tif^i^ei^

ui)QUHHANNA

eLUTS

NEW VORK

BOTANfCA! nr.r.

'•^A/.

THE FLORA OF THE^
UPPER SUSQUEHANNA
AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

^

By WILLARD NELSON CLUTE

^

Binghamton, N. Y.

Willard N. Clute & Co.

i898

r^io»s I

C5

PREFACE.

Tin-: purpose in issuing this volume at the present time is two-
fold: on the one hand, it is intended to stand for what is
known of the flora of the region under discussion ; and on
the other, by presenting these facts, to incite students of botany
to further observation. The publication of a list of species which
is still incomplete might be condemned were it not that this is
the first published list for the area covered. In studying the
flora of a particular section, one of the first needs of the botanist
is to know what has been done by others in his field, and, to him,
an incomplete list is far better than none.

This work is part of a general plan for an extended study of
the flora about the headwaters of the Susquehanna river. There
is still much work to be done before our list will approach any-
thing like completeness, and the co()peration of all botanists in the
region is desired. It is intended to record all subsequent observa-
tions in a series of annual appendices to this volume, and addi-
tions and corrections will be gratefully received and proper credit
given. To this end, the author offers to identify any specimens
which may be sent to him at Binghamton.

In the compilation of the list the fact has been developed that
nothing has been published on the flora of our region except a few
stray notes in various botanical journals. We have been fortunate,
however, in that several able botanists have made our territory
the scene of their labors at different times, and this list is based
largely upon their notes. Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist of
the United States Department of Agriculture, has made a very
careful examination of the botany of central Chenango county.
Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, now Curator of the Field Columbian Mu-
seum, Chicago, made many observations upon the flora in the
vicinity of Binghamton and Waverly during ten years' practice
of medicine in these places. It was in this region that most of
the plants figured in his "American Medicinal Plants" were stud-
ied and depicted. Mr. David F. Hoy, Registrar of Cornell Uni-

versity, has collected several seasons in the Susquehanna valley in
Delaware county. Dr. Thomas F. Lucy has devoted much of his
time to the botany of the Chemung valley for the past thirty years.
Mr. James A. Crraves has botanized extensively in the lower Che-
mung valley, and for the past twenty years has made careful ob-
servations on the flora in the vicinity of Susquehanna borough,
his home. Prof, Frank E. Fenno in the past three years has been
indefatigable in investigating the botany of Barton, Apalachin
and intermediate points. Mr. W. C. Barbour has contributed
many notes on the plants of Sayre, Athens and Waverly, and Miss
S. A. Brown has favored us wnth a very complete list of plants
with notes from the vicinity of Unadilla Forks. The author's
knowledge of the flora was acquired during a ten years' residence
at Binghamton, in \vhich time the greater part of the region came
under his observation.

We are fortunate also in having had the species of critical
groups passed upon by acknowledged authorities. Doubtful
carices have been named by Prof. T. C. Porter and Dr. Charles H.
Peck ; grasses difficult to identify have received attention from
Prof. F. Lamson Scribner and Mr. George V, Nash. The majority
of our willows w^ere identified for Dr. Millspaugh by the late M. S.
Bebb. Numerous single species of other groups have been named
by well-known botanists, who have been given credit in the list.
Specimens of a large number of the more critical species have
been deposited in the herbarium of Lafayette College, the herba-
rium of Columbia University, the herbarium of the Field Colum-
bian Museum, and the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden. Dr. Lucy has also presented to the Elmira Academy of
Sciences a nearly complete collection of the plants of our region.

The author is especially indebted to Messrs. Coville, Mills-
paugh, Hoy, Lucy, Graves, Fenno, Barbour and Miss Brown for
not only furnishing copious notes, but also for reading the proof
of the entire list, thus authenticating every reference to their own
locality. Thanks are also due to Mr. O. S. Wadleigh for his care-
ful attention to the mechanical details of the volume while in press.

WILLARI) X. CLUTF.
New Vf)rk, July i, 189S.

INTRODUCTION.

THIC area drained by the Upper Susquehanna and its tribu-
taries forms an irregular stretch of country about two hun-
dred miles long and from one-third to one-quarter as wide,
lying along the forty-second parallel of north latitude, in the States
of New York and Pennsylvania. The greater part of this region
is in southern New York, and comprises the counties of Otsego,
Chenango, Cortland, Broome, Tioga, Chemung and Steuben, with
portions of Delaware, Madison, Schuyler and Allegany. In
northern Pennsylvania it includes parts of the counties of Wayne,
Susquehanna, Bradford and Tioga. On the north, a compara-
tively low ridge turns the drainage towards the lakes of central
New York, and on the south a higher elevation deflects the waters
into tributaries of the Susquehanna, which join it much beyond
our limits. Upon the east is the drainage system of the Delaware
river, and westward the great lakes and the tributaries of the Ohio
river receive the rainfall. The flora of this region is of much in-
terest, not alone from the fact that it has only been known in a
general way, but also because it is the connecting link between
the "Flora of the Lackawanna and Wyoming Valleys" and the
"Cayuga Flora," and thus completes a chain of Local Floras ex-
tending from eastern Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario.

Topographically, this area may be divided into three sections
which are in a measure different from one another. In the ex-
treme east the surface is mountainous, with many steep acclivities,
whose summits rise to from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet
above tide. The drainage is principally southward by way of the
Susquehanna and Chenango rivers. The elevation gradually de-
creases as the central region is approached. This is occupied by
the broad main valley of the Susquehanna extending nearly east
and west, with a few short lateral valleys at nearly right angles to
it. At this point our region is narrowest, although the surround-
ing hills seldom rise to heights of more than twelve hundred feet
above tide. In the western section the drainage from the north,

INTRODUCTION.

west and south converges and flows southeastward through a nar-
row valley as the Chemung river, emptying into the Susquehanna
a short distance south of the New York state line. In this part
the country again becomes elevated, especially in the south, where
the crests rise to heights of two thousand feet or more above tide.
After being joined by the Chemung, the Susquehanna enters a
deep and narrow canyon, through which it flows for many miles
in a tortuous course, and so passes beyond our limits.

GEOLOGY.

Little attention seems to have' been paid to the geology of this
region* perhaps from the fact that it is considered rather dull.
The rocks consist entirely of the Catskill and Chemung forma-
tions. Of these the Catskill group is composed of compact sand-
stones which cap the higher elevations, being most noticeable in
the south, east and southwest, and often wanting in the northern
and central portions. The valleys of most of our rivers and
streams are cut into the softer shales of the Chemung group, which
underlie the whole region ; in fact the outcrop of these rocks along
the Chehfung river has given the name to the series. Owing to
this softness of the bed rock, our region presents few clififs and
bold precipices, the valleys for the most part sloping gently to the
surrounding hills. The flora, therefore, lacks many of the char-
acteristic plants of a more broken country. The greatest ex-
posure of rock is seen in the east and southwest, where the Cats-
kill series predominates. In other parts, the ravines cut by the
streams in their descent give us sections of the Chemung shales
to the depth of a hundred feet or more.

During the glacial period this district was deeply covered by
the ice-sheet. ICvidences of this are to be seen in the drift that
everywhere strews the surface, and which in the larger valleys
lies heaped in ridges, terraces and mounds composed of angular
and rounded fragments of shale, limestone, sandstone and quartz-
ite. In its course through southern New York, the Susquehanna
flows over a buried valley filled with drift to unknown depths.
Large amounts of clay, also of glacial origin, occur in various
places.

The soil of the river bottoms is mainly alluvial ; on the slopes
and uj)lands it is a clay or gravelly loam derived from the glacial
debris, or frequently from the decomposition of the underlying

INTKODUC'l ION.

rocks. Some sandy loam is also found, but stretches of pure sand
are rare. There is considerable evidence to show that upon the
retreat of the ice-sheet a large share of the water from the melt-
ing ice was carried off through our region. Older and higher
river terraces are still plainly marked along the Chenango, Sus-
quehanna and Chemung, and the deep canyon through which the
Susquehanna leaves our region is said to owe much of its depth
to these floods.

RIVERS AND STREAMS.

The Susquehanna river rises in Otsego lake, in the north-
eastern part of this region, and flows in a southwestern direction
until shortly after it crosses the line into Pennsylvania. Here it
makes the "great bend" west and then northward, back into the
State of New York, where it again flows westward for about fifty
miles, a short distance from, and roughly parallel to the state
line, making its second and final entrance into the State of Penn-
sylvania a short distance below Waverly. Among its tributaries
mentioned in this volume may be noted the following: In Otsego
county, the Unadilla river flows southward, emptying into the
Susquehanna near Sidney, the Ouleout creek entering the Sus-
quehanna at Unadilla. In Wayne county, Starrucca creek rises,
and flowing northwestward through Susquehanna county empties
at Lanesboro. In Susquehanna county, Canawacta creek and
Drinker creek flow northward and empty at Susquehanna borough ;
Snake creek flows north and empties at Kirkwood in Broome
county; Chocofiut creek flows north and empties at Vestal in
Broome county ; Apalachin creek flows north and empties at
Apalachin in Tioga county (N. Y. ). In Broome county, the Little
Choconut creek flows south, emptying at East Union. In Tioga
county (N. Y. ), Owego creek flows south, emptying at Owego.
Cayuta creek, the outlet of Cayuta lake, flows southeast through
Chemung and Tioga counties, emptying at Sayre in Bradford
county.

The first important river to join the Susquehanna is the
Chenango, which flows southwestward through Chenango and
Broome counties, emptying at Binghamton. Its principal tribu-
tary, the west branch, or Tioughnioga, flows southeast through
Cortland county and joins it at Chenango Forks, eleven miles
from its mouth. The Otselic river is the principal tributary of

INTRODUCTION.

the Tioughnioga. It flows southwestward through Chenango
county and empties at Whitney Point, twelve miles above Che-
nango Forks.

The Susquehanna's western tributary, the Chemung, is
formed by the union of the Tioga, Conhoctoa and Canisteo, about
forty miles from its mouth. The Tioga flows north through
Tioga county (Pa ), and joins the Chemung at Painted Post in
Steuben county. Its first tributary is the Cowanesgiie river,
which flows nearly east through Tioga county (Pa.), and empties
near Lawrenceville. The Canisico river flows east through
Steuben county and empties into the Tioga near Painted Post
The Conhocton flows southeast through Steuben county and
empties into the Chemung at Painted Post. Of the Chemung's
tributaries, Bald-u'in creek flows south through Chemung county,
emptying at Lowman P. O. ; Seeley creek flows northeast through
Chemung county and empties three miles east of Elmira. Be7itly
creek rises in Bradford county and flows north, emptying at
Wellsburg in Chemung county. Post creek flows south in
Chemung county, emptying at Corning. Sing Sing creek flows
south through Chemung county, emptying at Big Flats. New-
town creek flows south through Chemung county, emptying at
Elmira.

The majority of these are rapid streams, the course of the
smaller ones being often interrupted by cascades. In the main
valley of the Suscjuehanna the rate of fall, taken from the rail-
way levels, which closely follow the river, is as follows:

Statu ).\. Ai^ovk Tide.

Susquehanna 914 feet.

Binghamton 868 * '

Owego S22 "

Smithboro 799 **

Tunkhannock 610 "

This would make the fall from Sus(|uehanna to Waverly
about two feet to the mile. In this part of its course the river
has many deep and ([uiet coves whose semi-stagnant water forms
congenial homes for Heterant/icra diihia, Nymphica advefia,
N. microp/iylia, Vaiisneria spiralis, Udora Canadensis, Ccra-
tophylium demersum, and many pond-weeds. The muddy shores
are bordered with Sparganiums, Alisma Plantago-aijuatica,
Sagittarias, Lobelia cardinalis, and various sedges.

iNTKoId'CTloN. IX

LAKES AND PONDS.

Although our region is surrouadei on all sides by a multi-
tude of lakes, of glacial origin and otherwise, there are very few
•within its limits. The most noteworthy in Delaware county are
Goodrich, Mud, and Scxsmith lakes, drained by small tributaries
of the Susquehanna. In Susquehanna county, Comfort's pond
and Churchill' s lake, drained by Canawacta creek; Fo:>^ s pond
drained by Drinker creek; Quaker lake, drained by Snake creek.
In Chenango county, Brisben pond, Warn s pond and Gene-
ganslct lake, drained by branches of the Chenango. In Broome
county, Pond Brook and Cutler s pond, drained by branches of
the Chenango. In Tioga county (N. Y. ), Muttoti- Hill ■pond dcn^
Pemberton s pond, drained by branches of the Susquehanna. In
Schuyler county, Cayiita lake, drained by Cayuta creek. In
Chemung county, Miller s pond, drained by a small tributary of
the Chemung. In Steuben county. Cinnamon lake, drained by
Post creek. In Chenango county. Round pond near Greene,
Round pond near McDonough, and Jam pond near Pharsalia,
all drained into the Chenango river.

In general the shores of our lakes are composed of soft,
yielding mud, pointing unmistakably to the fact that they were
once of much greater area and are fast filling up. This also
gives a clue to the origin of the numerous peat-bogs in their vicinity,
which doubtless were formerly lakes of similar character. In
themselves the lake borders are veritable bogs, overgrown with
sphagnum and cranberry vines, and tenanted by Limodorum
tuberosum, Pogonia ophi^glossoides, Chamcedaphne calyculata,
Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera rotundifolia, Kalmia glaucadcnA.
Naumburgia thyrsi/lora. As the soil approaches the stable land
a home is found for ^/^^i', Rhus Vernix, Vacciniuin corymbosti7n,
Decodon verticil latus Sind. Andromeda Polifolia. In the lakes a
profuse vegetation usually exists, consisting of Brasenia pur-
purea, Caslalia odorata, Utricularia vulgaris, Nymphwa ad-
vena and others.

BOGS AND SWAMPS.

No part of our territory forms more interesting ground for

the botanist than the peat-bogs and swamps. Of from one to

many acres in area, they range from comparatively solid peat to

"quaking bogs" of unfathomed depth, over whose surface even

INTRODrCTION.

the botanist may not pass. They are usually covered with

sphagnum and afford a home for plants similar to those that fre-
quent the lake borders. Several, although true bogs, are called
swamps. Among the more interesting may be mentioned Thomp-
son's marsh, a short distance east of Pond Brook; the Cranberry
marsh, two miles north of Lanesboro; the peat-bog ■o.^ds ]2sv\^
street in the city of Binghamton; Beebes siuamp, along the Sus-
quehanna at Oakland ; Bear swamp, one mile southeast of Sus-
quehanna and several hundred feet above the river; the peaf-bog
one mile east of Union, in the river valley; Drake's swamp, four
miles north of Barton and nearly four hundred feet above the
river; Tribe s jw^w/, two miles north of Drake's swamp; VafiEt-
ten swamp, sixteen miles north of Sayre between VanEtten and
Spencer; the VI at, on the ridge between the Ouleout and Sus-
quehanna, about a mile and a half from Oneonta, and the
Brisben bogs, about half-way between Oxford and Greene and a
mile and a half from Brisben.

Second only to the bogs are the swamps proper. These are
of less depth, contain little or no peat and are usually covered
with several inches of standing water. They are the homes of
Typha latifolia, Calla pahcstris, Nymphwa advena. Ilex ver-
ticillata, Sparganhwi, and a large number of sedges. Of this
class are the Beechwood swamp at the west end of Clinton street,
Binghamton, the marshlands, a short distance west of Apala-
chin. near the river, and Lowman' s siuamp, at Lowman P. O.

MOUNTAINS AND RAVINES.

There are few if any elevations within our limits of sufficient
altitude to be called mountains, but several lesser heights have
been dignified by the title. Among them, Mt. Prospect, north-
west of Binghamton, Ely hill, northeast of Binghamton, and
South Mountain, south of Binghamton, have elevations of about
1,200 feet above tide. Mutton-Hill, south of Apalachin, elevation
1,350 feet; Spanish Hill, two miles northwest of Sayre, elevation
about goo feet; Sullivan Hill, five miles east of Elmira, eleva-
tion about i,5fxj feet. The Chemung Narrows, west of Chemung
village. Mountain House Narrows, five miles west of Elmira.
and the Narrows at Owego, are so called from the fact that here
steep cliffs constrict the valley.

INTKC'IM tT|<»N.

Nearly all the smaller streams make their way to the low-
lands through ravines which are often fifty feet or more in
depth. Their sides are usually quite steep, but afford a foothold
for a large number of species that love the shade, especially
ferns. The ravines are all particularly rich in species. Of those
mentioned in the following pages, Canavtui's Glen is west of
Susquehanna; Pope's ravine, northeast of Binghamton; Glen-
wood ravine, northwest of Binghamton, and Roert'cke's Gle?i,
two miles above Elmira.

ALTITUDE OF PRINCIPAL POINTS.
The principal stations mentioned in the list of species are
given below, with their elevation above tide, taken from various
railway levels.

STATION. RAILWAY LEVEL. AIJOVE TIDE.

Brandts Erie 1047

Ararat Summit " 2023

Lanesboro Junction " 9S3

Susquehanna " Q14

Great Bend " 884

Binghamton " 863

Union " 834

Owego " 822

Waverly " 836

Lehigh Vail 830*

Sayre " " 77S

Towanda " " 737t

Tunkhannock " " 610

Wellsboro Erie 831

Elmira " 863

Corning " 942

Painted Post " 947

New Milford D., L. & W 1087

Vestal " " 826

Apalachin ' " 819

Unadilla Forks D. & H n94

Norwich D., L. & W 1014

O.Kford " " 9S0

Chenango Forks " " q6o

* Track stated to be 80 feet above Chemung river.

+ Track stated to be 38 feet above Susquehanna river.

TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL.
The subjoined tables of the temperature and rainfall over our
region have been furnished by the United States Weather Bureau.
Although not within our limits, Ithaca has been included for
purposes of comparison.

INTRODICTION.

TABLE OF MEAN

TEMPERATURE (Degrees Fahr.).

.0

<

5>»

a

be

<

0

>

0
^5

6

Annual

Binghamton...

Elmira*

Waverly

Ithaca

22.2

27-3
23.2
231

23.6
27.0

24-5
24.7

30.2
33-2
■\o.\

29.3

45-5
48.6
44.9
43-4

57 -o
60.2
57-7
56-9

67.2
70.0
66.9
66.2

68.2
72.4
69.1
69.9

67.3
70.3
67.0
67.2

61.1
63.7

60.8

47-7
49.3
47-8
48.5

38.0

40.6

t

37-9

38.7

»8-3

29.0
29.4

46.s|-a
49. 6[*

46.5 [^

46.6 |-^

a Means for 1891 to 1896 inclusive. Also includes July to Dec, inclusive,
for 1890,

b For 1889 to 1896, inclusive.

c From 1883 to 1896, inclusive. Also includes July to Dec, inclusive, for
1882.

d From 1881 to i8qo, inclusive.

• The high temperature at this station may be due to local causes.

t November and December means missing for iS^a-'g^.

TABLE OF PRECIPITATION (In Inches and Hundredths).

Binghamton..

Elmira

Waverly

Ithaca

c

ci

•— >

3.06
2. II
2.33
2.28

J3

3.03
1.82
2.05
2.00

3-17
1.92
2.24
2.23

<

2.18
2.41
2.14

1.98

^

s

(U

"a

bb
<

0.
'1

i

>

0

6
Q

4-50
3-63
3-88

,.28
V86
3.39
3-81

3.34
3.18
3.61
3.85

4-30
3-30
3.26
3-45

3-30
3.26
3.28
2.76

3.18
3.18
3.10
3.40

2.25
1.80

2-34
2.59

2.67
2.45
2.23
2,41

Annual

.72 j-^

3^So
34.65

a Means for 1891 to 1896, inclusive. Also includes means for June to De-
cember, 1890, inclusive.

b Means from 1889 to 1896, inclusive.
c Means for 1882 to 1896, inclusive.
d Means for fourteen years.

By a reference to the map. it will be seen that a line connect-
ing the farthest points from which this data has been recorded
will form an i.sosceles triangle whose longest side is in the main
valley and very near the centre of our region. From the condi-
tions existing within this triangle we may form a fair idea of those
that prevail over the rest, though it is to be regretted that records
from other parts are not obtainable.

It is generally understood that the return of the birds, the
blooming of the first flowers and the general revival of animal
life in the spring, bears a certain relation to the temperature of a

iNtROUUCTlON.

ca: : : a rt at i s :

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MMWWMMMM MM

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an!-: a:5: = 22*:

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13 bj: 3 : ; r a: ■: cs a:: ^i

faS <J S< ^

N « N m r«i « u -"l-oo 0 0 -1 N fO 1/1

s

u (J C (J >,

al::- Q.: Z z Z Z Z csart::

S < S<S

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. a o

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•- 00 ■♦oo lo -*-oo O •* O ui

roOO t^^Jt^O i/^fsiAicJ.'

a: : : «:

fn IT! t^ t>.\o -1- 0 00 f^ M inoo

cu art ' :

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: - i :: : rt: a

••HS

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rt •- c 3
.Hrt ly

5 i^~ ^t: if: rt^.^

■i2-S,?i*:

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1887

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

First Frosf seen .

Apr. i.s

Mar. 22
Apr. 7
Mar. 23

Apr. 6

6

" 18

Apr. 2
3

Mar. 23

" Hyla heard .

" Butterfly seen

Apr. 3

Apr. 5

Mar. 29

region. The preceding tables, compiled from records made at
Binghamton, may be of interest. In making comparisons it should

INTRODUCTION.

be remembered that Binghamton is situated in a broad valley,
surrounded by low hills, and at an elevation of 868 feet above
tide. In some parts of our territory the seasons are nearly two
weeks later than here.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLORA.

A more careful examination of the remote districts which
have been but slightly studied, will doubtless result in the discov-
ery of a considerable number of species new to our list. Until
this has been done, it will be impossible to make a thorough com-
parison of the flora with that of other regions, but the present
list is sufficient to indicate the general relationships, which subse-
quent additions of any number of species are not expected to
materially change.

XoRTHERN Plants. The influence of a boreal flora is seen in
the number of plants common to higher latitudes which here
nearly reach their southern limits. If found farther south they
generally occur in elevated districts, or in cold bogs and ravines-
Among these may be mentioned Oxalis Acetosella, Comarum
palustre, Lzn?i(za borealis, Schollera Oxycoccus, Chiogenes his-
ptdula, Andi'07iieda Polifolia, Kalmia glauca^ R ho dor a Cana-
densis, Ledum Grwiilandiciun, Moneses uni/lorq, Menyanthcs
trifoliaia, Betiila papyri/era, Larix Americana^ Calla palus-
trt's, Carex paiicijlora and Botrychium simplex.

Southern Si-ecies. That our flora has less relationship with
that of the south, is shown by the following list of plants that oc-
cur, most of which find in our valley their farthest northern range:
Magnolia acuminata, Jejfersonia diphylla, Acer Negundo^ Ro-
binia pseudacacia. Hydrangea arborescens. Azalea caftescens.
Rhododendron maximum, Cutiila origanoides, Plantago Vir-
ginica, Juglans nigra, Carya sulcata, Dioscorea villosa, Dis-
porum lanuginosum, J'lragrostis Caroliniana and E. Frankii.
One western species, Kulcria cristata, finds its northeastern
limits with us.

Rake Plants. There are certain plants which, though they
may be widely disseminated, are usually rare in any region. That
ours is not lacking in these is shown by the occurrence of such as
Atragene Americana, Aconitum Noi/eboracensis, Cacalia sua-
veolcns, Razoumofskya pusilla, Pog07iia 7>erticillata, Carex
Si hwcinitzii, C. abacta and Pctla-a gracilis. Of plants that are

INTRoDI ( ri(JN. XV

unusual in our region may be mentioned Cardamine pratensis,
Ptelea trifolia, Staphylea trifoltata, Celtis occidentalis. Wood-
war dia Virginica, Lygodiurn pabnatum and Pierospora An-
dromedea.

Introduced Plants. Aside from the regular list of intro-
duced species which have made their way into many parts of
America and become so much at home that they appear as if na-
tive, our region furnishes some of so recent introduction that the
process of naturalization may be said to be still going on. Good
examples of this are found in Trifoliion hybridiim, Hesperis
matronalts, Scabiosa australis, Hieracium auraniiacutn, H.
pHosella, Tragopogon pratttisis, Cichoriutn Intybics, Lactuca
Scariola, Cuscuta Epithyminn, Echium viilgare, Solanum ros-
trattim. Euphorbia Niceccnsis, E. peplus and Iris pseudacorus.

THE LESSER FLORAS.

Not the least interesting feature of our region is found in the
natural grouping of plants into lesser floras. Peculiar conditions
of soil, temperature or topography serve to limit these areas and
in many cases the lines are decidedly marked. Some of the more
important are given herewith

Pond Brook. This name is applied to two small lakes lying
in the valley of the Chenango, about two miles south of its junc-
tion with the Tioughnioga. In a general way it is also applied
to the whole of the surrounding region, whose surface is here
most peculiar, consisting of a series of great depressions separated
from one another by low, steep banks of glacial debris. The re-
gion probably dates its present formation from the retreat of the
ice-sheet. Two of the depressions hold the lakes, whose bottoms
are scarcely above the level of the river, and the rest contain peat-
bogs overgrown with sphagnum. This region is probably richer
in species than any other place of like extent within our limits.
Not to mention commoner things, it contains Drosera rotundi-
foliay Sarracenia purpurea, Nymphcca advend, Decodon verti-
cillatiis^ Cardamine pratensis, Castalia odor at a, Naumburgia
thyrsijlora, Cladiicm mariscoides, Utricularia vulgaris, Ba-
trachiu))i trichophylluni, Rytichospora alba, Eriophorum poly-
stachyon, Scheuchzeria palustris, Cinna arundinacea, Chiogenes
hispidiila. Azalea canescens^ A. nudifiora. Lobelia Kabnii, Cyp-
ripediiDu hirsutum, C. acaule, Comarum palustre, Atragene

iNTRODlcriON.

Americana, Meriyanthes trifoliata, Sc holler a Oxy coccus, Clinto-
nia borealis, Cha^ncTdaphne calyciilata, Xolisjna h'gustrt'na,
Andromeda Pol if aim and Dry opt er is Boottii. The dividing
ridges are wooded with a variety of deciduous trees and add their
quota of rarities.

Thompson's Marsh. This is but a continuation of Pond
Brook lying over the next ridge, but the flora differs enough from
the other to merit a word. In addition to a majority of the spe-
cies presented by the former, it yields Orontium aquaticum,
Aralia hispida, Pogonia ophioglossoides, Woodwardia Virgin-
ica, and is fringed by immense thickets of Aronia nigra and
Vaccinium corymbosum.

MiTTON-HiLL Pond. This pond, containing about twenty
acres, lies in a hollow in the hilltops, two miles west of Apalachin
and several hundred feet above the river. It is surrounded by a
broad belt of shaking peat-bog that will scarcely sustain the
weight of a man, Among the species peculiar to it are Nytnphoca
advena, Castalia odorata, Menyanthes trifoliata, Pogonia
ophioglossoides, Schollera Oxycoccus, Comartini paliistre, Dro-
sera rotundifolia, Calla palustris, Eriophorum Virgiftianum,
E. polystachyon, Rynchospora alba, Ilicioides viucronata. Ilex
verticillata, Rhus Vernix and Xolisma ligtistrina.

B<)(; NEAR Jarvis Street. This bog of less than five acres in
extent, lies at the north end of Jarvis street in the city of Bing-
hamton. It is filled with peat to a considerable depth and at most
seasons the remnant of the lake that once occupied the site is
still visible near the center. Although so exposed and within the
city, it yields a large number of the less common species, such as
Chamcr daphne calycnlata,A7idromeda Polifolia, Schollera Oxy-
cocLHS,Oruntium aquaticum, Hypericum Virginicum, Nymphcca
adi'ena, Rosa Carolina, Comarum paiustre, Pogonia ophioglos-
soides, Acorus Calamus and Cephalanthus occidentalis.

BKKifE's SwAMi'. This marsh, originally called *' Cranberry
marsh," from the abundance of that berry once growing there, lies
in a deep basin some distance back from the river and opposite the
borough of Susquehanna. Its flora is of interest from the number
of distinctive species that occur. Of the more noticeable may be
mentioned (jaylussacia resinosa, Schollera Oxycoccus, S. macro-
car pa, Andromeda Polifolia, Xolisma ligustrina, Chamccdaphne
alyculifta, Kalmid angustifolia, K. glauca, Rhodora Can-

INTRODICTION.

adensis, Cephalanthiis occidentalism Cornus Amonum, C.
stolonifera, Rosa Carolina, Ilicioid^s fnucronata. Ilex Iccvigata,
Aronia nigra, Hypericum Virginiciim, Ranunculus obtusius-
culus, Sarracenia purpurea. Cat ex abaci a, C. Sc/izaeinilcii, C.
bullata, Dryopteris spinulosa and Woodwardia V^irginica.

Gle.\\vO()I) Ravink. Our ravines all possess floras of similar
character. The shade and moisture make congenial homes for
ferns, while a great number of flowering plants are also to be
found. Among the plants of Glenwood ravine may be mentioned
Viola rotundifolia, Polygonatum bifiorum, Uvularia grandi-
fiora, U. sessilifolia, U. perfoliata, AriscEma tripkyllum. Vibur-
num alni/olium, Acer spicatum, A. Pennsylvanicutn, Viola
blanda and V. pubescens. On the high lands surrounding it may-
be found Epiga'a repens, Hypoxis crecta, Kalmia latifolia, Po-
gonia verticillata, Cypripedium hirsutinn, C parviflorum. Lu-
pinus pere?uiis. Azalea nudijiora^ Liliuni Philadelphicum, Ra-
nunculus fas'cicularis, Dasystoma Virgi?iica and Cornus florida.

TiiK Marshland. This bit of marsh, although not differing
much from the surrounding country in external appearance, has
a flora decidedly peculiar to it. Among its species occur Comarum
pahistre, Nyniphtva microphylla, Aronia nigra. Ilex veriicil-
lata, Ilicioides mucronata, Panicularia aquatica, Alopecurus
geniculatus, Chanucdap/ine calyculata and Cephalanthus Occi-
dent a lis.

The Ri\ i:r Banks. That part of the river which extends east
and west through New York has not only a flora peculiar to it, but
one that differs in different parts, though seemingly exposed to
to the same natural conditions. Among the species that give
character to the banks are Sanguinaria Canadensis, Dentaria
diphylla, D. laciniata, Trillium erectum, T. grandiflorum,
Erythronium A?nericanum, Mertensia Virginica, Lobelia car-
dinalis, Gaura biennis, Impatiens aurea, I. biflora, Apocynum
ca?inabinum, Salix 7iigra, Claytojtia Virginica, Ariscr?na Dra-
contium, A. triphyllum. Ambrosia trifida, Micrampelis lobata,
Sicyos angulatus and Onoclea sensibilis. These are generally
distributed throughout the valley, but there are other plants with
a more curious distribution. Among these, Ccltis occidentalis,
Asclepias tuberosa, Metiispermjim Canadense, Staphylea tri-
foliata, Dioscorea villosa, Dianthera Americana and Leptandra
Virginica, may be cited. At Barton all these are common, but

INTRODUCTION.

as one travels eastward, each in its turn disappears. At Smith-
boro the last of Dianthera A))ierirana is seen; Staphylea trifo-
//ii/a and Asc/cpi\is tuber osa become rare at Apalachin and dis-
appear at Binghamton. Menispermiim Canadense and Diosco-
;-^tf T'///(U<? are not found much beyond Binghamton; Celtis Occi-
dent alis is common as far as Apalachin, and becoming rare, dis-
appears at Binghamton, as does also Leptandra Virgmica. Sev-
eral others show this peculiarity of distribution in various degrees.

STATISTICS OF THE FLORA.

Although the list of species includes all that are at present
known to grow without cultivation within our limits, a comparison
of the flora with others upon the mere basis of numbers would be
unfair at this time. In our efforts to make this first published list
of the plants of our region thoroughly authentic, many plants that
doubtless should have had a place have been excluded. The
practice has been to throw out every species about which there
might be the slightest doubt. It is gratifying, however, to report
more than a thousand species. The position our flora holds in
relation to others with regard to numbers is shown by the follow-
ing table:

Plants of Monroe county, etc., N. Y ii3i4

Cayuga Flora 1,278

Plants of Buffalo and vicinity 1.243

Flora of Wyoming and Lackawanna valleys, i, 107

Flora of the Upper Susquehanna 1,105

Plants of Dutchess county, N. Y 1,067

Plants of Suffolk county, N. Y 852

A comparison of our list of species with the larger lists will
show that had we included the common escapes of the garden and
counted a considerable number of native varieties, as has been
done with them, the difference in numbers would be slight, if any.

NOMENCLATURE OF THE LIST.

The nomenclature of the list throughout is that of the *' List
of the Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultiva-
tion in Northeastern America," published as Volume V. of the
"Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club." When these names dif-
fer from the names in the sixth edition of "Gray's Manual," the
names of the latter follow in parenthesis the remarks on the species.

INTRODUCTION.

It may be said of the names used that they are essentially those of
the ** new nomenclature." Our aim has been to designate exactly
the species in mind without attempting to follow the various
changes that have been made since the list of the Torrey Club was
published. When nomenclature becomes more stable, this list
will be placed in accord with it in an appendix. In the arrange-
ment of genera and species we have chosen to follow that of the
sixth edition of "Gray's Manual," as it is the one most familiar to
those who will have use for this book.

When more than one common name is given to a species, the
name that is most commonly used in our region is placed first.
The relative abundance of the species follows the common name,
and when this is qualified further along in the citation it is to be
taken to refer only to the clause with which the qualification is
connected. The other observations are designed mainly to aid
young botanists to a knowledge of some of the interesting facts
about the species which are frequently missing from the text-
books.

The authority for the statements in the list is indicated by
the surnames of the observers in italic. When no locality is given
with the observ^ation, it should be understood to refer to localities
as follows: Coville, central and northern Chenango county;
Lucy, valley of the Chemung; Graves, Susquehanna county;
Fenno, Apalachin to Barton ; Brown, vicinity of Unadilla Forks ;
Barbour, Sayre and vicinity; Hoy, Delaware county; Clute,
Broome county.

LIST OF SPECIES

RANUNCULACE/E.

CLEMATIS L.

C. Virginiana 1>. White Clkmaiis. Vikcun's Bowkr. Trav-
eler's Jov. A common vine about fence rows, river banks and
thickets. Most abundant in damp situations. Often mistaken
for poison ivy. The globular, feathery fruiting heads are well
known in autumn. July.

ATRAGENE L.

A. Americana Sims. Pi ri-lk Ci.kmatis. Mou.ntai.n Clematis.
Rare. Found in rocky situations. Hills above Susquehanna,
Graves. Pond Brook, Cliite. South Mountain, Mi/lspaitgh.
Southport, Corning, Lucy. May. {Clematis i'L'7'ticillarisV>^.)

ANEMONE L.

A. Virginiana L. Vik(;l\i an Anemone or Wind-m.owkr. Thim-
ble Weed. Common along river banks and the borders of
woods. June. July.

A. quinquefolia L. Wind-flower. Wood Anemone. Night-
CAi's. Common in thickets along streams and in moist wood-
lands. The flower is colored outside with purple, which varies
considerably in depth of tint in different individuals. May. {A.
ftejnorosa L. )

A. cylindrica A. Gray. Long-eruited Anemone. Reported only
from the eastern part of our range. Along roads ; scarce, Graves.
Frequent along the railroad, Sidney. Hoy. Borders of fields.
Vestal, Millspaugh. May.

A. Canadensis L. Pennsvlvanian Anemone. Common in moist
^ soil. Not reported from the Chemung valley. June-Aug. {A.
Pennsy/vam'ca L.)

FLORA OF THK UPPKK SUSQUKHANNA.

HEPATICA L.

H. Hepatica (L. ) Karst. Liveri.eaf. Liver-wort. Scjlirrel-
CLTS. Hei'ATIca. P'ound throughout. Abundant in thickets
and deciduous woods from the Chemung valley east to the rug-
ged parts of Susquehanna and Delaware counties, where it is in
part displaced by the next species. A very scarce plant, Co-
villi'. Not common at Sidney and Franklin. Hoy. It is
easily cultivated. One of our earliest plants to bloom. Flow-
ers of various shades of white, pink and blue ; occasionally fra-
grant. Sometimes blooms in autumn. March-June. {H. tri-
loba Chaix. )

H. acuta (Pursh) Britton. Acute-lohed Hepatica or Liver-
leaf. Occurs in the same situations as the preceding, but
seeming to prefer more cold and moisture. It gradually runs
out as the Chemung valley is approached. Less frequent than
the last, Lucy. Barton, Fenno. In a cold ravine, Choconut Cen
tre ; Kiliawog, Clute. About as common at the other. Cranes.
Very common at Franklin, Hoy. Abundant in the upper Che-
nango valley, Coville. Not reported from Tioga county. The
leaves are frequently five-lobed and the flowers apparently less
variable in color. April-June. i^H. acutilobaV>Q.)

SYNDESMON Hoffmg.

S. thalictrioides (L. ) Hoffmg. Rue Anemone. Abundant in open
woods, thickets and banks along streams. Rare in beech and
maple woods, Fenno. One of our earliest spring flowers. Easily
cultivated. Stem ari.sing from a cluster of tuberous roots. Apr.
May. {Anemonella thalictroides Spach.)

THALICTRUM L.

T. dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue. Common in shaded, rocky
soil. Apr. ]\Iay.

T. polyjjjamum Muhl. Tall Meadow Rue. Common in rich,
moist soil, es])ecially in wet meadows and along streams. Very
noticeable when in bloom. July.

T. purpurascens L. Purplish Meadow Rue. Rare. Found in
drier soil ilian the preceding. Harrington's Ford, Chemung
river, Lucy. Mt. Prospect, Millspaugh. July.

KLoKA OF THK LPPF.K SUSglEHANNA.

BATRACHIUM S. F. (^kav.

B. trichophyllum (Chaix) Hossch. Whitk Water Ckowi-oot.
Found only in the eastern part of our range, in shallow water.
Scarce, Gra7>es. Common at Davenport and (xoodrich Lake»
Hoy. Chenango river, Coville. Hoboken pond, near New Ber-
lin, Ellsivortli. July. {R. aquaiilis L., var. trtchophyllus
Gray. )

RAXUN'CULUS L.

R. delphinifolius Torr. Vti.i.ow Water Crowfoot. Rare. Pem-
berton's Pond, Waved y, Mil I spang h. Beechwood swamp,
Clutc . Leaves finely dissected, immersed; flowers rather large,
bright yellow. May. June. {R. multifidus V\xx^.)

R. obtusiusculus Raf. Water Plantain Spearwort. Rare.
Beebes swamp, Graves. Rockbottom dam, Millspaugh.
Beechwood swamp, Cliite. Wellsburg; Painted Post, Lucy.
Flowers small ; leaves lanceolate. At a little distance the casual
observer might mistake this plant for a crucifer. July. ( R.
a))ihigens Wats. )

R. reptans L. Small Creeitng Slearwort. Found occasion-
ally in gravelly soil on the margin of the Susquehanna river.
Near Apalachin, not common, Fetino. West of Binghamton,
Clute. Stems rooting at the joints; leaves linear; flowers very
small. July. (7?. Flain7mila^ var. repta?is Meyer.)

R. pusillus Poir. One station only — a springy place at the base
of South Mountain, Millspaugh.

R. abortivus L. S^lvll Flowered Crowfoot. Common through-
out in moist soil, in fields, thickets and the borders of woods.
May. June.

R. sceleratus L. Cursed Crowfoot. Rare. Usually found
along ditches. Apalachin, Fenno. Waverly, Millspaugh.
Chenango county, Coville. New Berlin, Ellsworth.

R. recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Common in damp
woods. Flowers resembling somewhat those of R. abortivus,
but larger. May. June.

R. fascicularis Muhl Early Crowfoot or Buttercup. Fasci-
cled Crowfoot. Common. Found blooming on hilltops and

FLORA OK THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

thinly wooded slopes in company with the Hepatica and Rue
Anemone. Seldom found in tlie lowlands. Our earliest Crow-
foot. May.
R. septentrionalis l\)ir. Swami- Buttercup. Found usually in
swamps and along streams. Produces long runners in summer.
The plant is quite variable in size and foliage, and in certain
phases may be easily mistaken for A*, fascicularis and R. rc-
pens. June-August.

R. repens L. CkKEriNc Crowfoot or Buttercup. Common.
Oxford, CovilU. Chenango valley near Binghamton, Mills-
paui::h. Common along the Susquehanna at Apalachin, Feiino.
Very common at Sayre and Lockwood, Barbour. A variety of
this, with white-spotted, hairy leaves and prostrate stems, has
found its way into many lawns in the city of Binghamton. The
whole plant is so low that mowing does not harm it, Cliite.
July. August.

R. Pennsylvanicus L. Bristly Crowfoot. Found in wet soil,
usually in the open. Scarce, Graves. Noyes island, Mills-
paugh. Willow Point, not common, Cliite. Common, Fenno.
Occasional, Lucy. Upper Unadilla valley, Ellsworth. July.
August.

R. hispidus Michx. Moist woods in Chemung county. Not in-
free |uent, Lucy. Has been confused with R. repcfis, fasciciila-
ria and septentrionalis. vShould be looked for in other parts.

R. bulbosus L. Bulhous Crowfoot. Found sparingly in pas-
tures near Oxford, Cavil le. Not common along the Unadilla
river. Brown. South slope Asylum hill, Binghamton, Mills-
pangh. Just south of our range this plant is very common in
certain local itie.s.

R. acris I>. Co.mmon Buj iercup. Tall Buttercup. Abundant,
especially in wet meadows, where it often forms the principal
vegetation. June-August.

CALTHA L.

C. palustris J>. xMaksii-Maricold. Cowslip. Abundant in
swamps and wet woodlands; rarer in the western part of our
range. Not common, L\nno. Rare in Chemung county, Lucy.

FLORA OF THE Uri'KIl SUSQUEHANNA.

North of Chemung county this species is more common. The
leaves and blossoms arc frequently used as greens in spring.
May.

COPTIS S.M.isii.

C. trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goi.d-tukkad. Tiirkk-i.kavkd Copjis.
^IdiiMkooi'. Common, especially in low, wet woods. Found
on hummocks and about stumps and old logs. Leaves, ever-
green; stems, subterranean, long, thread-like, bright yellow,
bitter; petals, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. May.

AOUILEGIA L.
A. Canadensis L. Commhink. Honevslckle. Common in wet
meadows and on rocky banks; seldom in deep woods. An or-
namental plant, easily cultivated. May. June.

A. vulgarU L. Garden Columbine, Occasionally found as an
escape along roadsides.

ACONITUM L.
A. Noveboracense A. Gray. Aconite. Monkshood. Woi.fbane.
Very rare. This species was first described from specimens
found on the bank of the Chenango river two miles below Ox-
ford, in 1883. The herbarium of Columbia University contains
a specimen collected at Greene. X. Y., by Dr. Augustus Wil-
lard about the year 1857, Coville. Has since been found in
Orange county.

CIMICIFUGA L.
C. racemosa (L. ) Xutt. Buc.bane. Black Snakeroot. Black
Cohosh. Very common along river banks, in thickets and the
borders of woods. Rare at Oxford and northward, Coi'ille.
Flowers numerous, ill -scented, in long terminal spikes. Very
noticeable when in bloom. June. July,

act.i:a. L.

A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Bane-herrv, Red Cohosh. Com-
mon throughout, especially in rocky woodlands. Very abundant
along the Chenango in the vicinity of Lisle, Clute. In fruit
distinguished from the following species by its slender pedicels
and red berries. Flowers ill- scented. May. June. {A. spi-
cata L., var. rubra Ait.)

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

A. alba (L.) Mill. White Bane-berry. White Cohosh. Com-
mon in deciduous woods; apparently more abundant than the
preceding in the southern part of our range. Pedicels, thick,
red; berries, snow-white. A pink-berried form is occasionally-
seen, Gravies. Occasionally white berries have slender pedicels
and red berries thick pedicels, but this is supposed to be due to
crossing. May.

XAXTHORRHIZA L'Her.

X. apiifolia L'Her. Shrub Yeleowroot. " In a dark ravine at
Sherburne, eleven miles from Hamilton. {Dr. Douglass.)" —
Torrey's Flora of New York. Apparently has not since been
recorded.

MAQNOLIACE/E

MAGNOLIA L.

M. acuminata L. Cucumber Tree. Represented by a few S2at-
tered trees. Rare, Fenno. Very Scarce, Lucy . Not uncom-
mon near Waverly, Barbour. Along the Chemung river, 1862,
Graves.

LIRIODEXDRON L.

L. tulipifera L. Whitewood. Tulip Tree. Poplar. Cucum-
liKR Tree. Reported as a shade tree from Susquehanna and
Chemung counties. It appears to be indigenous, though not
common, in the counties of Broome and Tioga. Ross Park,
rare, C/«/^. Apalachin; not common, /v«;z<?. Mouth of Cayuta
cveok, Afiilspaugk. l^ockwood.; not common, Barbour. In lo-
calities where the Magnolia is unknown this is usually called
Cucumber tree. Easily distinguished from our other forest trees
by its leaves with truncate middle lobes, and its large green and
orange flowers. May. June.

MENISPERMACE/E.

Mi:.\ISPERMUM L.

M. Canadense l>. M(»onseei). Common from Broome county
west. Not rcpf)rted from Susquehanna and Delaware counties.
Common in Chenango county, Covilli'. Restricted to the river

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUS(^UEHANNA.

shores and banks of the larger creeks, where it climbs over trees
and bushes and is frequently mistaken for a grapevine. Berries
black; seeds crescent-shaped. June.

BERBERIDACE/E.

BERBKRIS L.

B. vulgaris L. Barhhrrv. Not common. Found in old fields,
along roads, etc. Local and scarce, Lucy. Lockwocxl ; not com-
mon, Barbour. ^Mouth of Cayuta creek, Millspaugh. River
banks in the city of Binghamton, Clute. Roadsides, Gra7>es.
On dry hillsides, Cavil le. Thickets, occasional. Brown. New
Berlin and western Otsego county, Ellsworth. Remarkable for
its bnstly serrate leaves and irritable stamens, which spring to-
wards the pistil when touched. Cultivated for both ornament
and use. The red, acid fruit is often used in jelly-making. June.

CAULOPHYLLUM Michx.

C. thalictroides (L. ) Michx. Bi.le Cohosh. Pappuusi-: Root.
Common throughout in woods and ra\'ines in rich, moist soil.
May.

JEFFERSON I A Bart.

J. diphylla (L.) Pers. Twix-leaf. Rhelmatism root. Very
rare. One station only — a wooded hillside near Dansville,
N. Y., Lucy.

PODOPHYLLUM L,

P. peltatum L. MAv-Ari-i.E. Maxdrake. ^VH.I) Lemon. Rac-
coon Berry. Abundant in w^oods and thickets, and along the
streams throughout our range, growing best in moist places.
Well-known from its curious, umbrella-shaped leaves, fragrant
flowers and edible fruit. Occasionally two or more fruits are
borne on a single stem. May. June.

NYMPH/CACE>C.

BRASENL\ Schreh.
B. purpurea (Michx) Casp. Water Shield. Water Target.

Common in ponds and lakes. Cayuta Lake, Dudley. Mutton-

8 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

Hill Pond. Fenno. Pond Brook and the coves of the Chenango
and Susquehanna, Ciute . Common in nearly all the ponds in
Chenango county, Coville. Cxoodrich Lake, Hoy. Common
in New Berlin and western Otsego county, Ellsworth. Butler's
Lake, Graves. The latter station contains great quantities of
this plant. Leaves elliptical, floating; the petioles attached at
the centers; flowers purple; stems of leaves and flowers coated
with a jelly-like substance. July. ( B. peltata Pursh.)

CASTALIA Salisb.

C. odorata ( Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood, Water Lii.y. Water
NvMi'M. Common in quiet waters. Cayuta Lake. Dudley. Mil-
ler's Pond, Lucy. Pemberton's Pond, Millspaugh. Mutton-
Hill Pond, Fetino. Near Spencer. N. Y., Barbour. Pond Brook
and coves of the Tioughnioga near Lisle, Clute. Churchill's
Lake. Graves. Goodrich Lake, Hoy. Silver Lake. New Ber-
lin, Ellsworth. Ponds and river coves, Coville. Flowers
white, occasionally with a tinge of pink, fragrant, open only in
the morning. Petals numerous, passing insensibly into stamens.
June-Sept. {Nymphcsa odor am Ait )

C. tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Tuher-hearing Waier Lily. One
station — Mud Lake at Davenport, Hoy. ( Nymphcca re7iifor-
mis DC.)

NYMPH.^A L.
N. advena Soland. Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatterdock. Cow
Lii.\. Fr<)(, Lii.v. Abundant in lakes and other still waters;
occasionally in swamps and bogs. In lakes and ponds the leaves
float; in coves and inlets of the rivers only the earliest do so; in
bogs all may be borne on upright stems. Flowers globular, yel-
low, sweet-scented, the coarse sepals hiding several rows of
scale-like petals. June. July. {Nuphar advena Axi. f . )

N. microphylla Pens. Small Yellow Pond-Lii.y. Kai.m's Pond
Lii.v. Rare. Lowman's Cove, /,«^/. Pond at Franklin, //<>>7.
Cutler's Pond, Millspaugh. Susquehanna at Union, Chenango
at Port Dickin.son. Tioughnioga near Lisle, Clute. Pond at
l-'rcston, Coville. Found only in ([uiet waters. Leaves and
flowers floating. Flowers smaller than the preceding, scarcely
an inch across. Stigma dark red. July. { Nuphar Kalinia-
num R. Br, )

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA

SARRACENIACE/C.

SARRACEXIA L.

S. purpurea L. Piuiikk Pi ant. Sii>i;-sm)I)I.k Flow i:k. Hints-
man's CiT'. Common in suitable places from Broome county
eastward. Cinnamon Lake, Steuben county, rare, Lucy. Bar-
ton, /vw//^'. " The N'lai," near Oneonta; Mud and Goodrich
Lakes at Davenport, Hoy. Near Oxford, Coville. Beebe's
swamp ; Cranberry Marsh, Graves. Pond Brook and Chenango
Bridge, Clute. Hoboken Pond, Pittsfield, (Otsego county, Ells-
worth. Apalachin and Barton, Fenno. Usually found in
sphagnum swamps or the boggy shores of our small lakes and
ponds. Leaves, round, hollow, containing water and drowned
insects. Flowers, dull purple, nodding; stigma umbrella-shaped ;
petals fiddle-shaped. There is considerable difference in the
color of the leaves, which vary from deep green -vN-ith light pur-
ple veining, to light greenish yellow with deep purple markings.
May. June.

PAPAVERACE^E.

SANGUIXARIA L.

S. Canadensis L. Bloudroot. Common in low meadows, on
river banks and in thickets. Not frequent at Sidney, Hoy.
Does not appear to grow in open woods within our limits. One
of our earliest wild flowers; easily cultivated. Root thick, filled
with crimson juice; flowers large, white; stamens yellow. Apr.
May.

CHELIDONIUM L.

C. majus L. Cki.andim:, Swallow-wort. Not uncommon.
Found along roadsides and about buildmgs. Has become natu-
ralized in many places. Not reported from Tioga county. The

- whole plant looks not unlike a buttercup, and might be mistaken
for one. Juice yellow.

The various cultivated poppies ( Papa^'er ) belong here

They occasionally persist about old dwellings for a few years,
but may hardly be said to have become naturalized.

10 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

FUMARIACE/E.

ADLU.MIA Raf.

A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing FuMrroRY. Mountain
Fkinck. Ali.kc.ilanv ViNK. Frequent in woods, Susquehanna
county, Gra7>es. Ridgebury, Bradford county, Pa. ; very scarce,
Lucy. Apparently restricted to the more mountainous parts of
our range ; absent elsewhere, except in cultivation. July. {^A.
cirrhosa Raf.)

BICUCULLA Adans.

B. Cucullaria ( L. ) Millsp. Dutchman's Breeches. Common in
low, rich woods and thickets, especially on river banks. Infre-
quent, Lucy. The curious shaped blossoms are among the most
interesting of our spring flowers. April. May. ( Dicentra
Cucullaria DC.)

B. Canadensis ( (ioldie ) Millsp. Souirrel Corn. Tolerably
common. This species presents a gradual decline in numbers
from the mountainous parts of Delaware county to the more
level country west. Very common. Hoy. Frequent, Graves.
Tolerably common, Clute. Not common, Fenno. Infrequent,
Lucy. April. May. {Dicentra Canadensis DC.)

The well-known cultivated Bleeding-heart {D. spectabilis}

belongs in this genus.

CAPNOIDES Ad.\ns.

C. sempervirens (L.) Borck. Pale Coryd.\lis. Found in dry,
rocky soil. Xot frequent at East Sidney and Davenport, Hoy.
Frequent, Graves. Very rare, Lucy. Not noted elsewhere.
{Corydalis glauca Pursh )

FUMARIA L.
F. officinalis L. Common Fumiiokv. Rare; in old gardens and
waste places, Graves.

CRUCIFER/E.

DICXTAKI.V l.

D. diphylla .Midi.x. Cki.nki i: Roor. Toomiwori'. Pei>i'ek Root.
Coiniiioii. I'ound in rich, moist woods, on river banks and in

FLORA OF TUE UPPER SUSgUEHANNA. 11

ravines. Rootstocks long, creeping, toothed, peppery, edible-
May.

D. laciniata Muhl. Pei-pkk Root. Common. In our territory
tills plant seems closely confined to the thickets along the banks
of the rivers and larger streams. Apparently not so common as
the preceding.

CARDAMIXE L.

C. bulbosa Schreb. Spring Cress. Not uncommon in wet woods
and the thickets along river banks. Root bearing small tubers.
In our plants the flowers are white or rose-purple, without re-
spect to the other characters which go to make up the variety
purpurea. April. May. {C. rhoinboidea DC.)

C. pratensis L. Clckuo Flower. Lady's Smock. Frequent in
wet meadows, Coville. Tolerably common at Pond Brook and
Willow Point, the only stations, Clute. Leaves mostly radical,
the leaflets inclined to drop from the rachis easily and rooting,
form new plants. Flowers conspicuous, white, or tinged with
pink. May.

C. parviflora L. S.mall Bitter Cress. Common in sandy or
gravelly soil along streams. Root leaves spreading, their leaflets
rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear. Quite va-
riable. May-July. (C hirsiita, var. syh'aiica Gaud.)

C Pennsylvanica Muhl. ; Willd. Spring Cress. Common along^
brooks and streams, Lucy.

ARABIS L.

A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Infrequent. Rocky woods near El-
mira, along the Chemung, Lucy. Unadilla Forks, Brown.

A. dentata T. & G. Rare. Banks of Chemung river, town of
Ashland — the only station, Lucy.

A. Canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Not uncommon except in the
eastern part of our range. Not reported from the Chenango
valley. Scarce, Graves. Prefers the dry, wooded slopes, where
its stalks, loaded \\-ith the long pods, are very noticeable in late
summer. May. June.

12 FLORA OF THE UPPRR SUSQUEHANNA.

A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Towkr Mustard. Not uncommon in the
eastern part of our range. Frequent, Coz>///e. Not rare, Graves.
Tolerably common, Clute. {A. per/oiiala l^SiVn.)

A. lyrata L. Rocky hillsides, Ih'own.

RORIPA Scoi'.

R. Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. Water Crp:ss. Enclish Water
Cress. Not uncommon. Streams and ponds into which it be-
comes introduced are rapidly choked up by its luxuriant growth.
Frequently used as a salad July. ( Nastitrtiiiin ojric/naU R. Br. )

R. palustris (L. ) Bess. Marsh Cress. Notfrequent. The typ-
ical glabrous form with oblong pods is reported from the banks
of the Chemung river only, Lucy. {Nasturtium paliistf-e DC.)

R. hispida (Desv.) Britton. Marsh Cress. Common on river
shores and in open swamps. This species is commonly recorded
under A'', palustris. but it is quite evident that it belongs rather
to the variety hispidum of Gray's Manual, 6th edition. June.
July. {Xasturtiutn palustre DC, var. hispidum.)

R. Armoracia (L. ) A. S.Hitchcock. Hijrseradish. A common
escape along streams and in wet places near dwellings. Appar-
ently spreading. {Nasturtium Armoracia Fries.)

BARBAREA R. Br.

B. Barbarea (L. ) Mac M. Yellow Rocket. Common Winter
Cress. Very abundant in cultivated fields, along roadsides and
other waste places. Sometimes used as a salad under the name
of " poor man's cabbage." May. June. {B. vu/j^aris \<. Br.)

B. praecox (J. E. Smith.) R. Br. Early Winter Cres.s. Sclrvy
Ok.ass. One station only — Vestal, ^. Y., Mi/ispaug/i.

iii:sim-:ris l.

H. matronalls L. D.\me's Violet. Rocket. A rare escape that
seems to be spreading. One station ; scarce, Lucy. Not com-
mon, I'cnno. Plentiful along the banks of the Chenango and
Susquehanna near Binghamton, Clute. Rare near Ilallstead,
Graves. Not reported fiom the Chenango valley. Flowers
large, white or purplish ; fragrant. May. June.

FLORA OF THK I IM'FK SUSglKIl ANN A. \'6

ERYSIMUM L.

E. cheiranthoides L. Wokmskkd Mi staki>. Tkkaci.k Mistard.
Coniinon. Saiel to j^row in wet places, but here found along^
roadsides and in cultivated fields. Not reported from Susque-
hanna county. Jidy.

SISVMBRIL'M L.

S. officinale L. Hkdi'.k MrsiAKD. Abundant. A spreading,
much-branched weed, along roadsides, about dwellings and in
waste grounds. July. August.

BRASSICA L.

B. Sinapistrum Boiss. Wild Mistard. CuAKiut k. Found oc-
casionally in cultivated fields, Fenno, Lucy, Clutt\ 'El/sworth,
Covillc.

B. nigra ( L. ) Koch. Bl.\ck Mi stard. Common in cultivated
ground. Flowers sweet-scented.

SIX APIS L. .

S. alba L. White Mustard. Rare. Occasionally escapes, Baj--
bour, Lucy. ( Brassica alba.)

The cabbage ( Brassica olcracea), turnip ( B. canipcstris)

and radish ( Raphnus sativus ) belong here. They sometimes
appear as escapes in old gardens, but do not become naturalized.

BURSA Weber.

B. Bursa=Pastoris (L.) Weber. Siikimierd's Purse. Abundant
as a weed in all cultivated grounds and waste places. Occasion-
ally used for greens in early spring. Graves. Blooms through-
out the spring and summer. ( Capsella Bursa-pastoris Moench. )

LEPIDIUM L.

L. Virginicum L. Peiiercrass. Pennywort. Abundant along
roadsides and in waste places.

L. campestre (L. ) R. Br. Yellow Seed. Cow Cress. Rare.
Valley of the Chenango, Cliite. Well established along Seeley
creek near Elmira, Lucy. Not noted elsewhere. June.

t4 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

CAPPARIDACE/E.

POLAXISIA Raf.
P. gravolens Raf. River bank near Lanesboro ; not rare, Graves.
Shores of Chemung river; frequent, Lucy. Not found elsewhere.

CISTACE/E.

HELIANTHEMUM Pers.

H. Canadense (L. ) Michx. Rock Rose. Frost Weed. In grav-
elly soil; river bank at Apalachin ; not common, Fenno. Plant
with the aspect of a St. John's-wort. Flowers of two sizes; pet-
als of the large, early ones very fugacious. Later in the year
minute flowers are produced in the axils of the leaves.

LECHEA L.

L. villosa Ell. Pin weed. Rare. Near a roadside in an open
glade, Chemung county, Lucy. Ely Hill, Millspaugh. ( L.
via /or Michx. )

L. intermedia Leggett; Britton. Rare. Near Elmira, Lticy.

VIOLACE/E.

VIOLA L.
V. pedata L. Bird-eoot Violkt. Rare. Ross Park; east de-
cline House's Hill, Millspaugh,

V. palmata L. Ha.nd-leaved Violet. Blue Violet. Not very
common. Usually found in upland woods. Leaves variously
cut and divided. Flower large, deep blue May. June.

V. palmata cordata Walt. Rare. Glenwood ravine, Bingham-
toii ; .Sjjanisli Hill, Waverly, Millspaugh.

V. obliqua Hill. Common Blue Violki. Abundant in wet mead-
ows, and along streams. Our commonest Violet. Produces
numerous cleistogamous flowers in summer. May. June,
lilooms freely again in October. {V. palniala L. , var. cucul-
lata dray, j

V. sagittata Ait. Akkow-i-kavkd Vioi.Kr. Unequally distributed
within our range. I'^recjuent in sandy soil. Hoy. Dry roadsides;

FLORA OF TUF. ri'I'KR srs<,»(KH.\ NN A.

scarce, Gra^ws. Common on dry hills and along roadsides,
Clutt'. Frequent west of Barton, lunno. Common near New
Berlin, ElUworth. Common in sandy meadows, Sayre, Bar-
hour. Cayuta creek, Millspaiii^h. Sparinj^ly on dry hillsides
at Oxford, Co7'illi'. Not reported from Tioga and Chemung
counties. Flowers as large as those of the two preceding.
Cleistogamous flowers are produced in summer. May. June.

V. 5elkirkii Pursh. Ski.kikk's Violkt. (iRKAi Sim kkkd Vioi.kt.
Very rare. Hill at Vestal, Mil Ispaui^h. Along a brook near
Oxford, Co7'Hlt\

V. blanda Willd. Swkkt Win ri: Violki'. Common in swamps,
along streams and in wet. open woods. Flowers very fragrant.
The plant spreads by leafy runners which usually bear cleisto-
gamous flowers in the axils of the leaves. April. May.

V. blanda amcena ( Le Conte ) B. S. P. Reported occasionally.
Lowman's swajnp, town of Chemung, Lucy. Ravine, Choconut
Centre, Clute. This species is often referred to V. blanda. A
closer study of these two will doubtless reveal the sub-species
at other points within our limits. ( J', blanda, var. paluslri-
f or mis A. Gray. )

V. rotundifolia Michx. Roini)-lkavki> Vellow Violp:t. Toler-
ably common. Found in cold, wet soil, especially in ra\anes.
Grows also in open woods. Infrequent, Lucy. Not reported
from Susquehanna county. One of our earliest and handsomest
species. Spreads by runners. April.

V. pubescens Ait. Downy Vellow \^iolet. Stemmed Yellow
\'ioLKr. \^ery common in damp woodlands. Produces cleisto-
gamous flowers in summer. May.

V. scabriuscula (T. &G.) Schwein. Rough-leaved Yellow
ViuLKi. Reported rare. South Mountain, Millspaugh. Great-
singer's corners, Chemung county ; plentiful, Lucy. Occasion-
ally found, Clute. This has doubtless been overlooked at other
points in our range, and should be searched for. Plants smaller,
greener, and slightly if at all pubescent. ( V. pubesceyis, var.
scabriuscula T. & G. )

V. pubescens eriocarpa ( Scher. ) Xutt. Frequent, Cavil le. Near
Binghamton, Millspaugh.

16 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

V. Canadensis L. Canada Violet. Common in moist wood-
lands, especially in ravines. Blooms all summer and early au-
tumn. Flowers white or purplish, the back or outside of petals
usually deep purple; faintly fragrant. Grows well in cultiva-
tion. Our tallest violet

V. striata Ait. Pale Violpit. Striped Violet. Not very com-
mon. ;Most frequent on the river flats, also in open woods.
Not reported from Delaware county. Common in moist mead-
ows near Oxford, Co7>ille. Occasionally blooms in November,
LhiU'ts. May. June.

V. rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. Unequally distrib-
uted. Common, Hey. Frequent, Graves. Plentiful, Cluie.
Not common, Fenno. Rare, Lucy. A beautiful species in moist,
rich woods. Characterized by its very long spur. Blooms all
through the summer. Excellent for cultivation in shade,

V. Labradorica Schrank. Dug \'i()LEr. Common. Found in
open woods and thickets, wet or dry. Next to V. obligua this
is our most abundant Violet. Most widely distributed of the
genus. Occasionally blooms in autumn. April. May. ( V.
canina L., van M u hi enter gii Gray.)

V. tricolor L. Pansy. Heartsease. A rare escape, recorded
from Chenango, Susquehanna, Broome and Chemung counties.
It is doubtful if this species persists long with us in the wild
state.

CARYOPHYLLACE/E.

DI A NTH US L.

D. barbatus L. Sw eki- William. Cultivated, but occasionally
escapes. Rare ; along roadsides.

SAPOxNARIA L.

5. officinalis 1.. BorNciNO Bet. Soapwort. \'ery common in
road.sides and waste places, especially along railroads and banks
of streams. Flowers nearly all summer.

SILKXI*: L.

5. stellata (L. ) Ait. vSi akkv Ca.mpion. Not common except in
tiie central part of our territory. Prefers rather dry, shaded

KLOKA or THK Cl'I'KK srs(,)r KM ANN A. 17

banks, especially open, upland woods. Infrequent, Lucy. Not
common, Harbour. Common, l-enno. Abundant, Cliite. Scarce,
Cirai'i's. Not reported from Delaware county. Fhns-ers white
the petals fringed. A beautiful plant. July.

S. vulgaris (MoL-nch) Garcke. Hi-adhkk Camtion. Rare. Some
times escapes from cultivation. Scarce, Graces. Rare, Brown.
Occasional, Clittc. It is said that the young shoots and leaves
may be used as a substitute for asparagus. ( S. Cucjibalus
Wil)el. )

S. antirrhina L. Si,i:ki'v Cat(Iiii,\". Infrequent. Along the
railroad, Ashland, Chemung county, Lucy.

S. antirrhina divaricata Robinson. Rare. Plants found on a
dry wixxled slope near Binghamton in 1896 were identified as
this sub-species at the Harvard Herbarium, Clute.

S. noctiflora L. Ni<;ht-Flowerin«; Catciiilv. Somewhat rare.
Reported from their localities by Coville, Litcv, Grai'es and
Clute.

LYCHNIS L.

L. Chalcedonica L. Maltese Cross. ScakletLvchms. Occa-
sional. Lucy.

L. dioica L. Red Lvciims. wScarce; in dry soil, Graves. {L.
diur7ia Sibth. )

AGROSTEMMA L.

A. Qithago L. Corn Cockle. Woolly Pink. Rose Cami'ion.
Not common. In grain fields and occasionally in waste places.
Not reported from Delaware county. {Lychnis Githas^o Lam.)

ARE N ARIA L.

A. serpyllifolia L. Tiivme-leaved Sandwort. Unequally dis-
tributed. Reported common by ILoy, Clute and L^ucy ; scarce,
Coville. Not noted elsewhere. An interesting little plant in-
habiting dry, sandy .soils. Stems, much branched, six inches
high; leaves, minute, ovate, ciliate; flowers, numerous, white.
June. July.

A. lateriflora L. Lateral-elowered Sandwort. Common at
Say re, Barbotir. Tolerably common at Kirkwood and Willow
Point, Clute. Scarce, Graves. Not noted elsewhere. May.
June.

18 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

ALSINE L.

A. media L. Common Chickweed. An abundant weed in culti-
vated tmd waste grounds. Flowers from earliest spring to au-
tumn. Closes its flowers at the approach of storms, Gra^'es.
The earliest flowers are fertilized in the bud. {SteUa?'ia media
Smith.)

A. longifolia (Muhl. ) Britton. Lo.ng-lk.wed Stitchwort. Com-
nK)n in moist, grassy places. June. {Stellaria longifolia Muhl. )

A. boreal is (Bigel.) Britton. Northern Stitchwort. Rare. Wet
place at base of wooded hill near North Chemung, Lucy. Rather
rare. In wet places, 0><^7'<f.y. Oxford, C6'2//7/^. Not noted else-
where. {Slt'/la7-ia boreal is Bigel.)

A. graminea (Muhl. ) Britton. Grass Chickweed. Rare. Wet
ditch along a roadside ; flowers large and conspicuous, Graves,
{Stellaria grauiifiea L. )

CERASTIUM L.

C. vulgatum L. Mocse-ear Chickweed. A common and well-
known weed in cultivated grounds and waste places. Flower-
ing nearly all summer.

C. longipeduncufatum Muhl. Chickweed. Base of Sullivan
Hill and along the Chemung river. In specimens here, the
.stem is strict and leafy, Lucy. (C. mitans Raf . )

SPERGULA L.
S. arvensis L. Corn Spurry. A common weed in gardens.
Scarce, Lucy. Stem, round, with swollen joints, branched ;
leaves, thread-like in whorls.

PORTULACACE/E.

PORTULACA L.

P. oleracea L. Purslane. Puslev. Abundant as a weed in
cultivated grounds, also in all waste places. Very tenacious of
life ; after flowering it will ripen its seeds though severed from
its roots. Sometimes used for a pot-herb. July-Sept.

CLAYTONIA L.
C. Virginica L. Si-rim, Beai tv. Common in wet woods, thick-
ets and especially the low meadows along streams. The stems

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 19

arise from a round. Hat tulier ratlicr deep in the earth, usually
several stems from each tuber. May.

C. Caroliniana Michx. Si'rin<; Beai ty. Apparently less com.
mon than the preceding. Not reported from Susquehanna and
Broome counties. Seems to prefer greater elevaticms, and is
often found in open, wet woods on hills. Distinguished from
Virgifiica by its shorter, broader leaves, and smaller flowers,
xMay.

HYPERICACE/E.

HYPERICUM L.

H. Ascyron L. Gueat St. John's Wort. Ver}^ common along
the rivers. Occasionally found in swamps. Scarce, Coville.
The largest member of the genus, often gro\\'ing to a height
of six feet, with flowers two inches across. July.

H. ellipticum Hook. Elliptic-leavkd St. John's Wort. Toler-
ably common, especially in gravelly soil along streams. Petals
often but four. Much resembles H. perforatum. July. Aug.

H. perforatum L. Com.mo.v Sr. John's Wort. Abundantly nat-
uralized in lields, pastures, roadsides and waste places. Spreads
by runners. June-Sept.

H. maculatum Walt. Corvauied St. John's Wort. Spotted
Sr. John's Wort. Blacr-dotted St. John's Wort. Common
in shade. Roadsides, thickets and open woods.

H. mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's Wort. Common, especially
in damp, sterile soil ; fields and roadsides. Stems seldom more
than six inches high, with numerous small, copper-colored flow,
ers. July.

H. Canadense L. Canadian Sr. John's Wort. Chenango valley
and near Waverly, Millspaiii^h.

H. Virginicum L. Marsh St. John's Wort. Common in swamps
and along streams. Not reported from the valley of the Che-
mung. Flowers flesh-colored in the axils of the leaves, seldom
opening in bright sunlight. Spreads by underground runners.
July. Aug. {Elodes canipaniilafaY'\\x<\\.)

20 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

MALVACE/E.

MALVA L.

M. rotundifolia L. Low Mallow. Roind-leavei) Mallow.
CuEtsEs. A common weed in fields and about buildings. The
heads of fruit contain considerable mucilage, and when green
are frequently eaten by children.

M. sylvestris L. Hu;ii Mallow. A rare escape. Reported
troni ( >tse.<^o, Chenango, Broome and Steuben counties.

M. moschata L. Misk Mallow. Common along roadsides and
in meadows. Flowers large, as frequently white as rose-colored.
The whole plant has a musky odor. July. Sept.

ABUTILON G.q^.RTN.

A, Abutilon (L. ) Rusby. Indian Mallow. Velvet Leak. An
escape that is fast becoming naturalized in cultivated grounds.
Rare in Chemung county, common farther north, Lucy. Com-
mon, Clute. Not common, Cavil le. Not reported elsewhere.
{A. A vie €71 n cc G tertn . )

HIBISCUS L.

H. Trionum L. Bladder Ketmia. Very rare. Wellsburg ; Ash-
land, Jj(cy.

TILIACE/E.

TILIA L.

T. Americana L. Basswood. Linden. Ll\n. Whitewood.
Conmion throughout in rich soil. A large tree with light, soft
w<K»d. Bees obtain much honey from the blossoms.

LINACE/E.

LINUM L.

L. usitatissimum L. Conlmon Flax. Unevenly distributed.
Found along railroads and in fields. Very rare, Lucy. Com-
mon, J''enno. Not ^uncommon, Clute. Occasional, Coville.
Very rare, Jiroivn. Unnoticed elsewhere.

FLORA OF THE UIM'KU SUSVUKHANN A. 21

GERANIACE/E.

GKRAXU\\[ L.

Q. maculatum L. Crankskill. Wild (iKRAMiM. Common.
Found in woods, tliickets and moist meadows. This and the
folio win;^ species are very easily cultivated. May.

Q. Robertianum L. Herb-Rohert. Xot common except in
damp, rocky woods, and not always found in such situations
within our limits. Infrequent in the Chemun^i^ valley, Lucy.
Common in the Chenango valley north of Broome county, Co-
villc ; Brown. Also in the Susquehanna valley east of Broome
county. Not found in the valley from Binghamton west. Plen-
tiful just south of our limits. June-Sept.

G. Carolinianum L. Rare. Ashland and Elmira. Liny. South
Mountai n, .M ill span gh.

OXALIDACE/C.

OXALIS L.

O. Acetosella L. Common Wood Sorrel. Common in dark, cold
woods, especially under hemlocks. Flower rather large, white
veined with purple. June-July.

O. violacea L. Violet Wood Sorrkl. Rare. Near Waverly,
Mil I spang h . River bank near Apalachin; common, Fouio.
Plentiful on a rocky hillside near Binghamton, Clutc. Thrives
in bright sunshine. Bulb, scaly; flowers, several in an umbel,
pink, not "violet-colored" with us. The plant spreads by
means of underground runners which produce bulbs at the ends.
May.

O. stricta L. Sheei- Sorrel. Yellow Wood S()Rrel. Sour
Grass. Abundant in cultivated and waste grounds. Flowers,
small, yellow. The leaves of this and the two preceding spe-
cies have a pleasant acid taste, and are often eaten by children.
{O. corniculata, var. stricta vSav. )

22 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

BALSAMINACE/E.

IMPATIENS L.

1. aurea Muhl. Pale Tol-ch-me-not or Jewel Weed. Snap Weed.
S.NAi'DRAc.oN. Commoii in damp, shady situations. Found along
river banks and in wet, open woods, often in company with the
following species. Flowers large, pale yellow. July. Aug.
(/. p IX II id a Xutt.)

I. biflora Walt. Spotted Tolxh-me-xot or Jewel Weed. Snap-
dragon. Silver Weed. Very common in wet grounds in the
shade or sun. Somewhat more common than the preceding.
Flowers similar in shape, smaller, orange, spotted with reddish
brown, especially on the lower lip. Spotless flowers sometimes
occur. A form of this blossom with- blood-red or pink lower lip
is not infrequent. Called Silver Weed from the silvery appear-
ance of the leaves when plunged under water. The capsules of
this and the preceding species, when mature, burst at the
slightest touch, scattering the seeds. Cleistogamous flowers
are usually produced before the showy ones. July. Aug. (/.
fulva Nutt. )

RUTACE>E.

XANTHOXYLUM L.

X. Amerkanum Mill. Prkklv Asil Toothache Tree. Some-
what rare. Prefers moist soil. Town of Ashland, Chemung
county, Lucy. West of Apalachin, Foino. Susquehanna,
Graves. Norwich, Coi'ille. Unadilla Forks, Brown.

PTELEA L.

P. trifoliata L. Hop-tree. Shrihi-.v Trefoil. Very rare. A
single sijccimen is growing (1896) along Riverside Drive in the
city of liinghaniton, wliere it is api)arcntly indigenous, Clutc.

The Chinese Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus) belongs here. It

is occasionally cultivated for shade and is said to have a ten-
dency to become naturalized.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 23

ILICINE/E.

ILHX L.

1. verticillata ( L. ) A. dray. Winterbkkrv. Black Aldkr. De-

cinuoi .-> lluij,v. CominoB in open swamps and low grounds.
Flowers small, axillary. May. June. Fruit ripe in vSeptember.
After the leaves have fallen the berries are very noticeable and
render this shrub one of the most conspicuous objects in our
winter land.scape. A form with orange-colored berries is some-
times found. The berries are seldom if ever eaten by birds.

I. laevigata (Pursh. ) A. Gray. Smooth WiNTKRiiERRv. Not
rare in swamps near Susquehanna, Graves.

ILICIOIDES DuMONT.

I. mucronata (L. ) Britton. Moixtain Hollv. Common only in
the more elevated parts of our range, in cold, moist soil. Fre-
quent, Gravies. The Vlai, Goodrich and Sexsmith lakes, com-
mon, Hoy. Rare, Clutc. Not common ; Mutton Hill Pond,
Fetino. Common about sphagnum bogs, Coville. Not reported
elsewhere. Has much the aspect of a small Shad-bush {A?ne-
lanchier) with usually solitary red berries on long pedicels.
May. {Neinopanthes fasciculat'is Raf . )

CELASTRACE/E.

CELASTRUS L.

C. scandens L. Bitter^wekt. Waxwork. Stake-tree. Com-
mon about old fences, and along streams. A well-known half-
shrubby climber, bearing orange-colored pods w^hich open in
autumn displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds within. An
attractive plant, easily cultivated. The fruit is valued for win-
ter decorations.

EUONYMUS L.

E. Americanus L. Sirawukrrn' Bi sii. Very rare. A single
shrub found in Susquehanna; perhaps cultivated. Graves.

E. obovatus Nutt. Strawhkrry Bish. Rare. Two miles south
of Apalachin, Fenuo, Trailing with rooting branches. {E.
Americanus, var. obo7'atus T. & G. )

24 FLORA. OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

KHA/VINACE/E.

RHAMNUS L.

R. alnifolia L'ller. Bickthokn. Rare. Baldwdn creek, Lucy.
Suburbs ot" Binghamton, Chite. Goodrich Lake, Hoy. A low,
unarmed shrub, with ill-smelling foliage.

R. cathartica L. Common Buckthorn. Noted from but two
localities. Apalachin, common in hedges, Fenno. Hill south
of Binghamton ; rare, Clute.

CEANOTHUS L.

C. Americanus L. New Jersey Tea. RED-R()i)T. Abundant
on all our hills, either in sun or shade. Apparently no hillside
is too dry for it. Root perennial, very large in proportion to
the rest of the plant, red ; sometimes used in coloring. Flowers
in clusters, small, white, numerous, making the plant very con-
spicuous when in bloom. Dies down nearly to the ground in
winter. Few plants are better than this for a low hedge that
will take care of itself and look well at all seasons. The princi-
pal plant on many of our barren hillsides. Leaves said to have
been used for tea. At maturity the capsules burst, scattering
the seeds with some force. June.

VITACE/C.

VITLS L.

V. Labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape. Very rare. Valley of
the Chenango, Millspaiigh. The original of most of our culti-
wited grapes.

V. SEStivalis Michx. Summer Grai'E. Common. Along river
banks and fence rows. Rare in Chenango county, Co7>ille.

V. cordlfolia Mich.x. Frost (^rai'e. Chicken Grai'k. Abundant,
especially along the banks of streams, where it fruits heavily
each year. Berry small, inedible until frosted. Flowers with a
.strong spicy fragrance.

V. vulpina L. Frosj- Grai-i:. Common in the Chemung valley,
J.itty. Sidney ; (Goodrich Lake, /A^y. Not reported elsewhere.
It IS evident that our grapes need further study. {V. r/piwia
Michx.)

FLORA OK THE ri'i'HU SUS'^l EHANNA. 25

PARTIIICNOCISSUS Plan. ii.

P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Woodium:. X'ikcima Ckkki-kk.
Ai)un(lant iii woods, thickets and along fence rows. Common
in cultivation. Often mistaken for poison ivy. Fruit purplish
black. Leaves turning crimson in autumn. {Anipelopsis (/u/n-
q III'/ alia Michx.)

HIPPOCASTANACE^.

^SCULUS L.

/C. Hippocastanum L. Horse Chestnut. Common in cultiva-
tion for shade, and occasionally escapes.

ACERACE^.

ACER L.

A. Pennsylvanicum L. Strii'ed Mai'le. Moosewood. Whistle-
wood. Stru'Ed Dogwood. Common. Most plentiful in ra-
vines and along cliffs. Readily distinguished by its smooth,
light-green bark, heavily striped with ashy-green. The bark of
the trunk does not become rough except in the oldest individ-
uals. With us, it is seldom more than a shrub ; but there are a
few trees within our limits with trunks eight inches in diameter.

A. spicatum Lam. Mointain Mai'Lehlsh. Spiked Maple. Goose-
looT .Maple. Abundant; forming thickets along mountain
streams, in glens and ravines.

A. Saccharum Marsh. Sucar Maple. Rock Maplk. Hard Ma-
ple. Common in woods and the open fields. The species most
commonly used for a shade tree. From the sap of this and the
following is produced most of our maple sugar. {A. sacchari-
niim Wang. )

A. nigrum Michx f. Black Maplf. Not so common as the pre-
ceding with which it is very often confounded. May be dis-
tinguished by its darker bark. Blooms earlier. {A. sacchari-
num var. nigra m T. & G. )

A. saccharinum L. Silver Maple. White Maple. River Ma-
ple. Very common. Almost restricted to the banks of streams.

26 FLORA OF TllK UPPKR SUSQUEHANNA.

Leaves more deeply lobed than in any of our other common
species. wSap thin, watery, sour. Occasionally planted for
shade. yA. dasycarpuiii Ehrh. )

A. rubrum L. Rkd ^NIai'lk. Soft Maple. Swamp Maplk. Com-
mon. Does not grow exclusivjly in moist places, but may be
found on hill-tops. Noticeable in spring for its red blossoms,
and again in autumn for its leaves which then turn scarlet. The
sap yields sugar. Often planted for shade.

A. Negundo L. Ash-Lkaved Maplk. Box Elder. Rare. Fre-
quently cultivated about Binghamton, where it is commonly
found as an escape, Cliite. Often cultivated for shade, Fenno.
Becoming common in cultivation, Brown. ( Negundo aceroi-
des Moench.)

STAPHYLEACE/E.

STAPHYLEA L.

S. trifolia L. Bladuernit. Chenango river, Binghamton,
Mil I spang h. Occasional at Apalachin; very abundant at Bar-
ton, Fetmo. Not noted elsewhere.

ANACARDIACE/E.

RHUS L.

R. hirta (L. ) Sudw. Sta<;-horn Sumac. Very common, espec-
ially on dry, rocky hillsides. Our tallest species often reaching
the size of a small tree. Young branches velvety-hairy. Leaves
turning crimson in autumn. Fruit a small, berry -like drupe
with crimson down, collected into thick, close panicles known
as " sumac bobs," very acid, edible. The wood is beautifully
grained with shades of brown, green and yellow, and the bark
contiiins much tannin. ( R. fyphina L. )

R. glabra L. Smodik Si ma( . Less common than the preceding.
Not reported from the upper Chenango valley. Rather scarce,
Hoy. Found in the same situations as A*. Iiirta, often inter-
mixed with it. Shrub lower, smooth, otiierwise much like that
species. The fruit is sometimes eaten.

R. copallina I.. .Moimmn Si mac. Dwakf Si.mac. Rare. Ross
Park, M i/hf)auglt.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 27

R. Vernix L. PmsuN Si mai-. Unequally distributed. Scuree. /.//-^^r.
Butler's Lake — the only station, Ljra7>es. Brisbin swamp,
Coville. Not reported from the northern part of the Susque-
hanna and Chenango valleys. Common from Binghamton west.
Found in wet woods, borders of swamps and occasionally in dry
ground. A .shrub or small tree, of elegant aspect, but very poi-
sonous to the touch, and even tainting the air for some distance
with its poison. The poisonous effects are said to be due to a
volatile acid. Rochelle salts internally and an application of
"soft "soap to the poisoned parts will quickly effect a cure.
Herbivorous animals are said to eat the leaves of this species
without injury, and many persons are not affected by the poi-
son. Distinguished from the other species by its entire leaflets.
Drupe, gray. Also known as Poison Oak, Poison Elder and
Poison Dogwood. (A'. 'i'cue7iata DC.)

R. radicans L. Poiso.n Ivv. Three-lkaved Merclrv. Poison
Oak. Common in both wet and dry soils. Where this plant
finds a support it often becomes a vine several inches in diame-
ter, climbing to the tops of trees and anchored to the trunk by
numerous rootlets. Unsupported it takes on a shrubby form
and is then most frequently called Poison Oak. Berries gray,
in loose racemes. Leaflets three. The juice forms an indelible
ink. Poisonous, but less so than the preceding. {R. toxico-
dendron L. )

R. aromatica Ait. Aromatic Slmac. Sweet SlxMac. Choconut
Creek. Millspaugh. Not rare, Graves. Frequent, Lucy. Not
reported elsewhere. A small shrub on dry banks, with three-
parted, aromatic leaves and flowers in close aments appearing
in early spring. Not poisonous. {R. Canadensis Marsh.)

POLYQALACE^.

POLYGALA L.
P. paucifolia Willd. Flowering Wintergreen. Indian Pink.
Bahy Foot. Fringed Polvgala. Common in thickets and open
woods. Less common in the northeastern part of our range.
An elegant little plant with the aspect of a Wintergreen. Flow-
ers two or more, rather large, pink-purple. Cleistogamous-
flowers are borne at the base of the plant. A white-flowered
variety is occasionally noticed. May.

28 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

P. Senega L. Seneca Sxakf.koot, Somewhat rare. Found on
dry, scrubby hilltops. Infrequent, Lucy. Near Apalachin,
Millspaugh. Hills about Binghamton ; not uncommon, Clute.
Rare, Graves. Not reported northeast of Broome county.
Flowers in terminal spikes, white. June.

P. viridescens L. Red Milkwort. Not common, Lh'aves.
Hills south of Apalachin, Cliite. Flow^ers red, in dense spikes.
The root is said to have an odor like that of the aromatic Win-
tergrecn. {P. sani:^umea L.)

P. verticillata L. Whdrled Polv(;ala. Common from Susque-
hanna county west. Not reported from the northern part of the
Chenango and Susquehanna valleys. Found in dry situations
especially hillsides in grass. Flowers minute, purplish- white in
spikes. Easily overlooked. Summer.

LEQUMINOS/E.

BAPTISIA Vent.

B. tinctoria (L. ) R. Br. False Indk^o. Very rare. Gulf Sum-
mit, mM ill span gh.

LUPINUS L.

L. perennis L. Lipine. Sun-dial. Abundant in Broome and
Tioga counties, Clute, Fen7io. Infrequent, Lucy. Not rare,
Graves. Not reported elsewhere within our limits. Found
along streams, on hillsides, in thickets and borders of the woods.
Very noticeable when in bloom. Flowers large, blue and pur-
ple, in long terminal spikes. A white-flowered form is occasion-
ally reported. Flowers .sometimes slightly fragrant. June.

TRI FOLIUM L.
T. arvense L. Rahiut's-i-oot or Stone Clover. Sullivan Hill;
Cobble Hill, Chemung county; plentiful at stations, Lucy. Bar-
ton ; Apalacliin, J'\'7i7W. Binghamton, Ells'-a'ortli.

T. pratense I.. Rid Clover. Abundant, usually in cultivation.

T. reflexum I.. I'.cii ai.o Clover. Rare. South Mountain,
Mltlspaug/i.

T. repens L. Wihie Clover. Shamrock. Abundant every-
where. Believed to be one of the first plants to appear in
burned areas.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUF.HANNA 29

T, hybridum l>. Ai >ikk Ci«)\ i'.k. IIonkn Ci.<»VKk. kecoming
conmiou. 1' lowers rosc-tintcd ; stems nol rootinj^ at the joints,
otherwise much hke the precedinj^.

T. agrarium L. Yei.i.uw Clun kr. Hop Ci.ovkr. Abundantly
nalurah/.ed in dry fields, along roadsides, etc. A pretty clover,
with bright yellow tlower-heads, somewhat resembling hops.

T. procumbens L. Dwaki- Hoi' Ciovkk. Very common in Ti-
t)ga ami l->roome counties, for the most part restricted to the
railways, growing between the ties, J'e>i;io, Cluic. Roadsides,
common. Jh-Ou'ii. Not reported elsewhere. Plant procumbent,
spreading, with llower-heads one-fourth the size of the preced-
ing.

T. incarnatum L. Ckimso.n Ci.o\kr. Rare. Is occasionally
planted for forage and in time will doubtless become common.
Apalachin, Fenjio. Binghamton ; Tunkhannock, Clutc.

MELILOTUS Juss.

M, officinalis (L. ) Lam. Yellow Melilot. Yellow Sweet
Clovkr. Rare in the eastern part of our range; more common
west. In waste grounds, wet or dry.

M. alba Lam. White Sweet Clover or Melilot. Very common
throughout, growing in the same places as the preceding and
especially along railways and river banks. The flowers and
leaves of both emit a strong, sweetish odor when drying.

MEDICAGO L.

M. sativa L. Alialfa. Lucerne. Found occasionally in Broome
county, Clutc. Flowers bluish-purple, racemed. Pods spirally
coiled.

M. lupulina L. Black Medick. None.such. Infrequent; banks
of the Chemung near Elmira, Lucy . Becoming a weed in lawns,
Covillc. Flowers yellow.

ROBINIA L.

R. pseudacacia L. Common Locust. False Acacia. Plentiful,
especially near streams. Flowers large, white, sweet-scented,
in racemes. The wood is famed for its durability in exposed
situations ; fence posts of this wood have been known to last for
more than seventy years.

30 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

ASTRAGALUS L.

A. Carolinianus L. Milk Vi:tch. Rare. Canal bank north of
Port Crane, Millspaugh. Hemlock Lake, Livingston county,
N. v., Lucy.

CORONILLA L.

C. varia L. Near Pine Valley, four miles above Horseheads, in
a moist, grassy place; appears to be spreading, Lucy.

MEIBOMIA Adans.

M. nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. Tick Trefoil. Common in dry
woods. Flowers, medium sized, on a long, leafless scape from
the root. {Desinodium tiudijloriun DC.)

M. grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Tick Trefoil. Common in
wo(jds. Leaves all clustered at the top of the stem, from whence
the flower stalk rises. {Desmodhtni aciiininaiiDn DC.)

M. pauciflora (Nutt. ) Kuntze. Waverly, N. Y., 1862, Graves.
Near Llniira, Lucy. {Desmodhnn pauciflorui)iY)Q.)

M. rotundifolia (Michx. ) Kuntze. Rouxd-leaved Tick Trefoil.
Rather rare. Sullivan Hill, Lucy. Hill northeast of Bingham-
ton, Millspaugh. Hill above Oakland, Graves. Not noted
elsewhere. {Des?nodiu}?i rotutidifoliuvi DC.)

M. Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Occasional in dry fields, Graves.
Not uncommon in copses, Clute. Sullivan Hill; infrequent,
Lucy. {Desmodium DilleuuT>Qx\.)

M. paniculata (L. ) Kuntze. Common in copses. July. {Des-
)iiodi!i))i pam'cu latum DC. )

M. Canadensis (L. ) Kuntze. Busii Trefoil. Abundant along
our river shores, where the tall stems often form dense thickets*
July. {Desinodiuiu Canadense DC.)

M. Marylandica (L. ) Kuntze. Rare. Sullivan Hill, Lucy. Near
\\'a\erly, X. ^■., Gravies. ( Desmodium Marlandicum F.
lioott. )

The range of the various species of Meihomia within our

limits are not yet clearly defined. This group needs further
study.

FLORA OK THE LI'rEU SUSl^l'EH ANNA. 31

I.KSPEDEZA Mi( MX.

L. vlolacea(L. ) Pcrs. Frequent in dry copses, I-'enno. Not un-
common, Clute. Chenango county, Coville.

L. hirta (L.) Ell. Bi sn Ci.ovkk. Common in dry thickets and
aloni^ roadsides. Scarce, Lucy. Flowers cream-colored with a
purple spot on the standard. Aug. (L. polystachya Michx.)

L. capitata Michx. Blsh Clovkr. Elmira, Big Flats and Com-
ing; not rare at stations, Lucy. Susquehanna, Gra7>es.

VIC I A L.

V. Cracca L. Tn-TEi) Vrtch. Not common, Coville. Frequent,
(jra7'es. Abundant, Clute. Not reported elsewhere. Found
along roadsides and in dry fields. May.

V. Caroliniana Walt. Vpyrcii or Tare. Our most abundant spe-
cies, l-^ound in fields and thickets. May. ,

V. Americana Muhl. ; Willd. Reported only from Tioga county
west. xVpalachin, Fenno. East Waverly, Millspaugh. Valley
of the Chemung, Lucy.

LATHYRUS L.

L. ochroleucus Hook. Vetchunc. Everlasting Pea. Cream-
c oLoKF.i) Latiivrus. Usually found in woods. Scarce, Graves.
Plentiful, Clute. Common, L.ucy. Elsewhere not reported.
Vine climbing over other herbage ; flowers rather large.

APIOS McKNCH.

A. Apios (L.) MacM. Ground-nut. Wild Bean. Tuberous
Wlstarlv. Not uncommon throughout. Found on river banks
and in other damp situations, climbing over the surrounding
plants. Flowers in dense racemes, pink-brown in color, very
fragrant. Edible tubers are borne on underground shoots.
Although provided with excellent means for cross-fertilization,
this plant seldom sets seed, and spreads mainly by its subterra-
nean runners. Frequently cultivated for shade. Aug. {A.
t ulcerosa M«nch. )

FALCATA Gmel.

F. comosa (L.) Kuntze. Hog Peanut. Pea Vlne. Very com-
mon in woods, especially in damp soil. A low vine, with ra-

32 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

cemes of small, pink or white riowers, which seldom set seed.
At the base of the plant are smaller apetalous flowers, which are
commonly fruitful, producing a fleshy pod containing a single
seed. ^AnipJiicarpica moiioica Nutt )

CASSIA L.

C. Marylandica L. Wild Senna. Rare. Reported only from
the Chenango valley. Along a roadside. South Oxford, Coville..
On a low island in the Chenango at Port Dickinson, where it is-
not uncommon, Clute. One specimen found at Wellsburg, Che-
mung county, in 1574, Lucy. A beautiful, half shrubby, locust-
like plant, with racemes of nearly regular, bright yellow flowers.
Leaf stem with a club-shaped gland at base. July.

GLEDITSCHIA L.

G. triacanthos L. Honev Locust. Thkee-thorned Acacia.
Common in Susquehanna and Broome counties, where it is fre-
quently used for hedges. Planted for shade, it forms a large
tree with spreading, open top. Pods very long and broad.

ROSACE/E.

PR UN US L.

P. Americana Marsh. \Vii,u Yellow or Red Plum. Not uncom-
mon. Prefers damp situations, and is usually found along
streams or in moist woodlands. Sometimes attains the size of
a small tree. Fruit sweet, edible.

P. Pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Bird
Cherry. Fire Cherry. Common. A small tree, of quick
growth, found in thickets and along fences. Fruit very small,
sour, light red. Called "Fire Cherry" from the rapidity with
which it appears in burned tracts. What is apparently a very
dwarf form of this is reported from the vicinity of Susquehanna
by Mr. (iraves. It is shrubby, two feet or more high, and well
fruited. Fruit like the species.

P. Vsrjijiniana i>. Choee Cherry. Very common in fence rows,
along roadsides and the banks of streams. A tall shrub. Flow-
ers in racemes, followed by an abundance of dark crimson fruit,
very astringent and scarcely edible.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSyCEHANNA.

P. serotina l^hrh. Black. CiiKkkv. Rather common in wood-
lands. A larj^^c tree, with stronj^.^, red wood, l-^uit in racemes,
black when ripe, sweet, edible.

The peach, plum, apricot and chen-y of our j^ardens belong

in this genus. They occasionally escape from cultivation, es-
pecially the peach and sour cherry, and are found along road-
sides and in waste grounds.

SI'IR.ICA L.

S. salicifolia L. Meadow Swket. Conjmon, especially in low-
grounds. A well-known inhabitant of meadows and swamps.
July.

S. tomentosa L. Hard-hack. Stkeple-hush. Frequent. Graves.
Not uncommon, Clute. Not recorded elsewhere. Found in
low^ meadows and pastures. Stem and under side of leaves
covered with a rusty down. Flowers rose-colored, in a dense
terminal panicle. Called hard-hack by the haymakers from its
hard, brittle stems. "The persistent fruit in winter furnishes
food for the snowbird."— Wood's Class Hook of Botany. Aug.

OPULASTER Mkdic.

O. opulifolius (L. ) Kuntze. Ni.ne-kakk. Common only in Ti-
oga and Broome counties. Occasional, Gravest. Rare, Lucy.
Not noted elsewhere. Found on river banks. Bark deciduous,
stringy ; leaves slightly three-lobed ; flowers white, in corymbs,
succeeded by conspicuous membranaceous pods. Excellent for
cultivation. June. ( Physoca7pus opulifolius Maxim. )

PORTERANTHUS Bkitton.

P. trifoliatus (L. )Britton. Indian Physic. Bowman's Root.
Common from Broome county w-est. Not recorded from other
parts of our range. An interesting plant in open upland w-oods.
Flowers white; petals narrow; leaves three- foliate; stipules
small, awl-shaped. A form of this with ovate or obovate incised
stipules is common about Binghamton, growing with the other,
Clute. ( Gillenia trifoliata M(jench. )

34 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

RUBUS L.

R. odoratus L. Pl-ri'le-ki.owering Raspberry. Thi.mblf.-herry,
Ml LBKKRV. Common in cool rocky woods, especially in ravines.
Well-known for its showy blossoms. Fruit nearly flat, insipid.
June.

R. Americanus (Pers. ) Britton. Dwarf Raspberrv. Frequent,
especially in low woods. Fruit consists of a few large, dark-red
grains. " This appears to be more properly a blackberry." —
Gray's Manual. {R. triflorus Richards.)

R. strigosus Michx. Wild Red RASI'BERR^ . Common through-
out in woods, along roadsides, and especially in slashings. Well
known and valued for its fruit.

R. occidentalis L. Black RASPBERR^ . Black-cap. Thimble-
i;kkrv. As well distributed as the preceding, but in somewhat
lesser numbers. Found in woods, thickets and fence-rows.
Usually very fruitful.

R. villosus Ait. Hicn Blackberry. Abundant in woods, thick-
ets, and especially in clearings.

R. villosus frondosus Torr. Smooth-Stemmed Blackberry.
( )ccasional, Graves. Frequent, Lucy. The only recorded lo-
calities within our range. Plant smoother, less glandular, and
with larger bracts than the species, which it otherwise closely
resembles. (/?. villosus, wax. frondosus Torr.)

R. Canadensis L. Dewberry. Low Blackberry. Rlnninc.
Blackberry. Common in fields and on hillsides. Stem pros-
trate. Fruit consisting of numerous large, black grains, each
enclosing a hard seed. Less valued than the high blackberry.

R. hispidus L. Ri nmm; Swamp Blackberry. Plentiful in low,
open woods and swamps. Fruit of little consequence. Leaves
persisting through the winter.

DALIBARDA L.

D. repens L. False Violei. Common in moist woods. Scarce,
Jj(cy. Somewhat resembling a violet. Leaves roundish-cor-
date, crenate; flowers white; sepals spreading or reflexed in
flr)\ver, erect iti fruit ^i^rfirK by creeping shoots. June.

FLORA OF THK UI'I'KK SUSvlEIIA SNA. 35

GEUM L.

Q. Canadense Jacq. Win ie Avkns. Common in moist woods
uiid thickets. In foliage and flower much like a Ranunculus.
June. (C7. alhum (imelin. )

Q. VirgJnianum L. Wiiitk Maksii Avkns. Less common than
the preceding, often growing with it, but usually in marshy-
ground. Petals yellowish white, shorter than the calyx. June.

Q. strictum Ait. Yf.m.ow A\ ens. Field Avens. Beack-blr.
Coninion in fields, thickets and the borders of woods. Flowers
bright yellow, resembling buttercups. June.

Q. rivale L. Plkple Avens. Water Avens. Common in
swamps. Flower nodding ; sepals brownish-red; petals yellow,
purplish outside; fruit in a globular head. An interesting plant.
May. June.

• WALDENSTEINIA Wii.i.i..

W. fragarioides (Michx. ) Tratt. Barren Strawberry. Com-
mon in open woods and thickets in dry or moist soil. In aspect
somewhat like the strawberry. Flowers, several on a scape,
bright yellow. May.

FRAGARIA L.

F. Virginiana Duchesne. Wild Strawberry. Very common in
fields and meadows. Achenes embedded in the receptacles.
May.

F. Americana (Porter). Britton. Alpine Str.vwberry. Com-
mon, Graves. Xot infrequent, Clute. Found in rocky upland
woods. A native plant usually confused with the introduced
F. vesca of Europe. Berries light red, pointed ; achenes super-
ficial on the receptacle. The variety alba, the " Indian straw-
berry," is occasionally found in rocky soil. Fruit white ; leaves
thicker and shining, Graves.

F. vesca L. Garden Strawberry. Frequently escapes from
cultivation. Distinguished from the preceding by its thicker,
broader and more hairy leaflets ; its rounder, blunter, deeper red
berries, and its more robust habit. {F. vesca L.)

36 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

POTENTILLA L.

P. arguta Pursh. CiN<^)rKi-()iL. Frequent, Graves. Not com-
mon, L'lute. Rare, Lucy. Elsewhere not noted. Found in
fields. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets five or more ; flowers in cymes,
with roundish, light-yellow petals. Apparently is increasing in
numbers. June.

P. Monspeliensis L. Norway CiN<.)rKFOiL. Tiirke-lkaved Cin-
nLKiuiL. Common in fields and waste places. An erect species
with small yellow flowers. {P. Noriiegica L.)

P. argentea L. Sii,\'kkv CiN<,>rEF()ii.. Common, except in Sus-
quehanna county, where it is apparently missing. Found in
fields, along roadsides and in other dry grounds. A pretty little
plant, with trailing stems and small yellow flowers. Leaves
bright green above, covered beneath with silvery white down.
June-August.

P. Anserina L. Silverweed. Goose Grass. In the " Cayuga
Flora" this is recorded from Cayuta Lake. The plant is not
uncommon on sandy shores throughout the central part of New
York State, and should be searched for in other places within

our limits.

P. Canadensis L. Common Cinqueeoil. Five-fix(ier. Very com-
mon in dry, fields; spreading by long runners. Flowers bright
yellow, on peduncles from the axils of the leaves. The petals
in all our species of Cinquefoil are rather fugacious.

P. recta L. Hich Cinqlefoil. An escape from cultivation
which has become abundantly naturalized and is fast spreading
in parts of Broome county. Plant erect, a foot or more high;
flowers in terminal cymes, light yellow. In meadows and along
roadsides, Clute.

COM ARUM L.

C. palustre L. Marsh Cincjlefoii,. Swamp at Elmira; scarce,
JAtcy. Mutton Hill pond; common, Fentio. Pond Brook and
bog near Jarvis street, l^inghamton; not common, Clute.
Beebe's swamp and Cranberry marsh; common, Graves. Com-
mon about ponds at Preston, Coville. Cayuta Lake, Hoy. Not
rc.'portff] from I )elaware county. Found only in boggy places.

FLORA OF THE UPPKR SUSgVKHANNA. 37

A curious plant, in aspect like a Cinquefoil, with petals much
smaller than the sepals. Stamens, styles, petals and upper sur
face of the calyx dark red. June. ( Potentilla palustrts Scop. )

AC, RIM OX I A L.

A. striata Michx. A<;KiMnNv. Common in thickets.

SAX(;UIS()RHA L.

S. Canadensis L. Canadian Bl rnkt. In wet places. Willow
Point, Millspaugh. Near Xewtown creek at Horseheads;
very scarce, Lucy. Rare. Brown. ( Poterium Canadense

Benth. & Hook.)

ROSA L.

R. blanda Ait. Early Wild Rosk. Xot uncommon on rocky
shores. Stems nearly unarmed. Petals red. June.

R.Carolina L. " Swamp Rose. Carolina Rose. Doc; Rose. Com-
mon in swamps where it often forms dense thickets, six feet
or more in height. Branches scarcely armed. The red fruit is
very noticeable after the leaves have fallen. June.

R. lucida Ehrh. SiiiMNci Wild Rose. Occasional in moist soil,
iira7't's. Xot common, Clute.

R. humilis Marsh. Dwarf Rose. Common on dry or rocky
slopes, forming low thickets. Flowers pink. Our most plenti-
tiful species. Often flowers in Autumn. This species so nearly
resembles lucida and hlanda that they are easily confused by
the novice. June.

R. rubi$2:inosa L. E(;lan iine. Sweei- Briar. Xaturalized along
roadsides. Well-known from its aromatic foliage.

PYRUS L.

P. coronaria L. Wild Crah-Api'le. (lenerally distributed, but
not very plentiful, in thickets, fence-rows and along streams.
A small tree, with thorny branches. Flowers large, pink, very
fragrant ; fruit about one inch in diameter, yellowish -green,
sour, greasy to the touch, fragrant, (^ur most fragrant wild
flower. May.

38 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

P. malus L. Apple. In woodlands, thickets and fence rows.
Well naturalized. Fruit of inferior size, hard and gnarly, but
not unpleasant to the taste when mellowed.

ARONIA Pkks.

A. nigra (Willd.) Britton. Ciiokeberry. Choke Hl'Ckleberrv.
\'erv common in swamps and bogs, often forming thickets of
considerable extent. A shrub, six to eight feet or more high.
Flowers small, numerous, in cymes, white or pinkish; fruit
black. [Py7-iisarbutifolia,\^ax. melanocarpa Hook.)

SORBUS L.

S. Americana Marsh. American Molntain Ash. Found wild
in Susquehanna county; occasionally cultivated elsewhere. Dis-
tinguished from the ^Mountain Ash of Europe, which is also cul-
tivated, by its smaller habit, greener leaflets, less downy leaves
and buds, and smaller berries.

CRAT^GUS L.

C. coccinea L. Scarlet-fruited Thorn. White Thorn. Crim-
son Haw. Common in woods, thickets and pastures. Fruit
bright red. The variety inacracantha is reported from the
Chemung valley by Dr. Lucy.

C. tomentosa L. Black Thorn. Rare. Near Elmira and Corn-
ing, Lucy. Ross Park, Millspaiigh.

C. punctata Jacq. DorrED-FRnTED Thorn. Xot uncommon in
fields and thickets. Fruit rather large, red or yellow, occasion-
ally dotted with white.

C. Crus-galli L. Cock-splr Thorn. Rather common in woods
and thickets. Not reported west of Tioga county. Thorns four
inches or more in length. April. May.

AMELAXCHIER Medic
A. Canadensis (L.) Medic. Shad-iush. Jineherrv. Service-
liEKK , . Common in woods. A tree, sometimes of considerable
size, r^lowers white, in long racemes, appearing with or before
the leaves; fruit red or purplish, sweet, edible. The blooming
of the tree is popularly supposed to herald the approach of .shad
in the. rivers. Apr. May.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 39

A. Botryapium (L. f.) DC. Freiiuent, Lucy. Rare, Cliite. < 'c-

casional, ('irtx-res.

SAXIFRAGACE/C.

SAXIFRAOA L.

S. Virginiensis Michx. Eaklv Saxii ra(;e. Common on moist,
rocky banks. Rare in the northern part of Chenango county,
Coville. Leaves radical, in a rosette; scape much branched
at top ; flowers white, numerous. One of our earliest flowers.

April-June.

S. Pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxiika»;e. Common in swamps
and wet woodlands. Plant coarse and stout, much larger than
the foregoing, which in general aspect it resembles. P'lowers
greenish. May.

TIARELLA L.

T. cordifolia L. False Mitre-wort. Bishop's-cap. Fever-wort.
\'ery common in damp, shaded woods and ravines. Spreads by
leafy runners. Flowers, several, white, on a scape. The leaves
w^hen bruised, emit a sweetish odor. May.

MITELLA L.

M. diphylla L. Mitre-wort. Common. Found with the pre-
ceding which it greatly resembles, but distinguished from it by-
its finely divided, white petals. Flowering stems bearing a
pair of opposite leaves near the middle. In summer runners
are produced on which the leaves are alternate. May.

M. nuda L. Naked Mitre-whrt. Xevy vixvQ, Brown. A search
in our deep woods and cold ravines may reveal other stations
for this species.

CHRYSOPLEXIUM L.

C. Americanum Schwein. ; Hook. Golden Saxierage. Water
Carpel Common. Found in wet woods and ditches, usually
growing in water. Leaves small, roundish; flowers greenish,
conspicuous only by reason of their orange-colored anthers.
Mav.

40 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

PARXASSIA L.

p. Caroliniana Michx. Grass of Parnassus. Rare. Valley of
the Chenango near Port Crane ; base of Spanish hill, Mills-
paugh. Leaves smooth, thick, ovate; flowers on short scapes,
white, veined with greenish. In localities just beyond our range
this plant is very common on springy banks. It is probable
that further search will prove it to be more plentiful with us.
August.

HYDRANGEA L.

H. arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. Frequent in the Che-
mung valley. Near Waverly ; rare, Graves^ Millspaugh. This
plant is also quite common in Bradford county, Pa., always in
situations with a northern exposure, in rocky soil near water,
Lucy. Not reported from other parts of our range.

RIBES L.

R. Cynosbati L. Wild Gooseberry, Common in thickets, fence
rows and neglected fields. Stems armed with sharp prickles ;
fruit prickly, brownish- red when ripe, sweet, edible.

R. rotundifolium Michx. Roi nd-leaved Gooseberry. Moun-
tain Cikrant. Infrequent, /-//ri'. Occasional, 6^r<?7/^j. Com-
mon, Hoy. Found in rocky soil.

R. pros t rat um L'Her. Fetid Currant. Not rare. Graves. Oc-
casional, Coville. \'ery scarce, Lucy. Not found elsewhere.
Prefers wet, rocky soil.

R. floridum L'Her. Wild Black Currant. Not uncommon in
thickets, wet or dry. Flowers greenish-yellow.

R. aureum I'ursh. Missouri or Bukkalo Cukrani. (Golden
Cur ran I. An occasional escape, with bright yellow, fragrant
flowers, and black or yellow fruit.

The Eun^pean Currant {R. ruhruni) belongs here. It may

escape, but seldom persists long.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 41

CRASSULACE/E.

PEXTIIORLM L.

P. sedoides L. Dncn Stone-croi'. \'ik<.iM a SruNE-t koi-. Com-
mon in wet open places. Flowers in one-sided branches, usu-
ally without petals, their parts in fives, sixes or sevens. July.

SEDUM L.

S. acre L. Mossv Stonk-crcI'. Found in several places, in
rocky soil along roadsides, Gra^'es. Rare, Cliite. Scarce,
Feyino.

S. ternatum Michx. Tiikee leaved Stone-croi'. Infrequent,
Franklin, J/ov. Occasional, Browtt. Rare; probably an escape
from cultivation, Clute.

S. Telephium. L. Li\ e-1(>k-k\ er. Garden Ortine. Common in
dry fields, along roadsides, etc., also in the vicinity of streams.
Leaves fleshy ; flowers in a compound cyme, white or purple,
usually the latter. A well-known plant, abundantly natural-
ized. Does not flower freely within our limits, being spread
chiefly by its tuberous roots. July.

DROSERACE/E.

DROSERA L.

D. rotundifolia L. Roind-leavedSindew. Not common. Mut-
ton-Hill Pond, Fenno. Pond Brook, Clute. Beebe's swamp;
Butler's Lake, Graves. "The Vlai." near Oneonta, Hoy.
Not reported from the Chemung valley. Found only in peaty
bogs, but usually plentiful in such places. Leaves, round-
ish, on long petioles, in a rosette on the ground ; flowers, white,
in a coiled raceme which unrolls as the flowers open. The upper
surface of the leaf is covered with red. glandular bristles, giving
a reddish hue to the plant. July.

D. intermedia Hayne. Narrow -leaved Slndew. Rare. Round
Pond, McDonough; Plymouth Pond, Brisbin Pond, Covtlle.
Butler's Lake, Susquehanna county. Found by Messrs. Hoy

42 FLORA OF THK UPPER SUSC^UEHANNA.

and Graves in July, 1894. Has much the appearance of the pre-
ceding, except that the leaves are spatulate-oblong. {D. inter-
media Havne, var. Americatia DC.)

HAMAMELIDACE/E.

HAMAMELIS L.

H. Virginiana L. Witch Hazel. Common and well-known; in
woods, thickets and fence-rows in any kind of soil. Blooms in
late Autumn as its leaves are falling, and ripens its seeds during
the succeeding twelve months. Flower-buds formed in July,
opening in October. Flowers yellow, with a peculiar heavy
odor, in clusters along the branches. Seeds, when ripe, expelled
from the capsules with considerable force. A very conspicuous
shrub in the leafless Autumn woods.

HALORRHAQIDACE/C.

MVRIOPHVLLUM L.

M. spicatum L. Common in the Chenango river at Oxford, Co-

viUe.

CALLITRICHACE/E.

CALLITRICHE L.

C. palustris L. Water Star-wort. Not rare, Graves. Infre-
quent, Clute. Somewhat common, Coville. Occasional, Fen-
no. Not reported elsewhere. Found in slow streams, where it
forms mats of green on the surface. Submersed leaves nar-
row; floating leaves spatulate, in rosettes. July. (C verna L. )

LYTHRACE/E.

ROTALA L.

R. ramosior (L. ) Kcthne. Not rare. Near the Susquehanna
river in stagnant water, (.i raves.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSOURHANNA. 4:^

I)I<:COD()X J. F. (Jmkl.

D. verticillatus (L. ) KU. Swamp Loosk-stkiik. Water Wii-
ii)\v. Not common. Lakes six miles south of Apalachin.
J-\'nno. Pond Brook; Cutler's Pond, Clute. Beebe's swamp;
Butler Lake, Graves. Northern end of Warn's Pond, Coville.
Not noted elsewhere within our limits. Grows in shallow water
on the borders of lakes and ponds, and resembles a low, half-
shrubby willow. Flowers in clusters from the axils of the upper
leaves, rose-pui-ple. August.

ONAGRACE/C.

LUDWIGIA L.
L. palustris ^ L. ) Ell. Water Pikslane. Swamp near Oakland ;
not rare. Graves. Along Baldwin creek and the Chemung
river; frequent, Lucy. Near Oxford, Coi'ille. Not reported
from other places within our limits.

CHAM^NERION Ad.vns.
C. angustifolium (L. ) Scop. Great Willow-heru. Fire-weed.
Common along roadsides, river banks, and especially in newly
cleared land. Plant willow-like in appearance. Flowers large,
numerous, rose-purple, in a terminal raceme. June-August.
{Epilobium angustifolium L. )

EPILOBIUM L.

E. coloratum Muhl. ; Willd. Small Willow-herb. Pi rple-
VEINEL) Willow-herb. Very common in wet, open places. A
weedy-looking plant, with inconspicuous flowers.

E. strictum Muhl. Near Warn's Pond, Oxford, Coville.

E. palustre L. Chenango valley near Binghamton ; Mutton-Hill
Pond, Millspaugh.

ON AGRA Adans.
O. biennis (L.) Scop. Common Evenln<; Primrose. Common
along roadsides and in other waste grounds. Plant coarse and
stout. Flowers, large, yellow, in a terminal leafy spike, open-
ing toward evening, occasionally fragrant. {(Eno/Jiera biennis
L.)

44 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

KNEIFFIA Spach.

K. pumila (L. ) Spach. Small EvENiMi Primrose. Common in
fields in wet or dry soil. In aspect this plant is a good minia-
ture of the preceding. June. July. {CEfiotkera pumiia L. )

K. fruticosa (L ) Raimann. Slndrops. Rather common, usu-
ally in dry soil. The plant is not shrubby, as its name would
imply. {iEnotherafructicosa L.)

GAURA L.

Q. biennis L. Common from Broome county west along river
banks. Apparently absent north and east. A coarse, stout
plant with wand-like spikes of rose-purple flowers that soon fall.
July.

CIRC.^AL.

C. Lutetiana L. E.nchanter's Nightshade. Common in rich,
moist woods. Flowers small, white, with their parts in twos,
borne in a terminal raceme; fruit bur-like, covered with hooked
bristles. Plant afoot or more in height.

C. alpina L. Low Enchanter's Nic.htshaoe. Common. Found
in ravines and other cool, moist spots. Plant much resembling
the preceding.

CUCURBITACE/C.

SICYOS L.

5. angulatus L. Onk-seedkd Bi k-Clci mher. Common along
streams, except in the northeastern part of our range. Stem
branching, often thirty feet in length, climbing over trees and
bushes. Staminate flowers greenish-white, in racemes ; pistillate
clustered in the axils of the leaves; fruit small, covered with
sharp, bristly prickles. Often cultivated for shade. July, Sept

MICRAMPELIS Ral.

M. lobata (Michx. ) (^reene. Climminc; Clltmher. Balsam Ai'-
jle. I'oi k-sEEi)Ei) Ci < iMUKR. More common than the preced-
ing, for which it is easily mistaken when not in flower or fruit;
grows in the same places. vStem seldom branching. Staminate

KhoUA ol Tin: Ll'PKK srst^rEM ANN A. 45

flowers white, in long racemes; pistillate inconspicuous, suc-
ceeded by spongy, cucumber-like fruit, containing four seeds.
Occasionally cultivated. July. August. {Echinocystis lobata
T. it (i.)

AIZOACE/E.

MOLLTGo L.

M. verticillata L. CARrKX-WKED. Indian Cmickwkki). An
abundant weed in cultivated fields, along railroads and on
sandy river shores. Not reported northeast of Broome county.
Plant much branched, flat on the ground, forming circular
patches. Leaves spatulate in whorls at the joints ; flowers in-
conspicuous.

UMBELLIFER/E.

DAUCUS L.

D. Carota L. Wild Carrot. Bird's-nest. Queen Anne's Lace.
An abundant and well-known weed in fields. Flowers white,
or occasionally pink, in fiat-topped, lace-like umbels.

ANGELICA L.

A. villosa (Walt.) B. S. P. Wood Angelica. Hairy Angelica.
Common in woods. {A. hirsuta Muhl. )

A. atropurpurea L. Pl'ri'le-stai.ked An(;elica. Abundant
along streams. Often eight feet high, with a purplish, hollow
stem, ample leaves and large, globular umbels. Our largest
Umbel wort.

hp:racleum l.

H. lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip. Common in low grounds.
Flowers white, in large umbels, very conspicuous when in
bloom. June.

PASTINACA L. .

P. sativa L. Wild Parsnii-. Avery common and troublesome
weed along roadsides, river banks and all waste places. Flowers

46 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

yellow. Our plant is supposed to be the wild form of the culti-
vated parsnip, and to be poisonous. , It is doubtful if this latter
opinion is correct.

THASPIUM Nl-tt.

T. trifoliatum aureum (Nutt. ) Britton. Meadow Parsnip. Gold-
en Alexanders. Xevy common in meadows, thickets and open
woodlands; the radical leaves resembling those of the marsh
marigold. {T. aiireum Nutt.)

T. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Golden Alexanders. Frequent
in meadows. Graves. In alluvial soil, Lucy. Near Waverly,
Millspaitgh. Elsewhere not reported, although it doubtless
occurs.

PIMPINELLA L.

P. integerrima (L. ) A. Gray. Golden Alexanders. Common
from Susquehanna county west. Not reported northward.
Found in rocky ground. Leaflets entire.

DERINGA Adans.

D. Canadensis (L. ) Kuntze. Honewort. Frequent in moist,
rich soil, especially in woodlands. {Cryptotcema Canade7isis
DC.)

SIUM L.

S. cicutaefolium J. P. Gmel. Water Parsnip. Not uncommon
throughout our range in marshy places.

ZIZIA Koch.
Z. aurea (L. ) Koch. Golden Alexanders. Tolerably common
from Susquehanna county west. Not noted northward. Earlier
flowering than our species of Thaspiiun. Rays of the umbel
longer and more numerous. Graves.

Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Heart-leaved Zizia. Common. Found
in the same places as ^the preceding and has the same range.
The radical leaves are heart-shaped or nearly round, long pet-
ioled and blunt-toothed, rarely lobed, Graves.

CARUM L.

C. Carui L. Caraway. Becoming common along roadsides,
about dooryards, etc. Easily mistaken for the wild carrot.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSi^LEHANNA. 47

CICUTA L.

C. maculata L. Wmkr FiKMLocK. Mus<^»ua.sii R<>oi. Spuitki)
Cdukam:. Bew ek Poist)N. Common in damp situations. A
coarse plant, with purple-streaked stems. Root deadly poison.

C. bulblfera L. Bulh-heaking Water Hkmi.ock. Common along
streams, ponds and swamps. Rare, Lucy. Slender; divisions
of the leaflets long and narrow. In the axils of the leaves are
borne numerous bulbs, which drop from the plant and are car-
ried to other places by the water. In spring the bulbs are often
found floating on the borders of ponds, with leaves and roots
well developed.

C()XIU:\I L.

C. maculata L. Poison Hemlock. Common in meadows and
waste grounds. A tall, coarse plant, with purple stem,
whose foliage exhales a disagreeable odor when bruised. Root
deadly poison.

CH.^ROPHYLLUM L.

C. procumbens (L. ) Crantz. WiU) Chervil. Rare; m rich,
moist soil. River bank, town of Ashland, Lucy.

OSMORRHIZA R.\f.

O. Claytoni (Michx. ) B. S. P. Hairv Sweet Cicely. Common
in rich, moist woods. Leaves hairy, style very short, conical ;
root bitter. {0. brevistyizs V>C.)

O. longistylis (Torr ) DC Smooth Sweet Cicely. Found in
the same situations as the preceding, but not so common. Not
reported north of Broome county. Easily confounded with
the other species. Distinguished by its nearly smooth, often
purplish stem, its less divided leaves and longer styles, the lat-
ter one-twelfth of an inch long. Root branching; with a pleas-
ant, anise-like flavor.

ERIGEXIA NuTT.

E. bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harhinger-of-Spring. Pepper-and-
Salp. Plentiful on first island north of Xoyes' island — the only
station, Millspaugh.

48 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

HYDROCOTYLE L.

H. Americana L. Waier Pennv-wort. Very common in wet
places, generally in shade. An interesting little plant, with
roundish, crenately-lobed leaves whose veins are more promi-
nent on the upper than on the under surface. Umbels axiliary
and almost sessile.

SANICULA L.

S. Marylandica L. Samci.e. Black Snakeroot. Common in
rich, moist woodlands.

ARALIACE/E.

ARALIA L.

A. spinosa L. Hercules Cll h. A.\h;klica Tree. Rare. Road-
side at Oakland, Graves. Near Churchill's Lake, Clute. Apa-
lachin, m cultivation, Fenno . Mouth of Cayuta creek, Mills-
patigh. Not found elsewhere. A singular looking shrub, eight
to ten feet high, seldom branching ; leaves in a tuft at the top,
very large, decompound ; trunk and stems prickly.

A. racemosa L. Si'icinkt. Si'ikenard. Petty.morrel. White-
Rooi. Common in moist, shady places, especially in ravines.
Roots large, spicy-aromatic, edible.

A. hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder. Appar-
rently restricted to the more elevated parts of our range. Rare
in Chemung county, more common in Steuben county, Lucy.
Thompson's marsh, abundant, Clute. Glenwood, Millspaugh.
Frequent, Graves. Franklin, Hoy. Oxford, Coville. Else-
where n(jt reported. In clearings, old fields, etc, especially
about old stumps and stone-heaps. Stem at base, shrubby, be-
set with sharp prickles. Umbels many, globous.

A. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Common throughout in
woodlands. Rootstock long, aromatic, edible; leaf solitary, de-
compound; scape bearing three or more globular umbels. May.
June.

FLORA OF THE L 1'1'KK SUS<.^L EHANNA. 49

PANAX L.

P. quinquefolium L. Ginslm.. Rare, except in the eastern part
of our ran^e where it is yet comparatively common. Found in
rich woods. In aspect like the preceding species, with the pe-
duncle bearing the single umbel rising from the midst of the
leaves. Root large, spindle-shaped, edible. This plant is
gradually disappearing, owing to the demand for its roots which
are still held in some estimation as a drug. Easily cultivated.
( A r alia quini^uefolia Decsne & Planch.)

P. trifolium L. Grulnu-nut. Dwaki Ginskn(.. Common in
rich woods and thickets. Stem from a globular, edible tuber,
rather deep in the ground. At the top of the stem is a whorl
of three compound leaves, from the center of which rises the
single umbel of pure-white flowers. Barren and fertile flowers
on diflferent plants. Occasionally fragrant. May. ( Aralia
trifolia Decsne & Planch.)

CORNACE/E

CORNUS L.

C. Canadensis L. Low Cornel. Bl NrH-nERRv. Common in
damp, shady places. Stem a few inches high, bearing a whorl
of about six leaves and a single head of small [flowers, which
with their broad, white, four-leaved involucre are easily mis-
taken for a single blossom. Berries red. May.

C. florida L. Flowering Dogwood. Common, especially in up-
land woods. A well known tree with flowers like the preced-
ing. Involucres much larger, pure white or pinkish, obcordate,
very noticeable when expanded in the vernal woods.

C. circinata L'Her. Grken Osier. Round-leaved Cornel or
Dogwood. Not uncommon in woods and thickets. Bark green
with warty spots. June.

C Amonum Mill. Kinnikinnik. Silky Cornel. Common in
low grounds, borders of swamps, etc. Stems purplish; branch-
lets and under surface of the leaves downy; fruit pale blue. (C
sericea L. )

C. stolonifera Michx. Red Osier or Doc;wood. Abundant along
streams, borders of swamps, etc., forming tangled thickets.
Stems red, very noticeable in winter. Fruit white. June.

5) FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

C. candidissima Marsh. Panicleu Cornel. Frequent in thickets
in wet or dry soil. Much branched ; bark gray, branchlets
chestnut-colored ; flowers many, white, in conical cymes; fruit
white. June. ( C. paniculata L'Her. )

C. alternifolia L f. Alternate-leaved Cornel. Common in
open woods and copses. Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends
of the spreading, warty, greenish branches. Flowers numerous,
pale buff color ; fruit deep blue, on reddish stalks. June.

The fruit of the Cornels, especially that oiflorida, Ainonum

and stolonifera, is much liked by thrushes, sparrows, wood-
peckers and other birds.

NYSSA L.

N. aquatica L. Pepi-eridcxE. Sour Gum. Black Gum. Tupelo.
Common in rich, moist soil. Scarce, Lucy. Not reported north
of Broome and Susquehanna counties. A tree often of consid-
erable size. Leaves oblong, firm, shining, turning bright crim-
son in autumn ; drupes bluish black ; branches usually gnarled
and twisted ; wood soft, but very hard to split because of the in-
terlacing fibres. ( N. sylvatica ]\Iarsh. )

CAPRIFOLIACE/E.

SAMBUCUS L.

S. Canadensis L. Common Elder. Abundant in fence rows,
along roadsides, and especially in the vicinity of water. Flowers
numerous, white, in flat cymes; berries black, edible. Well
known.

S. pubens Michx, Rkd-herried Elder. Common, especially in
moist, rocky woods. Blooms much earlier than the preceding;
berries smaller, scarlet, ripe in June. Reputed to be poisonous.
The fruit is greedily eaten by many of our smaller birds. Very
noticeable when in fruit. {S. racemosa L )

VIBURNUM L.
V. alnifolium Marsh. HoiUiUE Bush. Witch Hopple. Ameri-
can Wavi ARLN(; Tree. Wild Hvdranc.ea. Common in cool,
moist woods. Leaves large, roundi-sh-ovate ; flowers small,
white, in a flat cyme, the outer ones sterile, with much larger
corollas ; drupes dark red, edible. The long, slender branches
often root at their extremities. May. ( V. lantanoidcs Michx.)

FLORA OF THE Ll'l'EH SUSvLKH ANN A. 51

V. Opulus L. Hh;h Cranhkrrv. Cranhkrry Trek. Found
sparingly throughout our range except in the valley of the Che-
mung river. Usually occurs in thickets, especially in damp
places. Leaves three-lobed ; flowers as in the preceding ; fruit
red, acid, sometimes used as a substitute for the cranberry.
The Guelder Rose of the gardens is a variety of this.

V. acerifolium L. Dockmackie. Mai'lk-leavrd Viirrnl.m. Ar-
Kow-wooii. Common in rocky woods. A well marked species.
Flowers small, greenish-white ; fruit purplish. June.

V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy Arrow- wood. Not com-
mon. Reported from Susquehanna county west. Frequent.
Lucy. Much resembles V. detitatiim, but is distinguished
from it by its shorter petioles and the presence of awn-like
siipules. June.

V. dentatum L. Arrow- wood. More common than the preced-
ing. Found on the borders of swamps and in other low grounds.
Young branches long, straight and slender; fruit, purple.

V, Cassinoides L. Withe-rod. Tolerably common from Sus-
quehanna and Broome counties west. Elsewhere not reported.
Found in low grounds.

V. Lentago L. Nannv-berrv. Sweet Vhurnl-m. Sheep-merry.
Common throughout in low grounds. A shrub or small tree,
well known for its dark-blue, edible fruit, ripe in September.

V. prunifoHum L. Black Haw. Sloe. Frequent in fence-rows
and along roadsides, Graves. Often confounded with the pre-
ceding, from which it is distinguished by the rather obtuse and
finally serrate leaves, and slightly margined petioles. It should
occur in other parts of our range.

TRIOSTEUM L.

T. perfoliatum L. Fever-wort. Hoksk-<;entian. Tinker's-
WEED. Wn.D Coffee. Not very common. Usually found on
the borders of woods. Flowers in the axils of the leaves, brown-
ish red, succeeded by orange-colored, fleshy fruits. May.

LINN.4i:A L.
L. borealis L. Twin fd^wer. Rare. In woods, wet or dry.
Hill south of Susquehanna, Graves. Killawog, Clute. Ox-
ford, Coville. Tioga Centre, Fenno. Corning; also Bradford

52 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

county, Pa., Lucy. Sexsmith lake, Hoy. Stems extensively
creeping and sending up at intervals short branches; leaves
roundish-ovate, crenate; flowers pink, in pairs on a common
peduncle, nodding, fragrant. In general appearance this plant
is much like Mitchella. Easily cultivated. May.

SYMPHORICARPOS Juss.

S. racemosus Michx. Snow bkrrv. Occasionally found through-
out our range, along roadsides, etc. Probably an escape. The
pure white berries make the plant noticeable in autumn.

LONICERA L.

L. ciliata Muhl. Fi.v Honeysuckle. Vernal Honeysuckle,
Common in rocky woods and ravines. A pretty little shrub,
bearing numerous straw-colored flowers in pairs in early spring;
fruit, bright red. April. May.

L. dioica L. Small or Glaucous Honeysuckle. Not uncommon
in open woods and thickets. Upper leaves connate, glaucous,
especially underneath ; corollas dull red, hairy within. June.
(Z. glauca Hill.)

DIERVILLA McENCH.

D. Diervilla (L. ) MacM. Busii Honeysuckle. Abundant along
fence-rows and roadsides, in thickets and dry woods. A low
shrub, with oblong-ovate leaves and yellowish corollas, the
styles and stamens much exserted. June. (Z>. /rz/frtTa Moench.)

RUBIACE/E.

HOUSTONIA L. -

H. casrulea L. Bluets. Innocents. Forget-me-nots. Dwarf
Plnks. Abundant. Found in woods, fields, and especially in
meadows, where they often form a dense carpet over large areas.
Well known. Within our limits this plant has been found
blooming in every month of the year except January and Feb-
ruary. May.

CEPHALANTHUS L.

C. occidentalis I>. Be i ion Bush. Common on the borders of
swamps, forming low thickets. Flowers, tubular, with exserted
styles, assembled into close globular heads. July. Aug.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 53

mitciii:lla l.

M. repens L. Pariridgk-hkkkv. S(jua\v-berrv. Tea-hkrry.
ICvk-i;kkkv. Abundant in damp woodlands. Stems trailing;
leaves roundish, entire; flowers in pairs, funnel-shaped, white
or pink, hairy within, fragrant; berry bright red, composed of
the united ovaries and marked with the lobes of the two calyxes.
Fruit well flavored but scarcely edible on account of the hard,
bony seeds. June.

GALIUM L.

Q. Aparine L. G()()SE-(;rass. Cleavers. Very common in damp,
shaded places. Leaves about eight in a whorl ; stem covered
with hooked prickles pointing downward ; flowers very small,
white. June.

Q. pilosum Ait. Hairy Cleavers. Rare, Gra7>es. Town of
Ashland, Lucy.

G. circsezans ]\Iichx. Wild Liquorice. Tolerably common in
woods. Not reported from the Chenango valley. The leaves
are said to have a sweetish taste like liquorice.

Q. lanceolatum Torr. Wild Liquorice. Lance-leaved Bed-
siRAw. More common than the preceding, which it much re-
sembles. Found in woods throughout our range.

G. boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. Very common on banks,
wet or dry, in sun or shade. Stems erect, a foot or more high ;
tlowers white, minute, numerous, in a thryse-like panicle at the
top of the stem. A pretty and decorative plant, very conspicu-
ous when in bloom. June.

G. trifidum L. Small Bed.straw. Dyer's Cleavers. Not un-
common in swamps and bogs throughout.

G. asprellum Michx. Rouciii Bedstraw. Common in swamps

and low grounds.
G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw, Common in

damp woodlands. Foliage sweet-scented in drying.

VALERfANACE/E.

VALKRIAXELLA Poll.

V. chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. Lamh's Letiuce. Common in
the river meadows of Broome county, Clute; MiUspaugh.

54 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Lamb's Lettuce. Common in a meadow
north of Oxford, Coville. Barton ; occasional, Fe^tno.

V. Woodsiana patellaria (SuUiv.) A. Gray. Common. Found
with the preceding, Coville.

DIPSACE^.

DIPSACUS L.

D. sylvestris Huds. Teasel. Common along roadsides and in
other waste grounds. A curious, thistle-like plant, with long,
close- set, prickly heads of purplish flowers. Apparently spread-
ing. July.

SCABIOSA L.

S. australis Wulf. The only known station for this plant within
our limits is in the vicinity of Lisle, where it was first noticed
growing along the railroad. It has since spread six miles south
and is increasing its territory. Leaves much as in Dipsaciis^
but not prickly; flowers, in roundish heads, blue or purplish,
Clute.

COMPOSIT/E.

EUPATORIUM L.

E. purpureum L. Trimpet-weed. Joe-Pye Weed. Purple
BoNESET. Common m low grounds. A tall, coarse weed, with
purplish flowers.

E. perfoliatum L. Boneset. TiioRorcjiiwoRT. Abundant in
meadows and low grounds. Well known and valued for its
medicinal qualities. Aug.

E. ageratoides L. f. WiiriE Snakeroot. Common on shady
banks and the borders of woods and thickets. Aug.

SOLIDAGO L.

S. squarrosa Muhl. Bk. (ioLDENRoD. Common on dry hill-tops
and along upland roadsides. Not reported north and east o^
Broome county. Easily distinguished from all others by its
large flowers and squarrose scales. Aug. Sept.

FLORA OF THE Ul'l'ER SUSuUEHAXNA. 55

S. csesia L. Slendkr Goi.df.nroi*. Bi.le-sikmmed Goi.de.nrod.
Common on dry banks and along bushy roadsides. Flowers
clustered in the axils of the leaves. An elegant species. Aug.
Sept.

S. flexlcaulis L. Bk'iad-i.eaved Guli)Enr<»u. Not uncommon
in moist, shady places. Flowers clustered in the axils of the
leaves. Remarkable for its broad, cauline leaves. Aug. {S.
latifolia L. )

S. bicolor L. Mant. White Goldenrod. Sii.vkrrod. Com-
mon in upland woods and thickets and along roadsides. Flow-
ers white or nearly so. Our only white goldenrod. The so-
called variety, concolor, with yellow rays, is occasionally found.
Aug.

S. patula Muhl. ; Willd. Along Baldwin creek, Chemung county ;
swamp near Cohocton, Steuben county; infrequent, Li(cy.
Barton, Fenno. Swamps along the Unadiila; not common,
Brown.

S. rugosa Mill. Rough Goldenrod. Abundant in fence-rows,
thickets and the borders of woods. Stem mostly branching at
top, the branches terminated by one-sided panicles of flowers.
Leaves very rough, those of the branches much smaller than
the rest. A homely but noticeable species. Aug,

S. ulmlfolia Muhl. ; Willd. Elm-leaved Goldenrod. Found on
dry, warm slopes. Mountain House narrows, town of Big
Flats; banks east of Elmira, infrequent. Litcy.

S. arguta Ait. Goldenrod. Not uncommon in wet or dry soil.
In swampy places the leaves are often rough above.

S. juncea Ait. Early Goldenrod. Very common in fields and
pastures. Leaves rather thick. Our earliest species, often
blooming before the hay is cut. July.

S. serotina Ait. Smooth Goldenrod. Common along fences,
roadsides, and in fields. Stem, smooth, purplish ; leaves, large ;
inflorescence, rather small. A handsome plant. Aug.

S. serotina gigantea (Ait.) A. (iray. Not uncommon. Found
usually in wet ground. Distinguished from the species in being
taller, with green stems, thinner and lighter colored leaves, and
larger inflorescence. Aug.

56 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

S. Canadensis L. Canadian Goldenrod. Common along fences,
in thickets, etc. Stem, tall hairy; leaves pubescent below,
rough above ; inflorescence rather large. Aug. Sept.

S. nemoralis Ait. Gray Goldenrod. Low Goldenrod. Abun-
dant in dry, sterile soil. Stem and leaves grayish; inflorescence
large for the plant, and quite conspicuous. Aug.

EUTHAMIA NuTT.

E graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Narrow-leaved Goldenrod. Very
common in moist ground, but found in dry soil as well. Leaves
linear; flowers, rather small, in corymbs. Aug. {Solidago
lanceolata L. )

SERICOCARPUS Nees.

S. asteroides (L.) B. S. P. White-topped Aster. Dry hill,
Lanesboro ; rather scarce, Graves. Sullivan hill, and elsewhere ;
frequent, Lucy. (S. conyzoides Nees.)

ASTER L.

A. divaricatus L. Corvmbed Aster. Early Aster. Common
in woods and thickets. {A. coryinbosus Ait.)

A. macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster. Common. Fre-
quently found with the preceding.

A. Novae=Angliae L. New England Aster. Common in damp
meadows, fields, and along fence -rows. Rare, Graves. Stem
stout, hairy ; leaves numerous, lanceolate, pubescent; heads,
large, with numerous violet-purple rays. Our most handsome
species. Grows well in cultivation. The so-called variety with
pink rays occurs frequently. Aug. Sept.

A. patens Ait. Spreadincj Aster. Somewhat rare in dry, rich
woofls. Not reported from the valleys of the Chemung and
Chenango.

A. undulatus I>. Wavv-leavkd Aster. Frequent in hilly woods.
Heads middle-size; rays blue. Remarkable for the variability
of its leaves. vSept.

A. cordifolius L. Hkari-u.w kd Aster. Common in open
woods, along fence-rows, roadsides, and in thickets, Aug.
wSept.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSt^UEHANNA. 57

A. cordifolius polycephalus Porter. Many-iikadki) Astkr. Oc-
casional ; usually found with the type, llrai'es ; Lucy. More
robust and branched, leaves smaller, panicle ample, heads usu-
ally smaller and ver^' numerous.

A. sa}2:itt2efolius Wedem. ; Willd. Akkow-li-.w kd Amkk. Not
fretjuent. East Hill road near Elmira, Lucy.

A. Lowrieanus Porter. Luwkik's Asikr. Not uncommon. Un-
til recently this species has been confused with ,/. cordifolius,
but is easily distinguished by its broadly margined petioles,
and thickish, leathery, perfectly smooth leaves. In a fresh
state the leaves seem greasy to the touch. It will probably be
found throughout our range.

A. Lowrieanus lanceolatus Porter. Occasional in Susquehanna
and Chemung counties, Graves; Lucy. This variety doubtless
has the same range as the type, and probably occurs elsewhere
within our range.

A. laevis L. Smooth Aster. Common in the borders of wood-
lands and in thickets. Not reported from the Chenango valley.
Leaves very smooth, ovate-lanceolate, the upper clasping by a
heart-shaped base; heads numerous, rays rather long, blue. A
very showy species. Sept,

A. ericoides L. Hkath-i.ikk Aster. Chemung narrows ; Moun-
tain Plouse narrows — the only stations; plentiful, Lucy,

A. vimineus Lam. Slender-stkmmeo Aster. Somewhat rare.
Not reported from the Chenango valley.

A. lateriflorus (L. ) Britton. Starved Aster. Very common
in dry soil ; fields, roadsides and thickets. Heads, numerous,
very small, borne on one-sided branches; rays white. Sept.
{A. diffusus Ait.)

A. paniculatus Lam. Pamcled Aster. Common, especially in
low grounds. Sept.

A. prenanthoides Muhl. ; WiUd. Swamp Aster. Rather com-
mon in moist, open woodlands, and along the borders of streams.

A. prenanthoides porrectifolius Porter. Rare. In moist places
along wood-roads. Graves. Specimens in Lafayette College
Herbarium.

58 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

A. puniceus L. Rortni stemmed Aster. Swamp Aster. Com-
mon in wet grounds. Stem tall, rough; heads rather large.
Sometimes mistaken for A. Novcc-Afiglicr, but the rays of this
are much lighter in color. Sept.

A. umbellatus Mill. Umhelled Aster. Not plentiful. River
banks and swamps, Graves.

A. infirmus ^Michx. Doible-bristleu Aster. Sullivan Hill;
frequent, Lucy.

A. acuminatus Michx. Pointed-leaveu Aster. Plentiful in
rich woods. Xot reported from the Chemung valley.

ERIGERON L.

E. Canadensis L. Fleabane. Mare's-tail, Horse- weed. But-
ter-weed. Very common in waste places. Stem tall, much
branched at top, with numerous small heads of flowers. Aug.

E. annuus (L.) Pers. Tall Daisy. White-weed. Sweet Scab-
ious. Common in fields, meadows and along roadsides.

E. ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. Daisy Fleabane. Rough-stem-
med Fleabane. Common. Found in the same localities as the
preceding. {E. strigosus Muhl. )

E. pulchellus ]\Iichx. Robin's Plantain. Common in grassy
fields. Heads rather large, the rays numerous, pink-purple.
May. [E. helUdifolms :\Iuhl. )

E. Philadelphicus L. Common Fleabane. Pink Fleabane.
Plentiful in moist, grassy places. Heads medium sized, with
very many pink rays scarcely wider than threads. May. June.

ANTENNARIA Certn.

A. plantaginifoiia (L. ) Richards. Mouse-ear Plantain. Plan-
tain-leaved Everlastinc. Very common in woodlands, thick-
ets and old fields, always growing in patches. Spreads by run-
ners and offsets. Well known. April.

A. margaritacea (L. ) Hook. Pearly Everlasting. Indian
T<>i;\.((,. Common in old fields and occasionally in thickets.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, grayish; invoUicral scales many^
pearly-white. Aug. {Anaphalis ninrgaritacea Benth. i<c
Hook. )

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 59

GXAI'IIALIl'M I>.

Q. obtuslfolium L. Ci h-wkli". Common Eveklastin(;. Plenti-
ful on dry hills and in old fields. Heads conical, with yellowish
flowers. The leaves are fragrant. Aug. ( G. polycephaluvi
Michx.)

G. decurrens Ives. Everl.astinm;. Found with the preceding.
Not reported from the Chemung valley. May be distinguished
from the others by its decurrent leaves. Aug.

G. uliginosum L. Low Cudwkkd. Common. Usually found
along roadsides where water has stood; also in other wet places.
Heads very small ; leaves fragrant. Aug.

INULA L.

I. Helenium L. Ei.iiCAMrANK. Common, especially in low
grounds and along roadsides. A well-known plant. The root
has the smell. of camphor. Aug.

POLYMNIA L.

P. Canadensis L. Leaf-cuf. Rare. South Mountain, Mills-
paugh. Apalachin, Fenno. Chemung Narrows, Lucy. She-
shecjuin, Pa., Graves.

AMBROSIA L.

A. trifida L. River Rag-weed. Great Rac-wekd. Three-lobed
Rac.-Weed. Abundant along streams, where its tall stems form
dense brakes. The so-called variety, integrifolia, which is
lower, with usually entire leaves, occurs occasionally with the
type.

A. artemisisefolia L. Ra(;-wki:i). Roman Wormwood. Hog-
WEKD. Bitter-weed. Abundant in all waste places and many
cultivated grounds. Plants that are entirely pistillate are some-
times found. This plant has the reputation of being the cause

of hay-fever.

XANTHIUM L.

X. strumarium L. Cockle-blr. Rare. Found about barn-
yards and pastures. Graves; Coville; Barbour.

X. Canadense Mill. Clot-blr. Cockle-bur. Common along
roadsides, railways, river banks and other waste places. A
coarse weed that appears to be increasing in numbers.

^0 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

HELIOPSIS Pers.

ti. helianthoides (L. ) B. S. P. Ox-eye. Common on the banks
of rivers and streams. A tall, coarse plant with the aspect of a
wild sunflower. Aug. {H. /ccvis Vev^.)

H. scabra Dunal. Rorcui Ox-eve. Rare. Island in Chemung
river, Lucy.

RUDBECKIA L.

R. laciniata L. Tall Coxe-flower. Common in wet, usually-
shady grounds. Stem tall ; heads large ; rays about eight, yel-
low, spreading or drooping. Aug.

R. hirta L. Coxe-flower. Yellow Dalsy. Browx-eved Su-
san. Bull's eve Daisy. Very common in fields, meadows and
pastures. Heads large; rays bright yellow; disk-flowers brown-
ish purple. The rays occasionally have brownish markings at
the base. Monstrous forms are not uncommon in which from
two to five heads are united. July. Aug.

HELIANTHUS L.

H. annuus L. Common Sunflower. The sunflower of the gar-
dens is commonly found as an escape about rubbish heaps, but
seldom attains the size of the cultivated plant and does not in-
crease in numbers.

ti, divaricatus L, Wood Sunflower. Abundant i^ thickets,
along roadsides and the banks of streams. Leaves ovate-lance-
olate, sessile, opposite, thick, rough ; heads large, though small
for the genus; rays bright yellow. No scrubby hillside is too
dry for this plant. Our earliest species to bloom. July. Aug.

H. strumosus L. Sunflower. Frequent along the Chemung
river and tributary streams, Lucy. vSusquehanna county; not
common, Grai/cs. Binghamton, Clute. Apalachin, Fenno.

W. decapelalus L. Ten-kaved Si'nflower. River Sunflower.
C(;mmon along streams, but often found in dry ground. Stem
tall ; leaves rather large, ovate, contracted into margined peti-
oles. Rays about ten.

H. tuberosus L. Jeri salem Arikiioke. Not uncommon in
waste places, dry or wet.

FLOUA UF THE L'l'l'EU SLSgLEllANN A. 61"

BIDEXS L.

B. frondosa 1.. Si-am-^m Neei>ies. KK(;(,Ak-i.ii e. Sik k- ik-hts.
Pitchforks. Devil's Needles. Abundant, usually in damp^
ground. Well known. Aug.

B. connata Muhl. ; Willd. S\\ ami' BEocAK-rit ks. Bi k Makkjold.
Common along ditches and in swamps. Aug.

B. cernua L. vSmali.kr Hi r M \kii;oli.. Common in low, moist
places.

B. Itevis (L. ) B. S. P. Laroe Bir Maricold. Common in
swamps and along streams and ditches. Aug. Sept. (/>'.
chrysatithemoides Michx. )

B. bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. In moist soil ; not common ;
Oakland, Gra^'es.

GALINSOGA R. i<c P.

Q. parviflora Cav. A rather common weed in fields and gardens
about Binghamton, Clute. Not reported elsewhere. Leaves
ovate, acute; heads small and inconspicuous; disk-tiowers yel-
low; rays white, usually three-lobed. Aug. -Oct.

HELENIUM L.

H. autumnale L. Sneeze- weed. Common on the banks of riv-
ers and streams, and in swamps. Plant tall ; leaves lanceolate ;
disk globular ; rays numerous, bright yellow. A showy plant
that thrives well in cultivation. Sept. Oct.

ANTHEMIS L.

A. Cotula L. May-weed. Dog Fennel. Stinking Chamo-
mile. Common in damp places along roadsides, and about
dooryards. Well known.

ACHILLEA L.

A. Millefolium L. Yarrow. Milfoil. Common and well
known. In fields and pastures. The form with rose colored
rays is frequently found.

CHRYSANTHEMUM L.

C. Leucanthemum L. White Daisy. Ox-eye. White-weed.
Very abundant, especially in fields and meadows, where it often
forms the principal vegetation. Disliked by the farmer.

62 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

-C. Parthenium and C. Ba/safni'ta are occasionally found

as escapes, but do not persist.

TANACETUM L.

T. vulgare L. Tansy. Common along roadsides, along streams
and about old buildings. Well known. The fresh leaves are
considered a sure preventive against the depredations of the
carpet beetle.

The Wormwood, Mug wort and Southernwood {Artemisia

Absinthium, A. vulgaris and A. Abrotanum), belong here.
All are occasionally found as escapes, but seldom exist long in
the wild state.

TUSSILAGO L.

T. Farfara L. Coltsfoot. Common, except in the Chemung valley
where it is rare. Found along roadsides, and especially on the
banks of streams. Flowers before the leaves in early spring,
like dandelions, on scaly scapes ; leaves, large, cordate, angular.
This plant is a lover of clay soils, and its presence is usually an
indication of such. Mar. April.

SENECIO L.
-S. aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Groundsel. Squaw-weed.
PIUNK;u^L Common on the borders of swamps and along streams.
Stems simple or branched above ; heads numerous ; rays golden
yellow. May.

CACALIA L.

C. suaveolens L. Indlvn Plantain. River banks near Ox-
ford, Coinlle. Apalachin ; rare, Femto.

C. atriplicifolia L. Pale Indian Plantain. Very rare. A sin-
gle plant collected at Wellsburg in August, 1S74, Lucy.

ERECHTITES Rae.

E. hieracifolia (L. )Raf. ;DC. Fireweed, Butter-weed. Com-
mon in waste places, especially in grounds that have been re-
cently burned over. A coarse, ill-smelling weed, with cylin-
dric involucres and rayless flowers. Aug.

ARCTIUM L.

A. Lappa !>. Birdock. A common and well-known plant about
dwellings, in fields, etc. The varieties tnimts and majus occa-
sionally occur.

FLORA UF THK I TPER SUSt<»lEH ANNA.

CARDUUS L.

C. lanceolatus L. C«>mm<>\ Tiii^ii.k. Plentiful in waste places,
usually in good soil. ( Cntcus lanceolatus HolYm. )

C. discolor (Muhl. ) Nutt. Tai.l Thistle. Not rare. Found
in low grounds. This species is easily confused with C. intiti-
cus, but may be distinguished by its leaves which are white
woolly beneath. (C?ticus alttsshnus Willd., var. discolor A,
Gray.)

C. mutlcus (Michx. ) Pers. Swamp Thistle. Abundant along
streams and in swamps. Stem very tall, scarcely prickly»
heads medium sized, purple. This species when in bloom at-
tracts numerous ruby-throated humming-birds. Aug. ( Cnicus
muticus Pursh. )

C. odoratus (Muhl.) Porter. Pasttke Thistle. Not uncom-
mon in fields and pastures. Stem low, heads few, large, fra-
grant. An ornamental species. {Cm'ciis pumilus Tovr.)

C. arvensis (L. ) Rob. Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle.
Abundant in fields, meadows and waste grounds. Heads small,
purple. A troublesome pest, hard to eradicate. A white- flow-
ered form is occasionally found. {Cnicus arvensis Hoffm).

CICHORIACE/C.

CICHORIUM L.

C. Intybus L. Chickorv. Succory. Becoming common along
roadsides and in other waste grounds. Heads large, bright
blue. The root is used in adulterating coffee.

TRAGOPOGOX L.

T. porrifollus L. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster. An occasional
escape from cultivation found along roadsides and about dwell-
ings. Flowers purplish.

T. pratensis L. Goat's Beard. Go-to-bed-at-noo.v. Becom-
ing common in fields, along roadsides and in waste places.
Flowers bright yellow, closing by mid-day. Often mistaken for
the preceding species.

64 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

HIERACIUM L.

H. pilosella L. Moise-eak Hawkweed. Montrose, 1878, C. H^
Peck. Mcinity of New Milford, Graves; Clute. Leaves clus-
tered at the base of the stem, hairy; heads several, large^
bright yellow. Spreads by runners. A species recently intro-
duced from Europe. May. June.

M. aurantiacum L. Orange Hawk weed. Devil's Paint-brush.
Common in fields. Leaves nearly all radical, densely hairy;
heads clustered at the top of the stem, crimson, with orange
centers. This plant was first known from our region about ten
years ago, and is becoming plentiful in many places.

H. Canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed. Frequent in dry
woods. Not reported from the Chenango valley. Stem simple,
leafy; heads corymbed, rather large. Aug.

H. paniculatum L. Paxicled Hawkweed. Not uncommon in
dry. open woods

H. venosum L Rattlesnake-weed. Common in dry woods
and thickets. Leaves all radical, veined with purple ; stem,
very slender; heads small, yellow. June.

H. scabrum Michx. Rorcui Hawkweed. Common in woods.
Stem rather stout, leafy; heads large.

PRENANTHES L.

P. alba L. Rattlesnake-root. White Lettuce. Drop Flower.
Lion's Foot. Common in thickets and the borders of woods.
Stem, tall ; heads pendulus, in corymbs, dingy white ; pappus
brown. Aug.

P. serpentaria Pursh. Lion's Foot. Gall-of-the-Eartii. About
as common as the preceding, which it much resembles. Not re-
ported from the Chenango valley. Flowers white, yellowish
or purplish; pappus straw-color. Aug.

P. altissimus L. Slkndek Dkoi' Fi.owkr. Not uncommon in
rich, moist woods. Aug. Sept.

TARAXACUM W.wx.

T. Taraxacum (L i Karst. I) \\di:i,I()\. Common everywhere.
One of the first flowers to bloom in spring and the last to close
in autumn. Has been found blooming ten months in the year
in our region. ( T. oj/ictnale Weber.)

FLORA OF THE UPPER SCSVUEUANNA. 65

LACTUCA L.

L. Scariola L. Prickly Lktu ( e. Not common. A plant of
recent introduction that seems to be spreading. Reported only
from Sus(iuehanna, Broome and Chemung counties.

L. Canadensis L. Wild Lettice. Tklmi-et Milkwked. Com-
in thickets and fence-rows. A tall, coarse plant, with many
small heads of yellow flowers. July.

L. vlllosa Jacq. Blue Lettice. Not uncommon in dry ground.
Not reported from the Chenango valley. Flowers bluish. (/..
aciam'nata Ciray. )

L. spicata (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc. White Lettice. Common in
waste places. Flowers bluish-white. (L. leucop/iaa Gra.y.)

SONCHUS L.

S. oleraceus L. Com.mon Sow Thistle. Plentiful in waste
places, especially along railways and roadsides.

S. asper (L. ) All. Prickly Sow Thistle. Common in the
same .situations as the preceding.

LOBELIACE/C.

LOBELIA L.

L. cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower. Common on islands and the
shores of our larger streams. Very rarely found along the
smaller streams. Flowers, large, in a terminal spike, brilliant
red. The plant spreads by offsets in late summer. This species
is very unequally distributed. It occurs in great quantities at
some points, but generally the plants are found singly. July.
Aug.

L. syphilitica L. Great Bll e Lobelia. Common in moist
places, especially the borders of swamps and wet meadows.
Stem, rather tall ; flowers, large, blue. Aug.

L. spicata Lam. Spiked Lobelia. Common in the Susquehanna
valley, rare in the Chemung, and not reported from the Che.
naugo. Found in fields and pastures, dry or wet. Spike, long
and slender; flowers, small, blue. July.

E

66 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

L. Kalmii L. Kalm's Lobelia. Rare. Base of South Moun-
tain. Millspaugh. Pond Brook, Cliite.

L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Common in old fields and on
hills throughout our range. Flowers small, blue; seed-pods in-
flated. Plant poisonous, but once m great repute as a medicine.
July.

CAHPANULACE/E.

LEGOUZIA DuRANi).

L. perfoliata (L.) Britton. Venus' Looking-glass. Common in
dry fields, along roadsides and in cultivated grounds. Stem
simple, or sometimes branched; flowers rather large, deep
bluish-purple, in the axils of the small ovate leaves. June.
{Spec III aria perfoliata A. DC.)

CAMPANULA L.

C. rapunculoides L. Bellflower. Common along roadsides,
and in the vicinity of old dwellings. An escape from cultiva-
tion.

C. rotundifolia L, Hare -bell. Blue-bell. Rather rare. Found
on ledges and rocky hillsides. Hills north of Susquehanna,
Graves. Chenango Forks; Willow Point, J////i-/ a //^/^ Near
Waverly, Barbour; Millspaugh. Mt. Zoar Hill, Lucy. Ledges
along the Susquehanna from Towanda to Tunkhannock, Clute.
Not reported from the upper Chenango valley. Stem slender;
leaves linear; flowers rather large, drooping, deep blue. The
early leaves are roundish. July. Aug.

C, aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. Common in wet,
grassy places. Stem slender, rough; flowers nearly white,
bell-shaped. Plant with much the habit of a Galium. July.

C. Americana L. Tall Bellflower. Very rare. Mountain
House Narrows, west of Elmira, Lucy. Waverly, Graves.

ERICACE/E.

GAYLUSSACIA H. B. K.
Q. resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. Black Huckleberry. Common in
rocky woods and on the borders of swamps. Fruit black, with-
out bloom ; seeds hard.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SLS^tUEHANNA. 67

VACCINIUM L.

V. stamineum L. Dkkr-bkrrv. Squaw Hucki.kukrrv. Cora.
moil on dry, bushy hillsides. A low shrub, with numerous
white flowers, succeeded by large, green berries, bitter to the
taste. When in bloom the plant is very noticeable. May.

V. Pennsylvanicum Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. Early Blue-
BKRKV, Common in dry, hilly woods and pastures, and along
fence-rows. Flowers, reddi.sh-white ; berries blue, sweet. The
earliest of our blueberries to ripen. May.

V. vacillans Kalm ; Torr. Low Bllkberry. Not uncommon.
Found with the preceding species which it much resembles.
May.

V. corymbosum L. High Hlckleberry. Swamp Huckleberry.
Common in swamps, but often found in dry soil. Rare in the
Chemung valley, Lucy. A good-sized shrub, which in favor-
able situations forms dense thickets. In our territory this species
produces the bulk of the huckleberries sent to market. May.

V. atrococcum (A.Gray.) Heller. Black Hickleberrv. Dry
ground beyond Bear Swamp, near Susquehanna, Graves.
Fruit black without bloom. ( V. corymbosum, var. atrococcum
Gray. )

SCHOLLERA Roth.

S. Oxycoccus (L.) Roth. Small Cranberry. Not very com-
mon. Found only in bogs, usually growing in sphagnum. Mut-
ton-Hill pond; bogs north of Barton, Fenno. Bog near Jarvis
street, Binghamton; Pond Brook, Cluie. Cranberry marsh;
Beebe's swamp. Graves. "TheVlai," near Oneonta, Hoy.
Near Oxford, Coville. Not reported from the Chemung valley.
Stems slender, creeping or trailing; leaves very small, ever-
green; flowers rose-colored, nodding; berries red, often gath-
ered for market. June. ( Vaccinium Oxycoccus L. )

S. macrocarpa (Ait.) Britton. Large Cranberry. America.n
Cranberry. Less common than the preceding, and found in
the same places. Resembles S. Oxycoccus, but is larger. This
species is the one usually cultivated and yields the bulk of our
cranberries. June. {Vaccinium 7nacrocarpon Ait.)

68 FLORA OF THE UPPER SCSQUEHANNA.

CHIOGENES Salisb.

C. hispidula (L. ) T. & G. Creeping Snowherry. Running
Birch. Rare. Found in cold, wet woods and swamps. Barton,
Fenno. Newark Valley, Barbour. Pond Brook, Clute. Swamp
near New Milford, Graves . Near Oxford, Coville. Unadilla
Forks, Brown. A slender, trailing vine, with tiny, evergreen
leaves, white flowers and snow-white berries. The whole plant
has a pleasant spicy flavor like wintergreen or birch. May.
(C serpyllifolia Salisb.)

EPIG.^A L.
E. repens L. Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. Ground Laurel.
Common in open deciduous woods, on bushy hillsides and on
knolls in swamps. Among the first of our vernal flowers. The
demand for the fragrant, rose-colored blossoms is causing
this species to be slowly exterminated in the vicinity of our
cities and towns. It is very difficult to make this plant grow in
cultivation. Flower buds for the succeeding spring are formed
in September, and the plant occasionally blooms in October.
April, ]\Iay.

GAULTHERIA L.

Q. procumbens L. Wintergreen. Aromatic Wintergreen.
Checkerbekry. Teaberry. Common in open woods and thick-
ets, in wet or dry soil. In many dry, deciduous woods the un-
dergrowth consists almost entirely of this species. Berries red,
edible, sometimes gathered for the markets. Leaves evergreen,
with a pungent, spicy flavor, which renders them in great de-
mand during May and June when the flavor is strongest.

ANDROMEDA L.
A. Polifolia L. Marsh Rosemary. Common in the eastern part
of our range ; not reported west of Broome county. Found in
bogs and swamps. Leaves narrow, evergreen, white beneath,
the margins revolute; flowers, in umbel-like clusters, pinkish-
white, globose-cylindrical. A pretty little undershrub, forming
dense patches in sphagnum bogs. May.

XOLISMA Rae. ; Britton.
X. ligustrina (L. ) Britton. Swamp Andromeda. Common, ex-
cept in the western part of our range. Rare, Lucy. Found in

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

swamps, also on dry hills near the site of exsiccated peat swamps,
Cavil I e. A low, straj;i:j;ling shrub, with white flowers in pani-
cles, like diminutive blueberry blossoms. June. {Andromeda
ligustrina Muhl.)

CHAM^EDAPHNE M.knch.

C. calyculata (L.) Moench. Lkather-i.kak. Common. Rare
in the Chemung valley. Found in bogs and marshes, where it
forms low thickets ofter acres in extent and grows so luxuriantly
that other plants are excluded. Stems about two feet high;
leaves oblong, nearly evergreen, in autumn turning russet and
remaining on the plant until spring; flowers white, urn-
shaped, in leafy racemes. Flower-buds of this and the preced-
ing species formed in autumn and quite prominent in winter.
May. {Cassandra calyculata Don.)
KALMIA L.

K. latifolia L. Mountain Lalrkl. Calico-bi;sh. Spoonwood.
Abundant oh rocky hillsides and often on the borders of swamps.
Rare in the Chenango valley, and not common in Broome
county. Shrub sometimes ten feet high, but usually much
lower; leaves thick, shining, evergreen; flowers large, saucer-
shaped, angular, pink or white, in terminal cor^^mbs. Re-
puted to be poisonous. One of our showiest wildflowers. June.

K. angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Lairel. Shkep Laurel.
Lamh-kill. Found only in the eastern part of our territory, but
there abundant, growing in swamps and bogs. Not noted from
Broome county west. A lower shrub than the preceding, with
narrower leaves, and much smaller, deep pink flowers, in axil-
lary fascicles, on the young shoots. June.

K. glauca Ait. Glaucous Laikkl. Pale Laurel. Smooth
Laurel. Rare. Found in swamps and on boggy shores. But-
ler and Goodrich Lakes, Hoy. Churchill Lake, Graves. Bog
near Union, Clute. North of Barton, Fenno. The only stations.
Stems low; branches two-edged; leaves narrow, white-glaucous
beneath, the margins revolute ; flowers middle-sized, lilac-purple.
May, June.

AZALEA L.

A. nudiflora L. Mayflower. Pink.ster. Swamp Pink.
HoNKV.srcKLK. Pink Azalea. Common in woods and

70 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

thickets, wet or dry. Flowers large, in clusters, varying from
deep pink to nearly white, appearing with or before the leaves;
stamens much exserted. The blossoms are so fragrant that the
whole wood is scented when they bloom. The flowering parts
frequently become changed to greenish-white excresences, cov-
ered with white bloom and containing an insiped juice relished
by children. May, June. {R/wdode?idron nudi/lora Tow.)

A. Canescens Michx. Mountain Azalia. Rare. Pond Brook,
Clute. The only station. This is much farther north than it
usually occurs. Differs from the preceding in having wider
and shorter soft-canescent leaves, glandular pedicels, etc.
{Rhododendron nudiflora Torr. )

RHODORA L.
R. Canadensis L. Rhodora. Rare. Beebe's swamp; swamp
in North Jackson, Graves. The only stations. A shrub much
resembling the preceding, with blossoms of rose purple. May.
{Rhododendron Rhodora Don.)

RHODODENDRON L.
R. maximum L. Rhododendron. Deer Laurel. Big Laurel.
Rare. Carmalt Lake, Fenno. Bear swamp. Graves. Swamp
near Unadilla Forks, Brown. Swamp near Cincinnatus,
L. H. Dewey. Not noted elsewhere. A tall shrub or
small tree. Leaves often ten inches long and four inches wide,
very thick, evergreen; flowers large, bell-shaped, spotted in-
side with green, yellow and purple, in many-flowered corymbs.
Just south of our range this species is very abundant. July.

LEDUM L.
L. Qroenlandicum CEder. Common in peat bogs near Oxford,
Coville. Not reported elsewhere. Our territory is nearly the
southern limit of this species. A thorough search in all our
cold bogs may reveal a few more stations for this plant {L.
latifoluan Ait.)

PYROLACE/E.

CHIMAPHILA PuRSH.
C. umbellata (L. ) Nutt. Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa. Common
in rather dry, rich woods. Stems low ; leaves mostly near the

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 71

top, lanceolate, evergreen; flowers in terminal umbels, flesh-
colored, the anthers violet. The whole plant has a bitter taste,
and is valued in medicine. June.
C. maculata (L. ) Pursh. SroTTKD Wintergrkkn. Rare. Mid-
land woods, Oxford, Coville. Mt. Prospect, Millspaugh.
East of Cohocton, on the edge of the swamp, Lucy. The only
stations. Much resembles the preceding and grows in the same
situations. Leaves, mottled with white.

MONESES Salisb.
M. uniflora (L. ) A. Gray. One-flowered Pyrola. Very rare.
The Tower woods, Oxford, 1886, Coville. {M. grandijtora
Salisb. )

PYROLA L.
P. secunda L. One-sided Pyrola. Low Shinleaf. Common
in dryish woods, frequently in the shade of coniferous trees.
Leaves small, ovate; flowers greenish-white, in one-sided ra-
cemes ; styles straight. June. July.

P. chlorantha Sw. False Wintergreen. Common in open, up-
land woods. Not reported from the Chenango valley. Flowers
greenish-white, larger than in the preceding, nodding, the styles
declined and curved. Our commonest Pyrola. June. July.

P. elliptica Nutt. Shinleaf. Common in dry, rich, shaded
soil. Resembles P. chlorantha, but wnth white, fragrant flow-
ers, which open later. July.

P. rotundifoUa L. Round-leaved Wintergreen. Common in
rich woods. Flowers, nodding, white, fragrant, in a long ra-
ceme. July.

MONOTROPACE.^.

PTEROSPORA Nutt.

P. Andromedea Nutt. Pine Drops. Very rare. A single spec-
imen found under a white pine in upland woods, southeast of
Fitch's Bridge, Chemung county, July, 1892, Lucy.

MONOTROPA L.

M. uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Corisk Plant. Pine-sap. Com-
mon in the eastern part of our range ; infrequent or rare west of

72 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

Broome county. Found in wet or dry soil in shade. Flowers
usually several together, white, nodding, on scaly stems from
a ball of fibrous rootlets ; capsules erect in fruit. The flowers
are usually plentiful after the first hard rain in July.

HYPOPITYS Adans.

H. Hypopitys (L.) Small. Pine-sap. False Bekchdrops.
Bird's-nest. Rare. Found under pine trees. Unadilla Forks,
Brown. Oxford, Coville. Franklin, Hoy. Brandt ; Bear Swamp,
Graves. Mt. Prospect, Clute. Ross Park, Millspaugh. Not
reported west of Broome county. Stems scaly, tawny or reddish,
bearing a cluster of several half-nodding, usually fragrant
flowers. Petals usually red ; essential organs yellow or orange.
August. {Monotropa HyPopitys L.)

PRIMULACE/E.

TRIENTALIS L.

T. Americana Pursh. Chickweed-wintergreen. Star-flower.
Common in low, rich woods. Stem low, with a whorl of lance-
olate leaves at top; flowers two or three on slender pedicels,
white. May.

STEIRONEMA Raf.

S. ciliatum (L. ) Baudo. Cillvte Loosestrife. Common in
thickets, and along streams. Leaves on long, fringed petioles,
June. July.

LYSIMACHIA L.

L. quadrifolia L. Fuur-leaved Loosestrife. Whorled Loose-
strife. Common in thickets and open woods. Leaves two to
six, in whorls on the simple stem ; flowers yellow, on slender
peduncles from the axils of the leaves. June.

L. terrestrJs (L.) B. S. P. Racemed Loosestrife. Very com-
mon on the borders of ponds, in swamps and on river shores.
Flowers numerous, yellow, on slender pedicels, in a long ter-
minal raceme. After blooming the plant produces an abun-
dance of bulblets in the axils of the leaves. June-Aug. (Z,.
stricta Ait.)

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 78

L. Nummularia L. Monkywukt. Common and troublesome in
kiwns. Formerly cultivated for its bright yellow flowers, but
now naturalized in many places. Stems creeping and rooting;
leaves roundish; flowers axillary. July. Aug.

NAUMBURGIA Molnch.
N. thyrsiflora (L ) Duby. Tuiteu Lousestriik. Rare. Found
only in bogs. Pond Brook, Clute. Brisben Pond, Coville.
Butler's Lake, Graves. Near Waverly, Millspaugh. Cin-
namon Lake, Lucy. Near Barton, Fenno. The only stations.
Leaves lanceolate, opposite; flowers small, numerous in capitate
spikes, from the axils of a few of the upper leaves. May. June.
{Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. )

ANAGALLIS L.
A. arvensls L. Scwklet Pimper.nel. Very rare. Near Elmira.
Lucy. Unadilla Forks, Brown. The only stations,

OLEACE/E.

FRAXINUS L.

F. Americana L. White Ash. Common in rich, moist woods
throughout.

F. Pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. Plbescent-stem.med Ash.
Less common than the preceding. Not reported from the Che-
nango valley. Found in low grounds. Known by its velvety-
pubescent young shoots and leafstalks. (F. pubescens l^SLvn.)

F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. W.vter Ash. Common in moist
woods and swamps. The tough wood splits readily and is ex-
tensively used in basket making. The bruised leaves have the
odor of the elder.

LIGUSTRUM L.

L. vulgare L. Privet. Prim. Often planted for hedges and
occasionally escapes, Graves; Fenno.

APOCYNACE/C.

VINCA L.

V. minor L. Periwinkle. Running Myrtle. A common and
well-known trailing shrub, in cemeteries and about old dwell-

74 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

ings; often found escaped along roadsides. Leaves evergreen;

flowers purple.

APOCYNUM L.
A. androsasmifolium L. Dog-bane. Milkweed. Very common

in thickets, fence-rows and open woods. Plant one to two feet

high, spreading; flowers numerous, bell-shaped, white, striped

with purple inside. June. July.
A. Cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Common on gravelly or

sandy shores. Restricted to the banks of the rivers and larger

streams. Flowers small, greenish-white. July. Aug.

ASCLEPIADACE/E.

ASCLEPIAS L.

A. tuberosa L. Bltterfly-weed. Pleurisy- root. Orange
Milkweed. Common in the western part of our range. Pond
Brook; rare, Clute. Not reported north, east or south of
Broome county. Found in dry fields. Stems leafy, about two
feet high; umbels numerous, terminal, forming a large corymb
of bright, orange-yellow flowers. A handsome species when in
bloom, easily distinguished at a distance from the goldenrods,
with which it growls. Aug.

A. incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Common in low grounds.
Stems tall, bearing at top numerous erect umbels of small, rose-
purple flowers. July.

A. Syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Silk-weed. Very common
and well known in dry fields, and along roadsides. Stems tall,
stout; leaves oblong; flowers in large umbels, greenish or pur-
plish-white, on stout peduncles from the axils of a few of the
upper leaves , juice abundant, milky. The young shoots are ex-
tensively used as a pot-herb. July. {A. Cornu // Decaisne. )

A. exaltata (L.) Muhl. Poke Milkweed. Common in open
woodlands and thickets, oftenest in moist soil. Much resembles
the preceding. July. {A. phytolaccoides V\xr€ti.)

A. quadrifolia Jacq. Four-leaved Milkweed. Common in dry
open woods. Stems one to two feet long; leaves few, mostly in
whorls of four; umbels few-flowered; flowers tinged with pink,
slightly fragrant. June.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 7&

GENTIANACE/E.

GENTIANA L.

Q. crinita Frtiil. Fringkd Gentian. Hill near Elmira; very-
rare, Lucy. Vicinity of Susquehanna; not rare, Graves. Glen-
wood; Pond Brook; plentiful at the latter station, Clute.
Sidney, Hoy. Not reported elsewhere. Found usually in low-
grounds. Flowers two inches long; petals four, deep blue,
fringed. A beautiful species, blooming in late autumn.

Q. quinquefolia L. Five-flowerkd Gentian. Gall-of-tjie-
Eartii. Not uncommon in open, rocky places, usually in damp
soil. Sept. {G. quinquejiora Lam.)

Q. Andrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. Common along streams
in open ground and in thickets. Stems one to two feet high -^
leaves opposite ; flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, an
inch or more long, dark blue. Corolla inflated, but opening
only slightly at top. A form with pure white flowers is often
found with the type. Aug., Sept.

MENYANTHES L.

M. Irifoliata L. Buck-bean. Not uncommon in suitable places.
Found in deep cold bogs. Leaves trifoliate, alternate ; flowers
in racemes, flesh-colored or white, the upper surface of the
petals bearded. The common name is doubtless a corruptiort
of "bog-bean." May.

POLEMONIACE>e.

PHLOX L.

P. divaricata L. Common Phlox. Blue Phlox. Occasional.
Found in damp, open places. Stem about a foot high; flowers
in corymbs, lilac or blue. May.

P. subulata L. Mountain Pink. Moss Pink, Ground Pink.
Tolerably common in the western part of our range. Not re-
ported from the Chenango valley, Broome and Susquehanna
counties. Franklin, Sidney ; common. Hoy. Found on warm^
dry, usually rocky, slopes. A low moss-like plant, occurring in
dense masses; in spring covered with many small pink flowers.

76 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

■Phlox pamculata, the Sweet William of the gardens, is

occasionally found as an escape. It does not persist.

POLEMONIUM L.

P. reptans L. Jacob's Ladder. Found sparingly throughout
our range. Frequent, Lucy. Found on river banks. A hand-
some plant frequently cultivated.

P. Van-Bruntiae Britton. Jacob's Ladder. Greek Valerian.
Coville; Hoy. " Swamps about the source of the Susquehanna,
N. Y." — Grays Manual, 5th ed. {P. cccruleum L. )

HYDROPHYLLACE/E.

HYDROPHYLLUM L.

H. Virginicum L. Water-leaf. Burr-flower. Common in
shades, along roadsides and river banks. Corollas varying from
white to blue. June.

H. Canadense L. Water-leaf. Rather rare. Reported from
their localities by Coville, Fenno and Lucy.

BORRAQINACE/C.

CYNOGLOSSUM L.

C. officinale L. Hound's-tongue. Common along roadsides and
in waste places. Corolla a peculiar dull red, occasionally white.
A well-known weed. June.

C. Virginicum L. Wild Comfrev. Somewhat rare. Found in
open woods. Flowers pale blue.

LAPPULA M(KNCH.
L. Virginiana (L.) Greene. Stick-seed. Blrr-seed. Beggar's
Lice. Not uncommon in thickets and waste places. Flowers
small, white; fruit covered with many barbed prickles.
{Echinospeimum Virginicum Lehm.)

MERTENSIA Roth.
M. Virginica (L.) DC. Blce bells. Smooth Lungwort. Vir-
(;in'ia Cowslii'. Common along the banks of riversand streams.
Plant a foot or more high; leaves large, obovate; flowers many,

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 7T

in a terminal raceme, trumpet-shaped ; corolla pink in the bud,
deep blue in flower, or occasionally white. A beautiful plant,
easily cultivated. May.

MYOSOTIS L.
M. laxa Lehm. Forckt-.me-not. Common on river banks, along
ditches, and in swamps, h'lowers numerous, small, light blue.
June- Aug.

LITHOSPERMUM L.

L. arvense L. Whkat Thief. Corn Gkomwell. Somewhat
rare. Reported by Coville, Cliite, Lucy and Fenno.

ONOSMODIUM MicH.x.

O. Carolinianum (Lam. ) A. DC. False Gkomwell. Rare. Near
Harrington's ford; the only station, Lucy.

SYMPHYTUM L.
S. officinale L. Comfrey. Found occasionally throughout our
range. An escape from gardens, but apparently well naturalized.

LYCOPSIS L.

L. arvensis L. wSmall Bugloss. Rare. Eldridge Park, Elmira,
Lucy. Along the railroad, Susquehanna, Graves. Tioga
Center, Fenno.

ECHIUM L.

E. vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Blue-weed. Otsego county,
becoming com.mon in fields. Brown. Broome county, not in-
frequent along roadsides and waste grounds, Clute. Elmira,
along the railway, Lucy. Elsewhere not reported. Stem about
two feet high, bristly; flowers numerous in crowded, axillary,
recurved spikes; corollas rather large, blue. A showy plant
when in bloom.

CONVOLVULACE/E.

CONVOLVULUS L.

C. spithamaeus L. Low Bind- weed. Common in dry soil;
along upland roadsides and in thickets. Stem seldom more
than a foot high ; flowers white, funnel-shaped, about two inches
long. June.

78 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

C. Sepium L. Hedge Bind-weed. Rutland Beauty. Wild
MoKMXG-GLORY. VIRGINIA Creeper. Commoti in damp soil,
along streams and the borders of fields. Occasionally found
away from the river bottoms in dry soil. Stems several feet
long, twining about bushes, etc. Flowers numerous, like the
preceding, white, tinged with pink. Often cultivated.

C. repens L. Low Hedge Bind-weed. Not common. Reported
by Graves, Clute and Lucy. Differs from the preceding, which
it closely resembles, by its prostrate, usually pubescent, stems,
narrowly hastate or cordate leaves and obtuse bracts. (C
sepium, var repens Gray.)

C arvensis L. Field Bind-weed. Rare. Apalachin, D., L. &
W. R. R. tracks, east of station, Fe?mo. Along Riverside
Drive, Binghamton, Clute. The only stations. Leaves ovate-
triangular, basal lobes acute ; flowers three-quarters of an inch
long, bell-shaped, white. July.

Ipomcea purpurea, the common morning-glory, belongs

here. It is often found growing about rubbish-heaps, but does
not persist.

CUSCUTACE/E.

CUSCUTA L.

C. Epithymum Murr. Clover Dodder. Very rare. Borders
of a clover-field, Graves.

C. Qronovii Willd, R. & S. Common Dodder. Love Vine. Very
common in damp, shady grounds. Stems bright orange, leaf-
less, twining and parasitic on coarse herbs and shrubs. The
golden-rod is most frequently the host plant, but others, as the
blackberry and red maple, are occasionally attacked. Flowers
small, white.

SOLANACE/E.

SOLANUM L.

S. Dulcamara L. Bitterswep:t. Woody Nightshade. Common,
especially in damp soils. Flowers purplish-blue, anthers yellow ;
berries bright red. Reputed to be poisonous.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 79

S. niirrum L. Common NninrsnADE. Black. NKinrsnADK. Rare.
Hig Island, Chemung river; waste ground, Elmira. Lucv.
Binghamton, MUhpaugh. Barton, Fenno. Oxford, Co7'illt-.

S. rostratum Dunal. Bk.akkdSoi.amm. Very rare. Cultivated
ground, Susquehanna; apparently increasing, Graves. Ex-
ceedingly prickly, leaves pinnatitid. The original food plant of
the potato bug.

PHYSALIS L.

P. pubescens L. Ground Cherry. Strawberry Tomato. Rare,
Lucy. Infrequent, Fenno. Found in cultivated fields and
waste places, not common ; Clute. Elsewhere not reported.
Corolla yellowish with brown-purple centre.

P. Virginiana Mill. Ground Cherry. AVaverly, Graves. Ox-
ford, Coville. Fitch's Bridge and along Baldwnn Creek, Lucy.
This plant is properly P. heterophylla of Nees.

The apple of Peru {Physalodes physalodes), which belongs

in this order, is sometimes found as an escape. It does not
persist.

LYCIUM L.

L. vulgare (Ait. f.) Dunal. Matrimony Vine. In cultivation.
Not uncommon about old dwellings, fences, etc. Occasionally
escapes and shows a tendency to become naturalized.

DATURA L.

D. Stramonium L. Jimson-weed. Thorn-apple. Rare. Found
in waste grounds. Not reported from Delaware county. A
rank, ill-scented weed, \vith showy, funnel-shaped, white blos-
soms, and globular, prickly, seed-capsules.

The potato, egg-plant, tomato and tobacco belong to this

family.

SCROPHULARIACE>e.

VERBASCUM L.

V. Thapsus L. Common Mullein. Common in dry soil, along
roadsides, etc. Well known. Its presence is usually an indica-
tion of sterile soil.

80 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Common, Graves. Not fre-
quent, Clute ; Fenno. Rare, Lucy. Owens Mills, Che-
mung county, scarce, Barbour. Not common, Coville. Not
reported from Delaware county. Found in pastures, old tields
and waysides. Stem tall, comparatively slender, branching
above ; flowers about an inch across, on slender pedicels, cream
color or white, occasionally purplish ; anthers unequal, purple.
July.

LINARIA Jlss.

L. Linaria (L.) Karst. Toad Flax. Bitter-and-eggs. Jacob's
Ladder. Ramstead. Abundant in dry fields and along road-
sides. Flowers bright yellow in a dense raceme. Well known,
and considered a difficult weed to kill. (Z. vulgaris Mill.)

SCROPHULARIA L.

«
S. Marylandica L. Fig-wort. Common in fields, thickets and

roadsides. (5. nodosa var. Marilandica Gray.)

CHELONE L.

C. glabra L. Tlrtle-head. Snake-head. Rheumatism-root.
Common in open swamps and along rivers and streams through-
out our range. Well known. Aug. Sept.

PENTSTEMON Soland.

P. hirsutus (L. ) Willd. Beard-tongue. Abundant on dry banks
and along upland roadsides. Stems low; flowers in open pani-
cles, violet-purple, the sterile filament densely bearded. June.
{P. pubescens Soland.)

P. Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Foxglove Beard-tongue. Tolerably
common in rich soil, Fenno. Rare, Clute. Stem tall ; flowers
an inch long, abruptly dilated, white inclined to purplish. A
beautiful species. June. {P. Icsvigatus var. Digit alt's Gva.y.)

MIMULUS L.

M. ringens L. Monkey-i lower. Common and well known.
Found in swamps and on river shores. Flowers violet-purple,
rarely lavender or white. July- Sept.

FLORA OF TllK LITER SUSgUEUANNA. 81

(;kati()la I..

Q. Virglniana L. Hf.dck IIyssop. Common throughout in muddy
pkice>;. A low plant with an inconspicuous whitish or yellowish
corolla.

ILVSAXTHES Rai-.

I. gratioloides (L. ) Benth. F'alse Pimff.knkl. North side of
Harrington's IsUmd ; rare, Lucy. River bank above Lanesboro ;
scarce, Graves. Mouth of Cayuta creek. Mil I span ^h. Near
Oxford, Covillc. Not reported from Broome and TJelaware
counties. Found on wet shores. (/. rtp(i?/a Ra.L)

LEPTANDRA XiTi.

L. Virginica (L. ) Xutt. Cllver's Physic. Culver' s-root. Com-
mon in Broome and Tioga counties, infrequent in the Chemung
valley. Not reported from the Chenango valley, nor in the
Susquehanna valley east of Binghamton. Found on river flats
and banks of the larger streams. Stem rather tall ; leaves in
whorls; flowers white, in spikes. x\t a little distance the plant
is easily mistaken for Cimicifuga when in bloom. June, July.
( Veronica Virgitiica L. )

VERONICA L.

V. Americana Schwein. ; Benth. American Brooklime. Frequent
in ditches and slow rills. Stems spreading; flowers blue.

V. scutellata L. Marsh Speedwell. Sklll-cap. Tolerably
common in wet places.

V. officinalis L. Common Speedwell. Common on rather dr^^
banks, roadsides and open woods. Stem prostrate, rooting at
the lower joints.

V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Common in
lawns, fields, pastures and roadsides. May-July.

V. peregrina L. Neck-weed. Purslane Speedwell. Tolerably
common except in the eastern part of our range. Not reported
from Broome, Susquehanna and Delaware counties. Found in
cultivated fields.

V. arvensis L. Corn Speeiavkll. Common in the eastern, rare
in the western part of our range. Found in cultivated grounds.

82 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

Stem erect, diffusely branched; flowers said to be whitish, but
with us usually deep blue.

V. Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith.) B. S. P. Rare. In lawns in the
village of Oxford, Coville. ( V. Buxbaumii Tenore. )

DASYSTOMA Raf.

D. Pedicularia (L.) Benth. Lousewort Foxglove. Yellow
Foxglove. Tolerably common in dry, open woods and thickets.
Not reported north and east of Broome county. Leaves i^sem-
bling those of the common lousewort. Flowers bell-shaped,
bright yellow. July. {Gerardia pedicularia!^.)

D. flava (L.) Wood. Downy False Foxglove. Yellow Fox-
glove. Common in dry, open, upland woods. Not reported
north and east of Broome county. Plant covered with a close
down. Flowers large, yellow. July, Aug. {Gerardiaflava'L,.)

D. Virginica (L.) Britton. Smooth Foxglove. Oak-leaved
Foxglove. Not common, Graves. Abundant, Chite. Infre-
quent, Fenno. Not reported from the Chemung and Chenango
valleys, nor from Delaware county. Found with the preceding.
Lower leaves usually twice pinnati fid. July. Aug. {Gerardia
qtiercifolia Pursh. )

GERARDIA L.

Q. tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. Purple Foxglove. Tol-
erably common in Delaware. Susquehanna, Broome and Tioga
counties on dry hillsides, in open copses, and along upland road-
sides. Rare in the Chemung, and not reported from the Che-
nango valley. Stems spreading ; leaves narrowly linear ; corolla
half an inch long, purple. Aug., Sept.

CASTILLEJA Mutis; L, f.

C. cocclnea (L. ) Spreng. Scarlet Painted-cup. Rare. " Painted
Vo%t''— Cayuga Flora. Near Sayre, 1862, Graves. The only
stations. Reported from Painted Post with yellow flowers.

PEDICULARIS L.

P. Canadensis L. Lousewort. Wood Betony. Common
throughout in rather dry, open thickets. Leaves finely pin-
natifid. A well known plant.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUP:HaNNA. 83

MELAMPYRUM L.

M. Ilneare Lam. Cow-wheat. Common in dry, open woods and
thickets. (Af. A mt-r /can inn ^Wichy..)

OROBANCHACE/E.

EPIPHEGUS NuTT.

E. VIrglniana (L. ) Bart. Befxh-drops. Cancer-root. Not
common. Found throughout our range under beech trees and
parasitic on their roots. Stem branching, yello\nsh or purplish;
leaves reduced to scales ; flowers small, white marked with pur-
ple. Aug., Sept.

CONOPHOLIS Wallr.

C. Americana (L. f.) Wallr. S(iLAw-ROOT. Cancer-root. Very
rare. Franklin, near road to Oneonta, Hoy. Oxford, Coville.
Mt. Prospect, Millspaugh. The only stations.

THALESIA Raf.

T. uniflora (L.) Britton. One-flowered Cancer-root. Not
common. Frequent, Hoy. Not reported from Broome county.
Found m woods in rather dryish soil. Stem nearly subterra-
nean; flowers on slender scapes. May. {Aphyllon unifiorutn
Gray.)

LENTIBULARIACE^.

UTRICULARIA L.

U. vulgaris L. Common Bladderwort. Reported from the
eastern part of our range only. Common from [Susquehanna
and Broome counties north. Found floating in lakes, river-
coves, sluggish streams and pools. Leaves with many capillary
divisions, some of which bear bladders ; flowers six or more, per-
sonate, yellow, borne above the water on a naked scape. July.

U. intermedia Hayne. Rare. Muddy borders of ponds near
Oxford, Coville. Summit marsh, '' Cayuga Flora." The only
stations.

The butterwort {Pinguicula vulgaris L.) belongs to this

family. It has been reported from Sidney, but specimens have
not been seen. Hoy.

84 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

BIQNONIACE/C.

CATALPA Scop.

C. Catalpa (L.) Karst Catalpa. Indian Bean. Not uncom-
mon in cultivation and occasionally found as an escape. It is
not quite hardy and many of the smaller branches are annually
killed by the cold. Leaves cordate; flowers large, bell-shaped,
white spotted with yellow and violet; pods often a foot long.
( C. Bigftom'oides Walt.)

ACANTHACE^.

DIANTHERA L.

D. Americana L. Water Willow. Found only in the Susque-
hanna river from the town of Tioga to our southern limits, Fen-
no; Clute, Occasionally grows on the river banks, but usually
found in shallow water where it grows luxuriantly. July. Aug.

VERBENACE/E.

VERBENA L.

V. urticaefolia L. White Vervain. A common weed along
roadsides and in waste places.

V. hastata L. Blue Vervain, Common on the borders of
swamps, in meadows and along roadsides. Usually in some-
what moist soil. Well known.

PHRYMA L.

P. Leptostachya L. Lop-seed. Frequent throughout in woods
and thickets. Flowers small, in a long terminal spike; fruit re-
flexed.

LABIAT/E.

TRICHOSTEMA L.

T. dichotomum L. Bastard Pennyroyal. * Plentiful on the
river flats opposite Apalachin, Feftno. Elsewhere not reported.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 85

TEUCRIUM L.

T. Canadense L. Wood Sm.f.. Gkrmandkr. Common in thickets
on river banks and in low grounds. Not reported north of
Broome county.

COLLINSONIA L.

C. Canadensis L. Horsk-ualm. Rich-wekd. Stone-root. Com-
mon in moist woods and thickets. Flowers and foliage lemon-
scented ; root large, very hard. Aug.

MENTHA L.

M. spicata L. Spearmint. Common along brooks, and in wet
grounds. ( Af v it- id is L. )

M. piperita L. Peppermint. Common along streams, and the
borders of swamps; occasionally in dry ground.

M. Canadensis L. Wild Mint. Common in low grounds.

M. citrata Ehrh. Bf.kgamot, Mint. Common in waste places.
Lh-a7'es. Occasional, Fenno. Common in cultivation.

LYCOPUS L.

L. Virginicus L. Water Horehound. Bugle-weed. Common
in wet places. Spreads by long stolons.

L. sinuatus Ell. Bugle-weed. Common. Found with the pre-
ceding.

CUNILA L.

C orlganoides (L.) Britton. Dittanv. Very rare. Found on
a dry hill on the east bank o" the Susquehanna river, nearly op-
posite the village of Ulster, 1S62, Graves. Dry hill opposite
village of Sayre ; plentiful. Barbour. These stations are re-
markable for being the farthest north from which the plant
has been reported. ( C. Mariana L )

KCELLIA M.KNCH.

K. Virginiana (L.) MacM. Lance-leaved ^[ouNTAIN Mint.
Wild Basil. Tolerably common in the eastern part of our
range; rare in the western. Not reported from Tioga county.
( Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh. )

86 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

K flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Narrow-leaved Mountain Mint.
Rare. Fields near Binghamton, Clute. The only station.
Leaves narrower and heads less downy than in the preceding.
Bracts lanceolate ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed. {Pycnanthe?mem
Imifoliinn Pursh.)

K. incana (L.) Kuntze. Mountain Mint. Tolerably common
from Broome county west. Hills near Oxford; rare, Coville.
Not reported elsewhere. Found in upland pastures and on dry-
ish slopes. Leaves ovate-oblong, downy beneath, the upper
ones hoary on both sides. The whole plant has a pungent mint-
like odor. July. Aug. {Pycnanthemmn incamifuMichs..)

ORIGANUM L.

O. vulgare L. Wild Marjoram. Rare. Ely Hill, Millspaugh.
Pope's ravine, Clute. Reported from Broome county only.
Found in dry fields. Aug.

CLINOPODIUM L.

C. vulgare L. Basil. Calamint. Common in dry woods, on
banks and in hedges. {Calammtha Clinopodium Benth.)

HEDEOMA Pers.

H. pulegioides (L. ) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Abundant
on dry, warm hills throughout our range.

MONARDA L.

M. didyma L. Bee-Balm. Oswego tea. Scarlet Balm. Com-
mon along streams, borders of swamps and in low thickets.
One of our most showy wild-tlowers; easily cultivated. July.
Aug.

M. fistulosa L. Wild Bkrgamot. Horse-Balm. Infrequent.
Found in fields, along roadsides and on banks. Quite variable.
The variety, fnoilis Benth. , is reported by Graves and Fenno.

BLEPHILIA Rak.

B. cillata ( L.) Raf. ; Benth. Ely Hill. Binghamton, Millspaugh.
The only station.

VLECKIA Rak.

V. scrophularia^folia (Willd. ) Raf. Hedcje Hyssop. (tIant
Hyssoi'. Rare. River bank near Port Dickinson, CV/z/f. Bar-

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 87

ton, Fenno. Near Roericke's glen and at Cobble Hill, Chemung
county, Lucy. The only stations. ( Lophanthus siropfuilari-
afolius Benth. )

NEPETA L.

N. Catarla L. Catnii-. Catmint. Abundant about old build-
ings, in fields and all waste places.

GLECOMA L.

G. hederacea L. Gill-over-the-Ground. Ground Ivy. Plen-
tiful in door-yards and waste grounds. ( Nepeta Glechoma
Benth.)

SCUTELLARIA L.

5. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skull-cap. Frequent in swamps
and on the banks of streams. Flowers blue, sometimes white,
in axillary, one-sided racemes. Aug.

S. ^alericulata L. Common Skull-cap. Plentiful in the same
localities as the preceding. Flowers much larger, solitary in the
axils of the upper leaves. July, Aug.

PRUNELLA L.

P. vulgaris L. Blue Curls. Self Heal. Abundant in fields,
pastures and roadsides. Flowers blue. Forms with pink and
white flowers sometimes occur. ( Brunella vulgaris L. )

LEONURUS L.

L. Cardiaca L. Motherwort. Common about old buildings,
along roadsides and in other waste grounds.

LAMIUM L.

L. maculatum L. Dead Nettle. Henbit. Not common. Spar-
ingly naturalized in waste places. Not reported from Broome
and Susquehanna counties.

L. amplexicaule L. In cultivated grounds; not rare, Lucy.
Barton, Feuno. The only stations.

GALEOPSIS L.

Q. Tetrahit L. Common Hemp-Nettle. Rather common in
waste places.

88 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

Q. Ladanum L. Red Hemp-Nettle. Very rare. Pond Brook
near a deserted house. The only station.

STACHYS L.

5. aspera Michx. Hedge Nettle. Not common. Found in low-
grounds. Not reported from the Chenango valley.

PLANTAGINACE/E.

PLANTAGO L.

P. major L. Commox Plantain. Common in all waste places,
about old buildings, etc. Has long been confused with the fol-
lowing species, from which it is distinguished by its shorter,
thicker spikes, ovoid capsules circumscissile near the middle,
scarious sepals, and leaves of duller green.

P. Rugelii Decaisne. Common Plantain. Found in the same
situations as the preceding, which it closely resembles. An in-
digenous species, probably the more common. Distinguished
by longer spikes capsules more cylindrical, circumscissile below
the middle, and bright green leaves with purplish petioles.

P. lanceolata L. Narrow-leaved Plantain. English Plan-
tain. Rib-grass. Common in all waste grounds.

P. Virginica L. Plentiful one mile south of Barton, Fetino. The
only station.

ILLECEBRACE/E.

ANYCHIA Michx.

A. dichotoma Michx. Forked Chickweed. Sullivan Hill; fre-
quent, [^ucy. Mt. Prospect; abundant, Clute. Not noted else-
where.

AMARANTHACE/E.

AMARANTHUS l.

A. hybridus paniculatus (L.) Uline & Bray. Red Amaranth.
Not common. Found in fields and gardens. ( A. paniculatus

L)

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSyUEUANNA. 89

A. retroflexus L. Gkkkn Amaranim. A common weed in gar-
dens and waste places.

A. albus L. White Amaranth. Tl.miu e-wkkd. Pui-WREO. Com-
mon in the same situations as the preceding. Branches from
near the base, forming a globular top which in winter breaks
loose from its root and is rolled to considerable distances by the
wind.

CHENOPODIACE/C.

CHENOPODIUM L.

C. album L. Pig-weed. Lamb's-quarters. Red-root. Abun-
dant in all waste grounds. Frequently used as a pot- herb.

C. hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Much rarer than
the preceding. Found in the same places.

C. capitatum (L.) S. Wats. Strawberry Elite. Rare. Oak-
land, Graves. The only station.

C. Botrys L. Jerusalem Oak. Rare. Oakland, Graves. Apa-
lachin, Fenno. Elmira, Lucy. Binghamton, Millspaugh. The
bruised foliage has a strong odor like turpentine.

ATRIPLKX L.

A. hastata L. Rare. Waste places along the streets of Oxford,
Coville. {A. patiilum, va.r. hastatutn Gray.)

PHYTOLACCACE>e.

PHYTOLACCA L.
P. decandra L. Poke-weed. Pigeon-berry. Ink-berry. Gar-
get. Found sparingly throughout in waste grounds. A familiar
weed. Ink is often made from the berries. The root is reputed
to be poisonous, but the young shoots are occasionally used as
a pot-herb.

POLYQONACE/C.

RUMEX L.

R. Patientia L. Patience Dock. Frequent in meadows and
about old barns, Coville.

90 FLORA. OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

R. Britannica L. Great Water- Dock. Susquehanna, plentiful,
Graves. Elmira, infrequent, Lucy.

R. verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. Water Dock. Common in
swamps and along ditches and streams.

R. crispus L. Ctrled Dock. Yellow Dock. Common in
waste places everywhere.

R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Not uncommon in gardens

and lields.

R. sanguineus L. Red Dock. Rather rare. Noyes Island,
Millspaugh. Apalachin, Fenno. Sayre, Barbour.

R. Acetosella L. Field Sorrel. Horse Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel.
Common everywhere. Most abundant in rather dry sterile soil.
Often overruns large areas and is difficult to exterminate. The
whole plant has an acid taste.

POLYGONUM L.

P. aviculare L. Bird's Knot-grass. Low Knot-weed. Abun-
dant m old dooryards, along paths, and in waste grounds. Well
known.

P. erectum L. Tall Knot weed. Less common than the pre-
ceding, and found in the same places. Whole plant larger and
more erect.

P. Pennsylvanicum L. Smart -weed. Common in wet grounds.

P. amphibium L. Water Smart-weed. Not uncommon in wet
places. Rare. Lucy.

P. emersum (Michx.) Britton. Chemung river at Harrington's
Ford. Lucy. Binghamton, Clute. The only stations. (P.
Muh! enter gil Watson. )

P. orientate L. Prince's Feather. An occasional escape from
cultivation, half naturalized along streets and in waste grounds.

P. Persicaria L. Lady's Thumh. Heart Weed. Very common
in all waste places Leaves marked with a dark triangular spot.

P. Hydropiper L Common Smari-wekd. Water Peiter. Very
common in moist or wet soil.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 91

P. Virginianum L. Slender Polygonum. Not uncommon in
'woods and thickets. Flowers in a slender terminal raceme;
styles persistent, bent downward. Aug.

P. arifolium L. Halhrrd-leavei) Tear-thumh. Plentiful ex-
cept in the Chemung valley where it is rare. Found in low
grounds. Angles of the stem with reflexed prickles.

P. sagittatum L. Arrow leaved Tear-thumb. Abundant in
moist places. Well known.

P. Convolvulus L. Black Blnd-weed. Common in waste
grounds, climbing by twining stems.

P. cilinode Michx. Fringed Bind weed. Ksltq, Graves; Coviile.
Sheaths fringed with reflexed hairs.

P. scandens L. Cli.mhing Buck-wheat. Common along road-
sides and in thickets.

FAGOPYRUM G^rtn.

F. Fagopyrum (L. ) Karst. Buckwheat. Occasionally persists
as a weed in old fields. ( F. esculenttim Moench. )

ARISTOLOCHIACE/€.

ASARUM L.

A. Canadense L. Wild Ginger. Colt's-foot. Snake-root.
Common throughout our range, in rich woods, especially on
hillsides. Leaves usually two, kidney-shaped ; flowers single,
brownish-purple, close to the earth. The rootstock has a pun-
gent, aromatic taste and is said to be a cure for measles and
whooping cough. May. *

LAURACE/E.

SASSAFRAS Nees & Eherm.

S. Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras. Common. Found on hill-
sides in woods and thickets, most frequently in company with
the oak. Flowers yellow, preceding the leaves; drupes blue;
young or vigorous leaves ovate, entire ; others with a lobe on
one or both sides. The whole plant has a sweetish, aromatic
flavor, which is strongest in the root. ( S. officinale Nees.)

92 I FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

BENZOIN Fauric.

B. Benzoin (L.) Coulter. Spice-wood. Benjamin-bush. Wild
Allspice. Fever-bush. Common in damp woods and thickets.
Flowers yellow, before the leaves ; drupes red. The bark has a
spicy taste that has been likened to allspice. {Lindera Ben-
zoin Blume. )

THYMEL/CACE/E.

DIRCA L.

D. palustris L. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Tolerably com-
mon in damp woods. Flowers yellow, two or more m a cluster,
preceding the leaves. Wood soft and very brittle ; bark exceed-
ingly tough, often used for thongs. Apr.

DAPHNE L.

D. Mezereum L. Mezereum. '• A single shrub on the east shore
ofCayutaL., 1885. {F. V. Coville.)'— Cayuga Flora. Prob-
ably an escape.

LORANTHACE/E.

RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoff.

R. pusilla (Peck.) Kuntze. Frequent on Picea in the spruce
swamps in Chenango county, Coville. {Arceuthobium pusil-
lum Peck. )

SANTALACE/E.

COMANDRA Nutt.

C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toau-flax. Rather common
in dryish thickets and open woods. Roots parasitic on the roots
of shrubs and trees. Flowers small in corymbose clusters, white.

EUPHORBIACE/E.

EUPHORBIA L.

E. maculata L. Spotted Spurge. Milk Purslane. Abundant,
especially in dry, gravelly soil, Plant flat on the ground; leaves
marked with a spot of brownish -red.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

E. nutans Laj? Pkksi/s Si'UR(;k. Noouinc; Spurck. Less com-
mon than the preceding, which it somewhat resembles. Found
in the same places. Stems ascending, {l-l. /V<\v7// Ouss. )

E. corollata L. Flowerinc Sitrce. Spanish Hill, Millspangh;
Gravt-s. Valley of the Chemung river, Li4cy.

E. Helioscopia L. Sin Sii rce. Wartwkkd Very rare. Nor-
wich, Millspaiigh. Fields at Unadilla Forks, Broicn. The
only stations.

E. Cyparisslas L. Cvi-ress Spirge. Tree Moss. Grave-yaru-
WEED. Common along roadsides and in fields, as an escape
from old gardens and cemeteries. Flowers yellow. A well-
known plant.

E. Nlcaeensis All. Along road near Gibson, Pa., Graves. Ves-
tal, N. Y., Mil I spang h. Apalachin, Campville, Barton, Athens,
Fenno. At all but the first station the plant is very abundant
and appears to be spreading. Has been naturalized for many
years. First noted by Dr. C. F. Millspaugh. Not reported
from North America outside of the Susquehanna valley. July,
Aug.

E. Peplus L. Not rare in the city of Binghamton, Clute. Oc-
casional in gardens, Oxford, Coville. Elsewhere not reported.

ACALYPHA L.

A. Virginica L, Three-seeded Mercury. An abundant weed
in fields throughout our range. Well-known by sight, at least

ULMACE/E.

ULMUS L.

U. pubescens Walt. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Tolerably com-
mon in woods and thickets. A small tree with mucilaginous
inner bark that is valued as a medicine. ( U. fulva Michx. )

U. Americana L. American Elm. White Elm. Abundant,
especially in low grounds. Valued above all other trees for
shade. When grown with room to develop it is the most grace-
ful of our native trees. A specimen twenty-one feet in circum-
ference is growing near Port Dickinson, 1897.

94 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

U. racemosa Thomas. Cork Elm. Rock Elm. Least common
of our elms. Remarkable for the large, corky ridges of its bark.
Not reported south and east of Broome county.

CELTIS L.

C. occidentalis L. Hack-berkv. Sugar-berry. Nettle-tree.
Rare. Banks of the Chenango in the city of Binghamton ; nu-
merous trees, Clute. Apalachin, scarce; Barton, plentiful, Fen-
no. Elsewhere not reported. A curious tree, "with the bark
of an ash, the leaf of an elm and the fruit of a linden." The
thin outer rind of the fruit is black, very sweet and edible.

MORACE/E.

HUMULUS L.

H. Lupulus L. Hop. A well-known plant much cultivated with-
in our territory. It is often found wild, and is apparently native.

The white and red mulberries {Moms alba and M. rubra)

belong to this family. Neither species seems to occur out of cul-
tivation. The hemp ( Camtabis sativa ), occasionally found in
waste ground, also belongs here. It apparently does not persist.

URTICACE/E.

URTICA L.

U. gracilis Ait. Common Nettle. Tolerably common in rich,
moist soil, along fence-rows, about buildings, etc.

URTICASTRUM Fabric.

U. divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. Wood Nettle. Very common in
moist, shaded places. ( Laportea Canadensis Gaud. )

ADICEA Raf.

A. pumila (L.) Raf. Rich weed. Clearweed. Common in
damp shade. ( Pile a pumila Gray. )

BOEHMERIA Jacq.

B. cyclindrica (L.) Willd. False Nettle. Common in wet
places. Flowers minute, clustered, in long axillary spikes which
are usually leaf-bearing at the summit.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 95

PLATANACE/E.

PLATAN US L.

P. occldentalis L. Buttonwooo. Buttonhall. Sycamore.
Plane-tree. A common and well known tree in river bottoms.
Remarkable for shedding its bark in thin scales with its leaves,
leaving the surface beneath white or gray-green. Height and
diameter of trunk both considered, this is our largest tree.

JUQLANDACE/C.

JUGLANS L.

J. cinerea L. Butternut. White Walnut. Very common, es-
pecially along streams. A medium-sized tree with rather smooth,
grayish bark. Wood brown, rather hard, much used in cabinet
work. The nuts are gathered in considerable quantities.

J. nigra L. Black Walnut. Not common. Most plentiful in
the western part of our range. Not reported north and east of
Broome county. This seems near the northern limits of the
tree's range. A large tree with rough bark and a longer trunk
than the preceding. Wood hard, dark, and valued above that
of any other of our forest trees for cabinet work.

HICORIA Raf.

li. ovata (Mill.) Britton. Shellbark Hickory. Shagb.a.rk.
Abundant in fields and woods in drjnsh soil. The nuts are
gathered in large quantities for the market. Wood hard, light
in color, and in considerable demand in work where strength
and elasticity are required. ( Gary a alba Nutt.)

H. sulcata ( Willd. ) Britton. King-nut. Big Shellbark. Rare.
Near Waverly, Millspaugh; Clute. Newark Valley. Barbour.
Resembles the preceding. Nut often twice as large. ( Carya
sulcata Nutt.)

H. alba (L.) Britton. Mocker-nut. White-heart Hickory.
Not very common. Not reported from the Chenango valley.
Bark rough, but not shaggy. Nut sweet, shell very thick.
( Carya tomentosa Nutt. )

96 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

H. glabra (IMill.) Britton. Pig-nut. Broom Hickory. Com-
mon. Nut thick-shelled, the kernel at first sweet then bitter.
( Carya par etna Xutt. )

H. minima (Marsh.) Britton. Bitter -nut. Swamp Hickory.
Less common than the preceding. Nut thin-shelled, kernel bit-
ter. ( Carya amara Xutt. )

MYRICACE/E.

COMPTONIA Banks.

C. peregrina (L. ) Coulter. Sweet Fern. Very common in
sterile soil, often forming low thickets, especially on hillsides,
throughout our range. A well-known low shrub with fern-like,
aromatic foliage, in some repute as a medicine. {Myrt'ca aspie-
nifolia Endl.)

BETULACE/E.

BETULA L.

B. lenta L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch. Tol-
erably common in rich soil. Bark with an aromatic odor and
sweet, spicy taste. By distillation it yields an oil that is much
used as a substitute for oil of wintergreen. Wood hard, dark
red, used in cabinet work.

B. lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. Very com-
mon in rich, moist woodlands. Bark yellowish, detaching in
thin strips that curl up and give the trunk a shaggy appear-
ance. Much less aromatic than the preceding. In spring this
species yields sap very freely. Wood soft.

B. populifolia Marsh. White Birch. Gray Birch. Old Field
Birch. Very common, especially in moist soil, in the southern
part of our range. Not found in the Chenango and Chemung
valleys, Leaves triangular, long pointed. A small tree with
chalky-white bark, not aromatic, which does not detach readily
in layers. Wood very soft and nearly useless.

B. papyrifera Marsh. Paler Birch. White Birch. Canoe Birch.
Frequent on the northern slopes of hills in the Chemung valley,
Lucy. Common at Goodrich Lake, Hoy. A large clump of

FLORA OF THE Ul'l'EU SUSQUEHANNA. 97

trees on the northern slope of South Mountain, Millspaugh;
Clute. Bark detaching in thin, papery layers, not aromatic.
Leaves ovate, taper-pointed.

ALNUS G.'ERTN.

A. nisosa (Ehrh.) Koch. Smooth Alder. Tag Alder. Black
Alder. Common along streams, borders of swamps and in all
low grounds. Not reported from the Chemung and Chenango
valleys. A tall shrub, well known. {A. serrulata Willd. )

A. Incana (L. ) Willd. Hoary Alder. Speckled Alder. Not
so common as the preceding except in the northern part of our
range. Found in the same places.

CORYLUS L.

C. Americana Walt. Common Hazel-nut. Bonneted Hazel-
nut. Tolerably common in damp thickets. Rare in Susque-
hanna and Chenango counties. The nuts are often gathered and
go by the name of filberts.

C. rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. Plentiful throughout our
range in dryish soil, forming thickets. ]More abundant than the
preceding. Nut at the bottom of a bottle-shaped involucre that
is densely clothed with slender prickles.

OSTRYA Scop.

O. Virginlana (Mill.) Willd. Iron-wood. Hop-Hornbeam. Lev-
er-wood. Tolerably common in rich, moist woods. Leaves
like the black birch; bark fine and shreddy; fruit resembling
hops. A slender tree with exceedingly hard, fine-grained wood,
used in making mallets, levers, fish-poles, etc. ( O. Virginica
Willd. )

CARPINUS L.

C. Caroliniana Walt. Hornbeam. Water-Beech. Iron-wood-^
Blue Beech. Abundant along streams and in damp woodlands.
Bark dark gray, smooth like the beech; fruit somewhat like the-
preceding. Wood very hard. This species is remarkable for-
its ridged trunk, which gives it a very muscular appearance.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

FAQACE/E.

QUERCUS L.

Q. alba L. White Oak. Common throughout in any soil. A
well-known tree, valued for its hard, durable wood. Fruit an-
nual.

Q. macrocarpa Michx. Mossy-cup Oak. Burr Oak. Occa-
sional. Found usually near water. Cup fringed by the long
scales often so densely as to hide the acorn within.

Q. platanoides (Lam.) Sudw. Swamp White Oak. Lowman's
swamp; infrequent, Lucy. Mutton-Hill Pond, Fenno. (Q.
bicolor Willd.)

Q. Prinus L. Rock Chestnut Oak. Common in upland woods.
Not reported from the Chenango valley. Bark very rough and
heavy ; leaves somewhat like the chestnut.

Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Some-
what rare. Sullivan Hill, Lucy. Barton, Fenno. Elsewhere

not reported.

Q. prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Frequent, Lucy.
Barton; Apalachin; not common, Fenno. Occasional, Clute.
Elsewhere not reported. The smallest of our oaks, often fruit-
ing when but two feet high.

Q. rubra L. Red Oak. Common. A well-known large tree,
N-alued for its wood. Acorns large.

Q. coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. Tolerably common. Not
reported north, east, or south, of Broome county. A large tree,
in general appearance resembling the following. Foliage turn-
ing bright scarlet in autumn.

Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak. Quercitron. Not uncommon.
Not reported from Susquehanna county. Bark very dark, inner
layers orange-colored. Used in dyeing. ((2- coccinea, var.
iinctoria Gray.)

Q. llicifolia Wang. Scruh Oak. Bear Oak. Frequent, Lucy.
North of Waverly, Millspaugh. Shores of a pond two miles
west of Greene village, Coville. Not reported elsewhere.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUH'^L EHANNA. 99

Usually found in sterile soil. A low, scrubby tree, said to have
formerly been very common in Broome county, but not found
there now.

CASTANEA Ad.\n>.

C. dentata (Marsh.) Sudw. Chestnut. One of the commonest
of trees throughout our range, in dryish soils. The nuts are
gathered extensively for the markets. (C sati'va, var. Amer-
icana Wats. & Coult. )

FAGUS L.

F. atropunicea (Marsh.) Sudw. Common Beech. Plentiful
throughout ; usually scattered through the forests, but occasion-
ally forming woods by itself. ( F. ferruginea Ait.)

SALICACE/C.

SALIX L.
S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Common throughout. A well-
known small tree along all streams and the borders of swamps.

S. nigra falcata Torr. ScvTHE-LEA^•I•:D Black Willow. Common
near Waverly, East Waverly and Chemung, MUhpaugh.
(5. nigra, va.r. fa/cat a Torr.)

S. lucida Muhl. Shining Willuw. Glossy Willow. Not un-
common on the banks of streams. An elegant species.

S. fragilis L. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow. East Waverly;
fre([uent, Mill span gh.

5. alba vitellina (L. ) Koch. White Willow. Crack Willow.
Golden Osier. A familiar tree, with thick trunk and slender
golden-yellow twigs. Most frequently in cultivation, but often
escaped. ( 5. alba, var. vitellina Koch. )

S. Babylonica L. Weeping Willow. Everywhere in cultiva-
tion and occasionally found wild, where it has probably sprung
up from twigs carried by the wind, since both sexes are not
found in cultivation.

5. longlfolia Muhl. Sand-har Willow. River-bank Willow.
Infrequent. Bottom lands of the Chemung river, Lucy ; Mills-
paugh. Not reported elsewhere; probably overlooked.

100 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

5. rostrata Richards. Beaked Willow. Not very common;
most plentiful in the eastern part of our range.

S. discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow. Very-
common in wet soils. Aments appearing before the leaves in
spring ; very noticeable.

S. discolor prinoides (Pursh) Anders. Common on the rocky
banks of Cayuta creek, near East Waverly, Millspaugh.
(S. discolor, var. prinoides Anders.)

S. humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Tolerably common. A
low shrub found on dry hills.

S. tristis Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. Sage Willow. Not un-
common in uplands. Rare. Lucy. A shrub much .smaller than
the preceding, seldom growing more than two feet high.

S. sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. Not uncommon by creeks
and swamps throughout.

S. purpurea L. Purple Willow. Edge of swamp, City of El-
mira, Lucy.

S. cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Common in wet
places.

Many of the willows hybridize frequently. Hybrids of

S. alba xfragilis, S. cordata x sericea, and forms that may be
referred to S. lucida and S. cordata are reported from the
vicinity of Waverly, by Dr. Millspaugh.

POPULUS L.

P. alba L. White Poplar. Abele. Not uncommon through-
out in cultivation, and spreading by means of suckers from the
roots.

P. tremuloides ]Michx. American Aspen. Abundant in nearly
all soils. A familiar small tree of very rapid growth ; one of the
first to spring up after a wood has been cut down or the soil
burned over. Leaves on long petioles, very tremulous in the
wind.

P. grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Common.
Found with the preceding, which it much resembles, but never
in such numbers. Apparently a somewhat larger tree.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 101

P. balsamifera candlcans (Ait.) A. Gray. Balm oi Gilkad. In
cultivalion throughout onr ranj2^e; occasionally escaped along
roadsides and banks of streams. ( /'. balsamifera, var. candi-
cans (rray. )

P. dilatata L. L(».mi;aki)Y PoI'i.ak. Often cultivated, and fre-
quently escaped along roadsides in the vicinity of dwellings.

CERATOPHYLLACE/E.

CKRATOPHVLLUM L.

C. demersum L. Hornwort. Oxford; common, Coville. Lisle;
plentiful, Clute; Graves. Apalachin ; not rare, Fenno. The
only stations. Found in ponds and slow streams. Plant sub-
merged ; leaves cut into thread-like divisions, rendering it very
likely to be mistaken at a glance for various species of Chara.

CONIFER/E.

PINUS L.

^ P. Strobus L. White Pine. Common and well known.

P. rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Torch Pine. Much less common
than the preceding. Rare in the Chenango valley. Found on
dry hillsides, seldom forming woods by itself as the white pine
does. Bark dark brownish-red; branches much less regular
than in the white pine.

PICE A Link.

P. Mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black Si'Rl«:e. Swamp at the
head of Christian Hollow, Bradford county. Pa. ; rare, Lucy.
Swamp near Thompson. Pa, ; not common, Graves. Near
Greene, N. Y. ; rare, Cltite. Brisbin swamp and at various
points in the northern part of Chenango county, always in
swamps, Coville. ( P. nigra Link. )

TSUGA Cark.

T. Canadensis ( L. ) Carr. Hemlock. Very common. Often
forming extensive forests, especially in wet or rocky grounds.
A familiar tree.

102 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

\ ABIES Juss.

A. balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. "TheVlai," near One-
onta; scarce, Noj'. Swamp near Pharsalia, C^t////^. The only
stations. In cultivation and ocjasionally escaped, Graves.

LARIX Adans.

L. laricina (DuRoi)Koch. Tamarack. Larch. Black Larch.
Hackmatack. In our range found naturally only in cold swamps,
Coville ; Lucy; Clute; Hoy. Elsewhere cultivated as a shade
tree, and probably occasionally escaped. Certain swamps are
known as "tamarack swamps" from the prevalence of this tree in
them. One of the few conifers that are not evergreen. When
grown alone it forms a very han isome tree, ( Z. Americana
Michx.)

THUJA L.

T. occidentalis L. Arbor Vit.e. White Cedar. Not uncom-
mon at Unadilla Forks, Brown. Elsewhere occasional in cul-
tivation.

JUNIPERUS L.

J. Virginiana L. Red Cedar. Savin. Rare as a native in our
region. Mountain House Narrows; Chemung Narrows, Lucy.
Elsewhere plentiful in cultivation.

TAXUS L.

T. minor (Michx.) Britton. Ground Hemlock. American Yew.
Tolerably common on moist, shaded banks and in ravines. A
shrub seldom more than five feet high, closely resembling the
common hemlock, but with foliage lacking the hemlock's char-
acteristic odor, ( T. Canadensis Willd.)

HYDROCHARITACE/C.

UDORA NuTT,

U. Canadensis (Michx.) Nutt, Ditch Moss. Watkr Snake-
weed. Common in ponds and slow streams, A curious moss-
like plant, often forming thick mats in shallow water. ( Elodea
Canadensis Michx.)

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 103

VALLISNERIA L.

V. spiralis L. Eel-cikass. Tape-hrass. Common in all the
larger streams throughout our range. Whole plant submerged.
Leaves narrow, often several feet long. Remarkable from the
fact that at the time of flowering the pistillate llowers are raised
to the surface of the water on slender scapes, and the stemless
staminate flowers break loose from the parent plant, and rise to
the surface in order to pollinate them. By the coiling of the
scape the fruit is drawn under water to ripen.

ORCHIDACE/E.

ACHROANTHES Raf.

A. monophylla ( L.) Greene. Adder's Mouth. Rare. Swamps,
occasional, Bro7un. Oxford; infrequent, ' O?'///*?. The only
stations. ( Micros fy lis vionophyllos Lindl. )

A. unifolia (Michx. ) Raf. Adder's Mouth. Very rare. Open
woods west of Clarke's stone quarry, Oxford, Coville. ( Mic-
rosiylis ophioglossoides Nutt.)

LEPTORCHIS Thouars.

L. Loeselii (L.) MacM. Fe.n Orchis. Twayblade. Rare. Edge
of road, upper side of Wellsburg Narrows, Lucy. Western side
Warn's Pond. Oxford, Co7>ille. South Mountain bog, Mills-
Paugh. Swamp near Barton, Fenno. The only stations.
( Liparis Lcrselii Richard. )

CORALLORHIZA R. Br.

C. Corallorhiza (L. ) Karst. Coral-root. Near Oxford; rare,
Coi'ille. Susquehanna, occasional, Graves. (C. innalaK. Br.)

C. multiflora Nutt. Large Coral-root. Not uncommon in
dry, rich woods. Plant leafless, brownish or yellowish in color ;
lip of the flower three-lobed; spur prominent.

C. odontorliiza (Willd.) Nutt. Smaller Coral-root. Crawlev-
ROOT. Common in the eastern part of our range. Not reported
west of Broome county -Similar to the preceding. Plant
smaller ; lip of flower white, spotted with purple, two-toothed
at base. Considered medicinal. July.

104 FLORA OP THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

LISTERA R. Br.

L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Twayblade. Peatbog, one mile south
of Ludlow Pond, town of SmithviUe, Coville. Unadilla Forks;
rare. Brown.

GYROSTACHYS Pers.

G. cernua (L.) Kuntze. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Common
in damp, open places. Flowers in spikes, cream- white, sweet
scented. Aug., Sept. {Spiranthes cernua Richard.)

G. gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze. Slender Ladies' Tresses. Less
common than the preceding. Found on hillsides and in dry,
open woods. Flowers white, fragrant, in a twisted spike.
( spiranthes gracilis Bigelow.)

PERAMIUM Salisb.

P. repens (L.) Salisb. Small Rattlesnake Plantain. Some-
what rare. Found in rich, .shady woods. Flowers in a loose,
one-sided spike. ( Goody era repens R. Br. )

P. pubescens (Willd.) C. C. Curtis. Common Rattlesnake
Plantain. Common in rich woods, usually under evergreens.
Plants commonly forming little colonies. Leaves veined with
white; flowers not in a one-sided spike. Aug. ( Goody era pu-
bescens R. Br.)

LIMODORUM L.

L. tuberosum L. Grass Pink. Calopogon. Somewhat rare.
Not uncommon in suitable places in the eastern part of our
range. Not noted from Broome county west, except in bogs
north of Barton {Fenno). Reported from Mutton-Hill pond,
by Millspaugh in 1885. Does not occur there now. Found in
sphagnum bogs. Stem from a small, solid bulb; leaves grass-
like; flowers large, three or more, pink-purple. A beautiful
orchid. June, July. {Calopogon pulchellus R.Br.)

POGONIA Juss.

P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Po(;onia. More common
than the preceding with which it is nearly always associated.
Confined to the eastern ])art of our range. Bog near Jarvis
street, Binghamton — the only station in Broome county, Clute.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 105

Mutton- Hill pond, Fenno; Lucy; — the station farthest west in
our range. Plant often a foot high, with a single ovate leaf
half way up the stem and a large, rose-colored, fragrant flower
at top, subtended by a bract. June, July.

P. verticillata ( Willd.) Nut.. Wii.)ri,ki. P().,(.m.v. Very rare.
Glenwood ravine — the only station. Clute. Leaves usually five,
in a whorl near the top of the stem ; flowers inconspicuous, with
very long, purplish sepals and straw-colored petals. In aspect
so much like Medeola that it is probably o'ten mistaken for
that species. June.

ORCHIS L.

O. spectabilis L. Showy Orchis. Spri.nc; Okchis. Somewhat
rare. " The Vlai," near Oneonta, //iy. Unadilla Forks, /:?r<77£/«.
Bear Swamp and elsewhere. 6^r^7>'<?j. Pond Brook, C//^r^. South
Mountain, Millspaugh. Hendy creek, and the "pickaway" on
the Chemung, Lucy. Tioga Centre, Fejino. Oxford, Coville.
The only stations. West of Broome county there are but three
stations for the plant, within our range. Leaves two or three,
oblong, near the earth; spike few flowered; flowers purple and
white. May.

HABENARIA Willi..

H clavellata (Michx. ) Spreng. Three-tootheu Hakenaria.
Green Wood Orchis. Swamps near Susquehanna; not rare,
Graves. Pond Brook; common, Clute. Oxford, scarce, Coville.
Barton, Fenno. Elsewhere not reported. Flowers whitish, in-
conspicuous. July. ( //. trident at a Wook.)

H. flava (L.) A. Gray. Green Orchis. Very rare. Oakland,
1894, Graves. { H. virescens Spreng.)

H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Longbracted Orchis. Very rare.
Near Elmira, 1S93, Lucy.

H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Leafy Green Orchis. In bogs.
Unadilla Forks; occasional, Broiv7i. Oxford, occasional. Co-
ville. The only stations.

H. Hookeriana A. Gray. Hooker's Orchis. Frequent in the
eastern part of our range. Not reported west of Broome county.

106 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

Found in rich, damp woods. In aspect much like the following
species, for which it is probably often mistaken. ( H. Hookert
Torr. )

H. orbiculata ( Pursh.) Torr. Round-leaved Orchis. Bear's
Ears. Gall-of-the-Earth. Common in the eastern part of
our range. West of Broome county reported from Cinnamon
Lake only ( Lucy). Found in rich woods, usually in the shade
of evergreens. Leaves two, very large, roundish, flat on the
ground ; flowers greenish-white. June.

H. blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. White-Fringed Orchis. Peat
bog, a mile south of Ludlow swamp, in the town of Smithville,
Coville. Mutton-Hill Pond, Millspaugh. The only stations.

H. lacera ( Michx. ) R. Br. Ragged-fringed Orchis. Bear swamp;
Ararat, Pa., Graves. Oxford, Coville. The only stations.

H. psycodes (L.) A.Gray. Purple-fringed Orchis. Very com-
mon in the eastern part of our range, less so in the western.
Found in wet, open woods, swamps and other low grounds.
Stems often two feet high, leafy; spike large; flowers medium-
sized, rose-purple ; lip fringed. A very handsome species. June»
July.

H. grandiflora (Bigel. ) Torr. Large Purple-fringed Orchis.
Rather rare and unequally distributed. Franklin; frequent.
Hoy. Susquehanna; not common, 6^r«2/^j-. Woods near Great-
singer's Corners; marshy meadow near Horseheads; rare, Lucy.
{Hfimbriata R. Br.)

CYPRIPEDIUxM l.

C. parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper. Com-
mon, especially in upland woods. Not noted in the upper Che-
nango valley, Coville. Stem leafy ; flowers about an inch long,
bright yellow, fragrant. With us this plant is not partial to low
grounds. May.

C. hirsutum Mill. Lar(;e Yellow Lady's Slipper. Less com-
mon than the preceding. Found growing with it, and also in
low grounds. Flowers larger, yellow, scentless. In aspect
the plant is much like C. parvijhrum. May. ( C pubescens
Willd. )

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 107

C. reglnjE Walt. Showv Lady's Sliim'Kk. Unadilla Forks; local
but abundant in some swamps, Hrown. Brisbin swamp; abun-
dant, Coi'il/e. Swamp near Corning, 1864; very scarce, Lucy.
South Mountain bog; a single specimen gathered in 1885,
Millspaugh. The only stations. Stem tall, leafy, bearing at
top one or more large, pure white flowers, blotched with purple
in front. A superb species. May. {C. spectahile ^^^x\.z.)

C. acaule Ait. Pink Lady's Slii'I-kk. Moccasin Flowkr. Fre-
quent, especially in low, wet, coniferous woods. Plant stemless;
flowers solitary, pink, rarely white. May.

All our Cypripediums thrive well in cultivation if given

proper soil, shade and moisture.

IRIDACE/C.

IRIS L.

I. versicolor L. Blue Flag. Abundant on the borders of swamps,
along streams and in all low grounds.

I. Pseudacorus L. Yellow Flag. Along Cayuta creek from
a point above Waverly to its mouth, and from thence along the
west bank of the Susquehanna to Towanda; an escape from
cultivation apparently naturalized, Lucy; Millspaugh.

SISYRINCHIUM L.

5. Bermudiana L. Blue eyed Grass. Common in fields and
meadows. Plant grass like; scapes nearly a foot high, bearing
the deep blue or rarely white flowers. June, July. ( 5. angus-
tifolium Mill.)

AMARYLLIDACE/E.

HYPOXIS L.

H. hirsuta (L. ) Coville. Star-grass. Common in the valleys
of the Susquehanna and Chemung, but not noted in the Che-
nango valley. Leaves grass-like ; flowers bright yellow. ( H.
erect a L. )

108 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

DIOSCOKEACE^E.

DIOSCOREA L.

D. villosa L. Wild Yam. Abundant, Clute. Frequent, Fenno.
Infrequent, Lucy. East Waverly, Millspaugh. Waverly,
Barbour. Elsewhere not noted. Found on the river banks
twining about the bushes. Leaves heart-shaped ; flowers green-
ish yellow, inconspicuous.

SMILACE/C.

SMILAX L.

S. herbacea L. Carrion Flower. Common in thickets and
along fence-rows. Stem tall ; leaves ovate or roundish ; flowers
yellowish -green, in umbels. Very graceful and decorative in
appearance, but unapproachable because of the offensive odor
of the flowers. June.

S. hispida Muhl. Green Briar. Cat Briar. Occasional in
moist woods and thickets. Stem green, armed with numerous
prickles ; leaves ovate, thin, deciduous.

LILIACE/E.

ALLIUM L.

A. tricoccum Ait. Leek Somewhat rare. Near Cohocton, N.
v., — the only station, Lucy. Mouth of Apalachin creek; not
frequent, Fenno. Along the Chenango and Susquehanna; toler-
ably common, Clute. Oxford, Coville. Leaves broad and flat,
resembling those of Erythronium but unspotted, dying before
the flov\-ers appear; flowers ten or more on a scape ; bulb strong-
scented, edible. July.

A. cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion. Reported only from
the western part of our range where it is common. Barton,
Fenno. Valley of the Chemung, Lucy. Along the Susquehanna
from Athens to Tunkhannock, Clute. Found usually on dryish
banks. Scape bearing a few-flowered umbel of drooping, rose-
colored flowers; bulb tough, scarcely edible. July.

FLORA OK THE Ll'l'EK SUsmUEUANNA. 109

A. Canadense L. Wild Onion. Wild Garlic. Abundant on
moist banks, in meadows and along streams. Umbels with
bulblets among the flowers. Bulb small, strong-scented, tender,
mild to the taste, edible. Our commonest species of Allium.
May.

The Star-of Bethlehem ( Ornithogalujn timbellatum ) and

the Grape Hyacinth ( Muscari botrioides) belong here. They
are occasionally reported as escapes, but probably do not per-
sist long in the wild state.

HEMEROCALLIS L

H. fulva L. Day Lily. Common throughout as an escape that
has become well naturalized. Found along roadsides, banks of
streams, etc. Flowers large, dull red, several on each scape.

The Lily-of-the- Valley ( Convallaria majalis ) is occasion-
ally found as an escape but apparently does not spread, al-
though persisting for many years on the sites of old dwellings.

POLYGONATUM Adans.

P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomon's Seal. Common in moist,
rich woods, thickets and ravines. Rootstock thick, knotted,
creeping, marked with scars where the stems of previous years
have been. Stem two feet or more high, somewhat drooping;
leaves ovate oblong, nearly sessile ; flowers usually in pairs from
the axils of the leaves. In early spring the tips of the young
shoots are gathered and used like asparagus. May.

P. biflorum commutatum ( R. & S.) Morong. Great Solo-
mon's Seal. Common on the banks of the larger streams
throughout our range. In appearance much like the preceding,
except that it is very much larger. ( P. gtganteum Dietrich.)

ASPARAGUS L.

A. officinalis L. Asparagus. Not uncommon throughout in
fields, meadows and waste grounds. An escape from cultiva-
tion that is well naturalized.

VAGNERA Adans.

V. racemosa (L.) Morong. False Solomon's Seal. Wild
Spikenard. Common in moist, rich woods and thickets. Plant

110 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

similar in appearance to Polyg07iatum, but with the stem end-
ing in a racemose panicle of minute, whitish flowers that are
followed by aromatic red berries. May. ( Smilicina racemosa
Desf . )
V. trifolia ( L.) Morong. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Tam-
arack swamp in Preston, three miles from Oxford, Coville.
( Sjm'h'cma trifolia Desf. )

UNIFOLIUM Adans.
U. Canadense (Desf.) Greene. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal.
\'ery common in moist woods and thickets, especially about the
bases of trees and old stumps. Leaves two or three, ovate, cor-
date at base ; flowers white, very .small, in a simple raceme.
May. {Maianthemurn Canadense Desf.)

STREPTOPUS MicHx.

S. roseus Michx. Twisted Stalk. Tolerably common in damp
woods and thickets. Stem branching, in appearance like a
Polygonatiim ; flowers rose-purple, on the under side of the
stem, one from the axil of each leaf ; peduncle somewhat bent
near the middle. May.

S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. Twisted Stalk. Frequent, Graves.
The only station.

DISPORUM Salisb.

D. lanuginosum (Michx.) Britton. Hairy Disporum. Very
rare. Oxford, Coville. Binghamton, Chite. Kirkwood, Steu-
ben county, Lucy. The only stations. May.

CLINTONIA Raf.

C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Northern Clintonia. Yjillow Clin-
ToNiA. Common in cool, moist woods. Leaves two or three,
oblong, thick ; flowers several on a scape, bell-shaped, yellowish ;
berry blue. May, June.

UVULARIA L,
U. perfoliata L. Mealy Bellwort. Common in rich, open
woods. Stem about a foot high, forking ; flowers one or two,
pendulous, straw-colored, the inside of the perianth covered
with shining orange or yellow grains. Our only fragrant spe-
cies. May.

KLURA OK THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. Ill

U. grandiflora J. E. Smith. Lar(^.e-flo\vered Bellwort. Less
common than the preceding which it much resembles. Found
in rich woods. Rather tall ; flowers large, yellow, the long seg-
ments of the perianth twisted. May.

U. sessilifolia L. Wild Oats. Plentiful in woodlands and thick-
ets. In general appearance like the other members of the
genus. Flowers rather small, pale yellow. May. ( Oakesia
St'ssilifolia Watson. )

KRYTHRONIUM L.

E. Americanum Ker. Adder's Ton(;le. Dug-tooth Violet.
Yellow Lii.v. Fawn Lu.v. Abundant in nearly all low thick-
ets on river banks, etc. Leaves two or three, oblong, spotted
with brown ; flowers single, drooping, brownish outside, yellow
inside, the segments revolute in sunshine. Bulb very deep in
the earth. This plant does not flower until its bulbs have reached
a sufficient depth. To accomplish this, the young bulbs near
the surface send out long runners that form new bulbs at their
extremities, upon which the central bulb dies. The large flow-
ering bulbs commonly do not send out runners. One of our
earliest spring flowers. The foliage disappears before midsum-
mer.

E. albidum Nutt. White Adder's Tonguk. Rare. O.^ford,
Coville. Susquehanna, Graves. ]\Iuch like the preceding.
Perianth pinkish- white.

LILIUxM L.

L. Philadelphicum L. Wild Red Lily. Philadelphia Lily.
Wood Lily. Abundant in woods, thickets and pastures. Stem
simple, leafy ; flowers one or two, erect, the segments on claws,
spreading, orange or red, spotted with purple and brown inside.
Our earliest species. June.

L. superbum L. Turk's-cap Lily. Siperb Lily. Least com-
mon of our lilies. Apparently restricted to the borders of our
larger streams, but there abundant in some places. Stem tall
and stout, bearing numerous large, drooping, orange-yellow
flowers, spotted inside with brown ; segments of the perianth
strongly revolute. An elegant species. Aug.

112 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

L. Canadense L. Canada Lily. Meadow Lily. Wild Yellow
Lily. \'ery common in meadows and on ihe borders of streams.
Flowers drooping, yellow or orange, spotted with brown; seg-
ments not revolute. July.

All our lilies do well in cultivation, and of ten reach a greater

size than in the wild state.

MEDEOLA L.
M. Virginiana L. Indian Clx-umber-root. Common in moist,
rich woods. Stems a foot or more high, the sterile with a whorl
of oblanceolate leaves at the top, the fertile with a second
smaller whorl above the other, from the center of which depend
several greenish-yellow flowers with revolute segments; berries
dark red. The rootstock is tapering, white, crisp, edible, and
has the taste of cucumbers. May, June.

TRILLIUM L.
T. erectum L. Red Trillium. Wake Robin. Birth-root.
Common in damp woods and thickets. Leaves three, rhom-
boidal, sessile, in a whorl at the top of the stem; flowers single,
the three outer segments green, the inner dull purple, deflexed
beneath the leaves, ill -scented. An albino form of this, with
flowers cream-colored, is the so-called variety alba. May.

T. grandiflorum (Michx.) SaHsb. White Trillium. Wake
Robin, White Lily. Common in woods and thickets. Re-
sembles the preceding. Flower large, erect, the inner segments
pure white, turning pink with age. Easy of cultivation. May.

T. undulatum Willd. Painted Trillium. Smiling Wake Robin.
Tolerably common in wet woodlands, borders of swamps, and
knolls in wet pastures. Leaves petiolate ; inner segments of the
erect flower spreading, wavy-edged, white striped with purple
toward the base. May. ( T. erythrocarpiim Michx.)

CHAM.^LIRIUM Willd.
C. luteum (L.) A.Gray. Blazing Star. Devil's Bit. Not
common. Not noted in the upper Chenango valley, Coville.
Found on dryish hillsides, usually in partial shade. Leaves
lanceolate ; staminate and pistillate flowers white, on separate
plants, in long, wand-like, spiked racemes. June. ( C. Carolin-
ianiDH Willd.)

FLOKA OF THE LITER SUSQUEHANNA. lU

vi:ratrl'm l.

V. viride Ait. Whitk Hiilei:"RI::, Im-ian Puke. Common
along streams and in other low grounds. Stem tall, very leafy ;
leaves ovate, strongly veined and plaited: flowers greenish, in a
terminal pyramidal panicle. A characteristic plant in all wet
places. Root poisonous.

PONTEDERIACE/E.

POXTEDERIA L.

P. cordata L. Pickerel-Weed. Rare. Borders of lakes and
ponds, Graves. Carmalt Lake, Fenno. Elsewhere not re-
ported. Found in shallow water. Leaves cordate, long
petioled ; flowers blue, in a dense spike. A common plant that
is rare with us for want of suitable localities in which to grow.

. HETERANTHERA R. & P.

H. dubia ( Jacq. ) Mac^L Water Star-grass. Mid Plantain.
Common in shallow water on the borders of our larger streams.
Not always submersed. Leaves long, grass-like; flowers small,
yellow, with a long, thread-like tube. Aug. ( H. graminea

Vahl.)

The common spiderwort ( Tradescantia Virguiiana L. )

belongs here. It is occasionally found as an escape about old
buildings, but does not persist long in a wild state. Common
in cultivation.

JUNCACE/E.

JUNCUS L.

J. effusus L. Common Rush. Bulrlsii. Bijc, Rish. Abun-
dant in all swamps and wet grounds.

J. marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaved Rl sh. Plentiful in moist
grounds, Graves ; Fenno. Elsewhere not reported.

J. tenuis Willd. Slender Rlsh. Abundant throughout in wet
or dry soil. Frequent along paths.

114 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

J. bufonius L. Toad Rlsh. Very plentiful about pools that
dry up in summer.

J. articulatus L. Jointed Rlsh. Big Butler Lake and else-
where not rare, Graves. The only stations reported.

J. acuminatus Michx, Sharp -poixted Rush. Very common in
low grounds. Heads often proliferous.

J. nodosus L. Knotted Rush. Frequent at Oxford, Coville.

J. Canadensis J. Gay. Canada Rush. Frequent in swamps at
Preston, McDonough and German, Coville.
JUNCOIDES Adans.

J. pilosum ( L.) Kuntze. Hairy Wood Rush. Common through-
out in moist woodlands and on shady banks. Plant grass-like ;
flowers like minute brownish lilies. May. ( Liiziila vernalis
DC.)

J. campestre (L.) Kuntze, Common Wood Rush. Plentiful in
open woods in dry or moist soil. Much resembles the preced-
ing, but with flowers in close clusters. ( Lu:ziila canipestris
DC.)

TYPHACE/E.

TYPHA L.

T. latifolia L. Cat-tail. Abundant in swamps throughout our
range. A well-known plant.

T. angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. In ditches along
the railway at Oxford, possibly introduced from passing trains,
Coville. The only station.

SPARQANIACE/C.

SPARGANIUM L.

S. eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited Bur-rekd. Common
in marshes and the borders of streams. Leaves somewhat re-
sembling the cat-tail; fruit assembled in globular heads.

S. simplex Huds. Sind-le-stemmed Buk-keed. Less common
than the preceding. Plant much smaller; inflorescence not
branched.

FLUKA 01' TIIK UPPER SLSyLEUAN-NA. 115

S.androcladum (Engelm. ) Morong. Bran« mim; Bir-reeu. Mil-
lers INjnd, Chemung county, Lucy. The only station. (S. sitn-
pit'.x, var. androLladmn Engelm.)

ARACE/E.

ARIS.EMA Mart.

A. triphyilum (L.) Torr. I.m.ian Tl rmi'. jA<;K;-iN-THE-if;i.i'n.
Very common in moist woodlands and ravines. Leaves usually
two, three-parted; scape single, the spathe surrounding and
arching over the spadix; corm turnip-shaped, very acrid when
green. Medicmal.

A. Dracontium (L. ) Schott. Grke.v Dka(;un. Plentiful along
the banks of our larger streams. Rare, Lucy. Leaf usually
solitary, with five to seven leaflets; spadix attenuate and much
longer than the spathe.

PELTANDRA Raf.

P. Virginica (L. ) Kunth. Grekn Arrow-arum. Cinnamon Lake ;
plentiful, Z,?^n'. The only station. {P. undu/aUi Kai.)

CALLA L.

C. palustris L. Wild Calla. Water Akim. Common in
swamps and on boggy shores. Not reported from the Chemung
valley. Rhizome extensively creeping ; flowers much resembling
those of the cultivated calla lily, but smaller ; spathe flat and
open; occasionally blooms in autumn. An interesting plant,
ea-iily cultivated. May, June.

SPATHYEMA Rai.

S. foetida (L.) Raf. Sklnk Cahiia(;e. Abundant on the margin
of swamps and in all low grounds. Leaves very large, veiny;
flowers preceding the leaves; spathe shell-shaped, surrounding
the globular spadix. A characteristic plant in wet places. The
bruised foliage has an odor like that of the skunk. One of the
earliest flowers to bloom. March. (Symplocarpus fivtidus
Salisb. )

116 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

ORONTIUM L.

O. aquaticum L. Goldex Clip.. Rare. Brisbin Pond ; Jam
Pond, Coiille. Bog near Jarvis street Binghamton ; Thomp-
son's marsh; plentiful at the latter station, Clute. Elsewhere
not reported. This plant is abundant in certain lakes just south
of our range, where it is reported to have been planted by In-
dians. It may possibly occur at a few other stations within our
limits. Found always in very wet soil, often in standing water.
Leaves oblong, on long petioles ; spadix near the tip of a long,
slender scape. A curious plant, well named from its inflor-
escence— a golden club.

ACORUS L.

A. Calamus L. Sweet Flag. ■ CALAMrs-RooT. Tolerably com-
mon on the borders of swamps and along streams. Leaves re-
sembling those of Typha; scapes similar to the leaves, the spa-
dix borne on one edge near the top ; rootstock thick, creeping,
valued for its aromatic flavor and warm, pungent taste.

LEMNACE/E.

SPIRODELA ScHLEiD.

5. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Duck Weed. Dlxk Meat. Very
abundant in stagnant pools and slow streams throughout our
range, floating on the surface of the water. Thallus small,
round-obovate, with a cluster of rootlets from the center of the
under surface. In autumn the fronds develop minute bulblets,
which sink to the bottom to rise and vegetate in spring. One
of the smallest of flowering plants, but often found in such abun-
dance as to hide the water in which it grows.

LEMNA L.

L. minor L. Small Dick Weld. Less common than the pre-
ceding and found in the same places. Thallus obovate; root
solitary.

L. trisuica L. I\ v-lk.wku Di < k Wkkm. Siar Dk k Weed.
Brisbin swamp, Coville. The only station.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. IT

ALISMACE/€.

ALISMA L.

A. PlantagO'aquatica L. Waikr Pi.am ain. Common in swamps,
along streams and in other low grounds, often in shallow water.
Leaves ovate or oblong ; panicle a foot or more high, with nu-
merous, small, white or pale pink, three-parted ilowers. June-
Aug. { A. piixntago L. )

SAGITTARIA L.

S. latifolia Willd. Cummon Arrow-head. Broad-ieaved Ar-
row-head. Frequent in wet ground or shallow water. A char-
acteristic plant on the borders of our larger streams. Ouite
variable as to foliage. ( S. variabilis Engelm. )

S. rigida Pursh. SESsiLEFRiiTiNCr Arrow-head. Less common
than the preceding; found in the same places. Leaves variable,
usually narrow, entire or with slender basal lobes. ( 5. hctero-
phylla Pursh.)

S. graminea Michx. Grass-leavkd Arrow-head. Geneganslet
Lake ; abundant, Coville. Coves of the Chenango and Susque-
hanna; plentiful, CI lite. Along the Susquehanna in shallow
water. Graves ; Fenjio. Not reported elsewhere. Leaves long-
petioled, the blades linear to elliptic, often submerged.

JUNCAGINACE/E.

SCHEUCHZERIA L.

S. palustris L. Very rare Round Pond. McDonough; Brisbin
Pond, Coville. Pond Brook. CI life. '• Ararat marsh, Dudley."
— Flora of the Lackawauua and Hjomiiig \' alleys. The
only stations.

NAIADACE/C.

POTAMOGETOX L.

P. natans L. C<'MM<».\ Pond Wild. Common in slow streams
and pools throughout our range.

118 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

P. Nuttallii Cham. <fc Schlecht. Almost as common as the pre-
ceding in ponds and streams. {P. Pen7isylv aniens Cham.)

P. Spirillus Tuckerm. Spiral Pond Weed. •* Cayuta Lake." —

Cayuga Flora.

P. lonchites Tuckerm. Susquehanna river, Graves. Chemung
river, Z//Q'. Chenango river, Q?t////<?. {P. fltatans 'R.oth..)

P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved Pond Weed. Goodrich
Lsike, Hoy. Oy^iovd., Co7'il/e. "Cayuta Lake." — Cayuga Flora.

P. heterophyllus Schreb. "Cayuta Lake." — Cayuga Flora,

P. perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaved Pond Weed. Chenango
river, Coville. Chemung river, Lucy. Susquehanna river,
Graves.

P. crispus L. Chemung river; not rare, Lucy.

P. zosterasfolius Schum. Chenango river, Coville. Susque-
hanna river, Graves.

P. pectinatus L. Fennel-leaved Pond Weed. Chemung river,
Lucy. Chenango river, Coville. Susquehana river, Graves.

P. foliosus Raf. Chenango river at Oxford, Coville. {P.
pauciflorus Pursh. )

As yet our pond weeds are but little known. Further study

of this group will certainly disclose more species within our
boundaries, and extend the list of stations for those that have
been identified.

ZANNICHELLIA L.

Z. paluBtris L. Horned Pond Weed. Below the feeder dam
in the Chenango river north of Oxford, Coville. The only
station.

NAIAS L.

N. flexilis (Willd) Rost. & Schmidt. Oxford, Coville. Unadilla
Forks, Prown. The only stations reported.

ERIOCAULACE/E.

HRIOCAULON L.
E. septangulare With. Sfaen-an(;led Pipewokt. Cinnamon
Luke, abundant, Lucy. The only station.

FLOUA OF TUE Ul'l'ER SUS^^UKHANNA. Ill)

CYPERACE/C.

CYPKRrS L.

C. diandrus Torr. Low C\ i'krls. Common in low grounds and
on tlie banks of rivers and streams. Annual.

C. rivularis Kunth. Shimm; Cyi'Ekus. Along Apalachin Creek
with the preceding, Fennot Scales dark chestnut color. ( C
titandncs, var. castaneiis Torr.)

C. arlstatus Rottb. Awned Cvierus. Rare. Harrington's Is-
land, Lucy. Shores of the Susquehanna, Clute. The only
stations. This species is very small and may easily be over-
looked.

C. dentatus Torr. Toothed Cvi-erus. Pond Brook; not com-
mon, Clute. The only station. Scales reddish-brown, tips
spreading, appearing as if toothed.

C. esculentus L. Yellow Nit- Grass. Harrington's Island,
Lucy. Apalachin Creek, Fcnno. Oxford, Coville. Near Sus-
quehanna, Graves. Elsewhere not reported. Root usually
bearing small tubers. Sometimes becomes troublesome as a
weed, but with us the plant is rare.

C. strigosus L, Straw-colored Cvi'ERus. Common throughout
in low grounds. A variable species.

DULICHIUM L. C. Rkhard.

D. arundinaceum ( L.) Britton. Common Dllichrm. Plenti-
ful on the borders of swamps and streams. ( D. spathacetim
Pers. )

ELEOCHARIS R. Bk.

E. ovata (Roth) Roem. cV Schult. Ovate Si'IKe-rcsh. Very
common throughout our range in wet and muddy places. Well
known to sight at least. Bristles of the spike six to eight.

E. palustris ( Roth) Roem. iV Schult. Siike-rlsh. Not com-
mon. Butler Lake and borders of ponds, Graves. Apalachin,
in shallow water, Fenno. Bristles, four.

120 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

E. acicularis (L.) Roem, S: Schult. Needle-Spike-rush. Very-
corn mon on the borders of lakes and streams at the very-
edge of the water. Stems usually less than six inches high,
often forming thick mats over considerable areas. Bristles three
or four, falling early.

SCIRPUS L.

S. planifoHus Muhl. Wi^ou Club-rush. Frequent on dry knolls,
Lj^cv. Plentiful on dry banks at Apalachin, Fenno. Elsewhere
not reported ; probably overlooked. Bristles four to six, barbed
upward. The bristle-tipped scale overtopping [the chestnut-
brown spikelet.

S. lacustris L. Great Bull-rush. Common on the borders of
lakes and the larger streams, nearly always in shallow water.
Stems round and very tall.

S. atrovirens Muhl. Dark-Green Bull rush. Common about
swamps, ditches and in low grounds generally throughout our
range. Our earliest Scirpus.

S. polyphyllus Vahl. Leafy Bull-rush. Not uncommon,
Graves. Elsewhere not reported. Spikelets yellow-brown,
clustered in threes and eights, division of the umbel short.
Bristles six, flexuous. Resembles S. atrovirens. Verified by
Prof. Thomas C. Porter.

S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool-Grass. Cotton- Grass. Very
plentiful in low grounds. ( Eriophorum cyperinum L. )

S. cyperinus Eriophorum (Michx.) Britton. Probably more
common than the type, from which it is distinguished by its
long-pedicelled, lateral spikes. {Eriophorum cyperinum, var.
I ax u VI Gray.)

ERIOPHORUM L.

E. Virginicum l>. Virginl\ Cotton-Grass. Common in bogs
and swamps throughout our range, except in the Chemung val-
ley, where it is probably overlooked. Wool rusty, or copper-
colored ; spikelets nearly sessile.

E. polystachyon L. Tall Cotton-Gkass. Frequent. Found
in the same situations as the preceding. Culms a foot or more

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSgUEHANNA. 121

high; wool white, copious, in tufts like cotton; noticeable at a
considerable distance. Dr. Lucy observes that this species does
not occur in the Chemung valley.

RHYXCHOSPORA Vahi .

R. alba (L.) Vahl. Win if. Be.ak-rish. Rather rare. Pond
Brook, frequent, Clute. Mutton-Hill Pond; bogs north of Bar-
ton, Fernio. The only stations.

CLADIUM P. Bk.

C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Twic.-rusii. The only known
station for this plant within our limits is at Pond Brook, where

it is frequent, Clute.

CAREX L.

C. pauciflora Lightf. Fe\v-fi.<>wkred Sr:D(;E. Very rare. "Jones'
Lake, near Montrose, Pa. (Garber, 1869). The southern limits
of this species." — List of the Carices of Pennsylvania, Porter.

C, abacta Bailey. Yellowish Sed^^e. Very rare. A single spec-
imen found on the borders of Beebe's swamp and now in the
Herbarium of Lafayette College. This is the only specimen
reported from the State of Pennsylvania, Graves. (C
Mil hail. xiana Breckl. )

C. intumescens Rudge. Bladder Sedge, Abundant in wet
pastures and swamps.

C. Asa-Grayi Bailey. Gray's Sedge. Plentiful near Barton,
Fenno. Specimen verified by Dr. C. H. Peck. (C Grayii
Carey.)

C. lupulina Muhl. Hor Sedge. Common. Found on the bor-
ders of swamps throughout our range. Spikes hop like in aspect.

C. utriculata Boott. Bottle Sed(;e. Tolerably common on the
borders of ponds and swamps.

•C. monile Tuckm. Necklace Sedge. Somewhat rare. Susque-
hanna, (', raves. Franklin, Hoy, The only stations.

C. TuckermanI Dewey. Tickerman's Sedge. More common
than the preceding, which it much resembles. Found through
out our range

122 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

C. bullata Schk. Bltton Sedge. Rare Wet ditch near Brush-
ville; Butlers Lake, Graves. The only stations. Specimen
identified by Prof. T. C. Porter.

C. retrorsa Schwein. Retrokse Sedge. Not uncommon in
swamps and wet meadows.

C. retrorsa Hartii (Dewey) A. Gray. Very rare. Swale near
Beebe's swamp. Graves. Verified by Prof. T. C. Porter. One
of the rarest of Pennsylvania carices.

C. lurida Wahl. Sallow Sedgk. Plentiful throughout our range
in wet and sometimes in dry soil.

C. lurida gracilis (Boott.) Bailey. Found in the same places as
the preceding, with \shich it is often confused.

C. Schweinitzii Dewey. Schweinitz's Sed(;e. Veryrare. Found
at Beebe's swamp. Never reported from Pennsylvania but once
before and then by Schweinitz himself, Graves.

C. hystrlcina Muhl. Porcipine Sedge. Less frequent than C.
lurida, with which it is often confounded. Found in marshes
and low ground.

C. Pseudo=Cyperus L. Cvperus-like Sedge. Somewhat rare.
Lowe's Pond, town of Big Flats, Lucy Butler's Lake; Beebe's
Swamp, Graves. Pond Brook. Clute. Elsewhere not reported.

C. Pseudo-C> perus Americana Hochst. More common than the
type and found in similar places.

C. scabrata Schwein. Roi (;ii Sed(;e. Common in wet shades

throughout.

C. filiformis lanuginosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Woolly Sedge. Not
common. Botany Swamp. Elmira, Lucy. Bear Swamp, Graves.
Pond Brook, Clute. Not noted elsewhere. {C. filiformis var.
laiifolia B<i.ckl.)

C. trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-friti ed Sed(;e. Mutton-Hill Pond,
I'oino. Lisle. N. Y. ; not rare, Graves ; Clute. Not noted
elsewhere. The variety imberhis is reported from Beebe's
Swamp, {(iraves.)

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 123

C. riparia Curtis. Rivkr-isank SKi.t;K. Jenning's Swamp, New
Miltord; not plentiful, iJrai'is. Binghaniton; common in
swamps, Clutc. In marshes, Apalaehin; freijuent, I\'>ino.

C. strlcta Lam. TrssocK Skj»;e. Common on river banks and
elsewhere. Graves ; Fttino.

C. Strlcta angustata (Boott) Bailey. Common with the type,
Graves.

C. stricta decora Bailey. Frequent with the type, Grai'as.

C. torta Boott. Twistkd Ski)(;e. Most plentiful in the eastern
part of our range. Found on the banks of streams.

C. prasina Wahl. Drooi'im; Sei)<;e. Not uncommon at Susque-
hanna, Graves. Rare, Lucy. Elsewhere not reported.

C. crinita Lam. Drooiinc Sei»i;e. FRiNt;ED Sei)(;e. Common in
swamps and on the banks of streams. A noticeable and elegant
species. Achenes curved. The variety gyjiandra is reported
by Li4cy and Fe7ino.

C. crinita minor Boott. Common with the type, Graves.

C. limosa L. Mid Sedge. Pond Brook; not common, Clute.
The only station.

C. virescens Muhl. Downy Green Sed(;e. Common on dry
banks and grassy places. Graves. Elsewhere not reported ;
probably overlooked.

C. virescens costata (Schw.) Dewey. Occasional in dry soil
with the tyi:>e, Gra7<es. Quite distinct from the preceding.

C. triceps hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. Hairy Sed«;e. Barton; rare.
Fenno. Elmira; not frequent, Z/z-rr. Foliage bright green.

C. longirostris Torr. Lonc.-heakei) Sed(;e. Somewhat rare, found
on rich river banks. Noticeable on account of its long beak
and long acuminate scale.

124 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

C. arctata Boott. Dkoopinc; Wood Sedge. Most frequent in the
eastern part of our range. Found along roadsides in open
woods.

C. debilis Rudgei Bailey. Slender-stalked Sedge. Found in
the same places as the preceding, which it closely resembles,
Graves ; Fenno.

C. )!;racillima Schwein. Graceful Sed(;e. Common throughout
in moist u-o^dlands.

C. grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. Frequent throughout in wood-
lands and thickets, wet or dr}-. Perigynium plump and beak-
less.

C. granulans Muhl. Meadow Sedge. Rare, Lucy. Infrequent,
Fenno. Not common, Clute. Not reported from Susquehanna
county.

C. flava L. Yellow Sedge. Pond Brook ; not uncommon, Clute.
The only station.

C. pallescens L. Pale Sedge. Most common in the eastern part
of our range. Found in fields, along roadsides and on banks.
Easily confused with C. granularts, but distinguished from it
by the beakless perigynium.

C. laxiflora Lam. Loose-flowered Sedge. Very common in
open woods and thickets throughout our range.

The \Sir\Qt\es patulifoli'a, blanda Sind. varians of C. laxi-
flora are reported from the same localities as the type. Doubt-
less the other varieties of this extremely variable species may
yet be found.

C. styloflexa Buckley. Bent Sedge. In moist soil at Barton;
infrequent, Fenno. (C laxiflora, var. styloflexa Boott.)

C. albursina Sheldon. White Bear Sedge. Not uncommon in
rich shaded soil, especially in ravines. (C laxiflora, v&v. lati-
folia Boott. )

•C. digitalis Willd. Slender Wood Sed(;e Somewhat rare.
Found in dryish open woods and thickets. Leaves bright
green; perigynium slightly bent.

FLUKA UF THE Ll'rEK bUSQUEilANNA. 125

C. laxiculmis Schwein. Spkeadinh; Sedge. Cannavan's Glen
and elsewhere; not common, Grai'es. Lowman's Swamp
woods; rare, Lucy. Elsewhere not reported.

C. plantag;inea Lam. Plam ai.n lka\ ed Sf.dgf:. Fairly plentiful
in dry, shady phues, in rich soil. An early species.

C. Pennsylvanica Lam. Pexnsvi.\ania Sei»ge. Abundant in all
dry thickets and on half -shaded knolls. Probably oar common-
est species and one of the earliest to bloom. A noticeable
species in spring, its yellow anthers contrasting strongly with
its reddish staminate scales.

C. pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Fidrous-rooted Sedge. Tol-
erably common in dry woods and thickets. (C. communis
Bailey. 1

C. umbellata Schk. L'mhel-like Sedge. Plentiful along old
wood-roads in thin, grassy places, Graves. Spikes often hid-
den in the old leaves, hence unobserved.

C. pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Sed<;e. Infrequent. Susque-
hanna, Graves. Barton, Fenno. Elsew^here not reported.

C. leptalea Wahl. Bristle- stalked Sedge. Common on the
borders of swamps. Not reported from the Chemung valley.
(C polytrkhoides Muhl. )

C. stipata Muhl. Awl-krl ited Sedge. Common throughout on
the borders of ditches and swamps. Spikelets terminal in an
oblong cluster.

C. vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. Common throughout in low
grounds.

C. tenella Schk. Soi t-i.eaved Sedge. Pond Brook. Not un-
common, Cluie. Cranberry marsh, Graves. Elsewhere not
reported.

C. rosea Schk. Stellate Sed(;e. Common in moist woods and
thickets.

C. rosea radiata Dewey. Similar in appearance, abundance and
distribution to the preceding.

126 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

C. retroflexa Muhl. Reflexed Sedge. Occasional in rich up-
land woods. (C. rosea, van retroflexa Torr. )

C. sparganioides Muhl. Plentiful m shady places, wet or dry.

C. cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-leaved Sedge. Not common.
Found on dry hills. Reported by Graves and Lucy only.

C. cephalophora Muhl. Oval-headed Sed(;e. Common on dry
knolls and in open woodlands.

C. sterilis Willd. Little Prickly Sedge. Not uncommon in
swamps and bogs. The variety cephalantha is reported occa-
sional by Graves. {C. echinata, var. micros t achy s Boeckl.)

C. canescens L. Silvery Sedge. Not uncommon m swamps
and the borders of ponds.

C. trlsperma Dewey. Three-fruited Sedge. Infrequent.
Pound plentiful in a few small areas. Susquehanna, Gra7>es.
Pond Brook, Glide. Barton, Fenno. Elsewhere not reported.

C. Deweyana Schwein. Dewey's Sedge. Plentiful in dry,' open
woods.

C. bromoides Schk. Brome-like Sedge. Common in shaded
swamps and wet woodlands. '

C. tribuloides Wahl. Blunt Broom Sedge. Common in low-
grounds and swamps. Spikes usually clustered in a blunt,
heavy head.

C. tribuloides Bebbii (Olney) Bailey. Occasional with the type,
(irai'es. Heads very dense.

C. scoparia Schk. Poi.vted Broom Sed(;e. Very common m wet,
open places everywhere. Distinguished by its tawny, sharp-
pointed spikes.

C. straminea Willd. Straw Sedge. Common in dry fields and
on banks throughout our range. One of our earliest species.

C. straminea festucacea (Willd.) Tuckm. Beebe's flats; not
rare, Graves. (G. straminea, var. brevior Bailey.)

FLORA OF THE UI'I'KR SUS'^UEUA.NNA. 127

GRAMINE/E.

PANIC I'M L.

P. lineare Krock. Smooth Crabmirass. Common and trouble-
some, lunno : Hoy. (P. g/abrum Ga.\i([.)

P. sangulnale L. Common Ckah-lrass. FiN<;Kk-(;i<A>>s. Com-
mon in cultivated ground throughout our range.

P. proliferum Lam. On an island in the Susquehanna at Apala-
chin ; rare, l-'enno.

P. capillare L. Olh Witch Grass Common and troublesome
in all cultivated grounds

P. elongatum Pursh. Aurostis i.ikk Pamclm. Tolerably com-
mon on wet shores. Not reported from the Chemung valley.
{P. agrostoidesls\\:^\.)

P. virgatum- L. Along the Susquehanna throughout Tioga
county, 1-\h)W.

P. xanthophysum Gray. Slender Pankum. "Near Painted
Post." — Cayuga Flora.

P. Walter! Poir. Common in open upland woods and thickets.

(/'. latifoUum L. )

P. clandestinum L. Hisitd Panki m. Common in thickets and

on river banks. Not reported from the Chemung valley.
P. commutatum Schultes. Apalachin, /-tv/z/^^ The only station.

P. depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panicl'm. Common in dry

soils.
p. pubescens Lam. Hairv Panful-m. Common in dry fields and

waste places.
P. dichotomum L. Forked Pamcim. Very common in dry

woods and fields.
P. CruS'galli L. Barn- yard Grass. CocksI'lr Gra>s. \'ery

common in dry soils throughout our range.

P. Crus-galli hispidum (Muhl.) Torr. Common on river banks

and in moi:
preceding.

128 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

P. miliaceum L. Millet. Occasionally found in waste places
throughout.

CHAM.^RAPHIS R. Br.

C. glauca (L. ) Kuntze. Fox Tail. Pigeon Grass. Very com-
mon in dry fields and along roadsides throughout our range.
{Si'taria g/aiwa Beauv. )

C, viridis ( L. ) Porter. Green Fox Tail. Less common than the
preceding and found in the same place. {Set aria viridis
Beauv. )

The millet (C. Italica) is frequent in cultivation and occa-
sionally persists along roadsides and in old fields for some time.

HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg.

H. VIrginicus (Willd.) Britton. White Grass. Common
throughout in damp, shady places. {Leersia Virginica^'xW^.)

H. oryzoides (L. ) Poll. Cut Grass. False Rice. Frequent in
swamps and along streams. {Leersia oryzoides Swartz.)

ANDROPOGON L.

A. provincialis Lam. Forked Beard-grass. Big Blue-stem.
Not uncommon on the backs of our larger streams. ( A. fur-
caius Muhl.)

A. scoparius Michx. Little Blue stem Less common than the
preceding. Usually found m rather dry ground.

A. nutans avenaceus (Michx ) Hack. Indian Grass. Wooi>
Gra>s. Tolerably common on dry, shady banks, especially
along streams. {Chrysopogon nutans Benth.)

PHALARIS L.

P. arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. Infrequent. Found on
the borders of lakes and streams. The variety picta with
white-striped leaves is the familiar ribbon-grass of old gardens.

The canary-grass {P. Ca?iariensis) is not. uncommon in

waste places. It apparently does not persist long.

ANTHOXANTHUM L.

A. odoratum L. Sweet Vkrnal-(;rass. Frequent along road-
sides and in fields. Rare, Lucy. Very sweet-scented in drying.

FLORA OF THE ll'I'EK SUS'^LEHANNA. 129

ORVZOPSIS Ml. iix.

O. melanocarpa Muhl. Black Mountalv Ki< k. Plentiful on a
rocky hillside west of Barton, Fenno. Oxford, Coi'i/ie. Else-
where not repoited.

O. asperlfolla Michx. Moimaln Ri« t.. Frequent in moist up
land woods, Gra:'t's ; Feniio ; Lucv.

MILIUM I..

M. effusum L. Wild Millli. Tolerably common in wet. shady
places.

MCHLENBERGIA S( hreh.

M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Mihlenber.^.l^. Not rare ; m
rocky woods. Graves.

M. racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Wild Timothn. Mar^h Mi hlen-
i;er(;ia. Frequent in wet grounds, uraves ; Fenno. Else-
where not reported. ( M. glomerata Trin.)

M. Mexicana (L. ) Trin. Meadow Mi HLENnER«;iA. Not uncom-
mon in low grounds throughout our range.

M. sylvatica ( Torn ) A. Gray. Woodland Drop-seld. Com-
mon on the wooded banks of streams, Fenno ; Graves; Coville.
Elsewhere not reported; probably overlooked.

M. diffusa Schreb. Drop-seed. Nimble-will. Common at
Apalachin and Barton. Fenno. Elsewhere not reported.

BRACK YE LYTRUM Beau v.

B. erectum ( Schreb. ) Beauv. Bearded Short-hlsk. Frequent
in moist upland woods throughout our range. ( /?. aristation
Beauv. )

PHLEUM L.

P. pratense L. Timothy. Herd's Grass. Abundant in cultiva-
tion and naturalized everywhere. The principal meadow grass
of our region.

ALOPECURUS L.

A. pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. West of Apalachin; not

common, Fenno.
A. geniculatus L. Floating Foxtail. South of Apalachin in a

small stream ; infrequent, J'enno.

I

130 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

SPOROBOLUS R. Br.

S. vaginaeflorus (Torr. ) Wood. Not uncommon throughout
Tioga county, l\'nno.

AGROSTIS L.

A. alba L. Red-ToP. White Bent-crass. Plentiful in fields.
Cultivated for hay. Probably not indigenous.

A. alba vulgaris (With.) Thurb. Red top. Herd's Grass.
Common in low meadows, ^'ery similar to the preceding.

A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin Grass. Plentiful in
shaded places.

A. hiemalis ( Walt. ) B. S. P. Hair-grass. Not uncommon in
shaded places. ( A. scabra Willd.)

CINNA L.

C. arundinaceaL Wood Reed grass. Indian Reed. Common
on the borders of ponds and streams.

C. latifolia ( Trev. ) Griseb. Slender Reed-grass. Not uncom-
mon. Found with the preceding. (C. pemhita Trin.)

CALAMAGR03T1S Adans.

C. Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Not uncom-
mon in swamps, wet woods and along streams.

HOLCUS L.

H. lanatus L. Velvet Grass. Soft Meadow-grass, In moist
meadows; frequent, Graves. Rare, Fenno. Elsewhere not
reported.

DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.

D. flexuosa (L.) Trm. Wavy Hair-(;rass. River bank at
Apalachin, Fenno. Rocky upland woods, near Elmira, Liny.
Elsewhere not noted.

AVENA L.

A striata Michx. ' Wili) Oats. Infrequent. Found on rocky
hillsides. Gra7>es ; J-'enno ; Liny. Elsewhere not reported;
probably overlooked.

FLOKA OF TUE UlTEU SUSQUEHANNA.

DAXTHOXIA nC.

D. spicata (L. ) Beauv, \ViuK-GkA.>s. Very common, especially
in dry. sterile soil. This grass often occupies large patches in
meadows, but is disliked by the farmer because its thin, wiry
stems yield little hay.

D. compressa Austin. Flaite-nei- Oat-<;ras^. A])alachin in
shade, I'enjio.

K(1:LERIA Pi:ks.

K. cristata i L. ) Pers. Sullivan Hill; in dry, open woods. Lucy.
Dry bank at Ai)alachin ; plentiful, l-'tuno.

KAToXIA Rai.

E. PennsylvanJca (DC.j A. Gray. Xot uncommon in moist

thickets.

E. Dudleyl \'asey. Binghamton; rare, Clute.

ERA(iR03TIS Be.aiv.

E. hypnoides (Lam.) B S. P. Ckeei'im; Meai.uw (,ka>>. Plen-
tiful along Apalachin Creek and west of Apalachin, l-'enno.
{E. r€pta7is Nees )

E. major Host. Plni;e.\t Meaiiow-(;ra^s. Rare. Roadside.
village of Horseheads, Lucy. Along the railway at Apalachin
and Campville, FeiDio.

E. pilosa ( L. ) Beauv. Apalachin in thin, sandy or gravelly soil,
I'enno.

E. Caroliniana ( Spreng. ) Scribn. Common at a sandbank at
Apalachin. I-cnno. {E. Purs/m '^ohva.d.)

E. Frankii Steud. Abundant in an old gravel pit two miles west
of Apalachin, Ec?ino.

DACTYLIS L.

D. glomerata L. Orchard Grass. Common throughout in
meadows, especially in shade.

POA L.

P. annua L. Low Spear-gras^. Common in lawns, door-yards
and waste places. One of our earliest grasses to mature.

132 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

P. compressa L. Flat-stemmeu Poa, Wire Grass. English
Bllk-(.rass. Common in cultivated grounds, along roadsides
and in other waste places.

P. flava L. False Red-Top. Fowl Meadow Grass. Plentiful
in low meadows and on the banks of streams. {P. serotina
Ehrh.)

P. pratensis L. Kentickv Bue-Grass. June Grass. Common
in meadows, fields and woods throughout our range. The com-
monest of our grasses.

P. trivialis L. Roughish Meadow- Grass. Not common, Fen7io;
Lucy.

P. alsodes A. Gray. Rare. Reported by Zz/ry, /r«;/i? and Cc'^'/■//<?.

P. debilis Torr. Frequent in woods, Fenno.

PANICULARIA Faur.

P. Canadensis (Michx. ) Kuntze. Rattlesnake Grass. Tall
QiAKiNc; Grass. Common in wet places, especially on the bor-
ders of swamps. {Glyceria Canadejisis Trin.)

P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Fowl Meadow-Grass. Not un-
common in wet meadows and swamps. {Glyceria nervata
Trin )

P. aquatica (L.) Kuntze. Reed Meadows-Grass. Tall Meadows-
Grass. Plentiful in marshes or in shallow water. {Glyceria
grandis Watson, )

P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. Floating Manna-Grass. Occasional
in shallow water or wet places. {Glyceria fliiita7is R. Br.)

FESTUCA L.

F. ovina L. Sheep's Fescue. Occasional in la.wns and waste
places.

F. nutans Willd. Noddinm; Fkscue-Grass. Frequent in upland
woods and rocky places.

F. elatlor L. Meadow Fescue. Not uncommon in grass-lands
throughout our range.

BROMUS L.

B. Kalmii A. Gray. Wild Chess. Infrequent. Found in hilly
or rocky woods, Lucy; Fenno; Graves. Elsewhere not reported.

FLORA OF THE IPFER SUSQUEHANNA. 183

B. secalinus L. CMh>s. Cheat. Tolerably common in fields

ami waste places.
B. ciliatus L. Woun C^l.s■^. Fre([uent in low woodlands and on
the banks of streams. The variety purgans Gray, by some
considered a distinct species, is reported with the type.

LOLIUM L.

L. perenne L. Rye Grass. Infrequent, Feu no. Rare, Lucy.
Found in dry. waste places.

AGROPYROX J. G.iKT.N.

A. repens i L.) Beauv. Coicii Gkass. Qiai k Grass. (Jiitch (iRAss.
Abundant in gardens, fields and waste places throughout our
range.

A. caninum (L. ) R. & S. Awned Wheat Gka>s. Not uncom-
mon in dry fields and woods.

HORDEUM L.

H. jubatum L. S«ji irrel-Tail Grass. Occasional in waste
grounds throughout.

ELYMUS L.

E. Virginicus L. Wilp Rye. Tolerably common, especially on
the banks of streams.

E. Canadensis L. Nlmh.i.n., Will Ryk. Common on river banks
throughout our range.

E. striatus Will'^. Wild Rye. Occasional, /•<;•;/;/</. Rare, CV/^/^'.
Elsewhere not reported.

HYSTRIX M.k.n.h.

H. Hystrix (L. ) Millsp BorrLE BRr>H Gra>s. Occasional. Usu-
ally found on the borders of upUmd woods. {Asprella Hystrix
WiUd.)

EQUISETACE.^.

EQUISETUM L.

E. arvense L. Field Horsetail. Very common throughout in
any kind of soil. Fertile stems early in spring, brown in color.
Sterde, later, much different in appearance from the others.

134 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

E. sylvaticum L. Wool) Horsetail. Abundant in moist wood-
lands. Sterile stems producing several very regular whorls of
branches. The most beautiful member of the genus in our
region.

E. fluviatlle L. Pipes. Swamp Horsetail. Plentiful on the
borders of lakes, streams and ditches, often in shallow water.
Stems frequently unbranched, but usually producing a few
straggling branches near the summit of the stem. {E. Ivnosum
L.)

E. hyemale L. Scouring Rush. Shave Grass. Plentiful in low
woodlands, on the banks of streams, and other moist places.
Stems commonly unbranched, stiff, two feet or more high, per-
sisting through the winter.

E. variegatum Schleich. Rare. Brisbin swamp on the margin of
a sand slide, Coville. The only station.

FILICES.

POLYPODIUM L.

V, vulgare L. Common Polypody. Plentiful in our region
wherever outcrops of rock occur. Usually found growing on the
tops of rocks where there is little moisture. Fronds nearly pin-
nate, evergreen, leathery ; the large, round fruit dots on the
under side of the fronds in late summer.

ADIANTUM L.

A. pedatum L. Maikenhair Fern. Abundant throughout in
moist, rich woodlands. Stipe a foot or more high, black and
shining, divided at the top into two curving branches which bear
the pinnte. Fruit beneath a reflexed portion of the pinnule.
Much prized for cultivation.

PTERIS L.

P. aquilina L. Bra* ken. Brake. Eagle Fern. Most abun-
dant on scrubby hillsides, on the borders of fields, roads and
in open woods. Stipe stout and tall, at top bearing three di-
visions, variously subdivided. Rootstock stout, creeping ex-
tensively, bearing the fronds at intervals, all summer. Fruit
produced in a line on the margin of the pinnules.

FLORA OF THE UPPEK Stsyt KllANNA. '*>

I'Hl.L.V.A I-iNK.
p. gracilis (M.chx.) Hook. S.kn.lk C..,h -Hkakk. The only
station known for this fern within our Um.ts ,s on a chrt a
Killaxvog. in Broome county. It isthere plentuul. t /»/.. Fru.t

nearly as in rtcris.

WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith.

W.VlrglnlcL.) J. E. Stnith. ^'--'^]'\^"^''^'';^- ^,
Brisbm peat-bogs. Co^'ilU. Thompson s Marsh, C/»/,. Beebes
swamp and swamp at Oakland, Graven. Bog north of Barton
Fenno The only stations. Fronds in appearance very much
,ikeO««««</.. a,.na,„o„ua. e.«ept that they are borne s,n«,y
and not in clumps and the fruit dots occur on the backs of
fronds that resemble the sterile ones.

ASPLENIUM L.

A Trlchomanes L. M.ui.enha.r Svleenw..kt. Wall Si'Lken-

w'rt Dwar. Si.LF.ENW.,Rr. Fairly common On the rocky walls

of nearly all of our deep ravines. Fronds seldom more than s,k

inches ong. pinnate, several from a common centre, formmg

Ireen rosettes Fruit dots linear, on the backs of the p.nn.c.

a' nlatvneuron (L.) Oakes. El.onv Si'LEE.NWOKr. Common.

^FotdClT'olk^uplandsinpartia, orcomplete shade. St,pe

very short it and the rachis black and polished. Fronds sorn^
vvhlt larger than the preceding, the sterile, half recUn.ng; the
tl.. later, erect and longer than the sterde ones. (A.
ebenetdii Ait.) .

A anzustifollum Michx. Narr-.w-Leavei. Si'LEEswrt. Inr.ch
;" o , /^ .:.«. van Etten, N. Y., Barbour. The only stat.ons^
Fronds tall, thin, once pinnate, the fert.le ones produced but

sparincjly. . . .

A acrostichoides Sw. S.lverv Splee.xw.kt. Common. n r.ch
■^oTsrshades Fronds two feet or more high, p.nna te. the

double row on each pinnule, silvery whue when >oung. ../■

iheivt>terotdes^l\Qh'^-)

. T N « .,.h T M.v Fern Abundant along

^;o!:i'!:::::m?h^cittLr:opet:ooiweukno^

variable in the form of the fronds. Fruit dots at first curv ed,
at length straight, brown or blackish when npe.

13b FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA,

CAMPTOSORUS Link.

C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Fern. Walking-Leaf.
Rare. Found only in a few restricted areas in our region,
Lockwood, N. Y. ; scarce, Barbotir. On rocks west of Barton;
rare, Fen^io. On sandstone rocks in various places about Sus-
quehanna, Gviwes. South Oxford and on sandstone rocks in
several places about Oxford. Coville. Fronds gradually nar-
rowing from a heart-shaped base, into a long, narrow tip, which
bends over and rooting at the apex, gives the common name to
the fern. Fruit dots much like Aspietiiinn.

PHEGOPTERIS Fee.

P. Phegopterls ( L. ) Underw. Beech Fern. Common on wet
rocks m sun or shade. Frond triangular in outline, longer than
broad, bi-pinnatifid, the lowest pair of pinnae standing forward.
Fruit dots small, round, without indusium. {P. polypodioides
Fee.)

P. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. Six-Angled Polypody. Broad
Beech Fern. Tolerably common in rather dry, rich woods. In
appearance much like the preceding, except that the fronds are
broader than long, the lower most pair of pinnae much larger,
their pinnules pinnatifid.

P. Dryopteris (L. ) Fee. Oak Fern. Plentiful in rich, moist
woods, occasionally in company with P. Phcgopteris. Fronds
small, quite like the bracken in miniature.

DRYOPTERIS Alans.

D. Thelypteris (L.) A.Gray. Lady Fern. Marsh Shield Fern.
Abundant in swamps, wet woods and other low grounds. Fronds
lanceolate, nearlytwice pinnate on long stipes. Fruit on the back
of fronds late in the season. In shade this fern is usually com-
pletely sterile. {Aspidhun T/ie/ypterts ^^\)

D. Noveboracensis (L. ) A. Gray. New York Fern. Common
in moist woods, especially in uplands. Stipe short; frond very
thin, tapering both ways from the middle. Distinguished from
the preceding, which it much resembles, by the thinner texture
of the frond and by the pinnae gradually narrowing to mere
ears at base. {AspidiuDi Novchoraciusis Sw. )

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 187

D. spinulosa (Retz) Kuntze. Simni lose Shield Fern. Not
common. Found throughout, but much less common than the
following sub-species. Fronds tall, ovate, bipinnale, the pin-
nules with spinulose teeth. The fronds are produced in early
sprmg, several in a clumj-) and are half evergreen. {Aspuiium
spinulosum Svv. )

O. spinulosa intermedia iMuhl.) I'nderw. Siim l<»>k wSimii.-
Fkkn. ( )ne of the commonest of ferns. Found in woodlands
wet or dry. Resembles 1>. spinu/osa, but with the pinna- and
l)innules more crowded and finely dissected. {A. spinitlo-
sinii, var. tutey-inediiiiii D. C. Eaton.)

D. spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. Much less common
than the type and usually found at higher elevations. (Aspui-
I'ltm spniulosioii, var. dilatatimi Ho^k. )

It is a difficult matter for the beginner to properly separate

Dryoptcris- spi7iulosa from its varieties. The fronds vary
somewhat in shape and it is only with an abundance of material
that one can distinguish the limits of the forms.

O. Boottii (Tuckerm. ) Underw Bu(>tt'> Shield iern. Rare.
Susquehanna, Gra^'t's. Pond Brook. Cluie. The only stations
reported. In appearance this tern is about half way between
D. sphutlosa and the following. Further study of the forms re-
ferred to these two ferns will doubtless discover more stations
for the present species. {Aspidnnn A'(V/// Tuckerm.)

D. cristata (L.) A.Gray. Crest Fern. Crested Shield-Fern.
Plentiful in swampy woods. Fronds tall snd narrow, lanceolate
in outline, pinnate, their divisions pinnatifid. the lowest piir of
])innic triangular. Tne sterile fronds are usually shorter and
broader than the fertile and less erect {Aspidiidn oisttUuin
Sw.)

D. cristata Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Underw. Rare. Swamp
near the city of Hinghamton, Cliite Unadilla Forks. Kro'wu.
The only stations recorded. The fronds of this fern are in every
way larger than the preceding, which it otherwise much re-
sembles. Closer observation of our ferns will probably bring to
light other stations for this one. {Aspulium cristatuin, var.
CUntonianuni D. C. Eaton )

138 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

D. Qoldieana (Hook ) A. Gray. Goldie's Shield-Fern. Rare.
In swampy ground east of Van Etten. Chemung county, N. Y.,
Barbour. Near Unadilla Forks; not common, Brown. The
only stations. This fern may occur at other points within our
limits and should be looked for in cold, wet woods. In appear-
ance it IS considerably like the following and might be mistaken
for a large form of it. {Aspidium Goldieana Hook.)

D. marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Marginal Shield-Fern. Ever-
green Wood-Fern. Abundant in deep shades. Fronds two
feet or more high, about twice pinnate. Well known for the
bright, white covering to the fruit dots, which are borne on the
back of fronds like the sterile ones. The fronds remain green
through the winter, but are usually prostrated by wind and
snow. {^Aspidium margma/e Swartz. )

D. acrostichoides (Michx.) Kuntze. Christmas Fern. Abun-
dant throughout our range, especially in evergreen woods.
Fronds thick, evergreen, pinnate, the fertile contracted at the
summit. Among the earliest of our ferns to fruit. The variety
incisa is occasionally found with the type, and differs from it in
having the pinnte much incised and in fertile fronds, nearly all
of them fruit-bearing. This species is one of our best known
ferns and is much used for holiday decorations. {Aspidium
acrostichoides Sw. )

CYSTOPTERIS Bernh.

C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bilb-Bearing Bladder-Fern. Some-
what rare. Oxford, Coville. Killawog, N. Y. , Clute. Cascade,
near Susquehanna, Graves. North of Apalachin, Fe?ino. Ra-
vines at Unadilla Forks. Brown. Elsewhere not reported.
Found usually on cliffs. Fronds very long and narrow, prostrate
or pendant, bi-pinnate. In addition to fruit dots, the fronds
usually bear bulblets on the backs.

C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fra(;ile Bladder-Fern. Brittle Fern.
Common in wet, shaded soil, especially on cliffs. Fronds
rather slender, nearly a foot long, twice or thrice pinnate.

ONOCLEA L.
O. sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Very abundant. Found on
the borders of ponds and streams and in all low grounds. Ster-
ile fronds broad and coarse; fertile fronds later in the season.

FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA. 13&

J

their segments contracted into berry-like bodies which enclose
the fruit. The fertile fronds remain erect through the win-
ter. The so-called variety obtusilobata is occasionally found.
In appearance it is half-way between the fertile and sterile
fronds of this species.

O. Struthiopterls (L.) Hoffm. Ostrich Fern. Abundant. Found
in alluvial soil along our larger streams. Fronds in a circular
clump, often twenty or more from the same root, pinnate, the
divisions pinnatifid. The fertile fronds appear late in summer
from the midst of the sterile ones, much different in appearance.
The rootstock produces long, slender stolons, which torm
new plants at their ends. Our tallest and handsomest fern.

WOODSIA R. Br.

W. Ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Ri stv Polvi-od. Exposed rocks, sum-
mit of Mt. Markham, Unadilla Forks, Brown. The only station.

W. obtusa (Spreng. ) Torr. OniusE Wo'mi«si.-v. Rare. Found
occasionally on the rocky walls along the Susquehanna below
Towanda. Clute. Elsewhere not reported. In aspect this is
much like Cystopteris fragilis, and at first glance might be
mistaken for that species.

DICKSONIA L'Her.

D. punctilobula {^Nlichx. ) A. Gray H.w-Scentkd Fer.n. Fine-
H.viREii MOUNTAIN Fern. Plentiful. Found in open woods and
thickets especially in uplands. Fronds two or three feet long,
very finely cut, usually growing in dense patches. Fragrant in
drying. {D. pilosiusciila Willd. )

LYGODIUM Su-.

L. palmatum (Bernh. ) Sw. Climdinc. Fern. "McDonough.
Chenangocounty ( J/rjT. Z). i?. Fitch.) This is the second station
in which this fern has been found in our State." — Annual Re-
port State Botanist, iSgj.

OSMUXDA L.

O. regalis L. Flowerin(; Fern. Roval Fern. Plentiful in
swamps and wet, open woodlands, often growmg in shallow
water. Fronds very smooth, twice pinnate, the pinnules oblong.
Fruit borne m a panicle at the summit of some of the fronds.

140 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

An elegant species, much less like the popular conception of a
fern than most of our common species.

O. Claytoniana L. Interrupted Flowering Fern. Clwtoss's
Fern. Common in low grounds, especially in thickets along
streams. Sterile fronds once pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid.
Fruit borne on two or more pairs of much contracted pinnae in
the middle of an otherwise unchanged frond. This species
fruits as the fronds unroll.

O. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. Very common in all low
grounds. Fronds in a circular clump, the sterile pinnate with
the pinnse pinnatifid, the fertile fronds much contracted, covered
with cinnamon- colored sporangia, appearing earlier than the
sterile ones.

OPHIOQLOSSACE/C.

BOTRYCHIUM Sw.

B. simplex E. Hitchcock. Mugnwort. Swamp at the head of
Bennett's Lane, Oxford, i8S6, Cavil le. Unadilla Forks; rare,
Brown. The only stations

B. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. Lanceolate Moonwort.
Woods at base of Mt. Markham, Brown. In same situations as
the following and almost invariably accompanying it, Coville.

B. matricarisefolium A. Br Rare. Woods at base of Mt. Mark-
ham, BroTun. Beech and maple woods at various points in
Oxford and Preston, C67'ille.

B. ternatum (Thunb.) Su'. Ternate Moonwort. Grape Fern.
Plentiful on dryish knolls. Sterile portion of the plant broadly
triangular, ternate and variously divided. Fertile portion erect,
often four times pinnate Our common form of the plant may
be referred to the variety obliquuin. A form with the seg-
ments cut into narrow lobes or teeth is occasionally found and
IS the variety ({isscctmi}.

B. Virginianum (L. ) Sw. Raitli.snake Fkrn. Grape Fekn.
\'iR<;iNiAN Moonwort. Common in rich, moist woods through-
out our range. In appearance like the preceding, except that
the plant is taller with thinner fronds. It is found much earlier
in the season than B. ternatiini.

M.oltA (»F TUE UrrHH SUSt^UEUANNA. Ul

OPHIOGLOSSUM L.

O. vulgatum L. ADi)KR's-T<.».\<aF. Fkkn. Occasional in moist,
grassy openings of woods in northern Chenango county, Co7'ii,e.

LYCOPODIACE/E.

LYCOPODIUM L.

L. lucidulum Michx. Shimnc; Cn i!-Mu>s. Hkmi.OcK Ci.rH-M<«ss.

Common in cold dark, woodlands. In appearance likened to the
hemlock

L, annotlnum L. Stiff Ch i;-Mo>s. Rare. Balsam swamp,
Pharsalia, Coville. Along Pierce Creek, two miles south of
Binghamton, Clute. Low ground, one mile north of Apalachin,
Ftfino. The only recorded stations.

L. obscurum L. Ground Pink. Plentiful in moist, rich woods.
In appearance somewhat like a miniature pine tree, especially
the variety dendroideum, which frequently occurs.

L. clavatum L. Common Cluc-Moss. Running Pink. Plentiful
throughout. Found in open woods, thickets, and along bushy
roadsides. Stem creeping extensively, with similar ascendin^^
leafy branches; fruit borne in conspicuous cylindrical spikes,
two or three on a slender peduncle.

L. complanatum L. Ground Pine. Runnin(;Pine. CedarCluh-
Mus-. Common in rather tlry soil. In appearance this species
has been likened to the cedar. Fruit as in the preceding. The va-
riety chamcccyparissus, with narrower and more erect branches,
is occasionally found with the type.

SELAGINELLACE.^.

a

SELAGINELLA Beal v.

5. apus (L. ) Spring. Creeping Selaginella. Common in pas-
tures by the river at Unadilla Forks, Brown. The only station.
This species very much resembles a moss, and has doubtless been
overlooked in other parts of our range.

142 FLORA OF THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA.

ISOETACE/C.

ISOETES L.

I. Engelmanni A. Br. Along the river at Apalachin, Fejino.
Along the Susquehanna in gravelly soil, city of Binghamton,
Chite. Elsewhere not reported. Plant sedge-like in appear-
ance, and difficult to distinguish from the vegetation amid
which it grows.

I. Engelmanni gracilis Engelm. Found with the type m very
wet, shady places. Leaves few and very slender.

INDEX TO THE GENERA.

Synonym* in Italic.

Abies loa

Abutilon ao

Acalypha q3

Acer as

Achillea 6i

Aconitum s

Acorus ii6

Acroanthes lo:^

Acta-a 5

Adiantum 134

Adicea v4

Adlumia 10

^•'sculus 35

Agrimonia 37

Agropyron 133

Agrostemma 17

Aerostis 130

Ailanthus aa

Alisma 117

Allium •. 108

Alnus q7

Alopecurus lag

Alsine 18

Amaranthus 88

Am brosia SO

Amelanchier 38

A tnpelopsis 25

Aviphicarp^ca 3a

Anaeallis 73

Anafhalis 58

Andromeda' 68

Andropogon 128

Anemone i

Anenionella 2

Angelica 45

Antennaria 38

Anthemis 61

Anthoxanthum 128

Anvchia S8

Aph\Uon 83

Apios _u

Apocynum 74

A quilegia 5

Arabis 11

Aralia 48

A rceutliobium ga

Arctium 6a

Arenaria 17

Arisiema 115

Aronia 38

Artemisia 6j

Avarum 91

Asclepias 74

A sparagus loq

Aspidiiim 137

Asplenium 135

Asprella 133

I'AOE

Aster 56

Astragalus 30

Atragene i

Atiiplex Sg

Avena 130

A /.alea '>j

Baptisia a8

Barbarea la

Batrachmm 3

Benzoin 92

Berberis 7

Betula 9/^.

Bicuculla 10

Bidens 61

Blephilia 86

B< vhmeria 94

Botrychium 140

Brac'hyelytrum 129

Brasenia 7

Brassica 13

Bromus 13a

Hrunella 87

Bursa 13

Cacalia 6a

Calamagrostis 130

Cataniintha 86

Calla 115

Callitriche 43

CalopOi^on 104

Caltha 4

Campanula 66

Camptosorus 136

Cannabis 94

Capnoides 10

Capsella 13

Cardamine 11

Carduus 63

Carex 121

Carpmus 97

Carum 46

Carya 95

Cassandra 69

Cassia 3a

Castalia 8

Castanea Cf,

Castilleia 8a

Catalpa 84

Caulophyllum 7

Ceanothus 34

Celastrus 33

Celtis 94

Cephalanthus 5-'

Cerasiium x8

Ceratophyllum xoi

Ch:erophyllum 47

INDEX.

PAGE

Chamcedaphne 6g

Chamielirium 112

Chamienerion 43

Chamccraphis 128

Chelidonium o

Chelone 80

Chenopodium 8q

Chimaphila 70

Chiogenes 68

Chrysanthemum 6r

Chrvsopoeon 128

Chry susplenium 39

Cichorium 63

Cicuta 47

Cimicifuga 5

Cinna 130

Circ:ea 44

Cladium 121

Claytonia 18

Clematis i

Clinopodium 86

Clintonia no

Cniciis 63

CoUinsonia 85

Comandra 92

Comarum , 36

Comptonia 96

Conium 47

Conopholis 83

Convallaria log

Convolvulus 77

Coptis 5

Corallorhiza 103

Comus ... 49

Coronilla 30

Cory d all's 10

Cory lus 97

Crataegus 38

Cr\ptotu-nia 46

Cu'nila 85

Cuscuta 78

Cynoglossura 76

Cypripedium 106

Cyperus iiq

Cystopteris 138

Dactylis 131

Dalibarda 34

Danthonia 131

Daphne 92

Dasystoma 82

Datura 79

Daucus 45

Decodon 43

Dentaria 10

Deringa ._ 46

Deschampsia .' 130

Desinodiutn 30

Dianthera 84

Dianthus 16

Dicentra 10

Dicksonia 139

Diervilla 52

Dioscorea loS

Dipsacus 54

Dirca 92

PAGE

Disporum no

Drosera 41

Dryopteris 136

DulicQium 119

Eatonia 131

Ecliinocystis 45

EcJiinospervi urn 76

Echium 77

Eleocharus. 119

ElOiiea 102

Elodes 19

Elymus 133

Epigjea 68

Epilobium 43

Epiphegus 83

Equiseium 133

Eragrostis 131

Erechtites 62

Erigenia 47

Erigeron 58

Eriocaulon 118

Eriophorum 120

Erysimum 13

Erythronium in

Euonymus 23

Eupatorium 54

Euphorbia 92

Euihamia 56

Fagopyrum 91

Fagus. .. 99

Falcata 31

Festuca 132

Fragaria 35

Fraxinus 73

Ftimaria 10

Galeopsis 87

Galinsoga ; 61

Galium 53

Gaultheria 68

Gaura 44

Gaylussacia 66

Gentiana 75

Geranium 21

Gerardia 82

Geum 35

Gilleuia 33

Glecoma ^7

Gleditschia 32

Glyceria 132

Gnaphalium 59

Goody era 104

Gratiola 81

G^'rostachys 104

Habenaria 105

Hamamelis 42

Hedeoma 86

Helenium 61

Helianthemum 14

Helianthus ^10

Heliopsis 60

Hemerocallis 109

Hepaiica a

INDEX.

Heracleum 45 !

Hesperis n

Heteranthera u ^

Hibiscus ao

Hicoria us

Hieracium ' 4

Holcus l-,o

Homalocenchrus 128

Hordeuro i-n

Houstonia s^

Humulus g4

Hydrangt-a 40

Hydrocoiyle 48

Hydrophylluni 7'>

Hypericum ig

Hypopitys 72

Hypoxis IC7

Hystrix i.v?

Ilex 2S

Ilicioides 23

Ilysanihes 81

Impatiens i^

Inula 5Q

Ipomeea 7 -

Iris 107

Isoetes 142

Jeffersonia 7

Tuglans gs

Juncoides 114

Juncus 11,^

Juniperus 102

Kalmia Cg

Kneiffia 44

Kccleria i'?:

Kcellia 85 ,

Lactuca 65 ;

Lamium 87 j

Lappula 76

Laportca 04

Larix 102 ;

Lathyrus 31 i

Lechea 14 \

Ledum 70

Leersia 128

Legouzia 66

Lemna 116

Leonurus 87 j

Lepidium 13 i

Leptandra 81 {

Lep! orchis 103

Lespedeza 31

Ligustrum 73

Lilium Ill

Limodorum 104

Linaria 80

Ltucfera 92

Lmna-a 51

Linum 20

Li far is lo},

Liriodendron 6

Listera 104

Lithospermum 77

Lobelia 65

PAGE

Lolium 13 J

Lonicera 5J

Lophuntltus 87

Liidwigia 43

Lujjinus i%

LuznLi 114

Lychnis 17

Lycium 7g

Lycoi)odium 141

Lycopsis 77

Lycopus 85

Lygodiuni ng

Lysimachia 72

Lysintdchia 73

Magnolia 6

Maianthettiuvi no

Malva JO

Medeola 112

Medicago 29

Meibomia 30

Melampyrum 83

Melilotus 2Q

Menispermum 6

Mentha 85

Mertensia 76

Menyanthes 75

Micrampelis 44

Microstxlis . . 103

Milium.' 129

Mimulus 80

Mitchella 53

Mitella 39

Mollugo 4S

Monarda 86

Moneses 7'

Monotropa 7»

Monotropa 72

Morus 94

Muhlenbergia 129

M vosotis 77

M'vrica 96

Myriophyllum 42

Naias. . . ; uB

Xasturtium 12

Naumburgia 73

Xi'g'uiido 26

Xi'tno/'anthes 23

Nepeta 87

Nymphaa 8

N5'ssa 50

.\uphar S

Oakesia m

Oenothera 43. 44

Onagra 43

Onoclea 138

Onosinodium 77

Ophioglossura 141

Opulaster 33

Orchis 105

Origanum 86

Orontium "6

Oryzopsis 129

Osmorrhiza 47

Osmunda 139

INDEX.

PAGE

Ostrya 97

Oxal'is 21

Panax 49

Panicularia. 132

Panicum 127

Papaver 9

Parnassia 40

Parchenocissus 25

Pastinaca 45

Pedicularis 82

Pellaea 135

Peltandra 115

Penthorum 41

Pentsiemon 80

Perarnium 104

Phalaris 128

Phegopteris 136

Phleum lag

Phlox 75

Phry ma 84

Physalis 7Q

Physalodes 79

Physocarpus 33

Pnytolacca 89

Picea loi

Pilea 94

Pimpinella 46

Pingfuicula &3

Pinus loi

Plantago 88

Platanus 9S

Poa 131

Podophyllum 7

Pogonia 104

Polanisia 14

Polemonium 76

Poly gala 27

Polygonatura icg

Polygonum 90

Polymnia 59

Polypodium »34

Pontederia 113

Populus 100

Porteranthus 33

Poterium 37

Portulacca 18

Potamogeton 117

Poteniilla 36

Prenanthes 64

Prunella 87

Prunus 32

Ptelea 22

Pteris 134

Pterospora 71

Pycnantliemunt 85

P'yrola 71

Pyrus 37

Ouercus 98

Ranunculus 3

Rajjhnus 13

Ra/ouinofskya 92

Rhamnus 24

Rhododendron 70

PAGE

Rhodora 70

Rhus 26

Rhynchospora 121

Ribes 40

Robinia 29

Roripa 12

Rosa 37

Rotala 42

Rubus 34

Kudbeckia 60

Runiex 89

Sagittaria 117

Salix 99

Sambucus 50

Sanguinaria 9

Sanguisorba 37

Sanicula 48

Saponaria 16

Sarracenia 9

Sassafras 91

Saxifraga 39

Scabiosa 54

Scheuchzeria 117

Schollera 67

Scirpus 120

Scrophularia 80

Scutellaria 87

Sedum 41

Selaginella 141

Senecio 62

Sericncarpus 56

Setaria . 128

Sicyos 44

Silene 16

Sinapis 13

Sisymbrium 13

Sisyrinchium 107

Sium 46

Smilaciiia no

Smilax 108

Solanum 78

Solidago • 54

Sorbus 38

Sparganium 114

Spathyema 115

Spfcuiaria 66

Spergula 18

Spi riea 33

Spiranthes 104

Spirodela 116

Sporobolus 130

Stachys 83

Staphylea 26

Steironema 72

Stcllaria 18

Streptopus 1 10

Symphoricarpos 52

Symphytum 77

HymplocarpHS 115

Syndesmon 2

Tanacetuin 62

Taraxicuin 64

Taxus :o2

Teucrium 85

INDEX.

I'AGE

Thalictrum a

Thaspium 46

Thuja 102

Tiarella -^q

Tilia 20

Tradescantia 113

Tragopogon 63

Trichosteina 84

Trientalis 72

Trifolium 28

Trillium iia

Triosteum 51

Tsuga 101

Tusbihigo 62

Typha 114

Udora 102

Ulinus 03

Unifoliuni no

Urtica 04

Urticastrum q4

Utricularia 83

Uvularia no

Vaccinium 67

AGE

Vagnera ,og

Valerianella ^3

V'allisneria 103

Veratrum 113

Verbascuni jg

Verbena 84

Veronica Bi

Viburnum 50

Vicia 31

yi"pa 73

\ lola 14

Vitis 24

Vleckia 86

Waldsteinia 35

Woodsia 139

Woodwardia 135

Xanthium 5^

Xanthorrhiza 6

Xanthoxylum aa

Xolisma 68

Zannichellia 118

Zizia 46

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

I'AGE

Abele 100

Acacia 29, 32 I

Aconite 5

Adder's-raouth 103

Adder's-tongue m

Adder's-tongue Fern 141

Agrimony 37 I

Alder 23, 97 ;

Alexanders 46

Alfalfa 2y

Alleghany-vine 10

Allspice 02

Amaranth 88, 80

Anemone 1,2

Angelica-tree 4S

Apple 38

Arbor-vitit 102

Arbutus 68

Arrow Arum 115 ,

Arrow-head 117 J

Arrow- wood 51

Artichoke ^ 60

Arum 115

Ash 22, 38, 7 ^

Aspen ICO

Aster 56 57- 58

Avens 35

Azalea 6q

Baby-foot 27

Balm 85. 86

Balm-of-Gilead 101

Balsam-apple 44

Baneberry 5, 6 :

I'AGE

Barberry 7

Barnyard-grass 127

Basswood ao

Beak- rush lai

Bean 3»t 84

Beard-grass 128

Beard-tongue 80

Bear's Ears 106

Beaver-poison 47

Bedstraw 53

Bee-balm 86

Beech 97. 99

Beechdrops 72.83

Beech Fern 136

Beggar-lice 61. 76

Beggar-licks 61

Bellrlower 66

Bellwort i«o, in

Benjamin-bush. . ga

Bent-grass 130

Bergamot 85, 86

Betony »»a

Bindweed 77. 78, gx

Birch 68. 96

Bird's-nest . 45. 72

Birth-root 112

Bishop's-cap 39

Bitternr.t 96

Bittersweet 23, 78

Bitter-weed 59

Blackberry 34

Black- bur 35

Black-cap 34

INDEX.

PAGE

Bladder Fern 138

Bladder Ketmia 20

Bladder-nut 26

Bladder-wort 83

Blazing Star 112

Blite 89

Bloodroot Q

Bluebell 66

Blueberry 67

Blue-curls 87

Bluets 52

Blue-eyed grass 107

Blue-grass 132

Blue-joint 130

Blue-stem 128

Blue-weed 77

Boneset 54

Bottle brush-grass 133

Bouncing-Bet 16

Bowman s-root 33

Box Elder 26

Bracken 135

Brake 135

Brittle Fern 138

Brooklime 81

Brown-eyed Susan 60

Buckbean 75

Buckthorn 24

Buckwheat gi

Bugbane 5

Bugle-weed 85

Bugloss 77

BuUrush 113, 120

Bunch-berry 49

Bur-cucumber 44

Burdock 62

Bur-flower 76

Bur Marigold 61

Burnet 37

Bur-reed 114. 115

Bur-seed 76

Bush Clover 31

Butter-and-eggs 80

Buttercup 3,4

Butterriy-weed 74

Butternut 95

Butter- weed 58. 62

Butter- wort 83

Bu'tonball 95

Button-bush 52

Buttonwood 95

Calamint 86

Calitmus-root 116

Calico-bush 69

Campion 16 17

Canary-grass 128

Cancer-root 83

Caraway 46

Cardinai-tlower 65

Carpet- weed 45

Carrion-flower 108

Carrot 45

Cai-briar 108

Catchriy 17

Catnip 87

PAGE

Cat-tail 114

Cedar 102

Celandine 9

Chain Fern 135

Chamomile 61

Charlock 13

Cheat 133

Checkerberry 68

Cherry 33. 33

Chervil 47

Cheeses 20

Chess 133

Chestnut 99

Chickweed i8, 45 , 88

Chickory 63

Chokeberry 38

Christmas Fern 138

Cinnamon Fern 140

Cinquefoil 36

Clayton's Fern 140

Clearweed 94

Cleavers _ 53

Clematis ' i

Cliff-brake 135

Climbing Fern 139

Clot-bur 59

Clover 28. 29 31

Club Moss 141

Club-rush 120

Cockle-bur 59

Cockspur-grass 127

Coffee 51

Cohosh 5. 6, 7

Coltsfoot 62, 91

Columbine 5

Comf rey 76, 77

Cone-flower 60

Coral-root 103

Corn-cockle 17

Cornel 49, 50

Corn Spurry 18

Corpse-plant 71

Cotton-grass 120

Cowbane 47

Cow-lily 8

Cowslip 4, 76

Cow-wheat 83

Couch-grass 133

Crab-apple 37

Crab-grass 127

Cranberry 51, 67

Cranberry Tree 51

Cranesbill 21

Cra wley-root 103

Cress II. 12. 13

Crest Fern 137

Crinkle-root 10

Crowfoot 3, 4

Cuckoo-flower n

Cucumber 44

Cucumber-root n

Cucumber-tree 6

Cudweed 59

Culver's Physic 81

Currant 40

Cut-grass 12S

PAGE

Daisy 58. 60, 6i

Dame's Violet 12

Dandelion 64

Dead-nettle 87

Deerberry 67

Dewberry 34

Devil's-bit iia

Devil's-needles 61

Ditch-moss 102

Dittany 85

Dock 8g, 90

Dockmackie 51

Dodder 78

Dog-bane 74

Dog-fennel 61

Dog-tooth Violet tii

Dogwood 25. 4g

Droprtower 64

Drop-seed i2g

Duckmeat 116

Dutchman's Breeches 10

Eagle Fern 135

Eel-grass 103

Eglantine 37

Elder 43, 50

Elecampane 59

Elm 93. Q4

Everlasting • 58

Eye-berry S3

False Violet 34

Fescue 132

Fever-bush 92

Fever-wort 39, 51

Fig-wort 3o

Finger-grass 127

Fir 102

Fire- weed 43, 62

Five-finger 36

Flag 107. 1 16

Flax 20

Fleabane 58

Flowering Fern 140

Forget-me-not S2, 77

Fox-tail 128. 129

Foxglove 82

Frog-lily 8

Frost-weed 14

Fumitory 10

Gall-of-the-earth 64, 106

Garden Orpine 41

Garget 89

Garlic ioq

Gentian f i. 75

Germander 85

Gill-over-the-Ground 87

Ginger 91

Ginseng 49

Goatsbeard 63

Golden Club ii6

Goldenrod 54- 55. 5°

Goldthread 5

(•inoseberry 40

Goose grass 36, 53

Goosefoot 89

PAGE

Go-to-bed-at-noon 63

Grape 24

Gi ape Fern 140

Grass-of-Parnassua. 40

(iravey;ird-weed gi

Green-briar 108

Green-dragon 115

Gromwell 77

Ground-cherry 7g

Ground -ivy 87

Ground-nut 31.49

Ground-pine 141

Groundsel 6a

Gum 50

Hackberry 94

Hackmetack 102

Hair-grass 130

Harbinger-of-spring 47

Hard -hack 33

Hare-bell 66

Haw 38, 51

Hawk weed 64

Hay-scented Fern 139

Hazel 43

Hazelnut 97

Heartsease 16

Heart-weed 90

Hellebore 113

Hemlock. 47, 'oi, 10a

Hemp 74

Hemp-nettle 87

Henbit 87

Hepatica 2

Herb-Robert 21

Hercules' Club 48

Herds-grass 129

Hickory 95. <)6

Hobble-bush 50

Hogweed 59

Holly 23

Honeysuckle 5. 52, 6g

Hone wort 46

Hop 94

Hop-tree 22

Horehound 85

Hornbeam 97

Hornwort loi

Horse-chestnut 25

Horse-radish 12

Horse-tail 134

Horse- weed 58

Hounds-tongue 76

Huckleberry 33. 66. 67

Huntsman's-cup 9

Hyssop 81,86

Indian Bean 84

Indian-grass 128

Indian Physic «

Indian Pipe 7»

Indian Poke 113

Indian Turnip "5

Indigo 28

Inkberry 89

Innocents S^

INDEX.

PAGE

Ironwood q7

Ivy 27

Jacob's Ladder 76, 80

Jack-in-the-Pulpit 115

Jerusalem-oak 8q

Jewel- weed 22

Jimson-weed 79

Joe-pye-weed 54

Juneberry 38

June-grass 132

Kingnut 95

Kinnikinnik 49

Knot-grass 90

Lady's-slipper 106, 107

Lady's-tresses 104

Lady Fern 136

Lady's-smock 11

Lady's-thumb 90

Lamb-kill 69

Lamb's-lettuce 53, 54

Lamb's-quarters 8q

Larch 102

Laurel 68, 69, 70

Leaf-cup 59

Leather-leaf .. 69

Leather-wood 92

Leek 108

Lettuce 64, 65

Lever-wood 97

Lily log, in, 112

Linden 20

Lion's-foot 64

Liquorice 53

Li ve-f or-ever 41

Liverwort 2

Locu St 29,32

Loose-strife 43, 72, 73

Lop-seed 84

Lou se wort 82

Love-vine. 78

Lucerne 29

Lungwort 77

Lupme 28

Maidenhair Fern 134

Mallow 20

Maltese Cross 17

Mandrake . . 7

Manna-grass 132

Maple 25, 26

Maplebush 2s

Mare's-tail 58

Mar igold 61

Marjoram 86

Marsh-marigold 4

Matrimony-vine 79

May-apple 7

May-riower 68, 69

Mayweed 61

Meadow-grass 130

Meadow-rue 2

Meadow-sweet 33

Medic 29

Melilot 29

PAGE

Mercury 93

Milfoil 61

Milkweed 65, 74

Milk-wort ' 28

Millet 128, 129

Mint 8s

Mitre- wort 39

Moccasin-tlower 107

Mockernut 95

Moneywort 73

Monkey-flower 80

Monks-hood 5

Moonseed 6

Moonwort 140

Moose wood 25, 92

Morning-glory 78

Motherwort 87

Mountam Fringe 10

Mountain Fern 139

Mouth-root 5

Mulberry 34

Mullein 79, 80

Mu stard 12, 13

Musquash-root 47

Myrtle 73

Nannyberry 51

Neck-weed 81

Nettle 88, 94

Nettle Tree 94

New Jersey Tea 24

New York Fern 137

Nightcaps i

Nightshade 44,78,79

Nimble-will 129

Nine-bark 33

None-such 29

Nut-grass 119

Oak 98

Oak Fern 136

Oats Ill, 130

Oat-grass 131

Old Witch-grass 127

Onion 108, 109

Orchard-grass 131

Orchis 103, los. 106

Osier 4Q

Ostrich Fern 139

Oswego Tea 86

Oxeye 60, 61

Painted Cup 82

Pansy 16

Parsnip 45, 46

Partridge-berry 53

Pea 31

Peanut 31

Pennyroyal 84, 86

Penny- wort 13, 48

Pepper-and-salt 47

Pepper-grass 13

Pepperidge 50

Peppermmt 85

Pepper-root 10, 11

Periwinkle 73

Pettymorrel 48

I.VDF'

I'AGE

Pickerel -weed in

Pijifeon-berry 8g

PijiCeon-grass ia3

Pixnut y6

Pi>f-weed 8q

Pimpernel 7^ 8i

Pine loi

Pine-drops 71

Pine-sap 71. 72

Pink 17. 27, 52, 69, 75, 104

Pinkster 6g

Pin-weed 14

Pipes 134

Pipewort 118

Pipsissiwa 70

Pitcher-plant g

Pitch-forks 61

Piunkum 62

Plane-tree gs

Plantain 58, 62, 88. 104, 113. 117

Pleurisy-root 74

Plum 32

Poison Oak 27

Pokeweed 89

Polvpodv 134, 136, 139

Porid-lily .' 8

Pond weed 117, 118

Poplar • 6, 100, loi

Prim 73

Primrose 43. 44

Princes-feather go

Princess- pine 70

Privet 73

Purslane 18, 43, 92

Quack-grass 133

Quaking-grass 132

Queen Anne's Lace 45

Quercitron 98

Quitch-grass 133

Raccoon-berry 7

Ragweed 59

Ragwort 62

Rarastead 80

Raspberry 34

Rattlesnake Fern 140

Rattlesnake-grass 132

Rattlesnake Plantam 104

Rattlesnake Root 64

Rattlesnake Weed 64

Red-root 24, 89

Redtop 130, 132

Rheumatism-root 7, 80

Rhododendron 70

Rice 128,129

Rich-weed 85 94

Robin's Plantain 58

Rocket 12

Rock Rose 14

Rose 37

Rosemary 68

Royal Fern 140

Running-pine 141

Rush 113, 114. 119, 134

Rutland Beauty 78

l-AGt

Rye-grass ,33

Salsify 63

Sand -wort. 17

Sanicle 48

Sarsanarilla 48

Sassafras qi

Savin loj

Saxifrage 39

Scabious 58

Scouring-rush 134

.Scurvy-grass la

Sedge 1 21-126

Self-heal 87

Senna 33

Sensitive Fern 139

Serviceberry 38

Shad-bush 38

Shagbark 9^

Shamrock a8

Shave-grass 134

vSheepberry 51

Shellbark g^

Shepherd's Purse 13

Shield Fern 136. 137, 138

Shinleaf 71

Short- husk lag

Sickle-pod n

Side-saddle Flower q

Silkweed 74

.Silver-rod 55

Silverweed 22. 36

Skull-cap 81. 87

Skunk-cabbage n^

Sloe 51

Smartweed 90

Snake-head 80

Snake-root 5, 28. 48, 54, 01

Snakeweed 102

Snapdragon 22

Snapweed 2a

vSneezeweed 6r

Snowberry 52, 68

Soapwort 16

Solomon's-seal 109, no

Sorrel 21, 90

Sour-grass 21

Sour Gum 50

Sow-thistle 65

Spanish-needles 61

Spatterdock 8

Spear-grass 132

Spearwort 3

Speedwell 81

Spicewood 92

Spiderwort m

Spignet 48

Spikenard 48, 109

Spike-rush tig, lao

Spleenwort 13s

Spoon- wood 69

Spring Beauty 18, xg

Spearmint 85

Spruce loi

Spurge 92. 93

Squawberry 53

INDEX.

Squaw-root 83

Squaw- weed 62

Squirrel-cups 2

Squirrel-corn 10

Squirrel-grass 133

Staff-tree 23

Star-flower 72

Star-grass 107, 113

Starwort 42

Steeple-bush 33

Stick-tight 61

Stickweed 76

Stitch wort 18

St. John's-wort iq

Stonecrop 41

Stoneroot 85

Strawberrj' 35

Strawberry-bush 23

Succory 63

Sugarberry 04

Sumac 26, 27

Sundew 41

Sundial 28

Sunflower 60

Sundrops 44

Swallow-wort g

Sweet-briar 37

Sweet Cicely 47

Sweet Clover 29

Sweet Fern 96

Sweet Flag 116

Sweet William 16

Sycamore 95

Tamarack 102

Tansy 62

Tape-grass 102

Tare 31

Teaberry 53, 68

Tear-thumb gi

Teasel 54

Thimble-berry 34

Thimble- weed i

Thin-grass 130

Thistle 63

Thorn 38

Thornapple 79

Thoroughwort 54

Three-leaved Mercury 27

Timothy 129

Tinker's- weed 51

Toadflax ., 80, 92

Tobacco 66

Tomato 79

Toothache-tree 32

Tooth- wort. . . . .■ lo

Touch-me-not 22

Traveller's Joy i

Tree-moss 93

Trefoil aa, 30

Trillium 112

Trumpet-weed 54

Tulip-tree 6

Tumble-weed .... 89

Tupelo 50

Turnip 115

PAGE

Turtle-head 80

Tway-blade 103, 104

Twig-rush 121

Twin-flower 51

Twin-leaf 7

Twisted-stalk no

Valerian 76

Vegetable Oyster 63

Velvet-grass 130

Velvet Leaf 20

Venus' Looking-glass 66

V ernal-grass 128

Vervain 84

Vetch 30, 31

Vetchling 31

Violet 12, 14, 15, 16, 34, III

Virgin's-bower i

Virginia-creeper 25, 78

Wake-robin 112

Walking-fern 136

Walking-leaf 136

Walnut gij

Wartweed 93

Water-beech 97

Water-carpet 39

Water-leaf 76

Water-lily 8

Water-nymph 8

Water-pepper 90

Water-shield 7

Water-target 7

Water-willow 43, 84

Waxwork 23

Wayfaring Tree 50

Wheat-grass 133

Wheat-thief 77

W^histle wood 25

White-root 48

White- weed 58, 61

White wood 6, 20

Wild Lemon 7

Wild Oats Ill

Willow 43, 84, 99, 100

Willow-herb 43

Wind-flower i

Winterberry 23

Wintergreen 27, 68, 71, 72

Wire-grass 131, 132

Witch-hazel 42

Witch-hopple 50

Withe Rod 51

Woltbane 5

Woodbine 25

Wood Fern 138

Wood-grass 128

Wood-sage 85

Wood-sorrel 21

Wool-grass 120

Wormwood 59

Yam 108

Yarrow 61

Y ellow-root 6

Yellow-seed 13

Yew 102

oU1u^' 'J6 72