- 'y Apa’ pat eS eee a A Ristiatitie tate NTRS as a NCA A wh i Pah: et at eatts yt bat Meee Monte Hol hentia Pe Nh He ate ae? i WN amen Ne, ; Hes win Nay ) Ry yaw dean Want t it A) Lata yyy Ry \H he? Aart ae 4 \ My Vay, 1 hen v') Vey ly sty by ayy wy an tN LOo4 J- Uni Vahey, ery) ‘ath Me } ‘Aatn ys yi Nt ¥ Da: ha DH as Vile bie H gh ‘ ’, aay yh % » y yn Hts Toa + Nita | | arta DQOU OR RRC ENROLL SRL CARS Atala ied hb Ny) vik Oy ey Erte tay gt ; ti. DD ? Whe 4 AA al PMR Mesh at 2 UE Nor, ‘ pe niNe yy Ne PACA MAS 4h as y) > n'y nF Ny us x Pisin a iatys ws yy ‘y ee ’ way sae hi Datta yy SNS ‘ shy alata. hy PUA NAL At A Mn Na WANE AIA vale SBE Ne cS y ; vay? he HAAS ’ oh hye ata yy gerry Byte ri ? A } 3} » i » 3? ne PV yegtad ity ) f a H : SNC Y ) , ‘ ) \ Manyy Pineal RCW) Sonny KM A Sh Wet va} ‘ An SALA . ret PL , Saba > \ i \} ively! ratty barat O02 A : Key ris yh i "J it a” NOTE. yh fod i x Ae } aig Dd wheag ye AM ye 7 ty Sye y! Rife thate he I fovea Maa! ay ) > f id: bi : . whey fas tes! Mh , , ) AAA Hey J Abit ry eG A iN, Dey ty K ? Perse te tnt oe ity # y wWhty wi \ u by Le. N {> A243 ’ i) A y te Mr Ad < ALN NY fp f Sohst yy ys Ahly hy yy ae hh } TELA Me tinae } yee ate ASS a } wit bit , , ik’, De bby Goa hee BR AMER Ft deat 4s ple hh yy at a Rewras mie AY, ° RON LDN ue : ie wel, ny Vera ANN y xia a RATAN ; Nhe sy iy Wie be. ye \ Watt CEN ss \ ' 1 i‘ i vy *y 4 } } : NA At I Apc a i Dy 9 Death | A Ry aa i } Na! PRIN Neat cheesy AR Santas: oe ae Neate Awa i) ui Yo Yu i Hid! rath ect i Nw y . DA ee as Pane rit ane eed dideg ran Oa dae eo veer “ 4! dedi p bby neh ed ; he (3 bs Aer Th oe eee i ECs ; Br muha cies hye Ny 4 i () ek i 1 ary i i} ee ay His ' Ney i Ua ils it ai ae fa Hye rid as ee ek ; yrs Pst nee Ge sea Pit art 6 ii rs f ke sh a me Oe. Mh ny ite \ rh abit as ty ; i sr at it ae / t hap ; Hd, te; igi y Cho ious , Masa & ‘ whe i si hetan VE tee " Dea eee pales j | { ' MECN) Baba et Pal uth Ud bad Myth age a if Cie t vet ‘ Bobet dats bby Bula! panes b Ale Mele Oo at 4 ty rk ‘ att He Len Wath dat He Do ie ey rh oy see vans vie We ait jhe oe Hibs ae ty 1 bat tab da ") iy) apap! a pai #9 he Hie hk sli ad i Ave Shine bh eed Whe sya Bu hk ‘Na Ae thr eee tee a aint 4) hae, fa tae ste eis 9, real a ded ie aM alan yi aa Wy. ; Spe it Hi cy PAR ORO NAY Se IAIAT rie We pi, Me a Tae 5 rah a; Ly Aap it tie % Cae 10 FP Bh pie +} kit we tal i Hh i Se ie et i ft ia ate Ls a) i a Ww a a = a fad i pe oe S oc c oc e ist a a, = = e Oo 5 = e) (REG Oo BA a at Zz ig Z Jiu¥vVudi1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS z= i 5 = z Ea : = a a ao ra oo = Be) >. a = Sade 5 > Ey > = ps i a = is E a = @ ee ance = p 2 ; INSTITUTION NOLLALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3ZIYVYEIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT x Ay Zz n = ee a7) = L « 8 2 g 2 eS 2 + a = i 5 SANS - = Ne TNE n nO A W&™ @ D WS z +4 =r SN (@) i 8 2 2 = \. Z iz N . > = > = i > S aS Zz ” Fz n” 2 ” a LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS sa1uvy & Ms 1 ts 7 ss = oe. = o = o <> <= < S = 2 : z = — co = — co fo) a re) = ro) gee Fz per Zz a] ae, ca NSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVddi Zhe pea z d ie z ig : : - : : : >) a ee) es > = > = i> ra eo) - eo) = ° ” = ” m Y m z n z o = a SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Za oe) a Sy w za n < = aS = 4) = = Ze oH = 4 Yt by = = O ac Oo Ae {My O So oe oe 77) DB Wi a no iz S = Zz 4} few = 2 s > = : > = 4 ee 4) i ZB dp) Hegsey FA w 2 ISTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NYINOSHLINS S43 TYVYslTtT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT 79) > > 2p) = ud ut us , = z = g = Ye, % ow = ce _ ao Gob. = ma cal SE ca < GY, ag z oc = be = ae Mf fe? & a0 o We rs) ar Ss) ) F Zz a a ol Zz sJIMYVUGIT Les RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uVva Be ie Zz i Zz: ch Res: Zz iy = m8") = fo) = Z = 2 5 ae 5 S Ee ES a = = a aa = ez = e = a re S ‘A zZ | | NSTITUTION, | NOILALILSN an S58 1uYvud youl B Ba | ES Te . =r ay MP ANY aera S x : 3 : EGU BRR 8 f = E zZ Gi Y = Ss z ia . > = > si = taniess = Cate an Zz n r= (op) } SatuvesiT_ SMITHSONIAN __ pNOLLNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Sa }uWwa” 2 ul 3 ul a Wy ) : ip? : : : = = = fae ar ox S o ) eh 5 = a) Be ” ic 7) am aa oc =n 2 or w = Ve = o -— es fa) ea, on. = Peet (e) OS = fe) a Oo as | =z -! =z J z a] RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvugi7_LIBRARI! ra ~ z - z aa o “0 .2) ow o ow 5. ced = 2 EA ee) IE: > aa 5 = re > : = ~ = 2 = = . 2 m phe m ” m —_— -£ ; 7) = o a= eA INLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SA3IYVYAIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,. NOILNLILS i. = ” a we w” z : w \- Ren = P=" = = Re. Ss = = ie = > e a G z 8 QS. 6 GSB oe Og Se oO 3s oO Mihst = = Ja & = = 2 ; 2 i 2 a = BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvugi7_t!BRARI ” = n pm eee 22) Fs . 6 am a \Cae = ir. a o~ = WAS. m = es =r < — ' SGON x = ac 5 o cS oc a mM _ mM aN ~O aa, ‘On ce ro) on oO px o 4 z - = Oe | ade = NLILSNINVINOSHLINS _S3/YVUGIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION , NOILNLILS a = > at ai ona e) ow = ow 4 Yy ow = nad = a e LO, 70 = > = > = GE: - 8 cae - a Fs a at 3 m Z m Ba Se m 2 ie w oa wm = w = ARIES | INSTITUTION NOILMIILSNI_ NVINOSHIIWS, SAlyVadIT LIBRARY y Zz * . ‘ = = WY z = ve) i Ue re) c JG. 9 : : 8 hi? 8 OL ? 2 E 2 fe * eye |S | = = io = >" = NLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS Saluvyasy LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION |. < z z ” z Ba % = & * bin? - _ ae YY; pu aiad fad me ; x =f c Dy fe = a D QE & oe aw g <2) Os wn * WS ” Ww / aa ome x= ®& Es o “Yjy = 2 = > = = G = > = ‘ = > ee 7) Pa ” *, wn a BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS Saiuvugi7_LIBRAR! f : : — heey Mads Lie n = wn ASS eae oh ‘ . oc we, Mob 3 a = WS oc mn { <4 “ie i es Ps. LN < Cc i a c = - z New o.', rat 2 5 = re W14—FToec06 We MY OF SCIENCES OF THE. U.S.S.R. FLORA of the U.S.S.R. Volume XIV B.K. Shishkin, Editor Gerantiales, Sapindales, Rhamnales TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN Qk A-Kade) Ae \ CLUS } La he<} e Ba | AS! BOT ANICHESKII INSTITUT IM. V.L. KOMAROVA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR EIAGA Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Vil Bot & FLORA OF THE U.S.S.R. (Flora SSSR) (Series initiated by V.L. Komarov) Volume XIV Geraniales, Sapindales, Rhamnales Chief Editor B. K. Shishkin Volume Editors B. K. Shishkin and E. G. Bobrov Compiled by E.G.Bobrov, A.G.Borisova, S.G.Gorshkova, V.I.Grubov, V.I. Krechetovich, A.N.Krishtofovich, I.A.Linchevskii, S.A.Nevskii, I.V.Palibin, __ E.G.Pobedimova, A.I.Poyarkova, Ya.I.Prokhanov, B.K.Shishkin, D.I.Sosnovskii, V.N.Vasil'ev, A.I.Vvedenskii, and S.V.Yuzepchuk Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR Moskva~Leningrad 1949 Translated from Russian Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1974 Copyright © 1974 Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd. Cat. No.61017 2 ISBN 0 7065 1360 6 Translated by R. Lavoott Edited by U. Plitman Printed in Jerusalem by Keter Press Binding: Wiener Bindery Ltd., Jemsalem Teh Or “CONTENTS Byucinatic Index of ‘Species in Volume XIV ss .i Pee Pe OPS ee eee te RT Te ee es es RE Mere. GeTAR alee hms ss cs fees See ee eek beh sae ee Ba ss Pamuly LAAT. Geramidcede J.Ot. Tilly 229 24. oie eres ee 8s SS), (US ASS SUG glean eter aac acs nana ea leak eb Ei hic ee Trobe i. Gerameae Dentin’ +. se. ees ee ies te sere Genus det. Geranruim™ CAP R8 2.45. A ieee. Genus 89h Erodtwm- LHe) -2 3... OP. Gears soo ‘Pelargonrdm-EVer. . oY... Tribe 2: Biebersteinieae CEnd1 "Boiss! J02 0.4.42. Genus 833. Biebersteinia Steph......... Subgenus 1. Eubiebersteinia Vved. Subgenus 2. Achillaeophyllum Vved. Paniiny torn. Oxainddeede = Etitd) 9 iter. Sees ceetete tote faethe CAINS 1 ORY HOS Esra tha fu eh ENE IS ete to Famhily © tropacolacede Juss lly ,16, -f Aedes, allo Genus * ge gh Bs Oe a Ua 6 le Ce eran eC Patni y Ane © LAMSCEAS WUMIOIE.” Shree a ee oe tea eas aah hee REY tO Generar ST e Nes Soe cate eels e ofa Siete a'ae wee oe elallewe aa Gents Sao." "Radha Paw RovM srt.) iares cate dees Gems’ 6.) yearn he F. His Pe ari ercliade Panily LAX. Aygopiylacead Lindh 15s 0a en. Rey. to Generd “see. 5 ss 2 ees See Merete oats aha a eel etal e's a sieleie eas Subfamily 1. Peganoideae Engl. .................... Genus 837. Pegamum L...........¢...0.. Genus 838, Malacocarpus Fisch. et Mey. Subfamily 2. Tetradiclidoideae Engl................. Genus 039)" Tetradiclis Stevi) +. 2 .ak. Subfamily 3. Zygophylloideae Engl. ................ Genus 8405°Z ygophyllwm Lb. oc fllir... Subgenus 1. Miltianthus (Bge.) Boriss. Subgenus 2. Fabago (Adans.) M. Pop. .. ill Russian page vi NN HY SE ES 2 63 713 73 74 74 79 716 716 83 84 84 85 85 86 146 147 147 147 150 150 151 152 152 158 158 English page ix @o! (CO G2) (Go) GS) = 49 56 58 58 58 59 59 60 66 66 67 67 67 68 112 113 113 113 115 116 116 116 {ai 121 122 Subgenus 3. Sarcozygium (Bge.) Boriss. Subgenus 4. Dumosa (M. Pop.) Boriss. ... Subgenus 5. Halimiphyllum (Engl) Boriss. Subgenus 6. Pseudococcus Boriss. ..... (Eons Bul, Wei) ONOS Ike ssohoocoooostosense Subfamily 4.) Nitranioideae Enel: 22). ee 2 late alee a Sw Ce, IN MEPEM ELEY Mn ca bcodoasbnnoccoceor Family LXXXIII. Rutaceae Juss. ..........-..-220esceeeeeee ING) WO) (GENE GS Boob osnoKoosoovdcocgc oss OCOD suo bOCeaasaDa Subramily ls Rutoideaer hol tye rrreleleryelersi= el-l-t-ieeleey tale lalel (GSMS CHS IRUWIE IhS San choocaducdcvoonococde Genus 844. Haplophyllum A.Juss.......... Gus Ses IDG UEOMNUS We sooscocdocoqaecs: Subfamily 2. Toddalioideae Engl................-..... Genus) 846.) (Pilvel lode nidiromn) Rupreser-tieiterrse Genus \84bae Si kami ahi b yy enki cloner Geis wePiteleraele gar he Oh pean ia ence ee Subfamily 3. “Aurantioideae Engl yam -p%)-1 ener: «1st eae Genus %. Pom ci nusp Rat. wie ot ee eee Genus Citmtse i. pro ee eee eee ee Genus * Fortunella Swing. ........--.-..-. Bamily LXXXTY | stmarubacede inal ye rnoreveu-bet-h pater lel iene ele Genus Sy sAvnl an Ghiusy Destyias ae een ee ee Family ® IMMGINEICERIS WEMVES Gecoodcbandegrss0 coco ob oO obOOD Genuses Mie Lia, bin may (cee een Ramily LXXXV. ‘Poly galaceacLindl.. iia cyuy-i-tlerets Andra chnimaes Paxgisies. cestereienenorenays er cclrs Genus Sto 7Arach me INCk ar -yercrreetepee ire Genus, 849" Anidir ach mew laser ere eee Suberibes 2) Phy ilanthinaesPaxaias sae. eeene Genus/350- “Sie Clini Me gam Comman yaaa Genus 851. F lig cea iWwilldas.. 3% Boodndbaobac GenusySo25eaP hiy Wlsalmitlyuisp alta maar pees ice Subtamuily 2°) \Crotomoidede Pax sea eee Tribe 1-{CrotoneaerPaxa 5 Aay.ce.. 4. eee eke le Subtribe: i) Chrozophorinae Paxqhcterrare see aoe Genus 853.) / Clit oz op hioran Neckal. saeeee nae Subtribes27;Mercuriallimate: Paix &) syne ene eee Ss cee. MMO ROUNMMAING Ih 555565000n000000 Tribe 2s Alcally phleac | Paxeyyanr psy ey ae ree eee Gans Cy WCE ple hoe gagadccdccccnseor Genus® Rite imus (i) money ee Ae ee ae 1V 184 188 189 193 194 196 196 198 198 199 199 200 22il 232 232 233 233 233 234 234 238 241 241 244 244 246 246 266 267 268 268 268 269 269 282 282 284 287 288 288 288 288 295 295 298 298 300 MaBerVa. | tAOPNEIe PAK 55 2 a10.s oa a eee etd Mee Genus® Alewrites Fort (%. savokoereds . 22 Bribes. PaperMene Pak ons soles as oh, «444, xpmn, ofb oereee Genus 856, Eughior bi atjbes .cavsaveiew! Mitt. Rete SUDCEBete Coe cin = + <= -phkit Sabet Peete miei os Mn Se 0,0 Subgenus 1. Paralias (Rafin.) Prokh. ...... Subgenus 2. Cystidospermum Prokh. .... Subgenus GacChia ares yee Ors. 2iaee..... Family UXXXVE. \Callitrichacede Lindl: au aad. «255. mee. ... Genus S97, Callitzsichechadh Santee... Perio canindales Lindl osm 623.00). site ..c Ue. Bea. SENT Os Family, LXXXVUHL. Buxaceae DUMOPts...... 2.0 ....earerorwrerersterare «8 Wels ey ONG EUCLA oo 3 eB Siraya,= fen sauthalede.siene Se cia SRRMMRIONI NS | 4 VAR Genus/858; Pachysandfa: Mehx. .'..20090..... Genus S59... Buiawiss teaen|eq te). ARR GORE .2o: Family LXXXDs. | Empemacecsaedingdhey 1.6 iid.) . Oe. aD... Genus, 860. Empetruiiytis is . eee eee ose. J... Family XC. naeardiacese ‘Lindl: :..) 4 nia ace .w du 0 ONAL rae les, BU OIGCAS Bl asics icneisosinseina.e a teteinia eetants Phere PCVA AIG ORCTS a ao obig ep eae saben oreicwiciciaiosenis' Pye Mee eae Genns 861. Pistacid , bencwicds< cm sumen eee Gems Pe2,C obi nscAdaMs, 022 i.8 22 se aienie as CBU OOO TORUS OES. ods cinacssieor aie: +, Sette Dee se ake Subgenus.1.. Sumac .(DC.) CakaSehm. es & 3. Genus 664: Toxicodendron Mill. 42. 7asStune Bia OvCl 5 aaa fonaeeaenDC Sai Fac wet a. Yee vi ne wedee a Game Poaghteee LC EGS aA «<0 senso te wee nae Beery eeu) eclosuracede: Mandl: 0.55565 ose oo are wre aie oss Subfamily wks Celastrpideae Loiss feijis ces 660 nis eae se 6 Fie VabG OME Bette «fare Ritalin < Fete ee @ no en = ow aye ele, Mele o's Dias Tripe £ Fuonymese LOS. oss 24 os ans eet neeel. Oe eek Genus, $66. .Eaonyntus, L.~..¢). . anged. OS Genus 867. Kalonymus (G.Beck) Prokh........ Temaowies Eneelastreze Lots. < ac... o bwid:« fabled. OW Mats Genie 363. -Celastrus, Lio \.2... ane ee ve Barmy NGM oe siaphyleaceae DC. x oie sonic ste a ste etenttafd. 2 ates Genus 869. Staphylea. Lb. ... 2: te vagee Mab Batu MGI .. Acemecae Lindl... .cc0shis0% pee oitietdeeteie =e oe 2 44 weve a elas was Arranged by D.I. Sosnovskii Reports on findings of fossils of plants ............ Arranged by A.N. Krishtofovich Addenda — Descriptiones plantarum novarum in tomo XIV Florae URSS commemoratarum. Vil The plates were drawn by the following artists: Z.V. Kobyletskaya — I-III, V, VI-VIlI, XIV-XXV, XXXI, XXXII; L.A. Kupriyanova — IV; A.P. Korovina — IX, X, XXXIV—-XXXVII; S.P.Korovin — XI-XIV; M.M. Parfenenko — XXVI; N.A. Ipatovtsev — XXVIII, XXIX; O.P. Voronova — XXX; N.Z. Semenova—T yan'- shanskaya — XXXII; P.G. Ratishvili - XXXVIII, XXXIX. Vili 8785. 1. 8790. 6. 8. 9. 10. tf: 12: is: 14. 15. 8800. 16. id. 18. 19. 20. 21, 22. 23. 24. 25. 8810. 26. SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SPECIES IN VOLUME XIV i AAA ener? . subcaulescens L’Hér.. . . . sanguineum L.. . . Bec . dahuricum DC. . soboliferum Kom. eLeolumbinum: levees ef the et oe so rahe tee ss pRenardi lrautvee: go ee os ee . psilostemon Ldb.. . . RET aie i een Pye See ~cymnocamion DG:0n. 47% ¢/ soa }.C). IT. wet eee ben eth nahi F ierican Gavan iis tore fete ek te Ee ae ae JeRnOn Anti wEIaD S.A le eo i le Bees Ce te : p«platwpetalam) Fr. et Mi. = oe. ae a eee Fs ga a ills Pia Sieboldit/Maximy BoB oo Bi oo coi co oo C7 SoU So co Soe SiS) exe) O° oe) OEM CE ET A ST Sy ae etfs toe ete te 2 Section 2. Barbata Boiss. . tibetanum Edgew.......-... tt ree . Stephanianam Willd. Niaed tetatiodm Willd. 0. -..5 6-283 5) : -pevens MM: B. so sph. ape sss ode ee ay oh Ga 8 | . schemachense Grossh.. . ...--....-.-. fue _junmoides Stays... 4 4 Sus Tb eae . anthemidifolium M.B. ........-. Sarmenwn VOLO.) <*- 5 oa: y* <) =* oo aba edie A CHO MICH Ms «efi «4 5) yar a 4 ols o emt mmlineoides (L.) Willd). a, 4 6 5k ehiam (Bara: 1.) Willd.” oO 0 oD oe a eet Genus 832. Pelargonium L'Heér. -»Endlicherianum Fenglives. 03ta Pecesibacsl» + 220.28 Tribe 2. Biebersteinieae (Endl.) Boiss. Genus 833. Biebersteinia Steph. Subgenus 1. Eubiebersteinia Vved. Subgenus 2. Achillaeophyllum Vved. PENG ie ce ee, ee eS a” Soe), Oe ee Family LXXX. Oxalidaceae Lindl. Genus 834. Oxalis L. Section 1. Corniculatae (Reiche) R. Knuth . ecorniemata (Reichs) R. Knuth . . . 92 2 OS oT Sstrictay late bee abs atest! Ke ei je ek Sis ei whew we ee le. is) Section 3. Cernuae R. Knuth Gat Le Cac en eee ene men ee - pes-eaprae L.. .. « © > )..- Family* Tropaeolaceae Juss. Genus * Trapaeolum L. PR ie, AE Bey os. x, cates aes: te ote My ae . minus L. . Cy wi. Oy BO Wer fe oie Xl aie ee ahh otek! 6s VaipasenPMureh NS of ce 4 4 4 4 4s 4 4 4 = EM Bed ELE. - peFspertcaminn(G, Wie Mi 2 ope es au be shee aS , deonian (L.) Aik muntioaoshA § sattoet. _eleutasim (i) Lclers< f ae ee ee, Sme = ree? ote Fe fe Use, ie Sh wie «| | jee a Uses reeks | ah. wie 6> 65 66 66 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 73 74 75 77 78 84 84 8870. 8880. 8890. 8900. 7a 28. 29. 30. Si. 32. 33. 34. MDM EON ReslinoidesRoth ss i-acitcioicuicmersnecinciee Ek NS Genus 836. Linum L. Section 1. Protolinum Planch. L. nervosum Waldst. et Kit. . .......e-.-s Lx jailicolas§uzy m0) sos See 6 3 oe ee L. angustifoliam Huds... «2. 1 0 6s ss soe Ey erepitans)*Dumz« ove) 6) © ey ol So oh ce ote Exibienne Mills iuee oh saver fyteict one 5 SWE Bad eesusitatissimum Wows. ct. tcp ocd) ce et ore. wee [humiles Milly seers, (ha Saat Foe ala. eee SPL La ae Ue (Ss) [SP [a feet fel fe fl Ratt 7 macrorhizum Juz...) 7). <<). - pallescens boesme en oes cre eae emo: smesostylum\ Juzts) Laney eee? bases nee *) ViOlasCcensu BGC. sr) sc) va «ironies 3 hls) VOM aN baticalenseniuzs cin-meilc suns cual ve Melstone cits amurense Alef... ... - BS aha Me Pelle lot Weuxinumejazs eons iris hes cues aera : ) Marschallianummjoz9: ae) ote es MUERTE Toth Cr oe SRC CLARE Ota aT Mol: Cnn no note Family LXXXI. Linaceae Dumort. Genus 835. Radiola Roth. Section 2. Adenolinum Rchb. subbifiorumt az. 2) ie eek ee ts eae © boreale Juz. ....>° Komarovit) Juzicc 200 2000 ee) act is eet saltateumLdb.jee Oc a de ee ees eh ee es shades is Go bY oor a Gos Gol eS ae 55 tumcomanicumimluz.-) 4) ss) 2) eee OP! enna inenis \extraaxillanemhtye 1S weshag o toot be & qcllls RY sees ci MW lo nolo. oe eo fo We Ong 6, brevisepalamyuzs sci eeie ol geen mtr en Section 3. Stellerolinum Juz. . stelleroides Planch, . - - +--+ ++ +2 +e ee > Section 4. Diehrolinum Planch. . tenuifolium L.. .... - agi dis Shieh enue) sens Section 5. Cathartolinum Rchb. PS eatharticum lactate. veer ions ch ute Mok op fe mile! Krathsiaine th Section 6. Linopsis Rehb. . corymbulosum Rchb.. ..-.-.- - FEN RS este Svoallicumplqreiens or ee eo tot se ice eh 0 ote Section 7. Limoniopsis Planch. wionientale Bosse tie. cas emer eee ete ots taurioum! Willd:-S i753 oo. Pa ecmreas Soe. . Pallasianum Schult. ......-----+--- . linearifolium J4vorka . .---- +--+ +--+: Xi fearon .e! Lem Merwke- celbiow "el Wel cel Mele oy Lys ee we eles) ane one See hee em Mie! Memige oP nel te eee) el en Muy ice oy ot te ware a al -ere oe ee aerate ai el te for 26. el ee een re ai) eel raj) ce) cee tetra ta Sem MOL Cd FO. de O OF Op Otol Onn u oe mn cae . . ‘pte iii (en Bee hen KOleMe me = Ves Tolidie Bem west Ariaeharmane el, he lef leron(en |e elroumae) 2) eles) Gunetdey, <=) tsi) eae ase kee: syipeat “Aclloae a Me (ay aMoter ome, SMepeet> isk vol Neb ceakiere ey) ce Biers eel) Eat) hae, alike) bts biter wey) Joh Meciiazame ore Kole otf ely, aon (ala omage at, (0) esse” Wer whey lketieneie em ie} rec ely nedbne 'e hea tcomns oo fel (wieticge stay) 1eiN ner .tne borne, SOMO p-OS 80) eo. OND 85 92 93 95 96 99 100 102 105 106 107 108 109 110 110 111 112 113 114 114 115 116 117 118 120 123 125 125 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 a5. L. basnralneom, (Saval,et' Ragas) Kick. ©. 56.02) as 133 S6eleeucrantcuim CLeriAeenc, | 141 910. 43. L, lanuginosum Juz. ES Sew 2 Bs BR IMO oy. °=-.. 143 Section 9. Maerantholinum Juz. aa Ll heterosepalwm Ris. < & afey Hee er ts et Se ES ot, es, 144 Bee Pe Oe! [neha sy av os sg =) anne at n> sts? 2, IND AO DIME TMT IORIVG 5 Ee 145 Family LXXXIL Zygophyllaceae Lindl. Subfamily 1. Peganoideae Engl. Genus 837. Peganum L. i eesharimalawiey Piet, cn asl ca tap vo store Norte a kod 408 To bate fs ON Gh te 148 2, Pa migellastramBeel.o-nf)..co i yas CARAT. 2 wee. :Oo"149 Genus 838. Malacocarpus Fisch. et Mey. i Mnentttontinitan (Rete.)-C. AvcM.. o2\-¢ dc ert a a SEALE LS s 150 Subfamily 2. Tetradiclidoideae Engl. Genus 839. Tetradiclis Stev. i, Cy teuella (i prenb.) GItW,, 26 << oy ke oe Suse, at od a ea TA i 151 Subgenus 3. Zygophylloideae Engh Genus 840. Zygophyllum L. Subgenus 1. Miltianthus (Bge.) Boriss. / eeipariguenties Chants 2. 6 es es se ee ete os ee tal al ie is 158 Subgenus 2. F abago (Adans.) M. Pop. Section 1. Eufabago M. Pop. Pasa ROLAND ois Bee Oe BES es vier a Bins wha al ola pee alle 159 5. 22 exianam Borgen @% o-bed O) set SIMA Wile he. 6a) sy wl 8 a 160 8920. ‘2... maeropodium(Boriss: %t).. levine be. we yes ie S) >, Bb Sods obligmmMMc sr Gp... Sete se ins es ct cee eerie saad, Ame ERE e 162 6. Z. brachypteram Kar. et Kir... . . 2 6 0 ee ee es 165 7. Z. miniatum Cham. et Schlecht... - -.--- +) se eee et ee 166 Be 2a eget PicBasic wrt oe etc) fet ot OA EY EE BN ods 167 UGE ETS CT eS eee ee ee rs eet ae 167 10. Z. mierocarpum Boriss.. ---- +--+ 2 eo ett tt tt te 168 11. Z. tureomanieum Fisch. et Me . - - - -- 2+ ee ee et es 168 12 Z, Diclsianum M. Pop. =. = =! PIP OE BU ee 169 13. Zwabtrimoum C. 2A. Mi. is ie oe ce ny oe ne ey ol anhoorarg 170 Xill 8930. 14. Z. belchaschense*Boriss. nae ae RD aaa ne Lili VS. 2. fureatum (C. AeoMe so es ea ane tae sd, Ae 172 Section 2. Pterocarpium Boriss IGS oxy earpuml) Menlo pcm c a rr meena ue wank RPL ES nk EE meee fy 17. Z. ‘kopalense Borisss2).) 9. os ek ee ee ps A 173 IS: Zs euspidatum' -Borissin, > &. Seach pews Pa eee ee 174 19.2. -karatavicumy Boriss t. #i hatte WAL WS IQ) Aeterna ee es ee 174 20. Z. Lehmannianum Bge.. .. .... . -. (ES uepbloabsent 4, ow. a 21. Z. iliense M. Ropsege ts os oe Se le es we eee Seed ee 176 22.2 pterocarpumneboes sai) e an ee eee «et .. Speakon: 177 23:92: taldy-kurganicum’ Boriss: 52 6 == thee 6 is 3) Soe 177 8940. 24,' Z.. fabagoides,,MasPopia-2 13 eGR IS BRE SEI OR oe 178 257 Z.: Etehwaldit/C. A. (Mie. 4) a4 a 5 3 ae eeladaericted UI ae: 179 26. Z.ovigerum Fisch: et Mey... 3... < e.-) uj wee ee 180 21-22 stenopterumy Schrenk, @ sei yon ea es MI, 181 28. 2. kesense)Boriss.18 Ween) tne etrn cee CPt Bs a Ate 181 29... Le macropterum), CsA Moi. oni eae ys sy es te ee 182 30:2 PotaninitiMaximtee coe te et eee oe tee ete an a Bae » | 78s Subgenus 3. Sareozygium (Bge.) Boriss. Section 1. Xanthoxylon (Bge.) Boriss. SIEPZ>; Eergzanense (Drob:) \Boriss: «<0! cua el, ey ee 184 S252 ‘kaschearicum’ DOrissht este ee ene eo eee ee ee eh ee 187 Subgenus 4. Dumosa Boriss. 333-2. bucharicume bsiedtschs 's 6 ets sini: ea eee ee ee TER Subgenus 5. Halimiphyllum (Engl) Boriss. $950: 34; Z: ‘eurypteram: Boiss. et Buhse ) ¢ 0.542 (2) no eae els te 189 35. 25) Gontscharovileboriss.4.) 4-1 ocd 2s u oR sacar 2 ee 190 36° (Z-\darvasicum BoOriss sc.) Sofie \s)-<5 100.2 ue epReMen e215) Bs: os ks eee 190 30: Zs atriplicoides, Fisch.) swayeai-mim eee Reale nhs 6) lg te) en ee 191 38. Z:cmegacarpumBorissy, 6 2, bs 6 Gites, Gee tne 2s Dy ee OD Subgenus 6. Pseudococeus Boriss. 39) ;Zeimelongena Dee. crs 6 ier is) sec tomembarhonielitetesl vance tee eee ee i. Ge eo Genus 841. Tribulus L. acs mactopterussBoisge ah elo) owe i Ae a a eee seen 194 Bio TRE MPOStrish Jou ey op ss cuie test ata Sacre e, a a cp hea la 195 Subfamily 4. Nitrarioideae Engl. Genus 842. Nit-aria L. 1. Ne sibitica: Pall (se go 6 eo eee, onsen amet ois oa cee ereeae eo ae 197 DN. Schober it lise. 6. fei) so a8). fof 1 icy ses apo Sallc dt ac cau dl CY ce aaa Oe 197 8960. 3. N. Komarovii\ Ihhinvet: aval! a 3' 6, o's, .B:)\G: Dot yoo e cxiins ts yan A, H. Sehelkovnikovil,Grossh,. 2... 525 .: 54 29: F.udabiensEnp Koren! fio ter gh. L corks 22: Ei. Mwedenckyi News 2: 6. 3 ee bw ae OA EL Albert Reeeli, Eur. Kor. - 2 2 200 2 = 5+ RED ea SS a ere TC a el Patentibrt Wests) oo (e+ es ey oe! eet evs 27. He robustam Bress- = ° 5 &%.' 22 ETI. 28. H. ferganieam Vved. .-..-+---++--- ales 29. H. versicolor Fisch. et Mey. . -..-.-..-.-.. Section 4. Achaenocoecum Vved. Si i Natiolam @ar. 6t Ki. =. 0 foe 8G ee 21.1. acatifoliam (DC )eGuiDent Shiller, c.- 32. H. perforatum (M. B.) Kar. et Kir, .. . .-..-. Genus 845. Dictamnus L. i.) dasyenepus .lurez, <3) eS Sa oT). tadshikorum Vvedl rita 5. ta < te & be -buy- 3. D. angustifolius G. Don .-.-- +--+ +--+: 4. D, caucasteas Fiselio' 5.0% +. 2! cee oueriwre. “oe. 5. D. gymnostylis Stev.. - eit Genus 846. Phellodendron Rupr. Pe Pigamurenme RUBE oe ee ee ee Genus 844. Haplophyllum A, Juss. Section 1. Peganoides (L) G. Don XV 4 ON Je apy Sia pl se! ie ae én feted fee We det lee oe afnie cexiict teres, oie ee kat Mio Mei ale Moteeler 76. ee Ae, Co , eh On ec ee 205 232 9000. 9010. 1. P. trifoliata L Ne Go Se UA QQ - amarella Crantz PO FU 0 0. OU Oe OO Genus 846a. Skimmia Thunb. 1. S. repens Nakai . . Genus * Poncirus Raf. < trifeliatan(e) Ratton. eee es ei Beier eee Cewen te gee ome limo ngBunme tens suck: You ee ie canes sone eae : TES ALG IVlano suas Gaeeaeee cs rue alae See intLe® eeucgey Gk Ie oD RE RC Meme rete Genus* Fortunella Swing. . japonica (Thunb.) Swing... . .... . Family LXXXIV. Simarubaceae Lindl. Genus * Ailanthus Desf. . altissima (Mill.) Swing, -. ..... . Family* Melicaceae Vent Genus ¥ Melia L. azedarach Family LXXXV. Polygalaceae Lindi. Genus 847, Polygala L. Section 1. Migratoria Tamamsch. Section 2. Polygalon DC. . papilionacea Boiss. . Hohenackeriana Fisch. et Mey. sotocksianasBolsst) lis! oct.) 4 al Hoes Supinas Ochre bse IF ssc yosnss exculon gk kde andrachnoides Willd. pseudohospita Tamamsch. pruinosa Boiss. austriaca Crantz subamara Fritsch suanica Tamamsch. caucasica Rupr moldavica Kotov XVI oieahely teftete: eMevE ey de: opi Meme Hele (7 alpicola Rupr) iia) ay se a ; vulgaris L. . Pe ye te ey enn hybrida' DCs iar | BSS tere te comosa Schkuhr ........... sip Ute) > Tolciigte: tXeiastel » couliiep!).'e9 Biehl has bet tie) elem sei! Mere tout) ale lot mien nel el beanie: Stell lee Cie OGiicr earns SOC ee OPO MC csr are MOM ec OO WO Ue pte c ECO 8 60 ely \fol' ext wkel aac) p toc Meh. Ke, coielavile th) neietNawmnas) ThOGtO! Sogo Ow tt oO) ROmeOe Oman wee Om eben. te hor col! 0.) 6 a, | fel re, el 0) wer fol Met | pee mee | tone hmma CORON OM Dai) Oslo ymon CMa. OT Ce OM MONON Uss O st ott WO; Ou oO OO © Melt Mp ereie in: Ces biele done orgene 710 233 234 237 237 241 242 244 250 251 252 253 254 254 255 255 256 256 257 257 258 258 259 259 260 261 261 262 262 ee Ze eeeeioee Gee, nant aise ob iays.!.$. gmlso0G . os. wt. 262 Dae parcolchicaslamamschy rs.) po Pie oss co anh A adno peat 72. 263 Doe Pea Meriamaasiamamschit si: Goi -. se oAeadadees? avalon ot Comments.) obs 263 Per, Pant E NA NOPEN, ce ne eg.) al Pe 3d FE Aelia “> 52. 264 7 ET AVcmlamamsc ny, seen oe Lhe ds as Gees fy oe hl as 264 99° Pikemulariae® TamamsechsadetwerM | ociniies... .« 2. 5 nent 265 29. P. transcaucasica Tamamsch. ..........-...- 2... 04. 265 30) Ptanatolicawm Boiss... Serr eet AOS SUR fw en el ee we 265 Family LXXXVI. Euphorbiaceae J. St. Hil. Subfamily 1. Phy]lanthoideae Pax Tribe 1 Phyllantheae Pax Subtribe 1. Andrachninae Pax Genus 848. Arachne Neck. 1. A. colchica (Fisch. et Mey.) Pojark. 269 Genus 849. Andrachne L. Section 1. Telephioideae (Monch) Endi Set atepiigtdes Gn oo fees bee et fe eee gk ee Se Sees | RTD Dee ACrotunditolianG. 1A MG 26 bcaes client cS grr lash 272 Baan yinetetenmiaiPbevshl | =-.6-4c sae see se ae Se el, 274 Section 2. Fruticulosae Pojark. As Aeibasehiana Paar. $1) 2 48 8 NOT NS we ; tii: 277 Soe SUR EO re ce ae art et Sees MP MPINCARMNRS | ns ses Sy ee see fe ee Saye 279 a Aeetenopligla, Koss. .- -, “19% 26 28 hy!) ©. ere. ony eS 279 Peeeiiiermin Pojark .-.-.- - - s == 2 2 + tecg Wie see a Pe ore 280 OmAcetiedtcshenkoijikoss--- = 4 2 = + sos BAe Ciera Sou ioe 281 Genus 850. Securinega Comm. j_. Sauftraticosa (Pall.) Rehd. .---. . --- ety f : : 283 Genus 851. Fluggea Willd. ie Peowssuriensis Cofanrike a. = «| = = = > - 5 ted: . a9 ey 284 Genus 852. Phgllanthus |.. lo Phenesatienkict Rupr: et Maxim: ~-_.° =). 0 a me ae eee Subfamily 2. Crotonoideae Pax Tribe l. Crotoneae Pax Subtribe 1. Chrozophorinae Pax Genus 853. Chrozophora Neck. Section 1. Trichocarpa Prain t aiGensabulosayKar:. cb Kir) .. 4. 65 «6 «ses oe. Hea os oe seeaew 2 8! 289 2. C. gracilis Fisch. et Mey ..--.- - wor 299 XVil 9050. 9060. 9070. Section 2. Lepidocarpa Prain 3. C tinctoria A. Juss. -. =... - 4. C. hierosolymitana Spreng .-...-.- - 3 54G. obliquay (Vahl) An Juss.) Geet et ee Subtribe 2. Mercurialinae Pax Genus 854. Mercurialis beMUipereaniss Loi... passes BNE outed go eect 2. M. ovata Sternb. et Hoppe. . - . 3o Mesannuaelicgy om eo sncnia i cciar ebnanets cba page the e 1.7A, 2. A. eae: == 15 Pw Sworn mm mom 11. E. 125 Es Shr) es 14. E. SoS 16. E. ene: TS. VE: W135 . rupestris C. A. M. Tribe 2. Acalyphaeae Pax Genus 855. Acalypha L. australis L.. . . Fre Ya | Vek Ytal Dee eee eum tial Or imce iam SH recent EN aR COTMMMUMIS es eral org ee IN ee ane eee Genus * Aleurites Forst. Forditsilemsts 2) 4. jesus el eh ee Tribe 2. Euphorbieae Pax Genus 856. Euphorbia L, Subgenus 1. Paralias (Rafin.) Prokh. Section 1. Sclerociathium Prokh. . sclerocyathium E, Kor. et M. Pop. Section 2, Holophyllum Prokh. . serawschanica Rgl. . . . . . monocyathium Prokh .... . . rosularis A. Theod............ alone etal ee rageigelas . tianschanica Prokh. . ......... Layee h MASE OE NS Prokhanovity Me Pep. 3) eye p = cine mongolica Prokh. . . . . Unie Wao) (teh UMiey sop Wali mey yi wie) tlie! Jehl) ce Pid) Sal Pe Thad Bev evel 2 ese mI en wna ik tt ope AN AN AMEND aR dr ash ge Komarovianavbrokhes (one 3) nee aa cee cept ete rapulum arvetn Ribs clei jclgee ee cpa al sy Sa ome blepharophylla @a7Aq Mi ee et Gong ferganensis B. Fedtsch. . -----+--+-++-+-+++.--- ipskyiwiroikhss cick cmte yen) cicemten Cah ag ater ben Section 3, Tulocarpa (Rafin.) Prokh. scripta Somm. et Lev. ...... Bee ag ecetaygs fos! abe tay edie oe eqaamosa Willd) We. epcc ernie. teiones cou one one ne) teins ol Eun canoe macrocarpa Boissset Buhse 9) 3 0 sf. 2 ees ote) of ei) oa cle transoxana Prokh.« (cso 6 cs eels celne SR gs ae ea mucronulata Prokh...... . CREA. A at ee ett EG XVIll Ce & Came aie 300 303 9080. 9090. 9100. 9110. 9120. 20. E. Kudrjaschevii (Pazij) Prokh. 2... 2.0.0.0... ~. Ee ri er te ee ce a i ee oe ee aed Zane Eageninosieplnan ty oRep. 8. x dat egolokenigid 3 OT 24, E. carpatica Woloszez. ........ ‘ . er ee: 25. E. taumicala Prokhsrnt.%., 1)" 8 oro) le ogee enbiatge 4 AT Se Viena MAMA LEL, KAR sae face to ta oy pias gh eon A ee aap Ssomndllogat habit. col coll So 1N coll coll SPIN CPi CoG) 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 89. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 935 94, Dich oh Roh Ron EEC Econ. Ne) ae 7 i S6NE: O7-0E. 98. E. SOME: 100. FE. 101. E. 102. E. 103, E. 104. E. 105. E. 106. E. 1075 E: 108. E. 109. E. 110. E. 111. E. guntensis Prokh 11255: 113. E. virgata Waldst. et Kit 114) Es Sa Es 116. E. AWE 1S PLSWES 119. E. glareosa Pall. . volgensis Krysht . Goldei Prok . biglandulosa . monostyla Prokh . spinidens Bornm . myrsinites L . pontica Prokh. . Woronowii Grossh . Marschaliiana Boiss Swanmenaglrokh: eemc) -ial nee . denticulata Lam. . Buschiana G . undulata M. . irgisensis Litw. . . . . . . andrachnoides Schrenk . Buhsei Boiss .esula L. . . . microcarpa Prokh. . subtilis Prokh. Gmelini Steud discolor Ldb - Karoi Freyn . Borszcowii Prokh . sareptana Beck « latifolia C. A. M. - Borodini Sambuk poecilophyila Prokh. salicifolia Host glomerulans agraria M. B Sewerzowii Herd pseudagraria P. Smirn uralensis Fisch pamirica Prokh. cyparissias L. astrachanica tshuiensis (Prokh.) Serg. Bis. eis, cages ev we vow vibe ake ee Ga Se ee Desf. ohare, fet fe) ) ay lobe eme obyliap alot) fel nic) Meee teeamye tase ral) ten Meee KeRe Jolie] Catalonia AER DamaChn OSCE” et) . : et aN tte ee le! MaMa ren (ey fe Wey eit le) Sten amnty Sites oyyy tal Tile, Wey eee seh thee, oe er” Jeph e| Gmete) MoM Mele vel nee Gay (6.pry.e. ym mene mle ee ley ere, fe, ep ley vehi tseh seb) tik Yepey tele site Miereem(e) Mee Tl WE eee. Netto. wun elo aaa a Oy wtp wig aig’ ogi! lek oath Sef >ie0ry om for lt feta atRy eet mre” Kee! tie) Lat tere ma ortey eg) ee veg ey iieg rap ck eh) (a) yeh ce; MReeay te rol fa Rela ie kena ss mata oe ew ae i Wo Ree Nee ok tes fe: teas. 1 ie ees ei ain ee Section 6 Esula Prokh. rossh. B vow of a eee he welsh ee eee an ee oer eC aCe rr “aw AWE YS tee lt fae Wren ah Mabe Ge ae, vidya calgocesat Cs: RUM eR Lk ene A Fei Ge) altel elay vel Wiehe] ai Ley ee eo lgt | GapIRE EMC Sane ne ei aia aoa een eee ee ee Re 5 CG yo Ue a 6 3 boo’ yar se sepa ele 7S) AIRS GSE Gee Sr ang ce are ae Me eee ie SOO lo og ac eS. Ofc sey tts AR Reg: Beal ey Images Singh TE: ype ied MRICS ere pik ee res Paar ee ae Pe MS clot bY Ee SG es ie Orc 66 Sud ee Abe Sama ing RSG AS 3 er ei cue ae a re ei mea Scr g\ og oro ee aie Re Sein A wd GWG ma 6 8S On on oO Prolehitis Ws ethan Us eee 2 alien) aR cps ce er ee ee este Cet ECS SS onic aso oo 0 C te EOD BRD See BN AOE «od cel oa Git tT eae Py Pe Pea cil) ee ONT ASS Lat eee MME SMEG ce fo Se a. a ane ae EC eeRIne Aon Gh oo ie Solos ve ee MI PAN OP ic yc lie oy oC a ee se ROE ES GO eo ob ee ar te ee ee re aes Mae Ais ae cane TE TS Eas Og ae RR ere em mea Re Penere me eM Gg Ee ee rn er Ren See tO OMEN Se Ge sa ck oo GUAM. Bice. ES Siebel ee oe he COC MTT OMT) OL OSU pO MOR OO eyrtophylila) Prokha)-. 05 @ 7/5. 92 8) ee leptocaula B Boissieriana eae Sig fo sdb head Sy ee ceg ea EP ae ae OSS es oe fem re te te Me ae, Sn esas Oe (Woron.) Prokh. - - - - - +) -dsoi% snoteaieoe- oe jaxartica)Prokh. | +) 0s 8 8 4/0 She S95 a alent os oie zhigulensis Prokh,.. 2+ - 2 + 8.) 5 © Gag gfeaeiseed- as ae Subcordata: CoAs. Me we tet yeh ee Gh a us el Melre. ero EA iia sae towel cea Sieboldiana Savaryi Kiss Morr,’et Decne aE San TO eMC CE ORE ACS OE SERN) Cty Or TGC ORC © XX 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 A\7 418 419 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 425 426 427 428 429 429 430 433 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 440 441 442 443 443 446 446 447 448 451 452 9180. 9190. 9200. 9210. 120. E. ia. ES 122, E. 123. E. 124. E. 125. E. 126. E. 127. E. 128. E. 129. E. 130. E. 131.cE. 132. E. 133. E. 134. E. 135. E. 136. E. 137. E. 138. E. 139. E. 140. E. 141. E. 142. E. 143. E. 144, E. 145. E. 146. E. 147. E. 148. E. 149, E. 150. E. 151. E. 152. E. 153, E. 154, E. 155. E. 156. E. 157. E. 158, E. 159. E. Gmyprdaloidet Lo) sncetataektt it). eee Yelm sc tc ew imerrIGAINC. OEMS ethic RE lene Go Soa es ne Dm be be eulongieua UC. Koch archiiin) 202 .efrte.) 6. 6 ese bm MOCTOCEremHT ch. BE Mey. en ree Se, Sg Sa ae Section 7. Herpetorrhiza Prokh. CO a a ee. | en en i ; a Section 8. Cymatospermum Prokh. PLEIN DS ho ag tee, 6 ni a. weyiak. “es 0s, Inv) SN ebaattefeines «73 US. ee ae eee ees a eee graeca Boiss"et Spran.)/ 6 WP GOAL me. Legdshouti: Boles... Vo07 Ale. dace a).oy &.. Sed valance: ee RE Ra SN es we Be ee ne AA! ihe oe a ee ee ee falcata lmeemeater Cocina rey cn he ee aa tes Kiel esis dele tHodontawerokiscasc ca ier ie Bevo: Ge, otis 2 LS shee oe AA Bororia Schrenk 6 3) 1s) Gute oie ce ey wee ee aserbaidzhanica Bordz. .......-.-....-+.4e8-. consanguinea Schrenk ---.--..+-2 0.4.4... Vorezaninowi mar. © Kit, 6502 2 UT Bivens Gia Ot LIGIUF: Gb wa yok in is = Be Re le ee ree EMEA SEHEOUE TS cut ko ae oooh is ule Szovitel Fisch. et Mey! s 9 A eee. 8 ee densinsenia We Pon. fee Fee OR ele Sa Section 9. Demetra (Rafin.) Prokh. anata; Sieber! hese a! ce fot ce elie) atest at YY SO Subgenus 2. Cystidospermum Prokh. pletrolepin Flach: at Meyoics «oo. pte (AE tmcoha te LaF ste’ Subgenus 3. Chamaesyce (S. F. Gray) L. C. Wheler. MUCOUS CAMAROR CN che cus te. aaa ss a et Ae ae ay eek em ea RCS err ts ee ee neue a Aa fies Mab) lee thank &, fo ae oe Ree CET BL Oe i ase eh dae Pie Me ah MS ea Bes Be oh FeereRR eae NEN ie A he Re eS amar Silll isl cen (oat keg BO eon Wan Chamncsyeo IS Yo. 8 S20 ORT a Se eA Nada. CANGSCeNSHIe teenth, oct lo lates ate Bates i RL: ftorcomanica: Bolase: "5° "a Bae tots tte tn ee FO 3 Ree anisopetalasizrokhwe 4. 75 4-16 & Ye ola Steak ho Skew i Focekcald J Gay... caashA. snetien). SAB fiir? 2. 2 8 co de pero el BS i eo en XX1 Be oLud jap Family LXXXVIL. Callitrichaceae Lindl. Genus 857. Callitriche L. Section 1. Euecalitriche Hegelm. lt Chivernaliecs GHP D,.0 PER US FO G28 TT ay RA OLE 5 eae aS 2 Cxelevans i Veuketr yacn s ¥sia oo oe ay pee & .. 2683 (497 33 CfallaxtV., Petr. ¢ sect, on 4 cece un ee eh oj Fee, AOR 4;C>.polymorpha’ Loener:) +2 < 3.54, >.>. > 3 Se ae ae a ee 498 S8iCeisubancepsmVewPetnige: concep line cn eee eh ee le 501 6" Crstagualis’ Scope. S12 tS TGF Oak Et eh OO os ole ee 501 PCy pedancalata? DES, 3.0 vs jeje lees 2) nekene ge 502 Section 2. Pseudocallitriche Hegelm. Sy Cevantamnaliseliiethkn 6 S556 2h eee cn eto eR oa Ae 502 Order 25. Sapindales Lindl. Family LXXXVIUl. Buxaceae Dumort. Genus 858. Pachysandra Mchx. 9220. PE- Ps terminalis’ Sivet= Ze chit es = a a eee §04 Genus 859. Buxus L. 1.Bccolchica’ Poianks (3m ne ee ae ee 505 2B. hyreana Pojarkss 0 0s 3 Uses elk ey ee ae ene ee $09 — = B..sempervirens 0 ee Me so gee ose ene ee 509 Genus 860. Empetrum L. Section 1. Neo-Empetrum V. Vassil. aE Snigramy ls) sas". (ree a4 bees We eysieed | - oy eee 512 Dink aot hiricumys. Wiss WaSSily ciiieie auc sec by FORO Rael tees ste eah ee a cme 2 ee 513 Sig Fk uri lense. Wil WiASSikscsy ew Uk ese UROL, Grad a Pee ey ee 514 4. E. hermaphroditum (Lge.) Hagerup .--.-----+- +--+. +e: 515 See wvandrogynum),V. Vassily) <<). ce. 2 fs yes fey) eae ee 515 Giese tarcticum Wi Wassily isc. lice SARadthee) Dh chas. lle gy Ole Loe 516 Section 2, Palaeo-Empetrum V. Vassil. WE KadrakovileV. Vassilis. 6. <0 tc me cS SR. AOS. BPE SE oe ee $17 Family XC. Anacardiaceae Lindl. Tribe 1. Rhoideae Engl. | | Genus 861. Pistacia L. 9230. Weg Pw yercat, Mess sie ahi hei si Go ks occ tes, cia) cae kU stg Alt Nee | tice A eo 520 DWP amuticawh setoMie toes na) stunk, isl ea ee Pa ee . Wek» geal ns eS. — Ty Oene a EAC. oi wee es uc. ee Sue) ame ottllawal?. ,2} B- 538 Family XCl. Aquifoliaceae DC. Genus 865. /lex L. _ —ML anon ls Sse se kk Se Pe iP eer nee Gen 541 fe cealchies! Cori. sos, 6 eo Bee ae eal ee ee 542 Saal watouocarna FP aierk. Se het foe ee ae ee a asst Sa a 543 Sumi GerenneweOyeric. 4 fs Feces See oft aseEs ey SS ie eyes 544 Aral PLemet NER se ke A a PE AO a PS Diets 544 9240. So maross. PY Schmidt: ¥ 03: WOR ceca Xf hme tu or § 545 Family XCIl. Celasiraceae Lind). Subfamily 1. Celastroideae Lois. Tribe 1. Exaonymeae Lois. Genus 866. Euonymus L. Section 1. Ilicifolius Nakai — =-wie taponien Lists. 6 vec 8. Pee Me te take a Bee ees BO. | A 552 Section 2. Pragmotessara (Pierre) Nakai lee. -eurepaea: Li. -/ 2 Fen Sis. eee a eee eM Ue ll 553 PP eaiaacicinieaprs © ys \e PtP 2 AE NORIO gk Sw me 559 SE paeritiens Maxtor: ...-.i-« 6. o2:,- sleet) seconbaseeds: A-23 560 XXIII 9250. 9260. 9270. = NN 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. SN OO RO) = POIAKR wre AARAAR aaa > >>> PSDP Dy A. A. A. A. A. A. A. Genus 867. Kalonymus (G. beck) Prokh. Syezoensis) (Noidz.)) Prokhs <4. 2% y. fs acne) eae ; latifolia) (MIND) bRrokhir 72 ofr elm cee ee ,»Maximowiczianaybrokhy. , CF AO «2 ee a 613 mie. StepentisA. Penrice <. = <, < -) a « » SAM Gabe). pale 24.) |. 614 ee Tear eeata TRE ee se sac ai tah ee ae) ome ee, eet a wee 615 2 a. tarcomanicnm Pore .*o9oNs > Pe RP ee Hs 616 Section 9. Trifoliata (Pax) Koidz. 24 JA. mandscharicum’ Maxim: % ‘©. pf. Pyey sews Soca ed se BO 617 Section 10. Arguta Rehd. SEMACHAT DINE VOMNIAKIM ee © 6 oe ek to es Ne is auitol we es Soe tehllcs be: vette> Ye iG etets 618 Section 11. Rubra Pax Ee TS ee An Mee Mel fetter ee 619 SSS a eee ee er eee nee. Mawar ee ee eee Pad ee 62] Family XCV. Hippocastanaceae DC. Genus 871. Aesculus L. 1. A. hippocastanom" DO. ee Eo oe Pete 622 Family * Sapindaceae Family XCVI. Balsaminaceae S. F. Gray Genus 872. /mpatiens L. Section 1. Brachycentron Warb. f. 1; motibtangere L. ~ < - 6s 2 we 2 8 wo el gt eeae OD - 626 eG, AE a ee eee a ee, eee een eRe ery 627 3. |. fareillata Hemsley .....-..-. A Poe ied c 627 BE Weston Migs a6 he ek tee tee 628 5. i Romarovl Polks.. <2 2 <5. 5.4.9 Geka g se seat tet. Be 631 6G. 1. parviflora DC. « - - = © ~ + * coee a geeilt culate: © Sf 631 7. I. brachycentra Kar. et Kir... - - - es: alt Betiates th i 4 _ 632 Sy eS en oe a eS a se ae me a Oe eS 632 XXV Section! 2s MilerocemtronmWarb. ~- ..- ) . 9.15 633 9, I. balsamina L. . 2. . a Me eal a Ee re ete Tees See re 633 Section 3. Salpiglochilon Warb. VOMeleRovlei Walp etic cn -taeaien ye: con telie (once client atte aetna 633 Order 26. Rhamnales R. Br. Family XCVII. Rhamnaceae R. Br. Tribe 1. Zizipheae Benth. et Hook. Genus 873. Paliurus Miil. 1:P. spina Christi Miller :)) 5 <., cubtayesliettiokoilta ctnee sles imac all sresiathet merci heii rat iet- a -w= 42. Radical leaves dissected nearly to base into 8—9 narrow ovate- rhombic lobes not more than 3—4 mm wide at base, lobes nearly subpinnately and deeply dissected into narrow lanceolate-linear, deeply dentate lobules; plants of Transbaikalian steppes and NGHiaceiang WMloryeroliey “Sg \c 6 be 0366 0s 23. G. transbaicalicum Serg. Flowers intensively dark violet, large; filaments and style violet; plants of mountains and high mountain meadows in the Caucasus OREO e OEE! UNL cont RGtOan Mirate derine FOE OM or on che cho “ote 25. G. ruprechtii Woron. Flowers blue-violet or azure-violet, inner parts not intensively colored; plants of the forest and forest-steppe zones of Eurasia, mountains of S. Siberia and north Central Asia ---++-+++-+++-+-++:; ADOT, Nea Us Calle aot OL aes MM eRe UT termaNG. curckcno 22. °G. pratense ae Blades of lower cauline leaves nearly quinquepartite or tripartite; upper leaves trifid or 3-lobed; lobes of lower leaves ovate .... 44. Blades of lower cauline leaves nearly septempartite or quinque- partite; upper leaves 3—5-fid; lobes of lower leaves ovate- PIROMAD I Css 49.8 cress oraenetsa can cigl oan ace RRR acca ate eats he ee Me 45. Petals 17—22 mm long, more than twice as long as sepals; plants of WW A(CEVI@BISUIS) Yo ao 6 oS Go G6) ohig: oO 0 0 0 6S 6 66 6 © 6 See (et. gracile Ldb. Petals ca.7 mm long, hardly longer than sepals; plants of the Southermnipanet ote thicniha rey EGaSitge rien teak sucess 39. G. wilfordii Maxim. Pedicels simple-hairy, spreading or even recurved, glandular hairs SUD SIOTUG ial seaey cs as aS Lee mews eh lasn) Sy Neavehes phe: BoikcO Gs aio on actus aroma iceT Cooktebis th aCe ae eee at 46. Redicels olanduilanc—hanieyar uit geuicer ets sient -ykoles Marke ket ier ea 49. Stems erect, firm, solitary, rarely few; lower leaves deeply cordate at base, blades thin, dissected for three-fourths into broadly rhombic acuminate lobes, lobes acutely incised-dentate in upper part; plants of Tien Shan and Dzungarian-Ala-Tau..... ZAG. GeCtumml ravines Stems erect or ascending, slender, 2—3; plants of the European part of the USSR, Caucasus, E. Siberia and the Far East..-.-..--+---. 47. Leaves green at both sides; filaments short-ciliate; plants of the European part of the USSR-and Caucasus ..... 3 Geapalustme sar Leaves grayish beneath; filaments hispid dorsally and at margins; plants,otek: siberiagand they bate de alsity tame toie wcilciiccnsi I= eit ie 48. 10 48. Hairs seftywelvety, erayish) o.oo. & 32. G. vlassovianum Fisch. + Hairs bristly, long, spreading .. .33. G. maximowiczii Rgl. et Maack. 49. Peduncles 5—15cm long; pedicels (1)2—4cm Lo) CARLA de taetry te WM am 50. + Flowers crowded, as if forming inflorescence at apex of stem or branches, on ca.1cm long pedicels and rather short pedunetes . > “51. 50. Stems 15—40cm high, ascending to suberect, spreading-branching; flowers 2.5—3.5cm in diameter, pale, pink-violet: plants of inun- dated meadows and moist coastlines ...... 34. G. collinum Steph. + Stems 5—7cm high or plant nearly or completely acaulescent; flowers 3—4cm in diameter, bright blue-violet, sometimes pure white; plants of alpine low herbaceous vegetation .............. BE be Prrfter sees th serge Lisihs 3 int. ROLES CSS, 35. G. saxatile Kar. et Kir. idle Leaves orbicular, dissected for more than two-thirds into obovate deeply pinnatisect lobes with acuminate teeth: plants of Pamir- evieMiphyr eat has. Vi dete Ct ROS. RELIES Roy ES , 36. G. meeboldii Briquet. - Leaves pentagonal-orbicular, parted for half or Slightly more into 5, broadly incised-dentate lobes; upper leaves nearly 3-lobed; plants ee EDMGr Panayiotis 10 ene. She Ste Sool 37. G. ferganense Bobr. 52. Lobes of lower cauline and especially of radical leaves pinnatisect Cea UNAMMIAL SAL ys Selo Gh hk age, whe Cys, ade oi, 2 51. G. tuberosum L. 1 Lobes of lower cauline and radical leaves oblong-cuneate, 2—3-fid (rarely multifid) into linear, entire or hardly incised lobules.... 53. 53. Tubers catenulate, i. e., not compact; plant bearing radical RAV SOU BeOS we MAI Feo MOUS Leis Satiads Serer ok o4. ia Tubers moniliform, i.e., dense; plants without radical leaves ... 55. 54. Lobes of radical leaves with 2—4 lateral small lobules; stem short- Pebesrearswriih lew Nongemhairs fer. (5. SQ hO, feRa ie) ee | eked hh Fcpths ahead. 5 Satya 52. G. transversale (Kar. et Kir.) Vved. + Lobes of radical leaves 3-sect into entire linear lobules, without lateral segments; stem uniformly covered with small retrorse Beansoteis 22a JA. O63 071 .2aP cid. J 53. G. linearilobum DC. S15) Lower cauline leaves multisect into linear entire lobes; flowers pate paiac or ipink (Mina tur kms) %-.). 2 eel y. 04. G. kotschyi Boiss. + Lower cauline leaves 5—7-sect into cuneate lobes parted into lance- olate lobules; flowers dark pink (southern Lge Talis eo 0's S12 lee MA hie keke e Miah lie elartathans Sia lirtece tas. To) tle ROLE 95. G. charlesii (Aitch. et Hemsl.) Vved. Section 1. SUBACAULIS Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 869; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk.II,7,10; Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft, 45,91.— Rootstock vertical, fleshy, multicipital; plant subacaulescent: leaves small, silvery; carpels with 1—3 wrinkles above. 1. G, subeaulescens L'Her. in DC. Prodr. I(1824) 640; Boiss.,FI. or. I,872, Suppl.141; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Mi; 20 Grosse, Fl. Kavk.III,5.—G. cinereum 8. subcaulescens Knuth in Pflzr.53, Heft, 92.— Ic.: Sibth. et Sm. Fl. Gr. tab.661 (sub. nom. G. asphodel.).— Perennial; rootstock vertical, multicipital, densely covered above with old stipules and petioles, producing numerous leaves, thus appearing some- what tufted; peduncles 1—3 cm long, finely pubescent, inconspicuous due to “a cover of leaf petioles; leaves with 5-10 cm long petioles densely covered with fine hairs, silvery-gray beneath, blades 1.5—3 cm wide, densely and finely pubescent, orbicular, 5-sect nearly to base, lobes cuneate, trifid, obtuse. Pedicels 5—10cm long, two per peduncle, more distinctly pubescent above; sepals lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, ca. 10mm long, densely and finely pubescent, silvery; petals obovate, very short-clawed, emarginate, 15-17 mm long, 12mm wide, purple-violet; filaments pale; carpels with 1—3 wrinkles above, hispid, beak thin, 3.5—4.5cm long, short-hairy. bls Julie ee hug uSt. Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: W.Transc. (Kvakhid Mountain in former Artvin). Gen. distr.: Bal.-As.Min. Described from Parnassus. Note. Yu. N.Voronov determined the only specimens known to him, which had been collected by Mikhailovskii on Kvakhid Mountain, as the Lazistan variety G. subcaulescens var. lazicam Woron., distin- guished by its two-colored leaves, obtuse lobes, abruptly acuminate sepals, and purple-violet flowers; however, he did not separate it and we have never seen these specimens. Albov's specimens from Kramskaya Yaila are similar to the Kvakhid ones in the color of the corolla, but differ in their glabrous leaves. Section 2. SANGUINEA Knuth. in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 46,138. — Leaves orbicular, medium-sized, dissected nearly to base; lobes largely pinnatisect, lobules oblong or oblong-linear, more or less entire. 2. G. sanguineum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 683; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1, 460; Shmal'e.). Ell, 193; Voron. in Mat 3 prey Kayke Tlie to; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 138; Syreisheh.,, Hl..Mosk. sub. 1,326; Hegi, 1. Fie IVosnomis, Grossg., Fl. Kavk.I11,3.—G. grandiflorum Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. I] (1785) 174..— lc. Hegijedi ec: ta by diay tithe N62 fei xs -cim GroEy. ey NOceo a Fl... Pol?;exs... NoJ617#.Pl. Fink. exs. No. 280; Hl..exs.)austro-huno: No. 3213; Fl. exs. Reip. Boh.-Slov., Nos. 123,425. Perennial; rootstock nodose, 5—8mm thick; stems 20—25cm high, usually furcately branching to nearly simple, branches spreading, like petioles and peduncles covered above with long spreading hairs, but hairs recurved below stem; leaves petioled, reniform or orbicular, deeply dis- sected into 5—7 lobes, lobes cut into 3—5 linear or linear-lanceolate, some- times slightly acuminate lobules, appressed-hirsute bristles above and at margins, and long white-hairy beneath; stems and lower leaves often intensively reddening below towards end of growing. Peduncles long, 1-flowered, rarely 2; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, brownish; sepals oblong-ovate, mucronate at tip, 3—5-nerved, brownish-scarious, long-hairy; petals blood-red, obovate, emarginate, cuneate at base, 15—20 mm long, half as long as sepals; column attenuate above, pubescent, carpels spar- ingly pubescent, white-hairy above, basally bearded inside; seeds finely dotted in lines. Fl. June—July, Fr. July—September. Loose forests, shrubby formations at forest edges and lawns, on dry, southern slopes in particular, in northern regions on limestones. — European part: Balt. (in Narva district known from limestones), Lad.-Ilm. 12 (only in Pskov district, in limestones along the Velikaya River), U.Dnp. (latitude of Smolensk), U.V. (extreme south), V.-Kama (only southwest, to Krasnoufimsk in the northeast), U.Dns., V.-Don, Transv. (north), Bes., Bl., L.Don, Crim.; Caucasus: all regions except Tal. and a larger part of W. Transc. Gen. distr.: S.Scand., Atl., Centr. and S.Eur., W.Med., Bal. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. 3. G. dahuricum DC. Prodr. 1(1824) 642; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 468; iiwre7 sl) ibaics—dahit I,25o8;" Kom.) Fl. Manichzh.i 64764 Knuth. in Pflzr. 53 Heft.141.— Ic.: Kom. and Alis., Opredel. II tabl. 207. Perennial; rootstock thick, short, with bundle of inflated roots, producing few stems; stems 25—50cm high, nearly erect, appressed-hairy, mostly in upper part; lower leaves long-petioled, dying at anthesis; petioles 8—13cm long, thin, appressed-hairy; blade heptagonal or reniform-orbicular, cov- ered above with stiff short appressed hairs, long hairy beneath, especially along nerves, dissected very deeply into lanceolate-linear acuminate lob- ules 2—3 mm wide; stipules lanceolate, filiform-acuminate above. Peduncles axillary, 2-flowered, drooping in fruit, appressed-hairy, the upper shorter; bracts lanceolate, distinctly acuminate, ciliate at margin; sepals ovate, with 1—2 mm long awn, dorsally 3-nerved, scarious and long- hairy at margins; petals purple or pink, more intensively colored along nerves, obovate, 8—10 mm long, white-hairy at base; filaments linear- lanceolate, ciliate at base, hardly longer than calyx; column in fruit two to three times as long as calyx; seeds compressed, finely dotted. Fl. June, Fr. July—August. (Plate IV, Figure 2.) Dry valley meadows and slopes, shrubby formations and forest meadows.— E.Siberia: Dau.(S.); Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Mong. (E.), Manchuria, N.China. Described from Transbaikalia, from Patrin's col- lections. Type in Geneva? 4. G. soboliferum Kom. in Tr. B.S. XVIII (1901) 433; F1. Man'chzh. II, 651; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 143; Kom. and Alis., Opredel. II, 692. Perennial; rootstock short, producing swollen roots and developing lateral shoots (rarely seen in herbaria); stems 25—50 cm high, 1-3, leafless below, erect, angular, glabrous below, sparingly hairy above; radical leaves with 20—40 cm long petioles, glabrous or few hairy; blades reniform-orbicular; cauline leaves in upper third of stem, with pubescent petioles longer than blade; terminal leaves sessile, coriaceous, shortly- appressed-hairy above, sparsely hairy beneath along nerves and margin; blades dissected into 5—7 lanceolate lobes, lobes deeply cut into lanceolate acuminate lobules, all paler glaucescent beneath. Peduncles 2-flowered, elongating up to 3cm at full blossom, covered with short appressed- retrorse hairs; sepals 0.7—1cm long, 5—7-nerved, finely appressed- hairy, scarious at margin, tapering-mucronulate; petals violet-red, broadly obovate-cuneate, 2cm long, pubescent at base, short-clawed; filaments ciliate at the dilated part; fruiting pedicels erect; column 3cm long, very short-hirsute. Fl. July, Fr. August. (Plate IV, Figure7). Marshy meadows, valleys alongrivers andstreams.— Far East: Uss. (S.). Gen. distr.: Manchuria, N. Korea. Described from E. Manchuria. Type in Leningrad. 13 14 Section 3. COLUMBINA Koch, Synops. ed.1 (1837) 140, pro min p.; Voronesin Mate vhie skayk Sl, (6), spsps; | Gams) in Elects ties ens vise 1668. — Blades of leaves dissected-lobed, lobes cut into linear lobules; petals nearly as long as sepals; annuals. 5, G. columbinum lL. Sps ple edy2°(1763)) 956; Vin B. Hl taums-ecaucame 140° Mil 456-. Iedb. hl Ross. 1/472 Boiss. Hn vor oot: Shiney hci mnesle 193; “\Vioron. im) Mate Hi KaviksIlh wi 68; )hnuth, in seize Sea oeEhert oO, Grossg., Fl) Kavk: lll, 3:— Gs osie 0) core r ule wim (Gulib. bly ithe we (1785) 176. =e" Rehb: le. (Germ Shy talon GOs hxc: (Ree xc aaa icnice hung., No.3217; Fl. eks. Reip. Boh.-Slov., No. 238. Annual; root thin, terete; stems 20—40cm high, numerous, erect or ascending, covered with stiff appressed-antrorse hairs, appearing to be spreadingly branching because of the many spreading peduncles; lower cauline leaves orbicular-pentagonal, blades of these leaves 2—3.5(5) cm in diameter (smaller in radical leaves); dissected into 5—7 narrow lobes, lobes cut into linear lobules; upper cauline leaves 3—5-partite, with nar- rower lobes; stipules lanceolate-subulate, scarious. Peduncles long, spreading; bracts linear; fruiting pedicels spreading, nearly as long as peduncles; sepals lanceolate, 9—10(11) mm long, with awn 3 mm long, scarious at margin, 3-nerved, glabrous, broadly triangular in fruit; petals ca. 10mm long, pale purple, obcordate, pubescent beneath; carpels glabrous, keeled, beak appressed-stiff-hairy. Fl. May, Fr. June. (Plate V, Figure7). Grass stands, shrubby formations on siopes, fields, weedy places. — European part: Balt. (Ezel Island), U.Dns., M.Dnp., Bes., Bl. (Mius), Crim.; Caucasus: everywhere in the foothills and plains but not reported from Transc. Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., W. and E. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran (NW). Described from Centr. Eur. Type in London. 6. G. schrenkianum Trautv. ex Beck. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. LVII, I (1882) 53; nomen; Kryl., Fl. \Zap.-sib: Vill, 1833.— ©. s1acile sehen in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. III (1845) 308, non Ldb. (1837); O. and B. Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. II,149. Annual; much like the preceding species but differing in habit, being very impoverished in all parts. The markedly smaller flowers (sepals 5—7 mm long, with awn ca. 2mm long, petals 5—6 mm long) serve as differ- entiating characters. The specific area of distribution also points to its independence. It is typical of the Kazakh folded country where it is widely distributed: in the east it reaches Lepsa valley at the foot of Dzungarian Ala-Tau and Zaisan district,in the north it occurs up to Karkaralinsk and Semipalatinsk, in the Aral-Caspian area it is known from Turgai district and Ulutau village in Karsakpai district. It is found in scattered localities from Buzuluk district and Ergeni near Krasnoarmeisk (Sarepta). Fl. June, Ime 6 a WUby. Moist places and swamps, pebbly and sandy beds of rivers and streams in the southern steppical and semisteppical zone. — European part.: Transv. (Buzuluk district), L.V. (Ergeni near Krasnoarmeisk); W. Siberia: Irt. (extreme southeast); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (extreme northeast), Balkh. Endemic. Described from Khantau, an offshoot of the Chu-Ili Mountains. Type in Leningrad. re 17 Note. The absence of records of this species from Mugodzhar, as well as from the west of the Aral-Caspian district, might mean that it was overlooked. 7... G.adissectum L. Centi (1755) 21;. M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc,. Il, 189; iA 56) db. bls wRoss. le 4722 Boiss, Fle or. 1881: ©. Kize, in Tr. Biss sl, te), sumalle.” Bh 4.193; Veronayv, in-Mat. FI. Kayk, JIT, feeds: Knuth in)\Pilze. (63 Heft;.5l; Grossé.,, Bl. Kavk: III, 2. — G. angustifolium Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. II (1785) 176.—Ic.: Rechb. Ic. Fil. Germ. Ill}.tab.189.—,Exs.: Fl..exs. Reip. Boh.-Slov. No. 1139; Pi. Winl.. exs..No:-186. Annual; stems 15—40cm high, usually 2—3, ascending to erect, some- times branching nearly from base, covered below with spreading stiff hairs mixed with numerous glandular ones in upper part; radical leaves orbicular-pentagonal, dissected nearly to base into 5—7 narrow lobes, lobes cut into linear lobules; lower cauline leaves larger, the upper smaller, petioles with stiff recurved hairs, blades especially densely- stiff-hairy beneath. Peduncles short, not longer than petioles, together with pedicels covered with stiff and glandular hairs; pedicels short, as long to twice as long as sepals; sepals lanceolate, flat, with awn 2mm long, dorsally hispid and glandular; petals 6—8 mm long, almost as long as sepals, obcordate, ciliate at base, lilac, pink-lilac or white (var. al- bidum O. Ktze.); carpels pubescent, beak glandular. Fl. May, Fr. June. (Plate V, Figure 1.) Fields, crops, roadsides, shrubby formations, gardens, weedy places. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: everywhere except for the high moun- tains; Centr.Asia: Pam.-Al. (Kabadian, Kurgan-Tyube, Saiat, Kulyab). Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., W. and E.Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Introduced into the United States. Described from S. Europe. Type in London. Note. The flowers of the E. Transcaucasian and Talysh plants are usually white,as correctly noted by Voronov (l.c.). Section 4. SYLVATICA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 45, 107. — Patra chia: Koch, Sypopsis.4e> 3% .pfp.: Boiss Fl. or..1, 869, p.p.; Voron, in Mat. Fl. Kavk. — Rootstock oblique, producing long roots; stems erect, tall, leafy. Flowers large, fascicled in erect umbelliform terminal inflorescence; petals spreading. Subsection 1. MEDITERRANEA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 107.— Pedicels glandular, rarely eglandular, erect in fruit; lobes of leaf orbicular. Flowers large. 8. G. renardi* Trautv.in Trautv. Rgl. Maxim. et Winkl. Decas plant. nov. (1882) 5; Boiss. Fl. or. Suppl. 142; Voron. in Mat. FI. Mavic tlieheoor shnutianeP fl zr 53) Elett,. 109..— |G: Bur otih emulsa a nivim Trautv. in herb. * Named after K.I.Renard, a leading figure in the Moscow Society of Naturalists. (15) PLATE 1. 1—Geranium renardii Trautv.; 2—G.ibericum Cavan; 3—G. gymnocaulon DC.; 4—G.montanum Habl. 14 Perennial; rootstock robust, 10—20cm long, 1—2cm thick, developing numerous basal leaves and one, rarely two stems; stems 15—25cm high, erect, short pubescent with straight spreading hairs, usually simple and leafless, terminal leaves mixed with peduncles at top; radical leaves with short-pubescent 5—11 cm long petioles, blades 5—6 cm wide, pentagonal- orbicular, parted into 5—7 broadly ovate, crenate-dentate lobes, adjacent at margins; terminal leaves nearly 3-lobed, small, blades rugulose, densely velutinous-pubescent beneath with short soft hairs, silvery, gray-green above; stipules lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, lilac-brown. Peduncles 2—5 cm long, together with the two pedicels (1—2 cm) more densely pube- scent than stems; bracts linear-subulate, lilac, hairy, sometimes mixed with small, reduced leaves; flowers usually 4 or 8 in loose inflorescence; sepals 10—12 mm long, lanceolate, with 1—2 mm long awn, pubescent outside; intensively bluish-purple inside; petals 17—20 mm long, broadly obovate, deeply 2-lobed, cuneate at base, pubescent, pale lilac with dark violet nerves; fruit pubescent, carpels densely short-hairy. Fl. July, Fr. August. (Plate 1, Figure 1.) Alpine, rarely subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, E. Transc. (alpine belt of the western part of Main Range). Endemic. Described from Ossetia, from Brutsabseli near Didi-Liakhva. Type in Leningrad. Note. The hybrid G. renardii X G. platypetalum was estab- lished by Yu. N. Voronov (l.c., p.37). The plant combines the parental characters and is especially distinguished from G. renardii by the more developed branching, leafy long-hairy stems, and by the glandular hairs on the pedicels. Specimens of this kind are known from Elbrus and from Chaparukhskoe ravine in S. Ossetia. 9. G. psilostemon Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 465; Voron. in Mat. Fl. meowvk (1l7, 44=°"Knuth in Pfilzr. 53 Heft, 212; Grossg., Fil. Kavk. Til, 6.— G. armenum Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 878.— G. armenum var.? Alb. Pr. Fl. Colch. (1895) 46.—G. armenum f. Albowii Lipsky, Fl. Kavk. (1899) 264, nom.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No.33; Pl. or. exs. No. 312. Perennial; rootstock robust, producing 1 stem and 2—5 leaves; stem 35—70 cm high, erect, with furcately spreading branches, appressed-hairy with thin and short but distinct hairs, sometimes unevenly bristly in lower part (below the lower branches); lower leaves with 15—30 cm long, short- appressed-hairy petioles, blades pentagonal-reniform, 15—20cm wide, 5-sect for two-thirds, lobules large, rhombic, acuminate, incised and acutely toothed; median leaves with shorter petioles, terminal leaves tripartite, with narrow acuminate lobes; all blades short-appressed-hairy above, more densely crisp-hairy beneath, the young leaves nearly lanate beneath. Peduncles 5—20 cm long, shortly appressed-hairy; bracts lanceolate- linear, brownish, glabrous, 8—12 mm long; pedicels 2—8 cm long, appressed-hairy, often glandular, declinate in fruit; flowers few; sepals lanceolate, appressed-hairy,10—12 mm long,awn 4—6 mm long; petals obovate, obtuse, 20—25 mm long, blood-red, pubescent at base, with black spot, nerves more brightly colored; stamens 7—10 mm long, filaments blackish above (like style), dilated below, pale, pubescent; carpels pube- scent, with 2—3 thin wrinkles, beak 25—30 mm long, remotely hairy, some- times also with glandular ones. Fl. July, Fr. August. 15 Forest margins and grassplots in the high mountain and subalpine areas. — Caucasus: Dag. (near Durushtal in former Kyurin district), W. and E. Transc. (in S. Ossetia and Gori area and in the west). Gen. distr.: Turkish Armenia. Described from the Nordmann collec- tions from W. Transcaucasia. Type in Leningrad. Note. This plant should be cultivated as an ornamental because of the unusual beauty of its flowers. 10. G. gymnocaulon DC. Prodr. I (1824) 640; Boiss. Fl. or. Suppl. 142). Viorons, in WViata ble, Keangkey Wes (pou sem Konic ae lines tlizareeieo Ss) leit mela es Grossg., Fl. Kavk. IIIl,6.—G. amethystinum Ldb. in Bull. Acad. Petrope: Le (is3i6), 214 3b Be DROSS .welp.4 Olle) Greeitloye: elacy rama oy brachytrichum, Boiss: Fl. ior: W(@867)\1876,.—fExs:: Herb: le e@ares No. 474. Perennial; rootstock vertical, 10—15 cm long, 1 cm thick, producing 1—2 stems and 5—10 radical leaves; stems 15—30 cm high, ascending, glabrous below, short-appressed-hairy above, without glandular hairs, nearly simple, hardly leafy, bearing only terminal leaves subtending peduncles; leaves (radical) with 10—20 cm long petioles, blades penta- gonal, 5—7 cm wide, dissected nearly to base into rhombic lobes, lobes deeply dissected into lanceolate lobules, blades glabrous above, very finely pubescent beneath along nerves or in upper part of petiole; upper layer hardly developed, nearly tripartite, with narrow lobes. Peduncles 3—5 cm long, short-hairy; pedicels paired, short-hairy,ca.1cm long; bracts 3—5 mm long, linear, scarious; sepals 7—10 mm long, dorsally short- hairy, pubescent at margins, with 2—3 mm long awn; petals 17—20 mm long, 12—13 mm wide, broadly obovate, emarginate or nearly 2-lobed above, brilliant violet; filaments dilated at base, long-white-hairy at back; carpels dorsally long-hairy, beak 25—30 cm long, short-hairy. Fl. July, Fr. August. (Plate 1, Figure 3.) Meadows in the alpine and subalpine belts. — Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, W. and E. (in west) Transc. (alpine belt of the Main Range and west of the Lesser Caucasus). Endemic. Descriptions based upon Stephen's collections from Georgia. Type in Geneva. Nioi tie... Vian), pumilum, pRupie. and) aie. or pial nid isto euenay es bauioige, both varieties of this species established by Ruprecht (Fl. Cau. 271), represent only the more extreme alpine forms. 11. G. ibericum Cavan. Quarta Diss. Bot. (1787) 209, tab. 124; Mo Ba. bls taur.—cauciell,.135 > lla 54) fexcliviars. ssc ladon sh erhvos seals I, 4625, Boiss... Flor. 1,876; suppl.1 423 “Vorons in Matis hl Sian kosehile Up Ze iscaybidal soy IelAer sae lekeney MILO S (eroos ser. , Jalle Uenle, 0, B= G. grandiflorum Guld. Reisen, I (1787) 420, nomen. -— Ic.: Cavan. l. c. tab.124, fig.1; Sweet, Geran. I (1820—1822), tab. 84.— Exs.: Herb. Ply Cauic.e Nome. Perennial; rootstock robust, developing a stem 30—60 cm high, usually furcately branching from middle; stem, peduncles, pedicels, sepals and petioles covered with soft long hairs, blades glabrous, pubescent only at margins and at base of nerves; radical leaves 3—5, 20 25 with petioles 10—30 cm long, blades 6—12 cm wide, pentagonal-heptagonal- orbicular, dissected for two-thirds into irregular rhombic lobes acuminate and uneven above, sometimes bifid and acutely dentate; cauline leaves short-petioled (up to 5 cm), divided into 5 irregularly rhombic lobes, lobes irregularly incised-dentate, the terminal leaves small, sessile; stipules lanceolate-linear, 10—12 mm long, densely long pubescent. Peduncles 3—5 cm long, 2—3 on each branch, bearing 2 pedicels 1—3 cm long, thus forming luxuriant umbelliform inflorescence; bracts linear-subulate, 5—10 mm long, pubescent; sepals reddish, elliptic, ca. 10 mm long, with 2—3 mm long awn; petals cuneate, obcordate or just emarginate, some- times with denticle at middle of notch, violet with purple veins, 22—30 mm long; filaments sometimes colored above, dilated below and ciliate-hairy; fruit 4—5 cm long, carpels sparingly pubescent. Fl. June—July, Fr. July—August. (Plate 1, Figure 2.) Subalpine and alpine meadows, grassplots in upper part of the forest belt.— Caucasus: Cisc. (absent in the western part of the Main Range), Dag., W. (Artvin), E. and S.Transc. Gen. distr.: As. Min. (Turkish Armenia). Described from the ''East" (probably from Transcaucasia) from Tournefort's collections. Type in Paris. 12. G. montanum Habl. in Pallas, Neue Nord. Beitr. IV (1783) 51.— G. ibericum var. subglandulosum Rupr. in Mem. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII, ser. XV, 2 (1869), p.p.— G. ibericum var. hyrcanum Seron. im) Mat. Fl. Kavk. UI;7 (1911) 31;° Grossg., Fl. Kavk. II,5.— G. ibericum var. genuinum Trautv. in herb. Perennial; resembling the preceding species, differing distinctly in habit. Stems short, ascending, 2—3; plant 15—30 cm high, profusely pubescent with long white spreading hairs, sometimes declinate below stem, peduncles and pedicels in addition with short glandular hairs; leaves up to 7 cm wide, lower leaves nearly pentagonal, dissected for more than half into 5 subrhombic, slightly acuminate, irregularly incised, acutely toothed lobes, upper leaves nearly 3-lobed, all blades shortly appressed-hairy at both sides. Peduncles (3)5—15 cm long; flowers smaller; petals 15—20 mm long, densely long pubescent at base; filaments with stiff long cilia at base; fruit with densely hairy beak. Fl. July, Fr. August. Grassplots in the mountain-forest belt, 1,500—2,500 m altitude. — Caucasus: Tal. Gen. distr.: Iran (Gilan). Described from Samamiiskie Mountains. Type in Leningrad. 13. G. platypetalum F. et M. ex Hohen. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. VI (1883) 246; Ind. I Sem. H. Petrop. (1835) 28; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 462; Meronsoim Mat, 1: Kavk. Ill, 7,32: Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 111; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. IlI],6.— G. ibericum var.8 M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) fos G ibe@ricum var-‘platypetalum Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 876. — Bee eee. Mag tab.1386, sub.nom. G. tberico.— Exs.: FI. cauc. exs. No. 237; Pl. or. exs. No. 340. Perennial; stems usually solitary, 15—40 cm high, furcately branching at middle, like petioles sparingly covered with soft hairs, densely so under nodes; radical leaves irregularly reniform-orbicular,12 cm wide, long- petioled, dissected for two-thirds into broad obovate lobes almost trifid 17 and irregularly dentate above; cauline leaves pentagonal-heptagonal, cut into obovate, slightly narrower lobes; terminal leaves nearly 3-fid; blades densely pubescent with thin, soft appressed hairs; stipules lance- olate, densely long hairy. Peduncles erect, 5—10(20) cm long; bracts linear-lanceolate, 12mm long; pedicels 1—3 cm long, erect, peduncles and pedicels hairy like stem but also with glandular hairs; sepals lance- olate, 8—10(12) mm long, with 4 mm long awn, long hairy toward apex and at back; petals broadly obcordate, cuneate at base, profusely hairy, irregu- larly and weakly sinuate at margin, 17—20 mm long, blue-violet; filaments colored, dilated and hispid below; carpels pubescent, beak elongating to 25 mm, glandular-hairy. Fl. June, Fr. July. Meadows and forest stands in the subalpine belt. — Caucasus: in all regions, but in W. Transcaucasia known only in former Artvin district. Gen. distr.: As. Min. (Turkish Armenia), Iran (Gilan). Described from Sarial. Type in Leningrad. Subsection 2. EUSYLVATICA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 108.— | Pedicels glandular, rarely eglandulose, erect in fruit; lobes of leaf ovate | or lanceolate. | 14. G. sieboldii Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. XXVI (1880) 458, pl. japon. excl.; Ej. in Mel. Biol. X,622; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. 1 646; | Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 135; Kom. and Alis., Opredelit. I1,692. Perennial; rootstock short, with fusiform-swollen roots; stems erect, bi- and trifurcate, thickened at nodes, subglabrous below, covered above with recurved hairs; stipules ovate, acuminate; petioles more densely hairy; leaves reniform, the upper subsessile, the radical and lower cauline deeply 5—7-partite, the upper 3-partite, lobes obovate-cuneate, cut into oblanceolate acuminate lobules, short-appressed-hirsute above, spreading- hirsute beneath especially along nerves. Peduncles 2-flowered, shortly and densely pubescent at anthesis, distinctly elongating and drooping in fruit; sepals obovate, awned, 5-nerved; petals broadly obovate, cuneate at base, pale lilac with darker nerves, densely white-hairy covered at base, nearly twice as long as calyx, ca.1.5 cm; filaments ciliate below; styles scab- | rous in fruit; seeds oval,finely dotted. Fl. June, Fr. August. (Plate IV, | Figure 1.) Shrubby formations on slopes, dry meadows.— Far East: Ze.-Bu. (only south of Zeya-Bureya Plain and Blagoveshchensk), Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from Manchuria. Type in Leningrad. Note. Maksimovich included both Japan and Manchuria in the distribu- tion area of this species but he denoted the differences between the Japanese and Manchurian populations. Neither the Russian nor later the Japanese authors distinguished one from the other; moreover,in naming G. japo- nicum Fr. et Sav. (1879) some Japanese authors referred the epithet proposed by Maksimovich to the synonymy of G. japonicum. There is no question now that the Japanese and Manchurian plants represent separate species. Accordingly, the Manchurian plant, whichis Sehmidt's specimen from Hun-ch'un district near Posyet district, must be considered as the type of our species. Following Maksimovich, who correctly pointed out the similarity of this species to the American species of the group G. richardsonii F. Mey., we place it in the section Sylvatica, contrary to Knuth who included it in the section Reflexa. 15. G. eriostemon Fisch. in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 641; Ldb. FI. moss. 1,464: Turez, Fl. baic.-dah. 1,255, p.p.;. Maxim. Prim. F1. Amur.70; Ej. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. XXVI, 463, var. excl.; Kom., Hl, Man'chzh. IJ,654; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 121.— G. eriostomum Rgl. (calami lapsu) in Mém. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. IV, 4 (1861) 39. Perennial; rootstock 0.5—1 cm long, covered above with pale brown wide stipules up to 2 cm long; stems usually single, 25—70 cm high, spreading-hairy, glandular-hairy above and especially on peduncles with capitate hairs, sometimes very densely so; radical leaves 1—3, with petioles two to three times as long as blade, sericeous -spreading-hairy, blades 5—10(15) cm in diameter, pentagonal-reniform-orbicular; cauline leaves short-petioled, the upper sessile, 3-lobed, nearly opposite, blades hirsute particularly beneath and on nerves, parted for approximately half or Slightly deeper into 5 large, ovate, lobate, dentate lobes, lobes of upper leaves narrower and longer; stipules of cauline leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate,0.6—1 cm long. Peduncles 1—5 cm long, densely covered with spread- ing capitate hairs (glands) and bearing 3—10 flowers crowded in a globose inflorescence; pedicels short, hardly longer than sepals, covered with spreading-glandularhairs; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at margin; sepals ovate, shortly mucronate, dorsally spreading-hairy, scarious at margin, ca.1 cm long; petals horizontally spreading, reddish- or bluish-violet, broadly ovate, entire, ca.2cm long, bearded at base; filaments long-hairy at the lower dilated part; beak of fruit (column) ca. 3 cm long, with pubescent styles; seeds finely reticulate-dotted. Fl. May—June, Fr. July—August. (Plate II, Figure 4; Plate IV, Figure 3.) Edges of and glades in coniferous, broadleaved and mixed forests, shrubby formations, dry slopes. — E.Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Transbaikalia — in Verkholensk and Balagansk districts), Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea, N. China. Described from Transbaikalia. Cotype in Leningrad. Note. The Russian plants, which are from the southern regions of the distribution area (Korea and N. China), reaching the southern parts of the USSR in Ussuri district, are strikingly distinctive. They are distinguished by their robustness, more shallowly incised leaves with large lobes, softly lanate-hairy beneath, and longer pedicels. Similar specimens have been recorded under the name G. eriostemon var. hypoleucum Nakai in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXVI (1912) 256. 16. G. erianthum DC Prodr. I (1824) 641; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 464; Maxim. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. XXVI, 465; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 696; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 122: Kom.,. Fl. Kamch. II, 294. —? G. maculatum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 465.—G. erianthum var. elatum Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 71.—G. elatum (Maxim.) Knuth, 1.c. 113.— G. eriostemon Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. I (1842—1845) 255, p.p. non Fisch.— G. eriostemon 8. orientale Maxim. in Meél. Biol. X (1880) 629; Ej. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. XXVI, 463. — G. orientale Freyn in O.B. Z. LII (1902) 18; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 653. 24 Perennial; rootstock 1—1.5 cm long, crowned by pale brown scarious stipules 1—2cm long; stems usually solitary, 25—70cm high, weakly branching above, covered — like petioles — with short reflexed hairs or subglabrous; radical leaves with long petioles three to five times as long as blade, blade deeply 5—7-partite; cauline leaves short-petioled, the upper sessile; blades of lower leaves 6—10cm in diameter, orbicular, deeply 5—7-sect into ovate-lanceolate, large-toothed lobes, sometimes nearly pinnate-dentate; upper leaves with blades 3-fid into narrow lobes; all blades more or less densely appressed-hairy, especially below, or subglabrous, especially above. Flowers 3—5 crowded on short peduncles, usually not longer than subtending leaves, bracts linear, 3—4 mm long; pedicels shorter than peduncles, usually not longer than calyx, remaining erect in fruit, peduncles and especially pedicels densely covered with simple spreading hairs, rarely mixed with glandular ones; sepals lanceolate-oval, 7—8 mm long, with awn usually not longer than 1mm, densely covered with long hairs sometimes mixed with glandular ones; petals pink to violet, more than twice as long as sepals, dilated, sparsely long-hairy at base of stamens; carpels with styles densely and shortly pubescent; seeds thinly pitted-dotted. Fl. May—July, Fr. June—August. (Plate IV, Figure 6.) Meadows, forest edges, slopes, sometimes rocks. — Arctic: Chuk (2) An.; E.Siberia: Lena-Kol. (to the lower reaches of the Vilyui River in the west); har Mast: Kamech., Okh.; «Ze--Bu.,,, Uda, sUss: q(monthoniyy)s Sakh. Gen. distr.: Ber., N. Am. Described from Kamchatka. Type in) Paicas Note. The complications in the synonymy of this species might be due to what was originally considered as a diagnostic character: the complete absence of glandular hairs, in contrast to G. eriostemon Fisch. Actually, glandular hairs on the peduncles and in particular on the sepals are often found. In spite of the wide range of its distribution, extending from the central part of the Yakut ASSR to Sakhalin and from the upper Amur to Bering Sea area, we were unable to find any distinctive forms. For example, we could trace no differences in habit or other diagnostic characters between the Kamchatka plants, which Komarov had determined as G. erianthum f. communis Kom., and the Amur specimens, which were referred to as G. orientale Freynor G. elatum Knuth. Plant populations from the central part of the Yakut ASSR deserve more study. We have not described the distribution of G. erianthum DC. inthis area because of lack of material. i, G. silvaticum)l. Sp: pl. (17 53)16614 IMB. EI, tau, cauce lissiaar Il 5i05, dba) Pl Ross. 01) 464) Boiss hl. som lei.) Samal cease eslesIeo Gr Voron.)in, Mato Fl. Kavk: 1ll-7)42*Knuth ini Pflzr. 53°Hetty 119. Grossg., IpaLSh eines INNES Ys | eGaylle, Il Zeyos MSMoe WAL, IPs — EL COeruleeas Punpu re um» Gilib) ile Lithuans 1 (57.85). 75— "Ge puke pruGsclor coeruleum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1824) 465.— G. albiflorum Korsh. Tenth wRossk owes 898)e904— slick hicea eal aeuarulaiNVee3) unten Gigi Exe. 5G: Re.) No.6 10:8 Bl) Polktiexs.1 Nos l49)a, bb: Plt) binl.. exsh Nomrosr Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 3214. 20 27 Perennial; rootstock nearly vertical or oblique, 10 cm long, slightly broadening above, covered with old stipules of radical leaves; stems few, branching above, erect, 25—60 cm high, barbate, with spreading hairs; radical leaves with petioles long-hairy, twice to four times longer than diameter of leaves, blades appressed- hairy above, pubescent beneath only along nerves, reniform-orbicular, nearly 7-partite into wide rhombic or ovate, deeply pinnatisect or large- toothed lobes; median cauline leaves smaller, with shorter petioles, the upper subsessile and apposite; stipules lanceolate, 1.5—2 cm long, acumi- nate, pale brown, coriaceous. Inflorescence many-flowered, loose, dichas- ial, peduncles 2-flowered, pedicels erect at flowering and in fruit, covered with simple and glandular spreading hairs; flowers broadly open, lilac- purple or violet, rarely white; sepals oblong-ovate, 3-nerved, pubescent, scarious at margin, 10mm long, with filiform awn 3mm long; petals obovate, nearly twice as long as sepals; filaments gradually dilating at base, ciliate from middle; fruiting column 2—2.5cm long, with appressed- hairy styles; seeds very finely dotted. Fl. June—July, Fr. July—September. Light coniferous and mixed forests, forest edges and meadows, forest stands in forest-steppe zone, mountain meadows, shrubby formations, and grass plots in arctic zone.— Arctic: Arc. Eur. (from Kolguev Island), Arc. Sib. (W.); European part: all regions except for L.V., Crim. anda large part of Bl. (in the latter only in the east); Caucasus: all regions except for Tal., very rarely in S. Transc.; W.Siberia: Ob, U. Tob. (N.), Irt.; E.Siberia: Ang. Say.(W.), Yenis.(W.); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Zaisan district). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from N. Europe. Type in London. Note. Many varieties and forms of this species have been described in W. Europe; in our opinion, none of them have any taxonomic significance. Among the varieties distinguished in the USSR one may note G. silv. var. alpinum Rupr. (ex. Woron. l.c.) and G. silv. var. hirsutum Rupr. In the Caucasus there is G. silv. var. myriadenum Somm. et Lev. (Tr. B. S. XVI (1900) 82). All these varieties differ essentially in character and extent of pubescence. In the high mountains of the Caucasus there is a form which is brightly colored, with large flowers. Deserving of special attention however is the white-flowered forest geranium (G. silv. var. alpiilogeum Kryl..in Tr. Obshch. Est... pri Kaz. un. IX, 6.(1881) 59) described from the high mountains of the northern Urals, which is wide- spread in the northern and polar areas of the Urals and the adjacent Arctic territories. Many of the authors after Korzhinskii (1.c.) confused this plant with G. albiflorum Ldb., which is, of course, incorrect. According to M.G. Popov G. alpestre Schur, distinguished only by the eglandulose pedicels, belongs to this species. It is a subalpine plant with bright pink flowers and is common to the Soviet Carpathians (Chernaya gora). fGen Ge albitlorum Lidb\JIc. pl. Fl. Ross. 1 (1829) 6, tab. v6; Ej, F 1. Se 2303, Ki. Fi, Ross. 1,463; Turez. FI. baic.-dah. 1,259; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. XXVI,457; Knuthin Pflzr. 53 Heft, 124; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII,1823.— G. baicalense Turcz. ex Bess. in Flora, XVII (1834) 1, Beibl.9, nomen.— G. versicolor Turcz. in herb. — ieeewled>.. cc. — Hxs.: Ssmirn. Pl. alt. exs.: No. 53. 21 (25) PLATE I. 1—Geranium transbaicalicum Serg.; 9—G.vlassovianum Fisch.; 3—G.rectum Trautv.; 4—G.eriostemon Fisch.; 5—G. gracile Ldb.; 6—G.phaeum L. 22 Perennial; rootstock oblique or horizontal, 10cm long, crowned by brown scarious stipules and usually producing one, rarely two, stems: stems (20)40—60(100) cm high, erect, branching nearly dichasially above, smooth, glabrous, hairy only above and on peduncles; radical leaves generally 1—2, wit: long glabrous petioles 4—6 times as long as blade; lower cauline leaves with petioles not longer than blade; blades orbicular- reniform, 10(15)cm wide, 7(12)cm long, with spreading and appressed hairs above, usually glabrous beneath, dissected for three-fourths into 9—7 rhombic shallowly incised lobes; upper leaves sessile, dissected for two-thirds into 3 rhombic lobes shallowly dentate at margin. Peduncles short-spreading-hairy, hairs often glandular, with 2 hairy pedicels; sepals elliptic, usually reddish, Sparingly pubescent, scarious at margin, with 1.5m long awn; petals obovate, emarginate, 10-15 mm long, hairy at base, twice as long as sepals; flowers white, sometimes pale lilac, weakly open, cam- panulate; filaments white, dilated, ciliate below, longer than sepals; ovary long-hairy; fruits and beak pubescent. Fl. June, Fr. July. Mountain meadows in upper forest and subalpine belts, banks, edges and grass plots of forest plains, tall herbaceous meadows, shrubby formations and sections of stony mountainous tundra in the Arctic region. — Arctic: Arc. Eur. (55°E. in Malozemel'skaya Tundra, Bol'shezemel'skaya Tundra), Arc.Sib. (polar Urals, tundras and forest tundras in the Urals and Ob areas); European part: Dv.-Pech. (only northeast, right bank of lower reaches of Pechora); W. Siberia: Ob (eastern slope of polar and northern Urals, lower reaches of Taz River and southeast between the Ob and Yenisei rivers), Irt.(NE), Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Yenis. (to lower reaches of the Yenisei River), Dau. (to Nerchinsk in the east), Lena-Kol. (except for the north?); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Zaisan district), Dzu-Tarb., T. Sh. (to Alma-Ata and Issyk-Kul in the west). Gen. distr.: Dzu-Kash. (Kuldja), Mongolia (N.). Described from Ridder. Type in Leningrad. Note. The lilac color of the plants growing in the south of Angara River-Sayans noted by Krylov as f. lilacinum Kryl. and also the larger corolla of many plants growing in the Arctic (Siberia) should be added to Ledebour's note on the polymorphism of the species. The major part of its distribution area lies in the mountains of S. Siberia and adjacent territories, the lesser part includes the Arctic (European part), Urals (polar section) and Arctic (Siberia). Since these two parts are con- nected at the Yenisei River basin, where the species is widely distributed, there is no disjunction in its area,as L.P. Sergievskaya (Krylov, Fl.) has reported. Turchaninov designated in herbaria G. baicalense Turcz. and G. versicolor Turcz, but he does not refer to these ecological forms in his "Flora"; the first represents plants of high mountain meadows and the second those of high mountain grass plots and rocky places. H9e.G. pseudosibiricum J. Mayer in Boehm. Abh. (1786) 238; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,469; Trautv. in Bull.. Soc. Nat. Mosc. I (1860) 461; Korsh. Ten- tamen Fl. Ross. or. 92; Shmal'g., Fl. 1,195; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 124: eewcje 1: Zap: Sib. \VIL.1830.— G. campestre Schangin in Pall. Neue Nord: Beitr. V1 (1793); 12,: nomen.— G. bifolium DurezZethilathaies-aah. I (1842) 257, non Patrin.— G. coeruleum Patrin in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 642.— G. laetum Ldb. Ic. Fl. Ross. II (1830) 16: HjicFl.calt 11228. — 23 30 G. szcewaldianum Prodan in Bull. Jard. Mus. Bot. Univers. Cluj. VI (1926)910651202— 1G. cla yum) erautves im herby — ics) dba es sk Ross II, tab. 148. Perennial; rootstock short,ca.1cm thick above, producing dark brown fleshy roots, covered above with pale brown stipules; stems 30—60cm high, sparsely covered with reflexed downturned hairs mo stly inupper part; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 15 mm long in lower leaves, 4—6 mm inupper; radical leaves with 30cm long petioles, median leaves short-petioled, upper leaves subsessile; blades angular-orbicular, pubescent especially beneath, 7-sect nearly to base into rhombic-lanceolate lobes, lobes pinna- tisect, with linear-lanceolate acuminate lobules. Flowers terminal, twin, forming a loose umbelliform inflorescence; bracts linear, 2—5 mm long, 1mm wide, pubescent; pedicels drooping before flowering, erect at anthe- sis and in fruit, densely hairy (var. eglandulosum Trautv.), sometimes with glandular hairs (var. glandulosum Trautv.); sepals oblong, 3-nerved, dorsally pubescent, scarious at margin, with 1—2 mm long awn; petals pale blue to bright lilac, 6—15 mm long, entire, pubescent at base; filaments dilated below, ciliate; fruits pubescent. Fl. June—July, Fr. July—August. Light forests, forest edges and grass plots, meadowy slopes and moun- tainous river-valleys.— European part: V.-Kama (C. and S. Urals, from Krasnoufimsk, Khariuznyi Kamen', Chusovskoi Zaved and Kungur in the north to Orsk in the south), Transv. (only northeast of western border of Belebeevskii kanton); W.Siberia: Ob (SE), Irt.(NE), Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Yenis., Dau. (Baikal area and Selenge Dauria), Lena-Kol. (known upto central part of Yakut ASSR); Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Zaisan, Tarbagatai, northern slope of Dzungarian Ala-Tau). Gen. distr.: Mongolia. Described from Krasnoyarsk steppes. Note. This species is distributed in two areas, the larger includes the mountains of S. Siberia and the enormous adjacent expanse to the Lower Yenisei, the central part of the Yakut ASSR in the north and NW Mongolia in the south. The smaller area consists of sections in the central and southern Urals and in the west of the Urals area. There is no doubt that at one time the areas were contiguous and the disjunction was formed later. It is very interesting to note that the area of this disjunction is populated by G. bifolium Patr., which may be regarded as a young and distinct derivative. 20. G. bifolium Patrin in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 642.— G. pseudo- Sibiricuwme auct. Pl.) Sib. pro min. p. nonaJd..Mayer: = Gi sia tac um erg. in) sist. Zametk) (Gerbsntomsk.cuny 11934) >) Keyl aes Zaloen oalion VAs s2r Perennial; much resembling the preceding species, differing by stems, petioles and pedicels covered (beneath) with short simple reflexed hairs; leaves smaller, dissected nearly to base, lobes narrower; awn of sepals up to 1mm long; corolla white or pale pink with violet nerves. Fl. June, Treg a wubyz. Light forests and forest meadows mainly in the West Siberian Plain. — W. Siberia: U. Tob (N.), Irt.(N.), Ob (S.), Alt. (N.); E. Siberia: Ang !=Say: 24 (extreme southwest, apparently not occurring east of the Yenisei, although L. P. Sergievskaya reports that it is distributed in the east up to Trans- baikalia). Endemic. Described from Barnaul vicinity. Cotypein Leningrad. Note. L.P.Sergievskaya was the first in our time to distinguish this taxon from G. pseudosibiricum J. Mayer and to describe correctly its morphological features. However,as we have ascertained, it was de- scribed by Patrinas G. bifolium Patrin. The type specimen was found in the Fischer Herbarium at the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Because of Platin's diagnosis and Ledebour's misconception of this species it fell into oblivion. Turchaninov actually recognized these plants and distinguished them correctly. In describing the pseudo-Siberian gera- nium (Fl. baic.-dah. I, 257),he noted that the white-flowered forms are distributed in the pine forests of W. Siberia near Tomsk and Baraba. In another part of his book (p. 259) he calls this white-flowered geranium "a variety of Patrin's species." 21. G. rectum Trautv. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXIII (1860) 459; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,182.—G. erectum Trautv. ex Rgl. in Tr. B.S. V (1877) 253 (calami lapsu). Perennial; plant without glandular hairs; rootstock robust; stems usually one, rarely 2, glabrous (var. glabratum Trautv.), or sparsely pubescent with spreading soft long hairs (var. villosulum Trautv., var. villosum Rgl.),30—50cm high, angular, suberect, sparsely leafy, few-branched; radical leaves with very long petioles (15—30cm), blades thin, pentagonal-orbicular, deeply cordate at base, darker above, sparsely appressed-hairy at both sides, 5-sect for three-fourths, lobes broadly rhombic, slightly acuminate, cut into acuminate-dentate lobules in upper half; median cauline leaves short-petioled, nearly opposite, blades smaller, more densely pubescent; upper leaves sessile, nearly 3-lobed, acutely toothed; stipules free, scarious, pale brown, lanceolate. Peduncles 5—16cm long, thin, usually bifurcate, rarely appearing single; pedicels paired (rarely solitary), thin, 5cm long, like peduncles sometimes long-hairy, erect or slightly curved at anthesis and post anthesis; sepals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 8mm long, scarious at margin, sometimes sparsely long white- hairy at back, with ca.2 mm long awn; petals oblong-cuneate, somewhat obtuse above, hairy below,ca.2cm long; flowers at anthesis broadly cam- panulate; filaments dilated below, ciliate; fruits erect, smooth, shortly- appressed-hairy, beak glabrous. Fl. and Fr. July. (Plate Il, Figure 3.) Mountain-forest belt, broadleaved forests, rarely in coniferous. — Centr. Asia: Dzu-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala-Tau), T.Sh. (not recorded from the extreme west). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (extreme west). Described from Baskan valley in the foothills of Dzungarian Ala-Tau. Type in Leningrad. Note. We refer to this species as the ''wood cranesbill" only because of its growth and obvious relationship to wood flora. Due to the character of its leaves and the absence of an inflorescence it is placed in the section Palustria, but even there it is rather isolated. 25 Subsection 3. RECURVATA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 109.— Pedicels glandular, erect at anthesis, before flowering and in fruit. 22.5. Ge pratenserk Spe pllii(L7(53)168le ldbyeh ie Rosse i466. Turez. Fl. baic.-dahur. I, 256; Shmal'g., Fl.1,196; Voronov in Mat. Pile Kavik wlll, os Knuth eine tliznes Soy bletty i2(cuwiscyde.) lata Oeeesiar VITL «1 826) «Grosso. aks Kav kell Gp corer: ule ume Galalonmbe le Lithuan. II (1785) 174.— Ie.: Hegi, III, Fl. 1V,3, tab.174.— Exs.: Fl. Pol. Exds, INO, L502 IPI, Iaiiml, ex, INGOs 2001. Perennial; rootstock short, covered with dark brown stipules of basal leaves; stems few (20), 30—80 cm high, branching above, sulcate, covered with spreading or even retrorse hairs; radical leaves numerous, with 10—20(30) cm long petioles, spreading-hirsute, blades 6—12 cm long, reniform-orbicular, shortly appressed-hairy above, short-hairy beneath mostly along nerves, 7-sect nearly to base into rhombic-ovate lobes, lobes nearly pinnatifid into lanceolate lobes; cauline leaves 5-partite, the upper sessile, 3-partite; lanceolate, acuminate, appressed-hairy, 10—15 mm long. Flowers many in umbelliform pseudo-furcate inflorescence; peduncles and pedicels glandular-hairy, 2 pedicels on each peduncle; pedicels drooping before anthesis and in fruit, erect at anthesis; flowers large, broadly open; sepals 10—13 mm long, oblong-ovate, 3-nerved, glandular -hairy, with 3—4 mm long filiform awn; petals lilac-blue, broad, obovate, rounded and entire above, pubescent at base, nearly twice as long as sepals; filaments dilated at base, pubescent below; fruit ca,.3cm long, beak glandular, filiform above, styles densely pubescent; seeds small, maculate. Fl. June—July, Fr. August. Forest edges and meadows, loose forests, shrubby formations, moderately, moist and dry valley meadows, steppical meadows. — Arctic: Arc. Eur. (Murman Coast, Kanin Peninsula); European part: all localities (in Dvina-Pechora north to Ust'-Tsyl'ma, in steppe zone only in the north), Bl., L.Don, L.V., not known from Crim.; Caucasus: Cise. (very rarely | in northern foothills — in upper reaches of the Kuban River, Kislovodsk district); W. Siberia: all localities, in Ob further north than 61°); E. Siberia: | Yenis.(S.), Lena-Kol. (northeast to middle of Yakut ASSR), Ang.-Say., Dau. | (outside steppe only in west, Baikal area, and in north); Far East: Uss. (introduced into south along railway line); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (extreme | east and Karsakpai district), Dzu-Tarb., Syr.D. (E. Fergana), Pam.-Al. (Alai Range), T.Sh. (except for west). Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. and | Centr. Eur., Dzu.-Kash., Mongolia. Described from N. Europe. Type in London. 23. G. transbaicalicum Serg. in Sist. Zametk. Gerb. Tomsk. un. I (1934) 4. Perennial; very similar to the wood cranesbill but distinguished by its xeromorphic habit and in particular by the strongly dissected leaves; leaves dissected nearly to base into 8—9 narrow ovate-rhombic lobes not more than 3—4 mm wide at base, lobes more or less pinnatisect into narrow | lanceolate, deeply linear-dentate lobules. It is also distinguished by the shorter pedicels, usually not exceeding bracts. Fl. July, Fr. August. (Plate II, Figure 1.) 26 3 Steppe meadows, steppes and broadleaved forests, dry valley meadows. — E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Tuva district, east), Dau. (in southern steppes and basin of Vitim River). Gen. distr.: Mongolia (in north and adjacent Manchuria). Described from Byrka district, Transbaikalia. Type in Tomsk. Note. L.P.Sergievskaya separated the Transbaikalia race as an independent species since it was distinct morphologically and geographi- cally. It should be regarded as a derived meadowy cranesbill developed in the steppes of Transbaikalia and adjacent Mongolia. The distinctive character of the E. Siberian plants attracted the attention of botanists as long as 100 years ago. Ledebour (Fl. Ross. 1,467) noted the features of segmentation of the lamina in plants occurring in Nerchinsk. His second Note to G. affine is dedicated to these plants. Turchaninov (F1. baic.- dah. I, 256) reported that the Irkutsk specimens have short pedicels, some- times even Shorter than the bracts. It should be pointed out however that this character is especially expressed in the Transbaikalia plants. fm GG. attine- db: Ie; ipl. Fl) Ross IV (1833) 209 tab. 3715) Ej. Pl. Been co 29> ys, Fis Ross- fl, 46659 Knuth“in® Pfilzr.53 Heft, 129; Kryl.,; Pie Aap. Sib. VII; 1828.— G. pratense B: affine (Ldb.) Kryl., Fl. faye, I°(17908) 195.— Ic?:> Ldby l.c. (1833) tab. 371. Perennial; very similar to G. pratense L. from which it differs by the following characters: flowers smaller, white, petals 11—15 mm long; stipules and bracts narrower and longer; calyx in fruit narrower, slightly cylindrical; filaments less ciliate. Fl. June—July, Fr. August. Meadows in mountain river valleys, meadows on low mountain slopes, broadleaved forests, moist forest glades.— W.Siberia: Alt. (western foothills, S. Altai); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Zaisan district), Dzu-Tarb. (Tarbagatai). Gen. distr.: Mongolia (Mongolia Altai, S.). Described from meadows in Verkhnii Irtysh, S. Altai). Type in Leningrad. 25. G. ruprechtii Woron in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III,7 (1908) 52 (pro subsp.); Grossg., Fl. Kavk.III,7.—G. pratense subsp. 8. Ruprechtii Knuth ia) Pilgr. 53° Heft (1912)'128:— G. batrachioides B. cyanostemon Rupr. Fl. Cauc. I (1869) 273.— G. pratense 8. cyanostemon Boiss. Fl. or. Suppl. (1884) 143. Perennial; very similar to G. pratense L., differing by the violet color of the stamens and stigma, the larger flowers, dark violet, with more intensively colored corolla, the strongly pubescent filaments and looser inflorescence (with smaller number of flowers). Fl. July, Fr. August. Mountain (and high mountain) meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. Transc. (in high mountain belt of Greater Caucasus Range, from Teberda to Kuba district), 5S. Transc. (Lake Sevan and Nor-Bayazet). Endemic. Described from Dagestan. Type in Leningrad. Note. Two varieties in Dagestan were distinguished by Yu. N. Voronov (l.c.) in this species: one according to the nature of growth (var. diffu- sum Woron.), the other to the intensive pubescence (var. buschianum Woron.). 27 35 26. G. finitimum Woron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III,7 (1908) 50; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. IlI,7.— G. pratense subsp. y. finitimum (Woron.) Knuth in Pilz os Heit (E92) 29: Perennial; in contrast to the other members of the group ''Pratense" this plant has small flowers, apparently purple-violet, with purple pre- dominating; petals 12—15 mm long, densely villous at base; leaves deeply dissected to base into rhombic lobes, lobes narrowly pinnatisect and acutely toothed (reminiscent in segmentation of the blade of G. transbaicali- cum Serg.); stems branching above middle; plant covered with short recurved slightly appressed hairs; hairs on peduncles and pedicels glandu- NOSe5 TL. acl, Mountain (and high mountain) meadows. — Caucasus: E.Transc. (near Gorelovka in Akhalkalaki district); well known from former Kars region (Soganlui Range, Sarykamysh, near Turkish border). Gen. distr.: probably growing in Turkish Armenia. Described from the Radde collections from the Turkish border. Type in Leningrad. Section* UNGUICULATA Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 869; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 45, 89. — Petals long-clawed, claw ciliate; stamens hardly dilated at base; carpels transversely rugose. Rootstock robust. Four south European and Mediterranean species refer to this group. *G. macrorrhizum L. Sp. pl. ed. 1(1753) 680; Boiss FI. or. I, 871; Knuth in Pflzr.53 Heft, 89;, Hegi; Ilk-hl.1V, 3 1708;. )szat.7) Kule zs ee aiwe Rosl... Polskie, 321.— Ic.: Hegi; lc. £:1646. — !xs.:) 1 Wall) exs Nowe Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 2838; Fl. Hung. exs. No.53. Perennial; rootstock 10—15cm long, horizontal, ca. 1 cm thick, densely covered with squamiform stipules; the whole plant pubescent; stems 20—40 cm high, pseudo-dichotomously branching above their lower third; radical leaves with thinly sulcate petioles 10—20cm long, 2—3—4[?] times longer than width of blade, blade 6-10 cm wide, orbicular, palmately dissected for four-fifths, lobes cuneate-obovate to oblong, strongly incised- dentate, teeth acuminate; upper leaves subsessile, with smaller lobes. Peduncles 1—6cm long; pedicels short, usually ca. 1cm long, erect in fruit; flowers partly approximate above; sepals ovate, 3-nerved, with 1-2 mm long awn; petals spatulate, blood-red; filaments brightly colored, 2—3 times as long as sepals; anthers caducous; style with glabrous violet stigma; carpels sometimes glabrous, transversely rugose. Fl. June, Fr. July—August. Cultivated as an ornamental plant, sometimes escaped. — European part: U. Dns. (E. Carpathians, Irovyshch), Crim. (Romanovskoe Shosse and monastery cemetery near game reservation). Gen. distr.: S. and Centr. Eur., Bal. Described from cultivated specimens. Type in London. Note. This plant has been under cultivation for many years in N. and C. Europe because of the brightness and fragrance of its flowers. It is an officinal and honey-bearing plant and undoubtedly was introduced into the Crimea where it was recently discovered by S.V. Yuzepchuk. The only record of its occurrence in the Carpathians must also be of a cultivated or introduced plant. Its natural area is restricted to the north at the southeastern Alps and Transylvania. 28 Section 5. ROBERTIANA Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 871; Woron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III,7 (1908) 75.— Petals long-clawed, like filaments glabrous at base; calyx pyramidally angular. Carpels rugose; seeds smooth. 27. G. robertianum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 681; M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. meee. tdp, Fi: Ross. 1,473; Sorss: Flror.1, 883; Shmal'g., Fl. 1,191; Voron. in Mat.’ Fl. Kavk. III, 7,75; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,64; Grossg., oe Wave. 1ii,2: eryl:, Fl. Zap..sb. VuUl,-1634.— G. foetidum ‘Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. II (1785) 178.— Robertianum nostrum Goldb. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. V (1817) 133.— G. Robertianum y. mosquense Ldb. l.c. p.474.— G. mosquense Goldb. ex Knuth, l.c.65.— G. Robertianum var. tenuisectum Alb. Prodr. Fl. Colch. (1895) foe ie. Rehb. tc. Bl. Germ. lil, tab.187;-Hepi; IM. WLI, 3, tab.173.— fess Gk. Ht. Nor l609:= HI. cauc. exs. No. 18: Pol.-exs..No. 616: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 282; Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 2845. Annual; stems 15—40 cm high, covered with long spreading hairs, and partly with glandular ones, ascending, branching; lower cauline leaves pentagonal, quinate, the upper nearly ternate, the terminal segment petio- luled, the lateral subsessile, rhombic, pinnatisect into entire or incised- dentate lobules, blades thin, spreading-hairy at both sides. Peduncles long, spreading declinate infruit but turned upward, with2 glandular pedicels; sepals erect, converging above, with long awn, hispid at back and margin; petals 12—15 mm long, twice as long as sepals, with limb as long as claw, entire and rounded above, pale purple; carpels reticular-rugose; seeds finely dotted. Foetidous plant. Fl. May—August, Fr. June—September. (Plate V, Figure 6.) Shady, broadleaved, 'dark' coniferous and mixed forests, rocks in shady moist places, sometimes parks as an introduced plant, and near dwelling places. — European part: Balt., Lad.-Ilm.(SW), U.V., V.-Kama, U. Dnp., M.D., V.-Don, Transv. (Buguruslan), Bl., Crim.,L.Don, Urals (to Zilair in the south); Caucasus: all forest regions except for high mountains; W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh.(E.), Dzu-Tarb., Pam.-Al. (Zerav- ean Range), T.Sh.(N.). Gen. distr.: Atl., Centr. and S. Eur., W. and E. Med., Iran., introduced into N. Am. Described from N. Europe. Type in London. wear. purpareuss (Villzy) DC. FY. Fr.1IV (1805) 853: db. Fl. Ross. mere, oumalts 3 Fa, bof Knuth in Pilzr..53, Heft, 66.— 'G. purpureum wa, PYS-Delph.(1785)'72; M..B. Fl. taur.-eaue. Il, 144; I0,456; Boiss. mee or. 1) idom,voron.in Mat. Fl. Kavk, IIL, 7,623) Grossg.,.06l) Kayvk. Ill, 2.— Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. tab. 187.— Differing from type by smaller dimensions, thicker and less deeply dissected leaves; smaller flowers, petals up to one and a half times as long as sepals; carpels more wrinkled.— In open and dry habitats. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W. and E. Transc., especially along coastline. Described from S.France. Type in Paris. Note. Itis more accurate to treat these plants, which Russian botanists have classified as G. purpureum Vill.,as a variety of G.robertianum since the morphological distinction is not clear-cut and there are many transitional forms. These plants occupy open and dry places. 29 PLATE I. 1—Geranium collinum Steph.; 2—G.saxatile Kar. et Kir.; 3—G. ferganense Bobr.; 4—G. pyrenaicum Burm. f.; 5—G.tauricum Rupr.; 6—G.albanum M.B.; 7—G. tube- rosum L.; 8—G. charlesii (Aitch. et Hemsl.) Vved.; 9—G.linearilobum DC. 30 Putts Gblucidunvelie Sp pl? (58) 682;-M.s Be Fl.-taur;-cauc. Il, 141; hepecki-Ross.ih 471; Boiss. ft or. I, 084;4Shmal'g., Fl. 1,142; Voron, a Mat. F1.-Kavk.) M1) 7;83;. Knuth in -Pfilzr. 53: Heft, 63;.Grossg., Fl. Poawioulil, 32— ley: Skchbe ie, Fly Germalll, tab. 18%: =—Hxs::. Herb: FI: Cauc. No.227; Fl. austro-hung. No. 2844; Herb. Norm. No.5019; Pl. Finl. exs. No. 281, a,b. Annual; stems 15—25cm high, ascending or erect, 2—3, shiny, glabrous, brownish, later reddening; radical leaves long-petioled, withering early; lower cauline leaves with shorter petioles, pubescent below, blades larger, orbicular-rhombic, dissected for two-thirds into 5—7 obovate lobes rounded above and shallowly incised, lustrous, appressed-hairy above and at margin, later reddening; stipules lanceolate,acuminate. Peduncles 2—4cm long, spreading in fruit, bearing two 1—1.5 cm long pedicels; sepals ovate- lanceolate, acuminate-short-mucronate, scarious at margin, dorsally scab- rous and transversely wrinkled, slightly inflated at end of flowering forming conoidal calyx; petals longer than sepals, obovate-oblong, long-clawed, rounded above, 8—10mm long; carpels dorsally reticular-rugose, beak long attenuate, scabrous; seeds smooth. Fl. April—May, Fr. May—June. (Plate V, Figure 2.) Rocks in shadow of trees and shrubs, moist shady places. — European part: Balt. (Ezel Island), Bl. (Kirovograd), L.Don, Crim.; Caucasus: all localities except for high mountains and Colchis, but often occurring in eastern regions; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (from Kara-Kala to Gaudan, rare). Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr.Eur., W. and E.Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from W.Europe. Type in London. Section 6. REFLEXA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 45,130, p.p.— Upper cauline leaves alternate; sepals with short mucro, corolla rotate, petals recurved or declinate; carpels transversely wrinkled. 29. G. phaeum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 681; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,463; Shmal'g., Fl. 1,196.— G. lividum L'Hér. Geran. (1788) tab.39.— G. moldavi- ean nom: in herb. -Fischy— ic.:..Rehb.. Ic. F1s) Germ: JH,97 .—; Exs.: Fl. exs. Boh.-Slov. No.426; Fl. exs. austro-hung. Nos. 2841, 2842. Perennial; rootstock descending, nodose, crowned with old stipules; stems 30—70cm high, erect, branching above, covered with long spreading hairs mixed above with glandular ones; radical leaves with 10—30cm long glabrous petioles, blades reniform-orbicular, angular, 5—10 cm wide, dis- sected for nearly three-fourths into 5—7 broadly cuneate-rhombic lobes, strongly incised-dentate, appressed-long-hairy above, short-hairy or glabrous beneath; cauline leaves smaller, with shorter petioles; stipules ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, pubescent, brownish. Peduncles axillary, 2—4cm long, pubescent; pedicels drooping before anthesis, later declinate-spreading; sepals 9—11 mm long, oblong-ovate, with short awn, 3-nerved, long-hairy at margin and base; petals ca. 12mm long, obovate- orbicular, undulant at margin, dark, purple-brown; stamens slightly shorter, ciliate at base; carpels with 4—6 wrinkles, pubescent at base, beak 2.5cm long, finely pubescent. Fl. May—June, Fr. June—July. (Platell, Figure 6.) 31 40 41 Broadleaved forests, forest edges, shrubby formations. — European part: U.Dns., Bes. Gen: distr; Centr: and °S.Eur., Bal. Described from mountainous regions of Hungary. Type in London. Section 7. PALUSTRIA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 47,474. — Flowers rather large; peduncles long; radical leaves deeply dissected but not to base; blades of leaves 5-partite, lobes rhombic-ovate. 30. G. sophiae An. Fed. in Botan. Zhurn. SSSR. XXXIII, 1 (1948) 28, tabl.1. Perennial; rootstock producing underground brownish shoots, covered with old petioles and stipules; stems 2—5 cm long, hardly conspicuous, canescent with short appressed hairs; leaves mostly radical, with 10cm long thin petioles canescent with appressed hairs; blades 2—3cm in diameter, orbicular, canescent with dense-appressed short hairs, hairs longer and more dense above, dissected nearly to base into 5—7 overlapping, broadly cuneate lobes, lobes incised for one-third into 3—4 broadly lance- olate, sometimes rounded above lobules; cauline leaves 1—1.5cm in diam- eter. Peduncles ca.5cm long; pedicels paired, 2.3cm long, peduncles and pedicels appressed-hairy without glandular hairs; sepals ca.10mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly cap-shaped above, with short awn, densely covered with stiff and rather long hairs, sometimes colored at margin; petals 2.5cm long, obovate, emarginate, pink or purple, violet when dry; filaments violet, dilated at base; carpels with short and stiff hairs, beak ca.2.5cm long, lilac-brown, short-hairy. Fl. and Fr. August. Rubbly taluses in high mountain belt.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Fergana Range). Endemic. Described from the peak of Baubash-Ata in Fergana Range. Type in Leningrad. Subsection 1. EUPALUSTRIA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912)174.— Pedicels covered with simple, eglandulose, declinate or recurved below sub-flow at anthesis and in fruit retrorse hairs. 31. G. palustre L. Cent. II (1756)in Amoen. Acad. IV, 323: Ldb. F1. Ross. 44673 Bosse Bl ior s1ye874: Shmal'g., Fl. 1,196; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. IN,7,47; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,176; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III, 8; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VII, 1829.—G. purpureum Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. II (1785) 175, non Vill.— Ic.: Hegi, III. Fl.IV,3, Taf.176,2.— Exs.: Fl. Pol. exs. No. 917; Pl. Finl. exs. No.784; Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 491. Perennial; rootstock ascending, covered with old stipules of radical leaves, producing 1—2—3 stems and few leaves withering early; stems 30—70 cm high, erect or ascending, usually weak, with long internodes, thickened at nodes, much furcately branching, beset — like petioles — with spreading and recurved simple hairs, glandular hairs absent; radical leaves 20cm long and with pubescent petioles, 7-sect nearly to base, pubescent at both sides; cauline leaves 5-partite, lobes rhombic, shallowly incised or large-toothed; upper leaves subsessile, 3-partite; stipules dry-coriaceous, 32 reddish-brown, ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate. Inflorescence much longer than subtending leaves; peduncles 5—10cm long, bearing 2 pedicels; pedicels 2—5 cm long, recurved below sub- and post-anthesis; flowers large, 2.5—3cm in diameter; sepals ovate, 5—7-nerved, appressed-hirsute, coriaceous at margin, with long awn; petals obovate, purple, entire above, ca.1.5cm long, twice as long as sepals, cuneate at base and pubescent in- side; stamens as long as sepals, filaments gradually dilating below; carpels spreading-hairy; seeds smooth. Fl. June—July, Fr. August—September. Moist and mountainous meadows, valleys and forest edges, grassy marshes, shrubby formations. — European part: Kar.-Lap. (introduced in Imandra and along coast of Knyazhaya Guba), Lad.-Ilm.m Dv.-Pech. (S.), Balt., U.Dnp., U. V., V.-Kama (east,i. e., Urals proper, rare in Molotov district, Talitski Zavod, Zilair), U.Dns., Bes.(N.), M.Dnp., V.-Don, Transv. (Buguruslan), Bl. (Velikoanad forestry), L. Don (Shakhty); Caucasus: Main Range, all localities, absent in W. Transc. and Talysh, rare in S. Transc. and known only in Lori and Nor-Bayazet. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and S.Eur., Bal. Described from Russia. Type in Leningrad. Note. G. palustre 6. minus Bess., which was described by Besser (Bess. Enum. pl. (1822)28 and Ledebour (Ldb. 1. c.), isnot known to us. It is assumed that it is of no taxonomic significance. 32. G. vlassovianum* Fisch. ex Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. II (1822) 91s °DC. Prodr:; 1,641; Spreng. Syst. veget: III,72; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1, 463; Turez. Hl. “baic.-dah,; 1,254; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh.11,649; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,178.— G. selengense Prodanin Bull. Jard. et Mus. Bot. Univers. Cluj, VI (1926) 108,121.—? G. berezovkaeanum Prodan, loc. p.108,120.— Ic.: Kom. and Alis., Opredel. 1,692, tabl. 207. Perennial; rootstock short, crowned with stipules of radical leaves; stems 2—4, ascending or erect, 30—50cm high, branching, spreading-hairy and angular above, glabrous and rounded below; radical and lower cauline leaves with petioles pubescent at apex, 2—4 times as long as blades, blades reniform-orbicular, shortly-appressed-hairy at both sides, lighter beneath; stipules connate; lower leaves 5-partite, the upper 3-fid with cuneate, apically large-toothed lobes, the median leaves nearly entire, acuminate; terminal leaves opposite, subsessile, narrow, large-toothed. Peduncles 2, spreading-hairy; bracts lanceolate, pale brown, ciliate; sepals 5—7-nerved, mucronate, scarious at margin; petals ca.2cm long, almost twice as long as sepals, broadly obovate, entire, purple-lilac, nerves more intensely colored; stamens hardly longer than sepals, ciliate beneath; column beak- shaped, with pubescent styles,3cm long; seeds very finely wrinkled. Fl. June—July, Fr. July—August. (Plate Il, Figure 2; Plate IV, Figure 5.) Moist meadows, marshes, riverbanks and streams. — E,. Siberia: Ang.- Say., Dau., Lena-Kol.(S.); Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uda (?), Uss. Gen. distr.: Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from Doroninsk district along Ingoda River in S. Transbaikalia. Cotype in Leningrad. * Named after its collector Vlasov, Governor of the town of Doroninsk. 33 43 33. G. maximowiczii Rgl. et Maack. in Rgl. Tent. Fl. ussur. (1861) 38; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Se. Pétersb. XXVI,462; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. ISOS IMcayonlar aia IesilleAe, Bs} Jalete, IT SiG Wile gsowilaminn it Gero. sopilosa: Maxim) Prim. PL) Amur. (@k859)) 70—Wer ele bes ttabe tl figs. 4-6. Perennial; very similar to the preceding species from which it differs by larger habit, 40—70 cm high, stems and petioles spreading-hirsute, larger leaves, stipules parted, pedicels recurved in fruit, sepals with long awn, dorsally hispid, petals ca.1.5cm long. Fl. July—August, Fr. August. Leafy, shady, inundated forests.— Far East: Ze.-Bu.(SE), Uda (extreme south), Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea. Described from southern part of lower Amur. Type in Leningrad. Note. The independence of this species is still questionable and per- haps Maksimovich was right when he suggested that it is only a shade form of G. vlassovianum. However, there is no doubt that it is geographi- cally defined. It might be that it represents a specific Manchurian-Korean race insufficiently known in the USSR. Subsection 2. COLLINA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 175.— Pedicels usually with glandular hairs, not recurved before anthesis, some- what declinate in fruit but also not recurved. ' The unusual variability of G. collinum s. 1. attracted the investi- gators of Russian flora as long as 100 years ago and is reflected in the many names proposed to distinguish species, varieties and forms. It can be seen below in the nomenclatural items. The relationship between the populations of plains and foothills and those of the alpine belt has been clearly outlined by Komarov (Tr. SPb. Obshch. Est. XXVI, 149) who also agreed with Maksimovich, that G. collinum of Central and Middle Asia represents ''a group of forms interrelated by numerous transitions not yet fully established.'' The plants described from W. Himalayas and Tibet, which are still comparatively unknown and inadequately represented in collections, should be added to this group. Our proposal is to refer all known material to four separate species, one of them might be G. col- linum s. 1.; at the same time it is still very schematic. It should be noted that the variability of the Russian races in character and degree of pubescence is very great, and the forms earlier established and referred tous to G. collinum s. str. may also be recognized as other taxa. 34. G. collinum Steph. ex Willd. Sp. pl. III (GEESHOO)) Ose Wil, 1B3. IL taur.-cauch il sisi 55s ld. Ele sRosst 1465 sBolsiseg@h lwor alee Ryle bal ARo)oy JEis (Ca lly Bis shintaliio. Hl. 1 1952 Kom.) int irs iSebs@Opshehr Est. XXVI,149: Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Ill, 7,48; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft leon Kies hay Zaipe p Silly. Vill ele 29) Grosisei. lei WhaniksshilenGe G. Londesii Fisch. ex Link, Enum. hort. berol. II (1822) 196; lLdb. Fl. alt. HI,230.— G. longipes DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve, I (1822) 442; Ej. Prodr. 1,642.— G. longipes var. adenotrichum Schrenk, Enum. I, pl. nov. (1841) 90.— G. collinum a.. glandulo- Sum Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1 (1842) 467; Knuth in Pflar. 53 Heft, 186. — 34 44 G. collinum var. adenotrichum (Schrenk) Brig. in Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genéve, XI—XII (1908) 185; Kryl., 1. c.— G. collinum B. eglandulosum Ldb. 1. c. (1842) 468; Knuth, 1. c.— G. collinum var. hirsuta Trautv. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXIII (1860) 459. — G. collinum e. viscosum Rgl. ibid.—G. collinum var. wak- hanicum Paulsen in Bot. Tidskr. XXVII (1906) 133.— G. longi- pedatum St. Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon, VII (1880) 126, sec. Knuth. Perennial; rootstock thin; stems 1—3, 15—40cm high, ascending or nearly erect, appressed-hairy mostly above, sometimes glandular, spreading-branching; leaves 4—6cm wide, orbicular, deeply (more than three-fourths) dissected, the lower into 5—7 lobes, the upper into 3—5, the lobes nearly rhombic and cut into 3—5 ovate or lanceolate lobules or teeth. Peduncles 5—15cm long, axillary, bearing 2 pedicels 2—4cm long, spreading in fruit, peduncles and pedicels pubescent, sometimes glandulose; bracts lanceolate, scarious; sepals oblong-ovate, 3—5-nerved, pubescent, 8mm long, shortly mucronate; petals 12—17 mm long, obovate, rounded above, pale, pink-violet, twice as long as sepals, claw short-hairy at base; filaments at dilated part, ciliate for nearly half; fruit beak-shaped, 3cm long, with smooth short-hairy styles. Fl. May—June, Fr. June—July. (Plate Ill, Figure 1.) Flooded meadows in the steppe and semi-desert zones, grassy banks of valley rivers and lakes, often solonetzic meadows; desert zone, gardens and irrigation ditches, mountainous regions, lower mountain belt, especially near water, up to the woody-shrubby belt with preference also for moist habitats.— European part: V.-Kama (S. Urals), M.Dnp. (except N.), V.-Don (S.), Transv.(S.), Bes., Bl., Crim.(N.), L.Don, L.V.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. Transc. (near Ani and Sarykamysh in former Kars district), m (and Ss. Transe:; *Tal.; W. Siberia: U. Tob, Irt., Alt::: Centr: Asia: ‘all localities except for Kara-Kum and Kyzl.-Kum, from where it has not been reported. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Transylvania), Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Dzu.-Kash. Described from S. Altai, probably from Zalesov's collections. Type in Berlin. Note. The Caucasian specimens are interesting because of their un- usual features: dense, appressed and short pubescence at the upper part of young plants; long narrow sepals (12—14 mm long) almost as long as the petals, with mucro one-half to one-third as long as the sepal; leaf lobules narrower; more robust and erect plants. These features are strikingly expressed in plants from the Lake Sevan district. Forms of this species from Zailiiski Ala-Tau, which are distinguished by their very xeromorphic habit and apparently being typical for such local- ities, were named in the herbarium of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences as G. alatavicum M. pop (ined.) 35. G. saxatile Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 177; Rabe Pl Resse 785. =cG:scollinum 7y.\;samwatiblbe Rglk: in Tp..BiCezV. (1877) 252; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,187.— G. collinum ©. alpinum Rgl. ibid. 253; Kom. in Tr. SPb. Obshch. Est. XXVI,150; Knuth, ibid. — G. candidum Kom. ibid. 151 —G. collinum var. candidum (Kom.) B. Fedtsch. in Tr. B. S. XXIII, 2 (1904) 509.— G. Regelii Nevski in Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, ser. 1, IV (1937) 304. 35 45 46 Perennial; rootstock robust, bi- and tricipital; stems 5—7 cm high or plant completely acaulescent or almost so, appressed-hairy, sometimes glandulose above; leaves nearly all radical, shortly-appressed-hairy, petioles 8cm long, blades orbicular, hairy above, subglabrous beneath, canescent, shallowly 5-fid, lobes broad, 3-fid into cuneate-obovate, usually acuminate lobules. Peduncles 10cm long, sometimes glandulose above; bracts lanceolate, free, squamiform; pedicels 1—2cm long, glandulose, spreading; declinated; flowers usually 1—2 on peduncle; sepals 6-8mm long, 3—6-nerved, scarious at margin, with short awn, one-sixth to one- eighth as long as sepal[?]; pubescent; petals pale or bright blue-violet, sometimes white (var. candidum (Kom.) B. Fedtsch.), 1.5—2cm long, short-clawed; column long-beaked, usually short-hairy or glandular. Fl. July, Fr. August. (Plate Il, Figure 2.) Alpine and subalpine meadows of low mountains, sometimes descending to upper zone of woody-shrubby vegetation belt. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Pam.-Al. (predominantly west?), Mtn. Turkm. (Chapan-Dagh). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Dzungarian Ala-Tau alpine belt. Type in Leningrad. Note. Due to lack of material the status of G. saxatile is still unclarified. It is possible that plants of high mountain Kopet Dagh might belong to this taxon. 36. G. meeboldii Briquet in Ann. Cons. et Jard. Bot. Geneve, XI-XII (1908) 184.— G. grandiflorum Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX (1846) 42, non L.; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 187, éexel. \vary— Gi comismaiu ma f. intermedia Kom. in Tr. SPb. Obshch. Est. XXVI (1896) 152. Perennial: similar to the preceding species from which it differs by the distinctly developed stems, 15—30cm high, often erect; not only peduncles and pedicels obviously pubescent, but also petioles, leaves and upper part of stem; very distinctly short pedicels (ca. 1 cm) owing to which, and also because of the relatively short peduncles and some branches of the stem, the flowers are crowded, looking altogether like an inflorescence; sepals obtuse, terminating in short awn, not gradually acuminate; flowers large; petals usually lilac with purple-tinged veins; style long; leaves like those of G. saxatile. Fl. June—July, Fr. July. Mixed herb and grass subalpine belt and upper part of shrub belt, alpine meadows. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (except for western part, especially in Darvaza, Shugnan and Peter the First Range). Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him. (NW), Dzu.-Kash. (W. Tibet). Described from W. Tibet. Type in Geneva. 37. G. ferganense Bobr. n. sp. in Addenda XIII, 713. — Perennial; plant (15)25—40cm high, much resembling G. meeb oldu Briquet but distinctly differs in habit, typically furcate-branching from middle of stem. Rootstock thick, descending, sometimes branching above, producing 1—2 stems and 3—5 radical leaves; radical leaves with 15—25 cm long petioles, densely pubescent above and sparsely beneath, with short recurved hairs, densely short-appressed hairy especially along nerves, blades 4—6 cm wide, pentagonal-orbicular, shallowly parted for slightly more than half into 5 broad obovate or rhombic lobes, lobes broadly incised- dentate, 3-fid in upper half; cauline leaves pentagonal, the upper smaller, 61017 2 36 shallowly incised, subtrilobate. Peduncles short; pedicels not more than 1 cm, thus the flowers crowded in the upper part of the stem as if forming an inflorescence; flowers 3—4cm in diameter; petals bright in color. July. (Plate Ill, Figure 3.) This plant differs from G. meeboldii by its shallowly incised, sub- lobate, nearly pentagonal leaves with broadly incised-dentate lobes, and from G. saxatile Kar. et Kir. and G. collinum Steph. by the crowded flowers above the stem as if forming an inflorescence. Forest and subalpine belts.— Centr. Asia; T.Sh. (N. Fergana—Chatkal and Fergana ranges). Endemic. Described from Aflatun pass. Type in Leningrad. Section 8. STRIATA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 47,188. — Blades of radical leaves subquinquepartite, cauline leaves tripartite; lobes ovate or ovate-rhombic. 38. G. gracile Ldb. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. II (1837) 314; Boiss. Fl. or. 1,875; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III,7,19; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 190; Grossg:, Fl. Kavk. I11,6)— G. trilobum G. Koch‘in Linnaea, XV (1841) 716.—G. gracile var. trilobum Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 876. — G. gracile var. glabriusculum Alb. Prodr. Fl. Colch. (1895) 45.— G. nodosum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 462,784, non L.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs. No. 188. Perennial; rootstock thick, long; stems 45—80cm high, nearly simple, covered mostly in lower part with recurved hairs, with shorter spreading hairs above, rarely subglabrous; lower leaves long-petioled, the upper and middle leaves sessile, opposite, blades green above, appressed-hairy, grayish beneath, hairy especially along nerves; blades of lower leaves 5-partite for more than half, the upper trilobate, lobes ovate, acuminate, shallowly incised-dentate above. Inflorescence very loose, racemiform; peduncles 3—10cm long, with short spreading, sometimes glandular hairs; bracts linear, herbaceous, pubescent; pedicels 1—4cm long, thin, pubescent; flowers broadly campanulate; sepals ca.8mm long, ovate-oblong, sometimes long-hairy along nerves and at margins, with 2—3 mm long awn; petals 17—18 mm long, cuneate, emarginate; filaments ciliate beneath; carpels white-hairy. Fl. June—July, Fr. July. (Plate Il, Figure 5.) 49 Mountain forests, from the low mountains to the subalpine belt. — Caucasus: Cisc. (Oshten, upper reaches of Malaya Laba), W. and E.Transc. (Borzhomi district). Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (only in Lazistan). Described from Khircha Mountain in Abkhazia. Type in Leningrad. 39. G. wilfordii Maxim. in Mél. Biol. X (1880) 614, pl. jap. excl.; Ej. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. XXVI, 453; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 646: Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,191. Perennial; stems 30—60cm high, erect, sometimes prostrate, some- times even rooting, spreading-hairy; petioles and peduncles densely cov- ered with short recurved hairs; stipules subulate, free; leaves appressed- hairy above and only along nerves beneath, blades triangular-reniform, 37 G KZ ly 50 3-partite, the lower nearly 5-partite, lobes ovate, acuminate, incised- serrate; sometimes lateral lobes of median cauline leaves incised outside as well. Peduncles 2-flowered, hardly longer than leaves, spreading in fruit; sepals ovate, acuminate; mucronate; petals pale pink,ca.7mm long, spatulate, hardly longer than sepals, pubescent inside at base; fila- ments pubescent at the dilated part, longer than stigmas; fruit smooth, bristly-hairy, column beak-shaped, scabrous; seeds pitted-dotted. Fl. July, Fr. August. (Plate IV, Figure 4.) Flooded forests, forest edges, shrubby formations. — Far East: Ze.-Bu.(S.), Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea, Hupeh province. Described from the Pacific, 40—45° N, from the Wilford collections. Type in London, cotype in Leningrad. Section 9. PYRENAICA Knuth in Engl. Pflzr. 53 Heft (1912) 46,152, p.p.— Leaves deeply dissected, but very rarely nearly to base, orbicular or reniform-orbicular, obtuse, 5—7 -angled, perennials. 40. G. albanum* M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 137; Il], 455; Lab. Fl. Ross. 1,408; Boiss: Fl. or. 1,879; Shmal'g., Fl. 1,194; Voronin Mato Fl, Kavk.. 10; 7;.24; »Knuth in’! Pfilzr; 53° Heft, 154: Grossg., Fl. Kavk. 1,4.—G. cristatum Stev. in Mém: Soc. Nat. Mosc. IV (1813) 50; DC. Prodr. 1,643; Rupr. Fl. Cauc. 274.— Exs.: Herb. Fl: Cauc. No.473. Perennial; rootstock short, with a tuft of fusiform-swollen roots; stems 1—2, slender, ascending, 20—50 cm high, covered with long white spreading hairs, weakly branching; lower leaves with long hairy petioles, the upper with longer or shorter petioles; blades of leaves 6—8cm wide, reniform- orbicular, deeply cordate at base, the lower 7-partite, the smaller upper 5- partite, lobes cuneate, 3-fidand deeply dentate, appressed-hairy, especially above; stipules pale, nearly scarious, lanceolate. Peduncles axillary, longer than leaves, pubescent, 4—10 cm long, each with2 pedicels; bracts linear, scar- ious; pedicels 3—6 cm long, pubescent, declinate spreading post anthesis; sepals lanceolate, 8-10 mm long, with 1 mm long awn, pubescent at margin and nerves; petals 14—20 mm long, obovate, emarginate, purple; filaments glabrous; carpels transversely rugose and dorsally pectinate-dentate, pubescent, beak subfiliform, pubescent. Fl. April—May, Fr. May—June. (Plate III, Figure 6.) Forest edges amid shrubby formations in lower forest belt. — Caucasus: Dag., E.Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: Iran (NW). Described from Bakir district near Signakh. Type in Leningrad. fis nG)pallens-M.) Bil. taur.scauc. Ib (1808) 4382) Judb. Fl)* Ress. I, fier iVoron: in. Mat.-Fl, Kavk. Il, 7/27; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III, 5.— G. asphodeloides 8. hispidum Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 878; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,156.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 228; Pl. or. exs. No.159. Perennial; rootstock short, with tuft of swollen fibrous roots; stems usually 2, ascending, weakly branching, with softly hispid, sometimes with * From Albania, the Latin name for the Caspian province of the Caucasus, part of which is in the present-day Daghestan. 39 al glandular hairs above; leaves orbicular, the lower usually 7-lobed, the upper 5-lobed, lobes cuneate, deeply incised-dentate; stipules 6-8mm long, linear or linear-setiform especially in upper leaves. Peduncles axillary, several times longer than leaves, short-hispid, glandular-hairy; bracts linear, pale lilac, scarious; pedicels paired, 1—3 cm long, spreading in fruit; flowers campanulate; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 7—10mm > long, with short awn, dorsally lilac, short-hispid; petals obovate, narrow, 12—17 mm long, 5—6 mm wide, rounded above, entire, pale pink or pale purple, nerves more brightly colored; carpels shortly spreading-hairy, beak attenuate, style colored above. Fl. June, Fr. July. Shady places in moist grass plots near water.— Caucasus: W. Transc. (former Artvin district, Sochi, Kutaisi), E. Transc. (Akhaltsikh, Baku- riani). Gen. distr.: As. Min. Described from W.Georgia. Type in Leningrad. 42. G. tauricum Rupr. in Mém. Ac. Imp. Sc. Pétersb. sér. VII, t. XV, 2 (1869) 268.— G. collinum M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1818) 455, non Steph.— G. asphodeloides subsp. I1.—G.asphodeloides Burm. su str.ex Woron, ingMaty PL eKkavksiil 77900) 22 Perennial; resembling the preceding species, differing by stems and branches being covered above with few recurved and appressed hairs; stipules lanceolate-linear,4—5 mm long; lobes of leaf wider; sepals appressed-hairy and more brightly colored; petals obovate and wider, 15-17 mm long, 8—10mm wide, sometimes slightly emarginate above. Fl. May, Fr. June. (Plate Ill, Figure 5.) Shrubby formations, forests and slopes. — European part: Crim. (forests of S. Crimea, mostly along southern shores). Endemic. Described from S.Crimea. Type in Leningrad. Note. Following Ruprecht, we treat the Crimean material as a separate endemic species, although its diagnostic distinctions from the original G. asphodeloides Burm. has been reported from the adjacent region of Dobrudja. Section 10. ROTUNDIFOLIA Gams in Hegi, Ill. Fl. IV,3 (1925) 1668. — Annuals and biennials; leaves orbicular-reniform; petals emarginate, rarely entire. 43. G. pyrenaicum Burm. f. Sp. Geran. (1759) 27; Li. Mant. (1767) O91, (1772575) M. Berl. taur-cauccs Wl pl3esa lidbanlee LosSem laos shmalliogy hl. 192.7" Vioron..) in) Mat. Fol KWavike, sl, i. a6. Kornrt laa ilezatee 53m Hetty o2t— leyrinechb. ich PlegGermeVi tabelo25— exca- Callitenckt It. -taur.(itert.(.No.(5/0; Fis exs., austro-hung. Noi 3265; HerbsyNormek No. 5018. Biennial and perennial; root vertical, brown, multicipital; stems 2—5, ascending, branching above, 20—60cm high, covered with short and long soft hairs, often glandular above; radical leaves many, with 6—15 cm long peti- oles, reniform-orbicular, 3—5 (to 8)cm wide, usually palmately 7-partite, lobes broadly cuneate or obovate, usually obtuse and incised-crenate above; 40 52 cauline leaves opposite, short-petioled; uppermost leaves small, sessile; all leaves pubescent on both sides. Peduncles axillary, thin, longer than leaves, spreading in fruit, glandular-hairy; bracts ovate-lanceolate, dry- coriaceous; pedicels glandular-hairy, drooping after flowering and bearing upturned fruits; sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, with short appressed and sometimes glandular hairs, very shortly awned and obsoletely veined; petals violet, 7-11 mm long, obovate or deeply 2-lobed, with a narrow notch; beak thin, gradually attenuate,carpels appressed-hairy; seeds glabrous. Fl. May—September, Fr. June—October. (Plate III, Figure 4.) Shady places, shrubby and other formations. — European part: some- times as an introduced plant into many areas up to Leningrad and Moscow in the northeast; common and widely distributed in the Crimea. Gen. distr.: Atl., Centr. and S. Europe, W. and E.Med. Described from the Pyrenees. Type in the Linnaean Herbarium. 44. G. depilatum (Somm. et Lev.) Grossh. in Grossh. et Schischk. Sched. ad Herb. Pl. or. exs. f. XIV (1928) 37; Grossg., Fl) Kavk i, '5.— G. pyrenaicum var. velutinum Boiss. et Buhse, nom. nud. (1860). — G. pyrenaicum var. depilatum Somm. et Lev. in Tr. B.S. XVI (1900) 102; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 7,57.— Ic.: Dechy M. Kauk. III, febastV.— Exs:: Pl. or. exs. No. 341. Biennial and perennial; in contrast to the original G. pyrenaicum L. these plants are densely covered with short hairs mixed with short glandular ones (in the Crimean plants the hairs are longer and more spreading). Long and soft hairs, typical of the Crimean and W. European plants, are absent or found very occasionally in the Caucasian specimens. Forests, shrubby formations, shady places. — Caucasus: everywhere. Gen. distr.: As.Min. Described from Rekom (C.Caucasus). Type in Budapest. Note. There are no other characters distinguishing the Caucasian population from G. pyrenaicum and hence the specific rank appears to us to have been preserved mainly due to tradition. 45. G. pusillum Burm. f. spec. Geran. (1759) 27; M. B. Fl. taur.- cauc. 11,139; III,456; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,470; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 880; Shmal'g., Fl. 1,192; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Mie, 63° ‘Knuth in Pilar 593 Heft, 48; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III,3.— Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ae Pap.190 fie. 4877.— Exs.: G.R. F.. No:1598; H.F.A.M. No.428; Fl. Pol. exs. No.w152;% Pl. bani. exs.. Nos. 785, 2002. Annual or biennial; stems 10—30(50)cm high, usually few, ascending, thin, branching, sometimes with short hairs above mixed with glandular ones; radical leaves with 4—8cm long petioles; blades orbicular, 1—3 cm wide, dissected for three-fourths into 5—7 cuneate, rounded above and short-incised lobes; lower cauline leaves slightly larger, upper leaves small, 3—5-fid with narrow lobes; all leaves with soft short appressed hairs, especially beneath. Peduncles 1—3cm long, short-hairy, bearing 2 pedicels; pedicels pubescent, sometimes with glandular hairs, spread- ing in fruit, with fruits upturned; flowers ca.3.5mm long; sepals ovate- lanceolate, pubescent; petals hardly as long as or slightly longer than calyx lobes, oblong-obecordate, finely ciliate below, pale violet or pink; carpels smooth, appressed-hairy, beak glandular-hairy. Fl. May—June, Fr. June— July. (Plate V, Figure 4.) 41 (53) PLATE V. 1—Geranium dissectum L.; 2—G.lucidum L.; 3—G.divaricatum Ehrh.; 4—G. pusillum Burm. f.; 5—G.molle L.; 6—G.robertianum L.; 7—G.columbinum L.; IG: rotundifolium L.; 9—G. bohemicum L. 42 Field edges and roadsides, weedy places, gardens, shrubby formations. — European part: Balt., Lad.-Ilm.(W.), U.Dnp., U.V., V.-Kama (to Ufa in paeieast), \UsDns:,)M./Dnp..>-V¥.=Don, Bes., Bl.; da. Don, Crim.; Caucasus: everywhere (very rarely in W. Transc. and Tal.); Centr. Asia: rarely in all regions except for high mountain areas. Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., W. and E. Med., Bal.-As.Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from England. o> Ge tdollent)... Sp. .plhC(LY 53 i682) M2! Bie Fuk. staur.-caiue. 0117139; idb. kil.) Ross. 1,469;. Boisss Fl or: 1,822; »Shamal'g., FR I,192; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. IlI,7,65; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 57; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Ill,3.— G. argenteum Luce, Prodr. Fl. osil. (1823) 236.— G. lejo- caulon Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 470.— G. molle var. caucasicum eatin sched. — Ice.: Rehb. leas. iGerm.,: Il, ‘tabi 191, fig. 4879-— ws:: ies. wNo.4o2- Pl. Bini. exs. No. 76. Annual or biennial; stems usually 3—5, 10—30(40)cm high, sparsely spreading-hairy, sometimes with glandular hairs above; stipules broadly ovate, dry-coriaceous, brownish; radical leaves with long petioles spreading- long-hairy above, blades orbicular-reniform, 2—3(4) cm wide, dissected for two-thirds into 7—9 obovate lobes, incised above into 3—5 obtuse lobules; lower cauline leaves opposite, with shorter petioles and narrower lobes, the upper leaves smaller; all leaves with appressed soft-seriaceous hairs on both sides. Peduncles glandular-pubescent; spreading in fruit, 1—3cm long, with 2 shorter pedicels; flowers 4—7 mm long; sepals ovate, short- awned, long-hairy,4—5 mm long; petals longer than sepals, 5—7 mm, obcor- date, pale purple or pink-violet, ciliate at base; filaments glabrous; carpels rugose, beak with glandular hairs. Fl. April-May, Fl. May—June. (PlateV, Figure 5.) Dry meadows, roadsides, edges of fields, pastures. — European part: Balt. (Ezel and Moon islands), U. Dnp. (extreme west), U.Dns., Bes., Crim.; Caucasus: in all plains and foothills, especially in Dag., E. Transc. and Tal. Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., W. and E.Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran(NW). Described from Centr. Europe. Type in London. Note. The original G. lejocaulon Ldb. is an extremely poor specimen with a glabrous stem; otherwise itis similarto G. molle L. We have found it necessary to include Ledebour's specimen in the synonymy because in Talysh, from where it was described, occurs the typical . mua khd e- lus 4%. _G.,rotundifolium L. Sp. pl. (1753) 683; Ldb. Fl. Ross: I, 470; betss.6l. or. 1,.880;9 Shmal'g., Flio1,192; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, mies eaenith in Pilzr. 53, Heft, 55; Grosses, Fl. Kavk. WI,3s=G. wis - cosum Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. II (1785) 177.— Ic.: Engl. Bot. tab. 147; nehbsa Te; F1. Germ. Ill, tab.190.— Exs.: H.F.A. M. No. 429), a;b; FI. Pol. exs. No. 328. Annual; stems few, ascending, 20—40cm high, branching, densely covered with short soft hairs mixed above with glandular ones; stipules narrowly triangular, red-brown; radical leaves many, roseited, dying early, orbicular- reniform; lower cauline leaves larger, 5cm wide, also orbicular-reniform, with long petioles covered with spreading and glandular hairs, blades shortly 43 57 soft-hairy on both sides, cut for less than half into 5—7 broad obovate lobes, lobes shallowly cut into 3—4 rounded teeth. Peduncles up to 5cm long, bearing two 1—2cm long pedicels, spreading in fruit; sepals elliptic, acuminate, 3—5-nerved, pubescent, short-awned; petals 5—7 mm long, nearly twice as long as sepals, cuneate, entire, pale lilac or pink; carpels pubescent, smooth, beak with glandular hairs, attenuate above; seeds finely dotted. Fl. May—June, Fr. June. (Plate V, Figure 8.) Shrubby formations, slopes, gardens, weedy places. — European part: Balt., Lad.-Ilm. (Leningrad, introduced).> Ui Dns.., ii. Dnps;a@rcumde: Caucasus: everywhere except for the high mountain areas; Far East: Uss. (Vladivostok, introduced); Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu-Tarb. (foothills of Dzungarian Ala-Tau), Mtn. Turkm., Syr D., Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., W. and E. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Section 11. DIVARICATA Rouy, emend. Gams in Hegi, III. Fl. IV,3 (1925) 1669,1697.— Stems with spreading, sometimes recurved hairs (G. sibiricum); blades of leaves quite deeply cut into 3—5 rhombic lobes; carpels strongly pubescent. Annuals and biennials. 48. G. divaricatum Ehrh;, Beitr. Vili(1792) 164;) Mi Ba tau eaue.. ISG: db: FlacRossiad; 4739- Boisss- Hl gions sels Sshmialions Pls d;94: Voronyan Mats Blk) Kavkelie 7.735) sknuth im Pilar Se oseenr oiiniGrosse:, (Fle) Kavk:i dll, 25. Kryli ii. Zap. esib.o Villy 8334 leew et K..Deseript., ply Hung) I; stab: 123) Rehb: ile: -biaGermeily taba leer Exsi:) Gok. iINo,; liGON.: 7 ey PAS MI Now 427s bleiitalesiexss #Noro0ser Annual; stems 20—60cm high, spreading-branching, covered like petioles and peduncles with long thin spreading hairs and short glandular ones; stipules pale, scarious, triangular-lanceolate; lower cauline leaves larger, 3—10cm in diameter, pentagonal, palmately dissected nearly to base into 5 rhombic, largely and obtusely incised-dentate lobes; all blades appressed- hirsute, Sometimes with glandular hairs at margin. Peduncles 1.5—5cm long, with 2 pedicels spreading post-anthesis; bracts linear-lanceolate, long-hairy; sepals ovate, short-awned, hispid dorsally and at margins; petals slightly longer than sepals, 6—8 mm long, pale pink with more brightly colored nerves, cordate or subcuneate, emarginate; carpels transversely rugose, hairy above and along wrinkles, beak rough-hairy; seeds nearly smooth. Fl. May—June, Fr. June—July. (Plate V, Figure 3.) Shrubby formations, forest edges, sometimes among rocks, shady places, often in parks and gardens, or as a weed. — European part: U.V. (Moscow), U. Dnp. (Mozyr district), M.Dnp., U.Dns., Bes., Bl., Crim. (known only from the literature), L.Don, L.V. (Ergeni); Caucasus: all regions except for the high mountains; W. Siberia: U.Tob. (Mugodzhar), Irt. (Karkara- linsk), Alt. (along the Irtysh River); Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., Mtn. Turkm., Syr D., Pam.-Al. (west of Zaravshan and Gissar ranges), T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur., W. and E. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran; Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja). Described from Hungary. 497 1G2 sibiriecum Ly. SpP ply (1753) 683;° Me’ Bi Fl. taurs-cauc. I, 133; M1454: pC. (Proedr. 41,6399) db. Fl. alt? i, 227; “Ej. Fl. Ross. 1,459; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. 1,253; Boiss. Fl. or. I,879; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. XXVI,455; Shmal'g., Fl. 1,195; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 645; Voron: in ’/Mat. »F1l.: Kavk. Il], 7,60; "Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft,- 195; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Ill,4.—G. acrocarphum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 471.— G. sibiricum ssp. eu-sibiricum Gams in Hegi, III. Fl. IV,3 (1925) 1695.— G. ruthenicum Uechtr. in O.B.Z. XXIII (1873) 335.— G. sibiricium ssp. ruthenicum (Uechtr.) Gams, 1. c. p.1696.— eeocomel. Flo Sib. i, tab. 67;"9 Hegi, Ill. Fl IV, 3) fig. 1637. 58 Perennial; annual or biennial; stems usually 1, rarely 2—3, prostrate or ascending, strongly branching, 20—60cm high, covered mainly above with spreading or even recurved hairs, usually simple not glandular; stip- ules lanceolate, long-acuminate, 8mm long, coriaceous; radical leaves dying early,5—7-lobed; cauline leaves opposite, with 1—8cm long petioles, blades pentagonal, 2—5 cm wide, very deeply dissected into 5 rhombic, acuminate lobes large-toothed above; upper leaves 3-lobed. Peduncles generally 1-flowered, very rarely bearing 2, post anthesis spreading below, arcuately curved above; flowers 5—7 mm long; sepals ovate-elliptic, 3-nerved, hairy; petals about as long as sepals, 4—7 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, obovate, slightly emarginate, ciliate at base, white or pale pink; fruits 2cm long, dorsally stiff-hairy; seeds finely dotted in lines. Fl. June—July, Fr. July—September. Weeds in parks, streets, and buildings, pastures, fallow fields, edges of fields, banks of rivers and lakes, sometimes at forest edges, often in burned- out areas in forests, roadsides. — European part: Balt. (S. in Vilna district), U. V., V.-Kama (from Chardym to the north), M.Dnp., V.-Don, Transv. (E.); Caucasus: W. and E.Cisc., Dag., E. Transc. (southern slopes of the Main Range, rare), W.Transc. (Tsebel'da); W.Siberia: Ob (to Berezov in the northwest), U.Tob., Irt., Alt.; E.Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau., Lena-Kol. (Yakutsk district in the north); Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss., Sakh.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Zaisan and Taldy-Kurgan), Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh. (Alma- Ata), Pam.-Al. (introduced into Zeravshan and Darvaza). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Jap.-Ch., introduced into N. America. Described from "Siberia.'' Type in London. Note 1. G. sibiricum appears as an introduced plant or evena weed, and apparently never as an obligate component of the natural vegeta- tion throughout its enormous distribution area, which stretches from the Baltic area to the Pacific Ocean and from the Northern Urals to Trans- caucasia and Darvaza. Because it is so widespread in W. Siberia its natural habitat might be there, yet it is usually found in other primary habitats with interrupted vegetation cover. Raising G. ruthenicum intoa separate species, as Uechtriz did, is unjustified inasmuch as the enumerated forms do not have a definite area or sufficient morphological distinctions. Uechtriz pointed out the somewhat different habit and the degree of pubes- cence as distinctive, but the variable pubescence was already known to Bieberstein (1.c.), who reported that the Caucasian specimens were less 59 pubescent than the Siberian. It is interesting to note that the European plants blossom one month earlier than the Siberian, as reported by Gams Pi. c.). 45 60 There is no doubt that the problematic G. acrocarphum Ldb. should be included here. Meyer's original specimens are inadequate, representing the young shade-form, with peduncles bearing two pedicels. Such pedicels are sometimes observed in shade-forms in moist habitats. Note 2. According to M.G. Popov, Uechtriz was quite right in dis- tinguishing the two allied species which he observed in (simultaneous) cultivation. The western species, which is a ruderal plant, occurs in the Visla basin and to the west; its flowers are densely pink or pink-violet and the vegetative parts are villous-hairy. The eastern species is a taiga weed and is distributed in Siberia from where it had been described by Linnaeus. Uechtriz was wrong only in referring to the western species as G. sibiricum in spite of Linnaeus' description (white flowers, grow- ing in Siberia), and Linnaeus' real species bears the name G. ruthe- nicum Uechtr. Thus the western species remained unnamed. Popov proposed the name G. europaeum M.Pop. The characters of this species are as follows: flowers white or pale pink; sparsely pubescent plants with short appressed hairs, partly becoming dense and gray. The distribution areas of the two species are disjunctive. 50. G. bohemicum L. Amoen. Acad. IV (1760) 323; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 43's) pShmal'o) Ell; 1953 Vorons in) Mat.) Pie Kavk. Ti Wiai4 - ee konraen in) Pilze oo bleit, oO; Grosse, Wavikey WZ 2 —iicsa ak. chile slic ameey le Germ. Ti; tab. 188; Hesi, lll. ET 1V, 35, 1697. — Exs.: \Gakveeh eNO aiGercneniaN Annual or biennial; stems 20—60(80) cm high, usually branching, covered with glandular and long soft simple hairs; stipules lanceolate, densely glandular; radical leaves with 4—10cm long petioles, blades 2—6 cm wide, dissected for more than half into 5—7 deltoid lobes soft-hairy at both sides, lobes cut into rounded teeth; lower cauline leaves larger, with 3—5 strongly incised-dentate lobes. Fruiting pedicels erect; sepals broadly elliptic, 4—6 mm long, elongating in fruit to 7-10 mm, with 1—3 mm long awn, 3—5- nerved, glandular; petals obovate, 8—12 mm long, bluish-violet; carpels smooth, dark, black hairy; beak thick, ca.2 mm long, glandular, attenuate above; seeds finely dotted in lines. Fl. June, Fr. July. (PlateV, Figure 9. Burned-out areas in forests, felled areas, coal pits, burned heaps, some- times as a weed along forest paths. — European part: Dv.-Pech. (Vologda), Balt., Lad.-Ilm. (especially in the Leningrad and Pskov regions), U.V., V.-Kama (Zilair), U.Dnp., M.Dnp., V.-Don, Crim. (nature reservation); Caucasus: Cisc. (Stavropol', State nature reservation), E. Transc. (Abas- tuman, Borzhomi). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. Described from Bohemia (reported as the type locality). Type in London. Note. The affinity of this species to temporary habitats (burned-out areas in forests, felled and burned heaps), its disappearance and reappear- ance formany years, make its distribution inconstant and undefined. For this reason it was given the German name G. gypsum. Section 12. TUBEROSA Boiss Fl. or. I (1867) 869.— Plants usually having an underground part; moniliform with 2—3 tubers. Petals short- clawed, ciliate below like filaments. Carpels smooth. 46 The 6—8 species included here belong to one species-group and are distributed from Morocco and Spain to Dzungaria. 51) "G. tuberosum. LL. \/Sp. ply (1753) 680; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,460 p. p.; Seaol's.; Fl. 1, 194; Voron.’ in Mats: FI. Kavk: ‘T1,:7, 11; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 96, excl. var. 8B. et y.; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III,4.— G. radi- catum M. B. FI. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 134, IlI,454.— G. tuberosum var. genuinum Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 873; O. Ktze. in Tr. B.S. Kh., 1 (1887) 177.— G. tuberosum var. radicatum O. Ktze. l.c.— Ic.: Sibth. et Sm. Fl. Gr. tab.659; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. tab. f.4885. — Exs.: Schulz, Herb. Norm. No. 840; Fl. cauc. exs. No.117. Perennial; underground part moniliform with 3 tubers 1—2cm long, irregular or ovoid-angular, brown; stems 15—40cm high, usually few, erect, furcately spreading-branching above, densely covered — especially above — radical leaves usually 1—3(4), with 10—15 cm long hairy petioles; blades 10cm wide, orbicular-pentagonal, dissected nearly to base into 7—9 lanceolate or ovate-rhombic lobes, lobes deeply pinnatisect into lance- olate lobules (var. pinnatifidum Woron.) or incised-dentate (var. incisodentatum Woron.),all appressed-hairy, more densely so be- neath; cauline leaves (likewise the branching stem) shorter, with shorter peti- oles; terminal leaves sessile, with sublinear, hardly incised lobes. Peduncles 3—5cm long, sometimes unobserved; pedicels paired, 1—3cm long, finely and densely hairy especially above; bracts linear, brown, pubescent; sepals 6—10 mm long, ovate, densely pubescent, lilac, short- awned; petals 12—20 mm long, obcordate, pinkish-lilac, nerves more inten- sively colored, short-clawed, hairy at base; filaments colored, ciliate below, hardly longer than sepals; carpels and beak densely short-hairy. Fl, April—May, Fr. May. (Plate Ill, Figure 7.) Shrubby formations, meadows, fields. — European part: Crim., L.Don.(S.); faneasus: Cisc.,-Dag., E. and. S.Transe. Gen. distr.:: W. and E: Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from S. Europe. Type in London. 52. G. transversale (Kar. et Kir.) Vved. in Pavl. Fl. Tsentr. Kazakhst. II (1935) 429.— G. tuberosum 8. transversale Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 176.— G. tuberosum ssp. linearilobum (DC.) Kryl., Fl, Zap. Sib. VIII (1935) 1822.— Exs.: H.F.A.M. No.69, pro Ger. tuberoso. Perennial; similar to preceding species, but clearly distinguished by its orbicular radical leaves cut into 7—9 oblong-cuneate lobes, lobes narrow, 2—3-fid into short oblong-linear acuminate confluent lobules; lobes of upper cauline leaves linear; stems with mainly short and a few long hairs; tubers moniliform. Beak of fruit filiform below stigma, appearing attenuate. Fl. April; Fr. May. Shrubby formations on slopes, meadows in plains, low mountains and foothills. — W. Siberia: U. Tob. (Orsk), Alt. (along the Irtysh River); Centr. Asia: in all regions except for the high mountains and Mtn. Turk. and in Pam.-Al. only in the northwest. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Ayaguz in Dzungaria. Type in Leningrad. 47 ose) (Gs linearilobumiD Ci l) Hain (el Sao. 29er yep irod reine 40- Ldb: Pl. Ross: I) 460; pps; Vioron.ingWats sly kav lee Grossres Pl. Kavk. Ill,4.—G. tuberosum M. B. Fl. taur:=cauc. III (1808) 135; INU Ate saXopa ID, Ge EWN G1eC Swriod wee, Inine@eieniO©lliwion IBoiSs. Il. oir. I (1867) 873; Knuth in Pflzr. 53 Heft, 97.—G. tuberosum 8B. lineari- lobum Schmalh., Fl. I (1895) 194. Perennial; much like the preceding species, differing by the regular 3-sect lobes of the radical leaves; plant covered with short gray hairs recurved on the stems. Fl. April—May, Fr. May—June. (Plate III, Figure 9). Steppe slopes, shrubby and steppe formations in semideserts. — European part: Bl. (Mariupol), L.Don (Gundorovka, Ust'-Medveditskaya, Kamyshin, Stalingrad, Krasnoarmeisk), L.V.; Caucasus: Cisc.(E.), Dag., E. Transc.(E.), Tal. Endemic? Described from L.Don. Type in Paris. Note. It should be pointed out that we propose here only a provi- sional solution to the naming of this and the preceding species; in the original description of G. linearilobum DC., de Candolle gave Siberia as its area whereas in Prodromus he reported the Lower Volga and N. Caucasus. This contradiction is due to the authors of the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century who referred to the eastern part of European Russia as ''Siberia.'' Under the assumption that the type was from the Lower Volga we are keeping de Candolle's name for the populations of the southeast USSR and E. Caucasus. If the specimens from Siberia do indeed represent the type of the species (de Candolle's original specimens could have been from the upper reaches of the Irtysh River), then de Candolle's epithet should be adopted for the Central Asian plants and the combination submitted by Vvedenskii should be included in its synonymy. In that event the plants of E.Caucasus andthe | southeastern part of the European USSR should be renamed. For the western species we propose the epithet ''G. vvedenskyi Bobr." (nomen novum), | after the well-known botanist who studied the group of tuberiferous gera- | niums and determined the species of Central Asia and the west Caspian | area. A definite nomenclatural solution would be reached only after exam- | ination of the type in the de Candolle herbarium. 04. G. kotschyi Boiss. Diagn. ser. I, XI (1845) 30; Ej. Fl. or. I, 873.— Perennial; tubers moniliform; radical leaves absent; stems spreadingly branching; cauline leaves multisect into narrow linear lobes; flowers pale lilac or pink. Fl. April—May, Fr. May. Mountainous steppes and semideserts. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. | Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Elburz. Type in Geneva, cotype in Leningrad. | | 55. G. charlesii (Aitch. et Hemsl.) Vved. ex Nevskiin Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSRe ser: 2, 11V (1937)°304,'combs="G tuber olsiulm var: Chariesaum i Aitch. et Hemsl. in Curtis Bot. Mag. CXII (1886) tab.6910; Ej. in Trans. IninneSoc ser.) 2, elle (1888) 465 — esc: i Resembles the preceding species, in particular G. transversale } (Kar. et Kir.) Vved., from which it is distinguished by the absence of radical | leaves, the cauline leaves deeply dissected into 5—7 cuneate lobes, lobes ) | 48 i | parted above for less than half into lanceolate lobules. Also character- ized by the very thin pedicels and the much thinner attenuate beak, the larger underground, moniliform tubers, the dark pink flowers, and, in addition, by having a unique habit due to the spreading branches. Fl. May, Fr. June. (Plate III, Figure 8.) Slopes of the submontane belt, 1,000—3,000 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., (south, from Kugitang to Darvaza Range). Gen. distr.: Iran (N. Afghan- istan). Described from Parapamiz Range. Type in London, cotype in Leningrad. Genus 831. ERODIOM* L'Hér** L'Hér. Geran. (1737) Plates 1-6. Flowers regular or more or less irregular because of the unequal petals, some species dioecious with partly abortive flowers. Glands 5, alternating petals. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10, 5 of which with anthers and 5 sterile. Mericarps indehiscent, beak deciduous or per- sistent, spirally coiledbelow. Annual or perennial herbs. 1. Beak of fruit deciduous, pinnate (as in feather grass). Mericarps Preicentiarisrat ees 8S, i. EVR. RRA OU RES rae + Beak persistent, pinnate. Mericarps with 2 pits at apex....... 3. 2. Stems and petioles covered with fine appressed hairs ........ eee Siete ole hk PON ao mee St 1. E. oxyrrhynchum M.B. e Stems and petioles covered with long spreading hairs ........ ae eave. ieee ei ereOS Pio daw BO x 2. E. litvinovii Voron. 3 Eee MMM INAS GE fe Do.o oc: bsigse0: 4s.q0\n0. 4s Vode sovwe: sia be ius gx xe cbeNes ETEE-O) SED. 4 + Sy Ths Su oS hh | Ot eS a ae is 4. Plant canescent with appressed hairs, eglandulose, forming small bandies:, eavesipinnatisect.. Beak. .cail5 mm Wong)". ..i solu... aE Ih dake ee sey ee aenie SMS ate. te: 3. E. tibetanum Edgew. . Peake” mimlonp or Wsually longer (fii. 6 ae a PR SRS oO. 5 Migueecibis Glens Rays Tee oe LS me cli ese AR Ok 6. + RAGPe Oust pie mest)) 2.2) Siive SRS ENN tie. 2O- LS SPO. TREAL 2.88 2). 6 AGnuleseent plant, finely appressed-hairyiowev 278 Li a eee, Bae ee cena ee tece et es te Ss TBE LARVE ce 5. E. tataricum Willd. f Stems developed. Plant with long spreading or recurved hairs, at teSsst a Stemibelowe Li 05 Ss 2S wd OU tla GAAS OL SS. ae Mic ere iscavies bapitinetiseetyd! aY.,a tad toe etdiye etl ci SW ete 2 heer. 8. H Leaves pinnatisect in lower part of blade, pinnatipartite or lobed in upper part. Petals 14—16mm long ....12. E. ruthenicum M. B. 8. Sepals 4—5, 6mm long in fruit. Mericarps 6mm long.......... el no Peter be eriprive aioe. Gieuw- Phe ain | 6. E. stevenii M. B. iT pepals-5=6,//9.im long in) fruite. Mericarps: 9 mmilong’s A 0ii50. 5 tes Sots sti hCae hat ts Bay Otc incest e: ian OMe aoe CALE. c: 4. E. stephanianum Willd. 2.) “Plant. canescent with fine appressed hairs. oii. side oe wo. LO: + Plant with long, usually recurved hairs ...11. E. armenum Voron. * Treatment by A.I. Vvedenskii. ** From the Greek erodios —heron's bill, for the beak shape of the fruit. 49 64 65 lOweeBeakiicar2 Onmmealonel simon seis enemies 8. E. schemachense Grossh. 1 Beaks 060 mame] omens yuriisne: telaeny-beni-nr- neat eatiraneet- ene cit eee Le 11. Leaves pinnatisect up to the middle part of blade, pinnatipartite with confluent lobes inthe upper part ........ 9. E. fumarioides Stev. ap Leaves: bipinnatisect ~.' cst ‘Sp agile tse eee ee ee ee ee 12. Leaf lobes not contiguous with stem. Beak 50mm long ....... os) RP i AECAS LDU AE S25 (AMIS En SRN Ts ods ih Oh BRo me A ker o.ac 7. E. beketovii Schmalh. a Leaf lobes contiguous with stem. Beak ca.80mm long ......... ARS SERPS a REC AMES Taney CMP CA CAME Kryls, is Zap. Sib. Vill, 1838 -— Tes: = lidbe ice ple sre Ross. 5 (1834) tab. 447. Perennial; semishrub, covered with many stalked glands having a strong odor when fresh; stems woody below, somewhat branching, densely covered with lignified relics of dead petioles, bearing 1—2 or tufts of leaves at sum- mit or leafless; annotinous stems simple, pubescent, together with raceme 8—25cm high; radical leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatisect, pubescent, shorter than stem, segments many, dense, broadly ovate, pinnatipartite into obtuse lobules; petioles much shorter than blade; cauline leaves reduced; stipules pubescent, usually slightly glandular, entire or rarely a little incised at apex. Raceme few-flowered, dense, flowers drooping at first, the lower remote; bracts obovate, obtuse, hardly pubescent, shorter than pedicels, entire, the lower without flowers, sometimes slightly lobate; pedicels very densely hairy, longer than calyx, the lower with 2 lanceolate bracteoles; sepals elliptic, obtuse, densely pubescent, with few stalked glands, 7—9 mm long; petals yellow, broadly obovate, obtuse, sometimes crenate at apex, 1 ae or 1 a times as long as sepals; filaments long-hairy; ovary pubescent. July—August. Rocks and stones on slopes in the alpine zone. — W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described frém the Chuya River (Altai). Type in Leningrad. * Treatment by A.I. Vvedenskii. ** After Bieberstein, author of Krymsko-kavkazskaya flora (Flora of the Crimea and the Caucasus). 58 76 Note. This species is closely related to the Tibetan-Himalayan B. emodi J. et Sp. which is often regarded as a synonym of B. odora Steph. Apparently, the strongly laciniate and more glandular stipules are the distinguishing character. Subgenus 2. Achillaeophyllum Vved. subgen. n.— Sepals accrescent post anthesis. Perennial herbs, often with thickened root and tripinnatisect leaves. 2. 6s teawidtida DC: eProdr. (4824) 708; ldb. FY’ Ross. 1, 487: ranivemiil wStillsoce NateeNvose: os, 1, 4682 Boiss: Fle or. if S99: Grasses ehkvKeavE. sll Bs. \Aweheri Jaub. et’ Sprit pl. “or. "2 (1844-1846) 110, tab.190.— B. brachypetala J. et Sp. l.c. 113, tab. 192 A.="Bo ambigua’ J. et Sp: 1. c.110.— B. leiosepala. J. Propped c. lid tab. 193;> Boiss. live. 900.— Ie. J, et Sp. 1: contab. Por, 192 A et"5, 193.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 430. Perennial; plant villous-hairy, covered with stalked glands, herbaceous; root thickened, often lobate, covered at neck with large brown scarious scales; stems sturdy, often purple below, spreading-branching in upper part, together with inflorescence 15—40cm high; leaves lanceolate, tri- pinnatisect into linear acute lobes, subsessile, with robust rachis and secarious brown stipules; radical leaves absent. Flowers in racemiform loose inflorescences at apices of stem and branches; bracts obovate, flabellate-pinnatifid, acute, the lower shorter, the upper longer than pedicels; bracteoles close to flower, lanceolate, acuminate; sepals ovate, acute to obtuse, markedly elongating in fruit; petals yellow, nearly orange, 5—8 mm long, slightly shorter or slightly longer than sepals at onset of anthesis, glabrous or hairy-ciliate, obovate or oblanceolate or elliptic, rhombic or broadly cuneate, dissected at apex; filaments glabrous or rarely ciliate; fruit glabrous, rugose. April—June. Clayey and hilly slopes and cliffs from the desert to the middle mountain zone; also in plains but apparently always on saliferous substrata. — Caucasus: S. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh. (Kosh-Cheku), SyGeoe Sesh. ePam.—Al., Mtn: Turkm. "Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Iran. Type in Geneva. Note. The southern Pamir-Alai plants usually have hairy-ciliate petals. Ciliatio. of the filaments in the Central Asian plants is observed very rarely. Their filaments are generally glabrous which discriminated them from the Iranian. Even when they have hairy sepals [?], the Iranian plants do not always have hairy filaments as depicted in the plate drawn up by Joubert and Spach. We have never seen the kind of entire petals drawn by the authors for some of the species. Family LXXX. OXALIDACEAE * LINDL. Flowers regular, one to many on scapes; calyx persistent, with 5 sepals; petals 5, with erect claws and rolled limb spreading in aestivation; * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. 59 stamens 10,filaments subulate, erect, usually connate at base, the outer five opposite sepals short, often dentate, the inner five opposite petals long; anthers 2-locular; pistil 1, with superior 5-locular, 5-angled ovary and 5 filiform styles with penicillate or capitate or nearly 2-partite stigmas; fruit a capsule (rarely a berry). Herbaceous plants (or semi- shrubs). Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or nearly whorled, simple or compound. There are 8 genera and ca. 900 species in this family. They are represented in the USSR by Oxalis. Genus 834. @OXALIS * L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 433. Flowers regular; calyx persistent, with 5 free or basally connate sepals; petals 5, yellow, white, blue or pink, sometimes with pinkish or violet nerves and rarely with yellow spot at base or petals violet; stamens 10, connate at base of filaments, the outer five short and the inner five long; ovary ovoid or oblong, 5-angled, 5-locular, with 5 glabrous or pubes- cent styles and capitate stigmas; capsule ovoid or oblong-ovate or oblong or cylindrical, nearly pentagonal, 5-cells, 5-valves, dehiscing by 5 longi- tudinal slits at middle of valves; seeds small, ovate, oval or orbicular, more or less flat, longitudinally or transversely ribbed, with fleshy elastic testa and ejecting seeds from capsule. Herbaceous plants, with acaules- cent or developed stems. Most of the 800 species of Oxalis are distributed in S. Africa, C. and S. America,6 of them grow in the USSR, 2 of which were introduced from N. America (O. stricta L. and O. violacea, L.) and 1 fromys, Atmieas (O. pes-caprae L.). tla Floral scapes many-flowered; petals yellow or violet; seeds trans- versely ribbed. cepa: 4. jais isis Vaimegin eben creluiett dca ea 2. ts Floral scapes 1-flowered; petals white, rarely lilac-pink or pale purples seeds longitudinally ribbed ici s. leuls cap ses site fiat eee oD. 2. Plants with developed epigeal stems (5)7—50 cm high, decumbent or somewhat ascending, rarely erect. Petals yellow .......5..5. Be a" Plants without epigeal stems; petals with yellow claws and violet- purple usually gst tp cll Siig ome uriicey sane ncn 5. O. violacea L. 3. Plants more or less pubescent, without tubercles; sepals without any spots; filaments edenticulate, more or less Sparingly pubescent, the inner one-third as long as the outer; seeds 1-2 mm long, 0.7—1mm WTEC f veraihies a (eke ajo: ve cseh ayia is ooh Sip vols 6 (le dilor ata eiltenaray poi oka eiNlou PM eerie an oa ee 4. af Plants glabrous, with small tubercles; sepals with 2 orange spots above; filaments glabrous, the inner dentate and twice as long as the outer; seeds /0).7 mim) Jong and) widemay-- 3-54 bbe 6. O. pes-caprae L. % From the Greek oxys — sour, and hale —salt; Nicander's name for some sour plant. 60 78 4, Annuals and biennials; stems usually decumbent, branching, with prostrate shoots; stipules oblong, adnate to petioles; capsule upright, with bent pedicels; seeds 1.7—2mm long, 1mm wide ............ SS Ore Rese Aer .oala Fok 26 gah ae ARS 1 OR tcorniculata IL. + Perennials; stems erect, branching; stipules absent; capsule on obliquely straight pedicels; seeds 1—1.3mm long, 0.7mm wide ...... RSET NM TS IWS A 1S Sele Ren ee WOT, 2 Oe stricta L. 5. Leaflets obcordate; bracts disposed above the middle of floral scape; calyx nearly one-third as long as petals, more or less pubescent; petals white, sometimes with pink or violet nerves or rarely pale purple or lilac-rose (var. purpurascens Mart.); capsule ovoid, Sem dons vacw#es seeds ovateuelacd £1.40 32 342 3. O. acetosella L. + Leaflets obdeltoid; bracts nearly at base of calyx; calyx half as long as petals, more or less glabrous; petals white; capsule cylindrical, 2S. lenelens—acumiunates, seeds oval. ive. aes. is ER. eyes we se Section 1. CORNICULATAE (Reiche) R. Knuth in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. L. Supplem. (1914) 220.— Div. Trifoliatae sec. Corniculate Reiche in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII (1894) 300.— Plants with developed rootstock (or rhizome) and with ascending, rarely erect, branching stem. Flowers yellow. Floral scapes 2- to many-flowered. in) Ole corniculata, LeoSp) pl: ol (1753) 4357, DE Prodrs 1, 691; ‘Ldb. MireRoss. 4, 6483;)° Boiss. . Ml. oricl, 866;° Shmal"g:))/) F1.-1;//200; -Kom., Py Man'chzh! ly 6623) Grossg., F1..Kavk. Ill; 12};)Sorn.%r. SSSR; 10, 246.— O. villosa M. B. FI. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 355.— O. cornicu- lata 8. villosa Hohen. Enum. pl. Talysch. (1837) 159.— Ic.: Jacquin, Oxalis;’ tab. 5; Sibthorp et Sm. Fl. Graeca, V, tab. 451; Rchb. Ic. FI. Germ. V, tab.199, f.1896; Sugawara, III. Fl. of Saghal. III, tab. 573.— Pmstarhk aitalswexssiser yah) INooh323:eHerbork sCaucs Nov51 8% Annual or biennial; appressed-hairy plants, primary root; stems developed, 7—50cm high, thin, round, sometimes with purple hairs, usually decumbent, spreading-branching, with numerous often prostrate shoots, often rooting at base; stipules small, oblong, 2mm long, 1mm wide, adnate to petioles; leaves alternate, ternate, with petioles long, erect, round, pubescent, 1.7—6(9) cm long, jointed at base; leaflets subsessile, obcordate, (0.5)0.8—1.5cm long, 0.7—1.7 cm wide, deeply emarginate, sometimes cov- ered at lower side with straight, white, appressed hairs, ciliate at margin, longitudinally plicate and pending. Floral scapes erect, shortly jointed at base, round, pubescent, 2.5—5(6) cm long, as long as or longer than leaves, usually 2-flowered; bracteoles 2—3 at base of pedicels, lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, 3.5mm long, 0.2—0.3 mm wide, acute pubescent; pedicels 1—1.5mm long; calyx 4mm long, half as long as corolla; sepals lanceolate, erect, obtuse, rarely pubescent, ciliate, 3—4 mm long, 1 mm wide, green; corolla subcampanulate; petals yellow, (5)8mm long, 2mm wide, with claw erect and limb spreading, obovate, obtuse; filaments connate at base, edenticulate, the inner sparingly pubescent above, nearly 1 af times as long as the glabrous outer filaments; anthers oblong, yellow, overlapping; 61 CY) ovary oblong, 1.8—2 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, sparingly pubescent, with 5 styles covered with simple hairs and as long as the inner filaments; capsules cylindrical, pentagonal, acute, (0.9)1.5—2 cm long, 2—2.5(3) em wide, pubescent; seeds ovate, flattened, 1.7—2 mm long, 1 mm wide, acute, brown, transversely ribbed. May—July. Weedy places, roads, ditches, fields, gardens, tea plantations, riverbanks, slopes of oak forests, dry mountain slopes with shrubby formations. — European part: Bl:, Crim.; Caucasus: W.Transc., Dag., EH. Transe. (Nukha), S. Transc., Tal.; Far East: Uss. (Vladivostok), Sakh. (S. Sakh.); Centr. Asia: Kyz.K., Syr D. (Mashkent), Pam.=Al: Gen. distr: (enter: Eur., Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Ind.-Him., Jap.-Ch. Described from Sicily. Type in London. Economic importance. A nectariferous plant whose leaves are eaten in the Caucasus in place of sorrel. It is also used in popular medicine. 2) = (Ohestrietay La Spa pl. (1753) 4305, DC. Prodi. Wh 697 obmacliome Tl, I BOOS Ixodes. Ils Mey elavda, Il; Wile Isom, eval Ais, Ojoireciell, ir. IDEUMinEN~ose, Jes Ih G8H2 Sores ie, Sos, JUN, Babe IMiaewelko, IPI, ivzl.. 7. 48905 — lew Jacquinen@©xalish stab y4i= chibi elec Er sn G einai melon Opn Exs.: Fl. Gall. et Germ. exs. No.119: Rechb. Fl. Germ. exs. No. 379; Hie Ttalis exs, vse. lly Noi 3:24set Nos 13\24 bis.7 sb Bune exs a Neeser MS polon.exs! INowilsa4. : Perennial; plant sparsely covered with white appressed hairs; root- stock thin, terete, creeping, with fleshy shoots; stems erect, simple or branching, 15—45 cm high, reddish to more or less reddish-purple, usually pubescent; leaves alternate, ternate, exstipulate, with petioles erect, round, villous, reddish, 2.5—6(8)cm long, jointed at base; leaflets obcordate, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, ciliate at margin, with 0.3 mm long pubescent petiolules. Floral scapes axillary, jointed at base, round, pubes- cent, 4.5—5 cm long, bracteoles at base of pedicels, numerous, lanceolate, acute, 1.5—2mm long, 0.3 mm wide; pedicels 3—6(8) floriferous, 0.4—0.6 mm long, round, sparingly pubescent; calyx 4mm long, nearly half as long as corolla; sepals lanceolate or oblong, 3—3.5 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, acute, erect, covered like pedicels with white straight hairs, ciliate at margin; corolla subcampanulate; petals yellow, 5.5—-8mm long, 1.5—3 mm wide, claw erect; limb spreading, oblong-obovate; filaments edenticulate, con- nate at base, the inner subglabrous or more or less sparsely hairy above, 11/, times as long as the glabrous outer; anthers oblong, yellow, overlapping; ovary oblong, 2mm long, 0.6mm wide; styles nearly as long as inner fila- ments, pubescent; capsules oblong-columnar, pentagonal, 1.2—1.6(2) cm long, 1.8—2mm wide, covered with hairs, obliquely upright on pedicels; seeds ovate, flattened, 1—1.3 cm long, 0.7 cm wide, acute above, brown, transversely ribbed. June—August. Weedy places, gardens, orchards, fields, sands and gravels of river valleys, river bluffs. — European part: Balt., Lad.-Ilm., U.V., U. Dnp., M.Dnp., U.Dns., Bl., Crim.; W.Siberia: U. Tob. (near Kustanai); Far East: Uss. (introduced into Vladivostok, Vladivostok district and Novo- kievskoye in Pos'et district). Gen. distr.: Centr., Atl. Eur., Med. (W.), Jap.-Ch., N. and C.Am. Described from Virginia. Type in London. 62 Section 2. ACETOSELLAE (Reiche) R. Knuth in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. L. Supplem. (1914) 229.— Div. Trifoliatae sect. Acetosellae Reiche in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII (1894) 281.— Perennials, with soft horizontal rootstock. Floral scapes 1-flowered; leaves radical. 3. O. acetosella L. Sp. pl. 1(1753) 433; M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I, 354; DC Preoadricd> ORs nitdbs el alter ly) 183f rh}: FL Ross. il, 462; Tuareg. Hi gdiaiesdah.i,)252;.Bo0iss. Grossg.; Fl. Kavk. Ill» 12; Kryl., FI. Spe be Tis BSS. = te. Jacquin; Oxalis,; tab: s 0; Rehb: “Ic. "Fly “Germ. V, tab.199; Sugawara, II. Fl: of Saghal. II, tab.573;— Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 789; G.R.F. No. 659 et No.1972; Herb. Fl. Reipubl. Sow. Ucr. No. 73; Fl. Pol. exs. No.27; Fl. Stir. exs. No.361 and No.1193 (f. rosea); FI. Gall. et Germ. exs. No. 1445; Fl. Boh. et Morav. exs. No.355. Perennial; plant 5—10cm high, acaulescent, with creeping, thin, round rootstock often sparsely covered with ovate, acute, reddish, fleshy, scale- like small leaves; leaves exstipulate, all radical, green, ternate, with peti- oles 2—7 (10) cm long, thin, round, pubescent, jointed at base; leaflets obcor- date, 1—2.5cm long, 1.5—3cm wide, subsessile, sparsely covered with ap- pressed long white hairs, plicate longitudinally, bending at night. Scapes few, (2)5—7(10) cm long, axillary, longer than leaves; bracts disposed above middle of scape, 2.5—3 mm long, 1 mm wide, squamiform, lanceolate, obtuse; calyx 4—4.5 mm long, nearly one-third as long as corolla; sepals erect, ob- long or lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse, 3—4mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, ciliate at margin, more or less pubescent, purple above; petals 5, white, sometimes with pink or violet nerves, often with yellow spot at base, 1.2—1.5cm long, 0.5—0.7cm wide, with claw erect and limb obovate, more or less spreading, slightly depressed, rarely petals pale purple or pinkish-purple or lilac- pinkish (var. purpurascens Mart.); filaments connate at base, the inner edenticulate, twice as long as the outer, all glabrous; anthers oblong, white, overlapping; ovary ovoid, 1.7—2 mm long, 1.5mm wide; styles 5, glabrous, 6-7 mm long, three times as long as ovary; stigmas capitate; capsules ovoid or oblong-ovate, 0.8—1cm long, 0.4—0.5 cm wide, acute, pale brown, glabrous, rugose; seeds ovate, acute, brown, 2.2 mm long, 1.5mm wide, longitudinally ribbed, more or less shiny. May—June. Forests, forest ravines, shrubby formations, subalpine meadows. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Balt., Lad.-Ilm., U.V., V.-Kama, U. Dnp., U. Dns., M. Dnp. (vicinity of Kiev), V.-Don; Caucasus: Cisc., WiweendeRe Pranses; W Siberia: Ob) °U/Tob.; Trt; Alt.; “EvSiberté’ Yehis., An.-Say.; Far East: Kamch., Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min., Ind.-Him., Mong., Jap.-Ch., N. Am. Described from Europe. Type in London. Note. O. acetosella also has small cleistogamous flowers on shortened peduncles in the summer. 81 Economic importance. The leaves contain Vitamin C 93 mg%, in Sep- tember 121—144mg%. They are sour (as in O. corniculata) and eaten as a vegetable and in soups (Grossg., Rast. ress. Kavk., 38, 54). 63 82 4. O, obtriangulata Maxim. in Mélang. Biolog. VI, livr.3 (1867) 260 et in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. XII, 260; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh., III, 660; Kom. and Alis;,, Opredel.qrs,Dalinev. (kr) (ly) 695s— Iles Users Be Jap. II, tab. 779; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVII, 11, tab.7; Kom. and Klob.-Alis. I5@o Uelon ZO}, Ao lees Gol. IPs INO, 23a. Perennial; plant acaulescent, subglabrous, rootstock 5—8 mm thick, cov- ered with thin brown scalelike small leaves; leaves ternate, obdeltoid, 1.6—4 cm long, 2—5 cm wide, sharply truncate, acutely angled, the median slightly notched, the lateral rounded, green and glabrous above, beneath more or less glaucescent, sparsely white-appressed-hairy, more densely so along nerves, ciliate at margin, with 8—27 cm long, more or less rufous- hairy petioles. Floral scapes somewhat shorter than leaves, 8—18(21)cm long; bracts 2, in the upper part (nearly at base of calyx); scarious, lance- olate, 3-4mm long, 1—1.5mm wide, acute; calyx 8mm long, half as long as petals; sepals lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 7mm long, 2mm wide, glabrous; petals white, 1.6 cm long, 0.8 cm wide, with claws erect and limbs oblong - obovate, obtuse; filaments unequal, connate at base, glabrous, the inner 1 13 times as long as the outer; ovary oblong-oval, 3mm long, 1.5mm wide, with 5 sparsely pubescent to subglabrous styles slightly shorter than stamens; capsules cylindrical, erect, 2-3 cm long, 0.4—0.5 cm wide, long-acuminate, brown; seeds oval, acute, brown, 2.5mm long, 1.5mm wide, longitudinally ribbed. May—June. ; Valleys of broadleaved forests, mixed (predominantly cedar) and mixed shady-forests; forest slopes.— Far East: Uda, Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Japan, Manchuria). Described from Posyet Bay near Post. Type in Leningrad. Section 3. CERNUAE R. Knuth in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. L. Supplem. (1914) 225.— Plant with tubers, acaulescent or caulescent. Leaves usually radical. Floral scapes generally many -flowered. 5. O, violacea L. Sp. pl. I (1753) 434; DC. Prodr. I, 695.— Ic.: Jacquin, Oxalis, tab. 80; Bot. Mag. XLVIIL, tab. 2215; Somoku Dzustesu, ed. 2, VIII tab.55; Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. N. States and Canada, II, 345. Perennial; plant acaulescent, with tuber simple, subglobose or ovoid, 0.8—1.5 cm long, 0.8—2.3 cm wide, and with fleshy whitish scales, often with reddish-lined sheaths; leaves ternate, petioles, 10—15(20) cm long, not jointed, terete, erect, weak, sparsely hairy, sometimes purplish in lower part; leaflets subsessile, broadly obcordate, 1—2.3 cm long, 2—3 cm wide, emarginate, glab- rous, or sometimes more or less pubescent, somewhat ciliate at margin. Floral scapes erect, round, short-hairy, 9(17)cm long, as long as or slightly longer than leaves, 3—6- or many-flowered; bracts basal, lanceolate, acute, 2-2-5 mma long, 1mm wide; pedicels round, jointed at base, pubescent, droop- ing before flowering, erect at anthesis; calyx 4—4.5mm long, three times as long as corolla; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3—4(5) mm long, O(a ie) mm wide, sparsely pubescent, ciliate at margin, erect, pale green, with 2 (rarely 1) oblong spot above; corolla campanulate; petals fe Se— 14 (1) 85)) cm long, 0.6—0.8 cm wide, with claw yellow and limb obovate, rounded, violet-purple, more or less striped, spreading; filaments connate 64 at base, the inner gibbose, denticulate, pubescent, equal, nearly twice as long as the outer, the outer glabrous, not gibbose; anthers oblong, white, overlapping; ovary oblong, 1mm long, 0.5—0.7mm wide, pale green, pubes- cent; styles short, 1mm long, nearly half as long as outer stamens, densely pubescent. October. Gardens.— Caucasus: W. Transc. (Sukhumi). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Japan), N. Am. Described from Canada. Type in London. Note. This is a N. American species, introduced into the Caucasus and locally escaped. 6. O. pes-caprae L. Sp. pl. I (1753) 434; Burm. Plant. African. (1738-1739) 80.— O. cernua Thunb. Diss. Oxalis (1781) 14; DC. Prodr. I, 696.-— Ic.: Jacquin, Oxalis, tab.6; Bonnier, Fl. Conipl,; Br.; Suisse, Belge, II, tab. 110. — Bxs.: EI. ital. exs, No. 925; Fl. Gall. et Germ. exs. No. 2434; F. Schultz, Herb. Norm. No. 1741. Perennial; plant with stem 5—10cm long, creeping, rounded, glabrous, sparsely brown-scaly, tubers acuminate-ovoid, small, 7mm long, 3mm wide, glabrous, with brown sheaths; leaves many, petioles erect, jointed at base, round, glabrous, 8—27cm long; leaflets ternate, obcordate, 1-2 cm long, 1.6—3.5 cm wide, deeply emarginate, often 2-lobed, glabrous. Floral scapes jointed at base, 18—30cm long, erect, round, brown, with involucre (in upper part, below the numerous pedicels) of lanceolate-linear, acute, green, 2.5-4mm long, 0.5—0.7 mm wide leaves; pedicels 1—2 cm long, round, more or less pubescent, drooping before flowering and erect at anthesis; calyx 5—6(8) cm long, one-fifth to one-third as long as corolla; sepals lance= olate, 4.5—6(7)mm long, 1—1.3(2) mm wide, acute, erect, sparingly stiff-hairy, green, white-scarious and ciliate at margin, with 2 orange spots above; corolla campanulate, petals 1 .5=3 emylong; 071-1 _5 cm wide, with claw erect, pale yellow, and limb obovate, rounded, yellow more or less spreading; filaments glabrous, connate at base, the inner dentate, equal, twice as long as the outer; anthers oblong, overlapping; ovary 2.9mm long, 1 mm wide, pubescent, with styles 1mm long shorter than the outer pubescent stamens; capsules cylindrical, 1cm long, 3 mm wide, pentagonal, mucronate, pubes - cent; seeds orbicular or more or less ovate and acutish, 0.7mm long, 0.7 mm wide, brown, transversely ribbed. March. Introduced into citrus plantations. — Caucasus: W. Transc. (Sukhumi). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Austria), Med., Ind.-Him. (India), Centr. Am., S, Afr. Described from Africa. Type in London. Note. The name "O. pes-caprae’ was given by Linnaeus to the yellow -flowered plant drawn in the work of Burman (Plant. African. (1738-1739) 80, tab. 29). The inflorescences depicted in this plate area fine representation of what is now known as O. cernua Thunb. O. pes-caprae was earlier regarded as a synonym Of, (O;..6ap)= rina. L. lLinnaeus' description of O. pes~capr ae and the drawing attached cannot have any resemblance to the plant which Linnaeus himself later called O. caprina, and which is a weak plant with much smaller, pale lilac flowers. Hence, the type of O. pes-caprae is that drawn by Burman. There can be no doubt that this is the well-known species later described as O. cernua by Thunberg (T.M. Salter. Some Notes on the Correct Identity of O. pes-caprae L.— The Journ. of South African Botany, V (1939) 47-48). 65 84 Family * TROPAEOLACEAE * JUSS. Flowers hermaphrodite, zygomorphic. Calyx 5-partite, colored, with a spur at base; petals 5, attached to base, entire, the upper two larger, the anterior 3-clawed; stamens 8, free; anthers bilocular; style 1, 3- partite at apex; ovary 3-lobed, 3-locular, with 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit separating into three-1-seeded nutlets with slightly fleshy rugose pericarp; seeds exalbuminous. L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 343; Buchenau in Pflanzenr. IV, 131 (1902) 20 Annual herbs with fleshy stems, strongly branching; leaves of the Russian species peltate, long-petioled, entire; flowers axillary, few, long- pediceled. 1, T. major L. Sp. pl. ed. 1(1753) 343; Over. and Sit., Opr. R. Kaye tlory 31s Shima oa Eel aunvaae ee Rossii, 121.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. (1787) tab.23; Bot. Gard. V (1834—1838) tab. 107; Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. (1917) 3389. Annual; stems long, smooth, juicy, weak, prostrate or twining, branching; leaves peltate, rotund, unequal -sided, obtusely nerved. Flowers large; spur slightly curved; the 3 anterior petals fimbriate at base of lamina orange with blood-red stripes. June—October. There are cultivated races with dark red double flowers. Native to South America, from Peru to Colombia. A garden favorite throughout the world for a long time. The flowers are slightly piquant and used in salads. The flower buds and green fruits are pickled like capers. The ripe fruits have a strongly laxative effect. 2. T. minus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 343; Buchenau in Pflanzenr. IV Seti (1902) 21; Hegi, Il. Fl. IV (1924) 3.— Ic.: Bot. Mag. (1793) tab. 98; Bot. Gard. IX (1839-1851) tab. 210; Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. (1917) 3388. Annual; plant smaller than the preceding; leaves smaller, orbicular, with nerves protruding at margins. Spur cylindrical, distinctly curved, upper petals obtusely acuminate, fimbriate at margin, yellow, maculate. Native to South America: Peru. One of the common garden plants cultivated throughout Europe and America. In Europe it has been under cultivation since 1576. Its uses are the same as of the preceding species. * Treatment by I.V.Palibin. ** From the Greek tropheion, trophy, due to the peltate leaves and helmet-like flower. 66 Family LXXXI. LINACEAE * DUMORT. Dumort. Comment. bot. (1822) 61; Lineae DC. Prodr. I (1824) 423 Flowers hermaphrodite, regular, usually 5-merous; sepals free or 85 somewhat connate, imbricate, usually persistent; petals as many as sepals; 86 imbricate or crumpled, often very delicate; stamens as many as sepals and petals or two to four times as many, all antheriferous or some stami- nodes, the filaments usually dilated at base and adnate to tube (ring), nec - tariferous; anthers motile, flexuose, introrse, opening by lateral slit; ovary sessile, (2—3) 5-locular,often with false septa; ovules 1—2 in each cell, anatropous; styles as many as carpels, free or more or less connate into a column; stigmas different in shape. Fruit a capsule (Russian species), 1-seeded nutlet or drupe; seeds with slightly developed endosperm; embryo straight. Herbs, semishrubs or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves and usually inconspicuous stipules (often in the shape of glands) or exstipulate. Key to Genera i. Flowers 4-merous; annuals (1—10cm high) .... 835. Radiola Roth. ar Flowers 5-merous; perennials or annuals (usually larger)........ oh UE A oo he eo ee ee cS eee A A a 336, Linum L: Genus 835. RADIOLA ** Roth. Roth. Tent. Fl. Germ. I (1788) 71 Flowers in furcately branching inflorescences (dichasia) and also crowded in terminal pseudo-umbels, very small; calyx deeply 4-partite, with 2—3-sect sepals; petals 4, very small and narrow, obtuse; stamens 4, staminodes usually absent; carpels (and styles) 4; ovary 4-locular, each cell divided by incomplete (false) septum into two-1-seeded sections; stigmas capitate. Capsules globose; seeds small, flattened-obovate. Low annuals, with sessile, opposite, entire leaves. One species only. 1. R. linoides Roth. Tent. Fl. Germ. II (1789) 199; Ldb. Fl. Ross. biea28. shee e . Met (1895) Jet:— Linum Raditoba. L, Spy pl. (1753) 281.— L. multiflorum Lam. Fl. Fr. Ill (1778) 70.— L. tetrapeta- lum Gilib. Fl. Lithuan, V (1781) 144.— Radiola dichotoma Moench, Meth. (1794) 288.— R. Millegrana Smith Fl. Brit. I (1800) 202.— R. multiflora Aschers. Fl. Prov. Brandenb. II (1864) 28.— R. radi- ola Karst. Deutschl. Fl. 2 Aufl. II (1883) 147.— Ic.: Svensk Bot. X (1826—29) tab. 652; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI (1844) tab.325; Bonnier, FI. Compl. Fr. Suisse et Belge, I1 (1912) tab.93.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 57; Woloszczak, Fl. polon. No. 714. * Treatment by S.V.Yuzepchuk. ** Apparently derived from radius — ray; radiolus was the name given a plant by Apuleius. 67 87 Annual; plant wholly glabrous; root rather short, thin, whitish, branching; stems few, 1—10cm high, erect or slightly ascending at base, cylindrical, often reddening, bearing below several pairs of opposite leaves and the rudiments of furcate branches at the very base; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, entire. Flowers generally many, in loose, usually much spreading regular leafy dichasia with leaves in pairs at nodes, distinctly crowded only at apices; sepals 4, proximally connate, 1—1.5mm long, tri- angular -obovate, 3-toothed or 3-fid at tip; corolla with 4 small white shovel- shaped petals as long as calyx and short-clawed; staminodes present or often absent; styles 4; stigmas capitate; fruit a flattened-spherical, 4- (incomplete 8)-celled capsule; seeds flattened-ovoid, ca. 0.3mm long, smooth, light brown, shiny. July—September. Sandy banks of rivers, lakes, streams and other moist sandy places, fields, pastures, ditches, roadsides. — European part: Balt. (Latvian SSR), U.V., V.-Don, M: Dnp:, BI:; L: Don. Gen: distr’; Seand-) Atl ande@entm: Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. (Balkan Peninsula), N. and tropical Africa, temperate Asia. Described from Europe. Type in London. Note. A rare, or usually overlooked, plant. Genus 836. LINUM* L. L. Spec. pl. (1753) 277 Inflorescence a dichasium, a spurious umbel, or sometimes a whorled or helical cyme; flowers rather large or small; sepals entire, very often glandular -ciliate at margin, the outer and inner sometimes unequal, usually persistent; petals deciduous, clawed, often connate at base, rounded at apex, of various colors (blue, red, pink, yellow, white); stamens 5, deltoid-dilated at base where adnate to tube (ring), with dentate staminodes disposed in between; nectaries 5 or léss, at outer side of staminal tube; ovary 5-locular, (Russian species), often with incomplete pseudo-sepals, usually 10-ovuled (2in each cell); style often free or connate to middle; stigma elongating or capitate. Capsules globose or ovoid; seeds flattened, smooth. Perennial or annual herbs, sometimes semishrubs; leaves sessile, more or less alter- nate, rarely opposite or whorled, usually entire; stipules gland-shaped or absent. Not one of the systems proposed for this extensive genus (Planchon, Reiche, H. Winkler, H. Nestler) can be regarded as satisfactory or phylo- genetic. Hence we group our species into the natural sections which can be distinguished within this genus, and place these sections in the somewhat provisory and arbitrary order following Planchon's monograph; however, unlike Planchon, we do not unite or separate them into larger units (sub- generic or, possibly, even generic), for this would be possible only after the whole genus has been monographically treated (obviously, as species- aggregates). * The name for cultivated flax in ancient Rome. 61017 2 68 88 Tae Sepals eglandulose or ciliate at margin; flowers (Russian species) neucilyeplve or sky—blue, rarely. violetor white. S00.) 2.2008... Bs Sepals with (comparatively) few glands at margins (sometimes the innermost sepals without) or uninterruptedly glandular -ciliate; flowers of various colors (often yellow) ..............scccececeseeceeccceecs 26. Sepals long-acuminate; stigmas usually elongate (often linear) .. 3. Sepals acute or obtuse (mostly mucronulate at apex); stigmas Capltate-. oc. . ee GC Perennials, with lamcseaatiss Sihae deemaindie 3— 5 - deta feuds: flowers heterogamous .... IETS Ae Semen Annuals or biennials, rarely perdunmeaes wath linea oui i igs nerved eaves; flowers homosonous® .- 80) (ie lon ee Pie. 2 Je Plants 30—60cm high, more or less loosely leafy; leaves termi- nating in very long mucro; inflorescence comparatively many - flowered, loose; sepals 1cm long, in fruit nearly twice as long as eapeule JC Cus CEL OAR AL aR A I. OO: 1. L. nervosum W.et K. Plants 12—25cm high, leaves approximate, imbricate, terminating in a much shorter mucro or mucro absent; inflorescence poor, dense; sepals much shorter, in fruit hardly longer than capsule......... Mad Ft et ot tt of eee ot haat Wane ee ake eo ane 2. L. jailicola Juz. Perennial (rarely biennial) wild plants; flowers small, 11—16mm in diameter; capsules ‘sniall4:5—5 mini in‘didmeter 7.25290). bo. Pe oe ae ow 2 wees, TOge Uo cangustiolum, Huds. uate or Sg een Galaeaesa plants; flowers larger, 15—25mm in Slameter: Gapsules! 5/5— 7 niny in diameter Tea AUR ee. 2 6. Annuals, with capsules splitting and broadly dehiscing when ripe . . Be asa aos PO i oad Ne tie yhe did a ot as PA Vereprans Dum. eapedies aoe as More aie atte AD AER a ig 8 9 des Winter or Ssemi-winter, Seezike Biennial, plante with stems prostrate er ascending beforeanthesis +20. 2 ORS PUA, 5. L. bienne Mill. Manual sprine plants, with eréct stemis:). (20th 6. IT. wees. ek 8. Stem tall, 60—120(150)cm; leaves rather sparse; capsules mostly few, their ji usually slabrous;! cultivated for! fiber\ SUVs... Fk ee: Lie 48629 L., Usrtalissimum L. Seon loi, or ‘of racdiers Peers 30— '50(70) em; leaves dense; usually cultivated for OH Seeks. oo? Ve ev amate* Malt. Flowers homostylous; Lies Bind ie (at sack wets equal in length in all flowers ..... Sha aed). Flowers heterostylous; Bienen in i iseers of some gpeeivens het longer and in other specimens much shorter than style ....... 15. Frugins’ pedicels (nearly) Greeti oo OU. GR BIT 1s tai: Fruiting pedicels distinctly nodding or drooping ............ 12, Root thick, robust; stems usually many, often ascending or prostrate; flowers rather large (ca. 2.5cm in diameter); petals dark blue Ae 8. L. macrorhizum Juz. Rode chin Wenig sienis pave beet: Gowers small (up to 2 cm in aesncien): petals pale blue or white ...... 9. L. pallescens Bge. Leaves mostly linear -lanceolate, rarely linear; petals sky blue or blue: << <..%% 5 Me goes, dios Leaves Pe owk ees ioe es earl rete “Aiead pient) ie . 11. L. violascens Bge. 69 89 13. 14. 15. 22. 23. 24, Leaves obtuse; outer sepals mostly obtuse, the inner rounded at apex (Central Asian plant) ........... 10. L. mesostylum Juz. Leaves acute; outer sepals more or less acute, the inner acute or obtuse (Siberian and Far Eastern plants) ................. 14. Leaves often linear, glaucescent; stems usually without sterile shoots or stems very short; flowers 2 cm in diameter; sepals 2.5—4 mm long, blackish-dark-green; capsule usually brown hte 5 Ae PROPER TE CAN Ha ERR ey Ae CULE SRG ANS 12. L. baicalense Juz. Leaves often linear-lanceolate, bright green; stems with long densely leafy branches mostly in upper part; flowers and bright green sepals larger; capsule straw-yellow -..:-:....- 13: LL. amurense Alert: Plants heterotristylous: specimens ith long and short styles together with specimens with stamens and styles equal in length; Transcaucasian high-mountain plants, with low stems and few (1—3) TOW CIIS sevecnie) i oewls L4. od14, jsubbitlormmyie Plants strictly noi teocielonis, eh only two kinds of flowers ... 16. Eruiting pedicels (nearly) erects «sess. sien eas Os eee ties Fruiting pedicels distinctly nodding or usually drooping ....... 25. L. austriacum L. eaves 1—3(5)-nerved, usually, spreading, . 4). 2) aa aan 18. Leaves 1-nerved, (nearly) erect, often subappressed to stem. Crimean-Novorossiisk (mountain) species.:..........5..-. 25. High mountainous or subarctic plants, Ne with acute or acuminate sepals 5—7.5mm long . ; Teepe ret ee he) Steppe plants, usually eri obtuse (oroter) or pomaed) and mucronate at apex (inner) sepals 3.5—5mm long; leaves mostly glaucescent, I—=S} SATAN! 5! g) gaees Ge Praia pbs Gh Low plants of) N. Gralla, iki ODanEse rovskclats eneen eaNes and few (1-5) lilac sblue st lOWeTSMre ty... ciersieh erase eee eee Lo. . ls ‘boreale juz: @ther characters and distributionsnotsasaboviern sa) ee eee 20. Leaves bright green; flowers usually large, 3—4.5 cm in diameter; European Siberianvand) luen) Shan plants) 3 5 ein | .-0e) ie oe eee 21. Leaves glaucus or glaucescent; flowers smaller, 2.5—3cm in diameters Central Asian plants 2 850. 6 1 coe 6 2) oc eee Leaves horizontally spreading . sihict effet PLictreljs, jephe be Venlo Ske Rameau 22. Leaves usually erect -bulging Ge e. J oisifiswehy ascending), often even appressed toystem in lower partys =. 4.- see i la lee bane tans lel os Siberian plants, with more or less wide: very strongly acuminate leaves and very large flowers, up to 4.5—5 cm in diameter; sepals (.ommmelony petals viniuem scarier sept cies Nein -16. L. komarovii Juz: European plants, with somewhat narrower and less strongly acumi- nate leaves; flowers smaller, up to 4cm in diameter; sepals ca. Gini longspetals paledilac-bluer. .a.en 20. L. extraaxillare Kit. Lower leaves obtuse, often even rounded at apex; sepals blackish- Sreenmpetalisiviery dackibluen. atcie oene caine 13. Sls ateicallysxcchuas Leaves very acute; sepals green or dark green (but not blackish); tlowems lighter in shade a) 2 45456) -s4 1 Ose das turcomanicunmuelmc. Leaves up to 5cm long; sepals 3.5—5mm long, approximately one- fourth as long as petals; European-Siberian plants ............- { 2ihio doe perenne; LiSeistise 70 90 91 25. 30. 35. 36. Leaves shorter, usually not more than 2.5cm; sepals 3—-4mm long, up to one-fifth as long as petals; E. Siberian plants COE AS nn Wits Weitaeeee. as Mrevisepalum. diaz. Sepals 2, ae “Aes mm sAutitiey een bapenie 4.5—6 mm long, twice to three times as long as calyx ...... Ww seed. . Eineuxinum Juz. Calyx much larger, 5—6 mm long, spice -green; capsule ca. 8mm Tong, only one anda halfte twice as. long as Calyx. ws celeye Bs ea eo ta 24. L. marschallianum Juz. Leaves ouptisite lottes cae the ies PUNT et (7c) ee a ome ena en a Al leageu abe earietes AReC Es teh hr bcp ted SP eee PPG dls hae ee ens ey ee oe Pllc EMail Usk SM SMe CEM Ie Cat el eos JON are! AMINBiER sia At, |. 28. l2yerarsi ahanietlicye ls ree ener ee Se an a te ay OREM, Mec inl Flowers blue (white aii = as an \ exception); Far Eastern plant 26. L. stelleroides Planch. Flowers elke, ag apse Burapean, Caucasian and Central YaTe DMCS) Uses ACL Pe Es RE Se a a ee oe) 29. Flowers small, 5—8mm; petals short-clawed, free; leaves scabrous aso? COP) ARO. SOL eke ee Ss Sok ee Bh ec 30. Flowers comparatively large, 15-20 mm long; petals long-clawed, connate to forma tube; leavesidenticulate atamargin .)).. 2%)... Bd ESTE . 40. L. luteolum M. B. betwee eabrous; anata peer acuminate: 4—5 mm long, with prominent midrib, beneath nearly keeled; petals yellow with darker Claws aice Sowerby et Sm. Engl. Bot. XIX (1804) tab.1357; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI (1844) tab. 329.— Exs.: Tausch, Herb. Bohem. 255; Meinsh. Fl. Ingr.129b. Annual; main (tap) root rather short, whitish, with a few larger rudi- mentary branchings but with several thin rootlets; stems 1 (3), usually high, 60—120(150) cm, upright and erect, cylindrical, thin, often simple, branching only in upper part (in inflorescence), pale green, with faint waxy bloom; anatomically characterized by strongly developed bast fibers or, more precisely, bundles disposed at the periphery of the central cylinder, sepa- rated from each other by layers of parenchyma and composed of so-called "hard bast," the whole layer easily detached from the wood (bast fibers are formed by the pericycle and not by the cambium the activity of which is here suppressed); leaves numerous, relatively not dense, spirally dis- posed, 2—3 cm long, 3—4 mm wide, linear or linear-lanceolate, the largest lanceolate, acute, tapering at base, sessile, slightly glaucescent with rather weakly developed waxy bloom, smooth, 3-nerved at margin. Inflorescence a loose bostryx, sometimes passing into a cyme, with lanceolate bracts; flowers comparatively few, usually medium-sized or rather small, 1.5—2.4 cm in diameter, on peduncles longer than calyx, jointed then thickened at apex; sepals 5—6 mm long, herbaceous, persistent in fruit, ovate or ovate-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, the inner wider, acute or short- acuminate at apex, acutely keeled, 2—5-, usually 3-nerved; with margins white-scarious, scabrous towards apex, finely ciliate; petals 12—15mm long, cuneately obovate, somewhat rounded-tapering at apex or obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, sky blue or blue with darker nerves, rarely white, pink or reddish-violet, tapering to white claw yellow at base, falling soon; stamens with linear dark blue filaments, white in upper part, staminal tube short, annular; anthers oblong, usually 78 102 blue, rarely yellow or orange; staminodes triangular, sometimes incon- spicuous; ovary ovoid, green; style with cuneate-linear stigmas, dark blue to violet; capsules 6—8 mm long, 5.7—6.8 mm in diameter, flattened- globose or globose-ovoid, with small mucro at apex, yellowish, usually without antho- cyanin, slightly colored only before ripening, not splitting; false septa glab- rous or rarely ciliate; seeds commonly 10, sometimes less, 3.3—5 mm long, ovoid or oblong-elliptic, much flattened, slightly unequal-sided, rounded at base, acute at apex, pale brown to dark brown, rarely greenish-yellow, quite smooth, shiny. June—July; strains ripening early or at mid-season. Fields as a spring plant, sometimes occurring (mixed) among other crops; rubbish dumps, roadsides, near dwelling places as an accidentally escaped plant. Predominantly in argilloarenaceous and loamlike soils, under condi- tions of a comparatively moist and warm climate, ranging from the western border of the USSR to the Pacific Ocean, from 62—63°N to 50—55° N. — European part: especially in Balt., Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Kar.- Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Ilm., U.V., U.Dnp., V.-Don, V.-Kama; W. Siberia: Ob, Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau. Gen. distr.: typical form mainly in Atl. and Centr. Eur., Scand., Bal.-As.Min. (Yugoslavia); in other countries of the Old World, mainly other related races. Described from S. Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. The popular L. usitatissimum has been cultivated in the USSR for many years, mainly for fiber, sometimes for oil (for the latter purpose L. humile Mill., or the so-called low-flax, is more often grown — see below). "Bast" (or "technical") fibers comprise bundles of many ''elementary"' fibers (cells) united by pectin. The fibers are (0.4)2—3(10)cm long and ca. (1)20—30(200) microns wide. The considerable length and thickening of the wall of the elementary fibers determine the high quality of the flax and make it a first class textile plant. The length of the ''technical''fibers (i. e., bundles of cells) is 40-140cm. The features of the stem structure facilitate the processes which it undergoes after harvesting: soaking (maceration) and mechanical processing (releasing ''technical'' fibers). In 1936 there were 146,700 ha of L. humile under cultivation in the USSR, which represented about 80% of the total world area of flax fiber. Its peculiarities and uses are well known. Note. L. usitatissimum, in the broad, general sense, is extremely polymorphic and undoubtedly an aggregate species. Even after the separa- tion of L. crepitans Dum. and L. bienne Mill. it is fairly hetero- genic and may be separated into a series of races, based on both geograph- ical and selection (according to its double economic use) aspects. With respect to the geographical distribution, the area of most of these species is outside the USSR. The spring flax with its splitting capsules is cultivated in the USSR and belongs essentially to one geographical type. A flax with slightly larger capsules is grown in the Crimea, and although it is close to the Mediterranean race it apparently cannot be identified with it. It is for this reason that the separation of Russian flax into two groups of forms is of great importance: one group cultivated for fiber — L. usi- tatissimum L. sensu strictu (common flax), to which the above- described species and its geographical area are referred — the other cultivated for oil. The oil group includes L. humile Mill. and also the ag 103 more or less primitive forms which occupy an intermediate position between L. usitatissimum L. s. str. and L. humile Mill. but are more related to the latter species. We preferred to separate all these forms from L. usitatissimum. 7) Toe humile Mill. (Gard. Dict. ed..82(1.768), No!2) oe Sake da ssa mum, auct. splux.p.p.;. Ldbril.j¢yp..p-s), shmalllg (ol 4c. pap er tatissimum 8B. humile DC. Prodr. I (1824) 426.— L. Hohenackeri Boiss. Diagn. ‘ser. Ul, 1 (1847) ps97.— Le indelbis¢ ens ‘subsp. (euro siaticum proles brevimulticaulia (sic!) Vav. et Ell. ex Elladi in Kul't. Fl. V, 1 (1940) 162.— Ic.: Artus, Atl. Pharm. Deutschl. Aufl. Offic. Gew. (1862—1874) tab.47; Elladi, 1. c. f.79—87. Annual; root system stronger than in the typical L. usitatissimum; bushy plant, with 2 to few stems (rarely, in dense stands, stems solitary), low or medium in height, 30—50(70) cm, anatomically characterized by the suppressed bast layer and the strong development of the wood (the result of intensified activity of the cambium); leaves more dense than in L. usi- tatissimum. Flowers more or less like in the latter (often slightly larger, with emarginate petals); capsules usually many, generally not larger or slightly larger than in L. usitatissimum, dark or light brown; septa of capsules (in the Russian forms) often ciliate, rarely glab- rous; seeds 5—6.3mm long, dark or light brown. Otherwise similar to L. uSitatissimum L. June, July; mostly late ripening forms: Habitat just as in the preceding but tolerates a warmer and more arid climate, grows well in chernozem and chestnut soils. — European part: M.Dnp., Vi-Don;, V. Kama, Transy,.; L.V:, Crim; ,.Caucasus: i€ise ware, W. and E. Transc.; W.Siberia: Ob, Alt.; Centr. Asia: nearly everywhere. Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. (rarely), Iran., Dzu.- Kash., Jap.-Ch. Described from Europe. Type probably in England. Economic importance. L. humile is usually cultivated for its oil (seeds contain 42—45% oil). Intermediate forms between it and L. usita- tissimum are uSed, or may be used,for fiber. The oil is often used for food but its primary use is in the preparation of such technical products as varnish, drying oil, paints, water-resistant fabrics, linoleum, etc. It is also an officinal plant. It contains oleic acid, which easily combines with oxygen, and rapidly condenses, all of which give the plant its high technical qualities. It also readily combines with iodine; the iodine number of common flax is higher than that of low-flax, but the percentage of oil in the seeds of low- flax is higher than in the common which makes it superior to the latter as an oil plant. Oil-cakes are an excellent fodder for dairy cattle and the chaff yielded by the crushed capsules serves as fodder for pigs. Note. Planchon, in his monograph, apparently accepted without any basis L. crepitans Dum. as L. humile Mill. Section 2. ADENOLINUM [Rchb. Handb. (1837) 305 pro gen.] Planch. 1. c. (1847) 597.— Inner sepals obtuse; petals blue, lilac or white; stigmas capitate. Perennials. In all other parts similar to the preceding section. Note. In the flora of the USSR, the Adenolinum group is undoubtedly the most polymorphic and taxonomically the most complex (and also the 80 ene most difficult) group in Linum L. Inthe West it has been a subject of interest for many years and therefore has been more than adequately investigated. In the USSR the situation is different, notwithstanding the fact that here the group is far richer than in the W. European countries, 104 but it has not received the attention it deserves. It is true that Bunge treated the group in ''Flora Altaica" (1829), which was brilliant for its time, distinguishing within that flora three different species of Adenolinum. In Alefeld's ''Ueber Adenolinum Rchb." (Botanische Zeitung, 25 Jarhg. (1867) pp. 249—255), published in 1867, the Russian forms are treated ex- tensively with a great deal of additional new and important data. Neither of these works, however, received the credit due to them. Alefeld's work was not even noticed by Russian botanists, with the result that the over- whelming majority of the representatives of the group were erroneously treated as Linnaeus' Linum perenne, or in the best case presented as ''varieties" of the latter. The cause for this situation is the uniform habit of the component taxa of the group. They are not effectively distinct, their distinguishing characters cannot be detached in a superficial observa- tion and for easy determination only good and complete collections are needed. A reliable key to the species in the subsection is given by Alefeld in his work, despite its incompleteness and inaccuracies. He was the first, and the only one to date, to focus due attention on the taxonomic significance of the character of the heterostyly for the whole group, distinguishing in it, on the one hand, dimorphic forms or, more precisely, heterodistyly, i. e., flowers in some of the specimens being "long-styled'' (and with short stamens) and in others, short-styled (and with long stamens), and on the other hand, trimorphic or heterotristyly. In the latter case, besides speci- mens with either of the above two forms of flowers, there are also flowers with styles and stamens of the same length, i.e., ''medium-staminal." According to these two groups Alefeld classified all the species known to him. In addition to the heterostyly, he outlined (as had been done before him) the proper significance of the character of the position of fruiting pedicels in order to identify individual species. The principles repre- sented by Alefeld in the classification of the species of subsection Adeno- linum are adopted in the present treatment. We have deviated from Alefeld's scheme by our recognition of the existence within the subsection, of still another group (obviously, the most primitive) of homomorphous (homostyly) flax, i. e., flax without heterostyly and possessing only one kind of flower, ''medium-staminal.'' We have included in this group many species which Alefeld unjustifiably regarded as trimorphic (and in part as dimorphic). Two of the above-noted groups can be easily separated, in our flora, into 105 two specific series, characterized by the direction of the fruiting pedicels. The taxa consisting of these series are vicarious (or geographical) species. We have eventually established a system, as proposed below, which is natural and reflects to a certain extent the real relationships within the groups. We readily admit the possibility of polyphyletic origin of some of the series (and even subseries) accepted by us, notably in the group of dimorphic or heterodistyly flax. 81 106 Group 1. Homomorpha Juz.— Flowers always regular, homogonous; styles about as long as stamens. Series 1. Pallescentes Juz. — Fruiting pedicels erect. 8. L. macrorhizum Juz. nov. sp. in Addenda XIII, 714. Perennial; root vertical, robust and long, woody, covered above with dead stems of the previous year; floriferous stems usually many, (1)4—20, 8—27 cm high, cespitose, erect or often ascending even nearly prostrate, straight or often curved at base, thin, rigid, cylindrical, slightly sulcate when dry, violet in lower part, covered with scars of fallen leaves, other- wise pale green, densely leafy (above rather sparsely), corymbiform- subramose or nearly simple; leaves 3—15 mm long, 0.5—1.75 mm wide, nearly erect, linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, acute at apex, the dry ones with smooth involute margins. Inflorescence very poor, with 1—5 flowers; pedicels twice to four times as long as calyx, elongating in fruit, the lower to 1.8cm long; flowers medium sized, at first approximate, later rather remote; sepals ca. 3.5mm long, 2—3 mm wide, broadly ovate or ovate- orbicular, prominently 5-nerved at back, dark (nearly blackish) green, the 3 outer narrowly white-membranous at margin, rounded with short indurate mucro at apex; petals 10—16 mm long, 5—8 mm wide, approximately four times as long as sepals, obovate, rounded at apex, dark blue, tapering to yellow cuneate claw, slightly overlapping at margin, somewhat united to- wards base but free at base; stamens ca. 5—6 mm long, anthers 1—1.5mm long, filaments thin; style as long as or slightly longer than stamens and anthers, but much exceeding stamens post-anthesis; capsules ca. 6mm long, 4.5mm in diameter, approximately twice as long as calyx, ovoid, acuminate at apex, yellowish or pale brown, with dark green or (nearly) blackish longitudinal stripes between valves; seeds ca. 4.5mm long, 2mm wide, narrowly ovate, dark brown, shiny. June. (Plate VI, Figure 1.) Dry stony mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Tadzhik SSR). Endemic.* Described from Gissar Range. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species will probably prove to be closely related to the Baluchistan L. stocksianum Boiss. which is known to us only from highly unsatisfactory material. 9. VL palllescens Bges in Ldb, El. Yalt. (0629)'43'8 db? VE I Ross: i 426. — Le sibiricum~ Alef: in Bot. Zeits 25 (867)! 254, non Des— Ic?) db? ic. pl. Ross. alt» illustr. (830)! tabil42))—sbixs!- Keararer skener Pl. song. 1840, No. 160. Biennial or perennial; root vertical, thin and weak or thick then (nearly) vertical or slightly spreading, becoming woody, yellowish-white; floriferous stems 1—7, 12—50cm high, erect, Straight or slightly curved at base, thin- nish or rather thick, rigid, cylindrical, usually sulcate when dry, with few and scattered traces of fallen leaves, glaucous-pale green, more or less remotely leafy or in lower part densely so, branching from the middle or slightly above into erect-spreading, usually elongate thin flower-bearing branches, rarely with very short non- flowering branches in axils of upper leaves; sterile stems absent or few, very short or medium in length, 82 remotely or densely leafy; leaves 3—30 mm long, 0.5—3.5mm wide, spread- ing or often ascending (to nearly upright), linear or linear-lanceolate and the upper nearly lanceolate, 1—3-nerved, obtuse or the lower often even rounded at apex and the upper usually obtuse but sometimes rather acute, glaucous, thickish, smooth at the often involute margins, with few trans- parent pits above. Inflorescence few-flowered to generally rather many- flowered, distinctly remote post-anthesis; pedicels several times longer than calyx, elongating in fruit (up to 3.5cm), usually completely erect, generally thin, disorderly disposed among the short-lanceolate acute leaves, rarely axillary or opposite to leaves; flowers small, 1—1.5(2)cm in diameter; sepals 3—4.5 mm long, glaucous, green, the three outer oblong, acute, inconspicuously white-membranous at margin, in lower part with 3 prominent nerves, the inner broader, oblong-ovate, broadly white- 107 membranous at margin, obtuse, with small mucro, 3—5-nerved; petals more than twice (usually three times) as long as calyx, 7-12 mm wide, narrowly obovate, approximately twice as long as wide, hardly overlapping at margins, rounded or slightly emarginate at apex, entire, pale blue or sometimes white, gradually tapering to yellowish claw; stamens 4—5 mm long (above base of flowers), anthers 0.75 mm long; style usually not exceeding stamens, as long as or shorter than stamens and anthers; capsules ovoid or ovoid- globose, 4.5—6 mm long, 3.5—5 mm in diameter, about twice as long as sepals, pale yellow, often becoming brown; seeds ca. 4mm long,1.75—2 mm wide, narrow-ovate, tapering, dark brown,rather dull or slightly shiny. Fl. June— July, Fr. July—September. (Plate VI, Figure 2.) Dry sandy and stony places, herbaceous slopes, steppes, solonetzes, abandoned ploughlands. — W. Siberia: Alt. (Chuya steppe), U.Tob., Irt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., Balkh., T.Sh., Pam.-Al. (Alai valley, Pamir). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Irtysh (Meier) and Chuya steppe (Bunge). Type (from Irtysh River), paratype in Leningrad. Note. There is no doubt but that Alefeld was wrong (apparently an oversight) in referring this superior species to the group of dimorphous flax. Series 2. Mesostyla Juz. — Fruiting pedicels more or less curved or even drooping. 10. L. mesostylum Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 714.— L. kara- taviense Pavl. in Sov. Bot. (1934) No.1, 25, nom. Biennial? or perennial; root subvertical, usually slightly spreading, weak or rather robust, becoming somewhat woody, whitish; floriferous stems usually 1—7, 18—60cm long, generally erect, straight or sometimes slightly curved at base, thin or usually rather thick, rigid, cylindrical, when dry hardly to rather conspicuously sulcate, with few remote traces of fallen leaves in lower part, glaucescent-pale green, usually rather densely leafy (in upper part remotely so), sub-corymbiformly branching above middle or in the upper third, with few erect or spreading straight branches, dis- tinctly elongating in fruit, virgate; leaves 4—30 mm long, 0.5—2.5 mm wide, uSually erect to spreading, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved or in lower part nearly 3-nerved, obtuse at apex, often mucronate or sometimes (mainly the upper) acute, smooth at margin, very often turned up when dry, 83 108 109 glaucescent-green. Inflorescence usually more or less many-flowered (6—32); pedicels 4 times as long as calyx, suberect, elongating in fruit but still short, 1—1.8cm long, somewhat curved or usually horizontally spread- ing from the arcuately curved base; flowers at first approximate, distinctly remote post anthesis, medium sized, ca. 2.5cm in diameter; sepals ca. 3—4mm long, 2—3 mm wide, rather broadly ovate, with 5 prominent nerves at back, rather dark glaucous-green, the three outer narrowly membranous at margin, the two inner broadly white-membranous, the outer obtuse or short-acuminate at apex, the inner with mucronulate or rounded apex; petals ca. 9mm long, 7mm wide, about twice as long as Sepals, obovate to rather broadly obovate, rounded at apex, blue, tapering to cuneate white or yellowish claw; stamens ca. 0.5cm long, together with anthers ca. 1mm long; styles about as long as stamens; capsules ca. 6mm long and wide, nearly twice as long as calyx, broadly ovoid, rounded or slightly acuminate at apex, straw-yellow or pale brown, often with longitudinal brown lines at grooves; seeds ca. 4mm long, 2.5mm wide, ovate, dark brown, somewhat shiny. June. Dry mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (mainly W.), Pam.-Al. (Zeravshan). Endemic. Described from W.T.Sh. Type in Leningrad. 11> L: violascens Bge. in ‘Lidb. Fl: alt. 1-(1829):439;) Ldb< Fl Ross: 4260 1o Ss ibinicume varioparnvdf lomavy Edbox ives ((véZo)eet0e Perennial; root vertical, straight, thick, becoming slightly woody, dirty white; flower-bearing stems few, ca. 40cm high, erect or slightly ascend- ing at base, straight, rather thin, rigid, cylindrical, when dry somewhat sul- cate, with dense to slightly remote traces of fallen leaves in the upper part, sometimes Slightly violet, other parts pale green, rather densely (especially below) leafy, branching above into suberect or ascending thin branches; leaves 3.5—4cm long, 0.5—2 cm wide, the lower shorter, spreading, the upper usually ascending, narrowly linear or filiform-linear but the upper leaves sometimes broader, 1-nerved, acute, smooth at margin, bright green, mar- gins in dry plants always involute. Inflorescence rather many-flowered, loose; pedicels elongate, thin, upright, in fruit curved and laterally spread- ing; sepals 4.5mm long, the outer ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, smooth at margin and very narrowly membranous, 3-nerved, the inner slightly shorter and broader, acuminate, broadly membranous at margin, all sepals dark- or nearly black-green; petals about twice as long as sepals, obovate, entire, rounded at apex, violet-blue or violet, tapering to white or yellowish cuneate claw; stamens ca. 0.5cm long; anthers small; style nearly as long as stamens; capsules longer than calyx when ripe, ovoid, acute, somewhat brownish; seeds ca. 4mm long, ovate, dark brown, Slightly shiny. June— July. Open, usually stony mountain slopes. — W. Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from the Katun' and Chuya rivers and also from Ridder district. Type and paratype in Leningrad. 12. L. baicalense Juz. nov. sp. in Addenda XIII, 715.— L. perenne db. Fl. Ross. I, 426, p.p.— L. sibiricum Turcz. Fl. baic.-dahur. I (1842) 246, p. ps non DC:— lL. amurenseée Alef. in Bot. Zeit. 25 (1867) 250, p.p. (quoad pl. dauricam). 84 Perennial; root oblique or vertical, weak to more or less robust, becoming woody, whitish, more or less branching below; caudex 1- or many-headed; flower-bearing stems 1—2, erect or often slightly ascending at base, straight or arcuate below, thin to rather robust, indurate, cylin- drical, thinly sulcate when dry, glaucescent or pale green, not too densely leafy, branching in the upper half or fourth into few straight spreading floriferous branches, sterile branches absent or solitary, very short; leaves 0.4—2.5cm long, 0.3—2.5mm wide, the lowermost dense, small, squamiform, ovate, pale, the rest linear or the upper lanceolate, straight, spreading, acute, l1-nerved, often with involute margins, glaucous-green; sterile shoots (at base of plant) few, short, weak. Inflorescence not many- flowered to fairly so,6—30 flowers, branches with short narrowly lanceolate to oblong leaves; pedicels twice to four times as long as calyx, thick, elon- gating in fruit to 1.5—2.5 cm, usually weak and only slightly curved but dis- tinctly spreading; flowers medium-sized or small, usually not more than 2cm in diameter; sepals 2.5—4 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide, the outer ovate, acute, the inner broadly ovate, obtuse, mucronulate, all sepals with 5 promi- nent veins in lower part, blackish-dark green with glaucous bloom, narrowly white-membranous at margin; petals 8—14 mm long, 5—9 mm wide, two to three times as long as calyx, orbicular-obovate, dark blue, tapering to short pale claw; stamens ca. 5mm long (from above base of flowers); anthers 1.3mm long; style as long as or shorter than stamens, free nearly to base; stigmas small; capsules 5—7 mm long, 4—6 mm in diameter, about twice as long as calyx, broadly ovoid to subglobose, yellow or brown, often with longi- tudinal brown stripes in sulci between valves or entirely dark brown; seeds ca. 4mm long, 2mm wide,brown. June—July. (Plate VI, Figure 3.) Dry meadows, meadows and steppes, stony slopes. — E. Siberia: Dau. Gen. distr.: N. Mong. Described from Transbaikalia. Type in Leningrad. 13. L. amurense Alef. in Bot. Zeit. XXV (1867) 250, s. str.— L. perenne Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 2 (1904) 664. Perennial; root usually vertical, more or less robust, becoming woody, whitish; stems few, 20—50 cm high, usually erect, straight, rather robust, indurate, pale green, more or less densely leafy, loosely branching above into few spreading flower-bearing branches as well as long densely leafy sterile ones; leaves up to 2.5cm long, 3 mm wide, linear or linear- lanceolate, very acute, usually flat, bright green. Inflorescence commonly few-flowered; pedicels thin, distinctly elongating in fruit and horizontally spreading or often drooping; flowers medium-sized to rather large; sepals 5mm long, ovate or broadly ovate, acute, bright green; petals blue (azure); capsules 6—7 mm long and wide, globose, straw-yellow. In all other parts Similar to L. baicalense Juz., to which it is closely related. June— July. Dry sandy meadows and other herbaceous places, gravels. — Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Manchuria). Described from Amur River valleys. Cotype in Leningrad. 85 Mala Group 2. Heteromorpha Juz.— Flowers heteromorphic, heterogamous. Subgroup 1. Trimorpha Alef. l. c. (1867) 250 em. — Flowers (in differ- ent individuals) trimorphic; long-styled (short-stamened), medium-styled and short-styled (long-stamened). There is only one species of this group in the USSR which probably belongs (together with some of the Asia Minor species) to the same parti- cular series of the W. European L. alpinum L. (we note, however, that L. anglicum Mill.— L. leonii F., often included in L. alpinum L. as varieties or subspecies, apparently belong to the Homomorpha group). 14. L. subbiflorum Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 716.— laestoeks jamumis Grossh: HlewKayke 11h (932) sha penonesolss: Perennial; multicaulescent cespitose plant; root unknown; stems low, 7.5—-11 cm high, erect, slightly curved, thin, cylindrical, becoming lignified at base, pale brown where covered with Squamiform leaves, otherwise pale green, sparsely leafy; leaves 4—12 mm long, 0.7—1.5 mm wide, erect to spread- ing, lanceolate, 1-nerved, with slightly involute margins, acute, glaucous-green. Inflorescences 2(4)-flowered; pedicels twice as long as calyx,6—10 mm long at anthesis, slightly curved; flowers rather large, 2.5—3 cmindiameter; sepals ca.5 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, oblong-ovate, acute, narrowly white- membranous at margin or the inner rather broadly so, with 3—5 prominent nerves in lower part, glaucescent-dark green; petals 13—17 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, nearly four times as long as calyx, obovate, gradually tapering toclaw, overlapping at margins, apparently lilac-blue; stamens inthe long-styledform (like the style in short-styled form) ca. 4mm long, inmedium-styled form ca. 6mm long (1mm shorter than style), in short-styled form (like the style in long-styled form) ca. 8mm long; anthers ca. 1.5mm long; style thin- filiform, with small capitate stigmas; fruit unknown. Fl. July. (Plate VI, Figure 4.) Alpine meadows. — Caucasus: S. Transce. (Nakhichevan ASSR), Zangezur Range). Endemic? Described from Dashurry-Dagh. Type in Leningrad. Subgroup 2. Dimorpha Alef. 1. c. (1867) 252 em.— Flowers (of different individuals) dimorphic; long-styled (short-stamened) and short-styled (long- stamened). Series 1. Perennia Juz.— Fruiting pedicels erect; fruit usually ovoid. Subseries 1. Extraaxillaria Juz.— High mountain or subarctic taxa with relatively broad (often 3—5-nerved), usually spreading, often bright green leaves and rather large, usually acute sepals. 15. L. borealis Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 718.— L. alpinum Korsch. Tent. Fl. Ross. or. (1898) 84, non Jacq. Perennial; root usually vertical, rather robust, becoming lignified, pale, spreading, strongly branching, often cespitose; flower-bearing stems 2—6, 10—30(35) cm high, erect, usually straight, rather thin, rigid, cylindrical, 86 13 when dry rather distinctly sulcate, pale green, usually simple, often forked, 1- to many-flowered, covered in lower part with small, squami- form, elliptic or spatulate, pale, dense to very dense, long persistent leaves, gradually passing into regular leaves; leaves 0.4—1.5(2) cm long, 0.5—3 mm wide, rather dense, erect or spreading, linear or oblanceolate, widest at the middle or very often above middle, 1-nerved or 3-nerved below, tapering at base, the upper leaves obtuse, uppermost leaves acute, smooth at margin, margins often involute in dry plants, glaucescent or rather bright green. Inflorescence composed of up to 5 flowers; pedicels 0.7—1.5cm long, in fruit 2cm long, upright, rather thin; flowers at first approximate, later remote, medium-sized or rather large; sepals all of same length, 1—6 mm, 2—3 mm wide, ovate or narrowly ovate, dark green or often blackish-green, 3—5-nerved below, the three outer acute, not margined or very narrowly white-membranous at margin, the 2 inner obtuse, narrowly white-membranous at margin; petals 1-1.8cm long, 6—10 mm wide, up to four times as long as sepals, broadly obovate, rounded at apex, apparently lilac-blue, tapering to broad cuneate white or yellowish claw; stamens in long-styled forms 4—5 mm long, in short-styled 6—8 mm long; anthers 1.5—2 mm long; styles 6-8 mm or 4—5 mm long, respectively, filiform; capsules ca. 6—8mm long, 5—6.5 mm wide, ovoid, tapering at apex, brown; seeds ca. 4mm long, 2mm wide, ovate, dark brown, slightly shiny. July. (Plate VII, Figure 1.) Riverbanks and cliffs. — European part: Dv.-Pech., V.-Kama; W.Siberia: Ob. Endemic. Described from the alpine belt in Konzhakovski Kamen. Type in Leningrad. 16. L. komarovii Juz. sp. n. in Addenda XIII, 719.— L. perenne Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 426, p. p. Perennial; root oblique or vertical, usually robust, branching, be- coming lignified, pale; flower-bearing stems few to numerous, 15—60 cm high, straight or slightly curved at base, upright or rarely ascending, thin to rather robust, cylindrical, slightly sulcate when dry, branching in the upper fourth or third into medium-sized or long spreading branches, the lower of which (usually short) often sterile; sterile shoots present, short, with smaller and often more dense leaves; leaves bright green, more or less spreading, not densely disposed, rather large, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, usually tapering at base, widest at the middle, acute above, usually 3—5-nerved, smooth at margin, flat or (in dry plants) hardly invol- ute; leaves covering the lower part of shoots rather dense, small, ovate- lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly spreading, obtuse or acute, colorless, deciduous. Inflorescence with few or several flowers; pedicels 1.3—2 cm long, rather thin, upright in fruit,3 cm long; flowers large, averagely ca. 4cm (to 5) in diameter; sepals 5—7.5mm long, usually ovate, acute or acuminate, rather bright to dark green; petals large, wide, 1.5cm wide, almost 4 times longer than calyx, broadly ovate, rounded at apex, blue, becoming lighter at base and tapering to yellowish claw; stamens in long- styled flowers ca. 5—6 mm long, in short-styled ca. 8—10mm; anthers ca. 1.5mm long; styles ca. 8—10 and 5—6mm long, respectively; capsules large, ca. 8mm long, ovoid, straw-yellow; seeds 4.5mm long, brown, shiny. June—July. (Plate VII, Figure 2.) 87 114 Meadows (mostly in valleys). — E. Siberia: Yenis.?, Ang.-Say., Lena-Kol. Endemic? Described from the Yakut ASSR. Type in Leningrad. 17. L. altaicum Ldb. in sched. olim; Fischer ex Steud. Nom. ed.2, 2 (1841) 51 (nomen nudum).— L. sibiricum Bge. in Ldb. Fl. alt. I (1829) 440, non DC.— L. perenne Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 426, p. p.— L. grandiflorum Pavl. in sched. non Desf.— L. perenne var, alpicola M. Pop. in sehed: Perennial; root vertical or oblique, short but robust, strongly branch- ing, becoming lignified, whitish; stems few or often many, sometimes cespitose (when stems of the previous year occur with the present ones); sterile stems present, well developed, leafy hardly denser than flower- bearing stems; floriferous stems 2—15, 15—60 cm high, somewhat arcu- ately ascending at base, straight or curved, rather thick and robust, cylin- drical, sulcate when dry, branching in the upper third or only at apex with nearly erect or ascending branches, the lower of which very often sterile, rather long; basal leaves covering the lower part, nearly imbricate, small, oblong obtuse, colorless appressed to stem, persistent or later deciduous leaving dense scars; leaves 0.5—3 cm long, 1—5 mm wide, spreading to more or less ascending-erect, very often appressed below to stem, rather dense to sparse above, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, often asymmetrical, widest in the lower part, mostly very acute or acuminate at apex, 1—5 (usually 3) nerved, flat or canaliculate, smooth at margin, when dry very often margins involute, bright green. Inflorescence impoverished, (1)3—10- flowered, with some branches bearing up to 5 flowers; bracts few, broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate; pedicels 0.5—1.5cm long, in fruit 2 cm, erect, straight or hardly curved, rather thin to thick; flowers usually axillary, at first approximate, later rather remote, 3—3.5cm in diameter; sepals 4.5—7 mm long, 1.5—3.5mm wide, the outer ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acute, narrowly white-membranous at margin, inner sepals elliptic, narrowly to broadly-white-membranous at margin, obtuse or rounded and short- mucronate at apex, bright or rather dark green, 5-nerved at base; petals 1.4—2.2 cm long, 7-10 mm wide, nearly 4 times longer than sepals, obovate, twice as long as wide, orbicular or obtuse at apex, lilac-blue, becoming paler towards base and gradually tapering to yellowish claw, hardly over- lapping at margins; stamens of short-styled flowers 7—8 mm long, slightly exserted from calyx; anthers ca. 1.5mm long; styles 7—7.5 and 4.5—6 mm long, respectively; capsules 7—8 mm long, 5—6 mm wide, almost twice as long as calyx, ovoid, tapering above or subglobose, nearly straw colored or brown above; seeds ca. 4.5mm long, 2mm wide, cuneate-ovate, brown, dull or slightly shiny. Fl. first half of June to first half of August. Alpine, subalpine and mountainous forest meadows. — W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Mongolian Altai, Dzu.-Kash. Described from Altai (Ledebour's chirotype from Ridder). Type and paratype in Leningrad. 18. L. atricalyx Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 719. Perennial; resembling’ Li: altai cum Ldb,.;-but stems usually not more than 40cm high, with very short sterile branches or without; leaves glaucescent or glaucous-green, the lower obtuse or often even rounded at 88 m5 apex. Flowers smaller than in L. altaicum, 2.5—3cm in diameter; sepals blackish-green; petals 1.5—2cm long, 1—1.3 cm wide, nearly twice as long as wide, with overlapping margins, very dark blue; capsules ca. 6—7 mm long, almost completely hidden by sepals to nearly twice as long. In all other parts like A. altaicum. July. 19. L. turcomanicum Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 720. Perennial; similar to L. altaicum Ldb. in habit; root vertical, becoming lignified; stems 20—35 cm high, numerous, thin, slightly branch- ing; leaves not too dense, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acutely 3-nerved, glaucescent,2cm long. Flowers ca. 3cm in diameter; pedicels erect, distinctly jointed beneath flowers; sepals ca. 5mm long, acute or narrowly acuminate, dark green, white-membranous at margin; stamens ca. 5mm (in long-styled forms) or ca. 8mm (in short-styled forms) long; styles ca. 8 or 5mm long, respectively; capsules not known. June. Habitat unknown. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic? Described from Masinev (from Androsov collections). Type in Leningrad. Note. Little is known about this species, which resembles L. altai- cum only in habit; we have included it in the group Extraaxillaria. In some of the scrutinized specimens the flowers fell off without fruits, as described for the enigmatic Iranian L. sterile Stapf. Comparison of the Russian plants with L. sterile was impossible because of the lack of material on the latter; judging by its description it is distinctly differ- ent from L. turcomanicum. 20. L. extraaxillare Kit. in Roch. Pl. Banat. (1828) 26, nom. solum; Kit. in Linnaea, XXXII (1863) 573; Sag. u. Scheid. Fl. centr. Karp. II (1891) 103; Alef. Bot. Zeit. XXV, 254.— L. alpinum 8B. elatius Wahlenb. Fl. Carp. (1814) 91, sec. Uechtritz in Oest. Bot. Zeit. XVI (1866) 318.— L. perenne var. carpaticum Uechtritz mss. ex Alef. 1. c. (1867) 254.— Ic.: Hayek, Pflanzend. Oesterr.-Ung. 1 (1915) 401. — Exs.: Rehm. et Wol. Fl. polon. exs. No.25; Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 865. Perennial; root vertical, robust, pale; stems few, 16—30cm high (and higher), erect or slightly ascending, nearly straight from the slightly curved base, thin, subcylindrical, smooth, remotely to rather densely leafy, always branching in upper part, lower branches (lateral) sterile, the upper 2—3 flower-bearing, usually extra-axillary; leaves numerous, scattered, nearly horizontally spreading, the median leaves 2—3.5cm long, ca. 2.6mm wide (and wider), linear-lanceolate, rather long- and narrow-acuminate, distinctly 3-nerved below, thin, bright green. Inflorescence impoverished, loose; pedicels 2.5cm long, always erect in fruit; between the flowers bracts (i. e., extra-axillary), 3—4cm in diameter; sepals ca. 6mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the inner ovate, acuminate, white-membranous at margin, 3-nerved; petals three to four times as long as sepals, obovate, Slightly crenate at apex, pale and lilac-blue, tapering to yellowish claw, overlapping at margins; stamens in long-styled forms shorter than sepals, in short-styled distinctly longer; capsules ca. 8mm long, ovoid or ovoid- globose, straw-yellow; ripe seeds black-gray. July. 89 Alpine and subalpine mountainous belt (above elfin woodland), — European part: U.Dns. (Carpathians, Bukovina). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Banat), Bal.-As. Min. (Bosnia, Chernogoriya). Described from "'e Scepusio,'' paratype from Pop-Ivan. Type probably in Budapest. 116 Subseries 2. Eu-perennia Juz.— Steppe forms with leaves narrower, more or less spreading, glaucous-green, 1—3-nerved; sepals smaller, obtuse. 21. L. perenne L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 277, p. p.; Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) No.6; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 426, p. p.— L. perenne subsp. a. genuinum Shmal'g., Fl. I, 184.—? L. perenne @- sibiricum Schiede in Minnaea, 1 (18216) Vip. p.— "kt per ennieweupewennic Hermann, Fl. Deutschl. Fennosc. (1912) 301.— L. sibiricum DC. Prodr. I (1824) 427, s. str.; Spreng. Syst. veg. I (1825) 963. — | L. Beauharnaisianum Spadoni, Nuova spec. di Lino orig. di Siberia (1808) tab. I.— L. bavaricum Schultz in Flora, XXV, 2 | (1839) 643.— L. Darmstadinum Alef. in Bot. Zeit. XXV (1867) 251.—_ Adenolinum perenne Rchb. Ic. VI (1844) 65.— Ic.: Rchb. | Len n(lS44)\rtaby CCCXOCRVil Vinal 59; Spadonoymenc: | Perennial; root vertical or oblique, robust, usually strongly branching, | rarely nearly simple, becoming woody, pale yellow; flower-bearing stems | few, 20—80 cm high, straight or slightly curved at base, erect or ascending, | thin to usually more or less robust, indurate, cylindrical, when dry faintly | sulcate, pale green with yellow tinge, simple or in the upper half to fourth corymbiformly branching, lower branches very often sterile, the lowermost | part with few remote large traces of fallen leaves, otherwise rather densely leafy; sterile stems rather densely leafy, with erect or spreading linear | leaves; leaves of flower-bearing shoots 0.4—5 cm long, 0.5—3 mm wide, \ spreading to erect, linear or linear-lanceolate, the lower acute, the upper long-acuminate, 1-(3) nerved, margins slightly thin-denticulate-scabrous ! flat (or in the upper leaves), involute, glaucescent to usually pure-green, Inflorescence composed of rather many-flowered cymes, their leaves short | but usually rather broadly lanceolate; pedicels erect, short, twice to three times as long as sepals, much elongating post-anthesis and reaching | 1.5—2.5cm, thin, straight or hardly recurved in fruit; flowers small or medium-sized, 2—3 cm in diameter; sepals medium-sized, 3.5—4.5(5)mm long, the outer ovate-elliptic, obtuse or acuminate, with or without narrow white-membranous margin, inner sepals broadly ovate, rounded at apex, broadly white-membranous at margin, shortly mucronulate, slightly longer and distinctly wider than the outer sepals, dorsally with 3—5 prominent nerves below, glaucescent or pale green, darker in fruit (sometimes red- dening); petals 1—2 cm long, 0.8—1.5 cm wide, obovate or broadly obovate, 117 almost four times as long as sepals, cuneately tapering at base, obtuse or orbicular above, pale blue, rarely white, with yellowish claw, overlapping at margins; stamens in long-styled forms (as styles in short-styled forms) 4—6 mm long, only slightly longer than sepals, stamens in short-styled forms (as styles in long-styled forms) 6.5—9 mm long, usually bluish above; anthers 1.15mm long; stigma ovate or obovate, often cuneately tapering; capsules 5—7 mm long, 4—6 mm wide, usually broadly ovoid, about twice as 90 [18 long as calyx, shortly mucronate at apex and with hairy septa; seeds ca. 3.5—4mm long, obliquely oblong-ovate, flattened, dark brown, shiny. June—July. (Plate VII, Figure 4.) Steppes, steppical and meadowy slopes, chalk outcrops. — European part: M.Dnp., V.-Don, Transv., V.-Kama, U.Dns., Bes., Bl., L. Don; W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt., Alt. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from W. Siberia. Type in London. Economic importance. L. perenne is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant. In his ''Von perennierenden Sibirischen Leine" (Halle, 1754), D.G.Schreber pointed out the possibility of using this species as a textile plant, but the author's hopes for a Siberian flax were apparently not fulfilled. In this context, other species of the section should be care- fully studied. Note. A rather variable species which is in need of more study. We could not discriminate the two W. European ''species" distinguished by Alefeld from the S. Russian (and Siberian) forms of L. perenneas well as from each other. 22. L. brevisepalum Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 720. — L. perenne Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 426, p. p.— L. sibiricum Turez. Fl. “‘baie!-dahur.’ I (1842) 246) p: p: Perennial; root vertical, often thin, very flexuose, branching, whitish; stems 15—60 cm high, usually few, often straight and completely upright; sturdy, usually branching only in upper one-fourth to one-sixth, branches often spreading; sterile shoots rarely present, usually weak, not long; leaves short, 0.5—2.5cm long, ascending, usually strict, glaucescent or gray-green, obtuse or the upper (rather) acute, 1—3-nerved. Flowers often few, 2—3 cm in diameter, short-pediceled, pedicels in fruit usually shorter than 2cm long; sepals short, 3—4mm long, broadly ovate to suborbicular, the outer obtuse, the inner rounded at apex, both inner and outer short- mucronate at tip, more or less broadly white-membranous at margin; petals 1.3—1.8cm long, 7—13 mm wide, broadly obovate, obtuse at apex, blue with yellowish claw; stamens of long-styled and style of short-styled forms 5—6.5 mm long, distinctly longer than calyx, stamens of short -styled and style of long-styled forms ca. 8mm long; anthers ca. 1.5mm long, short-ovate; capsules 3—6 mm long, 4—5 mm in diameter, broadly ovoid to flattened-globose, usually more than twice as long as calyx, brown when ripe; seeds 3.5—4mm long, elliptic, nearly black-brown, shiny. Otherwise Similar to L. perenne L. June—July. Steppes, steppical slopes, dry meadows, sandy places along riverbanks. — E. Siberia: Yenis.(S.), Ang.-Say. (Irkutsk). Endemic. Described from Yenisei region. Type in Leningrad. Subseries 3. Euxina Juz.— Mountain forms with narrow, l-nerved, very dense, suberect leaves often subappressed to stem, and acute or obtuse sepals. 23. L. euxinum Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 721.—L. squamu- losWm’ DC? Prodr, ‘1-(1824) 4236, p: p.t’ Stev.; »Verz. Taur? Halbins? \Pfiz. (1859) 91 et auct. plur. fl. Taur. (et Cauc.) p. p. non Rudolphi. — L. austriacum y. Squamulosum Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 864, p. p.— L. perenne subsp. y¥. squamulosum Shmal'g., Fl. I (1895)184. 91 LAL) Perennial; root vertical, flexuose, weak to rather robust, becoming woody; flower-bearing stems few or often many, (1)2—18, 12—36 cm long, slightly curved at base, otherwise upright, rather thin, rigid, cylindrical, when dry more or less sulcate, lilac or brown in the lower part, otherwise pale greenish, exceptionally densely leafy below where covered with much adjacent traces of fallen leaves, densely leafy elsewhere, corymbiformly few-branched at apex; leaves 0.3—1.2 cm long, 0.1—1 mm wide, erect, ap- pressed to stem or ascending-erect, narrowly linear or nearly filiform, 1-nerved, often with involute margins, acute at apex, glaucous-green. Inflorescence few- to many-flowered, with flowers approximate, remote post-anthesis; pedicels nearly twice as long as calyx, filiform, short in fruit, the lowermost 1cm long, erect or ascending, Straight or slightly recurved; flowers ca. 2cm in diameter; sepals 2.5—4mm long, 2.3mm wide, the outer three broadly ovate, acuminate or obtuse at apex, the two inner suborbicular, obtuse or mucronulate, dorsally with 3 prominent nerves, glaucous-greenish, all (the inner more broadly) white-membranous at margin; petals ca. 12mm long, 7mm wide, four to six times as long as sepals, broadly obovate, blue, gradually tapering to yellow cuneate claw; stamens of long-styled forms (as styles of short-styled forms) ca. 3mm long, stamens of short-styled forms (as styles of long-styled forms) ca. 6mm long; anthers ca. 1mm long; styles filiform, with small capitate stigmas; capsules small, 4.5—6 mm long, 4—5 mm in diameter, two to three times as long as calyx, ovoid, slightly tapering and acuminate at apex, brownish; seeds ca. 3.5mm long, 2mm wide, flattened-ovate, dark brown, shiny. June. Open dry slopes, stony places. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W.Transc. (Novorossiisk). Endemic. Described from near Sevastopol! district (also Balaklava, Feodosiya and Cape Tarkhankut). Type (and paratype) in Leningrad. Note. This endemic Crimean-Novorossiisk form, together with some other forms, has been referred up to now to 'L. squamulosum Rud." in accordance with de Candolle's understanding of this species. L. squa- mulosum Rud., to which de Candolle attributed some characters typical of L. euxinum, occurs in the Crimea and Don area (due to which fact he confused the Russian taxon with some other). Steven also regarded L. squamulosum Rud. as a Crimean species, but what he really ac- cepted was without doubt L. euxinum (confusing it as well with another form, of which more is mentioned below). L. squamulosum Rud. was originally described without indicating its ''locus natalis,'' and in the de- Scription not one of the characters so typical of L. euxinum was men- tioned. Some of the most prominent W. European botanists (Reichenbach, Alefeld, Velenovsky, Ascherson, Graebner, Hegi and others) stubbornly perceived in L. squamulosum Rud. a plant (or plants, to be more precise) closely related to it,namely L. austriacum L.,as if it were one (or several) of the races of this polymorphic species. Apparently even Ledebour shared this view. The only more or less reliable speci- men of the original L. squamulosum Rud. which we have seen is from the Ledebour herbarium and’bears a label in his handwriting. This specimen unquestionably belongs to L. austriacum L. L. euxinum obviously has very little in common with L. austriacum; consequently 92 120 123 we have proposed a new name for this taxon. It should be mentioned that besides L. euxinum there grow in the Crimea at least two more forms which have never been separated from it and which have also been pre- sented as L. squamulosum "Rud." (see the following species and also the note to L. austriacum). Eventually, retaining this name for one of these Crimean species would be highly arbitrary. In the Caucasus, L. euxinum grows apparently only in the Novoros- siisk district. All other reports on the distribution of L. squamulosum in the Caucasus pertain apparently to forms of L. austriacum (s. 1.) or some other as yet undescribed population. 24. L. marschallianum Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIII, 721. — L. alpinum )Pall. in sched! mon L:— L. austriacum) ps. M.B. F1. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 255.— L. squamulosum Stev. 1. c. et auct. fl. taur..p.tp. non Rud.;Ldb/ l.,Ross:\d, 426, pro min- p. Perennial; root often oblique, usually thick and robust, becoming woody; flower-bearing stems many, 8—30(50)cm high, prostrate or decumbent at base, otherwise nearly erect, straight or sometimes slightly flexuose, thick, rigid, cylindrical, pale? in lower part, pale green in other parts, like sterile stems densely covered with long persistent, adjacent, nearly imbricated leaves, corymbiformly branching at apex; leaves 2—10(20) mm long, 0.3— 1(2)mm wide, erect or nearly so, linear or the upper broadening in lower part and linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, usually involute at margin, acute or very acute, bright green. Inflorescence few- or many-flowered (upto 12); pedicels hardly or twice as long as calyx, thick, amply elongating in fruit, up to 2cm long, erect, straight, or somewhat curved; flowers approximate, ca. 2.5cm in diameter; sepals rather large, 5—6 mm long, 2.5—4.5 mm wide, the three outer ovate-elliptic, acuminate at apex, narrowly white-membranous at margin, the two inner broadly ovate or obovate, rounded and mucronate at apex, broadly white-membranous at margin, 3—5-nerves markedly protruding below, glaucescent-dark-green; petals ca. 1.5cm long, 1 cm wide, approxi- mately twice as long as Sepals, broadly. obovate, rounded at apex, blue, grad- ually tapering below to yellowish claw; stamens in long-styled forms (like styles in short-styled forms) ca. 4.5mm long, ca. 7mm long in short- styled forms; anthers ca. 1.5mm long; styles filiform, with short ellip- soidal stigmas; capsules ca. 8mm long, 6 mm in diameter, slightly to twice as long as calyx, ovoid, tapering at apex and acuminate, becoming brown; seeds ca. 4.5mm long, 2.5mm wide, flattened, obliquely ovate-elliptic, brown, shiny. May—July. (Plate VII, Figure 3.) Stony slopes, mountainous pastures and meadows. — European part: Crim. (Yaila). Endemic. Described from the stony talus Aunda north of Gurzuf and from Roman-Kosh. Type in Leningrad. Note. This is apparently a hereditarily constant form (race) vicarious to the foothill L. euxinum Juz. in the yailas of the Crimea. Series 2. Austriaca Juz.— Fruiting pedicels more or less distinctly arcuately curved, usually drooping; capsules flattened-globose. 257, so. Mustriacum -l.. spec. pl. ed. 1 (ives) 200.8 ldap. Fl. Ross, t, f2i2-— 4, perenme idb. I, ¢. 426, p. p.—.h. perenne 6. austria - cum Schiede in Linnaea, I (1826) 71.— L. perenne subsp. 6. 93 Wily iv \ NN SNES RQ Sy You PLATE VII. 1—~Linum boreale Juz., habit, details of flower of long- styled form, capsule; 2—L. komarovii Juz., details of flowers of short- and long-styled forms: sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, capsule; 3—L. marschallianum Juz., habit, details of flower of long-styled form, capsule; 4 —L.pe- renne L., details of flower of long-styled (4a) and short-styled (4b) forms and capsule; 5—L.austriacum L., capsules. 94 austriacum Shmal'g., Fl. I (1895) 184.— Adenolinum austri- acum Rchb. Handb. Pflanzensyst. (1837) 307; Ic. VI (1844) 66.— L. austriacum @, pratense Neilr. Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. (1859) 865.—? L. squamulosum Rudolphi in Willd. Enum. (1809) 339; Ldb.. F1l.. Ross. 1, 426; pro max: p.;. Simonk. Enum. Fl. Transs. (1887) 152: Alef..in Bot. \Zeit.. 25) Jahre. No.3 2..(1867))255.—L. austriacum Y. squamulosum Boiss. Fl. or. 1 (1867) 864, p. p.— Adenolinum squamulosum Rchb. VI (1844) 66.—L. kirgisicum Alef. 1. c. 255.— Ic.: Rchb. 1. c. (1844) tab. CCCXXXVIII, f£.5156 (et 5156,b — "Adeno- Linwim quia marlosiama’'); Hest, Ii. -Pls} Vij dystabal 75,0f/ 22-0 Rs.: Dorfl. Herb. Norm. No. 4508; Fl. exs. reip. Bohem.-Slov. No. 239; Fl. ¢echosl. exs. No.50. Perennial; root horizontal, thin or rather robust, strongly branching; flower-bearing stems single to usually many, straight or rarely arcuate at base, erect or ascending, (10)15—60 cm high, cylindrical, more or less branching in the upper third to fifth branches short, inclined at an acute angle, abundantly leafy; sterile shoots present, erect, usually short; leaves usually straight, ascending or rarely suberect or horizontally spreading, ca. 1cm long, 0.5—1 cm wide, linear or linear-lanceolate, sometimes thick, smooth at margin, the lower leaves obtuse, the median and upper acute or acuminate, usually 1-nerved, glaucous or gray-green. Inflorescence usually many-flowered; pedicels rather long, longer than sepals, erect at first, later more or less arcuately curved, finally completely drooping, 2—3 cm long; sepals 4—6 mm long, 2.25—3.5mm wide, the outer three ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowly membranous at margin, in lower part prominently 3-nerved, inner petals ovate or broadly so, acute or obtuse at apex, mucronate, more or less broadly membranous at margin, prominently 3-(5) nerved below; petals 10—17 mm long, triangular-obovate, obtuse at apex, sky blue with darker stripes, very rarely white, tapering at base to yellowish claw, over- lapping at margins; stamens of long-styled form (and styles of short- 124 styled forms) ca. 4mm long, stamens of short-styled form (and styles of long-styled forms) ca. 7mm long from base of flowers; capsules globose- ovoid, globose or flattened-globose, ca. 4—5 mm long and wide, obtuse at apex, brown-yellow; seeds ovate-oblong, flattened, ca.2.5—3.6 mm long, pale brown, slightly shiny. Fl. June—July, Fr. July—August. (Plate VII, Figure 5.) Steppes, dry hills and mountain slopes, chalks and other outcrops. — European, part: .M..Dnp.,..V.-Don, Transv.,,Bl., i.Don, L.oV., Crim.; W. ciberia:.U. Lob. .Int;, CaueasusieCisc: jc Daga Hs ands: Transe: Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As.Min., Iran. Described from Lower Austria. Type in London. Note. L. austriacum, as accepted here, is not homogeneous throughout its distribution area and may be subdivided into groups of separate races. However,the characters distinguishing these races are so minute and variable that more study of these populations in nature and experiments in cultivation are required for reliable diagnoses. Alefeld (1. c. p. 255) assumed that the original L. austriacum L. would not be found beyond the borders of Austria, thus treating the S. Russian form as L. squamulosum Rud. Moreover, he described a species from W. Siberia distinctly referring to the group of L. austriacum s.l. 95 and named it "L. kirgisicum Alef." (his type was collected in 1771 by Falk's companion Bardenos along the Tobol River, and is now preserved in Munich). Finally, Alefeld referred the Caucasian plants to L. carno- Sulum Boiss., described from Asia Minor (Lydia). After extensive examination of more material we prefer to reject Alefeld's treatment of the given group as not reflecting the real relationships. In any event there is no possibility of distinguishing within the Russian flora the recorded types as characterized by Alefeld, and the whole question on the racial composition of L. austriacum s. l. in general requires re-examination. Besides, there is a unique form growing near Simferopol and Karasubazar (in the Crimea) on limestone and chalk outcrops which in our viewis related to the series Austriaca, but in habit (in particular, the character and ar- rangement of leaves) is somewhat reminiscent of L. euxinum Juz. Caucasian botanists very often present it and L. euxinum as L. squa- mulosum Rud. (both plants were first combined under this name by Steven, who wrote that in L. s quamulosum the fruiting pedicels varied in direction, sometimes erect, other times drooping). In splitting L. aus - triacum s. 1. into individual races, the Simferopol population apparently will have to be distinguished as a separate species, for which we propose the name 'L. stevenianum Juz." (for its characteristics, see note to L. euxinum L. in Addenda). It is not ruled out that one day it might be proved to be the original L. squ amulosum s. str. et) Section 3. STELLEROLINUM Juz. nov. sect. — Flowers relatively small, rather long-pediceled; sepals with few glands at margins, indurate- mucronate at apex; petals free, blue (rarely white); stigmas capitate. Annual, strongly branching herbs, with numerous alternate linear leaves without stipular glands. 26. L. stelleroides Planch. in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VII (1848) 178. — L. apiculatum Franch. et Roch. in herb.— L. karoi Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1902) 15. Annual; high plant, glabrous inall parts; root short, simple, somewhat fibrous; stems erect or ascending, cylindrical, somewhat woody at base and covered with traces of fallen leaves, 30—70 cm high, much branching in upper part; leaves many, dense, 2—4cm long, 1—2 mm wide, sessile, ascending, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, flat, 1—3-nerved, glaucescent, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, strongly branching, branches many, virgate, ascending, straight, covered with small leaves 0.5—1.5cm long and 0.5—-1 mm wide; pedicels three to four times as long as calyx; flowers not more than 1 cm in diameter, generally many but separate; sepals broad, orbicular or ovate, green, very narrowly marginate, with obscure nerves, ending in short stiff mucro, beset at margins with few black glands, inner Sepals with single gland at apex; petals blue or pale violet (very rarely white); stamens as long as styles; stigmas capitate, obovate: capsules Slightly longer to twice as long as calyx, ovoid or flattened-globose, acumi- nate, terminating in well developed: mucro; seeds flattened, ovate, brown, shiny. June—August. 96 126 Herbaceous places in open, stony and clayey slopes, roadsides. — Far East: Ze.-Bu. (rarely), Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from China. Type in London. Section 4. DICHROLINUM Planch. in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI (1847) 597. — Flowers short-pediceled; sepals glandular at margin; petals free, pink-white, with darker claw, stigmas capitate. Semishrubs (or small shrubs), with alternate linear or setiform dense leaves, without stipular glands. of 1? tenvifolium' U.- Sp. ‘pl. ‘ed.°1 (1753) 278; db. FI'Ross, 1, 424- Shmal's., Fl. 1,183.— L. rubens Pall. in sched.— L. cilicicum Fenzl in Tchihatch. As. Min. Bot. I (1860) 141.— Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI (1844) tab. 328, £.5165; Baillon, Ic. Fl. Fr. II (1885—1894) tab. 166. — Exs.: Rchb. Fl. exs. Germ. No.1498; Fl. Gall. et Germ. exs. No. 430; Fl. exs. Reip. Bohem.-Slov. No. 338; Callier, It. taur. III a 1900, No. 559. Perennial; root rather thick, vertical, slightly branching, woody, yellow- ish; caudex more or less strongly branching; stems few or many, 15—50 (100) cm high, woody at base, cylindrical, finely sulcate, sparsely short- hairy, branching in the upper half to fourth into thin ascending branches; sterile shoots present low; leaves alternate, dense in the lower part of stem, loose above, sessile, erect or ascending, linear to narrowly linear- lanceolate, rigid, acute, the upper shorter and acuminate, all leaves 1-nerved, scabrous and uprolled at margin, otherwise glabrous, glaucous-green, shiny. Inflorescence loose, slightly leafy, composed of paniculately arranged cymes, relatively few-(usually 9—35) flowered; pedicels short, thin, glabrous, elon- gating in fruit; flowers homogonous; sepals 5—8mm long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous-green, paler at base, dorsally keeled with strongly protruding midrib, with two inconspicuous lateral nerves near margin, glandular-ciliate at margin, with stalked or subsessile yellowish glands, persistent in fruit, the three outer sepals (longer) much longer than capsule, the two inner (shorter) approximately as long; petals free, 10—15 mm long, about twice as long as calyx, obovate, mucronulate at apex, cuneately tapering to short claw, pink or pale lilac, rarely white with yellow- ish claw; stamens 6—7 mm long; filaments dilated, usually somewhat connate at the sparingly pubescent base; anthers narrow, 1.8 mm long; styles very thin, ca. 6mm long; stigmas capitate; capsules erect, 3-4 mm long and wide, ovoid or globose, acuminate at apex; false septa pubescent; seeds ca. 2mm long, obliquely elliptic, flattened, smooth, pale brown, shiny. Fl. May— July, Fr. June—September. Steppes, steppe slopes, dry hills, pine forests, stony slopes and out- crops, cliffs, taluses.— European part: M.Dnp., Bl., Crinr 'Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E., W. and S.Transc. Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As.Min., N.Afr. Described from France (and Switzerland). Type in London, Note. It is possible that this Mediterranean taxon has not been com- pletely studied in its extensive, mostly interrupted distribution area and that its racial composition requires further investigation. The Crimean 97 127 128 plants (to which the cited synonym by Pallas is referred) are easily distinguished from the Ukrainian ones by the slightly larger and longer stalked glands at margins of sepals; this character is apparently incon- sistent and not always displayed. Section 5. CATHARTOLINUM Rchb. Handb. (1837) 306, pro gen. ex p.; Planch. in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI (1897) 598.— Flowers short- pediceled; sepals glandular at margin; petals free, white; stigmas capitate. Leaves opposite, elliptic, without stipular glands. Annuals or biennials. 23), gleccatharticum: jy sp. ply ied: (W753), 281- edbes Hinshoscemme 4295) shmalos Filo 1.1 8d). ae. dawvaercs if ol inamay | Gaililo ge eaten (1781) 143.— Cathartolinum pratense Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI (1844) 61.— L. catharticum f. annuum et f. bienne Betner in Vestn. Russk. Fl. III (1917) 22:— L. suecicum Murbeck sec. Hayek, in Mag. Bot. Lap. V (1906) 278.— L. catharticum subsp. B. sue- cicum Hayek, Fl. Steierm. I (1909) 621.— Ic.: Sowerby et Sm. Engl. Bot. VI (1797) 382; Rchb. 1. c. (1844) tab.325, f.5153; Bonnier, Fl. Compl. Fr. Suisse et Belge, II (1912) tab.93.— Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 283, a,b (f. annua), No. 790 (f. annua), 791 (f. biennis = L. suecicum Murb.); Fl. polon. exs. No.26 (f. annua); Meinsh. Fi. Bl dIngr. No. 129 () biennis);.G.R.b. No.4 (& biennisye Annual, rarely biennial (and even perennial); root thin, vertical, whitish; stems 5—30cm high, erect or ascending, simple (branching only in inflores- cence) or branching from base, thin, glabrous, usually sparsely leafy; leaves opposite (the upper often alternate), sessile, entire, scabrous at margin (especially in lower part) with short, recurved, ciliate hairs (bristles), distinctly 1-nerved, lower leaves oblong-obovate, acute to nearly obtuse, upper leaves lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence loose, with furcately spread- ing branches, sparsely leafy; pedicels rather long, thin, glabrous, drooping before anthesis; sepals elliptic, 2—2.5(3) mm long, slightly acuminate at apex, glandular-ciliate at the upper half; petals oblong- obovate, cuneate, (3)4—5(6) mm long, white, yellow at base: stamens ca. 2mm long, connate at base, with denticulate appendages between filaments; ovary with 5 capi- tate stigmas on thin falling styles; capsules erect, globose, 2-3 mm long, with walls long-hairy inside; seeds 1—1.5mm long, elliptic, flattened, smooth, pale brown. (May)June—August(September). Dry, also moist and wet meadows, shrubby formations, forest clearings and other open or shady herbaceous places, floodplains, streams on moist cliffs, fields, etc. European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Ilm., V.-Kama, V.-Don, U.Dnp., M.Dnp., Bl., Crim.; Caucasus: Cisco Dao: E. and W.Transe. Gen. distr.: nearly all Eur., As.-Min., N.Afr., Iran. Described from C. Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. In earlier times the plant was used in medicine as a cathartic. Note. The biennial (and perennial) form of this plant occurs very often in the USSR. It might be separated from the original (annual) L. cathar- ticum after more adequate investigation of the conditions of its growth 98 and distribution. Particular in this respect is the synonym L. suecicum Murb. (and apparently also L. catharticum B. subalpinum Hausskn. Mitt. Thir. Bot. Ver. N. F. VI (1894) 22). The relation between L. suecicum and L. catharticum s. str. is possibly similar to the relation between Gentiana axillaris F.W. Schmidt and G. uliginosa Willd., which is now usually accepted as a separate species. See also: R.G.Betner. Lugovye formy l'na slabitel'nogo — L. catharticum i ikh veroyatnoe proiskhozhdenie (Meadow Forms of L. catharticum L. and their Probable Derivation), Mesa. nussk, Biory, VI, No.l, 1917, pp.li—35. In this work itis established that the biennial L. catharticum (i.e., L. suecicum) is common in places that are not farmed. Section 6. LINOPSIS (Rchb. Handb. (1837) 306, pro gen.) Planch. in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI (1847) 598.— Flowers yellow, short-pediceled; sepals glandular-hairy at margins; petals free; stigmas capitate. Leaves alternate, without stipular glands or often glandular. Annuals (in the USSR) or perennial herbs or semishrubs. 29. L. corymbulosum Rchb. Fl. Germ. excurs. (1832) 834; Ldb. F1. ness 1, 422. Boiss. Fl. or. J, 592.— L. diburnicum auct.: plur. vix miLem. scoop. Flj.Carn. ed.2, 1 (1772) .230.— L. aureum, DC. Prodr, I (ieee) 423, excel... syn.socop..non W.K.— lL. strictum..auct. plur.. Fl. Ross. non L.— L. strictum 8. corymbulosum Planch. in Lond. Joumn. of Bot. Vil (1848) 476. L, gallicum, auct. plur.,fl. Ross. HOfet Lda, Vl. Ross. [. 422 ..p. p.; onmal's. HL I, 162: p. ps Lesollieum subsp. B. Cony rb locum, Ssnmalo. LG. op. pe — Cathartolinum corymbulosum Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI (1844) 62.— Ic.: Rchb. 1. c. (1844) tab. 325, f.5169 (sub Cathartolino); Bonnier, Fl. Compl. Fr. Suisse et Belge, II (1912) tab.92.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 358; Callier, It. taur. II, No. 266. Annual; glabrous or more or less pubescent plant, 70—50 cm high; root vertical, flexuose, slightly branching, whitish; stems single or 2—3, cylin- drical, thin (1.5mm in diameter), slightly ribbed, pale green, glabrous and smooth or scabrous with small stiff spreading hairs, branching in upper half or fourth or sometimes only at apex with branches inclined at acute angle or sometimes more or less spreading; leaves alternate, sessile, sparse, usually ascending or recurved, linear-lanceolate, abruptly tapering 129 or slightly rounded at base, long-acuminate, with 1 distinctly prominent nerve beneath, scabrous with short hairs at margins below and along mid- rib, otherwise glabrous, sometimes entirely scabrous beneath with very short dense hairs, glaucescent-green. Main inflorescence loose, corymbiform-paniculate, with usually elongate branches, sparingly leafy with leaves resembling cauline leaves but smaller, few- to 50-flowered; flowers small, homogonous, on pedicels as long as or two to three times as long as calyx; sepals (3)4—5 mm long, strict, lance- olate, gradually tapering-acuminate towards apex, pale green, whitish at base, glandular-ciliate at margin, in fruit much longer than the persistent capsule, with scabrous midrib in upper part (nearly keeled); petals 6-8 mm 99 130 long, narrowly obovate, cuneate, yellow, with darker claw; stamens ca. 2.5mm long, with ovate anthers and short filaments dilated below, annular- connate at base; stigmas at one level with anthers, capitate; capsules ca. 3mm long, globose-ovoid, acute, pale brown; seeds ca. 1 mm long, ovate- elliptic, flattened, pale brown with yellowish tinge, shiny. May—July. Dry stony places and slopes, steppes, dry meadows and other herbaceous places, fields, pastures, shrubby formations, gravels. — European part: Grin. Caucasus: ‘Cise., Dag. Hf. ands) iransey | Vales Centre acie. Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet-Dagh).. Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran., Afghanistan, N. Afr. Described from the Mediterranean area. Type unknown. Note. Le spicatum (Pers. Synt 1 (sos) See; \Guss Wine ota (1828) 809), which A. Grossgeim (Fl. Kavk., V. III, 1932, p.14) reported for E. Transcaucasia (Azerbaidzhan SSR, Apsheron), is closely related to this species. Not having seen the reported specimens, we decided not to include this species in 'Floraofthe USSR.'"' L. spicatum is character- ized by axillary glomerules of flowers forming together an interrupted, false spike. 30. L. gallicum L. Spec. pl. ed. 2 (1762) 401; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 422, Ds py) Shimallo ws hls 1825 pip. — a bE us y nitmy I Sspece up lecammr (1753) 279. L. aureum Waldst. et Kit. Descr. et Ic. pl. rar. Hung. II (1805) 193.— Cathartolinum gallicum Rchb. Ic. VI (1844) tab. 326, f.5168. — Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 2463; Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ. EXS-e NO Mo4 eh TOmIneL BeouInOt Hl wltal.exSre INOns io Zae Annual; glabrous plant, 10—40cm high; root vertical, thin, yellowish; stems thin, erect or ascending at base, dull green, simple or branching in upper part, branches inclined at a very sharp angle; leaves alternate, sessile, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm long, 1 mm wide, the lower obtuse, the upper acuminate, 1—3-nerved, slightly scabrous at margin, otherwise glab- rous, lower leaves deciduous at anthesis. Inflorescence few-flowered, loose, umbelliform-paniculate, sparsely leafy; flowers on thin pedicels usually not longer than calyx; sepals ca. 2—3(4)mm long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, wide at base, tapering abruptly to obtuse, mucronulate apex, awned, 3-nerved, glandular-ciliate at margin; petals about twice as long as sepals, 5-6 mm long, broadly obovate, tapering to short claw, pale yellow, white when withered; stigmas capitate; carpels and styles some- times 3; capsules ca. 2mm long, about two-thirds as long as calyx, globose, obtuse; seeds 2mm long, oblong, flattened, brown. June—July. Meadows. — Caucasus: E. and W. Transc. Gen: distr. Cente. Ethie. (Hungary), Atl.Eur. (France), Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from Montpellier. Type in London. Note. Although the name "L. trigynum L." given by Linnaeus has priority it is unacceptable because it is based on an anomalous deviated form. Section 7. LIMONIOPSIS Planch. in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI (1847) 998.— Syllinum Boiss. Fl.or. I (1867) 598.— Flowers more or less large, short-pediceled, pedicels remaining short in fruit; sepals slightly glandular-ciliate at margins; petals yellow, rarely white, usually connate 61017 2 100 131 at anthesis. Leaves alternate, the lower usually spatulate, often rosetted- crowded, stipular glands usually present. Perennial or biennial herbs, often semishrubs. Series.1. Flava Juz.— Perennials (semishrubs, rarely herbs). Subseries 1. Orientalia Juz.— Comparatively low semishrubs, with distinctly branching caudex, without rosettes of radical leaves at anthesis; cauline leaves mucronate at apex. 31. L. orientale Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 855; Trautv. Increm. Fl. bess..in Tp. B.C... VITL(1883). 1, 160; Lipskii,. Fl., Kavk..262; Javorka in Mag. Bot. Lap. IX, 155.— L. flavum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 423, Datei, lay um. var. orientale ,Boiss...et,.Heldr. Diagn. pl., nov. ser. II, 1 (1849), 99.—? L. mucronatum Bertol. Misc. botan. I (1842) 18.noen) Gilib.:,, Grosse... El., Kavk. IU, 15.:—1s flavum. et is hawricum,.auct.,fl.,cauc...saltem p. p.—?,) LL. Bahansae_.Boiss. Fl. or. 1(1867) 855.— L. Alexeenkoanum E. Wulff in Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Isp. prir. XLVIII, 2—3 (1939) 17.— Ic.: Javorka, 1. c. tab. VIII, f. 3.et 15; E. Wulff, 1. c. tab. p.16 (mala). Perennial; glabrous, glaucous plant; root fusiform, becoming woody, pale yellow; stems 9-15, rarely up to 35cm high, becoming woody below, indurate, branching from base, ascending or rarely erect, straight or more or less flexuose, acutely ribbed in upper part, without basal rosettes of radical leaves at anthesis; lowermost leaves usually small, 4—5 mm long, oblong-ovate, tapering at base, 1-nerved; median leaves largest, 2—4 cm long, oblong-obovate, oblong or lanceolate, often asymmetrical, tapering at both ends, more or less abruptly sharpening into distinct mucro at apex, 1—3-nerved. Inflorescence 3—12-flowered, rather loose, dichasial; pedicels up to 2.5mm long; bracts lanceolate; sepals 7—13 mm long, linear-lanceo- late or narrowly lanceolate, tapering at apex to narrow mucro, with dis- tinctly prominent midrib, white-scarious and glandular at margin; petals two and a half times as long as calyx, 18—25 mm long, long-clawed, with obovate or broadly obovate lamina, acuminate, orange-yellow; stamens of long-styled forms ca. 7—8mm long, of short-styled 10—15 mm; stigmas linear-clavate; capsules globose, acutely ribbed, nearly as half as long as calyx, 4—5 mm long, straw-yellow, attenuate at apex and with a narrow short mucro; seeds ca. 2.5mm long, elliptic, brown. May—July. Dry mountain slopes, chalk and limestone outcrops. — Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen, distr.: Bal.-As.Min., Arm.-Kurd. Type in Geneva. Subseries 2. Taurica Juz.— Like the preceding but usually with rosettes of radical leaves; cauline leaves without mucro at apex, obtuse or acute. S401... tauricum, W ilids Enum. Berol., (1809) 339: Boiss. Fl. or. 4, 256,. p.p.;, Lipsk..Fl.. Kavk. .262:. Javorka in. Mag.. Bot...Lap.,[X, 156; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III, 15.—L. campanulatum M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I(1e08) 155,.p.-p. non L.— LL, flavum, Ldb. FL.,Ross..1(1842) 423, 101 132 133 p. p»— L. flavum subsp. 8. tauricum, Shmalig, Pl. 1 (1895)ele2) p.p.— Lz slandulosum 82 campanuliatum 5 (papy) yet yy en be we aie mr DG. Prodr. 1(1824)'425. — Ics Javorka, 1". tab. Will i aperata: Perennial; glabrous, glaucous semishrub; root robust, woody, curved or flexuose; caudex branching, producing sterile shoots with rosettes of leaves and few to numerous (15) stems; stems ascending at base or erect, straight or flexuose, strict-indurate, 10—30 cm high, sulcate, angular above, with often conspicuously protruding ribs, usually with basal rosettes; lower leaves crowded at base, spatulate like those of sterile shoots (rosettes), gradually tapering at base and with broadly winged, more or less long petioles, rounded at apex, usually with small mucro, 1—3-nerved; cauline leaves more or less remote, oblong-obovate or (the upper) oblong or lanceolate, tapering at base, obtuse or usually acute at apex (but not acuminate), 1- or sometimes 3- nerved. Inflorescence 3- to 20-flowered, dichasial; bracts lanceolate; sepals rather long, 5—9 mm, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering at apex to a mucro medium in length or (in Caucasian specimens) rather long, with dis- tinctly protruding, often pectiform-winding midrib, usually blackish, narrowly scarious and shortly-fimbriate, ciliateat margins; petals about twice as long as calyx, 1.5—2.8cm long, obtuse; stamens of long-styled forms 6—8 mm long, of short-styled 8-10 mm; stigmas oblong-obovate; capsules on short ribbed pedicels, globose, noticeably shorter than sepals, tapering at apex to a distinct mucro,cinammon-brownwhen ripe; seeds ca. 3mm long, narrowly ovate, cinammon-brown. June. Cliffs, stony slopes, chalk outcrops. — European part: Crim. (Sevastopol, Simferopol, Karasubazar); Caucasus: W. and E.Transc., Cisc., Dag., E.Transec. Endemic. Described from the Crimea. Type in Berlin. Note. The Caucasian material of this species is not uniform and often not typical. It is possible that future investigations would cause a change in this treatment. 33. I. pallasianum Schult. Syst: veget. V1 (1820) 758: DEs Prodi sls 428; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 427.— L. pubescens Willd. in sched. — L. Wetschkyanum Fiek in Allgem. bot. Zeitschr. I (1895) 233. — Ey elandullosum s)"campanulatum DC, Prodr. W(ie24)42oe DP: Po. taurwcum (By Pallacrvanum= Boss. (ll or. sin (goa sor iy flavum “subsp. Be tawricum Shmallo, Fl: In(16oo)\ 82 eso"spe— Exs.: Dorfl. Herb. Norm. No. 3214 (nom. L. Wetschkyanum). Perennial; low, densely cespitose semishrub, ash-gray-pubescent; caudex much branching, bearing numerous crowded sterile shoots and rosettes of radical leaves; stems numerous, thin, ascending, sulcate at base, (3)7—15(20) cm high, more or less densely covered through- out with short spreading stiff hairs; leaves of rosettes small, 15mm long, 2—3 mm wide, spatulate, gradually tapering at base, short-petioled, usually rounded or even slightly notched at apex (like the lower cauline leaves); cauline leaves evenly disposed, the median and upper broadly linear, obtuse or short-acuminate; all leaves usually 1-nerved, blue-green, more or less covered with short simple and single or 2—3-branched stiff spreading hairs. Inflorescence usually few-flowered; bracts acute; sepals densely ciliate at margin and along midrib, otherwise covered with short hairs less densely than leaves and bracts. In all other parts similar to L. tauricum Willd. Fl. May, beginning of June, Fr. June and July. 102 Cliffs, stony slopes and ravines, limestone taluses.— European part: Crim. (eastern part — Feodosiya, Sudak and near Kokkoz). Endemic. Described from ''Chersoneso heracleotico.'' Type unknown. 34. L. linearifolium Javorka in Mag. Bot. Lap. IX (1910) 156, sensu stricto.— L. flavum @, linearifolium Lindem. Fl. Cherson. I (1881) 102, nec alibi.— L. flavum subsp. 8. tauricum Shmal'g., Pager (1695) °e2)) pel ip: = Je. Javorka, ii ciotab, VILL psf. 17. Perennial; glabrous green plant, with vertical root; caudex linear developing few sterile shoots with rosettes; stems ascending at base, upright, acutely ribbed, tall, 12—40(60) cm high; leaves of sterile rosettes narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, obtuse at apex, tapering to a long petiole (frequently absent altogether); leaves remote, inconspicuously 1—3-nerved, 1.5—7cm long, 1—4 mm wide, lower leaves of the same shape as leaves of sterile rosettes but with much shorter petioles, upper leaves (nearly) linear, tapering-acuminate at apex. Inflorescence loose, 7—20-flowered, with branches distinctly elongated in fruit; sepals 5—7 mm long, tapering to thin rather long mucro, with a protruding dorsal midrib; petals 1.7— 2.2cm long, usually rounded at apex, rarely acuminate; stamens of long- styled forms ca. 7mm long, of short-styled 1—1.2cm; capsules ca. 4mm in diameter, with rather short beak (ca. 1 mm), sometimes half as long as sepals. In all other parts similar to L. tauricum Willd. Limestones, stony slopes, clayey banks of rivers and estuaries. — European part: Bl. (Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev), Crim. (N.). Endemic. Described from Odessa (Lang and Shovitz specimens). Type in Vienna, duplicate type in Leningrad; Lindeman's variety-type in Leningrad. 35. L. basarabicum (Savul. et Rayss) Klok. in mss.— L. flavum ssp. tauricum a) basarabicum Savulescu et Rayss, Mater. pentru fl. Basarab. (1934) 140.— Ic.: Savul. et Rayss, l.c. f.6. 134 Perennial; stems few, 20—50 cm high, glabrous; lower (radical) leaves usually dying at anthesis; cauline leaves oblong-elliptic, 3—5 cm long, 5—8 mm wide, gradually tapering to a short petiole, rather short-acuminate towards apex, mucronate, with 3 and in the lower part 5 conspicuous nerves, glabrous. Bracts linear-subulate, with flattened tubercled cilia at margin; flowers 2—20(25) (on one stem); sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, with thin subulate awn, 6-8 mm long; petals obovate, 13—20 mm long, short- clawed; capsules subglobose, with short beak, ca. 4mm long. June—July. Steppical slopes, limestone outcrops. — European part: Bes., M.Dnp. (SW). Endemic. Described from Bessarabia. Type in Bucharest. Note. We have not seen the herbarium material of this species and consider it extremely critical. The description is partly similar to that ersi.etilavum, Li: aby “Le ucranieum ‘Czern:(Consp: (1859) 2jop: pis Gruner im: Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI, 2 (1868) 130.— L. ucranicum @. glabrum Crvcrnw wh ic:— “Le flavum coca la neanid ois Ibindem,ing BulleeSoe: Nat. Mosc. 38, 1 (1865) 180.— L. linearifolium Javorka in Mag. Bot. Lap. IX (1910)156, p.p.— L. tauricum auct. plur. non Willd.—L. flavum subsp. 6. tCaurreum onmal’s.,) Pl: 1 (1695) 182, 'p.p.— Exs:: GR. Be No: 1461. 103 315 Perennial; semishrub with robust woody root; caudex strongly branch- ing, developing short to rather long, usually lilac sterile shoots bearing rosettes of leaves, and a few to many (1—8) stems; stems usually lilac, 4—30 cm high, slightly ascending at base or erect, Straight or slightly curved, rather thin, shallowly sulcate, glabrous below, usually with leaf- rosette at base; basal leaves like those of sterile shoots (or rosettes) narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate, 1—3cm long, 1.5—4(5) mm wide, gradu- ally tapering at base to rather narrow and long petiole, rounded or acute at apex, usually 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved; cauline leaves 0.5—3 mm long, more or less remote, oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate to sublinear, obtuse to rather acute, 1-nerved, all leaves glabrous, glaucous-green. Inflorescence 5—30-flowered, loose, dichasial, with thin branches distinctly elongating in fruit; flowers 1.3—2.3cm long; sepals short, 3—6 mm long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering and short-mucronate at apex, with faintly or only proximally protruding midrib, dark green, ciliate and nar- rowly scarious at margin; petals with narrowly obovate blade, very thin, obtuse; stamens of long-styled forms 5—6 mm long, of short-styled 7-10 mm; stigmas oblong; capsules on short acutely ribbed pedicels, as long as or hardly longer than sepals, globose, tapering at apex to rather long beak. May—July. Chalk outcrops. — European part: M.Dnp., V.-Don. Endemic. Described from Svyatye Gory. Type in Kharkov. 37. L. czerniaevii Klok. in Bot. Zhurn. Ukr. AN, III, No. 1—2 (1946) 24.—L. ucranicum 8. pubescens Czern. Consp. (1859) 12.— L. Pallasitanum E),Wulff in sched. et msss p.)p., non Schult: Perennial; semishrub with densely short-hairy leaves; root robust or rather thin, woody, usually flexuose; caudex bearing many short rosette- like sterile shoots and erect or slightly ascending curved stems, (10)15—30 cm high, slightly ribbed; leaves 1—4cm long, 1—7 cm wide, thick, coriaceous, radical and lower cauline leaves obovate and tapering to winged rather long petiole, cauline leaves oblanceolate to linear, abruptly angustate and short-acuminate at apex, lower leaves 3-(5) nerved, upper leaves 1- nerved. Inflorescence generally few-flowered, loose; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subulate at apex, (4)5—6.5 mm long, with prominent midrib below, profusely glandular-ciliate at margin; petals pale yellow, 15—20mm long; capsules 5—7 mm long, as long as or slightly longer than calyx; seeds ca. 2.5mm long. In all other parts similar to L. ucrani- cum to which it is closely related, differing mainly by the pubescence. May—July. Stony outcrops (limestones, granite, chalk), — European part: V.-Don, Bl., L.Don. Endemic. Described from the Donets region near Beloyaro- vika, along the Krynka River. Type in Kharkov. Note. Forms that appear to be intermediate between this species and L. flavum L., and may possibly be of hybrid origin, have been found. They differ from L. czerniaévii by more robust habit and sparser pubescence. 337) uralense Juz, nov... spec. an, Addenda Clik a2 2n le aaetnieani cum Korsh. Tentam. Fl. Ross. or. (1898) 38, non Willd. Perennial; semishrub with short or often rather long sterile shoots bearing rosettes of crowded, spatulate, glaucous leaves 1—3.5 cm long, 104 136 139 2—7 mm wide, in general somewhat broader and with shorter petiole than in L. urcanicum; stems 6—20cm high; cauline leaves also somewhat broader than in L. ucranicum, 4mm wide, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved. Inflorescence generally few-flowered, compact at first, with branches later elongating but still shorter and thicker than in L. ucrani- cum, acutely ribbed; flowers slightly larger than in L. ucranicum, 2.5cm long; sepals often blackish-green, rather wide, ovate-lanceolate to ovate; petals broader and thicker thanin L. ucranicum; capsules tapering at apex to short beak. In all other parts similar to L. ucrani- enum.Czern,. June. Limestone and chalk outcrops, stony slopes. — European part: Transv. (?), V.-Kama. Endemic. Described from S.Urals. Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Eu-flava Juz.— Herbs, mostly of high steppes with unbranched or relatively few-branched caudex. aoe ey LlavunnrL,.op.,pl.. ed, Wi(1753)279; Ldb.) Fl. Ross, 1. 423 p. p.: Boiss. Fl. or. I, 855; Shmal'g., Fl. I, 182.—L. campanulatum Pall. i AN Laid) at 94, (202, ;nonoL.7 | MigBe 1..chap. ip.) ext Bpiss. \). ‘ek LL: mono- petalum Steph. Enum. stirp. agri mosq. (1792) No. 214.—L. glandu- losum ¢«. flavum DC. Prodr. I (1824) 425.—Xantholinum flavum Rchb. Ic. VI (1844) 67.— L. flavum y. ovatum Lindem. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. I (1865) 180.— L. flavum 8. lanceolatum Lindem. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. II (1867) 488.— L. flavum B. latifolium Beck. Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. (1892) 566.— L. flavum a@. typicum Fiorie Paoletti Fl. anal. Ital. II (1901) 251.— L. flavum var. angustifolium Javorka in Mag. Bot. Lap. IX (1910) 153.— Ic.: Bot. Mag. IX (1795) tab. 312; Rcehb. l. c. (1844) tab. 341; f.5175; Javorka in Mag. Bot. Lap. IX (1910) tabs 8, 9,-5..1;,9,13.— Exs.: G. R.F2 Now 95, 96,1462. Perennial; plant wholly glabrous; root fusiform, horizontal to nearly vertical, becoming woody, yellowish; caudex usually few-branched, develop- ing both flower-bearing stems and short sterile leafy shoots; stems two to several, 20—60cm high, erect or sometimes slightly ascending at base, straight, firm, yellowish-green, often with lilac tinge, simple below, branch- ing in upper half or usually only at apex, branches inclined at an acute angle, multiangular and ribbed, sometimes nearly winged, with scabrous, rarely (especially in upper part of stem) smooth ribs; lower and median leaves 2—4.5cm long, 0.4—1.2(2.2) cm wide, narrowly obovate to spatulate, sessile, tapering at base, obtuse or acute; uppermost leaves lanceolate, acute, not (nearly) or hardly tapering at base, 1.5cm long, 0.2 cm wide, all entire, glaucescent, transparent (especially at base), smooth or scabrous margin, obsoletely 3-nerved (the lower sometimes 5-nerved), with 2 dark brown stipular glands. Flowers in umbellate or paniculate, few-leaved cymes; pedicels short, erect, ribbed, 2—4mm long; sepals lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 6&—9 mm long, long-acuminate, with prominent midrib, narrowly mem- branous, ciliate at margin; petals cuneate-obovate, tapering to rather long claw, 12—20(22) mm long, three to four times as long as calyx, yellow; stamens of long-styled forms ca. 6—8 mm long, of short-styled 8-12 mm; anthers 1.5—2 mm long, narrowly ovate, sulphur-yellow; styles of short- styled forms 6—8 mm long, of long-styled 8—11 mm, with short-linear stigmas 105 (137) 2 — GE Io lie habit, details of flower la — cauline leaf; details of flower; a — cauline leaf; 3-—L. heterosepalum Rgl., habit, 1—Linum lanuginosum Juz., lower part of plant, styled form; 4—L. olgae Juz., PLATE VIII. 2 SuUtumeaLe,; of short habit, root-neck, details of flower of long-styled form and capsule. 106 140 cuneate at base; capsules broadly ovoid or globose, brown, 4—5 mm long, usually two-thirds as long as calyx, tapering to a short beak at apex, with pubescent inner walls; seeds oblong, 1.8—2.2 mm long, ca. 1mm wide, obliquely ovate, smooth,brown. June—August. Meadows and steppes, steppe glades, dry or rather moist meadows, ex- posed forest clearings, edges of forests, loose shrubby formations, herba- ceous, often pebbly slopes, ravines, gullies, limestones, chalks. — European parte’): V.a°Vie-Kama, 1 U.-and M.Dnpt, V:=Don,' Pransv.,‘Bes.,; U. Dus:, Bl. aeDonj ch .W;] CaveasustnCise:pa\Dag.ciGeny distr.: (Centr, Hur. (Hungary), Med. (N. Italy), Bal.-As. Min. Described from Austria. Type in London. Economic importance. Cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. Note. See Note above in reference to this species hybridizing with L. eczerniaeévii Klok. Apparently there is also hybridization with L. ucranicum Czern. Series 3. Nodiflora Juz.— Annual herbs. AS) Ty uiteolumy MiB: Fl. «taue. -caue.) 1(1808)25632 DC. Prodr scl, 424; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Ul, 14.—L. nodiflorum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, PAgaenea LisewBoiss) Finer dyesos, pwepis Shmaltes; Mike T, 182.> Mg psusthll wimg:Pall: dndy~T aurz0l800, (ex: Me Birlize-): Annual; glabrous plant; root vertical, flexuose, whitish; stems 7—30(40) cm high, usually solitary but sometimes branching from base and appearing 2—5-stemmed, ascending below than erect, sympodially branching above, angular, with very narrowly winged crenate and papillate- scabrous ribs; leaves alternate, 4—30 mm long, 1—8 mm wide, lower leaves spatulate to oblong-spatulate, obtuse, upper leaves lanceolate to broadly linear, sessile, acuminate, all leaves with 2 brown stipular glands at base, glabrous, pale green, 1—3(5) nerved, finely and generally acutely toothed at margin and beneath along midrib. Inflorescence a very loose dichasium becoming a bostryx, (1)5—25-flowered; bracts two at base of each flower, as long as or longer than calyx; pedicels very short (up to 2mm); flowers 15—20 mm long; sepals 8—15 mm long, oblong-linear-lanceolate, glabrous, below dilated and white-membranous along margin, with keeled midrib, finely toothed at margins and along keel, mucronulate, three to four times as long as capsule; petals about twice as long as calyx, cuneate-obovate, with long claws connivent to form a tube and blades somewhat angular at apex, golden yellow or sometimes white; stamens 6—8 mm long (above base of flower), filaments connate forming a tube; anthers elliptic; styles slightly shorter than stamens, with capitate stigmas; capsules ca. 6mm long, ovoid- globose, short-beaked. May—June. Open, dry, stony and clayey places and shrubby formations, mountain slopes, hills, roadsides, fields. — European part: Crim. (?); Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E., W. and S.Transc. Gen. distr:: Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. Note. Most of the Caucasian specimens of L. lutoleum M.B. are easily distinguished from the original W. Mediterranean L. nodiflo- rum L. The Crimean plant referred toas L. pusillum Pall. occupies 107 141 an intermediate position between the two species. Critical study is required. The report of L. nodiflorum L. from Odessa (Lindemann. Fl. Chersonensis, I, 1881, p.102, and others) is probably an error. Section 8. DASYLINUM Planch. in Lond. Journ. of Bot. VI (1847) 598. — Flowers large; sepals distinctly and usually densely glandular- ciliate at margin; petals blue or reddish-pink, connate; stigmas linear; leaves alternate, without stipulary glands, not crowded like rosettes at base of plant. Annual or perennial herbs, usually with more or less pubescent leaves. The Russian species of this section apparently belong to the same species group that could be called "'Hirsuta Juz." 41. L. hypericifolium Salisb. in Paradis. Lond. (1806) tab. 79; Sims. in Curtis Bot. Mag. XXVI (1806) 1048.— L. venustum Andrews, Bot. Repos. (1807) tab.477.— L. hirsutum M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 256; ibid M1819) 254, et auct.- mult) fl. Cauc. non B. — Ee hess inn B. latifodium Ldb. Fl) Rosso (0842))424 5 tp: py sale iS cory subglabrum Ldbwl.c.— Liiviscosum 6)" hy ple ric 7 Korlgiura ees Prodr) 11824) 426-— Llazicum®: Boiss. in Balansay Pi vexs= lier Boiss. Fl. or. Suppl. (1888) 138].— Ic.: Bot. Mag. XXVI (1807) tab. 1048; Salisb. 1. c.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 380, 3805; Pl. orient. exs. No. 160. Perennial; roots usually oblique, flexuose, branching, woody, yellowish radix nodose-tuberculate, few-branched; stems 20—70 cm high, single or usually few, erect, straight, cylindrical, finely sulcate, pale green often partly lilac, usually glabrous below, more or less densely villous above with long, white, spreading, slightly curly hairs, usually leafless in the lower part at anthesis, rather densely leafy above, shortly branched at apex; sterile shoots elongating to half the length of stem, densely leafy; leaves usually 1.5—2.5cm long, 3—8 mm wide, the lower oblong-ovate, rounded at base, obtuse, upper leaves the same shape or often ovate- lanceolate, acute, mostly 5-nerved, bright green, densely soft-hairy to subglabrous at both sides. Main inflorescence paniculate or nearly pseudo- umbellate, formed of more or less dense, approximate, individual pseudo- racemes, short at first, later elongating; bracts lanceolate, densely villous or covered with long white soft hairs and glandular-ciliate margin; pedicels erect, Short; flowers heterodistylous; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, pale below, blackish-green above, densely and softly villous, densely glandular-ciliate at margin; petals 1.8—2.2 cm long, broadly obovate, gradually cuneate-tapering to rather long claw, pale purple with darker nerves and yellowish claw; capsules 5—6 mm long, half as long as calyx, globose, nearly beakless, usually more or less hairy (at least in upper part). June—August. Subalpine (tall herbaceous cover) and lower alpine meadows and pastures, mountain forests, forest glades, mountain slopes, cliffs, rock streams. — Caucasus: Cisic., Dag., E., W. and S.Transce. Gen. distr: Bali=As?Min., (Lazistan). Described from the Caucasus. Type probably in London. Economic importance. This species and the others in this section are highly ornamental plants. 108 142 (143 Note. The considerable variability of this plant is apparently due to the diversity of its habitats; however, we were unable to observe any clear-cut distinctions separating them into forms or races. 425 3, hirsutum 1.4Sp.,pl. eds iu(i753)/277;' Shmai'g>) -F 1. 1, 183, p.p.— L. hirsutum §. latifolium Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1(1842)424, p.p.— L. hirsutum a. genuinum Neilr. Fl. Wien (1846) 508.— L. hirsu- tum a. typicum Beck. Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. (1892) 567.— Ic.: Jacq. Fl, Austr«lo(i773)stab...3h; -Rehb. Ic. VI, tab: 333, £. 5166.—' Exs.: GRF No. 310. Perennial; root short, thin to rather thick, 3—10cm [?] in diameter, fusiform, smooth, more or less strongly branching below; radix usually branching; stems cylindrical, when dry slightly sulcate, yellowish-pale green, very often becoming lilac, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely covered towards base with long spreading stiff hairs and densely short- hairy above with curly hairs, few-branching from the middle or only at apex, branches elongating post anthesis; flower-bearing stems up to 10, rarely solitary, slightly arcuate, ascending at base to erect, straight, 8—40 cm high, 1.3—5 mm in diameter, not densely leafy; sterile stems half as long as the flower-bearing ones, densely leafy; leaves 4mm-—5cm long, 1.5—-12 mm wide, erect or spreading, sessile, the lowermost pale, soon deciduous leaving rather approximate scars, the lower leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-obovate, tapering at base, obtuse, the upper ovate to linear-lanceolate, usually rounded, acute at base, 3-nerved, entire, gray-green, sparingly to sometimes densely covered, with long straight hairs, sometimes subglabrous, uppermost leaves (bracts) with fine stalked glands at margins. Inflorescence loose, 10—35- flowered, forming helical panicles; flowers erect on short, densely short- hairy pedicels, remote, heterodistylous; sepals 6—9 mm long, herbaceous, lanceolate, long-acuminate, densely covered with loosely contiguous hairs on the lower surface and at the upper half also above, gray-green, glandular- ciliate at margins of the upper half; petals about three times as long as sepals, 20—28(30) mm long, cuneate-obovate, gradually tapering to claw, pale blue with darker nerves and yellow claw; stamens of long-styled forms 7—10 mm long, of short-styled 10—15 mm long, connate at base, with thin linear appendages between filaments; anthers ovate-elliptic; styles ca. 10—16 or 5—11 mm long, partly pubescent, thin-filiform at the lower part; stigmas linear-oblong; ovary short-hairy in upper half; capsules ca. 4—5 mm long and wide, globose, acuminate at apex, yellowish or pale brown, hairy above; seeds oblong, 2.5mm long, flattened, smooth, rather dull, dark brown. June—July. (Plate VIII, Figure 2.) Steppes, meadows, shrubby formations, chalk outcrops, dry hills and slopes..— European part: U.Dns., M.Dnp., V.-Don.: Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Austria (and 'Tatary"'). Type in London. Note. Populations of this species in the eastern part of its distribution area are apparently adapted to cretaceous soils. The cretaceous forms (L. cretaceum Juz. ined.) differ slightly from the typical, more western meadow-steppe forms to which the above description refers. The leaves are the most different, being narrower, very often 3-nerved, slightly more obtuse (especially the upper ones). Plants with (sub-)glabrous leaves grow 109 frequently together with typically pubescent ones. These forms should not be separated as yet, since the material at hand is very diverse and at the same time insufficient to permit a final evaluation of their taxo- nomic significance. 430 Ladlanuginosum Juz. n.sp. in) Addenda Sei 1231 Ly hieateree tum ja. angiu'siti fol ium idby El) Rosst li(i842) 424 nea PUnaucth= te aibauice) aShimallvone Fuleaie(Ghe 95) el sayepepe Perennial; stems 5—40cm high, solitary or few, erect or usually slightly arcuate-ascending at base, densely and shortly lanate-hairy, densely leafy or below with dense traces of fallen leaves; leaves sessile, tapering to base, the lower narrowly obovate or spatulate, rounded at apex, upper leaves oblong, obtuse or acute at apex, all leaves usually 3-nerved, gray-green, densely spreading-hairy at both sides, uppermost leaves usually with few remote stalked glands at margin. Axis of inflorescence and the very short pedicels densely spreading-hairy; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate outside and inside in the upper part pubescent as in in- florescence (hairs longer and more spreading than in L. hirsutum), rather densely glandular-ciliate at margins of the upper part. In all other parts like L. hirsutum L. Fl. May—July, Fr. June—August. (Plate VIII, Figure 1.) Stony (limestone) slopes and taluses, ravines, steppes, open hills. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W.Transc. (Novorossiisk). Described from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad. Section 9. MACRANTHOLINUM Juz. in. Not. Syst. ex Herb. H. Bot. Petrop. II (1921).— Flowers large, heterostylous; sepals unequal, the outer herbaceous, lanceolate, glandular-ciliate at margin, the inner broadly ovate, white-membranous at margin, with a single stalked gland at apex; stigmas capitate. Perennial, glabrous plants, otherwise similar to sect. Dasylinum. This section includes only one series that might be called ''Hetero- sepala Juz." 144 44, I -heterosepalumyRelj in Tei qBw sell 210873) 433s eirauty. Inerem. uh. ¢ehacnog. vROsis. IVeaniis Se BAIS ye me (G84 \isiSen panos L. heterosepalum subsp. tianschanicum Vved. in Sched. ad Heibav iw Aisiae Meds sllls(19.2.5)) Now iis = wixsei H dit else Botam Dane Nore0; heel nvAS Mea Nox il. Perennial; root short, 1—4cm thick, nodose, strongly branching from base; stems few to many, erect, the sterile stems 5—40 cm high, flower- bearing stems 13—60 cm high, 1.5—5 mm in diameter, usually straight, rarely flexuose, cylindrical, slightly sulcate when dry, pale green or straw- yellow at base, glabrous, densely leafy; leaves many, sessile, the lower small, squamiform, nearly membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, median leaves herbaceous, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1—4cm long, 1.5—10 mm wide, often the upper much wider than the lower, 3—5-nerved, acute, usually bright green, very rarely glaucescent, glabrous, smooth at margin, uppermost leaves smaller, intergrading into bracts, also smooth at margin, generally greenish, glandular-hirsute with bristles usually ca. 1mm long, and with small globose brown or rarely blackish glands. 110 Inflorescence 3—15-flowered, with reduced branches, usually dense; flowers large, 2—4.5cm long, erect, short-pediceled, clustered; sepals unequal, the two outer herbaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, glandular-hispid-ciliate at margin, the third sepal ovate, acute, glandular - hispid-ciliate inside and usually smooth outside, the two inner sepals broadly ovate or obovate, acuminate or rounded at apex, broadly white- membranous at margin, smooth, bearing only one glandular bristle at apex (bristles the same as in upper leaves and bracts); petals four times as long as sepals, rather long-clawed, limb pink or lilac-white, narrowly obovate, nearly twice as long as wide, tapering gradually to broad claw three-fourths as long as limb, distinctly nerved, "tube" of corolla nar- rowly obconical, 4—7 mm in diameter at the middle; stamens of long- styled forms 1—2.3 cm long, of short-styled 1.5—3.5cm; anthers 1.5—2 mm long, ellipsoid, yellow; pistils of long-styled forms 1.5—3.5cm long, of short-styled forms 1—2.3cm, all 5-partite above; stigmas 0.3—1 mm long, capitate, globose or usually ovoid or ellipsoid; capsules subglobose or ovoid, long-acuminate, 0.8—1.3 cm long, becoming brown when ripe; seeds ca. 5mm long, flattened-ovate or elliptic, brown. Fl. April—July, Fr. July— August. (Plate VII, Figure 3.) Mountain steppes, subalpine or forest meadows, forest edges, and herba- 145 ceous mountain slopes. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala-Tau, T.Sh. (C. T. Sh., Kirghizian Ala-Tau). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Chinese Turkestan). Described from the Tyube River and the vicinity of Kopal. Type and paratype in Leningrad. Economic importance. This and the following species are highly orna- mental plants which should be cultivated. 45. L. olgae Juz. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada. II, 6 (1921) 21.— L. Fedtschenkoae Rgl. ex A.P.Fedchenko in Izv. Obshch. Lyubit. Est. Antropol. i Etn. X, No.1 (1872) 81, nomen solum; idem in Brodovskii, Ivanov. Krauze and A. Fedchenko, Kat. Turkest. Otd. Politekh. vyst. (1872) 8, nomen solum.— L. Fedtschenkowae Korolkow ex C. Koopmann in Monatsschr. d. Vereins z. BefOrd. d. Gartenbaues in d. Kgl. Preuss. Staaten, 22 (1879) (non vidi). L. heterosepalum Trautv. in Tr. B.S. IX, 1 (1884) 873, p. p. (quoad pl. Franchetianam) et auct. plur. fl. Turkest. non Rel. J. c-— L. heterosepalum var. purpureum Franchet in Aum dad, se. nat..IV ser. Botan. XV, No. 24 (1883) 242.— L. hetero- sepalum subsp. Olgae Vved. in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. Asiae Med. Ill (L925), No.7]. Perennial; root long, 0.5—2cm thick, subcylindrical, smooth, woody, branching only at depth; stems usually many or very many, 10—75, arcuately ascending, not as long as in the preceding species, flower-bearing stems 11—45 cm high, sterile stems 3—25 cm high, straight or often curved, some- times flexuose, thinner and more delicate than in the preceding species, 1—3 mm in diameter, straw-yellow at base, otherwise pale green; lowermost leaves very small, submembranous, median leaves herbaceous, linear- lanceolate, smaller than in the preceding species, 0.7—3.5 mm long, 1—5 mm wide, 1—3-nerved, rarely 5-nerved at base, the lower obtuse, the upper acute, glaucous-green, uppermost leaves smaller and intergrading into bracts, both glandular-bristly-ciliate at margin with bristles 1—2 mm long, greenish 111 146 or blackish, and glands usually slightly larger than in the preceding species, obovoid or elliptic, usually blackish. Inflorescence 1—7- (rarely 9-)flowered, more or less loose, branches not short; flowers erect, short-pediceled, large, 2.5—5 cm long, with corolla four times as long as calyx; sepals as in the preceding species; petals long-clawed, limb pink or lilac-pink, broadly obovate, only one and a half times as long as wide, abruptly tapering to narrow claw of the same width throughout its length, usually equal to limb in length, inconspicuously nerved, ''tube"’ of corolla (formed by claws) longer and narrower than in the preceding species, subcylindrical, 2.5—5mm in diameter; stamens of long-styled forms 1.3—2.5 cm long, of short-styled 2—3.5cm; anthers 2—3 mm long; styles of long-styled forms 2—3.5 cm long, of short-styled 1.3—2.5 cm; stigmas 0.5—1 mm long, ovoid or ellipsoid; capsules 1—1.5cm long. In all other parts resembling the preceding species. Fl. May—July, Fr. June—July. (Plate VIII, Figure 4.) Clayey and stony slopes, cliffs, in subalpine and forest meadows and grass lands.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Talas Ala-Tau, Tashkent Ala-Tau, Fergana Range), Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Zeravshan and Alai Range. Type and paratype in Moscow, cotype and paratype in Leningrad. Note. A.I. Vvedenskii (1. c.) tried to prove that L. heterosepalum Rgl. (as we understand it) and L. olgae Juz. are intergraded by inter- mediate forms and hence are only ''subspecies" of L. heterosepalum Rgl. We do not think that the occurrence of intermediate forms between two species (including the vicarious) should in any way reduce their taxo- nomic status or should be reflected in their name (in particular, by changing the binary nomenclature applied to them). Apparently, it is not the presence of intermediate forms that is pertinent to this case, but merely the mani- festation of ''transgressive characters'' of two species that are perfectly defined in nature and always easily distinguished from each other by an assemblage of "combined characters." In his ''analysis'' of their distinc- tions, Vvedenskii makes no mention of the hypogeal organs of these species, the morphology of which obviously plays a role in the determination of dubious cases. Family LXXXIIl. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE * LINDL. Flowers regular; sepals 5 or 4, usually imbricated; petals as many as sepals, usually imbricated, sometimes completely absent; stamens as many as petals, sometimes double, rarely three times in number, scale- like below; ovary usually 3—5-locular, each cell with 1 to many pendent ovules, passing over to sulcate or angular style, sometimes with capitate- dilated above. Fruit rarely baccate, usually dehiscing by valves or separating into fruitlets; seeds albuminous or exalbuminous. Herbs, annuals, semishrubs or shrubs, with opposite, rarely alternate leaves; leaves stipulate, rarely not parted or imparipartite, usually paripinnate, *“ Treatment by E.G. Bobrov, except for the genus Zygophyllum, which was treated by A.G. Borisova. 112 147 148 fleshy. Flowers terminal, in axillary cymes or forming racemes or dichasia, sometimes 1—2 in axils of leaves. The family includes more than 290 species of 28 genera, nearly half of which are monotypic. Key to Genera (i Froit a drupe with 1=seeded stone’ - . . 1... ae a: 842. Nitraria L. + Fruit a dehiscent or indehiscent capsule, rarely a fleshy berry ... 2. oe Fruit a fleshy 3-locular berry; shrub with spreading branches, ipagestdisseered -imanmea;n Lopes OL Gee ey Pe Oo Se. PPS RMte SIL a et ee. ee ORT 838. Malacocarpus Fisch.et Mey. + Pawo s, casei he: f SRN, TI ele oe On tes bs ho: 3. 3. Small annual plants (5—15 cm high); leaves few, alternate, whorled on branches, up to 10 mm long, incised or entire, linear to oblanceolate SererGHA Sey caAMS. Salat ees SEES, Leta us eee ae 839. Tetradiolis Stev. i Large perennial (very rarely annual) herbs or shrubs; if annuals or biennial then leaves paripinnate and stems spreading .......... 4. 4. Fruit separating into 5 fruitlets, provided with spines and prickles or with pectinate-dentate wings at margins ..... 841. Tribulus L. at Fruit globose, 3-locular and 3-valvate; stamens 15; leaves dissected into 3—5 lanceolate-linear acuminate lobes ..... 837. Peganum L. bie Fruit a trihedral-pentahedral capsule; stamens 8—10; leaves uni- parous or multiparous, rarely simple ...... 840. Zygophyllum L. Subfamily 1. PEGANOIDEAE Engl. in E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 4 (1890) 90; Ibid. 19, a (1931) 153.— Stamens in two circles, the outer twice as many as the inner; fruit globose, dry, dehiscing by 3 valves or bacciform- indehiscent. Genus 837. PEGANUM * L. L. Spec. plant. (1753) 444. Calyx 5-sect nearly to base into linear lobes, lobes entire or hardly incised or pinnatisect, persistent in fruit; corolla pentapetolous; stamens 15, with filaments dilated at base; style trihedral above; fruit a 3-locular, 3-valved capsule with numerous seeds. Perennial herbs, with leaves cut into linear lobes. This genus includes 6 species distributed in the eastern hemisphere from the Mediterranean area to Mongolia, and in S. America. ine Glabrous plant, leaves dissected into 3—5 linear lanceolate lobes; calyx lobes. entice or bardly ineiseds. 6o.0 93.) \2 1. ¢Paharmalax* L. * From the Greek Peganon — Dioscorides' name for rue. ** Arabic name of this plant. 149 ate Plant shortly and densely hispid, appearing spiny; leaves 2- or 3- sect into linear acuminate lobes; calyx lobes incised into 5—7 lobes 2. F. nigellastrum Bge. 1. P. harmalad:; Sp.) plo.(1753))444; M. Berl taur canes ei asoAe edb) “Aly Ross. 489: Boiss] Hiwor ss Losi shine Moria a, ealees sor Grossg., El. -Kavk:) TL e6;) Knyll Ei Zap. sibss Vall aig a0 sale seule Yugo=Vost) V, 6a0s isornye rast... SSSh. be 2 46" — shes!) Gerkue He Gaia or Fue Cauicn (exsi NO. ol Sie Perennial; radix up to 2mm long, multicipital, producing few stems; stems 20—50 cm high, straight or flexuose, spreading, strongly branching, glabrous, smooth, slightly sulcate; stipules of lower leaves more distinct, small, lanceolate, sometimes incised; leaves ovate, 3—6 cm long, dissected into 3—5 lanceolate-linear acuminate lobes 1—3.5cm long, 1.5—3 mm wide, lobes slightly incised. Flowers 1—3 apical at many branches, on1—2 cm long pedicels thickened at apex; calyx deeply 5-sect, lobes linear, 1.5—2 cm long, sometimes slightly incised or nearly ternate; corolla pale yellow; petals elliptic, obtuse, 1.5—-2cm long, 6—9 mm wide; capsules globose, slightly flattened above, distinctly 3-valved, 0.6—1 cm in diameter; seeds numerous, dark brown. Fl. May—July, Fr. July—August. In the southern steppe zone, in semideserts and deserts, frequently on solonetzic soils; usually found in farming areas, near huts on pasture- land, oases; in the mountain regions reaching the submontane belt. — European part: Transv.(S.), Bes., Bl., L.Don (Ss) VASE ries Caucasus: Cisc.; Dag., W.Transe. (rarely), S: and E.@ransc.) @alk(2): W.Siberia: U.Tob. (SW); Centr. Asia: everywhere except for the high mountains, in oases and nomadic camps in desert plains of the south. Gen. distr.: W.Med. (rarely), E.Med., Bal.-As.Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kash., Mong.(W.). Described from the Mediterranean area (Madrid, Alexandria, etc.). Type in London. Economic importance. Harmal is an obnoxious weed that is widespread in villages and pasturelands and avoided by all farm animals except for camels. This plant is poisonous for animals. It contains such alkaloids as harmine,harmel and harmalol. As a ruderal and segetal weed it also occurs among field crops. The seeds yield a red dye that is used in dyeing wool. Note. Another species, very closely related to the Russian harmal, occurs in the Alashan Mountains in S. Mongolia and the eastern part of Kansu province in W.China, which Maksimovich described as a variety of the Russian harmal under the name "L. harmala B. multisecta Maxim." (Flora tangutica, 1889, 103) Maksimovich's plant is distin- guished by its 2- and 3-sect leaves and its 3—5-sect calyx-lobes. These morphological unique features of this plant plus its specific distribution area indicate its being an independent taxon that should be distinguished as a separate species. We propose to name it 'P. multisectum (Maxim.) Bobr." (= P. harmala 8B. multisecta Maxim.). In the extreme southwestern area of P. harmala L., Arabia to India, there are plants that differ from the typical by their narrow, linear- filiform leaf lobes. Specimens similar to these were referred by Boissier to bs hanmala 62 stenophy illus (Boiss. Flor In 1eene Old) pauls is also, apparently, a case of isolation of a separate race. 114 2. P. nigellastrum Bge. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. par div. sav. II (1835), 870 Perennial; radix straight, multicipital; stems 10—25 cm high, numerous, slightly branching, flexuose, usually covered with short bristles; stipules lanceolate, hardly discernible and only in lower leaves; leaves many, orbi- cular, 1.2—1.8 cm long, dissected into 3—5 linear straight acuminate lobes, lobes dissected into linear-acuminate lobules, the whole plant appearing spinous, lobes sparingly short-hispid. Flowers rather large, solitary, terminal on branches; pedicels densely and shortly hispid; calyx lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.5cm long, cut into 5—7 linear lobules; petals yellow (ahs 12—15 mm long, oblanceolate, rounded at apex, ca. 7mm wide above; cap- sules sessile, globose, flattened above; seeds many, irregularly fusiform, curved, angular edged, dark brown, finely tuberculate, up to 3 mm long. Fl. May, Fr. August. Sandy and gravelly deposits in river valleys, sometimes on solonetzes; rocky slopes in the lower mountainous area. — E. Siberia: Dau. (near Kyakhta in the Selenga River valley). Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from Mongolia. Type in Paris, cotype in Leningrad. 150 Genus 838. MALACOCARPUS * Fisch. et Mey. Fisch. et Mey. in Ind. Sem. Petrop. IX (1843) 78; Engl. in E. P. Nat. Pflanzenfam. III, 4 (1897) 91, pro sect. gen. Peganum Calyx 5-partite, persistent in fruit, with lobes recurved; petals 5; stamens 15, with filaments dilated below and 2-locular anthers, opening by longitudinal slit; style simple, edged-clavate above; fruit a fleshy 3-locular berry. Shrubs, with spreading branches and soft glabrous leaves dissected into linear lobes. 1. M. crithmifolius (Retz.) C.A.M. in Ind. Sem. Petrop. IX (1843) Roiispisely rast Giuk. Fa Vil 1922) .1.-.Pieganumeerithmifolium Retz. Observ. bot. III (1783) 34; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 489; Boiss. Fl. or. L Ol te ReaELaawne had. eAC2) Preodna dL (825) 7 2Qe— Lexy diehwe «Bil. nov. casp.-cauc. (1883) tab.15.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 2402. Shrub; profusely branching, with spreading thin branches up to 1 m long, yellow in cross section, covered with whitish bark, bark on old branches brownish-gray; stipules inconspicuous, lanceolate, sometimes incised; leaves up to 5cm long, sessile, alternate, ovate, soft, glabrous, irregularly dissected into lanceolate-linear, often curved lobes, lobes sometimes in- cised. Flowers solitary on long branches, opposite to leaves; pedicels 1—1.5cm long, thicker above; calyx lobes lanceolate, subequal, 4—6 mm long, ca. 2mm wide, recurved in fruit; petals white, lanceolate, obtuse above, 10—12 mm long, 2.5—3.5mm wide; style persistent, 5—7 mm long; berry brownish-red, globose, 6—10 mm in diameter; seeds dark brown, subovacid eas 2Qunm dong. afl.jApnil, Bei June. Rocks, rubbly slopes, gravel-silt deposits in foothills. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Ust-Urt), Kara K.(W.), Mtn. Turkm. (Greater and Lesser Balkhan Ranges, Kopet-Dagh, rarely; Zulfagar ravine). Gen. distr.: N.Iran. Description based on specimens grown from seeds from Mangyshlak Peninsula. * From the Greek malacos and carpos — soft fruit. 115 Subfamily 2. TETRADICLIDOIDEAE Eng!.in E. P. Pflanzenfam, Ill, 4 (1896) 355: Ibid. 19a (1931) 156. — Ovary 3—4-locular, cell divided by false septa into 3 compartments, the middle 3-ovuled, the lateral 1-ovuled; lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate. 151 Genus 839. TETRADICLIS * Stev. Stev. in M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 277, 648. — Anatropa Ehrenb. in Linnaea, IV (1829) 402 Calyx with 3—4 teeth, persistent in fruit; corolla with 3—4 petals, also persistent; stamens the same number as petals and alternate to them; ovary 3—4-locular, flattened above, each cell divided by false septa into 3 compartments, the lateral 1-ovuled, the middle 3-ovuled; style with "decurrent'' stigmas; capsule 3—4-celled, 3—4-lobed, flattened above, dehiscing by valves. Annual. There is only one species in this genus. 1, 1. tenella) (Ehrenb.) Litw. im) Er. Bot. ,.Muz. AN. TL (oom) mie Spisok-rast. GokRoH. Vilji(1908) 1515 Grosse. gh ls Kavile. Ml iG Keaysles Fl. Zap. Sibs Vil, 1851.— Anatropa, teniel lashhrenb., im minnaear IV ('829),4025 — Tetra dive lis, s.ad sia, c€ AML. Viera. bil Carica (lasts) 226; db: El. Ross. 1, 492: Boisss El. or. 1,918; )Shimaillio. liao Tf. Hvexrsimanni Bge. in Linnaea, XIV (1840)i1783 ledb. ge Rossel: 493.— le:: Linnaea, XIV (1840)) tab. Tl. — Exs:: (GjR.S Not 1973 silseane. exs. Nos 70: Herbs Pls Cauc. Nov34: Annual; small delicate plant, with annual filiform root; stems 5—15cm long, glabrous, simple or with few opposite, basal branches; leaves few, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, alternate, whorled on branches, incised or entire, linear-oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse, up to 10 mm long and 3 mm wide, with 1 1 or 2 auricles at base. Flowers small, terminal on branches forming racemiform inflorescence (nearly a cyme); pedicels not longer than 1 mm; calyx incised nearly to middle into 3—4 teeth; corolla white, with 4 petals, cuneate-tapering at base, up to 1 mm long, longer than calyx; capsules globose, obtusely lobed, flattened above, ca. 3mm in diameter. Fl. April— May, Fr. May. Moist solonetzes and solonchaks in the desert and semidesert zones. — European part: L.V. (Caspian lowland, mainly), Crim. (N. Sivash); Caucasus: Cisc., E.Transc.; Centr. Asia: in all parts of the desert and semidesert plains. Gen. distr.: E.Med. (Syria, Palestine, Egypt), Iran. Described from N. Caucasus (Kama River near Gorki). Type in Helsinki, cotype in Leningrad. 152 Subfamily 3. ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE Eng). in FE. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 4 (1890) 78; ibid. 19a (1931) 158.— Herbs or shrubs, rarely annuals; leaves uniparous or multiparous, rarely simple. * From the Greek tetra — four and dicle — a 2-valved door, thus named due to the structure of the fruit — a 4-lobed capsule dehiscing at the median sutures. 116 153 Genus 840. ZYGOPHYLLUM * L.** L. Spec. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 385 Flowers 4—5-merous, solitary or twin, axillary; sepals 4—5, often quite unequal, sometimes deciduous; petals white, yellow, orange, sometimes with orange or red claw, rarely petals completely absent; stamens 8—10, with squamiform appendages at the inside base of filaments; ovary 3—4—5- locular; stigma simple; fruit a capsule, rarely baccate, globose to cylin- drical, pentahedral, wingless, or narrowly or broadly winged with 3—4—5 wings; cells with 1 or few seeds; capsules with septa along middle of valves. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves; leaves opposite, with 2—10 leaflets; leaflets flat or terete, fleshy; stipules herbaceous or membranous. The genus comprises about 100 species that are mainly distributed in the deserts of Africa, Palestine, Arabia, in the Mediterranean area, Central and Middle Asia, and Australia. i Peta S-apsentin roGuiulckened .anllitormay: -., et. eee ea eiets & 4.6.8 MR OLS Ieee elt. Cela Ge BBLS 24 1. Z. portulacoides Cham + iectaisis an pslrootmner Meshy-— 6. oat Mets eONeH. ee imtele 2. ue Dé Shrubs, with simple leaves covered with stellate hairs when young S £4 tis, 2 CATO. PEs Smt Maree. ein es Sib mee! . FE are oe Pee 7 38. + Shrubs or perennial herbs, leaves compound with 1—5 pairs of tee, PTL he? 2 sak Glatete «Gist ce! Llotsh woo thts ats! Ghee Salut os 3 Oe Annuals; capsules oval, with rather broad wings; leaflets 2 pairs ie Os, Lite bce Sp Seti eG. stats, BY ROS 20. Z. lehmannianum Bge. + Perennial plants or shrubs; capsules linear to globose, wingless or wamseae Eeaimeis K=pipairs! 22% a efi.) sites ERG eee... 4 4. 4, Shrubs; leaves with 1 pair of small leaflets; petioles longer, shorter or nearly as long as leaflets; capsules globose with 3 or 4 wings... PSP ee te IRS, ob Fa oh ps8 UAE i SU MO Soi oe to) SES Gt 5) ene De i Perennial herbs; capsules cylindrical to oval-globose, winged, Daneowign White ed, OF Wingless. f.0s.. 1.8 ea rl. 2 Per ieee, swe 8. 3. Fruit 3-winged, large, globose or oval, immarginate at apex; glabrous JOHAR CREO 1mhs! ened ih ee. is ic sap to baitiok | went dc MeN hake ios (>. EOLA DES Bee? sv 6. iG Fruit 5-winged, deeply notched; young branches and stipules pubes- Scie | awit eters (he d-dh NR hae 33. Z. bucharicum B. Fedtsch. 6. Fruit globose; leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate, shorter than preseoties; (RIEL SaTIl)i eos + bo oe 2 2 ob ote So ee 2 eed ii ec ts i Fruit oval, usually with persistent calyx; leaflets linear or linear- Spatulate; méarly'as dong as or longer than petioles! nGie. orn... « SIC AENUEM: th sd ha ed we ee 32. Z. kaschgaricum Boriss. lie Leaflets 3—7 mm long, 2—3 mm wide; petioles 4—8 mm long, thin; sepals orbicular-oval, ca. 5mm long; capsules globose, on 7—10 mm lows pedicels Gisiatia sii. sini es 31. Z. ferganense (Drob.) Boriss. ar Leaflets up to 15mm long, 5mm wide; petioles up to 25mm long; sepals 7 mm long, oval; capsules usually slightly broader than long, em t1.0)15-20 mmr lone pedicels’, '. i 24") SP Edsb tative emiiieniom oo i « a Sy eee 31. Z. ferganense subsp. elongatum Boriss. * Treatment by A.G. Borisova. ** From the Greek — bean caper. 117 154 + OF: Us IAG 3\. tes HOE Fruit with broad conspicuous wings broader than seeds ........ Sie Fruit wingless or narrowly winged .....-.-.--.2 5. 3.5 2. Ge. 13. Capsules globose, oval or ovoid, with broad wings several times broadersthankGehl Sy cies rsetayio ists sBie) (ol eidell ohio! ei geltotmet hata wta tata eee een Oy: Capsules attenuate, oblong or cylindrical, obtuse or short-acute Leaves with 1—2 pairs of large broad leaflets; glabrous plants a ea eH oR EAS Oia lee aoe) te ote: Piles Saute sa 30. Z. potaninii Maxim. Leaves with 2—5 pairs of lanceolate-oblong to orbicular small leaflets; stems and petioles scabrous from small papilliform eXecKes CENCeS TOF ISUb pila GOUSI ee. veiton el atte) oluta Mental calc i=in auton tet na pa Leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2—3(4) pairs; capsules oval, tapering at base; flowers 10—11 mm long, yellowish (C. and EX penile rs Shiiciia) Miyewins st ceen eetene ereeh tceeentcerelts ira” neetomnert= 28. 4. kégenselborisse Leaflets elliptic or obovate, 3—5 pairs; capsules usually globose or oval-globose; flowers 7—9mm long, white “7... 4 ae. eee SEA aie cust aia tub ern komt mance “Aacoyd oc HOUR 29. Z. macropterum ©. Ay ME Leaflets 2—3 pairs, linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute, 5—13(15) mm long, 1.5—3(5) mm wide; pedicels 5—10mm long, later elongating; capsules oblong-oval or oval, 10—20 mm long, 6—10(12) mm wide; seeds 3—4 mm long, 1.5—2.5mm wide 22. Z. pterocarpum Bege. Leaflets 2 pairs, flat, broadly ovate, unequal-sided, obtuse, 8—12 mm long, 5—9mm wide; pedicels short, 2—4mm long; capsules oblong, 2.9—3 cm long, 10—14mm wide; seeds large, ca. 6mm long, 3mm WallGl Qh ihe epia pected cham cesT seturerct ates hit catemron ts 23. Z. taldy-kurgenicum Boriss. Capsules with very narrow wings; leaflets 2—4 pairs, oblong-oval to Mine ar=Spatulave: or, [Me SAE Gevenrshskr sleek tree el ciee) Tee 14. Capsules wingless, sometimes with acute ribs, globose to lanceolate- attenuate; leaflets 1 or 1—4 pairs, flat, orbicular or ovate or oblong to linear lane eolatews \s) Cee Iles es Len. Sr eee els Oe eee Ide Capsules) lanceolate or oblong, acuminate ) 7. ee eee eee 1o. Capsules ovoid, obtuse at apex, 10—18 mm long, ca. 8mm wide in the broadest part. (Kara-Tau Range).... 19. Z. karatavicum Boriss. Plant 5—6 cm high; leaflets 2—3 pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate; seeds smooth. (Dzharkent district)..... 18. Z. cuspidatum Boriss. Plant 10> oiem*thigh, leatlets or seedsmmot as above eis i) eee eaene 16. Leaflets 2—3 pairs, linear-spatulate, up to 8-20 mm long, 1—2.5mm wide; sepals oblong-ovate,6—7 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide. (Zaisan depression) sce wee ne ae ele ee whe ee ela sits 16. Z. oxycarpum M. Pop. Leaflets (2)3—4 pairs, oblong to oblong-oval, 5-8 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; sepals ca. 8mm long, ca. 2mm wide. (Kopal district) MMM ce ee MCN te Wah Maia Sv ss. coh sae, ove ter see ents) ae fap Gal 17. Z. kopalense Boriss. eathets: always Wpainiqy. ha. Wem hl. eet oes Tae 18. Leaklets14) pairs see a veo) Rie ee) Bee See Be Leaflets oblong to linear-lanceolate; fruit attenuate or globose .... oo SENSI ER Hay Mes OG sR EOS 5 Fa Reet aE Phin, Paddle RUE eae We 28) Leaflets flat, broad, ovate or orbicular, if leaflets attenuate then capsules.cylindrical. .. 0.2 .. Rissa aie! Se ee ee OR 118 19. 20. a. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Low cespitose plants, 10—20 cm high, with short internodes and robust multicapitate root; capsules 10—30 mm long, obtusely pentakedral;linear-lanceolite; slightly. curvéd ‘".08s owe ee. 20. Plants with developed stems, (20)30—60(100) cm high, with long internodes: capsules, globose to“eblong or linear . ae Ho. ee... Dee Capsules 7—15(20)mm long, ca. 5—6 mm wide above, ovoid or oblong- or lanceolate-oblong. (North of Lake Balkhash) .............. REE TRO 2d 3S Ca Pe Goh Set sa a ar ee oes 10. Z. microcarpum Boriss. Capsules 18—25mm long and 3—4 mm wide or 30—50 mm long and SrA Maite Aa Rie Mok oe ale m w eet le eS AU en. 21; Leaflets large,1.5—2.5 cm long, always obtuse or rounded at apex; petioles ending with ovate scarious appendage; flowers mostly solitary, axillary; capsules 3—5cm long, 5—7 mm wide. (Lake Banas aired) ih. Bia A i a, ER 9. Z. latifolium Schrenk. Leaflets (5)8—15 mm long, 7—12 mm wide, ovate, unequal-sided, often acute at apex, rarely rounded; petioles terminated by short lance- olate, later deciduous appendage; flowers 2, rarely 1, axillary; cap- sules 18—25mm long, 3—4mm wide. (Tien Shan, Pamir-Alai, Deunearia-Tarbdgatal): <6 000" WAMS. ees 8. Z. rosovii Bge. Stems lignified, pale yellow below; capsules subglobose, ca. 10mm long, with acute-winged ribs/edges. (Sands in Ili River valley, Sendsyoit) NMiayamn— Kiam yi Qih 8 Si GRO. eels 24. Z. fabagoides M. Pop. Herbaceous plants, sometimes a little woody at base; capsules long- cylindrical or short—oval to ovoid, with obtuse edges ......... DS. Stamens not exserted; leaflets glaucous, cuneate at base, unequal- sided, acute at apex; capsules 30—40 mm long, erect; plants usually prostrate or ascending,15—30cm high..... 5. Z. obliquum M. Pop. Stamens longer than petals; leaflets green, orbicular, obovate or oblong, rounded-obtuse at apex; capsules 10—30(40) mm long, droop- icp iereeh hereet platter. Hell itie. 6 ers tuk: Mea Hee J Sass Ba: Stems many, thin, branching from base, 25—30 cm high; leaflets oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; fruits declinate, cylindrical, ca. 10-18 mm) long, on 1.5—2.5cm long pedicels. (Zaisan depression, Pibeeh)s RSS. POS LIFES. GL TNEES. Bs. 6. Z. brachypterum Kar. et Kir. Stems usually robust, 30—60(100) cm high; leaflets large, unequal- sided, orbicular, ovate or oblong-ovate; fruits erect or declinate, oblong to' lofig-eylindrical;'(10)15—4@mmMong 5.25... eee. PASE Capsules long, cylindrical, (2.5)3—4 cm long, disposed along entire length of stem, erect or declinate; robust plants, with large leaflets, fFawsistems), fewtranehesw lire Aerts a Ge NS as Se Moreen PASTS Capsules 1—2 cm long, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, often broadening above, disposed in the upper part of stem, the upper erect; multicaulescent branching plants; seeds smooth, with uninterrupted gray coating; Oe talishwathy ORbileuilarkeliabls ween Geeks.) Nae 3. Z. oxianum Boriss. Fruit erect, equal-margined, cylindrical-pentahedral, large, (2.5)3— 3.8cm long; seeds smooth, shiny, with spongy gray coating; petals ca. 10mm long; stamens more or less distinctly exserted. @isKazakiistan’Dzharkent district; —Kopal district)):<). . P2'2 2°... .%. SS Pe) G7: Hee PCS TH ATS 4. Z. macropodum Boriss. Fruit drooping or declinate, long-cylindrical or short, (10)15—20 mm PaReA OEMS fac.) hore sae ek a we Se ee ew ee Oe ee SS AG. 119 156 oes 32. 33. 34. Fruit short, 10—15 mm long, ovoid or oblong-ovoid. (East of the Aina asaya why Ives) stem eats 2. Z. fabago L. subsp. orientale Boriss. Flowers ca. 6—8mm long. (Crimea, Caucasus, Kopet Dagh Range, eastern shores of the Caspian Sea) )))>. 98:00). : eee) eo - ye 2. Z. fabago L. subsp. typicum M. Pop. Flowers ca. 10mm long. (Kuldja, Khorgos, Ili River). us* 2 -) en 2. Z. fabago subsp. polichocarpum M. Pop. Smooth glabrous plants; fruit globose or OVO: %.:) tet tee 30. Plants scabrous-short-papillate; fruit attenuate, acute; leaflets indistinctly jointed with the short petiole, furcately spreading F ipedul apie: dteey tao OM 2 On nT Sry TAN Oct das Acoli cae 153° (Zi. * furcaituma > Avie. Leaflets conspicuously adnate to the much narrower petiole --..-- 31. Leaflets inconspicuously jointed with petiole, furcately spreading; petiole short, as wide as leaflets. (Near Dzhambul and Lake Balkhash) IO a ren Scare a Glob: Mire oNey Sa io (0. .00"9 27. Z. stenopterum Schrenk. Semishrubs up to 1m high: capsules small, ovoid or globose-ovoid, acutely pentahedral, 6—9 mm long, 7—8 mm wide; flowers ca. 6mm long, nearly regular; petals nearly as long as sepals; leaflets mostly linear to subfiliform. (W. Turkmenistan, Kyzyl-Kum) ...-.----. PR OT ets TIS ae Eats totes See cae Op Or GacuCkaT oo 25. Z. eichwaldii C.A.M. Herbaceous perennials; capsules elliptic, 10—15 mm long, 9—11 wide; flowers irregular, 8-11 mm long; petals longer than sepals; leaflets lanceolate to oblong-elliptic. (Caspian Sea from Kara-Bugaz gulf to Gurey, and Inder dake; Ust=Urt))) =. sain en ee 26. Z. ovigerum Fisch. et Mey. Leaflets broadly oval or orbicular, flat; stipules scarious; capsules oval; oblong—eylindricalior tinea Me Pop. in Byullt iS) AviGaUAsisie Go 2h) iia 16. 19s Perennial; root robust, woody, vertical; stems (40)50—80 cm high, 1—5, erect, herbaceous, finely and densely striate, with few furcately spreading branches and long internodes; stipules small, herbaceous, acute; leaves with 1 pair of large thick leaflets; petioles narrowly winged, half as long as leaves, terminating in short linear mucro; leaflets oblong or obliquely 124 162 orbicular-ovate, remote, rounded at apex, 3—4cm long, 1.5—3cm wide. Pedicels short, 5-10 mm long; flowers in 2's, more or less regularly dis- posed along stem; calyx of 5 sepals, three broadly ovate, ca.8mm long,5mm wide, broadly white-membranous at margin, the other two sepals green, 8mm long, 3mm wide, ovate; petals white, 10mm long, 5mm wide, 3 petals emarginate, oblong, gradually tapering towards base; stamens 10, five 12mm long, the others 14mm, with oval anthers; staminal scales half as long as or slightly longer than filaments, linear, fimbriate at apex; ovary oblong, 5-locular, with erect filiform style twice as long as ovary; receptacle oblique; capsules cylindrical, pentahedral, wingless, (2.5)3—3.8 cm long, ca. 7mm in diameter, obtuse at both ends, immature capsules linear with short persistent curved style; seeds many, ca. 10 in each cell, ovate, ca. 3mm long, 2mm wide, with shiny, spongy surface. Fl. May, Fr. July— August. Sandy and clayey, saline soils, Lasiagros tis splendens stands, solonchaks, saltwort deserts, sandy hills. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Kopal district, Ala-Kul Lake, Ili River), Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala-Tau). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja). Described from Dzharkent district between the Ili crossing and Borokhudzir. Type in Leningrad. 5. Z. obliquum M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (1925) 203; pep. — Ic.: Popov, l. c. tab.4(1) fig. 4. Perennial; root thick, robust, multicipital; stems herbaceous, many, branching from base, ascending or decumbent, up to 30cm long; stipules herbaceous, the lower connate, broadly ovate, obtuse, ca. 3mm long, nar- rowly membranous at margin, the upper free, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse; leaves uniparous; petioles shorter than blade, flat, winged, with short linear-subulate, usually herbaceous mucro at apex; leaflets glaucous, asymmetrical, obliquely ovate, acute, mucronulate, 10—20 mm long, 7-10 mm wide, cuneate at base, jointed at petiole. Pedicels 1.5—2.5 times as long as flowers; flowers 10—18mm long, solitary or twin; sepals ovate or oblong, 165 obtuse, green, very narrowly membranous at margin, 5—8 mm long; petals hardly longer than sepals, 6—10 mm long, obovate, orange below up to the middle; stamens not exserted from flower; staminal scales oblong, denti- culate at margin and apex, three-fourths as long as filaments; capsules erect, oblong-cylindrical, ca. 3cm long, ca. 5mm wide, equal throughout, pentagonal-prismatic, obtuse at both ends; seeds ovate, 3mm long, 2.0mm wide, flattened, covered with small gray papillae. Fl. June—August, Fr. June—September. Clayey, solonchak soils, sandy hills, wormwood-feather grass plots, gravel deposits, on old moraines up to 4,200 m, up to the alpine tundra and glaciers. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Lake Issyk-Kul, Kegen River, Sary- dzhas), Pam.-Al. (Kyzyl-Su River, Pamir). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kashgariya). Described from Pamir. Type in Leningrad. 6. Z. brachypterum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) S07) hdbed. Ress. 1/485;-O. and B. Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. I, 155, peopitaKryl,- Fl. Zap» Sibs. VIL 1845, p. p.— Z. fabago ssp. brachypterum M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (2 925)/4123 Pp: pr= Z. fabago Kryl., Fl. Alt. 203, non L.; Kryl., F1l.Zapy ‘Sib Vill; £845) pieps—Aesi M.iPop:.i1. teh tab. 4 (i), fa2Sb: 125 2—Z.ovigerum Fisch. et Mey.; 1— Zygophyllum stenopterum Schrenk.; PLATE IX. o—Z.fabago var. typicum 4—Z.miniatum Cham. et Schlecht.; 6— Z.oxianum Boriss. 3—Z. eichwaldii C.A.M.; M. Pop.; 126 166 Perennial; root thick, woody, multicipital; stems 6—10, erect, slightly flexuose, branching, herbaceous, thin, 15—30 cm high, with short 3—4 cm long internodes; stipules large, 3—5 mm long, ovate, obtuse; leaves with 1 pair of leaflets, rachis ending with a short-filiform mucro; petioles three-fourths as long as leaves, winged; leaflets obtuse, oblong to lance- olate, (1)1.5—2.5cm long, (3)5—6(8) mm wide. Flowers on long, thin, up to 1.5—2.5cm long pedicels; sepals unequal, three ca. 9mm long, 4mm wide, broadly membranous at margin, oblong-ovate, slightly emarginate, two sepals oval, ca. 7mm long, 3mm wide, obtuse; petals orbicular-oval, obtuse at apex, unequal, two 5mm long, three 4 mm long, all short-clawed; stamens 10, five stamens 8mm long; staminal scales (appendages of fila- ments) deeply fimbriate-incised, linear-lanceolate, more than half as long as filaments; ovary oblong, with thin style curved at apex; receptacle oblique; capsules pendulous downwards or to one side, long-pediceled, short-cylindrical, 10—18mm long, ca. 5mm wide, pentahedral, wingless, obtuse, with short persistent style; seeds 3mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide, subreniform, fissured at surface, tuberculate with protruding papillae. Fl. May—June, Fr. July. Clayey-solonetzic soil, often in Lasiagrostis splendens stands. — W.Siberia: Alt. (S.); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (near Lake Zaisan, Irtysh River). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Lake Zaisan. Type in Leningrad. Note. Z. brachypterum Kar. et Kir. is a good species with a definite distribution area that is smaller than that proposed by some authors, being limited to S. Altai, Zaisan depression and the adjacent parts of China. Its typical features are: numerous thin, low stems; long flowers; short, pendulous, cylindrical fruits; all of which clearly distinguish it from the other species in the series Macrophyllae Boriss. Series 2. Miniata Boriss.— Capsules wingless, linear; leaves with 1—3(4) pairs of flat leaflets; stipules membranous, small. 7, Z. miniatum Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnaea, V (1830) 49; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 485 (in observ.); Bge. Rel. Lehm. 237; Boiss. 1k Tog enalle 912: O. and B.Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. I, 154; M.Pop. in Byull. S| AwG4u. lr (1925) 120! — Z. cinnabarinum Freyn. inv herb.— ‘le: Pop.tds) citab. 5(2), f13a,— Exs.e G/R.F.Nov1857;' H.F. A.M. No. 186. Perennial; glabrous plant; stems herbaceous, prostrate to ascending, furcately branching, whitish, suleate; stipules membranous, the upper elongate, lanceolate to linear, acuminate, 3-4 mm long; leaves with 1—3(4) pairs of broadly oval [obovate] leaflets, the upper often with 1 pair of leaf- lets; petioles 7-15 mm long, slightly broadening near axis of leaf; leaflets broadly obovate, obtuse, 5-12 mm long, 3—8 mm wide, sometimes up to 2em long, 13 mm wide (var. cinnabarinum Fr. et Sint.). Pedicels shorter than calyx; flowers twin, axillary; sepals oblong-elliptic, obtuse, white- membranous at margin, 7—9 mm long; petals white, with red cuneate claw, ca. 8mm long, 3mm wide in upper part; stamens exserted from flowers, five stamens ca. 12 mm long, five ca. 8mm; staminal scales linear, shal- lowly fimbriate above, like stamens bright red; capsules drooping, linear, 30—40 mm long, 3—5 mm wide, wingless, falcately curved; seeds oblong- lanceolate, 4—5mm long, ca. 1.5mm wide, tuberculate. Fl. April—May, Fr. May. (Plate IX, Figure 4.) 127 167 168 Sands, gypsiferous and clayey-gravelly desert soils. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Kyz.K., Kara K., Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Bukhara (near Agatme). Type in Leningrad. Note. Var. cinnabarinum, cited in Bull. Herb. Boiss. IV (1904) 35.var. Cinnabaranu ne Hr. et Sint varinenig Venn anu evi cops in Byull. S.A.G. U. II (1925) 121, differs from the typical form by a taller habit (up to 35cm), larger leaves and leaflets, and narrower petals (Ashkhabad, Kelif, Kul-Keriz in Khodzhent district). 8. Z. rosovii Bge. in Linnaea, XVII (1843) 5; Bge. in Rel. Lehm. 5362 Maxim, Enum. pla Mong. 125; \Omjand 1B. Medehs Perec hy) tanta 11533 Kryl, Pls Za. Sib) Vile) 18455 MS Pops tint Byles arte Ona We en8 IMI exojor, IS es Ue. B72) aula. Oz. Perennial; root woody, robust, multicipital, with smooth reddish bark; stems many, usually spreading, sulcate, glabrous, 10—15cm high; stipules all free, white-scarious, ovate, the upper acuminate, finely crenate at apex, the lower obtuse, 2—3 mm long; leaves on 2—7 mm long petioles terminating in small white scarious lanceolate mucro, later deciduous; leaflets 1 pair, ovate, unequal-sided, acute or rounded at apex, 8—15(25) mm long, 7-12 cm wide, glaucous-green (like stems). Flowers usually 1—2, axillary, on 5—7 mm long pedicels, at first erect, drooping in fruit; sepals elliptic, obtuse, scarious at margin, ca. 5mm long, 2—3 mm wide; petals 5—7 mm long, 2—2.5mm wide, obovate, orange-red, whitish at the rounded apex, cuneate at base; stamens orange; staminal scales oblong, crenate or entire at apex; capsules 18—25 mm long, ca. 4mm wide, linear-lanceolate, thinly acuminate, dehiscing when ripe, obtusely pentahedral, subcylindrical, slightly or fal- cately curved; seeds oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous, finely dotted at surface Fl. May—July, Fr. June—August. Stony slopes, cliffs, up to 4,100 m in Pamir, pebbly and stony semideserts, sandy and solonetzic soil, pebbly-clayey and gravelly places, older Tertiary deposits.— Centr.Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. (Lake Issyk-Kul, Almatinka River); Pam.-Al. (Alai valley, Pamir). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Tib. Described from Mongolia. Type in Paris. 9. Z. latifolium Schrenk in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. St. Pétersb. II (1844)9198;, Bge. in Rely Ikehm. 536; “irautv. un Bull. (Soe Natu Mose: XXXII (1860) 464; Fisch. et Mey. in Suppl. Ind. IX, Sem. hort. Petr. 22.— le MiSRops an Byulll) SvAnGs Unie (19)2)/5) italose2a(5))iteO ofl) Zemsnorstonveret var. latifolium (Schrenk) M. Pop.] Perennial; resembling Z. rosovii Bge., but differing by larger stature, 15—20cm high; leaflets large, suborbicular, 1.5—2.5cm long, obtuse at apex; petioles mostly with ovate scarious mucro. Flowers generally 1 in axil; petals nearly as long as calyx; staminal scales usually entire; capsules large, cylindrical, curved, 3—5cm long, 5—7 mm wide. Fl. April, Fr. May—June. Sandy and solonetzic soils, pebbly and stony semideserts. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Sary-Su river, Kara-Kingir, Lake Balkhash, Ili River, Lake Zaisan shores of Chernyilrtysh). Endemic. Described from Kara-Kingir. Type in Leningrad. 128 Note. The many differentiating characters, the isolated distribution area and the specific ecological conditions make it possible to distinguish Z. latifolium Schrenk as a separate species albeit closely related to Go ros0 vil .Bge. 10. Z. microcarpum Boriss. sp. n. in Addenda XIII, 724. Perennial; root robust, woody, multicipital; stems ca. 15cm high, brittle, sulcate; stipules white-membranous, triangular, small, nearly entire or hardly crenate; leaves with short, 3—4 mm long petioles and 2 asymmetrical orbicular-ovate obtuse leaflets 6—12 mm long, 5—8 mm wide. Flowers 1—2 in axil, onca. 3mm long pedicels; sepals 5, oblong, ca. 7mm long, 3mm wide; petals white in the upper part, otherwise orange, orbicular, with short cuneate claw, hardly emarginate, ca. 6mm long, 4mm wide; stamens orange, exserted from flower, ca. 10 mm long; staminal scales 4mm long, lanceolate, fimbriate at apex; capsules 7—15(20)mm long, 5—6 mm wide in upper part, ovoid, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acuminate-tapering, pentahedral, slightly curved; ripe capsules with valves dehiscing in an umbellike form; seeds 3—4 mm long, Ca. 1mm wide, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at one end, surface uninterruptedly covered with papillae. Fl. May—June, Fr. June—July. Gypsum outcrops and porphyric volcanos. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (north of Lake Balkhash; Kounradski volcanos, Bek-Tau-Ata Mountains, Karkara- linsk district). Endemic. Described from Kounradski volcanos in the northern part of the Lake Balkhash area. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is closely related to Z. latifolium Schrenk from which it is distinguished by its smaller leaflets and fruits. It differs from Z. rosovii Bge. by smaller fruits, shape of sepals, obtuse leaflets and seeds, as well as by other characters. Series 3. Turcomanica Boriss.— Capsules wingless, long-cylindrical, curved; leaflets 1—2,rarely 3 pairs; stipules scarious, small. 11. Z. turcomanicum Fisch. et Mey. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. II (1839) 149, nomen solum; Bge. Rel. Lehm. (1851) 235; Boiss. Eule aose steel (1867) 914; O. and B.Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. I, 154; M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G. U. 11 (1925) 118.— Ic.: M. Pop. 1. c. tab. Sy fel... Perennial; glabrous smooth plant; root thick, woody; caudex multi- cipital, branching into short erect branches; stems herbaceous, simple, many, ca. 10—25 cm long; stipules small, 1—2 mm long, scarious, free, triangular, acute; usually dentate at margin; leaves with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets; petioles of lower and median leaves longer than leaflets, 15—20 mm long, distinctly jointed near leaflets; leaflets fleshy, narrow, linear- cylindrical or linear -spatulate, obtuse, broader at apex than petioles, 5—15 mm long,1—2mm wide. Pedicels thin, as long as flowers or slightly shorter; flowers nearly drooping, solitary or in pairs; sepals broadly membranous [at margin], 5-8 mm long, as long as or shorter than petals, red at base; stamens exserted; staminal scales shallowly fimbriate- dissected, sometimes with solitary lateral appendages; capsules linear or linear-oblong, 15—35 mm long, on short drooping pedicels, angular, acuminate at both ends; seeds linear-oblong, acute, coating gray ‘and uni- formly finely tuberculate, ca. 5mm long. Fl. May—June, Fr. June—July. 129 170 Eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, chalk mountains, limestone slopes. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Mangyshlak Peninsula, Ust-Urt. Krasnovodsk Gulf, Emba River, chalk mountains of Astau-Saldy and Ak-Kerege). Endemic. Described from the Karelin collections of Cape Tyukkaragan in the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is similar to Z. miniatum infruit. The speci- mens from Ust-Urt and Balkhany differ from the typical form by the size of the entire plant and size and shape of the leaflets and flowers. Local inhabitants call this plant "kryk-puun,'' meaning ''40 joints," because of the brittleness of the stems and leaves. 12. Z. dielsianum M. Pop. in Schedis ad Herb. Fl. As. Med. fasc. XVIII (1928) 75.— Z. miniatum ssp. Dielsianum M. Pop. in Byull. SAG Uneil (1925) 22. — lees ia By wily cretaler ai(2)) etait eee H. FLA. M. No. 432. Perennial; plant glabrous, greenish, with woody and branching caudex; root robust, woody, multicipital; stems numerous, sulcate, branching, 20—40cm high; stipules membranous, broadly triangular, finely toothed; free; leaves (1.5)2—4 cm long, with 1.5—2 cm long petioles; leaflets thick, of median and lower leaves 1—3 pairs, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, of the upper 1—2 pairs, linear, all obtuse, hardly petioluled, 10—15(30) mm long, 2—4(6)mm wide. Flowers solitary or twin, on ca. 8mm long thick pedicels; sepals oblong-obovate, obtuse, broadly membranous at margin, 7-8 mm long; petals obovate, cuneate at base, 7-8mm long; stamens unequal, 5mm and 10mm long; staminal scales oblong-linear, fimbriate mostly at apex, dor- sally scabrous-papillate; ovary with long filiform style persistent in young fruits; capsules many, drooping, cylindrical-linear, slightly falcately curved, acute, with acute edges, wingless, 30—35 mm long; seeds oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5mm long, covered with papillae. Fl. April-May, Fr. June—July. Saline soils in deserts, solonchaks along banks of lakes. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Golodnaya steppe, Dzhety-Sai), Syr D. (Ak-Syken Lake, north of Kokand). Endemic. Described from Dzhety-Sai in the Golodnaya steppe. Type in Leningrad. Note. The description of the flowers was taken from Popov since there was no material with flowers at our disposal. The specimens col- lected in the deserts near Ak-Syken Lake, located south of Kurama Range, differ from the typical Z. dielsianumM. Pop. by their larger, flatter leaves, sometimes up to 3 cm long and up to 6mm wide. Series 4. Subtrijuga Boriss.— Capsules wingless, short-oblong; leaf- lets 3,rarely 2—4 pairs; stipules herbaceous, narrowly scarious at margin. 13. "4. subtrijugum ©. A.M. in Iidb. HI alt. 1 (1830) 105) "hisehe Zygophyll. 9; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 484; O. and B.Fedch., Perech. r. Turk Loo; M- Pop. in) Byulle Ss. Aj G. Os ei 122-. Kerv.l en erieweZ aon Sib. VIII, 1847.— Z. trijugum Meyer ex Ldb. Reise (1830) 398 (nomen).— le: dbs: Ic) Rl Rosis. We) tab. 363.) Pope lb (Cc. fasesmioerraloe 6 (3) f.14.— Perennial; root vertical, equally thickened, multicipital; stems many, 20—25cm long, 2—2.5 mm thick, smooth, glabrous, prostrate or ascending, branching nearly from base into long shoots, otherwise simple; stipules mostly connate, herbaceous, leaf-like, narrowly scarious at margin, the 130 _@ lower ovate or orbicular, ca. 3mm long, the upper 1—2 mm long; leaves 2—2.5cm long, with short flat and winged 3—7 mm long petioles ending in short subulate scarious mucro; leaflets 3, rarely 2—4 pairs, sessile, flat, thick, oblong-ovate to linear- oblong, 8—17(20) mm long, 3—5(8) mm wide, obtuse, glaucous, oblique, cuneate-tapering at base. Flowers axillary, 2 or 1 in axil, on thin 7—15 mm long pedicels, generally erect, sometimes drooping in fruit; sepals ovate or oblong, 5—7 mm long, narrowly white- margined; petals white, purple at base, as long as or slightly longer than calyx, oblong, obtuse; stamens as long as petals, enclosed in flowers; scales linear, fimbriate at apex, entire at margin; capsules as long as pedicels, oblong-cylindrical or oblong-oval, (12)15—20 mm long, 5—6 mm wide, equal along the entire length, obtusely 5-ribbed, wingless, obtuse at both ends, sometimes rounded, with partly persistent mucronate style; seeds 4—4.5 mm; long, 2mm wide, oblong-reniform, tapering at one end, smooth, grayish with dense papillae. Fl. May—June, Fl. June—July. Clayey riverbanks, gravels, solonetzic steppes, solonchak banks. — W.Siberia: Irt.(SE); Centr. Asia: Balkh. Endemic. Described from Irtysh River. Type in Leningrad. 14. Z. balchaschense Boriss. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 725. — Perennial; root vertical, robust, multicipital; stems many, branching from base, erect, 10—15cm high, glabrous, sulcate; stipules connate, herba- ceous, green, sometimes dentate, suborbicular or ovate, ca. 2mm long, ca. 3mm wide, the upper thin-membranous at margin; leaves 1.5—2.5cm long, petioles winged and thickened, rachis often terminating in a leaflet (leaves unpaired) or soft subulate mucro (leaves paired); leaflets 3—4 pairs, thick, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute or obtuse, 8—12 mm long, 1.5—3 mm wide, tapering at base, green. Pedicels hardly longer than flowers or shorter; flowers 1—2 in axil, erect; receptacle thickened; sepals 5mm long, three sepals orbicular with thin white membranous margin, ca. 4mm wide, two sepals ovate, green, ca. 3mm wide; petals white, 7 mm long, ovate, obtuse; stamens. ca. 8mm and 9mm long; staminal scales basal, linear, ca. 5mm long, fimbriate at apex, densely villous outside; ovary oval, smooth; style nearly as long as ovary; capsules oval-globose 5-ribbed, partly droop- ing, 8-10 mm wide, 10—14 mm long, obtuse, with persistent filiform style, many-seeded; seeds ca. 3—3.5mm long, 1.5mm wide, oblong, tapering at one end, rough, densely covered with papilliform-bristles. Fl. May, Fr. June—July. Along banks, apparently on saline soils. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Lake Balkhash, Tokrau River north of Lake Balkhash). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Lake Balkhash. Type in Leningrad. Nete> elated to AZ: -subtrijugum, CC. AIM, from.which 1 15 dis-— tinguished by the globose-oval capsules, shape of the leaves, erect stems (stems in Z. subtrijugum spreading, with long shoots), shape of floral Dakis, cuc. Series 5. Furcata Boriss.— Fruit cylindrical, acuminate, wingless; leaflets 1 pair, diverging, without distinct articulation at the winged petiole. 131 LZ 173 (50 °Z..furcatum ©.AYM. an db: EW alt. Ti(es0) 06-7 di. ule Rosse l’486; Pische Zyoophylls 125)"@. and: B.iedehiy eee chic Turk. sy L54>) Karyl, oj ElaeZaap). sil., VilleGs Gee Nia Ope: mime ytle SAN Ga Un il tari Ge -aelice: lid, wler hha sass sive ceomontor. Perennial; root woody, robust, multicipital; plant scabrous with fine short obtuse papillae; stems many, 5—15 cm high, erect or ascending, herbaceous, green, sulcate, brittle, few-branched; stipules dry-membranous, small, 1—2 mm long, oblong, acuminate, the lower obtuse, broadly triangular, irregularly dentate-serrate; petioles (like leaves) fleshy, 3-10 mm long, nearly as long as or shorter than leaves, without awnlike mucro, green, slightly dilated in upper part, not jointed with leaflets; leaflets 1 pair, linear, attached to petiole, 5—10(25) mm long, 1—2(3) mm wide at apex, furcately diverging. Flowers on 4—7 mm long pedicels; sepals elliptic, obtuse, white-scarious at margin, 5-6 mm long, ca. 3mm wide; petals as long as calyx, 2—2.5mm wide, oblong-obovate; staminal scales half as long as filaments, oblong- elliptic, shallowly fimbriate at apex; capsules solitary, (5)10—20 mm long, on 5—7 mm wide [?] pedicels, lanceolate- cylindrical, obscurely pentagonal, acuminate and slightly curved at apex; seeds ca. 4mm long, 1.5mm wide, gray, densely verrucose, ripe seeds covered with gray intact coating. Fl. May—June, Fr. July—August. Solonchaks, solonetzes, sandy-gravelly soils. — W. Siberia: Alt. (Chingis- Tau); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Akmolinsk and Karkaralinsk districts), Dzu.-Tarb. (Chilik River). Endemic. Described from Alta. Type in Leningrad. Note. The specimens from the Chilik River valley differ some- what by the smaller size of the whole plant and the smaller, 5-10 mm long, acute and narrowly winged fruits. Section 2. PTEROCARPIUM Boriss. in Addenda XII], 725.— Capsules narrowly or broadly winged, globose or oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at apex. Plants of the eastern part of Central Asia and the western part of Middle Asia. Series 1. Oxycarpa Boriss. Low plants; capsules oblong, obtuse or acuminate at base, tapering at apex; leaflets 2—3—4 pairs, usually thick; stipules scarious, rarely herbaceous. IG. 4. oxycarpum WM. Pop. in Byull. SsAnG. Ul2 (ig 26) ip Ee Minwpanies, Kyle Zap: Sib. Vile S435) paw De—lCee nV e Op ame lemme tabs G(S)ifolo. — xs: HH AS NE No 89. Perennial; root thick, multicipital, woody; caudex lignified, thick, short; stems many, spreading, flexuose, simple or few-branched, thin, up to 1.5mm thick, 10—12cm high; stipules scarious, white, ovate, the upper lanceolate, finely dentate at margin, ca. 1mm long; leaves 2—3 cm long; petioles 10—20 mm long, with subulate membranous mucro at apex, petioles of lower leaves longer than leaves; leaflets 2—3 pairs with 4-5 mm between each pair, thick, oblong-linear, cuneate at base, slightly dilated in upper part, obtuse, (5)8—20 mm long, 1—2.5mm wide. Flowers 1, rarely 2 in axil, on 61017 2 132 3—5 mm long pedicels recurved in fruit; sepals 6—7 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide, oblong-ovate, narrowly scarious at margin, obtuse; petals obovate, cunate at base, rounded above, slightly shorter or as long as calyx; stamens and styles not exserted from flowers, nearly as long as petals; staminal scales up to one-third as long as filaments, linear, obtusely crenate along margin, crenate and obtuse at apex; capsules membranous, cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse and broad at base, tapering at apex, acute, yellowish when ripe, 20—30 mm long, 7—10mm wide at base, narrowly 5-winged, wings 2—3 mm wide; seeds obliquely ovate, laterally compressed, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, 3.5—4 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide. Fl. April—June, Fr. May—June. (Plate X, Figure 8.) Stony places. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Zaisan district, restricted to Mai-Kopchegai, Cherny Irtysh river valley, Kusto River, Kyzyl-Kain River). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (adjacent parts of China). Described from the Zaisan depression. Type in Leningrad. Note. Popov's diagnosis of Z. oxycarpum has been considerably changed; it actually refers only to those specimens from the Zaisan de- pression. In the other places mentioned in his work there are other species, e.g., Z karatavicum Boriss. which is completely isolated. The plants collected by Sovetkina on Kara-Tau Range under the name "Z. oxycar - pum “areim tact Z.’karatavicum Boriss: 17. Z. kopalense Boriss. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 726. Perennial; root thick, multicipital, woody; stems many, 6—8cm long, thin, sulcate, branching; stipules small, ca. 1 mm long, scarious, white, triangular-ovate; leaves 2—3 cm long; petioles nearly as long as rachis, with short green mucro at apex; leaflets (2)3—4 pairs, oblong to oblong- oval, 5—8mm long, 2—3 mm wide, obtuse. Flowers on pedicels nearly as long as flowers or shorter; sepals ca. 8mm long, ca. 2mm wide; petals white, slightly longer than calyx, 9-10 mm long, ca. 3mm wide; stamens 174 ca. 5mm long; staminal scales lanceolate, nearly half as long as filaments; ovary acute at apex, dilated at base; immature capsules acuminate, 5-ribbed, erect. Fl. May. Solonetzic places of red clayey shales, clayey solonetzic soils. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (basin of Kopa and Sary-Bulak rivers, northern shores of Lake Balkhash). Endemic. Described from the Kopa River basin, natural boundary of Dulon-Kara. Type in Leningrad. 18. Z. cuspidatum Boriss. n. sp. in Addenda XIII, 726.— Z. mucro- Harum We Pop, in Syull. S.A. G.U. 11"(1925) 119, p. p. non’ Maxim. Perennial; root robust, thick, short, multicipital, woody; plant pulvinate, with multicipital caudex; stems many, herbaceous, 5—6 cm high, thin, fragile, finely sulcate, glabrous or very sparsely beset with obtuse prickles, straight or flexuose, few-branched, one-year-old shoots lignified below; stipules very small, 0.5—1 mm long, membranous, white, not connate, double, triangular-ovate, dentate-fimbriate at margin; leaves 1.5—2 cm long, fleshy, with 2—3 pairs of leaflets, rachis constricted at joints, short internodes between leaflets and a subulate mucro at apex; leaflets (like petioles) covered with obtuse papillae, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obscurely acumi- nate at apex, mucronate or obtuse, 4—8 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide. Flowers ILS) unknown; fruits axillary, drooping, oblong, 10—17 mm long, ca. 5mm wide, mucronate, 5-winged, membranous, on 4mm long pedicels; seeds ca. 3mm long, 1mm wide, tapering and acute at one end and obtuse on the other, pale green, smooth, distinctly foveolate under magnification. Fr. end of June. Pebbly semidesert, foothills. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzharkent district). Endemic; growing possibly in the adjacent parts of Dzu.-Kash. Described from Dzharkent district between Temerlik and Chushanai valley. Type in Leningrad. Note. Zo cusipidatum, differs from )4. mule ronea tums Masia with which it is intermixed, by its pulvinate habit, low stature, robust many- branched root,membranous stipules, 5-winged and not pentagonal capsules, and by the size, shape and texture of the seeds. Z. mucronatum Maxim., which was described from Alashan Range in Mongolia, occurs, in addition to Mongolia, also in Kansu province, but is not encountered in the USSR. 19. Z. karatavicum Boriss. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 726. — Exs.: Hen vA IV. Now uSoa(subsh Ze Obay cam pom MM: Pop.) Perennial; root thick, vertical; caudex multicipital, short; stems many, erect, simple or few-branched in upper part, 1.5—2 mm thick, 8—14 cm high, finely sulcate; stipules triangular-ovate, membranous or herbaceous, white- scarious and fimbriate-dentate at margin, ca. 1—1.5mm long; lower leaves 3—4cm long, the upper 2—3 cm, rachis with filiform white mucro at apex; petioles 10—20 mm long; leaflets (2)3—4 pairs, 6—10 mm between each, spatulate, cuneately tapering at base, obtuse at apex, 5-10 mm long, 2-3mm wide above. Flowers drooping post-anthesis, 1 or 2 in axils, on 5-6 mm long pedicels; three sepals 7 mm long, ca. 4mm wide, ovate, acute, two sepals oblong, 6mm long, 3mm wide, obtuse above, slightly tapering at base; petals 3mm long, with broad blade, 2.5—3 mm wide, narrowly clawed, obtuse at apex; stamens ca. 3mm long, with anthers ca. 1 mm long; staminal scales long-adnate to filaments, slightly fimbriate at apex; style filiform, hardly longer than stamens; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, oblong- ovoid, 5-ribbed; capsules ovoid, asymmetrical, 5-winged, slightly tapering, obtuse, 15-18 mm long, ca. 8mm wide, widest at the middle; seeds (unripe) oblong, tapering at one end, obtuse at the other, and smooth, dark brown, 2—5 in each cell. Fl. May, Fr. June. (Plate X, Figure 7.) Stony mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Kara-Tau Range). Endemic. Described from Kara-Tau Range. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is distinguished from Z. oxycarpum M. Pop. by the number of pairs of leaflets, their size and shape, the longer pedicels, the size and shape of capsules, as well as by a number of other characters. Series 2. Annua Boriss.— Annuals, with oblong capsules; leaflets 1- or 2-paired; stipules wholly membranous or only at margin. 20. Z. lehmannianum Bge. in Mem. savant étrang. VII (1851) 237; Oevand#B)hedche a berech wits ghuick. 1 1 55se Me opes sinus Siyuililban Sees Cole 1AN(E926) NO. —'Z. Kanrelini E. et M: an Bull. Soc.iNatn Mose.s@is3o) 1495) nomen nudum; Boiss. i). orl (£867 )s9l0e— ee. Baew le: splnove Lehm. (1848) tab.10; Bge. in Arb. Naturw. Vereins zu Riga, I, 2, tab. 10; VIER OD wil aCentabmOn(3) i tenis icone bls AVN IE sIN@ ellie 134 176 Ie Annual; root simple, vertical, yellowish; low plant, 8—12 cm, glabrous; stems many, diffuse, furcately branching from base, angular, fleshy, pro- cumbent; stipules small, ovate, acute, transparent, wholly membranous or at margin; leaves mostly uniparous, the median biparous; petioles and rachis broad, almost winged, constricted at joint with leaflets; rachis terminating in very short mucro; leaflets 7-15 mm long, ca. 5mm wide, nearly oblique, obovate-oblong, rounded at apex, sometimes partly or all connate at base. Flowers yellow, axillary, mostly solitary or twins (some- times the older abortive), on very short, ca. 1.5mm long thick pedicels; sepals yellow, obovate, hardly marginate, obtuse, 5mm long, 3mm wide, usually 3-nerved; petals slightly shorter than calyx; stamens not exserted from flowers; staminal scales adnate to filaments, narrow, very finely toothed at margin, one-half to three-fourths as long as filaments; ovary ca. 3mm long; style ca. 1.5mm long; capsules drooping, 5-locular, ca. 20—25mm long, ca. 8mm wide when ripe, broadly elliptic, indurate- subcoriaceous, angular, with 5 reticulate wings 2—3 mm wide and nearly twice as wide as cell, many-seeded; seeds flattened, nearly angular, 3—5mm long. ° F 1. April, Fr. May—June. Clayey and marly soils, solonetzes, dry hills, gypsum soils. — Centr. Asia: Kara K. (shores of the Caspian Sea), Mtn. Turkm. (spurs of Kyuren-Dagh Range), Syr D. (Kokand and Margelan districts), Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzharkent district). Gen. distr.: Kuldja. Described from near Novo-Aleksandrovsk. Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Marginulata Boriss. — Capsules narrowly winged, oblong; leaflets 1—3 pairs; stipules scarious. Aigo Ze iiense M. Pop... in) Byull. S.A. G.U. 212 (1926) 112. des: Mi Pop. f. "erttab 65 fa lB: Perennial; root woody, thickened, flexuose; stems many, 5—15(20)cm long, decumbent or ascending, herbaceous, dry, brittle, striate, glabrous, few-branched, with 2—5 cm long internodes in fruit; stipules all free, white- membranous, small, ca. 1 mm long, the lower broadly ovate-triangular, the upper lanceolate, finely toothed at margin; leaves 1—2 cm long, with petioles 4—6 mm long ending with subulate membranous mucro; leaflets 1—3 pairs, lower and median leaves 3- and 2-paired, the upper sometimes with 1 pair, flat, glabrous, smooth, broadly oval or suborbicular, obscurely nerved. Flowers 1—2 in axil, on 4—5 mm long pedicels; sepals oblong, obtuse, 5—6 mm long, hyaline-membranous, at margin; petals obovate or oblong, rounded or obtuse at apex, apparently orange at base, three times as long as calyx; stamens prominently exserted, nearly twice as long as flowers; staminal scales oblong below, one-third as long as filaments; capsules cylindrical or oblong, membranous, glabrous, immature capsules ca.2cm long, 6 mm wide, obtuse at both ends, narrowly winged, with long persistent style. Fl.June, Fr.unripe July. Slopes, riverbanks, ca. 800 m.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Khorgos, Karasu, Khan-Tau, at foot of Altyn-Emel mountain pass). Endemic. Described from the Ili River valley. Type in Leningrad. 135 Series 4. Pterocarpa Boriss.— Capsules oblong-oval or oval, rounded at both ends: leaflets 1—3 pairs; stipules green, herbaceous or scarious or only scarious at margin. 22. Z. pterocarpum Bge. in Ldb. Fl. alt. II (1830) 103; Fisch. bs xojolne, Se IUiclld, 12 Ross. I, 484: Maxim. Enum. pl. Mong. 127; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1848; M. Pop. in Byull. 5.A.G.U. 12 (1926) 113. — Z. altaicum Steph. in herb.— Ic.: Ldb. Ic. Fl. Ross. IV, tab. 382; MaPopatlea ComtaoanGn(e)) pata 2 Ok Perennial; plant glabrous, glaucescent; root woody, multicipital; stems lignified at base, numerous, spreading, thin, finely sulcate, furcately branch- ing into thin spreading branches, 10—1 5(20) cm high; stipules green, white- membranous only at margin, ovate, rounded at apex, the upper lanceolate, 1—1.5mm long, appressed when young, later recurved then deciduous; leaves 7—12mm long, usually with 2 or 3 rather approximate pairs of leaflets; petioles short, 4—6 mm long, narrowly winged, flat, ending with ca. 0.6mm long subulate whitish recurved mucro, sometimes terminating in a leaflet, petioles of lower leaves shorter than leaflets; leaflets thick, flat, linear- oblong or lanceolate, 5—13(15)mm long, 1.5—3(5) mm wide, glabrous, glaucescent, acute. Pedicels 5—10 mm long, later elongating; flowers twin or solitary in axil; sepals elliptic, obtuse, 5-7 mm long, 4—4.9mm wide; petals oblong-obovate, obtuse at apex, entire, slightly longer than calyx; 7—10 mm long, whitish in upper part, orange below, tapering at base to rather long cuneate claw; stamens orange, hidden in flowers; staminal scales nearly half as long as filaments, oblong-lanceolate, serrate-dentate at margin, shallowly fimbriate at apex; ovary oblong; style erect, nearly as long as stamens; capsules oblong-oval or oval, rounded at both ends, rarely acute, 10—20 mm long, 6—10(12) mm wide, pentahedral, with 2—3 mm wide wings, membranous; seeds 3—4mm long, 1.5—2.5(3) mm wide, oblong- ovate, obtuse at one side, densely covered with gray papillae. Fl. June— July; Fr. July—September. Clayey-solonetzic and clayey-sandy slopes, solonetzic meadows in clayey deserts.— W.Siberia: Alt. (Chuya steppe, S.Altai); Centr. Asia: Balkh, (Zaisan district, Ili River). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong. (Mong. Altai, Gobi). Described from the Chuya River. Type in Leningrad. 178 23. Z, taldy-kurganicum Boriss. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 727. Perennial; glabrous plant; root robust, woody, with numerous cordlike branches; stems many, woody at base, flexuose, branching, sulcate, ca. 15 cm high; stipules scarious, the lower ovate, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, ca. 2mm long; leaves 1.5—2 cm long, with 2 pairs of leaflets, rachis with inconspicuous white mucro at tip; petioles as long as or slightly longer than rachis; leaflets thick, flat, broadly ovate, 8-12 mm long, 5—9 mm wide, obtuse, asymmetrical, glabrous. Flowers unknown; fruiting pedicels 2—4mm long; capsules oblong, 2.5—3 cm long, 10—14 mm wide, membranous, with wings as wide as cells; seeds ovate, large, ca. 6mm long, 3mm wide, obtuse at one side, acute at the other, gray, covered with papillae. Fr. July. Gypsum clays.— Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb. (Taldy-Kurgan district). Endemic. Described from the Kara-Tal River and Lake Uch-Kul. Type in Leningrad. 136 279 Series 5. Fabagoidea Boriss.— Capsules globose or oval, narrowly winged or acute at ribs; leaflets 2, sometimes rachis terminating ina leaflet (leaves ternate); stipules herbaceous. 24. Z. fabagoides M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (1925) Dis tS tier M. Pop: Isre. tab:4 (1) £.3. Perennial; plant 20—40 cm high, woody at base; stems indurate, spread- ingly-branching from base, with elongate internodes, finely sulcate, straw- yellow, pale green in the upper part, shiny below, glabrous, smooth; stipules herbaceous, the lower suborbicular, connate, 2—3 mm long, the upper free, short, 1—1.5mm long, triangular-ovate; leaves remote, with thin 8—18(20) mm long petioles, terminating in short subulate-setiform mucro; leaflets always 1 pair, oblong or ovate, obtuse, slightly asymmetrical, flat)thick, 1.2—2.5cm long, 6-11 mm wide. Flowers 2 in axil, on 8—12 mm long thin pedicels; flower buds rotund; sepals 5, ovate-orbicular, green, membranous at margin, unequal, two larger, ca. 5mm wide, 6—8 mm long, three others 4—5 mm wide, 5mm long; petals white in upper part, orange at base; stamens 10—12mm long, with ca. 2mm long anthers, filaments long, orange; staminal scales 3—4 mm long, linear, fimbriate at margin, style white, filiform, erect, ca. 8mm long; ovary 5-locular, ovoid, glabrous. Fl. May—August, Fr. August. Sands, sandy hills, tugai (bottomland complex with forests, bushes and meadows in river valleys — Middle Asia, USSR).— Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Ili River valley, sands of Muyun-Kum), Dzu.-Tarb. Endemic. Described from the Ili River near Dubun. Type in Leningrad. 25. Z. eichwaldii C.A.M. in Eichw. Pl. casp.-cauc. (1831—1833) 15, pro parte excl. hab. pr. Guriew; Ldb. Fl. Ross. A4e by p.. oye? Boiss.) Fl. or. I, 914; O. and B.Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. I, 154.2029 Etepweldii var. a. Bge. Rel. Lehm, (1851) 236.— Z. ramosissimum M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (1925) 115.— Exs.: H.F.A.M. No. 433 (sub Z. ramo- sissimo M.Pop.).— Ic.: Eichw. 1. c. tab.14; M. Pop. i teteabast2),.f..6. Perennial; semishrub, sometimes up to 1m high; stems usually woody, smooth, yellowish, furcately much branching from base or from the middle, branches thin, spreading, finely sulcate, virgate; lower stipules connate, herbaceous, ovate, 5—7 mm long, the upper paired, free, small, nearly mem- branous, lanceolate; leaves generally 1-paired; petioles shorter than blade, 5—15 mm long, short-mucronate or lanceolate at apex; [leaflets] asym- metrical, flat, thick, 15—25 mm long, 5—7 mm wide, upper leaflets linear or narrowly linear to subfiliform, much longer than petioles, 1—2mm wide, 10—20mm long. Flowers mostly solitary, nearly regular (hardly zygo- morphic); pedicels thin, nearly as long as calyx, 5-8 mm long; sepals 5—6 mm long, oblong or obovate, broadly membranous-hyaline at margin, three sepals 3mm wide, 2ca. 1.5mm wide; petals nearly as long as or slightly shorter than sepals, ca. 6mm long, spatulate, obtusely emarginate, bright red at base; stamens prominently exserted; staminal scales linear, adnate to filaments at base, serrate-dentate at apex and margin; capsules small, globose-oval or globose-ovoid, with 5 acute ribs, 8-10 mm long, 7—8 mm wide, on drooping pedicels; seeds large, 6—7 mm long, reniform or oblong, black, the unripe glabrous. Fl. April—May. (Plate IX, Figure 3.) 137 180 Sandy deserts. — Centr. Asia: Kara K., Kyz.K., Pam.-Al. (Samarkand), | From Cheleken on the Caspian Sea to Samarkand in the east. Endemic. Described from Lake Dagoda in Balkhanskii bay. Type in Leningrad. | Note. Z. eichwaldii C.A.M. s. str. is distributed more to the south than Z. ovigerum F. et M. Apparently the two species grow closely to each other near Kara-Bogaz Gol. A thorough examination of the pubescence did not show the similarity which Popoy noted when placing them in the synonymy of Z. eichwaldii, subsequently redescribed as Z. ramosissimum M.Pop. Boissier correctly distinguished them. Meyer, in describing Z. eichwaldii, comprehended this taxon in a wide sense and included here specimens from Gur'ev referring to Zs oyvic gerum Fisch. et Mey., separated (in 1839) and redescribed (in 1851) by Bunge. The two species are readily distinguished from each other by the size of the flowers and fruits and by the shape of the petals and leaves. Z. eichwaldii is a semishrub, up to 1m high in Kyzyl-Kum. Z. ovi- gerum is a herbaceous perennial. Each has its specific area of distributio1 26. Z. ovigerum Fisch. et Mey. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1839) 149, nomen; Bge. Rel. Lehm. (1851) 236, descriptio; Boiss. Fl. or. I; SOU @©-yandy Ba Hedch.;.2erech. ay inurk. ile 153; Hedch Rast. iiss ssae Z. Eichwaldii C.A.M. in Eichw. Pl. casp.-cauc. (1831—1833) 15, quoad pl. e Gurjev.— Z. Eichwaldii var. 8. strictor Bge. Rel. ehmer (soih\a236.— A Piel wealiduli ele Pop. Byull, SsAyGaUanil (1925) "144 non Co AMIViN—siea-y IVE mop. lca ital eel) paaresoe Perennial; glabrous plant, woody at base; stems 15—35cm long, erect, herbaceous, finely sulcate, few-branched, branches ascending, alternate or opposite; stipules herbaceous, the lower connate, suborbicular, 5—6 mm long, 7mm wide, the upper separate, narrower, broadly lanceolate, acute; leaves uniparous, 10—15mm long petioles, ending with a thin mucro; leaflets 1,5—3 times as long as petioles, sessile, thick, flat, the upper linear, the lower oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 30—35 mm long, 3—10 mm wide. Pedicels erect at anthesis, 5-10 mm long, elongating, drooping in fruit; flowers mostly soli- tary, drooping, zygomorphic; receptacle abruptly oblique; sepals glabrous, oval, 8-10 mm long, obtuse, broadly white-membranous at margin; petals obovate, obtuse, entire, slightly longer than calyx, white, orange at base; stamens exserted; staminal scales large, dentate at apex, glandular-hairy; capsules subglobose or elliptic, nearly wingless, acute at ribs or narrowly winged, 10—15 mm long, 9-11 mm wide; seeds 4—6 mm long, gray. Fl. May— July, Fr. June—August. (Plate IX, Epilogue.) Takyr (clay soil area in desert and semi-desert regions — Middle Asia, USSR), solonchaks, saline soils at margin of sands, shores, chalk limestones and marl soils. — European part: L.V. (Krasnoarmeisk, the vicinity of Gur'ev, Ryn-Peski); Centr. Asia: Ar. -Casp. (Inder Lake, Ust-Urt, shores of the Caspian Sea, Mangyshlak Peninsula), Kara K. (southern shores of Kara-Bogaz Gol). Endemic. Described from the shores of the Caspian Sea in N, Turkmenistan, from Karelin's collections. Note. Z. ovigerum is distributed in the northwestern part of Central Asia along the shores of the Caspian Sea and in Ust-Urt, from the southern part of Kara-Bogaz Gol to Inder Lake in the north. Boissier quite 138 correctly distinguished Z. ovigerum from Z. eichwaldii, but Bunge in distinguishing them did not fully comprehend their geography, and thus included specimens of Z. ovigerum from the vicinity of Gur'ev (var...) in Z. eichwaldii. Series 6. Stenoptera Boriss.— Fruit globose, winged; leaflets 2, fur- cately diverging, without a distinct joint at the foliaceous-winged petiole. 181 27. Z. stenopterum Schrenk in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. St.-Pétersb. III (1845) 308; Bge. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXII (1860) 466; O. and B. Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. 154; M.Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (1925) Tien leoysPop: l., Go tab. 5(2) £a.> Exs.y H.aF.AsM: No. 434. Perennial: root woody, robust, multicipital, with short thick branches in upper part; stems herbaceous, many, indurate, erect or ascending, 15—30 cm high, simple or sparsely branching; stipules small, scarious, the lower connate, broad, ovate, the upper separate, triangular, membranous; petioles shorter than leaves, 3-5 mm long, winged-foliaceous, indistinctly jointed with leaflets, terminating in a setiform mucro; leaflets 1 pair, linear, 10-20 mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, terete, fleshy, obtuse. Flowers mostly solitary in axil, zygomorphic, on 4-8 mm long pedicels; sepals 5—6 mm long, narrowly white-margined; petals hardly longer than sepals; stamens much exserted; staminal scales lanceolate, deeply and narrowly dissected at apex into 2—3 curved lobes, finely dentate at margin, scabrous papillate above; capsules oval-globose, 10—15 mm long, 7-12 mm wide, obtuse at both ends, angular-winged, wings long, very narrow, twice as nar- row as cell; seeds 5mm long, 2mm wide, gray with dense sessile papillae. Fl. June; Fr. July. (Plate IX, Figure 1.) Saline sands, solonchaks, solonchak serozem, gypsiferous soils in deserts. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (at foot of mountains near Dzhambul, in the delta of the Talas River, sandy steppes near Lake Balkhash). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Dzhambul. Type in Leningrad. Note. Similar to Z. furcatum in shape of leaves, but differing in shape of capsules and many other characters. ZA. Gt ohw ald. fesem- bling Z. stenopterum in shape of capsule, is distinguished by its her- baceous stipules, shape of the leaflets and other characters. Series 7. Macroptera Boriss. — Capsules broadly winged, large, globose or oval; stipules scarious; leaflets 2—5 pairs; plants covered sparingly to more or less densely with short papilliform prickles. 28. Z. kegense Boriss. in Addenda XIII, 727. Perennial; root long, woody, multicipital, branching, densely tufted; stems herbaceous, usually erect, low, 5—10(15) cm high, sparsely covered with obtuse short prickles; stipules separate, scarious, white, triangular- lanceolate, fimbriate at margin; leaves 2—3 [m?] long, thick, glabrous, with petioles one-third as long as blade, and rachis constricted at joints with leaflets; leaflets 2—3(4) pairs, thick, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, 7—12 mm long, 1.5—2mm wide, obtuse. Flowers 1—2 in axil, ca. 10mm 139 182 long, on erect 5-10 mm long pedicels; sepals large, 8mm long, 3—5 mm 183 wide, elliptic, obtuse; petals 10—11 mm long, yellowish when dry, cuneate at base, obtuse at apex, varying in width, 3—5mm wide; stamens slightly longer than petals; staminal scales one-third as long as filaments, linear, shallowly toothed at margin; ovary pentahedral, with long filiform style; capsules ovoid-oval, (1)2—3 cm long, (1)1.3—1.8 cm wide, slightly tapering at base, 5- winged, with thin membranous wings 7—9 mm wide, short- mucronate at apex, many-seeded, 3—5 seeds in cell; seeds ca. 4mm long, ca. 1.5mm wide, oblong, densely and finely granular, grayish. Fl. May— June, Fr. July. Dry, clayey mountain slopes, gypsiferous variegated sandstones. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Kegen district, Charyn River, Sary-Dzhas, Temerlykii and Sartogoi mountain passes). Endemic. Described from Kegen district. Type in Leningrad. 29. Z. macropterum €. AIM. in Ldb. Fll-alt: 11 (830) 102;"asehe Ayeophe 8: udb. shill Rossii, 434 Boss silt tomaM soi Gevalsn Tel. Alt.'202° ©. and B.Fedchy, Perech: 5, \furks 2) 15557 M2 Pop.) immsyauide S.A. GU. 12°(1926) 1143" Kryl., FI. “Zapaisibs Villy 184.95) Ze pM nia ae Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnaea, V (1830) 48.— Z. Steversianum Stephan in herb. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 484, nom. nud.— Z. coccineum Schrenk in herb,— Ie.y Ldby Ice bly Ross, il tab. 1407) Mie Ropaseses tale 1613)" fer) Perennial; root robust, multicipital, woody; stems many, cespitose, spreading, partly ascending, (5)10—20 cm high, like petioles, pedicels and calyx scabrous with very short obtuse prickles; stipules separate, white- scarious, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, membranous and fimbriate or dentate at margin, (1)1.5—2 mm long; leaves 20—30 mm long, with small soft membranous mucro at apex; petioles 10—23 mm long; leaflets 3—5 pairs, elliptic or obovate, obtuse, 5-12 mm long, 2—6(8) mm wide, thick, flat, glabrous. Flowers axillary, on 2—7 mm long pedicels, erect at anthesis, drooping in fruit; sepals elliptic, obtuse or short-mucronate, 5—6 mm long, 4—5mm wide; petals slightly to 1.5 times as long as calyx, obovate, more or less crisp-hairy at apex, obtuse, sometimes emarginate, tapering below, orange; five stamens nearly as long as petals, 5 shorter; staminal scales oblong, truncate and deft at apex, not deeply fimbriate at margin, orange- red like stamens; capsules large, 2—4.5cm long, 2—4 cm wide, subglobose or oval-globose, nearly as long as wide, membranous, wings broad, 5-12 mm wide; seeds 5—9mm long, 2—3 mm wide, obliquely lanceolate, slightly flat- tened, yellowish or nearly grayish- greenish, densely and finely granular at surface. Fl. April-May, Fr. May—August. (Plate X, Figure 6.) Solonetzic soils and solonetzes, clayey slopes, stony desert soils. — European part: V.-Kama (Zilair canton, S. Bashkir ASSR); W. Siberia: U. Tob (Orsk district); Centr.Asia: Ar.-Casp. (eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, Akmolinsk, Aral Sea), Balkh. (Zaisan depression, Irtysh River valley), Kara K. (rarely), Kyz.K., T.Sh. (Naryn River), Pam.-Al. (upper reaches of Zeravshan). Gen. distr.: Iran (between Astrabad and Shakhru). Described from Irtysh River and Kurchum. Type in Leningrad. Note. The typical Z. macropterum C.A.M. shown in Plate X occurs in the southern desert region of Altai and the Zaisan depression. It is extremely polymorphic throughout its huge distribution area. There 140 is no doubt that Z. macropterum s. lat. represents a series of closely related species differing in habitat but difficult to distinguish. Specimens from the chalk mountains at the shores of the Caspian Sea were indeed separated (var. microphylla Boriss.) and are characterized by their very small orbicular leaflets and smaller capsules. The existence of transitional forms (between the extreme west and east) at the center of the distribution area makes the division into individual species impossible. The E. Tien Shan race, Z. kegense Boriss., which is confined to the mountain slopes of E. Semirechye, is easily discriminated. Series 8. Macropteroidea Boriss.— Capsules large, broadly winged; leaflets 1—2 pairs, flat, large; stipules herbaceous, narrowly scarious at margin; glabrous plants, 30. Z. potaninii Maxim. in Mél. biolog. XI (1881) 174; Ejusd. Enum. pl. Moncol 40889) 126;, O: and .B.Fedch., Perech.:rs ‘Turk. «11,0155; MyPop.4ia, Byull. SoA; G.U.g42) (1926) 113: Kryl., Fl, Zap). Sibo: VIL, 1847.— Ic.: Maxim. Enum. pl. Mong. tab. XII, 1-10; Popov, 1. c. tab. 6(3) f Dike, Perennial; root cylindrical, multicipital; stems erect, spreadingly branching from base, glabrous, 10—17(25) cm high, thick, brittle, with inter- nodes as long as or longer than leaves; stipules connate, herbaceous, nar- rowly scarious only at margin, broad and short, obtuse, finely crenate; leaves flat, with 3—8 mm long petioles, rachis winged, with scarious fili- form mucro at apex; leaflets 1—2 pairs, obliquely obovate or orbicular, large, 10—25 mm long, 7—20 mm wide, 2—3-nerved. Flowers 2, sometimes 3, drooping, pedicels shorter than calyx, elongating post anthesis; sepals obovate, obtuse, yellowish, petaloid, 4—7 mm long, 4—5 mm wide; petals whitish, like stamens orange in the lower half, spatulate-obovate, tapering at base, usually short-acuminate at apex, finely undulate, slightly shorter than to sometimes half as long as sepals; stamens exerted from flowers; staminal scales giabrous, linear-oblong, half as long as filaments, fimbriate- dentate at the upper part; style long, prominent, twice as long as ovary; capsules drooping, chartaceous, oval-globose or subglobose, 15—25 mm long, 15-18 mm wide, 5-winged, with broad wings 5—7 mm; seeds ca. 5mm long, 2.5mm wide, densely short-papillate, flattened, obliquely ovate, 4—5 in each cell. Fl. May—June, Fr. June—August. Pebbly, stony and sandy soils of semideserts. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (basin of the Kaldzhir River near Chiganchia in the vicinity of Lake Zaisan). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (C. Mongolia, Gobi Altai, Kuldja). Described from Mongolia. Type in Leningrad. Subgenus 3. Sarcozygium/(Bge.) Boriss.— Gen. Sarcozygium Bge. in Linnaea, XVII (1843) 7.— Sarcozygium Engl. Pflanzenfam. 19a (1931) 162.— Grex Sarcozygium subgeneris Eazygophyllum M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (1925) 105.— Shrubs. Flowers 4-merous; fruit a 3-winged large oval or globose capsule with thin chartaceous wings; leaves compound of 2 leaflets. 141 hts) ff Section 1. XANTHOXYLON Boriss.— Flowers 4-merous. Capsules oval or globose, 3-winged, 3-locular, not depressed at apex. Glabrous plants. 31. Z. ferganense (Drob.) Boriss. comb. n.— Z. xanthoxylon var. ferganense Drob. in Sched's ad Herb. Fl. Ross. VIII (1922) 184.— Z. xanthoxylon ssp. ferganense M.Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 12 (1926) 118.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 2750. Shrub, strongly branching, branches flexuose, spreading, often spinous, with grayish bark covered with whitish bloom, and with rigid lemon-yellow wood; stipules very small, membranous, triangular-orbicular; leaves small, with 2 fleshy leaflets, opposite on young branches, clustered on old branches; petioles 4—8 mm long, thin; leaflets thick, 3—7 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, small, oblong-spatulate or obovate, obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, slightly shorter than petioles. Buds globose; flowers 1—2, axillary, on 7—8 mm long thin pedicels, lemon-yellow,4-merous; sepals 4, orbicular-oval, 5mm long, 4mm wide, thick, green, rounded at apex, narrowly white- and hyaline- membranous at margin; petals 4,8—9 mm long, 5-6 mm wide at apex, orbi- cular or orbicular-ovate, obtuse, with very short ca. 1mm long claw; four of which longer, 10-12 mm long; staminal scales linear-oblong, fimbriate at apex, 4—5mm long; ovary 3-locular, very rarely 2-locular, trihedral; style filiform, slightly longer than stamens; capsules (15)18—25 mm wide and long, on thick 7-10 m long pedicels, globose, dehiscent, depressed [?] at apex and base, wings 3, broad, thinly membranous, finely nerved, two to three times as broad as cell; seeds 1—3 in each cell, 8mm long, 3mm wide, oblong, glabrous, olive-colored, faintly spongy-vesiculose at surface. Fl. March—April, Fr. May—September. (Plate X, Figure 2.) Mountain slopes, very dry gypsiferous soils and conglomerates. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Fergana—Ak-Bel mountains, Sokh River, Santo). Endemic. Described from Ak-Bel Range. Type in Leningrad. Note. Z. ferganense Boriss. differs from Z. xanthoxylon Maxim., described from Mongolia, by the size and shape of leaflets, shape of capsules and flower parts. Subsp. elongatum Boriss. is encountered in the limestone-gypsum hills and conglomerate ridges of Mogol-Tau Range, Supe-Tau Mountain, near Khodzhent and in Chutskii district; it is character- ized by the following features: elongate branches (less angular), petioles up to 2.5cm long, leaflets oblong-spatulate, up to 1.5cm long, 5mm wide, sepals 7mm long, oval, very narrowly membranous at margin, petals yellow, orbicular, 10mm long, with distinct claw, stamens 10 and 13mm long, cap- sules usually broader than long, 1.5—3 cm long, 1.8—3.5 cm wide, hardly emarginate, (10)15—20 mm long on pedicels, seeds 1 in each cell, 8-9mm long, ca. 3mm wide. 32. Z. kaschgaricum Boriss. sp. nov. in Addenda XIII, 728. — Z. xanthoxylon auct. pro parte. Shrub, with flexuose spinous branches and short internodes; bark glaucous-gray, obsoletely striated, wood yellow; stipules very small, membranous; leaves compound of 2 leaflets, fleshy, opposite in.the young branches, clustered in the old branches, with 6—10(15) mm long petioles; leaflets fleshy, linear, nearly as long as petioles, 6—10(17) mm long, obtuse. 142 PLATE X. 1—Zygophyllum bucharicum B.Fedtsch.; 2— Z. ferganense (Drob.) Boriss.— 3—Z.gontscharovii Boriss; 4—Z.€urypterum Boiss. et Buhse.; 5—Z.megacarpum Boriss.— 6— Z.macropterum C.A.M.; 7—Z.karatavicum Boriss; 8— Z.oxycarpum M. Pop. 143 188 189 Flowers 1—2 in axil, on 6—10 mm long pedicels; sepals usually persistent in fruit, (3)4, fleshy, oval; receptacle capitate, fleshy, concave; petals unknown; capsules oval, ca. 23mm long, ca. 13mm wide, attenuate at base, obtuse at apex, hardly depressed, of dull parchment-color, with thin reticular nerves, 3-winged, wings 1.5—2 times as broad as cell; seeds 1—2 in cell, semi-oblong, ca. 8mm long, 2.5mm wide, yellowish, vesiculose- spongy at surface. Fr. August. Stony deserts, reddish soil of saz (habitat with high and permanent water table in arid regions of Middle Asia (USSR)), mountains of 1,400—1,700 m. Widespread in Kashgar, grows possibly in border regions of the USSR. Described from Kashgar. Type in Leningrad. Note. Z. kaschgaricum differs from the Mongolian Z. xantho- xylum (Bge.) Maxim. by its shape and size of capsule, the color of wings, the persistent sepals, and the shape of leaflets. Subgenus 4. Dumosa (M. Pop.) Boriss.— Grex Dumosa M. Pop. subgeneris Euzygophyllum in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (1925) 106. — Dumosa M.Pop. in Engl. Pflanzenfam. 19a (1931) 162.— Shrubs. Flowers 5-merous; capsules winged, medium sized, ca. 1 cm in diameter, deeply emarginate, tapering at base, globose-conoidal; leaves with 2 leaf- lets and dilated foliaceous petioles. 33. Zu bueharicum B. Fedtsch. in Izv. Glavny Bot. Saday Savill all (1918) 13; M. Pep. inf Byull; S: A.Gauy 12 (1926) 120. Sel Medtseme lee; tabspeeavilll: UNosl-] M2 Rop. dees tabad.(4)) i262) sexs =: ieee No. 431. Shrub glabrous, stems angular, with strongly spreading branches, up to 75 cm high; branches alternate, angular, young branches thick, sulcate, gray-hairy, old branches woody, obsoletely striated, with cinereous-brown splitting bark; stipules connate, small, membranous, yellowish, broadly triangular; leaves with 2 leaflets and foliaceous petioles nearly as long as or slightly shorter than leaflets; young leaflets pubescent, developed, smooth, thick, oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, 5—10 mm long, 2—3 mm wide. Flowers regular, drooping or erect, on thin (5)7—10(12) mm long pedicels; sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 7—8 mm long; petals yellow, 10—12 mm long, long-clawed, blade oblong, acute; stamens slightly shorter than petals; scales fimbriate-dissected; capsules netted-veined, broader than long, 10mm wide, 8mm long, 4—5-locular, subglobose, with strong thin wings, depressed, with persistent style ca. 8mm long; seeds 1, rarely 2 in each cell, crescent-shaped, oblong, flattened, obtuse, tapering slightly at one side, dark brown, the immature paler, nearly smooth, ca. 4mm long. Fl. April-May, Fr. June. (Plate X, Figure 1.) Gypsiferous variegated strata in dry hills. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (vicinity of Kelif and Shirabad). Endemic. Described from near Kelif. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species resembles Z. dumosum Boiss. that grows in the dry deserts of Arabia and Palestine and differs by the staminal scales entire at margin, dentate at the truncate apex, the pubescent capsule and the completely isolated distribution area. 144 Z. bucharicum var. albiflorum Boriss. was collected on limestones in the Aruk-Tau Range in Tadzhikistan at an altitude of 650 m: petals white (not yellow), with orbicular-rhombic lamina (not oblong), and well expressed claw; staminal scales ovate, shallowly dentate at apex (not fimbriate-dissected); ovary ovoid, with 5 narrow wings; style con- siderably twisted. Subgenus 5. Halimiphyllum (Engl.) Boriss.— Sect. Halimiphyllum Engler in Abh. Akad. Berl. (1896) 11; Engl. Pflanzenfam. 19a (1931) 162. — Grex Atriplicifolia subgeneris Euzygophyllum M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 11 (1925) 105.— Shrubs with simple leaves, covered when young with stellate hairs; flowers and fruits 4- or 5-merous; fruit a large winged capsule.— Caucasus, Turkmenistan (Kopet-Dagh Range), Iran, Pamir-Altai, Tien Shan (S.). Series 1. Tetraptera Boiss. — Flowers and fruits 4-merous. 34, Z. eurypterum Boiss. et Buhse, Aufzahl. Pfl. Pers. (1860) 49; Boiss. Fl. cr. I, 912.— Z. atriplicoides ssp. eurypterum M. Pop. in Byull. S.A.G. U. 12 (1926) 119.— Ic.: M. Pop. 1. c. tab. 7 (4) f. 24a. Shrub 50—120 cm high, with elongate whitish branches; stipules short- triangular, obtuse; leaves simple, 2—3.5cm long, 7—20 mm wide, oblong or ovate, with 5—7(10) mm long petioles. Pedicels ca. 15 mm long, declinate or erect; sepals and petals 4,obtuse; petals twice as long as calyx, ca. 10mm; staminal scales as long as ovary; capsules (1.5)2—2.3 cm long, (2)3—3.5 cm wide, almost oblong-quadrate, subangular, 4-winged, deeply depressed, wings three to four times as broad as cell; seeds flattened, smooth, reniform, 8—10mm long, ca. 5mm wide, 1 in each cell. FI. March—April, Fr. April—June. (Plate X, Figure 4.) Mountain slopes, stony, pebbly, sometimes saline desert soils. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (SE at border with Iran), Kara K. (Mary district, Pul-i-Khatum, Lake Shor-Gel, Lake Yer-Oilan), Pam.-Al. (Kugitang Range, Shirabad valley). Gen. distr.: Iran (NE Iran, Afghanistan, Balu- chistan). Described from Iran between Rudbar and Medzhil. Cotype in Leningrad. Note. Many authors erroneously treated Z. eurypterum Boiss. as a synonym of Z. atriplicoides. In the USSR; Z. eurypterum occurs only in the above indicated place and is generally typical of the large deserts in the northeastern part of Iran. 190 35. Z. gontscharovii Boriss. sp. n. in Addenda XIII, 729.— Z. atriplicoides auct. non Fisch. — Wlatvriplieoiees: “war. tetramerum M.Pop. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 12 (1926) 119, p.p. Shrub 60—120 cm high, with grayish sulcate bark, and yellow wood; stipules very small, triangular, broader than long, acute; leaves pale green, simple, 2—2.5 cm long, 10—15 mm wide, at first white-tomentose and densely stellate-hairy, later glabrescent, entire, thick, orbicular or ovate, obtuse at apex, sometimes hardly emarginate, with 3—7(10) mm long 145 191 petioles. Flowers solitary in axil, usually drooping, on 5—10 mm long pubescent pedicels; calyx green, stellate-hairy; sepals 4, two obovate, ca. 6mm long, 4—5 mm wide, broadly white-margined, slightly tapering at base, emarginate, the other 2 sepals ovate, 4mm long, ca. 3mm wide, dilated at base, obtuse at apex, very narrowly white-margined; petals 4, yellowish-white when dry, 8-10 mm long, two petals 6—7 mm wide, cuneate- tapering at base, obtuse or hardly emarginate, the other 2 petals somewhat narrower; stamens 8, exserted from flowers, four stamens 14mm long, four 12mm; staminal scales ca. 4mm long, oblong, crenate at margin of the upper part; ovary oblong, 4-locular, on short stalk; style filiform, three times as long as ovary; capsules subglobose, nearly as broad (2—2.5cm) as long (2.3 cm), 4-winged, faintly depressed, wings pale yellow, parchment-colored, 1.5—2 times as broad as seeds; seeds usually solitary, large, 8-10 mm long, (3)5 mm wide, crescent-shaped, flattened, shiny brown- green and uniformly spongy at surface. Fl. March—May, Fr. May—June. (Plate X, Figure 3.) Stony and loess slopes, red sandstones and gypsiferous strata at an altitude of 420—1,150 m, often together with pistachio. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Babatag Range, Aruk-Tau Mountain, Ak-Tau, Kabadian, Kara-Tau Range and Alin-Tau in Kulyab district). Gen. distr.: Possibly in the adjacent parts of Afghanistan. Described from 8S. Tadzhikistan near Sangtud well and from Tabakchi Range. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species differs from Z. eurypterum Boiss. by the size and shape of its capsule, the shape of the leaves, and its distribution area. Series 2. Pentaptera Boriss.— Flowers and fruits 5-merous. 36. Z. darvasicum Boriss. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 729. — Lage t Paige ond es sauct. non 1sichs Shrub 60—120(?) cm high, with virgate hardly branching branches; bark pale gray, sulcate; stipules small, free, acute; young leaves oblong-elliptic, stellate-hairy, almost subglabrous when fully developed, with hairs persis- tent mostly on petioles, mature leaves large, orbicular-elliptic, obtuse, emarginate, 2.5—3.5 cm long, with petioles winged, half as long as blade. Pedicels 3—5 mm long, elongating in fruit to 12—20 mm, densely pubescent, with persistent erect hairs; flowers 5-merous,1 rarely 2 in axil; calyx of 5 unequal sepals, densely pubescent, two sepals ca. 6 mm long, ovate, broadly hyaline at margin, tapering at base, three sepals ca. 5mm long, orbicular, narrowly hyaline-margin, obtuse, wide at base; petals white, ca. 9mm long, obtuse at apex, cuneate at base; stamens 10, five of which 14mm long, five slightly longer than petals; staminal scales one-third as long as filaments; ovary ovate, 5-locular; capsules on long thin erect pedicels, unripe fruits green, globose, as long as broad, with 5 broad wings; seeds ovate-oval, 7—9mm long, 4—5 mm wide, with grayish shiny spongy coating. Fl. March—April, Fr. April—May. Stony mountain slopes at altitudes of 1,400—2,000 m. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al, (Darvaza, along the Pyandzh River in Kala-i-Khumb district and along the Vanch River). Endemic. Distributed possibly in Afghanistan. Described from near Kala-i-Khumb. Type in Leningrad. 146 192 Note. 2Z. darvasicum is the tallest mountainous race occurring in the eastern part of the distribution area of the subgenus Halimiphyl- lum Boiss. Its 5-merous flowers resemble those of the Fergana and N.Pamir-Alai Z. megacarpum Boiss. from which it differs in habit, erect pubescent pedicels elongating in fruit, virgate branches and smaller iruits. 37. 2Z. atriplicoides Fisch. Zygophyll. (1834) 12, p. p.; Index I semin. horti Petrop. (1835) 41; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 486, p. p.; Boiss. BY Ot ela oll B.. PeAgM. Pop. yin ByallapsyAnG: U., sb2)(1026) 118.0 pips; On and B..edeh., Perech, ragkurk.s |, LoavcP. .p.31 Grosse. Hic Bavk: M1? — A, ~at ri pLocoidesr ssp why prewin; 4M, Pop. lids pip. — ice NL op. 1. oc. tab, 1(4) f.24a, — bxs.) Herb,, Fl, Caue. No. 229. Shrub, 50—115(120) cm high, strongly branching, with angular trunk 1—1.5(2.5) cm wide, branches thick, whitish, the older flexuose, with pale cinereous bark, wood yellowish; stipules very short, broader than long, acute, sometimes obtuse; leaves covered with stellate opposite hairs when young, spatulate-oblong, obovate or ovate, 1.5—3(4) cm long, 8—12 mm wide, gradually tapering to petiole one-third as long as blade, in young opposite, clustered when old, hardly acute at apex. Pedicels ca. 1 cm long, nearly as long as or slightly longer than calyx; sepals obovate or suborbicular, obtuse, broadly membranous at margin, dorsally grayish, 5—6 mm long; petals 1.5—2 times as long as sepals, obovate, obtuse; stamens ex- serted; staminal scales small, oblong, serrate-dentate at margin and apex; capsules 1—1.5(2.5) cm long, 1—1.5(3) cm wide, globose or slightly broader at cross-section, 5-winged, wings 1.5—2times as broad as cell, herbaceous- coriaceous; seeds 6—7 mm long, 1—2 in each cell, brown, covered with numerous gray papillae. Fl. April—May, Fr. May—June. Dry slopes in foothills, hills, clayey, stony, pebbly and sandy soils. — Caucasus: S. Transc. (Nakhichevan, Araks valley); Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet-Dagh Range). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. (Kars). Described from Araks near Kulp. Type in Leningrad. 38. Z. megacarpum Boriss. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 730. — 4. atriplicoides: auct. non, Fisch. Shrub up to 2—2.5m high; stem 2—3cm in diameter, branches thick, sulcate, with grayish bark, wood yellowish; stipules short, broader than long, acuminate or acute, rapidly deciduous; leaves simple, whitish and densely stellate-hairy when young, later glabrescent, green, entire, spatu- late, oval, ovate or orbicular, gradually tapering to petiole half as long as or nearly as long as blade, leaves at anthesis 1.5—2 cm long, short-petioled, the more developed leaves 3—5cm long, 1—2.5 cm wide, obtuse at apex, opposite on young branches and clustered on old, sessile on short woody shoots 1—2.5cm long, with traces of leaves of previous years. Flowers 5-merous, on 3—5 mm long pedicels; calyx green, sepals 5, three of which subglabrous, broadly ovate, ca. 6mm long, ca. 4mm wide, broadly yellowish- membranous at margin, emarginate, slightly tapering at base, two sepals sparsely stellate-hairy, oval, broad at base, acute at apex, (2)4 mm long, 1.5mm wide; petals golden-yellow, convex, 10—11 mm long, 6—7 mm wide, broadly ovate, gradually tapering at base, rounded at apex; stamens 10, 147 193 194 five of which nearly as long as petals and five ca. 13mm long; anthers orbicular; staminal scales ovate, fimbriate at margin, one-fourth as long as filaments; ovary 5-locular, pentahedral, ovoid; style long, filiform, ca. 13 mm long, persistent in fruit; receptacle fleshy, capitate, thickened, not oblique; young fruit globose, usually solitary, rarely twin in axil, on thick short, ca. 5-10 mm long, usually drooping pedicels persistent to next year; capsules on very short stipe, 3—4.5cm long, 3.5—4cm wide, green, brownish at middle, 5-winged, with thin membranous shiny wings three times as wide as seeds; seeds reniform or semi-orbicular, angular, 1, rarely 2—3, 8mm long, 4mm wide, the larger ca. 10(12) mm long, 5mm wide, before ripening black-brown, shiny, with slightly tuberculate surface, acute. Fl. April, Fr. unripe May—June. (Plate X, Figure 5.) Subgenus 6. Pseudococcus Boriss. in Addenda XIII, 731.— Fruit a bacciform capsule, wingless, oval. ’ Note. Z. gobicum Maxim., with its berrylike juicy fruit, refers to this subgenus and, possibly, even to an independent genus. Series 1. Melongena Boriss.— Fruit a berrylike capsule, oval; leaflets 2 pairs) carely 1 jor 3) stipules ‘sicarious. 39. Z. melongena Bge. in Ldb. Fl. alt. II (1830) 104; Fisch. Zygophyll. 9; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 484; Maxim. Enum. pl. Mong. 124-125; Kryl., Fl. Zap. sib. Ville Ve4oo9 Mi Popetin’ Byull) SAA] GaUe 25. OCs — ics amleclion Mea jolla: Il, JORISE “UENO, AULGIe INT IPtojog MS Gallons 6) (Site EE Perennial; root woody; rootstock woody, cordlike, creeping; plants small, scabrous with elongate papilliform obtuse prickies, hairlike in the upper part of stem; stems strongly branching, with spreading branches 3—10cm long, brittle at joints; stipules connate, the upper separate, whitish- scarious, broadly triangular-ovate to suborbicular, crenate at margins, ca. 2mm long; leaves with flat-winged petioles 3—7 mm long, tapering at base and angustate at joints with leaflets, terminating in filiform white mucro; leaflets usually 2 pairs, rarely 3, sometimes 1 pair at the lower leaves, flat, dark green, obovate or broadly oval, rounded at apex, obliquely cuneate at base, 6—10(15) mm long, 2.5—-5mm wide. Flowers later droop- ing, mostly solitary in axil, rarely double, on pedicels (3)5—8 mm long; sepals elliptic, obtuse, broadly white-scarious at margin, 4—6 mm long, ca. 3mm wide; petals as long as sepals, oblong-obovate, whitish, orange in the lower part (like stamens); stamens shorter than calyx, not exserted; staminal scales oblong-linear, crenate or splitting at apex, half as long as filaments; fruit an oval wingless bacciform capsule slightly tapering above, 10—12mm long, 4—6 mm wide, dehiscent; seeds ca. 3mm long, densely covered with papillae, gray. Fl. July, Fr. July—September. Rare, on solonchaks, gravels and stony soils.— W. Siberia: Alt. (Chuya_ steppe). Gen. distr.: Mong. (N.and W.). Described from Chuya steppe. Type in Leningrad. Note. The specimens collected by B.K. Shishkin in the Chuya steppe have single flowers that became enlarged because of some mechanical 148 action; calyx increased to 9—10 mm long, with sepals white-membranous at margin, green, thickened [?]; petals 3 mm long, orbicular, short-clawed; filaments short, ca. 1mm long, with large anthers up to 1.5mm long; un- ripe fruit normal. There were normally developed flowers on one and the same specimen. Genus. 841. TRIBULUS* L. L. Gen. pl. ed. 5 (1754) 183 Calyx and corolla 5-merous; stamens 10, attached at base forming an annular disk, the 5 stamens alternating petals glandular at base; ovary sessile, style 1, with sulcate 5-lobed prolonged stigma; fruit pentagonal or spherical, separating into 5 fruitlets, furnished outside with spines and prickles or with pectinate-dentate marginal wings. Annual (or biennial) herbs, with paripinnate leaves and spreading stems. There are 20 species in this genus which are spread throughout the Mediterranean region, particularly in the eastern part, and in S. Africa and America. Some species are widely spread as weeds in the tropical and temperate zones of the two hemispheres. Tia Flowers ca. 1.5cm in diameter, pedicels ca. 1.5cm long; leaflets long-hairy; fruitlets with pectinate-dentate marginal wings ~ ode sha, Bobi ty 1S Gbewats) drae, co Ome a a ce CUeree 1. T. macropterus Boiss. ete Flowers 1—1.2cm in diameter, pedicels 4—10 mm long; leaflets glabrous above; fruitlets beset outside with large acute prickles, tibpencles and: brlStless 2 hte usa. ey kum tye Se Be 2. ,.-. terrestris: L. f: 22 macropterus Boiss) Diagn., ser..J,.1,(3842) 61; Ej). Fl. ors1, 303. Annual, possibly biennial plants, with straight, woody root considerably thickened above; stems 10—40cm long, rather thick, branching, spreading, 195 white-hairy, like petioles and pedicels, appearing homentose, hairs of two kinds: sparse long-spreading and dense short-appressed; leaves paripin- nate, opposite, 3—5cm long, ca. 1.5 cm wide, with short petioles nearly as long as leaflets [stipules?] triangular-lanceolate, shorter than leaflets, densely covered withlong, appressed hairs; leaflets 4—6 pairs, oblong, slightly asymmetrical, acuminate, 6—12 mm long, covered especially beneath, with long white appressed hairs. Flowers axillary, solitary, rather large, on ca. 1.5cm long pedicels; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 5—6 mm long; corolla yellowish; petals obovate, 6—8 mm long, ca. 4mm wide; stigma prolonged, nearly as long as style; fruit subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter, of 4—5 fruitlets, outside profusely long-hairy, furnished with marginal wings, wings coraceous, pectinate-dentate, broader than fruit, appressed-short- hairy inside. Fl. April—June, Fr. May—July. Sandy-clayey and sandy-gravelly plains and adjacent sandy river valleys. — Centr. Asia: Amu D. (Amu Darya river valley and the adjacent deserts in the region of Kelif-Kerkichi, Kyzyl-Ayak-Kerki). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from S.Iran. Type in Geneva, cotype in Leningrad. * From the Greek Treis — three and bolos — prickle, tooth; the fruits of one of the most widespread species (T. terrestris) have 2—4 acute dorsal prickles. 149 196 Note. It is uncertain whether the Russian plants should be referred to T. persicus Kralik (Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, XI (1849) 27 or not. The differentiating characters between the two species are the relatively large style and stigma. 9. TE. terrestris &. Sp. pl, (753) 3875 Mo Bo Bl tau —caue i moieke Il, BIS Abels, Iie VOSS. Jl; Alo IsoMsisic Bl. or. 1 902; “Shimialiok shee 185; Aschers. et Graebn. Synopsis, VII, 230; Grossg., EE Kany kena lulele iis Keyl rile Zap. Sib. Ville 18695 ale bn clo se nimi iErs Pische ets Were in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XI (1838) 391.— T. uniflorus Nevski ex Bulavkina in Sorn. rast. SSSR. III (1934) 252.— Ic.: Hegi, HI. Fl. V, 149. (Corn. cast. SSSR. Illy fig. 289) 201. = Exs.: Gy he Eh No i so euiaoes Fl. cauc. exs. No. 345, 34odb. Annual; root thin, annual, straight; stems 10—60 cm long, branching, spreading, covered like petioles and pedicels with hairs of two kinds — long-spreading and short-appressed, the whole plant appearing glaucescent; leaves paripinnate, opposite, 3—5 cm long, 1.5—2 cm wide, with small acute stipules; leaflets 6—8 pairs, oblong, 4—10 mm long, glabrous above, with long white appressed hairs beneath. Flowers axillary, solitary, small, few along stem, on 4—10 mm long pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ca. 4mm long, 1.5 mm wide; corolla yellowish; petals obovate, somewhat truncate, 5—7 mm long, ca. 3mm wide; style short; fruit composed of 5 stellately disposed angular fruitlets, beset outside with large and acute 2 or 4 prickles, as well as tubercles and bristles. Fl. April—May, Fr. June—July. Under favorable conditions flowering throughout the summer. Weedy and waste places, among crops, pebbly deposits and sands in river valleys. — European part: Bes., M.Dnp.(S.), Bl., V.-Don (S.), L. Don, Transv.(S.), L.V.; Caucasus: all plains and low mountains, in W.Transc. rarely; W.Siberia: Alt.; E.Siberia: Dau.(S.); Centr. Asia: in all regions except for the high mountains. Gen. distr.: Med., E., W. and S.Eur., Bal.-As.Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kash-, Mong., Jap.-Ch., widespread in Africa, America and in the tropical coun- tries as an introduced weed. Described from S. Europe. Type in London. Subfamily 4. NITRARIOIDEAE Engl. in E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 4 (1890) 92; ibid. 19a (1931) 178.— Fruit an oval drupe (juicy in the Russian species), with ovoid-conical stone. Genus 842. NITRARIA L. L Sp. pl. (1753) 1022, nom.; Ej. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 11 (1759) 1044; Kom. in Tr. B.S.XXIX, I (1908) 151; Bobrov in Sov. Bot. XIV, 1 (1946) 24 Sepals 5, fleshy, connate at base, persistent in fruit; petals the same number as sepals, convex, cap-shaped above; stamens 15—10, 5 opposite sepals, 2 or 1 [whorl] opposite petals; ovary free, sessile, oblong, 3-locular, with 1 ovule in each cell; stigma ovate, hardly 3-partite; drupe bacciform, juicy, oval, stone ovoid-conical, 1-seeded; seeds pendulous, with scarious 150 coating and exalbuminous embryo. Shrubs 0.5—2m high, sometimes spinous; leaves stipulate, alternate, simple, fleshy; flowers yellowish or white, short-pediceled, forming loose axillary inflorescences. Eight species are included in this genus, three of which occur in the USSR, one in Australia, three in Central Asia and one in Africa and Arabia which reaches southern Palestine. i Drupe small, with dark blue juice, stone small, ovate-obtuse; shrub 0.5—1m high; leaves obovate, small (in the mountainous regions of Central Asia, Kazakh hilly country, and also in the mountainous remons- oF DS: Siberia) WiGs.h. AA GK Oeth ye WS fio Nee SitbirrealPalil, + Drupe larger, with pale red juice, stone larger, ovate, acuminate... 2. Zs Leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate (in the desert regions of the Aral-Caspian area spreading through valleys to the borders of Soviet Central Asia, as well as in W. Transcaucasia and the Crimea) ED etait euicnbelgs eabeventhis Pic wins x .< KA 2. .N. schoberi L. ; Leaves linear-spatulate, longer, gradually tapering at base; inflores- cence thinner (west maritime Turkmenistan and on Apsheron)..... RTC SE ec man ieneta i, Se bilet aces le whale 3. N. komarovii Ijin et Lava. 1. N. sibirica Pall. Fl. Ross. I (1784) 80; Bobrov in Sov. Bot. XIV, 1, 26.—N. Schoberi Ldb. Fl. alt. II (1830) 202; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. feces, mryl., Wl. Aap: Sib. VUI, 1651.—N. Schoberi e@. sibirica DC. Prodr. Il (1828) 456.— N. Schoberi Bi sibiri ca! Pall.'exiKom: Pig bt. oS. «x1X,..1, (1908) 155.—JIc.:,Pall<1..c., tab. ds, A; Gmels Fl. pip. If, tab. XCVIII,. Shrubtveaz if m and up to 1m high, with whitish-gray bark, profusely branching and usually spinous; stipules small, white-scarious, persistent; leaves obovate, small; drupe small, with dark blue juice, stone small, ovate, obtuse. Fl. May—June, Fr. August. Rubbly, often solonetzic soil in the northern deserts, foothills and low mountain horizons. — W.Siberia: U. Tob. (upper reaches of the Tobol River), Irt.(S.), Alt.(W. and S.); E.Siberia: Ang.-Say. (upper Yenisei and Abakan, also the basin of upper Angara); Centr.Asia: Ar.-Casp.(N. and E.), Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. (northern part, west of Talas). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong. Description based on Steller's collections from Bar- guzin district. Type lost? 2. N. schoberi L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, II (1759) 1044; Shmal'g., Fl. I, Hae BOLO, Int SOvs sbOte, NLVy, ln e2ts edb. HissRoss a5 2505.24p. sp. Boiss. 6). or. 1) °919: 'Grossp7o FloiKavk 10, 1724 Ni Schober. var. eas pita Pall PY: Ross-! 1, (/784)'79;) Kome ineTrioB..SoskxXDt,1,) 155. — N. Schoberi B. W. Sp. pl. II (1800) 858.— N. caspica W. nom. ex Ldb. 1. c.— N. Schoberi 8. caspica DC. Prodr. III (1828) 456. — fee all 1c. tab.-L,,B;. Jaub;: .et.sp. Dlustr.-II], tab. 295: Shrub, usually more than 1 and up to 2m high, sometimes spinous; leaves large, oblong-spatulate or obovate; drupe larger, with pale red juice, stone larger, ovate, acuminate. Fl. May, Fr. August. Clayey and sandy, usually solonetzic soil in desert plains, also in rubbly deposits in the low mountain belt. — European part: L.V. (up to the line 15] 198 * Treatment by A.I. Vvedenskii. Ergeni-Krasnoarmeisk-Uralsk in the north), Crim. (Sudak); Caucasus: Cisc.(E.), Dag., E. and 5S. Transc., W.Transc. (Kars, Kagyzman); W.Siberia: U.Tob. (south of the line Chkalov-Orsk and in the upper reaches of the Tobol River), Irt. (south, in the upper reaches of the Ishim River and to the west of Karasuk in the Kulunda Steppe); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Kasp., Balkh., Kyz.K., Kara K., Amu D., Syr D. (up to and including Alai valley), Pam.-Al. (Ishkashim). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (W.), Iran. Described from the Lower Volga. Type in London. 3. N. komarovii Iljin et Lava in zhurn. Priroda, 1944, No.5—6, 117, f.1-—N. Schoberi var. polygama Trauty. in Tr. B.S. 1(1871) 2555 li@p2 iPkciieoclel, lb ee Shrub, quite similar to the preceding species, differs by being less spreading and more elegant and delicate, with narrower and longer linear- spatulate leaves, gradually tapering at base, and thinner inflorescence. Fl. May, Fr. August. Maritime saline clayey and sandy-clayey deserts. — Caucasus: E.Transc. (Apsheron near Balakhany); Centr. Asia: Kara K. (W. Turkmenistan, in the area adjacent to Krasnovodsk Gulf, Cheleken). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Krasnovodsk. Type in Leningrad. Senate LXXXIUI. RUTACEAE * JUSS. Flowers bisexual or abortive-unisexual, regular or irregular; sepals 4—5, imbricate in aestivation; petals 4—8, inserted at glandular disk; stamens 4 to many, free or monodelphous-polydelphous; ovary superior, tri- to many-celled; ovules 1 to many in each cell; placenta central; style 1; fruit a capsule, drupe, samara or berry. Plants more or less covered with glands, with exstipulate leaves. Key to Genera | | ib Perennial herbs, with imparipinnate (median) leaves and irregular | pinkish) Varoe, Owes) (= "re il =) file ya o)) Reeemi 845. Dictamnus L. 3F Flowers regular Pes Cee me SOM OMMCR cl ceMOr mr OlOo-0 6 0 oO a 2.) 2s Flowers with yellow tinge, rarely red, bisexual; fruit a capsule; herbs Or semishrubs) ¥. wtels PS. of. PS ca. cae cee eee 3 ate Flowers greenish, unisexual and dioecious, or white, sometimes with purple tinge and usually bisexual; fruit a Samara, drupe or berrys Shrubsvand! trees Ba fons i. ifs ibe ceo ob ae eCne ene mcm 4, Se Flowers 4-merous except for the first central; leaves 2—3- | pinnatisGct apa 231. ieteag htt ate ke. celeritete eee 843. Ruta L. at Flowers 5-merous; leaves entire or 3—6-sect .......2..++42e+-+e-: | SOA Pane! eset seit apie ty av eay ety oct copie nadie areata 844. Haplophyllum A. Juss. | 4. Flowers greenish, unisexual, dioecious; stamens 4—5; fruit a samara OF ature Se oe ee Was SPS A SRS ae hod bk roe ed ec 5. 152 t99 200 + Flowers white, sometimes with purple tinge, usually bisexual; stamens 8 to many; fruit bacciform; cultivated plants ...... ae. (G): 3. Leaves simple, wintering; spreading dioecious shrub.......... Ceca ee eee ee ee 846a. Skimmia Thunb. aa Leaves ternate; fruit a samara; cultivated shrub ...... *Ptelea L. ig Leaves imparipinnate; fruit a drupe with 5 stones; tree growing Wild TOMS mae Feast Vs. ss «gies ol nla ss 846. Phellodendron Rupr. 6. Leaves ternate, deciduous; stamens 8—10; fruit densely hairy ..... Rar Ee ee Sear Sa: aie an *Poncirus Raf. Leaves simple, persistent; stamens 18 to many; fruit glabrous ... 7. te Ovary 3—7-locular, with 2 ovules in each cell ....*Fortunella Swing. + Ovary 8-to many-celled, with 4—8 ovules in each cell .... *Citrus L. Subfamily 1. RUTOIDEAE Engl. in E.P. Pflzfam. III, 4 (1896) 110.— Flowers 4—5-merous, bisexual; stamens twice as long as petals; fruit a capsule. Genus 843. RUTA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 383; Gen. pl. ed. 5 (1754) 180 Flowers regular, bisexual, 4-merous, sometimes the first (central) flowers 5-merous; sepals 4-(5); petals 4-(5), yellow, long-clawed, boot- shaped; stamens 8—(10), free, with glabrous filaments; style 1, with un- thickened stigma; ovules 8—12 in each cell; capsule 4—(5—) locular, dehiscing from the inner side of apex. Perennial herbs and semishrubs, with pinnatisect leaves. iw. cearavecolens U.< Sp. pl. (1753) 383,’ p. p.s Ldb. Fl. Ross: I> 490; Boiss. ae. or. 1,921? Rony et Fouc. Fl: Fr. IV, 136:—R, Wort en'si's Mill. Gard. dict. ed. 8 (1768) No.1; Aschers. et Graebn. Syn. VII, 242.— Ic.: Kom., Sbor, sushka i razved. lekarstv. rast. (1917) fig. 65. Perennial; completely glabrous, glaucescent or glaucous; stems more or less woody at base, branching in inflorescence, 20—50cm high; lower and median leaves long-petioled, triangular-ovate, 2—3-pinnatisect into spreading segments, segments nearly subentire, narrowly involute at margin, the lateral linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, the terminal oblong-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, apical segment obovate or oblong- obovate, truncate or short-acuminate at apex, the principal segments long- petioluled, the others sessile; uppermost leaves sessile, pinnatisect, with narrower segments. Inflorescence loose, corymbiform; bracts linear; sepals triangular, acute, 2—2.5mm long; petals abruptly tapering to claw, entire or finely toothed, more or less curly at margin, 6-9 mm long; cap- sules with obtuse cells, 5—7(9) mm wide. June—July. (Plate XI, Figure 2). Stony and rubbly slopes.— European part: Crim. In the Ukraine mostly cultivated. Economic importance. Officinal plants. Important as a source of volatile oil. * Name used by Latin authors for this plant. 153 203 Note. The wild rue of the Crimea and the cultivated rue apparently belong to different species whose precise delimitation and nomenclature could be established only after monographic study of all the related Medi- terranean species. R. montana L. is reported for the border areas with Turkey (Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1867) 490); it is distinguished by its narrower, linear leaf segments and smaller flowers. This record has not been confirmed by later collections. Genus 844. HAPLOPHYLLUM*« A. Juss. A. Juss. in Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. XII (1825) 464, tab.17, No.10 Flowers regular, bisexual; sepals 5; petals 5, clawed, usually yellow, rarely red with yellow margins; stamens 10, free or connate at base, more or less pubescent, rarely glabrous; style 1, with capitate stigma; ovary with 2 to few ovules in each cell, cell (and capsule) with or without appen- dages at apex; capsule 2—5-locular, dehiscing from the inner side of apex or indehiscent, with falling or inseparate cells. Perennial herbs and semi- shrubs, with entire or 3—(6—)sect leaves. Economic importance. The plants contain essential oil in all theirparts. Me Ovaiay (A) B(E@)sllocullee’ 36 64 os boo 6/6 6 1. Hi. dauricum (e2)sea Den + Ovany, STO CU AG vic. i) spate: © ck @actaiepes oll eihe im, Ketek swig es) (oes cl 2. Be Cells of capsule indehiscent; robust paniculate-corymbiformly branching herbs with large entire leaves 7) 05) eee tn 3. Celis offcapsulerdehisicenty .ucicner naomi eke n OD. 3 Petals 9-12mm long; capsule densely covered with rod-shaped UINEICCIOS 6 co: 6 56. 0D 600-0 0 66046 p oO Ooo © 30. “Hy latifolmimiuie ers at Retals?3—ounm dong; capisullestuberme ulate sar) esu-meci. cle Ae 4, Sepals free nearly to base, triangular, acute; petals (3)3.5—4(5.5) mm long; inflorescence with pubescent branches 2 4.00) ene een SA ae ert Coat Sh Cab hw veka a cel els 32. H. perforatum (M. B.)ekeerk: a Sepals free for (1,,)3/,, ovate-triangular, obtuse; petals (4)5—6 mm long; anflorescence wath plabrous joranehiesis oc) ie kl-eal cn me mre Weer SCS er ae Lae eh Shit one Oe Te Che 31... H. acutifolium! (DCs)seGa pon: De Ovary with 4 or more ovules in each cell; petals ovate, broadly ovate ONerOl Hoa croeg ex lo OMpeCH cl apOnOP OL Oo on bseig lo win ob du6 6 oMo bob oO 6. ar Ovainyawath 2voviullessain eacla Gell a gaa ce cisscuuewicei chloe iach te ceieak lier win areancaie lite 6. Plants covered with soft spreading hairs; ovary with 6—12 ovules sina SKEV el ot Kee I Volientgua oA Oren ol) Sagres loos. deer 6 Ie 22 JES pedicelilatumpnce: ati Plants glabrous or with curly hairs; ovary with 4—6 ovules in each COUN as ciety ci all ators) olsectoglsS eiislas nadie’ hb ie (hates at SUN wea ibe Rhoy Rte yee ae peer ao fiir. aS semushrub:s Sepals deciduOus, 2. sci: «oi. @ ey cuse) selsuiey ot cin pcm Re 8. 1 Herbaceous plants; sSepalsapersistents ah aes cieenwe china ee een OF 8. Petals yellow; capsule tuberculate ....... 6. H. bucharicum Litv. a Petals red, yellow, at margin; capsulerglandullar=dotted, \ii5-neueoen Bee Se SCs RRR EE ceo T Dre . 7. H. affine (Aitch. et Hemsl.) Eug. Kor. “From the Greek aploos — simple, and phyllon — leaf; in most species of the genus the leaves are entire. 154 2— Ruta graveolens L. 1—Dictamnus gymnostylis Stev.; PLATE XI. 155 ee 204 Leaves gradually and long tapering to petiole, not dense below INMOBESCENCEN sit he, S mshc) suet eMail) renee 5.. H. bourgaei Boiss. Capsule glabrous, without appendages .................... ee TR semper EMR te Sai se Yeoh ce 3. H. suaveolens (DC.) G. Don. Capsule more or less pubescent, with appendages ............ Hilaments completely: free “ame. =<) ewe euiem «niet tere ee Wc IDsleToaSiaesy COMINeNKS By, SASS oo con oon bec bo Oo oO Or OD BOE 25 leaves) icordate at basesessilie tleshys acute [iy cy-) siaiten met lee PLO ARE, Sats RO OME RN 83. 3 oh 0S De yONOUD ec 8. H. kowalenskyi Stschegl. Leaves sessile or petiolate, gradually or rapidly tapering at base, NOt COGS whe Bi ke eee Be Ae a: Ruder: cH Pee ae ne et ibs}. Median leaves broadly oblong or obovate, rapidly tapering at base Median leaves linear, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually tapering at basie: As Ss. aoe tre eke ee ete) ol Rel on emcee ole ie eed a 15. Herbaceous plants, Runes cent glandulose-tuberculate; petals pale yellow, oblong-lanceolate; capsule with tuberculate appendages ... Alter ics bhoeo ¥A) Guo: COLIC EUR URE aincaety (Gistabit a8 oO. Ay dle “tev. *c 2s ve. GObDUStum se. Semishrub, completely glabrous, dotted with glands; petals yellow, broadly oblong-ovate; capsule without appendages ............ Sail cle ee creer tei rals Up dn ich p< cece Wie: tb a 9. H. eugenii korovinii Pavl. Semishrubs, leaves crenate with glands more or less protruding CHE IGMENCAND GO Ole din OID DpGuseorD Oo nO DO SO GOO eto te 16. Leaves completely entire, dotted with glands” ~ .9. 7) ..023 =e 18. Capsule with small tuberculate appendages; petals more or less pubesicentdorsially.’. tc. ci 4 eueenme ope cats 10. H. multicaule Vved. Capsule with well developed appendages; petals glabrous ..... te Petals pale yellow; sepals pubescent; capsule nearly smooth or sparsely tuberculate; glaucescent or glaucous, strongly branching FOWSAES aera siuer aint Cotte, tere a ee ahi 7. beet ny ae 11. H. ramosissimum Vved. Petals yellow; sepals glabrous; capsule densely tuberculate; green or glaucescent plants, usually branching at base and in inflorescence Teeter dS Aer cao HMM oe ISAS GBA al tie 12. H. obtusifolium Ldb. Semishrub, with slightly fleshy canaliculate-linear leaves, entire or dissected: intorsieg@mentsS! Sys. so cmemree ee. cic) cane nett tik ee 19. Leaves not fleshy, flat, linear-oblanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong, entare onvdisisected™ ids se) aye creme ge ke Oe ee Do Petals ovate or broadly ovate, 8-10 mm long; filaments eglandu- loSeeyCapsulertuloexccumate: |) spear ke. 14. H. dshungaricum Rubtz, Petals elliptic, oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate, 3.5—6 mm long; filaments glandular; capsule dotted-glandular .....:.....% 20. TCA ESRETIETICOMR mance tiie Met ewe. lafie ci stro ap eves ie 15. H. foliosum Vved. eaves 35Sect.. 5. Mies Se. e228 Ls oe ee 21. Leaves 3(6)-sect from the middle; capsule glabrous, with tuber- culate appendages or without ...16. H. tenuisectum Lincz. et Vved. Leaves 3-sect from base; capsule pubescent, with corniculate short BI OSMORVSOS 5c) conc ¢ Jonbec lo sc 17. H. leptomerum Linez. et Vved. Plant glabrous except in upper part of stem and inflorescence; OVA GOLAN OUS cine terre: cease ok ee alee are eo 18. H. tenue Boiss. Plant almost entirely pubescent; ovary (and capsule) pubescent. . 156 205 23. 30. 31. Green semishrub; capsule with long hamately curved appendages x Reccirstpp cr tear decd ay ert Gp tat sag shan 19. H. ciscaucasicum Grossh. et Vved. Glaucescent herbaceous plants; capsule without appendages or with Sona SCH MOG I rae os (aiid Prev ene Chee ie lace Saree Gab 1a ie eh ee a Pk ee, Sete, 24. Sepals deciduous; capsule with appendages; leaves entire ....... cueedbart dapetebvcrey wane SIttA Cie) Dia Lacie Seer 20. H. villosum (M.B.) G. Don. Sepals persistent; capsule without appendages; leaves 3-sect..... except for the lowermost ....... 21. H. schelkovnikovii Grossh. Filaments almost completely connate; semishrub ...+++++++++5 br. acne ht Sc) Hotepahes, @ tates shinies, AS ooee teeta 13. H. monadelphum Afan. Filaments connate at base; herbS ..... +++ +e eee eee evees 26. Petals pale yellow, usually dorsally PUBSSCEMts weeps aha sewers relate fie Paitre Petals yellows elabr ous wecqshaya les od sane vege MG ed Gers HE Gy ge De 28. Sparingly short-pubescent or glabrous plants; capsule 3—3.5mm wines trie asi eee fs dispel sud Ss 2 29. H. versicolor Fisch. et Mey. Plant with long curly hairs, nearly villous in inflorescence; capsule ene Summ -widle | fetes. kee) ef « Bese ole eels 28. H. ferganicum Vved. Adldesvesmalways GntirGn..» Auysh- se acienine = 4, + sale sie Pts Pre) Median leaves 3(5)-sect (very rarely all leaves entire, if so then lower leaves with petioles more than half as long as blade). muti i 30. Plants with prominent glands; stems branching; inflorescence loose; capsule with short appendages, 4-5 mm VEU ance poste gels apie o~= Be 2 Sy tea, Po testes |b. Bic thera ob hws ere pete. ak crag mt 25. H. bungei Trautv. Plant dotted-glandular; stems nearly simple, branching above or only in inflorescence; inflorescence dense; capsule without appendages, 3—3.5mm wide .....-+.--+--: 26. H. popovii Fug. Kor. Green plants, covered with prominent glands; filaments distinctly eonnate at base aj. 22 eee eee 24. H. alberti regellii Eug. Kor. Glaucescent and glaucous plants, dotted with glands; filaments eonnate at base, nearlyfree sheceiecel es > afelans Bowe Fe Bleteye> - Bile: Petals 5—5.5(8) mm long, gradually tapering to claw; style 2—2.5mm long; capsule without appendages; lowest and uppermost leaves Suber cs deere dekh busy HGH ehssks glee grt 22. H. dubium Eug. Kor. Petals 7—8.5mm long, rapidly tapering to claw; style 3—3.5 mm long; capsule with tuberculate appendages; all cauline leaves except for theJowermost 3=sect sss ew cere eee 23. H. vvedenskyi Nevski. Section 1. PEGANOIDES Spach in Jaub. et Spach, II, pl. or. Ill (1847-1850) 84 (pro subgen.).— Ovary (2)3(4)-locular, 2 ovules in each cell; capsule dehiscent. is H. dauricum (L.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. I (1831) 781; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 492; Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 636; Spach in Jaub. et Sp. Ill. pl. or. Il (1847-1850) 84; Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 3 sér. XI (1849) 190.— Peganum dauricum L. Sp. pl..(1753) 445. — Ruta dahurica DC. Prodr. I (1824) 712; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1853.—Ic.: Trautv. Pl. Imag. et descr. (1844) tab. 29.— Exs.: Gehak. No.1013. 157 Perennial; green, glabrous, multicaulescent plants, punctately glandular; stems thin, herbaceous, usually simple, glabrous or sparingly and finely pubescent, densely leafy, 10—25 cm high; leaves sessile, tapering gradually at base, finely crenate, the lower oblong-oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, reduced, the median and upper leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence few-flowered, corymbiform, with more or less pubescent 206 pedicels; bracts linear; sepals deciduous, triangular-ovate, acute, more 207 or less ciliate, ca. 1mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong-elliptic, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rapidly tapering to short (14 to 1 mm long) claw,6—8mm long; filaments free, eglandulose, more or less tapering at apex, more or less pubescent below; style glabrous; ovary on short stalk, glabrous, nearly smooth, without appendages; capsules dehiscent, short- pediceled, glabrous, finely dotted-glandular, 3—5mm wide. June—July. Steppes, rubbly and stony slopes.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E.Siberia: Ang.- Say., Dau. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from Siberia without exact locality. Type in London. Section 2. POLYOON Vved.— §Sexovulata et §Quadriovulata Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 923. — Ovary 5-locular, 4—12 ovules in each cell; capsule dehiscent. (2. Hoy pediceliatum Bee. an Boiss, Pl. ions (186 7)) 925) eae howeremeaa Pochyv..1 bot--géo0gr., ssl. basis: rr Syr= 1 Amu-dar hy iG SiG) an H, hirsutum ‘Relt et schmalhiin Izv, obshehe ly ubawiist. eAmibicass Htnogr. XOOXIV ; 2 (1882) 17; Hug. Kore 1) cs—= A. pi losmms teanchesin Ann.’ Se. Nat. Bot. 6 sér. XV (1883) 248, tab.13.— Ruta pilosa O)Kize. iene. "Bese N88) iit. = Rs binsita, ©) Ktzenilees—shmmpledrmererEs lata Aitch. et Hemsl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2 sér. III (1888) 45. — HH pedicellatum var. villosum Zinger in Lire Yur evskaesotmsadar II (1901) 163.— H. sublanatum Freys et Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 ser: IV (1904) 36:—Ie.: Franch. 1. c:= Exs:: Herb. Pl) Asa Med. Noy279): Perennial; plants green or glaucescent, herbaceous, with spreading soft hairs, sometimes very densely pubescent; stems ascending, rather robust, with inconspicuous glands, simple or branching, usually with reduced axil- lary branches, densely leafy, 20—50 cm high; leaves entire, very rarely 3-sect, dotted with glands, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely oblong, tapering to long petiole usually as long as blade, obtuse or acute. Inflores- cence corymbiform, dense; bracts few, linear; flowers pediceled; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, villous, ca. 1.5mm long; petals yellow, often red- dening at apex, broadly ovate, obtuse, very short-clawed, (7)8—9(10) mm long, 6—7 mm wide; filaments free, subequal, glandular, gradually tapering from broad base, barbate inside near middle, nearly half as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, tuberculate, with short appendages; capsules dehiscent, subsessile, tuberculate, more or less pubescent or glabrous, with appendages ca. 5mm wide. May—June. Clayey, rarely sandy deserts, slopes with fine soil at foothills in the low mountain belt. — Centr. Asia: Syr D., Kyz.K. (S.), Kara K.(S.), Pam.-Al., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran, Afghanistan. Described from Iran (Khorosan). Cotype in Leningrad. 158 208 Note. The plants from S. Tadzhikistan (Decliv. orient. planit. elevatae inter Kabadian et fl. Wachsch, A.Regel; Linchevskii and Maslennikova. Watershedof Kara-Tau Range near Sardoba-Kutal pass) should be further studied, as differing from the typical H. pedicellatum. The former population has capsules without appendages and the latter cap- sules nearly without tubercles [?]. 3. H. suaveolens (DC.) G. Don, Gen. syst. I (1831) 780 (quoad pl. tauricam); Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 491 (quoad pl. tauricam).— Ruta suaveolens DC. Prodr. I (1824) 711 (quoad pl. tauricam).— R. thesi- Goria. acchijes, DC. 1. een 2.— Ho thesioidess GsiDonmp lL. .e.544dadb. l. c. 492; E. Korov. in Pochv. i bot.-geogr. issl. bass. rr. Amu- i Syr-dar'i. II (1916) 83.— H. congestum Spach in Jaub. et Sp. IL. pl. or. III (1847—1850) 77, tab. 261; Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 3 ser. XI (1849) 178; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 925.— H. tauricum Spach in Jaub. et Sp. 1. c. 79; Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1. c.; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Il (1932) 19.—Ruta taurica Nym. Syll: fl. Eur. (1854-1855) 220.— R. lini- folsea.auct.. Fl. Ross:.p.p.— Ic. Jaub. et Spach, 1. c. (subyH. con - gesto).— Exs.: Dorfler, Herb. Norm. No. 4619 (subj Rentauriea).= Perennial; green or glaucescent herbaceous plants; stems few, ascending below, usually simple, with inconspicuous glands, densely leafy, glabrous below, more or less crisp-hairy above like branches of inflorescence and pedicels, 10—30cm high; leaves entire, sessile, oblanceolate or oblong- oblanceolate, rarely oblong-lanceolate, long-tapering at base, acute, more or less crisp-hairy or glabrous, dotted with glands, the lower becoming approximate below inflorescence, the upper reduced. Inflorescence corym- biform, very dense; bracts few, foliaceous, sepals persistent, ovate or ob- long, more or less crenate, acute or obtuse, glabrous or pubescent, often ciliate, 2-2.5mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, ovate or rarely broadly oblong, obtuse, with very short claw, 7(8)—11 mm long, long persistent; filaments free, subequal, glandular, gradually tapering from the dilated base, pubescent inside at the lower one-third to two-fifths, barbate-pubescent at base, half to two-thirds as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, tuberculate, without appendages; capsules subsessile, tuberculate, sometimes papilliform-tuberculate above, without appendages, glabrous, 4—5mm wide. May—August. Stony slopes, limestone outcrops. — European part: Crim,; “Caucasus: W.Transc. Gen. distr.: As.-Min. Described from the Crimea and Bessarabia. Type in Paris. Note. Study of the original specimens of E, thesioides revealed that it differs in no way from H. suaveolens. Boissier's report that its ovary bears appendages is erroneous. The plant probably occurs in the Crimea, where it was collected by Pallas, and Mangupkal stands for Mangyshlak. At any rate, in spite of the abundant recent collections near Mangyshlak and Ust-Urt, this plant has not been found there. 4. H. ciliatum Gris. Spic. fl. Rumel. I (1843) 130.—H. Bieberstei- nii Spach in Jaub. et Sp. III, pl. or. HI (1847—1850) 79; Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 3 sér. XI (1849) 178.— H. Besseri Spach, l.c.— Ruta suaveolem DC. Prodr. I (1824) 711 (quoad pl. bessarabicam).— 159 PLATE XII, 1—-Haplophyllum popovii Eug. Kor.; tomerum Lincz. et Vved. 2—H.villosum (M.B.) G.Don.; 3-H. lep- 160 211 H. suaveolens G. Don, Gen. syst. I (1831) 780 (quoad pl. bessarabi- cam); Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 491 (quoad plantas e Rossia australi); Boiss. Fl. or. I, 927, Aschers. et Graebn. Syn. VII (1915) 248. — R. Besseri Nym. Syll. fl. Eur. (1854—1855) 219.— Ic.: Trautv. Pl. imag. et descr. (1844) tab. 26 (sub H. suaveolente).— Exs.: Dorfler, Herb. Norm. No.5243 (sub R. suaveolente). — Perennial; green or glaucescent herbaceous plants; stems few, more or less ascending at base, usually simple, with inconspicuous glands, densely leafy, together with inflorescence branches and pedicels more or less densely | crisp-hairy, 15—40 cm high; leaves entire, sessile, oblanceolate or lance- olate, rarely oblong-oblanceolate or oblong, acute, more or less pubescent, dotted with glands, the lower becoming approximate below inflorescence, the upper reduced. Inflorescence corymbiform, more or less dense; bracts few, foliaceous, sepals persistent, oblong or triangular-lanceolate, acute, more or less villous, 1.5—2mm long; petals yellow, glabrous or dorsally pubescent, ovate or broadly oblong, obtuse, short-clawed, 7-10 mm long, long persistent; filaments free, subequal, glandular, gradually tapering from the dilated base, half to three-fourths as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, pubescent, tuberculate, with appendages; capsules subsessile, tuberculate, more or less pubescent, with short appendages, 4—5 mm wide. June—August. Slopes of fine calcareous soil, mostly limestone outcrops. — European part: Bl., L.Don, Bess. Gen. distr.: Bal., Centr. Eur. Described from Rumelia. Type in Vienna. Note. Very close to the preceding species, both of which should be critically studied. 5. H. bourgaei Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 928; Grossg., Eh] ikawak ene aeo Perennial; green herbaceous plant; stems few, ascending at base, some- times colored below, short-hairy, rarely subglabrous, inconspicuously glan- dular, usually simple, 15—30cm high; leaves entire, oblanceolate, rarely lanceolate, gradually long-tapering to petiole, acute, glabrous, dotted with glands, glaucescent beneath. Inflorescence corymbiform, dense, with densely pubescent branches and pedicels; bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, few; sepals persistent, triangular-ovate, acute, villous, 1—1.5 mm long; petals yellow, dorsally more or less pubescent or rarely glabrous, broadly ovate or broadly oblong, obtuse, concave, very short-clawed, 7—8 mm long, long persistent; filaments free, subequal, glandular, half to three-fourths as long as petals, gradually tapering from the slightly dilated base, barbate- pubescent at the lower third; style glabrous; ovary sessile, tuberculate, with appendages; capsules dehiscent, subsessile, more or less pubescent, rarely glabrous, tuberculate, with short appendages, 4—5 mm wide. June— August. Stony slopes in the central mountain zone. — Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.. Arm.-Kurd. Described from Gyumyushkan. Type in Geneva. Note. The specimens from Borzhomi are distinguished by the absence of appendages on capsules. They should be further studied. 6. H. bucharicum Litv. in Tr. Bot. Muz. Ak. Nauk. VII (1910) 73. — H. nigripes Nevski in Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, 1 ser. IV (1937) 235, Hawes Nevska, 1..c: 161 22 Perennial; green or glaucescent multicaulescent, semishrub, more or less crisp-hairy or glabrous; stems thin, ascending, inconspicuously glan- dular, usually simple, often dark violet below, 15-35 cm high; leaves slightly fleshy, lanceolate or usually oblanceolate or obovate, dotted with glands, entire, obtuse or acuté, subsessile, infrequently petioles half as long as blade. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbiform, loose, few-flowered; bracts linear or lanceolate; sepals deciduous, oblong or ovate, obtuse, glabrous or often villous-ciliate, 1—1.5mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, very short-clawed, 6—8 mm long; filaments free, subequal, eglandu- lose, half to three-fourths as long as petals, gradually tapering from the somewhat dilated base, glabrous or often barbate at the middle: style thick, glabrous; ovary short-stalked, glabrous, tuberculate; capsules dehiscent, on ca. 1 mm long stipe, glabrous, tuberculate, sometimes tubercles stalked, with tuberculate appendages, 4—5 mm wide. May—June. Variegated rock outcrops. — (Cee, Agiias 12 suc. s/\il, (southwestern part). Endemic. Described from Sairob. Type in Leningrad. 7. H. affine (Aitch. et Hemsl.) Eug. Kor. in Izy. Inst. pochv. i geobot. Solas (Gn Us I (2) DON) = I meer eee ie Aitch. et Hemsl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2 sér. III (1888) 45, tab. V, f.1-10.— H. badghysi Eug. Kor. in Pochv. i bot.-geogr. issl. bass. rr. Syr- i Amu-dar'i, II (1916) 61, tab. 14.2 les Antehy 15 ¢); Eug.. Kor: 1, Col Perennial; green, completely glabrous Semishrub; stems few, thin, herbaceous, usually branching, inconspicuously glandular, 20—30 cm high; leaves entire or Slightly crenate-dentate, obtuse, lower leaves oblong or oblanceolate, gradually tapering nearly from apex, Subpetiolate, the upper leaves linear. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbiform, loose, [leafless?]; bracts linear, few; sepals deciduous, ovate, obtuse, ca. 1.5mm long; petals red, yellow at margin, broadly elliptic, very short-clawed, 7—8 mm long; 9-6 mm wide; filaments free, subequal, glandular, glabrous or ciliate near the middle, abruptly tapering above, three-fourths as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary stalked, glabrous, Smooth, with appendages; capsules dehiscent, on ca. 1 mm long stipe, glabrous, densely dotted-glandular, ca. 5mm wide. May. Variegated rock outcrops. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Bad-Khyz). Gen. distr.: Afghanistan. Described from the Gerirud River valley. Cotype in Leningrad. Section 3. OLIGOON Vved.— § Biovulata ovulis collateralibus Boiss. Hieorse (867), 983 = Ovary 5-locular, with 2 ovules in each cell; capsule dehiscing, ja deal, kowalenskyi Stschegl. in Bull. Soc. Nats Mosch xexmivie 2 (1851) 2 Onsemcalloral:3 edt Grossg., Fl. Kavk. JUNE 20) ISL, Subcordatum Bge. in Boiss. Fl. or, TSG) 93:2. ie: Stsichieple letcl=s dixct eT om exer No. 267. Perennial; glaucous herbaceous plants, punctate- glandular; stems solitary or few, robust, simple or slightly branching above, erect or the lateral ascending, very densely leafy, whitish, glabrous, leafless below 162 213 214 inflorescence, 20—30cm high; leaves entire, fleshy, glabrous, the lower and upper reduced, sessile, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, cordate at base, acute, with thick midrib. Inflorescence terminal at stem and branches, corymbiform, very dense, with more or less densely pubescent branches and pedicels; bracts nearly absent; sepals persistent, ovate, acute, villous, ca. 1mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong-ovate or oblong, obtuse, concave, rapidly tapering to short claw (0.5—1 mm long), 5—6 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide; filaments free, eglandulose, subequal, gradually tapering from the dilated base, barbate below middle, half as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, slightly tuberculate, with appendages; capsules dehiscent, sessile, glabrous, dotted-glandular and with short appendages, 3—4mm wide. May—June. Sandy-gravelly soils in foothill deserts. — Caucasus: S. Transc. (valley at middle of Araks River). Gen. distr.: Iran. (Marand). Described from Transcaucasia without exact locality. 9. H. eugenii korovinii Pavl. in Byull. S.A.G.U. 21 (1935) 195, cum tabula. — Ic.: Pavl. l.c.— Perennial; glaucous, completely glabrous semishrub, dotted with glands; stems herbaceous, many, whitish below, yellow above, bearing reduced axil- lary branches, usually branching only in inflorescence, leafless in the upper part, 20—25cm high; leaves slightly fleshy, broadly oblong or obovate, rather rapidly tapering to the short petiole, obtuse, obscurely dentate. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbiform, very loose; flowers long-pediceled, mostly ebrac- teate; sepals deciduous, ovate, acute, slightly ciliate, ca. 1.5mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse, abruptly tapering to very short claw,6mm long, 4.5mm wide; filaments free, eglandulose, barbate at middle, tapering gradually; style short, glabrous; ovary sessile, tuber- culate, pubescent, without appendages; capsules dehiscent, tuberculate, pubes- cent, without appendages, 4—5 mm wide. May. Variegated rock outcrops. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Kara-Tau). Endemic. Described from the natural boundary Kzyl-Noiza. Cotype in Leningrad. 10. H. multicaule Vved. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 731. Perennial; glaucescent, more or less sparsely pubescent semishrub; stems many, with gray or yellowish-gray bark at base, branching, densely leafy, eglandulose, 20—30 cm high; leaves obtuse, sessile, gradually tapering at base, slightly crenate with marginal glands, dotted with glands on surface, more or less flat, lower leaves obovate or oblanceolate, the median and upper oblanceolate or sublinear, the uppermost reduced, linear. Inflores- cence loose, with short-pediceled flowers; bracts linear; sepals persistent, triangular-ovate or ovate, acute or obtuse, pubescent, ca. 1 mm long; petals apparently pale yellow, dorsally more or less pubescent, oblong or oblong- elliptic, abruptly tapering to short (ca. 1mm) claw, 5—6.5mm long, 2—2.5mm wide; filaments free, eglandulose, gradually tapering towards apex, barbate below middle, three-fourths as long as petals; ovary short-stalked, pubes- cent, tuberculate, with indistinct appendages; style pubescent; capsules dehiscent, tuberculate, pubescent, with tuberculate appendages, 3—3.5 mm wide. June—July. 163 215 Gypsiferous, rubbly slopes, rarely sands. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (southeastern part), Balkh., T.Sh. (Chu-Ili Mountains). Endemic. Described from Chu-Ili Mountains (Chokpar). Type in Tashkent. 11. H. ramosissimum Vved. comb. nova. — H. obtusifolium var. B. et 7. Bge. in Arb. naturforsch. Ver. Riga, I (1848) 205.— H. obtusifolium var. ramosissimum Pauls. in Bot. Tidskrift. oT, 21906)! 135;— Exc Herbs il! Ass Med. No. 2716 (sub) Et olMtmcm HO ILik(oy. wea TO VIGO) Salts} (S)1 1aay())5 = Perennial; glaucescent or glaucous, more or less finely pubescent semishrub, punctately glandular; stems many, with gray or grayish- yellow bark at base, profusely branching, 20—40 cm high; leaves usually flat, sessile, gradually tapering at base, obtuse, crenate with protruding marginal glands, lower leaves oblong-spatulate or oblong, median leaves linear-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, upper leaves sublinear. Inflorescence very loose, with pediceled flowers; bracts sublinear; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, pubescent, ca. 1mm long; petals pale yellow, glabrous, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, more or less abruptly tapering to short (0.75—1 mm) claw, 4—6 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide; filaments free, eglandulose, gradually tapering upwards, subequal, barbate inside below middle, three-fourths as long as petals; ovary short-stalked, pubescent, smooth or rarely tubercu- late, with appendages; style pubescent or glabrous; capsules dehiscent, on very short stipes, nearly smooth or sparsely tuberculate, pubescent, with appendages, 3.5—4 mm wide. May—June. Sandy and sandy-gravelly deserts. — Centr. Asia: Kyz.K., Kara K., Amu D. Endemic. Described from Kyzyl-Kum between Kuvan and Dzhandar. Type in Leningrad. 12. H. obtusifolium Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 490; Spach in Jaub. et Sp. Ill, pl. or. Ill (1847-1850) 81; Spach in Ann. Se. Nat. Bot. 3 sér. XI (1849) 184; Bge. in Arb. naturforsch. Ver. Riga; I (1848) 205 (quoad Var ee) 7 Boiss 7c nor .sl9934: his Korover ochy.1 1 ibOt;-ceOo Gamiscie bass. rr. Syr- i Amu-dar'i, II (1916) 83, p.p.— H. obtusifolium var. eriocarpum Freyn et Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 sér. IV (1904) 37.— Ruta obtusifolia Ldb. in Eichw. Casp. cauc. (1831—1833) 37, tab. 32.— Tete Enichwea lcs Perennial; green or glaucous semishrub, glabrous or finely pubescent along stem; stems many, with bark grayish or yellowish at base, usually branching only below and in inflorescence, 15—40 cm high; leaves obtuse, sessile, gradually tapering at base, usually canaliculate-folded, crenate with protruding marginal glands, lower leaves oblong-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, median and upper leaves oblanceolate or linear. Inflorescence loose, with subsessile axillary flowers; bracts linear; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, ca. 1mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong- elliptic, abruptly tapering to short (0.5—1 mm) claw, 4—6 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide; filaments free, eglandulose, gradually tapering at apex, barbate inside below middle, three-fourths as long as petals; ovary short-stalked, glabrous to densely pubescent, densely tuberculate, with appendages; style glabrous; capsules dehiscent, on very short stipe, densely tuberculate, glabrous or pubescent, with appendages, 3.5-4mm wide. May—June. 2 61017 164 216 Chalks, variegated rock outcrops, rubbly slopes, rarely sands. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Mtn.Turkm. Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Krasnovodsk. Type in Leningrad. Note. Lipskii's record from Samarkand (Zap. Kievsk. obshch. Estest. XI, 2 (1891) 8 et herb.!) is undoubtedly due to a mix-up in labels. 13. H. monodelphum Afan. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR. XI (1949) 125. Perennial; glaucescent semishrub; stems 30—50 cm high, branching, glabrous, with bark dark gray below, brownish and distinctly glandular- dotted at the middle part, in the upper part the youngest shoots green, obscurely glandular-dotted; leaves linear or linear-oblong, somewhat spatulate, gradually tapering at base, lower leaves up to 3.5mm wide, the upper up to 1 mm wide, entire, thick, glabrous, sparingly punctate- glandular. Inflorescence elongate, racemiform, loose, with spreading flowers on 0.5—1.5cm long pedicels; bracts small, linear-lanceolate, green; sepals persistent, ovate or broadly lanceolate, narrowly white- scarious at margin, ciliate, glandular-dotted; petals oblong-oval, keeled, glabrous, sparingly and obscurely glandular-dotted, ca. 8mm long, 4mm wide; filaments dilated and connate for three-fourths of their length, un- equal in the upper free part, abruptly tapering, glabrous and obscurely dotted outside, white-hairy inside at the upper part, shorter than petals; ovary glabrous, without appendages; style short, glabrous, with capitate stigma; capsules dehiscent, subsessile. July—September. Rubbly slopes in the lower mountain zone (deserts and mountainous semideserts).— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Turkestan Range). Endemic. Described from Keravshin River valley. Type in Leningrad. 14. H. dshungaricum Rubtz. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR. VIII (1940) 63. Perennial; green, semishrub, usually completely glabrous, multicaules- cent, punctately glandular; stems branching below and in inflorescence, sometimes short-hairy, thin, 15—40cm high; leaves entire, slightly fleshy, linear, canaliculate, obtuse, lower leaves narrowly linear or obtriangular- linear. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbiform, loose, few-flowered; bracts linear; sepals persistent, ovate to suborbicular, obtuse, glabrous, ca. 1mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, ovate or broadly ovate, obtuse, with very short (0.5—1 mm) claw, 8—10 mm long, 5—6 mm wide; filaments free, eglandulose, villous inside at the lower half, gradually then more or less abruptly taper- ing, half to three-fourths as long as petals; style hairy; ovary subsessile, tuberculate, more or less pubescent, with appendages; capsules dehiscent, on short stipe, tuberculate, more or less hairy, with appendages, ca. 4mm wide. August. Rocks in the central mountain belt. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzun- garian Ala-Tau). Endemic. Described from the gorge of Borokhudzir River. Type in Leningrad. 15. H. foliosum Vved. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. AN UzbSSR, X (1948) 4. Perennial; glaucous, completely glabrous plants, woody at base, punctate- glandular; stems many, floriferous and sterile, more or less ascending at 165 QA, base, virgate, but densely leafy, branching above, (10)25—50 cm high; leaves slightly fleshy, entire, linear, canaliculate, obtuse, gradually tapering at base, sessile. Inflorescence corymbiform, rather dense at top of stems and branches; bracts linear, few; sepals persistent, nearly free, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, ca. 1 mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong-elliptic or oblong, abruptly tapering to short (ca. 3/,mm) claw, 4—4.5mm long, 2mm wide; filaments free, subequal, with glands, oblong-triangular, taper- ing to short tip, barbate inside, three-fourths as long as petals; style short, thick, glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, rather smooth, with tuberculate appendages; capsules dehiscent, glabrous, densely dotted-glandular, with tuberculate appendages, rarely without, 2.5-—3mm wide. June—August. Slopes with fine soil at an altitude of 600—1,400 m. — Centr. Asia: Pam.- Al. (southern part). Endemic. Described from Koiki- Tau (Termez- Shaartuz). Type in Tashkent. 16. H. tenuisectum Lincz. et Vved. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 732. — Perennial; green or glaucescent, completely glabrous semishrub, punctate-glandular, glands sometimes protruding on stem; stems many, hardly ascending at base, virgate, usually branching above, leafless under inflorescence, 40—85 cm high; leaves slightly fleshy, glaucous when young, 3(6)-sect (from the middle) into linear, canaliculate, obtuse segments, tapering at base, lowermost leaves spatulate, entire, uppermost reduced, entire, linear. Inflorescence corymbiform, terminal on stem and branches, rather dense; bracts reduced like upper leaves; sepals ovate, obtuse, glabrous, tuberculate, ca. 0.75mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, elliptic or oblong-ovate, obtuse, usually abruptly auriculate-tapering to a short (0.5—0.7 mm) claw, 5—6 mm long, 2—3 mm wide; filaments free, subequal, glandular, oblong-triangular, rather abruptly tapering to a short tip, barbate inside at the middle, half as long as petals; style short, glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, nearly smooth, with tuberculate appendages; capsules dehiscent, subsessile, glabrous, densely dotted-glandular, with or without tuberculate appendages, 3—3.5mm wide. July—August. (Plate XII, Figure 3). Variegated rock outcrops. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (southern part). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Mikoyanabad. Type in Leningrad. 17. H. leptomerum Lincz. et Vved. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 731. Perennial; green or glaucescent, glabrous semishrub punctate-glandular; stems many, ascending at base, virgate, branching and leafless above, 25—90cm high; leaves slightly fleshy, glaucous when young, 3-sect (from base) into linear, canaliculate, obtuse segments, gradually tapering at base, lowermost leaves spatulate, entire, uppermost leaves reduced, sometimes entire, linear. Inflorescence at top of stems and branches corymbiform, rather dense; bracts few, linear; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, ca. 0.75 mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, elliptic, obtuse, rather gradually tapering to short (0.75—1 mm) claw, 3.5—5mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide; fila- ments free, glandular, barbate inside below middle, oblong-triangular, more or less gradually tapering to a short tip, half as long as petals; ovary ses- sile, pubescent, very finely tuberculate, with appendages; capsules dehiscent, pubescent, subsessile, densely dotted-glandular, with short corniform appen- dages, 3—3.5mm wide. July—August. (Plate XII, Figure 3.) 166 218 Variegated rock outcrops at altitude of 500—1,500 m. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (southern part). Endemic. Described from Babatag Moun- tains. Type in Leningrad. 18. H. tenue Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 932; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 19.—H. villosum var. glabrescens Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII (1860) 51 (quoad pl. transcaucasicam), Perennial; glaucescent, herbaceous plants, punctate-glandular; stems few, virgate, ascending at base, colored below, simple, glabrous, leafless above and more or less crisp-hairy, 25—40 cm high; leaves entire, glabrous, oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, and gradually long tapering at base, shortly petiolate, acute, the upper reduced, siblinear. Inflorescence corym- biform, dense, with crisp-hairy branches and pedicels; bracts nearly obso- lete; sepals ovate, obtuse, villous, ca. 1mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong, obtuse, more or less gradually tapering to short claw, 6mm long, 2.5mm wide; filaments free, subequal, more or less abruptly tapering from the dilated base, glandular, barbate at middle, half as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, tuberculate, with appendages. June. Slopes of fine earth in the lower mountain belt. — Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from the Alindzhachai River valley. Cotype in Leningrad. 19. H. ciscaucasicum Grossh. et Vved. comb. nova.— H. villosum var. ciscaucasicum Rupr. in Mém. Acad. Petersb. 7 ser. XV, 2 (1869) 278; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 19.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 963 (sup vnlilos‘olyart tects awe ais 6): Perennial; green semishrub; stems many, herbaceous, inconspicuously glandular, long-crisp-hairy, ascending at base, branching or often simple, above, with reduced axillary branches, densely leafy up to apex, 10—25 cm high; leaves entire, oblong-oblanceolate, rarely oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, more or less abruptly tapering to short petiole, obtuse, dotted-glandular, short-appressed-hairy, rarely subglabrous. Inflorescence corymbiform, dense; bracts foliaceous, reduced; sepals apparently per- .Sistent, ovate, obtuse, villous, ca. 1 mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong-ovate or oblong, obtuse, more or less abruptly tapering to long (1—2 mm) claw, 6—8 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide; filaments free, subequal, glandular, gradually tapering from a dilated base, hairy beneath, barbate inside above middle, half to one and a quarter times as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, more or less hairy, tuberculate, with large, sometimes 3-lobed appendages; capsules dehiscent, subsessile, densely and finely tuberculate, more or less hairy, with large appendages hamately curved at apex, 3—4mm wide. June—July. Stony slopes, limestone outcrops in central mountain belt. — Caucasus: Cisc. Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Dzheguta Station and Kislovodsk. Type in Leningrad. 20. H. villosum (M.B.) G.Don, Gen. Syst. I (1831) 780; Ldb. FI. Ross. I (1842) 490; Trautv. Pl. imag. et descr. (1844) 40, tab. 28 219(exclus. spec. cauc.); Spach in Jaub. et Sp. III. pl. or. III (1847—1850) Gl) tab. 2647" Spach in “Ann. “Se.*Nat. Bot? '3 sér: “K1(1849) 183; Boiss. Fl.or. I, 931; Aschers. et Graebn. Syn. VII, 251; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Ill, 19.— Ruta villosa M.B. Tabl. (1798) 114.—R. parviflora Mest, Chop, coroll,, (1808) 71, tab. 54,—Ic.: Jaub: et Sp. 1. c¢. 167 220 Perennial; glaucescent, herbaceous plants, more or less densely crisp-hairy, punctate-glandular; stems few, ascending at base, simple or branching, usually with reduced axillary branches, rather densely leafy, 15—40cm high; leaves entire, oblong-oblanceolate o cd)lanceolate, rarely oblong, obtuse or rarely acute, gradually tapering at base to short petiole, upper leaves linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence at summits of stems and branches corymbiform, rather dense; bracts few, linear or linear-lanceolate; sepals deciduous, ovate, obtuse, villous, ca. 1 mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong, obtuse, more or less gradually tapering to short (1—-1.5mm) claw, 6.5—7 mm long, 2.5—2.75 mm wide; filaments free, subequal, glandular, gradually tapering from a dilated base, pubescent below, barbate inside below middle, half to three-fourths as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, pubescent, tuberculate, with appendages; capsules dehiscent, subsessile, densely and finely tuberculate, pubescent, with appendages, 3-4mm wide. June—August. (Plate XII, Figure 2). Slopes of fine earth or rubble in semideserts up to the central mountain belt. — Caucasus: Dag., E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: As.-Min., Iran. Described from Beshbarmak Mountain. Type in Leningrad. 21. H. schelkovnikovii Grossh. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XLIV, 2 M92) 225- 1 EGrossec ila iavicse M93. 2)n20) Perennial; glaucescent, herbaceous, more or less densely crisp-hairy plants; stems few, inconspicuously glandular, usually ascending at base, branching above, rarely from the middle, usually with reduced axillary branches, rather densely leafy, 15—30cm high; leaves 3-sect (the lower- most entire), short-petioled or subsessile, with oblanceolate or linear- oblanceolate, acute, dotted-glandular segments, long-tapering at base. Inflorescence corymbiform at summits of stem and branches, rather dense; bracts few, linear; sepals persistent, ovate or oblong, obtuse, more or less villous, 1—1.5mm long; petals yellow, glabrous, oblong or ovate, obtuse, with short claw, 5.5—6 mm long, 3—3.5mm wide; filaments free, subequal, glandular, abruptly tapering from a dilated base, barbate inside above dilation, three-fourths as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, more or less densely pubescent at apex, tuberculate, without appen- dages; capsules dehiscent, sessile, densely tuberculate, more or less pubes- cent, without appendages, 3—3.5mm wide. May—June. Dry slopes in the lower mountain belt; as a weed. — Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from near Dzhulfa Station. Note. Hardly distinguished by the pubescent ovary from H. hale- pense Spach. and therefore should be further studied. 22.0 HH. dubium Hug.) Kor, inj ir. @uck. Nauchn)jOb-varu loos) sane HH Albertie-Regelii f. .subternata Hug. Koryan Pochy.sisber= geogr. issl. bass. rr. Amu- i Syr-dar'i, II (1916) 59. Perennial; glaucous or glaucescent, glabrous or rarely spreading- hairy herbaceous plants, finely punctate-glandular; stems few, ascending, branching, often colored at base, 15—60cm high; lowermost and uppermost leaves and leaves on branches entire, oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, gradually tapering at base to rather long petiole, median and upper leaves 3-sect or rarely 5-sect into segments resembling 168 221 leaves. Inflorescence corymbiform, loose, with sessile or subsessile axillary flowers; bracts nearly obsolete; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, more or less ciliate, ca.0.75 mm long; petals yellow, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 5—5.8(8) mm long, 2—2.5 mm wide, gradually tapering to 1—2 mm iong claw; filaments almost free but connate at base, glandular, more or less abruptly dilated below, barbate inside, three-fourths as long as petals, inner filaments narrower; style glabrous, 2—2.5mm long; ovary sessile, more or less pubescent, finely tuberculate; capsules dehiscent, without appendages, more or less pubescent, finely tuberculate, subsessile, ca. 3—4mm wide. May—June. Loess slopes and variegated rock outcrops. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (southern part). Endemic. Described from several localities in southern Pamir-Alai. Type in Tashkent. Note. The plants in the eastern part of the distribution area differ slightly by way of their narrower leaves and greener color. They should be further studied. 23. H. vvedenskyi Nevski in Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, 1 ser. IV (1937) 268, f.5.— Ic.: Nevski, 1. c. Perennial; glaucescent, glabrous, herbaceous plants, punctate-glandular; stems few, ascending, colored beneath, branching in upper part, 40—50cm high; leaves 3-sect, short-petioled or sessile, segments linear-oblanceolate or sublinear, obtuse, gradually tapering at base, sometimes with lateral lobe, leaves on branches and some of the lowermost sometimes entire. Inflores- cence corymbiform, loose; bracts nearly obsolete; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, ca.1 mm long; petals yellow, oblong, abruptly tapering to long (1.5—2 mm) claw, 7—8.5 mm long, 3—3.5 mm wide; filaments almost free but connate at base, glandular, dilated below, gradually then abruptly taper- ing, barbate inside, nearly half as long as petals; style glabrous or rarely pubescent, 3—3.5mm long; ovary subsessile, pubescent, finely tuberculate, with tuberculate appendages; capsules (immature) finely tuberculate, pubescent, with tuberculate appendages. June. Slopes of fine earth in foothills. — Centr. Asia; Pam.-Al. (Kugitang). Endemic. Described from Kugitang village. Type in Leningrad. Note. This problematic species is known only from its traditional habitat. Its resemblance to H. dubium Eug.Kor. is extraordinary. 24. H. alberti Regelii Eug. Kor. in Pochv. i bot.-geogr. issl. bass. rr. Amu--i Syr-dar'i, II (1916) 59, tab. 13 (excl. f. subternata).— iesrBug eKer il. ct Perennial; green, glabrous or rarely more or less crisp-hairy, herba- ceous plants, covered with slightly protruding glands; stems 1—3(5), erect or ascending at base, simple or somewhat branching, loosely leafy, 15—50 cm high; leaves long-petioled, 3-sect, with lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse segments, tapering at base to long petiolule, the lateral segments usually narrower, sometimes the lowermost leaves (and uppermost) reduced, entire, oblong or oblong-obtuse, rarely all leaves entire, oblong-lanceolate or oblong. Inflorescence glabrate, with sessile or subsessile flowers; bracts nearly obsolete; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, glabrous or ciliate, ca. 0.75 mm long; petals yellow, sometimes dorsally greenish, glabrous, lance- olate, 6—8 mm long, ca.2.5mm wide, with 1—2mm long claw; filaments 169 222 connate at base, subequal, glandular, abruptly dilated below, barbate inside, half as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, tuberculate, without appendages; capsules dehiscent, subsessile, glabrous, sparingly tuberculate,3—4mm wide. May—June. Variegated rock outcrops and loess slopes. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (southern and southwestern parts). Endemic. Described from several localities in S. Pamir-Alai. Type in Tashkent. Note. A polymorphic species variabie in pubescence and dissection of leaves; it should be further studied. 25. Hy bungei Drautv: in) i. By Sa VII (883) 1 83ssy Ey horomweeeecay: i bot.-geogr. issl. bass. rr. Syr- i Amu-dar'i, II (1916) 84.— H. elatum Fisch. et Mey. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII (1839) 149 (nomen nudum), — H. versicolor Bge. in Arb. naturforsch. Ver. Riga, I (1848) 207, non Fisch. et Mey.; Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 935.— Ruta Bungei B.Fedtsch (ESRD) RStoloe Perennial; green, completely glabrous, herbaceous plants, covered with protruding glands; stems yellowish, shiny, erect or ascending, branching, leafless in upper part, 30—60 cm high; leaves entire, gradually tapering to short petiole, sometimes slightly curled, lower leaves broadly oblong or suborbicular, obtuse, median and upper leaves oblong or lanceolate. Inflorescence loose, nearly ebracteate; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, ca. 0.75 mm long; petals yellow, with black protruding glands, glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 6mm long, 2mm wide, abruptly tapering to ca. 1mm long claw; filaments connate at base, equal, three-fourths as long as petals, abruptly dilated below, glandular, barbate inside; ovary sessile, glabrous, tuberculate, almost without appendages; style glabrous; capsules dehiscent, densely tuberculate, glabrous, with very short appendages, 4—5 mm wide. May—June. Sandy deserts, rarely on variegated rock outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Ar.- Casp., Syr D. (Fergana Valley), T.Sh. (northern end of Kara-Tau), Kyz.K., Kara K., Pam.-Al.(southern part). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Kyzyl-Kum. Cotype in Leningrad. 26. H. popovii Eug. Kor. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, V (1924) 178. Perennial; glaucescent or green, herbaceous plants, completely glabrous, punctate-glandular; stems rather robust, erect, branching above or only in inflorescence, 40—80 cm high: leaves entire, broadly oblong or oblong, rarely oblong-lanceolate or suborbicular, acute or rarely obtuse, gradually taper- ing to petiole, entire or more or less serrate, leaves on branches reduced, lanceolate. Inflorescence corymbiform, dense, with pediceled flowers; bracts few, lanceolate or linear; sepals persistent, glabrous, oblong-ovate, acute, ca.1 mm long; petals dark yellow, glandular, glabrous, lanceolate, gradually tapering to 1.5mm long claw, 5—6 mm long, 2mm wide; filaments connate at base, abruptly dilated below, glandular, barbate inside, nearly half as long as petals, inner filaments narrower; style glabrous; ovary glabrous, sessile, finely tuberculate, without appendages; capsules dehiscent, sessile, glabrous, finely tuberculate, without appendages, 3—3.5 mm wide. May—July. (Plate XII, Figure 1.) 170 223 224 Slopes of fine earth in the lower mountain belt; a weed. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (southern part). Endemic. Described from Babatag Mountains (Chinar-i-Sokhta). Type in Tashkent. 27. H. robustum Bge. in Arb. naturforsch. Ver. Riga, I (1848) 208; Boise. (1, -or, -1,7935;0 B:, Korovs in’ Poehv..2 boti=geogr? issi.. bass. rr. Amu- i Syr-dar'i, II (1916) 83.— Ruta robusta B,. Fedtsch. in Rast) Turk. (1915) 555.— Ics: Bge. Ie. pl. nov.(1851) tab. 11, £.2.— Huss GIR. FS Novl 856! Perennial; gray-green, herbaceous plants, pubescent, tuberculate- glandular; stems robust, branching above or in inflorescence, 30—80 cm high; leaves entire, thick, densely pubescent beneath, usually broadly elliptic, oblong or obovate, obtuse or often shortly attenuate, gradually tapering to long petiole longer than half of the blade. Inflorescence corymbiform, dense, with subsessile flowers; bracts nearly obsolete; sepals persistent, oblong-ovate, obtuse, pubescent, ca. 1 mm long; petals pale yellow, dorsally greenish, sometimes slightly pubescent, oblong- lanceolate, more or less abruptly tapering to 1 mm long, nearly square claw, 6—8mm long, 2—3 mm wide; filaments free, barbate inside at middle, nearly three-fourths as long as petals, unequal, the inner narrowly trian- gular or lanceolate, the outer broader, triangular-lanceolate, excurrent at the the short tip; style glabrous; ovary sessile, tuberculate, more or less pubescent, with short appendages; capsules dehiscent, sessile, tuberculate, more or less pubescent, with tuberculate appendages, ca. 5mm wide. May—June. Variegated rock outcrops, stabilized sands, stony deserts. — Centr. Asia: Kye. K.7 Kara KiiPam.-Al. Geni distr:: Iran.) Deseribed frompkyzyk Kum, between Kara-agach and Agitma. Cotype in Leningrad. 28. H. ferganicum Vved. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. AN UzbSSR, X (1948) 3.— Perennial; glaucous, herbaceous plants, punctate-glandular; stems few, erect or ascending, simple or rarely branching, crisp-hairy, 10—40 cm high; leaves gathered at the lower part of stem or evenly disposed along stem, entire, subsessile, more or less crisp-hairy or glabrous, lower leaves obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse, upper leaves linear-oblanceolate or linear- lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Inflorescence corymbiform, dense, subvillous, with subsessile flowers; bracts linear, villous, often obsolete; sepals per- sistent, ovate-triangular, obtuse, villous, 1—1.5mm long; petals pale yellow, dorsally pubescent, greenish or dull purple, oblong, obtuse, abruptly tapering to ca.1.5mm long claw, 6—7 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide; filaments connate at base, glandular, glabrous or more or less pubescent at the middle, more or less abruptly tapering from the lower third, slightly shorter or nearly half as long as petals; style more or less pubescent; ovary very short-stalked, pubescent or rarely subglabrous, with short appendages; capsules dehiscent, subsessile, more or less pubescent, tuberculate, with tuberculate appendages, ca. 4mm wide. April—July. Clayey and stony slopes in foothills; as a weed.— Centr. Asia: Syr D. (Fergana Valley). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Kim. Type in Tashkent. Note. A polymorphic species that should be further investigated. 171 22:9 29. H. versicolor Fisch. et Mey. in Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Pétersb. III (1845) 307. H. lasianthum Bge. in Arb. naturforsch. Ver. Riga, I (1848) 206; Boiss Fl. or. I (1867) 936; E. Korov. in Pochv. i bot.-geogr. issl. bass. rr. Amu- i Syr-dar'i, II (1916) 84.— H. hispidulum Bge. in Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 933.— Ruta rotundifolia Aitch. et Hemsl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 2 sér. III (1888) 45, tab. 5, f. 11-16.— H. brevi- pilum Freyn et Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 sér. IV (1904) 39. — R. versicolor? BY Fedtsch, Rast) Turk. (0915) 555)— Ie Beer terapi: nove) (851) tabs Lyf. 13 = xs). rlerbs bl Ass Meds iNonZc0r Perennial; glaucous or glaucescent, herbaceous plants, sparingly short- pubescent, very rarely glabrous, punctate-glandular, glands protruding in inflorescence; stems thin, ascending, branching, often simple, with reduced axillary branches, 10—25cm high; leaves entire, subsessile or the lower short-petioled, gradually tapering at base, often undulate at margin, upper- most leaves obovate or suborbicular, obtuse, median and upper leaves ob- long, oblong-lanceolate or rarely lanceolate, obtuse or usually acute. Inflorescence loose, with subsessile relatively large axillary flowers; bracts linear; sepals persistent, ovate, obtuse, pubescent, ca.0.75mm long; petals pale yellow, dorsally greenish or dull purple, pubescent, very rarely glabrous, oblong, obtuse, abruptly tapering to ca. 1 mm long claw, 5—6(9) mm long, (2)2.5(3) mm wide; filaments connate at base, subequal, glandular, abruptly dilating below, barbate inside, often short-hairy above, three-fourths as long as petals; ovary subsessile, glabrous or pubescent, tuberculate, with or without short appendages; style pubescent or glabrous; capsules dehis- cent, short-stipitate, glabrous or pubescent, tuberculate, sometimes with rod- like or clavate tubercles at apex, with or without tuberculate appendages, 3—3.5mm wide. May—June. Clayey, rarely stony or sandy places in deserts and foothills; as a weed. — Cente. Asia: Ar:-Casp., Balkh., Syx D:, Amu’ D:; Kyz7 ke, Kara ie uaouee Pam.-Al., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Iran. Described from Chu-Ili Mountains (Dzhambul). Type in Leningrad. Note. The specimens from the north (Aral and Tien Shan in Central Asia) are easily distinguished from those occurring in the Kopet Dagh area, Afghanistan and Iran by the absence of appendages on the ovary, the pres- ence of many rodlike tubercles at the apex of the capsule, and by the wider leaves; in a large part of the area of distribution (W. Tien Shan, W. Pamir- Alai and adjacent deserts) there are, however, plants in which these charac- ters are obsolete or degenerate. There is no geographical correlation with the absence of each of these characters; yet it is possible to assume that with the accumulation of more material we may be able to split this inter- mediate H. versicolor into a series of local species, maintaining the northern H. versicolor s.s. (= H. lasianthum) and the southern Hy hispidulum (RR. rotundifolia = Ci brevip illum) asisepanace species. Especially interesting is the completely glabrous (including petals) form (var. leianthum Vved. in sched. ad Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1927) No. 280) described from the Naryn River valley and recently found in Urgat district. 172 226 Section 4. ACHAENOCOCCUM VWved.-— Sect. II, Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 935. — Ovary 5-locular, with 2 ovules in each cell; capsule indehiscent, with falling or persistent cells. 30. H. latifolium Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) 398; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 491; Spach in Jaub. et Sp. III. pl. or. II (1847—1850) 83; Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 3 sér. XI (1849) 188; E. Korov. in Pochv. i bot.-geogr. issl. bass. rr. Syr- i Amu-dar'i, II (1916) 83.— Ruta latifolia B. Fedtsch., Rast. Turk. (1915) 555.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 435. Perennial; green, herbaceous plants, completely glabrous, punctate- glandular; stems robust, corymbiformly branching, 25—60cm high; leaves subsessile or short-petioled, entire, oblong-lanceolate, oblong or broadly oblong, sometimes suborbicular, obtuse or acute. Inflorescence paniculate- corymbiform, many-flowered; flowers pedicellate; sepals persistent, sub- orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, ca.1.5mm long; petals glabrous, glandular, dark yellow, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, more or less abruptly tapering to ca.1 mm long claw, 9-12 mm long, 5—6 mm wide; filaments free, glandular, abruptly dilating at the lower half, barbate inside, half as long as petals; ovary sessile, glabrous, tuberculate, without appendages; style glabrous; capsules indehiscent, apparently with persistent cells, glabrous, densely covered with rod-shaped tubercles, (4)5mm wide. May—June. Stony and fine earth slopes of the foothills up to the central mountain belt. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Pam.-Al. (northern part). Endemic. Described from Tarbagatai. Cotype in Leningrad. 3). MH. acutifolium (DC.)G. Don} “Gen. Syst 11831) 780; DC: in Deless. Ic. sel. III (1837) 26, tab. 44; Spach in Jaub. et Sp. III. pl. or. III (1847-1850) 83; Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 3 sér. XI (1849) 187; Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 942; E.Korov. in Pochv. i bot.-geogr. issl. bass. re. Amu=i-Syr-dar'i;’ TI (1916) 83.— Ruta! aeutifolia DC: Prodras I (1824) 711. => Ie.:"Deless. 1: c. Perennial; green or glaucescent, herbaceous plants, glandular, glands slightly protruding in inflorescence; stems erect, corymbiformly branching, glabrous, 20—50cm high; leaves glabrous, broadly oblong to narrowly lance- olate, acute or obtuse, gradually tapering to short petiole, entire. Inflores- cence paniculate-corymbiform, with glabrous branches; bracts linear, usually glabrous; sepals persistent, free for (14) 3/, of their length, ovate- triangular, obtuse, usually glabrous, rarely (together with pedicels) slightly pubescent, ca. 1 mm long; petals yellow, (4)5—6 mm long, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, curved below, usually abruptly tapering to 1—2 mm long claw; filaments free, subequal, barbate inside, glandular, abruptly dilated at the lower half, three-fourths as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, tuberculate, without appendages; capsules indehiscent, with falling cells, very short-stipitate, densely tuberculate, 3(4)mm wide. May—June. Stony and fine earth slopes in the lower and central mountain belts. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Iran (be- tween Kermanshah and Hamadan). Type in Geneva. a2. -Hy-perioratum (M!B:) Kar: et’Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) 397.— Ruta divaricata Siev. in Pall. Neue Nord. Beitr. III (1796) 333 (nomen nudum).— R. perforata M.B. Beschr. Land. casp. 173 (1800) 172.— H. Sieversii Fisch. in Schrenk, Enum. pl. nov. I (1841) 89; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 491; Trautv. Pl. imag. et descr. (1844) 39, tab.27; Spach in Jaub. et Sp. III, pl. or. Ill (1847-1850) 83; Spach. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 3 sér. XI (1849) 187.— H. suaveolens Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1 (1842) 491 (quoad var. @.).—R. Sieversii B. Fedtsch., Rast. Turk. (1915) 555; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1855.— Ie.: Trautv. 1. ch —"Exs):) Herb. Hl. Ast Meds Now276n(subwE. taliewiat oito)- Perennial; green or glaucescent, herbaceous plants, punctate-glandular; stems erect, corymbiformly branching, glabrous, 30—70 cm high; leaves 227 glabrous, broadly oblong to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, gradually tapering to short petiole, entire. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbiform, many - flowered, with more or less pubescent branches; bracts linear, more or less pubescent; sepals persistent, free nearly to base, triangular, acute or very acute, more or less pubescent, ca.1 mm long; petals yellow (8)3.5—4(5.5) mm long, oblong-lanceolate, curved below; usually gradually tapering to ca. 1 mm long claw; filaments free, subequal, barbate inside, glandular, abruptly dilated below, three-fourths as long as petals; style glabrous; ovary sessile, glabrous, tuberculate, without appendages; capsules indehiscent, with falling cells, very short-stipitate, densely tuberculate, 3(4)mm wide. May—July. Stony and fine earth slopes of foothills and the lower mountain belt. — Centr Asia Balkh.,, 9D zu. =Rarbs, ik. Sh. , Rams-Al> Gent srs 5. D. gymnostylis Stev. Ss Ovary sparingly or densely hairy, on 1—2 mm long stipe, if glabrous then on stipe up to 3mm but with many stalked glands at apex and leaflets small, (3—4)5—6(8) pairs; stems glabrous below, if pubescent then finely hairy and leaflets usually long-attenuate at apex ..... Dr eh Petals abruptly tapering to relatively short claw; leaflets small, usually oblong-lanceolate, short-attenuate at apex; stems sparingly and shortly crisp-hairy at the middle; style glabrous; ovary on = PAM Es LOM SUNOS Mey oto, 2 Sah tole vai te arse 2) SEL ee 4. D. caucasicus Fisch. + Petals gradually tapering to long claw; leaflets large, usually oblong- elliptic and long-attenuate at apex; ovary on 1—2 mm long stipe... 3. 3. Leaf-rachis distinctly winged; stems sparingly long-hairy above, often subglabrous; ovary densely hairy; style hairy ........... SPR M nt ares ahs OS, Saget he yeh an sae Close eta alee 1. D. dasycarpus; lurez. a Leaf-rachis nearly wingless; stems more or less densely hairy at PicmAliGle samiainn Sparse ly Hairy. eos me ars, we sesedene = Gopi shed Coa ays 4, as Stems long-hairy in the middle part, usually glabrous below, rarely short-hairy. Capsule with (5)7—12 mm long horns; style usually POS: Pret eesti) she Ren hee felts, hal Cleat 3. D. angustifolius G. Don. B29 + Stems shortly-crisp-hairy down to base. Capsule with 5—8mm long HOGAS; sty lenusually hairy). *..ccs ed aes 2. D. tadshikorum Vved. 1. D. dasycarpus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 637; Hoses, im. Term. Plz, XIX (1896) 3515, Kom. and Alis., .Opredel.-r. Dalinevost.tkry Ih G96)"tabl.200,— D. Praxine lia lus ca, Ldbe EL: Ross. I (1842) 495.— Aquilegia Fouriei Liv. in Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. XI (1902) 300.— D. albus ssp. dasycarpus Wint. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, V (1924) 159.— D. albus et fraxinella aucte: li.*om extrem..— les: Kom, and Alis, 1l..c.— Exs.: Kare; Pl .amur. et zeaen. No. 74. Perennial; stems sparingly long-hairy, often subglabrous, always glabrous below, 35—80cm high; leaves imparipinnate, with (3)5(6) pairs of leaflets; rachis winged, more or less long-hairy; leaflets usually large, oblong or often oblong-elliptic, usually long-attenuate above, acute, irregu- larly biserrate, more or less long-hairy beneath mainly along nerves, sometimes subglabrous, terminal leaflet usually more or less rounded at base, with broadly winged petiolule. Inflorescence racemiform, rarely paniculate-racemiform, sparingly glandular; bracts linear-lanceolate or 175 lanceolate, acute, short-hairy; sepals lanceolate, acute, short-hairy, 5—6mm long; petals lilac, with purple nerves, 2—2.5(?)cm long, oblong, rarely lanceolate, acute, gradually tapering to long claw; filaments usually hairy nearly up to apex; style hairy; ovary densely hairy, with more or \‘less short horns (4—9mm in capsules), on 1—2 mm long stipe. June—July. Open forests, shrubby formations, open stony slopes. — E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Uda. Gen. distr.: E.Mong., Manchuria, Korea, N. China. Described from the Shilka and Argun rivers. Cotype in Leningrad. 2. D. tadshikorum Vved. nom. nov.— D. turkestanicus var. bucharicus Wint. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, V (1924) 159. — 230 Deals set tac ine maerauct. eH pe NSE VleGems Oe pr Perennial; stems densely (especially below) short-crisp-hairy, 50—80 cm high; leaves imparipinnate, with (3)6—7(8) pairs of leaflets; rachis shortly crisp-hairy,nearly wingless; leaflets usually large, oblong or oblong- elliptic, usually short-attenuate above, acute, folded at margin, finely serrate, shortly crisp-hairy beneath, terminal leaflet cuneate-tapering to narrowly- winged petiolule. Inflorescence racemiform-paniculate, distinctly glandular; bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually obtuse; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually obtuse, 6—7 mm long; petals pinkish with purple nerves, (2)2.5(3.5) cm long, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, gradually tapering to long claw; filaments hairy below; style usually hairy; ovary moreor less hairy, with short horns (in capsules 5—8mm),on 1—1.5mm long stipe. May—June. Herbaceous and shrubby slopes in the central mountain belt. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (southern part). Endemic. Described from the Tirkoni village. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is closely related to the following species from which it differs mainly by its shorter, crisp pubescence. By this character it differs also from D. himalayanus Royle. Good and complete her- barium material is required for the clarification of all distinctions between these species. The population from the mountains of Samarkand, which differs from all the Central Asian specimens by the completely glabrous ovary, Should be further studied. 3. D. angustifolius G. Don ex Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. 2 ser. I (1881) tab. 93; G.Don, Gen. syst. I (1881) 782; Fisch. et Mey. in Ind. VI sem Hort. (Petrop.9(1840)'49) —"D, Praxine! la rlus. b. db) Mie sRoccaee 495.— D. albus ssp. turkestanicus Wint. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, V (1924) 158 (excl. var. bucharica); Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIL igiot-— Ds albus) ethiraxine lla auct. Ele Aci Meds pr: p.— les swears ek Perennial; stems more or less densely long-hairy, often glabrous below or rarely short-hairy, 50-100 cm high; leaves imparipinnate, with (3)5—6(7) pairs of leaflets; leaflets usually large, oblong or oblong-elliptic, usually long- attenuate above, acute, narrowly folded at margin, finely serrate, long- hairy beneath mainly along nerves and at base, sometimes completely glab- rous, terminal leaflet cuneate-tapering at base, with narrowly winged peti- olule; rachis more or less long-hairy, nearly wingless. Inflorescence racemiform or racemiform-paniculate, distinctly glandular; bracts linear- lanceolate, acute, more or less short-hairy; sepals lanceolate-linear, acute, 176 231 more or less short-hairy, 7—8mm long; petals lilac-pink, with purple nerves, (2.5)3.5—4.5 cm long, lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse, gradually tapering to long claw; filaments usually hairy; style usually glabrous; ovary more or less hairy, with long horns (in capsules (5)7—12 mm), on 1.5—2 mm long stipe; seeds 4—5 mm long. May—July. Steppe meadows, shrubby formations, mountains in the south, herba- ceous and shrubby slopes in the central mountain belt.— W.Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Pam.-Al. (northern and eastern parts). Gen. distr.: Kuldja. Description based on specimens cultivated from seeds from Altai plants. Type in London. 4. D. caucasicus Fisch. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 20. — D. EF rasinel lal varJicau casic a Fisch» et,;Mey:. in Ind, Visem. Hort. Petrop. (1840) 49; Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 920 (excl. syn. Stev.).— D. albus ssp. caucasicus Wint. in Bot.Mat:! Gerb., Bot. Sada, V. (1924) 158.— D. albus et fraxinella auct. p.p.— Exs.: Herb. FI. Cauc. No. 333. Perennial; stems sparingly short-crisp-hairy, always glabrous below, 50—80cm high; leaves imparipinnate, with (3—4)5—6(8) pairs of leaflets; leaflets usually small, oblong-lanceolate or rarely oblong-elliptic, tapering at apex, acute, serrate, shortly crisp-hairy beneath, mainly along nerves, terminal leaflet with more or less winged petiolule, rachis shortly crisp- hairy, more or less winged. Inflorescence paniculate-racemiform or racemiform, more or less glandular; bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, long-hairy; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, long-hairy, 5—7 mm long; petals apparently pinkish-lilac, with purple nerves 2—2.5(3) cm long, oblong, abruptly tapering to relatively short claw; filaments hairy below; style glabrous; ovary more or less hairy or glabrous, with short horns (in capsules 2—4 mm long), with many stalked glands, on 2—3mm long stipe. June—July. Steppes, shrubby formations, open forests. — European part: M.Dnp. (western part), L.Don, Transv.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: NW Iran. Described from Besh-Tau. Type in Leningrad. Note. There is scanty and incomplete material from the western part of the Middle Dnieper area,* and thus identifying it with D. caucasi- cus is rather doubtful, particularly since Montrezor's specimens (only plant-tops) from Negin have stems with solitary hairs. It should also be noted that many plants from Transcaucasia have larger leaflets and longer hairs and have to be further studied. There is no question that the Bes- sarabian population represents a separate unit, but there is not enough material for a precise determination. 5. D. gymnostylis Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXIX, 1 (1856) 333.— D. Fraxinella lus. a Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 495.—D. albus ssp. gymnostylis Wint. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, V (1924) 157.— D. albus, fraxinella et caucasicus auct. quoad pl. taur. — Exs.: G.R.F. No.768; Dorfl. Herb. Norm. No. 5242. Perennial; stems densely long crisp-hairy down to base, 40—80 cm high; leaves imparipinnate, with (2)3—4(5) pairs of large leaflets; leaflets elliptic * Plants of the W. Ukraine probably refer to D. albus L. (Editors). 177 or oblong-elliptic, rarely oblong, usually not tapering at apex, obtuse or 232 acute, serrate at margin, more or less densely long-hairy beneath, the terminal leaflet more or less rounded, with narrowly winged petiolule; rachis densely long-hairy, narrowly winged. Inflorescence racemiform, rarely paniculate-racemiform, more or less glandular; bracts lanceolate, acute, long-hairy; sepals lanceolate, acute, 5—7 mm long; petals pinkish, with purple nerves, 2.5—3 cm long, oblong, acute, abruptly tapering to rela- tively short claw; filaments hairy at base; style glabrous; ovary usually glabrous, very rarely hairy above, nearly hornless or with short horns (in capsules 1—3 mm), with few stalked glands, on (2)3—4(5) mm long glab- rous stipe. May—June. (Plate XI, Figure 1.) Open forests, shrubby formations. — European part: M.Dnp. (south- eastern part), V.-Don (southern part), L.Don (western part), Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc. (western part), W.Transc. Endemic. Described from the Crimea. Type in Helsinki. Subfamily 2.. TODDALIOIDEAE Engl. — Flowers 4—5-merous, unisexual, plants dioecious; stamens as many as petals; fruit a samara or drupe. Genus 846. PHELLODENDRON * Rupr. Rupr. in Bull. Phys.-Math. Ac. Pétersb. XV (1853) 353 Flowers unisexual in dioecious plants, male flowers with rudimentary ovary,female with staminodes; sepals 5; petals 5, pubescent inside; stamens 5, alternate to petals, with anthers opening inside; ovary 5-locular with one ovule in each cell; style 1, with capitate 5-lobed stigma; fruit an aromatic drupe usually with 5 stones. Trees with imparipinnate leaves. The genus Phellodendron includes fossils as established by the seeds found. Phellodendron sp. in Myocene layer of the Volga-Kama (Solikamsk). 1. P. amurense Rupr. in Bull. Phys.-Math. Ac. Pétersb. XV (1853) 3, 53; Maxim. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. sav. étr. IX (1859) 72, tab. 4; Kom. in Tr. B. S. XXII (1904) 668; Sarg. Trees and Shrubs. I (1905) 197, tab. 93; Schneid. Laubholzk. II (1907) 124; Kom. and Alis., Opredel. r. Dalinevost5ky. ll, s696:; tab: 209%— ie. Maxam ares a Sager lac) iecormas and Alis. 1. c.— Amur cork-tree. Tree with dense crown 10—15m high; bark pale gray, wrinkled, velu- tinous; leaves alternate below, above opposite, petiolate, imparipinnate, with 3—6 pairs of leaflets; leaflets petiolulate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, long-tapering at apex, acute, finely crenate, more or less ciliate, 233 when young more or less hairy, later subglabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, with slightly hairy branches, ebracteate; sepals ovate-triangular, acute, glabrous or ciliate, 1—2 mm long; petals greenish, oblong or elliptic, acute, 3—4 mm long; stamens 116 to 2 times as long as petals; drupe globose, black. June—July. (Plate XIII, Figure 1.) * From the Greek fellos — cork, and dendron — tree. 178 234 Forests in valleys and mountains. — Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss. Sometimes cultivated in the European part, Centr. Asia and in the Caucasus. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from the Amur River. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. The velutinous bark is used in the manufacture of cheap corks. The wood is used for making furniture (Strogii. Tr. po prikl. bot. XXI, 55—144; Maleev., Sov. bot. 5, 1933, 11—19). Genus 846a. SKIMMIA Thunb. -— See p. 543 Genus * PTELEA * L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 118; Gen. pl. ed. 5 (1754) 54 Flowers unisexual in dioecious plants, male flowers with rudimentary ovary, female with staminodes; sepals 4—5; petals 4—5; stamens 4-5; ovary 2-locular, with 2 ovules in each cell; style 1, with capitate stigma; fruit a 2-seeded samara. Shrub, with ternate, foul-odored leaves. 1. Ps teifoliata L. sp. ‘pl. (1753)418¢%Ssehneid. Laubholzk, II (1907) P23. et. (0310, 1-e Wils.- in MiAm, FY. 25 (19T1T):209.— let: *Saggiesit. N. Am. 1 (1901) tab. 33, 34. Shrub 1.5—3m,up to 8m in nature; leaves long-petioled, ternate; leaflets lanceolate, oblong or ovate, the lateral sessile, tapering above, entire or finely dentate, glabrous or pubescent when young. Inflorescence paniculate, with pubescent branches and pedicels; sepals ovate or oblong, pubescent or glabrous, 1—2 mm long; petals greenish-white, elliptic or sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, more or less pubescent outside, 4.5—6.5mm long; filaments usually hairy below middle; samara oval, obovate or suborbicular,1.5—3cm wide. July—August. (Plate XIII, Figure 2.) Cultivated in the southwestern part of the USSR as an ornamental plant. Native habitat.— N. America. Described from Virginia. Subfamily 3. AURANTIOIDEAE Engl.— Flowers 4—5—8-merous, usually bisexual; stamens 8 to many, free or polyadelphous; fruit (hesperidium) baccate, cells filled with juice-sacs. Genus * PONCIRUS Raf. Raf. Syl. Tell. (1838) 143 Flowers bisexual; sepals 4—5(6—7), connate at base; petals 4—5(6—7), spatulate, clawed; stamens 8—10,free; ovary 6—8-locular, with numerous ovules; fruit baccate, with densely hairy soft pericarp, locules containing stalked juice sacs filled with oily, bitter substances. Spiny shrubs, with ternate deciduous leaves. * The name for elm used by the ancient authors. 179 237 1) °Piltrifeliata (Lv) Rats Syl9 Vell 4 (£838) 14359 home ma) ie Ea: Bot. XXVI, 1 (1931) 343.— Citrus trifoliata L. Sp. pl. ed. 2 (1762) 1101: Schneid. Laubholzk. II (1907) 128.— Aegle sepiaria DC. Prodr. I (1824) 538.— C. triptera Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, ed. 3 (1829) 406.— Pseudaegle sepiaria Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II (1865— 1866) 83.— Ic.: André in Rev. Hort. 57 (1885) 516.— Trifoliate orange. Shrub, with green flattened branches; leaves coriaceous, with winged petiole, ternate, with sessile obovate leaflets. Flowers large, white, sub- sessile, axillary; fruit subglobose, up to 5cm wide, with numerous seeds. March—April. (Plate XIV, Figure 2.) Cultivated mostly in the Caucasus as stock for citrus fruits, also for ornamental purposes and as a hedge plant. Its native habitat is C. China and the Himalayas. Described from Japan. Note. The most cold-resistant among the citrus plants, hence used for crossing with them. The known citranges of these hybrids are Citrus: sinensis X Poncirus trifoliata) and (€; sianenmsmsex P. trifoliata) X Fortunella sp. satsumas (P. trifoliata X CC, ini sia) aandwothers: Genus * CITRUS *« L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 782; Gen. pl. ed. 5 (1754) 341 Flowers bisexual or some male-abortive; sepals 4—5-, more or less connate; petals 4—8, fleshy, oblong-linear; stamens 20—60, free or polya- delphous; ovary 8 to locular, with 4—8 biseriate ovules in each cell; fruit baccate, with glabrous soft pericarp, locules filled with stalked juice sacs; seeds with 2 to many embryos. Small trees, with evergreen (unifoliolate) leaves. Alpe Young branches reddish-violet; petals faintly purple outside; fruit ovoid or oval, with beak (nipple) at apex, pale yellow, with peel not GEMS KISENGENRNEIS 95 bho bia oo fg 06 6 GO OOO oO 1. CC. limon, Busi ate Young branches green; petals pure white; fruit globose, flattened or depressed at apex, bright orange-yellow, with readily separating peel. “Swe eS BW atc a. Renee OER ae 2. C. unshiu Marc. 1. Cy limon Burm. Fly ind: (1768) i73-— Eusis inthe rik Bor eavele (1931) 1795— Ceimedica BYilimomn kL: Sp. pl) (1753) 1825 — | Caeador num Risso in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 20 (1813) 201; Mark. in Izv. Soch. obi. “and” Sukhum.’ sad: 1 si=kh. ‘opyt. st. 2)(1921)) 7 ‘et 10) —"ier Bonnier: En Ee ein Ol 2) etalon ile ate: Sp Small spiny shrub; young shoots with reddish-violet tinge; leaves coriaceous, oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, finely dentate, with wingless petiole. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs; calyx obscurely dentate; petals faintly purple outside, distinctly curved, glabrous; stamens free or united in small bundles; style not detached from ovary; fruit ovoid * From the Greek kitron, kitrion — a word of African derivation. 180 2—Preled tritoliata TL: 1— Phellodendron amurense Ruppr.; PLATE XIII. 181 238 or oval, tapering at both ends, with nipple at apex, pale yellow, peel not easily separating, core-compact; seeds thick, pinkish at the chalaza, with faintly greenish solitary embryo. February—April. Cultivated in the Caucasus and sheltered during the winter in Astara district and the coast of Batumi. Native habitat — Pacific tropical islands. Described from the Near East. Widely cultivated in the Mediterranean countries. 9. C. unshiu® Mare. in Izv. Soch. obl. 1 Sukhum. sad.7i s.—khi)opyt- Stau2u (92) svand: tle Lugs inves Pris Bot, exeayl, laisse 205. Tanaka in Mem. Fac. Sc. Agric. Taihoku Univ. IV (1932) 51, tab. I, tf. 3: 4e,— GG) unjsibiu, Hort. ex: danakalinv ints gWev, (SC. sleralg. \oeee aero. I (1923) 32.— C. nobilis var. unshiu Swing. in Bailley Stand, Cycl. Hots 2) (190d), 284s eae wbanaka.. Iemee Small, nearly dwarf, robust, loosely spreading, usually not spiny, com- monly grayish with brown-striped branches usually inclined, drooping at tip; young shoots dark green, angular, often flexuose; leaves coriaceous, shiny above, dull beneath, large, oblong, abruptly and shortly tapering at apex, with distinctly prominent nerves and hardly winged petioles. Flowers axillary, usually solitary or in pairs; petals pure white, thick, moderately tapering; stamens connate at base, grouped in bundles, often with abortive anthers; fruit globose-flattened, bright orange-yellow, depressed at apex, peel easily separating, core loose, usually with solitary seeds or none; seeds turbinate, without distinct beak, whitish, with few green pale embryos. February—April. (Plate XIV, Figure 1.) Note. C. unshiu is the major citrus fruit grown in the Caucasus where tangerines have been cultivated since the end of the 19th century. It is unknown in its wild state and, according to Tanaka, represents a muta- tion of the semicultivated Chinese variety of tangerines growing in Chekiang province. It is widely cultivated in Japan from where it has been spread into cultivation in the world. There are many varieties of this species but the most widespread in the USSR is the satsuma orange (Ekimov and Korot- kova. Subtrop., 3—4, 1929, 23—27; Korotkova. Tr. Prikl. Bot. XXIV, 4, 1929=1930),'395—422 Luss, Ere. Prikl. Bot. ser. A. 8) 19335) 43—68)r Among the other representatives of the genus Citrus cultivated in the Caucasus there are: 1) C. sinensis Osbeck (orange). Petioles narrowly winged; flowers white, in few-flowered corymbs, with glabrous calyx; fruit globose, orange, with core compact and not easily separating peel, pulp sweet-sour. 2) C. aurantium L. (Seville orange). Petioles broadly winged; flowers white in few-flowered corymbs, with pubescent calyx; fruit subglobose, orange, with hollow core and not easily separating peel, pulp bitter. 3) C. deliciosa Ten (mandarin orange). Leaves more or less gradually acuminate; petioles wingless; flowers white, soli- tary; fruit flattened, furrowed at base, dark orange, with loose core and easily separating peel. 4) C. paradisi Mactad. (grapefruit). Petioles winged; flowers in many-flowered racemes; fruit flattened, depressed and dotted at apex,dark yellow. 5) C. medica L. (citron). Petioles wing- less; flowers with reddish tinge, solitary or in few-flowered racemes, glabrous; fruit oblong, irregular, rugose and grumose, obtuse, yellow, with very thick peel, pulp sour-bitter. 6) C. limetta Risso (sweet lime). Petioles wingless or slightly winged; flowers white, small, glabrous; fruit 182 PLATE XIV. 1—Citrus unshiu Marc.; 2— Poncirus trifoliata (L) Raf.; 3—Fortunella japonica Swing. 183 broadly oval or globose, with broad nipple, yellow, pulp sweet. 7) See Markovich (1. c.) for other citrus fruits. Genus * FORTUNELLA Swing. Swing. in Journ. Wash. Ac. Sc. V (1915) 165 Flowers bisexual; calyx 5-toothed; petals (4)5(6); stamens 18—20, irregularly connate, in bundles; ovary 3—7-locular, with 2 ovules in each 241 cell; fruit baccate, small, with glabrous fleshy peel and locules filled with stalked juice sacs. Shrubs or small trees, with evergreen (unifoliate) leaves. 1. F. japonica (Thunb.) Swingle in Journ. Wash. Ac. Sc. V (1915) 171; Luss in Trt Prikl: Bot; XXVI,71 (1931) 227-— Crt rus] a plona ecayiaaunb: Fl. japon. (1784) 292.— C. auranticum var. japonica Hook. in Bot. Mag. 3 ser. XXX (1874) tab. 6128.— Ic.: Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXXI (1882) tab. 1097. Spiny shrub or small tree; young branches green, glabrous, flattened- triangular; leaves coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate, tapering, obtuse, cuneate at base, slightly crenate, with narrowly winged petiole. Flowers 1—3 in axil; calyx glabrous; petals white, oblong; fruit orange, globose, 5—6-locular, 2.5—3cm wide. March—April. (Plate XIV, Figure 3.) Cultivated in the Caucasus. Native habitat.— China. Described from Japan. Widely cultivated in Pacific Asia. Note. Resembling F. margarita (Lour.) Swing. that differs by the oval, 4—5-locular fruit and obsolete spines. Family LXXXIV. SIMARUBACEAE* LINDL. rees or shrubs; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, pinnate, rarely simple. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, regular, usually small, in panicles or spicate inflorescences; sepals 3—5, more or less connate, imbricate or valvate; petals 3—5(6), rarely absent; stamens commonly twice as long as petals; ovary superior, usually encircled by inflated disk composed of 2—6 carpels, free at base or connate by styles (or stigmas) or completely connate; carpels 1- to few-seeded; fruit drupaceous, rarely a berry or samara; seeds thinly albuminous or exalbuminous. Note. A tropical family with 30 genera and nearly 200 species. Most of the genera are confined to the tropical regions. Only one repre- sentative of this family is encountered in cultivation in the USSR. * Treatment by I.A. Linchevskii. 184 242 243 Genus *AILANTAUS * Desf. Desf. in Hist. Acad. Sc. Par. (1786—1788) 265 (nom. conserv).— Pongelion Adans. Fam. II (1763) 319 Rather large trees; buds subspherical, with 2—4 scales; leaves decidu- ous, alternate, imparipinnate; leaflets 9—41, usually denticulate at base, teeth bearing a rather large gland. Flowers small, bisexual and staminal, in large terminal panicles; sepals 5, small, connate; petals 5—6; stamens 10, inserted at base of 10-lobed disk; staminal flowers without rudimentary gynoecium; carpels 5—6, more or less connate or free; fruit composed of 1—6 free oblong samaras with compressed seed in the middle; seeds thinly albuminous; embryo with obovate or suborbicular cotyledons. Note. This genus comprises 12—15 species occurring in the southern part of the Himalayas and reaching N. China (Shansi, Hopeh); it is also found in Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Moluccas island group, Australia, (Queensland and New South Wales), and the Philippines. Ailanthus was distributed in the USSR from the Paleocene to the Myocene. A. confucii Ung. in Paleocene deposits of the Amur (Raichikha), in Sarmatian deposits of the Black Sea area (Krynka). *A, altissima (Mill.) Swingle in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sc. VI (1916) 495; Rehd. Man. cult. trees (1937) 527; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. HI, 21.— Toxico- dendron altissimum Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768).— Albonia peregrina Buc'hoz Herb. color Amér. (1783) tab. 57.— Rhus sinen- sis Houttuyn, Handl. Pl. II (1774) 212.— Rh. cacodendron Ehrh. in Hannov. Mag. XXI (1783) 225.— Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. in Hist. Acad. Sc. Par. 1786 (1788) 265 C.K. Schn. Laubholzk. II, 305 home, El, Man'chzh. Il, 673; Shmal'g., Fl. I, 203; Hegi, II. Fl. V, 1, 81; Madaus, Lehrb. Biol. Heilmitt. I (1938) 452.— A. peregrina Barkley in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. XXIV (1937) 264.— Pongelion glandulosum Pierre, Fl. Cochinch. IV (1893) 294. — Ic.: Desf. 1. c. tab. 8; Hegi, 1. c. f. 1717,1718; Engl. u. Pr. Nat. Pflanzen.-fam. 2 Aufl. 19a (1931)°390, Tes; "Madaus; f."‘e.) p: 452: Tree, up to 20—30m high, with rather loose spreading crown; young branches slightly pubescent, later dull, yellowish-brown, old bark pale gray; leaves (30)45—60(90)cm long; leaflets 11—25(41), oval-lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, rounded at base, slightly emarginate or (rarely) obliquely trun- cate, (4)6—12 cm long, 2.5—4 cm wide, densely and shortly pubescent when young, later subglabrous, finely ciliate at margin, with 2—4 large teeth at the lower part of blade each bearing a gland. Flowers in loose panicles, 10—20(30)cm long, bisexual and staminal; sepals 5, very small, connate below; petals 5—6, greenish-yellow, 2.5—3.5 mm long, acuminate-ovate, crisp-hairy inside at the lower half; stamens 10, ca. 4mm long, filaments pubescent below; ovary of 5 one-seeded carpels, with connate styles; fruit a flattened, oblong samara, irregularly rhombic in shape, 3—4 cm long, ca. 1 cm wide, straw-yellow or reddish-brown, with 1 seed in the middle. Fl. May, Fr. July—August. Escaped in China (provinces of Kansu, Szechwan, Shantung, Hopeh, Hupeh) from which it was dispersed to W. Europe in the 18th century and later naturalized in America. * From aylanto, a vernacular name used by Rumpf (Rumpf, Herb. Amb. III (1743) 203) to describe TALBOT, CoOEeLiC 185 244 Description based on cultivated specimens grown in England from seeds sent from China by missionary Incarville in about 1750. Type unknown (?). Economic importance. A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle is often grown in the USSR as a shade tree, particularly in the south: Crimea, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, N. Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, S.Kirghizia, S.Kazakhstan. It frequently escapes from cultivation. In Central Asia it is cultivated under irrigated conditions but it has been discovered that it grows satisfactorily under nonirrigated conditions: on loess hills near Tashkent, Samarkand and Stalinabad, and in many other places it is grown as a shade tree under nonirrigated conditions. It has withstood the more northern climates, Leningrad, for example, but in Severe winters is destroyed by frost. In addition to being a shade tree it is planted because of the beauty of its leaves, the rather original type of crown, rapid growth and its ornamen- tal fall fruits, especially of var. erythrocarpa Rehd.; the leaves of A. altissima are used to feed the silkworm Attacus cynthia which was domesticated in some of the provinces of China and from there has been dispersed to India, S. Furope and America. The quality of the silk obtained from Attacus cynthia is inferior to that obtained from the Chinese silkworm. In the literature there are reports that the bark and leaves of A. altis- Sima are effective in the treatment of tapeworm and dysentery. In a recent article on the medicinal plants of China, B.E. Read (Chinese Medi- cinal Plants, Publ. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull. 1936) points out that the bast is used for medicinal purposes since it contains fatty oil, phlobaphene, phytosterol and tannin. Its seeds and roots are used as well. Hegi (l.c.) notes that the wood of A. altissima is not easily split, but is easily processed. In China it is used for building and also in the manufacture of paper. Both bark and leaves contain anthelmintic constituents. The leaves contain quercitin and 11.9% tannin substances (ellagitannin and gallotannin). The resinous sap of the bark is used in preparing oil plants. The local population in some parts of S. Central Asia regard the leaves as a means of treating Pendinski ulcer. Family *MELIACEAE* VENT. Trees or shrubs, rarely semishrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, pinnate, rarely simple. Flowers regular, bisexual, rarely uni- sexual, usually in terminal inflorescences; sepals 4—5, usually partly con- nate; petals 4—5, rarely 3—10, valvate, imbricate or convolute, free or sometimes connate at base; stamens usually 8—10, usually united into a tube, rarely free; ovary superior, united at base with disk, 2—5-locular, rarely 1- or 10—20-locular, with 1—2 or rarely more embryos in each cell; fruit a capsule, drupe or berry; seeds winged or wingless, with or without albumin. * Treatment by 1.A. Linchevskii. 186 245 Note. There are ca. 40 genera and nearly 600 species in this family, mainly restricted to tropical and subtropical regions. Genus *MELIA* L. L. Gen. pl. ed. 5 (1754) 182 Trees or shrubs with deciduous leaves or evergreen; leaves bipinnate or tripinnate, with entire or dentate leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles, bisexual; sepals 5—6, small, connate at base; petals 5—6, free; filaments united into a thin tube with 10—20 lobes at top, anthers 10—12, borne inside tube between lobes; ovary on short disk, with long cylindrical style, 5—8- locular, each cell with 2 ovules; fruit a drupe with fleshy or more or less dry pericarp. Note. There are about 25 species in S. Asia and Australia. M. azedarach** L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 384; DC. Monogr. Phan. I (1878) 451; Boiss. El; or. 1, 954... Hook, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1,344, Brandis, Ind. Trees, 140; C.K. Schn. Laubholzk. II, 132; Rehd. et Wils. in Sarg. Bi. Wilson. .11..4,. 157: Burkill,, Dict. Econ. products Malay penins. II (£935) 1441; Rehd. Man. cult. trees, 528; Hegi, Fl. V, 1, 85; Makino and Nemoto, Fl. of Jap. (1931) 636.— M. japonica Don, Gen. Syst. I (1831) 680.— M. azedarach var. japonica Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, XXVIII (1914) 34.— Ic.: Lindl. Med. Oecon. Bot. (1849) 116; C.K. Schn. eet cats er, ue. SLi. Tree up to 12—18m high, with rather broad spreading crown; bark of young branches reddish-brown, of the older dark gray, rugose; leaves 25—80 cm long, bipinnate or tripinnate; leaflets 3—12, 2—5cm long, 1.5—2.5cm wide, ovate or oval, acuminate, acutely or obtusely dentate at margin, pale green, glabrous, slightly puberulent when young. Flowers with strong smell of honey, lilac, ca. 2cm in diameter, in loose panicles 10—20 cm long; sepals 5, hardly connate at base, triangular-ovate, glandular-hairy, ca.2mm long; petals 5, pale lilac, lanceolate, ca. 1 cm long, ca. 2mm wide; staminal tube dark violet, 8-9 mm long, ca. 1.5mm in diameter, with few papillae outside in upper part, with 20 subfiliform lobes above and10 anthers between them: ovary with the cylindrical style ca.omm long; fruit a fleshy yellow drupe ca.1.5cm in diameter, 5-locular. Fl. May, Fr. October. Escaped from cultivation in South and Southeastern Asia (Himalayas, Central and South China, Japan, and others), New Guinea, Australia. Boissier (l.c.) cites Buser's data recording it (apparently incorrectly) escaping in Gilan and Mazanderan. Its cultivation started in the 16th cen- tury and is now known in all the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds. In the USSR it is sometimes found in the southern regions — Crimea, Caucasus, Central Asian Republics. Described from specimens obtained by Linnaeus, apparently from Syria. Type in London. * From the Greek melia — ash, for the similarity of the leaves with those of the ash. ** Arabic name for this tree, borrowed by Linnaeus from Avicenna. 187 246 Economic importance. Grown as an ornamental tree for its unique leaves and flowers and the beauty of its crown. It is distinguished for its rapid growth and hard, light red wood which is widely used for carpentry in some countries, sometimes in place of the real ''redwood'"' (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.), which belongs to the same family. B.E. Read (Chinese Medicinal Plants. Publ. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull. 1936) includes M. aze- darach L. among the medicinal plants, noting that the fruits, bark, leaves and flowers are in use. The fruits contain 60% fatty oil (from the seeds) and 6% tannin. According to Lindley (1. c.) the ground roots are used in the United States as an anthelmintic agent. Hegi (l.c.) writes that not only the roots can be used for that purpose but the whole plant as well. He notes that the oil of M. azedarach may be used for varnishes and that the wood is utilized in the manufacture of musical instruments. Burkill (1. c.) obServes that the Arabs and Iranians use the liquor from the leaves as anthelmintic, diuretic and emetic remedies. The fruit (seeds) are poisonous for man. There were cases in Java where the seeds were used for poisoning. In China they are used as a poison for fish, and in America insecticides are prepared from the fruit. Family LXXXV. POLYGALACEAE *« LINDL. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic; calyx of 5 free or more or less connate sepals, the two lateral (inner) sepals petaloid, the others much smaller, the dorsal unpaired, cup-shaped, usually slightly longer than the two anterior; petals 5, the two lateral abortive or obsolete, the anterior often large and keeled, fimbriate at apex and more or less united with the others; stamens 8, filaments united for half into a tube separated below; anthers 1-locular, opening by terminal pore; ovary superior, usually 2-locular, with 1 pendent ovule in each cell; style 2-lobed at apex, sometimes capitate; fruit a 2- locular capsule flattened at the sutures; seeds hairy, with conspicuous aril, endosperm and erect embryo. Perennial herbs, with alternate entire leaves; flowers in terminal and axillary racemes. L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 701 Inflorescence araceme. Flowers irregular; sepals 5, persistent (in Russian species), the inner two (lateral) petaloid, larger in fruit, winglike; petals usually 3 (rarely 5), more or less united to each other and with filaments, the lower petal boat-shaped, fimbriate-incised above (in Russian species); stamens 8, rarely 6, united below in one bundle, separating above into two bundles consisting of 4 stamens each or monadelphous; anthers * Treatment by S.A. Nevskii. The manuscript was edited and enlarged by S.G. Tamamshyan with the data of M.I. Kotov. From the Greek polys — many, and gala — milk. It was once thought that the abundance of this plant would increase the lactation of animals in pastures. a 188 247 248 1-locular, opening by small pore at apex; ovary superior, 2-locular, with 1 style and 2-lobed stigma; fruit a 2-locular capsule, flattened at sutures, usually winged at margin; seeds one in each cell, hairy arillate. Perennials with entire, alternate, sometimes whorled leaves, without stipules; flowers with 3 bracts, of which the median longer. The so-called ''Radix Senegae" which is the root of P. senega L., an American species of this genus, is widely known in medicine. Extracts of this root are among the mixtures used for gargling and also as a diuretic and diaphoretic. These are also the properties of the root of the Russian P. sibirica L. and P. tenuifolia Willd. In America the root is also applied in the treatment of snake bite. At present the root of P. senega is of less use, having been replaced by other and more perfect means. The Filaments half-connate, sometimes only the median two united up to base of anthers or all wholly connate; style twisted above middle, filiform or ribbonlike, angustate above and below; stigma orbicular Pee Pe START Oe PG, LE 2 RP RS a ETE ee 2. * Filaments connate nearly up to anthers; style straight, stigma 2-lobed, cochleariform, sometimes hairy above ......s2ec-cee-s 4, 2. Stems glabrous or subglabrous; leaves narrowly linear,up to 3cm long and 0.5—lcem wide ........+.-2+--.- 2. P. tenuifolia Willd. + Stems shortly appressed-hairy; leaves lanceolate, elliptic or ovate .. ESPERO Se ON OS SRA BAT Sd ihe “odie be eo cats 3. 3 Flowering raceme distinctly shorter than the leafy shoot; capsule with deep depression above; filaments connate .......-+++-e+e+--. TT SR ES SI IG HO BSL SS OR Pa 3. P. japonica Houtt. + Flowering raceme much longer than the leafy shoot; capsule with inconspicuous depression above, narrowly winged; stamens free LOTITO PAPE DAS SI BS LG SLs SL be Py-sibiriea. 1. 4. Anthers of median stamens densely hairy above, longer than the others; crest longer than upper petals, wings never netted-veined ... Pe eee LAI ee NS BWSR EOS IE BS I SRR ao: an + All anthers glabrous, uniform; upper petals shorter or as long as CPCS eid eared Se eae BEE cine Seta Te Nee Ved ATE ER Meet ok #3 5 ce we 5. Plants slightly woody at base; flowers blue but not large; wings of capsule symmetrical or somewhat asymmetrical ...-.-.+.+... 6. + Semishrubs with woody stems; flowers large, bright pink to purple; wings of capsule much asymmetrical with protuberant nerves ......- RESTS OI TRAY GUE ROME. ahs 4. BP. papillionacea Boiss. 6. Capsule oblong, with narrow wings, not completely symmetrical, as wide as or slightly wider than wings of flowerS ..- +++ e+ eee eees a ar Ee TIS SCE %. 1 5. P. hohenackeriana Fisch. et Mey. + Capsule broadly cordate, broadly and symmetrically winged, much wider than wings of flowers .....-+..2+.- 6. P. stoksiana Boiss. te Anthers on more or less long or short but distinct stalks [filaments *]; wings nearly never netted-veined ... 1.2... eee eee ee ee ee ees o3 ¥ Anthers not as above; wings always distinctly or faintly netted- nerved, sometimes with dense reticulum in the upper part ..... i 189 8. Erect plants; anthers on very distinct stalks [filaments?]; wings of -corollaxelliptieyacuminate; leaves lanceolate mama) lien eaaee CUR Oe Ge ATE oF ai) SOTTO Cec eb: ORDO Toho! 0. OO Ol 0 10. P. pruinosa Boiss. + Procumbent or slightly ascending plants; anthers on inconspicuous stalks, lowem sepals, helmiet—sinalp ecligy-iac) 1 uur ee en nie =e $)- %. Small plants, appressed to ground; leaves small, orbicular, dense; wings (inner sepals) elliptic, acuminate or obtuse; capsule nar- TON by White! og ab ho ooo Gao OO Oe 8. P. andrachnoides Willd. ts Plants larger, prostrate or ascending; leaves broadly elliptic or obovate capsulemnr ceou larly jwangied!s ym. u oi» pei) -th-e ee 10. 10. Stems ascending; leaves broadly elliptic; lobes of aril broadly Ovatey short, one-fitthyaslonicuasysiced) (ee. cumini. iran - tae meir ite mene See ny ant: Maree nee Ae heat Ty (oN Gams: ON er flee 9. P. pseudohospita Tamamsch. ty Stems decumbent, woody at base, frutescent; lower leaves and some of the median broadly lobate; wings of flowers asymmetrical; lobes Of aqilvone=thirdvasilonomasssiece di Paiur sa smeienr 72) P..pisupinea schreb: Wal Plantsywithenosiettedson weadi Galalleavies/ muiantritdel k=) tease eee WPA ar Plants nOtrcash ab Ove ys ny in os enon eek oh elon gheteee cot? rete tense at 14 I Ae Rosette leaves and cauline leaves distinctly differing in shape and SHV AC Rem eR Boles Gat esto ao eGios Ook BOY Om O) bin lo oN OlianO Ol. O10 O00 & 6 WS mF Cauline leaves similar to leaves of rosette; flowers greenish- whites smalls wings 2.5mm, shorter thanycapsulles ea. serene Oe aero ONE TS RER era ea te re sare eo ee er ie 2 ebicnione: Cramtiz. 18). Wings longer than capsule post anthesis; inflorescence rather dense; flowers larger, up to 4-5 mm; upper cauline leaves acuminate Be eee Mee Mem oy it ese eh es toners Gy Gen 2s co, orc 12 aA TSubamianraghircircelar ap Wings shorter than or as long as capsule; flowers blue, small, 272—s mam: c@audine! leaves! lanceolate, siesistlles o-as5 mick seats TERRA NeD dese ORCL ee EN CH GE TEES BoE TOT see CME trict 13. P. amarella Crantz. 14. Corolla slightly longer than wings; ovary and capsule distinctly... SUPPAATCs vi coejelia)| SRR eee a mes lam Soames shies Phage: Boyt eee ene Bil ay Corolla as long as or shorter than or slightly longer than wings; ovary and capsule nearly always sessile, infrequently stipitate Sib: lave hire ease Sucre cbnd Bee as “Sede eek 3° Cra Rew elss to Ctyee ek. ea WBS 15, Small, low plants up to 10cm high; leaves small, ovate or orbicular; corollagtubeshort,muchycusvieds ine a-5 14. P. suanica Tamamsch. ati Higher plants; leaves longer than 2cm; corolla tube straight, as longa larmib'y 2 sue ce} att aye cst eS Gegzoehin Shuivau see ie Cea ae ee 113}. Gs Leaves broadly lanceolate or rhombic, thick, shiny; corolla not protruding from wings; wings obovate, obtuse, with nerves slightly AMA STOMO SIMS ADOVCr ieee tem Mies eee lb. 1P.. alpicola nupr: Cia) aR Leaves thin, linear or narrowly lanceolate; corolla up to 8mm long, as} lonig#vasi wings OG Slightly exceedinis, them, =) 4 4 suse, ane Ins EF. Racemes wathiapicalispappus: OfslonoybEaActsg ais -aewen een eee ILS). ar Bracts caducous, racemes without apical pappus..).... 2.2). .... 18. ILsy, Inflorescence short; all bracts subequal, very small; leaves lance- olate; flowers pinkish or blue; wings narrowly lanceolate; plants ofsthe (centraljandeglower mountainezone Sums ae ene DenP cect men ada cic timolol mies iogmeds Gace ool OM On OL OMe. 16. P. caucasica Rupr. 190 250 19. 29. 26. 24. 28% Two lateral bracts shorter than flower bud, median bracts as long as pedicel; leaves linear; W. European plants .....-+-+-+-+-+-. ip ea oti ce tear ere an Se sete eres aufen sere Te Pe Ps vulgaris L. Racemes pyramidal-conical, dense, not very long; flowers pinkish, blue and white; corolla as long as wingS ..-+++++e+seeeeeee BOERS OT UR ee a PLR SER eee ae ate 18. P. hybrida DC. Racemes loose, long, not conical or pyramidal; flowers pinkish, paletseephor pale valet, Arye afin Seals ke Sete ett eh esta oa eee Z0r Wings elliptic; ovary and Gapsule Sessile. 2.5. <6 see ee eee es Rane PEt OSES NP eats Se cr a eee a hs" 19. P. comosa Schkuhr Wings oblong-elliptic; ovary distinetiy Stipitatey wari fee ee CSR et? TAOS Aer a oe ae es 20. P. moldavica Kotov. Ovary and capsule stipitate, stipe as long as or longer than fruit .. eR RET Ee rs STO ER SO as EN ee Sees ONS E (Phe Doe Ovary and capsule on shorter SISSON ew eee ane hee eee 20. Stipe longer than ovary and fruit; very large plants, up to 50-60 cm rege eh ae eet ely Mee Monee ohne aes Tee tree wee ae pres RE Te rie Zee Ovary and fruit as long as stipe; plants notras: lar re w eeen aF, 20. Plant up to 60cm high; flowers large, 19—21 mm, lilac; wings broadly elliptic,5—7-nerved ... 21. P. amoenissima Tamamasch. Flowers smaller, 10—17 mm; corolla pale purple, pinkish, some- OER Re CALA eared ls Me SR i a a Ee a el 24. Ovary on stipe nearly twice as long as ovary; flowers pale purple; corolla not conspicuously exceeding wings; stems few, woody at AS CMRI ee aaa ie) See hie er atte! i heme e ules ane 22. P. cretacea Kotov. Ovary on a slightly longer stipe; corolla distinctly exceeding wings, up to 14-15 mm long; wings broadly lanceolate, 3—5-nerved “.... - A OA sheds elie eee ataeil ae erie at umole, 1 93) “PP mayjor Jacq. Racemes loose; wings narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; corolla distinctly protruding from wings, tube sword-shaped, curved, narrow; flowers white and pink; delicate DIAM rE SiR. Se Sie 6 Sere RE RA r ate te ar os Se 24. P. colchica Tamamsch. peer Fear een.) A oes Ss orden EM 25. P. mariamae Tamamsch. dry, very rarely reddish ...--++++-- 26. P. leucothyrsa Voron. Racemes only terminal, not as long; flowers never yellowish, up to Mesa r= ERR ae Pa oes BPI a) PNT eee es Se Dl Bracts long persistent, young inflorescence with pappus; corolla Gulsetstramal or ticarly SO". 7". V7. 8 ee ee 8 oe ee we wn one 28. -Bracts caducous; corolla tube curved, longer than Hem ee ts Se ZA IE Leaves broadly rhombic, shiny, coriaceous; flowers bright blue (nearly gentian); corolla tube straight, broad; stems many, erect; WOGGy Cal Bate Cle. a be She Rheem es Ses 27. P. urartu Tamamsch. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear; flowers pinkish or blue; stems Pew, aseendiag yh. Ss MES Sosa eee 28. P. kemulariae Tamamsch. 19] 251 29). Prostrate plants, with long, slightly ascending, many-flowered racemes; corolla flash-colored-red or nearly purple; wings eee Sah ake saa) spe Stgrelh eo tapout otal cnee ae Mou 29. P. transcaucasica Tamamsch. ap Erect or ascending plants; corolla variously colored, blue or pinkish; wings oval, much shorter than corolla, 3—5-nerved ...... Sethe, cecanuindoratlt a, chive Proust cmtsNeR weeiwion lay mahiopecwte 30. P. anatolica Boiss. et Heldr. Section 1. MIGRATORIA Tamamsch.-— Sect. Orthopolygala, subsect. VI, VIII, Asiaticeae Chod. Monogr. (1893) 121, 318.— Style ribbonlike, sometimes filiform, ascending or curved, tapering above and below; stigma inconspicuous, with equal or unequal lobes; filaments con- nate up to the middle in each bundle; filaments free, sometimes all anthers subsessile (on tube) or 6—8 sessile [on tube]. 1. Be sibirica I. Sp. pls ed. a) (e753) 7102-3 siturcez. Obes aiker cians 194; Ldb. Fl. Ross.«1,2269) (excl. var Bi4);. shmal io. s2Hla pl loo maee Bi Manltehzh. oll i676; iKnyl Bie Zap Silo. AVE e Ih Si55 a (esxcilaayeuee angustifolia); Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2, 347, DP. Pa sile.: gudb. dc.).pl.,bI Ross... tabs446: «Gmelin. He Silesia tab. Vil, f. 21—26.,— Exs.: @.R.b. No.307; Herb. bil) Cauca Nomsigee Perennial; root straight, woody, branching in upper part and producing numerous stems; stems more or less branching, usually erect, short- appressed-hairy, 10—20 cm high; lower leaves elliptic, short-acuminate or obtuse, the others oval-lanceolate, or lanceolate, up to 3—3.2 cm long, 9—10 mm wide, all leaves sparsely short-hairy. Flowering racemes lateral, usually exceeding the leafy apex of stem, loose, one-sided, 2—7 cm long; flowers 3—6 mm long, the lower drooping, pubescent; bracts small, ca.2 mm long, 0.75—1 mm wide, green; wings (inner sepals) large, 6—7.5mm long, ca. 3mm wide, tapering at base to short claw, greenish with broad white edge; corolla pale violet or bluish, shortly and finely pubescent at the inner side; lateral petals 5-6 mm long, shorter than the lower, with finely long- fimbriate keel on top; capsules globular-obcordate, ca.5 mm in diameter, with inconspicuous depression at apex, marginate with narrow short-ciliate wings. May—July. Limestones, dry stony cliffs, dry meadows with consolidated sandy or sandy-stony soil, clayey outcrops. — European part: U.Dns., M.Dnp., B1., V.-Don, Transv., V.-Kama; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E.Transc.; W. Siberia: Int., Alt. E. Siberia: Ang.-Say..,.Dau.; Man Hast; Ze.-Su.,.UsseaiGene distr.: Jap.-Ch., Mong., Ind.-Him., Centr.Eur. Described from ''Siberia." Type in London. Var. hakobii Tamamsch. in Fedde, Repert. XXXIX (1936) 321. — Filaments of all stamens connate nearly up to top, or on the same speci- men filaments of the two median stamens connate for more than half, the remaining 6 free.— Dagestan, Gunib. Note. This variety differs from P. sibirica also by the ribbonlike style which is straight below and horizontally curved above the middle, as well as by the capsule densely ciliate at margin. These plants should represent a separate species P. hakobii Tamamsch.; thetype of this Species are the specimens collected by Grossgeim on 14 June 1915 in Gunib. 192 2952 Var. ciliata Tamamsch. 1. c.— Capsule subglobular, margins with narrow, ciliate wings. Dagestan, Avar Koisuy, Gimri, stony slopes. 2. P. tenuifolia Willd. Sp. pl. III (1800) 879; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. I, 194: Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 679.— P. sibirica B. angustifolia Ldb. Fl.- Ross. 1 (1842) 269; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1856.— P. sibirica var. tenuifolia Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2 (1893) 348.— Ic.: Kom., and Al., Opr. IH, tab.24, f.3; Yabe, Ic. Fl. Mansh. I, pt.1, tab.6 (1914). Perennial; root oblique, producing numerous stems; stems thin, glab- rous, rarely sparsely verrucose, 23—25cm high; leaves ascending, narrowly linear, (1.5)2—3 cm long, 0.5—1(1.25) mm wide, acuminate, sparingly pubes- cent. Racemes lateral, exceeding the leafy branches, loose, few-flowered; pedicels ascending, drooping in fruit, arcuately elongating to 6—7 mm; bracts very small, ca.1mm long, subulate, mucronate; outer sepals glabrous or hardly verrucose, narrow, linear-lanceolate, 2mm long, the two inner sepals (wings) large, 5mm long, 2mm wide, dorsally striate with broad green lines, pinkish-violet at margin; corolla as in P. sibirica; capsules 4—5mm in diameter, globular-obcordate, with broad depression at apex, and very narrowly marginate with glabrous wings. May—July (August). Stony mountain slopes, dry sandy meadows; isolated.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from "Siberia."' Type in Berlin. 3. P. japonica Houttuyn, Handl. Pl. et Krui'k. X, tab.62, f.1 (L779): Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2, 353; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. Il, 675.— P. Sieboldiana Migq. Verb. Acad. Welensh. 2, Vol. Il (1868) 85.— Ic.: Chodat, 1. c. tab. XXXVII, f. 18-20; Kom. and AMZ Wprnstiipetab:2idgeis2. Perennial; root woody, crowned by many stems; stems ascending, rarely erect, simple, appressed-hairy, 7-30 cm high, ca.1 mm thick; leaves elliptic - ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 0.8—2.5cm long, 0.45—1.5cm wide, obtusely acuminate, thin-coriaceous, with margins slightly rolled, bright green above, paler beneath, subglabrous or very sparingly pubescent (mostly beneath along nerves), subsessile, with petiole 1mm or shorter. Racemes lateral, much shorter than stems; flowers 5—10, remote; bracts very small, ca. 1mm long, shorter than the pubescent 3—5 mm long pedicels; outer sepals linear-lanceolate, green, white-margined, inner sepals (wings) obovate, violet-pinkish or pinkish, obtuse, up to 8mm long,5mm wide; keel barbate; capsules subglobular or obcordate, incised above, broadly winged, 7 mm wide, glabrous or subglabrous. May—July. Dry herbaceous slopes of stony soil.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from China. Section 2. POLYGALON DC Prodr. I (1824) 324.— Sect. Eupolygala Bennet.in Journ. of Bot. XVI (1878) 243.— Sect. Orthopolygala, sub- sect. XIV, Chod. Monogr. (1893) 122, 430.— Style straight; stigma con- spicuous, 2-lobed, upper lobe erect, concave and spoon-shaped, acuminate, hairy above, sometimes pectinate, lower lobe curved forming a short hori- zontal lip; filaments connate; anthers distinctly sessile on tube, rarely subsessile. 193 253 254 Subsection 1. POLYGALASTRUM Tamamsch.— Papillionacea Chod. Monogr. (1893) 430.— Anthers of median stamens pubescent, elevated above others; lower petal (with crest) as long as or slightly shorter than upper petals; wing nerves never anastomosing. 4, P. papilionacea Boiss.) Diagn. ser: 1, 1 (1842))s5 PR eor: 475; Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Geneve, XXXI, 2, 478.-— Ic.: Chodat¥ Isic.) tabt X@GXIV,, f:956—63) —vExssieilerbs Pie i@auc.e iNew ae Perennial; root very thick (6—14 mm), woody; stem much branching, lignified, developing numerous appressed-hairy shoots; leaves many, the lower broader, the upper narrowly elliptic or often lanceolate-linear, acuminate, grayish-hairy, 1—2.5 cm long, 0.2—0.5cm wide. Racemes loose, terminal; bracts slightly longer or as long as pedicels; bracteoles smaller, membranous, more or less violet; deciduous; pedicels up to 2mm long but usually shorter, covered with curly hairs, later drooping; flowers up to 9-10 mm long, violet or pink-violet; 3 unequal outer sepals glabrous at margin (the upper larger, oblong, 3-nerved), wings (inner sepals) nearly twice as long, 8.5—9 mm long, 5—5.5mm wide, elliptic, rounded at apex, glabrous; keel very long-fimbriate, tapering and clawlike at base; capsules obcordate, broad, with broad marginal wings not reaching base. May—June. Rubbly taluses. Known from Kars district and, possibly, might be found in the southern part of Transcaucasia. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. De- scribed from Turkish Armenia. Type in Geneva. 5. P. hohenackeriana Fisch. et Mey. Ind. sem. h. Petrop. IV (1837) 42; VidbieEl. Ross: I,) 269; Boiss. ik or. 1, 47 25(excle vars a); Gaodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2, 477.— Ic.: Chodat, 1. ¢. tab. XXXIV, f. 46—55. Perennial; root thick, simple, flexuose; stem branching, woody, develop- ing many low (2.5—11cm high) shoots, densely leafy and (like leaves) densely appressed-hairy; leaves small (up to 2cm long, 4.5mm wide), the lower ovate or elliptic, usually ca. 3—5 mm long, obtuse, thick, the upper larger, oblong-lanceolate, acute, grayish-green. Flowers in axillary racemes, whitish-bluish or pale pink; bracts small, as long as pedicels, deciduous; pedicels pubescent, very short (up to 2mm long), not elongating in fruit; upper outer sepal larger, 5mm long, oval, the lower two outer sepals smaller, 2mm long, obtuse, inner sepals (wings) asymmetrical, elliptic- ovate or nearly elliptic, obtuse, 6 mm long, 3mm wide, whitish with greenish nerves; corolla pale bluish-lilac; capsules 5—6 mm long, obcordate, broadly incised at apex, narrowly winged at margin, 0.5—0.75 mm wide. April—May. Stony mountain slopes. — Caucasus: E. and S.Transe. Gen. distr.: Iran. Description based on Hohenacker's collections from the vicinity of Kirova- bad. Type in Leningrad. 6. P. stocksiana Boiss. Diagn. ser. II, 1 (1853) 59.— P. Hohenacke- riana var. Stocksiana Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 24 (S93) ka8e = lcs Chodat;lkiKel> talo. eXONIVE y fe 54e=5155 Perennial; small plants, up to 14cm high; stems branching, densely pubescent; leaves densely pubescent, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, the upper up to 2cm long, 4.5mm wide. Racemes axillary or 194 2955 terminal, rather loose; pedicels very short (less than 2 mm long), not elongating in fruit; bracts and bracteoles very small, white, membranous; flowers whitish-blue or with faint lilac tinge; the upper outer sepal elliptic, obtuse, 6 mm long, dorsally greenish-violet, lilac or white- scarious at margins,twice as long as the two lower, inner sepals ovate- elliptic, asymmetrical, clawless, 8-9 mm long, ca.5 mm wide, with free nerves, obtuse; capsules 6.5mm in diameter, sessile, obcordate, broadly incised above, with equal broad marginal wings,1—1.5mm wide. May— August. Stony slopes. Possibly occurring in the southern part of Transcaucasia since it is known from Kars district (Kagizman). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from Baluchistan. Type in Geneva. Subsection 2. POLYGALELLA Tamamsch.— Anthers more or less stipitate; upper petals shorter than the crested petal, wings hardly netted- veined. 7. P. supina Schreb. Ic. et descr. pl. decad. (1776) 19, tab. V. — P. Gundelsheimeri C. Kochin Linn. XIX (1846) 59.— P. supina ssp. pseudohospita Tamamsch. in schedis.— Ic.: Schreber, l. c. Perennial; root vertical, flexuose, thin; stems numerous, prostrate or ascending, ca. 10—12cm long, rather sparsely short-hairy, densely leafy; leaves broadly elliptic-ovate, ovate or elliptic, the lowermost sub- orbicular but small and obtuse, the upper slightly attenuate above, acumi- nate or obtusely acuminate, 7—18mm long, 3.5—9 mm wide, sparsely pubes- cent. Racemes loose, short; bracts and bracteoles membranous, one- third to one-half as long as pedicels; pedicels up to 3—4 mm long, more or less arcuate; flowers pale blue or lilac-pink; the upper outer sepal large and convex at base (as if gibbous), 4mm long; inner sepals (wings) broadly or narrowly ovate, obtuse, asymmetrical, and tapering and claw- like at base, partly netted-veined, 8mm long,3—5 mm wide; capsules globular-obcordate, tapering at base to short stipe, very narrowly incised at apex, with unequal rather broad marginal wings (asymmetrical), 6—7 mm long (with stipe), 4—4.5mm wide. May—June. Stony mountain slopes. This species may occur in the southern part of W. Transcaucasia since it is known from Lazistan and Artvin district. Gen. distr.: The southern shore of the Black Sea from where it was described. Note. It is not likely that the Balkanian P. hospita Heuff. is different from P. supina Schreb. 8. P. andrachnoides Willd. Sp. pl. III (1800) 875, p. pte. (excl. syn.).— P. supina Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 270, non Schreb.— P. supina var. andrachnoides Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2 (1893) 482. — Ic.: Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXIV, 2 (1861) tab. VII, f14—17 .—xs.cn As Callier,;vIter, Taur. ‘tert:san.'1900,° Now548. Perennial; root thick; stems numerous, prostrate, branching, 4—20 cm long, rather sparsely pubescent and densely leafy; leaves elliptic-obcordate or orbicular-obovate, rounded-obtuse at apex, tapering to short petiolule, 195 256 sparsely pubescent, (2)4—11 mm long, (1.5)2—5.5mm wide. Racemes short, rather loose; bracts ovate, membranous, one-fourth to one-third as long as pedicels, pedicels 3mm long; flowers blue; the upper outer sepal larger, ca.2.75 mm long, concave at base, inner sepals 4.5—5.5mm long, 2.5—3.5mm wide, elliptic, ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, usually obtuse, asymmetrical at base, tapering to short claw (their length is shown together with claw), more or less netted-veined; capsules small, asym- metrical, 4mm long, 2.75 mm wide, oblong-obcordate, with small incision at apex, tapering at base to short stipe, marginal wings slightly developed, nearly inconspicuous. May—June. Mountain meadows with stony soil, forests of Quercus on mountain slopes. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., As. Min. Described from the Crimea. Type in Berlin. Note. This species has been erroneously determined by some Russian botanists as Polygala supina Schreb. 9. P. pseudohospita Tamamsch.— P. supina var. pseudohospita Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX (1936) 329. Perennial; stems ascending or erect; leaves broadly elliptic to obovate, up to 2—3cm long,up to 8 mm wide. Racemes few-flowered; lobes of aril of seeds broadly ovate, very short, subequal, up to one-fifth the entire length of the seed. Caucasus: S. and E.Transc. Gen. distr.: As.-Min. (Artvin). Descrip- tion based on Zedelmeier's specimens from Nor-Bayazet. Type in Erivan. Note. This taxon resembles in habit the rather widespread (in Bosnia) P. supina var. hospita, but distinguished by shape and size of the aril lobes. 10. P. pruinosa Boiss. Diagn. ser. I, 1 (1842) 8, p. p.; emend. in Diagn. ser. ll, 1-(1853) 58; Pl. or) 1,.4727— Ps nite ale en'shis! (Grosshe Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 23, non Risso. — Ic.: Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2 (1893) tab. XXXI, f. 33—41.— Exs.: Bornmiiller, Pl. exs. Anat. or. No.181 (1889) et 2727 (1890). Perennial; root thick, woody; stems many, the annotinous curved at base, ascending, covered with soft short hairs, 10—30 cm high; lower leaves obovate-cuneate, generally 6—15 mm long and 2.5—4 mm wide, obtuse, upper leaves longer, linear-spatulate, up to 2.5cm long. Flowering racemes loose, much elongating post anthesis; bracts filiform-linear, acuminate, usually longer than pedicels, lateral bracteoles smaller; pedicels elongating up to 3—3.5 mm, drooping but usually not arcuate; outer sepals elliptic or nar- rowly elliptic, mucronate, pubescent, 3—4 mm long, inner sepals elliptic, 8—10 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, somewhat asymmetrical, slightly acumi- nate, tapering at base to obscure claw, whitish-lilac; corolla pink- asymmetrical (with unequal asymmetrical broad marginal wings), obcor- date, tapering at base to a stipe, with narrow incision at apex. May—July. Stony mountain slopes. — Caucasus: W. and S. Transe. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., As.Min. Described from As.Min. Type in Geneva. 61017 2 196 257 Subsection 3. EUPOLYGALON Tamamsch.— Vulgares Chod. Monogr. (1893) 430.— All anthers equal, glabrous; upper petals longer than the lower crested petal, wings always distinctly or weakly netted- veined. 11. P. austriaca Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ed. 2, II (1769) 439. — P. amara y.austriaca Lam. ex DC. Fl. France, II (1805) 456. — P. decipiens Bess. Enum. pl. Volhyn. (1822) 73.—P. amara subsp. amarella var. austriaca Chodat in Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve, V (1889) 161.— Ic.: Crantz, 1. c. tab. II; Rehb. Ie. Fl. Germ. XVIII, tab. 1348. Perennial; plant loosely cespitose with stems 15—25cm high; leaves of rosettes pubescent at base, likewise the cauline leaves obtuse and linear or acuminate. Inflorescence short, dense, later elongating; sepals short, with rather broad median stripes thus appearing green; wings with sharp green median nerve and sharp lateral nerves, usually bluish-white, in fruiting 2.5—3.5mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, rarely up to 5mm long and 2mm wide; capsules 3—4 mm long, 2.5—3mm wide. June—July. Stony slopes. — European part: U.Dns. (Transcarpathian Region). Gen. distr.: Centr.Eur. Described from Austria. Type in Vienna. 12. P. subamara Fritsch in Mitt. nat. Ver. Steierm. (1908) 202. — P. amara subvar. brachyptera Chod. Monogr. II (1893) 417.— P. amara ssp. brachyptera Hayek, Sched. Fl. Stir. 9-10 (1906) 21.— P. brachyptera Szaf., Kulcz., Pavl. Rosl. Polskie (1924) 326, non Griseb. — Perennial; plants densely cespitose; stems 5—20cm high; cauline leaves lanceolate-spatulate, rosetted leaves ovate, abruptly cuneate- tapering at base, twice as broad and nearly twice as long as the upper lanceolate leaves. Flowering racemes many-flowered; flowers pale violet or white; wings lanceolate, twice as long as capsule; keel with fimbriate appendage. June—July. Limestone slopes. — European part: U.Dns. (Chivchinskie Mountains), Gen. distr.: Centr.Eur. Described from Styria. Type in Vienna. Note. It is quite possible that the population of the Eastern Carpathians is a separate race named by Woloszczak as ''var. carpatica Wol." 13. P. amarella Crantz, Stirp. austr. fasc. V (1769) 438; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. -VIII, 1858; Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2 (1893) 471, non Rchb.— P. amara Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 272; Shmal'g., Fl. I, 120, non Jacqg.— P. amara ssp. amarella Chodat in Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve, No.5 (1889) 160.— Ic.: Chodat, Monogr. tab. XXXIV, f. 26=332— 0Exs.2 5G. RF .»No. 655: Perennial; root thin; stems 5—15cm high, few, subglabrous, simple, rarely branching; lower leaves in basal rosettes, larger, 1—2.5cm long, 4—10 mm wide, obovate, rounded-obtuse at apex; cauline leaves narrower and small, 1—2 cm long, 1.5—5(7) mm wide, oblong or lanceolate, short- acuminate, cuneate-tapering towards base. Flowering racemes pyramidal when young, later elongating, cylindrical, not dense, 1.5—7 cm long; pedicels short, 1—2mm long; middle bracts ca. 1.5mm long, lateral bracteoles 0.75—1 mm long, all early deciduous, oblong, short-acuminate; flowers blue, 197 258 rarely pale blue or white, small; 3 outer sepals 2—2.5mm long, 0.75—1 mm 259 wide, oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse; wings (inner sepals) elliptic, obtuse or short-acuminate, 3.5—4 mm long, 2.5mm wide; corolla nearly as long as wings; lateral petals nearly as long as the fimbriate keel; ovary sessile; capsules small, obcordate, 4mm long, 3.5mm wide, glabrous; seeds ovate, with short aril. June. Damp and swampy meadows. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., IWadt= Hime, aUs Vice Vi Kama.) Ve>Dont UsDnp eM Dip eels iG enemarcutes N. and Centr. Eur. Described from Lower Austria. Economic importance. The plant is used, though very rarely, in medicine. Aqueous solutions that are prescribed for strengthening activity of the stomach and as expectorants during bronchitis are made of all parts of this plant (Herba Polygalae amarae cum radice). Note. There is only one specimen of this plant from the Caucasus, collected by Lagovskii, which obviously originated in another locality. 14. P. suanica S. Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX (1936) 328. Perennial; small plants; stems short,thin. Flowers very small, on short pedicels; bracts slightly larger than bracteoles; wings obovate or orbicular-ovate, ciliate above, 3—5-nerved, nerves hardly anastomosing; petals hardly longer than wings, pinkish, tube shorter than limb, very dis- tinctly twisted; keel as long as tube; lateral petals longer than tube, broadly ovate below. ; Caucasus: E.Transc. Endemic. Description based on Radde's speci- men from Svanetia. Type in Tbilisi. l5a Ps alpicola Rupr.’ Bla Cauca (1 869)s1664— "2s wammia 1 aaa Serenlaorersr tris -—Edb. Wl. Rosiss 1 (842). 2725— (Ps valipies tiitsm Boiss welemormel (1867) 476, p. p. non Rchb.— P. microcarpa Chodat in Mem. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, XXXI, 2 (1893) 474, p. p. (quoad plantam cauc.) non Gaud@—)P. Samia nav var. munor slrautys aneherb: tip yy p.—) xSn el amore exispe Nios eionk: Perennial; root thin, producing few sterile densely leafy shoots and floriferous stems; stems more or less curved at base, subglabrous; inner leaves small, upper leaves gradually larger, lanceolate or broadly lance- olate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse, up to 2—2.5cm long, 5—5.5mm wide. Racemes dense (even after blossoming), rather many- flowered, short, slightly elongating after blossoming; bracts small, almost as long as or shorter than pedicels, soon deciduous, elliptic; pedicels about 1—2 mm long, later curved; the three outer sepals subequal, 2mm long, elliptic-lanceolate, inner sepals (wings) 4—5 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, obo- vate or oblong-obovate, obtuse, clawless, abruptly tapering at base, nerves not or hardly anastomising; flowers bright blue; capsules obcordate- ovate, 4.5mm long, 3.5 mm wide, incised at apex, narrowly winged at margin, sessile. June—July. Subalpine meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc., Daigo; (Wie E.cand) ss dacanisics Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from the Main Range of the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. 198 16. P. caucasica Rupr. Fl. Cauc. 1 (1869) 165; Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX, 327. Perennial; stems erect or ascending, subglabrous, thin; leaves sessile, varying in size, lanceolate. Inflorescence short, slightly elongating in fruit; bracts soon deciduous hence not forming a top on inflorescence; flowers small, pale pink or blue, sometimes whitish; corolla hardly or not protruding from wings; ovary on very short stipe; capsules sessile or obsoletely stiped, narrowly winged, symmetrical; seeds oblong; lobes of aril short, broad. Up to subalpine meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E.Transc. Endemic. Described from Dagestan. Type in Leningrad. Var. zangesura Tamamsch. 1. c.— Stems low, up to 20—30cm, sparingly pubescent; leaves small, pubescent, the lower obovate; cauline leaves lanceolate, 1—1.5cm long, 3—4 mm wide; the upper narrower. Flowers violet-pink; pedicels downcurved post anthesis; median [outer?] sepals longer than the others; wings oval, acuminate, 3-nerved; corolla tube as long as limb; ovary as long as its stipe; style slightly bent at base; capsules narrower than wings, with broad edge. Mountainous meadows. S.Transc. (Zangezur). Type in herbarium of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. Var. abchasica Tamamsch. l. c.— Corolla slightly longer than wings; wings oblong-ovate at anthesis, ciliate at margin; capsules as wide as or Slightly wider than wings. Abkhazia. Var. alpigena S.Tamamsch. l. c.— Small alpine plants; stems appressed to ground; wings orbicular-oval; flowers pink. In the upper mountain zone of C. Caucasus. iia. vulearis. Iu. Spo “pi -ed. (ii as) 702" edb Pt Ross. i 270: p. p.; Shmal'g:, Fl. 1 (1895) 120; Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. Geneve, RON 2 (1 ods) 4246, Dp. p.— Ic:* Stephan, “Ic. Pl» Mosq: tab.14 (1795); Maevskii, Fl. Sr. Ross. ed. 5 (1918) 79.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 357. Perennial; root thin; stems many, ascending or prostrate at base, 260 densely leafy, subglabrous, simple or branching; lower leaves broader and shorter than the rest, elliptic, lanceolate-elliptic or elliptic-obovate, obtusely acuminate, upper leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, acumi- nate. Racemes terminal, the young pyramidal, rounded at apex, without pappus of protruding bracts, later elongating and rather loose but many- flowered; bracts oval, acute, the middle as long as or nearly as long as pedicels, the lateral much shorter; pedicels ca.1.75—2 mm long, later arcuately curved; flowers blue; wings elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 6-7 mm long, 3—4mm wide, obtuse, tapering at base, netted-veined; corolla as long as wings; capsules obcordate, longer than wide, tapering at base but without distinct stipe, 5mm long, 3.5mm wide, winged at margin; seeds oblong, brown, hairy; aril 3-lobed. June—July. Meadows. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad.-Ilm., U.V., U.Dnp. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur. Described from Central Europe. Type in London. ie oe. nyoride OC .'Prodr, | (1ac4) s20: Rupr. fly Cauc. i 162. = P. spuria Stev. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 271.— P. Wolfgangiana Besser ex db. do c.— P. comosa Ldb. 1. cs ps p.; Turcz. 1. baic.-dah. 199 261 i, 05s Komp igiikavka dn 2975 siceyllsy ble Zap elo naVell eco, non Schkuhr.— P. comosa var. altaica Chodat.in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve, XXXI, 2 (1893) 455.— PB. comosa a hybrida Schmalh., Tel, (al S@)a))z Perennial: root thick; stems 15—40(50) cm high, numerous, erect or curved below, slightly pubescent or subglabrous; leaves coriaceous, thick, slightly inrolled at margin, upper leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, lower leaves smaller and wider, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Racemes dense, the young with apical pappus of protruding bracts; middle bracts longer than or as long as pedicels, lateral bracteoles as long as or shorter than pedicels, wide, lanceolate, acuminate; pedicels up to 3mm long, later curved; flowers pale blue, rarely pink-lilac or even whitish, with faint purple tinge; wings 6—9 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, ovate or elliptic, netted- veined, obtuse or obtusely acuminate; corolla almost as long as wings; capsules oblong-obcordate, 5mm long, 4mm wide, on short stipes ca. 0.75mm long, with shallow incision above, winged at margin, glabrous; seeds cylindrical-ellipsoid, pubescent; aril barbed at apex. June—August. Steppical meadows, pine forests, limestones, chalky slopes, stony moun- tain slopes. — European part: V.-Kama, Transv.?, V.-Don, M. Dnp.; W) Siberia: Ul. Lob.; Ob; Int, Alt.; EE. Siberias Ang, say... Dale eera Kol.:. Centr Asia: Dzu=Tarb.,°1.Sh., Pam.-Al.” Gen. distms Dzu-—Kashe Mong. Described from ''Ural deserts.'' Type in Geneva. 19. P. comosa Schkuhr, Bot. Handb. IJ, p.324, tab.194 (1796); lidb. PLR OSsa ol, 201. p.. Paypshmaltiow shl.e 1). lL 20N (exci Scnms)a— aati garis ssp. comosa Chodat in Mém. Soc. Phys. Geneve, XXXI, 2 (1893) 453, promin. pte. — Ic.: Schkuhr,)l) ¢.;)Rehb. Ics pliveritauair XXVI, f. 54-56 (1823).— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 254. Perennial; root thin; stems many, ascending at base, (10)15—25cm high, simple, subglabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, many, up to 3—3.5cm long, 4-5 mm wide, obtusely acuminate. Flowering racemes dense, with pappus of bracts at apex; rachis short-hairy and angular; flowers purple- violet (very rarely whitish); bracts caducous, linear, acuminate, membra- nous; pedicels very short, ca.1—1.75 mm long, later arcuately curved; outer sepals elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, 2-3 mm long; wings elliptic, obtuse, abruptly tapering at base, 5—6 mm long, 2.5—3.5 mm wide, inconspicuously netted-veined; corolla about as long as wings; capsules sessile, tapering at base, obovate or obovate-cordate, narrowly winged at margins, narrowly incised above, glabrous, small, 4—4.5 mm long, 2.5-2.75 mm wide. (May) June (July). Meadows (in dry valleys), shrubby thickets, forest glades. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Ilm., U.V., V.-Kama, V.-Don, U. Dnp., Me Dnp iy. Bi Crim Caucasus Cisic.4 Wedacancice s Genee dilsitacs-m © emilater Kur,, ocand.. Described from the vicinity of Meipzise Note. P. pinetorum Alech., described by Alekhin (Predv. otch. Nizheg. eksp. 1928g., IV, 1929, 92), should perhaps be referred to as Pe comeosia sil. It is quite possible that Pi, pod olltcial iD@a(Riedmuamr 1824, 325) and P. wolfgangiana Bess. (nom. nud. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 271) represent a separate race of the sandy pine forests stretching from Podolia to the central Volga area. 200 20. P. moldavica Kotov in Botanichn. Zhurn. I, 2 (1940) 277.— P. major auct. non Jacq. Perennial; stems 25—50cm high, branching; lower leaves oblong, small; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Bracts longer than flower buds and form a pappus at top of racemes; wings oblong-elliptic, with 3 nerves united at apex by oblique-transverse nerve; corolla pale purple, 11—15mm long; ovary on stipe two to three times as long as ovary at anthesis; style four times as long as ovary. May—July. 262 Limestones.— European part: Bl., Bes. (along Dniester). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Tiraspol. Type in Kiev. 21. P. amoenissima Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX (1936) 324. Perennial; stems many, thick, ascending, densely leafy, up to 60 cm high; lower leaves sessile, elliptic, obtuse, upper leaves oblong, tapering but not acuminate. Racemes long,terminal, dense; bracts and bracteoles colored, caducous, membranous, ciliate at margin; bracts twice as long as brac- teoles; pedicels twisted, drooping post anthesis; wings and corolla pale lilac; sepals also colored, linear-lanceolate, the median longer than the other two; wings oblong-ovate, becoming pale post anthesis, obtuse, 5—7- nerved, the main rib and the two median thick, branching above, the two lateral and the two marginal curved, much branching; corolla tube nearly twice as long as limb; ovary one-fourth as long as its stipe; capsules as long as stipe, broadly ovate-cordate, as wide as wing; seeds ovate, appressed-hairy; lobes of aril short, lateral lobes slightly longer than the median. Caucasus: possibly occurring in W.Transc. Gen. distr.: As. Min., Turkey. Description based on Voronov's specimens from Artvin (Dzhamal). Type in Tbilisi. 22. P. cretacea Kotov in Zhurn. Inst. Botan. AN UkrSSR. 21—22 (29—30) (1939) 238.— P. hybridum auct. non DC.— P. major auct. non Jacq. Perennial; stems 30—40cm high, branching. Corolla 10—12mm long, pale purple, slightly longer than wings, with tube about as long as lateral pteroid petals; ovary long stipitate, nearly Ly times as long as stipe. Fl. June—July. On chalky outcrops in the basin of the Donets River. — European part: V.-Don (S.). L.Don. Endemic. Described from chalks along the Oskol River. Type in Kiev. Za. Pomajor Jacg. Fl; taustr. 11\(1778) 6, tab.413; Ldb. FI Ross. i270 72Boeiss seri: ero1) 474; -Shmal's., Fl. ly ho. — Pi magna Georgi ee Ldbithl: Ross. 1:(4-842) 270. —de.s *Rchb. Pl. ‘crit. 1, tab. 27; ‘Fi. Germ. XVIII, tab.1350; Talievin Tr. Obshch. Est. Khar'k. un. XXX, p.2.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 3641. Perennial; stems numerous, virgate, ascending, long, simple or branch- ing, sparingly pubescent, densely leafy, up to 40—50 cm high; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, upper leaves broad and long, sessile, lanceolate. Racemes 263 conoidal, many-flowered; flowers up to 15—16 mm long; wings oblong or elliptic, 3—5-nerved, nerves netted in between; corolla longer than wings, 201 264 pink or becoming pale, tube twisted, ascending, longer than wings; ovary on a two to three times longer stipe; capsules shorter than wings, narrower, stipitate; seeds ovate; median lobe of aril appressed to seed, lateral lobes longer. European part: U.Dns., M.Dns., Bl., Crim. Gen. distr.: Centr.Hur. Described from Austria. Type in Vienna. Var. alata Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX (1936) 324.— Capsules broadly ovate, broadly winged; wings of capsule as wide above as valves, much nerved.— Caucasus: Cisc. (Kuban, Teberda). 24. P. colchica Tamamsch. sp. n. in Addenda XIII, 733. Perennial; small plants; stems many, slightly woody at base, with short internodes, up to 15—18cm high, sometimes up to 25cm, subglabrous; leaves small, densely disposed, narrow, lower leaves lanceolate, acuminate, upper leaves linear, up to 1.5—2cm long. Racemes up to 5—7 cm long, loose; flowers rather large; median sepals longer than the two lateral; wings elliptic, distinctly tapering below, slightly acuminate above, sometimes ciliate, with 3 thin nerves slightly anastomosing; corolla tube narrow, strongly curved, as long as or sometimes slightly longer than wings; ovary stipitate, stipe nearly twice as long as ovary; capsules pediceled with a rather wide margin; seeds oblong; lobes of aril short, subequal. Herbaceous slopes.— Caucasus: W.Transc. Endemic. Description based on Voronov's specimens from Abkhazia, near Tsebel'da. Type in Tbilisi. Note. Specimens collected by Voronov on hilly slopes near Tandor in the former Artvin district are included in this species. 25. P. mariamae Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX (1936) 325. Perennial; multicaulescent erect plants. Racemes short, many-flowered; flowers mostly white, sometimes pinkish or blue; wings elliptic, acuminate, with 5 nerves much branching and anastomosing; corolla as long as or slightly longer than wings, limb nearly as long as tube or slightly shorter, tube curved, ascending; crest of keel lobate with wide obtuse lobes; ovary and fruit long-stipitate, stipe not longer than fruit; seeds oblong-ovate; lobes of aril equal. Caucasus: E.Transc. Endemic. Description based on Kozlovskii's _specimens from Georgia (Ak-Bulak). Type in Tbilisi. Note. This species is intermediate between P. anatolica Boiss. and P. major Jacq., differing from the two by the ovate shape of its seeds which somewhat resemble those of P. sibirica L. 26. P. leucothyrsa Voron. in Voron. et Schelk. in sched. ad Herb. Pl. jGaues t)Vi—Villl (916) 86e.Grosss.,, EIR Kaviks 19.208 — Exch elerpy Ee Cauca NO sole Perennial; stems 40—50cm high, branching, entire plant sparingly pubescent; lower leaves obovate, cauline leaves lanceolate, upper leaves lanceolate-linear, obtuse. Racemes long, 40—50-flowered, axillary and terminal; flowers white or pale yellow, often with reddish tinge, 7—8 mm long; inner sepals linear-lanceolate, 3—-3.5mm long; wings nearly as long as or slightly shorter than corolla, asymmetrical, oblong-elliptic in fruit, 202 265 cuneate at base, with 5 anastomosing nerves, 7 mm long, 3mm wide; capsules obcordate, on ca.1mm long stipes, up to 4.5—5 mm long, 3.5mm wide, marginate with narrow, very finely granular edge. Fl. April—May; Fr. May—June. On mountain slopes. — Caucasus: E.Transc. Endemic. Described from Aresh near Kirovabad. Type in Tbilisi (published). 27. P. urartu Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX (1936) 322. Perennial; stems many, erect, somewhat angular, sparsely hairy, densely leafy, up to 25cm high; leaves sessile, coriaceous, shiny, when dry slightly rolled at margin, midrib distinctly prominent; lower leaves orbicular, broadly elliptic, the median rhombic, sometimes emarginate at apex, 2—3cm long,1 cm wide. Racemes with an apical pappus when young, oblong-oval, very dense throughout; bracts and bracteoles persis- tent, membranous at margin, ciliate, colored at middle, greenish-blue, bracts twice as long as bracteoles, acuminate, acutely toothed, longer than pedicels; pedicels glabrous or sparingly pubescent, suberect to spreading, blue becoming green; flowers gentian-blue, becoming slightly pinkish when dry; sepals equal, broadly lanceolate, hairy, greenish-blue; wings broadly elliptic, bright blue, obtuse, 8—10 mm long, 3—5-nerved, midrib thick, anasto- mosing into lateral nerves above, slightly ciliate at upper margin; corolla shorter than or sometimes as long as wings but never longer, tube straight, limb as long as tube, lateral petals longer than crest; ovary stipitate. Caucasus: §.Transc. Endemic. Described from Garni-arykh Mountain (Arai-ler) near Erivan. Type in Erivan. 28. P. kemulariae Tamamsch. sp. n. in Addenda XIII, 733. Perennial; sparingly pubescent plants, woody at base; stems ascending; lower leaves obovate or spatulate, median leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, numerous. Racemes long, with pappus of bracts when young; bracts as long as or longer than pedicels; wings broadly ovate, mucronulate or not, as long as. corolla, netted-veined; corolla tube shorter than limb, limb of upper petal wide, exceeding crest; ovary obovate; style twice as long as ovary; capsules obovate, sessile or inconspicuously stipitate, broadly winged, shorter and somewhat narrower than wings of flowers; lobes of aril unequal, the lateral longer than one third of the seed, the dorsal slightly horizontally spreading. Caucasus: Dag., W. and E. Transc. Endemic. Description based on Kemularia specimens from Kutaisi. Type in Tbilisi. Note. Kemularia referred this species to the highly polymorphic, Mediterranean P.-niceaensis Risso. 29. P. transcaucasica Tamamsch. in Fedde Repert. XXXIX (1936) 3253 Piohybrida): Rupr. Fl.:Cauc: (1869).163, non DG.— P: anatolica var. floribunda Boiss. Fl. or. 1 (1867) 474.— P. major var. anatolica f. floribunda Chod. Mon. Polyg. (1893) 438. Perennial; stems many, glabrous or slightly pubescent, spreading, some- times ascending only at top; leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, 1—1.5 cm long. Racemes densely flowered, cylindrical, twice as long as the leafy part of stem; bracts and bracteoles long, not deciduous; sepals equal, 203 hairy at margin; wings whitish-pink, oblong-ovate, slightly shorter than corolla, becoming green after blossoming, 3—5-nerved, nerves anastomosing, the lateral short, weak; corolla purple- or flesh-pink or peach-colored, tube like in P. anatolica, up to 10—12mm long; ovary on short stipe; capsules oblong-cordate, deeply incised above, broadly winged; seeds oblong, with very short lobed aril. Caucasus: E. Transc. (N. Armenia, Dzhavakhetia). Endemic. Descrip- tion based on Shelkovnikov's specimens from N. Armenia, Stepanovan (former Dzhelaloglu). Type in Erivan. 30. P. anatolica Boiss. et Heldr. in Boiss. Diagn. ser.2, £(1853) 57; Boiss. Fle or. 1°474> Grossgy Fl Kavky Wl22./—sP > ita! fo 7a ierasae cauc.— P. major var. anatolica Chodat. Monogr. (1893) 437. 266 Perennial; root woody, thick; stems many, ascending, robust, densely leafy, sparsely pubescent, 10—40(50)cm high; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, upper leaves longer, linear-lanceolate or linear, up to 5cm long, acuminate. Racemes long, terminal, with apical pappus of bracts (subanthesis); bracts caducous, membranous often dorsally colored, lateral bracteoles as long as pedicels or slightly longer, elliptic, acuminate, median bracts twice as long, acuminate; pedicels short, 2—3 mm long, slightly elongating in fruit; flowers pale purple, pinkish (f. rosea Woron.), whitish (f. alba Woron.) or (rarely) blue; outer sepals lanceolate-linear, ca.4.5—6 mm long; wings elliptic, usually pinkish, 3-nerved, with greenish midrib, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 10—11 mm long; corolla distinctly longer than wings, 12 mm long, tube arcuately curved and ascending, usually pink-lilac; ovary stipitate, stipe 3 to 4 times as long as ovary; style filiform, four times longer than ovary; capsules glabrous, ovate-obcordate, on slightly shorter stipes, winged at margin,4.5mm wide. May—July. Limestones, mountainous meadows. — Caucasus: Dag., S. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from Anatolia. Type in Geneva. Family LXXXVI. EUPHORBIACEAE* J. ST.-HIL. Flowers unisexual in monoecious or dioecious plants, with sepals and petals or apetalous; sepals and petals of staminate and pistillate flowers irregular in shape and size; sepals valvate or imbricate at aestivation; petals free; disk compact, annular or of separate glands, sometimes rudi- mentary; stamens in staminate flowers as many or twice as many as petals, Or many more, sometimes fewer or reduced to 1, filaments free or more or less connate, anthers 2-locular, rudimentary ovary present or absent; pistil- late flowers with or without staminodes; ovary usually 3-locular, more rarely 2-locular, rarely 1-locular or multilocular; styles free or more or less connate, usually 2-lobed, rarely with more lobes; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, collateral, anatropous, drooping, with ventral suture, micropyle some- times with appendage (also in seeds); fruit usually splitting into 3 cells (not always dehiscing), with persistent central column, sometimes berrylike or drupaceous; seeds as many as ovules, rarely less, with developed endo- 267 sperm; embryo straight or bent, usually with broad cotyledons. Herbs, * Treatment by A.I.Poyarkova, except for the genera Euphorbia and Ricinus. 204 268 shrubs or trees, diverse in habit, often with milky juice; leaves usually alternate; stipules often present, sometimes reduced into glands; inflores- cence usually compound, racemiform or spiciform, rarely simple, few- flowered or flowers crowded in generally cup-shaped bract (envelope) forming a unique inflorescence — cyathium. Euphorbiaceae comprises more than 270 genera with about 4,500 species distributed throughout the world, but mainly in the tropical countries. Key to Genera bs Leaves very large, peltate, digitate with 5—7-lobes; monoecious plants with paniculate inflorescence; flowers apetalous, the staminal with numerous stamens, filaments branching, and anthers free, pistillate flowers with 2-cleft styles, ovary with 1 ovule in each cell; in the USSR tall herbaceous cultivated plants ........ *Ricinus L. + Be rele Gat MSU Ur rah ot 5 edi benien = PE syle eines ene tie us) eee #9 2. 2. Monoecious trees with large, entire or 3-lobed leaves and large flowers in few-flowered paniculate inflorescences; flowers with numerous stamens disposed in few rows on convex receptacle; fruit 3—5-locular, indehiscent, large, with 1 seed in eachucel sen wer = *Aleurites Forst. ay Shrubs with small leaves, flowers and fruits, or small shrubs or Ra ere Ne Seo a na dyois. aye, Jei, 9 wos Sie here ee wales yess a eval =e Be 3 Monoecious plants, flowers without perianth; staminate flowers many, with only a single stamen (filament jointed) 1 pistillate flower inthe center, all flowers in a calyciform bract forming a flowerlike cyathium; cyathium solitary, axillary or terminal, dichasial, or disposed in umbelliform inflorescence; herbaceous plants with milky juice ES Be eee se, ee ee ee ORE CR eS. Ree 856. Euphorbia L. + Flowers with simple or double perianth, 1—3 or clustered in axil or in racemiform or spiciform inflorescences; plants without milky eee OMe de, Sonet> Coie. Esti see 8 es ee et er ee eae’ Sie Sy 4, 4. Leaves opposite; dioecious plants; flowers with 3 sepals, apetalous, staminate flowers in glomerules arranged in an interrupted spikelike, inflorescence, pistillate flowers 1—2 in axil of bracts forming a spike OND ids (oslo nels te ae. OF a Ore Oca th amo eco cho: Chetiatc: Canine te 854. Mercurialis L. te Reese te mate tie coaiel bis d> Ertan Maer 2 Pl ee,» 2k Soe fear fie see) ae 5 Herbs Orssmadl SemISHTUDS.§ yx pershepomee ich ashe Ste Se eee oe 8. ar Shrubs with 1—2 flowers in axil or flowers elistened ais". tener = 6. 6. Monoecious plants, flowers with sepals and petals; stamens 5; staminate flowers 1—3 in axil, pistillate flowers solitary; low shrubs, with thin branches and leaves, 1—3.5cm long; fruit cells 2-seeded sot eae ind Ee RR No Be Os tere oe. (Cae hh ak ae OE ie 848. Arachne Neck. + Dioecious plants, flowers apetalous; staminate flowers 5—20 in cluster, pistillate flowers solitary, rarely 2—3; cells of fruit 1-~seeded: taller shrubs, with larger leaves .-- + + s+ tee we ss ite hs Fruit dry, trihedral, with separating cells; seeds with thin coriaceous testa, without protrusion on ventral side; leaves usually elliptic, with faintly discernible and not protruding nerves; stamens nearly twice do fone aS Calyx swe). ee ee 850. Securinega Comm. 205 ats Fruit berrylike; seeds with hard woody testa and protrusion at the ventral side; leaves obovate, with prominent nerves; stamens nearly three times as long as calyx ....... 851. Fluggea Willd. 8. Stems, leaves and inflorescence densely covered with stellate hairs; flowers in spikes or racemes, staminal flowers in upper part of inflorescence, short-pediceled, pistillate flowers basal, on longer pedicels; seeds 1 ineach cell ........ 853. Chrozophora Neck. + Plant glabrous or sparsely simple-hairy ................ OF De Flowers apetalous, eglandulose, staminate and pistillate flowers in a common inflorescence, the staminate forming thin spike in the upper part of inflorescence, the pistillate in axil of large foliate bracts at base of inflorescence; leaves (1.5)2—7cm long ....... Stes Nth) te rasa s ah) Caen eae ancl ramets loader Mest ecu ten tel tel conineuireticst fetatey Met ne7 een tel ober ine MMtnento ee 855. Acalypha L. ate Flowers with glands and petals or only with glands, 1—3 in axil; leaves OF 2— 2-5) tiarma Ong) a yoe. sl ysyicyie ee) to ey on BOE OF Annuals, 5—25cm high; flowers apetalous ... 8952. Phyllanthus L. oF Semishrubs or rarely perennial herbs; 0.2—0.8(1.2) cm long; TLOMPCTASH A ANEl a | OSGI Sine bho Shhokdie kOe a ClO Gece br oso 5! 666 86 849. Andrachne L. Subfamily 1. PHYLLANTHOIDEAE Pax in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III 5 (1896) 13.— Two ovules in each cell; latex vessels absent. Tribe 1. PHYLLANTHEAE Pax. 1. c.— Flowers usually with calyx, staminate flowers in axillary nodular inflorescences; pistillate flowers usually solitary. Subtribe 1. ANDRACHNINAE Pax in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 5 (1896) 15.— Leaves entire, alternate; flowers monoecious, petalous, staminate flowers usually in axillary few-flowered nodular inflorescences, pistillate flowers usually solitary; disk glands opposite petals; stamens 5, with free or connate filaments; styles bipartite; ovary cells with 2 ovules each. 269 Genus 848. ARACHNE *« Neck. Neck. Elench. bot. (1790) 348.— Hexakistra Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. V (1887) 283 Flowers unisexual, the staminate flowers with petals and free filaments, the pistillate with very small petals and disk glands, petals usually adnate to disk, rarely free; fruit dry, separating at sutures into three 2-seeded cells; seeds without appendages. Erect shrubs, rarely annual, without milky juice; leaves rather large, with basal stipules. This genus comprises 15 species; those other than the Russian occur in SE Asia, the islands of the Malay Peninsula and 2 in Australia. * A mythological name. 206 270 1. A. colchica (Fisch. et Mey.) Pojark. in Botanich. Zhurn. SSSR. XXV (1940) 342.— Andrachne colchica F.etM. in Boiss. Fl. or. IV (1879) 1137; Lipskii, Fl. Kavk. 446; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Ill, 25.— Exss: Herbie Fl. Cauc. No. 47.8. Perennial; erect glabrous shrub, up to 60—80 cm high, with thin, pale and densely leafy shoots; stipules ca. 1 mm long, obliquely ovate, acumi- nate; leaves thin, bright green above, paler beneath, glaucescent, ovate, usually obtuse, rarely acute at apex, rounded at base, (7)10—35 mm long, (4)6—20 mm wide, petioles 2—2.5mm long. Pedicels very long and thin; staminate flowers sometimes 2-3, pale green at first, later yellowing, with ovate sepals connate for one-third to one-fourth, sparsely ciliate at margin, with petals cuneately tapering to claw, two-thirds as long as sepals and deeply parted [?] into narrow obtuse lobes by the disk glands; pistillate flowers always solitary, with ovate petals and glands, adnate below to an uninterrupted 10-lobed disk; ovary glabrous, styles connate at base; fruit flattened-globose, 3-locular, with 2 seeds in each cell; seeds trihedral. Fl, end of May—June, Fr. from July. (Plate XV, Figure 1.) Stony limestone slopes.— Caucasus: W.Transc. Endemic. Described from Imeretia. Type in Geneva. Economic importance. Sometimes grown in dendrological gardens. An exquisite ornamental shrub which should be cultivated in the southern and western regions of the USSR. Genus 849. ANDRACHNE * L. L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 1014 Flowers solitary in monoecious plants; calyx deeply 5-partite; disk composed of 5 2-lobed or 2-partite glands; staminate flowers with de- veloped petals and 5 stamens, filaments long- or short-connate into a column; pistillate flowers with very small, reduced petals and 3-locular ovary with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit dry, separating at sutures into 3 cells; seeds without appendages. Semishrubs or rarely perennial herbs, without milky juice; stipules white, peltate, leaves small. Twenty-two species, mostly found in Iran and Central Asia. The genus is spread throughout the Mediterranean area up to Morocco and occurs also in Ethiopia, Somalia and the Cape Verde Islands. One species is known from Cuba and Peru. Andrachne includes the sections Telephioides Endl., Fruticulosae Pax et K.Hoffm. and Phyllanthidia Mull. Arg. (the latter is not present in the USSR). iy Seeds oblong, 2.5—3 times as long as broad; usually small plants 3—15 cm high, with habit of semishrub .....-- + eee eee eeees 2. 4, Seeds broad, suborbicular; usually larger plants 20—90 cm high, herbaceous, or semishrubs but sometimes not obviously so...... le * Ancient name for Portulaca oleracea L. whose leaves resemble those of the species of the Russian genus. 207 Semishrubs 15—45 cm high, with large stems, 0.8—1.5mm in diameter; leaves fleshy; seeds rather large, 2.6mm long, 1mm WiIdes Srp skal wie Dyes SR Ree ee, cP 4. A. buschiana Pojark. Small semishrubs, 3—4 or 4—15cm high, with slender shoots 0.6mm thick andvsmaliler’seedsi@ oe Se R25 Ee aaa Ai ene Rees She Leaves thin, broad, bright green; shoots of the first year very thin, 0.15—0.4mmin diameter, filiform; stems of the previous year many, brown, thus giving the plant a very typical habit (series Filiformes) Leaves fleshy or thin, or oblong-elliptic; stems thicker, those of thesprevwous? yeacinot pERESSEViEds www) cectey tietct tert tsttet te) epee eee o. Stipules ovate to lanceolate, incised at margin; petioles (except for those of upper leaves) less than A to more or less as long as blade; disk glands of staminate flowers incised or shallowly 2-lobed, lobes broad; stems very thin, filiform, 0.15—0.3 mm in OlIENOOKEREIE oi5 b.16: 5.6.0 0.0 pio BEND A 9. A. fedtschenkoi Koss. Stipules broadly ovate, irregularly large-toothed at margin; petioles one-half to two-thirds as long as blade; disk glands 2-partite for one-half to two-thirds into rather narrow lobes; stems thicker, O73 =0)-4anmpinidiameter We ca. Geena iene ce. 8. A. filiformis Pojark. Leaves rather thin, green, oblong-elliptic, acuminate at both ends; disk glands of staminate flowers shallowly incised ........... STS O SIDS sMONTe, Br Gives Cue Camel cela wOic ctr tee le lunaney ne roarer eae aS A. stenophylla Koss. Leaves thick, fleshy, grayish-glaucous, orbicular, obtuse, sometimes short-mucronate; glands of staminate flowers 2-lobed or 2-partite All leaves with distinct petioles one-third to one-half as long as blade; staminate flowers small; sepals 1.3—1.5 mm long, ovate, obtuse; filaments connate up to middle; disk glands in staminate flowers parted into obtuse lobes, in pistillate flowers cut for one- third; petals of pistillate flowers shorter than disk lobes, tetra- Sonal Wee MARI POSTeS, «chee Taare eae On ee oe 6. A. pygmaea Koss. Lower leaves only distinctly petioled, the others sessile or sub- sessile; staminate flowers larger; sepals 2—2.5 mm long, lanceolate- oval, acuminate in staminate flowers, obovate and abruptly tapering to short mucro in pistillate flowers; disk glands of staminate flowers narrowly and acutely lobed, lobes obtuse in the pistillate flowers; filaments connate only at base; petals of pistillate flowers narrow, liguliform, longer than disk lobes... 5. A. pusilla Pojark. Stem green at base, not woody; sepals of pistillate flowers broad, orbicular or ovate-rhombic, Obtuse orm acuminate es alse ee Ser eere eR ae) (oh ia Viney seus sukclt eect cee ctr Wee setae a 2. AQ rotundifolia Cease Stem woody at base; sepals of pistillate flowers acute or acuminate eilcifelieeiimeie % 110) 6) €, (0. Jae (Sd oa euaamen Se eh Os, MON AMerS bo ORe HME it ee Rae eee 8. Sepals of pistillate flowers oblong-rhombic, acuminate, of staminate flowers lanceolate-oval or lanceolate, acuminate or acute; disk glands of staminate [?] flowers deeply dissected into long linear acute lobes; woody base of stems yellow-brown; leaves usually mucronate; stipules lanceolate, entire or incised only at base... ME eT aU soli, va alia, okt Rie mei Ce apes cane ke ame eae 1. A. telephioides L. 208 272 + Sepals of pistillate flowers ovate or oblong-elliptic or obovate, obtuse; disk glands of pistillate flowers 2-lobed, with ovate, obtuse or acute lobes; woody base of stems brown-yellow; leaves obtuse, rarely short-acuminate; stipules ovate,incised at margin ...... ies ee ete ee RUS. MOEA Riel e Sri inwe tats 3. A. virga-tenuis Nevski. Section 1. TELEPHIOIDES (Monch) Endl. Gen. (1840) 119.— Seeds broad; disk glands deeply 2-partite. Series 1. Telephioideae Pojark. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXV (1940) 342.— Disk glands with narrow acute lobes; sepals of pistillate flowers acuminate; leaves elliptic, acute. In addition to the Russian species, the series includes A. maroccana Bail, aw Woereceo, ‘A cretic a’ Pojark’in Crete,” A. afghanic‘a-Pojark in Afghanistan, and A. somalensis Pax in Somalia. 1. A. telephioides L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1014; Ldb. Fl. Ross_ III, 582; Boiss CF or2 iV, 1138 (exel. syn:);* Shmial'y.,°Fl, I;.417;) Grossg.; Fl. Kavk. Ill, 24 (excl. var. rotundifolia); Kosinsk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada. II (1921) 79.— A. telephioides @. genuina Miull.- Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862—1866) 236.— Ic.: Rcehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. f.4807; E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 5 (1896) f.1la.— Exs.: G.R.F. No.1385. Perennial; semishrubs, 7—40cm high; stems many, developed from woody rhizome, simple, thin, woody at base, reddish-brown, smooth, densely leafy; stipules narrow, lanceolate, acuminate, entire or incised only at base; leaves glabrous, glaucous- green, elliptic or obovate, rounded or broadly cuneate at base, short-acuminate, 2.5—11 mm long, 1.75—6 mm wide, with 1—2 mm long petioles. Flowers 1—3 in axil; staminate flowers on 1—2mm long filiform pedicels, pistillate flowers on thicker pedicels up to 5mm long; sepals of staminate flowers thin, greenish, broadly white-margined, narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, 1.5—1.75 mm long, 0.5—0.75 mm wide; petals cune- ate and spatulate, 1—1.45 mm long, 0.4—0.7 mm wide, obtuse or incised at apex, with %/, as long as sepals; disk glands dissected into long acuminate lobes; sepals of pistillate flowers thick, green, narrowly white-membranous at margin, oblong-rhombic, 2.75—2.5mm long, 1—1.5 mm wide, acuminate; petals rudimentary, shorter than the short obtuse disk lobes; capsules flattened-globose, 3—3.25 mm in diameter; seeds 1.5—1.75 mm long, 0.75— 1.5mm wide. May—September. (Plate XV, Figure 2.) Dry stony limestone slopes. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W.Transc., E.Transc. (Kirovabad, Somkhetia). Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from S. Europe. Type in London. Series 2. Rotundifoliae Pojark.— Disk glands with broader and more obtuse lobes; sepals of pistillate flowers obtuse, rarely acute; leaves orbicular or obovate, obtuse. May—September. Included here in addition to the Russian species are A. ramosa Pojark. in C. Iran and A. stocksii Pojark. in Baluchistan. 209 273 2. A. rotundifolia C. A.M. in Eichw. Pl. nov. casp.-cauc. (1831) 18; IDeloy, Jl; INOSS, WL 2, Bees IKosmigik, ima IBOr, Mien, ECeicio. or. Sada, ii (1921) Sho — A. telephaondes ¥. i ounidal fo lial avin Acorn ie. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862—1866) 236; O. and B. Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. Wale 314; Grossg., Pl. Kavk. Ill, 25:.— A. asperula Nevski in Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, ser. I, 4 (1937) 263.— A. Vvedenskyi Pazij in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Inst. Bot. i Zool. AN UzbSSR. XI (1948) 22.— Ie.: C. Al My lt (Chatab.. 21 Eixses Herbs Hiki@aucaNo: 4 7G aheAS Nie” No ws One Perennial herbs or semishrubs up to 40cm high; stems developed from woody rhizome, many, decumbent or ascending, more or less arcuate to straight, simple or branching, densely leafy, usually finely ribbed, often scabrous with fine papillae, sometimes quite smooth, often — especially in young specimens — green above, woody and brown at base, older larger specimens with perennial base of stems thickened and branching and often elevated thus the whole plant appearing a semishrub; stipules broad, ovate, irregularly toothed at margin; petioles much varying in length, those of the larger leaves (at lower part of stem) usually developed, reaching one-third to one-half the length of the blade, those of the other leaves short 1—3 mm long; leaves orbicular, orbicular-elliptic or obovate, 2.5-12 mm long and wide, rounded, rarely cuneate or emarginate at base, rounded, rarely acumi- nate or more or less truncate at apex, sometimes mucronulate. Flowers 2—3, in axil, rarely solitary; staminate flowers on very short filiform pedi- cels, 0.5—2.5mm long, with sepals 1.5—1.75 mm long, 1—1.25 mm wide, oval, obtuse, brownish- greenish, broadly white-margined; petals oval-cuneate, obtuse, three-fourths as long as sepals; glands deeply cut into narrow acute lobes; pistillate flowers on 1.5—5 mm long pedicels (in fruit up to 8—10mm), with sepals 1.5—2 mm long, 1.25—2mm wide, orbicular-rhombic, gener- ally obtuse but often obtusely acuminate or acute; petals liguliform, not longer than the obtuse disk lobes; capsules flattened-globose to globose, 2.5mm in diameter; seeds 1.5—2mm long, 1—-1.75mm wide. April— September. Dry mountain and foothill slopes.— Caucasus: Dag., E. and S. Transc.: Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Mangyshlak), Kyz.K. (outliers), Mtn. Turk., Pam.-Al. (in the southern part of the district, apparently only at its ex- treme west), T.Sh. (rare in the central and eastern parts, extreme locality in Syugaty Mountains, absent in the southern part of the district). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd.(?), Iran. Described from Balkhan Bay at the eastern shores of the Caspian. Type in Leningrad. Note. A. asperula Nevski from Kugitang was described as dis- tinguished from A. rotundifolia by the erect branching stems lignified below, the longer petioles, the usually few flowers and the slightly acuminate sepals. However, scrutiny of herbarium material from the distribution area of A. rotundifolia prompts us to reject this species. Stems with ligni- fied base commonly occur in the polymorphic A. rotundifolia probably in accordance with the conditions of growth (they are often observed in plants of the southern deserts of Central Asia) and age: the old, more robust specimens usually have stems, perennial and lignified at their lower part. Such is the typical (and only) specimen of A. asperula. With respect to the sepals, there is no correlation between their shape and 274 the degree of lignification of the stems or the length of petioles; the shape 210 Bil varies in A. rotundifolia from rhombic to ovate, with the base obtuse or even acute not only in different individuals but also in a single plant or even one flower, and is of lessertaxonomic significance. The other charac- ters attributed to A. asperula and it must be viewed as one of the many forms of A. rotundifolia without specific distribution area; A. vvedenskyi Pazij. should be likewise regarded. On the other hand, A. virga-tenuis Nevski, although very closely related to A. rotundi- folia, has an isolated distribution area, and possesses a more constant assemblage of characters. 3. A. virga-tenuis Nevskiin Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, ser. 1, vol.4 (1937) 264. Perennial semishrubs, 30—40 cm high; stems thin, erect, straight, smooth, sparsely leafy, woody and brown at base, 2.3 cm thick, with few thin, short, arcuate branches; stipules ovate, fimbriate at margin, white, brownish-purple at base; petioles 0.5—2(3)mm long, leaves orbicular to broadly elliptic, usually obtuse, rarely short-mucronate or incised, broadly cuneate at base, rather fleshy, 3—10 mm long, 2.5—7(9)mm wide. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs; staminate flowers on 1—2.5mm long thin pedicels, the sepals thin, greenish, ovate, broadly white-margined; petals oval-cuneate, nearly half as long as sepals, disk glands deeply 2-partite into acute lobes; pistillate flowers on 3—6 mm long pedicels (up to 8mm in fruit), with green, oblong-elliptic sepals, acute at apex and narrowly white-margined; petals very small, liguliform; glands 2-lobed, obtuse; capsules more or less flattened-globular to subglobose, 2.5—2.75mm wide; seeds as in the preceding species. April—October. Dry mountain and foothill slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (in the south from Guzar, Baisun and Kugitang to Darvaza). Gen. distr.: probably occurs in the neighboring regions of Afghanistan. Described from the red soils of Kugitang. Type in Leningrad. Note. A. virga-tenuis is a S. Central Asian race common to the mountains of S. Tadzhikistan and the southern slopes of Gissar Range. Apparently the typical A. rotundifolia does not occur in this region (except for its extreme western part). A. virga-tenuis is rather similar to the latter and it is very difficult at times to distinguish between them. It is identified by the erect, straight, always smooth stems, with their thickened, extensively woody base and by the longer, more acute sepals of the pistillate flowers. It is generally a larger plant and of a more dis- tinct semishrubby habit. Section 2. FRUTICULOSAE Pax et K. Hoffm. emend. Pojark. — Seeds oblong; disk glands usually shallowly 2-lobed. Series 1. Fruticulosae Pojark. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXV (1940) 341.— Seeds 2.5mm long. Semishrubs up to 30—45cm high, with green branches, 0.8—1.5 mm in diameter, up to 5mm in diameter at base. In addition to the Russian species, the series includes three from Iran: A. reflexa Stapf. and A. minutifolia Pojark in the north and A. fruticulosa Boiss. in the south. 211 x \ & ; WA WAIN aid a Be Sa PLATE XV. 1—Arachne colchica (Fisch. et Mey, Pojark.; 2— Andrachne telephioides L.; 38— Phyllanthus ussuriensis Rupr. et Maxim. 22 278 4, A. buschiana Pojark. in Botan. Zhurn. SSSR, XXV, 4—5 (1940) 342,—-"A. suffruticosa Boiss."? Fomin in Tr. Tifl. Bot. Sada, XI, 2 (1910) 186.— A. fruticulosa Schischk. in Bull. Mus. Georg. I (1922) 21, non Boiss.; G. Voron. in Sched. Herb. Fl. Cauc. X, 6 (1931) No. 477; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. IH, 25.— Ic.: Pojark. 1. c. f.1.— Exs.: Herb. PT. Cane: Nort tT. Perennial semishrubs; base of stems woody, up to 5mm in diameter, pale brownish-gray, stems robust, 15—45 cm high, 0.8—1.5 mm in diameter, branching mostly at base, glaucous, smooth or scabrous only in lower part; stipules white, triangular or triangular-ovate, mucronate at apex, irregu- larly dentate at margins or sometimes only in the lower part; leaves thick, glaucous, glabrous, elliptic or broadly ovate, ca. 2.0mm long, 2.25mm wide (the upper), up to 7mm long, 5.5mm wide, acute or obtuse at apex and usu- ally short-mucronate, with 0.5—1.5 mm long petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, rarely 3; staminate flowers on 1.5—2(2.5) mm long thin filiform pedicels, sepals thin, greenish-brown, broadly white-margined, 1.5—1.75 mm long, 1—1.25mm wide, oboval, obtuse; petals about three- fourths as long as sepals, white, cuneate, rounded-truncate at apex; disk glands one-third as long as petals, incised for one-third into 2 lobes, lobes obtuse, filaments half- connate; pistillate flowers on thicker, 2—2.5 mm long pedicels (3—3.5mm in fruit), sepals thick, green, narrowly white-membranous at margin, elliptic, acute, 2mm long, 1.25 mm wide; petals very small, liguli- form; disk glands shallowly 2-lobed; capsules 3mm long and wide, ovoid- globose, smooth, distinctly netted-veined; seeds trihedral, narrow, 2.5 mm long, 1mm wide. Fl. and Fr. April—October. Dry stony slopes. — Caucasus: S.Transc., in Aras R. valley. Endemic. Described from Dzhulfa. Type in Leningrad. Note. A. buschiana is confused with the vicarious A. fruticu- losa Boiss. which is distinguished from the Russian species by lower stature (5—10 cm high), small, narrowly elliptic, subsessile leaves, shorter petals of the staminate flowers with more deeply incised glands and mucro- nate sepals of the pistillate flowers. Series 2. Pusillae Pojark.— Seeds 1.25—-1.5mm long; filaments con- nate for one-fourth to one-half of their length; leaves more or less fleshy; low semishrubs, 7—12 cm high, with strongly branching stems woody and thickened at base hardly ascending above ground, forming tufts or even cushions together with numerous thin green shoots of the preceding year 0.2—0.5 mmin diameter. In addition to the Russian species, A. pulvinata Pojark. from northern Iran is included in this series. 5. A. pusilla Pojark. sp. nov. in Addenda XIII, 733. — Perennial; small semishrubs up to 12cm high; root strongly branching, brown, thickened (up to 5mm in diameter), woody; shoots thin, simple (not branching), densely leafy, 0.3—0.9mm in diameter; stipules peltate, broad, cut at margin and long mucronate at apex, at first white with narrow purple stripe at base, later turning brown; leaves pale, glaucous, orbicular or orbicular-elliptic, obtuse and sometimes short-mucronate at apex, broadly 213 279 cuneate or truncate at base, lower leaves with petioles one-third as long as blade, the others sessile or subsessile. Flowers solitary, axillary; staminate flowers on 1.5—2.5 mm long pedicels; sepals 1.75—2 mm long, 0.6—0.7 mm wide, oval-lanceolate, acuminate; petals white, three-fourths as long as sepals,1.2—1.4 mm long, 0.3—0.4 mm wide, narrow, liguliform, truncate at apex; glands dissected into narrowly oval acute lobes; fila- ments connate below for one-fourth to one-third their length; pistillate flowers on 2.5—3 mm long pedicels; sepals 2—2.5mm long, 0.7—0.9mm wide, thick, green, narrowly white-membranous at margin, oblong-oval, acute or rounded, abruptly cuspidate at apex; petals 0.5—0.75 mm long, 0.2mm wide, narrowly liguliform, slightly longer than lobes of disk glands; disk lobes obtuse, ovate; capsules flattened-globose, smooth, 1.75 mm long, 2.25mm wide; seeds 1.25—1.5mm long, 0.4—0.7 mm wide. Fr. September. (Plate XVI, Figure 2.) Limestone crevices. — Centr, Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Gazimailik Mountains in S. Tadzhikistan (so far the only locality). Type in Leningrad. Note. A. pusilla is almost indistinguishable from A. pygmaea Koss. in habit, but the many peculiarities (pointed out in the Key) in the structure of the staminate and pistillate flowers are of substantial taxo- nomic significance and should suffice to separate it. 6. A. pygmaea Koss. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada. II (1921) 88. Perennial; very small semishrubs, 3—4(8) cm high, with woody perennial branching base; stems numerous, thin, herbaceous, leafy, 0.1—0.4 mm in diameter; stipules white, later turning brown, with dark spot at base, dis- tinctly dissected at margin; leaves 2.5—4.5 mm long and wide, elliptic or ovate-orbicular, obtuse or slightly acuminate at apex, broadly cuneate and slightly decurrent at base, glaucous-green, thick, with very short petioles 1.5—2.5mm long, much shorter than blade. Flowers 2 or 1 in axil; stami- nate flowers on 1—1.5mm long pedicels, sepals brownish or brownish-green, oval, obtuse, 1.4—1.5 mm long, 0.7—0.8 mm wide; petals cuneate, white, 0.9—1.1 mm long, 0.35—0.5 mm wide; disk glands 2-lobed, lobes obtuse; filaments half-connate; pistillate flowers with green broad ovate-rhombic or broadly oval sepals, white-membranous at margin, acute or obtuse, 1.3—1.5mm long; petals tetragonal, shorter than disk lobes; capsules globose, 0.5mm wide; seeds 1.2—1.3mm long, 0.4—0.5mm wide. Fl. and Fr. from May. Dry mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (northern slope of Alai Range). Endemic. Described from near Osh. Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Stenophyllae Pojark. — Seeds 1.2—1.3mm long; filaments connate for two-thirds. Small, 3—15 cm high semishrubs with the perennial parts of stems woody and elevated above ground; stems leafy, 0.4—0.7 mm in diameter. One species known. 7. A. stenophylla Koss. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada. II (1921) 91. Perennial; small semishrubs 3—14cm high; perennial basal parts of old stems branching, brown and brown-gray, reaching 2—3 mm in diameter, shoots many, thin, greenish-gray, scabrous, 0.4—0.7 mm in diameter, usually 214 280 281 leafless below, densely leafy above; stipules ovate, white, with purple spot at base, later becoming brown to nearly black, incised at margin, leaves 3.7 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide, elliptic, glaucous, rather thin, more or less regularly acuminate at both ends; petioles half as long as blades, thick. Flowers 1, rarely 2, axillary; staminate flowers on 3.7 mm long pedicels; sepals brownish-green with white margin, oval-elliptic, acute, 1.5mm long, 0.5—0.8(1) mm wide; petals cuneate, truncate at apex, white, two-thirds to three-fourths as long as sepals; disk glands shallowly lobed, lobes obtuse, wide; pistillate flowers on 3mm long pedicels, sepals green, white-membranous at margin, lanceolate to ovate, acute or acumi- nate, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.8—1 mm wide; petals liguliform, 0.4—0.7 mm long, sometimes shorter than glands; glands only with shallow incision. Cap- sules flattened-globose, 2mm long; seeds oblong, 1.2—1.3mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Fl. and Fr. from April. (Plate XVI, Figure 3.) Slopes and ravines, rock crevices. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet- Dagh and Greater Balkhan ranges). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Kizyl-Arvat. Type in Leningrad. Series 4. Filiformes Pojark.— Semishrubs, wood base of old stems very strongly branching, annotinous stems numerous, persistent, brown; shoots leafy, 1.5—0.4 mm thick; leaves thin. 8. A. filiformis Pojark. in Botan. Zhurn. SSSR, XXV, 4—5 (1940) 344.— lee eojatk 1. c.f, 2. Perennial; small semishrubs, 7—20cm high; base of old stems up to 7mm in diameter, brownish-gray, woody, much branching, bearing numerous usually simple, rarely few and short-branched annotinous stems, brownish- yellow, thin, 0.3—0.7 mm in diameter, and thinner leafy shoots, gray-green, 0.3—0.4 mm in diameter; stipules white, with small black-purple spot at base, ovate-triangular, acuminate, irregularly cut at margin; leaves thin, bright green, elliptic, acute, usually short-mucronate, cuneate at base, 2.75—6 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, with thin petioles 1.5—2 mm long. Flowers1, rarely 2, axillary, on thin-filiform pedicels; pedicels of staminate flowers 2—3 mm long, of pistillate flowers up to 5mm long; sepals of staminate flowers thin, greenish-white, brownish at base, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.75—1 mm wide, concave, obovate, acute; petals 1—1.5mm long, 0.75 mm wide, oboval, truncate or rounded at apex; disk glands cut for one-half to two-thirds into 2 rather narrow ovate lobes one-third as long as petals; filaments half- connate; sepals of pistillate flowers green, narrowly membranous-white at margin, elliptic, obtuse or acute, 1.5—1.85 mm long, 0.75—1.25 mm wide; petals white, liguliform or tetragonal, 0.3—0.4mm long; disk glands bi- partite; capsules globose, 2—2.5 mm in diameter; seeds 1.5mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Dry slopes.— Caucasus: S.Transc. Endemic. Described from the Nakhichevan ASSR, from between the railway stations of Negram and Kizyl-Vank. Endemic? Type in Leningrad. 9. A. fedtschenkoi Koss. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada. II (1921) 89. — A. hapladena Pazij in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Inst. Bot. i Zool. An UzbSSR, m1 (1948) 20.—A. rupestris, Pazij, L ¢. p. 21. 215 282 Perennial; glabrous semishrubs 3—5(25) cm high; base of stems up to 7mm in diameter, woody, brown, strongly branching; herbaceous stems numerous, thin-filiform, sparsely leafy, 0.15—0.3 mm thick, annotinous stems nearly as thin, brown, leafless; stipules white, brownish-purple at base, acute, irregularly narrowly cut at margin; leaves (1.5)2—11 mm long, up to 9mm wide, thin, bright green, rarely glaucescent-green, ovate- elliptic or orbicular-ovate to oblong-obovate or sublanceolate, obtuse or acute, cuneate and slightly decurrent at base, with petioles more than half to almost as long as blade (shorter in upper leaves). Flowers 1, rarely 2—3, axillary; staminate flowers on pedicels 4—5 mm long, 0.1 mm thick, sepals concave, broadly or narrowly ovate or obovate, acute or obtuse, yellowish-green or pale green, brownish at base, 1.5—2 mm long; petals oval-cuneate, sometimes rather broadly linear, obtuse at apex, entire or notched or irregularly obtusely crenate, white, 1—1.3 mm long; disk glands incised or bipartite, lobes broad, 0.5mm long, at first thick-fleshy, later scarious; filaments half-connate; pistillate flowers on thicker pedicels 0.2mm in diameter; sepals thick, green, broadly elliptic or ovate, acute, narrowly white-margined, 1.5—2 mm long,1.25—1.5mm wide; petals 0.3—0.5 mm long, white, linear; glands shallowly lobed or slightly incised, lobes obtuse; capsules globose, 2—2.3 mm in diameter, smooth, finely netted-veined, sometimes with residual hairs; seeds 1.5—1.75(2) mm long, 0.5—0.7mm wide. May—August. (Plate XVI, Figure 1.) Stony mountain slopes, rock crevices. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Zerav- shan Range, Baisun Mountains, Kugitang). Endemic. Described from Zeravshan Range. Type in Leningrad. Note. A. hapladena Pazij and A. rupestris Pazij can hardly be recognized as species differing from A. fedtschenkoi Koss. Inthe ease of A. hapladena (from Yakkabag) the differences, such as lower habit (4—5 cm), small leaves ((5—6 mm long, 3.5—5 mm wide), staminate flowers with petals emarginate at the apex, glands incised and not 2-lobed, and larger seeds, cannot be considered as diagnostic characters (except for the latter character) because they are actually present in the original specimens of A. fedtschenkoi. The misunderstanding is probably due to the imprecise and undetailed original description of A. fedtschenkoi. Among the original specimens from Zeravshan there are individuals of small measurements — 3—7 cm high (which is not mentioned in the diag- nosis) — with small leaves (2—7 cm [sic] long) which is typical for this species. In the diagnosis of A. fedtschenkoi there is obviously a misprint in the dimensions of the leaves — ''1.5—2 cm" — since the leaves of the herbarium specimens are not more than 10—11 mm wide and 9mm long [?]. Petals notched or more or less crenate at the apex are also observed in specimens from other localities (Zeravshan, Baisun). Disk glands may vary in shape, even in one flower, from shallowly incised to parted. The slightly larger seeds (2mm long — whereas in the original specimens 1.5—1.75 mm) do not provide the basis for a specific rank. With respect to the second species, A. rupestris Pazij (from Kugitang Range), it differs from the specimens of A. fedtschenkoi only by narrower leaves (oblong or lanceolate) thus approaching the narrow-leaved specimens from Baisun. The report of verrucose, not reticulate fruits in duplicate specimens of A. rupestris atthe Herbarium 216 283 of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR has not been confirmed. The fruits in these specimens are smooth and covered with the same thin network of veins when mature. It is possible that what were presumed to be verrucae were in fact the remains of thick hairs (also preserved in the fruits of the duplicate specimens). Subtribe 2. PHYLLANTHINAE Pax in E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 5 (1896) 17.— Leaves entire, alternate; flowers axillary, staminate flowers usually in clusters, rarely in 1—2; pistillate flowers solitary, rarely in clusters; petals obsolete; disk glands opposite petals; stamens (2)3—15; style dilated at apex; ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Genus 850. SECURINEGA * Comm. Comm. in Juss. Gen. pl. (1789) 388 Dioecidus (Russian specimens) or monoecious plants; sepals 5, petals obsolete; staminate flowers clustered in axils, with 5 glands alternating sepals and 5—6 (sometimes more) stamens, rudimentary ovary 2—3-lobed; pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters; style 3-lobed; ovary 3-locular, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit dry, 3-lobed, separating along cells, with 2 seeds in each cell; seeds without ventral protrusion, with thin coriaceous coating; embryo erect. Shrubs with alternate entire leaves and small coriaceous stipules. About 15 species, distributed in the warm moderate zone of tropical S. America and the West Indies, on the Mascarene Islands, Arabia, SE Asia, Cape Region (1 species), and in the W. Mediterranean (1 species). 1. S. suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. XIII (1932) 388. — S. ramiflora Miull.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1866) 449.— Kom., Fl. Man ehizhyell, 600. ‘Kom. and Alis., ‘Opr.* rast. Dal"nevost.. kr. I, 7705. — Xylophylla ramiflora Ait. Hort. Kew. I (1789) 376.— Pharna- ceumesuffryticostm Pail. It. ll (1776) app. 716.— Phyllanthu's feamiiverus Pers. Syn. Il (1807) 59!.— Geblera suffruticosa Fisch. et" Meéeyr in Ind. sem. hort. Petrop. (1835) 22;° Ldb. Fl. Ross. Wi-ZaaToo eure Zane Date dan, I. Go: kvupie. am iViaxinm, Werenmae bl: Amur. (1859) 239.— Geblera sungarensis Rupr. in Bull. Phys.- Math. Acad. Petr. XV (1857) 357.— Flueggea suffruticosa Baill. Etud. Euph. (1858) 592.— Acidoton ramiflorus O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. (eo jeae2e ies all. 1: ¢ tab. HE; £2: Kom, and) Alis., “la.e. tab. 292, fi andes— 1... —, fxs. FF. Karo, Pll amur..et zeaens.. No. 253. Spreading shrub up to 1.5—2 cm high, with thin virgate erect glabrous pale yellow shoots, older branches with gray bark; leaves glabrous, some- what coriaceous, elliptic or oval-lanceolate, rarely obovate, rounded or acute at apex, cuneate at base, (1.2)1.5—7 cm long, (0.4)0.6—3.5 cm wide, entire or irregularly erose-dentate (often above middle) at margin; petioles 2—4mm long. Flowers dioecious, greenish-yellow or green; staminate flowers in clusters of (2)3—12(15), on (1.5)2—4(6) mm long * From the Latin securis — axe, and negare — negate, deny, indicating the very hard wood. ZEe 284 peduncles; sepals concave, oval, 2mm long; stamens exserted from calyx; glands dentate, rudimentary ovary usually 3-parted; pistillate flowers solitary, rarely 3—8, on longer, up to 1 cm long erect peduncles, thickened above; ovary spherical; styles 3, dilated above, 2-partite up to middle; fruit 3-locular, globose, flattened above, 3-lobed; seeds smooth, obtusely trihedral, with thin testa. Fl. June, Fr. from September. (Plate XVI, Figure 4.) East Siberia: Dau. (Nerchinskaya Dauria); Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Korea, Manchuria). Described from Dauria. Type in London. Economic importance. Often grown as an ornamental plant. Genus 851. FLUGGEA* Willd. Willd. Sp. pl. IV (1805) 757 Plants dioecious or monoecious; flowers unisexual with 5 petals, apeta- lous, clustered in axils; staminate flowers with 5 glands alternating sepals, stamens 4—5, exceeding sepals; pistillate flowers with annual lobate disk and 3-locular ovary with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit berry-shaped; seeds with hard woody testa, with protrusion at the ventral side; embryo bent. Shrubs, with entire leaves; stipules small, coriaceous. About 10—12 species, almost all in the tropical countries of the Old World: Africa, Australia, SE Asia (E.Himalayas and SE China). One species grows in C. China (Hupeh province) and another can be found in the Maritime Territory of the USSR. 1. F. ussuriensis Pojark. sp. nov. in Addenda XIII, 7134. Shrubs, with thin virgate young branches and shoots, covered with green glabrous bark, densely black-punctate; leaves glabrous, 1.8—7 cm long, 0.6—3.3 cm wide, obovate, acute or tapering to short mucro, cuneate at base, revolute at margin, sometimes finely undulate as if crenate, dark green above, lighter, glaucescent beneath, opaque on both sides, slightly rugose, with lateral nerves, deeply embedded in upper part, strongly pro- truding below. Flowers dioecious, staminate flowers 5—20 in a cluster, on 3—5(6) mm long glabrous peduncles; sepals 5, broadly obovate or ellip- tic, 1.5mm long, 0.8 mm wide, concave, obtuse, crenate above at margin; petals obsolete, glands tapering at base; stamens 5,rarely 4, longer than sepals, anthers broadly oval; rudimentary ovary fissured up to middle or slightly higher; pistillate flowers and fruit unknown. Fl. in August. (Plate XVI, Figure 5.) The specimen collected by V. L. Komarov is the only one known. Far East: Uss. (near Kondratenkovo at the mountain forest edge). Endemic? Type in Leningrad. * Named after the botanist J. Fliigge, who puhlished a monograph on cereals (1810). 218 PLATE XVI. phylla Koss.; 4— Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd.; 1— Andrachne fedtschenkoi Koss.; 6 — Pachysandra terminalis S. et Z. 219 2— A. pusilla Pojark.; 3— A.steno- 5— Fluggea ussuriensis Pojark.; 287 Note. The main morphological differences between Fluggea and Securinega are inthe structure of their fruits and seeds. Although the specimen in our possession is with staminate flowers only, we think it to be Fliggea, which has been unknown to the Russian flora. The genus is distributed in Asia, mainly in its tropical part from where only one species expands to the north in Central China. The flowers of our plant have long stamens (2 to 2.5 times longer than the sepals), which is usually common to Fluggea, whereas in the Asiatic species of Securi- nega they usually do not exceed the calyx by more than 1.5 times. More- over, solitary flowers with 4 stamens are found among the common 5- staminate flowers, which is also characteristic for Fluggea, while 5—6 stamens, rarely more,are common in Securinega. As to the features of the leaves (shape, color, prominent nerves), our plant shows no Similarity to those of the species of Securinega, but similar obovate leaves with prominent nerves are typical of the Asiatic species of Fluggea which are grouped under the general, species-aggregate ''Fluggea leucopyrus Willd." Our plant differs from the Himalayan specimens by narrower leaves and pale shoots. Genus 852. PHYLLANTHUS* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 981 Monoecious (Russian) or dioecious plants; flowers with 4—6 sepals, apetalous; stamens usually 3, rarely 2—5,or more, filaments free to more or less connate; ovary 3-locular; fruit dry, splitting; seeds trihedral, without appendage. Annual herbs (in the USSR). More than 400 species, distributed mostly in the tropical countries. 1. Ph. ussuriensis Rupr. et Maxim. in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. St.-Peétersb. XV (1857) 222; Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 241; Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. ll, 705.— Ph. simplex Kom, Fl. Manch'zh. II (1903) 683 (non Retz.). Small annuals, branching at base; stems 5—20cm long, flat, slightly winged; stipules ca.1mm long, coriaceous, obliquely oval, acuminate; leaves glabrous, subsessile, lanceolate, oval-lanceolate or elliptic, 5—20(25) mm long, 1.5—7 mm wide, acute and short-acuminate at apex, mucronate, notched at base. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary, the staminate and pistillate often sitting side by side in the same axil; pedi- 288 cels very short, filiform in staminate flowers, thickened above in pistillate flowers; sepals usually 6, triangular, acute, greenish or slightly reddish, much larger in pistillate flowers; styles deeply 2-partite; ovary more or less densely squamose-papillose to glabrous; fruit globose-flattened, ca. 3mm in diameter, squaamose-verrucose to glabrous; seeds trihedral, dotted-tuberculate. Fr. August. (Plate XV, Figure 3.) Granite outcrops, rock crevices, pebbly slopes, dry clayey slopes, sandy riverbanks, often in large quantities. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.- Ch. Described from Ussuri River. Type in Leningrad. * From the Greek phyllon — leaf, and anthos — flower. 220 289 Subfamily 2. CROTONOIDEAE Pax in E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 5 (1896) 14.— Ovules 1 in each cell of ovary; latex vessels usually present. Tribe 1. CROTONEAE Pax. 1. c. Stamens sharply bent inward at aestivation. Subtribe 1. CHROZOPHORINAE Pax in E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 5 (1896) 42.— Flowers with petals, with or without disk, in racemiform or spicate inflorescences; stamens 4—30, with free or more or less connate filaments; styles entire or 2-partite or multipartite; ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Genus 853. CHROZOPHORA * Neck. Neck. Elem. If (1790) 337.— Tournesol Adans. Fam. pl. II (1763) 386.— Tournesolia Scop. Introd. hist. pl. (1777) 243.— Ricinoides Moench, Method. (1794) 286.—Lepidocroton Presl. Epimel. bot. (1850) 213 Flowers in short racemiform inflorescences in axils of upper leaves, unisexual, plants monoecious; staminate flowers with petals more or less as long or slightly shorter than sepals, glands absent; stamens (3)4—10 (11—12) in 1—3 whorls, filaments usually more or less connate; pistillate flowers with petals shorter than sepals or absent, glands forming a disk with short broad lobes alternating petals; styles 2-partite; ovary 3-locular, with 1 ovule in each cell; fruit a slightly fleshy 3-locular capsule; seeds without appendage. Annual herbs, rarely semishrubs. Eleven species, distributed throughout the tropical parts of E. and N. Africa, over the entire Mediterranean area, in Arabia, Central Asia and India. One species reaches Indochina... Economic importance. The species of Chroz ophora contain such small quantities of indigo thatthey are scarcely worth cultivating for this purpose. They are sometimes used domestically for dyeing. i gh Ovary and fruit thickly covered with stellate HATE Sales ay ares Be 2s Ovary and fruit covered with flat white peltate scales ......-.-- Ds 2 Seeds light brown, shining, smooth, sometimes with yellowish spots of a partly adnate thin membrane (the inner layer of the endocarp usually united with the fruit-wall)..... 1. C. sabulosa Kar. et Kir. ate Seeds dark brown, dotted- pitted, usually the texture is covered by a thin scarious layer of endocarp and the seeds appearing finely and unevenly tuberculate ......-+-++-+-> 2. C. gracilis Fisch. et Mey. 3: Stamens usually 10—11(19—12); leaves broad, grayish, velutinous - pubescent, often subglabrous when mature; ripe fruit beset with Ponicakiuberctes). te. 2906) ORI sOT Farm. 3. C. tinctoria (L.) Juss. + Seemacnas--8(9); wauallyo 570 POLE Os Tees YS Ss EN Bh eh eaenk ee 4, 4. Ripe fruit smooth or only with solitary conical tubercles; leaves oblong, 1.5—2 times as long as wide, yellowish, densely tomentose- pubescent, usually entirets FOF ee ete eee 5. C. obliqua Juss. * From the Greek chros — color, and forein — to carry, indicating the presence of dyeing substances. 221 290 Ripe fruit markedly covered with conical tubercles; leaves all or almost all broad (more or less as broad as long), grayish, velutinous- pubescent, dentate, rarely subentire ....4. C. hierosolymitana Spr. | Section 1. TRICHOCARPA Prain in Kew Bull. 2—3 (1918) 89.— Ovary and fruit covered with stellate hairs. 1. C. sabulosa Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XV (1842) 446; Ldb. Fl. Ross. Ill, 2, 581; Bge. in Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VII (1854) 490;4 DC. Prodrs XV, 2)\(1866).748; +O. and Bs Hedch.7 Penech eee dum 56) (1913) 3133p. pe— Che or alc iis MBoiss: ls on. MV iOpen Fisch. et Mey.— Exs.: H.F. A.M. No. 302. Annuals, 5—25 cm high, wholly gray-tomentose with stellate hairs; stems spreading, branching; petioles 3—9 mm long, curved; blade ovate or rhombic- ovate, obtuse or acute, rounded or cuneate often oblique at base, 2—6 cm long, 1.5—4 cm wide, entire or dentate, short-hairy above, softly villous-hairy beneath. Inflorescences short, ca. 1 cm long, crowded in axils of upper leaves; staminate flowers subsessile, in upper part of inflorescence; sepals and petals 5, sepals linear-lanceolate, covered stellate-hairy outside, petals slightly longer than sepals, yellow above, outside with shining stellate and subsquamiform hairs, inside with long thick simple hairs; stamens 5, some- times 3—4, filaments from the middle; anthers narrowly oval, oblique; pistil- late flowers 2—6, on long drooping pedicels up to 4cm long in fruit; sepals and petals linear, acute, nearly equal, densely stellate-hairy outside; ovary densely stellate-hairy; styles bi-sect; fruit trihedral, flattened-spherical, 5mm long, 7mm wide, stellate-hairy; seeds smooth, 3—4 mm long, ovate. June—September. Sandy deserts.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (SE), Balkh., Kyz.K., Amu.D., Syr D. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Dzungaria (Sassyk- Pastau and Arganat Mountains). Type in Leningrad. Note. Specimens of this species completely without hairs or only with a few stellate ones along the leaf margins, known as var. nuda Pojark. var. nov., have been found near Dzhambul in Kazakhstan. 2)... Ce gracilis: Mischzget) Mey. .exsiidbs Fil Rossii a2s S8ilteekisech et Mey. ex Kar. in Bull. Soe. Nat. Mose. XII (1839) 171, nom. nud. — ChijisiabuLosa Pax iet Eottme piniietlanzics hve al 4 ie Well (GONE po yemeoen Ee inePflanzentam)-2 ed: 719.46. (1.93i), 91, peep: O> andeBe Hedeh ay aberech: r, Turk. 5—6, 313 p. p.; Prain in Kew Bull. (1918) 98, p; pxa— Bowrne-— Solna iguraicil i's) ©... Kize. Revi een ell: (851) so 21Gn quoadimone = Ch. pannosa Pazij in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Inst. Bot. i Zool. AN UzbSSR, XI (1948) 25. Similar to the preceding species in all parts, distinguished by the dark brown, finely dotted-scabrous seeds usually covered witha thin membrane (inner layer of endocarp?), in contrast to the seeds of C. sabulosa, thus ap- pearing gray or grayish-brown, finely and unevenly tuberculate. Sandy deserts.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (western part of Mangyshlak Peninsula only), Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. (foothills). Gen. distr.: probably N. Iran, in that part adjacent to the southern part of Kara-Kum region. Described from the Dardzha Peninsula onthe eastern banks of the Caspian (NW Turkmenia). Type in Leningrad. 222 291 Section 2. LEPIDOCARPA Prain in Kew Bull. 2—3 (1918) 98.— Ovary and fruit covered with flat white scales. 3. C. tinctoria (L.) A. Juss. Euphorb, Gen. Tent. (1824) 28; M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. Il, 409, p. pD.; each, pli cauc.; ~Ldb. Fl. Rass pulll.e2s 581, p. p.; Boiss. Fl. or. IV, 140, p. p-; Shmal'g., Eh oll, - 4elsits ase 3 Pax et Hoffm. in Pflanzenr. IV, 147, VI, 22, DP. P.; Prain in Kew Bull. 2—3 (1918) 103.— Croton tinctorius L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1004. — Ricinoides tinctoria Moench. Meth. (1794) 281.— Ch. tinctoria var. genuina Mull. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1866) 749.— Tourne- solia tinctoria Baill. Bot. med. (1884) 932.— Ic.: Rchb. Ie. oF 1. Germ. tab. 152.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 41. Annuals, with erect spreading-branching stem, sparsely tomentose with stellate hairs, often reddish, 10—60 cm high; leaves canescent-velutinous with stellate hairs (sometimes nearly glabrous towards end), rhombic or triangular-ovate, usually obtuse, rarely acute, rounded or broadly cuneate at base, dentate or partly entire, 4—6.5cm long, 3—5cm wide, with 3-6 cm long petioles. Inflorescences short, dense, 12—15 mm long; staminate flowers in upper part of inflorescence, subsessile; sepals 5, 3—5 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate; petals slightly longer than sepals, covered outside with whitish peltate scales; stamens in 2 whorls, usually 10, rarely 9, or 11—12, filaments connate for most of their length; anthers oblique; pistillate flowers on ca. 4mm long pedicels, 1—4 on short peduncle; sepals narrowly linear; petals shorter than sepals, narrowly linear; ovary densely squamose styles deeply 2-partite; fruits trihedral, 6mm long, 8—9mm in diameter, tuberculate-squamose, on drooping pedicels 1—2 cm long; seeds 4—5mm long, 3—4mm in diameter, more or less trihedral, verrucose-scabrous. Fl., Fr. June—October. (Plate XVI, Figure aig) Weedy places, roadsides, dry slopes, among crops. — European part: Crim. Gen. distr.: throughout Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Montpellier. Type in London. Note. C. tinctoria is a Mediterranean species which does not grow wild eastward of Asia Minor and Syria. In the USSR it grows wild only in the southern shores and the eastern part of the Crimea. In the Caucasus and Central Asia it is found very rarely and then only as an introduced plant among crops. C. hierosolymitana Spreng., whose habit strongly resembles C. tincto ria but is easily distinguished from it by the small number of stamens, 3—6(7—8) and the usually denser pubes- cence, has been misidentified in the Caucasus and Central Asia as C. tinc- toria. Another species often accepted as C. tinctoria in Central Asia is C. obliqua (Vahl) Juss, known in the Russian literature under the synonymic name C. verbascifolia Juss. 4, C. hierosolymitana Spreng. Syst. veg. Ill (1826) 850; Prain in Kew Bull. 2—3 (1918) 109.— Croton oblongifolium Sieber ex Spreng. 1. c. non Delil.— Ch. Sieberi Presl, Bot. Bemerk. (1844) 109. — Ch. tinctoria Ldb. Fl. Ross. Ill, 2 (1851) 581, p. p. (quoad pl. cauc.) non A.Juss.; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 408; Lipskii in Tr. Tift sobs sada. IV (1899) 446; Pax et Hoffm. in Pflanzenr. IV, 147, VI(1912) 22, p. p.; Fedch., Rast. Turk. 558; O. and B. Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. Wiley oir 223 292 299 Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Ill, 25.—Ch. verbascifolia Baill. Etud. gen. Euphorb. (1858) 322): p. p.. non Juss; Boiss. Fl vor ive 1a4ai pepe. Pax etHoftm, 1. (¢. 25, p.p»— C@h. tine to rival 8.) havens osionsyanameacanes Mull. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1866) 249.— Ch. cordifolia Pazij 4 in Bot. Mat. Inst. Bot. i Zool. AN UzbSSR, XI (1948) 23.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 2595) (sub:snome Ciba time tong wa). Annuals, stellate-hairy, with erect stem, 7—60 cm high; leaves canescent- velutinous, rarely more densely tomentose, broad (slightly longer than wide), ovate or rhombic-ovate, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, uppermost leaves sometimes oblong-ovate, strongly dentate at margin, rarely subentire, 1.3—7 cm long, 1.3—6 mm [sic] wide, petioles of the upper leaves longer than 1.5 cm, of the lower leaves upto8 cmlong. Inflorescence densely tomentose; staminate flowers onvery short 1—1.5mm long pedicels; sepals narrowly lanceolate- acuminate, petals hardly shorter, covered outside with white scales, purple- violet in lower part, yellow above; stamens 3—8, usually 4—6; pistillate flowers on pedicels up to 3mm long, reaching 3cm in fruit; sepals and petals linear-subulate, densely stellate-hairy outside; fruit 8-10 mm in diameter; tuberculate, beset with white scales; seeds 3—4 mm long, tuberculate-scabrous. Fl. June—October. (Plate XV-II, Figure 2.) Dry slopes, seashores, weedy places, sometimes among crops, in the foothills and the lower and central mountain belts of Central Asia among semidesert associations, sometimes in sands at desert margins. — Caucasus: allparts; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.; Pam.—Al” iy oh.e Maraske key eiee sometimes introduced among crops. Gen, distr.: E.Med. Described from the vicinity of Jerusalem. Type not preserved? Note. Upto the present time no one in the USSR has distinguished this species from C. tinctoria (L.) A.Juss., and it has been recorded for the Caucasus and Central Asia under that name. 5. C. obliqua (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng, Syst. veg. III (1826) 850; Prain in Kew Bull. 2—3 (1918) 111.— Croton argenteum Forsk. FI. aepypt. “arab. cat. Aegypt. (1775) p. LXXV, non L.— ©) obliquum Vahl. Symb. Bot. I (1790) 78.— C. verbascifolium Willd. Sp. Pl. IV (1805) 539.— C. villosum Sibth. et Sm. Fl. graec. prodr. II (1813) 249. —"@. piatulus “Magasea, Gen et™sp. nov. (11816) 24 — 1h ero phora verbascifolva “A. Juss. Huph: gen tent. 9(824)s98; Boise BV ons Vita ps pe (excels yas: ©) he ‘ate 0 Stonliyanatitt aya) aeeloeter Hoffim:,, in’ Pilanzenrs IV, 147) Vi (1912) 26° (exell. “syne: IOs hitemiolstaitys mitanayet Ch. sie beri); Hedchy. Rast. Lurks s(OWS)\ io aee") Heda Perech. r- Turk. VI, 7313.— Chr7aintegrifoliva Bge. Rel kehm-a Gist) 314. — (Ch tinetoriave. verbascifoli a: Mulls Aro. iny Der merodeave 2 (1866) 748.— Tournesolia verbascifolia O. Ktze. Rev. gen. Il (1891) 621. Annuals, all parts densely yellow-tomentose with stellate hairs; stems 10—70 cm high, erect, spreading-branching; petioles 3-10 cm long; leaves oblong (1.5—2 times as long as wide), narrowly ovate or elliptic, upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2.9—9cm long, 1—5 cm wide, acute, rarely obtuse, usually cuneate, rarely rounded at base, very often asymmetrical, generally entire, often undulate, sometimes strongly dentate. Inflorescence 1.5—3cm long, very dense; staminate flowers subsessile in upper part of inflorescence; 224 2—Ch.hierosolymitana Spr.; 3— Ch. 5— Mercurialis ovata Stemb. et Hoppe. PLATE XVII. 1— Chrozophora obliqua (Vahl) Juss.; tinctoria (L) Juss; 4— Ch. sabulosa Kar. et Kir. 6— Acalypha australis L. 225 296 sepals 5,lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals 5, slightly shorter than sepals; stamens 4—6, rarely 7—8(9), filaments connate for most of their length; anthers oblique; pistillate flowers 1—4 in the lower part of inflorescence, on 3—4 mm long pedicels; sepals and petals setaceous, densely stellate hairy, outside, more or less equal or petals slightly shorter; ovary squamose; styles 2-partite; fruit 5-6 mm long, ca.8mm in diameter, smooth or with solitary conical tubercles, densely covered with scales; seeds scabrous-verrucose, 4—5 mm long. Fl. and Fr. June—October. (Plate XVII, Figure 1.) Foothills and the lower and central mountain belts, dry, open stony and fine-earth slopes, weedy places, among crops. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al., 1. Sh. (W.). (Gen. distr:: all’ Med) beypt, Bal:-As- Mine tean. Described from Egypt. Type in Copenhagen. Note. C. obliqua is easily distinguished from C. hierosoly- mitana and C. tinctoria by the smooth, not tuberculate, slightly flattened fruits and the densely tomentose yellow leaves, and further from Ce ta nie'tom la by the mumbervoristamiens:. Subtribe 2. MERCURIALINAE Paxin E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 5 (1896) 46.— Flowers apetalous, stamens free or connate, anther cells more or less spherical; styles large, styles connate only at base; ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Genus 854. MERCURIALIS * L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1035 Dioecious, rarely monoecious, plants; staminate flowers in interrupted spikes, with spherical 3-partite calyx, apetalous, stamens 8—20(usually 8—12), filaments free; pistillate flowers 1—2 in axils of bracts or in few- flowered racemiform or spikelike inflorescence, with 3 imbricate sepals and 2 filiform glands alternating carpels; ovary usually 2-locular, 1 ovule in each cell; seeds with appendage. Herbs with opposite leaves. About 10 species growing in the Mediterranean area and 1 in Japan. abe Annual plants, with branching stem; pistillate flowers subsessile, KE WEIMVAXU SROMUGAV ES) \srMede te. anette enh. | Maemmemel came 3 ae Miesannula ler i Perennials, with simple stem; pistillate flowers 1—4 on short or lone SCape Sime kaeaere We DRS Sk SF Be BR odes Bee 2 ae IEeaviestoviatenSubSeSisile) {ve is. eamen ne 2. M. ovata Sternb. et Hoppe. a Leaves narrower, ovate-elliptic or elliptic, with conspicuous AKO aia) saaboal IKeyaler foxsel OUI 55 Go heb. d did cle ble wee a 1. M. perennis L. if MC perennisii: tsps ple (1753) 1035. MenBe blke taunsscancemileme 2or db EE Rosis. Til, 2585180): Shmal's Pl. 10 74183) =Grossiotn le keane wile 26-—= Mo cynocrambe*scop. Fl. carn, ed. 2), 11 (1772) 266" Meme nao ralis Salisb. Prodr. horti Chap. Allert. (1796) 390.— M. sylvatica Hoppe in Flora, I (1818) 472.— M. longifolia Host, Fl. austr. II (1831) * Named after the mythological god Mercury. 226 297 666.— M. Alpina Schur, Enum. pl. Transsylv. (1866) 600. — Synema perenne Dalac, Fl. Hautes Pyréa. (1867) 154.— Ic: Hegi, iy Hilledie, tices taillte Bach. Perennial, with creeping underground shoots; stems ascending, simple glabrous or subglabrous below, more or less hairy above, generally leaf- less below; leaves close together at apex of stem, 3—10 cm long, 1.5—4.5 cm wide (lower leaves smaller than upper), lanceolate-oval or lanceolate- elliptic, acuminate or acute at apex, cuneate at base (upper leaves some- times more or less rounded at base), thin, dark green, sparsely scabrous- hairy (usually only above), sometimes completely glabrous, crenate-serrate at margin, with glabrous or pubescent petioles (40-45 mm long); stipules membranous, white, long oval-lanceolate, ca. 2mm long. Staminate flowers subsessile, arranged in few-flowered glomerules, glomerules sessile in axils of membranous ovate bracts, forming long interrupted spikes usually longer than leaves, with axis thin and usually glabrous; sepals 3, ovate, acute, glabrous, 2mm long; stamens Ca. 10; pistillate flowers in short (1/5 to 1, as long as leaves) racemiform 1—4-flowered inflorescences in axils of oval-lanceolate, acute, ca. 2mm long bracts, pedicels 1.5—3 mm long, slightly elongating in fruit; sepals 3, somewhat connate, oval, acumi- nate, 2mm long, glabrous; glands filiform, dilated at base; ovary hirsute, sparsely papillate; styles connate at base, papillate inside; fruit flattened- globose, 6—7 mm wide, 5mm long, coarse -hairy; seeds subspherical, acute at apex, 3mm in diameter, grayish, pitted. Fl. end of April—May, Fr. May— June. Broadleaved and mixed forests. — European part: Thad Mins sp UVa Veekoaimass UD. Dnps wis Papin. Vion, Transve; (bla Crim. »sCaueasus: Cisc., W. Transc. (Novorossiisk), Tal. Gen. distr.: nearly all Europe. Described from Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. Poisonous. 2. M. ovata Sterab. et Hoppe in Denkschr. Bot. Gesellsch. Regens- burg (1815) 170; Ldb. Fl. Ross. Ti, 2) 5p0s, cumalto.. tL. Wl, 218 .— M. livida Portenschl. ex Fuss, Enum. stirp. Transsylv. Mant. I (1846) 86.— M. perennis v. ovata Mull. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1866) 796: Boiss. Fl. or. IV (1879) 1142.— Ic.: Sternb. et Hoppe. Lv gcoblesi, Iie AV colo s lo 150 J Annual, with creeping rhizome; stems ascending, simple, 15—45cm high, sulcate, glabrous or subglabrous or appressed-hirsute in upper part, uniformly leafy, the lower one—two nodes leafless or with small reduced leaves; petioles very short, 1—2(2.5) mm long, glabrous or pubescent; leaves 1.5—7.5cm long, 1—4 cm wide, broadly ovate or broadly elliptic, acuminate or acute, usually distinctly mucronulate, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, subglabrous to spreadingly coarse-hairy, pale green, rather dense but thin, often regularly crenate at margin, stipules oval- lanceolate, white, 2—2.5 mm _ long. Staminate flowers subsessile, in few- flowered (2—4 flowers, rarely up to 7) glomerules, glomerules sessile in axils of white membranous, ca. 1.5mm long bracts, 4—8 forming together an interrupted spike on a long, thin and sparingly pubescent axis, 5-12 cm long and much exceeding leaves; sepals 3, broadly ovate, acute, glabrous, 2mm long; stamens 7—14; pistillate flowers on very short, 1—2 mm long pedicels, forming raceme in upper part of axis 1.5—4.5cm long and much shorter than leaves; bracts ca. 2mm long, ovate, acute; sepals 3, green, 227 298 299 oval, acute, somewhat connate at base; glands filiform, gradually extended to base; ovary densely coarse-hairy; styles papillate inside; fruit globose and slightly flattened, 3—4 mm long, 5.6 mm wide, coarse-hairy; seeds ovate- spherical, acute at apex, gray,finely pitted. Fl. April-May, Fr. May—June. (Plate XVII, Figure 5.) Forests and shrubby formations. — European part: M.Dnp., Bl., Crim.; Caucasus: W.Cisc. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Centr. Europe. Type unknown. Note. Hybrids: M. ovata Stern. et Hoppe X M. perennis L. Stems more leafy and leaves more regular than in M. perennis; leaves usually ovate-elliptic, rarely elliptic, with conspicuous petioles (3-5 mm long). Collected in several places in the Crimea. 3. M. annua L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1035; Ldb. Fl. Ross. III (1849—1851) 58> “Shmal'oy, bl) il 418% Grosse. hl Kavk iy) 25s Haase Gavemtie No22596 ~ PE Hinl: exs. Nos 7967. Annual, 20—40 cm high; stem usually glabrous, branching from base; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate above, rounded or slightly cordate or broadly cuneate at base, thin, slightly ciliate at margin, crenate- dentate, blade 2.5 times longer than petiole, with 1 gland at each side of base; stipules linear-lanceolate, white. Staminate flowers in glomerules forming an interrupted spike in upper part of axis, longer than leaves, 3—10 cm long; sepals 3, partly connate, ovate, acute, 1.5—2 mm long, glabrous; stamens 8—12; pistillate flowers, 2—3 on short axillary peduncles, some- times forming short corymbiform spike; sepals 3, ovate, acute, somewhat connate at base, glabrous, 2mm long; disk glands filiform; ovary hirsute; fruit ca. 4mm in diameter, slightly reticulate, coarsely hairy; seeds ellip- tic pitted; 1:5—2imm) long, brown. ly Junes hr. Jullys Weedy places, fields. — European part: Lad.-Ilm., V.-Don (Kharkov), Bl. (Odessa); Crim.; Caucasus: W.Transe. Gen. distr.;) Ss. andi@entrs Bue. N. Africa. Described from Europe. Type in London. Tribe 2. ACALYPHEAE Pax in E. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 5 (1896) 60.— Flowers apetalous and diskless; stamens 8—20; filaments free, anthers elongate, sometimes repeatedly twisted; ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Genus 855. ACALYPHA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 684 Monoecious, rarely dioecious plants; pistillate flowers in axils of broad bracts, staminate flowers in axils of small bracts on short thin spikes, pistillate and staminate flowers in common inflorescence; sepals 3—4(5), sometimes reduced in staminate flowers; ovary 3-locular; styles free, filiform, sometimes parted. Herbs (in the USSR), but mostly trees and shrubs. About 250 species in the tropical countries. * From the Greek a — without, calos — beautiful, pleasant, and aphe — touch, i.e., unpleasant to the touch. 61017 2 228 ii Bracts ovate, acute, up to 20 mm long; cauline leaves lanceolate or OvaLe-laneceolateweweto. 7s oe were Ll ice vetoes Jt lige cA. Caustralish 1. ta Bracts orbicular, up to 1.2mm [?] long; cauline leaves acute, ovate onprhiomible—ovict ei ieba sR SSEALE Ging Peed Se ats a% 222A indica I: 1. A. australis L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1004; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 684; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III, 26.— A. pauciflora Hornem. in Herb. Hafn. II (1815) 909; Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 240.— A. genuina Spreng. Syst. Veg. III (1826) 880. Annuals, with thin root; stem erect, ribbed, strongly branching, coarse- hairy with hairs appressed above, 6—50cm high; leaves alternate, with 1—4.5 cm long petioles, lanceolate or lanceolate-oval, acuminate, strongly crenate at margin, cuneate at base, glabrous or pubescent along nerves, 3-nerved at base. Inflorescence axillary, rarely terminal, on 0.5—6 cm long scapes, staminate and pistillate flowers in one inflorescence, staminate flowers in elongate thin spikes, 1—3 cm long, usually ending the inflorescence; staminate flowers in axils of small lanceolate bracts; sepals 4, very small thin coriaceous; filaments free, with 2 free hanging pollen sacs worn-like in shape; pistillate flowers in 3—5-flowered glomerules or spikelets, in axils of large, 1—2 cm long, foliaceous, hood-shaped bracts, crenate at mar- gin; sepals ovate, acute, ciliate; ovary densely long hairy, 3(4)-locular; styles up to 3mm long, dissected from base into 6—8 thin lobes; fruit coarse-hairy; seeds 1.5—2 mm long, ovate, smooth. Fl. July—August, Fr. August—September. (Plate XVI, Figure 6.) Sandy soil and pebbles at riverbanks, clayey semi-exposed slopes, solitary and in groups, plowed land, building sites in habitation, weedy places. — Caucasus: as a weed among crops; Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Manchuria, Korea, N.China, Japan), America. Described from S. America. Type in London. 2. A. indica L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1003; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III, 26.— Annuals, ca.0.5 mhigh, rarely taller; stem simple or slightly branching, often lignified at base, downy above; petioles 1.5—7 cm long, thin, downy, 300 as long as blade or up to 1.5 times longer; leaves 2—6.5cm long, 1.5—5cm wide, ovate or ovate-rhombic, acute, cuneate or truncate-rounded at base, thin, at first downy nerves, later glabrous, dentate at margin, 5-nerved at base. Inflorescences axillary, rarely also terminal, solitary or in twos, bearing staminate and pistillate flowers, 1—7cm long; spikelets of stami- nate flowers at end of inflorescence, on thin axis ca. 1 cm long, in some inflorescences staminate flowers absent; pistillate flowers 1—2 in axils of foliaceous suborbicular bracts, bracts 6—12 mm wide, dentate at margin, pubescent along nerves (3 to 7 bracts per inflorescence); sepals ovate, acute, ciliate, thin; ovary pubescent; styles short, partially divided; fruit short-hairy, 2mm wide; seeds broadly ovate, obscurely punctate, up to 1.5mm in diameter. Fl. July—September. Weeds among crops. Records from the Caucasus (W. Transcaucasia) are probably incorrect since all the examined specimens determined as A. indica should be referred to A. australis. Gen. distr.: tropical countries of the Old World (India, S. Japan, China, Madagascar, Africa). Described from India. Type in London. 229 301 Genus* RICINUS* L.** L. Sp. pl. ed.1 (1753) 1007 Flowers unisexual, monoecious; calyx 3—5-partite; petals absent; stamens numerous (more than one thousand), united in clusters, much branched above; ovary 3-locular, with 1 ovule in each cell; style 3-partite, with linear bright red stigmas; fruit a trivalvular capsule; seeds oval, with characteristic marble pattern. Annual (under cultivation) herbaceous plant or tree (in the tropics), with large palmately 7—11-sect leaves. Three or four species of the genus growing wild in the tropics of the Old World. (Some authors separate the ornamental form into an indepen- dent species — R. zanzibarensis Hort.). *R. communis L. sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 1007. Annual (under cultivation) plants or shrubs; stems branching, 80—400 cm high, young branches and petioles with bluish bloom; leaves alternate, glabrous, large, petiolate, palmately 5—11-sect, lobes ovate-oblong,, dentate at margin. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, in racemiform inflorescences opposite leaves or terminal, the staminate flowers lower, the pistillate upper (sometimes irregularly disposed, sometimes in reverse order), often bisexual; perianth 3—5-partite; petals absent; stamens numerous, connate in clusters, branched above; anthers sometimes almost 1,000; ovary spherical-oval, 3-locular, with 1 ovule in each cell; style shortly 3-partite, with red linear stigmas, entire or 2-sect; capsules as large as a hazel-nut, globose-oval, covered with spines, 3-valvate, with 1 seed in each cell; seeds oval, different in size (depending upon the variety), varying from 0.8 to 2.5cm long, with smooth shiny variegated testa and rather large aril. Cultivated for its oil in the southern regions of the USSR, sometimes escaped. Inthe north it is often grown as an ornamental. — Gen. distr.: (cultivated): Med., Bal.-As. Min., Atl. Eur., Afr., S.Am., southern part of the U. S., tropical Asia. Described from India, Africa, and S. Europe. Type in London. Note. The native habitat of Ricinus has not been precisely estab- lished, although Africa, in particular Ethiopia, may be rightfully considered as such. In the tropics and subtropics the genus is a perennial plant with a life cycle of 5—10 years. Its stem is dendroid, sometimes reaching a height of 10 m. In cultivation it is grown almost exclusively as an annual. India is the main producer and exports the seeds to England and America. Brazil also exports the seeds, in addition to the oil. Economic importance. The oil obtained from the seeds of Ricinus by means of hot and cold pressing is of considerable economic importance. It is found as tiny globules in the cytoplasm. The term ''castor" oil is derived from the scientific name of the beaver — castor. The beaver has been and stillisfairly common inCanada. Refined castor-oil was at onetime obtained from Canada whence, apparently, there originatedthe name castor oil, whichis sometimes applied only to oil extracted by cold pressing; oil extracted by hot pressing is known simply as ''Ricinus.'' The seed contains * Treatment by B.K. Shishkin. ** From the Latin ricinus — mite; by their variegated coloration the seeds are reminiscent of mites (or the other way round). 230 302 303 46% fatty oil (in some varieties more than 60%), 20% starch, 2.5% resinous substances, and 0.5% protein. The specific weight of the oil is 0.961—0.973, and it is the most dense of all plant oils. The iodine number is 182—188. It freezes at —10° and dissolves in alcohol, ether, and glacial acetic acid. Its main component is triricinolein; there is very little stearin and no palmitin or olein. Castor-oil differs from other plant oils by its solubility in alcohol, high acetyl index, and above-average density and viscosity. It should be added that the oil is not soluble in petroleum, gasoline, does not affect rubber and in combustion leaves no trace. Castor-oilis extracted by cold pressing under high pressure. It is then purified by boiling with water or processed by steam and filtered. The fin- ished product is nearly colorless or a yellowish-green. The temperature affects the density of the oil very little and for this reason it is widely used for lubricating machines where the temperature changes are rapid. It is a virtually indispensable lubricant for motors and is also used in oiling delicate mechanisms such as watches, etc. The oil is used in the manufacture of soap and in the tanning industry where it is used to preserve the flexibility of leather and its impermeability. It is also applied in the production of glycerine, rubber, and dyes in the textile industry. Castor-oil is known as a laxative throughout the world. It is often used, especially in India, in lamps, yielding a white, non- smoking flame. The seeds contain poisonous substances that are insoluble in oil and do not pass over into it during cold pressing. Under hot pressing the oil con- tains poisonous substances. As food the seeds are extremely dangerous because of their toxicity and may even cause death (from 12.2 g of seeds). The oil cakes obtained during the production of the oil are poisonous for cattle but are a good fertilizer since they contain up to 5% nitrogen and 1.5—1.6% phosphorous acid. For a period of 10—15 days cattle should be kept out of fields freshly manured with oil cakes. Ricinus is widely cultivated in Europe (Italy, France, Spain, USSR), Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, Senegal, Madagascar), America (southern part of the USA, Brazil, Argentina), and in Asia (India, China, Iran). It was first cultivated in Italy in 1816. It was unknown in pre-revolutionary Russia, and experimental cultivation started only in 1914. At present several hundred thousand hectares of land in the southern part of the USSR are occupied by Ricinus. In additionto R. communis, eultivation.of RK.) penis iiciws (Ser Gray, Natap At WB eit) line aor Eourr.. in Ann.; soc) inn. Lyon IN) Ss) x 26) beeen: oe PARENTS Re hey PR Maes OPEN OOF oc i bt oy obese. ar. 52. E. helioscopia L. Seeds smooth, only sometimes reticular-rugose, obliquely truncate at tip, with more or less oblique appendage; cauline leaves more or less tapering, entire or finely serrate; schizocarp with processes or if nearly smooth then rugose furrowed, with more or less hard peGicarp perennials OrcgannwvalS eae su) pects aoe) ecw ee ae Ue Schizocarp without processes, but often more or less rugose, espe- cially along furrows; cyathium broadly campanulate, with large lobes, usually pubescent; nectaries 4, reniform, dark; leaves entire, obtuse, pubescent at margin, rarely glabrous; plants more or less purple above, with thick root or tuber (section Holophyllum Prokh.).... 8. Schizocarp with processes, rarely nearly smooth, inconspicuously tubercled, pericarp more or less hard; nectaries transversely elliptic, dark or light; leaves finely serrate, especially at apex, rarely entire, obtuse or acute; plants purple or yellowish above, often with thick root, but never with tuber (section Tulocarpa (Riafims),,, Pagosa): 05 alas jy MAUS SRR ahe Acre Ras 9 siicig oy (Se hf Ae ea 20. Stems simple, floriferous or not, without axillary peduncles; schizo- carp with usually slightly ascending style, pericarp hard; plants some- times with more or less thick rhizome, but never with tuber (series EGU SSIES) i112 yaieet gai'oy sp cubelival tol ueweonliolnel aby kispiekiey car eMiepi tie acd? S memtC te ae eee 9. Stems all floriferous, with axillary peduncles, sometimes with sterile branches; schizocarp somewhat obtuse; plants usually with tuber (series Blepharophyllae) 238 312 313 OK ih. 12. 13. 14. P54 Leaves of involucels longer than wide, 2; peduncles simple or cyathia solitary; cauline leaves alternate, sometimes approximate nearly in a whorl! but not whorled LO. Leaves of involucels generally shorter than wide, the upper 2, the lower 2 or 3; peduncles 2-branched, very rarely simple; cauline leaves: alternate,or all or only the-upper whorled. ......4.... i? Cauline leaves inconspicuous, nearly scalelike, only the upper and leaves of involucre developed, tapering at base; schizocarps on conspicuous stalks; stems few, often creeping at base .......... ECMO Reeth. bose tree ds ad. be wires 4, E. rosularis A. Theod. Cauline leaves developed, usually dilated at base, rounded or some- what attenuate; schizocarps on short stalk, with its base often within the involucre; stems generally numerous, erect or prostrate.... 11. Cauline leaves about three times longer than wide (more than 2cm long); peduncles 5; styles 3—4mm long; stems erect, 10—40cm high, cain heiaoebeye> rare lyse laisroust () ohh Aree ea. MH ho dae 4 PRM ME RESTS: REELED TA ONE SSG wee RL 2. E. serawschanica Rgl. Cauline leaves approximately twice as long as broad (shorter than 2.3cm); peduncles simple, solitary, rarely 2—3; styles 1.5—2.5mm long; stems ascending or prostrate,6—l5cm high, glabrous ...... SE ROE CONIA, PRR er bs AAR 3. E. monocyathium Prokh. Peduncles 2-branched or rarely simple, involucels always 2-leaved; Eauisneweaves regular ly alternate «uiidiye-stiys BAe tees ee ek 13% Peduncles 3-branched, only later 2-branched; upper involucels 2-leaved, the lower often 3-leaved; all leaves of floriferous stems, or only the upper (under involucre) whorled, more or less crowded Gn Bowertpare of stem tcc ou 2 3 cee RS Soc: on Wee Cauline leaves cordate at base, about 1!/, times longer than wide; peduncles 2-branched; cyathium more or less pubescent; schizo- carp and seeds relatively large; seeds with short-stalked appendage RRA EF Wa DIES Glee lerees lac eee ves eae? 5. E,. tianshanica Prokh. Cauline leaves short-cuneate at base, 2 to 3 times longer than wide; peduncles simple; cyathium glabrous outside; schizocarp not as large above; seeds slightly smaller, with sessile appendage ...... eC Rene Get ay ree bare bevk sods marssd phan ie ye ULI 6. E. prokhanovii M. Pop. Leaves of floriferous stems crowded at base, long cuneate at base, widest in upper part; peduncles 3—5, usually 2-branched; schizo- CAMpislaer Gms wa ee BNA. CP PRS Te ie) EY rupestris. Ldb. Leaves of floriferous stems all or only upper ones in whorls, rounded or slightly attenuate at base, widest below middle; peduncles 5, 3-branched, involucels of 3 leaves, later peduncles 2-branched and involucels 2-leaved; schizocarp glabrous or pubescent........ 15. Cauline leaves flat, the upper on the floriferous stems often ovate- ‘rhombic, usually in 1 whorl, rarely only quite approximate; peduncles Saber cet; *sehizocarp.5—6 1m! long; /*plaucous* plants oye... . eames Om el eenas Shey Iie seer a in coree 8. E. mongolica Prokh. Cauline leaves more or less incurved at margin, those of floriferous stems oblong or elliptic, usually in few whorls; peduncles spreading post anthesis; schizocarp 6—7mm long; plants not glaucous .... 16. 239 IK(S} I 18. IS), Dy. Styles 3—4mm long; cyathium hairy inside, lobes ciliate at margin; peduncles (up to dichasium) not longer than 7.5 cm, not elongating Styles 1.5—2 mm long; cyathium glabrous, lobes not ciliate; peduncles elongating in fruit and reaching (up to dichasium) 5-l3cm ....... soe latiel sr (egat-tdo Racha RRR ae Sk ae Per oy Saget tae 10. E. komaroviana Prokh. Stems glabrous, not contracted below, nonflowering branches absent; peduncles 2- or 3-branched; leaves of involucel up to two times as long as wide; schizocarp with soft pericarp, usually longer than Wild@e werk AM. Mud Ha Laie Nines: LEER Ree, ae gee a NG). Stems villous, contracted below, bearing nonflowering branches often exceeding inflorescence; peduncles 3—5-branched, later sometimes in addition 2-(3)-branched; leaves of involucel usually slightly shorter than wide; schizocarp with hard pericarp, usually shorter Helauenay Neeley trestles perncn ec iad TH SSHAt Oi A Room eo Bom Oe leo lo. mors oll bis 4 5. 4 1S. Peduncles 2-branched, the terminal ones 2—3, inconspicuous, the axillary rather numerous, nearly spreading; involucels 2-leaved; cauline leaves oblong, usually glabrous, tapering at base........ SAGAS BS OREN eto copes eee es Eevee 11. E. rapulum Kar. et Kir. Peduncles 3-branched, the terminal 5, conspicuous, the axillary few, ascending; lower involucels 3-leaved; cauline leaves broadly ovate, ciliategathimnaroin. cordatexait lbialSieir. ys (ie toutes ae-ite te ae ethane tee hidiean te ah Eby seh painter kd a Baty stu meets whee Bey bléphamephydia imdb: Cauline leaves usually longer than 5cm and wider than 2.5cm, sparingly ciliate at margin; leaves of upper involucels approxi- mately equal in length and width, not overlapping at base; schizo- Cape — HO mana Wald Cleese. isis clone eee 13. E. ferganensis B. Fedtsch. Cauline leaves not longer than 5cm nor wider than 2.5 cm, densely ciliate at margin, scarious; leaves of upper involucels usually slightly wider than long, overlapping at base; schizocarp 6—7 mm MIGUONE. Oto PoNS. ila ceicmoncarsice cb Om Chidea bso onosoeo Ge 14. E. lipskyi Prokh. Leaves of all involucels sparingly villous; villous annuals or at least Howering Hnytheybiastay cary wilt Gaiam © Ot s -aeeen ede 24. Leaves of involucels glabrous except sometimes for the lowermost; annuailisKor ;Lrenyperennaalsip. laeiacn sik msec yea et set tole ero erencat ee meee 2 Plants higher than 25cm; stems usually branching at base, Me or more of total plant length; terminal peduncles 5, at first 3-branched, later up to 3 times 2-branched; leaves of lower involucels 3, of the others 2; styles up to 1.5mm; schizocarp with short processes; seeds compressed-ovate, slightly tuberculate, with appendage : OP eo Seas Oe Tore ome bikie aacareere tee qe yee JE pubescens m ional Plants up to 25cm high; stems simple, approximately ¥/, of total length of plant; terminal peduncles 3(4), many times (3—7 times) 2-branched; leaves of involucel 2; styles longer than 1.5 mm; schizocarp without processes; seeds globular, smooth, without SD DCNGAP Cig.) hess wat. eee teens bio Bectharsacbe 51. E. eriophora Boiss. Perennials, with root more or less thick; peduncles not more than 3 times branched; cyathium more than 2mm in diameter ..... Ae) Annuals, with thin root; peduncles branching more than 3 times, several times 2-branched, at end (in nodes) often with only solitary derivative peduncles; cyathium less than 2mm in diameter ... 53. 240 9. E. pallasii Turcz. | 315 23. 24. 20. ale 28. 29. 30. 31. Styles longer than 2mm, connate for ¥/ to '4 of their length, shortly 2-lobed at apex; schizocarp more than 5mm wide; leaves of involu- Cen CURVE IGWASDS < onto S auysie bet. fb inde whey « Sores gidts ala os Ss 24. Styles usually up to 2mm, if slightly longer than nearly free; leaves mieiice: yomowisi Or FeCAGIBD aS es ae ek ee a a 30. Schizocarp with short compressed-conical appendages, about 5mm long; styles usually 4mm long or longer; cauline leaves thick, lanceolate, entire; leaves of lower involucels usually 4; tall, glab- PEGE PLM ES ES ayaa nd. We Gis GE se «he AQT tm ate 21. E. orientalis .L. Schizocarp with long (more than 1.5 mm) curly, filiform-cylindrical processes; styles rarely longer than 4mm, leaves of involucels eke NEE Sea ee tan Gent ais Tye al Miler ties te ieee Sfawei ~ 2% Zoe Peduncles simple, usually not longer than 1cm; leaves of involucels 2, distinctly longer than wide; seeds irregularly reticular-rugose; stems simple; glabrous plants..... 15. E. scripta Somm. et Lev. Peduncles simple or branching, longer than 1 cm; seeds usually SME Se he Mette Maned oy “ei C isele BE he ey Ea ORE EEN EIRI ssp 26. Leaves of involucels obtuse; plants usually higher than 30cm .. 27. Leaves of involucels acute or cuspidate; peduncles simple; plants Weuadiy shartemthan s 0m, ust e-spydarspucefe. ela teri abe ee Ze Leaves of involucels 3, about as long as wide; leaves entire ..... beau” math bei prighér Winteg eects od 18. E. transoxana Prokh. Leaves of involucels 2,the upper wider than long .......... 28. Cauline leaves not cordate at base, usually wider than 1.8cm, with petioles 2mm long or longer; peduncles 2 to 3 times 2-branched; schizocarp ca. 5mm long, easily separated; plants 40—80cm high pure aceite’ Weirs Giebrtnds ogee ety eee teles ties ty tn See 16. E. squamosa Willd. Cauline leaves sessile, cordate at base, not wider than 1.8cm; peduncles simple or once 2-branched; schizocarp ca. 10mm long; plants lower than45cm...... 17. E. macrocarpa Boiss. et Buhse. Schizocarp glabrous; cauline leaves widest above middle (more than 4mm); leaves of involucel 2, length equaling width, cuspidate; stems with short, nonflowering branches; glabrous plants ........... geo eet oye: Smee ey eet ex "2 ie cal tetas 19. E. mucronulata Prokh. Schizocarp curly-hairy and downy; cauline leaves widest below middle (not wider than 4mm), about 10 times longer than wide; leaves of involucels distinctly longer than wide; stems simple; curly-hairy and downy plants .. 20. E. kudrjaschevii (Pazij) Prokh. Leaves of all involucels, or at least of the lower,3 or 4, if 2 then styles connate for less than '/,; peduncles simple or at end (i.e., inte, Gechacutiint) a—4—Dranoned, EUs g. 0s ee receesece bres fie % i ad. Leaves of all involucels 2; styles nearly free, 2-sect; peduncles simple or at end (i.e., in first dichasium) 2-branched ....... 45. - Stems appressed-tomentose; schizocarp usually slightly longer than wide, nearly not furrowed, with filiform-cylindrical appendages (1—2 mm); terminal peduncles short, inconspicuous among the nimnerous. axillary. peduneles, .f ae itso. % 39. E. macrorrhiza Ldb. Stems more or less spreading-hairy or glabrous; schizocarp as Loup aciwide Grenorter: “5550 0%. . cpap iat) © lsc sede ges 32. 241 316 BAe Se 34), 8)5)3 367 Silas 38. Cyathium incised for half its length, with very large lobes, glabrous; nectaries usually only 3; schizocarp with curly filiform processes (1-2 mm long); styles 0.5—1 mm long; peduncles 3-branched, later 2-branched, terminal (sometimes one axillary) ..........+.-.-. IR Miag ae OR AGES aah raat Miser Anat ey La ena e net ale och ements 32. E. polychroma Kern. Cyathium incised for less than half its length, lobes not particularly large; nectaries 4; schizocarp with straight processes or nearly Shin aWoVGTHalea eet os. NEN oa cin tual Stik Blcaibilicm iikcn Cuiomeuisinnib eich bilicw cca Noulatets Giedwiserd®o dO. c S30 Styles connate at least for Yess thickly 2-lobed at apex, more than 1mm long; terminal peduncles short, inconspicuous among the more numerous, more developed axillary peduncles, often reaching their level; leaves of involucels yellowish, approximately Te times longer than wide; cyathium lanate inside; rather tall plants......... 34. Styles hardly connate at base or free; terminal peduncles elongate, distinct, forming a cymose umbel over the few, longer axillary peduncles; leaves of involucel yellowish or purple.......... 43. Schizocarp with dark red subulate processes (1.5—2.5 mm long); styles 1—-1.5mm; stems not branching, densely white-villous above; cauline leaves usually obtuse .......-..-...-. 31°" EE. pilosa: Schizocarp with short tuberculate or comblike colorless processes or nearly smooth and only sparsely tubercled; stems usually with nonflowering leafy branches below peduncles, often exceeding inflor- escence, glabrous or sparingly pubescent .......-+....-4... 35) Cauline leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire; schizocarp glabrous sometimes with tuberculate or comblike processes; plants glabrous PPE SLOT ORT ice) MC eS ete ete oA ee ue" fe vote sence) ee ators a or 36. Cauline leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, more or less acuminate (especially those on branches), finely serrate; schizocarp slightly rugose-furrowed, with few small processes or often nearly smooth, sometimes more or less long-ciliate; plants glabrous or pubescent es SI CE i a i a A alae i eeAoaitReninnrinin Monies neyo ob Sime BU Schizocarp 4.5—5mm long, 6—7 mm wide, with tuberculate processes on cocci; cyathium 3.5—4.5 mm in diameter; peduncles (at first dichasium) 3- or 4-branched; cauline leaves, except for the lower, up to 3 times as long as wide; plants taller than60cm......... MO ANGE SPE Sea, ent e ESE oe a) REN IO ORR aA at erates fetnte® tote een Te ts 22. E. palustris L. Sehizocarp 3—3.5 mm long, 3.5—4.5mm wide, with comblike pro- cesses in upper part of cocci; cyathium 2—2.5 mm in diameter; peduncles (at first dichasium) 3- or 2-branched; cauline leaves 3 times as long as wide; lower plants,upto65cm............ CURLER AU Oo: 160 36) sh Beran SO ran soul wcities 23. EB. eugeniae Prokh: Cauline leaves up to 4 times as long as wide, spreading-hairy especially at margin and beneath along nerves; stems dark, usually glabrous; schizocarp with long white spreading hairs........ 38. Cauline leaves 4 times longer than wide; schizocarp glabrous or Onllyers ip airy Sie liye attaresya Aa Ets Ree ec Ae Pen a eke ries) Colecrl eBlog rem onetcl sete S8)A Leaves of involucels LE, to 2 times longer than wide; cauline leaves usually dilated above the middle, 2 ie to 4 times longer than wide; plantsr 457 Oc raaelaat oltre: a.m. 8h. ts es ee 24. E. carpatica Woloszcz. 242 517 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 318 46. Leaves of involucels as long as wide or slightly longer; cauline leaves usually dilated at the middle, 2 to 3 times longer than wide; plants (30 —eiremchigh is esr! igh. fos 25. E. tauricola Prokh. Cauline leaves rounded or cordate at base, widest at the middle or below, pubescent at least at base, upper leaves obtuse or acute.... SAEOPSE) ACHE. OA STARTED, SPARS, EI SRAM GMARI A fe te TE ee FOS 40. Cauline leaves cuneate at base, widest above middle, glabrous, Upper leaves acuminate: StetaS CLAD TOMS ois igs ines be yee GOR 2 3 41. Stems more or less villous; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, 9—25mm wide, rounded at base ........ 26. E. villosa W.et K. Stems glabrous or subglabrous; cauline leaves rounded or cordate atpbase,, lanceolate or sublinear;, 6—20 mmiiwidera. ©.%2 7%)... .. 2. BE MEMS TOL) ee OLA SALTY, ot SONOSES mate MEP, 27. E. semivillosa Prokh. Cauline leaves 10—16 mm wide, with mucro longer than 1 mm; schizocarp nearly smooth, sometimes indistinctly and sparingly tubercled; styles 1.5—2.5mm long ..... 28. E. aristata Schmalh. Cauline leaves 5—22 mm wide, with mucro not longer than 0.5mm; SUP LES, ee (ARE |, areata ata Ce 5 aa a a PRN ne ig DS PP ey 42. Schizocarp sparsely and finely tuberculate when mature........ sims SAE Ww leche. SDawees anders, Oe! BI Org jae, 29. E. soongarica Boiss. BTA LSet SL VOU Ot. 2ehe Ie ) 30. E. lamprocarpa Prokh. Cauline leaves cordate at base, widest above middle; leaves of involucels approximately ee times longer than wide, more or less yellowish, lower leaves 3 unequal in size, upper leaves 2; cyathium lanate inside; styles 0.5—1 mm long; glabrous plants.......... MeN. Ue CON PE MBE AGS, SAGO) BU 40. E. buchtormensis Ldb. Cauline leaves not cordate at base, at least upper leaves widest below middle; leaves of involucels approximately as long as wide, more or less purple; styles not shorter than 1mm; plants more or less. . MUbesreenk: OrootalrOniss b43 4 0.5L ON Ba: Ma) aed Be Da, ete em oel te Med EM ew ns 44, Styles not longer than 1.5mm; schizocarp with short tubercles; cyathium glabrous; peduncles usually simple, short (up to 3.5 cm); cauline leaves dilated below middle (not more than 2'4 times longer Pim, WEIR OM EL.0) BO el oa he AT bee 42. E. alatavica Boiss. Styles longer than 1.5mm; schizocarp with comblike processes; cyathium slightly hairy inside; peduncles long (more than 2.5 cm), 3-branched, later 2-branched; cauline leaves, except for the upper, usually with subparallel margins, more than 2s times longer than Be MeMes a ares), SKA I WE le Sede ek aN TR, 43. E. lucorum Rupr. Cauline leaves dilated at base, cordate-amplexicaul; terminal peduncles inconspicuous, axillary peduncles many; leaves of involu- cels 15 to 2 times wider than long, obtuse, often more or less purple; mnectaries(>; plabrous plants; with subglobose tuber) S(0.48.2.. 4.5 . BE OULGL IER, Ete, RIA, TO hs Bigs at 44, E. condylocarpa M.B. Cauline leaves not amplexicaul or cordate; leaves of involucels distinctly longer than wide or about as long or rarely very slightly shorter than wide; plants without characteristic tuber ....... 46. Cyathium on stalk not shorter than 5mm; nectaries 5; styles longer than 1.5mm; leaves of involucels more or less cuneate at base, 243 RIES) 47. 48. 49. Oilie 52. 11, times longer than wide, usually yellowish; terminal peduncles (3)5, drooping at anthesis; cauline leaves petioled, entire; stems winged-ribbed, not bearing nonflowering branches; rhizome hori- zontal, nodose-jolnted) ©- -\5f.)4 5. } amet - 33. E. carniolica Jacq. Cyathium obsoletely stalked; styles not longer than 1.5mm; leaves of involucels usually rounded at base; peduncles not drooping; cauline leaves subsessile, usually crenate (sometimes obscurely SOM es cw sur yoab ie AVM EMEL ES SACTEDR AR CaP ISPS RT 1 A 47. Leaves of involucels more or less purple or green at anthesis, slightly or 1a to 2 times longer than wide; all parts of plant or only nectariesgottens purple.) Sa Av egen esa). ei she eine kee ene) enone 48. Leaves of involucels yellowish at anthesis, about as long as wide; leaves of involucre ovate-rhombic, distinctly shorter than peduncles; nectaries 4: stems simple WAU sn. h. 0 y.tiu.n chum alee me wee SAB Schizocarp nearly smooth; stigmas sessile, without styles; nectaries 5; stems many, lignified at base, densely leafy, with short nonflower- ing branches; leaves of branches 5 to 6 times longer than wide . Liacrua We UL Bocas, ehisy atlas acl he kas Gs Bei a ia eee he ce ee 45. E. wittmanni Boiss. Schizocarp with distinct processes; styles 1—1.5mm long; nectaries 4; cauline leaves not more than 4 times longer than wide ..... 49. Terminal peduncles few, inconspicuous, axillary peduncles numerous; cauline leaves cordate at base, usually with parallel margins (up to twice as long as wide), truncate or even slightly notched at apex; leaves of involucels up to 1s times; longersthantwid ens) ayer one eee Shiela mPa EEL OE SBEC MEET. feenUE REM 1 aNe RCM VOR: eee atch oy Sale Sem ees 38. E. alpina Ldb. Terminal peduncles distinct, forming a cymose umbel; cauline leaves not cordate at base (usually more than twice as long as wide), obtuse, not truncate; leaves of involucels more than 1! times longer thanpwideyme’ x 2. ad Rass, ERG BRR Mee a ie. Se 50. Cauline leaves obovate, cuneate at base; leaves of involucre shorter than peduncles, leaves of involucels generally orbicular-elliptic; schizocarp more or less oblong, with reddish comblike processes; stems virgate, usually bearing nonflowering branches, long persistent; CES OUOTES Seroasiangblosy ss Le 46. E. pachyrrhiza Kar. et Kir. Cauline leaves rounded at base; leaves of involucres longer or rarely somewhat shorter than peduncles; leaves of involucels dilated and rounded at base; schizocarp flattened-globular, with shogtstubenelelive sprocesses aii 3. sty): wher: etme eee Dil Cauline leaves shorter than 3.8cm, 2 to 3 times longer than wide, glabrous; axillary peduncles solitary or absent; cyathium hairy inside; schizocarp 4—5 mm long, ca. 5mm wide; stems many, long peRsustent: Ghiz omlealbontivesouttis © OF aback i team relate Gir ECD TATE METS FOR.Y 26) MORE MCP GAME, SLea tlk. tuatnt An 47. E. talastavica Prokh. Cauline leaves usually longer than 3.5cm, 3 to 4 times longer than wide, usually spreading-hairy and paler beneath; axillary peduncles 3 or more; cyathium glabrous inside; schizocarp ca. 3mm long, 3.5—4 mm wide; stems solitary or 2; rhizome horizontal, consisting or thickenledssiectionmsiiim ima paren bet meee ae 48. E. dulcis L. em. Jacq. Cauline leaves 4—1, slightly tapering or rounded at base; stems acutely ribbed; leaves of involucels as long as wide or slightly shorter; cyathium hairy inside; styles not longer than 1 mm; 244 320 53. 54. 95. 36. Bil « 58. rhizome consisting of alternate-long thin sections and small tuber- ous joints, usually not branching ........ 49. E. angulata Jacq. Cauline leaves 5—11, at least the upper cuneate at base; leaves of involucel as long as wide or slightly longer; cyathium glabrous inside; styles longer than 1mm; rhizome knobby, cordlike but not jomted, dark, branching wei iis lla a ale 50. E. altaica Ldb. Seeds not compressed, with powdery bloom, without appendages; schizocarp with comblike biseriate processes in upper part; cyathium glabrous; leaves of involucels approximately 2 times longer than wide; cauline leaves cuneate at base; inflorescence longer dhan stem; plants:noet higher than i4icmey.b. eet. 2. 8. NAS eT: Shas es EA a 37. E. coniosperma Boiss. et Buhse. Seeds slightly compressed, without bloom, appendaged; schizocarp with erect processes or sometimes nearly smooth; cyathium hairy inside; leaves of terminal involucels usually shorter than wide; cauline leaves not cuneate at base; inflorescence shorter than sup- paniinerstemy plants! higher than wd Sem! ial Bee Al ee eee ie 24. Schizocarp 1.8—2 mm long, 2—2.5 mm wide, distinctly trisulcate, with conoidal processes on cocci; seeds ca. 1.5mm long, 1—1.2 mm wide; cauline leaves pale green, scarious*: boo... eek a4: Uevestricta ‘Ih. Schizocarp 2.5—3 mm long, 3—3.5 mm wide, obscurely trisulcate, without processes, at least along midrib of cocci; seeds ca. 2mm long, 1.5—1.8mm wide; cauline leaves rather dense, yellowish- glaweous or prayish-=@reen. fo. si. 2 cs ee SP ee eee ee 55. Schizocarp with subglobulose processes on cocci ............ Ree Seaetacerh.s tite Soeur DOR Mee Whe Meabeele Rees hie be Met oid 35. E. platyphylla L. Schizocarp nearly smooth, persistent, at first more or less ciliate, later brown and ‘glabrous , J!) ..%%. 36. E. microsphaera Boiss. Nectaries mostly 5; seeds greenish-white, smooth; styles nearly free; cauline leaves usually not more than 2 times longer than inter- nodes, generally incised-dentate, scarious, with distinct longitudinal veins; terminal peduncles 3(2) or cyathia solitary; branching plants, ei y ar ite Sidaimle Stans)! 22 4)\fl dere A ee BRT Bit Nectaries 4; seeds whitish-gray; styles generally more or less connate; cauline leaves usually more than 2 times longer than inter- nodes, entire or hardly crenate, more or less fleshy, with veins in- Sonspicueus Or onhy Gistimctiat base giclee sok Steg aels C ou 66. Cyathium 2—3 mm in diameter; seeds compressed-oblong, greenish, with oblique appendage; cauline leaves elliptic, the lower opposite, fmeyupper \‘slternate: annuals,/with thin root. os... heel. 5. ai A ee Set PEO, TS SPIER? Fie RSS, BE eee 57. E. turkestanica Rgl. Cyathium 3—4mm in diameter; cauline leaves all alternate; peren- patie. ley winathitek) eGothe Da irehiern BbeS. Ue Roe Mae e. . 58. Schizocarp ca. 7mm long, at first with rows of filiform processes, later nearly smooth, with scattered groups of tubercles; cauline leaves and leaves of involucres short-petiolate, orbicular-triangular, undwlate ahimia reins wus visto lth oo. 56. E. schugnanica B.Fedtsch. Schizocarp shorter than 6mm, smooth; leaves flat.......... 59. Leaves more or less acuminate, cordate at base, sessile, amplexi- caul; stems few, more or less erect, taller than 20cm, simple; 245 alk Gul 62a 63. 64. peduncles many times 2-branched; seeds with rather large Siar olat appendage... yu. ie Rin-meite meni ken asi Reke 55. E. bungei Boiss. Leaves not acuminate, not cordate at base, short-petiolate; stems numerous, more or less spreading, sometimes shorter than 20cm, branching; peduncles simple or only 1 time 2-branched or cyathia solitary; seeds with small oblique appendage ..........-... 60. Cauline leaves and leaves of involucre and involucels more or less purple, 214 to 314 times longer than wide, the latter nearly 2 times larger than cauline leaves; plants (5)15—30cm high, strongly branch- ines eS pecially above l= sire a -w-) cae iene eeN | ores Done tibet casbolssr Cauline leaves and leaves of involucre and involucels more or less equal, glaucous, often yellowish, 114 to 244 times longer than wide; plants 5-15 cm high, moderately branching, mainly at base ...... Siti ie «cae em a RA Ene te Bic! ROG oe So EE ion et in Ai 54. ok tranzscheluarrolkhe Schizocarp more or less conical; styles not more than if as long as fruit, nearly free; nectaries 5 or only 3 or 2; seeds smooth; cauline leaves slightly longer than the short internodes, more or less incised-dentate or entire, fleshy, obscurely palmate-veined; Stems distinctly sulcate=mibbed;) (sllabeoustplants) (sa mere aemcnenen 62. Schizocarp not conical or if conical then styles more than Wha as long as fruit and connate up to their middle; nectaries usually 4... eee ONG A SEE ee CT RE: TRU OS TA, MR eee A et eo 64. Cyathium up to 1.5mm in diameter, with lobes shorter than 0.5 mm; nectaries 5, short-bicornute; styles ca. 1mm long; seeds with large appendage; terminal peduncles 2—3, short; stems without leafy bmanches;sannuals,; rarely hohe than 2 O\Cme ly.s50 5 ieee SEA Ee AUREL hy ee ebSio) coh ADEE Mook nN og ARE SRNR 60. E. grossheimii Prokh. Cyathium wider than 3mm, with lobes not shorter than 1 mm; styles 1.5—2 mm long; terminal peduncles 3—5, 2.5—10cm long; stems often with leafy branches; perennials, higher than 30cm...... 63. Seeds with appendage as long as seed, oblong and grooved; nectaries 3 or even 2, pectinate or short-bicornute; lobes of cyathium 2—2.5mm long, entire; leaves of involucels Ae to 2 times longer than wide; cauline leaves more thant timesMonger than wider 9s ies. came enn ea TRAM ME AAPG goo ty Ucldee ne Ore CALINY ob RANA ANAS /ccan USA 59. E. ispahanica Boiss. Seeds with appendage distinctly smaller than seed; nectaries 5, with spatulate horns as long as nectaries; lobes of cyathium 1—1.5mm long, usually notched-bilobate; leaves of lower involucels hardly longer than wide; cauline leaves not more than 4 times longer than NPUCLE) BO ae gioraco, davis: |: earlier Math Obits euler vie a pare pace anit se ehSta Wi (58: 1 valaicasercokhy. Cyathium usually more than 1.5mm in diameter; peduncles rarely 3 times 2-branched; seeds with appendage, orbicular, smooth or only finely pitted, if seeds hexahedral then stem more or less creep- imp atibasie;) penennialish withthickwicOOt a.) yess. 6) eieie eee eer 65. Cyathium not more than 1.5mm in diameter; peduncles often more than 3 times 2-branched; seeds with or without appendage, whitish, usually angular, wrinkled or strongly sulcate or tuberculate or deeply reticular-pitted; annuals, with thin root (section Cymatospermum ISCO] dds) cl AGAR ee OM RRP COMMS RS CoLADe tan Merle ia auMe aun Cie bbs oF oo. 130. 246 322 66. 67. 68. 69. mos 6+ TO, cin Oe Nectaries notched or crestlike outside, crescent-shaped, with more or less colored, not filiform horns or if obtuse-truncate, then horn- less; seeds orbicular at cross section; smooth or finely pitted; Seton iOter Cem ilo tae MISE a tee eee ae see Pe ne RE ae ee os 66. Nectaries obtuse-truncate, with white subfiliform horns; seeds more or less hexahedral, with longitudinal furrow at each face, and also sometimes with few tubercles; stems more or less creeping and often flexuose at base (section Herpetorrhiza Prokh.)....... 128. All leaves more or less fleshy, with palmate venation discernible only at base, sometimes with 3 somewhat parallel ribs, generally approximate on stem; seeds whitish-gray, sparsely finely pitted or rugose or smooth (section Murtekias Rafin. em. Prokh.) ..... 67. All leaves not fleshy, with more or less distinct pinnate venation, usually not approximate on stem; nectaries more or less bicornute; styles mostly connate only at base; schizocarp more or less flat- tened, usually slightly wider than long, deeply trisulcate, with more or less globular cocci; seeds smooth, brownish or dark (section Sy BUS Ie | ghgL OR a god bn ARM Ae Rea ge eR me oor Ae ne a EO a A ot A hI 86. Schizocarp deeply trisulcate, distinctly wider than long; seeds sub- globulose, whitish, more or less smooth, with small appendage; styles nearly free; lower cauline leaves obtuse, without mucro (subsection Ede Oe ew Ear ORs) occ etkel oot aed sch ere oe nates Gl, Pparalias Ii: Schizocarp slightly trisulcate, not shorter than wide; styles connate for 8 to 2/3; cauline leaves mucronulate, evenif obtuse ...... 68. Schizocarp more or less orbicular in cross section; seeds slightly compressed, with small appendage; lobes of cyathium up to 1mm long and wide; nectaries hornless, truncate or short-bicornute; staminate flowers bracteate, pistillate with calyx (subsection GNU, Gol CREME Sige aes alo! Sees) ek Selatan MP iat Lge tate hs OM Mal Stall cc 14u 69. Schizocarp more or less trihedral; seeds more or less tetrahedral, with rather large appendage; lobes of cyathium more than 1 mm long and wide often reddish; nectaries bicornute, with long white spatulate forms, if hornless then crustlike; staminate flowers ebracteate, pistillate with- Onedivx (SubSection Myrsiniteae Borss:) "0°. os cc sim ss COs Styles not longer than 2mm; cauline leaves usually with subparallel margins, upper leaves generally wider below middle, always veinless at base; leaves of involucre not dilated above middle; stems virgate, usually strongly branching below (series Seguieriana) ....... 70; Styles longer than 2mm; cauline leaves usually wider above middle, with 3 nerves running together in the lower third of leaf; leaves of involucel usually dilated above middle; stems simple; plants often slightly farinaceous-velutinous (series Nicaeenses)......... 14. Leaves of flowering stems obtuse, usually not longer than 15mm and a not wider than 4mm; upper cauline leaves and leaves of involucre often cordate at base; leaves of involucels often reniform; nectaries bicornute; seeds densely pitted-dotted; plants finely farinaceous- UIE MOU SM AVS staat ie eos a elle te 62. E. petrophila C.A.M. Leaves of flowering stems usually longer than 15mm or if shorter, then wider than 4mm; glabrous and glaucous plants ........ ls Nectaries truncate, hornless; schizocarp not longer than 4mm; Secus Hearily Smoom ar ObSCurely pIted Ss ss ete eee ee 8 UE Nectaries bicornute; schizocarp longer than 4mm; seeds distinctly jorbrne sa ereucihgatis aitat lets Atenas ae eee ee eee oe earner ca ee fee 324 lilies 73. WAR + TOE We 78. Leaves of flowering shoots longer than 13mm, 3 times longer than wide; terminal peduncles not less than 5; seeds nearly smooth; plants usually higher than l5>em ...- ...... 63. E. seguieriana Neck. Leaves of flowering shoots not longer than 12 mm, less than 3 times as long as wide; terminal peduncles less than 5; seeds sparingly-finely pitted; plants not higher thanl5 cm........... asl tle ann ein eeu Poa ISHS Sip Me as! SS. ‘Qe yita Ub ia c 64. E. humilis Ldb. Cauline leaves acuminate, attenuate at base, faintly glaucous, 3-nerved; leaves of involucels more or less rhombic, not over- lapping each other, not wider than 12mm; cyathium not wider than 3mm; nectaries with short spatulate horns; stems branching Onilypat ODS Cus el lied ee i ae ei ca 65. E. kopetdaghi Prokh. Cauline leaves rounded at base, obtuse, glaucous, 3—5-nerved; leaves of involucels orbicular-reniform, overlapping each other at base, up to 24mm wide; cyathium wider than 3mm, nectaries with subulate horns as long as width of nectary; stems often more or less branching along the entime length. = .)-< . 0 = ae Se EMD ey Scat nee Rtn anohe arc towsd) ool ooh geo" 6 66. E. sogdiana M. Pop. Nectaries bicornute, sometimes with dentate-lobate horns; cauline leaves acuminate-acute; terminal peduncles 5—8; plants farina- ceous-hairy, 30—45cm high ......... 67. E. macroclada Boiss. Nectaries hornless; cauline leaves abruptly more or less cuspi- Gls aheee Sen Sua eer MME MEM once G Orolo cho OMe a bo Oc oc tt oe Terminal peduncles 7-13; seeds smooth, grayish-green, with brown spots; cauline leaves obtuse, 4 times longer than wide; plants com- pletely glabrous, usually much taller than 20cm ............. Spe serie ayn tla cy aegis tcl Oy golishgtelelon caloue Maui e® Conerch Nok siakeity oun oy is 68. E. stepposa Zoz. Terminal peduncles rarely more than 7; seeds whitish, slightly and sparingly pitted-dotted; plants partly somewhat ciliate-velutinous, often higher than 20cm but never higher than 35cm......... 76. Cauline leaves rounded at apex, only sometimes mucronulate, not more than 3 times longer than wide; terminal peduncles 5—8; leaves of involucre orbicular or orbicular-elliptic; leaves of involucels suborbicular-reniform, obtuse, with midrib exserted to form a beak 0.5—1 mm long, distinctly yellowing........ Vi. E. goldeisProkhe Cauline leaves generally slightly tapering at apex, usually 3 times longer than wide; terminal peduncles 3—7; leaves of involucre oblong or ovate; leaves of involucels orbicular-triangular, only siiiohtiva mucronate, ralmatilys syiellll Owe Sli ci icuy.sce sie eich di aie Ct Cauline leaves less than 5 times longer than wide; leaves of involucme less than 27 atime's, longer thaniwide) v0.) su iain iene Re PON NBS HUE Wn MaRUAR Ya; PEND COA Linton Sieh eat? toh Grea meta as 69... BE. glareosa Mies: Cauline leaves 5 times longer than wide; leaves of involucre often mone than?) times longer thanjwide 0.0. 2) ool yove cen ncn AVE TO GET ONES ORC MENG OMEN Notes OE En Cage RCO 70. E. volgensis Krysht. Nectaries hornless, crusted-multidentate along the truncate margin (series Denticulatae). Schizocarp ca. 9mm long, 7mm wide; seeds rugose; styles ca. 2mm long, half-connate; cauline leaves and leaves of involucre only slightly longer than wide -..-../)... =. = dues ti ste cetict Sis eRaE SoS RM Suite sac iho cogil calcu hes (opie mat enacm ce Str Shas 80. E. denticulata Lam. Nectaries bicornute, with more or less long white spatulate horns; SChizocarp up: toma, TOMA. ltrcuct’ USitey Rp MY ant 130. E. ledebourii Boiss. Cauline leaves and leaves of involucre petiolate, cuneate at base, wider than 4 mm,obtuse, scarious; seeds hexahedral, with a broad longitudinal furrow at edge: plants usually multicaulescent, with SUCTHICHOTANCHESM . Te sri to ce an ee eee ee 136%. rounded pits along the other edges! . 2tymike Jere: Isls. peplust i. 256 335 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. Cocci without keel; styles 0.5—0.7mm long; seeds with 1 longi- tudinal furrow on each edge...... 132. E. aulacosperma Boiss. Leaves of involucre and upper cauline leaves cuneate at base, widest (usually 3mm and more) above middle, 3-nerved; styles usually longer than 0.8 mm, infrequently 0.6 mm long; plants usually with many elongate stems developing sterile branches, ravely with sinele simple stent. eNO e ee e e 138. Leaves of involucre and upper cauline leaves with more or less parallel margins or slightly dilated below middle, 1-nerved; styles not longer than 0.7mm; plant nearly always 1-stemmed, with stem simple, short, broadly branching at inflorescence (Subsection Oppositiielide Bossi). POTIe ye Me Sad 141. Leaves of involucels (except for the lower) not wider than 4mm, obtuse, more than 4 times longer than wide; styles 0.6—0.8 mm long; seeds hexahedral, finely tuberculate at rib and with incon- spicuous appendage; plant commonly 1-stemmed, without leafy beanches «. RU t FOS Ge oi. 1 See 136. E. francheti B. Fedtsch. Leaves of involucels wider than 5mm, sometimes falcately curved, usually mucronate, only 2 times longer than wide; styles longer than 0.8mm; seeds tetrahedral; plants multicaulescent, if 1-stemmed, then stem with leafy branches, rarely simple... 139. Seeds without appendage, with longitudinally pitted pits, sometimes confluent, biseriate at outer edge; schizocarp slightly longer than wide; styles 0.8—1 mm long; leaves of involucels falcate, mucro- aS MOLI. OY ORB De. OIA e 135. E. normanni Lipsky. Seeds with transverse disconnected furrows on surface, with easily falling appendage; schizocarp more than 11/ times longer than Wade-istyles laumelonoiand longer 2.2L ae NS oS ee e's 140. Leaves of involucels with mucro ca. 1 mm long, often falcately curved, rarely purple; leaves thick; seeds longer than 1 mm, with 5—10 transverse furrows on surface ........ 133: BE} falcata L. Leaves of involucels shortly mucronulate, not curved, usually purple; leaves not thick; seeds not more than 1 mm long, with 3—4 transverse furrows on surface.... 134. E. acuminata Lam. Leaves of involucels not wider than 5mm, entire, more than 2 times longer than wide; cauline leaves hardly petiolate, long-cuneate at Re ed a cay Sayed ei ag ol xe ie ee an os ego Aaa ae. Nae! EPR aoe 142. Leaves of involucels wider than 4mm, finely dentate or entire, less than twice as long as wide; cauline leaves petiolate, abruptly extendine from petiole “25 Lie OT ce BR. a a 147. Schizocarp nearly trihedral, with acutely ribbed cocci, hardly trisulcate; styles 0.2—0.3 mm long; seeds tetrahedral, rugose- tuberculate, with subsessile appendage; lower cauline leaves spatulate, dilated above; leaves of involucels falcately curved . SPP SEE BRO oh AOS h. re Th 8 145. E. szovitsii Fisch. et Mey. Schizocarp with 3 orbicular cocci, distinctly trisulcate; styles longer than 0.4mm; seeds hexahedral; leaves linear or narrowly PARE SOMA SOFAS Liter i el <2) ests askin) aw nel’ als la latte fe iti ATE BC taehe 143. Leaves of involucels longer than 2 cm, usually obtuse; seeds without appendage; plants rather large,upto 22cm high....... Seg eae ee ears maar are eri 141. E. consanguinea Schrenk. 257 336 o Leaves of involucels shorter than 2 cm, acute or rarely obtuse, sometimes tridentate; seeds with appendage; smaller plants... 144, Seeds with conical obtuse sessile appendage; leaves of upper involucels only i2elORo mules On gers ke iaWw Cle sae ee aren shrsctty ae Eaokalieieg. registration yea aes, eeekats 140. E. aserbajdzhanica Bordz. ats Seeds with horizontal disklike stalked appendage; leaves of involu- cellsamore thang si timesplongieny thank wiaceesyem-s nies olen mene 145. 145. Leaves of involucels incised-tridentate at apex, laterally entire; styles not longer than 0.3mm; seeds (excluding appendage) Ieee oawenl MOVANT eno 510 0 eo o-oo on one 138. E. triodonta Prokh. ati Leaves of involucels completely entire, acute or obtuse .... 146. 146. Leaves of involucels with parallel margins, less than 2mm wide; styles longer than 0.4mm; seeds (excluding appendage) 1.2—1.5mm UCM ee dubra ha do Ge od A One oO (0. o One 1374 Hi Inderniensis! Kare bene. at Leaves of involucels slightly dilated at base, more than 2mm wide; seeds (excluding appendage) ca. 2.5mm long ..............- Aes RE 5 Peach Aya Bile ate te ose hiney eat Paes RE 13:9: 7H. Sororia Schmenk. 147. Leaves of involucels about twice as long as wide; seeds pyramidal- hexahedral, uniformly wrinkled, without appendage........... AA ar toc SREB Gee Oi ee OMT eA Cea NOT oes DG 142. E. turczaninovii Kar. et Kir. ate Leaves of involucels as long as wide or 114 times longer; seeds tetrahedral swithestralchtzappendaic es =e a-ei4) coi ene ee 148. 148. Leaves of involucels up to 1 times longer than wide, obtuse, entire, not all approximate; schizocarp with orbicular cocci, deeply trisulcate; seeds whitish, obscurely rounded-angular, tubenculate oj wi Ginkdle daw, aenemri. 143. E. arvalis Boiss. et Heldr. its Leaves of involucels approximately as long as wide, abruptly mucronate, finely toothed at apex, generally approximate; schizo- carp with slightly keeled cocci, faintly trisulcate; seeds greenish or ash-gray, distinctly tetrahedral, shallowly rugose-sulcate... SEES SBOE ICM CUES Ch Ne EAR SMEG. 3. OA eer aor 144, E. densa Schrenk. section 12.) SG EB ROGYATAIUM, Prokhyssecta— ss cl er oe ya t hus Prokh. Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 30.— See page 238 of Key for charac- teristics of the section. Monotypic section with only one species — E. sclerocyathium — indigenous to the Transcaspian deserts. Note. This species is morphologically distinctive due to solitary cyathia with 5 nectaries and nearly squamiform leaves sparse on virgate shoots. Although these characters are sufficient for sectional delimitation, they still are insufficient to establish an independent genus of this taxon. 1. E. sclerocyathium E. Kor. et M. Pop. in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. As. Med. XI—XIII (1927) 41, No.304.— Sclerocyathium Popovii Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 30.— Tithymalus sclerocyathium (BE. Kor, et: M. Bop.) (Prokh., comb, mova, momen alterns- le. 1eProk hemlet Talo. Gy bcs sey ahileED WAVE Niows 045 258 Perennial (or shrubs), 30—40 cm high, glabrous; root woody; stems 337 numerous, cespitose, erect, virgate, slightly indurate at base, much branching, with sparsely leafy branches, the lower sterile, the upper with solitary cyathia at summit; cauline leaves alternate, rather small (nearly squamiform), several times shorter than internodes, sessile, lanceolate- elliptic or rarely linear-lanceolate, 8—15 mm long, 2—6 mm wide, entire, acuminate, usually recurved at margin, thick, inconspicuously nerved, smaller on branches. Cyathia solitary, rarely on 3—4 approximate apical branches resembling a cymose umbel; leaves of involucels 2, compara- tively very small, oblong-lanceolate, usually rounded at base; cyathium campanulate, 5—6 mm in diameter, hardening, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with acute triangular ciliate lobes; nectaries 5,transversely oblong, rounded at outer margin, slightly impressed above; styles 0.5—1 mm long, connate at base, rounded, shortly 2-lobed; schizocarp globulose-ovoid, 4—5 mm long, trisulcate, smooth; seeds ovate, 2—3 mm long, orbicular at cross section, pale gray, finely pitted, with ovate-conical appendage (3 times shorter than seeds). Fl. May, Fr. July. Stony deserts and sands. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Mangyshlak Penin- sula), Kara K. (near Krasnovodsk Gulf). Endemic. Described from rail- way station Kara-Tengir near Krasnovodsk. Type in Tashkent. Note. This species is unquestionably of interest not only because of its habit but because of its ecology as a desert plant. Its distribution area is confined to the deserts of the eastern shores of the Caspian. Section 2. HOLOPHYLLUM Prokh. sect. comb, nova. — Generis Tithymali subgen. Holophyllum Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 68.— See page 311 of the Key for characteristics of the section. — Ly pe ef saction =)E.w2rulpestriss CoAxM> ex, Lidb: The species of this section are concentrated in Asia, except for its tropical and circumpolar parts. The group is absent in the Caucasus, but richly represented in Soviet Central Asia and is also typical for the mountains of China. Series 1. Rupestres Prokh. — See page 238 of the Key for character- istics of the series. Type of the series: E. rupestris C.A.M. ex Ldb. This series is distributed in the mountains of Asia from the Pacific Ocean to Pamir-Alai in the west and from Altai in the north to the Hima- layas in the south. Most of these are mountainous species except for E. mongolica and E. pallassi, which are steppical plants, and E. komaroviana, which is a forest species, morphologically distin- guished (short styles, naked cyathium, etc.) and probably the oldest in the series. There are about 15 species in the series, of which 9 are found in the USSR. 338 2. E. serawschanica Rgl. Descr. Pl. nov. Fedtsch. (1882) 78.— Tithynidlus serawschanicus (Rgl.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933), 68; nomen altern. — Ie:: Prokh,: 1. c. tab:13)— Exs.: H. F. A.M. No. 308 (var. hirta Eug. Kor.). 259 Perennials, 10—40cm high; root creeping; stems quite many, erect, simple, crisp-hairy above, rarely glabrous; basal leaves sheathed, per- sistent; cauline leaves alternate, sometimes approximate nearly whorled, short-petiolate, rounded at base, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 2—5.5 cm long, 0.7—1.8 cm wide, widest below middle, obtuse or short-mucronate, entire, pubescent, rarely glabrous. Terminal peduncles 5, simple, strongly pubescent, with solitary cyathia at end; leaves of involucre oblong-ovate, 1.5—4.3 cm long, 0.7—-1.6 mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, ovate or elliptic, 8—25 mm long, 5-15 mm wide, many times longer than cyathia and usually not overlapping each other; cyathium turbinate, ca. 4.5mm wide, villous outside or sometimes glabrous, densely tomentose inside, with large ovate villous lobes; nectaries reniform; styles 3—4 mm long, half-connate, bifid; schizocarp inconspicuously stalked with base concealed in cyathium, 7—8 mm long, not deeply trisulcate, nearly smooth, glabrous or pubescent; seeds compressed-ovate, 5—6 mm long, smooth, brown-spotted, with obtuse conical appendage. Fl. May—June, Fr. June—July. Stony slopes in alpine belt at elevations of 2,000—3,500 m.— Centr. Asia: T. Shan (Chotkal-Tau mountains, Fergana Range), Pam.-Al. (Zeravshan Range, Gissar Range). Endemic. Described from Saratal gorge in the Zeravshan River valley. Type in Leningrad. 3. E. monocyathium Prokh. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR, XXIX (1930) 552.— Tithymalus monocyathium Prokh. ibid. nomen. altern.; @bz.. moloch= | Sr. Az11, 070), — lens Perokha, (Obza molochwatabilesi-es Low perennials, usually glabrous; root not thick, branching, multicipital; stems many, ascending or prostrate, 6—15cm high, obscurely striate, glab- rous, more or less reddish, densely leafy; basal leaves sheathed, persistent; cauline leaves alternate, hardly petiolate, ovate or elliptic, 1—2.3 cm long, 0.5—1.2 cm wide, obtuse or mucronate, entire, glabrous, often reddish. Cyathia solitary at top of stem owing to abortive inflorescence, rarely 2—3; leaves of involucel triangular-ovate or elliptic, 0.7—2 cm long, 0.4—-1.5cm wide, obtuse or sometimes mucronate; cyathium turbinate, 3—4 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, tomentose inside, with lobes large, ovate, obtuse, 339 purple, ciliate at margin; nectaries reniform; styles 1.5—2.5 mm long, half- connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp inconspicuously stalked, ovoid, 6—7 mm long, smooth; seeds? Fl. June, Fr. August. Exposed stony slopes and river valleys.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Fergana Range), Pam.-Al. (Alai Range, Trans-Alai Range, Pamir). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Uch Turfan). Described from Alai Range, from the Isfairam River valley one kilometer south of Tengizbai pass. Type in Leningrad. Note. According to their distribution areas E. monocyathium and E. serawschanica are vicarious species; in the contact zone of Fergana Range there are, however, intermediate forms, which make it diffi- cult to define these otherwise well-defined taxa. 4. H. rosularis; A. Theod.in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSEE Pe (TOA ea Ok= wich. swAc co diulsnc hata tule Perennial plants, glabrous except for inflorescence; root thickened: stems quite numerous, ascending from the often creeping base, irregularly leafy; cauline leaves (except for uppermost areas) small, squamiform, ovate, brown, dry-scarious. Cymose umbel weakly developed; terminal 61017 2 260 340 peduncles few or solitary, simple, short, longitudinally furrowed, finely pubescent; leaves of involucre and upper cauline leaves approximate like in a rosette, short-petiolate, orbicular-obovate or rhombic or rarely ovate, 2.5—3.5cm long, 1.8—2.5cm wide, cuneate at base, obtuse or even rounded at apex, sometimes weakly crenate, a little thick (when fresh), fleshy, glabrous, more or less purple at margin and beneath; leaves of involucels ovate, acuminate; cyathium subglobular-turbinate, short-hairy outside, glabrous inside, lobes orbicular, incurved; nectaries reniform, dark violet; styles half-connate; schizocarp distinctly stalked, triangular- orbicular, glabrous, purple-brown; seeds ovate-oblong, smooth, with small sessile appendage. Fl. August—September, Fr. September. Stony slopes and taluses, among juniper stands, at elevations of 2,500— 2,800 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Turkestan Range). Endemic. Described from the Guralash-Kulsai game reserve in Zaamin village on the northern slope of Turkestan Range. Type in Leningrad. 5. E. tianshanica Prokh. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada. SSSR, XXIX (1930) 553.— E. rupestris auct.; B.Fedtsch. in O. and B. Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. (1916) 304, non Ldb.— Tithymalus tianshanicus Prokh. 1. c. nomen altern.; Obz. moloch. sr. “Azii, “72.—ie:: Prokh.; Obz. moloch. TapB@1 5: Perennial plants, 10—30cm high; root multicipital; stems erect, crisp- hairy in upper part; basal leaves squamiform, persistent; cauline leaves alternate, sometimes nearly whorled, sessile, cordate at base, ovate or rarely elliptic, 1.5—3 cm long, 1—2 cm wide, widest at the lower part, obtuse, subglabrous. Terminal peduncles 4—6, 3—5cm long, 2-branched at apex or rarely simple; leaves of involucre broadly rhombic-ovate or ovate or ovate-elliptic, 1.7—2.5cm long, 1—1.6 cm wide; leaves of involucels 2, rhombic-reniform, usually obtuse, shorter than wide to infrequently as long as wide, the lower 1—1.5cm long, 1.3—1.8cm wide; cyathium turbinate, 4—5 mm in diameter, hairy inside and out, with large orbicular lanate lobes; nectaries reniform; styles 2—2.5mm long, half-connate, 2-lobed; schizo- carp ovoid, ca. 7mm long, deeply trisulcate, smooth; seeds compressed- ovate, 5—6 mm long, smooth, brown-spotted, with flattened short-stalked incurved appendage. Fl.? Fr. July—half August. Rocks and cliffs in the subalpine belt. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Kalkagar- Tau and Kungei Ala-Tau ranges, San-Tash mountain pass). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kizyl-Su River basin near Shur-Bulakh). Described from Kungei Ala-Tau, from the village of Kokoirak near the source of the Greater Kemin River. Type in Leningrad. Note. Although this species is known so far from only four localities, one of them outside the USSR, it is a good one. It might be an eastern race of E. serawschanica,i.e., distinguished morphologically by the bifur- cate peduncles and the form of the leaves, but separated geographically being confined to central Tien Shan (near Issyk-Kul Lake and more to the south). Its distribution area would be more accurately defined if localities could be found. 6. E. prokhanovii M. Pop. in Byull. Mosk. Obshch. isp. prir. XLVII, 1 (1938) 87. Perennial low plants, glabrous; root cylindrical, elongate, thin, 1—2- cipital; stems 10—15cm long, erect, thin, creeping and flexuous, often 261 341 reddish at base; cauline leaves dense, hardly petiolate, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 2—3.5 cm long, 0.7—1.4 cm wide, slightly acute or obtuse, some- what coriaceous, glaucous, cuneate and not cordate at base. Terminal peduncles 3—5, thin, simple; leaves of involucre shorter than peduncles, similar to cauline leaves but more acute, sometimes nearly acuminate; leaves of involucels broadly rhombic-ovate, ca. 1 cm long, 1 cm wide; eyathium subglobular, glabrous outside, lobes ovate, ciliate at margin; nectaries small, transversely elliptic, glabrous, dark; styles 2—2.5mm long; schizocarp short-stalked, globulose-ovoid, 5—6 mm long, ca. 5mm wide, weakly trisulcate, glabrous, cocci rounded dorsally; seeds ovate, ca. 4mm long, smooth, dark brown, faintly spotted, with rather large mush- roomlike but sessile appendage. Fl.? Fr. August. Rocky calcareous cliffs.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Kungei Ala~Tau Range, sources of the Chilik River, Aktash). Endemic. Described from Kungei Ala-Tau (from the cliffs of Ak-Tash near the source of the Chilik River). Note. According to M.G. Popov this species resembles E. tian- shanica Prokh., differing from it by being glabrous, with leaves narrower at base, not cordate, peduncles of the cymose umbel simple, cyathia glab- rous, fruits and seeds smaller, and appendage of seed sessile. In the related E. serawschanica Rgl., the common pubescent form and the rarer glabrous one are united in the same species; the leaf base is inconstant in the degree of attenuation or orbicularity. Consequently it seems that there is no basis for making an exception in separating E. tian- schanica Prokh. and E. prokhanovii M. Pop. according to these characters. Moreover, the two latter species are described from the same Kungei Ala-Tau in which they are sympatric. Finally, it would be rather improbable to include two closely related species with overlapping distri- bution areas in the series Rupestres with its obvious vicariousness, a rarity in Euphorbia. It appears to me therefore that in the future BF. prokhanovii M. Pop. willbe just a synonym of EB. tianshanica Prokh. The best criterion is their common character of involucels of two leaves, wider than long. In view of the fact that I have not yet examined the characters of fruits and seeds indicated by Popov, and am still looking for more investigation by Kazakhstan botanists, 1 am cautiously retaining E. prokhanovii M. Pop., although from my point of view it should not be accepted as such. i. 2s Gupestris’ ©. AgM sex Mdb. lcasplay hl Ross ils (e30) p26 be Hiway IV, (0833) 190 a0 bl Rosis wiles 563 ab ols'shainy DiC io diene xGyemee 1145 Kryl., Pl: Zap sib: Vill} 1867,= Mathyantad us) sae dieibjouigatamnns Prokh. nomen altern. novum.— T. rupester Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abhw Akad: Berle 1859) (1 860)s73ie non Mamet 718) — wc bdbaaiew ple Els Rossa abe, L90r Perennial glabrous plants, 7—20cm high; root vertical or obliquely descending, 20—30cm long, 1—1.5 cm thick, fleshy, usually branching, with brownish-gray bark; stems erect, usually reddish, the floriferous ones 1—3 in number, the sterile single; leaves on fertile stems partly alternate but partly opposite or whorled, usually crowded in the lower part of stem, short-petiolate (with broad petioles), obovate or oblong-obovate, cuneate atbase,2—5cm long, 1—2.5cm wide, obtuse, the lowermost sometimes 262 342 emarginate, entire; leaves on sterile shoots rather numerous, regularly alternate. Terminal peduncles 3—5, nearly as long as stem, 2- or rarely 3-branched; leaves of involucre obovate or rhombic-ovate, 1.5—3.5cm long, 1—1.5 cm wide, obtuse, short-cuneate at base; leaves of involucels sessile, ovate-rhombic or broadly triangular, acuminate, usually 2, in the lower sometimes 3; cyathium broadly campanulate; nectaries reniform, black-purple; schizocarp ovoid-truncate, ca. 6 mm long, distinctly tri- sulcate, smooth; seeds ovate, ca. 4.5mm long, smooth. Fl. May. Steppes, valleys of mountain stream, cliffs and stony outcrops on slopes.— West Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from the Chagan River valley in Altai. Type in Leningrad. Note. According to article 48 of the international rules of botanical nomenclature, the author of this species should be Ledebour, and not C. A. Meyer, as has been accepted up to now. Meyer gave the name, but not the description. Jedebour made the description in 1830 without even mentioning the author of the name. Only in 1833, in redescribing the species, he commented on having used Meyer's name for this species. 8. E. mongolica Prokh. in Izv. Glav. Bot. Sada SSSR, XXIX (1930) §58.— KE: Pallasii“auet?;- Prokh.“in Izv! Akad. Nauk SSSR ‘(1927) 202, non Durezs—"Tithymalus: nrengolicus -Prokh. in Izv; Glav. Bot. Sada, X Prokh., Obz..moloch. tabl. 27. — Hisessces Gre sith ao NOs Coe eb |. Hal. xexs.) Nos 79% Perennial plants, 60—150 cm high, glabrous, glaucous, often reddening; root cylindrical, thickened beneath stems; stems few, erect, hollow, early glabrescent below, 7-14 mm thick at base, attenuate above, strongly branch- ing, bearing 1—5 axillary peduncles 4—7 cm long, with many sterile branches below, the longer sometimes exceeding inflorescence; lower cauline leaves spatulate-oblong, the others rhombic-elliptic or obovate, dilated in one place, all leaves 2—6(7) cm long, (5)8—23 mm wide, usually obtuse, sub- sessile, cartilaginous at margin, entire or hardly serrate at apex; lower leaves on sterile branches rhombic-spatulate, obtuse or even rounded, the others rather elongate, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, acute or rarely obtuse, all 2—8.3 cm long, 4—14 mm wide, cuneate below, entire, usually shallowly serrate only at apex. Terminal peduncles 5—8, unequal (3—5 cm), like axillary peduncles with 2—4(5) secondary peduncles at end, usually forked once or twice again; leaves of involucre, like upper cauline leaves (under peduncles) ovate or elliptic or obovate, 1.6—4(5) cm long, 1—2.2(2.3) cm wide, usually obtuse and entire; leaves of involucels elliptic or orbicular (the lower 1.1—1.8cm long, 1—1.6 cm wide), obtuse, more or less yellowish; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3—3.5 mm long, 3.5—4.5 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with orbicular dentate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong; styles 1—2 mm long, connate below, deeply bifid; schizocarp napiform, 4.5—5mm long, 6—7 mm wide, flattened, deeply trisuleate, cocci with numerous short-cylindrical obtuse dorsal processes, glabrous; seeds ovate, 3—4mm long, ca. 2.5mm wide, smooth, brown, with small obtuse conical sessile appendage. Second half of May — first half of July, Fr. July. (Plate XIX, Figure 5.) Inundated meadows. — European part: Lad. Ilm., U.V., V.-Kama, Baines yMeDnp: eve Don,. Transv:(SW), -Blj,.:Crim.;° i. Don}? L. W.; Caucasus: Cisc.? W.Transc.; W. Siberia: U. Tob.(W.). Gen. distr.: Scand. (S.), Centr. and Atl.Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Describedfrom S. Sweden. Type-in London. 23. E. eugeniae Prokh. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 735.— Tithy - malus Eugeniae Prokh. nomen altern. Perennial glabrous plants, 40—65cm high; stems erect, simple below, 4—6 mm in diameter, ribbed-striped, strongly branching above, usually bearing few axillary peduncles 3—5 cm long, with many sterile leafy branches 10—16 cm long sometimes exceeding inflorescence; cauline leaves sessile, 273 short-cuneate at base, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 3.5—7(8) cm long, 1—2.2 cm wide (usually 3 to 5 times longer than wide), widest at the middle, rounded or obtuse at apex, entire, scarious, l1-nerved, leaves on -- sterile branches 1.5—4.3cm long, 0.5—1.1cm wide. Terminal peduncles 357 358 not particularly noticeable, 3(5), thin, 1.5—3.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles 3-branched or bifurcate, sometimes forked once again; leaves of involucre rhombic-obovate, 1—2.5 cm long, 9—13 mm wide, obtuse; leaves of involucels 3 or often 2, elliptic, 10-17 cm long, 4—6(11) mm wide (usually 114 times longer than wide); cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5mm long and broad, glab- rous, hairy inside, lobes orbicular (1mm in diameter), obtuse, glabrous; nectaries 1, transversely elliptic, yellow; styles 1—1.5mm long, nearly half-connate, thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 3—3.5 mm long, 3.5—4.5mm wide, shallowly trisulcate, glabrous, cocci with sparse rather long flattened conical dorsal processes; seeds compressed-ovate, 2.2—2.5mm long, 1.7—2 mm wide, smooth, glossy, dark brown, with small convex-reniform short-stalked appendage. Fl. June—July, Fr. August. (Plate XIX, Figure 2.) Subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from Abkhazia, from Achishkho Mountain near Krasnaya Polyana. Type in Leningrad. 24. E. carpatica Woloszcz. in Sprawozd. Kom. Fisyogr. XXVII (1892) 1.53) -Pilatins Ba Bas hv (93/5) 3ovi— les eRlateeeen ‘tals aVileitian omnes ISS ANS HES, ) ISClal SMOG INO- Shc Perennial plants, 45—170 cm high, cespitose; root thick (1.5—2.5 cm), woody, irregularly branching; stems erect, thick (7-10 mm below, 6—8 mm at middle), ribbed-striped, nearly hollow, slightly constricted, sometimes glabrous (especially below), sometimes with sparse easily deciduous thin white spreading hairs (0.5—1 mm long), leafless in lower third, more or less dark colored and leafy above, branching above into elongate axillary peduncles and sterile branches under them; cauline leaves many, sessile or hardly petiolate, oblong-spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, 4.5—7.5 cm long, 1.4—2.6(3.5) cm wide (2'4 to 4 times longer than wide), widest in upper third, more or less obtuse, narrowly hyaline-margined, especially near apex, shallowly but distinctly acutely serrate, scarious, sparingly pubescent or subglabrous above, a little more densely hairy beneath, especially along veins, long-cuneate at base, sometimes slightly orbicular below. Inflores- cence corymbiform-paniculate; terminal peduncles, usually inconspicuous, like axillary peduncles 2-(3)-branched at apex; leaves of involucre, like upper cauline leaves, short-obovate or ovate-orbicular, nearly as long as the corresponding peduncles, pale green, slightly yellowish, otherwise like cauline leaves; leaves of involucels elliptic or obovate or ovate (ite to 2 times longer than wide), pale green, only slightly yellowish, not shorter than peduncles, obtuse, margin like cauline leaves, the lower 12—20 mm long, 7—11mm wide; cyathium campanulate-turbinate, glabrous outside, lobes large (1—1.5 mm), long-white-hairy inside and on lobes; nectaries trans- versely elliptic, entire, yellowish; schizocarp globulose, 4—5 mm long, 4.5-5mm wide, trisulcate, green, with thick processlike crests more than 1 mm long, always — especially in upper part — sparsely set with sessile long (longer than crests) declinate white thin hairs: seeds ovate-globular, 2.3—2.5mm long, smooth, glossy, brownish-gray, with small flat reniform whitish appendage. (June) July. 274 359 Edges of mountain forests and shrubby slopes in the subalpine belt at elevation of 700—1,700 m. — European part: U. Dns. (E. Carpathians). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (SW. Poland and N. Transylvania). Endemic in E. Carpathians. Described from Lomnice Peak. Type in Lvov. Note. Closely related to E. austriaca Kern. growing in the eastern Alps and to the Crimean E. tauricola Prokh. from which it essentially differs only by quantitative characters. 25. E. tauricola Prokh. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 736.— E. pilosa aucty My B, Fl: taur.cauc, Ill, (1819).328, syn.-excl. non’L.;. Boiss. FY. er. t1V; 096; °psp:— Tithymalus'*tauricola: Prokh. nomen altern. Perennial plants, 30—80cm high; root descending, thick (2—3 cm), multicipital; stems rather numerous, erect, 30—75 cm high, 3—5 mm in diameter at base, ribbed-striate, glabrous, dark purple and more or less branching above, bearing 2—8 axillary peduncles (1)1.8—7.5 cm long, and often under them 2—5 sterile branches 0.5—4 cm long, not exceeding in- florescence, sometimes completely absent, sparsely leafy, with solitary leaf scars, internodes 0.5—2 cm long, glabrous below; basal leaves squami- form, sheathed, triangular; cauline leaves hardly petiolate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rounded slightly cordate at base, 3.3—6 cm long, 1.4—2.5 cm wide, widest at middle, only 2 to 3 times longer than wide, obtuse, finely and acutely serrate at margin especially near apex, thin, pinnately veined, spar- ingly hairy above, becoming glabrous, sparsely hairy beneath especially along margin and veins. Terminal peduncles 5, 1.5—3.5 cm long, like axil- lary peduncles 3-branched then bifurcate; leaves of involucre orbicular- oblong, 1.5—2.6cm long, 1.1—1.7 cm wide; leaves of involucels orbicular- elliptic or orbicular-obovate or sometimes completely orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, yellowish at anthesis, rounded at base, the lower 3 in number, 1.1—1.6 cm long, 0.8—1.5cm wide, the terminal 2, reduced; cyathium cam- panulate, 2.5—3 mm long and broad, glabrous outside, villous inside, with oblong obtuse glabrous lobes; nectaries 4, transversely elliptic, yellowish; styles (1.5)2—2.5 mm long, connate at base, bifid; schizocarp flattened- globulose, 4—4.5 mm long, 4.5—5 mm wide, trisulcate, rather smooth, densely long spreading-ciliate when young, gradually becoming glabrous in maturity, rapidly splitting; seeds ovate, smooth, with inconspicuous disciform appen- dage. Fl. second half of April—May, Fr. June—July. (Plate XIX, Figure 4). Mountain slopes, shrubby formations and forest edges. — European part: Crim. Endemic. Described from Belbek in the Crimea. Typein Leningrad. 26. E. villosa Waldst..et Kit. Pl. rar. Hung. I (1802) 96; Syreishch., iio LE WMoskinrub? W339; ~“Hesi; Tris Vv, L, 148.— EE. pilosa auct.; Neilr, Fl. v. Nied. Oesterr. (1859) 846; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 116; po psa. ort, 171096), monsL? (1753). — Ey procera ’M:. BOF 1. “taur.- cauc. I (1808) 378, et III, 329; Ldb. Fl. Ross. III], 564.— Tithymalus villosus (Waldst. et Kit) Pasher, Fl. v. Karnten (1887) 233, nomen altern: = Te.:)\Waldst. et Kit:1. c. tab. 93 (flowers); Rchb. Pl. crit. II, tamc46) et Weve ih Gernr,” V,>tab. 138) f. 4770: \Syreishch.;°1.\¢! 339: Hegi,, lll. Fl. V, 1, f. 1759.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 866. Perennial plants, 45—100(120) cm high, densely pubescent; root thick- cylindrical, multicipital, with long suckers; stems numerous, erect, 4—7 mm thick below, hollow, ribbed-striate, more or less villous, sometimes partly 275 360 glabrous or lanate, strongly branching, bearing 2—10 axillary peduncles (1.5—11 cm long) and with lower sterile branches, sometimes later exceed- ing inflorescence; basal leaves squamiform; cauline leaves sessile or hardly petiolate, tapering at base, oblong-lanceolate, 4.5—10.3(11.5) em long, 9-25 mm wide (the upper reduced, oblong-ovate), obtuse, finely serrate at apex and along the cartilaginous margin, glabrous above or short- pubescent at tip, soft-hairy beneath. Inflorescence corymbiform, terminal peduncles 5—8, 1.5—7 cm long, like axillary peduncles 3-branched and then bifurcate; leaves of involucre (and also of upper cauline) truncate at base, broadly ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.7—4.6 cm long, 7—17mm wide, rounded, rarely acuminate, at first yellowish-green; leaves of involucels rounded at base, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, yellowish, glabrous or sometimes more or less hairy at base, the lower in number 3, 9-20mm long, 6—13 mm wide, the terminal 2, reduced; cyathium campanulate, ca. 2.6mm long, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, with orbicular-ovate dentate-fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, trans- versely elliptic, yellowish, later red-yellow; styles 1—1.5mm long, connate for V/, to ue , thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 3.5—4 mm long, 4—4.5mm wide, slightly sulcate, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; seeds compressed-ovate, 2—2.5 mm long, smooth or with scattered suborbicular tubercles, dark brown, shining, with sessile reniform appendage. May—June. Damp meadows, swampy river valleys, shrubby formations on riverbanks, ditches and forest plots, lowlands and foothills. — European part: M. Dnp., Besa. Caucasus) Ciscey .Dacw: W., E. and S.Transe. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur., W.Med.(N.). Described from Hungary. Type in Vienna. 27... semivillosa»Prokh.,,Obz: moloch: Sr. Az (933) 2 ker yiee Pll Zaps Sib.) Vill, 1868: — iE. diesen tor wm) Welmme sin’ Bulle Soca nce Mose. X(183%)) Now, Pul35)p. (Des Domen! confusum!)—) B. paclolcle ie aoe Ldb...Fl. Ross. Il (1849—1851) 5643: Korsh. Tent. Fl Ross:vor. sa4- Krisht. in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 664, non M.B. (1808).— E. pilosa aucet.; Boiss. in; DC... Prodr. XV;,. 2) (1862) dle simon 127/53) eal laeygemar cian semivillosus Prokh. l. c. nomen altern.— Galarhoeus semi- villosiws Prokh..in’Ts. Kuibysh) Bot. jsada, 1941) 31 eolam sales: Gmel. Fl. Sib: Wl (1 749) 227, «tab. 94; Prokh:, Obz> molochwiableas2e— Exs.: (GR... No. 2580 (UEea procera MayB- var le toc any p ae diaass Perennial plants, 35—200 cm high; root cylindrical, thickened below stem; stems usually few, erect, up to 195 cm high, 3—7 mm thick below, glabrous, ribbed above, branching, bearing 1—11 axillary peduncles, 2—20cm long, and with few usually short sterile branches rarely reaching inflores- cence; cauline leaves (except for the upper) sessile or rarely hardly petio- late, more or less cordate at base and slightly amplexicaul or rarely some- what cuneate, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate or sublinear, (2)3.5—-11 cm long, 6—20 mm wide, acute or rarely obtuse, carti- laginous at margin, finely serrate above middle, appressed-hairy or glab- rous above, paler beneath and always, even if only at base, more or less pubescent, leaves on branches narrowly lanceolate, 1.6—6.3 cm long, 4—-8mm wide, usually acuminate. Terminal peduncles 3—8, 1—6.cm long, like axil- lary peduncles with 2—4 secondary peduncles, usually once or twice forked again; leaves of involucre like upper cauline leaves (under peduncles) ovate, or lanceolate or oblong-elliptic or rhombic-ovate, 1—4.5 cm long, 5—15 mm wide, obtuse, sometimes completely glabrous; leaves of involucels 276 361 362 ovate or obovate or orbicular-elliptic (the lower 7—20mm long, 5-12 mm wide), obtuse or hardly cuspidate, yellowish at anthesis; cyathium cam- panulate, 2.5—3 mm long, 2.5—3.5 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, villous inside, lobes small, triangular-ovate, slightly ciliate; nectaries trans- versely oblong, yellowish; styles 1—1.5mm long, connate for !/, to 1/,, thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 3—4 mm long, 3.5—4.5 mm wide; seeds ovate, 2.5—3 mm long, smooth, brown, with small obtuse coni- cal short-stalked appendage. Fl. second half of May—July, Fr. second half of June—first half of August. (Plate XIX, Figure 1.) Ravines in steppes, clayey and stony slopes, shrubby formations, forest edges and plots, groves and forest outliers, sometimes fallow land, rarely inundated meadows and solonetzes. — European part: U.V., V.-Kama (S.), W,-Don,. Eransv:, Bl.,-Crim.(N.),, L..Dony .W. Siberia: .U. Tob. (W.). Endemic. Described from Toguzak River near Verinskaya village. Type in Leningrad. 28... aristata Schmalh. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. X (1892) 292; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 410.— E. soongarica auct.; Lipsky in Tr. B. S. XIII (1894) 336; Lipsky (p. p.) in O.B.Z. XLVIII, 1, non Boiss. (1860). — Galarhoeus,»soongaricus Prokh. in Tr. \Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I,. 21, p. p. nontyp.— Tithymalus aristatus (Schmalh.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen aliern. — Ic.: Schmalh. 1..c. (1892) tab. 17, f.13 (leaf). Perennial plants up to 1m high, glabrous, glaucous; stems thick (10-11 mm at base and 6—7 mm at the middle), ribbed-striate, branching in upper part, bearing 7—12 axillary peduncles 2.5—7 cm long, with many leafy sterile branches, below, upper branches often long up to inflorescence and even longer; cauline leaves sessile or hardly petiolate, tapering at base, oblanceolate, 4.5—8(11) cm long, 10-16 mm wide, cartilaginous at margin especially in upper part and finely and obtusely serrate, sometimes undu- lant, rather thin, ending in long (1—2 mm) mucro. Inflorescence corymbi- form-paniculate; terminal peduncles 5, 1.5—3 cm long, more or less appr oxi- mate in indistinct cymose umbel, like axillary peduncles branching into cymose umbels of 3—4 secondary peduncles (0.4—1.3 cm long), then again once bifurcate; leaves of involucre obovate, 14—15 mm long, 5—€ mm wide, abruptly mucronate; leaves of involucels orbicular-obovate, 7—9mm long, 4—6 mm wide, obtuse or hardly cuspidate; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5mm long, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, villous inside, with ovate obtuse lobes: nectaries transversely elliptic, obtuse, yellowish; styles 1.5—2(2.5) mm long, connate for '/; to !/,, thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flat- tened-globulose, 4.5—5 mm long, slightly trisulcate, with small scattered tubercles, sometimes nearly smooth; seeds compressed-ovate, 3.5—4 mm long, 2.2—2.8 mm wide, brown, smooth, with rather distinct, obtuse conical, subsessile appendage. May. Herbaceous slopes of the lower part of hills.— Caucasus: Cisc. (only near Stavropol in the vicinity of ''Polkovnichii Yar''). Endemic. Described from N. Caucasus in the vicinity of Stavropol. Type in Kiev. Although both Lipskii (O. B. Z. XLVII, 1) and myself (Tr. Kuibyshev. bot. sada, I, 21) have refuted the independent specific rank of this taxon, it should nevertheless be separated and recognized due to the long mucro of its leaves. 277 363 29. E. soongarica Boiss. Cent. Euph. (1860) 32,et in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 121; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 206; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIH (1871); Lipsky (p. p.) in OF BZ. HSILVIL, t.— VEPs pallens tr as eco CG; AVMs ex! ldb. bls, alt, IVA(1833) 1945 —" a thiyenna los sio.ome anaes (Boiss.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 103, nomen altern. — Galarhoeus songaricus Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 21) olime—vic2rokhs, Obz-smoloch. tablazer Perennial plants, 70—150 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root oblique, cylindrical, thickened under stem; stems erect, ribbed above, branching, bearing 3—7 axillary peduncles, 3—4.5 cm long, and with numerous sterile branches underneath peduncles, upper branches usually exceeding inflores- cence; cauline leaves (except for the upper) subsessile, cuneate at base, oblanceolate, 2—11 cm long, 5—22 mm wide, acuminate or abruptly mucro- nate or sometimes obtuse, serrate in upper part, leaves on sterile branches, linear-lanceolate, 3—4 cm long, 2.5—6 mm wide, strongly acuminate. In- florescence corymbiform-paniculate; terminal pedicels 5-11, 2—3.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles usually with 3 secondary peduncles forked in turn; leaves of involucre, like upper cauline leaves (under peduncles) oblong-lanceolate, 1—3 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, subentire; leaves of involu- cels elliptic-obovate or orbicular-ovate, 4-10 mm long, 2—8 mm wide, sub- entire, yellowish; cyathium campanulate, ca. 2mm long, 2.5—3.5mm in diameter, glabrous outside, tomentose inside, with small orbicular ciliate lobes; nectaries transversely elliptic; styles (1)1.5—2(2.5) cm long, con- nate for }/, to 14, thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened- ovoid, 4-5 mm long and wide, faintly trisulcate, at first uninterruptedly verrucose on dorsal surface of cocci, later only sparsely tubercled; seeds compressed-ovate, 2.5—3 mm long, smooth, brown, with small convex-disciform appendage. Fl. June —first half of July, Fr. July —first half of August. Damp solonchaks, ravines, and river valleys ("riparian woodlands"). — European part: Transv.(S.); W.Siberia: Alt.(W.); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (E.), Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Black Irtysh River valley in the north), Mong. (lower reaches of Etsin-Gol River near Mulin Mountain in the south). Described from the natural boundary of Chingis-Tau. Type in Geneva. 30. E. lamprocarpa Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 105. — E, soongarica auct.;) Lipsky in ©. Bez, SLVIN(@ 697) 1, p. ps non typ. non Boiss, p. p. (1860).— E. nuda auct.; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 205, p. p. non Vel.— E. pilosa auct.; B. Pedtsch. and ©. et B.Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. (1916) 305, non L. (1753). — Tithymalus lamprocarpus Prokh., Obz. moloch. 105, nomen alltecns— lice =P rokhaalne.s table 29. S.0k sie Perennial plants, 50—200 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root descending, multicipital; stems erect, usually glabrous below, ribbed, branching above into erect or slightly curved axillary peduncles above (5—15 cm long), below with sterile branches often exceeding inflorescence; cauline leaves (except for the upper) short-petiolate, cuneate at base, oblanceolate, 4—10 cm long, 6—22 mm wide, widest above middle, abruptly cuspidate except for the trun- cate lower leaves, cartilaginous at margin, more or less serrate in upper part, rather thick, leaves on sterile branches narrower and more acutely 278 364 serrate. Inflorescence corymbiform-paniculate; terminal peduncles 4—6, inconspicuous; axillary peduncles, like the terminal, with 3—4 secondary peduncles, once or twice forked again (rarely 3-branched); leaves of involucre and upper cauline leaves (under peduncles) oblong- obovate or lanceolate-elliptic, 1—5 cm long, 0.4—1 cm wide; leaves of involucels usually cuneate at base, obovate or orbicular-elliptic, 5—12 mm long, 2—7 mm wide, obtuse, cartilaginous at margin, subentire or hardly crenate, yellowish; cyathium campanulate, 3—4 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with orbicular ciliate lobes; nectaries transversely elliptic; styles (1)1.5—2(2.5) mm long, connate for 4/, to 14, thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 4—5mm long and wide, trisulcate, cocci nearly smooth, rarely with individual inconspicuous verrucae; seeds com- pressed-ovate, ca. 3mm long, smooth, brown, with small convex-disciform oblique sessile appendage. Fl. June—July, Fr. July —first half of August. River valleys ("riparian woodlands") and stream banks, often among shrubby formations. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (south of Lake Balkhash), Dzu.-Tarb. (south of Dzhungarian Ala-Tau), T.Sh., Syr D., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja district). Described from Belovodskoye near Chimkent. Type in Leningrad. Note. The distribution area of this species is interrupted near the Turkestan, Zeravshan and Gissar ranges which are parallel to Zeravshan River and lie in between its main distribution area in Central Asia and its isolated area in SW Tadzhikistan. ai, ot.ppilosatioy Sp, pl. o(1753)460;~ Litvi: ine Truds ‘Bot. muzAkad: Nauk, 4Vel38s (Kryli;oFl. Zap: «Sib: VID; .1871;monralius: —'E) Fute’s'= eemo ie AAM. sex Ldbisjles pl: «Pl. (Ross.'l (L829) (5) FY, alaz.\ 1V,-P94: mis moss. dll 9568 )-06iss.. inv DE.+Prodr: XV; 9251124:o Prokh? in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 207.— Tithymalus pilosus (L.) Sco. FI. earn. ed. 2, I (1772) 337, quoad nomen, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 84.— Galarhoeus pilosus Haw. Syn. pl. succ. (2812).148..—) Ic: Gmel./ Fl. ‘Sib: II (1749) tab. 93; “Ldb: Ie) pl) Fl. Ross. tab. L2:4-Prokh,, -Obz.> molochsitabl. 20: Perennial plants, 30—80(100) cm high; root fusiform-tuberous; stems solitary or rarely 2—3, pubescent (especially above) with long spreading white hairs, branching above, bearing numerous axillary peduncles but without sterile branches; basal leaves squamiform, oblong, obtuse, brown; cauline leaves sessile, somewhat increasing upwards, dense, tapered or rounded at base, oblong-obovate, 3—12 mm long, 1—3.5 cm wide, widest above middle, obtuse except for the short-acuminate upper leaves, sub- entire, finely serrate at apex only, scarious, covered with spreading hairs especially beneath or when young, rarely subglabrous. Inflorescence corymbiform; terminal peduncles few, short, inconspicuous; axillary peduncles, like the terminal, 3-branched, then bifurcate; upper cauline leaves (sustending peduncles) and leaves of involucre yellow at anthesis, later usually becoming green; leaves of involucels small, elliptic or obovate, yellow at anthesis, the lower 3 in number, unequal, the upper small, usually 2; cyathium broadly campanulate,4—5mm in diameter, glabrous outside, lanate inside, lobes orbicular-ovate, obtuse, glabrous; nectaries transversely elliptic, golden yellow, later becoming brown; styles connate, 2a 365 thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp globulose, ca. 4mm in diameter, not sulcate, with dark red subulate-conical processes 1.5—2mm long; seeds com- pressed-ovate, 2—2.5mm long, smooth, dark brown, with oblique flattened subsessile appendage. May—June. Forest edges and grass plots, subalpine meadows. — W. Siberia: Ob(SE), Irt. (E.), Alt.; E. Siberia: Yenis.(SW), Ang.-Say.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Tarbagatai Range). Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from W. Siberia be- tween Irtysh and Yenisei. Type in London. 32. E. polychroma Kern. in O.B.Z. XXV (1875) 395; Hegi, Il. FI. V, ii; 253.— En epithy moildeis) auct;) Jacq bl vaustes: lV) (menace non-Lss dudb. Pl..-Ross, ll; 56s 4Boiss: many Ws teiro die x Vieee eee Fl.*or. IV, 1102, non L. (1753).— Tithymalus polychromus (Kern.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Ic.: Jacq. 1. c. tab. 344; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ.,.Vij-tabi.136,", f. 4764; «Bots Mag. talsi2258; (ble oi, ailiee aia f. & 1763, 1764, —.Bxs, El. vexs, Boh.—Slov. No.-241), 1004) 0h) Bohrer Morav. exs. No.1049; Fl. Stir. exs. No.455:; Schultz, Herb. Norm. Novy. ser. No. 2682; Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 43. Perennial plants, (10)18—63 cm high; root short, thick, sturdy, multi- cipital; stems erect, not becoming woody, 3—5 mm thick, villous with soft white hairs, usually simple, sometimes with only 1 axillary peduncle above, rarely also with short sterile branches, never branching below, sparsely leafy; basal leaves squamiform, reddish; cauline leaves with 1—3 mm long petioles, tapering at base (upper leaves slightly cordate), oblong-obovate or oblong, 1.8—6.2 cm long, (0.5)1—2.5 cm wide, more or less obtuse, entire, soft-hairy, densely so beneath, sparsely above. Terminal peduncles crowded, (3)5, 0.3—8 cm long, shortly 3-branched then once again bifurcate; leaves of involucre ovate or oblong or obovate, (1.5)2—5.5 cm long, at first as long as rays, 0.8—2.6 cm wide, obtuse, more or less pubescent, pale yellow, orange at anthesis; leaves of involucels rounded or tapering at base, oblong-ovate or elliptic, obtuse or emarginate, glabrous, yellow at anthesis, the lower 3 in number, equal, (1.2)1.5—3.5 cm long, (0.5)0.9—2.1 cm wide, the terminal 2, reduced; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2 mm long, 2—5.5mm in diameter, scarious, glabrous, lobes equal, ovate, truncate to slightly emarginate; nectaries commonly 3 in number, transversely elliptic, waxy-yellow; styles 0.5—0.8 mm long, half-connate, thickly 2-lobed; schizo- carp globulose-ovoid, ca. 4mm long, 5mm wide, somewhat flattened, faintly trisulcate, with twisted orange-yellow or purple filiform processes; seeds globular-ovate, compressed, 2.5—3 mm long, smooth or hardly rugose, with reniform verrucose-tuberculate appendage. May—June. Stony slopes of hills in shrubby formations, forest edges, banks of streams, preferring calcareous soil. — European part: U.Dns., M.Dns.(W.), Bes. ,Gen., distn.:, Centg. Pur,;,Bal..(N:). >| Described from! Austiailagsiiype in Vienna. 33. E. carniolica Jacq. Fl. austr. Append. (1778) 34; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2,°128;, Hegi; Mk FRIV, 1.2156. be am bie wae Waldsemer Kit. lIe;.pl. 181.805), tab. 135)—) Lith ymalu si) carn tolaeus) Gacqm) Rafin. Fl. tellur. IV (1838) 115, nomen altern.; Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad), Berl. 1859 (860)its— lez. Jacquliic., talbai4- y Walldsieme: 280 Kits lo c.go Rehb.. lez )F 1. .Germ,..V, tab: 13424.:4760;, Hegi; Ill» Fl. V, 1, f21%6%2— Exs:: Fl. exs., agstro-hung. No. 497; Fl. Stiriaca exs. No. 456: Fl. Italica exs. No.477.— Perennial plants, (10)20—53 cm high, sparingly hairy; root woody, cylindrical, nearly horizontal above; rhizome angular and jointed, often 366 beset with fine conical tubercles at upper side; stems erect, thin (2—4 mm), winged-ribbed, hairy, pale green often with purple tinge, bearing above, 1—5 axillary peduncles 2.7—5.5 cm long, without sterile branches, sparsely leafy (internodes 1—2 cm, the upper up to 7cm long); basal leaves squami- form, up to 1—1.5cm long, deciduous; cauline leaves with 2-5mm long petioles, cuneate at base, oblong-oblanceolate, 2.7—6.5cm long, 1—2.4cm wide, more or less obtuse, sometimes emarginate, entire, scarious, pale or yellow-green (paler beneath), glabrous or hairy beneath. Terminal peduncles (3)5, drooping in flowering, 1.5—7.5cm long, like axillary peduncles bifurcate; leaves of involucre sessile, oblong-elliptic or oblong-oblanceolate, (1.2)2.3—4.6 cm long, 1.2—2 cm wide, rounded or acuminate; leaves of involucels 2, short-petiolate, rounded or abruptly tapering at base, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic (146 to 2 times longer than wide), slightly undulate at margin, greenish or golden yellow, the lower 1.4—5.7 cm long, 0.7—1.9cm wide; cyathia on 5—8(15) mm long pedicels, turbinate, ca. 3—4 mm long and broad, yellow, outside sparsely long-ciliate, glabrous inside, with small ovate lobes; nectaries 5, transversely elliptic, brown-yellow, stalked; styles (1)1.5—2.5 mm long, connate below, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 4(5)mm long, ca. 6mm wide, cocci with scat- tered thick subglobular processes at middle of their dorsal surface, glab- rous or hairy; seeds oblong-ovate, ca. 4mm long, smooth, lead-gray, with saucer-shaped appendage. April—June. Mountain meadows, shrubby formations, broadleaved forest in glades from foothills to the subalpine belt (up to 1,900 m). — European part: U. Dns. (Bukovina). Gen. distr.: Centr.Eur.(S.), Bal. (N.). Described from Carniola. Type in Vienna. 34. E. stricta L. Syst. nat. ed. 10, II (1759) 1049; Ldb. Fl. Ross. III, 560; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 123; 1, (ors Ivy (09S; Hest. tt. IPL. We 1, 161.— E. micrantha M. B. ex Willd. Sp. pl. I1,(1799), 905;,.M. B: Fl. taur.-cauc. I, 376, Ill, 327; Ldb. l.c.— Tithymalus strictus (L.) Kl. et Gke. ex Garcke, Fl. Deutschl. ed. 4 (1849) 290, nomen altern; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 115.— Galarhoeus strictus Haw. Synz qpl.: suce: (1812) 151.—-Ie.: Rehh. Ie, Fl. .Germ., V,, tab: 133, f.4757, ATSGqn Hesig Md. BU Vip deld. del 110,04 701, 1717123 Prokbhai)z,¢. tablra3sa Bee: ‘GR. F,) No. 2578. Annual plants, 15—65 cm high, glabrous or pubescent, dark green, with disagreeable odor; root fusiform, vertical; stems generally numerous, erect, rounded (2—5 mm thick), glabrous, yellow-green, sometimes reddish, usually simple below, rarely sparsely branching at base (often with 2 oppo- site branches), bearing above 2—20 thin axillary peduncles (1—8cm long), 367 only very rarely with short sterile branches below them; cauline leaves spreading recurved, short-petiolate (petioles 1 mm long) or subsessile, the lower cuneate at base, oblong-obovate, obtuse, the upper cordate sometimes subamplexicaul at base and not strongly tapering, acute, 1.2—5.5 cm long, 281 368 0.3—1.5 cm wide, all leaves finely and irregularly serrate at upper part, glabrous or sparingly long-hairy, pale green, scarious. Inflorescence paniculate; terminal peduncles 3 or rarely 5, thin, 1—8 cm long, 3-branched or bifurcate, later twice to 4 times forked and, finally, often with terminal pseudo-bostryces (monochasa); axillary peduncles only once to 3 times forked, then ending with a bostryx; leaves of involucre oblong-elliptic or ovate, 8-35 mm long, 4—11 mm wide, serrate, acute, recurved; leaves of involucels truncate or slightly cordate at base, triangular-ovate or sub- orbicular-reniform, short-cuspidate or obtuse, serrate, the lower 3 or 2, varying in shape, resembling the leaves of involucre or the terminal ones, (5)7—16 mm long, 6—14 mm wide, the terminal leaves always 2 in number, reduced, suborbicular-reniform, approximately 156 times wider than long, obtuse; cyathium campanulate, 1—1.5mm long and broad, glabrous or ciliate outside, sparingly pubescent inside, with ovate fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, dull yellow, later brown-yellow, transversely elliptic; styles 0.5—1 mm long, connate below, thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 1.8—2mm long, 2—2.5 mm wide, more or less trisulcate, glabrous, with numerous short conical processes on dorsal surface of cocci; seeds compressed-ovate, ca. 1.5mm long, 1—1.2 mm wide, smooth, brown, with small crescent-shaped sessile appendage. June—July. Exposed places in valleys and ravines, rarely among shrubs, in plowed fields, roadsides, ditches, up to foothills, preferably on rich soil. — European part) U.Dns:; Mi Pups; Bes?, Bi, Crim:., Caucasus? (Cise7 Wags weer and S. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (eastern shore of Caspian). Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., introduced into N. Am. Described from Europe. Type in London. 350 eh eplaty phy lla. "Sp. \plai(753) "460; ies. sh ta wie eaereeemongme M32 iadbi hla Ross. Mi, 562" Borss-] mm D Cre Pac odie Vem Zr eee or. IV, 1099" Hepi, Tl; Pls Vv, “1, 160°—" Tithy mialus pal pyr olayaekors (i) Rafin' Bl tellur.'1V (1838) 115, nomen alterns— Icky Jacq. Hiliwausitis. IVestabe 376. Hnels Bot. tab. Jiao; ) Evchbewle. ls Germ Ver tal weoor 4058. Heo Wh Wie Ve fs G92 —laxchseG, ee | INOMe oor Annual plants, (10)20—60 cm high, with a mouselike odor; root fusiform; stems generally many, erect or ascending from a shortly-curved base, 5—6 mm thick, glabrous or hairy above, simple below, only sometimes with 2 opposite sterile branches, bearing above 1—7 axillary peduncles 1—2.8cm long, very rarely with short sterile branches under them; cauline leaves spreading or recurved, sessile or often short-petiolate, narrowly truncate or slightly cordate at base, the lower obovate, obtuse, the upper oblance- olate, (1.5)2—5.5 cm long, 5-16 mm wide, all leaves serrate from the middle, thick, yellowish-glaucous or grayish green, glabrous or sparingly hairy. Terminal peduncles 3—5, 1.8—11 cm long, like axillary peduncles 3-branched then once or twice or even more times forked; leaves of involucre ovate or lanceolate, 1.2—3.3 cm long, 0.5—1.5 cm wide, acute, finely serrate; leaves of involucels broadly truncate or slightly cordate at base, broadly triangular - orbicular or triangular-ovate, acuminate or cuspidate, the lower 3, (6)7—13(30) mm long, (6)8—16 mm wide, the terminal 2, reduced, as wide as long or even wider; cyathium campanulate, 1—1.5 mm long, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, pubescent or glabrous outside, pubescent inside, with ovate 282 369 oblong fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, broadly ovate, yellow or greenish- yellow; styles 1.5—2 mm long, connate for ee thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 2.5—3 mm long, 3—3.5mm wide, obscurely trisulcate, cocci with glabrous nerve at the middle of their dorsal surface and scat- tered subglobular processes at sides; seeds compressed-orbicular-ovate, 1.7—2 mm long, 1.5—1.8 mm wide, smooth, brown-green, with small reni- form appendage. June—September. Exposed places, sparse shrubs, in plowed fields, roadsides and ditches, preferably on rich soil, lowlands up to foothills. — European part: M. Dnp., Crim.; Caucasus: W.Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., introduced into N.Am. Described from Western Europe ("from the fields of France and Germany"'). Type in London. 36. E. microsphaera Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, VII (1846) 87; in DC. Prodr. XV, 2; 1218; Fl. or. IV, 1098.—? E: subtuberculata C.A.M. ex Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 118; Fl. or. IV, 1098.— Tithymalus microsphaerus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 74, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 117.— Ic.: Prokh. 1. c. tabl. 34.— Exs.: H.F.A.M. No. 305 ("E. subtuber- culata"). Perennial plants, 30—35(70) cm high, mostly glabrous, glaucous; stems erect, 3—8 mm thick below, branching from base, bearing above 1—7 axillary peduncles 2—7 cm long, in lower part with leaf scars; cauline leaves sub- sessile, narrow and more or less rounded at base, the lower leaves obovate, obtuse, the others oblong-lanceolate, (1.5)2.5—4.5cm long, (5)8-17mm wide, serrate, glabrous. Terminal peduncles 5, 1.5—7 cm long, like axillary peduncles 3-branched then once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre elliptic, 1.5—2.5(3) cm long, 8-11 mm wide; leaves of involucels more or less rounded at base, ovate-orbicular, obtuse or short-cuspidate, serrate, the lower 3, 9—18mm long, 7—10mm wide; the terminal 2, reduced; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5 mm long, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, hairy, with ovate obtuse ciliate lobes; nectaries 4, transversely elliptic; styles 1—1.5mm long, half-connate; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 2.5—3 mm long, 3—3.5mm wide, faintly sulcate, nearly smooth, indehiscent, at first more or less ciliate, later glabrescent, brown; seeds compressed- ovate, 2—2.5mm long, smooth, with small oblique obtuse conical sessile appendage. June. Roadsides. — Caucasus: Tal. (Nowdi); Centr. Asia: Syr D. (only in Tashkent). Gen. distr.: E.Med., Bal.-As. Min.(E.), Iran (N.). Described from the foot of Sabstbushom near Shiraz in Iran. Type in Geneva. Note. There is only one locality in Central Asia, near Tashkent; apparently it has been introduced there. 37. E. coniosperma Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIII (1860) 196; Boiss. in DC. Proedredeyv,/ 23/484 eF door 4Ve vi too; Lipskii in Tr. B.S. XII, 331.— Tithymalus coniospermus (Boiss. et Buhse) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Annual glabrous plants, 10—14cm high; stems branching from base, flexuous, only 3—6 cm long, with 1—11 axillary peduncles 1 .2—2.7 cm long; cauline leaves more or less petiolate, long- cuneate at base, oplong- obovate, 283 370 SHG (1.2)1.5—2.5cm long, 4—6 mm wide, entire, obtuse, with 3 obscure veins at base, pale. Terminal peduncles 3, 1.5—3 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked many times; leaves of involucre oblong-obovate, 1.8—2.5cm long, (5)8—10 mm wide; leaves of involucels sessile, ovate, 1—2 cm long, 5—8 mm wide, acute, obscurely incised at margin, 3—5-veined from base; cyathium turbinate, ca. 1mm long and broad, glabrous, with triangular-ovate lacer- ated lobes; nectaries 4, yellowish, transversely oblong; styles 0.5—1mm long, connate at base, bifid; schizocarp turnip-shaped, 2—3 mm long, 2.5—3.5mm wide, deeply trisulcate, cocci with acute compressed-conical approximate processes arranged in 2 rows on upper part of their dorsal surface; seeds ovate, 1.5—1.8mm long, 1.2—1.5mm wide (under magnifying glass), with fine farinaceous bloom, ash-gray, rarely golden yellow or yellowish with black spots, without appendage. Fl. May, Fr. June. (Plate XX, Figure 3.) Clayey slopes. — Caucasus: S.Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. (N.) Described from the vicinity of Gamarlu, in the Aras River valley near Erivan. Type in Geneva. 38—40. These species are intermediate between the subsections Lutescentes and Purpuratae, combining the characters of styles and colors of both groups. 38... Be alpina’ ©) AM. exiidbs Ici pl) Bil dRossscll (183 0) 2 Gre ieee IVs) k6647b ls Ross. Al. 26: Boiss ing) Geb rodr. se, a25) el een in Izve. Akad: Nauk SSSR (1927)6206 Kryl oer 1) Zapaisib= Witirisbias Tithym alus); alpinus: (lidb.)) Kl etuGke: vex Klotzsch in Abner Alcaas Berl: 1859" (1860):70;, nomen alterni,)/Prokhisy @bz, anoloch)) Sie vavaiao ae les Gmeli Fils Sibs Tl (1749) ntalbb. 95,011; sludb atic? ole Ee WRiO sis sEEcons adorn Prokhi: (Obzi moloch sre vAgii ital. 2 — exch iG eerie INO eZ: So Perennial plants, 10—35(50)cm high, more or less pubescent or rarely glabrous; root 0.5—1.5cm thick, multicipital, vertical or obliquely descend- ing; stems erect or slightly spreading, spreading-hairy, branching, with axillary peduncles on usually sterile branches; cauline leaves subsessile or short-petiolate, cordate at base, oblong-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 1—2.5(3.5) cm long, 5—15(20) mm wide, obtuse or truncate, sometimes even slightly emarginate, entire, finely serrate above, 1-nerved. Inflorescence corymbiform-paniculate; terminal peduncles 2—3, short, inconspicuous; axillary peduncles many, like the terminal, simple or bifurcate; leaves of involucels 2, orbicular-ovate, 0.7—2 cm long,6—15cm wide, obtuse, finely crenate or rarely entire, yellowish at anthesis; cyathium broadly campanu- late, ca. 3mm in diameter, glabrous outside, slightly hairy inside, lobes rather large, orbicular, obtuse, ciliate; nectaries transversely oblong, yellowish or reddish; styles thin, 0.8—1 mm long, connate for a to lf, bifid; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 4—5 mm long, somewhat trisulcate, with conical (up to 1mm long) usually reddish processes; seeds ovate, 2—3 mm long, brown, with obtuse conical appendage. May —first half of June. Stony and herbaceous slopes and rocky places in the alpine and mountain- steppe zone, especially along river systems.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. Gen. distr.: Mong. (NW. Mongolia, only at the source of Bzau- Kul River). Described from Krestovaya Mountain near Ridder in Altai. Type in Leningrad. 284 B12 39. E. macrorrhiza C.A.M. ex Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl. Ross. II (1830) 26; Fl. alt. IV (1838) 191; Fl. Ross. III, 566; Boiss. in De. Prodrs4V,' 2, 123: Krylk.» Fla »Zap. Sib VIN, 1870.— Tithymalus, macrorrhizus (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 79, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 90.—Ic.: Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl, Ross. tab. 192; Prokh., 1. c. tabl. 23. Perennial plants, 20—40 cm high, pale green; root thickened (1—2.5cm thick), slightly fleshy, vertical or obliquely descending, multicapitate; stems usually fairly numerous, erect, up to 35 cm high, tomentose (espe- cially above) with short crisp appressed hairs, branching and bearing numerous axillary peduncles but without sterile branches; basal leaves small, ovate, brown, scarious; cauline leaves sessile, tapering at base, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, 2—4 cm long, 5-14 mm wide, obtuse or acute, entire or denticulate at apex, with prominent vein, glabrous but the lower ciliate at margin. Inflorescence short-paniculate; terminal peduncles 3—5, short, inconspicuous; axillary peduncles, like the terminal, simple or some- times with 1—2 secondary peduncles at summit; leaves of involucre similar to upper cauline but slightly smaller and yellowish at anthesis; leaves of involucels in whorls of 3 or 4 (sometimes 2, only on uncommon secondary peduncles), obovate or elliptic, longer than wide, obtuse or short-cuspidate, yellowish; cyathium rotate, 3—4 mm long, ca. 5mm in diameter, glabrous outside, slightly lanate inside, with orbicular-ovate glabrous lobes (1-1.5 mm in diameter); nectaries yellow, transversely elliptic; styles 0.5-1mm long, nearly free, thickly 2-lobed; schizocarp subglobulose, 4.5—5.5 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, nearly not sulcate, with many cylindrical-subfiliform pro- cesses (1—2mm); seeds compressed-ovate, 3—4 mm long, with transversely oblong short-stalked appendage. April—May. Barren stony slopes of hills, rarely steppes. — W. Siberia: Irt. (SE);; Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. (NE: Lake Zaisan). Endemic? Described from the vicinity of Ridder and Ust-Kamenogorsk. Type in Leningrad. 40. E. buchtormensis C. A.M. ex Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl. Ross. II (1830) 26; ies kd IM pol GO Es. Rosse Ily..5653. sBoisgs.inDG. Pro Gis VG VE ac plea a: Krytae Elo. Zap. Sib, /Villy :1869:,—) 1. subamplexicaulis ,Kar:et Kir, in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) 744; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IH, 562; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 207.— Tithymalus buchtormensus (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 79, nomen altern:; Prokh.; Obz...moloch:. Sr. Azii,,.94.— Ic.: ids. leas plsp cee eOsis.. tab. 189; Prokh., Obz. moloch. tabl. 25. Glabrous perennial plants; root thick, descending, multicipital; stems many, erect, 20—30 cm high, hispid at base, otherwise glabrous, generally simple, only above sometimes with few axillary peduncles; basal leaves squamiform, ciliate; cauline leaves very short-petiolate, cordate and some- times amplexicaul at base, oblong-elliptic or spatulate-obovate, 1 .o—2.9cm long, 5-10 mm wide, commonly wider towards apex, obtuse, glabrous, pale green, glaucescent beneath, sometimes also somewhat reddish, finely serrate or subentire, sometimes slightly hairy at margin. Terminal peduncles 5 (rarely 4), like axillary peduncles with 2—4 secondary peduncles at summit, then usually bifurcate; leaves of involucre resembling cauline leaves but sometimes slightly smaller in shape and size; leaves of involucels small, 285 3 0e) rounded and slightly cordate at base, elliptic, obtuse, finely serrate, yellow at anthesis, the lower mostly 3, unequal, the upper 2 in number; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3—4 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, lanate inside, lobes small, oblong, obtuse, ciliate; nectaries dark, trans- versely elliptic; styles 0.5—1 mm long, connate at base, 2-lobed; schizo- carp flattened-globulose, hardly trisulcate, cocci with yellowish subulate grooved processes. Second half of April (early spring). Rocky places. — W. Siberia: Alt. (Narym Range in the west); Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Tarbagatai Range). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (E. Tien Shan, source of Tsangma River?). Described from Narym Range near Bukhtarminsk. Type in Leningrad. Subsection 2. PURPURATAE Prokh. subsect. nova in Addenda XIII, 737. — Styles nearly free, sometimes slightly connate at base, more or less deeply bifid at apex, not thickened; leaves of involucels and sometimes of involucre more or less reddish-purple. Type of subsection: Euphorbia Cumt@is - 1k, 41) °7E.° pubescens ‘Vahl; Symb! bot. Il (1791) 55; Boss) im) PGs E rode XV 21845" Pl sor! 1V el h06.— it hymna lhuls Spiutbers/clemis) | @vieiay) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, tab. 138, f. 4769. Perennial (or annual) villous plants, 25—80 cm high, strongly branching at base hence many-stemmed; stems erect, 4—5 mm thick, densely leafy, branching, sometimes only with short sterile branches, often with 2—8 axillary peduncles above (0.4—1.7cm, sometimes up to 8cm long); cauline leaves sessile or short-petiolate, somewhat cordate at base, oblong- obovate or oblong-linear, 1.4—4(6) cm long, 7—11(19)mm wide, dilated above, acute or acuminate, sometimes obtuse, serrate, pinnately veined. Terminal peduncles 5, 0.5—4.5cm, sometimes up to 12 cm long, like axil- lary peduncles 3-branched and then 1—3 times forked; leaves of involucre oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong, 1—2(4.5) cm long, 6—11(18) mm wide; leaves of involucels villous, the lower commonly 3, 6—13(25) mm long, 7—12(20)cm wide, others two in number, the terminal reduced; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2 mm long and broad, villous outside, with ovate truncate ciliate lobes; nectaries 4, transversely oblong, short-ciliate outside and along margin; styles 1—1.5mm long, nearly free, bifid; schizocarp globulose, 2.5—3 mm long, 3.5—4 mm wide, trisulcate, cocci with a nerve at middle and dense short-cylindrical processes at sides, more or less villous; seeds com- pressed-ovate, 2—2.5mm long, somewhat rough because of short, some- times inconspicuous tubercles, with small saucer-shaped appendages. May. Damp places. — Caucasus: W.Transc. (the shoreline from Poti to the frontier). =Gen. distr... We and HaWed) Described: from siunils es winypcmna Copenhagen? 42, !Yealatavica’ Boiss Cent: Huph) (1860) 333" in) De] Prodres eave. 123; Prokh. in, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 206.— BE. kaschgarica Rein’ ar Bs S. Vist 9)\/4 01s — ae tbe htior ma emishis ivaiee vaplcnea virca’ Relves c./400) =i thymalwe alata vi Cus. (Borsisn) Pirokiee @bz.molocht Srs Azi1“(93'8)/97, nomen altern. — les: Prokhi.” Obzemnaoloch tabl. 26. 286 | 374 377 Perennial plants, 8—40 cm high, glaucous-gray, often reddish, usually more or less pubescent; root thick; stems many, more or less erect, pubescent or rarely subglabrous, usually with few short axillary peduncles above, below sometimes with sterile branches; cauline leaves rounded or cordate, rarely slightly attenuate at base, ovate-elliptic or sometimes nearly ovate or lanceolate-elliptic, 1—2.5(3.5) cm long, 0.4—3 cm wide, more or less villous especially beneath, sometimes subglabrous, crenate- serrate, 1-veined, lower leaves obtuse, the upper more or less acute. Terminal peduncles 5—8, rather short, 0.6—3.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or rarely 3-branched; leaves of involucre shorter than cauline leaves, rhombic-obovate or ovate-orbicular; leaves of involucels always 3 in number, subequal, orbicular-ovate; cyathium campanulate, 3—4 mm in diameter, completely glabrous, lobes ovate-orbicular, glabrous, often reddish, crenate; nectaries transversely elliptic, slightly concave; styles 1—1.5mm long, free, bifid; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 2.5—3.5mm long, 3.5—4.5 mm wide, deeply sulcate, cocci orbicular, dorsally with short, thickened, obtuse, conical processes; seeds ovate-globular, 1.5—2 mm long, smooth, dark brown, with rather large obtuse conical appendage. Fl. June— July, Fr. July—August. (Plate XX, Figure 1.) Edges of mountain forests, usually of spruce, in the subalpine belt, forest plots and damp meadows. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala-Tau), T. Sh., Pam.-Al. (Alai Range near Gulcha). Gen. distr.: Dzhu.-Kash. (E. Tien Shan). Described from meadows in Dzungarian Ala-Tau. Type in Leningrad. 43. E. lucorum Rupr. ex Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 239; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 120; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II, 687.— Tithymalus lucorum (Rupr.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, (20)30—75 cm high, commonly more or less violet; root separating below into thick cylindrical parts; stems solitary, rounded (2—6 mm thick), densely hirsute, with spreading white hairs, bearing above 2—8 axillary peduncles, 2—8(12.5)cm long, without sterile branches; basal leaves 7—15mm long, ca. 5mm wide, long persistent; cauline leaves sessile, not tapering at base or only slightly so, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 1.5—6(7.3) cm long, 6—17(22) mm wide, usually with nearly parallel margins but upper leaves dilated below middle, obtuse or acute, recurved at margin, obscurely serrate, ciliate more densely so beneath, rarely glabrous. Ter- minal peduncles 5—8(often 5), reclining, pubescent or glabrous, 2.5—9(12) mm long, like axillary peduncles 3-branched and then sometimes bifurcate; leaves of involucre ovate-rhombic or elliptic, 1.3—4.3 cm long, 8—12(27) mm wide, widest usually below middle, distinctly dentate-serrate, glabrous; leaves of involucels truncate or short-cuneate at base, triangular-rhombic or sometimes suborbicular, obtuse, serrate, glabrous, the lower 3 in number (8)9—27 mm long, (7)9—23 mm wide, the terminal 2, reduced; cyathium turbi- nate, 2—3 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, slightly hairy inside, with short- ovate lobes; nectaries 4, transversely elliptic; styles 1.5—2(2.5)mm long, free, deeply bifid; schizocarp subglobulose, ca, 3mm long, 3—4mm wide, trisulcate, with flattened-triangular processes dilated at base and fused into a crest: seeds ovate, becoming black, with subglobular, truncate appen- dage. Fl. May—first half of June, sometimes August, Fr. second half of June. 287 2—-E.eugeniae Prokh. 3-—E.transoxana Dis EB yPiar lus tracy ee 1— Euphorbia semivillosa Prokh.; 4—E.tauricola Prokh.; PLATE XIX. Prokh.; 288 Mountain forests. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from near Kinneli on the Amur River. Type in Leningrad. 44, E. condylocarpa M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. 1 (1808) 377, et HI, 328; tail wos. tis sa1s bolss..in. DC. Prodr. XVL2, 126-0 Fe you: IV, 1102.— E. amplexicaulis Ldb. Fl. Ross. Ill (1849-1851) 567.— Tithymalus condylocarpus (M.B.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 78, nomen altern. — Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 77. Perennial plants, 10—45(54) cm high, glabrous, with subglobulose tuber 1—4 cm wide; stems usually solitary, rarely 2—3, 2-8mm thick, thinner at base, densely leafy, with internodes 3—6(rarely 10) mm long, bearing above 6—40 axillary peduncles 1—4.5 cm long, without sterile branches; basal leaves scarious, deciduous, the basalmost squamiform; cauline leaves sessile, dilated-cordate and amplexicaul at base, lanceolate or oblong, 1.3—3.5(5) cm long, (4)5—16(18) mm wide, obtuse or acute, serrate, the upper reduced. Inflorescence paniculate; terminal peduncles (3) 53 1—3 cm long, often inconspicuous; axillary peduncles many, like the ter- minal, bifurcate; leaves of involucre triangular-lanceolate or oblong- triangular or rhombic-ovate, 8-18 mm long, (3)5—10 mm wide, serrate; leaves of involucels 2, narrowed at base, rhombic-reniform, wider than long (the lower 4—7(13) mm long, 8—1 0(16)mm wide), usually more or less serrate, obtuse, sometimes abruptly cuspidate, often more or less reddish; cyathium subglobular-turbinate, ca. 1.5mm long, 2mm in diameter, glabrous, with short broad transversely oblong lobes; nectaries 5, transversely elliptic; styles 0.5—1 mm long, nearly free, cleft; schizocarp short-stalked, subglobulose, 4—4.5 mm long, 3.5—5 mm wide, faintly tri- sulcate, with subglobular conical processes; seeds compressed-ovate, ca. 2.5mm long, brown, smooth, with appendage. April — first half of May. Forests and shrubby formations, stony and rocky slopes. — Caucasus: Cise, ..Wei...cand Sdiranscy , Gen. «distr.; Iran. Described from mineral source Narzan (Kislovodsk) in the foothills of the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. 45. E. wittmanni Boiss. Cent. Euph. (1860) 31, et in DC. Prodr. XV, Sey dh ot oH) cor IM; &b095. + Tithymahus Wittmanni (Boiss.) Prokh., comb. nova, nomen altern. 378 Perennial, glabrous plants, 10—32 cm high; root thick, vertical, often branching above; stems many, somewhat woody at base, decumbent or ascending, low, densely leafy, short-branching with sterile branches, some- times bearing only above 1 or 2 axillary peduncles 2—2.5cm long; cauline leaves scarious, pale green, sessile, narrowly cartilaginous and reddish at margin, serrate-eroded, upper leaves oblong or rhombic-elliptic, 1.4—3.7 cm long, 0.4—1 cm wide, the lower, like all leaves on sterile branches, narrowly oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (0.8)1—2.5 cm, long, (1.5)2—4 mm wide, acute. Terminal peduncles 5, thin, 0.3—3.7(5) cm long, like the axillary peduncles forked at summit; leaves of involucre shorter than cauline leaves, 9-20 mm long, (4)6—10(11)mm wide; leaves of in- volucels 2, orbicular-ovate or obovate, (5)7—14 mm long, (3)5—10 mm wide, obtuse, entire, usually reddish; cyathium turbinate-campanulate, ca. 2mm long, 2—3 mm in diameter, glabrous, rimmed below, with broadly ovate 289 ciliate lobes; nectaries 5, transversely oblong; stigmas sessile (without styles), forming 6-lobed disk; ovary glabrous, ovate; schizocarp globulose- ovoid, 3.5—4mm long, ca. 4mm wide, smooth; seeds compressed-ovate, 2—2.5mm long, brown, smooth, with disciform appendage. April—May. (Plate XX, Figure 2.) Stony slopes and rocky places. — Caucasus: S. Transc.(W.). Endemic. Described from Atskuri and Uzurgeti (Georgia). Type in Leningrad. 46. E. pachyrrhiza Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) 744) idbpokilke Ross ll 2562) sBoiss ane) Gye rodic. (xeVie a2 ano eee tadae in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 207; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1866. — Tithymalus! pachy rehizus(Karvet Kir.) Ka etiGke texitioatzsen in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 69, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sie, AVA 835 = Ie.e IPieOkKlay, Olow%, wi@lOela, “toll, LY). Perennial green glabrous plants, 10—30(50) em high; root thick; stems many, tufted with last year's relics, woody at base, more or less erect, thin, virgate, usually branching, bearing above axillary peduncles and below sterile branches; cauline leaves alternate, sessile or short-petiolate, cuneate at base, oblong-obovate or elliptic, 1—2.2 cm long, 4—11 mm wide, obtuse, finely serrate, scarious,1-nerved. ‘Terminal peduncles 3—5, 1—2 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or forked at summit; leaves of involucre similar to the cauline; leaves of involucels always 2,a little smaller in size and shape, generally orbicular-elliptic; cyathium broadly infundibular, 3—4 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, densely tomentose inside (under nectaries), with ovate dentate lobes; nectaries transversely 379 elliptic; styles 0.5—1 mm long, free, divergent, bifid; schizocarp globose- oblong, 3.5—4.5mm long, 3—4 mm wide, hardly furrowed, with reddish, compressed-conical processes; seeds compressed-ovate, ca. 3mm long, smooth, gray-brown, with rather large transversely oblong appendage. Fl. May—June, Fr. second half of June—first half of August. Dry stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja district). Described from Akchavly Mountains, Tarbagatai Range. Type in Leningrad. 47. E. talastavica Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 95.— E. Abolini Eug. Kor. inherb. nomen.— Tithymalus talastavicus Prokh. 1. ¢. nomen altern. Glabrous perennial plants, 25—50cm high; root thick, stems many, tufted with last year's relics, erect, simple; cauline leaves subsessile, rounded or often slightly cordate at base, oblong-ovate or linear-oblong, 1.5—3.8cm long, 8-13 mm wide, obtuse, acutely serrate, leaves on sterile branches and the upper narrower, linear-lanceolate. Terminal peduncles 5(7), thin, 1.5—3 cm long, simple or forked at summit; leaves of involucre generally longer than peduncles, rounded at base, oblong-ovate or elliptic, 1.9—3.3 cm long, 8-16 mm wide, obtuse, serrate; leaves of involucels 2, rounded at base, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 0.8—2.2 cm long, 3—14mm wide, widest at the middle, obtuse or acute, serrate; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3—4 mm in diameter, pubescent inside, with orbicular glab- rous yellowish crenate lobes; nectaries 4(5), small, transversely elliptic, brown; styles 1—1.5mm long, connate at base, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened- globulose, 4-5 mm long, ca. 5mm wide, slightly trisulcate, cocci sparsely 290 beset with rather short subglobular processes; seeds globular, ca. 2.5mm long, smooth, brown, with small disciform subsessile appendage. (Plate XX, Figure 4.) Mountain slopes, sometimes rock debris. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Talass Ala-Tau and Kara-Tau Ranges inthe west). Endemic. Described from Talass Ala-Tau, from the Aksai River gorge. Type in Tashkent. 496 ba dulcis#® Iu Spsepkin(41538).457;,em, Jacq. Fl. .austr, «IL(17.75) Bestedbal lin Ross: Hi. 566;Boeiss.,in DC, Prodr. XV; 2,012%5 Fl ors ivesi 103? oHest df, 16 164.—, En pur punata,-Thuill,,P1. Par. (1790) 235.— E. solisequa Rchb. Fl. exsc. (1832) 756.— E. incompta Cesati in Bibl. Ital. XCL (1838) 348.— Tithymalus dulcis (L.) Scop. Fl. carn. ed. 2, 1(1772) 334, nomen altern.— Ic.: Jacq. 1. c. tab. 213; Rcehb. Pl. crit. II (1824) tab. 143; Ic. Fl. Germ. V, tab. 134, f.4759; Hegi, Hl, Fl Viol, (tabs 1/78) fs lvetd: 1765.— Exs.: Fl. exs..austro-hung, No.495. 380 Perennial plants, 20—55cm high, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; rhizome simple or branching, horizontal, fleshy, jointed with short- cylindrical thickened nodes obliquely connected; stems 1—2, arcuately ascending from rhizome then erect, 2—4 mm thick, sometimes finely striate, sparingly hairy, commonly with 3—9 axillary peduncles (3—7 cm long), without sterile branches, internodes conspicuous, sometimes with approxi- mate-verticillate leaves above; basal leaves squamiform; cauline leaves few, short-petiolate, more or less rounded at base, oblong or elliptic or oblong-obovate, (2.3)3.5—7.5 cm long, 9-20 mm wide, more or less obtuse, finely serrate or subentire (in terminal leaves), glabrous above, paler beneath, sparingly soft-hairy or subglabrous. Terminal peduncles 5—6, thin (2.5—7.5cm long), like axillary peduncles simple or rarely forked at summit; leaves of involucre oblong-elliptic or broadly lanceolate, half as long as to generally longer than peduncles, 2—6.3 cm long, 7-19mm wide, denticulate above, sparsely ciliate, green; leaves of involucels 2, truncate or slightly cordate at base, triangular-ovate or oblong-triangular, 1.2—2.5 cm long, 8—17mm wide, generally more or less (up to twice) longer than wide, green; cyathium short-turbinate, ca. 2mm long, 3mm in diameter, com- pletely glabrous, with small ovate glabrous dentate lobes; nectaries 4, transversely elliptic, yellowish-green, later dark purple; styles 1—1.5mm long, connate below, bifid; schizocarp flattened-globulose, ca. 3mm long, 3.5mm wide, trisulcate, sparingly beset with unequal short-cylindrical processes, spreading-hairy (var. lasiocarpa Neilreich) or rarely glab- rous (var. incompta Cesati); seeds compressed-ovate-globular, ca. 2mm long, smooth, pale brown, with flattened reniform stalked appendage. May—June. Shady edges of mountainous forests (especially beech), shrubby forma- tions, grass plots, near streams, rarely in lowlands, commonly in mountains up to the subalpine zone (up to 1,500 m), usually in calcareous soil. — European part: U.Dns., M.Dnp., Bes. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur., W. Med. (N.), Bal.(NE). Described from W. Europe (France, Italy, Germany"). Type in London. * Named so because it contains less acrid latex than the other species. 291 381 382 Note. This species was acceptedby Boissier in Jacquin's strict sense, on the basis of only one of three specimens in the Linnaeus herbarium (the other two refer to E. verrucosa L. em. Jacq.). Of interest is the dispersal of seeds: first by autochory (bursting of cocci) and then myrmecochory. Also of considerable interest is the typical rhizome. 49-51. Species related to subsection Purpuratae, although inter- mediate to subsection Lutescentes according to the yellow color of the terminal leaves. 49, E. angulata Jacq. Collectanea, II (1788) 309; Ldb. Fl. Ross. III, 566: Boiss. in DC) eProdr XV, 2, W271. klegd silt Hew NS no Gre Tithymalus angalatus (Jacq.) Rafin. Fl. tellur. IV (1838) 115, nomen altern.; Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) (oe cs Jacq. 1e-spl. mar Uiittab aol. -Richby (Picriteeeliy salon plete Fj. lesen GermoN, tab. 135; 94762; He gi. Ui Ly Vices eis eaiinee Exch: Gute JNO. Zoo2e Lee Stig mMexSpstNO)103'onOOr Perennial plants, 15—43cm high; rhizome simple, rarely branching, thin, horizontally creeping, jointed, internodes alternately long and winding, small and tuberiform-ovate; stems arising from the ovate tubers ascend- ing or erect, thin, (1.5—2 mm), acutely ribbed, glabrous, simple, internodes 1.5—5.5 cm long, the upper up to 8cm; basal leaves squamiform; cauline leaves 4—7, sessile, slightly tapering or rounded at base, oblong or elliptic, 1.7—3.6 cm long, 5-16 mm wide, more or less obtuse at apex, finely serrate, scarious, glabrous or hairy, especially beneath. Terminal peduncles (3)5, 1.5—2.5cm long, simple or forked at summit; leaves of involucre rhombic- ovate or elliptic, always much shorter than peduncles, 8—25 mm long, 6—18 mm wide, acute; leaves of involucels always 2, truncate or slightly cordate at base, triangular-ovate or triangular-orbicular, 7-14 mm long, 8—16 mm wide, obtuse, serrate, flat, yellowish; cyathium short-turbinate, 2—2.5mm long, 3—3.5mm in diameter, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with conspicuous ovate-orbicular fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, transversely elliptic, greenish, later yellowish-red; styles 0.5—1 mm long, connate at base, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 2.5—3 mm long, ca. 2.6mm wide, sparsely beset with subglobular or conical processes; seeds ovate, smooth, with short conical sessile appendage. May—June. Shrubby formations, edges of shady forests, slopes and gorges, plains up to foothills. — European part: U.Dns., M.Dnp., Bes., Bl. (only near Odessa).— Gen. distr.: Centr.Eur.(E.), Atl. Eur.(S.). Described from Austria. Type in Vienna. Note. Of interest is its interrupted distribution area in Europe, being absent in Germany and Switzerland. 502 Jie altaica.Cr As M: ex didbm le. pl hi Ross. 1Mids30)i26y ale alt. IVs h90; i Ross. ally obo: Boiss. ins €. eicedicle vee 2 eeeioe Kryl.yibl. Zaps Sibiri,) Vill; vs8690— Pithy m aliurs va litiancimice@ciom) Ki. et (Gke. ex-Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Beri 1859) (U860) 73, ‘nonren alitenny— ler dbs Wes ples Hem osss tals. 1 Ole Perennial glabrous plants, 12—40cm high; rhizome horizontally creep- ing, angular-cordlike, dark, branching, multicapitate; stems fertile and 61017 2 292 383 sterile, simple (only very rarely with 1 lateral peduncle), with internodes 1—3 cm, the upper up to 11.2 cm long, sometimes with approximate- verticillate leaves above; basal leaves squamiform, reddish; cauline leaves few (5—11), sessile, rounded at apex, scarious, finely serrate, the lower elliptic, slightly tapering at base, the upper gradually becoming larger, obovate, 1.5—4.5cm long, 5-18 mm wide, leaves on sterile shoots narrowly oblanceolate, 3—3.5 cm long, 7-9mm wide. Terminal peduncles (4)5, 1—3.5 cm long, almost always simple, rarely forked at summit; leaves of involucre slightly tapering at base, ovate-rhombic, 1.5—3.8 cm long, 1—2 cm wide, rounded, yellowish; leaves of involucels 2, ovate- triangular, 8—15 mm long, 5—14 mm wide, as long as wide or slightly longer, short-cuspidate, yellowish; cyathium turbinate-subglobular, 2—2.5 mm long, 4—5 mm in diameter, completely glabrous, with orbicular (up to 1 mm wide) dentate glabrous lobes; nectaries 4, transversely elliptic, glabrous; styles ca. 1 mm long, nearly free, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 3—4 mm long, 4—5mm wide, trisulcate, glabrous, with short (up to 0.5mm) thick, scalelike processes; seeds orbicular-elliptic, ca. 2.6mm long, smooth, with appendage. May-—first half of June. Subalpine meadows and lower mountain slopes, wooded and sometimes open. — W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.(S.). Endemic. Described from Altai, Charysh River valley. Type in Leningrad. 51. E. eriophora Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, V (1844) 51 et in DC. Prodr. pave weldio- sh Ors DVe5109%7. — EK. las 1ocarp as-C. Koch in, Linnaea, XXI (1848) 721, non Klotzsch (1843).— Tithymalus eriophorus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 65, nomen altern.— Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 66. Annual plants, 15—25cm high, softly hirsute, gray; stems erect,4—9 cm high, 3—5 mm thick, rounded, simple or often with 1—3, 4.5—10 cm long, axillary peduncles above, without sterile branches; cauline leaves sub- sessile, cuneate at base, oblanceolate, 2.5—4cm long, 6—8 mm wide, gradu- ally becoming larger upwards, acute, denticulate. Terminal peduncles 3(4), generally spreading and curved, 2—5.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles furcate for 3—7 times; leaves of involucre oblanceolate, 2.5—4.5 cm long, 6—9mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, rounded at base oblong-ovate, acumi- nate or cuspidate, villous, the lower 1.6—3.7 cm long, 8—16 mm wide, the terminal reduced; cyathium turbinate, ca. 1.5mm long and broad, glabrous, outside, villous inside, with ovate truncate-fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, transversely oblong; styles 2.5—3 mm long, nearly free, bifid; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 3—3.5 mm long, 4.5—5.5 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, slightly dotted-tuberculate, long spreading-hairy, with orbicular cocci; seeds globular, 2.2—2.5 mm long, smooth, bluish, brown-spotted, without appendage. May. Clayey steppes, fallow fields, as a weed among crops. — Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: E.Med.(N.), As. Min., Arm.-Kurd. Described from Asia Minor, from the lowlands of inner Caria south of Cadmus, among crops. Type in Geneva. 293 Subsection 3. HELIOSCOPIAE Prokh. subsect. nova. — Generis Tithymali sect.” Piseudoke ras elin ay Prokh?) @Obzeymoloch: Sr. Azii (1933) 119.— For characteristics of the subsection see Key on page 238. Type of subsection: E. helioscopia L. Note. The pits on the seeds here are shallow, differing from the alveolate pits of E. graeca Boiss. et Sprun. The inclusion of the subsection in section Tulocarpa and not in section Cymatospermum, comprising the annuals, is based on the brown color of the seeds, the always hornless nectaries and the 3-branched peduncles. 52), 0 bee helioscopiamib.a'Sp. (ple Gl753) tool rain Eules tans —cenemmle 373. bdbs Fle Ross. lly 562s" Boiss, in! DEFx Prodry 20V),. 92) ls Greedneaones nO Sin orony Mah IMlenalclaydaly JRL toe. lakexvem SS iU0IS leis Woe ils ISS). oo Siar he in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 664; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 209; Kyl), El Zape Sib: VILE a8665— bint hay-mavarliuts) ) hielin ors elorphathsmaelam) Scop. Fl. carn. ed. 2, 1(1772) 337, nomen altern.; Prokh*, ‘Obz?ameloch: Sr. Azii, 119.— Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw: Syn. pk suce. (1812) 1522= les Rehbs te) Hii Germ sVisetabra 3 3) tend 74 abies oaeaminle Jl Mig dia ito bg dme Jeicodag. Ole.” maolocay weoll, Se5— Ides (GIN. 1, IN@.2s 32 Pl. Finl. exs. No. 800; Fl. exs. austro-hung. No.3221- Annual plants, sparingly hairy especially above, rarely glabrous; root thin, fusiform; stems 1—30, erect or spreading, (5)10—35(50) cm long, 1—4 mm thick, with basal leaf scars, simple; cauline leaves alternate, short-petiolate, cuneate at base, obovate or spatulate, 8-28 mm long, 5—13 mm wide, obtuse or truncate, often emarginate, denticulate above, laterally entire, glabrous, l-nerved. Terminal peduncles 5, 0.5—4 (rarely up to 8.5) cm long, 3-branched and again forked once to thrice; leaves of involucre similar to the cauline in shape but larger, 1—3 cm long, 7—25mm wide; lower leaves of involucels similar to upper cauline leaves, 3 in number, upper leaves 2, orbicular or elliptic; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2.5mm in 384 diameter, glabrous outside, slightly hairy inside, with oblong fimbriate lobes; nectaries transversely elliptic, greenish; styles nearly free, bifid; schizocarp turnip-shaped, 2.5—3. 5mm long, 3.4mm wide, deeply trisulcate, with smooth orbicular cocci; seeds ovate, 1.5—2 mm long, brown, densely reticular-pitted, acuminate and flattened at apex, with disciform- transversely-oblong vertical appendage. April—August. Weedy places, roadsides ditches, truck gardens, fallow lands, rarely among crops. —European part: Lad.-Ilm., Balt., U.V., V.-Kama, U.Dnp., Use Dyas IMC Diao Wie SIDOi, ISS, IBS. Cretan. Ik, Derm, ib, Woe Cancasuss Cisic.; Dag.) Ws, Ee and Sv Transe.," Lale;) Centr. Asia Syme Des mena rower Mtn> Turkm; Amu’? “Gen= distr.) escand=(S;)})-Centravand Atlas W. and E..Med., Bal’—As. Min.;) Arm,-Kurd:, Iran., Ind s- Him!) Jiaps—Che, introduced into N. Am. Described from cultivated lands in Europe. Type in London. section 4, CHYLOGALA Prokh. sect. comb, novas— (Generism iat iay — mali subgen.;Chylogala Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 57.— subsect. (Carunculane's Boiss) in’ DG» Prodr. vin lse2) bine Fl. or IV, 1084, 1093. Type of section: Euphorbia bungei Boiss. 294 385 Nectaries 5 (rarely 3 or 2), transversely oblong, hornless, truncate or pectinate or more or less bicornute; cyathium with conspicuous sometimes 2-lobed segments; styles not longer than Ff the fruit, free, slightly 2-lobed; schizocarp large, conical-ovoid, long-stalked, pericarp not especially hard; seeds smooth, with erect and rarely recurved appendage; terminal peduncles 2—5 or cyathia solitary; leaves more or less incised-dentate or rarely sub- entire, palmately veined; stems strongly ribbed-striate, usually with leafy lateral shoots, commonly without axillary peduncles, glabrous and glaucous plants, sometimes more or less yellowish. This apparently natural section with its rather special characteristics can be artificially subdivided into two subsections, both represented in the USSR. Note. Some species (E. bungei, E. ispahanica) are character- ized by distinct heterophylly. Subsection 1. TIBETICAE Prokh. subsect. nova in Addenda XIII, 737. — Type of subsection: E. tibetica Boiss. Seeds with relatively small erect or recurved appendage, noticeably smaller than seeds; cyathium with emarginate 2-lobed segments and 5 transversely oblong, hornless or,in one case, long bicornute nectaries; stems branching, rarely simple, usually rather sparsely leafy; leaves more or less incised-dentate, generally scarious. Distributed in the mountains of Middle and Central Asia, common in the subalpine and even alpine zones. In the west it does not extend beyond Kopet Dagh. Note. Morphologically, this is an extraordinarily variable subsection, indicating its great primitivity. Both rounded nectaries as well as sharply bicornute ones occur here, the cocci are smooth, but in one case they are tubercled with distinct processes. 53.) °E!"tibetica Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 114; Prokhsin Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 198.— Tithymalus tibeticus (Boiss.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, glabrous, glaucous, often reddish; root thick, cylin- drical, vertical, multicipital; stems many, procumbent below, 15—30 cm long (in high mountains 5—7.5cm), strongly branching from base into sterile branches, only rarely with 1—2 axillary peduncles above (3—5cm long), upper internodes elongate (5—7.5cm); cauline leaves sessile, oblong-linear, 5—15 mm long, (1.5)2—4 mm wide, obtuse, acutely incised- dentate, rarely crenate. Terminal peduncles 3, 1.6—5.5 cm long, like the axillary ones 8-forked at summit or cyathia solitary; leaves of involucre and involucels 2, ovate-oblong, 1.2—4 cm long, 3—7 mm wide; cyathium subglobular, 1.5—2.5mm long, 3—3.5 mm in diameter, with ovate, 2-lobed segments; nectaries 5, transversely oblong; styles 0.6mm long, ree, 2-lobed; schizocarp long-stalked, conical-ovoid, ca. 5mm long, 4.5—5 mm wide, obtuse, hardly trisulcate, smooth; seeds compressed-oblong, 3—3.2 mm long, 1.7—1.8 mm wide, whitish, nearly smooth, with small obtuse conical recurved appendage. June-— first half of July. 295 386 Mountain slopes in the alpine zone. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him.(N.), Dzu.-Kash. Described from the alpine zone of the NW Himalayas, from Dakkar and Piti. Type in London. Note. E. tibetica, which is widespread in the high mountains of Central Asia and up to recently has been unknown within the USSR, has been unexpectedly discovered in the mountains of C. Tien Shan. It should now be included in the enumeration of species of Euphorbia of Central Asia recorded in 1933 in ''Sistematicheskii obzor molochaev Srednei Azii"’ (Systematic Survey of Spurges of Central Asia). 54. E. tranzschelii Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 59.— Tithymalus Tranzsecheliy Prokh. ibid.” nomen altern. — yi easmsaye be kimlvemis 1sterokhy Ics. 605 — wich brrokhs Manca table torands9e Perennial plants, glaucous or yellow-green, glabrous, 5-15 cm high; root thin, creeping, multicipital; stems rather many, prostrate, strongly branching from base; cauline leaves subsessile, rounded at base, oblong- elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 4—20mm long, 3—9mm wide, obtuse or cuspi- date, more or less acutely dentate, leaves on sterile branches smaller and numerous. Terminal peduncles 3, simple, with solitary cyathia at apex, often, however, developing sterile shoots; leaves of involucre ovate- lanceolate, slightly larger than the cauline; leaves of involucels similar to cauline leaves, ovate-lanceolate; cyathium subglobular, 1.5—2 mm long, .2.5—3.5mm in diameter, with emarginate 2-lobed glabrous segments; nectaries transversely oblong, yellow-brown; styles ca. 1 mm long, free; schizocarp conical-ovoid, 4.5—5.5mm long, obtuse, smooth, on 5—8 mm long stalks; seeds compressed-ovate, 3—4 mm long, smooth, grayish-glaucous, faintly striate, with oblong-conical somewhat recurved appendage. Fl. May—June; Fr. June. River valleys and shores of lakes (possibly in damp places?).— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Rybach'e near Lake Issyk-Kul), Pam.-Al. (Irkeshtamka River near Irkeshtam). Endemic. Described from Irkeshtamka River. Type in Leningrad. Note. An unusually interesting and, apparently, rare species known only from two localities. Originally (1933) the author described two species, E. tranzschelii and E. issykkulensis, from each of these localities; the described differentiating characters, however, proved to be clearly inadequate to distinguish them as separate species, all the more so since they were collected not too far from each other within the same mountain system of Tien Shan. Iam retaining the name E. tranzschelii for the united species, since in spite of being incompletely described, it still represents the earlier collection. I also want to honor Transchel's memory whose work on rust fungi contributed considerably to recognizing the species of Eu- phior bila: d0-.) BE. jbungel -Boiss. (Prodr. XGV5, 24862) db: le ord skVieOObe O- and B.i\Fedch,, Perech. raiTurk? Vi-305.—= Tithymalus Biineen (Boiss.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 62, nomen altern. — le Boss, let uphy tab.,65-n 2 cokh® weac. = talolegl(O= 296 Perennial plants, 20—40 cm high, gray-green or sometimes yellowish above, glabrous; root thin, creeping; stems in tufts of few, erect, densely leafy, nearly not branching; basal leaves squamiform, acutely triangular, 387 deciduous; cauline leaves sessile, cordate-amplexicaul at base, variable in shape, shortly ovate-triangular to linear, 1.5—10cm long, 1—3 cm wide, acuminate, cuspidate or obtuse, acutely dentate, rarely subentire. Terminal peduncles 3,forked 2—3 times; leaves of involucre similar to the upper cauline leaves, sometimes just slightly larger; leaves of involucels 2, triangular-ovate, obtuse, yellowish; cyathium broadly campanulate, 4—5 mm in diameter, slightly hairy inside, with large spatulate acutely 2-lobed seg- ments; nectaries transversely elliptic, sometimes somewhat obtuse; styles ca. 1mm long, nearly free, shortly 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, 5—6 mm long, trisulcate, with orbicular, smooth or hardly rugose cocci; seeds ovate, 3—4 mm long, greenish-white, appendage erect, stalked, conical, sulcate, notched. Fl. April—first half of May, Fr. June. Stony, often turfed mountain slopes, sometimes steppes of feather grass.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh Range, Greater Balkhan). Gen. distr.: Iran. (N.). Described from near Shakhrud and Sebzewar in N.Iran. Type in Geneva. Note. Typified with a distinct heterophylly, due to the polymorphism of the leaves. 56. E. schugnanica B. Fedtsch. in O. and B.Fedch., Perech. r. Turk. VI (1916) 307.— Tithymalus schugnanicus (B. Fedtsch.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 64, nomen altern. — Ic.: Prokh. 1. 16 etablatt . Perennial low gray-green glabrous plants; root creeping cylindrical, producing suckers; stems many, spreading below then ascending, 5-15 cm long, densely leafy, branching, bearing above solitary axillary peduncles; basal leaves rather small, the cauline short-petiolate, slightly cordate at base, triangular-ovate or suborbicular, 0.8—1.5cm long, 0.7—1 cm wide, obtuse, undulate and acutely dentate at margin. Terminal peduncles 2—5 (usually 3), like axillary peduncles simple; leaves of involucre cordate at base, oribicular-triangular, 0.8—1.2 cm long, 0.8—1.4 cm wide, obtuse; leaves of involucels smaller; cyathium subglobular, 3—4 mm in diameter, with narrow emarginate 2-lobed segments; nectaries transversely oblong, truncate, brownish-black; styles ca. 0.5mm long, shortly 2-lobed; schizo- carp conical, truncate 6—7 mm long, 5—6 mm wide, slightly trisulcate, cocci beset at first with a row of elongate processes, later becoming partly naked and only sparingly tuberculate-verrucose, glabrous; seeds ovate, ca. 5mm long, smooth, whitish, with greenish longitudinal stripes. Fl. June—July, Fr. August. 388 Rock debris on slopes in the subalpine zone. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Shugnan, Darvaza). Endemic. Described from Shugnan, from the lower reaches of Abkharv River. Type in Leningrad. Note. Distinguished from the other species in the section Chylogala by its tuberculate-verrucose fruits. 297 389 57. E. turkestanica Rgl. Descr. pl. nov. Fedtsch. (1882) 78, non Franch.; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 197.— Tithymalus turkestanicus (Rgl.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 66, nomensaltern: — ic.4erokh.,, ObzZ-unolochtptabl-. 125) xs saree No. 306. Annual plants, 6—17 cm high, glaucous, glabrous; root thin, vertical; stems erect; cauline leaves sessile, obtuse, varying in shape, cotyledons linear and entire, lower leaves opposite, ovate and dentate, the upper alternate, slightly cordate at base, ovate, acutely dentate, 3-nerved. Terminal peduncles 3, forked a few times; leaves of involucre similar to upper cauline leaves but larger (1.5—2.5cm long, 1—2 cm wide); leaves of involucels 2, elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5—3 cm long, 0.6—1.8 cm wide, obtuse, dentate; cyathium subglobular, up to 2mm in diameter, glabrous, lobes small, emarginate, bidentate, glabrous; nectaries 5, transversely linear- oblong, more or less rounded or rarely obtuse; styles 0.8—1.2 mm long, nearly free, weakly 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 5—6 mm long, trisuleate; seeds compressed-ovate, 3—4 mm long, spotted, green-brown, appendage erect, stalked, transversely reniform, concave above, 2-lobed below. Fl. April, Fr. May. Weedy places and dry steppical slopes. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Kurty River near the Kopa valley mouth), T.Sh. (Atbashskaya Botanical Station), Syr D. (Andizhan between Kosharal and Chardara, between Kosharal and Keles), Pam.-Al. (Ziaeddin village, Katta-Kurgan, Samarkand), Mtn.Turkm. (Ashkhabad, Keshi). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja district between Suiting and Ili River). Described from Katta-Kurgan. Type in Leningrad. Note. A weed widely but sporadically distributed in the foothills of Turkestan. It occupies a rather unique position in the section Chylogala being the only known annual in the subsection. 58:.-E-alaica Prokh., Obz: molochtiysry Azii (1933))8 5 eon malus alaicus Prokh. ibid. nomen altern. Perennial plants, 30—75 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root thin, cylin- drical, creeping; stems single or few, erect, 4—7 mm in diameter, sulcate- ribbed, with sparse leaf scars below, leafy above, simple or with sterile leafy branches, bearing 1—2 axillary peduncles (4.5—5 cm, then up to 15cm long); cauline leaves sessile, more or less deeply cordate-subamplexicaul at base, oblong-triangular or oblong, 1.8—7 cm long, 0.8—1.7 cm wide, widest below middle, obtuse or cuspidate, usually entire, only at base slightly acutely dentate, fleshy, obscurely 1-nerved; leaves on sterile branches linear or linear-lanceolate, 1.5—2 ecm long, 2—5 mm wide, somewhat acumi- nate. Inflorescence 8—25cm high; terminal peduncles (4)5(6), 5—8(9) em long, twice to thrice forked; leaves of involucre rounded at base, rhombic- lanceolate or triangular-ovate, 2.8—6 cm long, 1.7—2.5 cm wide, obtuse, subentire or serrate; leaves of involucels 2, sessile, strongly asymme- trical at base, obscurely palmately veined, the lower rhombic-ovate or rhombic-reniform, 1.4—2(4) cm long, 1.5—2(3.5) em wide, the upper reduced, obliquely ovate, more than twice as long as broad; cyathium campanulate, 3—4 mm in diameter, glabrous, with triangular-lanceolate (1—1.5 mm long) often 2-lobed segments; nectaries biscuit-shaped, slightly emarginate, bicornute, with spatulate horns not shorter than width of nectary; styles 1.5—2 mm long, nearly free, 2-lobed; schizocarp conical, truncate, ca. 6 mm 298 390 long, smooth; seeds ovate, 3—4mm long, smooth, whitish, striate, with erect appendage. Fl. June? Fr. August. Calcareous soils in river valleys. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Turkestan Range, basin of Isfara River; Chatkal Range, basin of Kasansai River and Uridei River valley). Endemic. Described from Dzhida-Bulak gorge near Isfar River basin in Alai Range. Type in Leningrad. Note. Avrare and little-known species, found only in a few, markedly separate localities. It has been described from unsatisfactory deflorate specimens. It should be further studied by collecting more worthwhile material and looking for new localities. It is also of interest being the only representative of the subsection Tibeticae with long, bicornute nectaries. In habit it is very similar to the Transcaucasian E. ispahanica Boiss. of the subsection Carun- culares, but is readily distinguishable by the shorter appendage on the seeds. It is quite possible that, as in the case of E. franchetii B. Fedtsch., we are dealing here with a Central-Asian hybrid form between the native species of subsection Tibeticae, with rounded, hornless nectaries, and the invading intrusive forms of Carunculares, similar to E. ispahanica, with nectaries more or less bicornute. Subsection 2. CARUNCULARES Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) Pils El.( or. IV, LOS4, 1093.— Type of subsection: Euphorbia ispahanica Boiss. Seeds with large rather sulcate appendage often larger than seeds; nectaries 5 or sometimes only 3 or even 2, more or less bicornute or hornless, only truncate or pectinate; stems simple or branching, some- times rather densely leafy; leaves fleshy, more or less incised-dentate or entire. Distributed within the broad range of the Mediterranean area; the species occupy lowland steppes and deserts and distinctly avoid mountains. 59. E. ispahanica Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, VII (1846) 91.—E. coriacea C. Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1848) 730.— E. megalantha auct.; Boiss. in DG yer odr.s2V 22M 1862)elitl: OlxcoriviVv,? 1093," py p. non’ Boiss? (184s). — Tithymalus ispahanicus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 89, nomen altern.— Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph, tab. 59. — bxs Herb. tl. caus. No. 335° ("EC mfepalanth'a''): Perennial plants, 30—50 cm high, glabrous, more or less glaucous; stems ascending below, rather thick (3.5 mm), ribbed-striate, branching below with sterile branches, without axillary peduncles (very rarely with 1); cauline leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate, 2.5—8.5 cm long, 0.3—2 cm wide, acute, entire or slightly dentate, fleshy, parallelly 3-(5-) veined, with a prominent midrib, leaves on sterile branches narrowly linear, ca. 5cm long, 1.5—2 mm wide. Terminal peduncles 3—5(6), 2.5—10cm long, furcate many times; leaves of involucre obliquely lanceolate, 1.2—6 cm long, 0.6—2.2 cm wide; leaves of involucels 2, dilated at base, obliquely oblong- lanceolate, acute, the lower 1.4—3.5cm long, (0.5)1—1.7 cm wide, the terminal reduced; 299 391 cyathium subglobular, 4—5 mm in diameter, glabrous, lobes 5, narrowly linear, 2—2.5mm long, entire; nectaries (2)3, large, trapeziform, truncate, short bicornute or pectinate; styles 1.5—2 mm long, connate at base, shortly 2-lobed; schizocarp long-stalked, oblong, 7-8 mm long, 5.5—6 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, with orbicular cocci; seeds ovate, whitish, appendage large, ovate-conical, multisulcate, stalked, notched. Fl. May, Fr. second half of May—June. Gravels in valleys and dry places. — Caucasus: S. Transc. (Araks River valley). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from near Isfahan. Typein Geneva. Note. This extremely polymorphic species varies considerably in number of terminal peduncles and in shape of the leaves, often displaying heterophylly even only on the main stem. It is very sharply distinguished morphologically by the length of the cyathium lobes, reduced number of nectaries and the shape of the appendage on the seed. 60. E. grossheimii Prokh. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR, XXIX (1930) 551.— E. Mariae Tamamsh. in Dokl. Akad. nauk Arm. SSR, I (1944) 44.— Tithymalus Grossheimii Prokh. l. c. nomen altern. Glaucous annual plants,4—10 cm high; root thin, vertical; stems erect, rounded below, sulcate-ribbed above; cauline leaves alternate, the lower abruptly expanded at base, obovate, 4-10 mm long, ca. 2mm wide, obtuse, distinctly acutely toothed, the upper sessile, obliquely rounded at base, linear, up to 4cm long, 2—3 mm wide, usually subacute, entire, with 3 obscure parallel veins. Terminal peduncles 2—3, once or twice forked; leaves of involucre linear, entire or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; leaves of involucels, obliquely rounded at base, ovate-lanceolate, widest below middle, cuspidate or obtuse, acutely toothed at margin (especially in the upper part); cyathium 1—1.5mm long and broad, segments elongate (up to 0.5 mm), deeply emarginate, acutely 2-lobed, hardly ciliate; nectaries 5, narrow, biscuit- shaped, truncate or slightly emarginate outside, sometimes short-bicornute (with filiform horns); styles ca. 1mm long, nearly free; schizocarp conical- ovoid, 6—8 mm long, 5—7 mm wide, slightly trisulcate, smooth; seeds globular, smooth, usually spotted, greenish-white, longitudinally striate, appendage conical, pale yellow, stalked, 2-lobed below, deeply notched, longer than seeds (4mm long, 2mm wide). May—(June). Dry hills and in steppes. — Caucasus: S. Transc. (Nakhichevan ASSR). Endemic? Described from the vicinity of Nakhichevan on Iranian border. Type in Leningrad. Section 5. MURTEKIAS (Raf.) Prokh. ampl. sect. comb. nova in Addenda XIII, 737.— Murtekias Raf. Fl. tellur. (1938) 116, ampl. — For characteristics of the section see Key on page 322. Type of section: ID Wola Oe joel skye se Salsa gneycy Ly Note. A Mediterranean section, being accordingly xerophytic so that the leaves are succulent. In the USSR it is represented in three subsections. 300 392 Subsection 1. PARALIOIDEAE Prokh. subsect. nova in Addenda XIII, 738.— For characteristics of subsection see Key on page 247. Note. Anapparently monotypic subsection. bl YV ey payaitas. I. Sp. pl. (1753).458:. Beigswin DC... Prodr IV,) 2, 167; Fiwor.1V, 1130.—.Tithymalus paralias (L.) Scop. quoad nomen, Fl. carn. ed. 2, I (1772) 338, nomen altern. — Ic.: Jacq. Hort. Vamndob. tab.1188; Engl. Bot. tab. 195;. Rchby Ic. Fl. Germ. V, tab.145, f.4789. — Exs.: Herb. Fl. Gauc. No. 483. Perennial plants, 38—50 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root branching, long, multicipital; stems many, erect, firm, densely and imbricately leafy, becoming naked below, with numerous leaf scars, bearing above 6—8 axil- lary peduncles (ca. 1.5cm long); cauline leaves fleshy, entire, the lower shorter, linear-elliptic, obtuse, the upper oblong, (1.1)1.3—2.5 cm long, 2.5—5(8) mm wide, acute, leaves on branches smaller, nearly filiform, (0.7)1—3.2 cm long, 0.8—1.1mm wide. Terminal peduncles 3 or 5, thick, 0.7—3.2 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 2— to 3 times; leaves of involucre cordate at base, ovate, 1.2—1.6 cm long, 3—6 mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, cordate at base, reniform, short-cuspidate, the lower 0.7—1.3 cm long, 0.7—1.3 cm wide; cyathium broadly campanulate, 2—2.5mm long and broad, hairy inside, with oblong ciliate lobes; nectaries crescent- shaped, with short divergent horns; styles ca. 1 mm long, nearly free, 2-lobed; schizocarp turnip-shaped, 3.5—4.5 mm long, 5—6.5mm wide, much flattened, deeply trisulcate, with convex, finely tuberculate cocci; seeds ovate-globular, 2.8—3 mm long, 2.2—2.5mm wide, whitish, smooth, very sparingly dark-pitted, with small flattened-reniform appendage. Fr. July—August. Sandy seashores. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W.Transc. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from sandy seashores of Europe. Type in London. Subsection 2. CONICOCARPAE Prokh. subsect. nova. — Generis Tithyaoatousect. Conicocarpus Prokh.,-Q@bz. moloch. Sr. Az (1933) 155.— Generis Galarhoei sect. Conicocarpus Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 38.— For characteristics of the sub- section see Key on p. 247. Type of subsection: Euphorbia seguieri- na Neck.. A Mediterranean subsection. Divided in the USSR into two series. Series 1. Seguierianae Prokh. — For characteristics of the series see Key on page 247. Type of series: Euphorbia seguieriana Neck. 62. E. petrophila C.A.M. Kleine Beitr. (1850) 9; Boiss. in DC. Prodra#/AW,.2, 1450; Fl. of, IV, 118827— iB. 7s ax atid tfssauct.; psMaB. Hage taur.-cavie. I (1808) 373,, Ill, 325), nonjJacgq.— E. ni@aeensis B. manor? Lday Fl. Ross. ITF (1851) 573.— Ic.: Boiss? Ic. Euphd tab, 101. — BustGetvel. No.1087: Herb. Norm. No.5170. 301 aa 3—E. coniosperma PLATE XX. 1-— Euphorbia alatavica Boiss. 2—E.wittmanni Boiss.; Boiss. et Buhse.; 4—E.talastavica Prokh.; 5— E.squamosa Willd. 302 395 Perennial plants, (3)6—22 cm high, usually very finely glandular- velutinous, glaucous; root multicipital; stems numerous, fertile and sterile, low, ascending or erect, hardening at base, 1—2 mm in diameter, becoming naked, with many leaf scars, simple, only above sometimes with 1—6 axillary peduncles (0.5—2 cm long); cauline leaves sessile, more or less rounded at base, linear-oblong or oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, (3.5)5—15(22)mm long, (1)2.5—4(6.5) mm wide, 2 to 4(5) times longer than wide, the upper wider, cordate at base, triangular - ovate or triangular-lanceolate or oblong, 6—13(17)mm long, 5—6(8) mm wide, 11, to 214 times longer than wide, all leaves usually obtuse, very finely crenate or subentire at the narrowly cartilaginous margin, dense, glaucous, uninterruptedly pitted-dotted, usually slightly glandular- velutinous, later glabrous, with obscure longitudinal midrib, sometimes with 2 more short lateral ones; leaves on sterile branches spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, 0.9—2.3(3) cm long, 2—4(7)mm wide, 5 to 7(8) times longer than wide. Terminal peduncles (1)3—5(8), 0.3—2.5cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or once forked at summit; leaves of involucre rounded or more or less cordate at base, orbicular or triangular-reniform or triangular-ovate, 5-15 mm long, 4-15 mm wide, approximately as long as wide or 1!/ times longer than wide and v.v., obtuse or short-cuspidate; leaves of involucels 2, truncate or more or less cordate at base, reniform- suborbicular or rhombic-reniform or orbicular-rhombic, the lower 4—10 mm long, 5—14 mm wide, slightly or distinctly (up to 2 times) longer than wide, obtuse, abruptly short-cuspidate, often finely crenate, rather pale; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5 mm in diameter, hairy inside, with lobes ovate, obtuse, bifid or trifid, fimbriate-ciliate; nectaries crescent-shaped, with short spatulate horns; styles (1)1.5—2 mm long, connate for one-third, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, 2.5—3.5mm long, 1.8—2.5 mm wide, obscurely sulcate, smooth, with orbicular cocci; seeds compressed-ovate, tetrahedral, whitish, densely pitted-dotted, with conical appendage. Fl. May—June, Fr. June — first half of July. (Plate XXI, Figure 4.) Calcareous soil or chalky rocks and stones on slopes. — European part: Crim., L. Don (Donets River in the west); Caucasus: Cisc. (Mashuk Moun- tain), W.Transc. (N.). Endemic. Described from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad. 63. E. seguieriana Neck. in Acta Akad. Theod. Pal. II (1770) 493; HMeaig il, (Bee Vis ae Keyl. ,. FPCZap. Sib’ Vil, Ler2. — Hh Gerar = diem spice i Woausie eV (7S) i717? -M.- Bi Pls taur.=caue. “i, S795) db. Boo ei moss. Il, 669; Boiss, in DC. Prodr. XV; 2,°166;° F1l-"or.- iV,’ 1124; Morsh. clent.o Fil Ress. or. 375; Krisht. in’ FR“ Yugo-Vost.V,*665. — &. firma Ldb. Woe: 563:= Tithymalus Seguierianus “(Neck.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 163 ("Seguierianus"), nomen altern.— T. Gerardianus Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, II (1841) 689.— Galarhoeus Seguierianus Prokh. in Trud. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, DiS) 4) oling— lees Jacq. ie) tab.436; Rehb! Ic.:F1l- "Germ 'V, tam, lay, 1, 4(92°eleot, Mi BV FL) tabe is, to 4-er ita PTeT; 1783; Prokh;/Obz: “moloch, *tabl. 54, ~"Exs.: G.R.F. No. ‘1184 ("E. Gerardi - ana Jacq. f. arenaria Litw.") No.1185 ("f..rupestris Litw.").— 303 Sel Perennial plants, 12—55 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root cylindrical, vertical or obliquely descending, multicipital; stems sterile and fertile, branching only at base, erect, sometimes only half of the plant length, virgate, dead stems long persistent, naked in the lower part (1.5—5mm thick), with leaf scars, generally densely leafy, bearing above 1—11 axillary peduncles (3—6.5 cm long) without sterile branches, basal leaves small, squamiform; cauline leaves subsessile, broadly linear, the lower spatulate- linear or linear-lanceolate or (the upper) ovate-lanceolate, 1.3—2.5(2.8) cm long, 1.5—4(10) mm wide, obtuse, abruptly cuspidate or often acuminate (especially the upper), entire, thick, with obscure parallel nerves and barely distinct lateral ones, glabrous, enveloping above each other, leaves on sterile shoots generally (2.5—3.5cm). Terminal peduncles 5—12, 1.8—6 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 1—3 times, rarely forming monochasial bostrices due to lack of development of one of the branches of the forked cyme but still with 2 leaves of involucels in each node; leaves of involucre rounded at base, ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or rhombic- oblanceolate, 7-14mm long, 3—7 mm wide, acute, parallely 3-nerved; leaves of lower involucels usually slightly cordate at base, triangular-ovate or reniform, 3—8 mm long, 4—10(12) mm wide, cuspidate, in upper involucels strongly reduced, orbicular-rhombic; cyathium campanulate, 2.5—3 mm long, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, hairy inside, lobes triangular- ovate or orbicular, acute or truncate, more or less ciliate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong, 0.7—1 mm wide, usually not more than 11/ times longer than wide, obtuse-truncate, hornless; styles 1.5—2 mm long, connate at base, bifid; schizocarp conical-ovoid, 3—4mm long, 2.5—3.5mm wide, slightly trisulcate, orbicular at cross section, nearly smooth, indistinctly papillate, glabrous; seeds compressed-ovate, 2.3mm long, whitish, nearly smooth, sometimes hardly pitted, with sessile conical incurved appendage. Fl. second half of May —June— July, Fr. second half of June, July (rarely first half of August). Sands (sometimes shifting sand — f. arenaria Litw.), also on stony slopes (f. rupestris Litw.), calcareous and chalks, feather-grass mixed with herbs and shrubby steppes, sometimes fallow fields and pastures and also river gravels. — European part: U. Dnp.(S.), M. Dnp. (except for north), Bl., .€rim.;~V.-Don (SW)and SE); L. Don, L.V., Transv.; \Caucasus-mGiscs, Dag., E. and S. Transc.; W. Siberia: U. Tob. (except for northeast); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh. (along Sary-Su River in the west), Kyz.K. (lower reaches of Syr Darya River in the north), Mtn. Turkm. (Greater Balkhan Range in the west). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. Described from Austria. 64; ,E. shumilis:.€. A’. My ex db.) le. pli Rik Rosset lil(18 30) s2 5. gene alt: DV, yk o;) Pee Ross. IEy 5615 )Boissi4in De we rodn. Xai 2p er Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1873.— E. Korovini ~-Pavl. in Byull. Mosk. obshch. isp. pr. Nov. ser. XLII (1983) 126, 129.-— Tithy mialus* hu milis (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 67, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obzor. moloch. Sr. Azii, 160.— Ic.: Ldb. leaipl aw lssRoss. tab: Sia rokhen lc artabl. Sor Perennial plants, 3-15 cm high, glaucous or yellowish-green; root vertical, cylindrical, multicipital; stems many, fertile and sterile, often woody at base and more or less branching, erect or ascending, glabrous 304 398 or sometimes short-velutinous-hairy, simple above base, even without axillary peduncles; leaves of fertile stems loosely disposed (with inter- nodes longer than half of the adjacent leaf), rounded at base, oblong or elliptic or sometimes (especially the upper) orbicular, 6—12 mm long, 4—7mm wide, 14f, to 2 times (rarely up to 3) longer than wide, obtuse, cartilaginous at margin, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, with 1 inconspicuous nerve; leaves of sterile stems more tightly disposed (often 4—5 times longer than internodes), narrowly lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 7—17mm long, 2—4mm wide, 3'/, to 5 times longer than wide, acuminate or more or less cuspidate,1-nerved. Terminal peduncles (1)2—4(5), simple, 0.5—1.5cm long; leaves of involucre 3—4 (rarely 5), elliptic or obovate or orbicular, 5—12(18)mm long, 4—11 mm wide, as long as wide or more or less (up to 15/; times) longer, obtuse, sometimes short- cuspidate; leaves of involucels 2, orbicular or broadly rhombic-ovate, 3—7mm long and wide, obtuse or short-cuspidate, l-nerved; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, glabrous, with ovate ciliate lobes; nectaries reddish, transversely oblong, obtuse-truncate; styles 1.5—2mm long, connate for one-third, bifid; schizocarp conical-ovoid, 3.5—4 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide, nearly not sulcate, orbicular at cross section, smooth; seeds compressed-tetrahedral-ovate, 2—2.5mm long, obscurely pitted, with obtuse conical appendage. Fl. June—first half of July, Fr. first half of June— July. Rocks and stony slopes, foothills (up to the subalpine belt), steppe formations. — N. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp.(E.), Balkh., T.Sh., (Talass Ala-Tau and Syr Darya Kara-Tau ranges in the west), Pam.-Al. (Turkestan Range in the northwest), Mtn. Turkm. (Central Kopet Dagh: Chapan-Dagh Mountain). Endemic? Described from Dzungaria, Dzhigilen Mountain. Type in Leningrad. Note. An examination of collections of this species from different parts of its distribution area revealed that N. V. Pavlov was not justified in separating the specimens from the northwestern spurs of Tien Shan into an independent species (E. korovini). On checking the characters noted in the description it was found that they are not specific to the plants in the area of E. korovini. The major character — number of leaves of the involucre which corresponds exactly to the number of terminal peduncles, 5in E. korovini and3 in E. humilis — is itself inac- curate: normally E. humilis has 4 terminal peduncles, and plants with 5 peduncles were observed far beyond the distribution area which Pavlov attributed to his species. Less reliable is the color of the plant, ranging from yellowish-green to glaucescent-gray, depending on the degree of moisture; in the given case the color yellow-green has been observed throughout the entire area of this species. The same applies to the size and shape of the fruit and seeds, both displaying completely natural varia- tions.’ For all these reasons E. korovini Pavl. cannot be accepted as a separate species. 65. E. kopetdaghi Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (iss) 4 de. — E. Fuhsii Boram. et Sint. ex O. and B. Fedch. (nomen) Perech. r. Turk. VI (1916) 310.— Tithymalus kopetdaghi Prokh. 1. c. nomen alterni ie “Prokh: 1.\\c.- tabl. 52. 305 399 Perennial plants, 15—40 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; rhizome thickly cylindrical, obliquely descending; stems rather many, erect, virgate, slightly branching, with basal lateral shoots and above with only few axillary peduncles; cauline leaves sessile, distinctly rounded and slightly amplexicaul at base, lanceolate-elliptic or linear-lanceolate, 1—8 cm long, 3—13 mm wide, acuminate or rarely cuspidate, cartilaginous at margin, hardly dentate, 3-nerved, sometimes with indistinct lateral nerves. Ter- minal peduncles 5, up to 6 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or shortly furcate; leaves of involucre ovate-oblong or triangular-ovate or rarely lanceolate, 1—2.5cm long, 0.4—1.6 cm wide; leaves of involucels 2, transversely rhombic-oblong or ovate-rhombic, 4—10 mm long, 4—12 mm wide, cuspidate, bright yellow at anthesis; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5mm long, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with orbicular, dentate, ciliate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, truncate or slightly crested, yellowish, usually short-bicornute; styles 1.5mm long, half- connate, bifid; schizocarp ovoid-conical, 4.5—5.5mm long, 4-5 mm wide, hardly trisulcate, orbicular at cross section smooth; seeds compressed- oblong, 3—4 mm gray, distinctly pitted, with small orbicular-conical long- stalked appendage. Fl. second half of May —first half of June, Fr. second half of June —first half of July. Steppe slopes. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran (at the northern frontier). Described from Kopet Dagh Range between Kargile and Nukhur villages. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is interesting to note the absence of this species in the Balkans where it is replaced by E. seguieriana Neck. 66. E. sogdiana M. Pop. in Tr. Turk. Nauchn. Obshch. (1923) 38.— hithymalus sogdianus (M. Pop.) Prokh., Obzs moloch Sie Aga (1933), 1565, nomen altern. —olcs, brokhanlacctstabila,542 Perennial plants, 15—60 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root cylindrical, horizontal or obliquely descending; stems erect, usually branching (espe- cially at base) mainly into sterile shoots and with a few axillary peduncles above; cauline leaves sessile or sometimes hardly petiolate, more or less dilated-triangular or nearly cordate and slightly amplexicaul at base, nar- rowly elliptic or linear-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 1.8—5cm long, 5-15mm wide, obtuse or rarely slightly cuspidate, cartilaginous at margin, denticu- late, coriaceous, 3—5-nerved. Terminal peduncles (3)4—5, 3—7 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or forked for 1—2 times; leaves of involucre dilated and slightly cordate at base, broadly ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5—4cm long, 0.8—2.3 cm wide, obtuse or short-cuspidate, finely crenate, 5—7-nerved; leaves of involucels 2, slightly cordate at base, orbicular or ovate-reniform, 5—22 mm long, 5—24 mm wide, obtuse or short-cuspidate, yellowish at anthesis; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3—4 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, slightly hairy inside, with small orbicular glabrous den- tate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, large (2—2.5 mm), yellowish, emar- ginate outside, bicornute, with horns barely wider than nectaries; bracts of pistillate flowers pinnate; styles up to 2mm long, half connate, bifid; schizocarp ovoid-conical, 5-6 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, hardly trisulcate, orbicular at cross section, smooth; seeds ovate, 3.5—4.5 mm long, pitted, with small orbicular-conical stalked appendage. Fl. June, Fr. July. 306 400 401 Dry mountain slopes, calcareous-clayey soil.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Dzhaus village near Kitab (Uzbekistan). Type in Tashkent. Note. The elongation of the rays of the cymose umbels in the later specimens, as noted by Popov, is not limited to this species, it also occurs in E. seguieriana Neck., E.stricta L. and others. Series 2. Nicaeenses Prokh.— For characteristics of the series see Key on page 248. Type of series: Euphorbia nicaeensis All. 67. E. macroclada Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, V (1844) 54.— E. schizo- eeras Boiss. ibid. 55.—E. syspirensis C. Kochin Linnaea, XXI (1848) 725.— E. damascena Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, XII (1853) 112.— E. tinctoria Boiss. et Huet ex Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 166: Fl. or. IV, 1129.— Tithymalus macrocladus (Boiss.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, 30—45 cm high, more or less yellowish, farinaceous- pubescent (under magnification); root thick, producing many elongate creeping shoots; stems many, ascending, thick (5—6 mm below), hard, whitish, striate-furrowed, leafy, above with 4—14 axillary peduncles (2.5—7 cm long), without sterile branches; cauline leaves dense (5 to 10 times longer than internodes), sessile, cuneate at base oblanceolate, (3.2)4—7.5 cm long, 4 to 6 times longer than wide, (0.7)0.8—1.5 cm wide, acute and acuminate, entire, coriaceous, flexuous, glaucescent, palmately 3—5-nerved, with veins protruding beneath. Inflorescence paniculate; terminal peduncles 5—8, like axillary peduncles yellowish, once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre sessile, slightly tapering at base, oblong- lanceolate or rhombic-deltoid, 1.2—2.7(3.7) cm long, 1—1.8 cm wide, about as long as wide or often much longer (up to 3 times), acute; leaves of involucels 2, rounded or only slightly cordate at base, reniform or triangular- reniform, 7—10mm long, 12—18 mm wide, usually 11, to 2 times wider than long, acute or obtuse, usually mucronate, yellow; cyathium turbinate, 3—3.5mm long, 3.5—4mm in diameter, villous inside, lobes ovate, truncate or emarginate, dentate, with bifurcate nerve; nectaries orange, crescent- shaped, emarginate or pectinate at margin, bicornute, with horns shorter than width of nectary, often obtusely and palmately 2—5-lobed or 2-partite; styles 2.5—3.5 mm long, half-connate, shortly bifid; schizocarp conical- ovoid, ca. 5mm long, 1 mm wide, inconspicuously sulcate, smooth or (espe- cially when young) white-velutinous, with cocci dorsally rounded; seeds ovate, with conical swelling at base, later with sulcate appendage. Fl. second half of May —July, Fr. August—September. Stony and rocky slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. (near Erivan). Gen. distr.: E.Med., As.-Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran.(N.). Described from hills east of Denizli in Turkey. Type in Geneva. 68. E. stepposa Zoz sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 738.— E. glareosa var. elatior M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 325.— E. glareosa auct.; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 165; Piston. lve elles psp: non typ. non M.B. (1808).— E. pannonica auct. fl.) wer: +non Hest.— Tithymalus stepposus (Zoz) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. — Exs,; G.R.F. No. 2588 ("E. glareosa"). 307 402 Perennial plants, (15)20—60(70) cm high, subglabrous, grayish-green; root thick, multicipital; stems fairly numerous, erect or ascending, 2—7mm thick, rounded, hardly striate, naked at base and with leaf scars, sometimes papillate, glabrous above, more or less densely leafy, without lateral shoots, above with 3—14 axillary peduncles 1.5—8cm long; cauline leaves sessile, rounded at base, linear-oblong or narrowly oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate or rarely (the upper) elliptic, 2.5—7.5 cm long, 4.5—20mm wide, (3)4 to 8 times longer than wide (the upper usually 214 to 314), obtuse, entire, finely dentate at apex, coriaceous, glabrous, conspicuously 3—5-nerved, the midrib along the entire leaf, the 2 lateral nerves at sharp angle to the median, the others palmately extending from base. Terminal peduncles 7—13, 1—5(7) cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 1 or 2 times (rarely thrice); leaves of involucre rounded or rarely attenuate at base, lanceolate-elliptic or oblong or rhombic-ovate or obovate, 0.8—4.6 cm long, 5—10mm wide, slightly but frequently distinctly (14/ to 3 times) longer than wide, obtuse; leaves of involucels 2, rounded or truncate or hardly cordate at base, orbicular- or triangular-ovate or rarely reniform, obtuse, often short- cuspidate, entire, 1-nerved, sometimes somewhat yellowish, the lower (4)7—17(20) mm long, (6)8—18(21) mm wide, slightly wider than long (usually up to WE times and rarely up to twice); cyathium turbinate, 2—2.5mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide, glabrous, lobes ovate, obtuse, dentate, ciliate; nectaries trapeziform, obtuse-truncate, hornless; styles 2—2.5(3) mm long, connate for 1/,, deeply bifid; schizocarp ovoid, (2.5)3—4 mm long, (2)2.5—3.5 mm wide, obscurely sulcate, nearly smooth and orbicular at cross section, bordered at base with perianth; seeds compressed-oblong, 2—2.2 mm long, 1.2—1.5mm wide, smooth, grayish-green, brown-spotted, with small, sessile, obtuse conical appendage. Fl. June, Fr. July. Calcareous and chalky slopes in steppes. — European part: M.Dnp., V.-Don (S.), Bes., Crim.(N.), Bl., L.Don; Caucasus: Cise.? Endemic: Described from Rovenki district in Lugansk Region. Type in Kiev. 69. E. glareosa Pall. ex M. B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 373, HI, 324.— Ee glareosa’ vary minor” Boiss: hl or. IV (1879) =t20 = bene ensis 8. glareosa Ldb. Fl. Ross, III (1851) 573.— E. Maleevi Tamamsh. in Dokl. Akad. nauk Arm. SSR (1944) 45.— Tithymalus glareosus (Pall. ex M. B.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, 6—25(35) cm high, usually slightly velutinous, glaucous; root vertical or obliquely descending; stems numerous, decumbent or ascending at base then more or less erect, woody below, early becoming naked with leaf scars, densely leafy above, sulcate, above with 1—6 axillary peduncles 1—5 cm long, without sterile branches; cauline leaves sessile, tapering and somewhat amplexicaul at base, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, (1.2)1.5—3.5(4) cm long, 4-12 mm wide, 214, to 5 times longer than wide, abruptly cuspidate, slightly cartilaginous at margin, finely crenate at apex only, finely ciliate, thick, obscurely 3-nerved. Terminal peduncles 3—7, (0.8)1.5—4 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for once or twice; leaves of involucre orbicular- or rhombic-ovate or oblong-obovate, 7—20(25) mm long, 5-13 mm wide, slightly or distinctly longer than wide (up to 2'/ times), short-cuspidate; leaves of involucels 2, orbicular-triangular or reniform, slightly or distinctly (up to 2 times) wider than long, obtuse, mucronulate, 308 403 more or less yellowish, the lower 5—10 mm long, 6—12(15) mm wide; cyathium campanulate, 2-3 mm in diameter, glabrous, hairy inside at throat, with oblong, truncate-emarginate, fimbriate-ciliate lobes; nectaries yellow, trapeziform, truncate, sometimes slightly pectinate outside along outer margin, hornless or hardly bicornute; styles 2—2.5 mm long, half- connate or more, slightly bifid; schizocarp ovoid, 3.5—4 mm long and wide, glabrous, hardly trisulcate, tuberculate-dotted, orbicular, at cross section; seeds ovate (without appendage), 2.5mm long, 1.5mm wide, a little com- pressed, grayish or light chestnut, sparsely pitted, with rounded, orbicular- conical, 2-lobed, stalked appendage. Fl. May—June, Fr. July. (Plate XXI, Figure 3.) Stony places, pebbles and taluses of sands. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: E. and S.Transc. Endemic? Described from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad. Note. E.glareosa,Pall, ex M. B. is distributed in the mountains of the Crimea and E. Transcaucasia. We were unable to find any morpho- logical characteristics distinguishing it from E. maleevi described from Transcaucasia. 70. E. volgensis Krysht. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR, XXVIII (1929) 375, and in FI. Yugo-Vost. V, 667.— E. glareosa auct.; Korsh. Tent. Fl. Ross. or. (1898) 375, non M. B.— Tithymalus volgensis (Krysht.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Galarhoe us volgensis Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 38, olim.— Ic.: Krisht. in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 668, tabl. 469. Perennial plants (3.5)6—22 cm high, completely velutinous (under magni- fication) with short papilliform hairs, glaucous; root creeping or obliquely descending, thickened under stem, stout, cylindrical, multicipital; stems numerous, sterile and fertile, ascending or flexuous at base, then more or less erect, (2)5—17cm high, 1—2.5 mm thick, below with scars from fallen squamiform leaves, densely leafy (especially sterile stems) bearing above 1—2 axillary peduncles (1.5—4.5 cm long), sometimes without, sterile branches absent: cauline leaves sessile, long-tapering at base, narrowly oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, 1—4.4 cm long, 3—9 mm wide, acuminate or abruptly short-cuspidate, entire or sometimes denticulate, ciliate at margin, thick, usually parallelly 3-nerved, with weaker lateral nerves. Terminal peduncles 3—6(7), 0.7—4cm long, like axillary peduncles once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre oblong or ovate or obovate, (0.7)1—3 cm long, 3-12 mm wide, short-acuminate or rarely obtuse, with 3—5—7 parallel nerves; leaves of involucels 2, not cordate, orbicular-reniform or rhombic- ovate, abruptly short-cuspidate, generally brighter than the cauline, the lower 5—8(14) mm long, 7—12(19)mm wide; cyathium campanulate, 2—3 mm: long, 2—2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, lobes orbicular or oblong-lanceolate, usually emarginate or bi- or tridentate, ciliate; nectaries crescent-shaped, truncate or emarginate at margin, more or less pubescent, hornless or rarely hardly bicornute; styles 1.5—2.5 mm long, half-connate, bifid; schizocarp ovoid-conical, 3—4.5 mm long, 2—3.5(4) mm wide, orbicular- trihedral at cross section, hardly trisulcate, glabrous, smooth; seeds com- pressed-oblong, 2.5—3 mm long, glaucescent-gray or whitish, nearly smooth or hardly dark-pitted, with rather large, suberect, conical, short-stalked appendage. Fl. second half of May — June to first half of July, Fr. July — first half of August. 309 404 405 Stony slopes of lime or chalk, stony steppes, rarely in dry pine forests. — European part: V.-Don (E.), Transv., L.Don(E.). Endemic. Described from the central part of the Volga area. Type in Leningrad. 71. E. goldei Prokh. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 738.— Tithymalus Goldei Prokh. nomen altern. Perennial plants, 15—27 cm high, grayish-glaucous, more or less yellow above, slightly velutinous-hairy; root descending, cylindrical, 0.5—1.5 cm thick, multicipital above; stems ascending in tufts, 15—20 cm long, rounded, naked in lower part, with sporadic leaf scars, 2—4 mm in diameter, bearing above 1—5 axillary peduncles (2—4.5cm long), sometimes without, sterile branches always absent; cauline leaves sessile, rounded or slightly taper- ing at base, oblong or elliptic, 1.8—3.3(4.5) cm long, 6—18 mm wide (usually 2 to 3 times longer than wide), rounded at apex, obtuse, often abruptly more or less cuneate-cuspidate, finely crenate-serrate and narrowly rimmed above along margin, thick, palmately 3—5-nerved, with midrib ending as a mucro. Terminal peduncles 5—8, 1.5—4.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre rounded at base, elliptic or orbicular-elliptic or suborbicular, (0.8)1.2—3.2 cm long, (0.6)0.8—2 cm wide, more or less longer than wide (usually 11, times), obtuse, often cuneate- cuspidate, finely crenate, palmately 3—5-nerved, sometimes somewhat yellowish; leaves of involucels 2, truncate or shallowly cordate at base, suborbicular-reniform, 6—10 mm long, 8—15 mm wide, usually ye to 1s times wider than long, obtuse, appearing finely crenate, with midrib ending as a rostriform mucro (0.5—1 mm long), yellowish, thick; cyathium campanulate, ca. 2mm long, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, hairy inside, with ovate, obtuse, dentate or notched lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, outer margin truncate, hornless; styles 2—2.5 mm long, connate for ues bifid; schizocarp conical-ovoid, 3—4 mm long, 2.5—3.5mm wide, with orbicular, dotted- tuberculate cocci; seeds compressed-oblong, ca. 2.5mm long, 1.5mm wide, smooth, with small brown spots and obtuse conical, slightly inclined appen- dage. Fl. second half of June — first half of August, Fr. July — first half of August. Slopes. European part: Crim. (Yaila Mountains). Endemic. Described from the Yaila Mountains in the Crimea. Type in Leningrad. subsection) 3. MYR SINITEAE Boiss. in’ D@., Prodrs XVyi20(862) minse Fil. orm. IV, 1085,, 1134; Maleev in:Zhurn: Russk: Bet. Obshch. vac (93i0) 47—54.— Murtekias Rafin. Fl. tellur. IV (1838) 116.— Generis Tithy - mali subgen. Murtekias Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933)-206. — For characteristics of the subsection, see Key on page 248. Type of sub- Selection ier Aupih oselb aay yma Stimtels Ie: This is a purely Mediterranean subsection with a typical winter period of development. Growth starts under the hard conditions of the late fall and culminates in blossoming early in the spring. Sterile shoots are de- veloped toward the fall; renewal of growth and the beginning of anthesis take place in the early spring. A certain succulence of the leaves indicates an adaptation to arid conditions. Moreover, as it is so morphologically distinguished by its fruits, seeds and in particular the absence of bracts in the staminate flowers, this subsection could probably be regarded as a separate section. 310 Series 1. Biglandulosae Prokh.— For characteristics of the series see Key on page 248. Type of series: Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf. 72. E. biglandulosa Desf. in Ann. Mus. Par. XII (1808) 114; Boiss. Perey P rod IX Vip Leb Se PLN Ore AV; 2Ls6. & a rigida M. B. Fl. taury=caucy 1 (l808) 375. Mie 827s , idb. Fl. Ross... I1l;-'579) — Tithy- malus biglandulosus (Desf.) Haw. Syn. pl. succ. (iGo) ai4as, = Ic.: Desf. 1. c. tab. 14 et Choix, Pl. Tourn. tab. 67 ("E. rigida'"); met Res. IV) tab. 274%et\ XXIV; tabe43, = Exs): (GeR. F)iNos1037: Perennial plants, (20)30—40 cm high, glabrous, glaucous, rarely some- what reddening; stems erect, 6—10 mm thick, striate-sulcate, densely leafy, without axillary peduncles, all shoots sterile in the winter and partly blossom in the spring; cauline leaves imbricate, sessile, oblanceolate, 2—7 cm long, 7—15mm wide (the upper smaller), acute, subspinous, fleshy, inconspicuously 3-nerved. Terminal peduncles 7-12, 1—5cm long, bifur- cate at summit; leaves of involucre oblong-obovate or rhombic-ovate, 12—30mm long, 7—15(21) mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, cordate at base, triangular-reniform, wider than long, obtuse, mucronate, pale yellow, the lower 1.1—1.5cm long, 1.5—2(2.5)cm wide; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3.5—4.5 mm long, 4.5—5.5 mm in diameter, with ovate (ca. 2.5mm long, 2mm wide), pale green, fimbriate-dentate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong, 1.5—2 mm long, with thick, spatulate horns (ca. 1.5mm long) lobed at apex; styles 3—3.5mm long, half-connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp rather large, ovoid-trihedral, 6—7 mm long, 5—6.5 mm wide, obtuse, turbeculate- dotted, cocci dorsally ribbed; seeds oblong-tetrahedral, 4—4.5 mm long (without appendage), 2—2.5mm wide, whitish, smooth, with flattened spatulate- folded appendage. Second half of February — March. Rocky and stony slopes of dry coastal hills. — European part: Crim. (lower zone of the southern slopes); Caucasus: W.Transc. (northwest between Olginka and Nebug). Gen. distr.: W. Med. (Sicily and Calabria), E. Med. (Syria), Bal.-As. Min. (except for northwest and Cyprus). De- scribed from Crete. Type in Paris. 73. E. monostyla Prokh. sp. nova.— Tithymalus Marschalli- anus auct.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933 8206. —"EwM arsic hia l - liana auct.; Prokh., ibid. non Boiss.— Tithymalus monostylus Prokh. nomen altern.— Ic.: Prokh., 1. c. tabl. 69 ('"T. Marschalli- anus").— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 2594 ("E. Marschalliana"), Perennial plants, 20—50 cm high, glabrous, glaucous, often reddish in upper part; root thick (1—2cm), long, multicipital above; stems many, ascending, thick (5—10 mm), slightly tapering below, more or less sulcate, simple, sometimes only above with 2—8 axillary peduncles 2.5—3 cm long, leafless in lower half, with leaf scars (up to 3mm long), wintering in sterile state, blossoming in second year; cauline leaves alternate, very dense, longer than internodes (by 4 to 5 times and more) from the lower extending to median and then tapering to the upper, sessile, long-cuneate at base (ex- cept for the upper), rhombic-oblanceolate, 1.3—4(4.5) em long, 5—12(15)mm wide, more or less. acuminate, narrowly cartilaginous at margin, subentire, 311 407 fleshy, inconspicuously veined. Terminal peduncles 10-1 6(19), 1-2.5cm long, thick, ribbed-striate, like axillary peduncles once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre and upper cauline leaves rhombic-obovate or spatulate- oblong or sometimes suborbicular, 8—15 mm long, 5-10 mm wide, abruptly short-cuspidate, slightly denticulate along the narrowly cartilaginous mar- gin; leaves of involucels 2, sessile, slightly amplexicaul at base, orbicular or orbicular-reniform, concave, obtuse, sometimes mucronulate, subentire, often reddish, the lower 5—10 mm long and wide; cyathium campanulate, 2—3 mm long and broad, lobes large, orbicular or spatulate (1.5—2.5mm wide), dentate, reddish; nectaries transversely oblong (2—3 mm long), brown, bicornute, with spatulate horns dilated above, as long as width of nectary; styles 1.5—2 mm long, connate for %/,, nearly simple, with hardly 2-lobed stigmas; schizocarp trihedral, truncate, 4.5—5.5mm long, 4—5 mm wide, depressed above, smooth, nearly not sulcate, with obtusely keeled cocci; seeds oblong, 3.5—4 mm long, tetrahedral, nearly smooth, whitish, with erect conical reddish appendage truncate-notched above. Fl. March, Fr. April. (Plate XXI, Figure 6.) Dry stony or pebbly-clayey slopes and rocky places. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh Range and Greater Balkhan). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from the Dzhebel railway station in Turkmenistan. Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Myrsiniteae Prokh. For characteristics of the series, see Key on page 247. Type of series: Euphorbia myrsinites L. Note. Most of the Russian species of the subsection belong to this series. 74. E. spinidens Bornm. ex Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 208. — Tithy malus) spinidens Prokh."1.. cy momen alters les: Ecolsaeig).) Camt all yO). Perennial plants, 30—40cm high, glabrous, somewhat glaucous; root vertical or obliquely descending; stems not branching at first, later (in the next year) developing below; twice as long branches; fertile stems rather many, more or less erect, up to 35cm high, 3—7 mm thick, naked in lower part, with leaf scars, generally not branching or only at base, above with 1—4 axillary peduncles (2—2.5cm long), sometimes absent; leaves of fertile stems sessile, antrorse (except the upper), cuneate at base, spatulate, 2—-2.5cm long, 4—1,2 mm wide, 2'/, to 314 times longer than wide, dilated above, rounded or nearly truncate at apex, slightly carti- laginous at margin, irregularly and acutely toothed (teeth 0.5—1 mm long), mucronate (1—1.5 mm long), entire at sides, obscurely 1-nerved, upper leaves (under peduncles) spatulate-obovate, obtuse, hardly mucronate, entire, leaves on the shorter sterile stems dense, cuneate at base, spatulate-_ obovate, 1—3.5cm long, 0.3—1.9 cm wide, acutely dentate at apex, gradually ending in mucro. Terminal peduncles 6—11, 1—3 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or bifurcate; leaves of involucre orbicular-obovate or oblong, 12—16 mm long, 6—10 mm wide, usually 1, to 2 times longer than wide, rounded at apex, hardly mucronate, entire or rarely dentate above; leaves of involucels 2, rhombic-reniform or orbicular-triangular, 8-10 mm 312 long, 9-12 mm wide, slightly wider than long, obtuse, mucronulate, entire; cyathium broadly campanulate, 2.5—3.5mm in diameter, glabrous outside, with reddish orbicular (1—1.5mm wide) fimbriate-dentate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong (up to 2mm in diameter), bicornute, horns narrow, spatulate-linear, white, more or less longer (up to 2 times) than width of nectary; styles 2—2.5mm long, half-connate, shortly bifid; schizocarp tetrahedral-ovoid, 5—6 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, more or less truncate, smooth, nearly not sulcate, with acutely ribbed cocci; seeds oblong, 3—3.5 mm long, orbicular-tetrahedral, whitish, vermiform-rugose, tuber- culate, with conspicuous conical appendage open above. Fr. May—June. (Plate XXI, Figure 7.) Mountains, ravines and slopes, gorges and rock fissures. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Kugitang Range and Baisun-Tag Mountains in the southwest). 108 Gen. distr.: Iran. (Khorasan, Afghanistan?). Described from Kugitang village on Kugitang Range. Type in Leningrad. Hoe? ES*inyrsinites’ L2 “Spo pl. (1753)46R;, MiB: Fl. taur.-caue. —I, ate, boss!) in PC (Prodr. “XV4 2) 1735 Flor. IV, 1134:— Tithy- malus Myrsinites (L.) Hill, Hort. Kew. 172/4, nomen altern. — lict Sibthemet= sins er lanGraecc. Vi tabs 471 Shichbr Ice ilh Germs VW. tab. 148, f. 4796. — Exs.: Kotschy, pl. exs. 1859, No.399 ("E. Mar- schalliana"). Perennial plants, (5)10—25cm high, glabrous, glaucous, more or less reddish; stems ascending or decumbent, up to 40 cm long, 2—5 mm thick, striate-sulcate, densely leafy, without axillary peduncles, wintering as sterile shoots, part of which blossom in early spring; cauline leaves of two kinds: winter leaves (on sterile shoots and at base of fertile), rather large, rhombic-obovate or suborbicular, 2—3.5cm long, 0.9—2.8cm wide, and spring leaves (at upper parts of fertile stems), oblong-obovate, 1—2cm long, 0.6—1 cm wide, both kinds sessile, obtuse, abruptly and shortly hamate- cuspidate, cartilaginous at margin, denticulate above, obscurely 3-nerved. Terminal peduncles (6)7—10, 0.5—4cm long, 1—1.5mm thick, striate- sulcate, forked for 2(3) times; leaves of involucre oblong-obovate or sub- orbicular, 1—2.8cm long, 0.7—2 cm wide; leaves of involucels 2, more or less cordate at base, reniform, wider than long, obtuse, mucronulate, often yellowish, the lower 0.7—1.3 cm long, 1—1.7 cm wide, the terminal smaller; cyathium campanulate-subglobular, ca. 3mm long, 4mm in diameter, with large orbicular (1.8—2.2 mm in diameter) fimbriate reddish lobes; nectaries transversely oblong, 2—3 mm long, with horns as long as width of nectary, dilated and hardly lobed at apex; styles 1.5—2 mm long, half-connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid-tetrahedral, 5.5—7.5mm long, 5—6.5mm wide, smooth, with keeled cocci; seeds oblong, obscurely tetrahedral, 2.5—3 mm long (without appendage), 1.6—1.7mm wide, grayish, densely vermiform- sulcate, with stalked flattened-conical appendage notched at summit. April (again in June). (Plate XXI, Figure 5.) Rocky and stony calcareous slopes.— European part: Crim. Gen. distr.: W. Med. (Italy), Bal.-As. Min. (Cyprus). Described from Calabria in S. Italy and from near Montpellier inthe south of France. Type in London. 313 409 410 76. E. pontica Prokh. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 740.— Tithy - malus ponticus Prokh. nomen altern.— E. pectinata auct. fl. cauc. non Alboff (1894).— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No.484 ("'Tithy - malus pectinatus"). Perennial plants, 15—35cm high, glabrous, dark grayish-green to more or less reddish; root long, descending, multicipital above; stems rather numerous, ascending, sterile and fertile 3—5 mm thick, tapering at base, simple, sometimes with single axillary peduncle above; cauline leaves dense, oblanceolate or rarely rhombic-obovate, (1.2)1.4—2.5(3.6) cm long, 0.6—1.2(1.7) cm wide, 2 to 3 times longer than wide, cuspidate, slightly involute at margin, subentire, fleshy, obscurely veined. Terminal peduncles 5-12, 1—2(4)cm long, simple or forked once or twice; leaves of involucre sessile, orbicular or rhombic-obovate or oblong, 0.9—1.6(2.7) cm long, 0.5—1.4(1.6) cm wide, more or less longer (up to 2 times) than wide, abruptly short-cuspidate, entire; leaves of involucels sessile, more or less rounded at base, the lower orbicular or rhombic-reniform, 4—6(10) mm long, (5)6—14(15) mm wide, obtuse, rarely hardly cuspidate, entire, often reddish, the upper reduced, suborbicular, obtuse, especially red in fruit; cyathium campanulate, 3—3.5 mm in diameter, with orbicular (1—1.2 mm wide) whitish crenate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, bicornute, horns spatulate, usually not longer than width of nectary; styles 1.5—2 mm long, half-connate, subentire, with hardly elongate stigmas; schizocarp trihedral-ovoid, 4.5— 5.5mm long, 4—5 mm wide, truncate above, trisulcate, with obtusely keeled cocci; seeds whitish, oblong 2.8—3 mm long (without appendage), orbicular- tetrahedral, vermiform-rugose, with erect truncate-conical short-stalked appendage notched above. Fl. April, Fr. May. (Plate XXI, Figure 2.) Stony slopes. — Caucasus: W.Transc.(S.). Gen. distr.: As. Min. (near Artvin in northeast). Described from Bartskhet Mountain near Ardanuch in Artvin District. Type in Leningrad. (tn E. eworonowll Grossh.. in: Tn.) Titl. Bot: Sadas xiv (TOG) eae empabrolkh: Perennial glabrous plants, sometimes scabrous on peduncles, glaucous; root sometimes creeping, thin (5-10 mm), multicipital above; stems rather numerous, ascending, 10—20(30) cm high, slightly striate, 4—6 mm thick, | tapering at base, without sterile lateral shoots, without or with 2—3 axillary | peduncles (2—5 cm long) above, densely leafy; cauline leaves sessile,more | or less cuneate at base, rhombic-obovate or rhombic-oblanceolate, 8—20(27) mm long, 3—10(16) mm wide, usually 2—3 times longer than wide (leaves on sterile stems often only 1!/, times), acuminate or cuspidate, cartilaginous at margin, finely but distinctly bristly-crenate, fleshy, incon- | spicuously veined. Terminal peduncles 9—20, 2—4cm long, like axillary | peduncles once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre oblong or oblong- spatulate or oblong-obovate, 10—17 mm long, 4-10 mm wide, usually A to 21/, times longer than wide, short-cuspidate, finely bristly-crenate; lower leaves of involucels not cordate at base, obtuse, short-cuspidate, crenulate, the upper orbicular-triangular or suborbicular or oblong, 6—10mm long, 5—15 mm wide,as long as wide or ies times longer than wide or wider than long, the terminal reduced, orbicular or orbicular-rhombic; cyathium cam- panulate, 2.5—3.5 mm in diameter, with orbicular reddish crenate lobes 314 411 (up to 2mm wide); nectaries reddish, transversely oblong (ca. 2mm long), bicornute, with white spatulate horns a little longer than nectaries; styles 2.5—3 mm long, half connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, trihedral, 5-6 mm long, slightly obtuse, smooth, faintly trisulcate, with acutely ribbed cocci; seeds whitish, sometimes greenish, oblong, 2.8—3.2 mm long (without appen- dage), rugulose or often nearly smooth, with large (1—2 mm long) conical- ovate acute stalked appendage. Fl. April, Fr. second half of April—May. Dry stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. (Araks River valley). Gen. distr.: Iran.(N.). Described from Erivan District. Type in Tbilisi. Note. Closely related to E. marschalliana Boiss. from which it differs only by a complex of small, transitional, quantitative characters and not by the rugose seeds, as the author reported. 78. E. marschalliana Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, Vii (1846) 94 (excl. synon. BE. Mey ms.anaet es gauet.oMs,B.)3icadbsn El. Resss, 15 79s! p.. p.adexel. synon. E. Myrsinites et specimina ex Tauria); Boiss. in DC. Prodr. RV, 2eetnoytel. eri AV, Ads 5,0p! po hon auct. fl. (As. umeds—cTithy= malus Marschallianus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. 1859 (1860) 86, nomen altern. — Perennial low plants, glabrous, glaucescent; root thin (5—8 mm), multi- cipital above; stems fairly numerous, fertile and sterile, ascending, 10—20(25) cm long, 2—4 mm thick, simple, rarely with 1 axillary peduncle above, naked in lower part, with leaf scars, densely leafy above (internodes 6—10 times shorter than leaves); cauline leaves sessile, more or less cuneate at base, oblong-spatulate or (especially on sterile shoots) rhombic- obovate, 10—25mm long, 5—12(14)mm wide, 11/, to 2 i, times longer than wide, more or less acuminate or cuspidate, often finely crenate and bristly at the narrowly cartilaginous margin, fleshy, inconspicuously veined. Terminal peduncles 7—12, 1—2.5cm long, simple or bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre sessile, orbicular or orbicular-obovate, 8—15 mm long, 6—11 mm wide,as long as wide to more or less longer (up to iy times), abruptly short-cuspidate, partly finely bristly-dentate; leaves of involucels 2, slightly cordate at base, orbicular or rhombic or triangular-reniform (the lower 5—8mm long, 6—11_ mm wide), more or less wider (upto 11/, times) than long, often abruptly short-cuspidate, crenulate; cyathium campanulate, 3—3.5mm in diameter, lobes large, often reddish, orbicular-ovate (ca. 1mm wide), obtuse, denticulate; nectaries transversely oblong (ca 1.5mm long), bicornute, with white spatulate horns, as long as width of nectary; styles 2.5—-3 mm long, half-connate, shortly 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid trihedral, 5—6 mm long, 4—5 mm wide, sometimes obtuse, smooth, slightly trisulecate, with acutely ribbed cocci; seeds white, oblong 2.8—3 mm long (without appendage), rugulose or nearly smooth, with large conical-ovate (ca. 1mm long) acute stalked appendage, sometimes later open above. Fl. April, Fr. May—June. (Plate XXI, Figure 1.) Dry stony and pebbly slopes.— Caucasus? S. Transc. (near Migra), Tal. Endemic? Described from the vicinity of Zuvant in Talysh. Type in Geneva. Note. The epithet of this species was given by Boissier, who at first er »neously had identified it with the Crimean E. myrsinites of 315 412 Marschall Bieberstein. Boissier himself admitted later that it should not be referredto E. myrsinites L. and represented the authentic material of the latter. In conformity with the rules of botanical nomen- clature the name must be preserved. 79, E. armena Prokh. sp. novain Addenda XI, 741.— fithy — malus armenus Prokh. nomen altern. Perennial low glabrous glaucous plants; root branching, multicipital, above; stems fairly numerous, fertile and sterile, ascending, (10)15—25(30) mm long, 4—5 mm thick, more or less branching at base into lateral shoots, simple above, but without or with 1—3 axillary peduncles (2.5—4.5cm long), densely leafy, naked below, with leaf scars; cauline leaves sessile, cuneate at base, rhombic-obovate or rarely spatulate-oblong, 12—28(35)mm long, 6—16(20) mm wide, usually 1.5 to 2 times longer than wide, abruptly cuspidate, narrowly cartilaginous at margin, inconspicuously crenulate-serrate, fleshy, obsoletely veined. Terminal peduncles (4)5—7, (1.5)2—5 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 1—2 times; leaves of involucre orbicular or rhombic-ovate, 9-18 mm long, 8—19mm wide, about as long as wide or rarely up to ie times longer, obtuse, sometimes abruptly cuspidate, narrowly carti- laginous at margin, usually subentire; leaves of involucels 2, more or less deeply cordate at base, reniform or triangular-reniform, (5)8—15 mm long, (7)11—21 mm wide, slightly to usually 11!/, times wider than long, obtuse, sometimes abruptly somewhat cuspidate, subentire; cyathium campanulate, 3—3.5 mm in diameter, with large (1.5—2 mm) reddish orbi- cular crenate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong (2—3 mm across), bicornute, with whitish spatulate horns, hardly as long as width of nectary; styles 2—2.5mm long, half-connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp trihedral-ovoid, 5—6 mm long, 4.5—5.5mm wide, somewhat obtuse, smooth, faintly sulcate, with acutely ribbed cocci; seeds whitish, oblong-tetrahedral, ca. 3mm long, nearly smooth or hardly rugose, appendage large (ca. 1.5mm long), conical-ovate, acute, longitudinally plicate, stalked. Fl. April—May, Fr. May—June. Dry stony steppe and stony slopes. — Caucasus: S. Transc. (vicinity of Erivan and also near Atskhur and Borzhomi). Endemic. Described from Echmiadzin near Erivan. Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Denticulatae Prokh.— For characteristics of the series see page 248 of the Key. ~ ly,pe of series; )Hwphior bias deninicuiliataa Lam. Note. E. craspedia Boiss. also belongs to this series. 80. E. denticulata Lam. Dict. Bot. 11(1 786) 435 Boiss SunwDe Prodiy) XQVel 25NS6 2) 745 be. “or. Vie al 35 Pn CoEel) Cam Bocce Diagn. ser. 2, IV (1844) 88.— E. pectinata Alboff in Bull. Herb. | Boiss. II (1894) 64.— Tithymalus denticulatus (Lam.) Moench, Meth. (1794) 668, nomen altern. — Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 119; Post, Fl. Syriae, Palest. Sinai, 725; Beguinot et Diratz. Contr. Fl. Armen. 72. 316 413 Perennial glabrous plants, 18—25cm high; root long, thick (1—1.5 cm), multicipital above; stems fairly numerous, fertile and sterile, ascending, relatively thick (3—8 mm), woody at base, simple, only sometimes with 1 axillary peduncle above; cauline leaves dense-imbricate, the lower 3 to 4 times longer than internodes, sessile, slightly cordate at base, rhombic- obovate or rarely oblong, 1.2—3 cm long, 0.8—2.7 cm wide, obtuse, then abruptly cuspidate, narrowly cartilaginous at margin, crenulate. Terminal peduncles 5, 2—4cm long, once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre and often upper cauline leaves orbicular-obovate or orbicular, 1.2—2.7(3.5) cm long, 1.2—2.3(3)cm wide, obtuse; leaves of involucels obtuse, slightly concave, the lower rhombic-reniform, 0.6—1.6(2) cm long, 0.8—2.2(2.5) cm wide, the upper smaller, orbicular-ovate; cyathium subglobular, ca. 5mm in diameter, with wide (1.5mm) ovate reddish ciliate lobes; nectaries purple, transversely oblong (3.5 X 2mm), truncate at outer margin, shortly pectinate-multidentate; styles ca. 2mm long, half-connate, deeply bifid; schizocarp large, trihedral, ca. 9mm long, 7mm wide, truncate at base, faintly trisulcate, with acutely keeled cocci; seeds oblong-orbicular, tetrahedral because of projected netted wrinkles, vermiform-plicate [?], with flattened conical pitted appendage. Fl. second half of April —first half of May, Fr. May. Stony slopes and taluses in mountains up to the subalpine belt. — Caucasus: possibly found in W. Transc. (collected in the vicinity of Kagyzman in Kars District). Gen. distr.: E.Med., As. Min., Arm.-Kurd. Described from Asia Minor. Type in Paris. Note. E. pectinata Alboff, understood incorrectly by authors of Caucasian flora, is undoubtedly referred to here (see Woronow, Herb. fl. cauc. No. 484). Since this particular species was gathered near Kagyzman in Kars District, it is quite possible that it would be found one day in the USSR. E. pectinata was described from near Artvin. Since it is rare whereas another spurge is common there, it is not surprising that the latter was erroneously accepted as E. pectinata Alboff. Section 6. ESULA Prokh.* sect. comb. nova.— Generis Tithymali sect. Esula Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 166, ampl.— For characteristics of the section see page 322 of the Key. Type of section: Euphorbia esula L. Note. Like section Tulocarpa,this section includes representatives with both yellowish and purple terminal leaves. Subsection 1. ESULAE Prokh. subsect. nova. — Generis Tithymali sect. Esula Prokh. l.c.— For characteristics of the subsection see page 250 of the Key. Type of subsection: Euphorbia esula L. Series 1. Andrachnoides Prokh.— For characteristics of the series see page 250 of the Key. Type of series: Euphorbia andrachnoides Schrenk. * Unfortunately, this section has not been completed, unlike the other sections. 317 414 417 81. E. buschiana Grossh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXV (1940) 330. — lee Grosso lic? stall: Perennial glabrous pale green plants; root thin; stems numerous, more or less prostrate or ascending, 15—20 cm long, thin, in the lower part simple, naked, with leaf scars, sparsely leafy and branching above, bearing many elongated inflorescences, and densely leafy sterile branches, sometimes with 1—3 axillary peduncles; lower leaves squamiform, triangular-ovate, brown; cauline leaves rounded or slightly cordate at base, orbicular-ovate or sometimes oblong, 8—11 mm long, widest below (8 mm), obtuse or truncate, cartilaginous at margin, crenulate or subentire, with a midrib and weakly developed lateral nerves, leaves on sterile branches short-petiolate, somewhat rounded and abruptly attenuate at base, obovate or spatulate-cuneate or oblong, 5—11 mm long, widest above (3—6 mm), obtuse or truncate, slightly emarginate, sometimes with hardly distinct mucro. Terminal peduncles 3—5, 1.3—4 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or forked summit; leaves of involucre similar to upper leaves of main stem; leaves of involucels 2, broadly ovate-rhombic, obtuse, the lower 5—9mm long, 7-11 mm wide; cyathium campanulate, ca. 2mm long, ca. 1.5mm in diameter, glabrous, with small ovate obtuse glabrous lobes; nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, bicornute, with short horns; styles ca. 1.5mm long, nearly half-connate, bifid. Fruit and seeds unknown. July—August. Rocks and taluses in the alpine belt at altitude of 2,300—2,700 m. — Caucasus: Cisc. (Kulan glacier, along Sukan River, Mekhtygen Mountain). Endemic. Described from the upper reaches of Sukan River in Balkar at the natural boundary of Sukan-Bashi-Tsifi, at altitude of 2,400 m. Type in Leningrad. Note. Grossgeim related the given species to the Asia Minor Be hlenchauiang it Ollie Brorsise 82. EB. undulata M. B.) Fl’ taur.-cauc) 1 (1808)e3 tl, Wi 3235) sede MARoss- ll 22 Bolss.un DCs *Prodim xv. 2.) 159) horses keniaeepe Ross. or. 376; Krisht, in Fl, Yugo-Vost. V, 672.— Tithy madus undulatus (M.B.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 92, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 170.— Calarhoeus undulatus Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 43° "olim sles” Boiss. Ic) Huph: tab. 106; Prokhs, 1Obzs tmolochreaiol atom. Perennial plants, 5-15 cm high, glabrous, yellowish glaucous, sometimes more or less reddish; root thin, creeping; stems usually numerous, sterile and fertile, 3.5-13cm high, 1—2.5 mm thich, branching at base, branchless above, only usually with (1)2—4(5) axillary peduncles (1—3.5 cm long) above; basal leaves squamiform, brown; cauline leaves short-petiolate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate at base, oblong or oblong-elliptic or (especially the lower) orbicular-ovate, 7—26 mm long, 3—13mm wide, spatulate- truncate at apex or irregularly notched, sometimes with mucro in notch, rarely rounded, cartilaginous at margin, distinctly undulate, rather thick, with 1 nerve, leaves on sterile shoots narrower. Inflorescence compara- tively small, corymbiform; terminal peduncles 2—3 (rarely 4 or 5), incon- spicuous (0.5—2.5cm long), like axillary peduncles simple or often forked at summit; leaves of involucre oblong or ovate-oblong, 6—20 mm long, 318 415) PLATE XXI. 1- Euphorbia marschalliana Boiss.; 4-E.petrophila C.A.M.; 5-E.myrsinites L.; Bornm. 2- E. pontica Prokh.; 3- E. glareosa Pall.; 6- E.monostyla Prokh.; 7- E.spinidens B19 418 2—10 mm wide, truncate or notched or rarely rounded at apex, more or less undulate-dentate; leaves of involucel 2, rounded or broadly cordate at base, orbicular-rhombic or oblong-ovate, 4-10 mm long, 3—8(12) mm wide, obtuse, entire or sometimes slightly undulate at margin; cyathium broadly campanulate, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, lobes ovate, obtuse or emarginate, reddish, more or less ciliate; nectaries 4, yellowish, crescent-shaped, truncate or notched or crenulate outside, hornless or indistinctly bicornute with short obtuse horns; ovary reddish; styles 1—1.5 mm long, half-connate, hardly 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3—4mm long, 4—5 mm wide, trisulcate, with nearly smooth orbicular cocci, more or less dark colored; seeds ovate, 2—3 mm long, smooth, whitish, with small convex disciform appendage. Second half of April— May. Semideserts and dry steppes (Stipa L. and Artemisia L.) on clayey and sandy soils. — European part: L. Don (east, only along Volga), In Ven Dransv. (Sapmweasiberia: U. Lob (Swi); Centr Asia: e Ar Cacia (west, Ural River valley). Endemic. Described from the steppe between Stalingrad (''Tsaritsyn'') and Astrakhan in the Volga area. 83.-/E. irgisensis Litw. in Spisok rast. G.R.Fy VII @922) 1022 Pithymalus irgisiensi's (Litw.) Prokh., ©Obz. molochapsm. .2i (1933) LO8a— wer Prokh 1. c. tabills oc. — EP xs): (GAR Hee Noma eoor Perennial plants, pubescent glaucous-green; root long, cylindrical, almost vertical; stems numerous, erect, 5—26 cm high, branching, with few axillary peduncles above and with sterile branches below them; basal leaves squamiform, brown; cauline leaves sparse, alternate, hardly cordate and slightly amplexicaul or rarely somewhat cuneate at base, broadly ovate or oblong-lanceolate or obovate, 8—21 mm long, 5—15 mm wide, obtuse, often emarginate, sometimes mucronulate, entire, flat, pubescent (especially be- neath), leaves on sterile branches narrower and longer, cuneate at base. Terminal peduncles 4—5, like axillary peduncles once or twice bifurcate; leaves of involucre obovate or elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, similar to the cauline in size and shape, sometimes slightly larger; leaves of involucels rhombic-ovate or orbicular-reniform or suborbicular; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3—3.5 mm in diameter, with orbicular denticulate hairy lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, often pectinate, bicornute or rarely nearly horn- less; styles ca. 1.5mm long, connate below, 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 4—5 mm long, trisulcate, smooth; seeds ovate, ca. 3mm long, smooth, with appendage. Clayey steppes, usually wormwood-hawthorn. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Endemic. Described from Irgiz District near Kara-Chokat railway station. Type in Leningrad. 84. E. andrachnoides Schrenk. in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Petersb. TE (ns44) 1973 db, Fl. Ross. tbar7.—' Tithy ma luis aymidgac ene noides (Schrenk) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 88, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 181. — Ic.: Prokhe i iciitabil 62% Perennial plants, 10—20 cm high, pubescent or rarely glabrous, glaucous; root creeping or obliquely descending; stems few or rarely numerous, sterile and fertile, erect, sometimes flexuous, fertile stems bearing axillary 320 419 peduncles above and sterile branches below, sterile stems simple, some- times exceeding inflorescence; basal leaves squamiform, brown; cauline leaves sessile, deeply cordate and amplexicaul or rarely hardly cuneate at base, ovate-triangular or oblong-ovate, 7—22 mm long, 3—10mm wide, widest near base, obtuse, entire, coriaceous, leaves on sterile shoots triangular-lanceolate. Terminal peduncles 7—10, like axillary peduncles bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre oblong-ovate or elliptic, 5—10 mm long, 2—6 mm wide, obtuse, sometimes short-cuspidate; leaves of involucels 2, cordate at base, ovate-triangular or rarely orbicular-ovate,4—7 mm long, 5—9mm wide, acute; cyathium campanulate, ca. 3 mm wide, glabrous outside, with orbicular, short-ciliate lobes; nectaries dark brown, crescent-shaped, bicornute, with short acute horns; styles 1—1.5 mm long, half-connate, dilated at apex, shortly bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 4—5 mm long, tri- sulcate, with orbicular scabrous-rugose cocci, more or less dark, glabrous or ciliate; seeds ovate, 2—2.5mm long, smooth, brown, with dark obtuse conical sessile appendage. Riverbanks and foot of slopes.— W. Siberia: Irt.(W.); Centr. Asia: Balkh.(W.). Endemic. Described from Ulu-Tau Mountain (Kazakhstan). Type in Leningrad. @5 (Ha Maral chk) "Greke Hen NOME 61017 2 324 Perennial glabrous plants, 15—40cm high; root dark, cordlike, creeping; stems solitary, erect, thin (l—2 mm), rounded and finely striate, sparsely but uniformly leafy (internodes only slightly shorter than leaves), simple below, more or less branching above, with 1—5 thin axillary peduncles 2—5 cm long, if without then with 1—3 short sterile branches; basal leaves delicate [?], squamiform, deciduous; cauline leaves short-petiolate or sessile, long-cuneate at base, linear-spatulate or oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, 1.1—3.5cm long, 3-10 mm wide (3 to 6 times longer than wide), widest above, obtuse or (especially the lower) truncate or even slightly emarginate, rarely somewhat acuminate, entire, crenate only at apex, in- curved at margin, scarious, paler beneath, 1-nerved, leaves on branches almost half the size. Terminal peduncles 3—8(11), thin, 3—7 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or often with 2(rarely with 1) secondary peduncles; 424 leaves of involucre sessile, oblong-lanceolate or obovate (rarely even orbicular), 8(24) mm long,(3—10(17)mm wide), widest above middle, slightly or much longer (up to 4 times) than wide, obtuse; leaves of involucels 2, broadly cordate at base, suborbicular-reniform, 4—10mm long, 7—15mm wide (11/4, to 2 times wider than long), obtuse, sometimes rather shortly mucronate, at first pale, later slightly reddish, usually overlapping at base thus forming regular flat disk; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2 mm long and broad, with small obtuse ciliate lobes; nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, shortly bicornute; styles 1—1.5(3) mm long, nearly free, bifid; schizocarp turnip-shaped, 2—2.5mm long, 3—3.5mm wide, deeply trisulcate, cocci Slightly scabrous at back; seeds dark brown, ovate, 1.6—1.8mm long, smooth, with obtuse conical appendage. Fr. June. Forests.— W. Siberia: Ob, Alt.; E.Siberia: Yenis., Lena-Kol., Ang.- Say:, Dau.; Far East: Kamch., Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss. Gen. distr.: Mong., Manchuria. Described from the vicinity of Irkutsk. Type in Leningrad. 91. E. karoi Freyn in O.B. Z. XLVI (1896) 58.— Tithymalus Karoi (Freyn) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, 9-13 cm high, dark glaucous, more or less pubescent up to flowering, glabrous subanthesis; root thin, creeping; stems 1—4 (some sterile), straight or slightly curved,6—10cm high, more or less densely covered with short spreading hairs, with or without 1—3(5) axillary peduncles (ca. 3.5cm long) above, below often with short (1—9cm long) densely leafy sterile branches, sometimes exceeding inflorescence; basal leaves squami- form, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, clearly white or pink; cauline leaves rather sparse,narrowly linear or linear-spatulate, the lower 5—6 mm long, 1—1.5mm wide, the upper (10)17—27 mm long, 1—1.5(2) mm wide, increscent, obtuse, entire, but crenulate near apex, glabrous, leaves on sterile branches usually narrower, (10)12—25 mm long, 0.5—1 mm wide, the upper on radical [sterile?] shoots much larger,up to 8cm long,2mm wide. Terminal peduncles (3)4—5, 2—3(3.5) cm long, glabrous, like axillary peduncles with 1 or often 2 secondary peduncles; leaves of involucre similar to the upper cauline leaves but shorter or slightly wider, (8)10—18 mm long, 1—2(2.5) mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, free, cuneate at base, flabelliform-obtriangular (like leaves of gingko), 5-8mm long, 9—15(18) mm wide, irregularly dentate, the median tooth prominently rounded-triangular at apex; cyathium cam- panulate, ca. 1.5mm in diameter, with orbicular fimbriate lobes; nectaries 325 425 dark purple, falcate, curved with 2 long converging horns; styles 1.5—2 mm 426 long, connate for less than Tae deeply bifid; schizocarp globulose-ovoid, ca. 3mm long and wide, deeply trisulcate, smooth, with orbicular cocci; seeds compressed-ovate, ca. 2mm long, whitish, smooth. with sessile disciform appendage. Fl. May—June, Fr. June. Rocks and stony taluses. — E. Siberia: Dau. (Nera River in Nerchinsk in the east). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Nerchinsk. Type in Vienna, cotype in Leningrad. 92. E. borszczowii Prokh. sp. nova in Addenda XIII, 742.— Tithy- malus borszezowii Prokh. nomen altern. Perennial plants, 20—30cm high, glabrous, grayish; stems ascending at base, 2-3 mm thick below, striate-ribbed, simple for only 1/, to 1, of the entire length, strongly branching above, at first with 2—3 (rarely up to 11) sterile densely leafy branches, often exceeding inflorescence, later with 4—13 axillary peduncles ca. 3.5cm long; cauline leaves sessile, more or less rounded at base, broadly linear, 1.8—3.6 cm long, 2.5—8 mm wide (41/4, to 9 times longer than wide), obtuse or acute or truncate, entire, with slightly recurved margins, 1-nerved, leaves on sterile branches narrowly cuneate-spatulate, 1.4—3cm long, 2.5—6.5 mm wide (4 to 10 times longer than wide), widest at apex, truncate, sometimes the median hardly cuspi- date, rarely not truncate but obtuse or acute. Terminal peduncles 7—10, 2.5—4.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles once or twice bifurcate, sometimes developing into sterile shoots toward end; leaves of involucre slightly dilated and rounded at base, linear-spatulate or oblong-ovate, 0.8—2 cm long, 2—5mm wide (3 to 6 times as long as wide), obtuse or truncate; leaves of involucels 2, rhombic or rarely orbicular-reniform, obtuse, the lower 5.5—8mm long, (7)10—12 mm wide (usually 11/4, times wider than long); cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5mm long and broad, with oblong obtuse lobes; nectaries dark, shortly bicornute; styles ca. 2mm long, connate for one-third, deeply bifid; schizocarp and seeds unknown. (Plate XXII, Figure 5.) Steppes and mountain slopes. — European part: V.-Kama (near Zlatoust in the south), L. V.(near Novouzensk in the north); W. Siberia: U. Tob. (I1'’men Mountains in the west). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Novouzensk. Type in Leningrad. 93. E. sareptana Beck. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXI (1858) 1, 13 (descr, germ. brevi), 68) momen No 5899 Boiss.) ins Des Ierodrma waves 1995 Weipskia an ger. Bs S.C 3 34)ekecisht sin) Fs pYyuugomViOStwaVe aoe H. Uaimadtic a’) Paezoski in Mat: fil, step, Donsk: ob. | (le 9m isa EH. chimaera Lipsky in Tr. Tifl. Bot. Sada, IV (1899) 444.— Tithy- malus sareptanus (A. Beck.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, 10—30 cm high, glaucescent, glabrous (var. kim - merica) or rarely (var. chimera-typica) shortly velutinous-hairy; root cordlike; stems few or solitary, erect, thin (1—1.5 mm), sparsely leafy, simple, with short sterile basal shoots, above often with 1—3 axillary peduncles (1.5)3.5—5.5 cm long; cauline leaves (except for the upper) cuneate at base, obovate or oblong-spatulate (rarely obcordate), (9)12—38 mm long, (3)5—12 mm wide (2 to 4 times, rarely up to 5'/ times, longer than 326 wide), obtuse or truncate or emarginate, sometimes obsoletely mucronate, rarely somewhat acute, entire, hardly undulate at margin, thick. Terminal peduncles (2)3—5, thin, 2—4.5(5.5)cm long, like axillary peduncles forked once or rarely simple; leaves of involucre (and the upper cauline) oblong or elliptic or linear, (5)9—22 mm long, (1.5)2.5—8 mm wide (2 to 5 times, sometimes up to 9 times, longer than wide), obtuse, truncate or emarginate; leaves of involucels rhombic-reniform, 3—6 mm long, 5—11 mm wide (1%/, to 2 times wider than long), obtuse, often slightly cuspidate; cyathium short- campanulate, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, with short-ovate ciliate lobes; nec- taries dark, shortly bicornute; styles 0.8—1 mm long, connate at base, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 2.5—3.5mm long, 3—4 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, cocci tuberculate-dotted; seeds subovate, smooth, with small appendage. May. (Plate XXII, Figure 3.) Clayey soil in steppe ravines. — European part: L. Don, L.V.; Caucasus: Cisc.(Eisk, Stavropol'), W.Transc. (Novorossiisk, Anapa in the northwest). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Krasnoarmeisk (formerly Sarepta) on the Volga. Type in Leningrad. Baie, Tlatifolmany C.AgMy ex: Ldb.vle: apl) Py Ress (1830) 25s Fi. eligi Vigo 83) 5 bu Ross. (Th. 678;. Boiss./ing DC. (“Predr’ XVjA2 ~A'6ib; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1881.— Tithymalus latifolius (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 89, nomen amen: 4) “Prokh:;(Obz--moloch, Sr Agiil 1462S ile.> lad. Ice apl. “FF 1lesRoss. tam, Wees Prokh. lite. tabl. 60: Perennial plants, 30—100 cm high, glabrous, pale green; stems erect, with axillary peduncles above, below with sterile branches, rarely not pranching; cauline leaves broadly cuneate at base, broadly ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 2.5—5.5cm long, 1—3cm wide, generally widest below, obtuse or rounded at apex, rarely abruptly subcuspidate, entire or crenulose near apex, 1-nerved, leaves on sterile branches petiolate, cuneate at base, linear- 427 spatulate, 2—4.5cm long, 7—15 mm wide, widest above, obtuse or rounded at apex. Terminal peduncles 8—17, erect, like axillary peduncles twice bifur- cate; leaves of involucre sessile, broadly elliptic or orbicular-obovate, 1.5—2.1 cm long, 1.2—1.4cm wide, obtuse; leaves of involucels 2, cordate at base, broadly triangular-ovate or reniform, 8—18mm long, 15—25mm wide, obtuse, hardly mucronate, overlapping at base forming a confluent circle, crenulate at margin, yellowish in blossom; cyathium campanulate, 2.5—3 mm indiameter, glabrous outside, short-hairy inside, withorbicular obtuse or emarginate short-ciliate lobes; nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, very shortly bicornute or nearly hornless; styles 1—1.5 mm long, nearly free, with 2 thick lobes; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 2.5—3 mm long, 3—3.5 mm wide, deeply sulcate, with nearly smooth cocci; seeds oblong, 2—2.5 mm long, smooth, brown, withsmallflatsessile appendage. May—June. Banks of rivers and streams, grasslands, mountain slopes usually among shrubby formations. — W. Siberia: Irt. (along Irtysh River in the east), Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. (E.), Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh. (near Lake Issyk-Kul' in the northeast). Endemic. Described from Kurchum Mountains near Nabati. Type in Leningrad. 3277 428 95. E. borodini Sambuk in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, ser. 7 (1928) 45.— Ea tito liv atauct: Witw. in Spist rast! GORE Villis(t922) tsi Kershc: in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 675, non Ldb. (1830).— E. virgata var. lati- folia auct.; Kauffm., Moskovsk. flora (1866) 105.— Tithymalus Borodini (Sambuk) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Galarhoeus Borodini Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 71, olim. — Ic.: Prokh® 1 e:(tably 134 Exs: (GIR SE YINos 2663) (VEL batitio lta): Perennial plants, 34—77(100) cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root cordlike, obliquely ascending or horizontal; stems usually few, erect, 30—74(95) cm high, 2—4mm thick at base, densely leafy, with thin internodes 0.4—1 cm long, usually bearing 3—15(20) axillary peduncles (0.4)1—6(8) cm long above, sometimes without, with 3—6 sterile branches; cauline leaves alternate (except for the upper), hardly petiolate, more or less cuneate at base, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate or sometimes linear-oblong or even lance- olate, 2—8(9)cm long, 5—15(20) mm wide, usually widest in the middle or above, obtuse, sometimes hardly cuspidate, subentire, incurved at margin, scarious, dull, with 1 midrib pinnately veined, leaves on sterile branches narrowly oblanceolate or linear-spatulate or sometimes sublinear or lanceo- late, 2—5(6)cm long, 2.5—8(10) mm wide, the lower opposite. Terminal peduncles (5)8—12, (0.7)1.5—5.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or forked for once or twice; leaves of involucre similar to the upper cauline leaves (below peduncles), generally longer by half than the adjacent peduncle, more or less rounded at base, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate or ovate- elliptic, 1—2.5(5.5) cm long, 4—9(15) mm wide, widest below; leaves of in- volucels 2, triangular-reniform or broadly orbicular-rhombic or rarely ovate-triangular, more or less acute or obtuse, usually mucronulate, some- times overlapping at base, pale yellow, the lower (5)6—13(22) mm long, (6)8—18(20) mm wide; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5mm long, 2.5—-3mm wide, glabrous outside, lobes orbicular or ovate, truncate, slightly ciliate; nectaries dark brown, crescent-shaped, bicornute, with horns as long as width of nectary or rarely shorter; styles 1.7—2.5(3) mm long, almost half- connate, dilated above, shallowly bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3.5—4.5 mm long, 4.5—5 mm thick, deeply trisulcate, cocci orbicular, tuberculate, dorsally rugulose, glabrous; seeds ovate, 2.5—3 mm long, smooth, brown, with small inflated disciform appendage. Fl. June, Fr. July —first half of August. Inundated meadows. — European part: Dv.-Pech., U.V., V.-Kama, Transv., V.-Don, L.Don.(E.). Endemic. Described from Pechora near Ust'-Tsyl'ma. Type in Leningrad. 96. E. poecilophylla Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 186. — Tithymalus spoecilophyllus Prokh.; ibid) nomen altern: Perennial plants, 12—45cm high, glaucous, glabrous; stems erect, striate, sometimes with short sterile branches above middle; basal leaves squami- form, ovate-triangular, brown, persistent; cauline leaves hardly petiolate, dilated and abruptly attenuate at base, oblong-ovate or orbicular, 1—4 cm long, 9-25 mm wide, widest and paler at base, rounded at apex, entire, coria- ceous, Shining, 1-nerved, leaves on sterile branches oblong-lanceolate. Terminal peduncles (7)8, ca. 3cm long, simple or rarely forked at summit; leaves of involucre orbicular-ovate or elliptic, 8-10mm long, 7-12 mm wide, obtuse, more or less rounded at both ends; leaves of involucels 328 429 430 reniform, 5—10 mm long, 7—18mm wide (nearly twice as wide as long), obtuse, overlapping at base; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3—4 mm wide, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with small orbicular densely ciliate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, bicornute, with horns longer than width of nectary; styles 1.5—2(2.5) mm long, connate only at base, thin, deeply bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3—4 mm long and wide, trisulcate, with nearly smooth cocci; seeds ovate, ca. 2.5mm long, smooth, whitish, with flat short-stalked appendage. Stony slopes. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.(S.). Endemic? Described from Vakhsh Range south of the Tundak mountain pass. Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Lucidae Prokh.— For characteristics of the series see page 252 of the Key. Type of series: Euphorbia lucida W. et K. 97. E. salicifolia Host, Syn. pl. Austr. (1797) 267; Ldb. Fl. Ross. ih paaesn boss. GnwCs Prodri: XVeh25e1 62;,gh i ger. IV; dd 25). Hegi, 111. mio, 2, 166.— Tithy m4 luse sali cii@li iis) (Host) Kiet Gke. rex Klotzsch in Abh, Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 89, nomen altern. — Ic.: Waldst. Spies Ply par eiiunge:;).l,y tabe(553.| Rchbs‘Ic.. #1, 1TGerm, Viy\tab. 149; f. 4798; Hegi, 111. Fl. V, 1, £.1775.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 508. Perennial plants, 30—70cm high; root long, creeping, multicipital; stems high, erect, sparingly pubescent, densely leafy, branching above, with 1—16 axillary peduncles approximately as long as their subtending leaves, often with sterile branches below; cauline leaves sessile, short-attenuate at base, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5—8.5cm long, 0.7—2.5cm wide, widest at the middle or slightly below, tapering above, acuminate but not cuspidate and with obtuse apex, entire, densely short-glandular-pubescent and finely ciliate on both sides, pale greenish-yellow, leaves on branches cuneate at base, oblanceolate (5-15 mm wide). Terminal peduncles 6—18, 1.5—6 cm long, like axillary peduncles repeatedly forked; leaves of in- volucre elliptic or broadly lanceolate or ovate, obtuse, sometimes short- cuspidate, yellowish at anthesis; leaves of involucels 2, slightly cordate at base, reniform or triangular-reniform, wider than long, obtuse, cuspidate, or acuminate, usually glabrous, bright yellow at anthesis; cyathium ca. 3mm long; nectaries shortly bicornute, sometimes transversely elliptic, not stalked, waxy-yellow, later purple; styles 1.5—2 mm long, connate below, with 2 thick lobes; schizocarp short-ovoid, ca. 3—5mm long, shallowly trisulcate, with obscurely rugose (barely dotted-tuberculate) cocci; seeds globular-ovate, smooth, with disciform-orbicular sessile appendage. May. Meadows, groves, forest edges, among shrubby formations, roadbanks, hedges, plowed fields. — European part: Bes., Bl. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.(N.). Described from E. Austria between Bruck an der Leitha and Neusiedler Lake. Type in Vienna. 98. E. glomerulans Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 183. — Tithymalus glomerulans Prokh. ibid. nomen altern. — Ic.: Prokh. Ll. cL tabh;: 637 Perennial plants, 25—70 cm high, glaucous, usually short-hairy; root thick, cylindrical, multicipital; stems few, erect, deeply ribbed-furrowed, usually short-hairy below, glabrous above, branching, with 1—3 axillary 329 433 peduncles above and with short sterile branches below; basal leaves squamiform, ovate-triangular, brown, persistent; cauline leaves sessile, rounded or slightly cordate or rarely short-cuneate at base, ovate- lanceolate or elliptic or sometimes broadly ovate, 2—7 cm long, 0.6—2(2.4) cm wide, widest below middle, obtuse or short-cuspidate, entire, coriaceous, shiny, 1-nerved, leaves on sterile branches smaller, narrowly lanceolate. Terminal peduncles 8—18, like axillary peduncles forked for once or twice; leaves of involucre ovate-elliptic or linear- oblong, 1—3 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, usually obtuse; leaves of involucels broadly triangular-ovate or even reniform, 9—15mm long, 12—20mm wide, short-cuspidate, often slightly overlapping at base; cyathium broadly campanulate, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, hairy inside with small orbicular dentate lobes; nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, bicornute, horns subulate, longer than width of nectary; styles 1—1.5 mm long, connate, for Vin 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, obtuse, 3.5—4mm long, 4—4.5 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, sometimes slightly purple, cocci remotely and very finely tuberculate on dorsal surface; seeds ovate, ca. 2.6mm long, smooth, whitish, with orbicular sessile appendage. May. Mountain slopes, frequently in river valleys and among shrubby forma- tions. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja District). Described from Khodzha-Borku Mountain in the Chul'bair Moun- tains opposite Yurchi Mountain (Uzbekistan). Type in Leningrad. 99) -E. jagrarialy WM, Be Els taur.=cauct I (@is0S8) hai a5 ie 32 Gl aclaaeernl. InoOsiss LU Hee ISOs, sha IIS, lereoyele, DOW, 2, WGSs Jel, or, IW, LiZss=— Tithymalus agrarius (M.B.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl.) 1 859) (1860), 89;snomenaltern)— Ices, Nichb) Pl serite sly salsa ot — ES Gate EyaNOw ZOOS. Perennial glaucescent plants, 25—90cm high; root creeping; stems many, erect, striate, densely leafy, with 4—18(24) axillary peduncles above, usually simple below, rarely with few short sterile branches; cauline leaves flexible, sessile, obtuse-auriculate or dilated and cordate at base, triangular-ovate or oblong, 2.2—5.5cm long, (8)15—25 mm wide, obtuse, crenate at the narrowly cartilaginous margin, veined, leaves on sterile branches elliptic. Inflorescence corymbiform; terminal peduncles (6)8—12, thin, like axillary peduncles twice forked; leaves of involucre ovate; leaves of involucels reniform, wider than long, obtuse, mucronate; cyathium turbinate-campanulate, 2.5—3mm in diameter, villous inside, with ovate ciliate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, very shortly bicornute; styles 1.5—2 mm long, nearly half-connate, with 2 thick lobes; schizocarp ovoid, deeply sulcate, cocci finely tuberculate on dorsal surface; seeds with conical appendage. May—June. (Plate XXII, Figure 2). Steppes, fallow lands, weedy places, stony mountain slopes. — European part. Bes., Bi. Crim. (Gen. distr:: \Centr, Huns (SE). 8Describedeicoma the Crimea. Type in Leningrad. 100. E. sewerzowii Herd. from Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 188.— Tithymalus Sewerzowii Prokh. ibid. nomen altern. — licxa9 Prokhyilavchatabl Gay 330 431) A? Kips AE EQ \ Dy E7;) @ ie y \ DS i \ Ne am are ss i S OSs an PLATE XXII 1— Euphorbia astrachanica C.A.M.; 2—E.agraria M.B.; 3—E.sareptana Beck.; 4— E. mandshurica Maxim.; 5— E. borszczowii Prokh. 331 434 Perennial glabrous plants, 26—70cm high; stems erect, 4—5 mm thick, often leafless and simple below, above with axillary peduncles; basal leaves squamiform, obtusely triangular, brownish; cauline leaves alternate, deeply cordate and amplexicaul at base, triangular-deltoid or rarely triangular-lanceolate, 2—4(6) cm long, 1—2.5cm wide (the lower smaller), sometimes as long as wide, long-acuminate, cartilaginous at margin, | entire or hardly crenate, somewhat coriaceous, 1 -nerved, imbricately overlapping above. Terminal peduncles 7—10, 5—12 cm long, like axillary peduncles bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre similar to upper cauline leaves; leaves of involucels 2, truncate or short-cuneate at base, reniform- triangular or rarely triangular-rhombic, 7-16 mm long, 7—26 mm wide, cuspidate; cyathium campanulate, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, with small oblong ciliate lobes; nectaries bicornute, with long subulate horns longer than width of nectary; styles 1.5—2 mm long, nearly free, deeply bifid; schizo- carp ovoid, obtuse, ovate, 5—6 mm long, trisulcate, with obtusely keeled nearly smooth cocci; seeds ovate, 3—4mm long, smooth, with small disci- form sessile appendage. June. Stony and meadowy mountain slopes. — Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Talass and Kara-Tau ranges in the west). Endemic. Described from Kara-Tau Mountains between Arys and Bugun. Type in Leningrad. | 101. E. mandshurica Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Petersb. XXIX (1884) 203); kone rl Manichzh: 5 Neil: Perennial glabrous plants, (25)40—80(90) cm high; root creeping, perpendicular above, multicipital; stems tall, striate, 3-6 mm thick at base, branching above, with 1—5 axillary peduncles 3—10(12) cm long and often under them with 2—6 leafy sterile branches sometimes exceeding inflorescence; cauline leaves hardly petiolate, only slightly longer than internodes, cordate or rarely tapering at base, oblong-ovate or ovate, (1.8)2.6—6 cm long, (8)10—25 mm wide (2 to 4 times longer than wide), obtuse, sometimes short-cuspidate, obscurely crenate at apex, incurved at margin, thick, shiny, branches oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, 2—6.7 cm long, 5-8 mm wide (3 to 5 times longer than wide). Terminal peduncles (5)6—9(11), 2—6(7)cm long, like axillary peduncles twice forked; leaves of involucre (and the upper cauline) cordate at base, oblong or orbicular- ovate, 1—3 cm long, 7-22 mm wide (usually not more than 2 times longer than wide); leaves of involucels cordate at base, overlapping in pairs, reni- form or rarely orbicular-triangular, 7-15 mm long, 12—22 mm wide, (Ge to 2 times wider than long), obtuse; cyathium short-campanulate, 1.5—3 mm long and broad, with distinct truncate ciliate lobes; nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, usually shortly bicornute; styles (1.5)2—2.5mm long, half-connate, bifid; schizocarp globulose-ovoid, 3—3.5 mm long, smooth; seeds ovate-globular, 2—2.5mm long, 2—2.2 mm wide, smooth, pale brown, with distinct short-conical then incised, short-stalked appendage. Second half of June —first half of July. (Plate XXII, Figure 4.) Coastal dunes and sandy river deposits.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from Sungari River between Emmake and Kyaure in Manchuria. Type in Leningrad. 332 102. E. lucida Waldst. et Kit. Pl. rar. Hung. I (1802) 54; Ldb. F1. Boss, siliysees) Borssshan Deen Prodr. )XV5.'25<1633. Ely; or: IV,°1127- Hegi, I11,Fl. V, 1, 172; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1880.— Tithymalus lucidus (W. et K.) Kl. et Gke. ex Garke Fl. Deutschl. ed. 4 (1849) 292, nomen altern. — Ice.: Waldst. et Kit. l. c. tab. 54; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, fap. 49a oT s: Bests dlls leVs do; fcfed7G0ndd81:— Exes. El. exs austro-hung. No. 1287. Perennial glabrous plants, 40—100(130) cm high; root robust, terete- fusiform, black, many-branched, with long thick creeping suckers; stems solitary, erect, robust, rounded, 5—10 mm thick, glabrous, striate, hollow for large part, densely leafy, usually sparsely branching above, with few long axillary peduncles much exceeding the terminal umbel, commonly without sterile branches; cauline leaves sessile, truncate or broadly [35 cordate (or even subauriculate) at base, elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5—12 cm long, 1—3.2 cm wide, widest in the lower third, gradually tapering upward, acuminate, obtuse at apex, at least the upper cuspidate, entire, transparent and slightly incurved at margin, purely green, shiny above, dull olive-green or yellowish, coriaceous during senescence, with lateral nearly transverse nerves, intricately netted at margin. Inflorescence generally elongate, paniculate; terminal peduncles 6—10, short, like axillary peduncles twice forked; leaves of involucre ovate, hardly cuspidate; leaves of involucels ovate-rhombic or nearly triangular-ovate or reniform, as wide as long or wider, obtuse, cuspidate or short-acuminate, yellowish- green; cyathium short-campanulate, 3—4 mm long, villous inside, with large truncate or emarginate lobes; nectaries yellow, later brownish-yellow, crescent-shaped, 1.5—2 mm long, with thin cylindrical horns as long (ca. 1 mm) as width of nectary, rarely nectaries transversely elliptic; styles (2)2.5—3 mm long, connate below, deeply bifid; schizocarp ovoid, (3)4.5— 5mm long, not flattened, deeply trisulcate, glabrous, cocci tuberculate- dotted on dorsal surface; seeds globular-ovate, ca. 2.5 mm long, 2mm wide, smooth, yellowish-light brown, with oblong conical appendage. May—July. Swampy meadows, willow groves, stream banks. — European part: U. Dnp., U.Dns., M.Dnp.; W. Siberia: Ob (near Tyumen'). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal. (N.). Described from Hungary. Type in Budapest. Note. The study of these W. Siberian plants revealed nothing to dis- tinguish them from the C. European population; thus there is a huge dis- junction in the distribution area of the given species within the European part of the USSR. 103. E. iberica Boiss. Cent. Euph. (1860) 38, et in DC. Prodr. XV, 2. hooey Hiner, 1V;,.L127i— 2. Latifoliaydidbs #1., Ross. il, 579, op. pi non;typ,— E.\ salicifolia;, p..latifolia~ Ldb. 1.,c.578..—Tithy - malus ibericus (Boiss.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. — Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 107. Perennial plants, ca. 30cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root thin, creeping; stems erect, strongly ribbed-furrowed, branching, bearing above axillary | peduncles, with densely leafy sterile branches at the middle; cauline leaves sessile, rounded at base, oblong, 2.5—3.8cm long, 2—2.2 cm wide, obtuse or acute, obscurely crenate near apex, Slightly incurved at margin, thick, 333 436 437 shiny above, distinctly pinnately veined beneath, leaves on branches truncate, not tapering, at base linear. Terminal peduncles numerous, short, like axillary peduncles bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre short-ovate; leaves of involucels cordate at base, reniform, obtuse, mucronate, more or less yellowish; cyathium campanulate, with ovate subtruncate fimbriate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, with short divergent horns; styles half-connate, dilated above, 2-lobed; schizocarp strongly flattened, deeply trisulcate, cocci orbicular, tuberculate-dotted at dorsal surface; seeds ovate, black, smooth, with subglobular or trans- versely oblong appendage slightly wider across. Moist meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W., E. and S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: As. Min. (E.), Iran.(N.). Described from near Kirovabad. Type in Geneva. 104. E. pseudagraria P. Smirn. in Byull. Mosk. Obshch. Isp. prir. XLIX, 2 (1940) 85.— E. iberica auct.; Krisht. in Fl. Yugo-Vost.V (1931) 673, non Boiss. (1860).— Tithymalus pseudagrarius (P. Smirn.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Galarhoeus pseuda- orarius ((PSismirn))*Prokh: invair. ‘Kuibyshs) Bot tsaday al (uosiimGiar Olims— lies: Prokh.@l.¢.e tabi 2) — Eixsi:e (be elp tole aku larncice Biogid a nig bitws)iGs Rare No w2586ie - Perennial plants, 12—62(71) cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root generally nearly cordlike, horizontal or obliquely descending; stems erect, 10—57(69) cm high, 2—4 mm thick below, bearing above 2—12 axillary peduncles (1—7.5 cm long), simple below or with few short sterile branches; cauline leaves subsessile, dilated or rounded at base (except for the upper) narrowly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1.6—6.8 cm long, 5—22 mm wide, acute or sometimes obtuse, cartilaginous at margin, hardly crenate, slightly incurved, thick, shiny above, with 1 prominent nerve white at lower side of leaf, leaves on sterile branches linear or linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-42 mm long, 1—10mm wide. Terminal peduncles 5—10, 1—7 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre similar to the upper cauline (under peduncles), ovate or oblong-lanceolate or oblong, approximately half as long as the adjacent peduncles, 6—30(45)mm long, 3—15mm wide, obtuse or rarely acute; leaves of involucels 2, more or less cordate at base, reniform or orbicular- triangular (the lower 5—15(20)mm long, 7—20(25)mm wide), obtuse, some- times short-cuspidate, usually overlapping at base; cyathium campanulate, 2.5—3 mm long, 3—4 mm in diameter, glabrous, with orbicular (ca. 1 mm) ciliate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped (2—2.5 mm long), bicornute, horns subspatulate, often crenate at apex, longer than width of nectary; styles 1.5—3 mm long, nearly half-connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 3—4mm long, 4—5 mm wide, trisulcate, cocci orbicular, dorsally slightly rugose-tuberculate, hairy at first, later glabrous; seeds ovate, 2.2—2.8 mm long, smooth, brownish, with small convex-disciform appendage. Fl. May — first half of July, Fr. second half of May —first half of July. Grassy steppes, fields and fallowlands, ravines and stony slopes, some- times on chalk, rarely in forest glades, within the chernozem belt. — European part? V.-Don (Zhiguli in the east, doubtful), Transv., L. Don; W. Siberia: U. Tob. (W.). Endemic. Described from the sources of Golubaya River in Sirotinskaya District, Stalingrad Region. Type in Moscow at the University herbarium. 334 438 Series 4. Virgatae Prokh.— Characteristics of the series on page 252 of the Key. Type of series: Euphorbia virgata W.K. 105. E. uralensis Fisch. ex Link, Enum. horti berol. II (1822) 14; Krisht, inkl. Yueos Vest. .V, 6763 sKryl. le Zap. Sib. VILR. 1876.— E. virgata var. uralensis Ldb. Fl. Ross. III (1849-1851) 576; Seisssin DC. iProdr., XV. i25, 160s Pl. or, IV ,o14126; Korsh. Tent, Fl. Ross. or. 377.— Tithymalus uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 203, nomen altern.— Galarhoeus ural- ensis Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 54, olim. — Ic.: Gmel Sibi, 11:(1749). tab., 96, £..1—23, Krisht; 1) .c..table474 ;-Prokh), Obz. moloch: tabl. 63.—.Exs.: GsR»F. No: 1384. Perennial plants, (20)40—100 cm high, glabrous, dark green; root cylindrical; stems few or many,erect, (18)35—96 cm high, 3—8(10) mm thich at base, virgate, becoming leafless and woody below, partly more or less reddish, tapering upward, branching above, with 1—16(25) axillary peduncles 0.7—6 cm long, below with numerous long, densely leafy, ascending, branches, the lower usually sterile, the upper at first leafy and later with small cymose umbels at the same level of inflorescence of main stem or sometimes even higher; cauline leaves (except for the upper) hardly peti- olate, usually narrowly cuneate at base, narrowly linear or linear- oblanceolate, 2.5—8.5cm long, 1—5(7) mm wide, acute or cuspidate, usually scarious, cartilaginous at margin, subentire and only at apex finely crenate, 1-nerved, leaves on branches more dense, linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly linear, sometimes nearly setaceous, 1.5—4.5 cm long, 0.5—3 mm wide, acute or acuminate. Terminal peduncles 3—12 (usually 5), 0.7—4 cm long (on branches 0.3—1.7 cm), like axillary peduncles forked for 1—3 times; leaves of involucre and also upper cauline (under peduncles) sessile, rounded or (especially the upper cauline) slightly dilated at base, linear or narrowly lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 0.7—3 cm long, 1.5—4 mm wide, acuminate or acute; leaves of involucels deltoid or triangular-ovate or broadly reniform, 4—12 mm long, 3—11 mm wide, acumi- nate or short-cuspidate, lighter in color, on axillary peduncles often triangular-lanceolate (up to 22mm long); cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous, lobes orbicular or oblong, obtuse, generally crenate, glabrous; nectaries crescent-shaped, sometimes crenate outside, bicornute, at the dilated apex horns linear-spatulate, cleft or 2—3-dentate, usually diverging, distinctly longer than width of nectary (up to 2 times); styles 1—1.5mm long (rarely longer), half-connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3—3.5mm long, 3.5—4 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, with nearly smooth orbicular cocci; seeds oblong-ovate, 2.2—2.8mm long, smooth, brown, with small convex disciform appendage. Fl. June—July. Fr. second half of June—July—August. Riverbanks, oxbow lakes, fluvial meadows (often salinized depressions), beach pebbles (Volga, along the so-called riverside belt), coastal shrubby formations and riparian forests, bottoms of ravines, sometimes in steppe sink holes, weedy fallowlands, among crops. — European part: V.-Don (only on the Volga in the east), Transv.(SE), Bl.?, L.Don, L.V.; W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt., Alt.(rare); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp.(N.), Balkh. (NW). Endemic. Described from the Ural Mountains. Type in Berlin. 335 439 106. E. pamirica Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 198. — Tithymalus pamiricus Prokh. ibid. nomen altern. Perennial glabrous, bluish-glaucous plants, 17—60cm high; root cylindrical, vertical or obliquely descending; stems few, erect, branching for the entire length (mainly from base), above with axillary peduncles, below with many short sterile branches; basal leaves squamiform, brown, deciduous; cauline leaves sessile, slightly dilated, rounded or hardly cordate at base, linear-elliptic or rarely subulate-linear, 1.5—5 cm long, 1.5—4 mm wide, acuminate, entire, 1-nerved, leaves on sterile branches linear-filiform, 0.8—2 cm long, 0.3—2 mm wide, more or less bent. Terminal peduncles 8—11, like axillary peduncles bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre slightly dilated at base, elliptic or linear-oblong, 1—1.5cm long, 2—5 mm wide, rounded or hardly cuspidate at apex; leaves of involucels triangular- or orbicular-reniform, 5—8 mm long, 6—11 mm wide, obtuse or cuspidate; cyathium campanulate, 3—4mm in diameter, glabrous, with orbicular fimbriate lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, bicornute, horns spatulate, obtuse, longer than width of nectary; styles 1—1.5(2) mm long, nearly half-connate, hardly 2-partite; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, ca. 4mm long, trisulcate, shiny, with nearly smooth cocci; seeds ovate, ca. 3mm long, smooth, whitish, brown-spotted, with disciform rufous- short-stalked appendage. June. Stony slopes in the subalpine belt. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Shugnan, Roshan and Darvaza in the south). Endemic? Described from the area between Duzak-Dara pass and Vodzh in Shugnan. Type in Leningrad. 10%. He -eyparissias’ Lo sp. pl. (1753) 461; (dbs PL Ross. Wit son. iBoiss7 ine) CesProdr. S0V, 2 (h862) 160% Heo) silies Ee Neeson Lithymia lus cy paciss tas (Ee) scop;: Mt carn. ted 2 Ginna noe nomen altern.; Lam. Fl. Fr. ill, 96.— Galarhoeus cyparissias Small ex Rydb. Fl. Praeries and Plains centr. N. Amer. (1932) 520; Prokh in’ Tre Kwibysh: Bot: sada, I) 53. olim= — ler chbp cable Germ: Ve tabu t4 709 £24793; Hee.’ Ws VG Tre ne (li Gee easesre GARE No 336s bly Hinle esse NO (Oe bln Stiligne> pammetielee Pols “exsis-NowGn 4: Perennial plants, 15—30cm high, glabrous or rarely sparingly pubescent, grayish-green; root cylindrical, creeping, branching; stems usually many, erect, 15—24cm high, 2—3 mm thick at base, strongly branching from base, with or without 1—12 axillary peduncles above, 1—2.5 cm long, below densely leafy, usually with many sterile branches; basal leaves squamiform, cauline leaves subsessile, narrowly linear, 1.4—2.6 cm long, usually 1—2 mm wide throughout, obtuse, incurved at margin, scarious, dull, 1-nerved, often slightly bent, leaves on sterile branches many, 1.4—1.8cm long, 0.1—0.5mm wide. Terminal peduncles 10—18 (rarely less than 10), 0.5—2(3) cm long, like axillary peduncles once or twice forked or rarely simple; leaves of involucre sometimes somewhat auriculate at base, linear-lanceolate, 9—17 mm long, 1—2 mm wide, incurved at margin; leaves of involucels ovate-rhombic or orbicular-cordate (the lower 3—5 mm long, 4—7.5 mm wide), obtuse or cuspidate, rather pale, yellowish or often more or less purple; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2 mm long and broad, with small orbi- cular ciliate lobes; nectaries bicornute, with short obtuse horns about half as long as width of nectary; styles up to 1 mm long, connate below, shortly 336 440 441 2-partite; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, ca. 3mm long, trisulcate, typically finely tuberculate. May—June, rarely in the fall. Pine forests, fallow lands, sandy soil. — European part: U.Dns., U.V.(W.), U. Dnp. (S.), M.Dnp., V.-Don, L.Don(N.). Gen. distr.: Scand. (S.), Centr. and Atl. Eur., W.Med.(N.), Bal., introduced into N. Am. Described from near Meissen in Saxony, Bohemia and Switzerland. Type in London. 108. E. astrachanica C.A.M. ex Claus, Fl. Wolg. (1851) 254. — E. praecox Fisch. Cat. Gorenk. (1812) 65, nomen; Krisht., in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 669.— E. leptocaula var. praecox Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 159.— Tithymalus astrachanicus (C.A.M. ex Claus) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, 10—22 cm high, short-hairy, glaucous; root thin, creeping; stems more or less spreading, sometimes hardly developed ('/,—°/, of the entire height), thin (1 mm), strongly branching from base, below with short leafy branches, above with 1—3 axillary peduncles 3—8.5 cm long; basal leaves squamiform; cauline leaves sessile, attenuate or (espe- cially the upper) more or less dilated at base, linear, 1.7—4(5) cm long, 1.5—6 mm wide (6 to 20 times longer than wide), usually widest below middle, acuminate, incurved at margin, with 1 prominent nerve, leaves of lateral shoots narrowly linear, 0.5—1.5mm wide. Inflorescence loose, spreading; terminal peduncles 2—4 (usually 3), (1.5)3—4(5) cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 1—3 times, with secondary peduncles often slightly shorter than the primary lower ones; leaves of involucre attenuate and auriculate-dilated at base, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1—4cm long, 5—6 mm wide (4 to 15 times longer than wide), acuminate; leaves of involucels 2, varying in shape, the lower rhombic or rhombic-triangular or triangular- lanceolate, 6—12 mm long, 5—9mm wide (up to 214, times longer than wide) or rhombic-reniform, 4—10mm long, 6—15 mm wide (twice as wide as long), the upper reduced, rhombic-ovate or transversely rhombic-oblong; cyathium 1.5—2 mm long and broad, with ovate, obtuse, ciliate lobes; nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, bicornute, with short horns, sometimes as long as width of nectary; styles 0.8—1 mm long, connate at base, 2-lobed; schizocarp gene- rally more or less dark, flattened-ovoid, 3—3.5mm long, 3.5—4mm wide, deeply trisulcate, with finely tuberculate-dotted cocci; seeds oblong, ca. 3mm long, smooth, appendaged. May. (Plate XXII, Figure 1.) Hilly slopes, in steppes on clayey and salinized soil. — European part: L.V. Endemic. Described from near Astrakhan. Type in Leningrad. 109. E. tshuiensis (Prokh.) Serg. in Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sibiri, VIII (1935) 1880.— Tithymalus tshuiensis Prokh. in Sistem. zam. Gerb. Tomsk. un. (1933) Nos.3—4, p. p. — Euphorbia esula var. eaesia.,Boiss..in DC. Prodr. XV, 2.(1862) 161, non E. caesia. Kar. et. Kir. Perennial plants, 7—15 cm high, bluish-glaucous, glabrous; root obliquely descending, rather thin, branching, multicipital; stems solitary or few, reduced (!/, to ?/, of the entire length), rarely more developed, erect or ascending, sometimes somewhat flexuous, strongly sulcate, not branching below, with leaf scars, densely leafy and branching above, with 1 or few sterile branches, 1—9cm long, sometimes exceeding inflorescence, other 337 442 branches developed like axillary peduncles; basal leaves squamiform, deciduous; cauline leaves dense and approximate, subsessile, slightly tapering at base, lanceolate-linear or spatulate-elliptic, 6—20 mm long, 2—5 mm wide, rounded and short-mucronate at apex, crenate or subentire, somewhat coriaceous, obscurely 1-nerved, rugose at surface, leaves on sterile branches more dense, subpetiolate, small, falcate-linear, 0.5—1.5mm wide, acuminate. Terminal peduncles (5)8, like axillary peduncles several times longer than adjacent leaves, forked twice or thrice forked; leaves of involucre tapering at base, obovate or oblong-elliptic, 6—11 mm long, 2—6 mm wide, short-cuspidate or obtuse; leaves of involucels 2, rounded or slightly cordate or cuneate at base, transversely elliptic or triangular- ovate, 3—6 mm long, 4-12 mm wide, acuminate or obtuse, mucronate; cyathium campanulate, 2—3 mm in diameter, with oblong, curled, hardly ciliate lobes; nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, bicornute, with short obtuse horns; styles 1—1.5mm long, connate below, 2-partite; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3—4 mm long, deeply trisulcate, cocci orbicular, scabrous only dorsally; seeds ovate, 2—2.5mm long, smooth, brown, with obtuse conical appendage. Fl. July—1/2 August, Fr. second half of July—August. Dry stony slopes in steppes and old moraines. — W. Siberia: Alt. (Chuya steppe). Endemic. Described from barren, stony places in the Chuya desert in Altai. Type in Leningrad. Note. Despite the presence of transitional forms, this species is usually distinguished from the related E. subcordata Ldb. by a lower habit and very glaucous, glabrous leaves closely (imbricately) disposed, not dilated at base. 110. E. eyrtophylla Prokh. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada SSSR, XXIX (1930) 556.— Tithymalus cyrtophyllus Prokh. ibid. nomen altern.; ProkhyiObzesmolochesr, Avi.) Sis Sickie rokhe alec. vablenGor Perennial plants, glabrous, glaucous; root long, rather thick, multicipital; stems many, erect, 15—30 cm high, finely sulcate, branching for the entire length, above with few (ca. 3) ascending peduncles, below with long antrorse, densely leafy sterile branches often reaching inflorescence; basal leaves squamiform, triangular-ovate, scarious, more or less reddish, persistent; cauline leaves sessile, more or less oblique and slightly cordate at base, ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 7—25 mm long, 3—7 mm wide, acumi- nate, hardly incurved at margin, 1-nerved, leaves on branches linear, 1—2 mm wide, usually arcuate. Terminal peduncles (4)8—15, 2—6 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or forming a bostryx at apex with only single (rarely 2) secondary peduncles; leaves of involucre more or less oblique, ovate-lanceolate or rhombic-ovate, 7—22 mm long, 3—7 mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, transversely elliptic or broadly cordate, 5—6 mm long, 9—12 mm wide, obtuse or sometimes short-cuspidate, paler in color, yellow- green; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3—4 mm long, slightly pubescent, lobes triangular-ovate, obtuse or emarginate, dentate, finely ciliate; nectaries hardly pubescent, bicornute, with short obtuse horns; styles (1.5)2—3 mm long, nearly half-connate, hardly 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 4—5 mm long, trisulcate, cocci more or less keeled, lobes dorsally rugose; seeds ovate, ca. 2mm long, smooth, with flattened conical sessile appendage. 338 443 Stony places in the alpine mountain belt (2,000—3,500 m elevation). — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Gissar Range). Described from Mausarif on Gissar Range. Type in Leningrad. 111. E. guntensis Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 201.— Tithymalus guntensis Prokh. ibid. nomen altern.— Ic.: Prokh. Eien tabi. 76). Perennial, glabrous, glaucous plants; root obliquely descending; stems few, erect, 10—18 cm high, naked below and with leaf scars, simple; cauline leaves hardly petiolate, usually cuneate at base, linear, 3.5—5cm long, 1—3.5 mm wide, short-cuspidate or rarely obtuse, the upper leaves acumi- nate and the lower broadly spatulate, all entire, obscurely serrate at apex, with 1 nerve protruding below. Cyathia solitary at ends of shoots, rarely 2; leaves of involucels elliptic-lanceolate, 5-10 mm long, crisp-crenate, yellowish; cyathium broadly campanulate, ca. 4mm in diameter, glabrous outside, with short obtuse lobes; nectaries crescent-shaped, bicornute (8 altogether in type), with short obtuse horns. August. Steep slopes. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Gunt River valley in the south). Endemic. Described from the Gunt River valley, between the mouth of the Tokus-Bulak and Chatym. Type in Leningrad. Note. This is a doubtful species owing to the fact that it was described from only an incomplete fruitless specimen. It is possible that it is only an impoverished form of E. pamirica. Further search in its traditional habitat is desirable. litieEjideptecaulas Boiss: in, DCs. Prodr. XV ,92(U8G2).159; sBlaver: IV,1125;, Korsh. Tent: Fl. Ross. or. 376; Krisht.in Fl. Yugo-Vost: V, Bis -shenuifolia,auctey MyBB. Flactaur.scaue.o1(le08) 3725, 10, 323; Ldb. Fl. Ross. III], 571; non Lam. (1790).— Tithymalus lepto- caulus (Boiss.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Galarhoeus leptocaulus Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, 1(1941 46, olim. — lee oisseele.s Euph, tab. 105: Perennial plants, 18—40 cm high, glaucous, glabrous or short-hairy; root cordlike, creeping; flowering stems solitary, erect, 15—37 cm high, thin (1—1.5 mm), sometimes with short leafy sterile shoots at base, simple (very rarely only with 1 lateral shoot), with 1—7 axillary peduncles above, 2.5—6.5cm long; cauline leaves few, slightly longer than internodes, taper - ing or (the upper) slightly dilated at base, narrowly linear or even sub- filiform, 3.5—7(9)cm long, 1—3.5mm wide, (15)30—50(65) times longer than wide, gradually acuminate, acute, with incurved margins, l-nerved. Termi- nal peduncles (2)3—5(6), unequal in length (1.5—6.5 cm), like axillary peduncles simple or bifurcate at summit, with elongate secondary peduncles, sometimes much smaller than the lower primary peduncles; leaves of involucre auriculate-dilated at base, linear-lanceolate, unequal (6—35 mm), 1.7—4mm wide, (3)6—13(17) times longer than wide, acuminate; leaves of involucels 2, deltoid-rhombic or rhombic-reniform, 4.5—8(9)mm long, 8—14 mm wide (1'/;— 2 times wider than long or rarely hardly wider), abruptly more or less cuspidate, often angular at margins; cyathium cam- panulate, ca. 2mm long, 2—2.5mm in diameter, with small ciliate lobes; 339 444 nectaries dark, crescent-shaped, curved with two usually diverging subulate horns as long as width of nectary; styles 1.2—1.5mm long, nearly free, bifid; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 3—4 mm long, 3.5—4.5 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, glabrous, cocci slightly scabrous-rugose at their dorsal surface; seeds ovate, ca. 2mm long, 1.5mm wide, smooth, light brown, with small disciform sessile appendage. Second half of April— first half of June. Dry steppes, often in fallow lands. — European part: Bl., Crim., L. Don, li Via iransv.s (S))seCavuecasuss Cisey ndemic. sWeseribedisronmrte Crimean steppes. Type in Geneva. 113. E. virgata Waldst. et Kit. Pl. rar. Hung. II (1805) 176; Ldb. IDA Ube Ikan ee devorsisiy HULL aims | lexOusissa mel IOXG A Je ie@yshe. AW 2, 1318): Bl OnnelVie 1 26h ae Konshig dent atl Lao SSH: Ole soit lium ele colle slit leah mee WiSenakGey lee Eyl pape sib). pV lll. ASr/4 ala. t hyyanata yi Sia vel glove EES (W. et K.) Kl. et Gke. ex Garcke, Fl. Deutschl. ed. 4 (1849) 292, nomen altern.— Galarhoeus virgatus Prokh. in Izv. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, Ti@9418).5:8) solimiSwics Wiailldisitth etaimtsal: cx tabi N62 chopeslezasale Germ sive, taba Tl4teme Al O2 eects EN Vie eat one 2 — lh oom Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No.1286 (var. linearis Schmalh.) GeeRab Nos Za9 0: Perennial plants, (25)35—73(100) cm high, glabrous, glaucescent; root vertical or obliquely descending, branching, multicipital; stems few, erect, (22)32—70(95) cm high, virgate, becoming leafless below, 2—5(6) mm thick at base, nearly not tapering upward, branching above with (1)5—20 axillary peduncles 0.6—5(6.5) cm long, sometimes more or less adjacent, below with or without 3—7(20) short sterile branches,\3—7(15) cm long, rarely terminated by accessory cymose umbels; basal leaves squamiform; cauline leaves hardly petiolate or sometimes sessile (except for the upper), abruptly atten- uate at base, linear or linear-lanceolate or spatulate-linear, 2—9 cm long, 2—10(12)mm wide, widest below, more or less acuminate or rarely abruptly short-cuspidate, with acute flat margin, entire or slightly serrate, rather thick, glabrous, opaque, with lateral nerves at a very acute angle (15—30°) to midrib, leaves on sterile branches narrowly linear or linear, 1.5—3.5cm long, 1-4 mm wide, acute or acuminate. Terminal peduncles (4)5—15 (usually 8), (3)7—45(55) mm long, like axillary peduncles 1—2 times (rarely thrice) forked or sometimes simple at summit; leaves of involucre and upper cauline leaves (under peduncles) sessile, dilated-rounded at base, elliptic or linear-oblong or lanceolate or ovate-rhombic, 7—30(35) mm long, 2—10(13)mm wide, acuminate or acute, green; leaves of involucels 2, broadly reniform or broadly ovate-triangular or rhombic-ovate, 5—42 mm long, 5—20 mm wide, wider than long, more or less obtuse, mucronulate, attached or separate at base, yellowish-green; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5(3) mm long, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, glabrous outside, lobes ovate or orbicular (0.5—1 mm), usually truncate, short-ciliate; nectaries green at first, later yellow, olive or brown-violet, crescent-shaped, bicornute, horns linear-spatulate, obtuse or apically 2—3-dentate, diverging, more or less longer (Sometimes up to twice) than width of nectary; styles (1.5)2—3.5mm long, connate for one-third, deeply bifid; schizocarp ovoid, obtuse, 3—4 mm 340 445 446 long, 4—4.5 mm thick, deeply trisulcate, with orbicular cocci, dorsally finely tuberculate, smooth at sides; seeds globular-ovate, 1.8—2 mm long, smooth, brown-violet, with small reniform sessile appendage. Fl. June and August (rarely July), Fr. July and second half of August — first half of September (rarely first half of August). Fields and crops, fallow lands and pastures, weedy places at roadsides, Slopes of hills and ravines in steppes, forb steppes, shrubby formations, forest edges, grass plots in forests, often on sandy and limestone soil. — European part: Dv.-Pech. (introduced into the south), Lad.-Ilm. (intro- duced), U. V., V.-Kama (S.), U.Dnp., Balt. (introduced), M.Dnp., V.-Don, Pransy.6. UoDnsa, Bio, Crim;, Le Don, V.;, ‘Caueasus;;Cise.: W.Siberia: Ob (S. and E.), U. Tob., Irt., Alt.(N.); E.Siberia: introduced into Ang.-Say. (near Minusinsk in the west); Far East: introduced into Uss. Gen. distr.: Centr.Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Hungary. Type in Budapest. 114. E. boissieriana (Woron.) Prokh. comb. nova.— Tithymalus Boissierianus Woron. Herb. Fl. Cauc. (1931) No.479.— E. virgata Valorie nLadis Boiss...in, DC. .Prodr.,.XV, ,241862)-160s .B1.horsdV; 1126.— Tithymalus hypoleucus, Prokh:; Obz. moloch.. Sr: Azii (1933) .199.—.Exs.: (VE. virgata, var. orientalis") Fl..cauc. exs. No. 267: Herb: Fl, Cauc. No. 47,9: Perennial plants, (25)40—140 cm high, glabrous, glaucescent; root thick- cylindrical, vertical; stems few, erect, more or less ribbed-sulcate, 3—6 mm in diameter, above with 4—8(16) usually approximate axillary peduncles 2—9cm long, slightly below with short sterile branches; basal leaves squami- form, few, deciduous; cauline leaves erect (except for the upper), short- petiolate, lanceolate or linear-oblong, 3—8(11.5)cm long, 4.5—13 mm wide (6 to 10 times longer than wide), widest below middle, obtuse, mucronulate, entire, slightly incurved at margin, flexible, dull above, paler beneath, with 1 whitish nerve discernible only below, leaves on sterile branches 1.5—3(5) cm long and 2-4 mm wide. Terminal peduncles (7)8—14, 1.5—6(11) cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 2—3 times; leaves of involucre resembling the upper cauline leaves (under peduncles), sessile, rounded or slightly cordate at base, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, 1.3—2.8cm long, 3—8(12)mm wide (21/, to 5 times longer than wide),more or less rounded or nearly truncate at apex, sometimes mucronulate; leaves of involucels 2, triangular-reniform or rarely rhombic-triangular, rounded or obtuse, hardly mucronate, entire, somewhat yellowish, the lower 6-13 mm long, 8-22 mm wide (11/, to 13/, times wider than long); cyathium campanu- late, ca. 3mm in diameter, glabrous outside, with ovate dentate lobes; nec- taries bicornute, with spatulate-linear horns slightly longer than width of nectary; styles 1.5—2(2.5) mm long, connate for one-third, bifid; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 4.5—5 mm long, 5.5—6 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, with nearly smooth cocci; seeds ovate, with orbicular, later rostriform appen- dage. May—June. Mountain slopes, fallow lands.— Caucasus: Dag., E. and S. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Kara K. (southeast: Chikishlyar), Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran.(N.). Described from the environs of Tbilisi. Type in Leningrad. 341 447 115. Ey jaxarnticaiarokhy, Obz-moloch. Si4 1zi( toa 3) dae ila AoA eI wis: jE SCeio LG wis) | Ieicoldas wlonCl, saorenSia eth siciny—AOo9 IPs) sli: I. ch ttabl 664 = xse- eH AniVie® NowsOl "(hha ville pat ae vida One tear ELIT Sy) Perennial glaucous plants, more or less pubescent; root thick, vertical or obliquely descending; stems many or few, erect, 30—100 cm high, not branching below and more or less pubescent, up to 6 mm thick, usually glabrous and branching above, sparingly leafy, with more or less long internodes, with few axillary peduncles above, below with short sterile branches; cauline leaves (except for the upper) hardly petiolate, short- cuneate at base, linear, 4—13 cm long, 2—7(10) mm wide (10 to 25 times longer than wide), slightly acuminate or obtuse or sometimes short- cuspidate, incurved at margin, entire, somewhat coriaceous, glabrous or rarely pubescent, with 1 nerve discernible only below, leaves on sterile branches rather dense, narrowly linear. Terminal peduncles 5—2(15), like axillary peduncles forked for twice or three times; leaves of involucre, like upper cauline leaves (under peduncles), more or less reduced, sessile, slightly dilated and rounded at base, linear-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic or sometimes linear, 1.2—2(5)cm long, 1—6 mm wide, obtuse or hardly cuspidate; leaves of involucels 2, cordate at base, broadly ovate-triangular or reniform, 6—16mm long, 8—20mm wide, abruptly cuspidate, overlapping at base; cyathium campanulate, ca. 3mm wide, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with oblong, obtuse or emarginate ciliate lobes; nectaries yellowish, crescent-shaped, bicornute, with subulate horns longer than width of nec- tary; styles 2—3 mm long, half-connate, shortly bifid; schizocarp ovoid, obtuse, 3.5—4.5mm long, 4—5 mm wide, trisulcate, cocci orbicular, distinctly tuberculate at dorsal surface; seeds compressed-oblong, ca. 2.6mm long, with small obtuse conical sessile appendage. May. River valleys among riparian woodland, irrigation ditches and fallow fields on loess-clayey soil, taluses and rocky places in foothills. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Aral Sea and Syr Darva in the south), Balkh.(S.), T.Sh., Syr D. Endemic. Described from Chirchik River valley near Karabash, environs of Tashkent. Type in Leningrad. 116. E. zhiguliensis Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 64. — Pithymaluls:-zihi oul en sis Prokh.-"comb., nova, nomen altern.— Gallar hoes Zhi wilven sist Prokhy ocx olim:— lcs) Prolkhselemice tabi ie. Perennial plants, (15)22—40(50) cm high, glabrous, glaucescent; root almost cordlike, horizontal or obliquely descending; stems solitary or only few, sometimes together with sterile ones, generally ascending at base, erect, (13)18—35(47) cm high, (0.51)1—2(2.5) mm thick, naked below, spar- ingly leafy above, simple (very rarely with short sterile branches), but with 1—4(8) axillary peduncles 1.3—6.8cm long, sometimes absent; cauline leaves 5—20 (excluding the upper), hardly petiolate, short-cuneate or more or less rounded at base, linear or oblong-linear or sometimes linear-oblanceolate, 1.5—3.5(5)cem long, 2—4(6)mm wide, obtuse, sometimes hardly cuspidate, subentire, incurved at margin, 1-nerved, leaves on sterile shoots distinctly petioled, long-cuneate at base, narrowly oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, (1.8)2.5—5 cm long, (2)3—6 mm wide, rounded at apex. Terminal peduncles 342 4—8 (usually 5), (0.2)1.5—5.8 cm long, like axillary peduncles simple or bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre like upper cauline leaves sessile, generally slightly auriculate-dilated at base, linear or linear-lanceolate or oblong, rarely rhombic-ovate, 0.7—2.8(3.5) cm long, 1.5—4(8)mm wide, mostly less than 2!/, (rarely up to 31/,) times and usually only 14/, times shorter than adjacent peduncles, obtuse or more or less cuspidate; leaves of involucels 2, triangular- or orbicular-reniform or sometimes ovate- rhombic, (4)5—12(18)mm long, (5)7—17 mm wide, obtuse or more or less cuspidate, usually not overlapping; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2.5mm long, 1—2mm in diameter, glabrous outside, lobes ovate or triangular, obtuse or truncate, ciliate; nectaries crescent-shaped, bicornute, with subulate horns longer than width of nectary; styles 1.5—2.5mm long, nearly half-connate, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, obtuse, 3—3.5 mm long, tri- sulcate, cocci orbicular, glabrous, rugulose-tuberculate at dorsal side; seeds ovate, 2.2—2.5mm long, smooth, brown, with convex disciform appen- dage. Fl. second half of May —first half of July, Fr. second half of June — July. (48 Cliffs, rocks, stony steppes, shrubby formations, open forests. — European part: V.-Don (Zhiguli and possibly near Khvalynsk in the east), Transv. ? (possibly at the basin of Sok River in the west). Endemic. Described from Shelekhmet' on Samara Bend. Type in Kuibyshev, cotype in Leningrad. ig7)* E. stbcordata Cc. A. M. ex Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl. Ross. TW (1830) 25; ism a, meee ED: Ross: I, 5773)"Boiss. in» DC.» Brodr.” XV, 161; | Korsh. Tent. Fl. Ross. or. 378; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) | at pieryl. wih. Zap. ysib.< Vi, 1879. — E>ica é'sia PiKar, et Kir. in Bull. Boo. (Nate Mosc. XIVi(1841) 7433) Bdb..Fl. Ross... WI, 576; Korsh./ 1c. Sie eriophyila“Kar: vet Kar. locn744.— BE. Esula\var.ey- pargssioide's Boiss. 1. e. 161, p. p.;. Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk.SSSR (1927) 211.— Tithymalus subcordatus (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 88, nomen altern; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 178.— Galarhoeus subcordatus Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bet. Sadayd (1941) 60, olim.=—_Ic:7) Ldb. Ics pl. Fl. Ross: tabs 186; )Prokh., Wbz..imoloch. tabl.i 61; Perennial plants, glabrous or (var. eriophylla) more or less pubes- cent, glaucescent; root thin, creeping or obliquely descending; stems few or many, erect or ascending, 8—45cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm thick below, with (2)4—11 axillary peduncles (0.8)1.5—5.5cm long above, simple or rarely with short sterile branches at the lower part; basal leaves squamiform, ovate-lanceolate, brown; cauline leaves subsessile, slightly cordate or short-cuneate at base, linear or triangular-lanceolate or oblong, 1.2—4(5.5) cm long, (2)3—8(10)mm wide, more or less dilated, auriculate- below, obtuse or short-cuspidate, entire, thick, slightly shiny, 1-nerved, leaves on sterile branches linear-lanceolate or narrowly linear, 8—35 mm long, 0.5—4mm wide. Terminal peduncles 5—10, 0.7—2.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 1—2 times; leaves of involucre auriculate- dilated at base, linear-lanceolate or ovate-oblong or rhombic-ovate, 7—25 mm long, (1)2—7 mm wide, acute or obtuse; leaves of involucels 2, reniform or rhombic-ovate, 5—12(18)mm long, 6—15 mm wide, acuminate or rarely obtuse; cyathium broadly campanulate, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, PLATE XXIII. 1—Euphorbia normanni Schmalh.; 2—E. arvalis Boiss.et Heldr.; 3 —E. graeca Boiss. et Sprun.; 4—E.aserbajdzhanica Bord.; 5—E.densa Schrenk.; 6 —E. szovitsii Fisch. et Mey.; 7—E. consanguinea Schrenk.; 8 —E. sororia Schrenk.; 9—E.exigua L.; 10—E. peplusL. 11—E. francheti B. Fedtsch.; 12—E. falcata L.; 13—E. aulacosperma Boiss. 344 51 glabrous outside, with small orbicular obtuse pubescent lobes; nectaries brownish-yellow, crescent-shaped, bicornute, with subulate horns as long as width of nectary or slightly longer; styles 1.5—2.5 mm long, half-connate, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 3—4(5)mm long, (3)3.5—5 mm thick, trisulcate, cocci orbicular, dorsally rugulose-tuberculate, at first pubescent, later glabrous; seeds oblong, 2.5(3.5)mm long, grayish-brown, smooth, with small convex disciform sessile appendage. (April) May, Fl. June. Stony slopes in steppes, crests of hills. — European part: Transv. (N.); iW piberia>.U.. Tob. Irt., Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh, (E.)... Endemic? Described from Dolon-Kara Mountains beyond Kurchum River. Type in Leningrad. Subsection 2. SIEBOLDIANAE Prokh. subsect. nova in Addenda XIII, 743.— See page 350 of the Key for characteristics of the subsection. Type of subsection: Euphorbia stieboldiana Morr. et Decne. The species of the subsection are confined to the forests of East Asia, which might be an evidence of the Tertiary age of the group. 118. E. sieboldiana Morr. et Decne. in Bull. Acad. Brux. (1836) 174; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 158, p. p. typ.; Sugawara, Ill. Fl. Saghalien, 1255.— Tithymalus Sieboldianus (Morr. et Decne.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 104; Sugawara, l. c.1254, fab. O07. Perennial glabrous plants, 22—55cm high; rhizome horizontal, monili- form; stems single or few, erect, 19—50 cm long, 2—5mm thick, simple, only rarely with 1—3 peduncles (5—10 mm long) above, sparsely leafy, with very large lower and sometimes upper internodes more than 2 - the length of adjacent leaves; cauline leaves 3—10, subsessile, cuneate at base, oblong or oblong-spatulate, (2.2)3—8.5 cm long, 8—22(28)mm wide, 2'/ to 4 times longer than wide, obtuse, entire, scarious, glaucescent beneath. Terminal peduncles 5(6), thin, spreading, (2)3—8 cm (in fruit up to 10cm) long, bifur- cate at summit, rarely simple; leaves of involucre sessile, oblong or rhombic-ovate, 2.2—4.2cm long, (8)10—28 mm wide (2 to 31/ times longer than wide), obtuse, 1-nerved; leaves of involucels 2, obliquely truncate or slightly cordate at base, oblong-deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, the lower 2.2—4.7 cm long, 1.5—3.3 cm wide (up to 2 times longer than wide), obtuse or subacute; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5mm long and broad, glabrous, with oblong slightly fimbriate lobes; nectaries dark, falcate, with horns longer than width of nectary; styles 0.8—1.7 mm long, nearly free, bifid; schizocarp flattened-globulose, 3—3.5mm long, 4.5—5mm wide, deeply trisulcate, nearly smooth, glabrous; seeds compressed-ovate, 2.2—2.5mm long, ca. 2mm wide, smooth, dark brown, with small flattened appendage. Fl. April—May, Fr. May—June. Forests and groves. — Far East: Sakh.(S.). Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from Japan. Type in Brussels. Note. This species has a unique rhizome. By this character and also by its habit it resembles the European E. dulcis L., although no Special affinity with the latter has been found. The present description of the species was based on herbarium speci- mens from Japan. 345 453 197 BE. savaryi Kiss’ in *BotY Kozy xb (1921) oi = Er Sue brow dare mr auct.; Kom., Fl. Man'chzh. II (1904 692, non Morren et Decne. (1836). — Tithymalus Savaryi (Kiss.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Perennial plants, 12—20cm high at flowering and 20—50 cm in fruit, glabrous, often partly purplish; rhizome thin, creeping; stems few, erect, 2—3 mm thick, simple, sometimes with 1—4 axillary peduncles (1.5—5.5 cm long) above, scantly leafy, naked below; cauline leaves subsessile, tapering at base (the lower obovate), broadly oblong or oblong-spatulate, 1—2.8 cm long, 5—13(18) mm wide, obtuse or truncate, entire, scarious, glaucescent beneath, pinnately veined. Terminal peduncles 5, thin, spreading, unequal, 1—1.5cm long at flowering, 4.5—8.5 cm in fruit, like axillary peduncles simple or often forked for 1—2 times; leaves of involucre oblong-rhombic or broadly ovate or obovate, 1.2—3cm long, 6—17(19)mm wide (slightly or up to 2 times longer than wide), obtuse; leaves of involucels truncate or slightly cordate at base, triangular-reniform or triangular-ovate, 8—21 mm long, 11—30 mm wide, wider than long, obtuse or slightly acutish; cyathium campanulate, 2—2.5 mm long and broad, glabrous, with oblong, truncate, finely fimbriated lobes; nectaries 4, dark purple, falcate, with 2 subparallel horns longer than width of nectary; bracts of staminate flowers abortive; styles short, 0.7—1.2(1.5) mm long, nearly free, bifid; schizocarp flattened- globulose, ca. 3mm long, 3.5—4 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, smooth, glab- rous; seeds ovate, ca. 2.7mm long, 1.7—1.8mm wide, smooth, dark brown, with inconspicuous flattened appendage. Fl. May, Fr. June. Mountain forests. Far East: Uss.(S.). Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from Voroshilov (formerly Nikolsk-Ussuriiskii). Type in Budapest? Note. In habit this species is rather like E. angulata Jacq., although in fact it is far removed from it. Subsection 3. PATELLARES Prokh. subsect. nova in Addenda XIII, 743.— See page 250 of the Key for characteristics of the subsection. ype or subsection; EH ujpho rb lage a nayao Graslourdieiseale: Species of this subsection inhabit forests and subalpine meadows. E. amygdaloides is common in the southern forests of the Soviet Union and is a Tertiary relict; the other three species are typical for the Caucasus where they are endemic or extend only to Asia Minor. It is apparent that the Caucasus was the center of species formation of the subsection. 120.\,E. amygdaloides’ E: “Sp. pli "(7 53) 4631" "Me By ele tates seanes Y 3027 ll 324 dbl hl SRosse Ih 57 34" Bolsse in) C21. cice av emeer 1705" PS sor. 1V ld S05 Heioi,” Niel Ver WG 4a ne ashy, lvrcieupeercinanlor er; Jacq. Ply austr. IV; 39)— hm reams) Scheele in’ Linnaecaw aval (1843) 343.— Tithymalus amygdaloides (L.) Garsault, Deser. pl. et anim. (1764) tab. 594, Descr. Pl. Anim. (1767) 346; Thell. in Bull. Herb, Boiss.) (ser) 2. Vill, 1072 les) Jacq. (Gb sively aitere aun) relammes tab! 3705" Enel Bot) tab: 256¢Richbe Ich #hl. "Germ Ve taba la Ole meenoor Heory Til En evs ee tabe 78) £3 et \fel 774 ice ne) St toe Coes anNO Meee 346 Perennial plants, (20)30—70 cm high; root horizontally creeping, woody, branching, multicipital; stems many, erect or ascending, becoming woody, densely leafy, at first sterile, with overwintering terminal rosette, then below and at the middle already naked, covered with scars, contorted, the fertile stems growing from top of the overwintering stems, rounded, striate, rarely leafy, glabrous or with rufous-brown pubescence, above with 4—9 axillary peduncles 2—5.5 cm long (in fruit 4.5-10cm); leaves of sterile stems with 5—10 mm long petioles, tapering at base, oblong-obovate or obovate, (2.5)3.5—7(12.5)cm long, (8)15—30(40)mm wide, entire, tapering at apex, acute or obtuse, thin but flexible, dark green, later subcoriaceous and more or less cartilaginous; leaves of fertile stems sessile, oblanceo- late or obovate, 8—25mm long, 5—13 mm wide (sometimes nearly squami- form), entire, rounded or obtuse at apex, soft, yellowish-green, glabrous or pubescent. Terminal peduncles 5(6), 1.5—5.5cm long (in fruit up to 7 cm), like axillary peduncles twice forked; leaves of involucre small, orbicular-obovate or ovate, (8)10—20 mm long, 7—13 mm wide, obtuse or slightly emarginate or somewhat acuminate; leaves of involucels sub- orbicular-reniform, 7—14mm long, 13—23(27)mm wide (11/, to 2 times wider than long), coalescent in pairs for more than half the length into orbicular slightly concave blade, yellowish-green; cyathium campanulate, 2.5—3 mm long and broad, hairy inside, with ovate dentate lobes; nectaries 4, yellow or purple, bicornute, with converging acute horns only a little longer than width of nectary; styles 1.5—2 mm long, nearly free, deeply bifid; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 3—3.5mm long, 3.5—4.5mm wide, deeply tri- sulcate, glabrous, finely dotted, scabrous; seeds ovate-orbicular, 1.7—2.5 mm long, smooth, bluish-gray, with small slightly keeled, later subrostriform appendage. April (in the Crimea) —first half of May. Broadleaved forest edges, shrubby formations, grass plots, hedges, up to foothills, especially in limestone soil. — European part: U. Dns., M.Dnp. (W.), Bes., Crim.; Caucasus: W. and E.(only Kuba district) Transc., Tal. Gen. distr:: Centr. and Atl.Eur., W. Med. (except for N. Africa), Bal.- As. Min., Iran.(N.), introduced into N. Am. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. 121. E. glaberrima C. Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1848) 726, non Klotzsch (1852—57).— E. iteophylla Boiss. Cent. Euph. (1860) 39, in DC. PEGs. i Vie Dow ld lee ls ers d Ver hl 3ie—Tithy ma has (g labe rrim ws (C. Koch) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 95, nomen altern. — Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 113. Perennial plants, (25)35—80 cm high, glabrous, glaucous-yellow, rarely slightly reddening; stems erect, sulcate-striate, becoming slightly woody at base, 4—9mm thick, the fertile ones densely leafy below at first but soon becoming naked, but with leaf scars, less densely leafy above, with (8)11—40 axillary peduncles (1.5)3—6(9)cm long, without sterile branches, often rhizome producing also shorter sterile stems, densely leafy at apex; cauline leaves scarious, entire, leaves on sterile stems and the lower on fertile stems approximate, sessile, tapering at base, oblanceolate, 5—13.3cm long, 1—3.2 cm wide, acute, sometimes absent, leaves on fertile stems gradually becoming smaller upward, more or less cordate at base, oblong, (1.5) 3—6 cm long, (7)12—25 mm wide, obtuse. Terminal peduncles (6)7—10(13), 347 1—4.5(6) cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 1—2(3) times; leaves of involucre oblong-ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1.3—2(2.5)cm long, 7-14mm wide, obtuse; leaves of involucels suborbicular, obtuse, coalescent in pairs for more than half the length into small orbicular blade, the lower 8—15mm | long, 14—22 mm wide; cyathium campanulate, 2.5—3 mm long and broad, with ovate ciliate lobes; nectaries 4, with converging acute horns 1—1.5mm long; styles 1—1.5mm long, connate at base, deeply bifid; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 3.5—4.5mm long, 3.5—5 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, with 455 orbicular cocci, tuberculate-punctate; seeds ovate, 2.2—2.8 mm long, 1.8—2 mm wide, smooth, grayish-black, with sessile flattened appendage. Second half of April—July. Subalpine meadows and in mountainous forests, especially beech and birch, often among rhododendrons, 800—2,800 m elevation. — Caucasus: Dag., W. and E.Transe. Endemic. Described from the banks of the Borchalo in Kura valley. Cotype in Leningrad. 122. E. oblongifolia C. Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1848) 726.— E. amyg- daloides 8. oblongifolia C. Koch in Hinnaea, XIX'(1847) 17> — E, um teitio lala “Borss. Cente) Hupht? (1860) "392 am DCs rodes aa. I71ey Bory, IV, (1131, 4Tithynvalus oblomgitoliuls (skeen) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 96, nomen altern.— Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Fuph._tab. 115.— Exs.: Fl. cauc. exs, No 295; GOR No wZosn. Perennial plants, (20)30—70 cm high, with leaves more or less hairy beneath or rarely nearly glabrous; stems erect, sulcate-striate, not be- coming woody below, 5—7 mm thick, usually glabrous, leafy, above with 6—16 axillary peduncles (1.2)—4(6) cm long, without sterile branches; cauline leaves (except for the upper) short-petiolate (petioles 2-5mm long), obtusely cordate at base, oblong, 3—7.5(9.3) cm long, 1.5—3(3.5) cm wide, obtuse, entire, slightly undulate at margin, scarious, more or less pubescent at lower side especially near petioles. Terminal peduncles 5—8, 0.8—3.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 1—2 times; leaves of involucre truncate at base, oblong, 1.5—3.2(3.7)cm long, 9-16 mm wide, acuminate; leaves of involucels suborbicular, obtuse, connate in pairs for approximately ?/, of the length into orbicular, slightly concave blade, the lower 7—18 mm long, 12—27 mm wide; cyathium broadly campanulate, 2—2.5mm long, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, tomentose inside, with short-ovate, truncate, densely ciliate lobes; nectaries 4, falcate, wide, with converging horns 1—1.5 (rarely 2)mm long; styles 1—1.5mm long, thickish, connate at base, 2-lobed; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, deeply trisulcate, with orbi- cular, tuberculate-punctate cocci; seeds ovate-orbicular, 2.5—2.8 mm long, 1.8—2.2 mm wide, smooth, grayish-black, with small flat appendage. Mountain forests and subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: W. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: As.Min. Described from Asia Minor, near Brussa. Type in Berlin. 123. E. macroceras Fisch. et Mey. Ind. sem. hort. Petrop. IV (1837) 86); edbeohaRosss IMeesi25> Bioisis# inwDCieP rode DiVvee2e Sikiiie- erp emerter IV, 1131,— Dithy malus macnrocerajse (Pischs et) Mey) Ke ef Gke: 456 ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 35, nomen altern. — Ic.: Boiss. Ie. Huph. tab. 114.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs). No. 162. 348 457 Perennial plants, (60)80—90 cm high, sparingly spreading-hairy throughout; root creeping; stems herbaceous, 5—6 mm thick below, sulcate-striate, above with 5—11 axillary peduncles 5—12cm, rarely 14cm long, without sterile branches; cauline leaves with 1—1.5cm long petioles, cuneate at base, ovate-oblong, 6—14 cm long, 2.5—4.5(5.5) cm wide (the uppermost gradually smaller), acute, entire, thin and scarious. Terminal peduncles 5, 4.5—10cm, rarely 12cm long, like axillary peduncles 1—2(3) times forked into elongated branches; leaves of involucre elliptic or oblong-obovate, 3—7.5cm long, 1.2—3.5cm wide; leaves of involucels 2, falcate, obtuse, connate in pairs (ca. 4/, of their length), into slightly con- cave orbicular blade, the lower (1)1.5—3.5cm long, (1.8)2.2—4.8cm wide; cyathium subglobular-campanulate, 2.5—3 mm long and broad, lanate at throat, lobes short-ovate, obtuse-truncate, densely ciliate; nectaries 4, horns gradually acuminate, curved, converging, 2—3 mm long (i. e., longer than width of nectary); styles 1.5—2.5 mm long, connate only at base, deeply bifid; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 3.5—4.5mm long, 4—5.5 mm wide, deeply trisulcate; tuberculate-punctate; seeds ovate-globular, 2.6—2.7 mm long, 1.9—2 mm wide, smooth, greenish-black, with sessile flattened appendage. Second half of June — first half of July. Mountain forests.— Caucasus: Dag.? W.Transc., E.Transc. (Kartalinia, Borzhomi district, vicinity of Kirovabad). Endemic. Described from Kartalinia. Type in Leningrad. Note. E. macroceras is a comparatively rare species; its dis- tribution in the Caucasus is in the west and possibly in the southern part of E. Transcaucasia and in Dagestan. The numerous reports on this species are due to its being confused with E. oblongifolia C. Koch., which is very close but more widely distributed. Section 7. HERPETORRHIZA Prokh. sect. comb. nova.— Gen. Tithy - mali sect. Herpetorrhiza Prokh., Obz: moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 142.— See page 247 of the Key for characteristics of this section. Type of section: Euphorbia polytimetica Prokh. The section is distributed in the mountains of Southwest Asia and the Himalayas. Note. Apparently the morphological origin for the following annuals of section Cymatospermum. 124. E. aucheri Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, VII (1846) 94; Fl. or. IV, ii22.— %. bounophila \var.,Aucherd Boiss:;in DC, Prodr, XV, 2 (1862) 154.— Tithymalus Aucheri (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 93.— T. Litwinowii Prokh., Obz. maloch. .Sr.jAz1i (1933),147.—.T. herpetorrhizus’ »Prokh: 1. c.145.'— fen « Prakh,, |e. ¢abl, 48; ("T: Litwinow ii), tabl:47.("T..herpetor- edad 7, 1:55').. Perennial plants, 4—25 cm high, glabrous, glaucous or grayish-glaucous, sometimes more or less reddish above; root creeping or obliquely descend- ing, multicipital; stems many, ascending and rarely slightly flexuous at base, spreading or more or less erect, 3—20cm high, sometimes becoming red, branching below, simple above, only with 1—3 axillary peduncles 349 458 1.5—3.5cm long, rather densely leafy in the lower part, usually with strongly elongated (2—5cm) upper internodes; cauline leaves subsessile, rounded or attenuate at base, oblong-obovate or orbicular-elliptic or rarely linear -oblong, 4-11 mm long, 2—5 mm wide, obtuse or truncate, sometimes abruptly short-cuspidate, slightly cartilaginous at margin, subentire, more or less thick, sometimes reddish, inconspicuously nerved. Terminal peduncles 4—5(6), varying in length, (1)2—5cm long, like axillary peduncles bifurcate at summit, rarely with only 1 secondary peduncle; leaves of involucre subsessile, Somewhat attenuate at base, orbicular- ovate or elliptic or rhombic-ovate, 5—10 mm long, 3—7 mm wide, obtuse or short-cuspidate, sessile; leaves of involucels 2, subsessile, rhombic- ovate or orbicular or rarely triangular-reniform, 4—6(10)mm long, 5—7(11) mm wide, obtuse, sometimes hardly cuspidate, narrowly cartilagi- nous at margin, subentire or sometimes crenulate, sometimes slightly reddish; cyathium campanulate, 1.5—2mm long and broad, glabrous, with | small ovate ciliate lobes; nectaries more or less dark, transversely oblong | (0.8—1 mm wide), obtuse-truncate at margin, bicornute, with pale subulate | horns, a little longer than width of nectary; styles 1—1.3 mm long, nearly free, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3.5—4 mm long, trisulcate, with smooth orbicular cocci, sometimes slightly reddening; seeds hexahedral, slightly tuberculate-rugose at surface. Fl. May —first half of June, | Fr. June. Mountain slopes and taluses, up to 2,300 m.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen, distr.: Iran.(N.). Described from N. Iran, from Elamout Mountain. Type in Geneva. —$ $< i i << — ——— 125. E. deltobracteata Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 149. — Tithymalus deltobracteatus Prokh. ibid. nomen altern. — Ic.: Prokh.sleicy tabla 9s Perennial cespitose plants, 8—16(23) cm high, glabrous, pale green; root descending, multicipital; stems many, erect, 5—15(21) cm high, thin, becom- ing woody at base, usually not reddish, simple, sometimes with 1 axillary peduncle above; basal leaves squamiform, oblong, persistent; cauline leaves rather dense, with internodes usually shorter than uf the leaf, subsessile, somewhat attenuate at base, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6—21 mm long, 1.5—2.5(8) mm wide, obtuse or slightly cuspidate, usually finely ser- rate, with 1 inconspicuous nerve. Terminal peduncles 5, 0.3—2(4)cm long, simple or rarely bifurcate at summit; leaves of involucre sessile, more or less dilated and rounded at base, elliptic-lanceolate or rarely rhombic- lanceolate, 8-17 mm long, 2—9mm wide, acute, finely serrate; leaves of involucels 2, triangular-ovate or rhombic deltoid, 5—10 mm long, 4—10 mm wide, more or less cuspidate, crenate; cyathium campanulate outside, 2.5—3 mm in diameter, villous inside, with orbicular ciliate lobes; nectaries dark, broadly crescent-shaped, bicornute, with subulate horns as long as width of nectary or slightly longer; styles 1.5—2 mm long, connate at base, bifid for 1/,; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3—3.5 mm long, trisulcate, with orbicular smooth cocci; seeds oblong, ca. 2.5mm long, somewhat hexa- hedral, with concave faces, faintly and sparingly tuberculate, with oblique flattened-conical sessile appendage. Second half of April— first half of May. 350 :59 Steppe grassy slopes, soft chestnut soil. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (W.). Endemic? Described from W. Kopet Dagh, Khosar Mountain. Type in Leningrad. 126. E. polytimetica Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 142.— E. prorepens M. Pop., Rast. zap. Guralash (1936) 32.— Tithymalus polytimeticus Prokh. l. c. nomen altern, — loecPeokh.7 1, c.ttabl. 46. Perennial plants, 5—18 cm long, glabrous, glaucous; root long, creeping, flexuose, woody; stems many, thin in the lower part, brittle, creeping, branching, spreading in the upper part, slightly flexuose, rarely leafy, above with axillary peduncles (0.5—1.5 cm long); cauline leaves alternate, short- petiolate, the upper gradually becoming larger, cuneate at base, obovate or rarely spatulate, 5-15 mm long, 3-10 mm wide, obtuse or truncate, some- times emarginate, subentire, inconspicuously veined. Terminal peduncles 2—5, more or less flexuose, 0.6—2.5(4) cm long, like axillary peduncles once or sometimes twice forked; leaves of involucre orbicular, obovate or flabelliform or rarely reniform, 3—14(20)mm long, 5-13 mm wide, up to 1!/, times longer than wide or rarely wider than long; leaves of involu- cels 2, orbicular-obovate or rhombic reniform, 3—15 mm long, 4—20 mm wide, obtuse, sometimes abruptly subcuspidate, cartilaginous at margin, incurved; cyathium campanulate, 1 .5—2 mm long and broad, lobes triangular - ovate, white, slightly fimbriate; nectaries transversely oblong, (0.8—1 mm wide), obtuse-truncate, bicornute, with subulate horns, approximately 14/, times longer than width of nectary; styles ca. 1mm long, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3.5—4mm long, ca. 4mm wide, deeply trisulcate, cocci orbicular, glabrous; seeds oblong, 2.5—3 mm long, subhexahedral, with concave, longitudinally wrinkled and pitted-sulcate at faces, whitish, with oblique ovate-conical short-stalked appendage. Fl. June, Fr. July. Rocks and taluses in the alpine belt (2,700—3,400 m elevation), often at edges of glaciers and even in snow. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (mountains along Zeravshan River and Gissar Range in the north). Endemic. Described from Kach-Kutal gorge in Gissar Range. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is closely related to, if not identical with, the Himalayan E. kanaorica Boiss. As long as there is no detailed morpho- logical comparison of the two species, the specific independence of the Russian E. polytimetica Prokh. cannot be regarded as final. Section 8. CYMATOSPERMUM Prokh. sect. comb. nova in Addenda cul. 343.— Gen. Tithy ma.li.sect. Cymatospermum Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 151, ampl.— Gen. Tithymali sect. Oppositi- folium Prokh. l. c. 122.— Gen. Galarhoei sect. Oppo sittitolai Prokh. in Trud. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 34.— Subsection Oppositi- Polis c. Boiss.um, DC + ProdrsXVse2 (286 2).993 Flor. 1,0 088, £(91.— See page 321 of the Key for characteristics of this section. Type of section: Eaphoabia fia leata. Js: Note. This section practically comprises all annual spurges with more or less bicornute nectaries. It is very possible that as such it is not a natural group and that in the future it will have to be revised. 351 460 Subsection 1. OLERACEAE Prokh. subsect. nova in Addenda XIII, 743. — Type of subsection: Euphorbia pe Peuurse fee Cauline leaves and leaves of involucre usually cuneately tapering at base, rarely more or less auriculate-dilated; nectaries with elongate thin horns, rarely rather short; styles short or long; stems more or less many due to basal branching, often also with lateral leafy shoots. Note. This subsection should be subdivided into natural groups; in its present state it includes various forms of different Origins, which share a long growth period lasting many months. 127. KE, aleppica L. Sp. pl. (1753) 458; Ldb. Fl. Ross. TSS SO BOUSIE sua) IDC, IE cockie., ROW, Zit One aE Oe Ves mle OO sae condensata Hisichemess Merb i lantaure= canes alil (1819) 322.— Tithymalus alep- Picus (L.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 84, nomen altern. — Ic.: Sibth. et Sm. Fl. Graeca, V; tab. 462° “Rehbs lea emir Germ Vi) tabvi42ie& 479) "bs. sie exae austro-hung. No.45; Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 334; Dorfler, Herb. Norm. No. HILAL, Annual plants, 12—30cm high, glaucous, glabrous or farinaceous-scabrous; stems more or less numerous because of basal branching, ascending below then erect, (1.5)2—3.5 mm thick, very densely leafy, becoming naked, with numerous leaf scars, simple, usually without axillary peduncles; cauline leaves sessile, the lower setaceous, the upper narrowly linear, the upper gradually becoming wider, 1.2—2cm long, 0.2—1.5mm wide, cuspidate. Terminal peduncles 5, thick, spreading, 1—4.5cm long, forked for many times; leaves of involucre lanceolate, 2—3.5cm long, 2—4 mm wide, acute; leaves of involucels sessile, oblique at base (often with 1 lateral auricle) ovate-rhombic, long-cuspidate, cusp 1—1.5mm long, acutely dentate with unequal teeth, the lower 1.1—2.2 cm long, 0.7—1.3 cm wide; cyathium turbinate-campanulate, 1—1.5mm long and broad, glabrous, slightly hairy inside, with small oblong fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, crescent-shaped, wider than long (ca. 1 mm), with diverging subulate horns as long as width of nectary or Lp, times longer; styles 0.8—1mm long, connate at base, bifid for more than half the length; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 2.5—-3 mm long, 2—2.5mm wide, deeply trisulcate, with keeled cocci; seeds ovate, orbicular-tetrahedral, 1.5—1.7 mm long, 1—1.2 mm wide, densely white- tuberculate, without appendage, June—August. Mountain slopes, fallow fields and crops, roadsides and weedy places. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W., BE. and S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: BeiVieds. Wal. Ase tira Arm.-Kurd. Described from Aleppo in Syria and from Crete. Type in London. ’ i283 VE. exiguallis Spx pl. (1753) 4562) Mee. El aur seater HRS) Cilio lo), Fl. Ross. 1ll,'569; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. EN rah SOS MDE Gia AW Il LO He gie Wi PIV oiled 008 Waly iar leuls SHo-coipfomblapl ching (Ilys) uC even hI GUL Pie) TL (1775) 100, nomen altern. — Ic.: Fl. Dan. 092; Engl. Bot. tab. 1336; Rchb. leh Germ. Vipitabe la Wet. 47 ter Hegi, Tr TOV lee tat, 9 Oe aia mene exs. austro-hung. No. 2851; G.R.F. No. 2583: Fl. poll sexs No moGar 352 ‘61 462 Annual glabrous plants, 5—20(25)cm high; root thin, fusiform; stems often few or many due to basal branching, erect, ascending or decumbent, thin, rounded, yellow-green, sometimes reddish, densely leafy, usually branching, usually with 1—5 axillary peduncles (0.3—4 cm long) above, below often with numerous more or less developed leafy branches; cauline leaves strict, sessile, the lower smaller, obtuse, sometimes tridentate, generally opposite, the upper gradually becoming larger below, always alternate, acute, 0.6—2.3cm long, 0.5—1.5mm wide, yellow-green, scarious. Terminal peduncles 3 or 5 (rarely 4), 0.4—1.5cm long, like axillary peduncles once or many times bifurcate; leaves of involucre more or less dilated, sometimes slightly cordate-auriculate at base, linear-lanceolate, 0.7—2cm long, 1—2.5mm wide, acute or obtuse; leaves of involucels sessile, dilated and often slightly cordate at base, broadly linear or triangular-lanceolate, 5—-10mm long, 1.5—2.5 mm wide, acute or obtuse or emarginate; cyathium turbinate, 0.6—0.8 mm long and wide, hairy at throat, with ovate dentate lobes; nectaries 4, yellow, crescent-shaped, wider than long, with diverging horns, a little shorter than width of nectary; styles 0.4—0.6 mm long, free, deeply bifid; schizocarp trihedral-ovoid, 1.8—2 mm long and wide, trisulcate, smooth or nearly so, glabrous, with orbicular cocci; seeds ovate, tetrahedral, 1.2—1.4 mm long, 0.9-1 mm wide, yellowish-white, later brown-black, finely tuberculate, with scattered white tubercles, and small sessile reniform appendage. May—November. (Plate XXIII, Figure 9.) Clayey pastures, crops, waste land, roadsides, rubble, plains and foot- hills. — European part: Balt., U.Dnp., U.Dns., M. Dnp. (W.), V.-Don (only near Venev); Caucasus: W. Transc. (Novorossiisk). Gen. distr.: Scand. (S.), Centr. and Atl. Eur., W. Med. (E. Med.?), Bal.-As. Min. Described from crop fields in W. Europe. Type in London. 129. E. graeca Boiss. et Sprun. Diagn. ser. 1, IV (1844) 53; Boiss. ii’ De. ‘Prodr. XV, 2, 144; FI. or. IV, 1115; eepekit in? Tr. B05." S11, 333.— E. retusa auct.; M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 371, non Cav. — E. dalmatica Vis. Fl. dalm. III (1852) 228.— Tithymalus graecus (Boiss. et Sprun.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 2847; Spruner, Boiss. et Heldr. fl. exs. No. 1894; Boiss. et Bal. exs. 1854, No.347; G.R.F. No. 2577. Annual plants, 8—30 cm high, glabrous, glaucescent; stems more or less many due to basal branching, rarely solitary, erect or ascending, usually without sterile branches, above with 1—4 axillary peduncles (2.5—5.5cm long); cauline leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear or linear-oblong, 0.8—3.4cm long, 2-3 mm wide (the upper dilated up to 6 mm at base), obtuse or truncate. Terminal peduncles (3)4—5, 1.5—7.59cm long, like axillary peduncles 2—3 times bifurcate; leaves of involucre (like upper cauline) sessile, dilated and subcordate at base, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 0.7—2.8(4.7) cm long, 2-6 mm wide; leaves of involu- cels cordate at base, triangular or triangular-lanceolate, (0.5)1—2.8(3.4) cm long, 5—10(13) mm wide, acute; cyathium campanulate, 1—1.5 mm long and broad, glabrous, with ovate fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, crescent-shaped, with setaceous diverging horns twice as long as width of nectary; styles (0.9)1—1.3 mm long, free, bifid for more than half; schizocarp broadly ovoid, 2.2—2.5mm long, 2.6—2.8 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, finely alveolate; seeds 353 463 ovate, netted-pitted, with conical, later sulcate, appendage. April— September. (Plate XXIII, Figure 3.) Stony slopes of mountains and hills.— European part: Crim.; Caucasus: We iranse- (NW) pu Gensedistr. (Cents Eames Hungary), Bal.-As. Min. Described from Greece. Type in Geneva. 130. E. ledebourii Boiss. Cent. Euph. (1860) 35, et in DC. Prodr. DOV BEA WAS ADIs Cio INS YTS SS as Pay en aelawauctas sludba lamRosceE II, 569, p. p. non Fisch. et Mey. ex Boiss. nec. Philippi (1857-1858). — Tithymalus Ledebourii (Boiss.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altermns—jic. ue Boiss wle.. Euphy tab.) a. Annual glabrous plants, 10—20cm high; stems solitary or often few from base, below usually ascending, above erect, robust, sometimes with 1 axillary peduncle above, simple below or with short leafy sterile lateral shoots; cauline leaves alternate, the lower linear-spatulate, generally obtuse, the others gradually becoming larger above, linear, 0.6—2.5cm long, 1.5—2.5mm wide, acuminate, entire. Terminal peduncles 3 (rarely 4 or 5), 1—2 times or even many times bifurcate; leaves of involucre linear, 2—4cm long, 1-2 mm wide, acuminate; leaves of involucels 2, slightly dilated at base, narrowly linear, acuminate, the lower resembling the upper cauline, 1.5—2cm long, 1—1.5mm wide, the upper gradually becoming smaller; cyathium turbinate, 1—1.2mm in diameter, with ovate lobes; nectaries 4, crescent-shaped, with slightly converging horns, approximately 1a (2) times as long as width of nectary; styles 0.5—0.7 mm long, nearly free, 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, 2.5—3mm long and wide, with orbicular cocci, dorsally finely tuberculate (under magnification); seeds compressed- ovate, orbicular-tetrahedral, 2—2.5mm long, 1.2—-1.4 mm wide, netted- pitted, with unequal ovate often fusing pits and small conical appendage. May—September. Rocks and stony taluses.— European part: Crim. (near Sudak); Caucasus: E.Transc. (near Kirovabad and Shusha), S. Transc. (only near Artvin). Nearly endemic. Described from near Shusha in Transcaucasia. Type in Leningrad. Note. E. pygmaea Ldb. could have been used as the prior name, instead of E. ledebourii Boiss. if it had not then been erroneously applied alsoto E. inderiensis Kar. et Kir. by Ledebour, who initially viewed it in a very broad sense. 131. E. peplus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 456; Ldb. Fl. Ross. III, DO be Bolsice a) DIG Iso has CW, ASP al ore. in Be Mekeveat, OUk iment sae | EB. hyreana Grossh. in Izv. Tifl. Bot. Sada, ser. Zl (L920) ie Tithymalus Peplus (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. sem. joule MEQ ST a) nomen altern.— Galarhoeus Peplus Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. sada, (1941 )134.) olim:. —) Ie.wRehb., Ie, Fk. Germ), .V.,ntab. lO) sta Tmo lakeyern, TUL. SLO NW ML TR ee 1 Oi La St, ES me Ble enccp austro-hung. No. 2850; G.R.F. No. 2ago7. Lt huni. exse. Nowe Oile Annual glabrous plants, 10—25cm high; root thin; stems more or less many due to basal branching, ascending below, erect above, usually a little more than ae the height of the whole plant, branching, with above or without 1—4 axillary peduncles (2—4.5 cm long), often with sterile lateral shoots 354 464 below, sometimes simple; cauline leaves with 1—6 mm long petioles, cuneate at base, broadly obovate, 7—25mm long, 5—16 mm wide, obtuse, entire, scarious. Terminal peduncles 3 (2—3cm long), like axillary peduncles 2—5 times bifurcate; leaves of involucre with petioles up to 3mm long, broadly obovate, 12—27 mm long, 7-14 mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, short-petiolate, oblique at base, ovate or triangular-rhombic, 10—17 mm long, 7—12 mm wide (the terminal reduced), obtuse or short- cuspidate, entire; cyathium campanulate, 0.7—1 mm in diameter, glabrous, with inconspicuous ovate fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, bicornute, with yellowish-white subulate horns, distinctly (1!,—2 times) longer than width of nectary; styles 0.1—0.2 mm long, deeply bifid; schizocarp flattened- globulose, 1.8—2.2mm long, 2—2.5mm wide, trisulcate, cocci smooth, keeled with 2 longitudinal narrow dorsal wings, glabrous; seeds ash-gray, ovate, 1.25—1.5mm long, hexahedral, smooth and concave at both inner faces, with longitudinal furrow, dark pitted on other faces, the outer faces with 3—4 pits, the lateral usually with 3, with appendage at apex. May— November. (Plate XXII, Figure 10.) Weedy cultivated soils, fields, gardens, vegetable crops, sometimes dry slopes. — European part: Lad.-Ilm.(Leningrad), U.V., Balt., U.Dnp., U.Dns., M.Dnp.(W.), Bl., introduced into Transv. (Kuibyshev) and L. Don (Saratov); Caucasus: W. Transc. (rarely, only Ivanovka), Tal. Gen. distr.: Scand. (S.), Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., introduced into Jap.-Ch. and N.Am. Described from gardens in Europe. Typein London. 132. E. aulacosperma Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, XII (1853) 117; Boiss. iia) CAE TO Gian OSV s. WO eH ona nivel ipskiisine ir. vB. eSy Sis 331.— Tithymalus aulacospermus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 82, nomen altern. — Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 92. Annual glabrous plants, 10—20cm high; stems erect, 1—2 mm thick, often branching from base (sometimes only with 2 branches below), some- times with 1—4 axillary peduncles above, 1.5—2.5cm long; cauline leaves tapering at base, obovate or spatulate-oblong, 8—20mm long, 4—8 mm wide, hardly dentate, obtuse or truncate, scarious. Terminal peduncles 3(4), 1—3 cm long, once or many times bifurcate; leaves of involucre oblong- obovate, 10—19mm long, 6—8 mm wide; leaves of involucels obliquely _ ovate-triangular or obliquely triangular-rhombic, ca. 12mm long, 7—8 mm wide, often wider than long, obtuse, sometimes subacute; cyathium turbi- nate, 1—1.5 mm long and wide, hairy inside, with ovate truncate ciliate lobes; nectaries 4, crescent-shaped, with horns 2 to 3 times longer than width of nectary; styles 0.5—0.7 mm long, free, bifid; schizocarp flattened- ovoid, ca. 2.2mm long, 2mm wide, deeply trisulcate; seeds ovate, hexa- hedral, ca. 1.2mm long, 0.7—0.8 mm wide, truncate, longitudinally 6-furrowed, with 1 furrow at each face, finely scabrous, with flattened appendage. (Plate XXIII, Figure 13.) Weeds. — Caucasus: W.Transc. (Novorossiisk). Gen. distr.: E.Med., As. Min.(SE). Described from cultivated areas in the vicinity of Jerusalem in’Palestine.» ‘Type in Geneva. 355 465 466 133.0) misfaleataydas iSpé plia(iiba)y4 56M Ba Pilot tanns caucs al. wane: Ldb. Flix Ross). 2 570; BoissxineDe: Brodrs Vege! 20sgee orais 1111; Hegi, Willy Ni) ly 1845) Kishin any ble ug ost ive sbGan— Tithymelusetalcatws (a:) ls ets Gket exiGarcke Bit Deutseniieda: (1849) 292, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 151. — Galarhoeus falcatus Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 35, olim.— Ie.> Rehb. le. Fl «Germ. Vj)itab: W415 ff. 74.706; Shear il ee; 1, f.1796; Prokh., Obz. moloch. tabl. 50.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 2848; G.R.F. Nos. 1341, 2584. Perennial plants, 7—30 cm high, glabrous or slightly hairy above, glaucous; stems fairly numerous due to basal branching, rarely solitary, 5—20 cm high, usually strongly branching, above with axillary peduncles, below often with short sterile branches; cauline leaves alternate, short- petiolate, cuneate at base, 1—3 cm long, 2—7 mm wide, the lower oblong-spatulate, obtuse, truncate, or emarginate, the others oblanceolate, acute, all entire or denticulate, usually 3-nerved, coriaceous, long persistent. Terminal peduncles 3—5, like axillary peduncles forked for many times, at first short, often ciliate, later usually elongating, inflorescence broadening up to 30cm; leaves of involucre and of lower involucels cuneate at base, oblong or lanceolate, 1.4—2.5cm long, 3—9mm wide, acuminate; leaves of involucels (except for the lower) more or less oblique at base, orbicular-ovate or ovate-rhombic, 5—18 mm long, 5—10 mm wide, long-acuminate, with ca. 1 mm long mucro, often falcately curved, serrulate; cyathium campanulate, 1—1.5mm wide, glabrous outside, hairy inside, with oblong ciliate lobes; nectaries crescent- shaped, hornless or rarely shortly bicornute; styles 1—1.5 mm long, free, deeply bifid; schizocarp conical-ovoid, 2—3.5 mm long, faintly trisulcate, with smooth obtusely keeled cocci, glabrous; seed oblong, 1.5—2 mm long, compressed-tetrahedral, with 5—10 regularly transverse furrows at faces, grayish, with globular-conical white easily falling appendage. June—October.. (Plate XXIII, Figure 12.) Weeds in fields, crops (weed after harvest), roadsides. — European part: V.-Don (Syzran and Elkhovka near Khvalynsk), Transv.(S.), Bl., Crim., i. Don; Caucasus: Cise., (Dac. ; 7h. andyssdiranset;) CentheAsiar ml aomee Syr D., Pam.-Al., Amy D., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur. (in the south), Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Ind.-Him. (W.). Described from S. Europe. Type in London. 134. E. acuminata Lam. Encycl. Bot. II (1786) 427; M. B. Fl. taur.- Cauctyet a O;eie32 2s Heo a TUE cehy aViralt els an as obscura Loisel. in Desv. Journ. Bot. II (1809) 332.— E. falcata var. minor Koch, syns (1837) 731; Boiss: in DC; Prodr.. XV; 2; 140:;— E. galilaieay Boiss: Diagn. ser. 1(1853) 116.— E. pseudograeca Grossh.; in Izv. Azerb: Fil. AN SSSR, 1941, No.1, 42.— Tithymalus acuminatus (Lam.) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.—Ic.: E. obscura Loisel, l. ec. tabi Spf. 25) Rehb. Ic, Fl, Germ: taba 325 ea ob Mele case litle yee f. 1796.— Exs.: Fl. austro-hung. No. 2849. Annual plants, 5—20cm high, glabrous, bluish; stems generally few due to basal branching, erect or ascending, above with 1—7 axillary peduncles (1—5 cm long), sometimes with short sterile branches below; cauline leaves short-petiolate, recurved, tapering at base, oblong-oblanceolate, 1—2.5 cm 61017 2 356 467 long, 3—7 mm wide, acute, thin-scarious. Terminal peduncles 3—4, 0.5—4.5 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for many times, often with close nodes; leaves of involucre recurved, oblanceolate or oblong- linear, (1.1)1.3—2.5 cm long, 3—6 mm wide, widest above, acute and often mucronate; leaves of involucels 2, rounded or cordate at base, obliquely rhombic-ovate, hardly cuspidate, the lower 8—20 mm long, 5-10 mm wide, with eroded cartilaginous margin, thin; cyathium campanulate, glabrous, with ovate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong, truncate at base, reddish or orange, with very short white horns 2—3 times shorter than width of nectary; styles ca. 1mm long, free, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, ca. 2.5mm long, deeply trisulcate, with orbicular glabrous smooth cocci; seeds ovate, up to 1 mm long, slightly tetrahedral, transversely pitted (two faces with 3 transverse pits at each, and 4 at the others). May—July. Crops, roadsides.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (in the south), Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd.? Described from S. Switzerland. Type in Paris. 135. E. normanni Schmalh. ex Lipsky in Zap. Kievsk. obshch. estestv. XI, 2 (1891) 57; Schmalh. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. X (1892) 293.— Tithymalus Normanni (Schmalh. ex Lipsky) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. — Ic.: Schmalh. 1. c. tab. XVI, f. 15. (seeds). Annual plants, 10—20cm high, glabrous, more or less glaucous; stem erect or ascending, more or less spreading-branching, above with 5—7 axillary peduncles (1.5)2—5.5 cm long, below usually with short sterile lateral shoots; leaves long-cuneate at base, narrowly oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, 2.5—3cm long, 4—5 mm wide, obtuse or short-cuspidate, denticulate at margin, 3-nerved. Cymose umbel loose; terminal peduncles 3—4, 1.5—4 cm long, like axillary peduncles forked for 2—3 times; leaves of involucre narrowly oblanceolate, 1.7—2.4 cm long, 3—5 mm wide, obtuse, 3-nerved; leaves of involucels obliquely ovate or obliquely oblong, 1.1—1.5cm long, (4)5—6 mm wide, falcate, cuspidate; cyathium turbinate, ca. 1 mm long and wide, with small oblong lobes; nectaries 4, transversely oblong, truncate, obscurely bicornute, with-short acute horns; styles 0.8— 1mm long, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 2—2.2 mm long, 1.8—2 mm wide, slightly trisulcate, with weakly keeled lobes; seeds grayish-white, ovate, 1.1—1.3 mm long, 0.7—0.9mm wide, not compressed, tetrahedral, furrowed with 2 rows of irregular pits at each face, often confluent into 2 longitudinal furrows, appendageless. May—June. (Plate XXIII, Figure 1.) Mountain slopes. — Caucasus: Cisc. (Stavropol, Nevinnomyssk, Temno- lesskaya). Endemic. Described from Stavropol. Type in Kiev. Note. A rather rare species, closely related to the common E, fal- cata L. from which it is easily distinguished by the seeds with two rows of pits at each face and not one. 136. E. francheti B. Fedtsch. in O. and B. Fedch., Perech. r. Turkest. V1I(1916) 310.— E. turkestanica Franch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, XVIII (1884) 248, non Rgl., 1882.— E. consanguinea auct.; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 100, p. p. non Schrenk.— Tithymalus Francheti (B. Fedtsch.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 140, nomen altern. — Ic.: Prokh. l. c. tabl. 45. Annual plants, 9—20(30) cm high, glabrous, pale green; root thin, vertical; stems usually solitary, erect, 5—15(25) cm high, thin, sometimes with 1—4 axillary peduncles (up to 3cm long) in upper part, usually without 357 468 sterile branches; cauline leaves alternate, short-petiolate, cuneate at base, oblanceolate or elliptic-oblanceolate, 7—25(30)mm long, 3—7 mm wide, the lower spatulate, obtuse, the upper often abruptly subcuspidate, all leaves entire or serrulate above, scarious, usually 3-nerved, deciduous. Inflores- cence small at first; terminal peduncles 2 or rarely 3, like axillary peduncles bifurcate for many times, with long lower peduncles; leaves of involucre 3, oblanceolate, 10—27 mm long, 3—5 mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, cuneate or rounded at base, linear-oblong or rarely linear- oblanceolate, 5—20(25) mm long, 1—4(8)mm wide, obtuse or short-cuspidate; cyathium campanulate, ca. 1.5mm in diameter, with oblong ciliate lobes; nectaries reddish, transversely oblong, bicornute, with whitish short- subulate horns; styles 0.6—0.8 mm long, free, deeply bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 2—2.5 mm long and wide, trisulcate, with smooth (hardly punctate) obtusely keeled cocci; seeds ovate, 1.7—2 mm long, longitudinally tuberculate-ribbed, appearing hexahedral due to accessory longitudinal tuberculate ribs at outer faces, truncate at base, with inconspicuous flat subsessile whitish appendage at apex. May—July. (Plate XXIII, Figure11.) Stony and pebbly slopes, often shaly slopes, also on loesslike loams. — Centr. Asia: Balkh., T.Sh., Pam.-Al., Mtn. Turkm. (only near Kurt-Su towards Gaudan). Endemic? Described from Tengikharam. Type in Paris. Note. E.(ftiainichie ti Betedtsch. 1s;-tovarcertraim des reessaamks between subsection Oleraceae and subsection Oppositifoliae. In the length of styles (0.6—0.8 mm) this species is intermediate between E. falcata L. (styles longer than 0.8 mm) of the first subsection and species included in the second (styles shorter than 0.7mm). While the upper cauline leaves and involucral leaves resemble those of E. falcata and its allied species, the leaves of the involucel of E. francheti are sometimes like those of subsection Oppositifoliae. Furthermore, the stems of this species usually do not branch, thus corresponding to the latter subsection, yet their rather high stature and the rare branching make it possible to place it in subsection Oleraceae, as we are doing. The seeds of this species also display a tran- sitional character. Is not E. francheti B. Fedtsch. merely a hybrid species originating in Central Asia, hybrid between representatives of subsection Oleraceae intruding there, notably E. falcata L., and the aboriginal forms of sub- section Oppositifoliae? Subsection 2. OPPOSITIFOLIAE Boiss: in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 99; El. (OnraelV Gloss, O9l4— (Gen, anthiymalinse cts lO p oysmate wor aati Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 122.— See page 258 of the Key for characteristics of the subsection. Type of subsection: Euphorbia Ti0\ (OWS Seal (S} FeV 5) ale) ewe rsie Ibe This subsection of dwarf annual spurges is common to the steppes and deserts of the Turan desert lowland and the Plateau of Iran. It is repre- sented by typical ephemers having only a single reduced stem and depressed lateral branches. Accordingly, Boissier's name for this subsection — "Oppositifoliae" — cannot be termed as successful since it refers only to the always opposite leaves of the numerous involucels of the (especially here) broadly spreading, umbelliform inflorescence and does not take into account the proper cauline leaves on the reduced stem which are partly alternate (not in E. lathyris L. with its always opposite leaves). 358 469 470 bt: . inderiensis ‘less. (ex Kar. et ‘Kary in) Bull.“Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 448; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 559.— E. pygmaea Fisch. et Mey. ex Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 99, non Ldb.; Boiss. Fl. or. IV, 1091; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 197.— Tithymalus inderiensis (Less. ex Kar. et Kir.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 65, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azair,122. oT? py smae us. Kl. jetvGke: apud Klotzsch, 1. ‘ec: 84. = Ici: Boiss. Ic’ Euph. tab. 51 ("E. pygmaea'"); Prokh., Obz. moloch. tabl. 36. Annual plants, 5—15(25) cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root thin, vertical; stems usually half the length of the plant, thin; cauline leaves (except cotyledons) usually alternate, sessile, narrowly linear, 1—2 cm long, 0.5—1.25 mm wide, acuminate, acute or often obtuse, entire, deciduous. Inflorescence spreading, loose; terminal peduncles 2 or rarely 3, bifurcate for many times; leaves of the numerous in- volucels 2, similar in shape to the cauline but larger (up to 2.7 cm long) and persistent; cyathium narrowly campanylate, 0.7—1 mm in diameter, with ovate fimbriate lobes; nectaries greenish, crescent- shaped, usually bicornute, with short horns; styles (.4—0.5 mm long, free, slightly thickening above, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 3—3.5 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide, trisulcate, with obtusely keeled nearly smooth (hardly netted) cocci; seeds ash-gray, oblong, 1.2—1.5mm long (up to 2 mm long with appendage), hexahedral, longitudinally and narrowly 1-furrowed along faces, transversely wrinkled-folded, obliquely truncate, with horizontal, scalelike, long-stalked appendage (on stalk ca. 0.5 mm long). April—June. Clayey steppes and mountain slopes with conglomerate outcrops. — Centr Asia: Ar.-Casp.; Balkh. (S.),.'Dzu.-Tarb:) T. Sh4,.“SyroD., Kyz. K., iPam-.=Ale Amu DY Kar K:; Mtn: Turkm. Gens distr.: Dzhu.-Kash. (Kuldja District). Described from the sands of Dzungaria near Sassyk- Pastau spring. Type in Leningrad. 138. E. triodonta Prokh. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR, XXIX (1930) 555.— Tithymalus triodontus Prokh. ibid. nomen altern.; Prokh., ObzZaamolock sry AZ| 25. Nes s=e Idi, wwGleie alli s Scheele in Linnaea, XVII (1843) 343.—? E. parvula C. Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1847) 731.— Tithymalus arvalis (Boiss. et Heldr.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 82, nomen altern. 473 Annual plants, (5)8—15 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; stem solitary, low, 2—5cm high, only 1/, to 1/, (?/,) the length of the plant, with 1—6 axillary peduncles nearly basal (1—3.5cm long up to first branching) or sometimes without, always without sterile branches; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, tapering at base, obovate-oblong, 9—21 mm long, 3—7 mm wide, obtuse, thick, entire. Inflorescence pseudo-dichasial; terminal peduncles 3, 1.2—3.5cm long, like axillary peduncles many times (up to 7 and more) bifurcate, the axillary sometimes monochasial; leaves of involucre spatulate-elliptic, 14—21 mm long, 4—7 mm wide; leaves of involucels 2, slightly cordate or short-cuneate at base, obliquely ovate-elliptic or obliquely oblong-ovate, 7-16 mm long, 5—11 mm wide (the terminal smaller), obtuse, sometimes short-cuspidate, entire; cyathium turbinate, only 1 mm in diameter, scari- ous, with oblong fimbriate lobes; nectaries pink, transversely oblong, bicornute, with horns as long as width of nectary, sometimes abortive; styles 0.4—0.5 mm long, bifid; schizocarp flattened-ovoid, 2.2—2.5mm long, 2.5—-3 mm wide, deeply trisulcate, glabrous, with dorsally orbicular cocci; seeds whitish, ovate, orbicular-tetrahedral, 1.5—1.7mm long, 1—1.3 mm wide, densely tuberculate-rugose or if tubercles confluent then folded- wrinkled, with conical, later furrowed, scarious, subsessile (deciduous) appendage. May—June. (Plate XXIII, Figure 2.) Mountain slopes and cliffs, fallow lands. — Caucasus: S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from pastureland between Isparta and Egridir in Pisidia, Asia Minor. Type in Geneva. Note. Incase E. ruderalis Scheele (1843) or E. parvula C. Koch (1847) are proved to be identified with E. arvalis Boiss. et Heldr. (1853), then E. arvalis should become a synonym of one of the other two species since it is the later name. 144, E. densa Schrenk in Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Petersb. III (1845) 308; doy He Rossii, s60.Boilss:zinw Des Prodi 0V5u2, sO 0; iiemors IV,1091.— Tithymalus densus (Schrenk.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 65, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. se, Avan, 195, le.3 APeOkS, lly ©; wloll, Ay. Annual plants, 3-10 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root thin; stem erect, reduced (1—3.5cm high), sometimes with axillary peduncles above; lower cauline leaves opposite, the upper usually alternate, all with long petioles (up to 1 em long and twice as long as blades), cuneate at base, obovate or spatulate, 7-13 mm long, 5—8 mm wide, obtuse or emarginate, subentire, deciduous. Inflorescence spreading; terminal peduncles 2-3, like axillary 474 peduncles bifurcate for many times, the upper very short; leaves of the numerous involucels 2, the lower sparse, short-petiolate, orbicular-obovate, denticulate, the upper very dense (fall specimens), sessile, suborbicular, 4—12 mm long and wide, abruptly short-cuspidate, acutely denticulate at 362 apex; cyathium broadly campanulate, 1—1.5 mm in diameter, glabrous, with oblong dentate lobes; nectaries reddish, crescent-shaped (or trans- versely oblong), bicornute, with short subulate diverging horns; styles thick, 0.4—0.5 mm long, free, bifid; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, ca. 3mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide, faintly trisulcate, with smooth slightly keeled cocci; seeds greenish-gray or ash-gray, oblong, 2—2.2 mm long, tetrahedral, faces with shallow longitudinal furrow and transversely folded-rugose or sparingly pitted, with erect subglobular subsessile appendage at the obliquely truncate apex. April—May. (Plate XXII], Figure 5.) Sands and saline slopes.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (left bank of Sary-Su River in the southeast), Balkh. (along Chu and Dzhambul rivers in the southwest), Syr D., Kyz.K., Amu D., Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from solonchaks in Semirech'e near Dzhambul. Type in Leningrad. 145. E. szovitsii Fisch. et Mey. Ind. sem. hort. Petrop. I (1835) 27; Poibpeiel oss, Wil h60+: (Boiss: any DC ProdrenXVe. 2; 148; .Flo-cor., AV; 1113.= Tithymalus szovitsii (Fisch. et Mey.) Kl. et Gke. ex Klotzsch in Abh. Akad. Berl. 1859 (1860) 65, nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii, 138:.— less Boiss... de¥ Emphs tabiy96;)oProkhailte. tabl. 44.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 2576. Annual plants, 3—12 cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root thin, vertical; stem erect, half the length of the plant or slightly more, 2—7 cm high, Simple, sometimes with axillary peduncles above; cauline leaves cuneate, at base, linear-spatulate, 2—15 mm long, 1.5—3 mm wide, obtuse or some- times even emarginate, subentire, fleshy, with 3 obscure nerves below, usually deciduous. Terminal peduncles 3—5, generally spreading, like axillary peduncles bifurcate for many times; leaves of involucre similar to the cauline; leaves of the numerous involucels 2, the lower oblong- or linear-lanceolate, 8—20 mm long, 2—4 mm wide, falcately curved, obtuse, the upper shorter and approximate; cyathium campanulate, 1—1.5 mm in diameter, with oblong ciliate lobes; nectaries reddish, crescent-shaped, nearly hornless; styles 0.3—0.4 mm long, shortly 2-lobed; schizocarp ovoid, truncate, 2.5—3 mm long, trihedral, acutely keeled, hardly furrowed between cocci, smooth, shiny except for ribs; seeds ash-gray, oblong, 475 1.5—2 mm long, tetrahedral, with few irregular transverse wrinkles and tubercles at faces, straight at base and obliquely truncate at apex, with obtuse conical subsessile appendage. Fl. May, Fr. June. (Plate XXIII, Figure 6.) Pebbly slopes, taluses and coastal gravels.— Caucasus: Dag., E.Transc. (only Khanlar), S. Transc., Tal. Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (north and west), Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from N.Iran. Type in Leningrad. Subsection 3. DENSIUSCULAE Prokh. subsect. nova in Addenda XIII, 743.— See page 255 of the Key for characteristics of the subsection. E. densiuscula M. Pop. is sufficiently distinguished from the species of the preceding subsection to be separated into a special subsection. 146. E. densiuscula M. Pop. in Tr. Turkest. nauchn. obshch. I (1923) 38.— Tithymalus densiusculus (M. Pop.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 137, nomen altern.—? Galarhoeus densiusculi- 363 formis Pazij in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Inst. Bot. i Zool. Akad Nauk UzbSSR, XI (1948) 26.— Ic.: Prokh., l. c. tabl. 43. Annual plants, 5—10 cm high, green, sparsely spreading-hairy; root thin, vertical; stems ca. We the length of the plant; cauline leaves alternate, cuneate at base, obovate, obtuse, entire, rather thick, deciduous and leaving sears. Inflorescence corymbiform; terminal peduncles 2—3,bifurcate for 2 to many times, the lower elongate and erect; leaves of involucre similar to the cauline but slightly shorter and wider, acute or obtuse, deciduous; leaves of involucels 2, orbicular or rhombic, transversely oblong or broadly ovate, 3—7 mm long, 3—8 mm wide, obtuse, sometimes abruptly short-cuspidate, sometimes more or less connate in pairs, entire; cyathium 1—1.5 mm in diameter, sparsely hairy outside, with ovate brown lobes undulate at margin; nectaries yellowish, transversely elliptic, bicornute, with subulate horns,as long as width of nectary; stami- nate flowers with pinnate bracts and hairy pedicels; styles thick- cylindrical, 0.8—1 mm long, free, bifid; schizocarp large, truncate-ovoid, triquetrous, ca. 4mm long, slightly trisulcate, with nearly smooth (hardly netted-rugose) keeled cocci; seeds ash-gray, ovate, ca. 2.5mm long, 1.2—1.4mm wide, tetrahedral, slightly transversely furrowed-pitted, without appendage. April—May. Salt-bearing sandstone mountains. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (vicinity of Baisun). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Baisun near Katta- Kamysh. Type in Tashkent. 476 Note. Galarhoeus densiusculiformis Pazij, which was recently described from the same places as Euphorbia densiuscula M. Pop., is referred here to the latter. The distinguishing characters reported in the diagnosis (glabrescence of the plant and the transversely rugose seeds) are obviously not sufficient to differentiate species with corresponding distribution areas. Moreover, the transversely rugose seeds are also commonto E. densiuscula M. Pop. and for this reason should be ignored. The leaves of the involucels of G. densiusculi- formis are, according to the description, slightly longer (11/, times longer than wide) when compared with the measurements of those of E. densiu- scula; nevertheless, although the leaves of the involucels are not equal, their measurements still partially overlap. Hence it remains only to accept G. densiusculiformis as the glabrous form from the earlier places Of EaGiemays musi Chumla Section 9. DEMATRA (Rafin.) Prokh. sect. comb. nova.— Dematra Rafin. Autikon botanikon (1840) 96.— Ctenadena Prokh., Obz. moloch. sr. Aziii(933) 28°— Subsection Criotonopsideae Boiss. inv D@z eredx: XV; 2 (1862) 100; Fl. or. IV, 1083; 1092.— See page 237) of thelkeyator characteristics of the section. Note. This monotypic section is so unique that twice it has been separated into an independent genus — once by myself in 1933 when I was unaware of Rafinesque's earlier name. Morphologically, the section Dematra is the transitional link to the sympatric subgenus Cystidospermum with which it shares palmately parted nectaries, entire styles, long-petioled leaves with characteristic shape, craspedodromous venation, and awned teeth. Nevertheless, owing to the development, even at the beginning, of a short monopodial stem with alternate leaves, distinct from the above cymose inflorescence, and the absence of stipules, we prefer to include the section Dematra in the sub- 364 (477) PLATE XXIV. 1— Euphorbia nutans Lagasca.; 2—E.humifusa Willd.; 3—E.cheirolepis Fisch.et Mey.; 4— E. maculata L.; 5— E.forskalii J.Gay. 365 genus Paralias inspite of its being nota typical but a deviated group. E. lanata Spreng., the only species of the section. 147. E. lanata Sieber ex Spreng. Syst. III (1828) 792; Boiss. in DC. Prodr V2 LO mI. or. eV, 0929 — Dieimiat rayys em 1 cela pruaie Autikon botanikon (1840) 96.— Ctenadena lanata Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 28, olim.— Tithymalus lanatus (Sieb. ex Spreng.) 479Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern.—Ic.: Boiss. Ic. Euph. tab. 53; Prokh. aes tall (Gr Annual plants, 15—30 cm high, appressed-tomentose; root thin, vertical; stem erect, 5—10cm long, branching, usually with few axillary peduncles; cauline leaves alternate, elliptic or ovate, 3.4—3.6 cm long, 1.8—2.2 cm wide, obtuse, deciduous. Inflorescence broadly spreading; terminal peduncles 2, rarely 3, many times bifurcate; leaves of involucre like upper cauline leaves; leaves of the numerous involucels 2, with 0.5—1 cm long petioles, ovate, 1.5—2.3 cm long, 0.9—1.6 cm wide, awned-dentate, gray- hairy beneath; cyathium broadly campanulate, 3-4 mm in diameter, villous inside and out, with triangular-ovate fimbriate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong, concave, hairy below, pectinately incised into 2—8 subulate lobes, the marginal longer; styles Tn to 1 mm long, thickened, twisted, entire; schizocarp ovoid, 5—6 mm long, 5.5—6.5 mm in diameter, trisulcate, with keeled cocci, lanate; seeds whitish, oblong, tetrahedral, 3.5—4.5 mm long, flattened below, obtusely tuberculate, obliquely truncate, with obtuse conical stalked appendage. Fl. June, Fr. August—September. Weed. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (near Ashkhabad). Gen. distr.: E. Med., Iran. Described from the vicinity of Jerusalem. Type was in Berlin. Section 10. EPURGA Prokh. sect. comb. nova.— Gen. Tithymali subgen. Epurga Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 56.— Epurga Fourr. (nomen) in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon N. S. XVII (1869) 150. — Subsection Decussatae Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 99. — See page 237 in Key for characteristics of the section. Note. A monotypic section with a single polymorphic species — E. lathyris L. The globulose, berry-shaped, indehiscent fruit with spongy mesocarp and the opposite arrangement of leaves along the main stem place the section in a rather separate position within the subgenus Paralias. This is evidently a progressive group that has recently developed. 14g. E. dathyris le sp. plsei(h753)i4 n=) ludbs ells Rossa TUE Mons Boiss! an DC.) Prodcs XV 2, 99. He oily ls Hy Vee 46) — Ee esr ona giosa lLdb. ex Schrank in Syll. Ratisb. L. (1824) 214.— Tithymalus Latihygenis) (ep) ocopa Hilt carsnianedie2 saa (Cia) sia, snomenkalltexgie. Prokhy,@bza imolochs Sr Azil, 562 — Gia laehorems) darthiy.Gnism iene Synewpletsuces (Usl2)\l43. ies Nehbe le. hia Germ=- Vay tab Laon tecamuors lakeyents: INU IIS WS RR tes Ie By3) 5 Annual plants, 60—100cm high, glabrous, glaucous; root vertical; stem solitary, erect, rather thick (7-10 mm), with axillary peduncles above and sterile branches below; cauline leaves all opposite, with petioles up to 4mm 480 long and 5 mm wide, slightly cordate at base, linear-lanceolate, 10-16 cm long, 1—2.2 cm wide (the lower approximate and narrower), acuminate, 366 cuspidate or obtuse, incurved at margin, entire, more or less thick, dark green and shiny above, paler beneath, glaucescent-gray, with 1 prominent nerve; leaves on sterile branches smaller. Terminal peduncles 4, 4—5 cm long, like axillary peduncles bifurcate for 1—3 times, rarely only with 1 secondary peduncle at each node; leaves of involucre hardly petio- late or subsessile, oblique-cordate at base, triangular-lanceolate, 3—10cm long, ca. 2.5cm wide; leaves of involucels 2, oblique and slightly cordate at base, triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, palmately 5—7-nerved, the lower up to 6cm long and up to 3cm wide, the terminal smaller; cyathium turbinate, ca. 2.5mm long, 3mm wide, glabrous, pale green, lobes oblong- ovate (ca. 1 mm long), obtuse, glabrous, crenate at apex; nectaries crescent- shaped, emarginate at margin, bicornute, with diverging spatulate obtuse horns; staminate flowers ebracteate at base; styles ca. 3 mm long, bifid for 1/, the length; schizocarp globulose, truncate, 1—1.2cm long, 1.4—1.6 cm wide, not parted, with thick (up to 4mm) soft spongy pericarp, smooth (wrinkled when dry), longitudinally weakly 6-furrowed (3 of which similar to 3 basic furrows and additional 3 at the middle of carpels); seeds dark brown, ovate, 7-8mm long, 4—5 mm wide, smooth at first, later netted- rugose, with a segment (ca. 1.5mm in diameter) of white smooth sessile appendage lobed at margin. July—August. Weed and cultivated. — Caucasus: introduced into W. Transc. (near (Kutaisi), under cultivation in Cisc. (near Krasnodar). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (cultivated and definitely wild), introduced into Atl. Eur., W.Med., N. Am. (Mexico) and S. Am. (Peru), cultivated in Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja District). Described from W. Europe (France, Italy), from edges of pastures. Type in London. Note. Characterized to a certain degree by an enigmatic, disjunct distribution area; it occurs on the one hand as a weed in the western part of Europe and on the other in the Far East in mass cultivation as well as in the wild (western part of mountainous China). It is apparent that this spurge was introduced into Europe from the East during the Middle Ages. Economic importance. The plant is cultivated in China and Japan, especially for its oil-producing seeds. Recently, it has started to attract | interest in the USSR. Subgenus 2. Cystidospermum Prokh. subgen. comb. nova. — Cystidospermum Prokh., Obz.)-moloch. Sr: Azii (1933) 25.— Section GCiréenszole pid iaumt Boiss, in DC: %Predr. XVj-2"(1862)-70;" FL... or, IV, 1083, 1089.— See page 236 of the Key for characteristics of the subgenus. 481 The subgenus Cystidospermum was first described by me as a separate genus for which there was at the time a reasonable basis; it is hardly suitable now to establish small separate genera until the whole genus Euphorbia L. is treated monographically. Furthermore, Cystidospermum istoacertainextent a morphological link between the preceding subgenus Paralias, to which it is similar by the absence of petaloid appendages in the nectaries, and the following Chamaesyce, with which it shares the opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules. 367 Two species, in additionto E. postii Boiss., originating from the sandy deserts of Iran and Turan lowland, are included in Cystido- spermum. Type of subgenus: E. cheirolepis Fisch. et Mey. 149. E. cheirolepis Fisch. et Mey. ex Ldb. FI. Ross. III (1849-1851) 558: Boiss. in DG. Prodr. XV, 2, 70; Fl. or. IV, 1089:— Cystido- spermum cheirolepis (Fisch. et Mey. ex Ldb.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 26, nomen altern.— Ic.: Prokh. 1. c. tabl. 5.— PiscShei Gerke No. Zoi: Annual plants, 20—45cm high; root thin, vertical; stems more or less erect, many times furcately branching; leaves usually varying in shape, the lower (except cotyledons) alternate, petiolate, linear or narrowly lanceolate, 5—8cm long, 2—6 mm wide, acute, sparsely toothed or some- times entire, the upper opposite, distinctly petioled, usually elliptic or obovate, 0.5—2.5 cm long, 0.5—1.2 cm wide, obtuse, sparsely acutely toothed, all more or less pubescent or sometimes glabrous, l-nerved; stipules small, subulate, often acutely toothed. Cyathia solitary in bifurcations, campanulate, 2.5—4 mm wide, densely pubescent, with ovate ciliate lobes; nectaries 4—5, subequal, transversely oblong, pectinately incised into 3—5 subulate lobes, at first short, later elongating; styles 3—4 mm long, half- connate, entire, more or less twisted; schizocarp truncate-ovoid, 4—5 mm long, trisulcate, with orbicular cocci, villous, pericarp scarious; seeds oblong, 3—4 mm long, rugulose, obliquely truncate, with vesicle-like bicor- nute appendage, horns appressed to and more than half as long as seeds. May—September (Plate XXIV, Figure 3.) Sands, usually sand-dunes.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Aral Sea in the south), Syr D., Pam.-Al. (Shirabad valley in the southwest), Amu D. (sands of Sandukli), Kyz.K., Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Turkmenia. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is characterized by the extreme variability in the shape of the leaves (like E. bungei Boiss. and E. ispahanica Boiss. from the same localities). An especially narrow-leaved variety of E. cheirolepis F. et M. is var. longifolia, in which the elongated 482 shape of the first leaves is kept along the entire length of the stem. Is this not merely a modification? Subgenus 3. Chamaesyce (S.F. Gray)? lL. C., Wheeler in Contrib. Gray Herb. CXXXV (1941).— Chamaesyce S.F.Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pie @821)\9260;) small Rl southeasia Wr 7S: WON saulVinllisip) tapeEptenG Columba) Muss ‘Rubi 365. Bota.Sehell Nok... s00f tet eubilan aioe ote Seg No. NOse3 907. erokhi.Obize rmoloch:-ssiggsA zane We eicudlongsian Bot. Sada, I, 7; Croizat et Degener in Degener, Fl. Hawaiiensis, Fam. 190.— Anisophyllum Haw. Syn. pl. succ. (1812) 159, non Jacq. (1763); Klotzsch in Monatsb. Akad. Berl. (1859) 247.— Ditrita Rafin. Sylva tellur. (1838) 115.— Section Anisophyllum Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 11-52; Fl. or. IV, 1086—1089; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) 195; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1863.— See page 236 of the Key for charac- teristics of the subgenus. 368 483 This subgenus is sufficiently distinguished to be separated into a genus, which is what we did earlier, as did many other authors; yet, viewing the whole diversity of the genus Euphorbia L. in the broad sense, some morphologically intermediate forms, like the preceding subgenus Cystidospermum, make it difficult to raise the subgenera as independent definite genera. Moreover, the characteristic habit (branching and stipules) of the species of Chamaesyce is unknown in the Russian spurges, and it generally concerns the vegetative parts; the generative parts differ only by the presence of petaloid appendages of the nectaries. The subgenus Chamaesyce is accepted here in the sense of the genus Chamaesyce in Croizat. We both includein Chamaesyce notonly the species with furcately dichasial branching, like the Russian ones, but also the exotic forms with narrower monochasia yet also with opposite leaves. The loss of monopodial branching is evidence of the adaptability of the subgenus to extreme arid habitats with low precipitation. There are about 250 species in the subgenus, most of which are confined to the deserts and littoral parts of tropical America and the islands of Polynesia where the woody forms are quite common. Some of the Russian species are dichasial annuals of dry steppes and in other cases of coastal areas. Some Chamaesyce easily become weeds following cultivation. Such species often penetrate countries far from their native habitat and thus it is not surprising to find that of the 10 Russian species of Chamaesyce, only 6 are indigenous, the other 4 having been introduced into the USSR. We are refraining from subdividing Chamaesyce into sections and subsections; such a step would be possible only after its universal diversity, notably in America, is defined. Type of subgenus: Euphorbia peplis L. 1. Cyathia at ends of branches of terminal cymose umbels, the lower remote, sometimes appearing solitary in bifurcations; stems usually erect or ascending; developed leaves (1.5)2—3.5cm long, rounded or obliquely cordate at base, with 3—5 nerves, ovate-oblong, sometimes imearspplanrs imcrevor dess /pubeseentsir. (A .cr.2 Gide @ A eR oe 2 + Cyathia solitary in bifurcations, but with reduction of peduncles often approximate, forming spurious leafy pseudoracemose (not cymose umbel) inflorescence; stems usually procumbent; leaves relatively small, shorter than 1.5cm; seeds reddish or gray, not blackish .... 3. 2. Furcate branching of stem rather equal; cyathia in polychasial terminal inflorescences but solitary ones also occurring in bifur- cations; schizocarp 2—2.5mm wide, glabrous; seeds blackish, with numerous irregular transverse wrinkles; appressed-pubescent and apansely tene-hairyiplants: Wb. cts fets ity of ancy. erate 150. E. nutans Lag. + Furcate branching of stem unequal, nearly sympodial [?], i.e., one branch more strongly developed appearing like the continuation of the supporting internode, the second branch weaker, like a short axillary sided branch; polychasial inflorescence usually appearing lateral; schizocarp ca. 2mm wide, coarsely appressed-hairy; seeds 369 484 1—1.2 mm long, blue-reddish with grayish rim or wholly whitish-gray, with 5—6 interrupted and interwoven transverse wrinkles; plant finely SIGOPAE SINEMA GWA 6 Gb tec tego) Cot cuoee Creo poe eo lio +> (Rh indicamtam,: Seeds smooth, finely papillate when ripe; schizocarp glabrous; cyathia solitary in bifurcations in upper part of plant; appendages of nectaries subequal, narrow, not wider than nectaries; Russian plants mostly la ROUWS Sie Meee tremor kl hel cle dade Geetont-a le) =) uP) vee) = One ie=R-n~ eetal eee 4, Seeds, at least on the 2 outer faces, with straight transverse furrows or numerous transverse wrinkles; schizocarp glabrous or more or less pubescent; appendages of nectaries often distinctly wider than jAUNG OS. Ole MeeNely ANSE = 5 o 5 6 ooo OOOO oo Bye Robust plant, stems and branches more or less thick; eaves 8—12 mm long, fleshy, very asymmetrical at base (at one side deeply cordate- auriculate and slightly denticulate, at the other obliquely truncate), entire for the most part; styles very short, with spatulate lobes at summit; schizocarp 3.5—5 mm wide, with rounded cocci, below with small 3—6-parted squamiform perianth; seeds conical-ovate, 2.5—3 mm OIA MAAS SM Cereals eed tMrstncaie ec kecaolew otis Wnts lel te meet ceceers along te ws Lo2e eRe peplisn da: Delicate plants, stems and branches thin; leaves 5—10 mm long, not fleshy, slightly asymmetrical at base, more or less serrate above; styles long, deeply bifid; schizocarp 1.5—2 mm wide, with obtusely keeled cocci, perianth obsolete; seeds somewhat tetrahedral, oblong, Canale: LOMoMA RW stelle lets seks ee eae Sma my Ce 153. E. humifusa Willd. Internodes not short, not even of fertile branches (at least as long as leaves); cyathia not crowded in inflorescence; schizocarp glabrous or more or less spreading-hairy; styles short or sometimes long .. 6. Internodes of fertile branches short (at least slightly shorter than leaves); cyathia in short dense leafy pseudoracemes appearing axil- lary; leaves 2—3 times longer than wide; schizocarp coarsely appressed=haiwy stylesisltort, see vine me ere sheet el ne een een eee ®). Appendages of nectaries subequal; styles short; leaves not more than EWLCE LAS TONS AS owilde Ailes.) oeemhihs Hedie celle tohtciiea ef cto kenre i t= sie ate (eae anrem memetie te Te Appendages of the outer pair of nectaries distinctly larger than those of the inner pair; leaves more than twaceras! longvasiwide) ae-s-se eee 8. Leaves ovate-elliptic, more than aA times longer than wide; stems elongate, thin even at base; plants glabrous or often sparsely long- hatcyiwithys preading Waaskst. whtanes seneplon eit altes mere 154. E. chamaesycee L. Leaves suborbicular, hardly longer than wide; stems more or less thickened at base; plants often more or less densely and softly tomen- POSITS AIT EISICSIALEN HEU whos teh AGES sb eae one AMIN S Bier ek kee iSo.e Er ercanescensma: Seeds oblong, 2—2 oe times longer than wide, tetrahedral, with acute ribs and concave, distinctly transversely rugose-furrowed faces, truncate at base, acute; styles inconspicuous; stems short, hardening; appendages of inner pair of RECIENTES often absent, of outer twice as waders nectariesyts war wis lord seat, alae eLeee 156. E. turcomanica Boiss. Seeds ovate, 1 V2 times longer than wide, orbicular-tetrahedral, very faintly transversely pitted-rugose at faces, obtuse; styles ca. 1mm long; stems elongate, filiform; appendages of inner pair of nectaries not narrower than nectaries, of outer 4 times wider ...... WE una leretustene ds fel ar AIMS AU aS 2 ie SP LOC Le AC a 157. E. anisopetala Prokh. 370 9. Seeds 1.2—1.5mm long, irregularly transversely rugose; schizocarp 1.5—2 mm long and wide, with acutely keeled cocci; leaves up to 15mm 485 long; rather robust plants, with stems firm but easily breaking in MOdeSs( UD y ie AO CMGlONG \ior of cup bith p> loyepees ofS, ve 158. E. forskalii J. Gay. ft Seeds ca. 0.8mm long, the 2 outer faces 0.5mm wide, with 3—4 trans- verse straight disconnected furrows; schizocarp ca. 1.5mm wide, drooping already at beginning, with obtusely keeled cocci; styles short; cyathium stalked, 0.75 mm long, coarse-hairy inside, entire or incised/ parted for not more than half; leaves more or less oblong, 5—9mm long; weak plants, villous, with thin stems (up to 15 cm long)....... PEPE. Mee Se seer ee io) odegiticn Rhee, S sree td. & ogtta trate 159. E. maculata L. 150. E. nutans Lagasca, Gen. et sp. nov. (1816)17; Hegi, Dl. Fl. v, i,.143.— Eomaeculata, L. Mant. alt..(1771) 392, nom.L. (1753).— me type sli Guss.,—1. sic, Prodr. 1.(1827).539; «Boiss. in DC.,Prodr. mNgea, 23.— Eh. hype ricif olia,auct.;)Engelm.in Chapm,. FJ. south. U. S. (1860) 403, non L.— Chamaesyce nutans (Lagasca) Small, Fl. southeast U. S. (1903) 712, nomen altern.— Ic.: Moggridge, Fl. Men- fone (18%). tab. 15,.("Ee,Pr eslii'');, Britt. and Brown,, Ill;..Fl. N. States and Canade, II (1897) 375 et ed. 2, Il (1913) 468.— Exs.: Fl. austro-hung. No. 493. Annual plants, 15—40cm high, sparingly long- and short-appressed-hairy; stems usually erect or ascending, sparingly long-hairy above, rarely below, sporadically with very short and appressed tomentose hairs, alternately pseudodichotomously branching; leaves subsessile, somewhat asymmetrical, rounded or slightly cordate at base, ovate-oblong or lanceolate or linear, (1.5)2—3.5cm long, (6)8—15mm wide, obtuse, serrulate (especially below), above usually with long reddish spot; stipules triangular, reddish, fimbriate- ciliate. Cyathia few in dense terminal subglobular polychasial inflores- cences supported by a pair of terminal leaves, sometimes also solitary in upper bifurcations of stem; cyathium narrowly turbinate, 1—1.2 mm long, glabrous outside, coarse-hairy inside, with lanceolate lobes; nectaries 4, with wider, ovate-orbicular, entire or obscurely emarginate appendages, white, slightly reddening at base; styles 0.5—0.75 mm long, bifid; schizo- carp 2—2.5 mm long, 1.8—2.5 mm wide, glabrous, with slightly keeled cocci; seeds ovate, tetrahedral, 1—1.2 mm long, nearly black when ripe, with numer- ous irregular transverse wrinkles. July—September. (Plate XXIV, Figure 1.) Asa weedincultivated fields and along roadsides, often along seashores. — Caucasus: introduced into W.Transc. (Abhazia; Gagry, Petskirskoe Gorge). Gen. distr.: Centr. Am., tropical S. Am., introduced into Centr. Eur. (S.) and Atl. Eur., W. Med. Described from America (''New Spain"). Type in Madrid. 486 Lol.pi., indica, Lar. Dict..Bot.-11,(1786).423;..Boiss;,\in» DC) -Prodr: : oa, 200 22e.hls om. 1V, 1086.— Chamaesyce indica (Lam,)) Prokh, nomen altern. Annual plants, 15—30 cm high, glaucescent, finely short-hairy, at least on petioles and peduncles of various cyathia; stems ascending or decum- : bent, hairy, branching; leaves short-petiolate, rounded at base, obovate, obtuse, remotely and usually inconspicuously serrate, sparingly appressed- short-hairy, paler beneath; stipules dilated at base then setaceous, ciliate. 371 Polychasial cymose inflorescences capitate, loose axillary, on short peduncles usually with 2 basal leaves as long as inflorescence; cyathium turbinate, glabrous outside and inside, with triangular somewhat fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, ovate, with ovate-orbicular white appendage as wide as nectary or narrower; Styles ca. 0.5mm long, bifid; schizocarp ca. 1.5mm long, 2mm wide, usually appressed-hairy, with slightly keeled cocci; seeds ovate, tetrahedral, 1—1.2 mm long, blue-reddish with grayish rim or completely whitish-gray, at each face with 5—6 transverse inter- rupted interwoven wrinkles. Weed. — Caucasus: introduced into W.Transc. Gen. distr.: tropical Africa, Ind.-Him. Described from East Indies. Type in Paris. Note. There are no specimens of this species in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute (Leningrad). It is included on the basis of A. A.Grossgeim's data. 152) ES peplis Lt Spr)pla=(1:753)r4555 9 MiB ni tau. = caucenl, asia: Iidby (HissRoss lll so 58a oss] an Cx pPico dive ees Ziel eo teen 1086.— Chamaesyce peplis (L.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 15, nomen altern.— Ie.; Engl. Bot. tab. 2002; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. Vettabwolst of. 753-sihegi. vill lw, Liaison tixs) eer ansegeaenme. No. 494. Annual plants, glabrous, slightly fleshy, glaucous, bluish or whitish- green, reddening at end; stems creeping, 5—25 cm long, thick and fleshy, usually with inflated nodes, striate-ribbed, hardening at base, pseudo- dichotomously strongly branching, with internodes 2—5 cm long; leaves with petioles 1—3 mm long, strongly asymmetrical and deeply cordate at the often denticulate base, auricled at one side and cut at the other, ovate- oblong or oblong-rhombic, 7—13 mm long (without auricle), 2.5—8 mm wide, obtuse or slightly emarginate at apex, entire or denticulate; stipules inter- petiolar, bi- or trifid, subulate, ca. 1.5cm[?] long. Cyathia solitary in bifurcations or appearing axillary, stalked, campanulate, 1.2—1.5 mm long, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, short-hairy inside, with small triangular ciliate 487 lobes; nectaries 4, transversely oblong, narrow, 0.5mm long, concave above, often reddish, with narrow entire or slightly lobed white appendage; styles relatively thick, very short (ca. 2mm), each with 2 spatulate lobes at summit; calycine perianth around pistillate flower more or less distinct, composed of 3 or 6 oblong-triangular usually.bifid lobes; schizocarp globulose-trihedral, (2.8)3.5—4.5mm long, (3.5)4—5 mm wide, shallowly trisulcate, with orbicular cocci; seeds ovate, tetrahedral, ovate-conical, not compressed, 2.7—3.2 mm long, 1.8—2.4 mm wide, acute, nearly smooth at faces, gray, without appendage. June—September. Seashores of moderately moist sands. — European part: Bes., Bl., Crim) Caucasus: Cise; (Tlaman),- W.Eranscs) Gens distr 2 Arle Biure. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Narbonne and the shores of Spain. Type in London. Note. This species is quite distinct from all the Russian Chamae- syce because of the calycine, 3 or 6 small-lobed perianth of the pistillate flower, the very short 2-lobed styles attached above to form an almost 6-lobed column, and the especially large involucres, fruit and seeds. 372 153. E. humifusa Willd. Enum. pl. horti berol. Suppl. (1813) 27; Boss, dn DCs paedre xy, 2, sU; Fl. or. IVE FrhO86s Kom., El)-Man'chzh. II, 685; Hegi, ll. Fl. V, 1, 144; Prokh. in Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1927) fo. wan OC hamaesy ce auct.; Pall. Reise, Hf (1773) 523, 542, non L.; Ldb. Fl. alt. IV, 195.— E. pseudochamaesyce Fisch. et Mey. in fd. Sem:fhort. Petrop. IX (1842) 73; Ldb. Fl, Ross. III, 557: Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1863.— E. polygonisperma Gren. et Godr. Fl. France, III (1855-1856) 75.— Chaemaesyce humifusa (Willd.) frormea..l. c. nomen altern.; Prokh., Obz. moloch.-Sr. Azii, 16.— Ic.: meet. FIV, £. 12563 “Prokh., Obz. moloch. tabl.-1.—"Bixs.: FI. austro-hung. No. 2852; G.R.F. ("E. humifusa") No. 2574 ("E. pseudochamaesyce") No. 2575. Annual glaucous plants, often reddening when ripe; root thin, vertical; stems few, 5—20(30) cm long, thin, creeping, many times furcately branching from base, glabrous (var. glabra) or sparingly hairy (var. pilosa), especially on internodes; leaves '/,; to }/, as long as internodes, short- petiolate, asymmetrical at base, oblong-elliptic or rarely obovate, 5-10 mm long, 2—6 mm wide, obtuse, serrulate (especially at apex), glabrous or sparsely hairy beneath; stipules subulate, usually dentate at base. Cyathia solitary in bifurcations, approximate only at summit due to reduced inter- nodes; cyathium infundibular, up to 0.75 mm long and up to 1 mm in diameter, with triangular slightly tridentate lobes; nectaries 4,transversely oblong, below with subequal weakly 2—3-lobed white appendages narrower than ’ '88nectary; styles filiform, ca. 0.5mm long, deeply bifid; schizocarp truncate- ovoid, 1.5—2 mm long, trisulcate, with obtusely keeled cocci; seeds oblong, 1—1.2 mm long, tetrahedral, obtusely ribbed, grayish, smooth, with small papillae when ripe (visible only under magnification), without appendage. June—September. (Plate XXIV, Figure 2.) Rocks and stony Slopes, in gravels of riverbanks, sands, fallow lands and roadsides.— European part: Bl. (Kherson and Nikolaev in the south), Crim. (near Evpatoriya), L. Don, L. V. (Volga delta); Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. Transc. (near Kutaisi), E.Transc.; W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (environs of Krasnoyarsk and Minusinsk), Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu. (along the Amur in the west), Uss.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Mangyshlak Peninsula), Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Syr D., Pam.-Al. (only in Zeravshan River valley). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Jap.-Ch., introduced into Centr. Eur. Described from wild specimens ee Berlin. ¢*lype)in- Berlin. Note. Only the glabrous variety occurs in Europe. The differences between the European E. humifusa Willd. and the Asian E. pseudo- chamaesyce Fisch. et Mey., pointed out by D.I. Litvinov, have not been confirmed. The habitats of this single species in Asia and Europe might indicate its derivation in Asia and its later introduction into Europe. Yas. Ee*chamaesyce Ly Sp. pl. (1753) 455; M. Bi Fl. daur.-cauc,) I, Soe 322" lidps whe Resse J, 558: Boiss. in DC. Prodr.. XV, 42,34; oto me lV, L088 aeHesi, I--Ri. V, 1,.145.— Chamaesyce vulgaris Prokh. in Tr. Kuibysh. Bot. Sada, I (1941) 8, nomen altern. — Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, tab.131, 4750.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 44; Se, Y,eNos. 2572, 2573. S75 PLATE XXV. 1— Euphorbia canescens L.; 2—E.chamaesyce L.; 3—E.turcomanica Boiss.; 4— E.anisopetala Prokh. 374 Annual plants, glabrous or sparsely hairy; root thin, vertical; stems few, 5—20 cm long, thin, creeping, many times furcately branching from base; leaves '/, to 4, as long as developed internodes, with petioles only 1—1.5mm long, strongly asymmetrical, sometimes short-cuneate at base, obovate or orbicular-oblong, 3—9mm long, 2—6 mm wide, rounded or even slightly emarginate at apex, more or less crenate-serrate or rarely sub- entire; stipules subulate, 0.5—1 mm long, usually dentate at base. Cyathia solitary inbifurcations, more or less approximate only at summit of stem; cyathium broadly campanulate, 0.8—1.2 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter, glab- | rous outside, hairy inside, withvery small lobes; nectaries transversely linear, 491 depressed, below with subequal, entire or shortly 3-lobed (rarely subbicor- nute) white appendages as wide as to two times wider than nectary; styles up to 0.6mm long,bifid; schizocarp truncate-ovoid, 1.5—2 mm long, 2—2.5mm wide, trisulcate, glabrous, with obtusely keeled cocci; seeds ovate, 1—1.2 mm long, tetrahedral, reddish at first, later brownish-gray, obtusely ribbed, irregularly and transversely rugose at faces, convex- inflated at base, without appendage. June—September. (Plate XXV, Figure 2.) Dry stony slopes, weedy places, fallow lands and pastures. — European part: V.-Don (only along the Volga at Volsk), Transv. (along the Volga at Marksshtadt), Bl., Crim., L.Don (along the Volga at Krasnoarmeisk), L. V. (Volga delta); Caucasus: Cisc. (rarely), Dag., W., E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from S. Europe. Type in London. 155m -H.»-canescens:, L;, Sp: pl. (1162) 652;..M.B.c Fl. taur.-cauc., I, 368.— E. Chamaesyce var. canescens Steud. Nomencl. ed. 1, I (1840) 324; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 35.— Chamaesyce cane- scens (L.) Prokh., Obz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 19, nomen altern. — tees Cavan. ile. pl. Hisps.1(V791) tabs 363) \Sibthivet) Sm. ("E.. .Chama- esy ce.) #) Graeca, stab: 461;\Rchb. Ie..Fk. Germs V,,, tab. b31, £4751; Erokhy¢l.ee.. tabl..2. Annual plants, more or less canescent and densely soft-hairy; root thin, vertical; stems few, 5—15(20)cm long, thin, creeping, many times furcately branching from base, spreading-hairy at apex; leaves }/, to '4 as long as internodes, short-petiolate, strongly oblique-rounded at base, suborbicular or rarely obovate, 3—7 mm iong, 2.5—5mm wide, obtuse or emarginate, entire or crenate, rather thick (slightly rugose above when dry); stipules subulate, more or less dentate. Cyathia solitary in bifurcations, more or less approximate at top of branches; cyathium infundibular, 0.75—1.25mm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter, villous-hairy inside, with triangular-oblong lobes; nectaries 4, transversely oblong, depressed, below with entire or shortly 3-lobed white appendages nearly as wide as nectary to twice as wide; styles 0.3—0.4 mm long, bifid; schizocarp truncate-ovoid, 1.5—2 mm long, trisulcate, with obtusely keeled cocci, more or less pubescent; seeds ovate, 1—1.25 mm long, tetrahedral, obtusely ribbed, with outer faces ca. 0.7mm wide, reddish at first, later whitish or brown-gray, transversely rugose, with irregularly interwoven wrinkles, convex-inflated below, with- out appendage. June—August. (Plate XXV, Figure 1.) Stony slopes in steppes and ravines, sometimes as a weed in cotton crops.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia? Balkh. (SW), Gee .Sh., Syr D., Pam.-Al., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min.? Arm.-Kurd.? Iran. Described from Spain. Type in London. 375 Note. From the time of Linnaeus the differences between E. cane- scens and E. chamaesyce have not been recognized because of the occurrence of transitional forms between the two. It is fairly feasible to unite these taxa, but considering their wide geographical separation in the USSR (except for Transcaucasia) we are purposely refraining from doing so in order to focus further attention on them. 156. E. turcomanica Boiss. Tent. Euph. (1860) 13; Boiss. in DC. Prodr: VVie2? 34. Hl. or. AV, 108% —" Cham aves yee" Tur clo mrcememiere (Boiss.) Prokh., Cbz. moloch. Sr. Azii (1933) 21, nomen altern. — Ie.: Prokhy imc. talolsi Annual plants, more or less pubescent or rarely glabrous, glaucous; root rather thick; stems few, creeping, 5—15cm long, gradually thinning, from the thickened and hardened base many times furcately branching; leaves a to A as long as internodes, subsessile, strongly asymmetrical (with auricle at one side) at base, linear-elliptic, 5—7 mm long, 2—3 mm wide, often curved, obtuse, entire or hardly dentate at apex, thick (rugose above when dry); stipules subulate, sometimes 2—3-lobed. Cyathia solitary in bifurcations, more or less crowded at ends of branches; cyathium infundi- bular, ca. 1mm in diameter, villous outside, glabrous inside, with small triangular lobes; nectaries 4,transversely oblong, with unequal white appendages below: the 2 outer appendages as wide as nectary or wider, the 2 inner narrower or even absent; styles very short (0.2—0.3 mm long), bifid; schizocarp truncate-ovoid, 1.5—1.8mm long and wide, trisulcate, with obtusely keeled cocci, more or less spreading-villous; seeds oblong, 1.2—-1.5mm long, 0.5—0.7 mm wide, 2—2'/, times longer than wide, tetra- hedral, acutely ribbed, concave at faces, with few, subregular, transverse wrinkles and furrows, truncate or even slightly impressed at base, acumi- nate at apex. May—October. (Plate XXV, Figure 3.) Sands or stony steppes, often saline soils. — Caucasus: E.Transc. (Mugan Steppe), Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Mangyshlak, western part), T. Sh. (NW), Syr D., Pam.-Al.(W.), Amu D., Kyz.K., Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Turkmenia, from the shores of the Caspian Sea. Type in Leningrad. 157. E. anisopetala Prokh. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada SSSR, XXIX (1930) 550.— Chamaesyce anisopetala Prokh. 1. c. nomen altern.; 493 Prokhe @Obzi vimolochs Sirs Avi 823}. alea bP irokh eel ae (cavalo Ay Annual plants, pale green or even slightly glaucescent; root thin; stems few, prostrate at base then ascending, many times furcately branching, thin; leaves 1/, to 1, as long as internodes, short-petiolate, asymetrically rounded at base, linear-elliptic, 9-15 mm long, 2—4 mm wide, often curved, obtuse, more or less serrate, usually glabrous, 1-nerved; stipules subulate, 2-lobed at base. Cyathia solitary in bifurcations, more or less crowded at ends of branches; cyathium infundibular, ca. 2mm in diameter, glabrous, with triangular ciliate lobes; nectaries transversely oblong, with unequal white appendages below: the outer two petaloid, elongate, 3 to 4 times longer than width of nectary, generally 2—3-lobed, the inner two distinctly smaller, hardly longer than width of nectary, usually entire; styles filiform, ca. 1mm long, deeply bifid, reddish; schizocarp truncate-ovoid, 1.5—2 mm long, 376 2—2.5mm wide, faintly trisulcate, with obtusely keeled cocci, more or less spreading-hairy; seeds whitish, ovate, 0.9—1.2mm long, 1s to 2 times longer than wide, orbicular-tetrahedral, obtusely ribbed, only slightly transversely pitted-rugose, with interwoven wrinkles, convex- inflated at base. May—September. (Table XXV, Figure 4.) Weed, saline soils and cultivated fields. — Centr. Asia: Syr D., Pam.-Al., Amu D., Mtn. Turkm. (Firyuza Gorge). Endemic? Described from Devonabam near Chardzhou. Type in Leningrad. 158. E. forskalii J.Gay in Webb u Berth. Canar. III, 3 (1836—1850) 240, excl. syn. E. thymifolia Forsk. et var. 8, 6.— E. aegyptiaca Boiss. Cent. Euph. (1860) 13; in DC. Prodr. XV, 2, 35; Fl. or. IV, 1088. — Chamaesyce forskalii (J.Gay) Prokh. comb. nova, nomen altern. Annual (also perennial) plants, shortly crisp-hairy, branching from base; stems creeping, up to 30cm long, rather thick, brittle, softly crisp- hairy, strongly branching; leaves from oblique and slightly cordate at base, oblong-elliptic, 7-15mm long, 3—6 mm wide, 2 to 3 times longer than wide, obtuse, remotely serrate-crenate at apex, with obtuse or mucronate teeth, hairy on both sides or glabrous above; stipules lanceolate, narrowly fim- briate or cleft. Cyathia solitary in bifurcations but forming short dense leafy glomerules or pseudoracemes because of the short internodes of fertile branches; cyathium subsessile, very small (smaller than in 494E. chamaesyce), shortly turbinate-campanulate or subglobular, hirsute, glabrous inside, with ovate fimbriate lobes; nectaries 4, red, transversely elliptic, concave, with obsolete or very narrow petaloid appendages; styles 0.3—0.4 mm long, diverging, bifid; schizocarp 1.5—2 mm long and wide, finely hirsute with appressed curved white hairs, cocci rather acutely keeled; seeds oblong-ovate, tetrahedral, 1.2—1.5mm long, 0.6—0.8 mm wide, whitish-gray when ripe, with faces irregularly and finely pitted also transversely rugose. May—August. (Plate XXIV, Figure 5.) Weed among cotton crops. — Caucasus: E.Transc. Gen. distr.: N.Africa. Described from the Canary Islands. Type in London. Note. The Russian plants differ from the typical E. forskalii of Egypt by the developed petaloid appendages of the nectaries, the less pubes - cent cyathia, and the smaller seeds. Since it is a weed in the cotton fields of the USSR it can scarcely be viewed as a new species! Could this be a strongly developed form of E. maculata L.? The seeds must be studied. foo, &. meaciiata T. Sp. pl. (1753) 455, non L..Mant. (BPTE)S egw Hil: Fl. V, 1, 145.— E. depressa Torrey in Ell. Sketch, II (1824) 655.— Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small. Fl. southeast. U. S. (1903) 713, nomen altern. — Ic.: Jacq. Hort. Vind. tab. 186; Jacq. ("E. polygonifolia") Coll. V, tab. 13, £:3;) Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, tabgelws, 4; 485R" epi, MlysPhs/Viije® (7502+) Exs2 Pl.» Pinlexs. ("E. nutans") No. 2007; Pl. Polon. exs. No. 116; Fl. Ital. exs. No. 606. Annual plants, crisp-hirsute, with coarse, bristly, straight hairs, approxi- mately as long as stem, stems creeping, 5—15cm long, strongly branching, thin-cylindrical; leaves short-petiolate, slightly asymmetrical at base, ovate or linear-oblong, 5—9(10)mm long, 2—4 mm wide, rounded or slightly 377 acuminate at apex, apex in upper leaves serrulate, usually glabrous above, dull green, later reddening, median leaves with orbicular or oblong purple- brown spot, hairy beneath; stipules lanceolate below, subulate above, fimbriate-dentate. Cyathia appearing axillary in bifurcations due to the very short upper internodes, often adjacent in short dense leafy inflores- cence like a peduncled pseudoraceme; cyathium campanulate-turbinate, ca. 0.75 mm long, villous outside and inside, entire or incised for only half, with lanceolate ciliate lobes; nectaries 4,transversely elliptic, with trun- cate or shortly 2-3-lobed, usually light red appendage longer than width of nectary; styles filiform, 0.3—0.4mm long, deeply bifid, reddish; schizocarp drooping from the beginning, ca. 1.2(1.6)mm long and 1.5mm wide when 495 ripe, green, partly reddening, regularly appressed-hairy at all sides, with obtusely dorsally keeled cocci; seeds ovate, tetrahedral, ca. 0.8 mm long, acute, usually pale brown-red, later often gray, with 3—4 transverse straight and parallel furrows (at base of seed sometimes not quite regular) at the 2 outer (0.5mm wide) faces. Weed at roadsides and on coastal sands. — Caucasus: introduced into W.Transc. (near Batumi); Far East: introduced into Ussuri (Suchan River valley)-n Genny distr. Atl-kur. “Described trom N27 America: iyperia London. Family LXXXVI. GALLITRICHACEAE * LINDL. Plants with unisexual and often bisexual or mixed flowers (in one axil bisexual flower, in the other unisexual flower, staminate or pistillate). Flowers small, solitary, without perianth, with 2 opposite scarious bracts rarely ebracteate; unisexual flowers arranged either on different parts of the stem or different parts of its branches; staminate flowers bearing single stamen with 2-locular reniform anther; pistillate flowers with 1 pistil with 4-locular ovary (at first 2-locular, later becoming 4-locular with the development of pseudoseptum); styles 2, filiform; fruit dry, 4-lobed, 4-seeded. Plants submerged in water, floating or terrestrial, annual- perennial, with opposite leaves often crowded in rosette above. Genus 857.** CALLITRICHE' L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 469 ly Hruitsfonrdistinet stalks /3—8 mmilonge (Caucaisus)), Yw.e st aoe eran Ne Serer ies LAGS ae ears ny ett ee ME OR PERE it aa pth 7. C. pedunculata DC. at Hrwits sessile onrontsitalksthandlyalimmilong 4’). ieee) ae eee 2). 2. Plants always submerged in water; leaves transparent, dark green, linear 1-nerved, slightly broadening at base; fruits broadly winged at margins towers ebracteate (Plate 2OaVils Mbilouresy sii) 1. eee eeene Sane Ne Coc MG te Aas «ars em Aa aL tay OL 8. C. autumnalis L. “ Treatment by V.I. Krechetovich. *™ Characteristics of the genus correspond with the description of the family. t From the Greek calli - beautiful and trix,trichos — hair. 378 2 Plants with submerged leaves and rosette of floating leaves; leaves not transparent, pale green and green, usually 3-nerved, spatulate, tapering at base (Sometimes linear and nearly 1-nerved but then 496 tapering at base and not broadening); fruits narrowly winged, or winged only in upper part, or wingless; flowers with 2 falcate bracts. . 3. Fruits flattened-globose, not winged, up to 1.2—1.5mm wide (wider than long); stigma thick, up to 4—6 mm long, persistent even in fruit (Blate SOeVile Haeure 2)icn teed oe. nop ania 4. C. polymorpha Loennr. + Fruits ellipsoid, obovoid or obcordate, more or less narrowly winged or wingless above, up to 0.8—1 mm wide (longer than wide); stigma... thinatalsterany! h— Sinan lone rapidly fallanp jisa.ns .e .crd . ical if. o 4. ++ Fruits flattened-globose, more or less broadly winged all around, up to 2mm wide (Plate XXVI, Figure 10)....... 6. C. stagnalis Scop. 4. Fruits completely wingless, obcordate, small, 0.7—0.8 mm long; plants thin-and. delicate (Ni. Far East); (Plate XXVI1,; Figure’S8)y . wile). ait Oo yes ocd GRE CROCS, CAC Lee mene, 8} he or 5. C. subanceps V. Petr. + Fruits winged, even if only alysummit,.0.8=l-2mmestong vs.) acu. . 3. 5. Stigma as long as fruit, up to 3mm long; fruits sessile, winged along entire margin of mericarps (Far East). (Plate XXVI, Figure 5.) .... Sree Cy ee. 2s ores ald. cit ietl ¢ ora. 2. -C» elegans V. Petr. i Stigma much shorter than fruit, 0.7—2 mm long; fruits winged mainly imuppen pare . i: . ..obond is a. aokest cet). dct sie: 6. 6. Fruits obovoid, orbicular at base; stigma 1—2 mm long, rapidly falling. Grete vir Pigureshl , 4) .ece hee oul. cise! yy e@agvernaJla.s.str. + Fruits obovoid, pyriform at base; stigma hardly 1mm long, falling when fruit ripening (Kamchatka, Anadyr). (Plate XXVI, Figure 6.) Pome ed. fetes: Ie soa - 1 hee 4 SER LS JJG. fallaxiv..Petr. Section 1. HUCALLITRICHE Hegelm. Mon. Gatt. Call. (1864) 54. — Plants terrestrial or half submerged in water; leaves with well-developed stomata at surface, opaque, with 2 lateral nerves in addition to midrib. Flowers bracteate; fruit more or less strongly united at the center. dap. verna! La Bi Suecs ed. 25-Ilo(1755)2;.emend.: Loennr::Obs: crit. pl. Suec. (1854) 19; Samuels. in Veroffen. Geobot. Inst. Rubel, III (1925) 618 (descr. Loennr.) et 623; V. Petrov in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V and in Maevsk,, Ml. Sra Rossssed:'6,. 46834 burez. ls baic:-dah-wil; 42h: \Sokoloy= skaya in Tr. Petergof. Est.-Nauchn. Inst. VIII, 157 and 168, fig. 56; Grosse.,; Ela Kavi. 11,1403 ..Bs. Fedch.;; Rasta; Turk.:560,. ex'pa dhom.37 Fle pol, Kameh. (ls 29835 Hulten, sbi Kamtsehs ails ii22 dex p. = IC: vemmna fo werna lis Schmalh., Fl. 1 (1895)P565 Guckith.)s Kryly. Pie Alt sai C. latifolia Gilib. Exerc. phyt; II (1792) 421.— C. pallens Goldb. in Mena?) SoestNaty, Mose. V (1817))11L6;! MiB. cF1. ‘taur -caues dL, 6.— 497 C. palustris L. Sp. pl. (1753) 969, ex p.; Litv. in Maevsk., Fl. Sr. Ross. ed. 5 (1917) 207, ex p.— C. palustris ssp. verna Schinz et Rhellkryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. Vill (1935) 1882. — C. palustris ssp. caespitosa Kryl., ibid. 1883.— C. vernalis Kutz. in Linnaea, VII Giea2 pliocse do. al, Ross, U,5.d,.L215..Rupr. Fl. Ingr. 379.— Ie.: Ssamules. 1. c. 609, f. be; Sokolovskaya, 1. c. fig. 5b; V. Petr. in Fl. Yugo- Vost.. fig. 472, A. 379 Annual plants, 3—50cm long; leaves pale green, more or less dense, with rounded-notched teeth, usually forming infundibular-submerged rosette on surface of water; submerged leaves either spatulate like the terrestrial (f. fontana Kitz.) or more or less linear (f. stellata Hoppe), all leaves 3-nerved, rarely (when plants completely submerged in water) all leaves narrowly linear and 1-nerved (f. angustifolia Hoppe); both types, the one with spatulate 3-nerved leaves and the one with linear 1-nerved leaves, are represented also on small terrestrial forms (f. caespitosa Schultz in the first case, f. minima Hoppe in the second). Flowers usually unisexual and then the staminate flowers in upper whorls on stem, Sometimes irregularly bisexual and then flowers in 2 whorls: one of mixed flowers neighboring either of staminate or pistillate flowers, rarely all flowers bisexual (A. Sokolovskaya, l.c.156); fruits on short but distinct stalks, obovoid, up to 0.8—1 mm wide, mericarps narrowly winged mainly along upper margin; stigmas filiform, up to 1—2 mm long, falling long before ripening of fruit. Fl. June—September. (Plate XXVI, Figures 1, 4.) Type in London. Ditches, backwaters, oxbow-lakes, bogs, damp coastal places. — European part: everywhere, rarely in Bl. and L. Don (in the northern part and in Krasnoarmeisk); Caucasus; W.Siberia; E.Siberia; Far East: Kamch., Okh.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Europe, Japan, Manchuria, C. and 8S. China, N. America, Iceland, Green- land. Described from Sweden. Type in London. 2. Caeelegans Vi. Petr.,in-Izv.. Glavn. Bot. ‘Sadayeoovil 3n(@e23)raGd: Koma pols) Kamehy Tie 299 =. {verona kona al aMViamichiz nes el (1904) 696; non'k.— Clever navssp: elegianis' VA. jSokolly ini pireeieererc Est.-Nauchn. Inst. VIII (1932) 161, f. 5a; Kom. and Alis., Opredel. r. Dal'nevost.. kr. 11 (1932) 712) tab. 214. — ©. ser nia lis SiKogsine amelie B.S. Xl) 8 (0892) 338, non Kutz. — le.: Sokolovskaya, lic... koma lemer Annuals. Species resembling the preceding, leaves same in shape, all spatulate (f. spathulifolia V. Petr.) or linear (f. submersa V. Petr.— plant completely submerged), with corresponding terrestrial forms — spatulate-leaved (f. caespitosa V. Petr.) or linear-leaved (f. terrestris V. Petr.), sometimes leaves heterophyllous with spatu- late floating and linear submerged leaves (f. heterophylla V. Petr.) 498 or consisting of only 1 floating rosette as the result of decay of the lower part of stem (f. stellata V. Petr.); stems up to 30cm long! Distin- guished from the previous species by the sessile fruits 0.8—1 mm long, with mericarps narrowly winged along entire margin (and not only in upper part), wing wider above; stigmas long, up to 3mm, thin, not falling immedi- ately, persistent at the beginning of development of fruits. Fr. June— August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 5.) In stagnant or lagging water, ditches, pits, oxbow-lakes, as well as bogs (between hummocks).— E. Siberia: Dau.(E.); Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Sakh., Kamch. Gen. distr.: Mongolia (E.), Manchuria, Japan (N.). Described from Suchan River. Type in Leningrad. 380 ( \ 2 zi LY Shy NY LIN Dw\\ Zs S / aw @) \aw \t “4 « - 5 % Tranzschelii Prokh. - - - « ° 590 Euphorbia triodonta Prokh. -.-- .- - 469 ” tristis Bess. . - i eae » tshulensis Prokh. ..-.- .- - 440 ” turcomanica Boiss.. - . - - - 492 = Turezaninowli Kar. et Kir.. - 472 " turkestanica Franch... - - - 467 » turkestanica Rgl. -. +. - - 383 9 undulata M. B. ---.-.-- 414 ” uralensis Fisch. . - .---- - 437 as verrucosa L. -+++-+-.-s 380 » verticillata Fisch. . - - - - . 343 ” villosa Waldst. et Kit.. . - . 359 2 virgata Waldst. et Kit.. - . - 443 » var. latifolia auct.. - 427 ” ” ” linearis Schmalh. 444 " a » orientalis Boiss.445,446 — 2 - » uralensis Ldb.. . 437 5 volgensis Krysht. . ° . . 408 i Wittmanni Boiss. - - - - - - 377 2 Woronowii Grossh -. - - - 409 te zhiguliensis Prokh. .-. - - - 447 Euphorbia sp. - +--+ esses ee > ttt 307 Euphorbiaceae J. St.-Hil - - - - - - - 266 Euphorbieae -.---- - nes, ee 304 Eupolygala Bennet, sect. - - - --- - 252 Eupolygalon Tamamsch., subsect. 256 Eurhamnus Boiss., sect. - - ----- > 653 Eusylvatica Knuth, subsect ----- - 21 Eutoxicodendron C. K. Schn., sect.. - 532 Ewvitis Planch. sect. - - ------- 678 Euzygophyllum M. Pop. — subge- nus 184, 188 189 Fabago Adans.- -----+--:- °° 158 Fabago (Adans.) M. Pop., subgenus - - 158 Fabago Endl. sect.. -------- > 159 Elueggea suffruticosa Baill... .- - - 283 Fliiggea Willd... --------> 284, 287 » leucopyrus Willd... ----+ > 287 - ussuriensis Pojark. 284, 734 Fortunella Swing. -------- °°: 238 és japonica (Thunb.) Swing. - - 241 E Margarita (Lour.) Swing. - - 241 Frangula Mill... --- +--+ ¢ > 641 A alnus Miller. . ------: > 642 s » var. abchasica Pastern. - 642 = , latifolia (Dipp.) Grub. . . 642 * , orientalis Somm. et Lev. 642 » grandifolia (Fisch. et Mey.) Grub. 643 B pentapetala Gilib, - ----- 642 . Purshiana Coop. -----: - 644 5 rupestris (Scop.) Schur. - - - 644 Frangula vulgaris Rchb.. . . . ... . 642 43 Wulfenii Rchb. . . 2... . 644 Fruticulosae Pax et K. Hoffm., sect. . . 277 Galarrhoei Boiss., subsect.. . . . .. . 347 Galarhoeus Haw... ....-..... 309 e Borodini Prokh,..... . 427 * cyparissias Smoll .... . 439 ” densiusculiformis Pazij . 475 a Gatenins Prokh. ..... . . .< °. 464 a3 Gmelini Prokh. ...... 422 3 helioscopius (L.) Haw. . . . 383 - Kudrjaschevii Pazij 352 = lathyrus Haw... ..... 479 ‘ leptocaulus Prokh.. . . . . 443 m paluster (L.) Haw... . . . 355 ” Peplus(Prokh:.. ..... ..... 463 * rossi Elawess is 6s 2 os .. 364 a pseudoagrarius (P. Smirn.) Prokh. 436 o Seguierianus Prokh. . . . . 396 a semivillosus Prokh. . . . . 360 a songaricus Prokh. . 361, 362 Li Strictustlaw... «.«:.« +. «. 366 A subcordatus Prokh. 448 z subtilis) Prokh. sec. . .. 421 ss undulatus Prokh, ..... 414 E uralensis Prokh.. . ... . 437 = virgatus Prokh. ..... . 444 = volgensis Prokh. .... . 403 zhigulensis Prokh.. . . . . 447 Géblere suffruticosa Fisch. et Mey. . 283 » sungarensis Rupr. ...... 283 Gemmata Pojark., sect... . .. . . 597 Geraniaceae J. St. Hil... 2.2... 1 Geraniales Lindl... . 2... | ey ee 1 Geranieae Benth., trib. ........ 2 rer ee) ‘sins nitncceeriiokus: . 2 a acrocarphum Ldb. ... .57, 59 ra airine: dbs. eee ih td one 33 ss alatavicum M. Pop..... . 44 = albanum ‘M.. Barateagens « G - 49 Fe albiflorum Korsh....... 24 a ' albifloram: Ldb. iseceldesear « 27 i” » f. lilacinum Kryl. . 28 s alpestre Schur ....... 21 3 amethystinum Ldb «2 ws . 18 Pe angustifoliam Gilib.. . . . . 14 ” 5 var. albidum O. Ktze. 14 a angenteums\uce® «. . <« « ..* 55 9 armenum Boiss... .... . 18 ” ” var ? Alb. otetiedin, 18 591 Geranium arm. 8. Albowii Lipsky ... asiaticum Serg.. ...... asfodeloides Burm... . » 8. hispidum Boiss, baicalense Turcz.. . . . 27, batrachioides 3. cyanostemon sii berezovkaeanum Prod. . bifolium Patrin. «2... bifolium Turez.. . bohemicam LL. .. <’ Sie. je, brotherusianum Trautv. caloamy Latvians ooCES*, campestre Schangin. . . . . candidum Kom. ...... Charlesii (Aitch. et Hemsl.) Vved. ehimue Buri. FM. ses se ciconium L. cicutarium L. cinereum 6. eS 2 eC woes subcaulescens Knuth coeruleo-purpureum Gilib. . . coeruleum Gilib, . . . . 2. 5 Petrino <..-. <5. collmum Ms, Bai. 44... collinum Steph... .. 2... * var. adenotrichum (Schrenk) Briq. candidum (Kom.) B. Fedtsch. ” » hirsuta Trautv. » wakhanicum Paulsen * a. glandulosum Ldb. ” ” » . eglandulosum Ldb. » Y. saxatile Rgl. . . » & viscosum Rgl. » 7. alpinum Rgl. . . » 1. intermedia Kom. columbinum L. . ...... cristatuim!Stévig ew: fe, Ss dahuricummAGs akwe sa 5% depilatum (Somm. et Lev.) Grossh. dissectom, |: kaeity eteey divaricatum Ehrh.. 1. 2... elatum Kntithiodsianti) eae . » (Maxim.) Knuth erectum Trautvy. Sea erlanthun, DC Aaameece ss « 2 var. elatum Maxim. {. communis Kom. eriostemon Fisch... . . . 22, 30 24 23 24 24 Geranium eriostemon var. hypoleucum 3s 3 83 Nakai 23 7 B. orientale Maxim. 23 ” Turcz. sr vale qe)) a. 23 eriostomum Rgl. ... - - « 22 europaeum M. Pop... . - - - 59 ferganense Bobr.- . . - - 45, 713 finitimum Woron.....- .- - 34 foetidum Gilib. . .-..-- 35 # var. glabriusculum Alb. 46 ‘ var. trilobum Boiss. 46 gracile Schrenk ....- ; 13 grandiflorum Edgew. . .. - 45 a Gilib . . --: 10 sy Gilde. 3k 19 gymnocaulon DC. . Seeylon lS 5 var. grandiflo- rum Rupr. 19 pumilum Rupr. -.... - Se, Ly) ibericum Cavan, ... - - S419 » var. genuinum Trautv. - 20 » » hyrcanumWoron, 20 » » platypetalum Bo- iss. 20 Boe ae subglandulosum Rupr. 20 ms) ADS Dehl er lochs) eager see 2O » Y-6rachytrichum Boiss. 18 japonicum Fr. et Sav... .. 22 Kotschyi Boiss... ...- . 5 eR laetum Ldb. - ...... 3!) lejocaulon Ldb. . ....- - 55, 56 linearilobam DC. . .... 5 lividum L’'Hér. . ....-. 39 Londesii Fisch... . . .« 55) 7 longipedatum St. Lag. ... 43 longipes DC... ..2-.. 43 » war. adenotrichum Schrenk 43 hucidumss, RRO. cess 36 macrorrhizuam L.. ...... 34 maculatum Ldb.. . .... . 23 malacoides L.. ....... 69 Maximowiczii Rgl. et Maack . 42 Meeboldii Briquet. . ... . 45 moldavicum nom... ... - 39 molle tA een oe te 55 » Va¥. caucasicum Rgl,. . 55 montanum HablL 20 mosquense Goldb. . 35 nodosum Ldb. ....... 46 orientale Freyn -..... 23, 24 592 Geranium pallens M. BL. . 1. 2... ” ” ” 3s 3: 3 @ palustredbis Waele ee. sak Ps ®. minus Bess. . -. . platypetalum F. et M.. . . . pratense “L. >. 352) -Seeree » ssp. V. finitimum (Wo- ren.) Knuth Ruprechtii Knuth » » B. affine (Ldb.) Kryl. cyanostemon Boiss. pseudosibiricum auct. . ..- . pseudosibiricum J. Mayer. . 29, _ var. euglandu- losum Trautv. ” Bs ” ” p. » ” psilostemon Ldb. . . -. - - purpureo-coeruleum Ldb. purpureum Gilib .....- - pusillum Burm.f. ..... . pyrenaicum Burm. f.. ... .« & var. depilatum Somm. et Lev. ” » velatinum Bo- iss. et Buhse radicattum M.B. -.... - rectum Trautv. » var. glabrata Trautv. villosula Trautv. - # » Villosam Rgl.. . . Regelii Nevski Renardii Trautv. Renardii < Ger. platypetalum Richardsonii F. Mey. : Robertianum L........- ” var. ” ” eo” 0) bee en otnonena » » tenuisectum Alb mosquense Ldb. roseo-coeruleum Gilib.. . . - rotundifolim L. ...... . Ruprechtii Woron.. ...- - » var. Buschianom Wo- ron. n » diffusum Woron. rathenicum Uechtr. . . 57, 58, ” ve 35 35 13 56 33 34 34 59 Geranium sanguineum L. ....... 10 nr 3: 3 3: eli” Se Sa saxatile Kar. et Kir... . . . 44 Schrenkianum Trautv. . . . . 13 selengense Prodan .... . 41 elie Et a er er 57, 59 = ssp. eu-sibiricum Gams 57 » = ruthenicum (Uechtr.) Gams 57 Sieboldii Maxim. ..... . 21 Mientieumiies as. Se 24 var. albiflorum Kryl. 27 = » alpinum Rupr. 27 = » hirsatum Rupr. 27 ” ” myriadenum Somm, et Lev. 27 soboliferum Kom. . . . . . . 12 Sophiae An. Fed... ... . 40 subeaulescens L’Her. .... 10 ” var. lazicum Woe ron. 10 szcewaldianum Prodan ... 29 tataricum Poir. ....... 66 tauricum Rupr. ....... 50 transbaicalicum Serg.. . . . 32, 34 transversale (Kar. et Kir.) Vved. 61, 62 trilobum C. Koch... . . . 46 tuberosum L. ...... - 60 ” ssp. Fnsatlobuin (DC.) KryL 61 < var. Charlesii Aitch. et Hemsk 62 » » genuinum Bo- iss. 60 zs » incisodentatum Woron. 60 s s linearilobum Boiss. 61 _ = pinnatifidum Woron. 60 “ » Fadicatum QO. Ktze. 60 fe 5 linearilobum Schm, 61 z transversale Kar. et Kir. 61 tuberosum M.B. ....-.- - 61 versicolor Turcz. ... .- - 27, 29 viscosum Gilib, . ..-.-.-- 56 Viassovianum Fisch... -. . 41 : f. setosopilosa Maxim, 42 593 Geranium Vvedenskyi Bobr.. .... . 62 » Wilfordii Maxim. ...... 49 Goniocarpa Pojark., sect. ....... 612 Halimiphyllum Engl. sect. . ..... 189 Halimiphyllum (Engl.) Boriss., subge- nus 189, 729 Haplophyllum A. Juss... ...... 200 ” acutifolium (DC.) G. Don 226 ” affine (Aitch. et Hemsl.) Eug. Kor. 212 ” Alberti-Regelii Eug. Kor. 221 ” ” » f. subter- nata Eug. Kor. 220 ” badghysi Eug. Kor.. . . 212 > Besseri Spach .... .- 208 ” Biebersteinii Spach . . . 208 ” Bourgaei Boiss... .. . 211 ~ brevipilum Freyn et Sint. 224 in bucharicum Lity. - 211 ” Bungei Trautv Bb eeen thet sts 22 te ciliatum Gris... . . - - 208 ciscaucasicum Grossh. et Vved. 218 . congestum Spach. . - - 207 < dauricum (L.) G. Don. . 205 = dshungaricum Rubtz. . 215 = dubium Eug. Kor.. . . . 220 S elatum Fisch. et Mey.- . 222 * Eugenii-Korovinii Pavl, - 213 2 ferganicum Vved.. . . . 223 a foliosum Vved....-. . 216 F halepense Spach . - .- 220 = hirsutum Rgl. et Schmalh. 206 4 hispidulum Bge.. .- .- - 224 se Kowalenskyi Stscheg. . . 212 me lasianthum Bge. cf, ctl he . Jatifolium Kar. et Kir. . . 225 = leptomerum _Lincz. et Vved. 217, 731 < monadeiphum C, Afan. . 215 = multicaule Vved. . - 213, 731 a nigripes Nevski... - - 211 id obtusifolium Ldb . - - - 214 = = var. eriocarpum Freyn et Sint. 214 = os ee ramosis- simum Pauls. 214 aL = » Bo Bge.. . 214 ee 3 » ¥ Bee... « 21s = pedicellatun Bge.. - . - 206 e i var. villosum. Zinger 206 Haplophyllum perforatum (M. B.) Kar. Vlex aquifolium var occidentalis f. integri- et Kir. 226 folia Nolte 542 % pilosum Franch... . . . 206 laurifolia Popovii Eug. Kor. . . . . 222 Loud. 542 ramosissimum Vved.. . 214 o » aquifoliumyD nce curse ee ee, Bee 540 <3 robustum Bge. .... . 223 » a@aguifolium Ldb. » oh 2 544 Schelkovnikovii Grossh. 219 ” M. Bea: & Sree ee 542 | Sieversii Fisch, . ... . 22% colchica Pojark. . . ....... 542 | suaveolens (DC.) G. erenata’Thunb.'*... -).. :; See 544 | Don 207, 208 var. genuina Loes. . 544 | suaveolens Ldb.. . . . . 226 ssp. radicans (Nakai) Tabew | subcordatum Bge.. . . . 212 et Mimoto 545 | sublanatum Frey» . 206 » echinata Milk ........ - 542 | tauricum Spach... . . 907 » Falsanii/Sap/et Mar... ..-..-:..:5.% 540 | tenue Boiss. ...... 217 Fortunei hort. . . . tes eae tenuisectum Lincz. et hyreana Pojark. ......... 544 | Vved. 216, 732 insignis) Hleery. wale. Nel ne eee 540 thesioides G. Don. . . 207 longifolia> Heer 3) oe) eee) eee 540 versicolor Bge. .... . 222 » «Pacifica: Baiki®/ «.) .:ctyeieeo eee 540 versicolor Fisch. et Mey.. 224 » ‘Fadicans*Nakai . . « . ie) -eeee 545 x villosum (M. B.) G. Don. 218 » Fotundata Thunb. .-....... 546 » var. ciscaucasicum » Fugosa Fr. Schmidt. . . = 5 Me 545 Rupr. 218 » Schmidtiana Heer... . 5. .2..5.,. 4. 540 glabrescens stenocarpa Pojark.. ....... 543 Boiss. et Buhse 217 » Stenophylla Heerr.............. 540 | a Vvedenski Nevski. . . 220 | SPsy 8 oF fel CMe re let ous ete a 540 | Eledera Eichwaldii#Palib-eteaeiei eee...) « Seen 584 Ilicifolius Nakai, sect... ....... 552 | Hedera quinguefolia L......... 708. ‘Impatiens L... «°° -< (We ae 624 Helioscopiae Prokh., subsect. . . . . . 383 wi. balsamina’ Ly" >See 633 Herpetorrhiza Prokh., sect. ...... 456 2 (borealis Sweet . 2ee: {)-aeam 626 Heteromorpha Juz. .......... 110 » brachycentra Kar. et Kir. 632 Hexakistra Hook. f. ......... 269 » caucasica Stev. . . « .-.- + 626 Hippocastanaceae DC. ........ 622 » Cleistogama M. Pop. .. . . 626 Hippocastanum vulgare Gaertn. . . . . 622 » furcillata Hemsley. . . . . . 627 Holophyllam Prokh., sect... ..... 337 » glandulifera Lindl. .... . 634 Halophyllum Prokh., subgenus. . . . . 337 cs ” Royle’ <4 2 2 634 Homomorpha Juz, .......2... 105 = Komarovii Pob.. . .. . . 631 Hovenia Thunbergii (Nath.) Baik... ....... 635 = lutea Lam, 24S eee 626 Hadrocera Bl?) Svea a telat ae 624 " Maackii Hook... 2... 3. 627 am moschata Edgew. ..... . 634 Hex Sh cree hae er ae i io ogy: 540 a Nevskii Pob.. . .. . . 632, 746 » ambigua Ung... -..- 2-2... 540 4 noli me-tangere Crantz -. . 626 » aguifolum auct. ......... 543 “3 noli-ttangere L. ....... 626 | » aquifolium ere? Wk, Sl ” » var. minutiflora | ” var. angustifolia WHohe- Meinsh. 626 nack, 544 “4 pachycentra Rupr... .. . - 626 ” . » caspia Loes. . . 542, 544 - pallida Nutt. 22 “2 2 627 2 és 6 ae » f, angus a palustris Pers. ....... 626 stifolia Loes. 542, 544 7. parviflora DC. ... ..... 631 ” » Ba » f. spinie . ” var. brschycentra B. gera Loes. 544 Fedtsch. 632 » 5 » occidentalis Loes.. . 541 " . * brachyceras f. ferox Ait. 542 Trautv. 632 w ” yw 594 Impatiens parv. var. typica Trautv.. - - Jathropheae Pax, tribus Kalonymopsis Prokh., sect. Kalonymus Beck, subgen Kalonymus (G. Beck) Prokh. . . Kalopanax pictum Nakai »” penduliflora St. Lag. Royleana Payer Roylei Walp... ------ Textori Miq. ¥ latifolia (Mill.) Prokh. . . . is leiophloea (Stev.) Prokh.. . a macroptera (Rupr.) Prokh. . ie Maximowicziana Prokh. . 570, 2 sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) ” Prokh. 571, yesoensis (Koidz.) Prokh.. . ricinifolium (S. et Z.) Mig. - KerasalminNeck: Buicutstasiie..c tick iexue, «i Koelreuteria caucasica Palib. . . . . - + 2 se ee serrata Heer Lepidocarpa Prain, sect.. ..--.-.. Lepidocroton Presl.. ..----..- Limoniopsis Planch., sect. . . . .-. - Linaceae Dumort.. ......-... Linopsis (Rchb.) Planch., sect Linum L. -atricalyx Juz. africanum hort. garesie (Biot: » dusSipetostnn - - Alexeenkoanum E. Wulff. . - - alpinum Korsh. Gi pias: Layee) sprites ete “Glabrae » 8. elatius Wahlenb. * Palle Met while = a altaicum Ldb.. . . - . amurense Alef. p.p. ..---- amurense Alef. s. str... -..- - drglicum- Mill, nis: weeny + 2 angustifolium Huds... . . .- 94, apiculatum Franch. et Rochebr. . . Kaye etme” <0) ow Aucheri Planch. .-.-.- . See os Pale Se, en ee eee 3, pees pratense Neilryenst -.-- (Bae Maeda » ¥. sguamulosum Boiss.118, baicalense Juz... ---- - 109, Balansae Boiss. .---+-++--: 595 Linum basarabicum (Savul. et Rayss) Klok. 133 bavaricum Schultz ....... 116 Beauharnaisianaum Spadoni ... 116 bienne,-MillaW. uccvmebeeens,. «, . 99 boreale Jaz acchenedsdtns Pils 2718 brevisepalum Juz. . ... . 117, 720 campanulatum M. B....... 131 F Balltiiesie! 4: ss 136 carnosulum Boiss. 124 catanense Strobl. ....... : 99 catharticum-li. gj uhuansereet: 127 A ssp. 8: suecicum Hayek 127 = » & subalpinum Hausskn. 128 a f. annuum Betner . 127 ie » bienne Betner . . 127 cilicicum Fenzl ........ 125 corymbulosum Rchb. 128 crepitans Dum... - - - - - 96 cretaceum Juz... .-.-- - 143 Czernjaévii Klok.. . - - - - 135 Czernjaévii Klok. Xx fiavum L. . 135 darmstadinum Alef. .-.--- - 116 dehiscens:..« ceeaet > SNERaR 2 94 #8 ssp. angustifolium Vav. et Ell. 95 » crepitans Vay. et Ell. 96 diversifolium Gilib . ...-.-- 127 Guxinein gars, «he eo. elt Was 118, 72) extraaxillare Kit. . - -..-.-- 115 Fedtschenkoae Rgl. .... - - 145 Fedischenkowae Korolkow 145 fiavam'L... Jue: Bee ee 136 flavum ssp. tauricum a) basara- bicum Savulescu et Rayss 137 ” ” B. tauricum Schmalh. 131—134 var. angustifolium Javorka 136 » orientale Boiss. et Heldr. 130 a. linearifolium Lin- dem. 133, 134 a. typicum Fiori e Paoletti 136 0. latifolium Beck 136 6. lanceolatum Lindem. 136 » ¥. ovatum Lindem. 136 a Labia: mateeon 130 gallicum auct.. .... .. 128 gallicum L.. <* 2" Ee 129 ssp. f. corymbulosum Schmalh 128 Linum glandulosum 8. ” campanulatum DC. 131, % v. tauricum DC. . . ” ¢. flavum DC... . grandiflorum Pall... .... . heterosepalum Rgl.. ....-.- . heterosepalum ssp. Olgae Vved. - tianschanicum Vved. purpureum Franchet ” ” is var. heterosepalum Trautv. hirsutum auct.. .---.-..-- hirsutum L. ” a. jefe? "e)) (ef) 6 angustifolium Ldb. . - genuinum Neilr.. . . typicum Beck .. .« . latifolium Ldb. . 140, . subglabrum Ldb.. - - hirsutum M.B......--.- > hispanicum Mill. ....-..-.- 09 F. N. Williams Hohenackeri Botss.....-.-.- - humile Mill. humile Planch. ..- +--+: - hypericifolium Salisb. . .- . - . . indehiscens 5 ssp. curasiaticum prol. brevimulticaulia Vav. et Ell. prol. elonga- ta Vav. et Ell prol. prostra- a. Qa. ” B. v. jo Fiathne bove) ine wane hetinel -tue OF ONO rd oO OH Fo FO to” 50 ” ” ” 9 ta Vav. et Ell. 93, jailicola Juz. karataviense Pavl. Karoi Freyn kirgisicum Alef. Komarovii Juz... ..-. . lanuginosum Juz... -..-. lazicum Boiss. Leonii F. Schultz liburnicum auct. linearifolium Javorka .. - . luteolum M. B.......... macrorhizum Juz... -.. - marginatum Poir. Marschallianum Juz... . . mesostylum Juz. monopetalum Steph. mucronatum Bertol. multiflorum Lam. Oddulo/e Hoeven oh Neh sinitara «: BKe Oy oe Scoot iS SOO. MeL Nei) satel: cos, al neti! ewe Ok ied Loe? toy Nel. fe eo) Lethal beedetel ties ee 596 Linum nervy. 8. glabratum DC... .. . 3 f. glabratum DC. Pallasianum Schuit.. ...... Pallasianum E. Wulff pallescens Bgew. . - . ..... perenne Kom. perenne, L...229% £227 See perenne Ldb. p. p. 109, 112, 113, 116, » SSp. & genuinum Schmalh. FS » §. austriacum Schmalh. 3 Sflsiy) squamulosum Schmalh. » var. alpicola M. Pop. ¥. » carpaticum Uechtritz a a. stbiricum Schiede . . * 6. austriacum Schiede. . # euperenne Hermann . . pubescens Willd... ...... pusillumiPall’, 3... =e en oe pyrenaicum Pourr. ....... Radiola: Lin LP SR eee rabens: Pall...) 2°) 2 sibiricum Alei.. ........ Bge.::. 7.0 eee sibiricum(DG ee Se ae ms var. parviflora Ldb. . . % ‘Turneze) 39a 109, spicatum Pers.......... sqguamulosum DC. ....... 3 Rudolphi . 119, - Steve ee stelleroides Planch... ..... sterile ~Stapft. wether. 1) cl eee Stevenianum Juz. ....... Stocksianum Boiss... ..... * Grossh?-".". ae strictum auct. plur.. ...... 3 8. corymbulosum Planch. subbiflorum Juz. ...... 110, suecicum Murb. ..... . 127, tauricum auct........ 130, 5 Korshiyet Se eee tauricum Willd... ....... s 8. Pallasianum Boiss.. . tenuifoliumse pay Nee eae tetrapetalum Gilib. . ...... frigunum Oe eS ee a eae turcomanicum Juz. .... . 114, ucranicum Czern. ....... 118 113 115 116 123 Linum ucran. «. glabrum Czern. a © 6, pubescens ‘ere 135 » uralense Juz.- - - - 135, 722 » usitatissimum auct.- +--+: -: - 102 » usitatissimam L. ere - 100 2 ssp. angustifolium Thell. 95 * , hispanicum Thell. 95 a a. indehiscens Neilr. 100 . » typicum Pospich. 100 b , vulgare Bénningh. 100 . B. crepitans Boenn. 96 > 8. humile DC... . 102 a A. vulgare II. bienne Asch. et Graebn. 99 = 2. hyemale romanum Heer 99 © sustiatisstmum:(E..)° Vay... = . . 94 » venustum Andrews . 140 s Vielascens Byes. S905" 2 « .. 108 » viscosum 8. hypericifolium DC.. 140 » Wetschkyanum Fick. . ..... 132 Lutescentes Prokh., subsect. 348, 370, 381, 455 Macrantha Pax, sect. © 2... 1 we 609 Macrantholinum Juz., sect. . 143 Malacocarpus Fisch. et Mey. ..... 150 3 crithmifolius (Retz.) C. A.M. 150 Mediterranea Knuth, subsect. . . 2... 17 Welanocarya Turcz.. © : . 2 2 ORE! 557 Melanocarya (Turcz.) faiters sect. 557 Mielia Li. «.--...-. my: ne 244 ~sMagedarach Le See. Ce 244 = ” var. japonica Makino . 244 eiiigapenica-Don. . . . . . wk 244 Melfaceae Vent. Sy ees tioas ue 244 Mercurialinae Pax, Shobak eee, Yate 295 MRereurialis () 9s". .6, www wk; 295 M aipiag Senur’ ...-. . #. . 296 x 2 Sag) lala 298 ~ cynocrambe Scop. .... . 296 ‘ livida Portenschl. . ... . 297 z longifolia Host ..... . 296 . nemoralis Salish... . . . 296 2 ovata Sternb. et Hoppe. . . 297 n ” ” ° X M. pe- rennis L. 298 . PERCMO ST cs sc ches 296 = ” var. ovata Miill.. . 297 ¥ sylvatica Hoppe .... . 296 Microcarpa Pojark., sect. 2... , |, , 604 Microcentron Warb., sect... . 2... 633 597 Migratoria Tamamsch., sect. . . . . . Miltianthaus Bye...) OP. 2. " portulacoides Bge. . . . . Miltianthus (Bge.) Boriss., subgenus . . Martekias Prokh., subgenus ‘ Raf. . 22°94. ee 3 Murtekias (Raf.) Prokh., sect. . . . 3 Myrrhina anthemoides M. B. “ fumarioides Rupr... . . . PS gunibensis Rupr. Myrsiniteae Boiss., subsect. Negunidimn Raf is". ee oie et > fraxinifolium Raf... . . . Negurda itd cis > A wie ~~. wee Negundo (Ludw.) C. Koch, sect. . . . a aceroides Moench .... . = amurensis Krysht.. ......... » fraxinifolium Nutt. _ mandschurica Budistch.. . . - negundo Warst.. sos =) -ss < 2 virginianum Medik.. . . - . Neo-Empetrum V. Vassil., sect. Loe 7 Ui Et deal ain > lah eat . GaRpicw OMe weeds. eee ae Komarovii Iljin et Lava . = BCHOVErT es. cmp atl! <0, ‘4 as var. caspica Pall. polygama Trautv. es 3 x. stbirica DC. . - 8. caspica DC. . 8. sibirica Pall. . . Be RA ee oe BY Keech P Schoberi Lb 1S, ie oe - sibirica Pall... . : Nitrarioideae Engl., subfam. . . . . Oleraceae Prokh., subsect. Oligoon Vved., sect. Oporinocissus Koehne et Graebn., sect. - Oppositifoliae Boiss., subsect. . . . 459 Oppositifolium Prokh., sect. . 459 Orthopolygala, sect, ........-. subsect. XIV Chod. . Geslidanens Lindl. Oxalis L. » acetosella L. var. purpurascens Mart » » » ~ TMTOSSAR cee » cernua Thunb. . » corniculata L, a . = 8. villosa Hohe Q. obtriangulata Maxim. . . - Oxalis pes-caprae LL... . 2... . 82 gi strictac Th.) 405 ahr eee Fie METS 5. “willosaaM Beason eo 77 Lu. Miolaceadl. .at-2 Apa. onthe eet 81 Fachysandra Mchx........... 503 # terminalis S. et Z.. . . . 504 5 Be var. variegata Mann. 504 Palaeocissus Keehne et Gaertn, sect. . 708 Palaeo-Empetrum V. Vassil., sect. . . . 517 FalivurussMill.guchiniy: Caras is . 635 “ aculeatus Lam. ..... . 636 australis Gaerin. .... . . 636 5 Colombii Heer. ...........,. 636 - spina Christi Miller. Bae ag! 636 zs trinervatus Moench .... . 636 = Zaporogensis Krysht-. .-....... 636 9 Eon Oo iono vod, 6 ava Ova gid obo ene 636 Palmata Pax, sect. .......... 608 Palustria Knuth, sect... ...... 31, 40 Papilionacea Chod. ......... 252 Paraliag Rafins got yee). 50a, oa 308 Paralias (Rafin.) Prokh., subgenus . 308, 309 Paralioideae Prokh., subsect. 391, 738 Parthenocissus Planch. ....... . 707 s dumetorum Rehd. . . . . 709 3 inserta (Kern.) K. Fritsch. 709 i guinquefolia Graebn. . . 709 uy quinquefolia (L.) Planch. . 709 ‘3 Spaethii Graebn. . . . . 709 a tricuspidata (Sieb. et Zuc.) Planch. 708 a vitacea Hitchkock . . . . 709 é Wieitchiligttss sour ss cg 708 BD bodkolm onsite, so fetare ey Pa os 107 Patellares Prokh., subsect. . . . . 453, 743 Paulinia japonica Thunb... . . . . . 706 Pedilanthus Neck. .......... 309 Peganoideae Engl., subfam. .... . . 147 Peganoides Spach, sect... ...... 205 Peganumio 2 147 S crithmifolium Retz... . . . 150 J dauricunMlei 2 ee 205 Bs harmalaL. ..... 148 » 5 8. multisecta Maxim, . 149 » B. stenophyllum Boiss. 149 3 n ” BOD Garey ce!) amen 150 3 multisectam (Maxim.) Bobr.. . 149 i nigellastrum Bge. ..... . 149 Pelargonium L’Hér. ......... 72 » Endlicherianum Fenzl. . . 73 » radula (Cav.) L’Hér. . . . 72 598 Pelargonium roseum Willd. . .-.... 72 ” zonale (L.) Aiton .... 72 Pentaspalon blooktf) 3 50.7.) ae 518 Petrophilae Grub., subsect. . .... . 666 Pharnaceum suffruticosum Pali... . . 283 Phellodendron Rupr. ........ . 232 amurense ae ae 232 Phelisdemtann Spits) .. aS po So ee Phyllantheae Pax, a ial ae 268 Phyllanthinae Pax, subtribus..... . 182 Phyllanthoideae Pax, subfam. ... . . 268 Phyllanthus(|....:.. 6)... .°..:: ae 287 = ramiflorus Pers. .... . 283 = simples Kom. * ...-.. . 287 5 ussuriensis Rupr. et Mazim.. 287 Pimpinellaefolia J. et Sp., subdiv. . . . 74 eistacia Ls 2 cp lee ie Buca ae a 519 o atlantica DC oicetns eta 524 » | cabulica Stocks. ....... 523 és khinjuk Kordon. . ..... . 524 7 Se Stoks: :, 2: gee. eee 523 5 miocenica Unger ...-.-....... 519 * mutica: Fret. Miy.8.a% vaio ene 524 * narbonensisL. ........ 520 bs Popout Uinez. 5 5). 2 ee 523 zt terebinthus F. et M. ..... 524 trifoliaj lay?) uid onenctieieee 520 Vera yl UP nis oheak ss peace 520 Bintanonlon Pax, iséchisdeian: ch ashe 588 Plumosa Boiss., sect. ......... 64 Polygala L.. - 2...) sxe? geseneeee 246 alpestris Boiss... . .... . 258 alpicola Rupr. . ..-..... 258 amara ssp. amarella Chodat. . 257 narella var. aust- riaca Chodat 256 if » Orachypetala Hayek 257 var. carpatica Wol.. . . 257 Pi = » minor Trautv.. . . 258 subvar. brachyptera Cho- » oo) 2” dat 257 = . ~. alpestris Ldb.. . . - 258 » » &. aastriaca Lam. .. . 256 . spajeodtead De. phath tomas oeeeceee 257 2 amarella Crantz ....... 257 amoenissima Tamamsch.. . . . 262 anatolica Boiss. et Heldr. . . . 265 var. floribunda Boiss. 265 f. alba Woron. .. - 266 f. rosea Woron.- . - 266 ” ” i andrachwoiles Willdse. Oh ea 255 es austriaca Crantz ...-..-.- - 256 brachyptera Szaf.. .. +--+ - - 257 Polygala caucasica Rupr. ” oe var. abchasica Ta- mamsch. 2 _ alpigena Ta- mamsch. ” ” zangesura Ta- mamsch. colchica Tamamsch. 263, comosa@. \.db., «ek @ecw: .. ..- . var. altaica Chodat . 3 «, hybrida Schmalh. . comosa Schkuhr ...... - cretacea Kotov. ...... - decipiens-Bess.. seri -- . - = Gundelsheimeri C. Koch. . . Hakobii Tamamsch. .. . - - Hohenackeriana Fisch. et Mey. e var. Stocksia- na Chodat hospita Heuff......-.- - hybrida DGS e2hsctych = ue hybrida, Reprise. ike — ite 1) Re ee orc japonica Houttuyn . - .-- - Kemulariae Tamamsch.. . 265, leucothyrsa Voron.....-- - magna Georgi. .-.--:-:- major auct. . . .- - 261, cn Co » var, alata Tamamsch.- . . » anatolica Chodat. . = ss -, 1. «sflori- bunda Chod. Mariamae Tamamsch.. . . - - microcarpa Chedat . . moldavica Kotov ....-.- - - nicaeensis Grossh. - -.- - - . Risso papilionacea Boiss... - - —- - pinetorum Alech.. . - - - podolica DC. . . - ++ + +> pruinosa Boiss. - pseudohospita aE amsact a Senegn ds) -seictuoce: * pet Sibirichtilal etpttbosce: ° - 247, - var. ciliata Tamamsch. - = » Hakobii Tamamsch. - » tenuifolia Chodat . _ 8. angustifolia Ldb.. - Sieboldiana Mig... .---: - SreEri@ SEVEN le oes Stocksiana Boiss... --- °° suanica S. Tamamech. - 599 Polygala subamara Fritsch 257 2 siping .@isds- uta wens + oa 255 Supine, Schreb.o wi eit. . 254 » SS8p. pseudohospita Tae mamsch, 254 - . var. andrachnoides Cho- dat 255 5 gp ROSspila-y 3 SNnees 256 4 » pseudohospita Ta- mamsch, 255 is tenuifolia Willd) ..... 247, 251 -. transcaucasica Tamamsch.. . . 265 ., Urartu Tamamsch. -..... 264 vulgaris lay. «t MIE. . N 259 7 5 ssp. comosa Chodat. . 26) Wolfgangiana Besser . . 260, 261 Polypaisenio Mpa gon ot ainl, Tak Re 246 Polygalastrum Tamamsch., subsect.. . . 252 Polygalella Tamamsch., subsect. . . . . 254 Polyealon DCS *secth? 8! 6... ms 252 Polyoon Vved., sect. ...----++-> 206 Ponciras: Rat, 9s HO. wa 234 a trifoliata (L.) Raf... ... - 234 » X Citrus unshia . * 234 Paficlion Adans. = «-2. tothe s eats | caper |e 241 5 glandulosum Pierre ...-+- 242 Pragmotessara Pierre. - - -- +++ > 553 Pragmotessara (Pierre) Nakai, sect. . 553 Principales Grub., subsect.. - - - ++ + 656 Protolinum Planch., sect. - .- +++ - 92 Paedera. Necker >. +s 4 - © ss 0 sas 707 sf guinquefolia Greene. . + - + 709 tricuspidata Rehder . --- + 708 Bs vitacea Greene -.-+--+-++-. 709 Pseudaegle sepiaria Miq. - - +--+: > > 234 Pseudocallitriche Hegelm., sect. - - + + 502 Pseudococcus Boriss., subgenus - - 193, 73) Pseudokeraselma Prokh., sect. - - + + = 383 Pseudovyenomus Nakai... +--+: + 558 Piolo. Lj. cue PND ORD. an nae 233 » trifoliata Ti ae 51993 Pterocarpium Boriss., sect... - + + 172, 725 Purpuratae Prokh., subsect. 370, 372, 381, 737 Pyrenaica Knuth, sect. - - - +++ +> 49 Pythiusa Rafin,, subgenus . 348 Quadriovulata Boiss, 3 - +--+ ++ * 206 Guinaria Raff *..22° ROO... © +o 707 quinguefolia Koehne. - + = + 709 tricuspidata Koehne. - - - + 708 Radiola. Roths: « =. es! »* 85 dichotoma Moench. .- ++: + 85 Radiola linoides Roth... ....... 85 » Millegrana Smith ....... 85 » Inultiflora Aschers. ..... - 85 9. RadiolawWarsts. ie. is a 85 Recurvata Knuth, subsect.. . . ... . 31 Reflexa Knuth, sect. ......... 39 Rhamnaceae! R2cBrs ys. in sues tiem, os ce 634 Rhamnales, Eng!vingar- <) sci 9 2 - 634 Rhamneae Benth. et Hook., tribus . . . 638 Rhamniphyllum ussuriense Krysht.. ........ 648 Rhamnas,L. 3). We Maleeses 5 os. 645 A acuminatifolia D. Web......... 647 = aIZOON Heemcaicyui owen nee: rele 647 = alaternus)|Le,ui eee Se 653, 646 & » var. angustifolia Willd. 653 ” % » @ balearicus . . . 653 , 7 » B hispanicus. . . 653 bs alpina Liao: cyesdoelinee fi: 645, ; alpina Palldrwusnciet .stutmeyt: 654 i » var. colchica Kusn. . 654. i » grandifolia Dipp. . . . 654 » baldschuanica Grub. .... . 672 » 6alearica Willk, . ...... 653 . brevifoliavAscBriaioues ee) se ete) een 647 ma Ccathanticayie gern aay i arene 660, 646 # » var. caucasica Kusn. . 662 ‘ » Seravschanica Kom. 672 “ be » spathulaefolia Ma- xim. 670 5 » » 8. intérmedia Maxim. 659 < » » ¥. dahurica Maxim. 659 * » » Y coriacea Rgl. . . 672 3 » i. longipetala Grub. . 661 » » » Pubescens Lge. - 661 = catharticabling.: cm cncnen oes aL cr 647 a chlorophorus Dene. .... . 646 i ClasizeWilldinwsnh. waccng 653 a4 colchica Somm. et Lev. . . . 654 x cor,data Medwe > sicensuro coke 655 pe coriacea (Rgl.) Kom... . . . 671 ea a f. lanceolata Grub. . . 672 As dahuricaphalleear nee 656 ! dahuricapRoel tie v4. stewie 659 ss » var. nipponica Nakai. 660 A Dechenii O. Web. . .... 647 1 CIEEA InOp a Glis d'G.6 6.6 blooo G56 647 s depressa Grub. ....... 655 5 diamantiaca, Nakai . . . . 662, 659 ss dolichophylia N. Gontsch.. . . 664 ¥ duensisiHeer/siouepeuisyaente | = os) 5 647 ' CocaenicayBorse) "el c)) cleo eh eh eee 647 . Evidant! Ung. cn 6) ttn iieoelieeere 647 * erythroxylon M.B. . ... . 669 600 Rhamnus ergthr. 6, ” ” ” ” angustifolius DC. 669 eryhroxylon Pall, ...... 666 = var. 8. angustifolius 666 fallaxtBoissn 9... . << ee 654 Branguig Nin. . S ay ie 642 GandinugEleer a.) <=) «pre eeee 647 wlobosa Boe. 3) i555 5 ee 646 5 Komal. #sisies. 277P 662 Graefit, Heer)-) 2) oc sleet eoe 647 grandifolia $. brachypus Boiss. 654 grandifolius F. et M. . 643 hypochrysa Schneid..... . 656 imeretina Booth... .. . 654, 644 ef. inaequalis Heer. ......... 647 infectoriavie eerie ye. 646, 665 Japonica Maxim... ..... . 662 ketmentica Lipsky * . ...- . 673 koraiensis C. K. Schn.. . . . 662 laetevirens Kom... .... . 641 libanoticus ......... 654 lycioides Pall... ...... 669 microcarpa Boiss. ...... 665 A var acutifolia Medw. 655 » var. acutifolia (Medw.) Grub. 656 © » cordata (Medw.) Grub. 655 ‘ » microphylla Tra- utv. 655 minuta’ Grub., 0 S . 5 aa 673 myrtifolia Willk, ..... . 653 nipponica (Makino) Grub. . . 656 oleaides ‘Linley ee 647 orbiculata Bornm. ..... . 664 Pallasii B. Fedtsch.. . .. . 671 Pallasii Fisch. et Mey. . . 654, 669 » ssp. 8. spathulifolia Medw. 669 » var. spathulifolia Sch- malh. 670 palustristliP ie, hae 636 parvifolia Bge.. . . - - 663, 659 parvifolia Nakai. ...... 663 parviflora Kitag. ...... 663 persicifolia Moris ...... 660 petiolaris Boiss. ..... 646, 664 polymorpha Turcz.. . . . 659, 663 Potanini J, Vass... .... 663 pseudogoldiana Hollik. ........ 647 pumilis Wulf... ...... 644 i) ,woesnWulfertyj DC. is) saa 644 punctata Heer ............ 647 Rhamnus _rectinervis Heer ..........- 647 ~ cf. rectinervis Heer. . -....... 648 » Fumeliaca Friwald. .... . 644 po. Crepe erie GAS Moe gi. ft - oy eset 655 > Oil oe aa | re 644 . sanguinea Pers. ...... . 642 ie preatilie Jatgis) 2 oo See. 646 i ee ye ee 646, 665 Z Fedtsch. et Fler. 665 : » var. tinctoria (W. et K.) Hegi 665 ” Schneideri Lev. ....... 662 ” Sintenisii Rech. f. . . . . 671, 644 > songorica N, Gontsch. . . . . 673 » spathulifolia B. Fedtsch.. . . 671 ” spathulifolia Fisch. et Mey.- . 670 : epee GIN! > Page T «oS 661 a“ Sukatshewii E. Wolf... . . 662 4 tangutica J. Vass... ... . 663 tinctoria Waldst. et Kit. . 646, 665 a tortuosa Somm. et Lev. . . 669 « transeaspica Grub... ... . 671 = ») tipolitana Engl... - . - 653 » ussuriensis J. Vass. ...-.- - 659 n utilis Decne. . . 646, 647, 656, 660 s virgata var. sylvestris Maxim. 662 ” » —. @prica Maxim. . 663 = Merb fent. VOppe 2k ae sions 2 5. 644 Pecgnne Me eee 637 Bisidese of ge ae fe 518 ee 527 Os 526, 531 wcacodendron Ehrh. =)... - - - « 242 weLearolimanum Millis. 0s 2 - 530 PERCOLATION: 38 ON SS eehie 528 2 war, samae Engh... .. 529 . Soa 526 PEotointexeinuietc) <) 1M abe <1 24s = Goss (oe 528 Spisetais) Sudwet- roils, =... - - 530 PROMEEC Scr. eo, = 53] » juglandogene Ett. -.--.---+-+---> 528 “lanceolata Bors. . a Smomer mr cae 528 Paevisawally cn ess Selsey | a Mersantiilicerisits)cte.s ste stems = 6 « 528 .~, Orrentalis C.K. Sehnsvecawt- - » - 535 » quercifolia Goepp------ +s s+ ss e% 528 PRIEEHEE ee es 535 » sachalinensis Krysht-. .-.- +--+ +--+ +s 528 » semialata Murr. ...-+.-+--- ° 531 » sinensis Houttuyn ..--.---: - 242 OE | i a Cr 529 , toxicodendron aact. ---+-- : 535 ,..Texicodendron L. . ------:- 535 u i var. hispida Engl... - 535 601 Rhus Toxicod. var. radicans auct. . . . 535 ” = » wvolubilis Engl. . 535 s “irichocarpa’ Miqi 7% .08 1 axteaiing 538 » turcomanica (Krysht.) Vasil. .... 2... 528 « “tpphina Torndr oat n.eiete |... 530 velminn: Welleerd 22. Sj. 4) iw 527 VENENAA "DEOMI, «x, &, 538 vermiziferd DG) .spieatdesi otis}. 537. » wernicifluaa Stokes... ..... 537 wv «Vernte Ls. Ries a2 537, 538 S, 'SPsy s) 0 o:cus o 6 Seen ee Se ie 528 Ricinoides Moench .......... 288 * tinctoria Moench ...... 290 Ricines 126.5 2°24%).. eae - 300 communis-I2> 2 25. seeee . 4 300 persicum ap. 3. svar es «se 302 stanguinbas Host!) 09° (Sa: % 302 zanzibarensis Hort. --.... 300 Robertiana Boiss., sect... ...-...- 35 Robertianum nostrum Goldb. . . . - - 35 Rotundifolia Gams, sect.. : --. ... 51 iRabra-Paxt sect: 02:28 one ee ee 619 Rulac Adansiee. occ, se ee er 621 » negundo Kitch. et Robinson 621 » quercifolium Hollik. ...-..-..+-+-- 580 Rute L.A eb SR SO. Qe 199 = acutifaha DE, 2% s. SOI 226 » affinis Aitch, et Hemsl.....- .- 212 Besseri Nym. . 2 2°.) - + + o> 208 Bungei B. Fedtsch. 2 SMe2Z »» deharicn DEAD SOs . 205 » @ivaricata Siey. - .- -- + e+ 226 » graveolens L. . . . 50.4 se 2s 199 ~ Ohireata OP Ktzes. 2 tr) See 206 » hortensis Mill... 2. - - «2 22 @ 199 » latifolia B. Fedtsch.. - + +++ + 225 » linifolia auct.. . . - + 2 2 2 es 207 montan@ lak shake Beenie: 3) 207 thesioides Fischer --+-+-+** 5 207 versicolor B. Fedtsch. - - ++ .-+ 224 . var. leianthum Vved.- - 225 » villosa. M. Bs... Bot sodeneners 219 198- Rutaceae Juss. Rutoideae Engl., subfam. ..-.-.... 198 SaccharinayRax,jsect: cil) mieten.) 612 Sageretia Brongn. .......... 638 » Brandrethiana Aitch.. .... . 641 bY Boiss$iee? smotionets -« 638 eU) caucasica(Palibs sc) +). tek cdoacucesnces 638 laetevirens (Kom.) Gontsch. 638 » yemensis (Defl.) Grub... ... 641 Salpiglochilon Warb., sect... ..... 633 Sanguinea Knuth, sect. ........ 10 Sapindaceaes. ia. ws eaeaed Awe ene 623 Sapindus oassioides Ett. ..... 2.2.2.0. 623 Fe defuncta Heer. {605 . «ss 0) wares 623 falcifoliayAy Brace) clk eecie ened oe en 1023 craecagUngree-nce iment h uncer 623 HazslinskyisEtts-eeE niece ee 623 heliconiayUngeuem-isne pee ae nae 623 2 ef. oregoniana Knowlt. .......-.. 623 radobojananUngew )eicuis se) eae 623 undulata @Heervere ts) ee ant ae aon 624 AUG eripEtteent sire teaerve hepion se aeeaee ee 624 Sarcozygium Bret a iy: L.A uala ae 184 Sarcozygium (Bge.) Boriss., subgenus. . 184 Sarcozygium Engl........... 184 Schmaltzia hirta Smalt ........ 530 Sclerocyathium Prokh. ..... .« -° 336 Sclerocyathium Prokh., sect.. >... . 336 = Popovit Prokh.. ... . 336 Securinega Comm. ..... « . = 282, 287 ramiflora Mill. ..... . 283 % suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd.. . 283 Sexouulata Boisss9 ct aaa 206 Sieboldianae Prokh., ohecee e - . ASI, 743 Simarubaceae Lindl. ......... 241 Skimmia Thunb. .........2.., 710 * japonica Thunb. ...... 710 repens Nakai. . .. . ono JAW) es » var. typica Mak. . 710 Spinovitis Romanet........., 675 Staphylea les" sy yal. Belatn 578 mS colchica,Stevs so. .2) 2 oa 578 99 5 var. Kochiana Medw. $79 ” » lasiandra Dipp. 579 F f. macrocarpa Zbl. . 559 Emodis Wahl) #7, cae, 679 pinnata: Lo." .p.sb ears - 579 pinnatifida Gild. .... . ° 579 - sarmaticay Krysuty /-f9 se eee. 578 3 SPs} ios) a Wrehamiey yale, xe See 578 Staphyleaceae DC.......2.2..~.. 577 Staphylodendron Scop. ........ 578 Stellerolinum Juz., sect... ...... 125 602 Striata Knuth, sect.. ......... 45 Subacaulis Boiss., sect. . ....., «= ol Sumac (DC.) C. K. Schn., subgenus . . 528 Syllinum Boiss. sect.......... 130 Sylvatica Knuth, sect... . 2... 14 Synema perenne Dulac ....... 296 Telephioides (Moench) Endl. sect. . - 271 Tetradiclidoideae Engl., subfam. .. . . 150 Tetradiclis’Stevy;". 2). 9") 9 2 ee 151 " Eversmanni Bge.. .... . 151 - salsa Ci"A.* Moen ae 151 tenella (Ehrenb.) Litw. gered || Tibeticae Prokh., subsect.. . . . . 334, 737 Tithymalus Boiss. sect.. ...... . 309 ” Mill, 2 ae ee 308 » Tourn. : Ss) Sa 308, 309 S acuminatus (Lam.) Prokh. . . 465 agrarius (M. B.) KL et Gke. 430 alaicus= Prokhs =>) eae 388 alatavicus (Boiss.) Prokh. 373 aleppicus (L.) Kl. et Gke.. . . 460 alpinus (Ldb.) KL et Gke.. 370 altaicus (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke.. . 381 amygdaloides (L.) Garsault. . 456 andrachnoides (Schrenk) Kl. et Gke. angulatus (Jacq.) Rafin. .. . aristatus (Schmalh.) Prokh. . armenus Prokh....... , arvalis (Boiss. et Heldr.) KI. et Gke. 472 aserbajdzanicus (Bordz.) Prokh. 470 astrachanicus (C. A. M. ex Claus) Prokh. Aucheri (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. aulacospermus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. biglandulosus (Desf.) Haw.. . blepharophyllus (Ldb.) KI. et Gke. 345 Boissierianus Woron.. .. . 445 Borodini (Sambuk) Prokh.. . 427 Borszczowti Prokh. .... . 425 buchtormensis (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. Buhsei (Boiss.) Prokh.. . Bungei (Boiss.) Prokh.. . carniolicus (Jacq.) Rafin.. . . condylocarpus (M. B.) Kl. et Gke. contospermus (Boiss. et Buhse) Prokh. 369 418 381 361 Aly} 440 456 464 405 373 419 386 365 377 Tithymalus consanguineus (Schrenk) Kl. et Gke. 471 cyparissias (L.) Scop. . . 439 cyrtophyllus Prokh. . ... . 441 deltobracteatus Prokh.. . densiusculus (M. Pop.) Prokh. densus (Schrenk) K!. et Gke. denticulatus (Lam.) Moench . discolor (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. . dulcis (L.) Scop. eRe cele. La \ Vad Ve eriophorus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. Pemat(l.) Scops $1.0). ajmlbedic Eugeniae Prokh. exmpumen(L.).Lam.. .-. . ... falcatus (L.) Kl. et Gke.. . . ye. Ba) ae amar) ferganensis (B. Fedtsch.) Prokh. Francheti (B. Fedtsch.) Prokh. Gerardianus Steud. graberrimus (C. Koch) Kl. et Gke. ex M. B.) Prokh. glareosus (Pall. glomerulans Prokh. GmehiniiProlthé iin: eerie. Coldeit Prokh. graecus (Boiss. et Sprun.) Prokh. Grossheimii Prokh. guntensis Prokh. helioscopius (L.) Scop... . . herpetorrhizus Prokh. . .. . humilis (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke.. . hypoleucus Prokh.. . .... ibericus (Boiss.) Prokh. inderiensis (Less.) Kl. et Gke. irgisensis (Litw.) Prokh.. . . ispahanicus (Boiss.) Kl. et Gke. issykkulensis Prokh.. . . jaxarficus-Prakhi<) sect. . Karoi (Freyn) Prokh. . . . . Kamorovianus Prokh. . . . . kopetdaghi Prokh.. .... . Kudrjaschevii (Pazij) Prokh. lamprocarpus Prokh.. . .. . lanatus (Sieber) Prokh. latifolius (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. . Lathyris (L.) Scop. ‘ Ledebourianus Prokh. . . . . Ledebourii (Boiss.) Prokh.. . leptocaulus (Boiss.) Prokh.. . Lipsy: »Prokhy sf acces: Litwinowii Prokh.. .-.. . lucidus (W. et K.) Kl. et Gke. lucorum (Rupr.) Prokh. 457 475 473 412 423 379 382 419 356 460 464 346 467 396 454 402 429 422 404 461 391 442 383 457 397 445 - 435 468 417 390 - 386 446 424 343 393 352, 363 476 426 479 341 462 443 347 457 434 374 603 Tithymal. macrocarpus (Boiss. et Buhse) Prokh. macroceras (Fisch. et Mey.) KI. et Gke. macrocladus (Boiss.) Prokh. . macrorrhizus (Ldb.) Kl. et Gke. Marschallianus auct. ‘ » (Boiss.) KL. et Gke. microcarpus Prokh. .... . microsphaerus (Boiis.) Kl. et Gke. mongolicus Prokh.. .... . monocyathium Prokh. monostylus Prokh.. .... . mucronulatus Prokh.. .... Myrsinites (L.) Hill... . . . Normanni (Schmabh.) Prokh. . oblongifolius (C. Koch) Kl. et Gke. orientalis (L.) Hill... . . . pachyrrhizus (Kar. et Kir.) KL. et Gke. Pallasii (Turez.) Kl. et Gke. paluster (L.) Garsault . . . pamiricus Prokh. paralias (L.) Scop. . .... PE CERAGISIO eggs 3. i LS Peplus (L.) Gaertn... . . . pilosus (L.) Scop. platyphyllos (L.) Rafin. . poecilophyllus Prokh. . . . . polychromus (Kern.) Prokh. . polytimeticus Prokh.. ... ponticus}Prokh./sj).- 2 & Lr pseudagrarius (P. Smirn.) . . Prokh. pceudosororius Prokh.. . . pubescens (Vahl) Prokh.. . . pygmaeus Kl. et Gke.. . . . rapulum (Kar. et Kir.) Ki. et Gke. rupester K}. et Gke. salicifolius (Host) Kl. et Gke. sareptanus (A. Beck.) Prokh. Savaryi (Kiss.) Prokh. .. . schugnanicus (B. Fedtsch.) Prokh. sclerocyathium (E. Kor. et M. Pop.) Prokh. scriptus (Somm. et Lev.) Prokh. Prokh. (Neck.) semivillosus Prokh.. ... . Seguierianus serau'schanicus (Rgl.) Prokh. Tithymalus sewerzowii (Herd.) Prokh. 433 . Sieboldianus (Morr. et Decne.) Prokh. 451 ‘s sogdianus (M. Pop.) Prokh.. 399 < soongaricus (Boiss.) Prokh.. 362 ¥ sororius (Schrenk) KI. et Gke. 470 is spinidens Prokh. ..... . 407 sguamosus (Willd.) Kl. et Gke. 349 ij stepposus (Zoz) Prokh. . . . 401 3 strictus (L.) Kl. et Gke.. . . 366 a subcordatus (Ldb.) Ki. et Gke. 448 # subtilis Prokh.. ...... 421 fs Szovitsti (Fisch. et Mey.) KL et Gke. 474 talastavicus Prokh. . .... . 379 . fauricola Prokh. 2)... - 358 - tianschanicus Prokh. 339 & tibeticus (Boiss.) Prokh.. . . 385 . transoxanus Prokh.. .. . . 350 a Tranzschelii Prokh.. . .. . 386 a triodontus Prokh.. . - 469 tshuiensis Prokh. .... . - 440 - Turczaninowii (Kar. et Kir.) Kl. et Gke. 472 rs turkestanicus (Rgl.) Prokh. . 388 ii undulatus (M. B.) KI. et Gke. 414 i uralensis (Fisch. et Link) Prokh. 437 - villosus (Waldst. et Kit.) Paster 359 . virgatus (W. et K.) KL et 437 Gke. 444 60 volgensis (Krysht.) Prokh. . 403 * Witmanni (Boiss.) Prokh.. . 377 ss zhiguliensis Prokh.. . . . . 447 Toddalioideae Engler, subfam. . . . - - 232 Tournesol Adans.. .---+...--+:-> 288 fiournesoliaiscopaee ee ee 288 5 gracilis ©: Ktze.- 9... 2: - 290 . tinctoria Baill... ..... 290 i verbascifolia O. Ktze. . . . 295 Toxicodendron Mill. ........-. 531 altissimum Mill. 242 4 diversiloba (Torr. et Gray) Greene 536 . orientale Greene . . 535 : quercifolia (Michx.) Grene 536 Be radicans (L.) Ktze.. . . 535 ; succedana (L.) Ktze. 538, 539 s trichocarpum (Migq.) Ktze. 538 ie vernicifera C. A. et F. A. Barkley 537 604 Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) Linez. 537 » vernix (L.) Ktze. - 538 Tribulus... -3285 3%. eae AY 194) » bicornutus Fisch. et Mey. . . . 195 » macropterus Boiss. .... . -, 164i » 4 persicus \Kralik) 22020 =) eae 195 4 terrestrisiL.2 Os Se ee 195 4 uniflorasiNevskil eee 195 Dricera Baill, sect .4). = = eee 505 Trichocarpa Prain, sect... ...... 289 Trifoliata (Pax) Koidz., sect... ... . 617 Trifoliatae sect. Acetosella Reiche, div. 79 r » Coarniculatae Reiche, div. 77 ‘Trilobata*Pojarkssect.) ("5 2 eae 601 Trimorpha ‘Alef.? ~ ) -202" S938) 2) cane 110 Tropaeolaceae Juss... ........ 83 Tropaeolum, L303) = 20. a 8&4 7 major Leah hte uae 84 D minus, Li, -<--<0= 6 ee 84 Tuberosa Boiss., sect. . ---..-..- - Tulocarpa Prokh., sect... ...- - 348, 383 i Rafin., subgenus .....- . 348 Tulocarpa (Rafin.) Prokh., sect. 347 Tuloisia Rafin., subgenus ...... .- 348 Turibana Nakai, subgenus... ... . 576 Unguiculata Boiss. sect... ...-.-.; 34 Uniloculares Rouy et Foucaud, sect. . . 566 Vernix (Adans.) C. K. Schn., sect. . . . 537 Virgatiformes Grub., subsect. . .-- .- 662 Vitaceae: Kindl) .. denied ore eae 674 Vitiphyllum cf. Naumannii Nath ss amekica ce pee 677 Vitis. Le dean Jihio). ae See 675 » aegirophylla Boiss. ....- - 704, 705 , aestivalis cordifolia ...... - 679 » alaskana Cock, «0s : 6 ee 2 ee 677 » alemanica Andras. ........ 6% » amurensis Rupr. ....-...-.- 700 iu » o< Kaempierive = eee 704. » antiquorum Andras. ......- - 696 » ef. arctica Heer «2. ee eee ee ee < Gill » Berlandieri Planch. ......- - 683 » oO Vieripaniallee cee 683 S yo SCN viniferatebe srk 683 » bosturgaiensis Vass. ..-..-- - 696 » Orevipedunculata Dipp.....- .- - 705 » byzantina Andras. .......- 695 » \cordata C. Koch 5) 22) eee) ee 705 » erenata Heer -- eee esses esses 677 » @eliciosa Andras. .-.--+-+-> 696 hederacea Ehrh. . . ---+-+-+--> 709 Vitis hederacea Huot. ........-. 697 heterophylla Thunb. . ..... . 706 ‘i var. &. cordata Rgl. . 705 InignarleAmV assy 275). 6 cs se ie 697 hyrcanica’ Vassijneu. 5 - - . - 680, 696 a os ge ee 685 fnconsians Wigtaictmc yee: =. «+> 708 [elroy ie SP 678 = ce. ficifolia, Rot... «>. 3, . 680 7 d.sinuata Kel, . . . . . 680 lapilloides Vass... ....... 697 macrophylla isgiks fos! sso wis ss 6 6 @ s 677 mediterranea Andras. .... . - 695 moanmmcola Planch ....... . 683 recital me horvahits ia (sil etir, te oo) fe nd ofa ne 677 odoratissima Donn. ......- . 685 ogre? 1b." CA a i a ar 705 pistacioides Vass. ........ 696 PIS CCMC TA ORD Sele ce ieio. 5) 6, se ties se 677 te oe yd a 704 qurmeetoi Lam: 44... 5. » 709 ELE o RRO Che Se a 685 rupestris Scheele ........ 684 sachalinensis Krysht.. .....--+.++-++-. 677 Sehinchkinit, Vasa. no6) - . . - . 697 serjanaefolia Franch. et Sav.. - . 706 silvestris Gmel. . . ....... 697 i var.dzharylgatschensis Vass. 699 subacerifolia Vass... ...... 697 gelweetpingGamels =)... 5... ss 696 fangalinurl Vassisennci s - 6 - 697 tauricasViaSSines chayean ia 6 6 696, 699 Tentoiea Ave Des cmiviNeuse irs Mitewh is) a: a 3). foe 677 ClateutonicavAS Bray.) ews isiiede co «+ 6 6 Gi Timmbergin Relwwawir) . «2+ - 700 Thunbergii Sieb. et Zuce.. . . . . 680 trichophylla (Kolen.) Vass... - - 696 usunachmatica Vass... ..... 696 a7 fo 7 a), a a a a a 680 Onupera anct. - 2.» sss ss 6 697 ViniHELae Medes os et oN Geel 679 ssp. sativa (DC.) Hegi . . 686 sativa (DC.) Rgl.. . . 695 silvestris Beck . . . . 697 sylvestris (Gmel.) Rgl.. 695 trichophylla Kolen.. . 696 laciniosa (L.) Asch.. . 686 a. sylvestris DC. .... 697 A ®. amurensis Rgl. . . . .« 700 co. Labrusca var. americana O. Ktze. 678 a3 7 » ortenta- lis O. Ktze. 678, 679 ” 605 Vitis vin. o. Labr. var. si/vestris (Déll.) O. Ktze. ” ” r Il. Thunber- git O. Ktze. » vinifera anebophylla Kolenati. . . ” » silvesiris,Doell. . : .. . » » spontanea M. Pop... . . A. * trichophylla Kolenati PAV Gin al ss goed oh cue Moe ee ta, hs «fe ” mie Sh, ARIPO RSIR Te Ole te 58 3 Vitoideae Gilg, sabfam. ....... . ValguresiChodi! thieictth ie. i ss Xantholinum flavum Rehb. . . . . . - Xanthoxylon Boriss., sect... . . . 184, Xylophila ramiflora Ait... ..... Zizypheae Benth. et Hook., tribus . . . Lizgphaw yl 6 ek ee AL 7 affintsylesq. 6 263s 5 3 2-0 2 9 6 % cinnamomoides Lesq. . .- +++ +--+ is fibrillosaplesq.: af 5 Pataras Willdiawnc . - s> + ” phorphoria Krysht.. ....-.+++-s sachalinensis Krysht. .... +++: - s satrvakcaerthnniews - =. % sinensis Lamsejccns - 2 - 4+ - - tiliaefolia (Ung.) Heer -- +--+ +s 7 walgarisiLameys see ¢ (6) e. ; BD2. Segond “WGieeeeds Lei dekh Zygophyllaceae Lindl... .. +... + Zygophylloideae Eng)., subfam.. .. - . Zygophyllum L. .....- Diatey he aucears altaicum Steph. . -.- - atriplicoides auct. . . 190, atriplicoides Fisch... . - ” ssp. eurypterum M. Pop. ” » typicum M. Pop. » var. tetrame- rum M. Pop. balchaschense Boriss. . 171, brachypterum Kar, et Kir. bucharicum B, Fedtsch. ‘ var. albiflorum Boriss. Zygephyllum cinnabarinumFreyn. . .- - coccineum Schrenk. ..- - cuspidatum Boriss. . . 174, darvasicum Boriss. - . 190, Dielsianum M. Pop. . - - dumosum Boiss. . «+. - Eichwaldii C. A. M. . 179, p var. 2% Bge.. « , » —. strictior Bge. Eichwaldii M. Pop. eurypterum Boiss. et Buhse fabago auct...... 160, » Krylh (albagiom lls stream heen Bc » ssp. brachypterum M. Pop. » dolichocarpum M. Pop. orientale Bo- riss. ‘ . typicum M. Pop. var. brachypterum M. Pop. fabagoides M. Pop. ferganeise (Drob.) Boriss. . ms ssp. elongatum Boriss. fureatum C. A. M.. 2... vobicum Maxim. - Be Gontscharovii Boriss. . 190, iliense M. Pop. ... . « karatavicum Boriss. . 174, Korelinr Feces Mi yo - kaschgaricum Boriss. . 187, kegense Boriss. . . - 18], kopalense Boriss.. . + 173, latifolium Schrenk. .. . Lehmannianum Bge .. - macrophgllum Rgl. et Schmalh. 166 182 726 729 169 189 180 170 180 180 189 161 165 159 105 166 160 160 159 \78 184 187 172 183 729 176 726 175 728 727 726 167 175 158 - 606 Zygophyllum macropodum Boriss. . 161, macropterum C. A. M.. . 5 var. micro- phylla Boriss. megacarpum Boriss. . 192, melongena Bge.. ... - microcarpum Boriss. . 168, miniatum Cham et Schlecht. : ssp. Dielsianum M. Pop. > var. cinnabarinum Fr. et Sint. . » Englerianum M. Pop. mucronatum Maxim. ..- - “ M. Pop. p. p. obliquum M. Pop. p. p. 161 ovigerum Fisch. et Mey. - oxianum Boriss. - 160, oxyearpum M. Pop. . Cham. et Schlecht. portulacoides Cham. . . - Potaninii Maxim... .. - pinnatum pterocarpum Bge. .-. . ramosissimum M Pop. . Rosovii Bge. ..-.. - i var. latifolium (Schrenk) M. Pop. Sieversianum Steph. . « . stenopteram Schrenk subtrijugum C. A. M. taldy-kurganicum Boriss. 177, triiugum Meyer « .-e. - tucromanicum Fich. et Mey. vanthoxylon auct. p. p. - af Maxim. . . 187, * ssp. ferganense M. Pop fe var. ferganense Drob. 724 182 183 730 724 169 166 166 174 174 192 180 723 172 182 158 183 177 179 167 167 182 181 170 727 170 168 187 188 184 184 VEGETATION REGIONS OF THE USSR Abbreviated name Full name i Aretie | Seige Migros Oi bh eee Arctic (European part) POW Bie 8. bate sami ce Novaya Zemlya Se PANGCAS Ilo age aAer ain mia Arctic (Siberia) er SSS foc, lage ade ee Chukchi ‘Sea Tal ae h R ele eere Anadyr II. European part Be, PISA NU ADS ai «bose Vos Karelia- Lapland ieee ON a= OC hd w wilt ie” aghis Dvina-Pechora RESCUE JAR) lich < et aMlar sues tices Baltic States 2 Seen eo I ES oc Ladoga-Il'men (1) PA ORO ORS ets. ee Upper Volga (LL al a Ves 22 5 0 02 eed Volga-Kama Neer) UNA i cies cine cs hye oats Upper Dnieper 1) Sa Bah oa ecu ee Middle Dnieper Meee MV WOM pre, coe re tae hse va Zs Volga-Don Woe te nase ei cee so iS oa. Transvolga area ten UnDrnss. . ~ .aee veel. Upper Dniester ae BSS RAL Ss Bessarabia toe, Bl aseloet. tiated. Black Sea area Sy reer eg ere). Leet SMe Crimea Ales a DOmIn SMO leone ck Lower Don 72+ Seal a PP hos to Sak be cae Lower Volga Mis “Caucasus ZO mMIGCH Seal pA 5 ATs Ciscaucasia 72:5 3 pa kc 2 Ry oo: vce hy Dagestan D4teOw Hransemr ..04 0-4 Western Transcaucasia AOR AmLie Amel TSC stems re. cn etmeets Eastern Transcaucasia 26.9 “Si ranse ety. Sen ie: Southern Transcaucasia Qi Wale Mae LST MINS Rees Talysh IV. West Siberia Boe POD ain sa Sol eee Ob region (from the eastern slopes of the Urals to the Yenisei River) Bt “CUS ROD. 16 4! PR SER Upper Tobol OP aiatsecwAt 2 eek Sueeaee een ee Irtysh Selle AN tie di ciires tesa oa eye heme Altai 607 Wo Walle WAG East Siberia STOTT GENIC Sh hee NT it Mee Yenisei B9 ULeialAIMONE Si aoa se 6 one Lena-Kolyma BF Pup AINSI OVE wy 2 cece Angara River-Sayans Sto emp) UU Ae Pi ee ere ea le Dauria Far East 36 WarmCchiak es sme. Kamchatka DW igmia O) sclaler PaO aE Cee os cies ta te Okhotsk Sioa Aon S/S wo sgh els cl oo Oe Zeya-Bureya SiO) SaoWiclalscee Sink, Gleaner Udar River area 4. Os WSISi sat Oe, OF eee Ussuri Ail SMR SANTA 3 ic tae Nie tea 8 Sakhalin Soviet Central Asia Mae eGo CUNO Sues 6. G, dudmone Aral-Caspian Here uleve ll dolaa mild sau ay aearenielha Lake Balkhash area AU SoD ALIA = UREA Swi acmls var Dzungaria-Tarbagatai her af LYSE eee Gates ne Kyzyl-Kum A Grog 1 aaa Mather te cue semis: 26 Kara-Kum AV. ANILtIay, IWIN 65 ee oo Mountainous part of Turkmenistan aN ges ua ay b iD )a. 5 davoenlali ye Ris. Amu Darya AOS SV Ago D opener sea y te, cee Syr Darya DOM decodl Sa JN bog Veta’ aula ees Pamir -Alai Doll gs Wee la cera ese ree ae de os Tien Shan Accepted Regions for Indication of General Distribution of | Species Appearing in ''Flora of the U.S.S.R." | ATS oy OREN EET Si Rh OME Arctic (Spitsbergen, Greenland and | farther) SCC CSM OO, Ree PUR DES ie tee) € Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland) Genta Wie a, avers te aces Central Europe (Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland) ASU STEUltcic Merarsvete eles ure scl) cla eae Atlantic Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Britain, France, Portugal) We ree ern celta et cy taut icy Dyke Eh Cauh mene Mediterranean (including North Africa) Bally As eMinnigamieg es). tea baie Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor Avrerma = Kowirsch asa. isi tire bak ade asters Lesser Armenia and Kurdistan Tmant! San Boiees eae. segs Iran and Afghanistan bral erin 7 Se yee omnes c ter eee India and Himalayas Dabs a eNelales eth 5. alaus pease a cc [Dzungaria-Kashgar area] Eastern or Chinese Turkestan (Sinkiang) Monge tim Qitans) Horie) That . . Mongolia Jape Elis, gee) Pie ete 1) Ree Japan and China Bite ails ae tered ecitra ere eee A RR North American coast of the Bering Sea IN Nr ES Pe Teen tay Sa ig oR North America (U.S.A. and Canada) SOT os es ROUEN abt ra tiny WINERIES 1. diet 608 Other Geographical Abbreviations Eig OME enh ae is fs sae, Sue o ov eon Africa EMO S GRAPES Ale CeO nee Australia MCS TAIN ARIars, eiiils, 1516! TeVilol vane, “es felladiy arson» Central RUE cae 6 Siena. es sh by ele ow he East(ern) Gis 37 496) SESE Eee Great, Greater NPM RG ers oyeNro L shs WNT, s,s) ch Gu spree Island WS.0 2.8.4 e ene e Islands Rubi 5 oes Me eae oe? eR Se ae Mount INS eel corcy ie epic toh rok Hao Anvch tet ot Aleck le, Se Mountains SEE occas 5 ayy ah sited 6 WO She. G North(ern) PRM etc. -)55) a lakiecls, Si ehantausrwe River oe 9 Se es South(ern) 0 ee ee West(ern) TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 1. The Russian term ''Srednyaya Aziya'' is, in English, Central Asia (or Soviet Central Asia). Therefore the term Middle Asia has been used for Russian "'Tsentral'naya Aziya,'’ which is non-Soviet inner Asia, com- prising western China (Sinkiang and Tibet) and Mongolia. 2. According to Russian usage, the European part of the USSR is "eastern Europe." Europe outside the USSR. Therefore 'western Europe" includes the whole of 609 EXPLANATORY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF RUSSIAN INSTITUTIONS AND PERIODICALS APPEARING IN THE TEXT Abbreviation Bot.-Geogr. issled. v Turkest. Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. inst. AN SSSR Bot. Mat. Gerb. Gl. Bot. Sada Bot. zap. SPb. univ. Bot. zhurn. SSSR Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada Byull. Obshch. lyubit. estest- vozn., antrop. i etnogr. Byull. Voronezh. obshch. estesty. Dendr. Der. i kust. Demi kust: Kavk. Dikie polezn. i tekhnich. rasteniya SSSR Dikorastushchie r. Kavkaza, ikh rasprostra- nenie, Ssvoistva © 1 primenenie Full name (transliterated) Botaniko-geograficheskie issledovaniya v Turkestane Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botaniche- skogo instituta AN SSSR Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada Botanicheskie zapiski Sankt-Peterburgskogo univer siteta Botanicheskii zhurnal SSSR Byulleten' Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada Byulleten' Obshchestva lyubitelei estestvoz- naniya, antropologii 1 etnografii Byulleten' Voronezh- skogo obshchestva estestvoispytatelei Dendrarii Derev'ya i kustarniki Derev'ya i kustarniki Kavkaza Dikie poleznye i tekh- nicheskie rasteniya SSSR Dikorastushchie raste- niya Kavkaza, ikh rasprostranenie, Svoistva i primenenie 610 Translation Botanical and Geographical Investigations in Turkestan Botanical Materials of the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Botanical Materials of the Herbarium of the Main Botanical Gardens Botanical Notes of St. Petersburg University Botanical Journal of the USSR Bulletin of the Main Botani- cal Gardens Bulletin of the Naturalists’, Anthropologists! and Ethnographers'! Society Bulletin of the Voronezh Society of Naturalists Arboretum Trees and Shrubs Trees and Shrubs of the Caucasus Useful Wild Plants and Industrial Crops of the USSR Wild Plants of the Caucasus, Their Distribution, Properties and Uses Dokl. AN Azerb. SSR Fl. F1. Abkh. Fl. Almat. Zapovedn. BL Alt. Fl. Alt.i Tomsk. gub. Fl. Az. Ross. Fl. Evrop. Rossii Fl. Gruzii Fl. Kamch. Fl. Kavk. Fl. Man'chzh. Fl. Mosk. gub. Fl. Poles'ya Fl. Sev. Kraya Fl. Sakh. F]. Sib. EME Sitios iD alii. Vost. He Sige 1eY wazhn. Ross. Fl. Sr. Ross. 1a il, AbeK Palau he Fl. Talysh. Pale siemitigs Kazakhst. Hie Viost. Ewr. Ross. Fl. Yugo-Vost. Fl. Yugo-zap. Ross. IE Syeuie 5 ote sada Fl. Zapysib. Gerb. donsk. fl. Gerb. Orlovsk. gub, Gerb. Ukr. fl. GRE Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. Izv. AN SSSR Izv. Bot. Sada Doklady Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR Flora Flora Abkhazii Flora Alma-Atinskogo Zapovednika Flora Altaya Flora Altaiskoi i Tomskoi gubernii Flora Aziatskoi Rossii Flora Evropeiskoi Rossii Flora Gruzii Flora Kamchatki Flora Kavkaza Flora Man'chzhurii Flora Moskovskoi gubernii Flora Poles'ya Flora Severnogo Kraya Flora Sakhalina Flora Sibiri Flora Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka Flora Srednei i Yuzhnoi Rossii Flora Srednei Rossii Flora Tadzhikistana Flora Talysha Flora Tsentral'nogo Kazakhstana Flora Vostochnoi Evropeiskoi Rossii Flora Yugo-Vostoka Flora Yugo-zapadnoi Rossii Flora Yur'evskogo botanicheskogo sada Flora Zapadnoi Sibiri Gerbarii donskoi flory Gerbarii Orlovskoi gubernii Gerbarii Ukrainskoi flory Gerbarii Russkoi Flory Illyustrirovannaya Flora Moskovskoi gubernii Izvestiya AN SSSR Izvestiya Botaniche- skogo Sada 611 Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR Flora Abkhasian Flora Flora of the Alma-Ata Reserve Altai Flora Flora of Altai and Tomsk Provinces Flora of Asiatic Russia Flora of European Russia Georgian Flora Kamchatkan Flora Caucasian Flora Manchurian Flora Flora of Moscow Province Flora of Polesie Flora of the Northern Territory Flora of Sakhalin Siberian Flora Flora of Siberia andthe Far East Flora of Central and Southern Russia Flora of Central Russia Flora of Tadzhikistan Talysh Flora Flora of Central Kazakhstan Flora of East European Russia Flora of the Southeast Flora of Southwest Russia Flora of Yur'ev Botanical Garden Flora of West Siberia Herbarium of Don Flora Herbarium of Orel Province Herbarium of Ukrainian Flora Herbarium of Russian Flora Illustrated Flora of Moscow Province Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR bulletin of the Botanical Gardens Izv. Bot. Sada Petra Vel. Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada Izv. Kavk. Muzeya lizveiaialdastestills AN SSSR Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada Izv. Obshch. lyubit. estest- vozn., antrop. 1 etnogr. Izv. Obshch. Sadov. Izv. Tadzhik. Bazy AN SSSR Konsp. rast. okr. Khar'kova Korm: rast Estestv. senoko- SOvipastb. SSSR Mat. (dlya) FI. Kavk. Mat. (dlya) fl. Sredn. Azii Mat. (dlya) Fl. stepel Kher- sonsk. Gub. Nov. obozr. Ob. rast. Kievsk. uch. okr. Obz. Krym.-Kavk. Medicago Och. obozr.i fl. Karpat Ocherk. Tif]. fl. Opis. Amur. obl., Opis. ist. razv. fl. vost. Tyan'- Shanya Opis. nov. rast. alpuinelke: Izvestiya Botanicheskogo Sada Petra Velikogo Izvestiya Glavnogo Bota- nicheskogo Sada Izvestiya Kavkazskogo Muzeya Izvestiya Kazakhstan- skogo Filiala Akademii Nauk SSSR Izvestiya Kievskogo Botanicheskogo Sada Izvestiya Obshchestva lyubitelei estestvoz- naniya, antropologii 1 etnografii Izvestiya Obshchestva Sadovodov Izvestiya Tadzhikskoi Bazy Akademii Nauk SSSR Konspekt rastenii okruga Khar'kova | Kormovye rasteniya estestvennykh senoko- SOv i pastbishch SSSR Materialy dlya Flory Kavkaza Materialy dlya flory Srednei Azii Materialy dlya Flory stepei Khersonskoi Gubernii Novoe obozrenie Obzor rastitel'nosti Kievskogo uchebnogo okruga Obzor Krymsko- Kavkazskogo Medicago Ocherki rastitel'nosti i flory Karpat Ocherki Tiflisskoi flory Opisanie Amurskoi oblasti Opisanie istorii razvi- tiya flory vostochnogo Tyan'-Shanya Opisanie novykh rastenii Turkestana 612 Bulletin of Peter the Great Botanical Gardens Bulletin of the Main Botanical Gardens Bulletin of the Caucasian Museum Bulletin of the Kazakhstan Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Bulletin of the Kiev Botani- cal Gardens Bulletin of the Naturalists’, Anthropologists! and Ethnographers' Society Bulletin of the Horticul- turists' Society Bulletin of the Tadzhikistan Base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Compendium of Plants of Kharkov District Fodder Plants of Natural Hay Meadows and Pastures of the USSR Material on Caucasian Flora Materials on Soviet Central Asian Flora Materials on the Flora of Kherson Province Steppes New Review Survey of Vegetation in the Kiev Educational District Survey of Crimean- Caucasian Medicago Survey of Carpathian Vegetation and Flora Survey of Tiflis [Tbilisi] Plora Description of the Amur Region Description of the History of the Development of Flora of the Eastern Tien Shan Description of New Plants of Turkestan Vs er eee Opis. nov. vidov Opred. der.i kust. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. Opred. rast. Kavk. Opred. vyssh. Opred. (vyssh.) rasten. Evrop. chasti SSSR Opyt Russko- Kavk. FI. Perech. rast. ack Poch., eksped. v bass.r. Syr- Dar'i i Amu- Darti Priroda Protok. Zased. Kievsk. Obshch. Estestv. Putesh. Rast, 1 il, Karp. Rast. letn. pastb. Gandzh. Rast. res. Turkm. Rast. resursy Kavkaza Rast. Sib. Rast. Sr. Az. Rast. Turkest. Rast. obl. Rastit. Kavk. Rastit. pokrov. vost. Pamira Rastit. syr'e Kazakhst. Rastit. zapovedn. Guralash i Zaaminsk. lesn. ugodii Zakasp. Opisanie novykh vidov Opredelitel' derev'ev i kustarnikov Opredelitel' rastenii Dal'nevostochnogo kraya Opredelitel' rastenii Kavkaza Opredelitel' vysshikh rastenii Opredelitel' (vysshikh) rastenii Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR Opyt Russko-Kavkazskoi Flory Perechen' rastenii Turkmenii Pochvennaya ekspedi- tsiya v basseinu rek Syr-Dar'i i Amu- Dar'i Priroda Protokol Zasedaniya Kievskogo Obshchest- va Estestvoispytatelei Puteshestviya Rasteniya i flora Karpat Rasteniya letnikh past- bishch Gandzhi Rastitel'nye resursy Turkmenii Rastitel'nye resursy Kavkaza Rastitel'nost' Sibiri Rastitel'nost' Srednei Azii Rastitel'nost' Turke- stana Rastitel'nost' Zakaspii- skoi oblasti Rastitel'nost' Kavkaza Rastitel'nyi pokrov vostochnogo Pamira Rastitel'noe syr'e Kazakhstana Rastitel'nost zapoved- nika Guralash i Zaaminskikh les- nykh ugodii Description of New Species Key to Trees and Shrubs Key to Plants of the Far Eastern Territory Key to Caucasian Plants Key to Higher Plants Key to Higher Plants of the European USSR Attempted Russian- Caucasian Flora List of Turkmenian Plants Soil Science Expedition to the Syr-Darya and Amu- Darya River Basins Nature Protocol of a Conference of Kiev Naturalists' Society Travels Plants and Flora of the Carpathians Vegetation of Gandzha [now Kirovabad] Summer Pastures Plant Resources of Turkmenia Plant Resources of the Caucasus Vegetation of Siberia Vegetation of Soviet Central Asia Vegetation of Turkestan Vegetation of the Trans- caspian Region Vegetation of the Caucasus Plant Cover of the Eastern Pamirs Plant Resources of Kazakhstan Vegetation of Guralash Reserve and Zaamin Forest Lands Result. dvukh puteshestv. na Kavk. Russk., F1. Russk. lek. rast. Sbor, sushka i raz.lek. rast. Sorn. rast. SSSR Sots. Rastenie- vodstvo Sov. Bot. Sov. Farmats. Spis. rast. Spis. Rast. Krymsk. Zapovedn. Lire SBoOtwnasit. AN SSSR bees otslnasite Azerb. Filiala Akad. Nauk ie Bote Sada Abie, IBOWS SEG Yur'evsk, Univ. Tr. Byuro prikl. Bot. ‘ire Dal'nevost. bazy AN SSSR Tr. Inst. nov. lub. Ssyr'ya Tr. Nauk.-Doslid. Inst. Bot. Khar. Derzh. Univ. lie Obshicheash. prir. Khar'k, univ. Tr. Obshch, sadov. v Odesse Tr. odessk. obsh. sadov. Rezul'taty dvukh puteshestvii na Kavkaz Russkaya Flora Russkie lekarstvennye rasteniya Sbor, sushka i razvitie lekarstvennykh rastenii Sornye rasteniya SSSR Sotsialisticheskoe Rastenievodstvo Sovetskaya Botanika Sovetskaya Farma- tsevtika Spisok rastenii Spisok Rastenii Krymskogo Zapovednika Trudy Botanicheskogo instituta AN SSSR Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta Azerbaid- zhanskogo Filiala Akademii Nauk Trudy Botanicheskogo Sada Trudy Botanicheskogo Sada Yur'evskogo Universiteta Trudy Byuro po prik- ladnoi botanike Trudy Dal'nevostoch- noi bazy AN SSSR Trudy Instituta novogo lubyanogo syr'ya Trudy naukovo-doslid- noho instytutu botaniky Kharkivs'koho Derzhav- noho Universytetu Trudy Obshchestva ispy- tatelei prirody Khar'kov- skogo universiteta Trudy Obshchestva sadovodov v Odesse Trudy odesskogo ob- shchestva sadovodov 614 Results of Two Travels to the Caucasus Russian Flora Russian Medicinal Plants Gathering, Drying and Development of Medi- cinal Plants Weed Plants of the USSR Socialist Plant Growing Soviet Botany Soviet Pharmaceutics List of Plants List of Plants of the Crimean Reserve Transactions of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Transactions of the Botani- cal Institute of Azerbaijan Branch of the Academy of Sciences Transactions of the Botani- cal Gardens Transactions of the Botani- cal Gardens of Yur'ev _ [now Tartu] University Transactions of the Bureau of Applied Botany Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Transactions of the Institute of New Fiber Raw Materials Transactions of the Botanical Research Institute of the Kharkov State University Transactions of the Natu- ralists' Society of Kharkov University Transactions of the Odessa Horticulturists' Society Transactions of Odessa Horticulturists' Society aie. Peterb,. obshch. es- testvoisp. Tr. pochv.-bot. eksp. Peresl. upr. Tr. po geobot. obsled. pastb. Azerb. Tr.Odessk. otd. R. obshch. sadov Tr. prikl. bot. (gen. i sel.) Tr. Ross. Obshch. sadov. et SAG U Tr. Sarat. ob- shch. estestvoisp. Tr. Sil'skogospod. komit. bot. Tr.SPb. obshch. estestv. ALTOS ADEYS GA ale bazy AN SSSR Te. Mail bet. inst. ‘Tmver bil): (or Pitls) bot. sada Tr. Turkmensk. bot. sada Tr. Turk. nauchn. obshch. Uchen. Zapiski Kazansk. Gos. Univ. Vest. Akad. Nauk. (or AN) Kazakhsk. SSR Vestn. estestv. nauk Vestn. Ross. Obshch. sadov. Trudy Peterburgskogo obshchestva estest- voispytatelei Trudy pochvennobota- nicheskoi ekspeditsii Pereslavskogo upravleniya Trudy po geobotaniche- skim obsledovaniyam Transactions of St. Peters- burg Naturalists' Society Transactions of the Soil- Botanical Expedition of Pereslavl Adminis- tration Transactions of Geobotanical Investigations of Azerbai- — pastbishch Azerbaidzhana jan Pastures Trudy Odesskogo otdele- niya Rossiiskogo ob- shchestva sadovodov Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii Trudy Rossiiskogo ob- shchestva sadovodov Trudy Sredneaziatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Trudy Saratovskogo obshchestva estest- voispytatelei Trudy sil'skohospodar'- skoho komiteta botaniky Trudy Sankt-Peterburg- skogo obshchestva Trudy Tadzhikskoi bazy AN SSSR Trudy Tbilisskogo bota- nicheskogo instituta Trudy Tbilisskogo (Tiflisskogo) bota- nicheskogo sada Trudy Turkmenskogo botanicheskogo sada Trudy Turkmenskogo nauchnogo obshchestva Uchenye Zapiski Kazan- skogo Gosudarstven- nogo Universiteta Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR Vestnik estestven- nykh nauk Vestnik Rossiiskogo Obshchestva sado- vodov 615 Transactions of Odessa Branch of the Russian Horticulturists' Society Transactions of Applied Botany, Genetics and Selection Transactions of the Russian Horticulturists' Society Transactions of the Soviet Central Asian State University Transactions of the Saratov Naturalists' Society Transactions of the Botanical Agricultural Committee Transactions of the St.Peters- burg Naturalists' Society Transactions of the Tadzhik- istan Base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Transactions of Tbilisi Botanical Institute Transactions of the Tbilisi (Tiflis) Botanical Garden Transactions of the Turk- menian Botanical Garden Transactions of the Turk- menian Scientific Society Scientific Reports of the Kazan State University Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR Bulletin of Natural Sciences Bulletin of the Russian Horticulturists' Society Westie atl bot. sada Visn. Kyyivsk. bot. sadu Vizn. (or Vznachn.) rosl. URSR V. obl. polupustyni Yadov. rast lugov i pastb. Yubil. sbornik V. L. Koma- rovu Zam. po sist. i geogr. rast. Tbil. bot. inst. Zam. o Rast. Russk. Flory Zam. po fl. Ee Ua Zap. Kievsk. Obshch. Zap. Kyyivsk. Inst. Nar. Osv. Zap. Nauchno- EildeiOtds Zap. NOVO-ROSS. obshch. Estestv. Zap. Russk. geogr. obshch. Zhurn. Bot. obshch. Zhurn. opytn. agron. Yugo- Vost. 61017 2 Vestnik Tiflisskogo botanicheskogo sada Visnyk Kyyivs'koho botanichnoho sadu Viznachnyk roslyn URSR V oblasti polupustyni Yadovitye rasteniya lugov i pastbishch Yubileinyi Sbornik Posvyashchennyi V.L. Komarovu Zametki po sistematike i geografii rastenii Tbilisskogo botaniche- skogo instituta Zametki o Rasteniyakh Russkoi Flory Zametki po flore El'tona Zapiski Kievskogo Obshchestva Estest- voispytatelei Zapysky Kyyivs'koho Instytuta Narodnoho Osvichennya Zapiski Nauchno- Prikladnogo Otdele- niya Tiflisskogo Sada Zapiski Novorossii- skogo obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei Zapiski Russkogo geo- graficheskogo obshchestva Zhurnal Botanicheskogo obshchestva Zhurnal opytnoi agrono- mii Yugo-Vostoka 616 Bulletin of Tiflis Botanical Garden Bulletin of the Kiev Botanical Garden Key to Plants of the Ukrainian SSR (In the) Semidesert Region Poisonous Plants of Meadows and Pastures Jubilee Collection Dedicated to V. L. Komarov Notes on Taxonomy and Geography of Plants of the Tbilisi Botanical Institute Notes on Plants of the Russian Flora Notes on the Flora of Elton Reports of the Kiev Society of Naturalists Reports of the Kiev Institute of Public Education Reports of the Applied Sciences Section of the Tiflis [Tbilisi] Botanical Garden Reports of the Novorossiisk Society of Naturalists Reports of the Russian Geographical Society Journal of the Botanical Society Journal of Experimental Agronomy of the Southeast i a Sf e } ; = G f i 4 ¥ iy be i \ 7 vil : | i FLORA REGIONS OF NOVAYA ZEMLYA aS KAMCH., Krasnoyarsk ANG. - SAY. Abakan 4 = CRIM. 4- E. TRANSC. Uf = WN 10- syR b. 2-c1sc. 5-S. TRANSC. 8—mrTn. TuRKM. ‘1- DzU.-TaAKB. 3~w. TRANSC. 6- pac. ‘ none 320406080 100 120 440 16 RIGA E IER NROUCEa 61017 2/617b. rag A Baa] Neri ’ 2® et Oia vial i MiAME ' li A ie q on 9 oh rot " lial bw Ny ; A Wai brew s q i ee : p a q } 1! 7 & 4 ! 9 ay 7 = ae Ry ~ ow . — ez = = 2 \ve 5 Fe rai YN SSS p Te vugia LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN me x A Z = 2 =) 2 Qa FE 2 = = SS = = 77) ” NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS ” eae ” lw @ ce oc oy Z < . : @ ) TN ra o aes vuait LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN Se a te 18.9) ES me) re > 2 > Ks > Be) rai 7 as as pan o z on TUTION NOILOLILSNI Gs ” Zz w Sue = < Nees z SONg y 3 2 < z hie eM eS G = : i WY) VUdit LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN ais ) me & w 5 = x 5 = Cc Bic c aa Oo ml (@) a le oO me a =z TUTION NOILNLILSNI. NVINOSHLIWS Zz Geass S S) — 19.9] DS ae i es) \ ts : = SAE E —- WO 5 z 5 Ng LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN CS “e w ee Se = = ime = ZS : e B FE Z F = ‘ > = 7p) ; = tp) UTION NOILN ILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS w Zz i (7p) uJ nn tJ — =| — — o = a See 4 [aad = (ac fn} Ss co a a 2 a YVUudI1 LIBRARIES G5 z c co 2 oO 20 = 8) > es > 20 ran 70 m n” m NVINOSHLIW INSTITUTION saruvuagiy INSTITUTION Saluvugit w = 2 5 > = “ty = rap) o z NOILNLILSNI (2) z = = = Ni ae $A) n Cn [e) ae ZB) = >" = Ps ” LIBRARIES = (ap) 2 3 Ww 4 ae = SMITHSONIAN LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS S31uYVd NVINOSHLINS SS1YVvuall NVINOSHLINS S31uVUudT p1yYVvudit LIBRARIES (2) (2) z IY fyse 5 Sy] ~, ES fot > |= MV OH ALIN Ay ine Mie a) 7 s :

Sean NVINOSHLIWS INSTITU NOILNLILSNI Zz © =. = ie tn “ex * Zz ALIAS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT, = x J = : AQ | > x IN E = w) SaINVHE 2p) ua LW . fe << [om 2 aise i = sy , SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTI | is = | Bo) \ = i > ; Pa a einen wn i NVINOSHLINS Sa lYVvud = Yh 122) : O GY, = é. z NOILNLILSNI STITUTION est Or; coi ies (o) = ro) w = ow — o xd oa 5 2 = 2 = it a > & ‘> re ei \ E ed = ° re Se DD z Hi z ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S31uvaaiy LIBRAR < at z < = a) mS a 2 4 z a z NN & 5 : oi A D oi a ‘Sy SSS NS z - 3 33 3 = Ne N = 2. Z. . wae : z z z a. VLILSNE is i SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLI z hy > wn : z n 2 a = fod a = fava c ‘Gye = < shoe. < ar oc = oe vn ox. S o 5 me 5 a 2 ae z af a4 4 PARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS saziuvud Wt! BRAR af a Z Z = (oO = ow ° ie8) es > “et > = > a re re aa ee me 2) o as pee z . oo Zz a a= } NLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS S31YVYEIT LIBRARIES | SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILAL ro = My < = 3 A atm < a = = = re Ws - Pad WKS 4 WT NS b D ee rae \\\ 5 QS FZ aad [@) 4 eas x \\ oO 44 IN WN S ~ Z Ee PQ 2 Sd a 4 = > = > = > w za ” x ee ” ®. a RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS ¢e = z x ~ 2 ~—F = = oS NSS oc = < * e P< —- Was x rE = = * i, NS ie = ak “a 1) _ i@) sie ie) = ntl = J 4 7 éJ 4 ALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31YVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILMLI mel ro) - Oo me o wo = ow = Y oo = a os ee) i Gity, 2) a a - a = 0? i 2 Ee . ” ieee P Z a Z RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3Iyvugi7_ LIBRAR | 2 ae, z z z Vy es \ 2 E NO Zz. = 2 ye Ny a ou Si Le a = = 2 SS MLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Saluvudly LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILNLI na a He & uw Gi “ Yh, & uw = ow = o , a c _< < xo < ar « oo ow ar x S r S af S = z ai = es z ~ 2 ARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Saiuvugit_ LIBRA z oe roi > a os) x = = a i se ” an 79) m > m ae 3 eS Dh ee et As Wa iran {" UAT HS Ri ae aeniyh iy ih eat hg ena’ fetigtt PO Maa aoe ay heey etre f Hibbs fH = heh ys Pees Stee € res ee ; 2 4 ib iwi Heats fr exe 4 he Cte of Coe p Cites ew Ape Lek ete Et iain Meret eps A Pe as CP RP Cg a gatas yl Ath Meg Weep aryidepat hse EA) AOD ME OAR Mig og Bot i WPA MEM A COre EEE BMC e NCS Mon IE WERE ASG are oh aden g Pie earn tht: TVA mG i atten ON ff ge OER AS BD EC Wey kA WAG BaMser ANA HALE DR a UL og thi d pee NCH 4 BOG Atk yeep ie desk Ud se rae ee i 12h ML aey eae Ah) onus ihifeie pan Al et Cf 6% 56 ve oath EE OTR eA iA IDM OOD AMA POOL CE NAL mtd yee od dO PAL ed ri Ce Dea meCey ea are ar NA i APTA BF rWlvk get ve fe ey shed Metint ae tet CA ssa alec ud vhuaton onfpnise Minin Fae id pede nee Pa epee EM ae Mee ny SUL away he pf ahd aoe Wee ibd ale oh Al eke fe, Be Oy MR WH LAO Ned elle ead Uh ee Fer aaah ME ad oe HAR MORE SIET ch TER acer hs Fe ee tata hke, OUP Aion eS Rapes d's SAECO UR 8 being, ee ed Bt hd wine fh Lanes Rise tere, Wy he Ug gid es hee AE fa NPR ENBOR eH pe a: piers Cvdantet ay od HL B Uo ace - i Warprirne aint aia ae Miereak AEA Ack ent eyed phd ager DG han eH Coe OAD bona flin parallel {OW ALO THES gee oaney oe ee Pol gga HA Mie ofl eve ee (isha nee te a “Hee WP wee Wee aaotaresy WNL ee SMCL sur a ASUNB bal dosnt § WAKAO Rigel Nines SES ob HEA TUS PRETEND HALEN, AAR A) <8 hoe ga . Smit WEEN a CRA SUAE Minng gable ts A) AULA EME AWN: ORE IH Mostra ix ARDY RAP A Age ta Aart Liat Sisal Sita orf ah tay aE SSL AMA Ghani a pa WS TAA ont cry i MWaiweere ies SSA Ved Na LCuaiaa gh euaeeG SHS NGe PG Wpa Oks oF YAR SAGA By Gin eguame i ASW AM WRAL AAA ARR MO ree A eieu ee SURO UNL cGy aR A ag PUN ata Wee ogy any + IAL WSU GEN HATS E rep, iy AUER. SR) a ae UPUEN AY FON Oy eke Ture ied Wess SNH LH! ee We Sar 7h Baty, HEYA Ge S84 ah ray easy % er Rea MEER AA A nak RC OR t he Oa Lee Heed LN eaiadii SAMA, Kot x 9 HOE a ELE A AL RL ele bedeck a nyt i ews Fudan eNO eR Dk SRG A he Ry pi WE Ua ied), Dies ethene Sib AtN RATS CATERED ri Wathen Sa) AEA oy ap SUM ga: i {UN TART Ne ie PRUNE RES RUA Hh Sk UR enc heb ecrhs ust dG 5 AG TS VSP Ses eld HU bit i Tetaspash oll SUAS UNG ALT artist Onarhs Weietiaens uaa verted in Yue Picts tie yh Cea Wah Nt EAU AGES ate JLPALNL ANNI Te CLL te HS sets ane COUT IEr Oa privet} Laat! (oy ahd VS Re uta a a > RUNGE AL UCU, a intone eh Maly Le uy Reh ae URS OR) LL Wa AM 4 Peay Wh Ah, RS ee ~" BNR Wes ihe AAU ck WORMS NRS WO 4 i AO aL da aeyy Ay sae AW: eit Ste AU Rayna te Weis Mp Ane ad Riser Mal: * Vy PCN Ae ry Meee args Paes ee ieee vt ete ee aan Sate ha iar UR RUINED a ket Ae aa hey oe Ah ee sae ey PAP mh ores i Pave Te ei AD DAV AUK ad Piha) WHEL a Wa AV UNO By tae) Pee AL Hebel ay nou Ni Gall ply val We ei ak wa: v as kelal As Raid Ras Aue ak tas! Ait NA of. pene Bare Vee Aub hie Wet WM “Wit Y, Lanse Wok be aa EAS CN SON arin is: Ag ay ay PS ON i ‘ ip i nt +