in India and in other tropical countries.

The following key to the species of Dioscorea which occur either wild
or cultivated within the area of this flora is based on Prain and
BurkilTs Synopsis of the Dioscoreas of the Old World (Africa exclud-
ed) and was published in Journ. and Proc. As. Soc. Beng. (N. S.)
Vol. X No. 1, 1914.
Stems twining to the left : —

Section COMBILIUM. Tubers produced in a
bunch, spreading, edible. Leaves simple,
cordate. Male flowers 1-2 together on a
long spike-like raceme (when the 2nd
flower is present it is placed cymosely on
the pedicel of the 1st); perianth saucer-
shaped, the stamens inserted near the
margin. Seeds unknown : — 1. D. aculeata.

;Section LASIOPHYTON. Tubers vertical.
Leaves generally compound. Male flowers
in spikes or spike-like racemes which are
generally compound ; perianth-lobes just
united at the base, with the stamens in-
serted on them ; filaments simple. Seeds
winged on one side only, in elongated,
reflexed or horizontal capsules : —

Male flowers not densely packed ; stamens

3 ; leaflets 3 or 5 . . . . 2. D. ptntaphylla.

Male flowers densely packed ; stamens

6 ; leaflets 3 . . . 3. D. triphylla.

I

;Section OPSOPHYTON. Tubers vertical.
Leaves simple, cordate. Male flowers in
characteristic dependent spikes ; perianth-
lobes with the stamens inserted at their
bases ; filaments free. Seeds with the
wing developed on one side only, in
elongated reflexed capsules : —

l»eaves alternate, ovate-cordate, drying
green ; flower-spikes long ; tubers some-
times slightly elongating . . . 4. D. bulbifera.

252

DIOSCOREACEM.

[ DlOSCOREA,

Stems twining to the right ; seeds with the
wing developed all round : —

Section ENANTIOPHYLLUM. Tubers vertical,
usually edible. Leaves simple. Male
flowers sessile, on short axes, opening but
a little way ; perianth -lobes free, with the
stamens inserted at their bases ; filaments
simple. Seeds in capsules which are not
refiexed but face forwards : —
Male flowers in spikes arranged on elongate
leafless branches : —

Flowers of male plant on axes which
are never zigzag alive or dry ; buds
usually flattened at the base : — •

Special flowering branches conspicu-
ously shorter than the leaves ; cap-
sules often rather glaucous . 5. D. Wallichii.

Special flowering branches, when well-
grown, longer than the leaves : —

Pubescence abundant on the leaf-
less axes which bear the spikes
of the closely packed male
flowers which are covered with
hairs, stamens 6 . . 6. D. anguina.

Pubescence absent entirely : —

Leaves hastate, network con-
spicuous below . . . 7. D. belophylla.

Leaves cordate or ovate-cordate,

thin, curling up on the midrib

$ when drying ; the first lateral

pair of nerves rather close to

the midrib . . . . 8. D. glabra.

Flowers of male plant on axes which
become zigzag either in life or when
dry ; stems acutely angled or winged 9. D. alata.

Section COMBILIUM

1 D. aculeata» Linn. Amoen. Acad. iv (1754), 131 ; Prain
and BurUll in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. (N.8.), Vol. x (1914) ; D,

LASIOPHYTON.] DIOSCOREACEJE. 253

fasciculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 801 ; F. B. I. vi, 296. D. sativa,
Linn. Sp. PI. (1753), 1033 (in small part). D. spinosa, Roxb. ex
Wall. Cat. (1832) 5103, letters A, D, E.

VAB. spinosa, P. and B. Syn. Diosc., page 20.
Leaves more or less hairy ; flowers rarely produced ; tubers few, un -
equal, mixed with many fibrous roots, the uppermost of which are
armed with spines which protect the tubers from the ravages of
pigs and other animals. — This variety is widely cultivated within
the area of this flora, and is often found wild.

VAR. fasciculate, P. and B. I.e. p. 20.

Leaves almost glabrous; flowers not developed; tubers ellipsoid,
crowded, without spines. — Cultivated in the districts of Lucknow,
Allahabad, Fyzabad, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Ballia, Ghazipur and
Benares. It is also grown in Java and in other of the Malay
Islands.

Section LASIOPHYTON.

2. D. pentaphylJa. Linn. Sp. PI. (1753), 1032 ; Prain Beng.
PL 1066 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 757 ; Prain and Burkill I c. p. 23.
D. Jicquemontii, F. B. I. vi (1892), 290. D. triphylla, Linn.
Sp. PL (1753), 1032.

From Western India to the remotest parts of the Pacific, from the
Himalaya and Yunnan southwards to Ceylon and to the islands
in the Torres Straits.

VAB. Suli, Prain and Burkill I. c. page 23.

Leaves grey, not shining. — Dehra Dun, Siwalik range, N. Oudh, Bundel-
khand. DISTKIB. : Himalaya in Garhwal and Kumaon at low ele-
vations, extending to the Khasia and Naga Hills.

VAB. Cardonii, P. and B. 1. c. page 23.

Leaves sparsely clothed with reddish hairs ; flowers small. — N. Oudh,
Gorakhpur, Mirzapur. DISTBIB. : Ch. Nagpur, in the hilly portions.

VAB. communis, P. and B. 1. c. page 23. — Vern. Kdnta-dlu
(Hind).
Tubers short, stiff, armed ; flesh insipid, firm ; leaflets 3 or 5, clothed

with reddish hairs. — Common within the area of this flora, also in.

Burma.

554 DIOSCOREACEM. [ LASIOPHYTON.

3. D. trlphylla, Linn. Amcen. Acad. iv (1754), 131 ; Lamlc-
Encyd. Method. Hi (1789), 234 ; Prain and BmUll I. c. p. 25 D.
doemona, Eoxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, (1832) 805 ; F. B. I. vi, 289 ; Watt,
E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 1066 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 756.

From India to New Guinea, occurring just within S. W. China and'
in Formosa. Linnaeus in 1853 applied the name " triphylla " to a
form of D. pentaphylla ; in 1754 he applied it as Prain and Burkill
use it here.

VAR. doemona, P. and B. I. c. page 26.

A pubescent plant, common in India. Within the area of this flora
it has been recorded by Burkill from Saharanpur Government
Garden, Siwalik range in the Mohand Pass, N. Oudh, Gorakhpur,
Mirzapur, Gwalior and Bundelkhand. DISTRIB. : Central India and
C. Provinces, extending to the less rainy portions of Java.-
Roxburgh says of D. dosmona that the roots are dreadfully nauseous,
even after being boiled.

Section OPSOPHYTON.

4. D. tmlbifera, Linn. Sp. PL (1753), 1033 ; Prain Beng.
PL 1066 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 758 ; Prain and Burkill I. c. p. 26.
D. crispata, Eoxb. ; FL Ind. Hi, 802. D. hetcrophylla, Roxb. ;
FL Ind. Hi, 804. D. oppositifolia, Campbell Econ. Prod. Chutia
Nagpur (1886) p. 7. D. pulchella, Eoxb. ; FL Ind. Hi, 801. D.
gativa, Thunb. FL Jap. 191 ; F. B. I. vi, 295 ; Duihie in F. and
G. Crops pt. Hi, 11. Plate Ixxx.

From India to the remotest parts of the Pacific, ascending the Himalaya
to 5,000 ft., and in S. China, in S. Japan, and in N. Australia. In-
troduced into Trop. America and Africa.

VAR. vera. P. and B. 1. c. page 26 ; D. pulchella, Rox b.9 L c.
901:

Tuber and bulbils short, acid ; leaves shining on upper surface.^very
common in Upper Gang. Plain. — Vern, Rdt-dlu.

VAR. sativa, P. and B. L c. — Vern. Rdt-dlu (Hind). —

Tuber very small ; bulbils large, nearly smooth, greenish-brown ; leaves
large, broadly ovate. — Cult, in India and on the shores of Pacific.
— (Otaheite Potato).
Var suavlor, P. and B. 1. c. p. 26.

Tuber and bulbils scarcely acrid. — Cult, in India, and recorded from.'
Jhansi.

V

EXANTIOPHYLLUM.] DIOSCOREACEM. 255

VAB. crlspata, Prain Beng. PL 1066 ; Roxb, L c., 802 ; F. B. I.
vi, 296 ; Watt E. D.— Vern. Zamin-kand.— Cultivated in N. India
and on Himalaya up to 5,000 ft.

Section ENANTIOPHYLLUM.

5. D, Waniohll, Hook f. F. B. I. vi, 295 ; Prain and Burkill
1. c. p. 31. D. aculeata, Linn. Sp. PL (1753), 1033 in small part ;
Prain Beng. PL 1067. D. sativa, Wall. Cat. (1832) 5108, letter?
A, B, and F.

India in hilly parts of Malabar Coast ; thence inland to Tapti river
and through Bundelkhand and Ch. Nagpur to the Circars, extend-
ing to Burma.

VAR vera. P. and B. 1. c. page 31.

Capsule slightly glaucous. — Bundelkhand at Lalitpur (Duthie No. 15243)*
DISTRIB. : See above, and exclude Burma,

6. D. angulna, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 803 ; Prain and Burkill I. c.
p. 32. D. spinosa, Wall. Cat (1832) 5103, letters G and H.

India, in the Himalaya from C. Nepal eastwards ; general where the
moisture is sufficient on the south of the Ganges as far as Travanoore
(but not in Ceylon) ; Assam, northern Burma, Sumatra and Java. — •
I am indebted to Mr. Burkill for the following localities within the
area of the Upper Gang. Plain : Gorakhpur dist. ; N. Oudh : in the
Bahraich dist. ; Bandelkhand : in the Jhansi and Banda districts ;
C. India : in the Bhopal and Indore districts.

7. D, belophylla, Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calc. (1845) 652 ; Prain
Beng. PL 1067 ; Prain and Burkill I.e. p. 36. D. deltoides, Baden-
Powell Punj. Prod, i, 259 (in part). D. glabra, Hk. f. in F. B.
I. vi, 294 (in part) ; Collett FL Siml. 519. D. sagittata, Royle
fX Voigt L c. 653. D. sp. Aitch. Gat. Punj. and Sind PL 148.

A species demanding less rain than most of the others ; met with along
the Himalaya towards the west as far as the Kashmir Valley, and
found also on the Salt Range ; eastwards, as far as is known, its
distribution terminates in Sikkim ; southwards it occurs on hill
crests as far as the Nilgiri Range ; and it has once been recorded
from the Khasia Hills. It is common within the area of this flora,
especially in Dehra Dun and on the Siwalik range, also in N. Oudh,
Bandelkhand and in the Mirzapur district. — Vern. Turhur, toree*
The tubers are much eaten.

256 DIOSCOREACEM. [ ENANTIOPHYLLUM.

8. D. glabra, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 803 ; F. B. I. vi, 294 (in
chief part) ; Prain and Burkill. 1. c. p.37. D. nummularia, Roxb. ;
Fl. Ind. Hi, 803. D. Wallichii, Hk. f. in F. B. I. vi, 295 (in small
part). —

India, south of the. Ganges in the moister parts, the Himalaya from

C. Nepal eastwards, the plains of Bengal and Assam, also in Burma
and Siam, extending to the Malay Pen. and Islands eastwards to
Java.

VAB. vera, B. and P. 1. c. page 38.

Leaves ovate, thin, very glaucous on lower surface, tinged with red
in drying. — Recorded from Dehra Dun (Duthie), and from the Kheri
district of N. Oudh (Duthie's collector No. 22827 (a), and from the
Gorakhpur district (Duthie's collector No. 22827).

9. D. alata, Linn. Sp. PL (1753), 1033 ; F. B. I. vi, 296, Watt

fi. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 1067 ; Prain and Burkill 1. c. p. 39. D.

atropurpurea, globosa, purpurea, and rubella, Roxb. FL Ind. iii9

pp. 797-800.

Cultivated throughout the Tropics, wherever the rainfall is sufficient.
It is certainly of eastern origin and was perhaps derived from D.
Hamillonii. In the W. Himalaya races exist, here classed under var.
Tarri, which appear as if D. bdopliylla may possibly enter their
composition. A plant widely cultivated is commonly polymorphic
as regards the parts subjected to man's influence, and D. alata is no
exception ; it shows a great variety of forms of tuber * * *

D. alata sometimes flowers and very rarely fruits (Prain and
Burkill). Vern. Kham (Beng.).

VAB. Tarri, P. and B. L c. p. 39.

Veins on lower surface of leaves conspicuous. Cult, in Kumaon and
in the adjacent parts of the Himalaya.

VAB. vera, P. & B. L c.
Veins less conspicuous.

CXI.— LILIACE^E.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees, with fibrous roots, or with a
creeping rootstock or a bulb or corm. Leaves cauline or radical,
somtimes none. Flowers usually 2-sexual, axillary Wr terminal,
solitary or geminate or arranged in umbels, spikes, racemes,

LIL1ACEM. 257

panicles or fascicles ; bracts usually small and scarious, or epathe-
like when the flowers are in umbels. Perianth herbaceous or peta-
loid, usually 6-merous in 2 series, rarely, 4- or 8- or 10-merous,
imbriacte or rarely valvate in bud. Stamens 6, rarely 3 or fewer,
hypgynous or adnate to the perianth, filaments free or connate ;
anthers oblong or linear, often dorsifixed. Ovary 3-celled, usually
simple, often long, rarely short on none or with 3 styles ; ovules 2
or more, on the inner angles of the cells, anatropous rarely orttho
thropous. Fruit a capsule or berry, usually 3-celled. Seeds 1 or
more, globose or flattened ; embryo small, terete, surrounded by
the horny or fleshy albumen. — Species about 2,500, in all climates
and countries.

Shrubs with perennial stems above ground ;
fruit berry-like : —

Stems climbing or straggling ; leaves re-
placed by linear or needle-shaped scales
(cladodes) . . . . . .1. ASPARAGUS.

Stems leafy, usually climbing ; leaves 3-5-

nerved, reticulate-veined . . .2. SMILAX.

Herbs with annual stems or scapes rising
usually from underground perennial root-
stocks corms or bulbs, rarely (in Asphoddus]
the plant wholly annual : —

Underground perennial stems large in pro-
portion to the roots : —

Aerial annual stem climbing, leafy ;
leaves broad, with tendril-like tips ;
perianth lar ;e, showy ; rootstock tuber-
iike, naked 3. GLORIOSA.

Aerial annual stems or scapes erect ;
leaves narrow ; rootstock a globose
coated corm or bulb :—

Perennial stem a solid corm covered
with brown sheaths ; annual stem
leafy ; flowers solitary or corymbose 4. IPHIGENIA,

Perennial stem a tunic ated bulb ;
annual scape simple, naked ; leaves
radical ; flowers racemose : —

Seeds sub-globose ; perianth st3llate 5. SCILLA,

258 LILIACEM. [ ASPARAGUS.

Seeds flattened; perianth campa-
nulate 6. UBGINEA.

Underground perennial stem very small or
(in Asphodelus) sometimes none ; root-
fibres large, many, usually some or all
fleshy or tuberous ; leaves radical ; cap-
sule loculicidal : — '

Ovules 2 in each cell ; capsule 3-que-
trous ; leaves J-terete or terete and
fistular 7. ASPHODELUS.

Ovules 4 or more in each cell ; capsule

deeply 3-winged ; leaves flat . . 8. CHLOROPHYTUM.

1. ASPARAGUS. Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 314.

Undershrubs with a stout creeping rootstock. Stems erect,
straggling or climbing, terete, grooved. Leaves minute, scale-like,,
bearing in their axils tufts of needle-like or flattened axillary cla-
dodes. Flowers usually 2-sexual, small or minute, axillary, solitary
fascicled or in racemes, pendulous ; pedicels jointed, bracts minute
or obsolete. Perianth petaloid, 6- partite, campanulate or funnel-
shaped. Stamens 6, adnate to the base of the perianth- segments,
filaments free, anthers oblong. Ovary 3-gonons ; style columnar ;
stigmas 3, recurved ; ovules 2 or more in each cell. Fruit a globose
pulpy berry. Seeds few or solitary by abortion ; testa black,
brittle, embryo dorsal, albumen hard. — Species about 100,. in
Europe Temp, and Trop. Asia and in Africa.

Branches 3-quetrous, smooth ; spines suberect
or subrecurved, J-J in. long ; cladodes J-l
in. long, in tufts of 2-6, slender falcate,
acuminate, channelled beneath ; ovules 6-8
in each cell. — A tall climbing much branched
undershrub . . . . . . 1. A. racemosu-s.

Stem tall, stout, smooth ; branches ashy-
white, grooved and angled, the angles mi-
nutely scabrid ; spines stout, straight, J-f
in. long ; cladodes in dense tufts of 6-20,
slender, terete, filiform, soft ; ovules many
in each csll. — A suberect shrub . . 2. A. adscendens.

SMILAX.] LILIACEM. 259'

1. A. racemosa, Willd. Sp. PL ii, 162 ; Roxb. FL 2nd. ii, 151 ;
F. B. I. vi, 316 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 523 ; Prain Beng.
PL 1070 ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2) 409 ; Gamble. Man. 724 ; Bran-
dis Ind. Trees 642. — Vern. Satmuli (Hind.), Satrawal (Dehra Dun),.
Chatawal (Rohilkhand), Sahasmur (N. Oudh). — Wild Asparagus.

A tall much-branched scandant spinous undershrub with tuberous
roots. Stem woody, terete ; branches 3-quetrous, smooth, striate ;
spines suberect or subrecurved, J-J in. long. Cladodes J-l in. long,
in tufts of 2-6, spreading, falcate, acuminate, channelled beneath.
Racemes solitary or in fascicles, 1-2 in. long, simple or branched;
pedicels very slender, £ in. long, jointed at the middle. Perianth T^-
J in. in diam. ; lobes spreading. Anthers minute, purplish. Ovules
6-8 in each cell. Berry J-J in. in diam.

Very common within the area of this flora, flowering after the rains,,
when it becomes conspicuous by its masses of white fragrant flowers.
DISTRIB. : Throughout trop. and subtrop. India, and in Ceylon,
and up to 4,000 ft. on the Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards. It
occurs also in Trop. Africa, Java and Australia. The white tuberous
roots of this plant are collected for food and constitute a kind of white
musali. They are also used medicinally.

2. A. adscendens, Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 153 ; Royle III., 393 ; F. B.
I. vi. 317 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett FL Siml. 523 ; Kanjilal For. FL
fed. 2) 409. — Vern. Satdwa, sat-muli.

A suberect prickly shrub, with white tuberous roots. Stems tall,.
stout, suberect, terete, smooth, white, much branched ; branch-lets
ascending, ashy-white grooved and angled, the angles minutely
scabrid ; spines J-J in. long, stout, straight. Cladodes in dense
tufts of 6-20, \-2 in. long, slender, filiform, terete, soft, suberect or
curved. Racemes 1-2 in. long, many-fid. ; pedicels jointed above or
below the middle ; bracts minute. Flowers 1 in. in diam. Perianth
— segments spreading. Ovules many in each cell. Berry J-J in.
diam. 1- seeded.

Dehra Dun, in Sal forests ; Bohilkhand (T. Thomson) N. Oudh, in
the distircts of Kheri and Gonda (Duthie). DISTKIB. : Western
Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards to Hazara, extending to Afghan-
istan. The tuberous roots are pickled, and the young shoots are
eaten as a vegetable.

2. SMILAX, Linn. ; FL Brit vi, 302.

Climbing shrubs rarely erect herbs, Leaves alternate, rarely
opposite, persistent, 3-5-nerved and recticulate ; petiole with

260 LILIACEM. [ SMILAX.

usually 2 tendrils above its base. Flowers small, dioecious, um-
bellate. Perianth of 6 free segments, incurved or recurved. MALE
flowers : Stamens 6 or more, free from the base of the perianth ;
anthers oblong, 2-celled, didymous, cells contiguous or separated
on a forked connective. Pistillode none. FEM. flowers : Stami-
nodes 6 or 3. Ovary 3-gonous, style short or none ; stigmas 3,
stout, recurved ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, orthotropous, pendulous.
Fruit a globose berry. Seeds solitary, globose, oftener 2 and hemis-
pheric, rarely 3 ; albumen horny, embryo small. — Species about
d80, in temperate and tropical regions

Umbels 2-3, very rarely more, alternate on a
common peduncle :—
Petiole stout, always narrowly sheathing

but not auriculate below the middle . 1. S. macrophylla.
Petiole rather slender, with 2 large, thickly
coriaceous, indistinctly reticulate auricles

below the middle . . . . . 2. S. Roxburghiana.
Umbels 7-20, ternate or whorled on a common
peduncle ; petiole stout, with, in all except
the uppermost leaves, 2 large leaf -like dis-
tinctly reticulate auricles below the middle . 3. 8. prolifera.

IS. macrophylla Roxl. ; Fl. Ind. Hi, 793 (no: of Willd.) ;
JF. B. I. vi, 310 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PI. 1071 ; Kanjilal
For. Fl. (ed. 2) 407 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 641 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii,
763. S. retusa, Rojrb Fl. Ind. Hi, 793. S. ovalifolia, Roxb. I. c.
794. — Vern. Ramdatun

.A large more or less prickly climber. Stems smooth, striate, armed
with a few small distant prickles or almost unarmed. Leaves alter-
nate, 3-8 in. long or sometimes much larger, broadly ovate or sub-
orbicular, acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous, shinning ; main nerves
usually 5, with reticulate venation between ; petioles J-l in. long,
stout, narrowly sheathing, but not auriculate below the middle,
tendrils very long and slender. Umbels 2-3, rarely more, alternate
on a common peduncle, many fld. ; peduncles ^-f in. long ; bracts
below the peduncles ovate, acute, ^-J in long ; pedicels of both male
and female flowers arising from a mass of numerous minute bracts.
MALE -flowers : Pedicels J in. Perianth £-| in. long ; segments
linar, obtuse, erect when young, afterwards reflexed, the 3 outer
•ones broader. Stamens about as long as the perianth. FEM. flowers :
Perianth as in male ; pedicels elongating in fruit. Berry about the
*ize of a large pea, smooth, green and turning to red when ripe.

SMILAX.] LIL1ACEM. 261

Sub -Himalayan tracts from Dehra Dun eastwards to Rohilkhand and
N. Oudh and Gorakhpur ; also in Sal forests on the Siwalik range.
Flowers in the rainy season. DISTRIB. : Trop. Him. eastwards
from Kumaon to Assam, Bengal and Burma, and south to Central
Provinces and Konkan, extending to Java. The root of this plant
is pounded and the flour is made into bread at Bulrampur in N. Oudh
(Burkill). The stem yields a strong fibre suitable for making brushes,
and the thinner* stems are much used as tooth-sticks (Kanjilal).

2. S. Roxburghiana, W all. Cat. 5115 ; F. B. I. vi, 311 ; Prain-
Beng. PL 1071.

A large prickly climber with smooth terete branches, branchlets 4-
angled. Leaves 5-8 in. long, oblong ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
rounded cordate or cuneate at the base and with a bluntly acuminate
tip, 3 -5 -cost ate from above the base ; petiole rather slender, with 2
large coriaceous broad indistinctly reticulate auricles below the
middle ; the auricles of the old leaves 1-1£ in., produced behind into
rounded lobes embracing the branch. Umbels many-flowered, 2-3
on a common peduncle, which is bracteate at the base. Pedicels
of female flowers J in. long, slender. Staminodes 3. Stigmas long,
recurved. Berries $ in. in diam. Seeds 2, hemispheric, or solitary
and globose.

Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh (Duthie). DISTRIB. :
Trop. Himalaya from Garhwal eastwards ; also in Bengal on Paras -
nath, in Chota Nagpur, Chittagong and on the Khasia Hills.

3. S. prolifera, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi, 795 ; F. B. I. vi, 312 ; Watt
E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 1071 ; Kanjilal For. FL (ed. 2), 407 ;
Gamble Man. 724 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 641. S. laurifolia, Eoxb.
I. c. 793. S. ovalifolia, A. DC. Mon. i, 199 (not of Eoxb.).—Vern.
Edmdatoun (Dehra Dun), Kumari (Behar).

A stout climbing shrub with prickly stem. Leaves variable, 4-5 in.
long, oblong ovate or orbicular, coriaceous, nerves 3-7 from above
the rounded or subcordate base ; petiole 1-2 in. long, its sheath
auricled at the base and amplexicaul round the stem ; tendrils 2-4 in.
long. Umbels 10 or more, many-flowered ; peduncles f -1J in. long ;
pedicels about \ in. long. Sepals % in- l°ng> oblong-lanceolate.
Petals as long but narrower. Stamens as long as sepals. Staminodes
of female flower 3. Ovary oblong ; stigmas deciduous. Berry
oblong or globose, red when ripe.

Common on the Siwalik range in the Dehra Dun and Saharanpur divi-
sions and abundant in the Sub-Himalayan tracts eastwards chiefly
in sal forests. Flowers in September and October, and the fruit

262 LIL1ACEM. [ SHILAX.

ripens from December to February. — DISTRIB. : Outer ranges of
Himalaya in Kumaon ; also in Bengal, Behar, Central India, Ceylon
and Burma. The stems yield a strong fibre sometimes used for
making brushes, and the thinner stems as tooth-sticks.

3. GLORIOSA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 358.

Climbing herbs with leafy stems springing from a naked tuberous
rootstock. Leaves alternate opposite or 3-nately whorled, lanceo-
late, strongly nerved and with a long spiral tendril-like apex.
Flowers large, showy, solitary, axillary, pedicels reflexed. Perianth
petaloid, persistent ; segments 6, subequal, spreading or reflexed,
margins undulate or crisped. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; filaments
filiform ; anthers linear, dorsifixed, versatile, extrorse. Ovary
3-celled ; style filiform, deflexed, with 3 subulate arms. Fruit a
large coriaceous septicidal capsule. Seeds few, subglobose ; testa
spongy, wing-like, embryo cylindric. — Species 3 or 4, in Trop.
Asia and Africa.

G. superba, Linn. Sp. PL 305 ; Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 143 ; F. B. I.
vi, 358 ; Watt E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 1073 ; Collett FL Siml.
530 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 766. — Vern. Kulhdri, languli, rdjah-rar
(Ajrnir).

A tall branching glabrous herbaceous climber. Eootstock a chain of
archedjfleshy cylindric tubers, 6-12 in. long, budding from the convex
upper side ; roots fibrous. Stem annual, leafy, 10-20 ft. long. Leaves
sessilefor nearly so, scattered or opposite, or sometimes ternately
whorled, 3-8 in. long, ovate -lanceolate, acuminate, tip spirally
twisted to form a tendril, base cordate. Flowers solitary or sub-
corymbose towards the ends of the branches, 3-4 in. across, persist-
ent ; pedicels 3-6 in. long, deflexed from the tip ; perianth segments
up to 2J in. long, linear-lanceolate with crisply undulate margins,
at first erect and greenish, afterwards becoming reflexed and turning
to yellow or orange and finally scarlet. Filaments golden-yellow,
IJ-lf in., spreading ; anthers nearly J in. long. Style up to 2 in.
long, the arms J in. Capsule linear-oblong, about If in. long.

Common in Dehra Dun among bushes and eastwards along the Sub-
Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhand and N. Oudh, usually in the out-
skirts of forests, also in Bundelkhand and Mervvara. Flowers June
to October. DISTRIB. : Throughout Trop. India and in Ceylon,
ascending to 5,000 ft. on the W. Himalaya, and extending to Malaya,
Cochin China and Trop. Africa.

SCILLA.] LIL1ACEM. 263

4. IPHIGENIA, Kunth. ; FL Brit, vi, 357.

Herbs with small tunicate corms and erect leafy slender stems.
Leaves few, scattered, linear, the upper bract-like. Flowers small,
erect, solitary or corymbose. Perianth petaloid, 6-partite, stel-
lately spreading, deciduous ; segments equal, narrow, clawed.
Stamens 6, hypogynous ; filaments short, flat ; anthers oblong,
versatile, introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; styles 3, shortly con-
nate below, linear, recuved, stigmatic within ; ovules many in
each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds subglobose ; testa
thin ; albumen fleshy ; embryo small — species 4, in India, Africa,
Australia and the Philippines.

I. IndJoa. A. Gray in Kunth. Enum. iv9 213 ; F. B. I. vi,
357 ; Watt E. D, ; Collett Fl Siml. 529 ; Prain Beng. PL 1074 ;
Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 766.

Corm J-f in. in diam., narrowed into a short neck, tunicate with pale-
brown sheaths. Stems up to 10 in. high. Leaves sessile, alternate,
few, coriaceous, the lower ones 6-8 in. long, becoming smaller upwards,
all linear, sheathing at the base ; nerves obscure. Flowers appear-
ing before the leaves, purple, few or many, in a terminal erect raceme ;
pedicels J-l in. long ; bracts linear or subulate, the lower leaf -like.
Perianth-segments f in. long, narrow, clawed, spreading, at length
xeflexed. Stamens J in. long. Ovary oblong, about as long as sta-
mens. Capsule oblong or subovoid, f-f in. long, obtuse, 3-grooved.
Seeds *$ in. in diam., brown.

Siwalik range (Duthie). DISTRIB. : Throughout India from the
N.-W. Frontier to Burma, ascending Himalaya up to 7,000 ft. and
to 4-5,000 ft. on Khasia hills ; also in Ceylon and extending to Aus-
tralia and the Philippines.

5. SCILLA, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 348.

Herbs with tunicate bulbs. Leaves radical, linear, lorate or
oblong. Flowers racemose, on a simple leafless scape ; bracts
small. Perianth petaloid, persistent, stellate or campanulate ;
segments 6, subequal, often recurved. Stamens 6, adnate at or
near the base of the perianth- segments ; filaments usually filiform ;
anthers ovate or oblong, introrse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few in
each cell ; style filliform, stigma small, capitate. Fruit a globose
3-lobed loculicidal capsule ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds obovoid or
subglobose ; testa thin, black ; embryo shorter than the firm
albumen. — Species about 80, in Europe and Temp. Asia.

264 LILIAQEM. [ SCILLA.

S. indica, Baker in Sound. Bef. Bot. Hi, App. 12 ; F. B. I. vi, 348 ;
Watt E. Z>. ; Prain Beng. PL 1074 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 767.
Ledebouria hyacinthina, Roth ; Bot. Mag. 3226.

Bulb ovoid or subglobose, 1-1J in. in diam. Leares appearing with the
flowers, 3-6 in. long, oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, subacute,
narrowed into a sheathing petiole, rather fleshy, undulate, obtusely
keeled, sometimes rooting at the tips, dull-green above and often
with darker blotches, paler and glaucous beneath. Scaj,e 2-5 in.
long, rather stout. Flowers greenish- purple, in cylindric many-
flowered racomes 2-4 in. long, bracts minute, scarious ; pedicels
filiform, J to f in. Perianth-segments ^-J in. long, linear-oblong,
obtuse. Filaments J in., purple ; anth rs •}$ in. long, ellipsoid ;
style £-i in. long. Capsule % long, membranous.

Bundelkhand (Royle) ; Gwalior (Maries). DISTRIB. : Behar, Chota
Nagpur, Bombay Presidency and S. India to Ceylon ; extending to
Abyssinia.

6. URGINEA, Steinh. ; FL Brit. Ind. vi, 347.

Herbs with tunicate bulbs. Leaves radical, linear or lorate.
Flowers racemose or on a long leafless scape, often appearing before
the leaves ; pedicels short or long, articulate, bracts small. Pe-
rianth petaloid, campanulate ; segments 6, subequal. Stamens
6, adnate at or near the base of the perianth-lobes, included ;.
filaments filiform or thickened at the base ; anthers oblong or linear,
introrse. Ovary 3-celled, often, 3-gonous, style tapering towards
the base, ovules many in each cell. Fruit an oblong 3-quetrous
loculicidal capsule. Seeds usually many in each cell, compressed ;
testa black, marginally winged, embryo rather large, albumen
fleshy. — Species about 24, in S. Europe, W. Asia and Africa.

U. Indica, Kunth. Enum. iv, 333 ; F. B. I. vi, 347 ; Watt E. D. ;
Prain Beng. PI. 1075 ; Collett FL Siml. 526. Kanjilal For. FL
(ed. 2) 410 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 768. SciUa indica, Roxb. ii, 147.—
Vern. Kanda (Saharanpur), jangli-piydj, uskil. — Indian Squill.

Bulb 2-4 in. long, ovoid. Leaves appearing after the flowers, 6-18 in.
long, linear, acute, nearly flat. Scape erect, 12-18 in. long, brittle.
Flowers distant, drooping or spreading, greenish-white ; or dingy-
brown ; bracts minute, soon falling. Perianth campanulate ; seg-
ments f in. long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, with 2 or 3 strong approxi-
mate median nerves. Stamens J in. or longer ; filaments flattened*

ASPHODELUS.] LILIACEM. 265

7. ASPHODELUS, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 332.

Style obconic. Capsule ellipsoid, J-f in. long ; cells 6-9 seeded.
Seeds J in. long flattened, elliptic, black.

Siwalik range (Stewart), also plentiful eastwards in the Sub-Himalayan
tracts of Pilibhit and N. Oudh. DISTRIB. : W. Himalaya up to
7,000 ft. ; salt range of Punjab, and south to Konkan ; also ID
Burma, and Behar and in Chota Nagpur, extending to Trop. Africa.
The bitter and nauseous bulbs are used as a substitute for the true
squill (U. maritima), also by weavers in N. India to give substance
to their thread.

Annual or perennial herbs with slender fleshy root-fibres. Leaves
radical, linear, 3-quetrous or terete, fistular. Flowers racemose on
a simple or branched leafless scape. Perianth petaloid, marcescent ;
segments 6, free or shortly connate below. Stamens 6, hypogynous,
shorter than the perianth- lobes ; filaments dilated at the base and
embracing the ovary, the summit of the filament inserted in a pit
on the back of the connective, anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled;
style filiform, stigma somewhat 3-lobed ; ovules 2, collateral
in each cell. Fruit a globose loculicidal capsule with rugose parti-
tions. Seeds usually solitary in each cell ; testa black, rugose,
albumen cartilaginous, embryo rather large. — Species 6 or 7, in
S. Europe and eastward to India.

A. tenuifolins, Cav. in Anal* Cienc. Nat. iii9 46, t. 27, fig.
2 ; F. B. I. vi, 332 ; Watt E. D. ; Collett Fl Siml 524 ; Prain
Beng. PI 1076 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 770. A. clavatus, Roxb. Fl
Ind. ii, 148. A. fistulosus, Linn. — Vern. Bokat-pidzi.

Annual. Leaves 6-12 in. long, terete, acute, sheathing at the base
finely puberulous. Scapes several from the root, much branched
above, 1-2 ft. Flowers white, laxly racemose, solitary in each bract ;
pedicels £-J in., jointed below the middle ; bracts J5 in., broadly
ovate, boat-shaped, scarious, with a strong brownish keel. Perianth
J-£ in. long ; segments oblong, obtuse, with a brownish costa. Sta-
mens J in. long, acutely 3-gonous black.

Abundant within the area as a weed of cultivation and often becoming
a peat. Flowers during the cold season. DISTRIB. : Plains of India
in fields, and extending westwards to the Canary Islands and the
Mediterranean region. The plant and seeds are sometimes eaten
in India by famine- stricken people. (See Agricultural Ledger, No.
7, cf. 1902, p. 155.)

266 LILIACEM. [ CHLOROPHYTUM.

8. CHLOROPHYTUM, Ker. ; FL Brit. Ind. vi, 333.

Herbs with a short hard rootstock emitting many fascicled roots,
often thick and fleshy or tuber-like. Leaves radical, clustered, often
broad, rarely linear or lorate. Flowers laxly racemed on a simple
or bra'nching leafless scape ; pedicels usually fascicled in the axils
of small scarious or large membranous bracts. Perianth petaloid,
marcescent or persistent, rarely deciduous ; lobes free, rotate.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, free or the 3 inner adnate to the perianth-
lobes, included ; filaments filiform, often widened above the middle,
anthers oblong or linear, introrse, the filament inserted in a pit on .
the back of the connective. Ovary 3-quetrous, style filiform,
stigma small, ovules 4 or more in each cell. Fruit a coriaceous
truncate 3-quetrous loculicidal capsule. Seeds broad, usually
compressed, rugose, testa black, albumen rather hard ; embryo
often curved and rather large. — Species about 40, in tropical and
sub-tropical regions.

C. tutjerosum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XV, (1876), 332 ;
F. B. I., vi, 334 ; Prain Beng. PL 1077 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 772.
Anthericum tuberosum, Eoxb. FL Ind. ii, 149.
Boot-fibres cylindric, with ellipsoid tubers hanging from them. Leaves
sessile, membranous, usually ensiform, falcate, acuminate, recurved,
8 in. long or more ; margins crisped or undulate. Scape terete,
naked, usually longer than the leaves. Flowers white, in simple or
shortly branched racemes 2-4 in, long, bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
the lower ones J-f in. long ; pedicels ascending, J-J in. long, jointed
below the middle. Per. -segments less than J in. long, oblong-
lanceolate subacute, 7-9-nerved. Stamens shorter than the perianth ;
anthers narrowly linear, afterwards twisted. Capsule f in. long,
obovoid, emarginate, shining, transversely veined ; cells 4-6-seeded.
Seeds black.

Gorakhpur (Vicary) : N. Oudh, in the districts of Gonda and Bahraich
(Duthie). DISTRIB. : Behar and W. Bengal ; Central India and
from the Konkan and N. Circars to Travancore, also in Burma and
extending to Abyssinia.

All-ium Linn. ; FL Brit. Ind. vi., 337. — This genus contain
over 250 species and is distributed in northern Temperate regions.
Tho 27 species recorded in the F. B. I. as growing wild in India are
nearly all confined to the Himalayan ranges. The cultivated
kinds about 5, are briefly mentioned below.

€HLOROPHYTUM.] L1L1ACEM. 267

Leaves fistular : —

Leaves basal only ; heads dense with

flowers only A. asealonicum.

Leaves subdistichous ; heads dense, with

flowers and bulbils . . . . A. Cepa.

Leaves flat : —

Heads bearing flowers only ; bulb long,
cylindric, simple : —

Heads lax ; filaments simple, linear . A. tuber osum.

Heads' dense ; filaments 2-toothed . A. ampeloprasum.
Head lax, bearing both flowers and

bulbils ; bulb short, compound . A. sativum.

1. A. aacalonlcnm. Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 142, F. B. I.

vi, 337 ; Watt E. D. ; A. DC. UOng. PL Cult. 55 ; Prain Beng. PI.
1075 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 775.— Vern. Piydj, Palandu (The
Shallot). Root consisting of a fascicle of several small ovate-
oblong bulbs. Leaves basal only, fistular, shorter than the scapes.
Scapes 1-2 ft. long, tapering from the swollen base. Umbels
•globular, dense, with flowers only.

2. A. Cepa. Linn. ; Roxb. 1. c. ii, 142 ; F. B. I. vi, 337 ; Watt
E. D. ; A. DC. 1. c. 5? ; Duthie in F. and G. Crops PL Hi, p. 5 ;
Prain Beng.. PL 1075 ; Cooke, FL Bomb, ii, 775.— Vern. Piydj
(Onion)s — Leaves fistular, bifarious. Umbels dense, with both
flowers and bulbils — An important cold-season crop of Northern
India.

3. A. tuberosum, Roxb. I. c. 141 ; F. B. I. vi, 343 ; Wait
E. D. ; Prain Beng. PL 1076. — Vern. Banga gandina (Hind.)
{Indian Leek). Bulb long, cylindric, simple. Leaves flat. Um-
bels lax, bearing flowers only. Filaments simple, linear. The
plant is much cultivated in Bengal. Roxburgh states that the
Hindus use it as an article of diet as leeks are in Europe. — Reg el
-cites A. tuberosum as a synonym of A. odorum, L. and Sir Joseph
Hooker has suggested that it might possibly be the cultivated form
of that plant.

4. A, ampeloprasum, Linn. ; F. B. I. vi, 337 ; Prain Beng.
PL 1076 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 775. A. Porrum, L. ; Roxb. I c.
141 ; Watt E. D. A. ampeloprasum, var. Porrum, A. DC, UOrig.

268 LILIACEM. [ CHLOROPHYTUM.

PI. Cult. 81. — Vern. Gandina — (The Leek). Leaves flat. Umbels
dense, bearing flowers only. Filaments 2-toothed. Bulb long,
cylindric, simple.

6. A. sativnm, Linn. ; Roxb. 1. c. 142 ; F. B. I. vi, 337 ; Watt
E. D. ; Dufhie in F. and G. Crops Pi. iii, 34, t. 66 ; Prain Beng.
PI. 1076 ; CooJce Fl. Bomb, ii, 775. — Vern. Lasun or rasun (Garlic)..
Leaves flat. Bulb short, compound. Umbels lax, bearing both
flowers and bulbils.

CXII.-PONTEDERIACEJE

Fresh: water and marsh ^herbs, erect or floating. Leafy stems
1-foliolate, springing from the buried rootstock or from the joints
of the floating stem ; basal leaves long-petioled, blade floating or
upraised. Flowers 2-sexual, slightly irregular, arranged in racemes
or spikes, rarely fascicled or in panicles at the ends of 1 -leaved
stems or branches ; bract under the inflorescence spathe-likey
bracts under the flowers minute or obsolete. Perianth inferior,
petaloid, marcescent, usually tubular ; lobes 6, sub-2- seriate,
similar or the 3 inner smaller. Stamens 6 or 3, unequally adnate
to the perianth tube or to the base of the perianth-lobes, usually
declinate, the upper shorter, filaments free ; anthers usually oblong,,
with 2 parallel distinct cells, dehiscence introrse, longitudinal or
porous. Ovary free, 3-celled and with axile placenta's, or 1 -celled
and with 3 parietal placentas, each placenta with many 2-seriate
ovules, sometimes with only one fertile ovule in each cell, ana-
tropous, pendulous or suspended, style filiform or columnar ; stigma
terminal, entire or lobed. Fruit a dry membranous loculicidally
3-valved capsule. Seeds ovoid or ellipsoid, small, testa longi-
tudinally ribbed, albumen horny or floury ; embryo central, cylin-
dric.— Species about 36, found chiefly in Trop. Africa and America.
•

MONOCHORIA, Fresi. ; FL Brit. Ind. vi, 362.

Aquatic herbs. EootstocJc short or long, clothed with leaf-
sheaths. Leaves radical and solitary at the top of the emerging
stem or branches ; radical long-petioled, all cordate- ovate, sagit-
tate or lanceolate. Flowers in a raceme, sessile within the axil of
the cauline leaf and fasciculately long-pedicelled, or pedunculate

MONOCHORIA.] PONTEDERIACEJS. 269

and subspicately short- pedicelled ; spathe complicate below the
-raceme. Perianth campanulate, tube none ; lobes 6, distinct,
sub-e^ual. Stamens 6, adnate to the base of the perianth-lobes or
hypogynous, one normally larger than the others and with its fila-
ment toothed on one side ; anthers basifixed, dehiscing by a ter-
minal ultimately elongated slit. Ovary ovoid, sessile, 3-celled, with
many ovules in each cell, style filiform, stigma minutely 3-lobed.
Fruit an oblong membranous loculicidal capsule. Seeds many,
ovoid, obtuse, many-ribbed, embryo cylindric in the centre of
•floury albumen. — Species about 6, in the tropics of the Old
World.

Kootstock elongate, creeping ; leaves hastate,
sagittate or cordate ; flowers on long stalks,
subumbellate or racemose ; inflorescence
centrifugal . . . . . . 1. M. hastce/olia,

.Rootstock short, subere'ct ; flowers on short
stalks subspicate ; inflorescence centri-
petal : —

Leaves ovate or ovate-cordate ; flowers

rather numerous . . . . .2. M . vaginalis.

Leaves linear or narrowly ovate ; flowers

few . . . . . . . M. vaginalis, VAK.

plantaginea.

1. M. hastsefolia, Presl. Reliq. Hoenk. i, 128 ; F. B. I. vi,
362 ; Prain Beng. PL 1079 ; Coolce Fl. Bomb, ii, 777. Pontederia
hastata, Linn. ; Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. ii, 121. P. sagitata, Roxb. I. c.
124. P. dilatata, Andr. ; Roxb. I. c. 123. Vern. Laukia.

Rooistoclc stout, creeping and rooting below* spongy, clothed with the
remains of the old leaf -sheaths. Leaves 4-8 in. long, sagittate, hastate
or cordate, smooth and glossy, many-nerved ; petioles of floral leaves
tumid above and embracing the short stout peduncle ; petioles of
radical leaves l£-2 ft. long with a broad sheathing base. Inflores-
cence centrifugal. Flowers in racemes or subumbellate, crowded,
bright purplish-blue ; pedicels up to 1 in. long. Perianth-segments
f in. long, becoming twisted round the fruit when withering ; the 3
inner ones obovate and wider than the 3 oblong outer ones, all with 3
strong parallel median nerves and reticulately veined between them
and towards the margins. Filament of large anther J in. long, with
-an acute horn at one side ; anthers linear-oblong, the large one

270 PONTEDERIACE&. [ MONOCHORIA.

blue, tl e others yellow. Ovary ovoid, J in. long ; stigma obscurely
3-lobed. Capsule f in. long, ellipsoid. Seeds ^ in. long, rounded at
each end, pale, with many fine brown ribs.

Abundant within the area in streams and tanks. DISTKIB. : Thiough-
out India and in Ceylon, extending to the Malay Islands and China.

2. M. vaglnalls, Presl Reliq. Hoenk. i, 128. F. B. I. vi, 363 ;
Prain Beng. PL 1079 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 777. Pontederia vagi-
nalis, Burm. ; Roxb.FL 2nd. ii, 121.

Rootstock short, suberect, spongy. Leaves very variable, 2-4 in. long,,
from linear to ovate or ovate- cordate, usually acuminate ; petioles
of lower leaves long, stout, terete ; the peduncles emerging from the
sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Flowers blue, usually spotted with
red, in sub-spicate racemes globose in bud and then elongating as the
flowers expand, the terminal flower opening first ; pedicels -J-J in.
Perianth campanulate ; segments about f in. long, three of them
narrowly obovate, the other three much narrower. Filament of
large anther ^ in. long, with an acute horn on one side, those of the
smaller anthers filiform. Ovary -fa in long, ellipsoid, glandular ;
stigma 3-lobed. Fruit less than \ in. long, glandular outside, Seeds
rounded at each end, pale^and with many brown ribs.

Abundant within the area in rice -fields, and on the margins of tanks.
DISTEIB. : Throughout India from Kashmir to Assam and south to
Travancore ; also in Ceylon and extending to the Malay Islands,
China, Japan and Trop. Africa.

VAB. plantaglnea, Solms-Laub. ; F. B. I. vi, 363 ; Prain Beng. PL
1079. Pontederia plantaginea, Roxb FL Ind. ii, 123. A much
smaller plant with narrower leaves and fewer flowers on the racemes.
Found at Moradabad by T. Thomson and by Mrs. Bell at Banda,
but is probably plentiful within the area and in other parts of India.
Outside India it occurs in Java and China.

CXIIL— COMMELINACEJE

Herbs, prostrate or erect, rarely climbing or shrubby. Leaves
costate, with sheathing bases, nerves parallel. Flowers more or
less irregular, usually 2-sexual, often cymose ; cymes scorpioid,
straight or reduced to one flower, sometimes panicled, often enclosed
in spathe-like bracts ; floral bracts usually small, opposite the
pedicels or obsolete, sometimes herbaceous and distichously im~

COMMELINA.] COMMELINACE&. 271

bricate. Perianth inferior, 6-partite ; the 3 outer segments her-
baceous, often persistent, the inner petaloid, free or united below
in a tube, spreading above, marcescent. Stamens 6, adnate to
the base of the perianth- segments, all perfect or 2 or more reduced
to staminodes ; filaments often bearded with jointed hairs 5
anthers oblong or globose, often dissimilar. Ovary free 3 -or 2-
celled, style terminal, stigma small ; ovules solitary or few, ortho-
tropous, on the inner angles of the cells. Fruit a loculicidal capsule
or indehiscent. Seeds angled, testa smooth or rugose, albumen
floury ; embryo minute, far from hilum. — Species about 300,
in tropical and subtropical regions.

Stamens 2 or 3, perfect, with 1-3 staminodes : —

Cymes enclosed in spathaceous bracts . 1. COMMELINA.

Cymes panicled ; bracts not spathaceous . 2. ANEILEMA.

Stamens 6, perfect : —

Petals united below into a tube ; cymes
scorpioid

Petals free ; cymes secund, in thyrsoid
panicles 4. FLOSCOPA.

1. Commelina, Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 368.

Herbs, usually slender or creeping below. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, or linear,with lax sheaths, petioled or not. Flowers in usually
2-fid. cymes emerging one at a time from a terminal complicate or
funnel-shaped or hooded spathe ; flowers of the upper cyme-branch
small, deciduous, of the lower fertile ; fruiting pedicel and capsule
retracted within the spathe. Sepals 3, membranous, the 2 inner
often connate at the base. Petals 3, longer than the sepals, one
larger than the others and often clawed. Stamens 3, perfect, with
2-3 imperfect ; anthers oblong, one usually longer than the others.
Ovary 3-rarely 2-celled, two of the cells 1 or 2-ovuled, third cell,
if present, 1-ovuled or empty. Fruit a loculicidal capsule hidden in
the spathe by the decurving of the pedicel after flowering, the
posticous cell indehiscent or obsolete, or the 2 anticous cells empty
indehiscent and 'connate as a ligulate body, from which the posterior
cell falls away. Seeds ellipsoid or angled ; testa reticulate pitted

272

COMMELINACEJE.

[ COMMELINA.

or rugose,
regions.

Species about 100, in tropical and subtropical

Anterior pair of cells of ovary 2-ovuled ; post-
erior cell 1-ovuled or obsolete : —

Capsule 3-celled, the two anterior cells
loculieidally dehiscent and each usually
2-seeded ; posterior cell keeled, 1 -seeded
and deciduous at length dehiscent : —

Leaves lanceolate ; spathes complicate,
the margins free, or connate only at the
very base : —

Seedg reticulate, cylindric ; branches
of cyme 1-3-fld.; spathe sometimes
cordate at base .

Seeds smooth, truncate at one end ;
spathe always rounded at base : —

Branches of cyme equal, 1-2 fid. ;
seeds appendaged, globose at the
unflattened end ....

Branches of cyme unequal, upper
2-4 fld., lower 1-2 fld. ; seeds with
out- appendages, subacute at the
unflattened end .

1. C. nudiflora.

2. C. salicifolia.

3. C, Hasskarlii.

Leaves elliptic-ovate ; spathe turbinate ;

capsule always 5-seeded ; seeds rugose . 4. C. bengalensis.

Capsule 1 -celled, with 2 superposed seeds
truncate and appendaged at both ends, or
with one subglobose seed ; leaves linear ;
spathes deeply cordate at base . . 5. C. attenuate.

All the cells of the ovary 1-ovuled ; capsule
3-celled, subequally 3-valved ; seeds free in
the cells ; spathe sessile or nearly so ; cap-
sule 3-gonous-obovoid . . . . 6. C. obliqua.

1. C. nudlflora, Linn. Sp. PL 41 ; Clarice, in DC. Mon. iii, 144 ;
F.B.I.v., 369; Watt E.D.; Pram Beng. PL 1082; CooTce Fl.
Bomb, iit 781. C. caespitosa, Roxb. FL Ind. i, 174.

Diffuse, nearly glabrous ; root fibrous. Stems 2-3 ft. or more long-
branching from the base ; branches prostrate or subscandent, often
rooting at the rather distant nodes.. Leaves sessile, 1J-3 in. lanceo-

€OMMELINA.] COMMELINACEM. 273

late or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; sheaths loose, glabrous,
usually with ciliate margins. Peduncles J-f in. long, spreading or
erect. Spathes £ or 1 J long ; base rounded or cordate, with rounded
lobes. Cymes usually two, 1-3 fld. Flowers |-| in. across, the two
interior petals obovate with long claws, dark blue ; the exterior
one subsessile, orbicular, pale blue or white, sometimes obsolete.
Ovary 3-celled, of which two cells are 2-ovuled and the third 1-ovuled,
Capsule J in. long, broadly oblong, acuminate, coriaceous, 5-seeded.
Seeds oblong-cylindric, brown, tubercled and reticulate.
Abundant within the area. DISTBIB.: Throughout the hotter parts
of India from the Punjab to Ceylon, extending to China, S. Africa
and other tropical and subtropical countries.

2. C. salicifolia, Eoxb.; Fl. Ind. i, 172 ; Clarke in DC. Mon.
Hi, 167 ; F. B. I. vi, 370 ; Watt E.D.; Prain Beng. PL 1082 ; Cooke
Fl. Bomb, ii, 781.

Stems slender, glabrous, decumbent, sometimes rooting from the
nodes. Leaves 3-6 in. long, linear-lanceolate, glabrous or nearly
so ; sheaths | in. to 1 in., ciliolate. Spathes 1-2 in., axillary ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rounded at base. Peduncles J-l£ in.
long, slender. Flowers polygamous ; branches of cyme equal,
usually 1-2-fld. Sepals free, ovate, obtuse, the two inner connate
below, larger than the outer. Petals dark blue, the two larger ovate
with undulate margins and long claws, the smaller one broadly ovate,
entire, subsessile or with a very short claw. Staminodes 3, clavate.
Capsule % in. long, quadrate, membranous. Seeds J in. long, black,
powdered with white, smooth, ovoid or subglobose, with a whitish
membranous appendage at one end.

Dehra Dun, on the Siwalik range ; Sub -Himalayan tracts of N.
Oudh ; Merwara in Rajputana ; Bundelkand. DISTRIB. : Eastwards
to Assam, Burma and Bengal and southwards to the Konkan and
S. India, extending to Java.

3. C. Hasskarlli, Clarke Comm. and Cyrt. Beng. 13, t. 3 ; in
DC. Mon. Hi, 157 ; F. B. I. vi, 370 ; Prain. Beng. PI. 1082 ; Cooke
FL Bomb, ii, 781.

Stem much branched, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes seaberulous.
Leaves 1-3 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, subacute ; sheaths J in.
long, with a broad base, ciliate. Spathes J in. long, axillary, ovate-
lanceolate, cordate at the base and with rounded lobes, glabrous
scabrid or hispid ; peduncles J-l in. long. Flowers in pubescent
unequal cymes, the uppermost branch 2-4-fld., the lower 1-2-fld.
Capsule J in. long, quadrate, apiculate, membranous. Seeds J-J in.

274: COMMELINACEM. [ COMMELINA.

long, cylindric, truncate at one end, subacute or rounded at the
other, without an appendage.

From Delhi to N. Oudh, apparently not common. DISTRIB. : Kumaon,
Bengal, Assam ; and from Mt. Abu south to Konkan and Poona.

4. C. benghalensis, Linn. Sp. PL 41 ; Clarke in DC. Hon.
Hi, 159 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1,171 ; F. B. I. vi, 370 ; Watt E. D.;
Collett FL SimL 532 ; Prain Beng. PL 1082 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii,
782.

Stems 2-3 ft. long, slender, dichotomously branched from the base ;
branches diffuse, glabrous or pubescent, creeping and rooting below.
Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate or oblong, obtuse, sessile or shortly stalked,
pubescent or villous on both surfaces ; base unequal-sided, rounded
cuneate or cordate ; nerves 7-11 pairs ; sheaths hairy ; margins ciliate
with rufous hairs. Spathes 1-3 together, funnel-shaped or turbinate,
auricled on one side. Sepals small, oblong, hairy. Petals blue, the
larger one orbicular or transversely oblong. Ovary 3-celled, two of
the cells 2-ovuled, the third cell 1-ovuled. Capsule J in. long,
pyriform, membranous, 5 -seeded. Seeds closely pitted.

Moradabad (T. Thomson), Pilibhit (Duthie) ; Bundelkhand (Edgeworth).
DISTRIB. : Throughout India, and up to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya,
extending to China and Trop. Africa. In this species ripe seeds
are sometimes matured underground from abnormal flowers borne on
leafless branches coming from the lower nodes of the stems. These
flowers are white and smaller than the blue serial ones, which often
fail to produce fertile seeds.

5. C. attexmata, Koen. ex VaM. Enum. n, 168 ; Clarke, in
DC. Man. Hi, 172 ; F. B. I. vi, 372 ; Prain. Beng. PL 1083 ; Cooke
FL Bomb, ii, 784.

Stem 1-3 ft. long, slender, much branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy.
Leaves 1J-3 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse ;
sheaths ciliate, often hardly distinct from the leaf-blade, spathes
l-lj in., narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acute or caudate-acuminate,
glabrous ; base deeply sagittately cordate and with large auricles.
Peduncles f-lj in., glabrous or pubescent. Flowers small, blue.
Capsule J in. long, 1 -celled, with 2 superposed seeds truncate and
appendaged at both ends, or with one subglobose seed.

Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell) and probably in other localities within the
area. DISTRIB.,: Chota Nagpur, Behar, Central India and South to
Ceylon.

6. C. obllqna, Buck- Ham. in Don. Prod. 45 (not of Vakl), Clarke
in DC. Mon, Hi, 178 ; F. B. /., w, 372 ; Watt E. D.; Collett FL

ANEILEMA.] COMMELINACE&. 275

Siml 532 ; Prain Beng. PL 1083 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. ^^, 784. C.
communis, Eoxb. Fl. 2nd. i, 171 ? C. gelatinosa, Edgew.

A tall branching herb. Stems 2-3 ft. high, stout. Leaves 4-7 in. long,
very variable, sessile or stalked, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
acute or caudate-acuminate, membranous, glabrous scabrous or
villous ; sheaths about 1 in. long, the mouth bearded with long hairs.
Spathes sessile or nearly so, f -1 in. long and as broad as long, solitary
or crowded in terminal heads, acute, funnel-shaped, glabrous or
somewhat scabrous, usually filled with a clear, glutinous liquid.
Flowers blue, about f in. across, in simple racemes ; large petal orbi-
cular, clawed. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Capsule f in.
long, 3-celled and subsequently 3-valved, 3-gonous-obovoid. Seeds
J in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, smooth, puberulous, lead-coloured.

Very common within the area. DISTBIB.: Throughout India and in
Ceylon, and up to 6,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; it extends also to the
Malay Islands.

2. ANEILEMA, R. Br. ; FL Brit. Ind. vi, 374.

Herbs with simple or branched stems ; roots often tuberous.
Leaves usually alternate, sometimes all radical, occasionally clus-
tered under the inflorescence, usually narrow and sessile. Flowers
in axillary and terminal panicles : bracts not spathaceous ; brac-
teoles small. Sepals 3, free, membranous. Petals 3, obovate,
equal. Stamens 2 or 3, filaments naked or bearded ; anthers oblong,
one usually smaller or longer than the others. Staminodes 2-4 ;
rarely with minute anthers. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Fruit
a loculicidal capsule. Seeds 1 or more in each cell, with a thick
hard rugose or pitted testa. — Species about 60, in tropical and
subtropical regions, chiefly in Asia.

Cells of ovary containing 2 or more ovules, of
the capsule 2-or more-seeded : —

Seeds 1 -seriate in each cell ; flowers in ter-
minal or subterminal panicles : —

Cells of the ovary with 3 or more ovules,
of the capsule 3-7-seeded : —
Panicles terminating an erect leafless
scape with large sheathing bracts ;
leaves all radical, narrowly ensiform ;
root tuberous . . . . 1. A. scapiflorum.

276 COMMELINACEM. [ ANEILEMA.

Panicles terminating leafy stems ;
root fibrous ; stem slender ; leaves
sessile, small, oblong, auricled ; pani-
cle small, leafy below . . . 2. A. spiratum.

Cells of ovary with 2 ovules, of capsule
usually 2-seeded ; panicles subterminal
rarely axillary ; leaves linear or
lanceolate . . . . . 3. A. nudiflorum.

Seeds 2-seriate (16 or more in each cell) ;

pedicels axillary or terminal ; stem stout,

sparingly branched, creeping and rooting

at the nodes, leafy ; leaves linear-oblong . 4. A. Hamilton-

ianum.

Cells of ovary 1-ovuled, those of capsule 1-
seeded ; pedicels 1-3 in the axils of distant
lanceolate bracts ; stem slender, decumbent
and rooting at the lower nodes ; leaves long,
linear ; roots fibrous . . * 5. A. vaginatum.

1. A. acapiflorum, Wight Ic. t. 2075 ; F. B. I. vi 375 ; Clarke in
DC. Mon. iii, 207 ; Watt E. D.; Prain Beng. PI 1084 ; Cooke Fl.
Bomb, ii, 786. Commelina scapiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 175. Mur-
dannia tuberosa Royle III. 403, t. 95. — Vern. Siyah musli (Hind.).
.A tufted herb, with elongate fusiform tubers. Leaves all radical, erect,

4-8 in. long, narrowly ensiform, finely acuminate and slightly «narro wed
to the base. Flowers in erect elongate panicles on terminal leafless
scapes ; scape with panicle 8-18 in. long ; sheaths on scape below
the panicle f-2J in. embracing the scape, finely acuminate with
an oblique mouth ; upper bracts amplexicaul, -often spotted. Sepals
J in. long, elliptic -oblong, subacute, purple-green. Petals blue, f
in. long, obovate. Stamens 3, perfect, all bearded with blue hairs.
Capsule J in. long, obovoid. Seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, superposed,
sharply 3-gonous.

Siwalik range, on the Mohand Pass and in Sub-Himalayan tracts from
Rohilkhand to Gorakhpur (Duthie). DISTBIB. : Temp, and Trop.
Himalaya from the Ganges eastwards to Bhutan ; also in Bengal
and southwards to Travancore and Ceylon, extending to Burma
and China.

2. A. spiratum, R. Br. Prod. 271 ; Clarice in DC. Mon. 207 ;
F. B. I. vi, 377 ; Pram Beng. PL 1084 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 787.
A nanum, Kunih.; Clarke Comm. and Cyrt. Beng. t. 18. Commelina
nana, Roxb. Fl Ind. i, 173. C. pumila Herb Royle.

ANEILEMA.] COMMELINACEJE. 277

A dwarf annual, with fibrous roots, branching from the base ; branches
6-10 in., decumbent and rooting below. Leaves ^sessile, the lower
ones broadly linear-lanceolate ; the upper oblong ; cordate, amplexi-
cant, J-l in. long, acute ; sheaths very short. Flowers about J in.
across, in dichotomously branched few-fld. panicles ; peduncles
terminal and from the upper axils ; pedicels longer than the capsules ;
bracts' minute, ovate, amplexicaul, persistent. Stamens 3, perfect ;.
anthers blue, filaments bearded ; staminodes 3, shorter than stamens,
usually naked. Ovary 3 -celled, cells many-ovuled. Capsule 3-
gonous1, the cells 3-7-seeded. Seeds 1-seriate, minute, pale.

Banda (Edgeworth, under Commelina nana). DISTRIB. : Throughout
India and in Ceylon, extending to Malaya and China, flowering
during the rains. This plant will probably be found in other local-
ities within the area of this flora. It appears to be common in Bengal
as a field weed.

3. A. nudlflorum, R. Br. Prod. 271 (in note) ; Clarke in DC.
Mon. iii, 210 ; F. B. I. vi, 378 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 538 ; Prain
Beng. PL 1084 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 788. A. ratiicans, Don Prod.
45 (in part). Commelina nudiflora, L. Mant. 177 (not of Sp. PL) ;
Eoxb. FL Ind. i, 173.

Hoots fibrous. Stem simple or branched from the base ; branches
6-12 in., procumbent and often rooting at the nodes. Leaves 2-5
,in. long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, flat, gla-
brous or sparingly villous, base cordate rounded or narrowed into
the sheath ; sheaths hairy, the margins and mouth strongly ciliate.
Flowers in subglobose or subcorymbose cymes at the ends of the
branches of a terminal (rarely axillary) panicle ; pedicels £-J in,
long ; bracts boat-shaped, caducous. Sepals £ in. long, oblong,
obtuse. Petals equal, suborbicular, blue or purple. Stamens 2
perfect, 2-4 sterile, filaments or perfect stamens only or all beardeld
with moniliform blue hairs. Ovary 3-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Capsule
J in. long, subglobose, mucronate, 3-celled, with 3 seeds in each cell.
Seeds 1-seriate, tuberculate, dark brown, truncate at one end, rounded
at the other ; inner face angular, outer face convex.

Dehra Dun and Saharanpur districts ; Bundelkhand (Edgeworth),
flowering during the rains. DISTRIB. : Throughout India and on
the W. Himalaya up to 6,000 ft.; Khasia Hills and Burma, and
from Bengal and Bombay southwards to Ceylon, extending to China
and the Malay Islands.

4. A. Hamlltoniana, Wall. Cot. 5222 ; F. B. I. vi, 380 ; Prain
Beng. PL 1084 ; Dichaespermum Blumei, Hassle ; Clarice, Comm.
and Cyrt. Beng. t. 27.

278 COMMELINACE&. [ANEILEMA.

Stem 6-12 in. long, creeping and rooting at the nodes, leafy, sparingly
branched. Leaves sessile, fiat, 1J-2 in. long, linear-oblong, acute or
subacute, glabrate, base cuneate. Peduncles J-£ in., rigid ; pedicels
axillary or terminal. Petals white or pink. Filaments all naked.
Capsule linear-oblong, acute, J-£ in. long, Seeds 2-seriate, about
16 or more in each cell, scabrid or flocculent.

•Upper Gangetic Plain, usually in wet ground ; Moradabad (T. Thomson).
DISTBIB. : Eastwards to Bengal and Assam and extending to Java.

5. A. vaginatnm, R. Br. Prod. 271 ; Clarke in DC. Mon. Hi, 216 ;
F. B. vi, 381 ; Prain Beng. PI. 1084 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb, ii, 79.

Boot fibrous, -the fibres stout and almost fleshy. Stem decumbent,
6-18 in. long, rooting at the lower nodes, very slender, flaccid ;
branches suberect, ending in filiform peduncles with distant bracts.
Leaves 3-8 in. long, linear, acuminate, flat ; sheaths short, open,
ciliate. Flowers small, 1-3, fascicled in the axils of distant bracts
along the filiform terminations of the branches ; bracts J-J in. long,
strongly ribbed ; pedicels very slender, puberulous, usually twice-
jointed Sepals % in. long, obtuse. Petals orbicular, blue. Stamens
2, perfect, and with bearded filaments ; sterile stamens 3-4, usually
naked and shorter. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. Capsule globose,
cuspidate ; cells 1 -seeded or empty. Seeds 3-gonously conic, trun-
cate at one end narrowed at the other, slightly rugose, black.

Common in rice fields and wet places. DISTRIB. : Throughout Trop.
India and in Ceylon, extending to China.

3. CYANOTIS, Don ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 384.

Herbs, prostrate or creeping. Leaves small. Flowers in axillary
and terminal scorpioid cymes, formed of large imbricate 2-seriate
secund foliaceous falcate bracteoles, the petals and stamens alone
exserted, rarely with the corolla-tube exserted ; flowers sometimes
in exposed racemes or fascicled in the ochreate leaf -sheath. Sepals
3, subequal, free or connate below. Petals 3, subequal, often
united in a tube below, limb orbicular. Stamens 6, all perfect,
subequal, hypogynous or epigynous ; filaments usually bearded,
often inflated towards the apex, anthers oblong. Ovary 3-celled ;
ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, one erect the other pendulous.
Fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule. Seeds usually 2 in each cell,
superposed, cubical or pyramidal, usually rugose. — Species 35,

€YANOTIS.] COMMELINACEJE. 279

in the warmer regions of the Old World, from Africa and through
India to S. China and N. Australia.

Flowers in cymes, enclosed in 2 -seriate falcate
imbricating bracteoles : —

Boots fibrous ; stem and branches slender ;
leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous or with
spreading hairs . . . . .1.0. cristata.

Roots tuberous ; stem and branches stout ;
radical leaves ensiforrn ; cauline lanceo-
late, hirsute . . . . . . 2. 0. tuberosa, VAB.

adscendens.

• Flowers axillary, enclosed in the sheaths of the
leaves ; bracteoles small, slender, not im-
bricating . . . . . . 3. C. axillaris.

1. C. cristata, Schult, f. Syst. vii, 1150 ; Clarice, in DC. Mon.
tft, 247 ; F. B. I. vi, 385 ; Collett FL Siml. 534 ; Pram Seng. PL
1085 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 794. Tradescantia imbricata, Roxb.
FL 2nd. ii, 120.

A slender branching herb with fibrous roots. Stem branched from the
base ; branches 6-18 in. long, creeping and rooting below, glabrous
or with spreading hairs. Lmves sessile, ovate-oblong, flat, glabrous
or sparsely hairy, the margins softly ciliate, base rounded or cordate ;
sheaths short, hairy. Flowers in scorpioid recurved cymes which
are longer than the bracteoles ; peduncles j«4 in. long ; bracts
leaflike, f-lj in. long, ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliate ; bracteoles
\ in. long, glabrous or ciliate with long hairs. Sepals lanceolate,
acuminate. Filaments bearded above. Style naked. Capsule -yVi
in. oblong, 3-gonous, truncate, nearly glabrous. Seeds •£$ in. long,
striate and with 2 large pits on two of the faces, black.

Bundelkhand (Edge worth under C. imbricata). DISTBIB. : Throughout
Trop. India, in hilly districts, and up to 4,000 ft. on the W. Himalaya ;
also in Burma, Ceylon, and Malay Islands, extending to Trop. Africa.

2. C. tnbeross, Schult. f. Syst. vii, 1153, VAB. adscendens,
Clarke in DC. Mon. in, 249 ; F. B. /., 386 ; Watt E. D.; Prain
Beng. PL 1085 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii, 793. Tradescantia tuberosa,
Eoxb. FL 2nd. ii, 119.

A creeping herb, with proliferous rooting nodes. Root of fusiform
tubers. Stem up to 3 ft. long, swollen and hairy at the base. Leaves
sessile, the radical and lower cauline 6-10 in. long, linear or ensiform

280 COMMELINACEM. [ CYANOTIS.

villous, often purple beneath ; upper cauline leaves much shorter ;
sheaths of radical leaves about 1 in. long, glabrous, those of cauline
leaves shortly silky. Cymes \-\ in. densely hairy, in the axils of short
falcately decurved ovate acute bracts ; bracteoles many, imbricate
in 2 series. Sepals J in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, densely villous
and ciliate. Corolla % in. long, bluish-purple ; lobes ^---J in. ovater
subacute. Filaments — spirally twisted, densely bearded with blue
hairs. Style thickened and with a tuft of hairs at the tip. Capsule
£ in. long, ellipsoid, hairy on its upper half. Seeds brown, obscurely
rugose.

Agra ( Jacquemont). DISTRIB. : Chota Nagpur ; Bombay Pres. to S .
India and Ceylon. A smaller and more glabrous plant than the
type ; flowers blue. The type occurs in W. India from theAKonkan
and southwards to Travancore.

3. C. axillaris, Schult. /. Syst. vii, 1154 ; Clarke in DC. Mon*
Hi, 244 ; F. B. I. vi, 388 ; Watt E. D.; Pram Beng. PL 1085 ; Cooke
FL Bomb, ii, 795. Tradescantia axillaris, Linn.; Eoxb.; Fl. Ind*

a, us.

Roots fibrous. Stem annual, 6-18 in. long, stout or slender, diffusely
branched, leafy, glabrous ; branches suberect or creeping below or
prostrate, glabrous or sparsely hairy, often coloured. Leaves sessile,.
2-6 in. long, narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
flat, more or less hairy ; sheaths J to f in., inflated, ciliate. Cymes
reduced to axillary fascicles of violet-blue flowers clustered in the
inflated sheaths ; bracteoles small, almost concealed in the leaf-
sheaths. Sepals f in. long, lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla-lobes
broadly ovate, subacute. Filaments fusiform below the tip,,
bearded. Capsule about J in. long, oblong-ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous
except the beak. Seeds -fa in. long, oblong, compressed, truncate at
base rounded at the apex and with a very short conical tip, mottled
with dark-brown and shining.

Bundelkhand, in marshy ground (Edgeworth) ; Agra (Munro) ; Rohil-
khand, Cawnpore and N. Oudh (Duthie), etc. DISTRIB. : Throughout
India, in the plains, and in Ceylon, extending to Trop. Australia.

4. FLOSCOFA, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 390.

Erect or subscandent herbs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers
in terminal or axillary panicles of secund but not scorpioid cymesr
bracts minute. Sepals 3, oblong, free. Petals 3, obovate, free.
Stamens 6, all perfect or 1 imperfect ; filaments filiform ,

JUNCACEM. 281

glabrous. Ovary 2-celled, style simple, ovules solitary in each cell.
Fruit a compressed or didymous loculicidal 2-celled capsule. Seeds
solitary in each cell, hemispheric. — Species about 12, in the warmer
regions of the world.

F. scan dene, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 193 ; Clarke, in DC. Mon.
265 ; F. B. I. vi, 390 ; Prain Beng. PL 1086 ; Cooke FL Bomb, ii ,
796. Tradescantia paniculata, Roxb.; FL Ind. iiy 119. Aneiltma
hispidum. Don. Prod. 45.

Root fibrous. Stem rather slender ; erect or subscandent, often creeping
and rooting below ; internodes long ; branches ascending leafy
below, glabrous or hairy. Leaves subsessile, 2-4 in. long, elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate, much narrowed at the base, scaberulous
above ; sheaths loose, short, glabrous or villous, the mouth fringed
with long hairs. Panicles shortly stalked, pyramidal, with long
erect or ascending many-fld. branches. Flowers small, pedicelled,
subglobose, the lower ones bracteate, the upper without bracts.
Sepals TVi in. long, rotund-ellipsoid, villous, Petals longer than
sepals, broadly obovate, white lilac or pink. Filaments equal,
longer than petals, purplish ; anthers yellow. Ovary glabrous.
Capsule -jVi in. in diam., rather broader than long, abruptly acute
at both ends, shining. Seeds transversely wrrinkled on the back.

Dehra Dun, at Nala Pani, and probably elsewhere in marshy ground,
within the area of this flora. DISTRIB. : Throughout Trop. India
and in Ceylon, extending to China and Trop. Australia.

CXIV.-JUNCACEJE.

Erect usually perennial herbs. Stems tufted or with a creeping
rootstock. Leaves flat, terete or reduced to sheaths. Flowers
small, in axillary cymes, 2- sexual, green or whitish and menbranous,
or brown and coriaceous, bracts small. Perianth inferior, seg-
ments or lobes 6, more or less 2- seriate, persistent, imbricate.
Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous or on the bases of the perianth
segments, occasionally those of the inner series obsolete, filaments
filiform, anthers basifixed. Ovary superior, 3 or 1-celled ; style
simple, with 3 brush- like stigmas ; ovules 3, basilar in the 1-celled
ovaries or many on the inner angles of the 3- celled ovaries, ana-
tropous. Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds

282 JUNCACEJE. [ JUNCUS.

erect ; testa membranous, often produced at each end, albumen
dense ; embryo small, near the hilum. — Species about 200, cosmo-
politan, but chiefly in damp cold regions.

JUNCUS. Linn. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 392.

Perennial, rarely annual, glabrous herbs. Stems simple under
the inflorescence. Leaves radical or few near the base of the stem,
linear or terete or reduced to sheaths. Flowers small, usually
clustered in fascicles or 2-fid. cymules, either sessile or capitate or
unequally peduncled and paniculate, the whole inflorescence ter-
minal or sub-terminal on the scape-like stems, with 1 3 leafy bracts.
Perianth with 6 free lanceolate or oblong glume-like segments,
often with scarious edges, the 3 outer keeled or with a thickened
midrib. Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous or nearly so, anthers
oblong or linear, erect, with longitudinal introrse dehiscence. Ovary
free, 3 or 1 -celled, style filiform ; stigmatic arms 3, often spirally
twisted. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing by 3 valves with mesial placent-
as, rarely by 3 valves leaving the placentas persistent or connate in
a central column. Seeds small, ovoid ; testa striate reticulate or
transversely lineate ; embryo small, near the base of the fleshy
albumen. — Species about 160, in temp, or arctic regions, rarely
tropical.

Annual, leaves not septate ; stems much
branched ; cymes scattered, few -flowered ;
lateral flowers 6-androus, teminal 3-androus 1. Jr bufonius.

Perennial, leaves indistinctly and distantly
septate ; cymes terminal ; flowers densely
clustered in small heads, flowers all 3-
androus . . . . . . . 2. J. prismatocarpus.

1. J. bufontus, Linn. Sp. PL 328 ; Royle III. 401 ; F. B. I
i, 392 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 635 ; Prain Beng. PL 1088.

A small pale-green tufted annual, up to 12 in. high. Stems erect or
ascending, slender, much dichotomously branched from the base.
Leaves few, chiefly radical, not septate, channelled above. Cymes
many, scattered on the stem ; bracts scarious. Flowers solitary
or clustered, £-J in. long ; the lateral ones open, 6-androus, terminal
closed, 3-androus. Sepals and petals unequal lanceolate, acuminate,
the margine broadly membranous. Stamens half as long as the

JUNCUS.] JUNCACEM. 283

petals. Capsule shorter than and closely embraced by the perianth,
obovoid, mucronate. Seeds very minute, finely reticulate.

Dehra Dun, Saharanpur, Etawah, and Merwara (Duthie) ; Agra (Munro) ;
Moradabad (T. Thomson) : Bundelkhand (Mrs. Bell). DISTBIB. r
Plains of N. India and up to 13,000 ft. on the Himalayan ranges ;
extending to China, S. Africa, Europe (including Britain) to the
Arctic regions.

2. J. prismatocarpus, R. Broum Prod. 259 ; F. B. I vi, 395 ;
Collett Fl Siml. 536 ; Prain Beng. PI 1088. J. indicus, Eoyle ex
Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii, 323.

A perennial csespitose herb; rootstock very short. Stem erect, 18-24
in. long, terete or compressed, sometimes decumbent and rooting
at the nodes. Leaves few, 2-10 in. long, shorter than the stem, soft,
terete or fiat or sometimes tubular and indistinctly externally septate.
Cymes erect, irregularly compound ; heads hemispheric, densely
6-10-fld. ; lower bract leaflike, erect, shorter than the cyme; floral
bracts hyaline, lanceolate-acuminate. Flowers green or brown, in
small sessile clusters in the axils and at the ends of the unequal
branches of an erect terminal panicle. Sepals glume-like, J-J in.
long. Stamens 3, much shorter than the perianth. Style short,
stigmas long. Capsule equalling or longer than the perianth, pri-
matic or conical. Seeds minute, reticulate.

'N. Oudh, in the Kheri district, Merwara, in tanks (Duthie) ; also
probably in many other localities within the area of this flora, in wet
ground. DISTRIB. : Common in the plains of Bengal and the Punjab
and up to 10,000 ft. on the Himalaya ; also on the Bombay Ghats
.and the Khasia Hills and extending to Ceylon, Burma and Australia.

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