aN a we FLORA OF THE USSR a Volume XXX COMPOSITAE Genus Hieracium FLORA OF THE USSR Initiated under the supervision and chief editorship of Academician V.L. Komarov VOLUME Xxx COMPOSITAE Genus Hieracium Volume Editors B.K. SCHISCHKIN and E.G. BOBROV General Scientific Editors Stanwyn G. Shetler Galina N. Fet Ellen A. Unumb Translated from Russian Smithsonian Institution Libraries Washington, D.C. 2002 SMIN B87-106 Flora SSSR, Tom XXX Akademiya Nauk SSSR Publishers, Moscow-Leningrad, 1960 © 2002 Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Transiator: Dr. A.K. Dhote General Editor: Dr. V.S. Kothekar Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flora SSSR. English Flora of U.S.S.R. = Flora SSSR. Cover title: Flora U.S.S.R. Translation of: Flora SSSR. At head of title, v. -30. V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Reprint. Originally published: Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademi nauk SSSR, 1934—- Vols. Have imprint: Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the National Science Foundation Includes bibliographies and indexes. 1. Botany—Soviet Union—Classification. 2. Plants—Identification. I. Komarov, V.L. (Vladimir Leont'evich), 1869-1945. II. Botanicheskii institut im. V.L. Komarova. III. Title: Flora SSSR. III. Title: Flora U.S.S.R. Weelitie: K321.F69613 1985 85-904577 Translated and published under an agreement with the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 66 Janpath, New Delhi 110001 Printed at Baba Barkha Nath Printers, 26/7 Najafgarh Road Industrial Area, New Delhi 110 015 INSTITUTUM BOTANICUM nomine V. KOMAROVII ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM URSS FLORA URSS (FLORA UNIONIS RERUMPUBLICARUM SOCIALISTICARUM SOVIETICARUM) XXX EDITIO ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM URSS MOSQUA 1960 LENINGRAD V.L. KOMAROV BOTANICAL INSTITUTE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR Contributor A.J. Juxip Plates A.E. Likas SCIENTIFIC EDITORS' PREFACE TO VOLUME XXX This thirtieth and final volume completes for the Smithsonian Institution the translation into English of the encyclopedic Flora of the USSR. It also represents the last volume of the six (Vols. XXV-— XXX) devoted to the large family Compositae (Asteraceae). We have reviewed every page of the translation of this volume, including all descriptions. Although finding the right words for the translation of technical terminology is always a challenge, we are confident of the general accuracy of the translation of this and preceding volumes, recognizing, of course, that there will be imperfections. As in the other volumes on this family, the translators have used the Latin term "ca- pitulum” (pl., capitula), instead of the more familiar English term "head," for the Russian term denoting the primary inflorescence of florets. The first volume of the translation was published in 1968. Through the many years that this project has been in progress, many persons have been involved in the translation, review, and publication of these volumes. On behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, we wish to thank sincerely all those who have been a part of this long effort. We also wish to acknowledge most gratefully the support of the National Science Foundation of the United States, which made the translation possible in the first place. August 2001 STANWYN G. SHETLER Curator of Botany Emeritus National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 an) Movil\ iAly o ann 13° 2004 Assisted by Galina N. Fet Huntington, West Virginia 25701 Ellen A. Unumb Bethesda, Maryland or TH 7 ATTN a giaantcpaay Lik vee : loti od) vo attglqnnas orale item bn” wat gral siboquingane ody to ‘algal | oo attt noihutinent MIR ho) iba colt, to oenitiloy al oe angio : uk ih WARNS wit A ‘aver! aw (oncom) ‘ lant _— : the Reverie panto ait 40 roi - poo! cre oe al wr ia A oa f Aono asic va 8 won| . | atv jenvorsnnnyp ea e ’ contsiom®, os pedro nt tasnny oad tam ite ienper? Sun ft 2 V* PREFACE The thirtieth volume of the Flora of the USSR contains the de- scriptions of the species of the genus Hieracium, the last genus of the system. The extreme difficulty of the systematics of this genus is associ- ated with the apomictic reproduction of the vast majority of the spe- cies. The absence of any significant recent revisions in the Russian literature has made the study of the hawkweeds of our flora practically impossible. A.J. Juxip, who for many years studied the hawkweeds of the northwestern European part of the USSR, took upon himself the enor- mous task of reviewing all the accumulated materials and preparing a revision of the species of Hieracium for the entire territory of the Soviet Union. The outcome of his work is the thirtieth volume of the Flora of the USSR, containing descriptions of 785 species of hawk- weeds, of which about 140 species are described as new. A.J. Juxip's work is the first comprehensive revision of hawkweeds of the USSR. Its publication opens up the possibility of a serious study of the hawkweeds of the native flora, which is especially needed first of all for regional floras. The author of the present treatment, in keeping with the tradition existing among researchers cf the genus Hieracium elevates the taxo- nomic units, initially established as subspecies, to the rank of species. This, to a certain extent, contravenes the existing rules of nomencla- ture, although in the present case it is in practice very convenient. Mention must also be made of some ambiguity that exists at present in both the identification of the first supraspecific category (cycle) in hawkweeds and in the nomenclature of it. Editorial Board *Page number of the Russian original—General Editor. = in ttedtihin nus tee co Sees ot oxtevelo wationyei aurrog odt Yo anedonsssan gene yriitine:- tity sy esininoy WRENS at Yo vivo sh Sh ebialink tiabials oT 90 Yo. oerng tant old a cua alt Sesto ade 40 parc ey We “aieanen wi antes, wir e sobamoteye ee ga) ~inye its to nine ee eee anieeA of) Wi anotRiven gngo07 pence grsmaioplti eee wtoannc ret samc MB ais badinansts ox xoboaga OM suds ‘toidwe es abil ’ : abieorerstwes ge vesaoaperippntapamntre sind hel, a Pplegettne ire — tdlgaqe to Aner od ot esivoqadua ao bodaidaies Yilgitia’ ainw simon — hionamon lo ester gahaizs oi eonaventnos angixe minted 8 on edt reno rev doltemqenl ai 4 aed imagery dt ai dguodite rly 4, bi felis seaive tabsceghinhded oat WANE Foals reues isin Pm pride 7 See oe | CONTENTS SCIENTIFIC EDITORS' PREFACE TO VOLUME XXX PREFACE SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF THE SPECIES OF THE THIRTIETH VOLUME OF THE “FLORA OF THE USSR” HIERACIUM L. INDEX ALPHABETICUS 683 i ‘ i ) it Hee iyi Oy Reet ; ; i ’ i hale \ vat | i nek (eet ts a i f i" iy A 1 J i : ori ae I ~ dea’ Wie: : 1 yh 4) , i} . i capi i ny iy ian Cae f t Wages, veil i i, Tin pas vOMTE AT eeu Vil SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF THE SPECIES OF THE THIRTIETH VOLUME OF THE “FLORA OF THE USSR’’* Genus Hieracium L. Subgenus I. Stenotheca Fr. Section 1. Aurelliformia Fr. 1. H. triste Willd. ex Spr. ay 9 Subgenus II. Euhieracium Torr. and Gray Section 2. Schmalhauseniana Zahn 2. H. schmalhausenianum Litw. and Zahn ay. 10 Section 3. Pseudostenotheca Fr. 3. H. adenobrachion Litw. and Zahn Db) 4. H. podkumokense Juxip 23 5. H. orthocladum Zahn 2B 6. H. gigantellum Litw. and Zahn 24 7. H. streptotrichum Zahn 25 8. H. chlorochromum Sosn. and Zahn 25 9. H. cincinnatum Fr. 26 10. H. virosiforme Woron. and Zahn 29 11. H. syreistschikovii Zahn 29 12. H. chaetothyrsum Litw. and Zahn 30 13. H. obscuricaule Litw. and Zahn 30 14. H. chloroprenanthes Litw. and Zahn 31 15. H. chaetothyrsoides Litw. and Zahn 32 16. H. panjutinii Juxip 32 17. H. terekianum Litw. and Zahn 33 18. H. artvinense Woron. and Zahn 33 19. H. foliosissimum Woron. and Zahn 34 20. H. subartvinense Juxip 35 *Reproduced from the Russian original. Russian page numbers appear in the left-hand margin of the text—General Editor. VITl X1V TEE EES SESS SST TTT TTT T SST T SSSR TTS . microtum Boiss. pseudoconstrictum Zahn . chromolepium Zahn . leptoprenanthes Litw. and Zahn kirghisorum Juxip gothicifrons Zahn litwinowianum Zahn ermaniense Juxip sulphurellum Kozl. and Zahn sulphurelliforme Kozl. and Zahn caucasiense Arv.-Touv. rigidellum Litw. and Zahn callichlorum Litw. and Zahn beschtavicum Litw. and Zahn tzagwerianum Kozl. and Zahn acutangulum Kozl. and Zahn kochtanum Kozl. and Zahn biebersteinii Litw. and Zahn hypopogon Litw. and Zahn chlorophilum Kozl. and Zahn medschedsense Zahn niphocladum Schelk. and Zahn alatavicum Zahn acroxanthum Sosn. and Zahn bakurianense Fom. and Zahn diaphanoidiceps Woron. and Zahn chloroleucolepium Kozl. and Zahn onosmaceum Zahn sericicaule Schelk. and Zahn macrolepis Boiss. kiderense Zahn simplicicaule Somm. and Lev. concinnidens Zahn svaneticiforme Litw. and Zahn subsimplex Somm. and Lev. . lailanum Schelk. and Zahn georgicum Fr. . hololeion Maxim. . villosellipes Zahn . miansarofii Kozl. and Zahn . subbakurianiense Juxip . tschkhubianischwilii Kem.-Nat. EFESFFSBSSRAKAGE 4 43 ARBKRSSEEEH 82. 83. 84. 85. 92. = mrtrTtTts CERES RST TTTTTTTTTATS . sobrinatum Litw. and Zahn pseudosvaneticum Peter . subsvaneticum Litw. and Zahn . aryslynense Zahn . Samurense Zahn macrolepioides Zahn . macrolepidiforme Zahn amphitephrodes Sosn. and Zahn brandisianum Zahn glomerellum Zahn erythrocarpum Peter heterodontoides Litw. and Zahn ratluense Zahn caloprasinum Zahn insolitum Zahn . artabirense Zahn . variegatisquamum Zahn . albellipes Schelk. and Zahn . erythrocarpoides Litw. and Zahn Section 4. Clauciformia Freyn . olympicum Boiss. Section 5. Foliosa Peter . virosum Pall. . robustum Fr. Section 6. Sabauda Fr. Subsection 1. Autumnalia Juxip . scabiosum Sudre Subsection 2. Borealia Juxip . praticola Sudre . auratum Fr. . sublactucaceum Zahn . vagum Jord. . virgultorum Jord. . lugdunense Rouy Subsection 3. Laurina Juxip . vasconicum (Jord. ined.) Zahn s < AAARBDAINFSSSSESRAARG 76 78 RRRELB &8 & XVI 93. 94. Sb). mT SSS TTT TSS SST TSE STITT Section 7. Umbellata Fr. Subsection 1. Hirsuta Juxip gynaeconesaeum Juxip . subhirsutissimum Juxip Subsection 2. Eu-umbellata Juxip . umbellatum L. Section 8. Tridentata Fr. . goriense Kozl. and Zahn . acrifolium Dahlst. umbellaticeps Pohle and Zahn narymense Schischk. porphyrii Schischk. and Serg. czaiense Schischk. and Serg. plurifoliosum Schischk. and Steinb. lancidens Zahn. macrolygodes Zahn tridentatum Fr. laevigans Zahn lissolepium Zahn kubanicum Litw. and Zahn dechyi Kozl. and Zahn laevigatum Willd. flocciparum Schelk. and Zahn leucothyrsum Litw. and Zahn laterale Norrl. cruentiferum Norrl. and Lindb. fil. mixopolium Dahlst. dolabratum Norrl. lapponicum Fr. linifolium Sael. ex Lbg. puschlachtae Pohle and Zahn creperiforme Juxip purpuristictum Juxip rigidum Hartm. kulkowianum Zahn achalzichiense Juxip tridentaticeps Zahn . knafii Celak. . trichobrachium Juxip . bichloricolor Ganesch. and Zahn 6 8 8 XI 129: 130. 1st 132. 133: 134. 155" 136. Sy 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. Is2: 153. 154. 155: 156. LSi7- 158. 159. 160. 161. H. . pseudojuranum Arv.-Touv. Sa Grrr TTT TTT TTP . dagoense Juxip Section 9. Prenanthoidea Koch Subsection 1. Regeliana Juxip . tunguskanum Ganesch. and Zahn . regelianum Zahn raddeanum Zahn Subsection 2. Aestiva Juxip amphileion Pohle . pruiniferum Norrl. arctogeton Zahn crocatum Fr. veresczaginii Schischk. and Serg. oswaldii Norrl. conicum Arv.-Touv. neroikense Juxip kusnetzkiense Schischk. and Serg. krylovii Nevski coniciforme Litw. and Zahn teberdense Litw. and Zahn asterodermum Woron. and Zahn lespinassei Kozl. and Zahn . kaczurinii Juxip vischerae Juxip . zinserlingianum Juxip Subsection 3. Jurana Juxip juranum Fr. Subsection 4. Euprenanthoidea Juxip reducatum Norrl. duderhofense Juxip strictissimum Froel. imandrense Juxip suberectum Schischk. and Steinb albocostatum Norrl. karelorum Norrl. hypoglaucum Litw. and Zahn bupleurifolium Tausch bupleurifolioides Zahn XVil XVill Subsection 1. Alpina vera (Elfstr.) Juxip H. meinshausenianum Juxip H. multiglandulosum Juxip H. kovdaense Juxip ancl H. H. H buschianum Juxip loriense Juxip brittatense Juxip . perfoliatum Froel. Section 10. Alpina Fr. alpinum L. gymnogenum Zahn crispum Elfstr. vitellicolor Elfstr. melanocephalum Tausch folioliferum Elfstr. apiculatum Tausch Subsection 2. Nigrescentia Juxip iremelense Juxip omangii Elfstr. comosum Elfstr. glabriligulatum Norrl. adspersum Norrl. decipiens Tausch akjaurense Norrl. petiolatum Elfstr. flexicaule Elfstr. naniceps Elfstr. frondiferum Elfstr. modiciforme Juxip coloratum E\lfstr. ljapinense Juxip pyrsjuense Juxip pseudophyllodes Zahn uralense Elfstr. excubitum Elfstr. bimanum Norrl. subincomptum Zahn monczecola Juxip boreum Elfstr. subimandrae Juxip XII 199: 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. Ue 212) 213% 214. 215. 216. DIG: 218. 219. 220. 22K 222, 223) 224. 223% 226. 22 228. REPT ETTPTTPTTIs Cet TT TTTTITTTs A; H. . pergrandidens Zahn kuroksarense Juxip pseudobipes E\lfstr. . senescentifrons Elfstr. lujaurense Norrl. soczavae Juxip vaidae Juxip decurrens Norrl. stenopiforme Pohle and Zahn stenomischum Omang . tanense Elfstr. . fuliginosum Laest. . gorodkowianum Juxip polymorphophyllum Elfstr. finmarkicum Elfstr. Subsection 3. Atrata (Fr.) Juxip ovaliceps Norrl. barbulatulum Pohle and Zahn . higrescens Willd. atrellum Zahn semicurvatum Norrl. . Scotaiolepis Elfstr. subnigrescens Fr. orthopodum Dahlst. ussense Pohle and Zahn voroniense Juxip murmanicola Zahn eximiiforme Dahlst. . manifestum Juxip Subsection 4. Alpivulga Juxip rohacsense Kit. lomnicense Wol. 229. H. krasanii Wol. 230. H. fritzei F. Schultz 231 232 233 MET. wit. Phd. Section 11. Pannosa Zahn pannosum Boiss. koenigianum Zahn Section 12. Oreadea Fr. saxifragum Fr. xix Wii 178 178 178 179 180 180 181 181 182 183 185 186 186 187 188 188 189 189 190 190 191 192 192 193 194 194 195 196 197 197 198 199 200 204 XII XX Section 13. Vulgata Fr. Subsection 1. Transsilvanica Zahn transsilvanicum Heuffel pocuticum Wol. caesiogenum Wol. and Zahn jablonicense Wol. pseudobifidum Schur. praecurrens Vukot. Subsection 2. Laevicaulia Juxip alphostictum Dahlst. turkestanicum Zahn pohlei Zahn endaurovae Juxip beschtaviciforme Juxip wologdense Pohle and Zahn korshinskyi Zahn subaquilonare Juxip leucothyrsoides Kozl. and Zahn tephrophilum Kozl. and Zahn uczanssuense Juxip aczelmanicum Schischk. and Serg. sarykamyschense Juxip gudissiense Juxip sershukense Juxip tritum Juxip karjaginii Juxip praetervisum Juxip borodinianum Juxip subviolascentiforme Pohle and Zahn membranulatum Litw. and Zahn agronesaeum Juxip schischkinii Juxip falcidentatum Juxip vulgatiforme Dahlst. gudergomiense Juxip constringensiforme Juxip coniops Norrl. amblylobum Juxip lepiduliforme Dahlst. prolatatum K. Joh. ex Dahlst. ganeschinii Zahn - 207 208 209 209 210 211 216 217 217 218 218 219 219 220 223 223 224 224 225 225 225 226 227 228 228 229 229 230 230 231 231 232 235 236 236 Di 237 238 XIV Dil2.. 273: 274. 275. 276. 21. 278. DAY. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 27a 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. S11 312. mrrrrs . teplouchovii Juxip acroleucum Stenstr. . vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. . lipskyanum Juxip incurrens Sael. ex Norrl. chlorelliceps Norrl. Subsection 3. Vulgata Juxip subasperellum Zahn quinquemonticola Juxip hypopityforme Juxip acroleucoides Dahlst. . tilingii Juxip subobscuriceps Zahn adunans Norrl. nenukovii Juxip schipczinskii Juxip macrophyllopodum Zahn gustavianum Juxip latens Juxip subpollichium (Litw. and Zahn) Juxip subhastulatum Zahn sordidescens Notrl. acuminatifolium Litw. and Zahn silvicomum Juxip wolczankense Juxip praetermissum Juxip poliudovense Juxip hypopitys Litw. and Zahn cereolinum Norrl. arcuatidens Zahn petrofundii Juxip epichlorum Litw. and Zahn fariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn virenticeps Dahlst. anfractum Fr. caespiticola Norrl. festinum Jord. ex Bor. siworkae Juxip subfariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn violascentiforme Pohle and Zahn . argillaceoides Litw. and Zahn guentheri Norrl. XX1 239 239 240 242 242 243 247 248 248 249 250 251 Dsl 252 255 255) 295 256 257 2571 258 259 259 260 260 261 261 262 263 263 264 264 265 266 266 267 267 268 269 269 270 XXil 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319! 320. 321. B22; 323: 324. 325: 326. 327: 328. 329. 330. 338 332. 3)8)3)- 334. 335. 336. S3ie 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348 349 350 Se mT TTT ETT TTT TT ETT Tees min ii silenii Norrl. umbrosum Jord. Subsection 4. Diaphanoidea Juxip inconveniens Juxip ‘ . kuzenevae Juxip pasense Juxip sbaense Juxip leptogrammoides Juxip kubinskense Juxip lehbertii Zahn nesaeum Juxip valmierense Juxip mukacevense Juxip submedianum Zahn pluricaule Schischk. and Serg. diaphanoides Lindeb. ischnoadenum Juxip subpellucidum Norrl. subarctoum Norrl. ornatum Dahlst. schellianum Juxip taigense Schischk. and Serg. apatitorum Juxip . igoschinae Juxip bobrovii Juxip . debilescens Woron. and Zahn . subbetulorum Juxip Subsection 5. Muroria Juxip niveolimbatum Juxip . cuspidellum Pohle and Zahn hylogeton Kozl. and Zahn . cuspidelliforme Juxip . kupfferi Dahlst. persimile Dahlst. . orbicans Almqu. ex. Stenstr. kosvinskiense Juxip . granvicum Juxip . H. fennoorbicantiforme Juxip . H. glehnii Juxip . H. connatum Norrl. . H. subcrassifolium Zahn. 270 273 277 PAT) 278 278 279 279) 280 280 281 281 282 283 283 284 285 286 286 287 288 288 289 289 XVI EL. OH. HH. . commilitonum Juxip . Schliakovii Juxip . radiatellum Woron. and Zahn SRST SST TSS STS SST TTS TERT TTT TTT TAS submarginellum Zahn proximum Norrl. fenno-orbicans Norrl. abastumanense Juxip leucothyrsogenes Kozl. and Zahn panaeoliforme Pohle and Zahn ovalifrons Woron. and Zahn microplacerum Norrl. subcompositum Juxip kreczetoviczii Juxip uranopoleos Juxip furfuraceoides Zahn retroversilobatum Schelk. and Zahn frigidellum Pohle and Zahn adenoactis Juxip declivium Juxip cinereostriatum Woron. and Zahn diminuens Norrl. hjeltii Norrl. . carcarophyllum K. Joh. cardiophyllum Jord. ex Sudre floccicomatum Woron and Zahn medianiforme Litw. and Zahn ovatifrons Dahlst. ex Noto pleuroleucum Dahlst. pomoricum Juxip exotericum Jord. ex Bor. hylocomum Juxip pellucidum Laest. distractum Norrl. gentile Jord. ex Bor. lepistoides K. Joh. ex Dahlst. lateriflorum Norrl. torticeps Dahlst. altipes Lbg. fil. ex Norrl. revocans Juxip . tenuiglandulosum Norrl. kolicola Juxip . serratifolium Jord. ex Bor. . grandidens Dahlst. XXIV 408. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. <= cert Trt errrtts silvularum Jord. ex Bor. lyratum Norrl. Subsection 6. Caesia Juxip caesiomurorum Lindeb. ex Norrl. . albipes Dahlst. basifolium (Fr.) Almqu. prolixiforme Norrl. aphanum Juxip subgalbanum Juxip linahamariense Juxip adelum Juxip . osiliae Dahlst. steinbergianum Juxip galbanum Dahlst. ex Anders. caesium Fr. ravusculum Dahlst. Subsection 7. Bifida Juxip wimmeri Uechtr. triangulare Almqu. submaculosum Dahlst. maculosum Dahlst. prolixum Norrl. macrochlorellum Litw. and Zahn caesiiflorioides Juxip . virelliceps Norrl. astibes Juxip riparium Juxip intercessum Juxip vagae Juxip pendulum Dahlst. crispans Norrl. petropavlovskanum Juxip cardiobasis Zahn pahnschii Juxip multifrons Brenn. oioense Dahlst. kabanovii Juxip cercidotelmatodes Juxip caesiiflorum Almqu. ex Norrl. stenolepis Lindeb. eichvaldii Juxip 341 350 351 353 353 354 355 360 361 361 362 363 364 365 366 366 369 369 370 370 371 371 372 373 373 374 375 S15) 376 377 378 XVII 450. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460. 461. 462. mtr trrtst crrrrrtTts . konshakovskianum Juxip . aurorinii Juxip chlorellum Sael. and Norrl. canitiosum Dahlst. sublividum Dahlst. cauri Juxip albidulum Stenstr agnostum Juxip Subsection 8. Sagittata Juxip segevoldense Syr. and Zahn lippmae Juxip lackschewitzii Dahlst. acrogymnon Malme . malmei Dahlst. . philanthrax Stenstr. . Sagittatum Lindeb. . ugandiense Juxip Section 14. Villosa Gris. . villosum Jacq. . dentatum Hoppe Section 15. Glauca Gris. . bupleuroides Gmel. Subgenus III. Pilosella Tausch Section 16. Echinina N.P. Subsection 1. Incana Juxip H. incanum (M.B.) N.P. H. H. sosnowskyi Zahn H. verruculatum (Link) N.P. karpinskyanum N.P. H. farinodermum Litw. and Zahn H. HA. A. H. A. akinfiewii Woron. and Zahn kozlowskyanum Zahn Subsection 2. Caucasica Juxip caucasicum N.P. hohenackeri (Sch. Bip) N.P. schelkownikowii Zahn XXV 379 379 380 380 381 382 383 383 385 386 386 389 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 403 403 XVIII XXV1 mm mrrrrs Subsection 3. Procera Juxip macrochaetium N.P. . procerum (Fr.) N.P. . balansae Boiss. . phrygium Zahn buhsei N.P. woronowianum Zahn Subsection 4. Echioidea Juxip maschukense Litw. and Zahn proceriforme N.P. macrocymum N.P. freynii N.P. echioides Lumn. asiaticum N.P. kumbelicum B. Fedtsch. and Nevski sachokianum Kem.-Nat. sabinopsis Ganesch. and Zahn durisetum N.P. permense Zahn . fallax (Willd.) N.P. . albocinereum Rupr. . rothianum Zahn subfallaciforme Zahn tephrochlorellum Ganesch. and Zahn pineum Schischk. and Serg. peczoryense Juxip frickii Zahn longipes C. Koch ex N.P. vindobonae Zahn sterromastix N.P. szovitsii N.P. Section 17. Praealtina N.P. Subsection 1. Florentina Juxip . floccipedunculum N.P. subcymigerum N.P. . aquilonare (N.P.) Zahn . maurocybe Juxip . melanocybe Norrl. . ericetorum N.P. XIX 498 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. py lie 512: 313: 514. 515: 516. SF 518. SS: 520. S2IE 322) 323% 524. 325) 526. S27: 528. a9: 530. Sor 532: 333! 534. 585) 536. eb H. . stellatum Tausch . tenebricans Norrl. . lyccense N.P. . Septentrionale Norrl. . Stupposipilum Woron. and Zahn mTrrrts CRESTS RTS STEP TSP TETTTTTETTeTTTs obscurum Rchb. praealtum (Vill.) N.P. Subsection 2. Bauhinia Juxip rojowskii Rehm. obscuribracteum N.P. fastigiatum N.P. plicatulum Zahn ingricum N.P. melachaetum Tausch. thaumasioides N.P. cymanthum N.P. cymanthodes Kozl. and Zahn thaumasium N.P. stauropolitanum Juxip arvorum N.P. insolens Norrl. hispidissimum Rehm. rubro-bauhinii Schelk. and Zahn viscidulum Tausch besserianum Spreng. glaucescens Bess. heothinum N.P. nigrisetum N.P. branae N.P. hopense Juxip megalomastix N.P. armeniacum N.P. . subfiliferum Zahn . filiferum Tausch amnoon N.P. . substoloniferum N.P. schemachense Juxip volhynicum N.P. . marginale N.P. . pseudauriculoides N.P. XXVIi SERS 468 468 471 XX XXVIill 55/7. 538. 359: 540. 541. 542. 543. 544. 545. 546. 547. 548. 549. 550. Spl. S5We 53) 554. SBby 556. i 558. 552: 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566. 567. 568. 569. 570. Sy: a2: SB 574. 375: 576. Subsection 3. Praealtoechinina Juxip* wolgense Zahn procerigenum Litw. and Zahn incaniforme Litw. and Zahn cymiramum Schelk. and Zahn pannoniciforme Litw. and Zahn fominianum Woron. and Zahn sabiniforme Zahn perasperum Zahn tenuiceps N.P. psammophilum N.P. strictiramum N.P. multiceps N.P. calodon N.P. calodontopsis Litw. and Zahn ochrophyllum N.P. rubropannonicum Litw. and Zahn haematoglossum Kozl. and Zahn echiogenes N.P. alupkanum Zahn longisetum N.P. asperrimum Schur. teberdaefontis Litw. and Zahn semipraecox Zahn latpariense Peter arvense N.P. lasiophorum N.P. basileucum Litw. and Zahn echiocephalum N.P. mirum N.P. amaurobasis Litw. and Zahn sublasiophorum Litw. and Zahn adjarianum Peter submirum Litw. and Zahn sarmentosum Froel. pareyssianum N.P. thracicum N.P. sabiniceps Litw. and Zahn umbellosum N.P. . tanythrix N.P. . macroradium Zahn * Left out in the Russian original—General Editor. 477 478 478 479 480 480 481 482 482 483 483 484 484 485 485 486 487 487 488 488 491 491 492 492 492 493 493 494 495 495 496 496 497 497 498 498 499 499 500 500 577. H. subumbelliforme Zahn 578. H. kolenatii N.P. 579. H. longum N.P. 580. H. leptophytomorphum Litw. and Zahn Subsection 4. Praealtocymosina Juxip* 581. H. perfugii Juxip . cyrtophyllum Norrl. . zizianum Tausch amauranthum Peter . leptophyllum N.P. longiradiatum Zahn wjasowoénse Zahn acrosciadium N.P. cymosiforme N.P. umbelliferum N.P. semicymigerum Zahn mnoophorum N.P. lydiae Schischk. and Steinb. Nn TET TTTAee Subsection 5. Praealtopratensina Juxip calomastix N.P. arvicola N.P. curvulum Norrl. assimilatum Norrl. apatorium N.P. erythrochristum N.P. leptoclados N.P. obornyanum N.P. . acrothyrsum N.P. Nn © Subsection 6. Praealtoauriculina Juxip 603. H. sulphureum Doell 604. H. koernickeanum N.P. 605. H. paragogum N.P. Subsection 7. Praealtopilosellina Juxip 606. H. micro-bauhini Zahn. 607. H. anocladum N.P. 608. H. subbauhiniflorum Woron. and Zahn 609. H. discolor N.P. * Left out in the Russian original—General Editor. XX1X 501 502 502 505 507 508 508 510 510 S11 511 2 S12 313 513 514 514 516 7, 518 518 519 520 520 523 524 526 527 527 530 531 531 352 XXI XXX mie mts eees err TTTeees . bauhiniflorum N.P. . leptophytum N.P. tubuliflorum N.P. psilobrachion Woron. and Zahn ilyassowdense Zahn lenkoranense Juxip nalczikense Juxip alticaule Litw. and Zahn dmitrovense Peter matrense N.P. 3 pseudobrachiatum Cel. christoglossum Zahn subrubellum Schelk. and Zahn purpureovittatum Zahn purpureibracteum Zahn tuscheticum Zahn . jailanum Zahn tephropodum Zahn ruprechtii Boiss. Section 18. Cymosina N.P. Subsection 1. Cymosa Juxip . mollisetum (N.P.) Dahlst . syrjaenorum Norrl. . signiferum Norrl. trichocymosum Zahn scotodes Norrl. cymosum L. eusciadium (N.P.) Dahlst. tabergense Dahlst. leptadenium Dahlst. litoreum Norrl. Subsection 2. Cymigera Juxip contractum Norrl. . denticuliferum Norrl. . cymigerum Rchb. . suomense Norrl. . polymnoon N.P. curvescens Norrl. 547 547 548 548 549 549 551 551 552 553 554 555 556 559 560 561 XXII = = mat Subsection 3. Cymosopratensina Juxip roxolanicum Rehm. rubricymigerum N.P. rehmannii N.P. tephranthelum Zahn norrliniiforme Pohle and Zahn prolongatum N.P. neglectum Norrl. giganticaule Zahn pycnothyrsum Peter rusanum Zahn subambiguum N.P. lamprophtalmum Norrl. detonsum Norrl. micans Norrl. griseum Norrl. glomeratum (Fr.) N.P. haraldii Norrl vitellinum Norrl. luteoglandulosum Sael. ex Norrl. permicum Zahn conferciens Norrl. acrocomum N.P. sysolskiense Zahn accline Norrl. subfloribundum (N.P.) Dahlst. micrastrum Zahn pilipes Sael. . floribundiforme N.P. . floribundoides Zahn transbalticum Dahlst. . apatelioides Zahn Subsection 4. Sciadophora Juxip . leptophyes Peter . violaceipes Zahn Subsection 5. Laschia Juxip . curvicollum Norrl. . scopulorum Juxip . canum N.P. XXX1 565 565 566 566 567 568 568 569 569 570 570 a2 572 573 573 574 577 577 578 579 579 580 581 581 582 583 584 584 585 585 586 587 _ 588 591 592 592 XXXII Section 19. Pratensina Asch. and Graebn. Subsection 1. Pratenses Juxip* 681. H. sudetorum N.P. -” 596 682. H. pratense Tausch. =. M596 683. H. leptocaulon N.P. s 3998 684. H. altaicum N.P. = 598 685. H. colliniforme N.P. s. 599 686. H. dissolutum N.P. > 687. H. karelicum Norrl. .. 600 688. H. onegense Norrl. ee 601 689. H. dublitzkii B. Fedtsch. and Nevski 602 690. H. longiscapum Boiss. and Kotschy 603 691. H. baenitzii N.P. B. 605 692. H. floribundum N.P. me 606 693. H. sudavicum N.P. 609 694. H. regiomontanum N.P. a 609 695. H. suecicum (Fr.) N.P. 2, 610 696. H. renidescens Norrl. ee 611 XXIII 697. H. glomeratiforme Zahn i 612 698. H. muratovoénse Zahn es 612 699. H. curvulatum Zahn 2 O13 Subsection 2. Flagellares Juxip 700. H. fulvescens N.P. x» » OLS 701. H. spathophyllum N.P. » _ olo 702. H. brachycephalum Nort). en 20) 703. H. longatum Peter | O20) 704. H. xanthostigma Norrl. _ 621 705. H. ladogense Norrl. %. a tO22 706. H. pubens N.P. re O22 707. H. callimorphum N.P. meno 25) 708. H. isthmicola Norrl. .. 626 709. H. pseudauricula N.P. wes OO, 710. H. subauricula N.P. tae 627 711. H. chlorops N.P. LOLS 712. H. flagellariforme G. Schn. ue Ole 713. H. callimorphopsis Zahn we ged 714. H. progenitum Norrl. BOS 715. H. callimorphoides Zahn z=. 1 030 716. H. subnigriceps Zahn xs 631 *Left out in the Russian original—Gen. Editor. XXIV IRM cb 718. 719. 720. a2); 722. M23: 724. 725. 726. 121: 728. W229: 730.’ 731. WB: 733% 734. 735. 736. 735i 738. 739. 740. 741. 742. 743. 744. 745. 746. 747. 748. 749. 750. IE (py 753. 754. 135), 756. *Left out in floridum N.P. apatelium N.P. tephrantheloides Zahn gnaphalium N.P. guttenfeldense Zahn mohrungenense Zahn prussicum N.P. casparyanum N.P. petunnikovii Peter prognatum Norrl. homostegium Norrl. . chrysophthalmum Norrl. inceptans Norrl.° tatrense N.P. flagellare (Willd.) N.P. pseuduliginosum Zahn cernuiforme N.P. aurosulum Norrl. moscoviticum Peter amoeniceps Zahn piloselliflorum N.P. microsphaericum Zahn stenozon Zahn levieri Peter . abakurae Schelk. and Zahn Subsection 3. Aurantiaca Juxip* aurantiacum L. tjapomense Norrl. lychnaeum Norrl. kajanense Malmgr calolepideum Norrl. concoloriforme Norrl. rubroonegense Norrl. semionegense Norrl. kihlmanii Norrl. aeruginascens Norrl. discoloratum Nort). pseudo-blyttii Norrl. . vernicosum Norrl. pulvinatum Norrl. torquescens Norrl. the Russian original—Gen. Editor. XXXili 632 633 634 650 650 651 653 655 655, 656 657 657 658 661 661 663 663 fete XXXIV Tete 758. 59: 760. 761. 762. 763. 764. 765. 766. 767. 768. 769. 770. ae Ps Usk 774. iPS 776. Wilk 778. 79: 780. 781. 782. 783. 784. 785. mTrrarrrts A. H. A. H A. mete tte ee mts Section 20. Auriculina N.P. Subsection 1. Auricula Juxip . acutisquamum N.P. . melaneilema N.P. . auricula Lam. and DC. . lithuanicum N.P. magnauricula N.P. . tricheilema N.P. amaureilema N.P. Subsection 2. Schultesia Juxip frondosum N.P. . squarrosulum Norrl. subatriceps Zahn . Schultesii (F. Schultz) N.P. mendelii N.P. Section 21. Pilosellina N.P. Subsection 1. Hoppeane Juxip hoppeanum N.P. . virentisquamum N.P. pilisquamum N.P. perileucum Schelk. and Zahn antennarioidiforme Zahn macrolepium N.P. cilicicum N.P. hypeuryum N.P. multisetum N.P. . lasiothrix N.P. lamprocomoides Woron. and Zahn . lamprocomum N.P. Subsection 2. Peleteriana Juxip . sabulosorum Dahlst. . pachylodes N.P. Subsection 3. Pilosella Juxip . pilosella L. . poliophyton Zahn . kemulariae Juxip 669 669 670 673 674 674 675 676 677 677 678 678 681 681 682 683 683 683 684 687 687 687 688 688 689 691 692 698 698 N HIERACIUM* L. LES Yair o) WN EWS) 7k All florets in capitulum ligulate (but sometimes forms with tubular florets present: with styles exserted or included), usually numerous, less often few (H. hololeion Maxim., H. transsilvanicum Heuffel and others), yellow of various shades, less often red or orange (H. aurantiacum L.), still rarely whitish-yellow, 5-dentate at tip, with gla- brous or somewhat ciliate teeth. Involucral bracts usually imbricate, less often lower bracts as if forming outer involucre (subgenus Stenotheca, all more or less appressed, less often outer bracts lax (H. alpinum L.) or with recurved cusp (H. umbellatum L.), on maturity becoming hard and recurved, freeing achenes. Receptacle flat, pitted, alveolar teeth glabrous or ciliate (H. sabaudum L.). Achenes cylindri- cal or prismatic, 10-ribbed, without beak, truncate (not constricted as in Crepis). Pappus 1- or 2-seriate, of stiff, fragile, yellowish or dirty- white hairs, very rarely pure white and not fragile, similar to those in Crepis (in our country in H. triste Willd. from subgenus Stenotheca and in H. hololeion Maxim. from subgenus Euhieracium). Perennials of extremely diverse habit with pubescence of diverse form and degree. Hairs of three types: 1) simple, barbed or (very rarely) plumose (latter type in section Plumosa); 2) glandular hairs or stalkless (often micro-)glands and 3) stellate hairs (flakes), forming felt when dense. Stems leafless scapes to densely leafy (species with sparsely leafy stem generally have well developed basal rosette). Inflorescence single-headed to dichotomously, paniculately, corymbosely or pseudoumbellately branched (cymose). Plants growing in temperate or cold regions mainly in the North- ern Hemisphere, on the plains and particularly in the mountains, many species reaching the alpine zone (in the warmer regions exclusively in the mountains). Out of a total of four subgenera, two, Mandonia and Stenotheca, are found in America (Mandonia is endemic to the Andes, and Stenotheca has several representatives also in Eurasia), whereas the other two subgenera, Euhieracium and Pilosella, are mainly Eurasian, with most of their species concentrated in Europe. Note. In view of the fact that almost all species of this genus are capable of developing mature achenes without fertilization (apoga- mously), the genus Hieracium is one of the most polymorphic genera of the Plant Kingdom. Thanks to hybridization and apogamy an *From the Greek word hierax, meaning hawk, falcon (whence the Russian name Sokolnik [hawkweed] in the works of earlier authors). This name first appeared in the work of Dioscorides. io) 2 unusual diversity of forms has developed. To be convinced how com- plicated the systematics of this genus is, it is enough to state that up to the present more than 15,000 forms of hawkweeds have been de- scribed. But despite the extraordinary capability to develop a large number of forms connected through a series of intermediates within the given subgenus, the subgenera themselves, however, do not ex- hibit similar transitions (excluding only Stenotheca and Euhieracium). As a result, they are so sharply different from each other that they could be considered as separate genera. Even despite the fact that over the long course of time the boundaries of the distributions of the species of, for example, such sharply different subgenera as Euhieracium and Pilosella have merged to a considerable extent, all the same the general tendency in the distribution of the subgenera is clearly evi- dent: the species of Euhieracium are distributed in Europe (mainly in the montane regions), but the species of Pilosella are particularly diverse and abundant in the eastern plains of Europe (in the Soviet Union). This leads us to the idea of a possible polyphyletic evolution of this genus, and to suggest that systematists have combined four closely related but different genera under one name. Although, in general, the genus Hieracium is of recent origin, nonetheless it can be presumed that its relatively well established forms had already emerged in the Tertiary Period. Under the influence of glaciation, many species migrated to refugia, among which the Carpathians and Balkans and, in part, the Urals are of interest for our forms, from which they again spread out in the Quaternary and historical epochs, but many forms gradually changed their habit from mesophytes to xerophytes under the influence of xerophilization. In most recent times a reversal of this tendency toward mesophily is noticeable. As in all genera with a large number of species, in Hieracium, along with species that have been very unstable, readily changing the correlations of their characteristic features and habit under the influ- ence of external factors, we also find species that have substantially or entirely lost their speciation flexibility and are represented to a well-known extent by “living fossils” (H. triste Willd., H. hololeion Maxim., H. schmalhausenianum Litw. and Zahn, H. transsilvanicum Heuffel, and certain others). Moreover, all of them occupy a restricted geographic area. Many prominent botanists have worked on the systematics of the genus Hieracium: Tournefort (1700), Wayne (1721), Linnaeus (1753), Tausch (1828), Froehlich (1838), Fries (1848, 1862), Bischoff (1851), Grisebach (1852), Schultz brothers (1862) and others. All of these authors tried mainly to establish a generic identity of Hieracium 3 separate from Crepis. The first attempt at a monographic treatment of the genus (restricted, however, to Europe) was made by Naegeli and Peter (1885), who succeeded, however, in treating completely only the subgenus Pilosella. (From the subgenus Euhieracium they published only three sections: Glaucina and Villosa (1886) and Glandulifera (1889).) A great contribution to the further study of the systematics of the genus was made by two French Hieraciologists, Arvet-Touvet and Jordan, and particularly by a number of Scandinavian botanists such as Dahlstedt (1890), Elfstrand (1893), Norrlin (1906), Omang, Johanson, Samuelsson and others. Finally, the first comprehensive monographic treatment of the genus was published by the German botanist Herman Zahn (Engler’s Pflanzenreich, 1V, 280 (1921-1923)). In addition to this, Zahn had worked on the hawkweeds of Switzerland (Schinz and Keller. Flora der Schweiz, 1909), European Russia (in Fedtschenko and Flerov. Flora Evropeiskoi Rossii [Flora of European Russia], 1910), the Balkan Peninsula and Hungary (Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hieracium Ungarns u. der Balkanlandern, 1926) and had published compendia on the hawkweed flora of Central Europe (Hegi, Flora von Mittel-europa, VII. 1929; Ascherson u. Graebner. Synopsis der Mitteleuro-paischen Flora, XII. 1930-1938). Zahn also worked on the hawkweeds of the former Moscow Province (Hieracia florae Mosquensis, 1911). However, owing to the presence of an exceptionally large number of intermediate forms, at times connecting species of diverse origin and age, the task of establishing natural “phylogenetic” groups was difficult, apparently, even for Zahn. Despite the fact that our hawkweeds repeatedly have been the subject of attention of such hieraciologists as Fries, Naegeli and Peter, Norrlin, Elfstrand, Zahn, Dahlstedt, Ganeshin and others, they have not yet been studied definitively. For such a treatment, material has not yet been collected sufficiently uniformly and systematically. In this context, the present treatment necessarily is also tentative in nature. In the treatment of the hawkweeds of the Soviet Union we mainly have followed the system proposed by Zahn, but with certain modifications mostly in the order of placement of subgenera and sections. As an example, we note that subgenus Stenotheca, which has retained the normal type of fertilization, is naturally considered by us as a more ancient subgenus, and the description of the genus should begin with it and not end with it (as in Zahn’s monograph). Subgenera Euhieracium and Pilosella, being essentially apogamous, are, in our opinion, much younger. Similarly, it is appropriate to rearrange the sections within the limits of the subgenus. Thus, for example, section Pseudostenotheca with its more or less primitive species, which are close to the genus 4 Crepis naturally must be placed at the beginning of the system of subgenus Euhieracium (A. Grossheim did the same in the Flora Kavkaza [Flora of Caucasia], and not at the end as done by Zahn. Hints on the propriety of similar changes are contained in the later works of Zahn himself (1926, 1929, 1930-1938), but for some reason he did not take it further. The descriptions of species by the older workers, as a rule, are distinguished by classical conciseness. It may be appropriate in other more cohesive genera, but when applied to the hawkweeds, it does not serve the purpose at all. In general recent researchers give more or less detailed diagnoses, which, however, could be still more complete, containing, for example, as far as possible more numerical data and indicating, surely, the corresponding section to which the described species belongs. Unfortunately, even at present authors often confine themselves to incomplete diagnoses, thereby leaving out data pertain- ing to significant characters, as a result of which we have unsatisfac- tory species descriptions, which in turn opens up a big field for errors. The most important characters in the identification of hawkweeds are: coefficient of leafiness, form of inflorescence, size of capitula (length of involucre), pubescence of involucral bracts and peduncles, length of achenes, color of stigmas (styles), shape and pubescence of leaves. It is clear from the above that hawkweeds must be collected when in full flower (in order to have mature achenes at least in the terminal capitu- lum). Plants collected too early or late, decayed or damaged, are mostly unsuitable for satisfactory identification. In order to avoid excessive problems in making a preparation (softening), the plants should be carefully spread before drying. In comparing the species descriptions presented below with the original diagnoses, one soon can notice that they—as to the character- ization of the degree of density of hairs (and also glands)—relatively rarely match verbatim and that, on the contrary, the characterizing terms are lowered in a majority of cases by one degree (and even more); thus the term “dense” has often been translated by us with the word “umerenno” [moderate], instead of the expected Russian word “gusto” [dense], ““mediocriter”—as “rasseyanno” [scattered], and “dis- persed”—as “skudno” [sparse], and so on. Such a “shift of concepts” had taken place that we did not find it possible to confine ourselves to only a simple translation of the diagnoses, but undertook a critical evaluation of the characters, and for this purpose we investigated again all herbarium material available to us. In doing so, it was found that in a majority of cases the characterization of the indumentum (which has such great significance in the identification of hawkweeds) apparently was done on the basis of a subjective impression, which 3) was different with different authors and even differed with the same person at different times. This could lead to instances when, for ex- ample, quantitatively absolutely equally pubescent plants received a different characterization, but species that differed in this regard were characterized by the same term. We shall confine ourselves to only one glaring example. It is customary to designate the degree of pubes- cence of the involucral bracts, for example, in H. alpinum L. s. |. as “modice numerosi vel densissime,” which on the average corresponds to the concept “crebre,” and the degree of pubescence of such species as H. chrysophtalmum Norrl. or H. inceptans Norrl. or H. prognatum Norrl. and many others is characterized by exactly the same term. However, at the same time, the number of hairs on the involucral bracts of the above named species equals 45(40-50), on average, in H. alpinum (L.) Backh.—130(60-250); in other words, 45 hairs equates in importance to 130 hairs! In composing the species descriptions we chose to avoid a similar kind of confusion of concepts and, wherever possible, tried to rein- force the descriptive terms with numerical data representing the results of an analysis of authentic or other reliable material (issued exsiccatae, for example). In this respect we in turn built on the traditions that to the best of our knowledge were first used in the practice of identifying hawkweeds by J. Norrlin (Mela-Cajander, Suomen. Kasvio (1906) 621-623). In this context it is necessary to have in mind the following. The numerical data presented by us about the number of hairs always pertain to axial organs (stems, peduncles, petioles, midrib on the dor- sal side, leaves and leaf margins), to a section 4 mm in length; the data relating to leaf surface have been converted to an area of 20 mm’. On taxonomically very important organs like involucral bracts, the num- ber of hairs or glands was counted over the entire surface of the bract and the bracts with the best developed pubescence were considered; and besides, in order to avoid atypical counts, on an average up to five bracts per specimen were examined. The average numerical data presented by us in the diagnoses represent the mean of averages, and they equate to the following de- scriptive definitions: 1) in the case of the axial organs and involucral bracts: up to 10—occasional; up to 20—sparse; up to 30—scattered; up to 50—moderate; up to 80—dense; up to 100 and above—very dense; 2) in the case of the leaf surface: up to S—sparse; up to 10— scattered; up to 15—moderate; up to 20—dense; up to 30 and above— very dense. We consider it necessary to draw the attention of the users of the present volume to the fact that in cases when authentic or other completely convincing herbarium material was not available (as, for 6 example, happened quite often in section Pseudostenotheca, we necessarily had to confine ourselves to the use of descriptive terms. The coefficient of leafiness is extremely important in the system- atics of hawkweeds. It is obtained by dividing the number of cauline leaves (including also all the leaves that dried up to the time of flow- ering) by the length of stem in cm (measuring the latter from the root neck to the terminal capitulum). a6): KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS Achenes large, 2.5—4(—5) mm long, with ribs at tip fused into ring- likestoruss/ A) note SBM AROS DAI RU MEO S20. Aes 2s Achenes small, 1—2(—2.5) mm long, with ribs at tip forming crenately toothed border (observed under strong magnifying glass) ............. AMA OUR SA OH ee A III. Subgenus Pilosella Tausch (p. 381). 16. Involucral bracts distinctly 2-seriate; outer bracts few and quite short; inner bracts (without transition) considerably longer; achenes 2 Sommslong ieee Ge Ss I. Subgenus Stenotheca Fr. (p. 9). Section 1. Aurelliformia Fr. also included here. Involucral bracts typically spiralled, multiseriate, distinctly imbri- cate, i.e., short outer bracts gradually change to longer inner bracts, less often indistinctly imbricate (2- or 3-seriate); achenes 3—4(—5) longs. haa II. Subgenus Euhieracium Torr. and Gray (p. 10). 3. Involucral bracts not multiseriate, indistinctly imbricate (somewhat resembling Stenotheca); capitula usually few-flowered....................+ 4. Involucral bracts multiseriate, distinctly imbricate, spiralled; capitula usually many-flowered (as an exception, with few florets, see Hi transsilvanicuntHeuttel) 22. Fee POR eS a Plants densely pilose throughout; leaves broad, amplexicaul; inflo- rescence dichotomous, with 1-5 large capitula (plants of Caucasus) oa. bantetentenedh het e omen? 2. Section Schmalhauseniana Zahn (p. 10). Plants glabrous or slightly pilose; leaves more or less narrow, nar- rowed into petiole or semiaplexicaul; inflorescence open panicle (more or less pseudodichotomous), usually with medium to small capituld. .wanewasenneet i. 3. Section Pseudostenotheca Fr. (p. 12) Late-flowering plants, usually without basal leaves at anthesis, but often also with withered lower cauline leaves; cauline leaves usually numerous; propagation through subaerial dormant buds producing stem in spring but not rosette (Aphyllopoda Godet)......... 6. Stem usually with basal rosette of many (more rarely few) basal leaves; propagation through sessile rosette, dormant and persisting 10 (7). 11 (5). 7 to anthesis (or withering only partly); cauline leaves few or absent altogether, less often numerous, distant (Phyllopoda Godet)........... juli Involucres and peduncles eglandular or with few minute glands; cauline leaves sessile with narrowed base, less often middle and upper leaves with round or broad base, very rarely slightly amplexicaul, never panduriform; ligule teeth not ciliate (Accipitrina FRG hi) 2. RRR ee MRE OE MIEN asso We Involucres and peduncles densely glandular; middle cauline leaves sessile, with broad or distinctly amplexicaul base, panduriform above enlarged base, with reticulate venation beneath, ligule teeth ciliate; achenes pale (gray, yellowish, bright- or reddish-brown, not black) PD, SEE a RAS 9. Section Prenanthoidea Koch (p. 112). Coefficient of leafiness very high to somewhat high (1.60-0.30), ike McaulincieavesmUuMEROUSseie ree ee ee eee ee 8. Coefficient of leafiness low (0.30—0.10), cauline leaves usually fewer; involucral bracts appressed.............:ccsccssscsceseesccescaseeceeeecsees 10. Cauline leaves broad, middle and upper leaves mostly with broad base or even slightly amplexicaul; margins of receptacular pits long- fimbriately toothed; involucral bracts appressed..............:.scsseseeeeees o. Cauline leaves mostly narrow, all alike, with narrowed base, usu- ally sparsely floccose-tomentose on both sides; involucral bracts obtuse, almost always glabrous, outer bracts recurved (distinct in living plant); peduncles tomentose; inflorescence at least at tip (pseudo-)coryMbOSE........... seen 7. Section Umbellata Fr. (p. 83). Peduncles glabrous like involucral bracts; leaves setose only along margin, beneath with reticulate venation; stigmas yellow..................+. pek cc ale olny leah’ wad hebabs nee’: 5. Section Foliosa Peter (p. 74). Peduncles tomentose; involucral bracts almost always glandular; leaves beneath with prominent veins, but without reticulate vena- tion; stigmas dark (very rarely yellow)............cccessecssseceeseceeseeees nbd alenies di lenda. dere on ame 6. Section Sabauda Fr. (p. 77). Plants conspicuously long setose; cauline leaves often crowded (in lower part of stem) like pseudo-rosette; involucres large (12-15 mm long) }achenes palel(Cacasus)ai.. Me. Meee Bee... YAM Ace, Bato shomtes bora, pis 4. Section Clauciformia Freyn (p. 73). Plants mostly weakly pilose; cauline leaves uniformly distributed on stem; involucres medium-sized (8—11 mm long); involucral bracts usually with few glands, hairs, and stellate indumentum; achenes dark toblack’y 42.0882. SERORa 8. Section Tridentata Fr. (p. 88). Whole plant (stem, leaves, inflorescence) covered with small glands and simple hairs; inflorescence unicapitulate or dichotomous, with few, usually large capitula; involucres shaggy from long hairs but as 15. 16 (1). Lif without stellate pubescence; ligule teeth ciliate... eee eeeeeeee chain aro, ee epee 10. Section Alpina Fr. (p. 141). Hairs, glands and stellate pubescence on plants in various combi- Nations.) 22 aac. plea Le ie a es he As aoe 12. Simple hairs plumose, i.e., teeth twice as long (or even more) as diameter of hair; leaves on both sides white-lanate from curly hairs and with tiny glands; inflorescence dichotomous or paniculate; capitula large (14-20 mm long); achenes straw-yellow to light brownlbsas..c288 Jesolo wey 11. Section Pannosa Zahn (p. 190). Simple hairs only toothed, teeth usually not longer than diameter of haitexnwcad.daibbas.cieied siete ee ee olen. genedam. ce 13) Involucral bracts irregularly imbricate; inner bracts almost equal in length, outer usually short and without distinct transition to inner Involucral bracts more or less regularly imbricate..................:ee 15: Leaves bluish-green, along margin hispid and with tiny glands; teeth of florets ciliate; stigmas yellow; margins of receptacular pits toothed (plants of Kola Peminsula)..............ccccccsessseestesesseseeesesseseees secodenidAUh GRR, Degeneres eiaegeh Leen 12. Section Oreadea Fr. (p. 193). Leaves green, less often bluish-green, with soft curly hairs, without minute glands; ligule teeth (almost always) eciliate; stigmas usually dark; margin of receptacular pits. not (or scarcely) toothed ............ bevel, 5.8 oe athe ee, Johan medio 13. Section Vulgata Fr. (p. 195). Involucres quite densely long-pilose (mane-like); whole plant white-tomentose with soft hairs; involucral bracts broad, long- acuminates: 2a tesla ate le 14. Section Villosa Gris. (p. 378). Involucres glabrous or sparsely hairy like whole plant; involucral bractsobtnseeetn. eed! Janes 15. Section Glauca Gris. (p. 380). Stems terminating in pseudo-corymbose or paniculate inflorescence of many small capitula or (multi-)dichotomous; involucres 5-8 mm long; vegetative propagation through aerial or subaerial shoots and radical rosettes with sessile or petiolate leaves or lateral buds (GauligeraiNeP ac 2nseer See. eee it ee AS 17. Stems scapose, with one relatively large capitulum 8—12 mm long; all leaves in basal rosette, with stellate hairs beneath (very rarely on both sides), almost tomentose; vegetative propagation through stolons (Acaulia N.P.)..c.ccee 21. Section Pilosellina N.P. (p. 662). Plants high; stem 20—80(100) cm high, erect, with 1— many leaves; inflorescence (multi-)dichotomous; capitula 7— many (Cauligera lata NP 2): AAS POONA IS SRI LO 18. Plants low; stems usually to 20 cm high, ascending, leafless or with 1-2 cauline leaves, stoloniferous; inflorescence with few capitula (Cauligera humilia N.P.)............ 20. Section Auriculina N.P. (p. 650). 9 18. Cauline leaves numerous; basal leaves usually withering before anthesis (Poliophylla N.P.); whole plant setose and stellate-pubes- cent; xerophytes, growing in steppes and semi-deserts.................... OSScE i meee oe te a Sati) OL ee 16. Section Echinina NP. (p. 381). 19. Stems hard; plants usually very sparsely hairy (few bristles) or almost glabrous; leaves bluish-green, narrow, lanceolate to linear; stolons either absent or long, slender, with many small leaves; involucre small, dark.................. 17. Section Praealtina N.P. (p. 418). + Stems soft, flattened; plants very conspicuously pubescent; leaves green or yellowish-green; elliptical to lanceolate.............c:ccceccesee 20. 20. Stolons absent (or weak, underground); leaves on both sides covered with stellate pubescence; cauline leaves usually with glands aGtipsmets ti at eke, abe 18. Section Cymosina N_P. (p. 528). + Stolons developed (both aerial and underground); stellate indumentum on leaves absent or only beneath (sparsely); florets VellOWAOP TEMS. «2.0.5: bceeccseneces 19. Section Pratensina Asch. (p. 576). Subgenus I. STENOTHECA ER. Symb. (1848) 132; Epicr. 140; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1921) 32; (1922) 1075; Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 4.—Involucral bracts 2-seriate, outer bracts very small, without transition to inner bracts which are much longer; pappus uniseriate, of equal hairs, (dirty) white, fragile; inflorescence panicu- late with small number of capitula, branches unicapitulate; vegetative propagation by sessile rosettes. Of the 13 species of this essentially American subgenus only one monotypic section is found in the USSR. Section 1. Aurelliformia Fr. Epicr. (1862) 145; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1131.—Basal leaves numerous, obovate or spatulate, more or less hairy with scattered glands along margin; cauline leaves 2-3; involu- cre 9-11 mm long, very densely, dark lanate-pilose, with rare tiny glands, but without stellate pubescence. 1. H. triste Willd. ex Spr. Syst. veg. III (1826) 640; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 209; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 853; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1134; Kom. Fl. Kamch. III, 207. Perennial. Rhizome often many-stemmed. Stem 10-30 cm high, simple, bent in upper part; sparsely below but densely pilose above with long and soft hairs, scatteredly glandular, to stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 3-6(9), often large, very long- and narrow-petiolate, obo- vate or spatulate, with obtuse (with spine) or somewhat acute tip, grayish-green (brownish on drying), almost entire or (sometimes) 10 slightly undulate, glabrous above, sparsely or scatteredly pilose be- neath and along petioles, along margin finely glandular; cauline leaves 2-3, lower large, lanceolate, petiolate, densely pilose along margin and beneath, remaining leaves narrow to linear-lanceolate, pubescent, very sparsely stellate-pubescent beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—3(5) capitula (branches unicapitulate). Peduncles densely pilose, slightly glandular, tomentose from stellate fluff. Involucres 9-11 mm long, ovate (later globose); involucral bracts somewhat broad or narrow, obtuse, or inner bracts acute, black, dark lanate, smoky (hence the name); hairs 3-10 mm long, sparsely fine-glandular, without stellate pubescence. Florets small (often tubular); stigmas dark. Achenes 2.5 mm long, blackish; pappus dirty white or yellowish. Flowering July to September. (Plate I.) Alpine and subalpine grasslands, slopes of hills, descending here to river valleys, and tundra.—Far East: Kamchatka. General distribu- tion: Beringia. Described from Alaska? Type in Berlin. Subgenus II. EUHIERACIUM TORR. and GRAY in FI. N.- Am., II (1838) 575; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 32; Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 1.—Archieracium Fr. Epicr. (1862) 42.—Involucral bracts spiralled (multiseriate-imbricate); small outer bracts changing to long inner bracts gradually or (less often) more or less abruptly (cf. section Pseudostenotheca). Leaves usually toothed, deeply incised, rarely entire. Pappus usually 2-seriate of unequal hairs—long and short intermixed, dirty-white or yellowish, rarely pure white (cf. H. transsilvanicum Heuffel); hairs stiff and fragile. Vegetative propa- gation by dormant buds or rosettes; rhizome never producing shoots, reproduction usually apogamous and, only as an exception, normal. Section 2. Schmalhauseniana Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280 (1922) 1075.— Monotypic section with a single species; characteristics of the section as in the key. 2. H. schmalhausenianum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 326; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1075; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 266.— H. atrocephalum Schmalh. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. X (1892) 290.— Ic.: Zahn, op. c.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 400; GRF No. 2085. Perennial. Stem 45-60 cm high, slender to thick, angular, often flexuous, basally or throughout colored, throughout densely setose- hairy, hairs to 3 mm long, with dark, thick base and light tip or en- tirely dark. Basal leaves like lower cauline leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 25-40, very crowded (coefficient of leafiness, on average, 0.55), lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, semiamplexicaul, g Bian beh (1 Pr 1} as i GEA ND LEN WK (M\ aay fet Srey WVaRtE On = ? OC Plate I. Hieracium triste Willd., habit; involucral bract. 12 gradually decreasing in size, middle leaves broader (3.5:1), elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, short-acuminate and spinescent or subacute, some- times plicate, upper leaves very distant, all entire, light green, stiff, somewhat lustrous above, paler beneath with reticulate venation, mod- erately hairy on both sides, hairs 2-3 mm long with bulbous base, eglandular, and without stellate pubescence. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 1—3(—5) capitula; branches unicapitulate, thickish, dark-green, with antrorse bristles 2-4 mm long and sparse stellate pubescence, but with quite dense, tiny glands 0.2 mm long. Involucres 11-12 mm long, saccate-globose; involucral bracts indistinctly imbri- cate, outer bracts small, narrow and obtuse, inner broader (2.0 mm wide), somewhat obtuse or acute, dark green, with greenish border, sparsely pubescent (O—24) with hairs 1.5 mm long and very densely (80-200) glandular (glands 0.2—1.5 mm long, yellow), without stellate pubescence. Florets yellow; ligule teeth glabrous; stigmas yellow, turning brown. Achenes light reddish-brown. Flowering July. Open herb slopes.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Kislovodsk. Type in Leningrad. Section 3. Pseudostenotheca Fr. Epicr. (1862) 138 p. p. (sub Hololeia); Pflanzenfam. IV, 5, 386; Zahn in Pflzr. I1V, 280 (1921) 36, (1922) 1014; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 636.—Involucral bracts usually few, appressed, obtuse (very rarely more or less acute), outer short, inner much longer and then involucral bracts seemingly 2—3-seriate (typical forms), less often indistinctly imbricate (transitional forms). Florets in capitulum more or less few, sometimes tubular. Inflorescence openly (corymbose) paniculate with pseudodicho- tomous branching. Plants more or less sparsely hairy (densely hairy forms are exceptions). Basal leaves either withering before anthesis and then cauline leaves quite numerous (coefficient of leafiness high, 0.63-0.20) or more or less well developed, and then cauline leaves few (coefficient of leafiness 0.18-0.04); leaves with elongate, uniformly broad and often amplexicaul base, sessile, light blue. Note. This section, rich in forms, constitutes, in a morphological- geographical respect, a bridge as it were between subgenera Stenotheca and Euhieracium, indicating their phyletic link. Its representatives grow in the vast area stretching with gaps from the eastern part of Central Europe to the Far East, with the majority of the forms concen- trated in the Balkans-Asia Minor and Caucasian regions, and only isolated links of this, evidently never unbroken chain are present in Central Asia (H. aryslynense, H. alatavicum, H. kirghisorum) and in the Far East (H. hololeion). The vast area and disjunct distribution indicate the ancient origin of this section. In Zahn’s opinion this 13 section originated more or less along with sections Umbellata and Foliosa from a single prototype. Some species now listed as endemic (in the Caucasus) may in the future be discovered in Asia Minor and Iran, when these countries are 14 surveyed more thoroughly floristically. It is commonly known that until now these countries have been surveyed most inadequately. 1. P+ Ye NG Coefficient of leafiness very high (0.68-0.56): cauline leaves many (40-18); basal leaves (and lower cauline leaves) withering before AMUNES Sete fewalsssecedancere pbagecebemsaaasepeela te. meee RNY acts ss, 2: Coefficrentofileatiness lower (0.40-0:04).. .cs.0.seecteteec tee. osc... Te Inyolucral bracts pubescenticscesybircs tl beesnss sce oe merece, a. ck. 3: Involucral bracts (and peduncles) glabrous.............cccccsssseeseeeseeeeees 6. Peduncles conspicuously pubescent....:.:.i...0::s0sseserecsoseessessororneecscese 4. Peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairS............:cccscscsessseeeeeees 5): Glands on involucral bracts many, on peduncles absent; leaves broad (2.5:1); stem densely pubescent in lower part.............0000.0-. Sosricrm sce sched oh oe. srssy us, ntzueeasnoathitisl des 4. H. podkumokense Juxip Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles few; leaves narrower (4.5:1); stem scatteredly pubescent in lower paft............0.ccc0c00- wa erl weenemretb ALS ocasesycnives 12. H. chaetothyrsum Litw. and Zahn Peduncles eglandular; stem in lower part densely long-pilose (6-7 mm long); leaves broad (3:1), densely pubescent (on both sides); stigmas yellowish-brown...............00+ 9. H. cincinnatum Fr. Peduncles sparsely glandular; stem in lower part moderately cov- ered with hairs 2 mm long; leaves narrower, scatteredly pubescent (glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath); stigmas aes, SecaeeeP ctcate di EY 5B coches sancinnessspascosesatasacs H. orthocladum Zahn Glands on involucral bracts present, on peduncles absent; stigmas Pathetic dos. sctiewient ens aovwecundsaist 10. H. virosiforme Woron. and Zahn Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles numerous; stigmas yellowish-brown............:..0000+ 3. H. adenobrachion Litw. and Zahn Coefficient of leafiness quite high to moderate (0.40-0.20)............ 8. Coefficient of leafiness lower (0.18—0.04).......c.cccccsssssescsssscscssesees 36. Coefficient of leafiness more or less high (0.40—-0.34), i.e., cauline leaves 10-32; basal leaves withering before anthesis....................... 9. Coefficient of leafiness moderate (0.30—0.20), i.e., cauline leaves 7— 20(27); basal leaves usually withering before anthesis, very rarely 1-2 JO ayes PORSIS tA ic boses cee} ie Mee ctr Bee Be oR 18. Involucral; bracts pubescen tessa. ssenaseteles woarien scl Mace b eee Eves cast 10. Involucral bracts (and peduncles) glabrouS...........cccccecsseseseeeseeeees 15. Hairs on involucral bracts numerous Of fEW..........c.cccsesseeesseeeceeeees IN 14 he 12: Se 14. 15 (9). 18 (8). Hairs on involucral bracts occasional (5-10), glands numerous (110); peduncles with fewer (50) glands to 0.8 mm long; stigmas yellowish=brown; leavestbrodd GeDee OO ek See... iil aS 2OG oR, Se 6. H. gigantellum Litw. and Zahn Hairs on involucral bracts quite MUMEFOUG............-.eeeeeeeeeeeseeeeees es Hairs on involucral bracistiewes ee See ee ee 13: Hairs on peduncles quite numerous; glands on involucral bracts and peduncles alsormuUmierous: 22 2S eaten ete ee ee eee BURL, LURE, SEER Be). ee 13. H. obscuricaule Litw. and Zahn Peduncles glabrous; glands on involucral bracts few, peduncles eglandular:3.825°.. ee 18. H. artvinense Woron. and Zahn Peduncles scatteredly pubescent and with occasional glanda........ 14. Peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs); inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 2—4 capitula; leaves stellate- pubescent on both sides, involucral bracts moderately stellate- pHbescentilas, 22. MAIO LET 26. H. gothicifrons Zahn Glands on involucral bracts fewer; leaves narrow-lanceolate (6—7:1), scatteredly pubescent; stem slightly pubescent; involu- crés to) 12 imnvlone stismastyellow see Be ee. Le... stave A AG. Be BLS OG 17. H. terekianum Litw. and Zahn Glands on involucral bracts numerous (110); leaves broader (4.5:1), varying to densely pubescent; stem densely pubescent at base; involucres large, 13—14 mm long; stigmas dark...........0....eeeeeeeeees PRE MOND ER SM corset sec covevene 8. H. chlorochromum Sosn. and Zahn Involucral bracts with scattered glands.............sccecsseesseeseeseeseeee 16. Involucral bracts with numerous (110) glands; peduncles with few glands }stigmas yellowish“browml!.208:i2 282; Se Oe eek... SUREPOS Bhs crosses enna red tame 6. H. gigantellum Litw. and Zahn Peduncles eglandular (or with occasional glands)..............:scse 17. Peduncles with fewer glands; leaves closely and sharply serrate SORE. BPTI DOS). SUS, NEI, LAE OM 16. H. panjutinii Juxip Leaves narrow-lanceolate (7.5:1), all entire; stem with occasional hairs or almost glabrous; involucres (7—)8—9 mm long, glands on them 0.2—0.3 mm long........ 19. H. foliosissimum Woron. and Zahn Leaves broader (5.5:1), lower leaves finely toothed, upper entire; stem in lower part densely covered with stiff hairs 3 mm long; involucres 11 mm long; glands on them well developed (0.2—0.5 mint lone) 28. Ne BRI CU BO Bee 20. H. subartvinense Juxip Involucral bracts with few (conspicuous) haifS.............ccceeseeeees 19. Involucral bracts glabrous or with occasional hairs.................004 31. Hairs on peduncles in appreciable number (scattered to dense) sdedenuesasieasorivauastere Meee hee GMO URL, AO SE UY DEE FO), BABES caste 20. 24. 27 (19). + 28. + 2D: te) Glands on involucral bracts occasional to moderate in number Rreadotes Pe naCeSU RA UaeDe a Us Reed AU AS SEU i ae Dp Glands on involucral bracts dense, stigmas dark............cccsse00 28. Glands on involucral bracts occasional to scattered (30)............... 22% Glands on involucral bracts up to moderate (60) in numbet.......... 24. Peduncles eglandular; leaves glabrous; involucres 9-10 mm long; stigmas dark (plants of Central Asia).......... 43. H. alatavicum Zahn Glands on peduncles occasional to sparse; leaves sparsely pubes- cent(plantsiofsthe Caucasus) me sexvncceeensse sees coc scie: 23. Involucres 8-9 mm long; stigmas yellowish-brown; leaves on both sides densely stellate-pubescent; inflorescence branches upward directed at acute angle to stem, with many (25) capitula................ LSet den Ree ae ae tC, 36. H. acutangulum Kozl. and Zahn Involucres 10—-12.5 mm long; stigmas dark; leaves sparsely stel- late-pubescent only beneath; inflorescence branches dichotomous, divergent, with few (7) capitula; number of glands on involucral bracts exceeding simple hairs (ratio 60:40).........cc.cccsscseceeeeceeeeees POMIAS TR ROA, FBO SS 29. H. sulphurellum Koz. and Zahn Leaves very sparsely pubescent (almost glabrous); stem moder- ately pubescent at base; involucres 9-10 mm long; stigmas dark PMIEE A AEN con cusiuecessavaassaaaiasesscats 32. H. rigidellum Litw. and Zahn Leaves densely pubescent, like stem at base; involucres 10-11 mimlongs:::- 2282028... 00 02 RRO Se een ire 2 25) Stigmas dark...............0000 15. H. chaetothyrsoides Litw. and Zahn Sligmasiyelloware 288... AAs 11. H. syreistschikovii Zahn Leaves, like stem, densely pubescent......7. H. streptotrichum Zahn eaves, like'stém sparsely pubescent. eee. ee eee. STE IO DIN AD S, ccsscescis 14. H. chloroprenanthes Litw. and Zahn Peduncles eglandular or with occasional glands; glands on volucral bractsoecasionalior few .csczj svn VRE RO eon 28. Peduncles with numerous glands; involucral bracts with scattered glands; stigmas yellowish-brown.......31. H. caucasiense Arv.-Touv. Stigniasidanken no oii Ob ote e are demomleyed 0 Ve 29: Stigmas yellow; involucres 9-10 mm long; inflorescence with fewer (upitocdO) capitulac ae ee ons leruioval 22 30. Involucres 9.5 mm long, involucral bracts densely stellate-pubes- cent; florets tubular; inflorescence with numerous capitula (25740) SMS RAUS, AUR, 34. H. beschtavicum Litw. and Zahn Involucres 10.5—14 mm long; involucral bracts weakly stellate- pubescent; florets ligulate; inflorescence mostly with few capitula; leaves broadly lanceolate (3:1), with round base; hairs on involu- cral_bracts.exceeding. glands (ratioi70:30) aes 2... Ban ansvaeSpaeutavave uses eree meer ceee tem eee 27. H. litwinowianum Zahn 16 30. + 31 (18). 34. Stellate pubescence only beneath on subtending leaves............... TTY OUR LANE iss. ee 33. H. callichlorum Litw. and Zahn All leaves stellate-pubescent on both sides (more densely beneath) nists ct eee eee 35. H. tzagwerianum Kozl. and Zahn Involucral bracts with fewer (12-20), tiny (0.1—0.2 mm long) glands, glabrous like peduncles; stigmas yellow; leaves broad (3:1) (plants of Gentral Asia): 6 ee tie Besos: 25. H. kirghisorum Juxip Involucral bracts with few or numerous larger glands (0.3-0.5 mim Tong). 204.8 5002, SUES acres cee. ache, Deon ep trees Fone sprees cetilvas 32 Glands on involucral bracts 50-80; peduncles with occasional (2-8) glands; leaves almost entire (6:1), somewhat panduriform, almost/glabrousAstiomas,darkii3-705. Gee ee ee Le... HORE avecn MRO eee 24. H. leptoprenanthes Litw. and Zahn Involucres quite large, 10.5 mm long; stigmas greenish-yellow; leaves broad (3.5:1), distinctly sharply serrate, stellate-pubescent on both sides, midrib prominent and bright beneath...................... vasvttha Ee gapeetes eben BEES ccccedecsehet ae tee hers 28. H. ermaniense Juxip Involucres 9-10 mm long; stigmas black; leaves narrower (6:1), almost enitre, stellate-pubescent only beneath...............e ee eeeeeeeee dG Maya cee RO ehh Se 21. H. microtum Boiss. Peduncles with occasional, very tiny glands 0.1-0.2 mm long; leavesialmost entire). 4222.e test 23. H. chromolepium Zahn Peduncles very densely glandular; leaves with numerous short teeth, 2 aie hs EE idee 22. H..pseudoconstrictum Zahn Coefficient of leafiness relatively low (0.18—0.10): cauline leaves 212: basaltleaves O-few ss.) ee a ho ep oeseechenesoined, Si. Coefficient of leafiness very low (0.09-0.04): cauline leaves (5)4— 1; basal leaves mostly well developed.............s:cssscssssseeseeesenesesceees 69. Involucral bracts very densely to scatteredly pubescent................. 38. Involucral bracts glabrous or with fewer hairs; stigmas dark......... 48. Involucral bracts moderately pubescentl.............ccccccscsssssesseeeseneees 39. Involucral bracts scatteredly pUbESCENL............cccccceseeseeseeseeseeseees 41. Glands on involucral bracts moderate (60) in number; involucres 10.5-12 mm long; leaves almost entire; florets usually tubular hlves utomiddagelorsninss 54. H. svaneticiforme Litw. and Zahn Glands on involucral bracts sparse; involucres 8-10 mm long; leaves serrate toothed 230429 850.8 setae ted care beceeneosk 40. 41. 42. 19 ar 17 Leaves on both sides stellate-pubescent (upper leaves very densely so), like involucral bracts; stem at base densely, in upper part only slightly, hairy............... 37. H. kochtanum Koz]. and Zahn Leaves not stellate-pubescent; stem at base only slightly, but in upper part densely, white-sericeous, like leaves on veins beneath and along petioles.................. 49. H. sericicaule Schelk. and Zahn Peduncles moderate to sparsely pubescent; leaves (mainly upper) slightly stellate-pubescent beneath...............cccsescceccescecesectececeeeeseees 42. Pedunclésswathtoccastonal, haits...........0.ssecssnsasasescceneransecesecceaceorsseeee 44. Glands on involucral bracts (and peduncles) occasional; involu- cres 10 mm long; florets tubular; stem at base villous, with hairs 3-4,mm, lone}, a. b.ha5.) oon lpesl eee 59. H. villosellipes Zahn Glands on involucral bracts (and peduncles) few; involucres 8-9 thimllongesdih:te cioterateen. new teenie cored oe pie)... RE 43 Stigmas blackish; leaves slightly pubescent; only petioles villous; floretsioften\tubnlans:).2.)hncles. chee 67. H. samurense Zahn Stigmas yellow; leaves sparsely pubescent beneath, glabrous abowenptacdrm. £0 ai... Loe 44. H. acroxanthum Sosn. and Zahn Stigmas yellow; involucral bracts and peduncles with occasional glanedsest. Jagdelsmteds. gress c.ccdoss qual encom aetna penetrates in 45 SOUTH TA FP acs scans vcdcncn psaanvev nis snbanetusepscoastonartesneuenseeceensory 46. Involucres 10-12 mm long (plants of the Caucasus).................... eee Mera scat Mee Nacepc bese spb extiapednenica sen tins Me 48. H. onosmaceum Zahn Involucres 9-10 mm long (plants of Central Asia).................:00 ol walle. cubrele 100.) wenger. dais ah 66. H. aryslynense Zahn Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles (almost) completely absent; upper leaves on both sides slightly stellate-pubescent vol anien, everous palettsrel dgeks 45. H. bakurianense Fom. and Zahn Glands on involucral bracts occasional or sparse; leaves narrow- lancéeolatei(875))..0.22))...leveek. Dink. 2058eh ere 47. Floretstubular;)stem!almost glabrouse.c: 1220-208 See eeeeees- 2 esse nee e in aceetanleobetremaletedets,. bok 38. H. biebersteinii Litw. and Zahn Florets ligulate; stem in lower part very densely covered with white hairs 3-5 mm long........... 39. H. hypopogon Litw. and Zahn . Hairs on involucral bracts varying tO Sparse...........::cseseeeseeeees 49. Hairs:on)involucralsbrdets:dbsent2.cc ee eee. 2S 62. Peduncles with occasional (or to sparse) hairS.............eseeeeeeeeees 50. Peduncles:clabrouss:ieoskssls. vinteind. deere... ay Glands on involucral bracts occasional or to sparse...............:0+ Sil le Glands on involucral bracts moderate to dense..............:.s:eceseeees 523 Cauline leaves 6-8, almost entire; involucres 10-11 mm long Pes) apasesccasseeseeees 30. H. sulphurelliforme Kozl. and Zahn 20 18 52. 53: 54. 55: 56. 57 (49). + 58. + 59. 60. + 61 (58). Cauline leaves 3-4, denticulate; involucre 9—10.5 mm long......... Jidaeeduh aaa, le. cots atone Ueobiobd 68. H. macrolepioides Zahn Glands on involucral bracts moderate in numbe..............::.:0c0000 53: Glands on involucral bracts more or less dense...............:cscseseesee aS: Glands on peduncles occasional; plants almost without stellate pubescence stemisparselythainy. 25. eee ee oe) Lee 54. Glands on peduncles dense; stellate-pubescence of plants con- spicuous; stem/distinctlyihamylatibases:.2e aes A. WD do dace ieee ee 60. H. miansarofii Koz]. and Zahn Cauline leaves 4—8; involucres 10—12.5 mm long.................ee ES aa ied 52. H. simplicicaule Somm. and Lev. Cauline leaves 3-6; involucres 12—14 mm lon ................ eee UTE. | NY eo Bt ren A sad one 56. H. lailanum Schelk. and Zahn Glands on involucral bracts moderately or densely (40-80) devel- oped; on peduncles occasional (on the whole, glands on plant modératetin mMamben) ee. eos cet Oe ee ociczece: 56. Glands on involucral bracts densely (80) developed, on peduncles sparsely so (on the whole dense).....61. H. subbakurianiense Juxip Involucral bracts and peduncles with occasional hairs; cauline leaves conspicuously less pubescent than basal leaves.................. vie setae ee nettle tendo Ses dadansoveneateenetaceeaenat ae 50. H. macrolepis Boiss. Involucral bracts and peduncles with sparse (16—20) hairs; stem distinethyhairyrat! base. Oe 0 Rn. AOR escenario: vider Rs SOMOS} 50. H. macrolepis var. pilosius Litw. and Zahn Involucral bracts with sparse (-20) glands; cauline leaves 3-4 OY LEROY: SEE Da ANI he 68. H. macrolepioides Zahn Involucral bracts sparsely to densely glandular................cecseee 58. Involucral bracts to moderately glandular.............. ec eeeseesseseeeees aD. Involucral bracts densely glandular.............. ce cesessssseeseeseeeeeeeeeees 61. Cauline leaves 8-10, densely (like stem at base) pubescent; involucres 8-10 mm long; involucral bracts grayish-pubescent from stellate mains sx ea. & 47. H. chloroleucolepium Koz. and Zahn Cauline leaves 4—5, like stem sparsely pubescent; involucres 11-13 mm long; involucral bracts only in part stellate-pubescent (at Dase)s. 2) Ae eee RBA AVET 60. Peduncles almost eglandular; basal leaves serrate-toothed; cauline leaves entire; florets ligulate.............00.0.. 53. H. concinnidens Zahn Peduncles moderately glandular; all leaves finely toothed; florets tubular.223002:0) (Onley Dee 51. H. kiderense Zahn Involucres large, 11-11.5 mm long; involucral bracts usually without stellate hairs..............eesesee 61. H. subbakurianiense Juxip 19 Involucres smaller, 8-9 mm long; involucral bracts densely stel- + late-hairy; florets partly tubular................ccccssccssccssscesscessccsseeseseees ANAS ARM CEE EERE cbt ssvate 40. H. chlorophilum Koz]. and Zahn 62)(48):...Pedunclestslightly pubescenteee iin We. OP et iinet... cose 63. +) éPeduncles always'glabrous.2. 22. 21a Pe ee etn eT! 65. 63. Peduncles always hairy, white-tomentose from stellate hairs........ DETCEE EEE TE C8 aries 42. H. niphocladum Schelk. and Zahn + Peduncles with occasional hairs, often without; grayish-tomentose froml/SGattered hairs secs. ce es ee dese 64. 64. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts with scattered glands; basal leaves finely toothed; cauline leaves almost entire............... Sick ese Rt ts POPE cae ae ey 69. H. macrolepidiforme Zahn + Involucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts with sparse glands; all leaves finely toothed; cauline leaves small............... se Mere weavtsicedaesoeteceoestss eto Mit tesiceca te dees 55. H. subsimplex Somm. and Lev. 65. Involucral bracts and peduncles always glandular.............0...00000+ 66. + Involucral bracts and peduncles eglandular; plants glabrous......... 68. 66. Glands on involucral bracts sparse (20-25), occasional on peduncles.t at -Fe 46. H. diaphanoidiceps Woron. and Zahn + Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles moderate in number eaaetvinaectassenisseveede toot a thecestteae ssc GRRE, op RC EMRE cn 67. 67. Involucres large, 11.5 mm long; florets tubular.............0..00..0..0000 LL ei cay As a LU Rn MER PEE hi St ios 51. H. kiderense Zahn + Involucres smaller, 9 mm long; florets ligulate; stigmas black Lists sasesevdeustvetss SMMC Oe Ee hace ied Mane ee Stas 41. H. medschedsense Zahn 68. Leaves broad, finely toothed; involucres small, 8-9 mm long (plants ofthe: Eateasus) hee. ae ee 57. H. georgicum Fr. + Leaves narrow (ratio of length to width 20-30: 1) entire; involucres large, 10-12(15) mm long (plants of the Far East)................. Havesteweneedsdssctet bea dasealtoen vaste esavibsussansezeveuevs sete eee 58. H. hololeion Maxim. 69 (36). Hairs on involucral bracts moderate in number to sparse.............. 70. + Hairs on involucral bracts absent............cecccescssessessescssesecaeeseseeees 79. 70. Hairs on involucral bracts moderate in number to scattered.......... i + Hairs on involucral bracts sparse or occasional.............:cccseeseeeees 74. 71. Stigmas dark; peduncles glabrous; involucres 9 mm long............. Hisddasduedessetetcesse cae etsekeranwuseicess eee 63. H. sobrinatum Litw. and Zahn pemtouomas Yellows. 220 Rak ANC Me CEE ee OM CA TS Te. 21. +72. Involucres 10-12 mm long.................0 71. H. brandisianum Zahn os Involucres!S—1 OsmnMlOM Ges. celts, SES ete es eeetreeeee a. 73. Peduncles scatteredly glandular; leaves moderately hairy, finely toothed; inflorescence with 7—15 capitula in a glomerule in upper PAM cc cvsssuscoccovescsssvandocuctescermebeuaves titeuet cents brelivet 72. H. glomerellum Zahn 20 74(70). + Tey. 76. Ta 78. + 79 (69). 22 + 83. Peduncles densely glandular; leaves densely pubescent, almost entire; inflorescence with 2-3 capitula............ceeeeeseessceeeneeeeneeees ss cbarcaeateandshreembates MEM Mies 62. H. tschkhubianischwilii Kem.-Nat. Hairs on involucral bracts sparse (8—24); stigmas yellow.............. (2) Hairs on involucral bracts, as also on peduncles, occasional (some- timesicompletelysabsent)i@ Aaee...ccate.d annie celoceet....n8S 76. Glands on involucral bracts scattered to moderate in number (40), 0.3-0.4 mm long; florets ligulate; leaves ovate-lanceolate, broad (3:1), abruptly narrowed in petiole......... 76. H. caloprasinum Zahn Glands on involucral bracts dense (75), 0.5—1 mm long; florets tubular; leaves lanceolate, narrow (5—7:1), gradually narrowed to petioles4ecmem Fie mites. beh ee HN cncsssecesveeveveceeseeres Stigmas yellow; involucral bracts with scattered (40), glands 0.4— 1 mm long; involucres 10—11.5 mm lon.......... eee eeeeeeeereeeeeeees sesescbeeanneeeee a crane mel ogeesteers J 73. H. erythrocarpum Peter Stigmas darktrs vet:tuinlos tablaubeb: bed a shcet dened oso Been Th Involucres large, (9—)10-12(-13) mm long; involucral bracts moderately (30-50) glandular, glands 0.4—0.5 mm long............... 78. Involucres smaller, 8—10 mm long; involucral bracts and peduncles densely glandular, glands 0.2—0.4 mm lon...............eeeeeeeseeeseeeee « svete tae ered tere 64. H. pseudosvaneticum Peter Involucral bracts sparsely (30) glandular; leaves boldly lobate- toothed (particularly at base of lamina)......... 77. H. insolitum Zahn Involucral bracts moderately (50) glandular............... csc seeeeseeeeees nigh pre 8 Mees coraulovnsberlesot eee 78. H. artabirense Zahn Peduncles sparsely hairy, (almost) eglandular; stigmas yellow; involucral bracts mottley from dense stellate pubescence................. ibe cag ED echt. babe caper dl. cots lapeenks 79. H. variegatisquamum Zahn Réeduncieselabrous).:/05...eeneeis Je aie, ek Mee) ieee 80. Involucral bracts moderately glandular................ccsescesseseerseeseneeee 81. Involucral bracts densely glandulat..............:.sccssssssssssesseeesesseeseees 83. Stigmas yellow; involucral bracts with scattered (40) glands 0.4-1 mm long; peduncles with sparse glands...............:csseeseenees votes! are 2 asualewsee saenontela tes apdeas 73. H. erythrocarpum Peter Stigmiasidarketiaehow. cto Gabel vies, Mean) latin ddan MS 82. Involucre (9—)12(—13) mm long; leaves sparsely hairy (basal and cauline leaves uniformly SO).........:.scseseee 78. H. artabirense Zahn Involucres 8.5—9.5 mm long; basal leaves sparsely hairy, cauline leaves 4 times more densely hairy; upper leaves stellate- pubesceritettetetotees.22. 74. H. heterodontoides Litw. and Zahn Stiomashdank,. O85) cohe, jeisks hee cuchayeaiesacepanaien ae nas Ao Rc aseeee 84. Stigmas yellow..............:ccs000 sssesenscssesentessessesnsessuessseeseesseasneneneensoeys 86. 23 21 84. Peduncles scatteredly pubescent, glands 0.4-0.5 mm long; involu- eres)9 =) Lanim lone: cx..ansten. be ee eR Ay, ee 85. + Peduncles more or less densely glandular; involucres 9-10 mm long; florets usually tubular................c.ccceee 75. H. ratluense Zahn 85. Stem at base (sparsely) white-hairy; leaves sparsely pubescent, basal and cauline leaves similarly pubescent................:c0:cccc0e0000 HALOGRORL MARR. COLO “eens 80. H. albellipes Schelk. and Zahn + Stem with occasional hairs (almost glabrous); basal leaves mod- erately hairy; cauline leaves almost glabrouS.............:ccccessseseeeseeeees HOLS BM) STL. LRA 81. H. erythrocarpoides Litw. and Zahn. 86 (83). Peduncles scatteredly glandular; involucral bracts glabrous, slightly stellate-hairy; leaves without stellate hairs; florets tubu- Lari xOhe 65. H. subsvaneticum Litw. and Zahn f. kochtae Zahn + Peduncles densely glandular; leaves stellate pubescent beneath; involucral bracts densely stellate-pubescent and shaggy at apex; florets ligulate..............0.... 70. H. amphitephrodes Sosn. and Zahn Cycle 1. Gigantella Juxip.—Cauline leaves many (20-40); coeffi- cient of leafiness high (average 0.40), basal leaves withering before anthesis; involucres 10-12 mm long; glands on involucral bracts very dense, large and small (0.2-1 mm long); leaves sparsely pubescent. 3. H. adenobrachion Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 325; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1071. Perennial. Stem 60 cm high, thick, at base violet and glabrous, hairy above to inflorescence (base of hairs bulbous, dark). Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves to 40 (coefficient of leafiness to 0.67), broadly lanceolate, acute, lower leaves with tapered base, sessile, more or less crowded, others with round, nearly amplexicaul base or even auriculate, middle leaves sometimes somewhat pand- uriform, often violet or reddish, all leaves finely toothed and almost always with 2-3 large teeth, somewhat (to moderately) covered on both sides with stiff hairs or more or less glabrous above, sparsely stellate-pubescent and with inconspicuous reticulate venation beneath. Inflorescence open panicle, with 10—15(—20) capitula; peduncles thick, glabrous, very densely stalked-glandular, more or less grayish- tomentose. Involucres 10.5—12 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subobtuse, without hairs but with dense yellowish (mixed with small) glands, sparsely stellate-pubescent; ribbed. Stigmas yellowish- brown. Achenes dark brown. Similar to H. bupleurifolioides Zahn in habit. Flowering July to August. Mountains at 900-1200 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type unknown. 24 22 4. H. podkumokense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 467. Perennial. Stem 35—40 cm high, 1.5—2.3 mm in diameter, violet at base, all along (particularly conspicuously at base) covered with nu- merous hairs 2.5 mm long, somewhat stellate-pubescent above. Basal leaves (like 10-12 lower cauline leaves) withered at anthesis; cauline leaves 20-30 (coefficient of leafiness 0.65), broadly lanceolate (2.5:1), sessile, with broadly rounded semiamplexicaul base, short-acuminate, entire, with reticulate venation beneath, involute, glabrous above and along margin, with occasional hairs beneath 1.5 mm long, along midrib to dense, as a whole to scattered, not stellate. Inflorescence dichoto- mous-paniculate, with 1-2 capitula; peduncles moderately hairy, light- colored, with dark base, stiff, eglandular sparsely stellate-hairy. In- volucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts dark, with occaional 4(0—12), stiff hairs 1 mm long and very densely glandular 123(66—190), glands large and small (0.2—1 mm long), somewhat stellate-pubescent only at base. Flowering June to July. Mountains.—Causasus: Ciscaucasia. Described from Kislovodsk. Type in Leningrad. Note. On the label is this annotation in the hand of D.I. Litwinov (?): “H. muricellum Fr. det. Zahn’”—the specimen does not conform to this species; H.G.A. Dahlstedt, who apparently also had seen it, des- ignated the plant a “spec. nova.” It is close to H. gigantellum Litw. and Zahn, differing from it mainly by distinctly hairy peduncles (hairs setaceous, 3 mm long, light- colored with a blackish base) and the absence of glands, as well as by a more densely pubescent stem. 5. H. orthocladum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 326; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1070.—H. strictissimum Peter, Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. (1898) 37, nec Froel. ex Somm. and Lev. (1900). Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, erect, hard, sulcate, covered only in lower part with soft, light-colored hairs 2 mm long. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves numerous, lower lanceolate, narrowed to long petiole, acuminate, middle leaves with cordate, amplexicaul base, often somewhat panduriform, long-acuminate, upper leaves with cordate base, long-acuminate; all leaves obliquely upward- directed, slightly undulate, sparsely serrate-toothed or almost entire, reticulately veined beneath, somewhat or densely covered along veins and margin with hairs 2 mm long, without stellate hairs, glabrous. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with straight, obliquely upward-di- rected branches bearing 12-15 capitula; peduncles glabrous, sparsely glandular, tomentose, with dark subulate bracts. Involucres 11 mm 25 23 long, ovate; involucral bracts broad, subobtuse, somewhat dark, with narrow light-colored border, outer bracts loose, with few dark hairs 1 mm long, moderately glandular, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Achenes light brown, 4 mm long. Flowering July to August. Subalpine zone, to 2100 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia (Latpari). Type unknown. 6. H. gigantellum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert IV (1907) 325; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1070; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 268.— H. racemosum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 128 p. p.; Schmalh. FI. II, 160 (quoad locum Beschtau). Perennial. Stem 45-85 cm high, 3-6 mm in diameter, somewhat woody and violet at base, moderately hairy (hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long) to middle or scabrous from spiny hairs (and then almost glabrous), eglandular, sparsely stellate-pubescent above. Basal leaves, like lower cauline leaves, withering before anthesis; lower cauline leaves 20-30 (average coefficient of leafiness 0.38), broadly or ovately lanceolate, to 15 cm long and 3 cm wide or narrower (to 1.5 cm wide), sparsely finely toothed or almost entire, all sessile, semiamplexicaul; lower leaves with long, short, tapered base; upper leaves with broad base, acute, glabrous above, up to sparsely pubescent beneath, with occa- sional hairs along bent margin or scabrous from bulbously thickened spiny (stubby) hairs, olive-green, slightly lustrous, much paler be- neath. Inflorescence openly paniculate with short branches bearing 10—25(—30) capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles glabrous or with occasionally stiff hairs 1.5 mm long, moderate number of glands 0.5 mm long, grayish-green from stellate hairs. Involucre 10-12 mm long; in- volucral bracts lanceolate, obtuse, dark green, irregularly imbricate; outer bracts narrower, more loosely arranged and dark, inner with green border, almost glabrous or with occasional (5-11), stiff hairs 1 mm long and numerous, 111(106-115), long (to 1 mm) and short (0.2 mm long) glands, usually without stellate hairs. Stigmas initially yellowish-brown, later dark. Achenes dark brown. Flowering July to August. Mountains to 1440 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. 7. H. streptotrichum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 326; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1070.—H. strictum Peter, Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. (1898) 24, nec. Fr. Perennial. Stem 60 cm high, densely hispid, above with scattered stellate-pubescence. Basal leaves withering before anthesis(?); cauline 26 24 leaves to 20, gradually decreasing, lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less panduriform toward base, with cordate, semiamplexicaul base, acute, finely short-toothed, densely hairy (less stiff) on both sides, hairs 3-4 mm long along margin and midrib beneath. Inflores- cence openly paniculate, with 10-15 capitula; peduncles tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts irregularly imbricate, some- what broad and dark, almost moderately dark hairy, densely short- glandular mixed with long glands at base, somewhat stellate-hairy along margin and at base. Stigmas dark. Achenes brown. Flowering August. Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia (Latpari). Type unknown. Note. This description is based on Peter’s highly incomplete diag- nosis. Although supplemented by Zahn, it is unsatisfactory all the same. Cycle 2. Chlorochroma Juxip.—Cauline leaves many (20) (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.40); basal leaves withering before anthesis; inflo- rescence very densely glandular with tiny glands 0.2-0.3 mm long; involucres 13-14 mm long; leaves densely covered with bristles 3-4 mm long; stem densely covered at base with white hairs 5 mm long. The type species of this cycle, H. chlorochromum Sosn. and Zahn, was included by Zahn under the species aggregate H. microtum Boiss., but it does not belong here because of the densely glandular involucral bracts and hairiness of the leaves and stem, as well as the habit. For this reason, we place it in a separate cycle, close to Gigantella. 8. H. chlorochromum Sosn. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21 (1912) 11; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1069. Perennial. Stem 50-55 cm high, densely covered (particularly at base) with white, divergent hairs 3-5 mm long and stellate pubes- cence. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 17-20 (coefficient of leafiness 0.36) gradually decreasing above, more or less crowded (except uppermost leaves), broadly lanceolate, to 12 mm long (4.7:1), tapered toward base or not, sessile, acute, sometimes with plicate tip, sparsely finely toothed, moderately hairy (12-16) on both sides and along margin, hairs 3 mm long, with abundant (32), stiffish hairs 4 mm long beneath, overall to densely pubescent (the higher the leaves, the fewer the hairs), with occasional stellate hairs and glands, yellowish- or bluish-green, paler beneath; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, merging into bracts, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Inflo- rescence ovenly corymbose-panicle, with 6-10 capitula; peduncles sparsely pilose, hairs 2.5 mm long, with occasional glands 0.3—0.4 mm long, greenish-gray from pubescence. Involucre large, 13-14 mm long, 29 25 hemispherical, later becoming broader; involucral bracts numerous, irregularly imbricate, lanceolate, broad, subacute, dark green, with pale border; outer bracts narrower, much shorter, loose, all sparsely pilose, hairs 18(13—23), 1 mm long, densely glandular (110), glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, usually without stellate pubescence. Stigmas dark. Similar to broad-leaved H. umbellatum L. in habit, but distinguished from it by involucres. Flowering July to August. Subalpine pastures.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia (Becho). Type in Tbilisi. Note. With respect to the pubescence of the involucral bracts, Zahn’s (1. c.) diagnosis says: “... involucra ... minute subglandulosa subpilosa,” but the specimen collected by D. Sosnovsky from the clas- sic locality and identified by Zahn has densely glandular involucral bracts; in all other respects, however, the characters of the plants conform to the description. Cycle 3. Cincinnata Juxip.—Cauline leaves many (12-33) (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.40); basal leaves withering before anthesis; inflo- rescence moderately glandular with very small, yellowish glands 0.2 mm long; leaves broad (3:1), lower densely pubescent. 9. H. cincinnatum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 131; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 939; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 273 (errore circinnatum).—H. akhverdovii Kem.-Nat. in Dokl. Akad. Nauk ArmSSR, XVI, 2 (1953) 49. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 4-7 mm in diameter, angular-sul- cate, in lower half (particularly at base) densely covered with retrorse, long (6-7 mm long) light-colored hairs, glabrous above and almost without stellate pubescence. Basal leaves withering before anthesis (exactly like lower cauline leaves, or the latter extremely crowded); cauline leaves 18-33 (average coefficient of leafiness 0.60), broadly ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, to 12 cm long (3:1), lower leaves tapered into semiamplexicaul base, other leaves sessile, with round and almost cordate semiamplexicaul base; upper leaves more or less ovate, quite distant, all short-acuminate, almost entire or sparsely finely toothed, scatteredly (10, 3-5 mm long) pubescent above, moderately (16, 2-5 mm long) beneath, densely (24-40, 4-5 mm long) along midrib, and scatteredly (10, 2.5-5 mm long) along margins, as a whole up to densely pubescent, without stellate hairs (pubescence considerably reduced toward tip, upper leaves almost glabrous), bluish-dark gray. Inflores- cence openly paniculate, with 5—8 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional, short (0.7 mm long) hairs, eglandular, scatteredly stellate- pubescent. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts imbricate, obtuse, dark green, with light green border, with occasional or sparse, 26 9 ah el = Tn 0 To Se y iat Plate II. 1—H. cincinnatum Fr.;.2—H. lapponicum Fr. 27 30 27 11(5—20), dark hairs 1 mm long, moderate to dense 60(44—92) tiny glands 0.1—0.3 mm long, almost without stellate pubescence. Stigmas yellow, later turning brown. Flowering July to September. (Plate II, Fig. 1.) Slopes and rocky clefts up to 1600 m.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia, Southern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Nakhichevan. Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. Note. Zahn, in his diagnosis (1. c.), says this about the number of glands on the involucral bracts: “... vix vel disperse microglandulosa,” but in fact they vary up to dense (see above). 10. H. virosiforme Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 35; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 940. Perennial. Stem branched above; branches densely leafy. Leaves longer than in H. virosum with reticulate venation beneath, setose on both sides (but densely along margin), margin of upper leaves sparsely stellate-pubescent. Peduncles glabrous and eglandular but densely stellate-pubescent. Involucral bracts lanceolate, short-acuminate or subobtuse (but not obtuse), dark green with light green border, gla- brous, but scatteredly glandular. Stigmas dark. Flowering August to September. Mountain slopes.—Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Asia Minor (former Artvin District). Described from Artvin District (northern Turkey). Type unknown. Note. Zahn proposes to include here H. armeniacum Arv.-Touv. [Cat. (1913) 431] from Armenia. 11. H. syreistschikovii Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 140; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 940. Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, densely covered with long, light- colored setose hairs with bulbous base. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 12-15 (coefficient of leafiness 0.22), small, grayish-green, throughout very densely and along margin and midrib beneath densely pilose. Inflorescence paniculate, mostly with few capitula; peduncles scatteredly hairy, somewhat stellate-pubescent; involucres 10—11 mm long; involucral bracts green, moderately pubes- cent (hairs with dark base), with scattered small glands. Stigmas yellow. Flowering August to September. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Shusha from Hohenacker’s collections. Type unknown. Cycle 4. Dijmilea Juxip.—Cauline leaves many (12-35), average coefficient of leafiness 0.40; glands in inflorescence large and small 3 — 28 (0.3-1.2 mm long); leaves narrower (4:1), lower leaves densely or moderately pubescent. 12. H. chaetothyrsum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 322; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1058. Perennial. Stem 48-66 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, violet and in lower 1/3 sparsely covered with 2 mm long hairs but in upper half with their spiny stubs, without stellate pubescence. Basal leaves, like lower, 5-7; cauline leaves withering before anthesis, 28-35 (coefficient of leafiness 0.56), gradually decreasing in upper part, more or less dis- tant, lanceolate, entire, somewhat undulate or less often sparsely finely toothed, tip sometimes plicate, lower leaves narrowed toward base (somewhat panduriform), with occasional tiny glands along margin, middle leaves with broad base, broader (4.5:1), upper leaves gradually merging with bracteal leaves, glabrous above, with occasional (8-12), short (1 mm long) hairs beneath and along margin, moderately (15, 1.5 mm long) or sparsely pilose (hairs often broken, stubby) beneath along midrib, olive- or grassy-green above, somewhat lustrous, much lighter beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, often corymbose at tip, with 7-20 capitula; peduncles quite distinctly pilose with light-colored hairs, hairs 1-2.5 mm long, sparse, 0.4 mm long; glands grayish-pubescent. Involucres 11-12.5 mm long, thick; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, few-rowed, outer bracts usually dark, inner with narrow green border, bearing few (10, 1.5 mm long) dark hairs with bulbous base and scattered (33, 0.3-1 mm long) glands, usually without stellate hairs. Stigmas initially yellowish, later turning brown- ish. Flowering July to August. Mountains to 1400 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. De- scribed from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type in Tbilisi; paratype in Leningrad. 13. H. obscuricaule Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 321; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1057. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, dark- or purple violet, more or less covered with sparse, white-setose hairs with dark bulbous base, but almost glabrous at base, in upper part with sparse, tiny glands, without stellate hairs. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 12—20 (coefficient of leafiness 0.40), somewhat crowded, gradu- ally decreasing, lanceolate, lower leaves tapered toward base, sessile, middle leaves slightly tapered, sessile, with round, somewhat amplexicaul base, upper leaves with broad, round, semiamplexicaul base, acuminate, tip often plicate, finely toothed often somewhat un- dulate, with moderate white stiff hairs on both sides 2-3 mm long, 32 29 along margin densely ciliate (1.5—2.5 mm long), sometimes with few flakes, olive-green above, paler beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 10 (or more) capitula; peduncles very densely hairy, glandular and stellate-pubescent. Involucres 10-11 mm long, ovate-globose; involu- cral bracts broad, acute, blackish, outer bracts narrower, inner with green border; all bracts very densely covered with light-colored (with dark base) hairs 1-2 mm long, and glands, outer bracts sparsely stel- late-pubescent at base and along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Herb slopes in subalpine zone.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type unknown. Note. According to Zahn, this species is related to H. chloroprenanthes Litw. and Zahn with which it grows but is distin- guished from it by hairiness (hairs bristly with bulbous base). Appar- ently, it fits the formula H. macrolepis Boiss. > H. strictissimum Froel. 14. H. chloroprenanthes Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 266; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1056. Perennial. Stem to 75 cm high, erect, thick, sulcate, violet at base, moderately hairy (hairs 1-2.5 mm long), somewhat glabrous above base with few tiny glands along entire length and sparsely stellate- pubescent only in upper part, branched; branches with small leaves. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves to 20 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.27), gradually decreasing upwards, lanceolate, lower leaves to 15 cm long (10:1), long-tapered toward base, sessile, remain- ing leaves not so long and less conspicuously tapered toward base, sessile, with broad base somewhat amplexicaul, middle leaves with almost equally broad semiamplexicaul base, sometimes somewhat panduriform, to 2 cm wide, acuminate, glabrous above, sparsely or scatteredly hairy beneath and very densely along midrib, along margin densely hairy (hairs 1-2 mm long) and with delicate tiny glands, olive- green and slightly lustrous above, pale green beneath with inconspicu- ous reticulate venation, upper leaves reduced to bracts; all leaves usually slightly finely toothed or almost entire without stellate hairs. Inflorescence paniculate; capitula to 25; peduncles sparsely or scatteredly hairy, moderately glandular with large glands and densely tomentose. Involucres 10 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts acuminate or subobtuse; outer bracts considerably shorter, narrow, blackish; inner bracts broader, with broad greenish border, sparsely covered with hairs with dark base, densely glandular and only at base sparsely stellate-pubescent. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Herb slopes in subalpine zone, together with H. obscuricaule Litw. and Zahn.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia 3/8) 30 Minor? Also found in former Artvin District (Armenia Minor). Described from Teberda. Type unknown. Note. According to Zahn, it is an intermediate (hybrid?) species between H. macrolepis Boiss. and H. prenanthoides s. |. 15. H. chaetothyrsoides Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 322; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1058. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, densely cov- ered (particularly at base), with bristles 2-3 mm long, somewhat stel- late-pubescent above. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 12-16 (coefficient of leafiness 0.27), broadly lanceolate (3.6:1), sessile, semiamplexicaul, to 9 cm long, distinctly finely toothed, olive- green, lower leaves densely (22—28, 1 mm long) hairy on both sides, like midrib beneath (32, 1.5 mm long), moderately (14, 1 mm long) along margin, as a whole densely, but the higher on the stem the less pubescent, upper leaves almost glabrous. Inflorescence openly pan- iculate with 6 (or more) capitula; peduncles moderately hairy, hairs 2.5 mm long, moderately glandular, with glands 1 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Involucres 10.5 mm long, ovate-cylindrical; involu- cral bracts almost 2-seriate, outer to 5 mm long, inner 10 mm long, broadly lanceolate, subacute, dark (inner with broad light green bor- der), with sparse, 21(20-—25), light-colored hairs to 2.5 mm long and moderate, 60(55—67), glands 0.3—1.2 mm long, usually without stellate pubescence. Stigmas dark. Habit similar to H. bupleurifolium and involucres similar to H. macrolepis. Flowering July to August. Mountain slopes.—Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Dagestan (Dido). Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. Note. An examination of the Ruprecht specimen (cotype) revealed differences from Zahn’s diagnosis in the nature of the hairiness of leaves. Description based on available cotype. Cycle 5. Microta Juxip.—Cauline leaves many (10-32) (average coefficient of foliation 0.35); glands on inflorescence in moderate number; leaves narrowly lanceolate (6:1), sparsely pubescent. Habit resembling narrow-leaved forms of H. umbellatum L. 16. H. panjutinii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 467. Perennial. Stem 75 cm high to 6 cm in diameter, violet and sparsely pubescent (hairs 1 mm long) at base, glabrous above. Basal leaves withering before anthesis, like lower cauline leaves; cauline leaves 32 (coefficient of leafiness 0.40), lanceolate, lower leaves abruptly nar- rowed toward base, other leaves with broad, rounded, semiamplexicaul 31 base, acuminate, with 9-4 acute, fine teeth, to 10 cm long (from 5.5 to 3:1), broader above, with tip often twisted and plicate, almost glabrous above (or with occasional hairs toward margin), with occasional hairs 0.7—1.5 mm long beneath along midrib and margin as a whole sparse. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 20-25 capitula, often undevel- oped; peduncles glabrous, with sparse gland (0.2-0.3 mm long) and stellate hairs. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, light green, glabrous, with scattered, 45(40—50), yellowish glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, without stellate hairs. Achenes 3.5 mm long, reddish-brown. Flowering July to August. (Plate III, Fig. 1.) In scrubs, in mountains.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Abkhazia (Chuberi along Nenskri River). Type in Leningrad. Note. Close to H. microtum Boiss. but distinguished from it by a coefficient of leafiness that is twice as high (twice as many cauline leaves and distinctly toothed leaves. 17. H. terekianum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 263; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1069. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, somewhat hairy or below middle leaves densely (var. subpilosum Litw. and Zahn l.c.), in lower part sparsely, and in upper part densely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves (as also 2—4 lower leaves) withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 14-22 (coefficient of leafiness 0.40), more or less narrowly lanceolate, to 15 cm long (6—7:1), tapered toward base, finely or short-toothed, on both sides somewhat pubescent, along margin hairy (with hairs 2-4 mm long), all leaves grassy-green and along margin stellate-pubescent but upper leaves only so beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with (5—)8-15 capitula, often undeveloped; peduncles scatteredly hairy, hairs 2.5 mm long, with occasional tiny glands, grayish-tomentose. Involucres to 12 mm long; involucral bracts subobtuse, outer bracts considerably shorter and narrower than inner, slightly loose, all with scattered hairs (1.5 mm long) and moderate number of glands (glands often tiny), sparsely stellate-pubescent at base. Stigmas yellow. Flowering August. Mountains, at 640-1440 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type unknown. Note. This species was collected together with H. umbellatum L., H. beschtavicum Litw. and Zahn, and H. simplicicaule Somm. and Lev. According to Zahn, it is an ancient hybrid species (of the three species). 34 32 18. H. artvinense Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 34; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1069. Perennial. Stem 60-70 cm high, violet, thick, densely hispid below, glabrous but somewhat stellate-pubescent above. Basal leaves usually withering before anthesis; cauline leaves to 25 (coefficient of leafiness to 0.36), 10-12 lower leaves crowded, long, lanceolate, acute, sparsely short-toothed, glabrous above, very densely pubescent be- neath along midrib with hairs 2-3 mm long, distinctly ciliate (cilia 2 mm long), sparsely stellate-pubescent and somewhat plicate, other leaves gradually decreasing, distant, with broad base, sessile, acute, stellate- pubescent beneath, involute. Inflorescence paniculate, with 10-30 capitula, upper branches clustered, lower distant, not long, obliquely upright; peduncles with many bracteal leaves, without hairs(?) and glands, grayish from stellate pubescence. Involucres 10-12 mm long, truncate at base; involucral bracts lanceolate, subobtuse or subacute, dark green, with broad green border, very densely pubescent, with tiny glands and sparse stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Achenes yellowish-brown. Flowering July to August. Montane pine forests.—Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern part). Described from former Artvin District (eastern Anatolia). Type unknown. 19. H. foliosissimum Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 31; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1024. Perennial. Stem 55-80 cm high, with occasional hairs at base, glabrous above. Basal leaves usually withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 16-30 (coefficient of leafiness 0.35); more or less narrowly lanceolate (7.5:1), gradually decreasing upward; lower leaves crowded, other leaves distant, upper leaves linear-lanceolate merging with brac- teal leaves; all leaves sessile, semiamplexicaul, entire, glabrous above, scatteredly hairy beneath, along margin with conspicuous hairs to 2 mm long, as a whole scatteredly hairy, bluish-green. Inflorescence pyramidal panicle, with 20-50 capitula, a majority of them undevel- oped; peduncles slender, glabrous but with occasional, tiny glands 0.2 mm long, grayish-tomentose, with many bracteal leaves. Involucres (7-)8-9 mm long; involucral bracts many-seriate, subobtuse to acute, blackish-green, with greenish border subglabrous, but scatteredly glan- dular (36) with tiny (0.2-0.3 mm long) glands, almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. In habit resembling H. chromolepium but differing in fewer glands and phyllotaxy. Flowering July to August. Forest glades in coniferous forest.—Caucasus: Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from former Artvin District. Type in Tbilisi. 35 33 Note. Zahn referred this species to the species aggregate H. sparsum Friv. (in his interpretation), but based on the number of cauline leaves it does not belong here. 20. H. subartvinense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 468. Perennial. Stem 60-70 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, reddish-violet, densely hispid in lower part with hairs 3 mm long, stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves and 3-4 lower cauline leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 20—24 (coefficient of leafiness 0.34), lanceolate, sessile, semiamplexicaul, lower leaves sparsely finely toothed, upper entire, acuminate to 11 cm long (5.5:1), glabrous on both sides, along midrib scatteredly and along margin sparsely pubescent beneath, hairs 11.5 mm long (as a whole sparse). Inflorescence paniculate, with 15-25 capitula, upper branches crowded, lower distant, not long; peduncles glabrous and eglandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 11 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, obtuse, with reddish tip, glabrous, mod- erately 55(40—-70) glandular with well developed glands 0.2-0.5 mm long, usually without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. In habit similar to H. laevigatum Willd. Achenes 3.5 mm long, light reddish-brown. Flowering July to August. Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans- Asia Minor. Described from former Artvin District (near the Gurdzhan post, collected by J. Woronov). Type in Tbilisi. Note. The plant was identified by Zahn as H. artvinense Woron. and Zahn, but inasmuch as in the diagnosis of this species (Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1922) 1069) it is said that the: “... involucra ... densiuscule pilosa, parum microglandulosa,” we could not leave the present specimen under this name, but described it as a new species, although undoubtedly close to H. artvinense. It must be noted that florets contained fertile pollen in abundance. 21. H. microtum Boiss. FI. or. III (1875) 873; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1069; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 268. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 2-2.5 mm in diameter, erect, glabrous. Both basal and cauline leaves withering before anthesis: cauline leaves 10-14 (average coefficient of leafiness 0.24), lanceolate, to 10 cm long (6:1), sessile, with rounded, semiamplexicaul base, acuminate, upper leaves linear, merging with bracteal leaves, entire, usually glabrous (or with occasional hairs 0.6-1 mm long beneath along margin and midrib). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with dis- tant, short, thin branches, with 9-20 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles slender, not pilose, with occasional tiny (0.2-0.3 mm long) 36 34 glands, very sparsely stellate-hairy. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involu- cra! bracts few (almost 3-seriate), lanceolate, obtuse; outer bracts short, loose, glabrous or with occasional dark hairs (2-5) 1 mm long, to scatteredly 38(25—48) glandular with glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, with- out stellate hairs. Stigmas black. Achenes purple. Flowering July to August. Mountain pine forests at 1620-1800 m.—Caucasus: Dagestan. General distribution: Asia Minor (eastern). Described from eastern Anatolia or from Dagestan? Type in Florence. The plant from Dagestan (collected by Ruprecht in Ratlu) is preserved in Leningrad. Note. In habit, similar to the narrow-leaved forms of H. umbellatum L., but differs in the nature of the involucre and semiamplexicaul leaves. Cycle 6. Pseudoconstricta Juxip:—Cauline leaves many (15) (coefficient of leafiness 0.27); glands on inflorescence very dense; involucres 8—9 mm long. 22. H. pseudoconstrictum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 323; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1059.—H. constrictum Peter, Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. (1898) 31, nec. Arv.-Touv.; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 267. Perennial. Stem to 95 cm high, hard, glabrous at base, with scat- tered light-colored hairs 1.5 mm long above middle. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves many (15?) (coefficient of leafiness 0.27?), gradually decreasing, lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, winged-petiolate, subacute, sparsely serrate-toothed, middle tapered toward base, somewhat panduriform, upper sessile, with broad or cor- date, semiamplexicaul base, finely toothed, on both sides scatteredly, along margin and midrib very densely pilose beneath with hairs 1—1.5 mm long. Inflorescence openly paniculate, branched; branches with small lanceolate leaves with cordate base; capitula few (?); peduncles glabrous but very densely glandular with dark glands, tomentose (flakes of hairs and glands often abruptly thinning below). Involucres 8-9 mm long, ovate-cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, with narrow greenish border, glabrous, but very densely glandular; stellate hairs sparse (?). Stigmas dark. Ligule teeth densely ciliate. Achenes yellow. Flowering July to August. Mountains.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. De- scribed from Svanetia (Latpari Pass). Type in Florence? Cycle 7. Leptoprenanthea Juxip.—Cauline leaves many (12-21) (average coefficient of leafiness 0.23); basal leaves usually withered (or 1-2); glands on inflorescence dense; leaves somewhat panduriform, entire. SH) 35 23. H. chromolepium Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21 (1912) 8; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1024. Perennial. Stem 45-80 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, violet and sparsely covered at base with hairs 2-3 mm long, glabrous above. Basal leaves 0-2, lanceolate, entire, with long winged petioles, wither- ing before anthesis like (2-3) lower cauline leaves; cauline leaves 12-— 20 (coefficient of leafiness 0.26), gradually decreasing, lanceolate, lower leaves narrowed to petiole, somewhat panduriform, middle leaves sessile, with swollen or uniformly thickened base, acuminate (5.5:1), upper linear-lanceolate, merging with bracteal leaves; all leaves entire or finely toothed, yellowish- or grayish-green, brighter beneath, gla- brous on both sides, along midrib beneath and margin with occasional hairs, without stellate pubescence. Inflorescence paniculate, with 10- 30 capitula; peduncles slender, glabrous but with occasional, tiny glands 0.2-0.1 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Involucres 9-9.5 mm long, later ovate; involucral bracts almost 2-seriate, more or less nar- row, subobtuse, blackish-green with broad bright border, (almost) without hairs (0-2) 1 mm long, moderately to densely, 65(40-78) glandular with glands 0.1-0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent only at base. Stigmas dark. Achenes straw-yellow. In habit similar to narrow-leaved forms of H. prenanthoides. Flowering July to August. Forest edges and scrubs in mountains.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Batumi. Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. 24. H. leptoprenanthes Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 324; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1067; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 268.— H. sublongissimum Zahn in Fedde, Repert, IV (1907) 325; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1067.—H. glareosum Peter. Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. (1898) 34; nec Serres.—Ic.: Zahn in Pflzr. |. c. fig. 75. Perennial. Stem 60—100(—120) cm high, 2—6 mm in diameter, dark violet in lower third, whole length with scattered, stiff, light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, upwards with occasional (0-10) glands 0.3 mm long, and sparse stellate hairs. Basal leaves often withering before anthesis like 2-4 lower cauline leaves; cauline leaves 13-21 (average coefficient of leafiness 0.20), distant, lower leaves broadly lanceolate, long- tapered to semiamplexicaul base, to 14 cm long (6:1), middle leaves short-tapered or somewhat panduriform, other leaves with uniformly broad base, semiamplexicaul; all leaves acuminte or acute, almost entire or finely toothed or with 1-3 more or less distinct teeth, light green or slightly bluish-green, paler beneath, glabrous above, with occasional (5-10) hairs 1—-1.5 mm long beneath, along midrib moderately hairy with 14(6-22) hairs 1-2 mm long, along margin with occasional (4—10) hairs 38 36 1-1.5 mm long, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, sparsely stellate- hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3—15(—30) ca- pitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles slender, with occasional hairs 1-2.5 mm long, moderately glandular, glands 0.4 mm long, scatteredly fine-tomentose. Involucres 9-12 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts almost 2-seriate, narrow, obtuse, blackish-green, with light green border, almost without (0-2) (f. verum Litw. and Zahn 1. c.) or with occasional, 5(3-7), hairs 1-2.5 mm long (f. pilosiceps Litw. and Zahn l. c.), scatteredly to moderately glandular 40(40-55), glands 0.8 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Florets often tubular, somewhat cili- ate. Stigmas dark. Achenes light brown or straw-colored. Flowering July to August. (Plate IV.) Subalpine herb slopes, in montane pine forests to 2300 m.— Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Western Transcaucasia. Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi; paratype in Leningrad. Note. The specimens preserved in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, are annotated in part by Zahn and in part by D.I. Litwinov as follows: “H. leptoprenanthes ssp. leptoprenanthoides Litw. and Zahn.” Inasmuch as a description of the latter subspecies was never published, we are dealing with a “nomen nudum,” and given that the specimens do not differ at all from H. leptoprenanthes Litw. and Zahn, we also retain the latter name for our specimens. Cycle 8. Kirghisea Juxip.—Cauline leaves numerous (27) (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.22); plants very high (120 cm); basal leaves withering before anthesis; glands on involucral bracts few (15); plants of Central Asia. 25. H. kirghisorum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 468. Perennial. Stem to 120 cm high and to 7 mm in diameter, sulcate, pale green, pilose in lower part, glabrous above. Basal leaves wither- ing before anthesis; cauline leaves to 27 (coefficient of leafiness 0.22), broadly lanceolate, sessile, with cordate base, amplexicaul, with re- ticulate venation beneath, gray, unevenly toothed, to 14 cm long (3:1), glabrous above, with occasional (3—4) hairs 2.5 mm long beneath and along margin, to moderately (14) pilose with hairs 3 mm long along midrib beneath, as a whole sparsely pubescent, without stellate hairs. Inflorescence openly paniculate, branched (branches with small leaves), with 19 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles without hairs and glands (or with occasional tiny glands), almost without stellate pubes- cence. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, broad, 39 37 obtuse, almost 2-seriate (outer bracts 3 mm long, inner 10 mm long), glabrous, but with occasional to sparse (12-20), tiny glands 0.1—-0.2 mm long, without stellate pubescence. Stigmas_ yellow. Margins of receptacular pits ciliate-dentate. Flowering August? Foothills.—Central Asia: Tien Shan. Described from Uzgen District. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from all the many-leaved species of sec- tion Pseudostenotheca by its small number of tiny glands and range; from Central Asian species of this section (H. alatavicum Zahn and H. aryslynense Zahn) by its much taller growth, large number of cauline leaves, absence of hairs on the involucral bracts and peduncles, and yellow stigmas. Cycle 9. Litwinowiana Juxip.—Cauline leaves not many (7-12) (coefficient of leafiness 0.30); basal leaves withering before anthesis; all leaves lanceolate, with ovate, semiamplexicaul base, somewhat finely toothed, broad (3:1); involucres 11-14 mm long; glands on peduncles occasional. 26. H. gothicifrons Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII, (1912) 140; Zahn in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 280, 1072. Perennial. Stem to 30 cm tall, erect, strong, at base somewhat setose, above slightly pilose. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 10-14 (coefficient of leafiness 0.40), usually not large, to 6 cm long, lowermost leaves crowded, lanceolate, others distant, broadly lanceolate (3:1) from rounded, subamplexicaul base, acumi- nate, upper leaves ovate, acuminate, quite small, finely toothed, slightly (to sparsely) hairy above, somewhat stellate-pubescent on both sides. Inflorescence dichotomous-paniculate, with (1—)2—-4 capitula; peduncles straight, divergent, somewhat hairy and glandular, capitula grayish- tomentose below. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts (1.5 mm wide) dark, obtuse, to scatteredly, 30(24—35), pubescent with hairs 1- 1.5 mm long, sparsely, 17(10-20), glandular with tiny (0.1 mm long) glands mixed with longer (0.4 mm long) glands, sparsely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountain zone.—Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Shara-Arguni. Type in Tbilisi. 27. H. litwinowianum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 263; in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1071; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 269. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 2—4 mm in diameter, at base violet, somewhat woody, in lower half and particularly at base scatteredly hairy, with hairs 1-2 mm long (often spiny), stellate-hairy (arachnoid) 40 38 throughout, eglandular or with occasional tiny glands. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 10—12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.30), gradually decreasing upward, lower leaves broadly lanceolate, narrowed toward base, others elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, with ovate, semiamplexicaul base, few-toothed (2-3), green above, paler beneath, lower leaves on both sides scatteredly hispid, with occasional tiny glands along margin, others glabrous above, scatteredly (12) hairy beneath with hairs 0.7 mm long, along midrib moderately (14) hairy with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to scatteredly pubescent and the higher the leaves, the fewer the hairs, both sides scatteredly (upper leaves densely) stellate-pubescent. Inflorescence very openly panicu- late, with S—15(20) capitula, branches distant, strictly erect; peduncles thick, with occasional hairs | mm long and glands 0.3 mm long, gray- ish-tomentose. Involucres 10.5—14 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts almost 2—3-seriate, lanceolate, subacute, dark green, only inner bracts with greenish border, with scattered 31(26—34) hairs 1.5 mm long, light, stiff, occasional, 12(10-14) glands 0.4 mm long, slightly stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Roadsides, in mountains to 2300 m.—Caucasus: Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. Note. There are differences between the description to Zahn (I. c.) and the cotype (provided with his handwritten description): in the diagnosis the size of the involucres is given as 12-14 mm, whereas on the specimen their length is 10.5 mm; the arrangement of the involu- cral bracts is described as regularly imbricate, whereas the few-rowed arrangement of the bracts, typical of the section is clearly visible on the specimen; according to Zahn, the involucral bracts are quite densely stellate-hairy, but in fact they are very sparsely (and only at the base) pubescent; the peduncles are said to be without glands, whereas glands are present, although their number is very small. 28. H. ermaniense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 469. Perennial. Stem 30-45 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, short-pubescent (hairs 1 mm long) (at first glance almost gla- brous). Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 9-11 (coefficient of leafiness 0.27), lanceolate, short-tapered toward base, middle and upper leaves cuneate or round at base, with 3-7 acute teeth (more or less large and small teeth together), up to 9 cm long (3.4:1), glabrous above, beneath and along margin occasional few (5-9), short (1 mm long) hairs, stellate-hairy on both sides, midrib prominent be- neath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—7 capitula; peduncles 41 39 slender, with occasional hairs 1 mm long and glands, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10.5 mm long; involucral bracts obtuse, glabrous, with scattered (33) glands, almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas greenish-yellow. Flowering August. Subalpine zone at 2300 m, in birch groves.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Southern Osetia (Ermani). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from H. litwinowianum Zahn, which has a similar habit, by the absence of hairs on the involucral bracts and the greenish-yellow stigma. 29. H. sulphurellum Koz]l. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 22; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1071. Perennial. Stem 35—45 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with scattered stiff, white, hairs 1-2.5 mm long, or scabrous from spines, somewhat stellate-pubescent and with occasional tiny glands in upper part. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 7—10(—12) (coefficient of leafiness 0.25), lanceolate (3.3:1), lowermost leaf narrowed broadly winged petiole, mostly dried, lower leaves with tapered base, subamplexicaul, almost entire, short-toothed, middle leaves with ta- pered base, sessile, often more conspicuously toothed, upper leaves distant, with ovate base, acuminate, sparsely stellate-hairy beneath, almost glabrous above, scatteredly (10), pubescent beneath with hairs 1.2 mm long, along midrib (14), with hairs 1.2 mm long, along margin with occasional (4) hairs 1 mm long; as a whole scatteredly pubescent. Inflorescence dichotomous-paniculate, with 2—8(-12) capitula, often undeveloped; peduncles with scattered, stiff, hairs 1-2.5 mm long and occasional glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10-12.5 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, with sparse (20) hairs 1.2 mm long and scattered (28) glands 0.2-0.4 mm long, at base and along margin somewhat stellate-hairy. Florets sulfur- yellow. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Foothills.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type in Tbilisi. 30. H. sulphurelliforme Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 23; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1072. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, almost glabrous. Basal leaves (almost) withered before anthesis; cauline leaves 6—8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.16), distant, gradually decreasing upward, lower leaves broadly lanceolate, with broad winged petiole, semiamplexicaul, middle leaves sessile, semiamplexicaul, with slightly tapered base, upper leaves with ovate base, acuminate, almost entire or somewhat finely toothed; 42 40 all leaves with occasional, stiff, short hairs or without them. Inflores- cence paniculate, with 4—7 capitula; peduncles scabrous from scat- tered, mostly spiny, less often developed hairs, scatteredly glandular, densely stellate-hairy. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, somewhat obtuse or subacute, with greenish border, with occasional hairs and glands, sometimes tiny, at base and along margin narrowly stellate-hairy. Florets often tubular. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountain zone.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type not known. Note. The plants are similar to H. sulphurellum but distinguished by a considerably lower coefficient of leafiness, sparser pubescence on all parts (hairs shorter and often spiny), and short involucres. Cycle 10. Caucasiensia Juxip.—Cauline leaves not many (8-15) (coefficient of leafiness 0.27); basal leaves O-—2 at anthesis; leaves tapered toward base, lanceolate, broad (3.5:1), distinctly and sharply 5-8 serrate-toothed; involucres 9-10 mm long; glands on peduncles numerous. 31. H. caucasiense Arv.-Touv. (emend. Zahn) in Acta horti Tiflis. IV (1899) 375, ex Litw. in Schedae HFR VII, 27 and fasc. XLII (1911) No. 2067; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 1063.—H. biebersteinii Litw. and Zahn ssp. pulchrisetum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 262.—“H. caucasicum Arv.-Touv.” (erroneo pro “H. caucasiense’’) Zahn |. c. (non Fr.; nec N. P.).—H. gmelinianum Arv.-Touv. Catalog. (1913) 92 (cum descr. sub Hispidis).—H. hispidum Fr. Symb. (1848) 168.—H. caucasicum Fr. in Acta Upsal. XIII, 406 ex Fr. 1. c. 48; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 276.—Exs.: GRF No. 2067. Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, in lower half scatteredly covered with white stiff hairs 3.5—5 mm long, above with occasional, in inflo- rescence sometimes with tiny (0.1 mm long) glands and somewhat stellate-hairy. Basal leaves withering before anthesis or 1—2, lanceolate, imbricate, finely toothed cauline leaves 8—15 (coefficient of leafiness 0.27), more or less uniformly spaced, broadly or elliptically lanceolate, to 15 cm long (4:1), lower leaves narrowed to almost short winged petiole, middle leaves semiamplexicaul from broad base, somewhat tapered but later broadening, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile; all leaves 5—8-toothed with triangular-lanceolate to sharply serrate, teeth sparsely (6-8) hairy on both sides, above with bristles 4 mm long, and beneath 1.5-2 mm long, softer, along midrib beneath moderate (10-18), 1.5-2 mm long, along margin sparse to scattered (4—7) hairs, as a whole to scattered, setose-ciliate, bluish-gray above, paler beneath. 43 41 Inflorescence paniculate, with (2—)5—15(—25) capitula; peduncles dark green, with occasional hairs 1 mm long, but very dense glands 0.2 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 9-10.5 mm long, cylindri- cal-ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts 2—3-seriate, narrow, subacute with sparse, 21(18-28), hairs 1-1.5 mm long and scattered, 33(24—40), glands 0.4 mm long, very sparsely stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow. Receptacular alveoli with long-ciliate margin. Flowering July to August. (Plate V.) On rocks in mountains, at 900-1200 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type in Tbilisi. Note. Zahn referred this species to H. muricellum Fr. (sp. coll.) from which it differs in the coefficient of leafiness and abundance of glands on the peduncles. Cycle 11. Muricella Juxip.—Cauline leaves not many (3-15) (co- efficient of leafiness 0.20). Basal leaves withering before anthesis or to 2; involucral bracts both with hairs and glands; leaves lanceolate, not panduriform. We have combined the species placed by Zahn between species aggregates H. muricellum Fr. and H. callichlorum Litw. and Zahn. In Zahn’s opinion H. muricellum Fr. is a transitional species linking H. sparsum Friv. with H. laevigatum Willd.; but H. callichlorum must be a combination of H. sparsum Friv. and H. laevigatum Willd. (or H. umbellatum L.)—H. vulgatum Fr. Such an effort to interpret the phylogeny of the species is of great theoretical interest; however, in practice it is, unfortunately, difficult, if not impossible, to draw a convincing boundary between them. Such a possibility was hindered to a considerable extent because of the almost total absence of reliable herbarium material for this cycle. Note. On the basis of material collected from Transcaucasia by Hohenacker (from Tsum in Podgoruon?) and Wilhelms (in Georgia), Fries described the species under the name H. muricellum Fr. [Epicr. (1862) 117] and provided the following description: “Stem slender, leafy, without basal leaves, strongly branched, branches with subtend- ing leaves, unicapitulate (lower branches and capitula undeveloped), terminal peduncles single- or few-capitulate, with bracteal leaves. Plant green, entirely covered with short, stiff, white, inclined bristles. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, with 1-2 teeth on each side, lower leaves wither- ing. Involucres almost uniseriate; outer involucral bracts fewer, covered with soft white bristles in single row (because of which the involucre appears acuminate), inner bracts obtuse. Stigmas yellow.” Since the description did not mention plant height, number of cauline leaves, number of capitula, or length of involucre, and also said 44 42 nothing about glands or stellate hairs, at the most what can be said on the basis of such a description is that the plant apparently belongs to Section Tridentata, as also concluded by the author of the species. But as authentic material was at the disposal of Fries, the unique structure of the involucral bracts and the nature of the inflorescence could not have escaped his notice, and he included in his description this note: “... involucrum ab hac stirpe admodum ad Pseudostenotheca recedit.” Zahn did not see the authentic specimens, could not finally verify the description of the author of the species, and on the basis of Fries’ note included the description in his monograph (Pflzr. IV, 280 (1922) 1063), but then used this name (apparently as the oldest) for naming his species aggregate—H. muricellum (\. c. 1062), wrongly citing it as H. muricellum Fr. (Epicr. 117) (correctly, it should be H. muricellum Zahn). In Zahn’s species aggregate he also included the Caucasian species: H. caucasiense Arv.-Touv., H. biebersteinii Litw. and Zahn, H. hypopogon Litw. and Zahn, and H. acutangulum Kozl. and Zahn, which we have, in part, related to other cycles. A.A. Grossheim (Fl. Kavk. IV, 267) throughout used the abridged description of Zahn’s species aggregate, which must be borne in mind when consulting his works. 32. H. rigidellum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 265; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1922) 1066. Perennial. Stem up to 50 cm high, thick, sulcate, at base blackish- purple and moderately hairy with white hairs, hairs considerably de- creasing above, sparsely stellate-hairy. When present, basal leaves at anthesis petiolate, ovate, sparsely crenate-toothed, but then cauline leaves 3-4, quite distant (var. 2. phyllopodum Litw. and Zahn), or basal leaves almost absent and then cauline leaves 7-12 (coefficient of leafiness about 0.25); moreover 3—4 lower leaves somewhat crowded but remaining leaves quite distant; lower leaves elliptical or broadly lanceolate, quite large (to 18 cm long), subacute, often plicate, tapered to winged petiole (4.5—5:1), others gradually decreasing, short-peti- olate or sessile, tapered at base, finely toothed or on both sides with 2—4 triangular or lanceolate, large (to 10 mm long) teeth, or at base dissected-toothed, upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, finely toothed; all leaves on both sides or only beneath very sparsely (or occasionally) covered with very short hairs, along midrib beneath and at base some- what more densely hairy, margin scabrous from spines, sparsely pilose, along midrib beneath, scatteredly finely glandular, grayish- tomentose. Involucres pale. Inflorescence lax panicle, with 12-30 capitula; peduncles sparsely pilose, scatteredly finely glandular, 45 Plate III. 1—H. panjutinii Juxip; 2—H. hololeion Maxim. 47 44 grayish-tomentose; involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts subobtuse, inner bracts with green border, scatteredly or moderately pilose with short hairs (hairs white, with black base, 1 mm long), scatteredly glandular and stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountains.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type unknown. 33. H. callichlorum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 264; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1065; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 268. Perennial. Stem 30—40 cm high, slender, erect, at base violet, sca- brous from short, stiff, sparse hairs, stellate-pubescent almost through- out. Basal leaves usually withered before anthesis; cauline leaves 7— 10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.24), distant, gradually decreasing upward, lower leaves quite small, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or somewhat spatu- late, narrowed to short winged petiole, on both sides covered with short (1 mm long) hairs, remaining leaves narower, longer, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, tapered toward base, sessile, acuminate, gla- brous above, scatteredly pilose beneath or only along midrib and margin moderately pilose (along margin often densely hairy and sca- brous from spines), upper leaves linear-lanceolate, stellate-pubescent only beneath; all leaves light green, usually fine-toothed or short- toothed. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3—8 capitula; peduncles with few hairs, eglandular, greenish-gray from scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10 mm long, hemispherical, later truncate; involucral bracts irregularly imbricate, outer bracts considerably shorter, narrower, loose, blackish, others subobtuse, dark green, with light-colored border, and scattered, short hairs 1 mm long outside, with occasional tiny glands and only at base sparsely stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow, later turning brown. Flowering July to August. On exposed rocks to 2300 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type unknown. 34. H. beschtavicum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 246; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1029. Perennial. Stem 25-45 cm high, reddish and very sparsely pubes- cent at base, almost glabrous above, sulcate, in upper part sparsely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves rarely persisting (1-2) to anthesis, lan- ceolate-spatulate, obtuse; cauline leaves (6—)8-10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.23), sometimes lower 3-5 cauline leaves clustered, or all distant, lanceolate, narrowed to winged petiole, semiamplexicaul, acute, finely or coarsely toothed with lanceolate teeth right up to petiole, stramineous yellowish-green and almost glabrous above (or only lower 48 45 leaves sparsely pubescent), paler beneath and with hairs 2-3 mm long, but moderately pilose along midrib, margin and petiole, with occasional tiny glands along margin and winged petiole, middle leaves narrowly lanceolate sessile, with tapered base, almost entire, slightly stellate- hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, often branched, with (5-)25—40 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles slender, glabrous, without or with occasional tiny glands and with very dense pubes- cence abruptly disappearing below, with 2-3 bracteal leaves. Involu- cres 9.5 mm long, cylindrical-ovate, later with truncate base; involucral bracts in few rows, narrow, acute or subacute, dark outside with pale green border, sparsely pubescent with dark hairs 1 mm long and sparse glands, base and margin densely stellate-pubescent. Florets tubular; stigmas dark, included. Flowering July to August. Forest zone in mountains up to about 850 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Described from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type unknown. Note. According to Zahn (I. c.), this species is perhaps a link between H. simplicicaule Somm. and Lev. (from cycle Sparsa) and H. biebersteinii Litw. and Zahn (from cycle Muricella). 35. H. tzagwerianum Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 21; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1066. Perennial. Stem up to 70 cm high, slender, at base violet and moderately hairy with soft and white hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, above without hairs, in upper part densely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 12-15 (coefficient of leafiness 0.20), gradually decreasing upward, lower leaves oblong- or broadly lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to broadly winged petiole, others lanceolate, sessile, tapered toward base, upper leaves narrower, short-acuminate, sometimes acuminate from ovate base; all leaves ir- regularly toothed with short and long teeth (2—4 teeth on each side), green and glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath and along mar- gin or along margin moderately hairy (hairs 0.5-2 mm long), grayish- green beneath, on both sides stellate-hairy (more densely beneath). Inflorescence paniculate, with fewer capitula; peduncles sparsely hairy, sparsely (?) glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acute, moderately hairy, sparsely glandular, stellate-pubescent along margin and to tip. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later turning dark. Flowering July to August. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Tsagveri (Gori District). Type unknown. Note. According to Zahn, it is an intermediate species between H. laevigatum Willd. and H. erythrocarpum Peter. 49 46 36. H. acutanguium Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 20; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1065. Perennial. Stem to 60 cm high, moderately hairy below and with stellate hairs, sparsely hairy and grayish-tomentose above. Basal leaves withered before anthesis; cauline leaves to 12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.20), lanceolate, lower leaves somewhat crowded, quite broadly winged-petiolate, other leaves quite distant, conspicuously smaller, sessile, with tapered base, subacute, unevenly toothed, broadly trian- gular, mostly glabrous (or with occasional hairs along margin) above, but slightly stellate-pubescent, with very short, simple and dense stellate hairs beneath, along margin very densely pilose, stramineous or yellowish-green. Inflorescence paniculate, branched, lower branches quite distant, erect (at acute angle to stem), with 12—40 capitula; pe- duncles in upper part hairy, sparsely glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 8-9 mm long; involucral bracts in few rows; outer loose, subacute, dark green, with greenish border, moderately hairy, hairs light-colored with dark base, somewhat glandular (partly with tiny glands) and only at base sparsely stellate-hairy. Stigmas initially yel- lowish, later dark. Flowering July to August. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type unknown. 37. H. kochtanum Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 24 (1913) 22; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1066. Perennial. Stem to 35 cm high, slender, at base dark violet and densely pilose, only slightly pilose above, densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves usually persisting at anthesis, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to short petiole, finely toothed or 2—4 serrately toothed, more or less acute; cauline leaves 5-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.16), distant; ob- long-lanceolate, short-petiolate, upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, with cuneate base, finely toothed or 2-4 serrately toothed; all leaves pubes- cent above, along margin and beneath more or less densely, along petioles densely pubescent, stellate-hairy on both sides (upper leaves very densely), light green. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-15 capitula, partly undeveloped; peduncles pubescent with light-colored hairs with dark base, somewhat glandular (mainly below capitula), white-tomen- tose. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, subacute, dark green, quite densely hairy with light-colored hairs, sparsely glan- dular with tiny glands, moderately stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountains.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani (Kokhta Mountain). Type unknown. Note. This species is similar to the few-leaved H. laevigatum Willd. 50 47 38. H. biebersteinii Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 260; Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280, 1063.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier, Europ. No. 399. Perennial. Stem 45-55 cm high, to 2 mm in diameter, erect, sul- cate, at base slightly violet and hairy with occasional hairs 3-4 mm long, glabrous above, eglandular and sparsely stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis, pubescent (0-2), lanceolate, narrowed to winged petiole, to 16 cm long (8:1), acute, with 3 long, triangular, and often incurved teeth; cauline leaves 6-10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.16), distant, gradually decreasing upward, lanceolate, lower leaves narrowed petiole, others sessile, quite narrow (7:1), with tapered base, acuminate or acute, with 3—5 straight and incurved large and small (5--1 mm long) teeth, glabrous above, with solitary hairs along margin and beneath, with occasional tiny glands along margin, upper leaves paler and stellate-hairy beneath, olive-green above. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 3—20 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long and occasional glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts 3-seriate, acuminate, outer much shorter and narrower than inner, scatteredly, 28(26—30), pubescent hairs 1 mm long, to sparsely, 15(12-18) glandu- lar, glands 0.2-0.3 mm long and sparsely stellate-pubescent. Flowers tubular; stigmas dark, not exserted. Flowering July to August (Plate VI.) Subalpine meadows at 2300-2600 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi. Note. In habit it resembles the few-leaved H. laevigatum Willd. but is distinguished by the involucres and their pubescence. 39. H. hypopogon Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 261; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1064. Perennial. Stem 50-90 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, in lower part quite densely covered with soft, white hairs 3-5 mm long, above somewhat pilose, in inflorescence very sparsely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 6—12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), gradually decreasing upward, lanceolate, acute, short- toothed, lower leaves narrowed to very long, broadly winged, densely hairy petiole, to 18 cm long (7:1), other leaves more or less sessile, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath, along midrib and margin moderately pubescent, without stellate pubescence, or upper leaves somewhat stellate-pubescent beneath (f. subtridentatum Zahn, |. c.) with occasional glands along margin, bluish-green. Inflorescence openly paniculate (often to 1/3 length of stalk), with 4—40 capitula; peduncles very sparsely (singly) hairy, scattered glandular, sparsely stellate-pu- bescent. Involucres 10 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts 5 — 48 2—3-seriate; outer bracts considerably shorter than inner, dark or black- ish, inner bracts pale or with pale border, acute or subacute, sparsely to scatteredly pubescent, moderately glandular with tiny (yellowish) glands, almost without stellate pubescence. Stigmas dark or blackish. Achenes light-brown, to 4 mm long. Flowering July to August. Forests in mountains to 1300 m.—Caucasus: Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type unknown. Note. The plants are similar to H. vulgatum Fr. s. 1. or to H. laevi- gatum Willd. s. 1. but are distinguished from both species by their involucres. Cycle 12. Medschedsa Juxip.—Cauline leaves not many (8-12) (coefficient of leafiness 0.15); basal leaves 0-2 at anthesis; involucral bracts with occasionally glands, but glabrous (or very rarely with sparse hairs); leaves lanceolate or somewhat panduriform. 40. H. chlorophilum Koz]. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 20; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1060. Perennial. Stem to 70 cm high, thick, green, maculate, dark purple and slightly pubescent below, glabrous, somewhat stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves withered before anthesis or few; cauline leaves 10-12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.15), distant, gradually decreasing upward, lower leaves large (to 16 cm long), elliptical or oblong-lanceolate (4:1), sessile, with tapered subamplexicaul base, acuminate; middle leaves somewhat panduriform, sessile, with tapered or almost uniformly broad base; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, narrower, irregularly toothed, glabrous above, scatteredly pilose beneath, along midrib moderately pilose, hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, without stellate hairs (only upper leaves sparsely pubescent beneath), olive-green and slightly lustrous above, pale green beneath. Inflorescence paniculate with few capitula, branched; branches with small bracts; peduncles glabrous or moder- ately glandular with tiny glands, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 8—9 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts obtuse, dark, with green border, sparsely hairy, but quite densely short-glandular, densely stellate-hairy (grayish-green). Florets partly tubular; corolla teeth short-ciliate; stigmas dark. Achenes straw-brown. In habit similar to H. medschedsense Zahn. Flowering July to August. Mountains.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type unknown. Note. It is distinguished from the former species by a much taller stem, toothed leaves, and sparse pubescence, but less glandular and densely stellate-pubescent involucral bracts. 32) 49 41. H. medschedsense Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 323; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1059. Perennial. Stem to 60 cm high, thick, quite densely pubescent. Basal leaves withered at anthesis or fewer; cauline leaves 8—10 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.15) oblong or broadly lanceolate (4.5:1), lower leaves large (to 20 cm long), winged-petiolate, semiamplexicaul, sub- sequent leaves abruptly narrowed from short-winged quite broad base, remaining leaves with narrow base, sessile, amplexicaul, sometimes auriculate; all leaves sparsely finely toothed, glabrous above, densely ciliate along margin and midrib beneath, cilia 1 mm long, olive-green. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with obliquely divergent branches, with 20 (or more) capitula; peduncles slender, without hairs, moder- ately glandular and also stellate-hairy. Involucres 9 mm long, ovoid- cylindrical; involucral bracts more or less obtuse, dark, inner bracts with broad pale green border, glabrous, moderately glandular and stel- late-pubescent. Stigmas black; corolla teeth slightly ciliate. Achenes straw-yellow. Flowering July to August. Mountains.—Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Dagestan (Medshedze Mountain). Type unknown. 42. H. niphocladum Schelk. and Zahn. in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 138; Zahn in Pflizr. IV, 280, 1034. Perennial. Stem 60-70 cm high at base (sparsely) pubescent with hairs 2—3 mm long, almost glabrous above but stellate-hairy and slightly glandular. Basal leaves 1-3, quite large (to 16 cm long), broad (5.6:1), ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, more or less gradually narrowed to winged petiole with broad sheath, subacute, above with occasional hairs 1-1.5 mm long, beneath scattered, along margin, midrib, and petioles quite dense, sharply finely toothed, bluish-green; cauline leaves 8—12 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.15), considerably smaller than basal leaves, lower leaves with tapered, semiamplexicaul base, middle leaves sessile, up- per merging with small lanceolate bracts, almost without stellate hairs. Inflorescence paniculate, with 18-30 capitula; peduncles slightly hairy, sparsely glandular, white-tomentose. Involucres 10-11 mm long; in- volucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, obtuse; outer bracts with narrow greenish border, inner with broad greenish border, glabrous, moder- ately 56(40-70) glandular with glands 0.4—1 mm long, basally slightly stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Alpine meadows at 2400-2500 m.—Caucasus: Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia. Type in Tbilisi. Note. According to Zahn, this species is intermediate between H. simplicicaule Somm. and Lev. and H. erythrocarpum Peter. 33 50 Cycle 13. Tschamkorija Juxip.—Cauline leaves not many (2-12) (coefficient of leafiness 0.16); basal leaves 0—2(5) at anthesis. Involu- cral bracts with hairs and glands, latter sparse to scattered (30); involucres 9-10 mm long. 43. H. alatavicum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1922) 1047. Perennial. Stem to 40 cm high, almost glabrous above or pubes- cence sparse to scattered together with slightly stellate-hairy. Basal leaves to 4, oblong, narrowed to petiole, obtuse, short-toothed, slightly pilose above; cauline leaves 5-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.20), dis- tant, gradually decreasing, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, slightly ta- pered toward base, short-acuminate, often short-toothed, upper leaves narrower, long-acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5—10(20) capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles slender, scatteredly hairy, eglandular, densely tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, obtuse, scatteredly pilose, more or less sparsely glandular, somewhat stellate-hairy (at base). Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountains.—Central Asia: Dzhungaria-Tarbagatai. Described from Alatau (between Baskan and Sarkan rivers). Type unknown. Note. The description is based on Zahn’s extremely incomplete diagnosis. 44. H. acroxanthum Sosn. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 19; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1047. Perennial. Stem 15-35 cm high, slender, bent, slightly hairy (more distinctly so at dark-violet base), quite densely stellate-hairy above. ' Basal leaves lanceolate, to 8 cm long (6:1), tapering into short, broadly winged petiole or more or less sessile, short-toothed, glabrous above, along margin moderately setose-ciliate, beneath, particularly along midrib quite densely hairy with soft, white hairs 2—3.5 mm long, blu- ish-green above, dull green beneath; cauline leaves 3-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.18), abruptly decreasing upward, distant, lanceolate, acute, upper leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, merging with bracteal leaves, slightly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3—15(20) capitula; peduncles long, green, sparsely pilose, slightly glan- dular, more or less scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 8—9 mm long; involucral bracts almost 2-seriate, outer short, narrow, remaining bracts linear-lanceolate, subacute, dark, moderately pubescent with sparse tiny glands and (only at base more or less dense) stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow (later turning brown). Flowering July to August. Mountain slopes.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Tuapse District (Dva Brata Mountain). Type unknown. 54 51 45. H. bakurianense Fom. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 33; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1048. Perennial. Stem to 40 cm high, slender, at base violet, covered with stiff white hairs, with short hairs above and densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves absent or few, broadly lanceolate, narrowed to short winged petiole, acuminate, finely and thinly toothed, somewhat reddish; cauline leaves to 7 (coefficient of leafiness 0.18), lower broadly lanceolate, short-petiolate, short-serrate; remaining leaves smaller and narrower, sessile; petiole tapering toward base, upper leaves merging with linear bracteal leaves, almost glabrous above (or hairs along sides and mar- gin), quite densely hairy beneath along petiole, somewhat stellate- hairy beneath or on both sides. Inflorescence paniculate, with 4—75 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles slightly hairy, usually eglandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 10-11 mm long, cylindrical- ovate; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, few-rowed, outer narrow, scatteredly stellate-hairy along margin, inner broader, scatteredly hairy, more or less eglandular. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountain forests.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type unknown. 46. H. diaphanoidiceps Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 34; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1046. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, with short occasional hairs and scattered stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 0-2 (at anthesis often withering like lower cauline leaves), to 9 cm long (4:1), oblong or lanceolate, narrowed to winged petiole, subobtuse or acute, almost entire or small- toothed, glabrous above, scatteredly pubescent along margin and be- neath with hairs 1 mm long; cauline leaves 4-12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.17), gradually decreasing upward, lanceolate, acute, base cuneate, sessile, short-serrate, scatteredly pubescent like basal leaves. Inflores- cence open corymbose panicle, with 13(5-20) capitula; peduncles glabrous with occasional tiny glands 0.4 mm long, scatteredly stellate- hairy. Involucres 9-11 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, sub- acute, dark, with green border, glabrous, with sparse, 23(20—25), glands 0.5—1 mm long, almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Pappus snow-white. Flowering July to August. Edges of mountain forests—Maybe found in Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Endemic. Described from former Artvin District. Type in Tbilisi. 47. H. chloroleucolepium Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1913) 18; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1040. 55 52 Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, slender to somewhat thick, at base densely covered with stiff hairs 2—2.5 mm long, less hairy above, glabrous in inflorescence but densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves ab- sent or few, obprolate, obtuse or oblong or broadly lanceolate, nar- rowed to somewhat short, broadly winged petiole, acuminate, with both sides quite densely short-setose-pilose, along margin glandular, sharply serrate, herbaceous; cauline leaves 8—10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.16), lower broadly lanceolate, broadly winged, short-petiolate or ta- pered toward base, sessile, almost amplexicaul, gradually decreasing upward, usually toothed, almost glabrous above, along margin setose, dark green, lighter beneath, upper leaves abruptly reduced (often un- developed), lanceolate, sessile, subacute, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflo- rescence openly paniculate, with few or numerous capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional tiny glands, grayish-tomentose. Involu- cres 8-10 mm long, broadly ovate; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, dark green, with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, grayish from stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type unknown. 48. H. onosmaceum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 33; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1047. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, at base violet and distinctly covered with white, stiff, straight hairs to 4 mm long, above with only single hairs here and there, more or less densely stellate-hairy in upper part. Basal leaves 2—5, lanceolate, tapering to short, winged, violet petiole, acuminate (4.3:1), finely or more or less distinctly toothed, glabrous above (or with occasional hairs along margin), beneath with scattered (10) hairs 2 mm long, along vein and petiole to moderate (16), 2.5 mm long, as a whole to scatteredly hairy with occasional tiny glands, bluish-green, lighter beneath, cauline leaves 3-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), abruptly decreasing, lanceolate, like basal leaves (6:1), upper linear, entire, long-acuminate, somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—7(—15) capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long and occasional glands 0.3 mm long, grayish from stellate hairs. Involucral bracts more or less narrowly lanceolate, acute, light green, with sparse, 18(15—20), light-colored hairs 1 mm long and similar, 16(15-18), glands 0.3 mm long, narrowly stellately edged along margins. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later turning dark. Flowering July to August. Mountain pine forests.—May be found in Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from former Olta District. Type in Tbilisi. 56 53 49. H. sericicaule Schelk. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 17; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1047. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, slender, flexuous, at base reddish, somewhat hairy, but more or less densely white-sericeous above (in- cluding inflorescence), grayish in upper part from stellate hairs. Basal leaves (if persisting to anthesis): the lower short, elliptical-lanceolate, but remaining leaves and lower cauline leaves long (to 15 cm), tapered to long petiole, lanceolate, acute; all leaves finely crenate, on both sides scatteredly (or above sparsely), along midrib beneath and on petioles densely lanate with hairs 1-3 mm long; cauline leaves 2-5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), distant, gradually decreasing upward, densely hairy along margin and on petioles, with occasional tiny glands along margin, upper leaves scatteredly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflores- cence paniculate, with 5-12 capitula; peduncles sparsely hairy, slightly glandular, white-tomentose. Involucres 8-9 mm long, ovate; outer in- volucral bracts short, obtuse, stellate-hairy, remaining ones broader, more or less acute, densely white-pilose, sparsely glandular, slightly stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Caucasus: Southern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Karabakh. Type unknown. Cycle 14. Pseudotricha Juxip.—Cauline leaves few (2-8) (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.13); basal leaves persisting, 1 to 8 (average 4), to anthesis; involucral bracts moderately covered with hairs and glands; involucres usually large, 10-14 mm long; florets sometimes tubular. 50. H. macrolepis Boiss. Fl. or. III (1875) 873; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1028, non Kindb. (1877).—H. svaneticum Somm. and Lev. in Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital. II (1895) 92; Peter, Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. 28; Somm. and Lev. in Acta horti Petropol. XVI, 305.—H. sparsum auct. fl. caucas. non Frivaldsky; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 266. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.5(—5) mm in diameter, more or less glabrous, with occasional (0-10) hairs 2.5-4 mm long or distinctly pilose (var. pilosius Litw. and Zahn) and violet at base, eglandular or with occasional glands below inflorescence, scatteredly stellate-hairy, usually branching from base. Basal leaves 2-7, narrowly lanceolate, to 15 cm long (6.5:1), tapering toward base to winged petiole, acuminate, barely or scatteredly, very finely serrate, sparsely (0-5) hairy above, scatteredly 8 (3-12) beneath, hairs 1.5-2 mm long, moderately, 14 (6— 35), hairy beneath along midrib with hairs 2.5-3 mm long, along margin scatteredly with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole scatteredly or to mod- erately hairy, olive-green, paler beneath; cauline leaves 3-7 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.14), lower long, remaining leaves abruptly reduced, 57 54 sessile, linear, along margin and beneath sparsely stellate-hairy. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 3-15 capitula; peduncles usually with occa- sional hairs 1.5 mm long or hairs scattered, 2.5 mm long (var. pilosius Litw. and Zahn), with occasional or few glands and scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 11-12.5(—13) mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts usually 2-seriate, obtuse, dark, with occasional, 4(2-8) hairs 1 mm long or sparse (16), 2.5 mm long (var. pilosius Litw. and Zahn), with moderate number of glands 52(40—80), 0.4 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Edges of montane forests, subalpine meadows, at 1200-2300 m.— Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (northern part of Asia Mi- nor). Endemic. Described from Dagestan (Ruprecht) or Lazistan (Balansa). Type in Geneva. 51. H. kiderense Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 246; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1028. Perennial. Stem 25-30 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, straight, more or less glabrous, with scattered stellate hairs and occasional tiny glands below inflorescence. Basal leaves many (6), lanceolate, petiolate, acute (5.5:1), mainly at base (to middle) finely toothed, glabrous and some- what lustrous above, scatteredly (8) hairy beneath, along midrib more or less densely (20) hairy, as on petiole (hairs 2.5 mm long); cauline leaves 4—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14), quite abruptly decreasing upward, narrowly lanceolate (7.3:1) to linear, pubescence half as much as on basal leaves, more or less sparsely stellate-hairy beneath. Inflo- rescence openly paniculate, with 5—8(—12) capitula; peduncles gla- brous, but moderately glandular, glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly to- mentose. Involucres 11.5 mm long, cylindrical, later ovate; involucral bracts almost 2-seriate, acute, dark, glabrous or with few (5) short hairs 1 mm long, but with large, dense (60) glands to 1 mm long, stellate-hairy at base. Florets tubular; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Montane forests, at 1200 m.—Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Dagestan (Kidero). Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. Note. In habit similar to H. macrolepis Boiss., but is distinguished primarily by the tubular florets. 52. H. simplicicaule Somm. and Lev. in Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital. II (1895) 93, sub H. svanetico Peter in Nachr.-K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. (1898) 38; Somm. and Lev. in Acta horti Petropol. XVI, 311; Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV, 244; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1023.—Exs.: GRF No. 2091. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, at base sparsely hairy with hairs 2-5 mm long, eglandular, without stellate hairs. Basal 58 55 leaves 1-4(—7), oblong-lanceolate, tapered to petiole, mostly acumi- nate, to 17 cm long; often withering before anthesis; cauline leaves (3—)4-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14), gradually decreasing upward, uniformly distributed, lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-petiolate, middle and upper with broad, slightly cordate base, sessile, lanceolate (5:1); all leaves acute, sparsely fine-toothed, sparsely hairy above or with occasional hairs near margin, scatteredly hairy beneath, hairs 1.5— 2.5 mm long, along midrib moderately hairy beneath with hairs 3 mm long, and along margin with sparse hairs 1-2 mm long. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5—20 capitula; peduncles glabrous or sparsely pilose, with black hairs 1 mm long and with scattered tiny glands 0.1-0.3 mm long, almost lacking stellate pubescence, involucres 10.5—12.5 mm long, almost 2-seriate, narrowly lanceolate, subobtuse, blackish-green, with occasional, 4(1-9), hairs 1 mm long and to moderate, 50(20—77) glands 0.2-0.5 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. (Plate VII.) Montane coniferous and larch forests, subalpine meadows, at 640-2350 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern and Western Trans- caucasia, Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Svanetia. Type in Florence; paratypes in Leningrad and Tbilisi. Note. The species is marked by an almost complete absence of stellate pubescence and a light green color of the leaves. 53. H. concinnidens Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1922) 1028. Perennial. Stem 25-35 cm high, slender, at base sparsely hairy, somewhat stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves—lower oblong-spatulate, obtuse, upper lanceolate, slightly narrowed to slender petiole, acumi- nate, bluish-green, glabrous above, moderately pilose (sometimes with spines) along margin and midrib beneath, and on petiole, narrowly and sharply serrate, teeth short and long; cauline leaves 4(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), entire, scatteredly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflores- cence paniculate, of few capitula; peduncles glabrous and almost eglandular, somewhat stellate-hairy. Involucres 11-13 mm long; involu- cral bracts lanceolate, blackish-green, obtuse to subacute, with sparse hairs and glands; outer bracts somewhat stellate-hairy along margin toward base. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountain slopes 2100 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Abkhazia (Klukhor Pass). Type unknown. 54. H. svaneticiforme Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 245 and in Sched. HFR, VII (1911) 38; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1029.— Exs.: GRF No. 2092. 59 56 Perennial. Stem 15—45 cm tall, 2-3 mm in diameter, with scattered 3-5 mm long hairs, denser at base (often 2—3 stems from one stock). Basal leaves 4—8 or only 1-3 at anthesis, remaining ones withering lanceolate, narrowed to long winged petiole to 18 cm long (6:1) acumi- nate, somewhat finely and sparsely toothed or entire, light olive-green above, paler beneath, scatteredly pubescent, glabrous above, scatterly (9) pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 2 mm long; cauline leaves (2—)3—4(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.12), distant, lanceolate, like basal, uppermost leaves linear. Inflorescence lax panicle with 7(4— 15) capitula; penduncles moderately covered with dark hairs 2-3 mm long, or scatteredly glandular, with glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly tomentose. Involucres 10.5-—12 mm long, cylindrical, later truncate; involucral bracts 2—3-seriate, subacute, blackish, with light green border outer loose, moderately to densely, 52(39—76), covered with dark hairs 1-2 mm long, and similarly with 57(44—79) glands 0.4 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy along margin to bearded tip. Florets mostly tubular, stigmas dark or black. Flowering July to August. On rocks in subalpine zone at 2160-2400 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Talysh(?). Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. In habit it resembles H. macrolepis Boiss. but is distinguished by the conspicuous hairs on the peduncles and the involucral bracts and by the denser tomentum. 55. H. subsimplex Somm. and Lev. in Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital. II (1895) 94; Peter, Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. 30; Somm. and Lev. in Acta horti Petropol. XVI, 306, sub H. baumgarteniano Schur; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1027. Perennial. Stem 18—25 cm high, straight, reddish at base scatteredly, above sparsely pilose or almost glabrous. Basal leaves 3-4, large (to 12 cm long), oblong-lanceolate, more or less long-petiolate, acute, usually small-toothed; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.12), lanceolate, sessile, somewhat tapering base, acute, abruptly decreas- ing upward, sparsely, but along margin and midrib (and petioles) beneath, distinctly pubescent, hairs 2—4 mm long, scatteredly stellate- hairy beneath; bracteal leaves subulate. Inflorescence with few (1-3) capitula; peduncles (more or less) glabrous, with sparse tiny glands and stellate hairs. Involucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts 2-3- seriate, subacute, dark, glabrous, with sparse glands, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Achenes 4 mm long, brown. Flowering July to August. On granite rocks in mountains at 2200—2300 m.—Caucasus: West- ern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Abkhazia (Klukhor Pass). Type in Florence. 60 Bi) Note. H. baumgartenianum Schur. is an obscure species; Peter (Naeg. and Peter, Hier. Mitteleur. Il (1886) 99) included it in the section Villora. 56. H. lailanum Schelk. and Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 136; Zahn in Pflzr. IV< 280, 1023. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, sparsely pubescent at base, with occasional hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long and tiny glands above, somewhat stellate-hairy, sometimes branched from base. Basal leaves 1—5, outer ovate, obtuse, inner oblong-lanceolate, peti- olate, to 14 cm long (6:1), subobtuse or subacute, finely crenate, more or less glabrous above, with occasional hairs beneath, along midrib more or less numerous, along margin moderately hairy, without stellate hairs, cauline leaves 3-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), distant, lan- ceolate to linear, 2—3 lower leaves often distinctly sharply toothed, all long-acuminate; leaves on branches long, acute. Inflorescence openly corymbose-paniculate, with 5-18 capitula; peduncles with occasional, short hairs, 1 mm long and tiny glands, 0.2 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Involucre 12-14 mm long; involucral bracts al- most 2-seriate, lanceolate, more or less obtuse, outer erect, few, with occasional, 10(7—12), hairs 1 mm long and moderate 60(30—80) number of glands 0.2—0.4(—0.8) mm long, almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. (Plate VIII.) Mixed forests, along mountain slopes, 1200-2100 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia (Abakura Pass). Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. Cycle 15. Sparsa Juxip.—Cauline leaves few (1-5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.10); inflorescence (involucral bracts and peduncles) with- out hairs and glands; involucres 8-9 mm long; leaves short, to 3 cm long, broadly lanceolate (4:1), toothed; plants of Caucasus. 57. H. georgicum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 106; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1019. Perennial. Stem, 30 cm high, entirely glabrous. Basal leaves oblong, to 2.5 cm long, short-petiolate, obtuse, short-toothed, lower teeth retrorse; cauline leaves 1—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), amplexicaul, with ligules, upper leaves bracteate. Inflorescence of 3 capitula; capitula pauciflorous; penducles slender, glabrous. Involu- cres 8-9 mm long; involucral bracts more or less 2-seriate, obtuse, dark, glabrous, outer short and loose, distant. Stigmas dark. Corolla teeth ciliate. Flowering July to August. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Georgia. Type unknown. 61 58 Note. The description is based on the extremely incomplete di- agnosis of the author. This species is quite close to H. sparsum Friv. The species typical for the subsection, H. sparsum, described by Frivaldksy from Bulgaria, is not found in our country. Cycle 16. Hololeia Juxip.—Cauline leaves few (6-10) (coefficient of leafiness 0.10); inflorescence (involucral bracts, peduncles) gla- brous, without glands and stellate hairs; involucres 10—12(-—15) mm long; leaves narrowly lanceolate (20—30:1), long (to 50 cm). Plants of the Far East. 58. H. hololeion Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 182; Fl. Epicr. 139; Komarov, Fl. Manch’zh. III, 793, Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1019; Kom. and Alis. Opred. Rast. Dal’nevost. Kr. II, 1102; non N.P.—Hololeion maximowiczii Kitamura in Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. X, No. 3 (1941) 301.—Ic.: Kom. and Allis. op. cit. Perennial. Stem 30-150 cm high, slender, straight, angular-sul- cate, entirely glabrous. Basal leaves absent at anthesis or 1—2; cauline leaves 6—10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), linear-lanceolate, long (lower leaves up to 50 cm), more or less narrow (15-—30:1), gradually tapering to broad winged petiole, acuminate, gradually merging with bracteal leaves, all entire, light bluish-green, sometimes violet, glabrous. Inflo- rescence openly corymbosely paniculate, with (5—)15-—60 capitula; peduncles divaricately branched, 1—3.5 cm long, slender, glabrous. Involucres 10—12(15) mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts 2-3- seriate, outer short, oval, obtuse (2-3 mm long), middle and inner broadly lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, with dark ciliate tip, glabrous; florets pale yellow. Stigmas dark. Achenes 5.5—6 mm long, light brown. Flowering July to August. (Plate III, Fig. 2.) Hummocky valley meadows with peaty soil and meadow bogs.— Far East: Ussuri. General distribution: Japan, China. Described from Primorsk Territory. Type in Leningard. Note. Zahn listed H. hololeion Maxim. as a subspecies of the Balkan H. sparsum Friv.; however, just a glance is enough to be con- vinced that it is entirely different from H. sparsum Friv. in habit as well as in other characters. To the morphological difference are added also the range and differences in the ecology of the two species; H. sparsum grows in the Balkans, H. hololeion in the Far East and unlike most hawkweeds, generally in clearly expressed mesophilic habi- tat conditions. Therefore, we separate H. hololeion as a member of the cycle (Hololeia Juxip), although it is quite possible to raise this spe- cies to the rank of a member of a special section (with no less justi- fication than, for example, for H. schmalhausenianum). At the very 62 Se) first glance, H. hololeion in its habits reminds one of Crepis or even Cicerbita. S. Kitamura [Acta Phytotax. et. Geobot., Kyoto, X, No. 3 (1941) 301] even established a separate genus Hololeion Kitamura in which our Hieracium hololeion Maxim. is listed under the name Hololeion maximowiczii Kitamura. One more closely related species—Hololeion krameri Kitamura (= Hieracium krameri Franchet and Sav.) can be found in the Far East, differing from Hieracium hololeion Maxim. by having acute involucral bracts, a large number of bracteal leaves, longer peduncles, 3.5—10 cm long, and achenes (7.5-9 mm). Cycle 17. Pseudosvanetica Juxip.—Cauline leaves few (2-7) (coeffiecient of leafiness 0.08): basal leaves usually present (0.6) at anthesis; glands on involucral bracts quite dense (100-190); base of lamina gradually tapering to petiole. 59. H. villosellipes Zahn in Izv. Kavk; Muzeya, VII (1912) 137; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1035. Perennial. Stem up 60 cm high, quite villous at base, hairs 3-4 mm long, sparsely pilose and somewhat glandular above, with stellate hairs. Basal leaves usually withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 6— 7 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), distant, 2 lower leaves often long to 18 cm (9-12:1), remaining broadly-lanceolate, at base sharply toothed, above short-toothed, tapering to broadly winged, villous petiole, on both sides scatteredly pilose, upper leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, with cuneate or rounded, often coarsely toothed, semiamplexicaul base, somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence peniculate, with 5—12(— 18) capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and scattered tiny glands, densely tomentose. Involucres 9.5-10 mm long; involucral bracts lin- ear-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, sparsely, 20(14—25), hairy and glan- dular, 27(25—30), with hairs 1 mm long and fine glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, slightly stellate-hairy (at base). Florets tubular; stigmas dark. Flower- ing July to August. Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Dzhikhis-Dzhari. Type in Tbilisi. 60. H. miansarofii Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 17; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1035. Perennial. Stem up to 55 cm high, slender, usually purple, at base very densely pubescent, upwards somewhat short- and soft-hairy, densely stellate-hairy in upper part, slightly glandular below inflores- cence. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, to 15 cm long (4.3:1), narrowed 60 Plate IV. H. leptoprenanthes Litw. and Zahn. 63 65 61 to short, winged, densely and softly pubescent petiole, subacute (lower obtuse) more or less glabrous above, sparsely soft-pubescent beneath, along margin densely ciliolate, dark green and lustrous above, paler beneath with distant small teeth; cauline leaves 5—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), distant, usually small-toothed, lower 3 leaves like basal, with winged petiole others sessile, with narrowed base, abruptly de- creasing upward, slightly stellate-hairly beneath; upper leaf linear, more or less undeveloped. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 25- 30 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, more or less densely glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long, cylindrical: involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, more or less acute, outer narrow, along margin densely stellate-hairy, somewhat pilose, with hairs 1 mm long, moderately glandular, grayish-green from stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountain slopes.—Caucasus: Western and Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type unknown. Note. According to Zahn, it is an intermediate form between H. pseudosvaneticum and H. erythrospermum. 61. H. subbakurianiense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 469. Perennial. Stem to 50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, at base violet, sparsely hairy with hairs 2.5-1.5 mm long. Basal leaves mostly with- ering before anthesis (0-2), lanceolate, tapering to long petiole, almost entire, to 15 cm long (5:1), scatteredly pubescent, violet beneath; cauline leaves 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), lanceolate, narrowed to short petiole or sessile, sparsely (2-4) fine-toothed, acuminate; upper leaves linear, glabrous above; sparsely or scatteredly (6-11) hairy, beneath and along margin with hairs1-2 mm long, moderately (15) along midrib beneath, hairs 2 mm long. Inflorescence paniculate, with 12 capitula; peduncles more or less glabrous, sparsely glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 11-11.5 mm long; involucral bracts almost 3-seriate, lanceolate, subacute, with occa- sional (7-14), hairs 1 mm long, densely (80-83) glandular with glands 0.3-0.5 mm long and almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. In habit like H. vulgatum Fr. s. 1. Flowering August. Mountains at 1500 m.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani (collected by A. Fomin). Type in Tbilisi. Note. The above specimen was identified by Zahn as H. bakurianiense Fom. and Zahn; however, the results of our exami- nation do not agree with Zahn’s diagnosis (Pflzr. 1048). 66 62 62. M. tschkhubianischwilii Kem.-Nat. in Zam. po Sist. i Geogr. r. Tbil. Bot. Inst. 17 (1953) 127; (em. Juxip); Fl. Gruzii, VIII, 72 (descr. georg.).—H. agassii Kem.-Nat. in Dokl. Akad. Nauk ArmSSR, XII (1953) 79.—Ic.: Fl. Gruzii, VIII (1. c.; Male procedere). Perennial. Stem 15-30 cm high, often 2, 1—1.5 mm in diameter, moderately hairy with soft hairs, 3—3.5 mm long, sparsely glandular above, with tiny glands, 0.1-0.2 mm long. Basal leaves 2, oblong- spatulate and lanceolate, to 10 cm long (5:1), more or less entire, narrowed to winged, villous petiole, above with occasional (2-5) hairs, 2.5—3 mm long, moderately (14—18) hairy beneath with hairs, 2.5 mm long, densely (28-36) hairy along midrib, hairs 3-5 mm long, with scatteredly (10-12) hairy along margin, hairs 2.5—3 mm long; cauline leaves (1-)2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), lower leaf like basal, upper sessile, lanceolate, acuminate. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2-3 capitula; peduncles sparsely hairy; hairs 2.5 mm long, but very densely glandular with well developed glands, 0.5 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 8-10 mm long, ovate invoucral bracts few, loose, narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute, sparsely hairy, 17(13—20), with hairs 3 mm long or with scattered, 33 (30-35), glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, weakly stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 3(—4) mm long, chestnut- coloured. Flowering July to August. Alpine and subalpine meadows.—Caucasus: Eastern and South- ern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Ak-Dag in Armenia. Type in Erevan? 63. H. sobrinatum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 260; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1035. Perennial. Stem to 50 cm high, slender, at base with soft hairs to 5 mm long, glabrous above, more or less without stellate hairs. Basal leaves fewer, lanceolate, to 15 mm long, toward base more or less narrowed to winged petiole, serrate, glabrous above, along margin more or less densely setose with bristles 4 mm long, bluish-green, scatteredly hairy and light-green beneath, cauline leaves 3(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), gradually decreasing upward, narrow, with tapered base, sessile alomost entire, slightly stellate-hairy. Inflorescence openly paniculate with (3—)4-10 capitula; peduncles glabrous with scattered, tiny glands, particularly toward base of capitula sparsely tomentose. Involucres 9 mm long, ovate, involucral bracts narrow, acute, few, dark green with light-colored edges, moderately hairy, with hairs 1 mm long; scatteredly fine-glandular, along margin somewhat stellate-hairy. Stig- mas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountain slopes, at 1260 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Described from Teberda. Type unknown. 67 63 Note. Zahn considered this species an intermediate between H. simplicicaule and H. erythrocarpum to which he also referred H. niphocladum, which is distinctly different from it. 64. H. pseudosvaneticum Peter in Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. (1898) 35, pro sp.; Somm. and Lev. in Acta horti Petropol. XVI, 309; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1034.—H. svaneticum var. corymbiferum Somm. and Lev. in Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital. II (1895) 93.—H. corymbulosum Somm. and Lev. ex. Pet. |. c. 38; Acta horti Petropol. XVI (1900) 311. Perennial. Stem 45-55 cm high, fistular, sulcate, 2-4 mm in diam- eter, branched above (or from base), with sparse hairs 2-4 mm long, stellate-hairy from inflorescence to middle. Basal leaves 2-6, oblong or elliptical, short or to 20 cm long (6:1), narrowed to long petiole, short- spinescently acuminate, finely toothed or with 6-8 short, serrate, teeth (on both margins), scatteredly hairy on both sides, more or less densely along midrib and petiole beneath, light green; cauline leaves 2 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.04) (f. pseudosvaneticum Peter) or to 5, abruptly decreasing upward (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), short-petiolate or sessile (f. corymbulosum Somm. and Lev.), scatteredly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate umbellate, with 15-35 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, more or less densely glandular (glands abruptly disappearing downward), scatteredly stellate-hairy; involu- cres 8-10 mm long; involucral bracts few, subobtuse or subacute, dark, with quite narrow light-colored border, glabrous or with occasional hairs, but densely (110) glandular with glands 0.2-0.4 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs (except only at base). Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Subalpine meadows.—Caucasus: Eastern and Western Trans- caucasia. Described from Svanetia. Type in Tbilisi. Note. The specimen from Tbilisi examined by us (identified by Zahn) had abundant pollen, which is an extremely rare phenonmenon in Euhieracium in general, and in Pseudostenotheca in particular. 65. H. subsvaneticum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 259; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1035. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, often many, 2.5—4 mm in diameter, with sparse soft hairs 2.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Basal leaves 2—4 (upper leaves often withering), oblong-lanceolate, very large (to 18 cm long) (6:1), narrowed to long winged petiole, acuminate, glabrous above, scatteredly hairy beneath and along mar- gin, densely along midrib beneath, hairs 1-1.5 mm long, sparsely finely toothed, olive-green above, light green beneath; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, long-acuminate, sessile, 64 68 narrowed to winged base, with unequal small (or more or less coarse) teeth; upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, without stellate hairs. Inflo- rescence openly paniculate, with 5—10(—12) capitula; peduncles with few, hairs 1.5 mm long, with scattered, glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, quite scatteredly stellate-hairy; involucres 10-11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts broad, lanceolate, almost 2-seriate, subacute, outer narrow, short, dark with light-colored border, with sparse, 16(8—24), hairs 1-1.5 mm long or without hairs (f. kochtae Zahn); with very dense (70-80) glands 0.5—1 mm long, along margin scatteredly stellate-hairy. Florets tubular; stigmas initially yellowish-brown, later dark. Achenes 4 mm long. Flowering July to August. Subalpine meadows.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi; paratype in Leningard. Cycle 18. Erythrocarpa Juxip.—Cauline leaves 1-5, coefficient of leafiness 0.08(0.13—0.04); basal leaves 2—9 at anthesis; glands dense, 70(40-—110), on involucral bracts; base of lamina more or less truncate or abruptly narrowed in petiole. 66. A. aryslynense Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, (1922) 1045. Perennial. Stem slender, at base moderately, above somewhat more densely hairy and with stellate hairs, usually branching from base. Basal leaves (partly withering before anthesis) broadly lanceolate, narrowed to slender petiole and acuminate, subobtuse or acute, small- toothed, with occasional or few hairs (or without) above; cauline leaves 3-5, gradually decreasing, lanceolate, short-petiolate or cuneate at base, acute, serrate, upper narrow to subulate, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-15 capitula, some undevel- oped; peduncles somewhat hairy, very sparsely and _ finely glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long, broad; involu- cral bracts narrow more or less acute, dark green, with scattered hairs 1 mm long and solitary glands, at base somewhat stellate-hairy. Habit like H. vulgatum ssp. irriguum. Flowering July to August. Mountains, in alpine zone, at 2400 m.—Central Asia: Tien Shan. Endemic. Described from Aryslyn. Type unknown. Note. The description is based on Zahn’s (incomplete) diagnosis. 67. H. samurense Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 258; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1045. Perennial. Stem 20-35 cm high, slender, scattered-hairy and with stellate hairs. Basal leaves more or less numerous, elliptical or oblong- lanceolate, short-petiolate, mostly acute, finely toothed or more or less 69 65 serrulate, teeth with glandular acute tips, with scattered short and stiff hairs above, moderately hairy beneath, along margin and midrib be- neath more or less densely hairy with hairs 2—2.5 mm long, along petioles (particularly at base) more or less villous, along midrib be- neath with occasional tiny glands; cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), more or less abruptly decreasing upward, narrow- lanceolate to linear, upper leaves more or less stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3—7(—12) capitula; peduncles moder- ately hairy with short (0.5—1 mm long) hairs and also sparsely glandu- lar and grayish-pubescent. Involucres 9 mm long, cylindrical, later ovate; involucral bracts acute, moderately pubescent with sparse glands, toward base scatteredly stellate-hairy. Stigmas blackish; florets usually tubular. Flowering June to August. In subalpine zone.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Dagestan. Type unknown. 68. H. macrolepioides Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 258; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1045. Perennial. Stem 20-40 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, with occasional short hairs, sparsely stellate-hairy above, stems often many. Basal leaves 3-4, broadly lanceolate, narrowed to winged petiole acumi- nate, finely toothed, on both sides with or without occasional hairs, along midrib beneath near base moderately covered with 2.5-3 mm long hairs, light olive-green; cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), distant, lanceolate, gradually decreasing upward, like basal leaves (6:1), sessile, with tapered short base, considerably less hairy than basal leaves or almost glabrous, sparsely stellate-hairy beneath. Inflo- rescence lax (furcate) panicle with (2—)4—8(—15) capitula; peduncles slender, with or without occasional short hairs, with occasional glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly tomentose. Involucres 9—10.5 mm long; in- volucral bracts narrow, acuminate, almost 2-, 3-seriate, dark green with light green edge, with sparse, 11(5—18), hairs 1 mm long and also 15(13-17), glands 0.3 mm long, slightly stellate-hairy (at base). Stigmas darkish. Flowering June to August. Mountain forests, dry slopes and subalpine meadows, at 1100- 1950 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, Western Transcaucasia. Described from Dagestan. Type in Tbilisi. 69. H. macrolepidiforme Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21 (1912) 8 in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1039. Perennial. Stem 30-45 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with occa- sional short hairs, with occasional tiny (0.2 mm long) glands above. Basal leaves 2-9, lanceolate, to 13 mm long, narrowed to short winged 70 66 petiole, acuminate (4.5:1), finely (4—5) toothed, on both sides as also along margin with occasional, (4—9), hairs 1-1.5 mm long, moderately (10-18) hairy beneath along midrib, along margin with occasional tiny glands; cauline leaves 3—4(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.11), lanceolate, almost entire, lower leaves narrowed to short petiole, upper sessile, with tapered base, moderately hairy. Inflorescence corymbose-panicle, with 5—13 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs 1 mm long, and glands 0.2 mm long, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts acute, glabrous, with scattered, 34(23-45), glands 0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Habit like H. macrolepis Boiss., distinguished primarily by much shorter involucre. Flowering July to August. Subalpine meadows.—Caucasus: Dagestan, Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Upper Adzharia (Bodysh). Type in Tbilisi. 70. H. amphitephrodes Sosn. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 16; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1040. Perennial. Stem 15-35 cm high, covered with white hairs, densely stellate-hairy, in upper part glandular. Basal leaves oval, rotund, broadly ovate-lanceolate, with rounded base or base abruptly narrowed to short petiole, acuminate, finely-toothed or at base coarsely toothed, on both sides scatteredly pubescent, along margin and petiole more or less densely pubescent, dull green or somewhat purple; cauline leaves 1—3(-4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), broadly ovate-lanceolate, lower short-petiolate, upper considerably shorter, sessile, sparsely stellate- hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly peniculate, with 3-25 capitula; peduncles almost without hairs, densely glanduar, grayish-tomentose. Involucre 10 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, dark green, glabrous, densely glandular, along margin throughout densely stellate- hairy, at tip shaggy (involucral bracts when young, distinctly varicol- ored: due to dark outer surface and dense light-colored stellate border). Stigmas initially yellow, later dark. Flowering July to August. Alpine belt.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Sochi District (Fisht). Type unknown. 71. H. brandisianum Zahn in Magyar bot. lapok (1906) 83; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1042; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 668. Perennial. Stem to 30 cm high, basally pilose, stellate-hairy above and with occasional glands. Basal, obtuse-rounded leaves ovate or elliptical, inner ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, subacute, abruptly or gradu- ally narrowed to petiole, small-toothed or at base of lamina coarsely toothed, glabrous above and with very sparse hairs, along midrib beneath and petiole tomentose with hairs 2—4 mm long; cauline leaves dl —y 67 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), more or less small, lanceolate or linear. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-8(-12) capitula; peduncles moderately hairy and similarly glandular, somewhat stellate hairy. In- volucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts blackish-green, acute to very acute (inner bracts), with scattered hairs and glands, with stellate hairs only at base. Stigmas yellowish, later brown. Flowering July to August. Alpine meadows.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe(?) (eastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Yugoslavia (Bosnia). Type unknown. 72. H. glomerellum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. [TV (1907) 249; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1041. Perennial. Stem 20-35 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diamerer, sulcate, at base covered with hairs 2-3 mm long, stellate-hairy whole length. Basal leaves 3-4, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to winged petiole to 13 cm long (5:1) subobtuse or acute, finely-toothed toward tip, often coarsely toothed toward base and with toothed petiole, on both sides more or less moderately pubescent, densely hairy along margin and midrib beneath, hairs 1—-2.5 mm long; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lower like basal leaves, with tapered or broad base transitional to short, winged petiole; upper leaf narrow-lanceolate, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, in upper part clus- tered, crowded, below scattered, with 7—10(—15) capitula; peduncles moderately or densely covered with light-colored hairs having dark base and scatteredly glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 8—10 mm long, cylindrical ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts more or less acute, dark green, moderately or densely hairy, scatteredly glan- dular, stellate hairs only at base. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later dark, florets somewhat tubular. Flowering July to August. Oak and oak-pine montane forests with Rhododendron flavum.— Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Alagir District (Dagestan). Type unknown. 73. H. erythrocarpum Peter, Beitr. Hier. Osteur. Orient. (1898) 36; Somm. and Lev. in Acta horti Petropol. XVI, 309; Zahn in Fedde. Repert. IV, 250; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1039; in Asch. u. Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 663.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 2072, 2073. Stem 25-55 cm high, 1.5-3 mm in diameter, at base sparsely pilose (f. pilosum Zahn), with hairs 1-1.5 mm long, in upper part almost glabrous and usually without glands, but with stellate hairs. Basal leaves 3-6(-8) or 0-2 (var. £. divisiforme Litw. and Zahn), to 15 cm long (4:1), lanceolate, abruptly or gradually narrowed to petiole, finely 72 68 or coarsely acute-toothed (3-5), glabrous above or with occasional hairs, sparsely or moderately pubescent beneath with hairs 0.5-1.2 mm long, along midrib beneath and margin sparsely or densely pubescent with hairs 1-2 mm long; cauline leaves 2(—3) or 3—4(-5) (var. £. divisiforme Litw. and Zahn), broadly or narrowly lanceolate (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.06), lower like basal leaves, upper considerably smaller, sessile, pubescent like basal. Inflorescence paniculate, with fewer, 4(2—8) capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs 1 mm long, occasionally or sparsely glandular, more or less tomentose. Involucres 10-11.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts almost 3- seriate, acute, dark, without hairs or with occasional (0-8), hairs 1—1.5 mm long, with scattered, 37(22—60), glands 0.3-1(—2) mm long, with stellate hairs only at base. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later dark. Achenes 3.5—4 mm long, immature achenes red, mature brown. Flowering July to August. (Plate IX, Fig. 1.) Mixed and coniferous forests, subalpine pine forests, along glacial moraines, at 600-2640 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Degestan, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia; Central Asia: Syr-Darya (Kokamyr). Gen- eral distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Bulgaria. Type unknown. Note. The name “erythrocarpum” was given because Peter, who described the species, had a specimen with immature, (red) achenes, which later turn chestnut-brown. The species is quite variable in pubescence. 74. H. heterodontoides Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 257; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1038. Perennial. Stem 35-55 cm high, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, sulcate, at base sparsely soft-pilose (hairs to 3 mm long), above with occasional hairs and glands, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 6-7, broadly lanceolate, to 18 cm long, (3:1). Their base truncate or abruptly tapered to petiole, unevenly coarsely toothed, teeth triangularly- or narrowly lanceolate, acute, with glandular tips, on both sides with occasional (4-8) hairs 1 mm long, with few (12-14) hairs 2 mm long along midrib beneath, petioles villous with soft hairs 2-3 mm long, stramineous- yellowish-green above, lighter beneath; cauline leaves 3(—4) (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.07), considerably smaller than basal, lanceolate, lower petiolate, others sessile, with tapered base, distinctly toothed, on both sides (or only beneath) densely (20-40) hairy with short (0.5-1.5 mm long) hairs, along margin to moderately (16-18) hairy with hairs 1 mm long, densely (40-60) hairy beneath along midrib with hairs 2 mm long (four times denser than basal leaves), upper leaves also with stellate hairs. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5—8 capitula, often 73 69 undeveloped; peduncles slender, without hairs, sparsely or scatteredly glandular, glands 0.4 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 8.5-9.5 mm long, cylindrical-ovate, later truncate, involucral bracts almost 2-seriate, outer short (4 mm long), subacute, inner (8 mm long) broad, subobtuse, dark green, glabrous, moderately (40-50) glandular, glands 0.4 mm long, and at base somewhat stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Montane forests at 920 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type in Tbilisi; paratype in Leningrad. Note. A variety is found with finely toothed, elliptical-lanceolate leaves and tubular forests (var. 2. subdentatum Zahn, |. c.). 75. H. ratluense Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 323; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1060; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. iv, 267. Perennial. Stem 35-55 cm high, straight, sulcate, scatteredly but at base moderately hairy with soft hairs 2-2.5 mm long, scatteredly glandular above, basal leaves few at anthesis, more or less long- petiolate, elliptical-lanceolate, distant and finely crenate or close to base toothed more or less acute, quite large, glabrous above (or with very sparse hairs), beneath scatteredly, along margin and midrib quite densely covered by hairs 1-2 mm long; cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), scattered, gradually or abruptly reduced upward, lowest winged-petiolate, upper ones narrowed to base, sessile, semi- amplexicaul. Inflorescence paniculate, with (4—)7—16(—35) capitula, with long, obliquely divergent branches; peduncles glabrous, more or less densely glandular, grayish upward; involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate- cylindrical; involucral bracts subacute, outer ones blackish, only at base somewhat stellate-pubescent, inner ones dark green with pale margin, glabrous, densely glandular; florets more or less tubular; stigmas very dark; habit similar to H. juranum Fr., differing from it by having fewer cauline leaves. Flowering July to August. Montane pine forests.—Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Dagestan (Ratlu). Type unknown. 76. H. caloprasinum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 12 (1908) 20; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1041. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, green, at base violet, with occasional hairs, without stellate hairs. Basal leaves 4-5, oval, obtuse or ovate-lanceolate, broad, somewhat obtuse or spinescent, to 10 cm long (2.7:1), tapered more or less abruptly to petiole, serrate (teeth 5-7) with long glanduliform cusps; above glabrous, beneath with few hairs 1-1.5 mm long, along midrib and 74 70 margin scatteredly or sparsely hairy, with few tiny glands on petioles (violet); cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lower leaf short- petiolate, broadly lanceolate (3.2:1), acuminate, upper one linear, acumi- nate (14:1), both without stellate pubescence. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 6—7(10) capitula; peduncles slender, with 3—5 bracteal leaves with sparse hairs 1.5 mm long and glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10—10.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts almost 3-seriate, lanceolate, subacute, dark green, inner ones with pale border, with sparse (14) hairs 1—1.5(—2) mm long and scattered (40) glands 0.3—0.4 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent, tip barbate; stig- mas yellow, subsequently darkening; habit reminiscent of H. murorum L. s. |. Flowering July to August. Can be found in Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Endemic. Described from the former Olta District. Type in Tbilisi. 77. H. insolitum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 32; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1044. Perennial. Stem 25-40 cm high, to 2.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, with occasional hairs at base, stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 3-5, obovate or oblong, inner with long base tapered to petiole, often toothed and with teeth on petioles, glabrous above, with sparse hairs (or also glabrous) beneath, along midrib and margin with single hairs 0.5-2 mm long, along midrib barely stellate-hairy; cauline leaves 2 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.06), lower short-petiolate, lanceolate, with abruptly narrowed base, hastate, with 1-2 large, falcate teeth, upper linear. Inflorescence furcate-paniculate, with 3-10 capitula, partly undevel- oped; peduncles sparsely hairy (or glabrous), equally glandular, glands 0.2—0.3 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10-12 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts green-black, lanceolate, outer ones short, narrow, loose, others acute, very sparsely (1s and 2s) hairy with short hairs 1 mm long; with scattered (30), with glandular hairs 0.4 mm long, glands 0.4 mm long, hardly stellate-hairy; stigmas darkish; by habit and form of leaves reminiscent of H. bifidum Kit., by involucres, Pseudostenotheca. Flowering July to August. Can be found in Western Transcaucasia.—General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Endemic. Described from former Artivin District. Type in Tbilisi. 78. H. artabirense Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1922) 1038. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base reddish-violet, short-pilose, in upper part slightly glandular and sparsely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 2-5, to 10 cm long (3:1), ovate-lanceolate, 75 71 with truncate base or abruptly narrowed to winged petiole, with scattered short teeth (less often with large teeth), both sides with occasional, short (0.5—1 mm long) hairs or glabrous, along midrib beneath densely (30) hairy, hairs 1.5 mm long, stramineous-green, lighter beneath; cauline leaves (1—)2—3(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), elliptical-lanceolate, at base lamina abruptly narrowed to petiole, often with large, acute teeth. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—12(—25) capitula; peduncles without hairs or with occasional, light- colored hairs 1 mm long, with scattered glands 0.3 mm long, more or less tomentose. Involucres 9—12(—13) mm long; involucral bracts lan- ceolate, obtuse, with reddish tips, without hairs or with occasional (2), hairs 1 mm long, moderately (50) glandular with glands 0.5 mm long, at base slightly stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. In habit resembles H. diaphanoides. Flowering July to August. Montane broad-leaved and spruce forests. Can be found in West- ern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (former Olta District). Described from Greece? Type unknown. 79. H. variegatisquamum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 31; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1040. Perennial. Stem 35 cm high, slender, somewhat hairy, with stellate hairs above. Basal leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse or acuminate with abruptly or gradually tapered base, short-toothed or at base with more or less conspicuous teeth, almost glabrous and bluish- green above with occasional glands along margin, petioles and midrib beneath, lighter and violet beneath (together with petioles); cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), oblong or lanceolate (to linear). Inflorescence paniculate, with 3—8(—12) capitula; peduncles scatteredly hairy, almost without glands, grayish-tomentose. Involu- cres 9-10 mm long, ovate, involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, dark green, more or less without hairs, moderately glandular, with dense stellate hairs along margin to tip. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later turning dark. In habit resembles H. murorum L. s. |. Flowering July to August. Montane pine forests. Can be found in Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from the former Olta District. Type unknown. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. amphitephrodes Sosn. and Zahn by a lower coefficient of leafiness, oblong leaves, and in an almost complete absence of glands on the peduncles but a well-developed pubescence. 80. H. albellipes Schelk. and Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 139; Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280, 1037. 76 72 Perennial. Stem 35-60 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, at base with sparse, white hairs 2.5 mm long, stellate-hairy (to middle of stem), slightly glandular. Basal leaves 6, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, more or less abruptly narrowed to petiole (3.6:1), distinctly (S—7) acute-toothed, more or less without hairs above, with few hairs 1 mm long, beneath and along margin, beneath on midrib, hairs dense (16—26), 1.5 mm long (basal and cauline leaves equally hairy); cauline leaves 1-4 (co-effi- cient of leafiness 0.05), ovate-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to petiole, at base often deeply (1-2) toothed, acuminate, with stellate pubes- cence beneath. Inflorescence corymbose-panicle, with 3-25 capitula; peduncles without hairs or moderately hairy, with glands 0.4—0.8 mm long, white-tomentose. Involucre 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, more or less acute, greenish, without hairs, with dense 70(50—80), long and thin (up to 1.5 mm long) glands, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Subalpine and alpine meadows, at 2100-2400 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia. Type in Tbilisi. Note. In all characters it is close to H. erythrocarpoides Litw. and Zahn, from which it is distinguished only by the distinctly hairy base of the stem. 81. H. erythrocarpoides Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 249; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1037. Perennial. Stem 35-60 cm high, to 2 mm in diameter, sometimes 2, with solitary hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long and occasional glands below inflo- rescence, slightly stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 4-8, ovate or elliptical, inner leaves oblong-lanceolate, to 14 cm long (4.5:1), more or less abruptly narrowed to long petiole, spiny, finely toothed or with large, triangular, long teeth at base of lamina (var. triangulidens Zahn), more or less glabrous above, with scattered (11.14) hairs 1 mm long beneath, along midrib hairs dense (24-30), 1—-1.5(—2.5) mm long, along margin scattered (10), 0.7 mm long, with occasional tiny glands along margin, olive-green, paler beneath; cauline leaves 1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14), lanceolate, tapered to petiole, acuminate, finely serrate, more or less glabrous, upper leaf linear-lanceolate, with stellate hairs beneath. Inflorescence corymbose-panicle, with (2)5—15(—20) capitula; penducles slender, without hairs, with sparse 0.5 mm long glands, moderately stellate-hairy. Involucres 9-11 mm long, cylindrical-ovate, later trun- cate; involucral bracts 2—3-seriate, dark, outer short (4-6 mm), inner longer (10 mm), from lanceolate base tapered into somewhat obtuse tip, without hairs, but with dense (80-90) glands 0.5—0.8 mm long; outer 77 73 bracts weakly stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Achenes initially reddish- brown, later dark gray, 4 mm long. Flowering July to August. Subalpine belt, in pine and spruce forests, to 2300 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi. Note. Var. triangulidens Zahn was described from Abkhazia (Avchavchara) in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 12 (1908) 10. Section 4. Clauciformia Freyn in Velen. Fl. Bulg. (1891) 347; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 35, 970; Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 577.—In habit plants resemble those of section Glauca, but leaves are broader, covered, particularly along margin, with quite long (to 20 mm) silvery bristles, dark bluish-green; achenes whitish or yellowish; stig- mas yellow; inflorescence with glands. Note. A Balkans-Asia Minor section. The type of the section— H. stupposum Rchb., is not found in our country, but a species ap- proaching section /talica—H. olympicum Boiss., somewhat was found in southern Transcaucasia (former Kars Region). 82. H. olympicum Boiss. Diagn. I, 4 (1842) 30; FI. or. III, 875; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 970; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 587; Grossh; Fl. Kavk. IV, 273. Perennial. Stem 30-80 cm high, densely (particularly at base) cov- ered with long (8-20 mm) hairs, somewhat stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves absent at anthesis, but lower cauline leaves often crowded, forming pseudorosette; leaves 12-20 (coefficient of leafiness 0.30), lower large, to 20 cm long, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapered to petioles, acuminate, scatteredly finely toothed or hairy along margin (rarely more or less conspicuously toothed), on both sides scatteredly covered with bristles 3-6 mm long, but densely hairy along margin and midrib beneath, with white, bristles to 10 mm long; upper leaves smaller narrowly lanceolate, with very long (to 20 mm) bristles along margin; all leaves bluish-green, paler beneath, sometimes reddish-violet; leaves gradually passing into bracts. Inflorescence corymbose-panicle, with 4—8 (rarely more) capitula; peduncles gray from stellate hairs, almost without glands, but more or less densely covered with long bristles. Involucres 12—15 mm long; involucral bracts broad, obtuse (inner acute), sparsely hairy, without or with occasional, tiny glands and mostly densely stellate-hairy (cusp bearded). Stigmas yellow. Achenes pale, 3.2-4 mm long. Flowering July to September. Middle mountain zone on rocks.—Caucasus: Southern Trans- caucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Olympus. Type in Geneva. 78 74 Section 5. Foliosa Peter in Pflanzenfam. IV (1894) 384; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280 (1921) 36, (1922) 935; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 526.—In habit plants resemble broad-leaved H. umbellatum, but in all parts entirely (or almost) without stellate hairs; leaves dark bluish- green, along margin more or less setaceous, with reticulate venation beneath, middle and upper leaves slightly amplexicaul. Plants of steppe provinces. 1. Plants without stellate hairs in all parts; leaves bluish-green, with conspicuous reticulate venation beneath............ 83. H. virosum Pall. + At least peduncles scatteredly stellate-hairy; leaves weakly bluish- green, with inconspicuous reticulate venation beneath, sometimes slightly arachnoid-tomentOSE.............ccseseeesereeeees 84. H. robustum Fr. 83. H. virosum Pall. Reise. I (1771) 501; Ldb. FI. alt. IV, 136; FI. Ross. II, 856; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 226; Fr. Symb. 194; Epicr. 125; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dahur. II, 174; Schmalh. Fl. II, 161; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1106; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 272; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 935; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 526; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3062, nec Arv.-Touv. (1876), nec Gren. and Godr. (1850).—H. sabaudum Pall. Reise, II (1773) 297, III (1776) 314; M.B. FI. taur.-cauc. II, No. 1614.—H. prostratum Ldb. FI. Ross. II (1844) 856.—H. foliosum W. and K. Pl. rar. Hung. II (1802) No. 155, t. 145; M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III, 575; Fl. Epicr. 126; Boiss. FI. or. III, 878.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. XIX, 85, t. 175.—Exs.: Fries, Herb. norm. fasc. XII, No. 10; GRF Nos. 1333, 2096, 2097, 2249, 2250; Callier, Iter. Taur. tert. No. 669 (1900). Perennial. Rhizome short, densely covered with thick fibers; stem 30-120 cm high, erect, thick (2-8 mm in diameter), usually violet below and more or less densely covered with remote, stiff hairs 1.5-3 mm long, in upper parts glabrous or whole stem smooth, copiously produc- ing latex. Basal and often lower cauline leaves absent at anthesis; cauline leaves numerous, 20-110, more or less equidistant entire length of stem up to tip (coefficient of leafiness to quite high—0.40—1.30), ovate (var. latifolium Trautv.) to lanceolate (var. oblongifolium Froel.), to 14 cm long, from very broad (2:1) to oblong (5:1), sessile, with broadly cordate base, amplexicaul (at least in middle and upper leaves), entire or somewhat sinuate-toothed, sometimes undulate (var. undulatifolium Trautv.), hairy on both sides or also along margin beneath or only along margin (hairs up to 2.5 mm long), less often entirely glabrous, dark bluish-green, paler beneath and with clear re- ticulate venation. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose-panicle, with 6-150 capitula; peduncles thick above, glabrous. Involucres 8-10 mm 75 Plate V. H. caucasiense Arv.-Touv. Wy 81 76 long; involucral bracts appresed, linear, obtuse, glabrous, light green to blackish-green (var. nigritum Rupr.). Florets yellow; stigmas yellow or (rarely) somewhat brownish. Achenes 3—4 mm long, dark brown. Flowering July to September (October). (Plate XI, Fig. 1.) Steppes, steppe-meadows, steppe-forests zones, thin oak forests, meadow and rocky mountain slopes.—In all chernozem-steppe dis- tricts: European part, Caucasus, Eastern and Western Siberia and Cen- tral Asia; Far East: Zeya-Bureya, Uda region, Ussuri. General distri- bution: Central Europe (eastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia-Kurdistan, Iran, Indo-Himalayas, Dzhungaria-Kashgaria, Mongolia, Japan, China (western part). Described from lower reaches of Volga and Yaik rivers (D. Litvinow in schedis). Type in Leningrad? 84. H. robustum Fr. Symb. (1848) 193; Epicr. 127; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1106; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 938; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, III, 527; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 273, nec Martr. (1867).—H. largum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 127.—H. latifolium Ldb. FI. Ross. II (1844-1846) 854.—H. pallonianum Zahn in Sched. GRF No. 1826; in Pflzr. (1. c.).—Exs.: GRF No. 1826; Zahn. Hier. Europ. Nos. 938, 939; Dorfler, Herb. norm. No. 4349 (sub H. virosum Pall.). Perennial. Stem (40—)70-150 cm high, thick, tough, often with stiff hairs, stellate hairs in inflorescence, without glands. Basal leaves ab- sent at anthesis; cauline leaves numerous, 25-85 (coefficient of leafiness 0.35—0.80), dark bluish-green, with inconspicuous reticulate venation beneath, ovate to lanceolate, sessile, with ovate uniformly broad or somewhat narrowed base often toothed, more or less glabrous or with occasional hairs along margin, upper leaves more or less stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence umbellate or umbellate panicle, with 4-50 ca- pitula; peduncles thick above, without hairs and glands but more or less conspicuously stellate-hairy. Involucres 9-11 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse, green, outer slightly divergent, with- out hairs and glands (sometimes with occasional glands), but stellate- hairy at base. Florets golden yellow; stigmas yellow. Achenes dark brown. Flowering July to August. Steppe regions, on sunny slopes, in scrubs apparently wherever H. virosum grows.—European Part: Volga-Kama, Middle Dnieper, Volga-Don, Black Sea Region, Lower Don, Lower Volga; Caucasus: All districts; Western Siberia: All districts; Eastern Siberia: Angara- Sayans, Dauria, Lena-Kolyma; Far East: Zeya-Bureya, Ussuri; Soviet Central Asia: All districts. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part); Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia-Kurdistan, Iran, Indo- Himalayas, Dzhungaria-Kashgaria, Japan, China (western part). Described from Kursk Region. Type in Uppsala? 82 W Note. According to Zahn, it is an intermediate species between H. virosum and H. umbellatum (hybrid?). Besides, an intermediate form between H. robustum and H. umbellatum has been found in Siberia, which Zahn called var. subpallonianum Zahn. H. largum Fr., H. pallonianum Zahn, and H. turanicum Zahn are also included here as subspecies. Section 6. Sabauda Fr. Epicr. (1862) 117; Peter in Pflanzenfam. IV, 5, 384; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 36, (1922) 942; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 529.—Plants robust, (30—)50—120 cm tall, thick and sturdy, stem woody at base, often colored and covered with stiff hairs. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves numerous, 10- 15 (coefficient of leafiness 0.30—0.80), evenly distributed, lower with tapered base, others sessile, lanceolate, without reticulate venation, often with tiny glands along margin. Inflorescence openly paniculate, often occupying to 1/3 of stem, with 3-30 capitula, partly undevel- oped; peduncles more or less stellate-hairy. Involucral bracts appressed (without recurved cusps), imbricate, all obtuse, mostly dark, weakly hairy and glandular, or only glandular, or more or less glabrous. Stigmas dark (very rarely yellow); ligulate florets without cilia. Achenes dark brown to black, 3.5 mm long, margin of receptacular alveoli long fimbriate-toothed. Late flowering plants. Note. The members of section Sabaude are distributed mainly in Central Europe and partly in the Atlantic Europe, Mediterranean, and Balkans-Asia Minor regions. (They are absent in the extreme northern and southern parts; in most parts of England, Sardinia, Sicily, Greece, Scandinavia and the eastern half of the European Part of the Soviet Union.) In the USSR they are comparatively rare and are found only in the western and southern regions: Ladoga-Ilmen (southern part), Baltic region (southern part), Upper Dnieper, Middle Dnieper, Bessarabia, Black Sea Region (?), Crimea, Caucasus. The type species of the section, H. sabaudum L. (synonym H. boreale Fr. p. p., H. rigidum Hartm., H. autumnole Gris.), does not grow in our country, and the plants reported in the literature under this name belong to other species of this section. Similarly, references to the occurence of this species in the eastern regions of the European Part of the Soviet Union are based on incorrect identifications; often H. virosum or broad-leaved forms of H. umbellatum are mistaken for H. sabaudum s. 1. 1. Involucres and peduncles with (long) hairs and glands leaf margin With tity sland selene eke. SR 85. H. scabiosum Sudre 83 78 + Involucres and peduncles with glands only (often very small), without hairs (or with solitary hairs) or eglandular and glabrous, leaf margin more or less without timy glands...............eeesseeeeeeeeeenees 2. 2. -;\ Stismas yelloworntwe ai kedes: Ae belles les ibaa aire 3. +) laStigmasidarky.iky. dhe. 2.¢ Scmeesslervomenks men xe, Wik canes eile valle Delle 3). 3. Involucral bracts eglandular................ cece 86. H. praticola Sudre ‘. }oInvolucral\bractsiwith glands#see) aes eters, Sele ae te, 4. A Amelseaves!veny broad (231) 43:78) ee eee 87. H. auratum Fr. + Leaves narrower (4:1).........cccssseeeeeseeees 92. H. vasconicum (Jord.) Zahn 5.io Involucralbractsiéclandulartitees. st A ee ol eee 6. + Involucral bracts more or less with dense glands................:ceceseecees ih 6. Middle cauline leaves narrowed toward base to petiole................... wil. drstudinerts vlna, JOR ODE 08. 88. H. sublactucaceum Zahn + Middle caulline leaves with rounded base............ 89. H. vagum Jord. TAvebeahinareim entitenwenin!. frets BAaty 90. H. virgultorum Jord. + Leaves conspicuously (to coarsely) toothed...............:ceeseeeesseeesneeeees Abi lag heed Cuse Sheth cab ety, AL atl de 91. H. lugdunense Rouy. Subsection 1. Autumnalia Juxip (Grex H. autumnale Z. in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, HI (1938) 532.—Grex H. sabaudum Z., in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1922) 944.—Involucral bracts and peduncles with long hairs and glands; stem at base or to tip covered with stiff hairs; leaf margin with scattered or sparse glands; stigmas dark. Cycle 1. Obliqua Juxip.—Glands on involucres and often also peduncles exceeding number of hairs, or hairs very few; stem entirely hairy (often with stiff hairs); middle cauline leaves with more or less tapered base and entire or slightly toothed margin. 85. H. scabiosum Sudre in Bull. Assoc. pyren, (1899) 250; Hier. du Centre de la France, t. III, 19; Zahn, Hier. Schweiz, 529; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 947; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 539.— Ic.: van Soest in Nederl. Kruidkund. Archief, IV (1929) 140 (210), fig. 55.—Exs.: Petrak, Fl. bohem. et morav. exs. No. 1198. Perennial. Stem 50-120 cm high, very densely covered with stiff hairs in lower half, less densely above. Cauline leaves 30-50 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.50), dark green above, lighter or violet beneath, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, lower often very large, more or less gla- brous above (except lowermost), quite densely stiff-hairy beneath, middle with somewhat tapered base, upper with ovate-rounded base, almost all leaves with entire or slightly (spinescently) toothed margin. Inflorescence umbellate panicle, compact, usually with few capitula 84 79 (-10); peduncles with many bracteal leaves, very sparsely covered with hairs to 2 mm long and occasional or scattered glands. Involucres 10-13 mm long, blackish; involucral bracts obtuse, very sparsely or scatteredly (less often moderately) hairy and with single or few glands, scarcely or more or less conspicuously stellate-hairy. Flowering September to October. Edges of large forests, on rocky foothill slopes.—European Part: Upper Dniester, Baltic Region (south); Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia (Batumi). General distribution: Central Europe, Medi- terranean, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from France. Type unknown. Subsection 2. Borealia Juxip.—(Grex H. boreale Fr.) Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280 (1922) 948; in Asch. and Graebn., Synopsis, XII, III, 532.— Involucres only with short glands, without hairs, or with very sparse, short hairs, or entirely without glands and hairs; peduncles almost always glabrous and eglandular; stem more or less with stiff or soft hairs only in lower part, almost glabrous above; leaf margin usually eglandular; stigmas dark, rarely yellow. Cycle 2. Aurata Juxip.—Involucral bracts glabrous; stigmas yellow. 86. H. praticola Sudre, Hier. du Centre de la France, t. III (1902) 30; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 955; in Asch and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, Ill, 562. Perennial. Stem 50-100 cm high, in lower third more or less hairy. Cauline leaves 25—45 (coefficient of leafiness 0.50), oblong or broadly lanceolate (lowermost large), gradually decreasing upward, acuminate, finely or prominently serrate, upper ovate-lanceolate, with more or less cordate or ovate base, plicate or twisted at tip; all leaves more or less glabrous or slightly hairy and with stellate hairs only along margin and midrib beneath. Inflorescence quite open, umbellate panicle, with 4— 10(—38) capitula; peduncles long. Involucres (9—)10-11.5 mm long; involucral bracts green or blackish, obtuse, more or less eglandular and glabrous (rarely occasional hairs at base later), and without stellate hairs; stigmas yellow; resembling H. vagum Jord. in general habit. Flowering September to October. Edges of deciduous forests, on foothill slopes.—Caucasus: West- ern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Cental Europe, Mediterra- nean, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from France. Type unknown. 87. H. auratum Fr. Symb. (1848) 181; Epicr. 124; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 955; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 562; non Godr. (1857), 85 80 nec’ Lange (1880), nec Lint. (1905).—H. quercetorum Jord. in Bot. 3, II (1857) 386.—Ic.: van Soest in Nederl. Kruidkund. Archief, II (1926), fig. 48. Perennial. Stem 60-120 cm high, in lower part somewhat hispid, stellate-hairy above. Cauline leaves numerous, 20-33 (coefficient of leafiness 0.30), lower oblong-lanceolate, with somewhat tapered base, middle broad (1.5-3:1), lanceolate to oval, somewhat tapered to base or sessile with rounded or more or less cordate base, with short and acute teeth, with prominent veins beneath, more or less stellate-hairy, dark green, often violet beneath. Inflorescence umbellate panicle, with 10-20 capitula; peduncles almost tomentose, without or with quite scattered hairs and glands. Involucres 8—11 mm long; involucral bracts obtuse, blackish, without simple and stellate hairs, with sparse 20(13-26), glands 0.2-0.4 mm long, Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering September to October. Edges of deciduous forests, along slopes of foothills —European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Uppsala (from cultivated specimen). Type unknown. Cycle 3. Vaga Juxip.—Stigmas dark; involucral bracts eglandular. 88. H. sublactucaceum Zahn in Koch, Synopsis, 3, II (1901) 1917; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 954; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 557.— H. boreale B. lactucaceum Griseb. Comm. (1852) 54, p. p.—Ic.: Zahn in Pflzr. fig. 67.—Exs.: Petrak. Fl. bohem. et morav. exs. No. 1199. Perennial. Stem 50-120 mm high, at base more or less densely hairy. Cauline leaves 30-40 (coefficient of leafiness 0.40), large, lower (and partly middle) broadly (to narrowly) lanceolate, more or less long- petiolate, acute (middle leaves often crowded); all leaves with small or 2-4 large teeth; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, with slightly tapered base, all leaves light green, lustrous above, pale or colored beneath. Inflorescence paniculate. Involucres 9—10(—-12) mm long; in- volucral bracts subobtuse, dark green, eglandular or glabrous. Stigmas dark. Flowering September to October. Edges of oak and chestnut forests.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Central Europe (Grisebach). Type unknown. Note. This description is based on the incomplete and unsatisfac- tory diagnosis; perhaps we should describe our Caucasian species as an altogether separate species, considering its geographic isolation. 8 CO 81 89. H. vagum Jord. Cat. Gren. (1849) 21; Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, ed. 3, II, 388; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 953; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 552.—H. nemorosum Dierb. Fl. Heidelb. II (1820). 252.—Ic.: Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2 (1929) 1340, fig. 946. Perennial. Stem 30-100 cm high, at base more or less (sometimes densely and stiffly) hairy, almost glabrous above. Cauline leaves nu- merous, 10-50 (coefficient of leafiness 0.30—0.50), evenly distributed (or in middle crowded), lower to 20 cm long, broadly lanceolate, with somewhat tapered base, middle elliptical-lanceolate, with rounded base, sessile, acuminate, upper ovate, small small; all leaves mostly slightly, irregularly and finely (less often conspicuously) toothed, more or less glabrous above, dark green, lustrous, usually stiff (shade leaves soft, delicate), along margin and beneath near base more densely hairy. Inflorescence paniculately umbellate, with long branches, 3-30 (and more) capitula; peduncles somewhat thickened upward, with apical leaves transitional to outer, lax involucral bracts. Involucres 9—12 (—13) mm long; involucral bracts dark green to black, eglandular (or only with scattered glands), without simple hairs and stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering September to October. Edges of deciduous forests, scrubs, rocky slopes of foothills, subalpine meadows.-—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (south), Baltic Region, Upper Dniester, Bessarabia, Crimea; Caucsus: Eastern and Western Transcaucasia, Talysh. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean, Balkans-Asia Minor (northern part). Described from France. Type in Lyons. Note. It is the most widespread species of this section. Cycle 4. Virgultora Juxip.—Stigma dark; involucral bracts with glands. 90. H. virgultorum Jord. Cat. Dijon (1848) 27; Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, ed. 3, II, 385; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 949; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 545.—H. silvestre Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.-Bl. 70, p. p.—Ic.: Pflzr. IV, 280, p. 980, fig. 67.— Exs.: GRF Nos. 725, 2242; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 146, 6641. Perennial. Stem 60-120 cm high, soft-pubescent below (hairs 2-4 mm long), more or less glabrous above. Cauline leaves 25-50 (coefficient of leafiness 0.40), lower broadly ovate-lanceolate, nar- rowed to both ends (lowest elliptical-lanceolate to obovate, usually withering before anthesis), middle broadly ovate, sessile with rounded base, upper oval, acuminate, all leaves more or less entire or slightly denticulate, dark green, more or less glabrous above, scatteredly soft- hairy beneath (along midrib and margin). Inflorescence paniculately 82 umbellate, with 3-30 capitula; penducles stellate-hairy, almost always without hairs and glands (sometimes with occasional hairs and glands). Involucres (9—)10—11 mm long; invoucral bracts very broad, obtuse, dark green or blackish almost exclusively with scattered (f. puhringii m.), moderate (f. schmalhausenii m.) or dense (f. zinserlingii m.) tiny glands, less often with single hairs and glands. Stigmas dark. Flowering September to October. (Plate XII, Fig. 1.) Edges of forest, mostly deciduous forests, scrubs rocky mountain, slopes.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (south), Baltic Region (south), Upper Dniester, Upper Dnieper, Bessarabia, Crimea; Caucasus: West- ern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterra- nean, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from France. Type in Lyons. 91. H. lugdunense Rouy, FI. France, IX (1905) 388 sub dH. virgultorum; Zahn in Fl. Pflzr. IV, 280, 948; in Asch and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 542.—H. eminens Sudre, Hier. du Centre de la France, t. V (1902) 25.—H. eminulum Sudre, in Bull. Ac. geogr. bot. GUSTS )os le Perennial. Plant robust; stem thick, glabrous above. Cauline leaves numerous, evenly distributed, lower large, elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, tapered toward both ends, middle to broadly ovate-lanceolate (2:1), sessile, with rounded base, upper oval, short-acuminate; all leaves distinctly serrate. Inflorescence paniculate, with long, small-leaved branches; peduncles without hairs and glands (or with sparse tiny glands), with many bracteal leaves transitional to involucral bracts. Involucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts obtuse, slightly stellate- hairy, densely glandular, without simple hairs (or with occasional hairs). Stigmas dark; florets sometimes tubular. Flowering September to October. Edges of deciduous forests.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Lvov). General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean, Balkans- Asia Minor (Balkans). Described from France. Type in Paris. Subsection 3. Laurina Juxip.—H. laurinum Arv.-Touv. Add. a Mon. (1879) 18; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 926; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 510.—Resembling H. umbellatum in general habit but with glandular involucral bracts, usually without hairs; leaves sessile with more or less broad base; stigmas dark. Cycle 5. Vasconica Juxip.—Subgrex H. vasconicum (Jord.) Zahn in Engl. Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1922) 926.—Cauiine leaves 25—40. 87 83 92. H. vasconicum (Jord. ined.) Zahn, Hier. Alp. mar. (1916) 337; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 926; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 511.—Ic.: van Soest in Nederl. Kruidkund. Archief, IV (1929), fig. 56. Perennial. Stem (30—)50—90 cm high, at base colored and somewhat hairy, glabrous above. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves (25—)30—40 (coefficient of leafiness 0.50), oblong- or ovate- lanceolate, tapered toward base (4:1), sessile, gradually or abruptly reduced upward, irregularly finely serrate, acuminate, glabrous (or to moderately hairy) above, sparsely to densely hairy beneath (often only along midrib), upper leaves without simple hairs, stellate-hairy, light green (or colored beneath). Inflorescence paniculately umbellate, with 10-20 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles slender, (almost) with- out hairs, but often with occasional or few tiny glands, grayish-tomen- tose. Involucres 9-11(—12) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts obtuse, green outer loose, without hairs, with moderate to dense (50-80), tiny glands, 0.1-0.3 mm long (almost) without stellate hairs. Stigma yellow. Flowering August to September. European Part: Crimea. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean, Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from southern France. Type in Lyons. Section 7. Umbellata Fr. Epicr. (1862) 132 p. p.; Peter in Pflanzenfam. IV, 375; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 35, (1922) 907; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 491.—Foliosa Lbg. in Hartm. Handb. 11 (1879) 57.—Inflorescence umbellate or paniculate; involucral bracts more or less regularly imbricate, multiseriate, outer remote or recurved, obtuse; leaves numerous, usually evenly distributed, uniform in shape, sessile, more or less without or with tapered base; achenes brownish- black; leaves and peduncles arachnoid or tomentose. Note. By restricting ourselves to the descriptions of only the three phylogenetic series below, we are not implying by any means that the members of this section represent a homogenous group. This is con- tradicted by both the morphological differences among them and the wide range (circumboreal). However, a detailed treatment of the exten- sive material collected thus far would have delayed completion of our work for years. Hence, we had to refrain from such a study and confine ourselves to only a general review. The direction for future research has been set forth by us in the form of a work plan, published in our paper “On the systematics of the aggregate species H. umbellatum L.” (Yubil. Sb. Obshch. Estestvoisp. pri AN ESSR, 1953, 187). 88 84 KEY TO SUBSECTIONS AND CYCLES OF SECTION UMBELLATA I: Plants (stem, leaves) conspicuously or densely hairy (mainly in lower half), usually with high coefficient of leafiness and xeromorphic charactefS.............:.00000+ Subsection 1. Hirsuta Juxip...2. Plants almost glabrous, i.e., without conspicuous, more or less long hairs, but with broken hairs, making plants more or less scabrous tovtouchi(shade Specimens’ glabrous) 2.420 VA ee eee HO) CISA 9G. WALER. Subsection 2. Eu-umbellata (Zahn) Juxip...4. Stem more or less conspicuously leafy (coefficient of leafiness 0.25— O40) AO SRG ke ton ae, Cycle 1. Eu-hirsuta Juxip...4. Stem densely to very densely leafy (coefficient of leafiness 0.65— OOO) AES. ARNE SCA a) Benoa Bi PaO 200 eee 3 Peduncles and involucral bracts without hairs and gland.................... Era cuchlse ds iB Rive ade A OE TE, EAE Cycle 2. Hirsutissima Juxip Peduncles and involucral bracts densely covered with erect, stiff bristles; involucral bracts also with tiny glands................. RIS. 2. AUR, LEA Cycle 3. Eurobaltica (Zahn) Juxip Stemdenselyionvery densely leafy..2:4e-2o ee 2. eee 5. Stem more or less conspicuously leafy (coefficient of leafiness 0.25— 0.40); plantstalll cit. htehlt. so. eee Cycle 4. Extensifoliata Juxip Stem densely leafy (coefficient of leafiness 0.40-0.75); H. umbellata by piascttls, jot denhetaes eater eee Cycle 5. Densifoliata Juxip Stem very densely leafy (coefficient of leafiness 0.75—0.90 CUIQ0)) RR. cURL 0 A Ey, eh Cycle 6. Dunales Juxip * OK OK Peduncles and involucral bracts densely covered with stiff hairs....... Bigisansvnessnsd eee eg 93. H. gynaeconesaeum Juxip Peduncles and involucral bracts without hairs and gland................... 2: Stem and leaves densely hairy............. 94. H. subhirsutissimum Juxip Stem and leaves without hairs (or only scabrous from broken haifs)... 2AOMNS, 22208 ALS. LEO OR EOneE o 95. H. umbellatum L. Subsection 1. Hirsuta Juxip.—Plants (stem and leaves) clearly or even densely hairy (lanate); usually with high coefficient of leafiness and xeromorphic characters. Cycle 1. Eurobaltica Juxip— Grex H. eurobalticum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1922) 915; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 504.—Ic.: van Soest in Nederl. Kruidkund. Archief, II (1926), fig. 45.—Peduncles and involucral bracts densely covered with stiff hairs; involucral bracts also with tiny glands. 89 85 93. H. gynaeconesaeum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 470. Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, sturdy, 3 mm in diameter, to top, particularly in lower third densely covered with hairs to 5 mm long. Cauline leaves 40-50 (average coefficient of leafiness 0.80); leaves to narrowly lanceolate (9:1), lower with 1-3 small teeth, conspicuously hairy beneath along margin and midrib, upper with entire margin, without hairs. Inflorescence unbellate, with 13-20 capitula; peduncles densely covered with stiff, remote, spiny (1.5 mm long) hairs, tomentose. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts with quite dense, short (0.5 mm long) hairs and moderate glands 0.1 mm long, without stellate hairs. Flowering August to September. Along dunes.—European Part: Baltic Region (Naissar (Nargen) near Tallin). Endemic. Described from vicinity of Tallin. Type in Tartu. Note. The species belonging to the series Eurobaltica represent a dune element and are distributed along the seacoast from Holland to Sweden. H. gynaeconesaeum Juxip represents perhaps the extreme northeastern point of distribution of species of this series, although Zahn indicates that their range extends to Siberia (along the shores of the Arctic Ocean). However, we could not find them in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. This species is distinguished from all the species of section Umbellata known to us by having peduncles that are densely covered with spiny hairs. Cycle 2. Hirsutissima Juxip.—Peduncles and involucral bracts glabrous and eglandular, but stem and leaves densely pubescent. 94. H. subhirsutissimum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 470. Perennial. Stem 25-70 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, densely hairy to inflorescence, with hairs 5 mm long at base, 2 mm long above, and densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves withering before anthesis like lower cauline leaves; cauline leaves 16-58 (coefficient of leafiness 0.64—0.84), to 10 cm long, narrowly lanceolate to linear (8—11:1) more or less entire, acute, densely covered with hairs 1-1.5 mm long (upper leaves more sparsely pubescent). Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 2—16 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles without hairs and glands, tomentose, with bracteal leaves. Involucres 9-11 mm long; involucral bracts obtuse, dark green, glabrous and eglandular. Flower- ing August. Open pine forests, on stony (calcareous) or sandy soil.—Euro- pean Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Saarema (Oesel). Type in Tartu. 90 86 Note. This species differs from all species of section Umbellata known to us by the very dense hairs on the whole plant, excluding the peduncles and involucral bracts. It is a rare plant. Subsection 2. Eu-umbellata Juxip.—Grex H. euumbellatum Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280 (1922) 910; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 493.— Plants more or less glabrous, i.e., without conspicuous more or less long hairs, but with short spines, making plants scabrous; shade speci- mens glabrous and smooth. Cycle 3. Umbellata Juxip.—Inflorescence (peduncles and involu- cral bracts) without hairs and glands or very rarely with occasional simple hairs or glands. 95. H. umbellatum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 804, (1763) 1131; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 224; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 855; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dahur. II, 173; Boiss. Fl. or. III, 856; Schmalh. Fl. II, 161;. Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1104; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 907; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 492; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 272; Krylov, FI. Zap. Sib. XI, 3060.—H. elisabethae Kem.-Nat. Zam. po Sist. i Geogr. Rast. Akad. Nauk GruzSSR, 17 (1953) 128; Fl. Gruzii, VIII, 731.— H. kluchoricum Kem.-Nat. |. c., 129; Fl. Gruzii, VIII, 732.—H. turfosum Kem.-Nat. |. c. 130; Fl. Gruzii, VII, 731.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 367.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 625, 1297, 1841-1844; 2093-2095, 2244a, b, 2245-2248. Perennial. Rhizome shortened, nodular; stem 10—100(—170) cm high (sometimes with several stems from single rhizome), solid, at base woody, erect or flexuous, 1—6.5 mm in diameter, at base often reddish-violet, usually glabrous but scabrous from small spines, very rarely more or less conspicuously hairy, always eglandular, but with stellate hairs, particularly dense in upper part of stem. Basal leaves withering before anthesis just like lowermost cauline leaves (only in subspecies H. arctophilum Fr. all leaves persistent at anthesis); cauline leaves very numerous, from 10 to 100 (coefficient of leafiness 0.25 to 1.60), almost identical in shape, gradually reduced upward and transi- tional to bracteal leaves, lanceolate to narrowly linear (from 3:1 to 120:1), sessile, with tapered, cuneate or slightly rounded base, not amplexicaul; less often leaves short and broad, short-acuminate (latter mainly in specimens damaged at early stage), more or less entire or finely or coarsely toothed (1-5 teeth on each side), stiff, involute (in shade specimens leaves soft, with flat margins), with short spiny hairs (0.1-0.2 mm long) along margin and veins beneath and moderately or more or less densely, arachnoidly stellate-hairy, dark green and usually 91 87 without hairs above, but with rare arachnoid pubescence (less often absolutely glabrous). Inflorescence umbellate (at least at tip), but in lower part often paniculately corymbose (more or less long peduncles arising from axils of upper leaves), with 1-140 (or more) capitula, of which usually part more or less undeveloped; bracteal leaves linear, gradually transitional to involucral bracts; peduncles slender, stellate- hairy, almost always without hairs and glands. Involucres (8—)9-11 (—12) mm long, ovate, with truncate base; involucral bracts dark, less often light green (blackish after drying) or deep black (H. arctophilum Fr.), mostly obtuse, outer bracts divergent, with recurved tips (very distinct in live specimens), without simple hairs, glands and stellate hairs, less often with sparse stellate hairs at base of leaves or con- spicuously stellate-hairy (subvar. asterophorum Zahn), quite rarely with occasional hairs and glands (forms of dunes and other habitats); edges of receptacular alveoli ciliate. Florets golden-yellow; teeth of ligules without cilia; stigmas usually yellow, later turning dark, less often dark or black. Achenes black, 3 mm long. Flowering (July) August to September (October). Coastal dunes, pine forests, sands, heaths, open deciduous forests, coastal willow groves, dry valley-, floodplain-, less often steppe-mead- ows, rocky slopes and screes, old and fallow fields, in mountains to 1000-1500 m (in southern regions, for example, in Transcaucasia, to 2600 m).—European Part: All districts (in the Arctic only along south- ern border) except Crimea (?); Caucasus: All districts; Eastern and Western Siberia: All districts; Far East: All districts; Soviet Central Asia: Excluding Kyzyl-Kum, Kara-Kum, mountainous Turkmenia, Amu- Darya, Syr-Darya districts. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe, Mediterranean (except southern Spain and Sicily), Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia-Kurdistan, Iran, Indo-Himalayas, Dzhungaria-Kashgaria, Mongolia, Japan, China, Bering Region, North America. Described from Sweden. Note. It is a highly polymorphic species, distinguished mainly by the coefficient of leafiness, width and shape of the leaves and pubes- cence. According to Zahn’s hypothesis, H. laevigatum, H. vulgatum, H. diaphanoides, H. nurorum, on one hand, and H. caesium, H. bifidum, on the other have originated from H. umbellatum L., one of the most ancient species, by adaptation of the achenes to earlier maturation. As a widespread (circumboreal) aggregate species, it makes an excellent object for the study of relationships between the morphological struc- ture and the corresponding plant community (Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II (1938) 493). 92 88 Economic Importance. In the Caucasus it is used for dying wool and silk (Grossh., Rast. Rass. Kavk. (1946) 360). The same (for wool) is also true for the Baltic Region (Wiedeman and Weber, Beschreib. d. phaner. Gew. Esth-, Liv- u. Curlands (1852) 463). Section 8. Tridentata Fr. Epicr. (1862) 113; Peter in Pflanzenfam. IV, 5, 375; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 36, 856; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 419.—Rigida Lintt. Brit. Hier. (1905) 76.—Involu- cral bracts irregularly imbricate (as in section Vulgata), appressed, in part acute, almost always weakly hairy and glandular (like peduncles); cauline leaves quite numerous, uniformly distributed over entire stem (rarely longer than internode), distinctly reduced upward, lower peti- olate, middle and upper sessile, with or without tapering base, never amplexicaul; inflorescence paniculate; achenes dark. Note. The members of this section connect the sections Umbellata and Vulgata through a continuous transitions from the one to the other, as a result of which the identification of the closely related species often becomes difficult. The species belonging to this section are mainly distributed in the northern and northwestern districts of the USSR, and also in the Caucasus, but in other districts of our country they are rare or alto- gether absent in large areas. It is also interesting that some members of the section Tridentata apparently have adapted to the conditions of the extreme north better than H. umbellatum and have become, for example, in the Murmansk Region, fairly widespread species, whereas H. umbellatum is found there very rarely and only in the southern part. 1. Coefficient of leafiness very high for section (0.55—0.30), i.e., plants with relatively large number of cauline leaves and in this (as well as in habit) close to section Umibellata........cccsscscsersesene 2s + Coefficient of leafiness typical for the section (0.26—0.10)........... 10. 2. Involucral bracts conspicuously (and at base densely) stellate- hairy, conspicuously covered with stiff dark hairs, glandular; coefficient of leafiness high (0.50)...........:c:sssccssessessessenseenecneeeteeeees walls adivabensecn, «th tareses deeeard ete. sees, 96. H. goriense Kozl. and Zahn + Involucral bracts without stellate hairs (or with quite sparse hairs); coefficient of leafiness 0.40.—0.30.........:sssscsssssesescesssecsessneneteeeeeeseneees 3 350 ¢Stiomas VeMOW...2nieectn tateeee en soem 97. H. acrifolium Dahist. 4. | Stigmas) Garke. .». Perennial. Stem 25-60 cm high, slender, more or less glabrous, with tiny glands above, stellate-hairy throughout. Basal leaves 2-8, outer rounded or broad-elliptical, inner broadly or narrowly ovate-lanceolate or somewhat rhomboid, with truncate or abruptly narrowed base, mostly acute, with triangular teeth (2—4) in lower half, finely toothed (teeth partly narrow and acute, partly broad and somewhat obtuse, straight or curved) in upper half, pale gray more or less sparsely to scatteredly pubescent beneath (almost glabrous above), midrib very prominent; cauline leaves 1—2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), ovate-lanceolate, narrow. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate (open), of 2—4(-6) capitula, branches erect, long; peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs), sparsely glandular, with scattered stellate pubescence. Involu- cres 12-14 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, linear, somewhat obtuse to subulate, blackish-green, glabrous or with occasional gray hairs, 1198 184 densely, 83(60—100), glandular (partly with large 0.5 mm-long and partly with small, 0.2 mm-long, yellow glands), more or less without stellate hairs. Ligule teeth ciliate; stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July to August. Birch and coniferous forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Scandinavia. Type in Stockholm? Note. Our plant, collected on the Kola Peninsula, was identified by Elfstrand as var. floccosius Elfstr. (Sv. Bot. Tidskr. VIII, 2, 215). 222. H. ussense Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 112; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 686.—H. hyparcticum Elfstr. in Sv. Bot. Tidskr. VII, 2 (1914) 217; nec Almqu.—H. sukaczewii Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 686; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3053. Perennial. Stem 25-55 cm high, 1—3 mm in diameter, covered with scattered, soft, white hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, more or less glabrous above, with occasional glands and denser stellate hairs. Basal leaves to 4, outer small, oval, others elliptical, oblong, and oblong-lanceolate, to 16 cm long (4.5:1), oblong or acuminate, spinescent, more or less abruptly or gradually narrowed to petiole, more or less entire or scatteredly denticulate, sometimes with 1-2 larger teeth near base of lamina, light green, pale or colored beneath, sparsely short-pubescent (hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long) on both sides, as a whole to scattered-pubes- cent, along petiole somewhat hairy with soft white hairs, with rare tiny glands; cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), remote, lan- ceolate or linear, acute, more or less entire or with 3 small teeth, upper leaf stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence quite openly (remotely) pan- iculate, of (1—)3—8(—12) capitula; penduncles without simple hairs, with sparse to scattered glands 0.5 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 10-11 mm long, cylindrical, later truncate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, more or less obtuse to acute, lanceolate, dark, without simple hairs, to densely (70-80) glandular, with large glands 1 mm long, at base densely, along margin moderately, stellate-hairy. Ligule teeth eciliate; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Coniferous and mixed forests, on stony forested mountain slopes, riverbanks.—European Part: Arctic Europe (banks of Usa River); Western Siberia: Arctic Siberia. Endemic. Described from banks of Usa River. Type in Leningrad. Note. Apparently, this plant is extremely rare; most of the reports in Fl. Zap. Sib. [Fiora of the Western Siberia] under the name H. sukaczewii Zahn refer to various other species. Cycle 10. Subnigrescentia Juxip.—Coefficient of leafiness medium (0.07-0.13). 194 185 223. H. voroniense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 485. Perennial. Stem 32-42 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, violet below, with scattered hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, hairs denser and longer at base, without glands and stellate hairs. Basal leaves 2—3, obovate to lan- ceolate, abruptly narrowed to petiole (to 6 cm long), denticulate (4:1), densely short-pubescent (hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long), without small glands along margin; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), lanceolate, with 2—3 small teeth, moderately pubescent. Inflorescence openly pan- iculate, of 4—5 capitula; penducles without simple hairs, with scattered tiny glands 0.3-0.5 mm long and scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 11 mm long; involucral bracts obtuse, glabrous, but densely (90-100) fine-glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, dorsally sparsely but along margin densely stellate-hairy. Ligule teeth ciliate; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Sandy riverbanks.—European Part: Arctic Europe. Endemic. Described from Murmansk Region (Gavrilovo). Type in Kirovsk. Note. It is distinguished from the related species H. murmanicola Zahn by the dark stigmas and longer involucres. 224. H. murmanicola Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 686. Perennial. Stem 30 cm high. Basal leaves spatulate or lanceolate, narrowed to long petiole, acuminate, denticulate, softly-pubescent and scattered-glandular; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), lanceolate, upper leaves narrow or bracteiform. Inflorescence with 3-8 capitula. Involucres 8-9 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, more or less obtuse, without simple hairs, with fine glands, with sparse but along margin more conspicuous stellate pubescence. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July to August. European Part: Arctic Europe. Endemic. Described from Murmansk Region (Vostochnaya Litsa). Type unknown. Note. The description is based on Zahn’s (lI. c.) incomplete diagnosis. 225. H. eximiiforme Dahlst. in Acta horti. Berg. I, 7 (1891) 21; Elfstr. in Sv. Bot. Tidskr. VII, 2, 213; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 667.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. Scand. exs. XV, No. 10. Perennial. Stem 25—45 cm high, rather thick and rigid, rather densely long-pubescent in lower part, weakly tomentose above, more densely stellate-tomentose below, eglandular. Basal leaves numerous, spatulate or ligulate and obtuse to oblong-ovate, lanceolate or rhomboid, more or less obtuse, narrowed to long, winged petiole, almost entire to denticulate or crenate, all leaves bluish-green, covered with more or 195 186 less long hairs on both sides, with particularly dense and long hairs along midrib beneath and on petioles, sparsely stellate-hairy beneath (more conspicuous along midrib). Cauline leaves 2—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), either forming rosette more or less evenly distributed, gradually reduced to bracteiform leaves, oblong-ligulate to lanceolate or rhomboid leaves, more or less entire or denticulate, or with 2-3 larger teeth in middle or lamina (hence, leaf looks rhomboid), cuneately narrowed, sessile, middle leaves with tapered base, somewhat amplexicaul, obtuse or short-acuminate. Inflorescence openly panicu- late, of 2-6 capitula; peduncles to densely covered with long whitish hairs having black base, with tiny occasional or sparse glands, tomen- tose. Involucres 12-15 mm long, thick, ovate; involucral bracts nar- rowed from broad base to subacute tip, black, with green border, outer bracts somewhat loose, foliaceous, inner appressed, very densely covered with grayish hairs with black base (hence involucre looks sericeous-lanate) and with occasional to sparse tiny glands (hidden under dense pubescence, hence difficult to notice), sparsely stellate- hairy beneath. Corolla dark yellow, highly radiate; ligules broad, weakly ciliate; style dull green, darkly pubescent, turning darker; stigmas light-colored inside. Flowering July to August. Mountain slopes.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. General dis- tribution: Scandinavia. Described from Norway (Valders). Type in Stockholm, Note. Elfstrand (op. cit.) made the following comment on this species: “Die Exemplare dieser gut charakterisierten Art von Toll— Poss. (12 and 14. VIII.1907, R. Pohle) Stimmen mit denjenigen aus Valders in Norwegen fast Vollstandig tiberein.” In view of the fact that Zahn identified the above-named specimens as H. stenopiforme Pohle and Zahn and as a synonym also mentioned it in his monograph (op. cit.), Elfstrand adds: “Mit H. stenopiforme Pohle and Zahn p. p. vom Paijer, ist sie nicht nur nicht identisch, sondern nicht einmal naher verwandt.” Cycle 11. Manifesta Juxip.—Coefficient of leafiness high (0.25); cauline leaves to 9. 226. H. manifestum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 485. Perennial. Stem 25-30 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, uniformly and scatteredly covered throughout with hairs to 3 mm long, sparsely glandular with glands 0.1—0.5 mm long. Basal leaves 5, obovate, spatu- late to lanceolate, narrowed to winged base, acute, with curved prick- les at tip, to 10 cm long (6—7:1), more or less entire or with 3-5 small crenate teeth, slightly wavy, to scatteredly pubescent, with tiny glands 196 187 along margin; cauline leaves 7(5—9) (coefficient of leafiness 0.26), narrowly lanceolate (10—11:1), acute, with stellate hairs along margin. Inflorescence openly dichotomously paniculate, of (1—)3—5(—6) capitula; peduncles moderately long-pubescent (hairs 4 mm long), with occa- sional glands 0.5 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 14.5 mm long, truncate; involucral bracts densely, 100(85—115), hairy, more densely at base, with hairs 2.5 mm long, with sparse, 43(35-55), glands 0.1—0.2 mm long, without stellate hairs. Corolla teeth ciliate; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mossy larch forests.—Western Siberia: Arctic Siberia. Endemic. Described from basin of Lyapin River. Type in Leningrad. Note. In habit, it strongly resembles H. gorodkowianum Juxip; however, in inflorescence characters it is closer to subsection Atrata (not Nigrescentia) and is related to H. eximiiforme Dahlst., from which it is distinguished mainly by a higher coefficient of leafiness. Subsection 4. Alpivulga Juxip.—Inflorescence openly paniculate, with on average 6(1-15) capitula; cauline leaves average 3—4(8). Be- sides scattered tiny glands, inflorescence with more or less well-devel- oped glands. The species of this subsection are more distant from section Alpina than the species of subsections Nigrescentia and Atrata and are related to section Vulgata (and more or less also to Prenanthoidea). Cycle 12. Conspurcantia Juxip.—Inflorescence of 2-10 capitula; coefficient of leafiness low (0.05), i.e., cauline leaves O—2(3). 227. H. rohacsense Kit. in Linnaea, XXXII (1863) 422; Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 208.—H. conspurcans Norrl. Bidr. (1888) 98; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 699.—H. rauzense (Murr.) Zahn in Koch, Synopsis, 3, III (1901) 1893; Zahn, Hier. Schweiz. 392.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. XIX, 2, 192.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. No. 118. Perennial. Stem 15-50 cm high, often flexuous (lateral stems 2-4), violet, somewhat puberulent at base, sparsely glandular, stellate-hairy throughout (very densely at tip). Basal leaves 2-10, outer small, ovate to oblong, more or less obtuse, others ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, innermost leaves lanceolate, more or less acuminate, narrowed to peti- ole, violet at base, sinuate-toothed, glaucescent to straw-green, pubes- cence quite sparse (above often almost absent), along petiole densely hairy, with hairs 2.5 mm long, more or less stellate-hairy beneath, along margin very sparsely finely glandular; cauline leaves 0—2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), oblong-lanceolate to linear, strongly long-acuminate, lower leaves often coarsely toothed, stellate-hairy 197 188 beneath. Inflorescence strongly dichotomously or openly paniculate, of 2-10 capitula; peduncles bent-squarrose, usually moderately or sparsely pubescent, sparsely or moderately glandular, more or less grayish-tomentose. Involucres (10—)11—13(—15) mm long, ovate, later hemispherical; involucral bracts rather obtuse to very acute (inner bracts) dark, to moderately pubescent (hairs with thick dark base and light-colored tip). Sparsely to moderately glandular (in part finely) glandular, densely stellate-hairy along margin. Corollas golden yellow, often weakly ciliate; stigmas dark; achenes blackish. Flowering July to August. In mountains together with H. bifidum Kit.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains: Marmarosh). General distribution: Scadinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Hungary. Type in Budapest? Note. It is a highly polymorphic species, which in habit approaches sometimes H. bifidum Kit. and sometimes H. atratum Fr., differing from the latter by having a less glandular inflorescence, but dense stellate pubescence on the peduncles and involucral bracts and more or less glaucescent, less glandular leaves. Cycle 13. Alpitranssilvanica Juxip.—Coefficient of leafiness medium (0.11—0.13). 228. H. lomnicense Wol. in Spraw. kom. fiz. Ak. Krak. XXV (1890) 65, and in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. (1891) 111, 140; Zahn in Magyar. bot. lapok. 156; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 721; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, Ill, 247. Perennial. Stem 25-35 cm high (sometimes 2-3 lateral stems), green, densely covered with light-colored hairs, to 2.5 mm long, glandular and stellate-hairy. Basal leaves numerous, broadly elliptical to oblong- spatulate, tapered to long petiole (to 15 cm long) (5:1), to acute, scarcely toothed to coarsely toothed, dark green, on both sides densely covered with hairs to 2.5 mm long, somewhat fine-glandular along margin; cauline leaves 3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), often long and large, lanceolate, lower leaves tapered to petiole, sinuate-toothed, middle ones narrowed, sessile, with many fine teeth to coarsely toothed, at base densely pubescent. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, of 3—8(—10) capitula; peduncles densely hairy and glandular, grayish from stellate hairs. Involucres 10.0—12.5 mm long; involucral bracts some- what broad, acute, dark, with green margin, sparsely pubescent, very densely fine-glandular, almost without stellate hairs. Corollas light yellow, often tubular, corolla teeth ciliate; stigmas dark; achenes black- ish. In habit resembling H. atratum Fr. Flowering July to August. 189 Elfin woodlands, at 1600-1900 m.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains). General distribution: Central Europe (Carpathian Mountains). Endemic. Described from Carpathian Moun- tains. Type in Lvov? Note. We include here H. czeremoszense Wol. (in Magyar bot. lapok. 162; Pflzr. IV, 280, 722). 229. H. krasanii Wol. in Spraw. kom. Ak. Krak. XX V (1890) 64, XXVII, 125; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 711; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 232. Perennial. Rhizome fleshy; stem 20—35 cm high, slender (often with 2-4 lateral stems), with hairs 2-4 mm long, dense at base, decreasing upward, stem more or less glandular and stellate-hairy throughout. Basal leaves generally numerous, oblong to spatulate (to 18 cm long) (9:1 !), obtuse or acuminate, abruptly or more or less gradually nar- rowed to petiole, entire or denticulate, more rarely teeth deeper, straw- or yellow-green, pubescence moderate to quite dense on both sides, dense along margin, midrib beneath and on petioles, hairs 2-4 mm long, glandular along margin, very sparsely stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 1—3(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.11), oblong-lanceolate to linear, mostly long-acuminate, subsessile to sessile, entire or den- ticulate. Inflorescence openly paniculate or strongly dichotomous, of 2-5(—15) capitula; peduncles slender, scarcely or densely pubescent, moderately to densely glandular, more or less tomentose. Involucres 8—11(—13) mm long, cylindrical, later ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad to narrow, subacute to acute, blackish, inner with somewhat light-colored margin, sparsely to moderately dark-pubescent, densely (to moderately) glandular, usually without stellate hairs, being present sometimes only at base. Corollas yellow; stigmas yellow to dark; achenes brown to black; pappus white. Flowering July to August. High-mountain zone of Carpathian Mountains (together with H. transsilvanicum Heufflel). European Part: Upper Dniester (Kukul, Chorna Mountain, Sukhard, Sinyak, Popadya, Minchel, Chivchina, Pikui). General distribution: Central Europe (Carpathian Mountains). Endemic. Described from Carpathian Mountains. Type in Lvov? Note. H. chloribracteum Degen. and Zahn (Magyar. bot. lapok. 122; Pflzr. IV, 280, 713; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 235) is very close to this species, which is found in the eastern Carpathian Mountains (Sivula) and is distinguished from H. krasanii by having fewer hairs, but very dense glands in the inflorescence and on the involucral bracts, and a more ovate shape of the involucre. Cycle 14. Sudetica Juxip.—Coefficient of leafiness high (0.20). 190 230. H. fritzei F. Schultz in Flora, XXX (1872) 281; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 718; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 240.—H. sudeticum Tausch in Flora XX (1837), Erg.-Bl. 68; non Fr., nec Froel., nec Sternb.— H. montanum G. Schneider in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. XXXVI (1886) 21; non N.P.—H. polymorphum G. Schneid. in Jahresb. Schles. Ges. Veterl. Kult. (1885); in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. XXXVII, 240. Perennial. Stem (20—)12—25(—35) cm high, slender to rather thick, often flexuous, pubescence often throughout moderately to densely hairy with hairs light-colored, dark at base, with dark, bristly hairs 4-5 mm long above, with glands and stellate hairs scattered along whole stem, thicker upward. Basal leaves absent or few, outer obovate or rounded to spatulate, obtuse, inner oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute or subobtuse, narrowed to petiole, denticulate to dentate, often plicate at tip; cauline leaves 2—6 (coefficient of leafiness to 0.20), rarely more, but then basal leaves absent, leaves gradually reduced to bracts, obliquely turned at tip, oblong-lanceolate, usually acute, narrowed to petiole or more or less amplexicaul, denticulate, upper leaves lan- ceolate, acute; all leaves dark bluish-green (less often light-green), with both sides densely covered with hairs 2-3 mm long, with scat- tered glands along margin, without stellate hairs. Inflorescence di- chotomously paniculate, of 1—3(—10) capitula; peduncles conspicu- ously dark-bristly, to scattered-glandular and densely stellate-hairy. Involucres (10—)12—15(—17) mm long, hemispherical; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, somewhat broad, obtuse to more or less acute, outer bracts slightly squarrose, green, inner dark, with light-colored border, moderately, 38(24—58), pubescent, with hairs to 3 mm long, glands dense, 95(70-130), 0.2—0.5 mm long, stellate hairs to moderate. Corollas golden yellow, often tubular; corolla teeth sparsely ciliate; stigmas black to dark, less often yellowish-brown; achenes reddish-brown to black. Flowering July to August. Elfin woodlands and alpine meadows in central zone, at 1000 to 2100 m.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains). General distribution: Central Europe (Carpathian and Sudeten moun- tains). Described from the Sudeten Mountains. Type unknown. Note. H. scitulum Wol. is closely related to this species (Spraw. Kom. fiz. Ak. Krak. XX1 (1887) 128; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 720; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XIU, Ill, 244. Section 11. Pannosa Zahn in Magyar bot. lapok (1906) 69; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIX, 2, 107; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280. 560; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 47.—Andryaloidea orientalia Fr. Epicr. (1862) 74, 76.—Tomentosa N.P. (1889) 272 p. p.—Leaves mostly clustered at base or slightly above (and here larger) forming a 200 191 pseudo-rosette, abruptly reduced toward top, all leaves densely cov- ered with curly-plumose hairs and tiny glands. Inflorescence dichoto- mous to paniculate; capitula large. Involucral bracts acute, distinctly imbricate, with long woolly hairs and occasional glands as also on peduncles. Stigmas yellow; margin of alveoles toothed but not ciliate; achenes stramineous or light green to yellowish-brown. Species of this section are native to the Balkans-Asia Minor re- gion; in our country so far found in the zone bordering Turkish Armenia (in the former Artvin District), but could be found in Southern Transcaucasta. 1. Leaves entire or denticulate; involucres 14-20 mm long................. ssid cuccetc taste tials Gabssat ie thaa sic iMle screuccacend eee 231. H. pannosum Boiss. + Leaves distinctly toothed; involucres 11-15 mm long.................. GR eR Bia it eae tient Blas ue dedaes clad «eee 232. H. koenigianum Zahn Cycle 1. Pannosa.—Leaves entire or denticulate, densely lanate- villous from plumose hairs; involucres 14—20 mm long. 231. H. pannosum Boiss. Diagn. I, 4 (1844) 32; Fl. or III, 869; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. II, 286; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 561; Asch. and Graebn. Synops. XII, III, 48; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 269.—H. taygetum Boiss. and Heldr. Diagn. I, 7 (1847) 15.—H. orientale Fr. Epicr. (1862) 74.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIX, t. 194, fig. II. Perennial. Rhizome very fleshy, covered with brown remnants of leaves; stem 10—40 cm high, thick, erect, with very dense, white-lanate, plumose pubescence (hairs 5-7 mm long), densely long-haired at base; less hairy and hairs stiffer upward; cauline leaves to 12(—20) (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.50), bottom small, obovate-spatulate, less hairy, withering early, others large, almost equal-sized, crowded at stem base or slightly above, obovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to more or less acute, tapered toward base (subsessile), entire to denticu- late or somewhat distinctly sharply toothed (ssp. bornmulleri Freyn), very densely lanate-tomentose on both sides from silky, snow-white, curled, plumose hairs 2—3 mm long or leaves less densely lanate (ssp. bornmulleri Freyn), without stellate hairs, with tiny glands along mar- gin, midrib beneath and on petioles, leaves rapidly reduced upward from pseudo-rosette so that top of stem appears devoid of leaves, uppermost leaves small, narrow, becoming bracteiform. Inflorescence with deep and long, dichotomous branches to openly paniculate, of 2—7(-—12) capitula; peduncles thick, obliquely upward-directed, white- tomentose, with small leaves, more or less covered with plumose hairs 5-7 mm long, with tiny glands (under magnifying glass!) below 192 Plate XII 1—H. virgultorum Jord.; 2—H. transsilvanicum Heuffel. 201 203 193 capitula. Involucres large, 16—20 mm long; capitula spherical; involu- cral bracts linear, acute, poorly visible under long, dense, 90(75—120), sericeous, plumose hairs 5—7 mm long, sparsely or moderately stellate- hairy, with sparse (5—30) tiny glands at tip of leaf (under magnifying glass!). Corolla light yellow; ligule teeth eciliate; stigmas yellow; achenes 3.5—4.5 mm long, stramineous to pale brown. Flowering July to August. Middle and upper mountain zones, on rocks, at (400)1300- 2200(2900) m.—Caucasus: Possibly growing in Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia-Kurdistan. Described from Greece? Type in Geneva. Note. Hairs on old herbarium specimens are often ginger-colored. Cycle 2. Pilosissima Juxip.—It is distinguished from H. pannosum by less dense pubescence on leaves and whole plant; leaves distinctly toothed, capitula usually many, but shorter; involucres 11-13 mm long. (H. pilosissimum Friv. in Flora, XIX, 1836, 436; Boise. Fl. or. III, 868; Zahn in Pflzr. lV, 280, 593). 232. H. koenigianum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 12 (1908) 8; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 594. Perennial. Stem 10-25 cm high, very densely pubescent at base, less densely upward, densely stellate-hairy below inflorescence. Cauline leaves 10-12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.65), lower quite large, oblong- lanceolate or ligulate, short-acuminate, plicate, long-tapered toward base or short-petiolate, unevenly and coarsely serrate with wavy teeth, grass green, very densely hairy on both sides, lanate-bearded along midrib beneath from silky, white, plumose hairs, 3-6 mm long, leaves fewer above pseudo-rosette, 2-3, small and densely lanate. Inflores- cence with 2—3 branches already from middle, capitula 4—10; peduncles grayish-green, moderately pubescent, scatteredly finely glandular and tomentose at tip. Involucres 11-13 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish-green, with light-colored border, moderately pubes- cent, finely glandular and somewhat stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow; achenes chestnut-colored. Flowering July to August. Mountains, on rocks.—Caucasus: Possibly found in Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Eastern Anatolia. Described from Olta District (former Kars Region) along Olta-Chai River. Type unknown. Section 12. Oreadea Fr. Epicr. (1862) 82 p. p.; Lbg. in Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fi. ed. 11, 41; Peter in Pflanzenfam. IV, 5, 381; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 683; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 212; Lindm. Svensk. Fan. Fl. 2 ed. 589; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 243.— 204 194 Leaves bluish-green, coriaceous, with more or less conspicuous, squar- rose, stiff bristles along margin, ovate to lanceolate, mostly shortly contracted toward base; cauline leaves few (0-3), but then with persistent rosette, or cauline leaves more (4—12), but then basal leaves withering before anthesis. Inflorescence more or less openly panicu- late, with few capitula. Involucres medium-sized to quite large (10-15 mm long); involucral bracts with hairs and glands in different propor- tions, invariably mixed with tiny glands, margin of alveoles ciliate or somewhat incised. Ligule teeth often ciliate, stigmas yellow (very rarely blackish-green); achenes black, 3.5—4.2 mm long. Two regions of distribution are observed:1) Southern and partly Central Europe and Asia Minor; and 2) northwestern Europe (Scandinavia, Atlantic Europe), joined at the southern tip of Sweden and the facing part of Germany. The northeastern distribution bound- ary passes through the northwestern part of the Kola Peninsula. For substrate the species of this section prefer silicate rocks, grow on granite rocks, and apparently are always absent from limestone soils (calciphobes). This section is extremely rare in our country. We include here the aggregate species H. saxifragum Fr. Besides, we may also find H. acrophaeum Sael. in the northern part of the Kola Peninsula (based on the report of Norrlin, |. c., p. 686), and, accordingly, we offer a tentative key to identify them. 1. Cauline leaves 1-3, rosette of few leaves, persisting at anthesis; involucral bracts with numerous tiny yellowish glands and short Srayi hairs enh | ese, AU MAE Le 233. H. saxifragum Fr. + Cauline leaves 4—12; basal leaves withering before anthesis; involu- cral bracts with scattered black glands and black hairs; tips of involucral bracts reddish...............esseeeeceeseeeeeeees *H. acrophaeum Sael. 233. H. saxifragum Fr. Symb. (1848) 100; Epicr. 87; Dahlst. Bidr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II, 197; Zahn in Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIX, 2, 91; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 648; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 255; Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 613; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 247; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 25. Perennial. Stem 20-50 cm high, hairs 1.5—2.0 mm in daimeter with occasional hairs 1-2 mm long, with occasional tiny glands at tip, without stellate hairs. Basal leaves 3-4, elliptical to lanceolate, nar- rowed to short petiole, weakly toothed, to 9 mm long (3.5:1), glabrous above, along margin, on midrib and beneath with scattered stiff bristles 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole to scattered-hairy, glaucous, stiff; cauline leaves 1—-2(3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), sessile, lanceolate to 205 195 linear, generally entire, upper leaves bracteiform. Inflorescence of 1-3 capitula, openly (dischotomously) paniculate; peduncles slender, with occasional short hairs, to sparsely fine-glandular with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10.5-12.5 mm long; involucral bracts lan- ceolate, acute, brownish-green, with sparse (20-25), stiff, gray bristles 1 mm long, and with moderate, 52(35—63), yellowish glands 0.3—0.1 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Clefts of granite rocks.—Arctic: European Arctic (Murmansk Region, Linakhammari on road to Barents Sea; O. Kuzenova and A. Dryakhlova, 30.VII.1954). Gerenal distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Sweden. Type unknown. Note. On the range map of H. saxifragum Fr. (s. 1.) G. Samuelsson indicates southern Norway and Sweden, the Aland Islands, and the southwestern tip of Finland (to 20° E. long.), and in the north the limit of the species hardly crosses (in Norway) 63° N. lat. The collection of our plant in the Far North, away from its range, suggests a species separate from the H. saxifragum cycle. In order to resolve the ques- tion, it would be necessary to examine all of the extensive material of Oreadea from the Scandinavian collections. Therefore, in the meantime we are restricting ourselves to referring it to H. saxifragum Fr., to which the characters of our plant most closely conform. H. saxifragum Fr. is a highly a polymorphic species, whose forms are distinguished most of all by the diversity of indument. In our country, they have not been studied adequately. Section 13. Vulgata Fr. Epicr. (1862 ) 7 and 89 p. p.; Lbg. in Hartm. Handb. Scand. FI. ed. 11, 43; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-FI. II, 31; Peter in Pflanzenfam. IV, 5, 382; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 284; Magyar. bot. lapok. 25; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, Il, 361.—Strips H. vulgati Fr. Symb. (1848) 102 p. p.—Leaves green, less often somewhat glaucous, with soft curled hairs, without tiny glands, with cordate, truncate, or round base or narrowed to petiole, basal leaves rather numerous or few at anthesis; cauline leaves 0O—1(—2), and stem more or less scapose or leaves more (3-18). Inflorescence paniculate (to almost corymbose), less often openly paniculate or dichotomous, and then with few capitula; involucres medium-sized (7—)8—11(—14) mm long; ligule teeth (almost always) eciliate; stigmas mostly dark or yellowish- brown, later turning dark, less often yellow; margin of alveoles not toothed; achenes mostly black. The species of this section are distributed in Eurasia, with the center of diversity in Europe, where the majority of the species are concentrated in its montane regions; in North America, they are found as species introduced from Europe. 206 196 KEY TO SUBSECTIONS OF SECTION VULGATA FR. Florets in capitula few (20-45); involucres small, 7—8(—11) mm long; involucral bracts light green or at most with bright green border, densely glandular, glabrous or with very few hairs, more or less without stellate hairs; inflorescences corymbose; pappus white; leavesimostly denselyspubescemts235...- ieee ie eee Florets in capitula many (50-80); involucres usually large, (8—)9- 11-13) mm long; involucral bracts dark; pappus mostly dull white....2. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose; leaves mostly green (less often glaucous), usually distinctly pubescent...............:ccessesesseseeeeees 3 Inflorescence dichotomously branched, with erect branches, usu- ally with few capitula; leaves mostly glaucescent, slightly pubes- cent (almost glabrous above); involucral bracts and peduncles more or less eglandular or with sparse tiny glands 0.2-0.4 mm long, but with numerous short hairs (average ratio of hairs to glands HO: 30) bette sete merteren anh wddate.. crea eet da. ME ee eer alee Ts Involucral bracts and peduncles with more or less numerous hairs, but sparse to scattered glands (average ratio of hairs to glands 10:30) shiveniadd.tehathnaminiten ahead ote Bete ee 4. Involucral bracts and penduncles usually with more or less dense, well-developed glands, glabrous or sparsely hairy (average ratio of hairsito glands;10:90).21.teeceneshnt he othcwest hy: ods. coe i Bo cere >: Average coefficient of leafiness 0.07, i.e., cauline leaves 2(3—10); basal leaves at anthesis few, 2—3(0—10); lamina gradually narrowed to petiole; leaves moderately pubescent; inflorescence paniculate; glands well developed though tiny....Subsection 2. Laevicaulia Juxip Average coefficient of leafiness 0.03, i.e., cauline leaves (O—) 1-2; basal leaves at anthesis many, 6(2—12); lamina mostly abrubtly narrowed to petiole or base truncate to sagittate; leaves very densely pubescent; inflorescence corymbose; glands fine, weak, in part as ifindeveloped:. 220s... Remorse S Subsection 8. Sagittata Juxip Average coefficient of leafiness 0.07, i.e., cauline leaves 2(3—10); basal leaves at anthesis usually few, 2—4(0—10); lamina narrowed to petiole; i.e., indistinctly delimited from petiole................cccccccsseseeesees 6. Average coefficient of leafiness 0.03, i.e., cauline leaves (0) 1-2; basal leaves at anthesis usually many, 3—6(1—-13); lamina clearly delimited from petiole, its base (at least in some leaves) cordate, truncate, or round; inflorescence corymbose, candelabrum-like, with branches|bentiabovers 21232: . = eee Subsection 5. Muroria Juxip 7 (2). 197 Lamina gradually narrowed to petiole, involucral bracts and peduncles with well-developed glands of medium size, 0.4—-0.6 mm NOTED EE stacsevssctesssvsscssaaesesvcocerieesceoneumnvnests Subsection 3. Vulgata Lamina usually abruptly narrowed to petiole, involucres and pe- duncles with large glands 0.7—1.2(1.5) mm long, mostly glabrous or with occasional haifS...............eeeee Subsection 4. Diaphanoidea Juxip Average coefficient of leafiness 0.05, i.e., cauline leaves 2—5(10); lamina more or less abruptly narrowed to petiole................::ceeseeeeeee eb: SRL, ROR ONES PR RN Subsection 6. Caesia Juxip Average coefficient of leafiness 0.02, i.e., cauline leaves O—1(-2); lamina clearly delimited from petiole, base of lamina cordate, trun- Cates Onmround= stem more Of |ESSiISCAPOSC:. core ee cesse eer ee eee eee Subsection 1. Transsilvanica Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 286; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II (1931) 362, 763.—Pleiophylla Peter in Pflanzenfam. IV, 5 (1894) 377; nec G. Schneider.—Eriophylla K. Maly in Verh. zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, LIV (1904) 306, non Arv.- Touv.—Barbulata Arv.-Touv. Catal. (1931) 331 p. p.—Capitula small, mostly cylindrical; involucral bracts light green or at least brightly green-bordered; florets in capitula few (20-45); stigmas yellow, later turning brown, very rarely dark; pappus pure white; inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, multicapitulate, densely glandular, leaves grassy- green, densely pubescent; basal leaves usually many, (rarely 0-2), leaves narrowed to petiole; pollen absent; achenes dark brown. 1. + Coefficient of leafiness low (0.03-0.07), i.e., stem not densely (0-6) leafy; leaves not amplexicaul; ligule teeth eciliate............ teen 2) Coefficient of leafiness comparatively high (0.13-0.25), i.e., cauline leaves on average 12(8—20); leaves somewhat amplexicaul; ligule (e€th ciliate i eee, A. chee eek 235. H. pocuticum Wol. Capitula small; involucres 7-8 mm long, light green; involucral bracts glabrous, without simple and stellate hairs, but with dense fine, light-colored glands; stigmas yellow; capitula with few florets, 20(25), outer ray florets 10; leaves and usually stem densely pubes- COTTER RACE NE, A EEL 234. H. transsilvanicum Heuffel. Capitula large; involucres 8—11 mm long; involucral bracts dark, but with light-green margin; involucres sparsely stellate-hairy; stigmas dark; capitula with large number of florets, 40-(-45); leaves more omlesstdensely pubescent a! 2.45.0. ..ct aoketete etna, eset. Bates 3} Baseof laminamarrowed to petioless2e.. L228. zeae tss.n ste ee teeth ocecheeee 4, Base of lamina truncate, cordate, or abruptly narrowed.................... By 208 198 4. Involucral bracts sparsely pubescent and glandular; inflorescence openly paniculate to strongly dichotOMOUG................:cseseeceseeeeeeeeseeeeeees Raa RO Toole Lek a NS. euaeneloneneiinls 3 236. H. caesiogenum Wol. + Involucral bracts with occasional hairs but quite densely glandular; inflorescence paniculate..................s:ss+:+-237. H. jablonicense Wol. 5. Involucral bracts usually only sparsely pubescent, sparsely and finely dark-glandular; inflorescence openly paniculate to strongly dichotomous tite: ct eterna 238. H. pseudobifidum Schur. + Involulcral bracts glabrous but densely glandular with thin, long dark glands; inflorescence panicle or COryMD...............ecesseesceseeeneeees LE i Deets Lies alana a kT bac vnaa ree te thaw | ok 239. H. praecurrens Vukot. 234. H. transsilvanicum Heuffel in Verh. zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, VIII (1858) 151; Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. 8, 27, non Lint., nec Williams; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 472; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XJI, I, 763.— H. transsilvanicum Schur ex Fr. Epicr. (1862) 97.—H. pleiophyllum Schur in Verh. Siebenb. Ver. II (1851) 171, nomen, III (1852) 87, IV (1853) 46; Enum. Trassn. 394.—H. leptocephalum Vukot. Hier. Croat. (1858) 13.—H. rotundatum Zahn, non Kit. in Schult. Oster. Fl. ed. 2, II (1814) 439; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 472.—Ic.: Rchb, Ic. Fl. Germ. XIX, 2, t. 82; Hegi, Ill. Fl. IV, 2, fig. 914.—Exs.: Fl. exs. Austro-Hung. No. 3363; Schultz. Herb. norm. nov. ser. cent. 117, No. 1611; Hayek, FI. stiriaca, exs. No. 699; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 586. Perennial. Stem 30-80 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, often several, reddish-brown at base and often densely pilose, short-hairy and scatteredly glandular above. Basal leaves (3—)6—10(—18), obovate to oblong or lanceolate, to 20 cm long, more or less abruptly narrowed to petiole, rounded or subacute, spinescent, with scattered large teeth at base, to entire, very densely pubescent on both sides and along margin, hairs short, 0.5—1.2 mm long, long-haired beneath along midrib and on reddish-brown petioles, hairs 2-4 mm long; cauline leaves (1—-)2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), abruptly or gradually reduced, remote, lower leaves more or less petiolate, like basal leaves, others sessile, narrowed toward base, oblong-lanceolate to linear; all leaves yellowish-green, glaucescent beneath, often colored. Inflorescence corymbose, with 2—25 capitula, its branches in upper part clustered, remote below and arcuate; peduncles slender, without simple hairs but densely fine glandular, glands 0.3-0.2 mm long, gray from stellate hairs; capitula small, 7-8 mm long, cylindrical (in appearance similar to capitula of H. piloselloides), with few (20-25) florets; involucrals bracts narrow, acute, light green, with broad, bright green border, without simple and stellate hairs but densely, 70(25—100), glandular with golden brown glands (0.2—0.5(—1.0) mm long, crowded at tip). 209 199 Corolla sulfur-yellow; ligule teeth eciliate; stigmas yellow, later turning brown. Achenes 3.0-3.7 mm long, light- to dark-brown; pappus white, later somewhat yellowish. Flowering June to July. (Plate XII, Fig. 2.) Open deciduous and coniferous montane forests, to 1800 m.— European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains). General dis- tribution: Central Europe (Carpathian Mountains), Balkans-Asia Minor (northern part of Balkans Peninsula), Carpathians-Balkan. Endemic. Described from Banat (Carpathian Mountains). Type in Vienna? Note. The species was collected in the Trancarpathian Region from Kherniava, Chorna Gora, Yablonitsa, Menchul, Yaremch, Petros, Stog and Vorokht; in the eastern Carpathian Mountains it apparently is not a rare plant. 235. H. pocuticum Wol. in Spraw. Kom. fiz. Ak. Krak. XXI (1887) 129; Zahn in Magyar. bot. lapok. 158; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 818; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III, 383.—H. juranum Rehm. in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. (1873) 217.—H. rehmanni Wol. |. c. and in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. (1891) 111; nec N. P. Perennial. Stem 40-80 cm high (often several stems), somewhat thick, flexuous, densely pubescent. Basal leaves at anthesis 0—2(4), large to 15 cm long or comparatively small, oblong or obovate-spatu- late, round-obtuse (4—6:1), narrowed to rather long, winged petiole, to very coarsely toothed; cauline leaves (5—)8—16(—20) (coefficient of leafiness 0.13-0.25), oblong to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, serrate to coarsely toothed, lower with winged petioles, densely pubescent, upper sessile with rounded base, glabrous above or often pubescent only along margin; all leaves somewhat amplexicaul, green. Inflorescence paniculate, somewhat umbellate at top, with 5-50 capitula, with arcu- ately spreading branches; peduncles slender, without simple hairs but very densely glandular, gray from stellate hairs. Involucres 8-10 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, more or less obtuse to acute, without simple hairs but densely glandular, more or less without stel- late hairs. Ligule teeth somewhat ciliate; stigmas dark; achenes black- ish brown. Flowering July to August. Larch and coniferous forests in mountains, at 1000-1600 m.— European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains: Sivula, Chorna Glava, Goverla, Chorna Gora, Kukul, Marmarosh, etc.). General distri- bution: Central Europe (Carpathian Mountains), Balkans-Asia Minor (Balkans). Endemic. Described from Carpathian Mountains. Type in Krakov. Note. It is considered an intermediate link between Transsilvanica and Prenanthoidea. As is evident, it is not a rare plant in the Carpathian Mountains. H. rapunculoidiforme Wol. and Zahn, (Plfzr. IV, 280, 819) and H. ukierniae Wol. and Zahn, |. c., both growing in the Galician Carpathian Mountains, are very close to it. 210 200 236. H. caesiogenum Wol. and Zahn in Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIX, 2 (1906) 106, t. 85; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 483; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 788. Perennial. Stem 45-55 cm high, more or less puberulent but weakly glandular and at top densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 3—8, outer often small, rounded, inner ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to long, mostly violet, more or less densely pubescent petiole, somewhat obtuse to acute, very short-hairy, leaves bluish- light-green above, often violet beneath (young leaves densely short- pubescent on both sides but later more or less glabrous above), den- ticulate, toward base more or less toothed; cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), ovate-lanceolate to linear, very toothed, stellate-hairy (lower leaves along midrib only). Inflorescence openly paniculate to strongly dichotomous, with 10—25 capitula; branches and peduncles slender, weakly pubescent and glandular, gray from stellate hairs. Involucres (8—)10—12 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse to acute, inner subulate, with light green border, with hairs 2 mm long, scarcely glandular and stellate-hairy. Corolla golden yellow; stigmas dark; achenes blackish. Flowering July to August. On limestones, rarely.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains). General distribution: Central Europe (Carpathian Moun- tains), Balkans-Asia Minor (Balkans). Endemic. Described from Carpathian Mountains. Type in Lvov. Note. It apparently is a hybrid species between Transsilvanica and Caesia. In habit it resembles H. caesium Fr., differing from it by the pubescence of the leaves. 237. H. jablonicense Wol. in Spraw. Kom. fiz. Ak. Krak. XXV (1890) 66; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 477; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 775.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. XIX, 2, t. 84, B. Perennial. Stem 35-60 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, violet at base and to densely pubescent. Basal leaves 2—3, outer smaller, ovate or spatulate, obtuse, others to broadly lanceolate, acute, narrowed to petiole, denticulate to denate, very densely pubescent with fine, short (0.5—1.5 mm long) hairs (influence of H. transsilvanicum); cauline leaves 2—3(—6) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), elongated or narrowly lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, denticulate upper leaves narrow, stellate-hairy above. Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, with 3-15 capitula; pe- duncles slender, light gray from stellate hairs, without simple hairs but with moderate glands 0.6 mm long. Involucres 8-9 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts more or less broad, to acute, dark but with bright green border, sometimes with occasional hairs but to densely (60-85) glandular, glands 0.3-1.0 mm long. Stigmas usually yellowish-brown or 211 201 dark; capitulum with up to 40 florets; achenes almost black. Flowering June to August. Open deciduous and coniferous forests in places where H. transsilvanicum Heuffel. is also found.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains). General distribution: Central Eu- rope (Carpathian Mountains), Balkans-Asia Minor (Balkans). Described from Carpathian Mountains? Type in Lvov? Krakow? Note. It is considered an intermediate form between H. transsil- vanicum and H. vulgatum, apparently representing an ancient hybrid. 238. H. pseudobifidum Schur, Enum. Transs. (1866) 392, non Blocki; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 478; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 776.—H. trebevicianum K. Maly in Glas. muz. Sarajevo, XI (1899) 149; Wiss. Mitt. Bosn.-Herc. VII, 550.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIX, 2, t. 99. - Perennial. Stem 15-60 cm high (often several stems), at base sometimes densely pubescent, sometimes sparsely glandular, stellate- hairy at top. Basal leaves 4—8, outer small rounded, others ovate to elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, truncate to abruptly narrowed, usually long-petiolate, denticulate at base, with very short bristles above, densely long-pilose along midrib beneath and along petiole, stellate-hairy (often along midrib only), light to yellowish- green; cauline leaves 0-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf often large, more or less petiolate, from broad base long-acuminate. Inflorescence openly paniculate to more or less strongly dichotomous, with (2—)7—30 capitula; peduncles divergently upward-spreading. In- volucres (7—)9—11(—13) mm long; involucral bracts more or less narrow, acute, dark, with green margin, mostly sparsely short-pubescent, with sparse or few glands, sparsely stellate-hairy. Corollas golden yellow; stigmas dark; achenes dark brown. Flowering June to July. Primarily on limestones.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains: Pikui). General distribution: Central Europe (Carpathian Mountains), Balkans-Asia Minor (Balkans). Described from Romania. Type unknown. Note. It is considered to be a hybrid species between Trassilvanica and Bifida. 239. H. praecurrens Vukot. in Rad. jug. Ak. Zagr LVIII (1881) 167; Schedae ad Fl. Austro-Hung. exs. IX (1902) 56; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 474; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 766.—Exs.: Fl. Austro- Hung. exs. Nos. 3362, 3366; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 633, 634. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, slender to somewhat thick, pubescence at base from sparse to dense, at top glandular and stellate- hairy. Basal leaves (to 15) with quite long, almost mane-like pubescent 212 202 petioles, outer small, rounded or elliptical, often withering before anthesis, others usually large, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, base of lamina cordate, truncate, or more or less or abruptly narrowed, leaves remotely toothed (at base teeth coarse to incised ), often with free teeth on petiole, young leaves often long-pilose, mature leaves with short bristles above, long-pilose along midrib beneath, as a whole very densely pubescent resembling leaves of H. sagittatum Lindb.; cauline leaves (O—)1—3(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), bottom leaf petiolate, often large, ovate, short-acuminate, or smaller, oblong-lan- ceolate, others narrower, more or less long-acuminate, all leaves toothed to coarsely incised. Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, with 4—25 capitula; peduncles usually without simple hairs, but densely glandu- lar, gray from stellate hairs. Involucres 8.0—10.5(—11) mm long, ovate, capitulum with about 40 florets; involucral bracts somewhat broad to narrow, subacute to acute, dark but with clear light green border, glabrous but with dense, 60-80, fine dark glands to 1.0 mm long. Corolla teeth eciliate; stigmas yellow, later turning dark; achenes 2.8 mm long, blackish. Flowering June to August. Open deciduous and coniferous forests on mountains, descending in valleys together with H. transsilvanicum Heuffl.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains). General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor (Balkans). Described from Yugoslavia.Type in Zagreb? Note. It is considered to be an intermediate form between H. transsilvanicum Heuffel. and subsection Muroria, being, appar- ently, a hybrid species. It is highly polymorphic, with some forms resembling H. transsilvanicum, while others approach species of sub- section Muroria in their habit. Subsection 2. Laevicaulia Juxip.—Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II (1955) 700, pro gr.—Characters given in the key to subsections of section Vulgata Fr. Coefficient of leafiness 0.07(0.02- 0.17), i.e., cauline leaves 2—9; basal leaves at anthesis 0 to 10; involu- cral bracts distinctly hairy and hairs found in quite diverse combina- tions with glands: from almost complete absence of the latter to a ratio of 1/3:2/3 between the number of hairs and glands. From species of subsection Vulgata similar to them in habit, members of subsection Levicaulia differ mainly by having tiny glands. Pollen almost always absent. The range covers almost the whole of Eurasia with distinct thinning out eastward both in the number of species and the abun- dance of individuals. The majority of species are found on limestone substrate. 213 co4ywnsi D 12. 203 Number of on involucral bracts many times more than number of glands, the latter occasional or completely absent (plants next to SCCUONMIIA CI ATA) sh keels. ie Ee Dp Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in num- ber (forms transitional to subsection Vulgata)..........ccccceeeeee 22) Plants with more or less high coefficient of leafiness (0.17—0.14)......3. Plants with medium to low coefficient of leafiness (0.14—0.02)......6 Involucres large (11.5 mm long;); stem at base distinctly pubes- cent with hairs 5 mm long (Caucasus)........ 243. H. endaurovae Juxip Involucres of medium length, stem at base indistinctly more or leSsishortspllbeSCentet ieee, OU LE RE ARERR co ere 4. Stellate hairs on involucral bracts absent or only on back of TOTAAL ES EE am NE te GU UY, SIRE RI soci 5 Involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hairy, on both sides, without simple hairs above but setose along margin (Central Asia)........... SECO TR RAS tet renner Se eS NR 241. H. turkestanicum Zahn Leaves finely sharp-toothed; stigmas dull-green; involucres 10-11 mm long (Baltic Region)................00 240. H. alphostictum Dahlst. Leaves distinctly deeply toothed; stigmas yellowish-brown; in- volucres 9—10 mm long (northern region)........... 242. H. pohlei Zahn Plants with medium (0.14—0.08) coefficient of leafiness................... We Plants with low (0.06—0.02) coefficient of leafiness.................... 16. Leaves densely pubescent (unusual for section)..............0...eeeee 8. Leaves moderately or sparsely pubescent................sccssesseeeeeeeeeeees 10. Stigmas dark; leaves always stellate-hairy beneath (sometimes above also), as also involucral bracts (northern region)........... LW Do, SER cau Seite) Th 245. H. wologdense Pohle and Zahn Stigmas yellow or yellowish-brown; stellate pubescence of leaves (as/alsotofinvolucrallbracts) weaki ee ee 9. Plantsuroundsin-Alltalsccsecsecseiweewercevasoese te Oe Me ee LA ceiow | 246. H. korshinskyi Zahn var. abakanum Juxip PlantstoundiniCauCasw see ee eR ss ave des BOTA SEP ON UR TaN Sh ase, 248. H. leucothyrsoides Kozl. and Zahn Leaves moderately pubescent; stigmas dark.............:ccccscssesssseseeeseeees Me Leaves sparsely pubescent or more or less glabrous....................+- 12? Stem, peduncles, and involucral bracts along margin densely stel- late-hairy; leaves with 2-4 large teeth (Caucasus)..................00. Ste 1 Ta ee 249. H. tephrophilum Kozl. and Zahn Stem and involucral bracts weakly stellate-hairy; leaves sharply- denticulate(Siberiatand:Soviet'GentraltAsia) nie... AY Aneto Br. deel ee ak 246. H. korshinskyi Zahn 204 16 (6). 214 + 20. Dili 22 (1). Leaves completely glabrous; penducles and involucral bracts eglandular; stigmas dark (CaucasusS)...............s:cccesssseeeseneeeesecceeeeanes shssssaneredeosecoust hentia, Aiea to at eae! 244. H. beschtaviciforme Juxip Stigmas yellowish-brown; plants of the North....0.........eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ilipsrnaciateemeddernial one Dem ackegs tit Suen 247. H. subaquilonare Juxip Stiomas darkiess to. weeiot ete choad pond en ieee ten eee Ne, 3 Bel 14. Cauline leaves 3, narrowed toward base; stem at base distinctly white-pubescent (plants of Crimea).......... 250. H. uczanssuense Juxip Cauline leaves 6—7, sessile, with broad, semicordate or semi- amplexicaul base; stem sparsely pubescent................:ceeceeeeeeeeeeees 5: Basal leaves 0-1, obovate, narrowed to short petiole; lower cauline leaves oval, very broad (2:1); involucral bracts with scattered hairs but more or less eglandular, moderatlely stellate-hairy (plants ofSibenia)*ca:..are as 251. H. aczelmanicum Schischk. and Serg. Basal leaves 2-3, spatulate, long, narrowed to very long petitole; all cauline leaves lanceolate, somewhat broad (5:1); involucral bracts with sparse hairs and occasional glands, more or less without stellate hairs (plants of Caucasus)..............essceeseeeeseeeees eh hadeenesl Ran... socbnts hb, oc ited Gens isles 252. H. sarykamyschense Juxip Involucres large (12.5 mm long); stigmas dark; plants of Caucasustustte.taetottacs ROB ab) ON pe 253. H. guidissiense Juxip Involucresimedium-sized2i1.000. 0 BO ee eS ee lve Leaves densely pubescent and more or less distinctly deeply (to incised) sharp-toothedseeiae levies teebeeiines: eine bake: 18. Leaves scatteredly (almost moderately) pubescent, and scarcely dénticulatests)..0t eds Leenniorn chale can do lesbos, Le 119), Leaves glabrous above, but densely pubescent elsewhere; stig- mas dark (plants of Baltic Region)......... 257. H. praetervisum Juxip Leaves on both sides densely pubescent; stigmas yellowish- browajordull greens 22822 eee eee 258. H. borodinianum Juxip Involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs..................... 20. Involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy; stigmas yellow................ nantes ad cy oh Naren cate 255. H. tritum Juxip. var. tritusiforme Juxip Stigmas yellowish-brown..............:-::00+ 254. H. sershukense Juxip Stigmas dark#+.\¢ 2202c.qcue ae, been en le ee aetuantes Ee eo Pa\e Peduncles with occasional hairs and glands (or without hairs); cauline leaves 2—3(1—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06) (plants of northwestern and nothern European Part of Soviet Union, Urals, and WestemSiberia)i2..-1seauw sheet fees 255. H. tritum Juxip Peduncles with sparse (to scattered) hairs and sparse, tiny glands; cauline leaves 1-29 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03) (plants of Caucasus) 4..53. Ss cncie eee ees 256. H. karjaginii Juxip Plants with more or less high coefficient of leafiness (0.20-0. 13)....23. 23. 26. 27. 28. + 215 30 (24). + al 33: 205 Plants with medium to low coefficient of leafiness (0.10—0.04).....24. Coefficient of leafiness 0.20; leaves more or less purple (plants of the North) t.05..228......03 259. H. subviolascentiforme Pohle and Zahn Coefficient of leafiness 0.13; leaves light green, pale beneath (plants of Caucasus)............ 260. H. membranulatum Litw. and Zahn Plants with medium coefficient of leafiness (0.10—-0.18).............:c:0 25 Plants with low coefficient of leafiness (0.07—0.04)............. eee 30. Involucral bracts with tiny (0.20.3 mm long), occasional to sparse (LO=2 0) clands Se See 8 c2 Le OR eat eemnonetesreret eter nate sees: 26. Involucral bracts with larger, sparse to scattered (25-40) glands Leaves very short-toothed; stigmas dark; involucres more or less, large, 10.5—11.5 mm long (plants of Baltic Region) ..........sssseeececeeneeneenes irene WES LEIS TRO nities 261. H. agronesaeum Juxip Leaves abruptly and deeply incised (lobed); stigmas yellowish- brown to dark; involucres 9.5—10 mm long (plants of Siberia)....... teed wen Medebub tae RE. steeds 262. H. schischkinii Juxip Leaves scarcely denticulate (at first glance looking entire); Basal LEANESIFS WER US LE SR, ER 28. Leaves deeply and sharply serrate to falcately toothed; leaf rosette well-developed; stigmas dull green (plants of Baltic Reston) Hee ARE TR a Ae 263. H. falcidentatum Juxip Glands on involucral bracts of medium size (0.4—0.5 mm long); stigmas yellowish-brown or rusty (plants of northwestern Euro- pean Part of Soviet Union).................+ 264. H. vulgatiforme Dahlst. Glands on involucral bracts large, 0.8—1 mm long.................000+ 29. Stigmas yellowish-brown or rusty (plants of northwest)................ et de 264. H. vulgatiforme Dahlst. var. ostiense Juxip Stigmas dark; glands in inflorescence to scattered (plants of @aieasus) AA I een 264. H. gudergomiense Juxip Involucral bracts with occasional to more or less sparse (10-15) ro) 0G Sis irs PER RES Bcc 0 coco ac i PER 3) Involucres quite large, 10-12 mm long; pubesence of leaves to weakly scattered; stigmas dark (plants of the North)................. eee lui. bien eens Ves ised ort see os SE Re 267. H. coniops Norrl. Involucres'smialls7:5=10 mmitlongs. Ae Re. a SS 32. Pubescence of leaves sparse to scattered (plants of Baltic Leaves densely pubescent; stigmas dark; florets often tubular (plants of the North)................0+ 266. H. constrigensiforme Juxip Stigmas dark; involucral bracts very obtuse, to sparsely pubes- cent; involucres 7.5—8.0 mm long............. 268. H. amblyolobum Juxip 206 34 (30). 216 41 (34). + Stigmas yellow; involucral bracts somewhat obtuse, with occa- sional hairs; involucres 8—10 mm IONG..............cssscesscccsssccesseeeseees nidell axon mmrnmelabadere EA OR 1s 8, 269. H. lepiduliforme Dahlst. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts present in more or less equal number (or hairs slightly more than glands)...................006 35: Glands more than hairs on involucral bracts (ratio of hairs to glands approximately 1:2); glands 20-50; involucres quite large.....41. eaves denseélyspubescent:4.02...0:11. st eteren yl Lownel onal. 1 ee, 36. Leaves moderately, pubescent..:9<4: .2:u-c1.08,-. eee a 38. Glands on involucral bracts small, 0.1—0.4 mm long, on average to Sparse, (ls) (plantsyof;Siberta) x s.2.<.2.0, stots eee ache a een Bile Glands on involucral bracts larger, 0.4—0.10 mm long, or on aver- age to scattered (30) (plants of the North).......... 0... eeseeeseeeneeeees wutneleneingieits TN. F RT te DU atseutua caus nitas 272. H. teplouchovii Juxip Stigmas/dark bestest). duane § catmandn.henve ss 271. H. ganeschinii Zahn ib Pore eh as TE LIE Suse 271. H. ganeschinii var. karakolense Juxip Stigmas yellowish-brown or dull green......... sieunra, wore A ..: SRE 39. Stigmas dark or black; involucral bracts more or less without Stellate hairs:)23 08 :ateres sotto. Jee otal nies th a aire teres Ke ade, 40. Involucral bracts conspicuously stellate-hairy (plants of Baltic REGO 11) Sah ER eels cccsnsemsnsnsceopeneseiee 273. H. acroleucum Stenstr. Involucral bracts very sparsely stellate-hairy (northern and northwesten region of the European Part of the Soviet Union).... meen Reosel ancy. AB DN asics ont cugazeons ed ae 274. H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. Leaves entire, sparsely pubescent, glabrous above; involucral bracts narrow (plants of Caucasus)........... 275. H. lipskyanum Juxip Leaves denticulate, to moderately pubescent (sparsely above); involucral bracts broad (plants of Northwest)...............:eseeeee plariarumaabebiee ME RONG, o. csessseisnassdnsneseurarneetets 270. H. prolatatum K. Joh. Stellate hairs of involucral bracts sparse or absent; stigmas yellowish-brown to dark.............ssseseeesseeseees 276. H. incurrens Sael. Involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy; stigmas yellowish-brown; leaves more or less glabrous above.......277. H. chlorelliceps Norrl. Cycle 1. Alphosticta Juxip.—Number of hairs on involucral bracts many times more than number of glands, or bracts completely eglandular; plants with more or less high (0.17—0.14) coefficient of leafiness. 240. H. alphostictum Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 43; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 404; Asch. and Graebn. Sysnopsis XII, II, 711.—Ie.: Dahlst. Beitr. (1901) 1. c. t. VIII. 217 207 Perennial. Stems 30-50 cm high, 1.0-—1.5 mm in diameter, reddish and sparsely white-pilose at base, more or less glabrous, eglandular, sparsely stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 2-3, elliptical to broadly lanceolate, to 11 cm long (4:1), finely (spinosely) toothed, subacute; cauline leaves 5—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14), bottom leaf elliptic- lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to petiole (resembling basal leaves), others lanceolate, sessile, drawn out into widened base, upper leaves acuminate from ovate base, to entire at tip, the rest finely (3-7), sharply toothed, olive- or grassy-green, violet beneath, on both sides sparsely, but along margin scatteredly pubescent with hairs | mm long, to dense hairs 1.5 mm long along midrib beneath. Inflorescence paniculate of 3— 5 capitula; peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs), eglandular, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10-11 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, lanceolate, subobtuse to subacute, with colored tips, with occasional, 13(11—16), hairs 1.5 mm long, eglandular or with few, (0-2), glands 0.2 mm long, slightly stel- late-hairy along margin to tip. Stigmas dull green (dark). Flowering July. Open deciduous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Saarema Island (Oesel). Type in Stockholm; cotype in Riga. Note. In the original diagnosis, Dahlstedt says the following: “Diese Sippe gehGrt unzweifelhaft der Gruppe Vulgata an, obwohl sie ein sehr an H. rigidum erinnerndes Aussehen besitzt. Sie ist mit keiner mir bekannten schwedischen Formen naéher verwandt.” For obvious rea- sons the number of endemic forms in the Baltic Region is quite small, excluding, however, the subgenus Euhieracium. The majority of the species of this subgenus reaching the eastern limit of their distribution here and coming under unusual climatic conditions, are able to evolve new forms. K.R. Kupffer, in his work Grundziige der Pflanzengeograpie des Ostbaltischen Gebietes (1925, 185), says the following about this phenomenon: “Nur die Gattung Hieracium zeigt auch bei uns...einen gewissen progressiven Endemismus (Diels, 1908) und hat schon Veranlassung zur Aufstellung einiger besonderer Elementararten fiir das Ostbaltische Gebiet geboten. Dahlstedt, der die Hieracien Osels berbeitet hat (1901), stellt fiir diesen Teil unserer Inselflora 5 neue Arten auf, namlich H. acroleucoides, H. alphostictum, H. furfuraceum, H. kupfferi u. H. lepiduliforme.” Similar interpretations are also applicable for explaining the en- demic (neo-endemic) forms found in the Murmansk Region. 241. H. turkestanicum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 528. 208 Perennial. Stem 30-60 high, at base violet and somewhat pubes- cent, eglandular, stellate-hairy throughout, very wide-branching. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 6-9 (coefficient of leafiness 0.17), remote, gradually reduced, lanceolate, narrowed to slightly amplexicaul base, acuminate, with many narrow, sharp teeth, glabrous above or very sparsely short-pubescent, along margin se- tose, stellate-hairy on both sides, olive-green. Inflorescence openly paniculate, broad, with (3)6—25 capitula; peduncles sparsely short- pilose, more or less finely glandular with tiny glands, tomentose. In- volucres 9-10 mm long, ovate, later truncate, involucral bracts narrow, acute, moderately pubescent with light-colored hairs with dark base, with sparse tiny glands, at base stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Soviet Central Asia: Tien-Shan? Endemic. Described from Semireche Region (?). Type unknown. 242. H. pohlei Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 145; in Pflzr. IV, 280, 527. . Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, at base violet and somewhat softly, white-pubescent, without hairs and glands above, but stellate-hairy throughout, often strongly branching. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 5-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14), lower crowded together or all leaves remote, bottom leaves withered, broadly lanceolate, narrowed to long, winged petiole, others sessile, with short-tapered base, upper leaves with rounded or even somewhat amplexicaul base, with short or mixed short and long large teeth (teeth to 10 mm long), glabrous above or very sparsely short-hairy (0.5 mm long), scattered-hairy beneath, with moderate pubescence along margin and midrib (hairs to 2.5 mm long), a little stellate-hairy along midrib; all leaves dark green. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with (3—)6—25 capitula; peduncles scatteredly short-pubes- cent, with occasional glands or more or less eglandular, gray-tomen- tose. Involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate, later truncate, incised, involucral bracts lanceolate, acute or subacute, outer rather loose, or recurved, with scattered short pubescence and sparse glands (in part with tiny glands), somewhat stellate-hairy. Corolla partly tubular; stigmas yel- lowish-brown, later turning dark. Flowering July to August. Limestone rocks.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from the banks of Shchugor River (former Vologda Region). Type unknown. 243. H. endaurovae Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 486. 2M) 209 Perennial. Stem 30 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, glaucescent, sul- cate, with scattered soft hairs 5 mm long at base, occasional hairs above, eglandular, weakly stellate-hairy at top. Basal leaves withering before anthesis (?); cauline leaves 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.16), lanceolate, narrowed to base, acuminate, with 3-5 curved, broad teeth, glaucescent, glabrous above, with occasional hairs along margin and beneath, hairs sparse, 2.5 mm long along midrib beneath, as a whole pubescence scattered. Inflorescence panicles, with few (3) capitula; peduncles with sparse hairs 2.5 mm long and occasional glands 0.2 mm long, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 11.5 mm long; involucral bracts (35) with 1.5 mm-long, light-colored, to scattered hairs and occasional (13) glands (0.2 mm long), at base sparsely stellate-hairy, glabrous above. Stigmas dull-green. Flowering June. Montane deciduous forest, at 1260 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberba. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from other species of the series Alphosticta by a more or less high coefficient of leafiness (cauline leaves to 5) and large involucres. Cycle 2. Korshinskya Juxip.—Number of hairs on involurcral bracts many times more than number of glands; plants with medium coeffi- cient of leafiness (0.08—0.10). 244. H. beschtaviciforme Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 486. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter without hairs and glands (glabrous), at top somewhat stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 5-6, elliptical to lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, more or less entire, to 14 cm long (4.5:1), with incurved margin, entirely glabrous; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), lanceolate, distinctly spatulate-toothed with 5-6 teeth, sessile, all becoming broader (4.5-3.2:1) upward, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, branched, with 4-14 capitula; peduncles more or less glabrous, eglandular, tomentose. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, obtuse, with scat- tered (30-35) hairs | mm long, eglandular, almost without stellate hdirs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Mountain meadows, at 900 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Beshtau Mountain. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the species of the cycle Korshinskya (for example, from H. leucothyrsoides Kozl. and Zahn or H. tephrophilum Kozl. and Zahn) by having a completely eglandular inflorescence and glabrous leaves. 220 210 245. H. wologdense Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 143; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 403. Perennial. Stem 20-50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, usually violet below and to moderately covered with soft white hairs 1-3 mm long, eglandular, stellate-hairy more or less throughout. Basal leaves 1-4, elliptical, obtuse to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, and subacute or acute, short- or long-tapered toward base to petiole (4.5:1), denticulate or toward base usually coarsely triangular-toothed (tips of teeth subu- late), light- or yellowish-green, pubescent on both sides and along margin with hairs 0.6—1.5 mm long, dense pubescence beneath, along midrib and on petioles, with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole densely hairy, sometimes with sparse stellate hairs; cauline leaves 2—4 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.09), lanceolate, tapered to base, bottom leaf short- petiolate, others sessile, acuminate, in lower half serrulate (subulately), on both sides and as a whole densely pubescent, always stellate-hairy beneath and sometimes on both sides. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-6 (according to Zahn 10-20!) capitula; peduncles short-pubescent, sparse to scattered, eglandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 8.5- 9.5(-10.5) mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acuminate, dark, with sparse to scattered, 30(18-43), light-colored hairs 1.0-1.3 mm long, eglandular or with occasional (0-6) tiny glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, at base quite densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark; achenes 4 mm long, blackish. Flowering July to August. (Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1.) Subalpine zone of Northern Urals.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Arctic Europe? (Sabel Mountain); Western Siberia: Arctic? (Usa). Described from Ust-Shchugor. Type in Leningrad. 246. H. korshinskyi Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 528.—H. almaatense B. Fedtsch. and Nevski in Tr. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 1, 1 (1933) 207. Perennial. Stem 40(20-75) cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, violet at base, to scattered-hairy with light-colored hairs 1-3 mm long (more conspicuous at base, solitary above), eglandular, weakly stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 0-7, outer ovate, abruptly narrowed to petiole, inner elliptical or lanceolate, large (to 20 mm long), tapered to long winged petiole (5:1), rounded to acute, finely and slightly toothed or with 3- 6, more or less distinct, broad teeth, olive- or bluish-green, paler beneath and often reddish-violet, above, beneath and along margin with scattered hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, pubescence along midrib beneath and on petioles to dense with hairs 1.5—-2.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately, rarely to very densely (var. abakanum Juxip) hairy; cauline leaves 3—4(1-7) (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), bottom leaf oblong- lanceolate, tapered to short, winged petiole or sessile, with 4—5 teeth, 2 ia = : SS Was = eK Pee Bp iB. a" ir ! es i asia VEE LYS Plate XIII. 1—H. tunguskanum Ganesch. and Zahn; 2—H. excubitum Elfstr. 221 223 22 very acuminate, others sessile, with narrowed, rounded, or somewhat perfoliate base, sparsely stellate-hairy along midrib beneath. Inflores- cence paniculate, with 6(1—12(32)) capitula; peduncles with hairs 1.0- 1.5 mm long, solitary to scattered (highly variable), eglandular or with occasional glands 0.1—0.2(0.4) mm long, white-tomentose. Involucres 9(8.0—11.5) mm long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, more or less acute, dark green, with light green border, sparse to scattered, 25(12—45(55)), hairs 1 mm long, light-colored with dark base, eglandular or with occasional, 3(0—13), glands 1-0.3 mm long, sparse to scattered stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark (yellowish brown in var. abakanum Juxip). Flowering June to August (September). (Plate XV, Fig. 2.) Montane spruce-fir forests, turfy gravel beds near and along old stony beds of mountain streams, dry clayey stony mountain slopes, around rocks near lower limit of forest, subalpine meadows, at 1500— 2700 m.—Soviet Central Asia: Tien Shan, Syr-Darya, Dzhungaria- Tarbagatai; Western Siberia: Angara-Sayans, Dauria. General distri- bution: Dzhungaria-Kashgaria. Described from Dzhungarian Alatau. Type in Leningrad. 247. H. subaquilonare Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1939) 487. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 2—5 mm in diameter, flexuous, violet at base, sulcate, to sparsely covered with hairs 1-2 mm long, eglandular (sometimes with lateral stems). Basal leaves 0-7, elliptical to lanceolate, tapered to petiole, acute, with small and larger triangular teeth (to 5), olive-green, violet beneath, with scattered to barely moderate hairs 0.6—1.5 mm long; cauline leaves 2-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), lanceolate, short-petiolate or upper leaves sessile, hardly toothed. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3—8(—28) capitula; peduncles covered with scattered to moderate hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, eglandular or with occasional glands 0.2—0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9-11 mm long; involucral bracts linear, obtuse, blackish, with scattered, 35(22- 50), hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, light-colored with dark base and with occasional, 4(0—5), glands 0.3 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later turning dark. Flowering June to August. Herb and forested mountain slopes and riverbanks, preferably on calcareous soil_—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Volga-Kama. Endemic. Described from banks of Onega River (Kargopol District). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the related species of cycle Korshinskaya (for example, H. wolodense Pohle and Zahn) by having yellowish-brown stigmas and scattered leaf pubescence. 224 213 248. H. leucothyrsoides Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 11; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 394. Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, 1—3 mm in diameter, to moderately pubescent, thicker below, thinner upward, eglandular, at top stellate- hairy. Basal leaves 2—5, large, ovate or ovate-oblong, toward base abruptly cuneate, with sparse broad teeth, on both sides and as a whole densely short-pubescent; cauline leaves 2—4(—6) (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), remote, bottom leaf large, ovate-oblong, tapered to petiole, others abruptly reduced, short-petiolate, upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, to moderately pubescent. Inflorescence operly paniculate, with 2—12 capitula; peduncles sparsely (to scatteredly) short-pilose, with occasional glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres (7—)9—11 mm long, broad; involucral bracts lanceolate, some- what acute, with scattered, 28(12—36), light-colored hairs 1 mm lIcng and occasional, 2(0—6), glands 0.2—0.3 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July to August. Subalpine and alpine meadows, at 1850—2400 m.—Caucasus: East- ern and Western Transcaucasia, Dagestan. Endemic. Described from town of Bakuriani. Type in Tbilisi. 249. H. tephrophilum Koz]. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 11; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 397. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, with scat- tered white hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy, often with lateral stems. Basal leaves often very large, to 20 cm long, outer elliptical, obtuse, others broadly oblong-lanceolate (4.5:1), ta- pered to petiole, acuminate, from base to middle of leaves with large and often 2—4 long teeth, with hairs 0.3-0.6 mm long on both sides or becoming glabrous above, as a whole scattered-pilose, grayish-green; cauline leaves (2—)3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), remote, like basal leaves, abruptly reduced, bottom leaf tapered to narrow base, sessile, often long-toothed, others more or less lanceolate, long-acuminate, stellate-hairy beneath along midrib. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 10-20 capitula; peduncles sparsely white-pubescent, eglandular or with occasional glands 0.2 mm long, white-tomentose. Involucres 9— 10 mm long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acute, with scat- tered, 24(16-32), white hairs 1 mm long with dark base and occasional, 3(0—8), glands 0.2 mm long, outer bracts densely stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to August. On old glacial moraines, at 1900-2000 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from vicinity of town of Bakuriani. Type in Tbilisi. 225 214 250. H. uczanssuense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 487. Perennial. Stem 30 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, violet at base and to scatteredly white-pilose, hairs 2 mm long, glabrous above, eglandular. One basal leaf at anthesis, lanceolate, tapered to base (6:1), glabrous above, moderately pubescent beneath and along midrib with hairs 1 mm long, with occasional hairs 0.5 mm long along margin, as a whole to scattered-pubescent; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), lanceolate, narrowed to base, acute, remote, gradually reduced, pubes- cence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence strongly dichotomus, with 3 capitula; peduncles glabrous, eglandular, tomentose. Involucres 8 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, to sparsely (16) pubescent with hairs 1 mm long, with occasional (5) glands 0.4 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. European Part: Crimea (between Uchan-Su and Ai-Petri, collected by O. Fedtschenko and B. Fedtschenko, 2.VIII.1893). Endemic. Described from Uchan-Su. Type in Leningrad. Note. This unique specimen of the species is at the same time the only representative of subsection Laevicaulia (and Vulgata) from Crimea. It is distinguished from the closely related species of this cycle by the comparatively lower coefficient of leafiness (0.09) and the cauline leaves that are narrowed toward the base. 251. H. aczelmanicum Schischk. and Serg. in Sistem, Zam. po Mat. Gerb. im. Krylova pri Tomsk. Univ. 1—2 (1949) 19; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3054. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, to 3 mm in diameter, with light- colored hairs 2—4 mm long throughout, denser below with retrorse hairs, hairs reduced and horizontally spreading above, eglandular, with scattered stellate hairs at top. Basal leaves 0-1, obovate, tapered to short petiole, rounded-obtuse, unevenly toothed, pubescent; cauiine leaves to 6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10-—0.15), bottom leaves (3-4) oval to ovate, to 8 cm long, quite broad (2:1), sessile, with broad semiamplexicaul base, obtuse, with 5-7 unequal teeth, larger toward base of leaf, upper smaller, cuneate, acute, all leaves scattered-pubes- cent but along margin conspicuously pubescent, green, paler beneath. Inflorescence open remote panicle, with 2-10 capitula; peduncles cov- ered with sparse to scattered, light-colored hairs to 2 mm long and with very few short glands, scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, with light border,with scattered, 40(36—42), light-colored hairs 2 mm long and occasional, 3(0—-6), glands 0.1-0.2 mm long or eglandular, to moderately stellate-hairy. Corollas yellow; stigmas dark; achenes reddish-black. Flowering July. 226 215 Forests.—Western Siberia: Altai. Endemic. Described from banks of Achelman River. Type in Tomsk. 252. H. sarykamyschense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 487. Perennial. Stem 80 cm high, 3.5 mm in diameter, sparsely pubes- cent, eglandular, sometimes two stems arising from single rhizome. Basal leaves 2—3, lanceolate, outer small, acute to spatulate, inner large (25 cm long), 5:1, somewhat obtuse, strongly tapered to long petiole, glaucescent, with 4-5 remote small teeth and occasional hairs near and along margin, along midrib beneath and as a whole sparsely hairy with hairs 1.0-—2.5 mm long; cauline leaves 7 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), lanceolate, evenly distributed, lower large, gradually reduced, with rounded, semiamplexicaul base, acuminate, with 2—5 acute teeth, of which 1-2 pairs larger, subglabrous (at first glance leaves appear glabrous.) Inflorescence paniculate, with 10 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs | mm long and glands 0.2 mm long, grayish-tomen- tose. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, obtuse with sparse (21-26), hairs 1 mm long and occasional (6-12) glands 0.1—0.2 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. (Plate XVIII, Bigti2») Montane pine forests.—Caucasus: Possibly found in Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Eastern Anatolia. Described from vicinity of Sarykamys (former Kars Region). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related Caucasian species of Korshinskaya by broad semiamplexicaul leaves. Cycle 3. Trita Juxip.—Number of hairs on involucral bracts many times greater than number of glands; plants with low coefficient of leafiness. 253. H. gudissiense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 488. Perennial. Stem 30 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, to scattered-hairy with hairs 3 mm long, more conspicuous at base, eglandular. Basal leaves 4, lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to petiole, more or less entire, broad (3:1), moderately hairy on both sides and along margin, but densely hairy along midrib beneath with hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately hairy; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), broadly lanceolate (2.7:1). Inflorescence dichotomously panicu- late, with 4 capitula; peduncles sparsely pubescent, more or less eglandular, tomentose. Involucres 12.5 mm long; involucral bracts lin- ear, subacute, to moderately (52) covered with short light-colored hairs 227 216 0.7 mm long with dark base and few (7), glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, stellate-hairy at base and along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Subalpine meadows.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from southern Ossetia (Gudis ravine). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related Caucasian species of Trita by large (12.5 mm long) involucres. 254. H. sershukense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 488. Perennial. Stem 22—32 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, to sparsely pubescent, eglandular. Basal leaves 1—3, lanceolate, tapered to petiole, scarcely denticulate, to scattered short-pubescent; cauline ieaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, scarcely toothed, upper leaf bracteiform. Inflorescence paniculate, of 3-6 capitula; peduncles with sparse hairs and occasional glands, tomentose. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, to scattered-pubescent (34), with hairs 1 mm long and few (2) glands 0.2 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July. Open mountain slopes.—Western Siberia: Altai. Endemic. Described from valley of Serzhuka River (Zmeinogorsk District). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from M. korshinskyi Zahn by the yellow stigmas. 255. H. tritum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 489.—H. striaticeps Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 394; quoad pl. Vologd. non Dahlst. Perennial. Stem 45(20—90) cm high, 0.5—3.0 mm in diameter, usually sparsely, at base more densely pubescent, eglandular, vigorous speci- mens often branching. Basal leaves 3—4(1-7), to 20 mm long, 5:1, elliptical to lanceolate, tapered to long, winged petiole, denticulate, glaucescent, sparsely hairy above, scatteredly beneath, moderately along margin, but to densely along midrib beneath, hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole moderately hairy; cauline leaves 2—3(1-5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, bottom leaf short-petiolate, others sessile, acute, pubescent like basal leaves, stellate-hairy along midrib beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—18(—70) capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional, short hairs 0.6-1.0 mm long, eglandular or with occasional glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, more or less tomentose. Involucres 8-11 mm long; involucral bracts broad, lanceolate, sub- acute, sparsely, 23(14—43), hairy with hairs 1 mm long, with occasional, 5(0-12), glands 0.2-0.3 mm long (visible in incident light under strong magnifying glass!); more or less without stellate hairs or densely hairy 2A) (var. tritusiforme Juxip). Stigmas dark or yellowish-brown (in the variety always yellow). Flowering June to July. Stony slopes along banks of rivers and lakes, subalpine birch forests, pine forests on ridges, pine-spruce forests, and along edges of pine-birch forests.—European Part: Arctic Europe (Urals), Karelia- Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Volga-Kama, Lodga-IImen, Baltic Region; West- ern Siberia: Ob’ Region (Urals). Described from Estonian SSR. Type in Tartu. Note. Extensive material of this species had already been partly determined by Dahlstedt, Lindberg, Norrlin, Samuelsson, and Zahn, who called the plant at times H. vulgatum Fr., at other times H. triviale Norrl. We studied all the available material again and found that: 1) H. triviale Norrl. is a synonym of H. vulgatum Fr.; and 2) here two morphologically different types had been combined: one type, in which the number of hairs on the involucral bracts was many, times more than the number of tiny (0.2—0.3 mm long) glands on those very bracts, and the other type, where the number of hairs and glands was more or less equal, but the glands were 0.4—0.6 mm long. In the light of these facts, we considered it better to segregate the first type under the name H. tritum Juxip and to retain the old name H. vulgatum for the second type, subordinating H. triviale Norrl. to it aS a synonym. 256. H. karjaginii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. XIX (1959) 489. Perennial. Stem to 50 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, more or less sparsely pubescent, more conspicuously at base, eglandular, with very sparse down. Basal leaves (3-4) to 20 mm long (4:1), elliptical to lanceolate, tapered to fairly long petiole, more or less denticulate, glaucescent, on both sides sparsely pubescent (hairs 1 mm long), densely along midrib beneath (hairs 1.5 mm long), but sparsely along margin, scattered pubescent (hairs 1 mm long), as a whole scattered- pubescent, without stellate hairs; cauline leaves 1-2, lanceolate, long- petiolate, with 3—4 conspicuously acute teeth, pubescence to scattered (glabrous above), with weak down along midrib beneath. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 8 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles with scattered hairs 1 mm long, and occasional fine glands 0.2 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 10—11 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, to scattered-pubescent (28) (hairs 1 mm long), with dark base and light-colored tips, with occasional (5) fine glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June. Caucasus: Azerbaidzhan, Lake Gei-Gyol, 16. VI.1939 (Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Azerbaidzhan SSR in Baku). 228 218 Note. It is distinguished from H. tritum Juxip by having the pe- duncles covered with hairs and glands in more or less considerable number. 257. H. praetervisum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 490. Perennial. Stem up to 80 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, sparsely pubescent in lower part, glabrous and eglandular above. Basal leaves 1-2, elliptical, tapered to long petiole, sharply serrate, without hairs above, densely pubescent beneath along margin and midrib; cauline leaves 4—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), evenly distributed, large, broadly lanceolate (4:1), deeply sharp-serrate, incised, at base more or less lobate, often with free teeth on petiole, olive-green, violet, pubes- cence to barely moderate (almost half as hairy as basal leaves). Inflo- rescence openly paniculate, with 20 capitula; peduncles almost glabrous, eglandular, tomentose. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts with scattered, 37(34—40), short pubescence with hairs 0.6 mm long, with occasional, 9(6—-12) glands 0.3 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Edges of spruce forests on calcareous stony soil.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Varbol (north- western part of Estonian SSR). Type in Tartu. Note. The species is very close to H. tritum Juxip; distinguished by the cauline leaves that are deeply incised and glabrous above. 258. H. borodinianum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 490. Perennial. Stem 25—80 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, pubescence to scattered, with hairs 2-3 mm long (more conspicuous at violet base), eglandular, weakly stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 2—6, lanceolate, tapered to long petiole, to 17 cm long (5:1), with 4—6 small or more or less sharp, deep teeth (one short teeth between two long), to densely hairy on both sides with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, moderately hairy along margin, densely along midrib beneath, as a whole, to densely hairy, light grass-green, reddish-violet beneath; cauline leaves 2—4(—7) (co- efficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, lowermost leaf petiolate, others sessile, with 4-5 teeth, acute, pubescence density as in basal leaves. Inflorescence paniculate-umbelliform, with 3—4 capitula; peduncles to sparsely pubescent, eglandular, tomentose. Involucres 8.5-10.5 mm long; involucral bracts acute, to scattered-pubescent, 36(24—44), with hairs 1 mm long, with scattered glands, 13(18—23), 0.3-0.4 mm long, usually without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown or dull green. Flowering July to August. (Plate XXII.) 229 219 Spruce-birch forests, on hills.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen, Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper. Endemic. Described from Staritsa District (Kalinin Region). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguisted from the closely related species H. praetervisum Juxip by having the leaves densely pubescent on both sides and yellowish-brown or dull green stigmas. Cycle 4. Membranulata Juxip.—Hairs and glands in inflorescence more or less equal in number; coefficient of leafiness more or less high (0.20-0. 13). 259. H. subviolascentiforme Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 142; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280. Perennial. Stem to 20 cm high, | mm in diameter, only at base somewhat hairy, stellate-hairy. Basal leaves short-petiolate, oblong- lanceolate, acute, serrate; cauline leaves 3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.20), narrowly lanceolate, acute, short-petiolate or attenuate-sessile, upper subulate, serrate, more or less glabrous above, scattered-hairy beneath, moderate along margins and midrib (hairs 1-2 mm long), light green, more or less purple. Inflorescence paniculate, with 1-5 capitula; peduncles sparsely pubescent and glandular, gray-tomentose. Involu- cres 9 mm long, ovate, later transversely compressed; involucral bracts somewhat broad and obtuse, with broad border, sparsely pubescent with hairs | mm long, sparsely glandular, with scattered-stellate hairs only dorsally. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. On limestone rocks.—European Part: Arctic Europe, Dvina- Pechora; Western Siberia. Endemic. Described from banks of Usa River (tributary of Pechora River). Type unknown. 260. H. membranulatum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 239; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 383. Perennial. Stem 30—40 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, more or less glabrous. Basal leaves 0—3(—7), elliptical, oblong and somewhat obtuse to oblong-lanceolate, to 16 cm long (5.5:1), tapered to short or long petiole, acute, toothed from base to middle of lamina, with large unequal triangular teeth, entire toward tip, light green, pale beneath, glabrous above, as a whole very weakly pubescent with short hairs 1 mm long; cauline leaves (3—)4—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), lanceolate, petiolate, gradually reduced, upper sessile, acute, some- what stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—3(—10) capitula; peduncles (almost) without simple hairs and glands, scat- tered-tomentose. Involucres 9.0—9.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts lanceolate, somewhat broad and obtuse, dark green, with pale borders, 230 220 pubescence to sparse (16-21), with hairs | mm long and occasional (10-16) glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark or dull green. Flowering July to August. Montane pine and birch forests, at 1260 m and above.—Caucasus: Dagestan, Western Trancaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda, variety from Dagestan (Richa). Type in Leningrad. Note. In Dagestan, variety riczaense Juxip is found, which is dis- tinguished by the somewhat heavier pubescence of the whole plant. Cycle 5. Vulgatiformia Juxip.—Number of hairs and glands in inflorescence more or less equal; coefficient of leafiness medium (0.10- 0.08); glands medium to large (0.4—1.0 mm long). 261. H. agronesaeum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 491. Perennial. Stem 55—95 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, sparsely pu- bescent, eglandular. Basal leaves 1-3, elliptical to lanceolate, to 16 mm long (4.5:1), with very fine short teeth, on both sides and as a whole with scattered short hairs 0.8-1.5 mm long; cauline leaves 5—8 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.08), evenly distributed on up to two-thirds of stem, lanceolate, with 4-5 short teeth, olive- or glaucescent, pubes- cence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence paniculate, with 4—15 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10.5—11.5 mm long; involucral bracts with sparse, 21(19-24), hairs 1.2 mm long and occasional (10) glands 0.3 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). En- demic. Described from vicinity of Tartu. Type in Tartu. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. schischkinii Juxip by having very weakly toothed leaves and large involucres. 262. H. schischkinii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 491. Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, sulcate, pubescence to sparse, eglandular, with sparse stellate hairs above. Basal leaves 3-4, broadly lanceolate, quite abruptly nar- rowed to long, winged petiole, acuminate, lamina from base to middle deeply incised, with 6—9 acute teeth, and with free teeth on petioles, denticulate at tip, grassy green or glaucescent, sparsely hairy above with small hairs, 0.3-0.5 mm long, moderately pubescent beneath with hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long, scattered along margin, with dense hairs 2 mm long along midrib beneath, as a whole pubscence to moderate; 23 — 221 cauline leaves 5-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), like inner basal leaves, lanceolate, bottom leaf short-petiolate, others sessile, deeply incised- toothed, acute. Inflorescence painculate-umbelliform, with 20 capitula; peduncles scattered-hairy (conspicuously) with hairs 1 mm long, eglandular or with occasional glands, 0.2 mm long, more or less densely tomentose. Involucres 9.5-10.0 mm long; involucral bracts linear-lan- ceolate, narrow, acute, with scattered, 34(20-45), hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long and few to sparse, 15(8—-20), glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown or dark. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXIII, Fig. 1.) Meadows and forest edges.—Western Siberia: Ob’ Region. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Biisk. Type in Leningrad. Note. Close to H. ganeschinii Zahn, it is distinguished by having a larger number of cauline leaves and capitula and deeply incised leaves. From H. korshinskyi Zahn, it is distinguished by having a higher number of glands on the involucral bracts and by leaf shape. 263. H. falcidentatum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 492. Perennial. Stems 70-75 cm high, to 3 mm in diameter, scatteredly pubescent below, eglandular, branching above. Basal leaves 5-9, in well-developed rosette (not typical for this subsection!), to 17 cm long (6—7:1), narrowly lanceolate, tapered to long, winged petiole, unequally acuminate, with acute or falcate recurved teeth, with free teeth on petioles, olive-green or slightly violet, with occasional hairs above, sparse beneath, moderate along margin, dense along midrib beneath and on petioles, with hairs 0.7-1.5 mm long, as a whole moderately hairy; cauline leaves 5—7 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), evenly distrib- uted, narrowly lanceolate (7.5:1), sharply toothed. Inflorescence pan- iculate, with 14—25 capitula, in part undeveloped; peduncles to sparsely hairy with hairs 1 mm long, eglandular or with occasional glands, weakly tomentose. Involucres 7.5—9.5 mm long; involucral bracts lan- ceolate, somewhat obtuse, sparsely, 22(17-27), hairy with hairs 1 mm long and with a few, 20(11—28), glands, 0.4 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dull green; anthers with developed pollen. Flowering July. Edges of open deciduous forests, on calcareous, stony, dry soil.— European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from vicinity of Rapla. Type in Tartu. Note. The species is remarkable for its well developed rosette of narrow basal leaves with falcately sharp teeth and developed pollen. These features distinguish it from the closely related H. vulgatiforme Dahlst. 232 222 264. H. vulgatiforme Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl, III (1894) 81; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 716; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 404; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif. (1923) 75; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 627; Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 711; nec Arv.-Touv. (1876).—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. 11, No. 93; Dahlst., Herb. Hier. Scand., cent. II, Nos. 91, 92, V, No. 62, XIV, No. 53, XXIV, No. 74. Perennial. Stem 40-90 cm high, 1.5—4.5 mm in diameter, reddish- violet at base, with occasional hairs or to scattered-pubescent at base, eglandular, vigorous specimens often branching. Basal leaves 3(0-6), elliptical, ovate to oblong-lanceolate tapered to winged petiole, often large (to 21 cm long) (5—6:1), almost entire or with remote, short, serrate teeth, dark green, paler beneath, partly withreing before anthesis, sparsely hairy above with hairs 0.7—2.0 mm long, to moderately hairy beneath and along margin, scattered-pubescent along midrib beneath and on petioles, as a whole to moderately hairy with hairs 1.5-3.0 mm long; cauline leaves 6—7(4—10) (coefficient of leafiness on average 0.10), evenly distributed, oblong-lanceolate, bottom leaves tapered to petiole, upper sessile, with 3—4 remote teeth, pubescence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3—28 capitula; peduncles glabrous or to sparsely hairy (this character is subject to great varia- tion), with few to sparse glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, tomentose. Involu- cres (8.5)9.0-11.5 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts lanceolate, broad, somewhat obtuse to subacute, with colored tips, sparsely covered, 20(12-33), with light-colored hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long having dark base, sparse to scattered, 25(15-40), glands 0.4-0.5 mm long, but sometimes glands large, 0.8—1.0 mm long (var. ostiense Juxip), more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown or rusty, later turning dark. Flowering July to August. Open pine-spruce (sand-dune) forests, oak-groves, evidently pre- ferring vicinity of sea.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen, Upper Volga, Baltic Region. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note. This species is very close to H. tyrsiflorum Norrl., which has been found (according to Norrlin) on the Solovetsk Islands. In any case, based on Norrlin’s very brief diagonsis, it is impossible to sepa- rate it from H. vulgatiforme (Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 718; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 104 (nota)). Since we did not see the authentic specimen, we have decided not to treat it as a synonym of H. vulgatiforme. 265. H. gudergomiense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 492. 223 Plate XIV. 233 2—H. auriculoides (Froel.) Zahn. 1—H. crocatum Fr.; 235 224 Perennial. Stem 35—55 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, violet at base and with up to scattered hairs 2.5 mm long, with occasional hairs above, eglandular. Basal leaves 2—3(0—4), lanceolate, tapered to peti- ole, acute, scarcely denticulate, gray-green, as a whole to scatteredly hairy with hairs 0.5—1.5 mm long; cauline leaves 4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), lanceolate, upper linear, bracteiform. Inflorescence paniculate, with 4-7 capitula; peduncles with occasional to sparse hairs and few glands, tomentose. Involucres 11-12 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, to sparsely (20) hairy with hairs 1 mm long, with scat- tered, 32(26—37), glands 1 mm long, stellate hairs at base and along margin, glabrous beneath. Stigmas dark, ligule teeth somewhat ciliate. Flowering June to July. Subalpine meadows.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Southern Ossetia (Gudergomi). Type in Leningrad. Note. It replaces H. vulgatiforme Dahlst. in Caucasus, from which it is distinguished only by its dark stigmas. Cycle 6. Constringentia Juxip.—Number of hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal; glands on inflorescence sparse; coefficient of leafiness low (0.07—0.04). 266. H. constringensiforme Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 492. Perennial. Stem 20-50 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, with scattered hairs 1-2 mm long (more conspicuous at base of stem), eglandular, stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 2-8, oval to lanceolate, more or less abruptly tapered to petiole, weakly denticulate with 3—5 teeth, or more or less entire, acute, moderately to densely hairy on both sides and along margin with hairs 0.3-1.0 mm long, with dense hairs 1.5 mm long beneath on midrib, as a whole pubescence to dense, grassy- or glaucescent-green; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), narrowly lanceolate, scarcely toothed with 3-5 teeth, more conspicu- ous at base and sometimes extending onto petiole. Inflorescence strongly dichotomously paniculate, often one-sided, with 2—12(—25) capitula; peduncles scatteredly hairy with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, with occasional glands 0.2—0.4 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 8.5-10 mm long; involucral bracts acute, pubescence to scattered, 30(20-37), with hairs | mm long, with few (to sparse), 14(8—23), glands 0.2-0.4 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark; florets often tubular. Flowering July to August. Sandy banks of rivers and lakes, outcrops of marl, slate and lime- stone.—Arctic: Arctic Europe (Urals); European Part: Karelia-Lapland, 225 Dvina-Pechora; Western Siberia: Ob’ Region. Endemic. Described from basin of Severnaya Sosva River (Berezvoka District). Type in Leningrad. Note. The species is close to H. constringens Norrl. but is distin- guished from it by having smaller involucres and pubescence that is twice as dense on the leaves and stem. (H. constringens Norrl. is a Scandinavian species which has spread eastward to the Aland Islands.) 267. H. coniops Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 150; Brenner. Finnl. Hier.-form. I, 21; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 714; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 466; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 82.—H. umbricola Sael. apud Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 150; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio. 715; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 465; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif. 74; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.- Fl. 2 ed. 621.—H. torpense Dahlst. ex K. Joh. Arch. Siljanstr. (1902) 66 (cum descr.).—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs fasc. VIII, Nos. 40, 41; Dahlst. Hier. exs. cent. I, No. 79; Hier. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 50, 51 (sub H. subtorpense Dahlst.). Perennial. Stem 20-55 cm high, 1-4 mm in diameter, violet at base, sulcate, glabrous (almost), eglandular. Basal leaves 3-7, short-tapered to petiole, lanceolate, acute, denticulate or more or less serrate (with 5-10 teeth), or more or less incised, with deep, remote, acute teeth (var. pandans Norrl.), to 16 cm long (4—5:1), glabrous above, to scattered- hairy beneath and along margin with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, densely hairy on midrib beneath with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole to scattered-hairy, stellate-hairy along midrib beneath; cauline leaves 1—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, toothed, tapered to base, upper ones narrowly lanceolate, entire, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflores- cence paniculate, with 2-17 capitula (if more, then inflorescence branched, with branches from axils of all cauline leaves); peduncles (almost) glabrous (hairs 1 mm long), more or less eglandular, grayish- tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long, with turbinate base; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse or acute, pubescence to sparse, 22(12—25(45)), with hairs 1 mm long and few to sparse, 13(6—-18), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, more or less stellate-hairy (near base), barbate at tip. Ligules short; stigmas dark (brown). Flowering July. Limestone hills, open areas, pine-birch and flood-plain forests.— European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-IImen (north- ern part). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. 237 226 268. H. amblylobum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 493. Perennial. Stem 80-100 cm high, to 2.5 mm in diameter, with occa- sional hairs, eglandular (subglabrous). Basal leaves 1-2, large (to 26 cm long), elliptical to lanceolate, narrowed to long petiole, remotely denticulate, glaucescent, grayish-blue beneath, subglabrous above, pubescent beneath and along margin, and as whole to sparse hairs, 0.4-1.0 mm long, cauline leaves 4—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), bottom leaf petiolate, others short-petiolate, upper sessile, lanceolate, toothed, broad (to 4:1), pubescence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence paniculate, with 8-52 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 7.5—8.0 mm long; in- volucral bracts lanceolate, very blunt, pubescence to sparse, 14(11- 15), with hairs 1.2 mm long and equally, 11(8-14), glandular, glands 0.3 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region. Described from Talzen (Latvian SSR). Type in Riga. Note. In habit it resembles H. vulgatiforme Dahlst. but is distin- guished by the shape of the leaves, obtuse involucral bracts, and sparsely glandular inflorescence, as well as by the sparsely pubescent leaves, which look glabrous at first glance. 269. H. lepiduliforme Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 42; Zahn in Pfizr. 1V, 280, 379; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 569.—Ic.: Dahlst. op. cit. t. VII. fig. 2. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, reddish at base, with occasional hairs, eglandular, at first glance appearing gla- brous. Basal leaves at anthesis 2—3(-4), elliptical to lanceolate, outer obtuse, others acute, tapered to long, winged petiole, to 16 cm long, finely sharply toothed with 1-3 pairs of somewhat larger teeth inter- mixed, or more or less entire (var. integrius Dahlst in Sch.), sparsely covered on both sides with short hairs 0.5—-0.1 mm long, moderately so along margin, densely hairy beneath along midrib, with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole scattered-hairy; cauline leaves 3—4(1-6) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, bottom leaf tapered to short, winged petiole, others sessile, at base often toothed with long, sharp teeth, upper half entire, pubescence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence panicu- late, with 2-9 capitula; peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs), eglandular, weakly tomentose. Involucres (8—)9-10 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts linear, more or less obtuse to acute, dark green, with reddish, barbate tip, with few, 8(2—11), hairs 0.8 mm 238 227 long and few, 10(8—17), glands 0.3 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow, later turning brown. Flowering July. Open deciduous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Saaremaa Island (Oesel). Type in Stockholm; cotype in Riga. Cycle 7. Vulgata Juxip.—Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in number; glands medium length (0.4-0.6 mm long), glands in inflorescence to scattered; coefficient of leafiness low (0.07-0.04). 270. H. prolatatum K. Joh. ex Dahlst. Bot. of the Faeroes, II (1903) 635 (nota); Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 466 (nota). Perennial. Stem 40-75 cm high, 1.5—3.5 mm in diameter, sparsely pubescent below, eglandular. Basal leaves 2-7, broadly ovate, elliptical to broadly lanceolate (4:1), to 17 cm long, finely (spinosely), rarely clearly toothed, olive- or grass-green, sparsely hairy above, scatteredly beneath, moderately along margin, densely so along midrib beneath, but as a whole moderately hairy, with hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long; cauline leaves (1—)2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), broadly lanceolate (3.5:1), short-petiolate or sessile. Inflorescence corymbose- paniculate, with 4—18(-—30) capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, to- mentose. Involucres 9-11 mm long; involucral bracts broad (1.5 mm), somewhat obtuse, with scattered, 35(20—48), hairs 1.5 mm long, sparsely, 18(6—30), glandular glands 0.2-0.5 mm long, without stellate hairs, barbate at tip. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Forest edges and open forests, preferring calcareous soil.— European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-IImen, Baltic Region. General distribution: Scandinavia, Atlantic Europe. Described from Faeroe Islands. Type unknown. Note. Among mainly pollenless specimens we also find specimens with developed pollen. 271. H. ganeschinii Zahn in Tr. Pochv.-bot. E’ksp. Perecel, Upr. II, 5 (1912) 151; em. Juxip. Perennial. Stem 25-65 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, to scattered- hairy with hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, eglandular. Basal leaves 3(1-6), elliptical to broadly lanceolate (4—6:1), to 20 cm long, narrowed to petiole, acuminate, remotely sinuate and irregularly toothed with 3-8 teeth, often with free teeth on petioles, grass-green, paler beneath, moderately pubescent above and along margin, with hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, densely hairy beneath, particularly along midrib, with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence to dense; cauline leaves 239 228 2—3(1-4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), bottom leaf in appearance and pubescence like inner basal leaves, petiolate, upper sessile, usually somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate with (1—)2— 10 capitula; peduncles sparsely to scatteredly hairy with hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, with occasional glands 0.2 mm long, grayish-tomentose. Involucres (7—)8.0-10.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, sub- acute, dark, to scattered-hairy, 28(20—40), hairs 1 mm long, with sparse, 15(7-29), or moderate (45-70) glands (var. jamarovense Juxip) 0.1—0.4 mm long, stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas dark, sometimes (rarely) yellowish-brown (var. karakolense Juxip.) Flowering July to August. Aspen-birch, pine-larch and fir-cedar forests, banks of rivers and lakes, subalpine meadows, to 2000 m.—Western Siberia: Altai, Eastern Siberia: Angara-Sayans, Dauria, Lena-Kolyma. Endemic. Described from Balagan District (Irkutsk Region). Type in Leningrad. 272. H. teplouchovii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 493. Perennial. Stem 25-45 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, violet at base, covered up to scattered with hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 2-5, elliptical to broadly lanceolate (4.5:1); abruptly or gradually tapered to slender petiole, obtuse to subacute, more or less entire or with spinose teeth, grass-green, glau- cous beneath, with scattered hairs 1 mm long above, densely hairy beneath with hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long, along margin, very densely hairy along midrib beneath with hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long, as a whole densely hairy; cauline leaves (1—)2—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, bottom leaf quite abruptly tapered to petiole, upper sessile with ta- pered base, acute, pubescence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence pan- iculate with 2-6 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long and sparse to scattered glands 0.2-0.6 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9.5-11.0 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute to scattered-hairy, 28(20-33), with hairs 1.5 mm long, equally, 30(18—42), glandular, with glands 0.4-1.0 mm long, somewhat stellate-hairy at base and along margin. Stigmas dark; anthers in some specimens with sterile pollen. Flowering July to August. (Plate XXIV, Fig. 1.) Slopes of volcanic mounds in montane spruce and spruce-fir for- ests.—Arctic: Arctic Europe (Kanin); European Part: Volga-Kama (Urals); Western Siberia: Ob’ Region (Urals). Described from Perm Region. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. by having pubescence on the leaves that is twice as dense. 273. H. acroleucum Stenstr. Varml. Arch. (1889) 55; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II, 69; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 392; Joh. and 240 229 Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif. 10; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 626; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 701; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 70.-—-Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. II, No. 60, III, No. 46; Hier. Scand. II, Nos. 75, 76; GRF No. 1849b. Perennial. Stem 30-75 cm high, 3—4 mm in diameter, violet at base and sparsely covered with hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, more or less without simple hairs upward, but with occasional tiny glands and sparse stel- late hairs. Basal leaves 1-3, sometimes withering before anthesis, sometimes large (to 25 cm long), oval, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acute (6:1), remotely short-toothed, all cuneately tapered to winged petiole, light grassy-green, often violet beneath, sparsely hairy above and along margin, hairs 0.5—0.8 mm long, scattered-hairy beneath with hairs 1 mm long, dense hairs along midrib 1.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence to moderate, stellate hairs only beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 2—3(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, bottom leaf short-petiolate, others sessile, remotely and unequally serrate (teeth larger toward base). Inflorescence paniculate, with 6-20 capitula, branched (from axils of cauline leaves); peduncles with few gray hairs having dark base and with occasional glands, clear-tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts acuminate, narrowing from broad base, with sparse, 20(17-30), light-colored hairs 1 mm long with dark base and sparse, 24(17-30), glands 0.4—0.6 mm long, stellate pubes- cence moderate, conspicuous particularly at base and along margin to tip. Corollas yellow; stigmas dull yellow, later turning brown. Flower- ing June to July. Slopes of eskers, open forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Altantic Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note. This species represents the Atlantic element of the flora. 274. H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. in Thedenius, Flora 6fver Upl. o. Séderm. (1871) 361; Dahlst. Bidr. Syddstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III, 76; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 43; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 627; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 113; nec auct. alior.—H. vulgatum Fr. Nov. ed. 1 (1818) 76, and ed. 2 (1828) 258 p. minore p.; Epicr. 98 p. minore p.— H. triviale Norrl. Bidr. Scand. Hier.- Fl. I (1888) 104; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 716; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 398.—H. eutriviale Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II (1935) 707.—H. wischniakowii Petunn. and Zahn. Hier. Eur. op. | (1906) 13; Hier. fl. Moslquens. 65; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 369.—lIe.: Zahn in Pflzr. 399, fig. 31; Syreistsch. Ill. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 365; van Soest. Hier. Nederl. I, fig. 34.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. II, No. 92; 241 230 Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 89, 90; GRF No. 1850; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 39 (sub H. wischniakowii), 749; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, Nos. 45-47; Herb. norm. XIII, No. 22. Perennial. Stem 50(20—100) cm high, 1-5 mm in diameter, reddish- violet at base, sparsely covered (sometimes to moderately at base) with soft hairs 1-3 mm long, eglandular, moderately stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 3(0—-S(-—8)), sometimes withering before anthesis, obovate, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, long-tapered to winged peti- ole, outer obtuse, more or less entire, inner short-acuminate and more abundant and more sharply short-denticulate to more or less uniformly or irregularly dentate, often large (to 23 cm long) (5:1), scattered- pubescent on both sides and along margin with hairs 0.5—-1.5 mm long, to densely so beneath along midrib and on petiole with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole pubescence to moderate-hairy, dark green, pale beneath, violet; cauline leaves (1—)2—3(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapered to petiole (upper leaves sessile), acute or long-acuminate, finely unequally toothed, basal teeth deep, incised, squarrose, narrow and acute, leaves evenly distributed, gradually reduced, pubescence as in basal leaves, often stellate-hairy beneath (at least along midrib) and violet. Inflorescence usually dif- fusely paniculate, with 2—16(—40) capitula; peduncles sparsely to scatteredly hairy with light-colored, fine hairs 1 mm long, with black base, with occasional, tiny and larger glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, or sometimes eglandular, more or less densely tomentose. Involucres 8-11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts quite broad, triangular-lan- ceolate, somewhat obtuse to subacute, barbate at tip, sparsely to scatteredly, 28(11—48), hairy with gray hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long having black base and equally, 24(10-47), glandular with glands 0.3-0.6 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy at base and along margin. Stigmas yellow- ish-brown, dull green or dark (in dry specimen usually dark). Highly polymorphic species, particularly variable in indumentum of all plant parts. Flowering July to August. Shady spruce-pine forests, shady overgrown moraine mounds, sandy and stony slopes, banks of rivers and lakes, edges of mixed forests, parks, subalpine birch forests, meadows.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region, Ladoga-Ilmen, Upper Volga Volga-Kama. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Eu- rope, Atlantic Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor (northern part of Balkans.) Described from Sweden. Type in stotckholm. Note. Dahlstedt in Bidr. (op. cit.) combined H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. with H. triviale Norrl., including the latter with the former as a syn- onym. Apparently, Norrlin did not differentiate between them, as is evident from his exsiccatae (fasc. VIII, Nos 45-47), but included the 242 Dil second species in the first (Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, op. cit.). While working on the specimens from Russian herbaria sent to him for exami- nation, Zahn annotated them as either H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. or H. triviale Norrl. without any consistency. In his (latest) monograph he referred H. triviale to the collective species H. laevicaule Jord. And, finally, after having studied the abundant Estonian material sent to him, Dahlsted referred it to H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. (Beitr. Hier.- FI. Oesels (1901) cit). A study of all the above-mentioned material again showed that despite the polymorphism of this species, it was best to split off H. tritum Juxip (see note to this species) as a separate species. We propose to consider as the lectotype of H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. either Norrlin’s specimen (fasc. VIII, Nos. 45-47), preserved in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad (under the name H. triviale Norrl.), or the speci- mens from the Estonian SSR, determined at one time by Dahlstedt and preserved in Riga (some in Tallin). We include H. wischniakowii Petunn. and Zahn in H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. as a synonym, because we could not establish any differences in the major characters of the plant. On some specimens collected from the vicinity of Natalin (Luga District, Leningrad Region) by D.I. Litvinov, the following annotation was made on the labels in his hand: “‘H. incanescens Sael., determinavit Zahn”. However, we could not find such a plant name in the literature and even the plant itself did not exhibit any distinctive characters. Although H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. is found quite far to the east (Ust-Shchugor, Vologda Region and Vetluga District of Gorki Region), nevertheless, it should be considered as a plant of western origin. This species is found very often in southern and central Sweden and is extremely common in the Baltic Region (particularly in the western part) and even in Ladoga-Ilmen, but then it abruptly thins out to the east, and the plants reaching the named places are extremes. 275. H. lipskyanum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 494. Perennial. Stem 30 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, more or less gla- brous. Basal leaves 1-2, lanceolate, long-tapered to petiole, acuminate, almost entire, sparsely hairy (glabrous above), with hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, attenu- ate to amplexicaul base, acute, entire. Inflorescence paniculate, with 1— 3 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 11 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, subacute, pubescence to barely, 26(20-30), with stiff, dark hairs 1.5 mm 243 232 long, with sparse, 20-60 fine, glands 0.3—0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate- hairy at base. Achenes 3.5 mm long. Flowering July to August. Banks of lakes.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Lake Kardabach (former Chernomorsk District). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is quite close to H. vulgatum, replacing it in the Caucasus, and differing from it by insignificant characters, primarily by geographic distribution. Cycle 8. Incurrentia Juxip.—Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in the proportion of 1/3:2/3; coefficient of leafiness low (0.05-—0.04); glands 0.3—0.6 mm long. 276. H. incurrens Sael. ex Norrl. in Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 150; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 712; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 465 (nota); Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 94.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, Nos. 29-36. . Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, with sparse hairs 2-4 mm long, more or less eglandular, stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 5(2—10), oval to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, narrowed to more or less long petiole, tol5 cm long (5:1), dark green, with 3—5 more or less prominent retuse teeth or teeth small, spinose and then leaf subentire, moderately hairy on both sides and scattered-hairy along margin with hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, densely hairy along midrib beneath, hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence to moderate; cauline leaves 2(1-4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, bottom leaf tapered to petiole, upper sessile, stellate-hairy beneath, particularly along midrib. Inflorescence paniculate, with 4—7(—10) capitula; peduncles with occa- sional dark hairs 1 mm long and few glands 0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres (9—)10-12 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acuminate, blackish-green, pubescence to sparse, 16(8—24), hairs with 1 mm long, to scattered, 34(26—50), glandular, glands 0.4-0.7 mm long, at base somewhat stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellowish-brown, dull green to dark. Flowering July to August. Open deciduous forests, poor meadows, subalpine birch forest around rocks.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-Ilmen, Baltic Region. General distribution: Scandinavia. ‘Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. Judging by Norrlin’s (incomplete) diagnosis, H. murmanicum Norrl. (Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2, 148; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 719; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 394 (nota)) apparently should also be referred to this species. 244 233 277. H. chlorelliceps Norrl. ex Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, No. 71 (1906) (sine descr.) Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XXI. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with occasional hairs, eglandular, sulcate. Basal leaves 3-6, oval to broadly lanceolate (3.5:1), to 16 cm long, more or less abruptly narrowed to petiole, with 6—9 small but larger toward base, acute, unequal teeth, olive-green, more or less glabrous above, hairs scattered beneath, 0.5—1.5 mm long, pubescence along midrib beneath to dense, hairs 2 mm long, as a whole scattered-hairy; cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lower leaf broadly lanceolate, like inner basal leaves, upper sessile, bracteiform. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-5 capitula; peduncles with occasional short hairs 1 mm long and few small glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, more or less tomentose. Involucres 11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts broad, acute, sparsely hairy with 10-20 hairs | mm long, and scattered (20-30) glands 0.3 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Some specimens with abundant pollen. Flowering July. Herb slopes, pine forest edges.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-IImen. Endemic? Described from banks of Onega River (village of Kirillovo). Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related H. incurrens Sael. mainly by the dense stellate hairs on the involucral bracts. Subsection 3. Vulgata Juxip.—Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 284 (ut sp. coll.); Asch. and Graebn. synopsis, XII, II, 362, 521 (ut sp. coll. H. lachenalii Gmel. p. p.).—Characters in key: Coefficient of leafiness 0.08 (0.03—0.14(0.24)), i.e., number of cauline leaves varies from | to 15; basal leaves at anthesis 2—4(0-10); involucral bracts and peduncles with well-developed medium-sized glands (0.4—0.6 mm long), with or without occasional hairs or reaching sparse hairs (hair/gland ratio to 1/4:3/4), usually without pollen. A highly polymorphic subsection, its range is the same as that of subsection Laevicaulia; species of this subsection prefer silicate soils. 1. Involucral bracts with hairs and glands...............ccecesssssecsseeseeeseees De telnvolucralibractsiwitht glands only: Me 220 EA ee 16. 2. Number of glands on involucral bracts on average four times as many as hairs, i.e., ratio of hairs to glands approximately 20:80 REAR IAR, MOLUUN.. CAMAS, EMR. eh ia Ls a arenas RS RNAS EOE 3 + Number of glands on involucral bracts on average 20-25 times as many as hairs, i.e., ratio of hairs to glands approximately 5:95 3. Plants with more or less high coefficient of leafiness (0.15—0.09).... Roppenent by atnenrerngnies PA TG aco ccc csesusaauecestvscsecsinoncescses oi MMM oxncdeaseas 4. 245 234 10. 11 (2). 13; Plants with normal (typical) coefficient of leafiness (0.08—-0.03) for Subsection (averageiOl06)ie..eet. TORE Mark eared Mears See 6. Glands on involucral bracts sparse (20(10—30))...........ccssssssscseserseeeeees gl wl cud) 160) Bent, A ROE 278. H. subasperellum Zahn Glands on involucral bracts scattered (20-48); plants of Caucasus LiLo. cieal Leune.cus aan. ane Daur. aoe art tere SE Glands on peduncles occasional; stem densely covered below with hairs 5 mm long; stigmas dark..........279. H. quinquemonticola Juxip Glands on peduncles sparse; stem covered with up to scattered hairs 2.5 mm long; stigmas yellowish-DrowN...............secsesesseseereeees ersten cmleetinee, Took, Mises ceebe ube ees 280. H. hypopityforme Juxip Glands on involucral bracts scattered (20—-45)............sesseseeseseeeneeeeees Tp Glands on involucral bracts in moderate number (50-60); stigmas yellow; plants of Western Siberia..............ccccscecseseeeeeeeses ned mieliote. wWasrnls ancl etm. 68). 286. H. schipezinskii Juxip Glands onspedunclesoccastomal eae ietce. docertcsscsstecesseeteeccsertieee acres 8. Glands on peduncles sparse to scattered...............ccsccsesesseseseeeeeees 10. Weavesyscattered haitiy/. sree... eecterteeeetee tcc venebarl aor merind 9. Leaves sparse-hairy, toothed, teeth to 5 mm long; stigmas dull green; plants of the North.................... 283. H. subobscuriceps Zahn Involucres large, 10-13 mm long; basal leaves hastate (upper two- thirds entire); plants of Baltic REgiON.............:ccsessseeecseeessseeeteeesseeeess Involucres medium, 9.0-9.5 mm long; basal leaves elliptical to lanceolate, more or less toothed; plants of Far East............... OER a IT ut en ond. rT LIN RE RCL CONES 5, 88,4, ok A 282. H. tilingii Juxip Glands on peduncles sparse; leaves scattered-hairy; stigmas dark; stem more or less glabrouS...............cssceseeees 284. H. adunans Norrl. Glands on peduncles scattered; leaves moderately hairy; stigmas yellow; stem sparsely (at base more conspicuously) hairy................ 8. AER SS, AE BOER BL Ue. OI 285. H. nenukovii Juxip Plant with comparatively high coefficient of leafiness (0.09), i.e., Caulline JeaVeSitO, 7c iteccc rece eee aes Gnas esse caret meeear nae 12% Plant with normal (for subsection) coefficient of leafiness (0.07-0.03); glands on involucral bracts scattered, on peduncles occasionales:s..ea. ate). [aoe bower. meee, Meee tah tr) Ree, chs 14. Glands on peduncles occasional to sparse; stem sparsely hairy; Plamts @fi@ auc as Soe sae cee cee ten nae cee eann races emis ceeeeert a erenne 13; Glands on peduncles scattered; stem scattered-hairy; stigmas dark; Plants of Baltic REgiOn............ccccsssssseessessesseeseeceeeees 289. H. latens Juxip Leaves scattered-hairy, with rare fine teeth, at base broadly toothed; cauline leaves 2-5; stigmas dull green or yellowish- DROWA ss ixeciave sees es ae eesteeeeeereee 287. H. macrophyllopodum Zahn 16 (1). 246 19. 20 (16). 235 Leaves sparse-hairy; basal leaves 0—1, scarcely denticulate; cauline leaves 7; stigmas yellOW............:cssseseeee 288. H. gustavianum Juxip Leaves moderately hairy; stem almost without hairs; cauline leaves 1—3; stismas,. dark; plants of Caucasussevstcessre tees ttetasshc-t .cova-Pounnnss seneduscranniabiandoxedeete team oem 290. H. subpollichium (Litw. and Zahn) Juxip Leaves scatteredly or sparsely hairy; stigmas yellow...................+ iIsy Leaves scattered hairy; stem to scattered-hairy; cauline leaves 3-4; involucres 10 mm long; plants of Caucasus..................+ Behe EE LONE oss snasnnncsnnsersavaadonseacenascs 291. H. subhastulatum Zahn Leaves sparsely hairy; stem more or less glabrous; cauline leaves 1-2; involucres 11 mm long; pappus chestnut-colored; plants of SCAMGiN AVI AS fcceccees rey ese tesenconcuas easzsce: em 292. H. sordidescens Norrl. Plant with more or less high coefficient of leafiness (0.15—0.09); involueres, S10 .O MIM MTONG......ccaceenssseocessnveceeasnnrcsanaacast eee eckeredae ih: Plant with normal (typical for subsection) coefficient of leafiness (QO7EOi0S) eh cretion eet ee, Allee let heart BN occa. a 20. Glands on invoucral bracts sparse (20), occasional on peduncles; leaves scattered-hairy; stem more or less glabrous; stigmas yellowish-brown; cauline leaves 9-15; plants of Caucasus.............++++ yh oner be, cual, tes, teeth 293. H. acuminatifolium Litw. and Zahn Glands on involucral bracts scattered; stigmas dark.................. 18. Glands on peduncles occasional or sparse; leaves moderately Waity ter cask bhtn creme beaches tar arens ch) serrate, hae: stat ere thes cnc te 19 Glands on peduncles scattered; leaves scattered-hairy; involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy; plants of Baltic Region..................... cbaeiatss basal eo. A Rett stete cee ees 296. H. praetermissum Juxip Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 14-18 capitula; inflores- cence branches with small bracteiform leaves; pubescence on stem to sparse; plants of Baltic Region.....294. H. silvicomum Juxip Inflorescence with fewer capitula (to 7); stem scattered-hairy; plantsjofWralsiec....x6!tesis...sigaeeats 295. H. wolczankense Juxip Glands on involucral bracts scattered (25—45)............eeceesceeeereeeeees 21. Glands on involucral bracts moderate (50-60) to more or less dense (70)... teabscatervectan, «4 mame tae ven: eal cnetbanes cient. ee 31 Glands on occasional; leaves scattered-hairy..............cscccsseseeeees 22 Glands on peduncles sparse to scattered.............ccsssssesssseseseeeeeseeees 24 Stigmas dark....... sbeebs. necersecctecteacteseass Seaeeutes sted axes ceeatatst a sasoadoee 23 Stigmas yellow; corollas pale yellow; glands yellowish-brown; plantsiof.the, Northess .tesnoeres ceed. 299. H. cereolinum Norrl. Involucral bracts very densely stellate-hairy; stem almost without hairs; leaves denticulate; plants Of Urals...............::csscsscceseesseseeeeees see res cdl be cauas ne eResaciiae aah cote ae ress creat eae a 297. H. poliudovense Juxip 236 247 + 31 (20). + 32: 33. Involucral bracts only somewhat stellate-hariy (outer bracts, along margin); leaves unevenly serrate (sometimes teeth to 12 mm long); plants of Caucasus...............:ccc00 298. H. hypopitys Litw. and Zahn Glands onipedunclesisparse®.2.223, 2Ut ae Sees Bee eee 25) Glands on peduncles scattered; leaves toothed................:cccccscenees 29. Leaves moderatelyshainy70. Yee 90 ME ren hae, ROVER we 26. Leaves scatteredly or sparsely hairy; stigmas yellow.....................- Palle Stigmas dark; leaves toothed; cauline leaves 2-4; stem with oc- Casional hairs ini eso eee Ae 300. H. arcuatidens Zahn Stigmas yellow; leaves more or less entire; cauline leaves 5; stem to scattered short-pubescent............. css 301. H. petrofundii Juxip eaves'scattered haity sve canst ONS be ees 28. Leaves sparse-hairy, broadly crenate-toothed; plants of Baltic Region:.veiawtin ghee: wb eae Neen be. 304. H. virenticeps Dahlst. Involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs; leaves with 3-4 conspicuous teeth near base; cauline leaves 2-7; plants of Caicasisreeenen Lt urns ee 302. H. epichlorum Litw. and Zahn Involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hairy; leaves more or less en- tire; plants of Siberia........... 303. H. fariniramum Ganesh. and Zahn . Leaves moderately hairy; stem more or less glabrous; plants of Caucasus! se LB MAS ABE eB REY 305. H. anfractum Fr. eavesisparsely hairy)! Sek eee DOG LO, BED ate 30. Stigmas dull green (turning dark); stem reddish-violet at base and sparsely hairy; involucral bracts dark; glands yellowish-brown; plants of the North... eeeseeeseeeeeeeeeees 306. H. caespiticola Norrl. Stigmas yellow (Carpathian specimens) or dark (Caucasian speci- mens); stem more or less glabrous; involucral bracts blackish- green, with light-colored margin; glands black; plants of Carpathian Mountains and Caucasus................... 307. H. festinum Jord. ex Bor. Involucral bracts moderately glandula.................escesesceeseeeeeeeees a0; Involucral bracts densely glandular; leaves moderately hairy, entire; stem at base distinctly hairy; plants of Carpathian Mountains 85. 2... 22208). Se. ee 314. H. umbrosum Jord. Glands on peduncles occasional; stigmas dark..............:ccseeeeseeeeeeees Li dedubssaclateh Asdedeace lt SOMA OR PRC Thad AO ROL 308. H. siworkae Juxip Glands on peduncles sparse or scattered.............:eeseseeseeeceseeeeees 33: Glands on peduncles sparse; stigmas dark.................seceeseeseeeeee 34. Glands‘on\peduncles!scattered 8). Aes Otis Or ney, PAO... 35: Leaves scattered-hairy; involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs; involucres 8.5-8.9 mm long; plants of Eastern Siberia....c2iaes 309. H. subfariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn 248 237 + Leaves sparse-hairy; involucral bracts stellate-hairy along margin, involucres 9-11 mm long; plants of the North............::sseseeeee BM vas, ACES, tates Sheeteemes 310. H. violascentiforme Pohle and Zahn 35. Leaves moderately hairy; involucral bracts conspicuously stel- late-hairy; stigmas yellow; plants Of Caucasus.............:ssesseesesereeees Pekan eee tet ae eb soc 311. H. argillaceoides Litw. and Zahn + Leaves scatteredly hairy.............sccccsesecssseeeeseteteteteneseneneseseteeseneenes 36. 36. Stigmas dark; involucral bracts sparsely stellate-hairy; leaves Shanply Semrate:.......ssstertocteteseteerente as-cast rears: 312. H. guentheri Norrl. + Stigmas chestnut-colored; involucral bracts (outer) conspicuously stellate-hairy; leaves more or less entire............. 313. H. silenii Norrl. Cycle 1. Asperella Juxip.—Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts 20:80; coefficient of leafiness more or less high, 0.15-0.09. 278. H. subasperellum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 385.— H. asperellum Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 142; non Brenn. Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, with up to sparse, stiff hairs 1-2 mm long, mainly at base, somewhat stellate- hairy. Basal leaves 1-3, elliptical to lanceolate, tapered to petiole, scarcely denticulate, glabrous above or with sparse hairs, sparsely pubescent along margin and midrib beneath with short, stiff hairs 0.5— 1.5 mm long, as a whole sparse-hairy, dark grassy-green; cauline leaves 5-10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14), lanceolate, lower leaves with short, winged petiole, with fine short, spinose teeth; upper leaves sessile, very acuminate, almost entire, stellate-hairy on both sides. Inflores- cence paniculate, with 2-12 capitula; peduncles with occasional short (0.5 mm long) hairs and glands, grayish-tomentose. Involucres (8.5—)11—12 mm long, thick, later truncate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse, dark green, glabrous or with occasional stiff hairs, and sparse glands 20(10-30), more or less without stellate hairs; stigmas dark. Flowering August. Coniferous montane and mixed forests.—European Part: Dvina- Pechora, Volga-Kama (Urals); Western Siberia. Described from bank of Usa River (tributary of Pechora River). Type in Leningrad. 279. H. quinquemonticola Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 494. Perennial. Stem 60 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, sulcate, densely covered below with hairs 5 mm long, becoming glabrous upward, tip without hairs and glands, somewhat stellate-hairy; basal leaves with- ering before anthesis; cauline leaves 8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), 249 238 broadly lanceolate (3:1), sessile, with narrowed base, short-acuminate, coarsely serrate (with unequal teeth to 10 mm long), sparsely covered above with hairs 3 mm long, along margin and beneath with hairs 1.5— 2.0 mm long, densely hairy along midrib beneath, as a whole to scat- tered-hairy. Inflorescence paniculate, with 4 capitula; peduncles gla- brous, with occasional glands 0.3 mm long; scattered-tomentose. Involucres 10.5 mm long; involucral bracts with few, 7(3-11), hairs 1 mm long, without scattered, 36(24—48) glands 0.3-0.1 mm long, without stellate hairs; stigmas dark. Flowering June. Open deciduous forests, at 600 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. En- demic. Described from vicinity of Pyatigorsk (Mashuk Hill). Type in Leningrad. Note. Closely related to H. hypopityforme Juxip, but distinguished by dark stigmas and only occasional glands on the peduncles and dense, long hairs at the base of the stem. 280. H. hypopityforme Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 495. Perennial. Stem 30-55 cm high, 2.0—3.5 mm in diameter, sulcate at base to scattered pubescence with hairs 2.5 mm long, becoming gla- brous at top, sometimes with occasional glands and rare stellate hairs. Basal leaves 3, lanceolate, more or less abruptly narrowed to long petiole, to 22 cm long (4:1), with 3-5 small, acute teeth, on both sides and along margin sparse-hairy, with hairs 0.5—1.5 mm long, to densely hairy along midrib beneath and on petiole with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole pubescence to scattered; cauline leaves 3—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), lanceolate, bottom leaf short-petiolate, others with broad rounded base, sessile, unequally sharp-toothed, acute. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-12 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long, sparse-glandular, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 8.0—-11.5 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, with occasional, 9(8- 12), hairs 1 mm long, with sparse (to scattered), 29(20—44), glands 0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs; stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July to August. Pine forests, subalpine meadows.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, West- ern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern Anatolia). Described from Olty-District (former Karssk Region). Type in Tbilisi. Note. The specimen considered as the type (No. 4874 of our analy- sis) was identified by Zahn as H. hypopitys Litw. and Zahn, and its locality was mentioned in the monograph (Kotik im Bezirk Olty (Prov. Kars.): Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 368). 250 239 However, despite the evident closeness, this plant does not fit the diagnosis of H. hypopitys Litw. and Zahn, because clearly identifiable hairs are present on its involucral bracts, and the stigmas are yellow, besides, and not dark as in H. hypopitys. Cycle 2. Adunantia Juxip.—Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts 20:80; coefficient of leafiness 0.08—0.03. 281. H. acroleucoides Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 41; non Murr and Zahn: Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 392; Asch. and Graebn. Synop- sis, XII, III, 701.—Ic.: Dahlst, 1. c. t. VI, fasc. 2, t. VII, 1 (folia). Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, reddish at base and with occasional hairs or more or less glabrous, stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 4—8 (not typical of subsection), elliptical and broadly lanceolate to oblong-hastate, more or less abruptly narrowed in petiole, lamina at base with few (2-6), short to 5 mm long, remote, acute teeth, inner leaves entire to 2/3 of length, acuminate, to 17 cm long (5:1), with occasional hairs 1 mm long on both sides, scattered- pubescent along margin, but moderate along midrib beneath, as a whole scattered-pubescent, hairs 1.5 mm long, light green, paler beneath; cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), remote, lanceolate, bottom leaf short-petiolate, with one pair of teeth at base of lamina, like inner basal leaf, others sessile, entire, acuminate, pubes- cence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 5—7 capitula; peduncles with occasional, short hairs and glands, tomen- tose. Involucres 10-13 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts linear-lan- ceolate, somewhat obtuse, dark, slightly barbate, with few, 5(2-11), hairs 1 mm long and sparse (25-28) glands 0.4 mm long, very sparsely stellate-hairy; stigmas dark. Flowering July. Open deciduous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Saaremaa Island (Oesel). Type in Stockholm. 282. H. tilingii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 495.—H. vulgatum Fr. ex Regel and Tiling., Florula Ajanensis (1859) 108. Perennial. Stem 25—45 cm high, 1.0-2.5 mm in diameter, pale violet at base, more or less glabrous, sometimes with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 4(2-9), elliptical to lanceolate, tapered to short or more or less long petiole, acuminate, denticulate or to sharply toothed (teeth alternatively triangular or lanceolate, to 7 mm long) (5:1), olive- green, glabrous above, sparsely hairy along margin, scatteredly so beneath, densely along midrib, and scatteredly hairy as a whole, with hairs 0.5—1.2 mm long; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), 240 lanceolate, lower short-petiolate, upper sessile, toothed, acute. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 3(1—5) capitula; peduncles glabrous. or with occasional hairs and glands, tomentose. Involucres 9.0—9.5 mm long; involucral bracts linear, more or less acute, with occasional hairs (6— 7) 1 mm long, and sparse 27(25-30), glands 0.5—0.7 mm long, almost without stellate hairs. Corollas golden yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Taiga, sparse larch forests, around old burns among birch forests. Far East: Okhotsk, Ussuri, Sakhalin. Endemic? Described from Ayan. Type in Leningrad. Note. The specific status of this plant remains unresolved to the present time. Insofar as can be judged on the basis of the quantita- tively and qualitatively scanty material at our disposal, this species is very homogeneous and not like any of the known Siberian species, which reach even to the Lena-Kolyma Region, e.g., H. fariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn, but it is close to the forms of the extreme north of the European part of the Soviet Union (e.g., H. obscuriceps Dahlst.). On the other hand, the occurrence of this plant in places associated with human activities suggests the possibility of introduction from Russia and formation here of a new race adapted to the new environ- ment. Moreover, similar modifications could have occurred compara- tively very fast (if we take into consideration the fact that these regions were brought under cultivation only about a hundred years ago). 283. H. subobscuriceps Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 374; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 562.—H. obscuriceps Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III (1894) 141, non N.P. (1885), nec Norrl. (1884).—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. II, No. 72. Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, violet at base, with occasional hairs, somewhat stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 2— 6, oval-oblong, obovate to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, short-acuminate, with 5-7 teeth to 5 mm long, acute, serrate, with occasional hairs above, sparsely hairy along margin and beneath to; moderate along midrib, as a whole sparsely hairy, olive-green, paler beneath; cauline leaves 2(4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, short-petiolate, acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate with 2—11 capitula; peduncles with occasional short hairs and few glands 0.3 mm long, white-tomentose. Involucres 8.5—10.5 mm long; involucral bracts lin- ear-lanceolate, subacute, dark, with occasional, 7(2—14), dark hairs 1 mm long and sparse, 28(10-40), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, scarcely stel- late-hairy at base. Stigmas dull green, turning dark; achenes 3.5 mm long. Flowering July to August. 22 241 Pine and spruce forests, stony alluvial deposits.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Volga-Kama. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Mediterranean Region. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm? Uppsala? 284. H. adunans Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. Hier. ed. 2 (1889) 150; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 712; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. (1954) No. 71.—H. approximatum Norrl. Bidr. Scand. Hier.-Fl. I (1888) 112.—H. praeteneriforme Almqu. ex Dahlst. in Acta horti Berg. I, 7 (1891) 40; Dahlst. Bidr. Hier.-Fl. Oesel, 40; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 465; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 622.—H. murorum L., ssp. praeteneriforme Almqu. ex Dahlst. Om nagra i Berg. tragd. odl. Hier. (1891).—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. facs. VIII, Nos. 37-39, 140, 141 (sub H. approximata); Dahlst. Hier. exs. II, No. 86; Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. V, No. 56 (sub praeteneriforme); GRF No. 1300. Perennial. Stem 50(35-75) cm high, 1.5—3.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, somewhat violet at base and with occasional hairs 2-3 mm long or glabrous, usually eglandular or with few glands below inflorescence, quite sparsely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 5(2—9), broadly or narrowly lanceolate, tapered to short petiole, acuminate, with scattered sharp teeth (S—7), to 20 cm long (5:1), grayish- or grassy-green, glaucescent beneath, to scattered-hairy on both sides and along margin, with short hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, to densely pubescent along midrib beneath, with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole to scattered-hairy, stellate hairs absent above, very sparsely pubescent along midrib beneath; cauline leaves 2(1—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), narrowly lanceolate short- petiolate (upper leaf sessile), acuminate, pubescence less than on basal leaves, but stellate hairs more conspicuous: occasional above, scattered beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, 10(3—20) capitula; penduncles with occasional hairs or entirely glabrous (quite rarely sparsely hairy), sparsely glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres (9-)10-12 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, short-acuminate, dark, with occasional, 10(6-17), light-colored, hairs 1 mm long with dark base, with scattered, 35(20—45(55)), glands 0.4—-0.6 mm long, quite sparsely stellate-hairy. Corollas yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering July. Edges of dry deciduous and coniferous forests, in scrubs and meadows overgrown with open forests, dry stony and sandy slopes.— Eruopean Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region (Esto- nian SSR), Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (central part). Endemic. Described from Sweden. Type in Helsinki. Norrlin reports that besides specimens with dark stigmas, individu- als with yellow stigmas are also found (a variety?). 242 SAN ee P Wiga- SEN p : ve Hast SSE \ NN ff = AN Ns S " }: Say Ny ww WM S25 v NT 4 AS Wy < Ant" A 2 NAP SMA Se y \" t; 253 Plate XV. 1—H. karelorum Norrl.; 2—H. korshinskyi Zahn. 255 243 285. H. nenukovii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 496. Perennial. Stem 60(30—80) cm high, 1.54.0 mm in diameter, sparsely (more conspicuously at base) hairy with hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, eglandular. Basal leaves 4(1-6), elliptical, tapered to short petiole, emarginately obtuse to lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, to 16 cm long (5:1), abruptly narrowed to quite long, winged petiole, acute, with 6-9 pairs of unequal (1-5 mm long) acute teeth, olive-green, sparsely hairy above, with scattered hairs along margin and beneath, with hairs 0.5—1.5 mm long, densely hairy along midrib beneath, and as a whole, moderately hairy with hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long; cauline leaves 2—3(1-4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, bottom leaf short-petiolate, others abruptly narrowed, sessile, often coarsely sharp-toothed at base, acute, somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 9(2—20) capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long and sparse glands, 0.4—0.6 mm long, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 10(8.0- 11.5) mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, subobtuse, with occa- sional, 10(8—16), hairs 1 mm long and scattered, 30(20-50), glands 0.5— 1.0 mm long, almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow. Flowering July to August. Forest edges, in mountain taiga.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Volga-Kama. Endemic. Described from Latvian SSR. Type in Riga. Note. The species is quite close to H. praecipuum Dahlst., differ- ing from it mainly by yellow stigmas and a more eastern range. 286. H. schipezinskii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 496. Perennial. Stem 25-35 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, pubescence to sparse, hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2—4, lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, denticulate (5:1), glabrous above, pubescence to scattered along margin and beneath, hairs 1 mm long, along midrib to 1.5 mm long, pubescence as a whole to scattered; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), lanceolate, tapered toward base, sessile, acute. Inflorescence paniculate, with 1-3 ca- pitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, tomentose. Involu- cres 9 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with occasional (13) light-colored hairs 1 mm long, moderately (53) glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Pine forests.—Western Siberia: Ob’ Region. Endemic. Described from valley of Kas River. Type in Leningrad. 256 244 Cycle 3. Lantentia Juxip.—Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts 5:95; coefficient of leafiness 0.09. 287. H. macrophyllopodum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 28; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 363. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, violet below, pubescence to sparse, hairs | mm long, eglandular, with stellate hairs above. Basal leaves 2-8, often large, to 17 cm long, broad (2.5- 4:1), ovate or oblong-lanceolate, more or less abruptly tapered to short petiole, acuminate, with rare fine teeth or toward base with broad teeth, grassy-green, often reddish beneath, on both sides and along margin sparsely hairy with hairs 1 mm long, with scattered hairs along midrib beneath and on petioles (as also as a whole); cauline leaves 2-5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), abruptly reduced, lanceolate, tapered toward sessile base, upper leaves linear, without stellate hairs. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 2-14 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, somewhat glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 9—10(—11.5) mm long; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, subacute, with dark midrib and green border, with few, 3(2—5) hairs 1 mm long and scattered, 35(20-53), glands 0.5—0.6 mm long, along margin somewhat stellate- hairy. Corallas golden yellow; stigmas yellowish-brown or dull green. Flowering June to August. Pine and birch forests, subalpine meadows, 1800-2400 m.— Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia, ?Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern Anatolia). Described from former Olty District. Type in Tbilisi. 288. H. gustavianum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 496. Perennial. Stem 80 cm high, 4 mm in diameter, sparsely hairy with hairs 2.5 mm long at base, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves at anthesis 0-1, lanceolate, long-tapered to petiole, acute, scarcely denticulate (6.5:1), with sparse hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long; cauline leaves 7 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), lanceolate, gradually reduced, acute, glabrous above, sparsely hairy along margin and beneath, to densely hairy along midrib beneath, scattered-hairy as a whole. Inflorescence paniculate, with 13 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long and glands 0.4 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 10.5 mm long; involucral bracts with occasional, 6(3—8), hairs 1 mm long with scat- tered, 44(32-56), glands 0.5 mm long, almost without stellate hairs; stigmas yellow. Flowering August. Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Akhaltsikhe Region (Dzhikhi-Dzhvari). Type in Leningrad. 245 Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. macrophyllopodum Zahn by a somewhat higher number of cauline leaves. 289. H. latens Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 497. Perennial. Stem 70 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, scattered-hairy below, eglandular, strongly branched. Basal leaves to 7, rosulate, obo- vate, small, to oblong-lanceolate and quite large (to 18 cm long), narrowed to more or less short petiole, outer leaves scarcely denticu- late, others with many (to 10), long (10 mm) and short alternating triangular and lanceolate teeth, partly bent and acute; leaves olive- green, sparsely hairy above with hairs 0.5 mm long, with scattered short pubescence (1 mm long) beneath, along margin and midrib, and as a whole; cauline leaves 6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), evenly distributed, lanceolate, like basal leaves, lower leaves short-petiolate, upper sessile with tapered base, toothed, acute. Inflorescence panicu- late-umbellate, quite spread out, with up to 25 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, scatteredly glandular, tomentose. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subacute, with few (O- 6) hairs and sparse, 42(24—46), glands 0.3 mm long, more or less with- out stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Dry meadows overgrown by forest, dune pine forests.— European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Capsalya Region. Type in Tallin. Note. It is distinguished from closely related species (e.g., H. macrophyllopodum Zahn or H. gustawianum Juxip) by its scat- tered-glandular peduncles. Cycle 4. Subhastata Juxip.—Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts 5:95; coefficient of leafiness 0.07—0.03. 290. H. subpolluchium (Litw. and Zahn) Juxip comb. n. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 497.—H. divisum Jord. ssp. pollichiae Sch. Bip. var. sub-pollichiae Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 237; in Sched. HFR, XLII, 9; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 516.—Exs.: GRF. No. 2069. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, violet at base, more or less glabrous, with sparse stellate hairs. Basal leaves 4-6, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, quite large (to 18 cm long), broad (3.5:1), abruptly narrowed to long, winged petiole, short-acuminate, outer leaves more or less entire, inner in lower part with 5 small teeth, entire toward tip, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath with hairs 1.0—-2.5 mm long, 258 246 densely so along midrib beneath, along margin scatteredly and as a whole moderately hairy. Cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), broadly lanceolate (usually only bottom leaf larger), like basal leaves; upper leaf smaller, bracteiform. Inflorescence paniculate, spread out, with 5-13 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs and glands, tomentose. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, glabrous or with very few hairs, to moderately, 42(24-62), glandular with glands 0.3—0.5 mm long, along margin scatteredly stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering June. Open pine forests, at 1260 m.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia, Western Transcaucasia, Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi; paratype in Leningrad. This plant, issued in the GRF (No. 2069), was treated by Zahn as a variety of H. divisum Jord. ssp. pollichiae Sch. Bip. However, in view of the large gap between the ranges of H. divisum Jord. and H. vulgatum Fr. s. |. (or subsection Vulgata), we decided to include it as a separate species in cycle Subhastata of subsection Vulgata. It is distinguished from the closely related H. subhastulatum Zahn mainly by its glabrous peduncles and dark stigmas. 291. H. subhastulatum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 28; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 375. Perennial. Stem 50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, pubescence to scattered (more conspicuously at base), eglandular, somewhat stellate hairy throughout. Basal leaves withering before anthesis or very few (0-2), outer ovate, others broadly lanceolate, gradually tapered to winged petiole, acuminate, denticulate above middle or almost entire, toward base serrate with short or long, bent teeth (sometimes with free teeth along petiole), grassy-green, usually glabrous above, scattered- hairy beneath and along margin, hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, moderately hairy along midrib with scattered pubescence as a whole; cauline leaves 3—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), remote, like basal, abruptly reduced, bottom leaf with short, winged petiole, and 2-3 pairs of prominent teeth at base, entire above, hastate, others sessile, with 1— 2 teeth at base, acuminate, upper leaves linear. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 5-12 capitula; peduncles with hairs 1 mm long, pubes- cence to sparse and with occasional glands 0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, dark green, glabrous or with few (0-3) hairs 1 mm long, glands to scattered, 38(30—46), 0.3-0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Corollas golden yellow; stigmas brown. Flowering July to August. 259 247 Subalpine forests.—Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Eastern Anatolia. Endemic. Described from former Artvin District. Type in Leningrad. 292. H. sordidescens Norrl. in Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 112; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 719; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 405.—H. fulvescens Norrl. in Acta Soc. Fa. and Fl. Fenn. III, No. 4 (1888) 101, non N. P.; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. (1954) No. 91.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, Nos. 72-74. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, light green, more or less glabrous, with scattered stellate hairs above. Basal leaves to 5, elliptical, obtuse, oblong-lanceolate, quite abruptly narrowed to long petiole, broad (3.5:1), long-acuminate, coarsely serrate, teeth (8-10) triangular or lanceolate, broad and narrow, long (up to 10 mm) and short altertnating, acute, free on petiole, light grassy-green, glabrous above or with sparse (along margin) hairs 0.3 mm long, sparsely hairy beneath (even along midrib) and along margin with hairs 0.5—-1.5 mm long, as a whole to sparsely hairy, without stellate hairs; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lower leaf lanceolate, broad, sessile, acuminate, with large teeth (upper leaf mostly bracteiform), with simple hairs only along lower midrib, stellate-hairy. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-7 capitula; peduncles glabrous, sometimes with occasional glands, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 11.0-12.5 mm long; involucral bracts glaucous, with pale margin, linear, subobtuse, gla- brous or with occasional hairs, with sparse (to scattered), 26(16—36), glands to 1 mm long, stellate hairs only at base of outer bracts. Stigmas yellow; pappus yellowish-rusty. Flowering July to August. Meadows overgrown by forests.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Samuelsson in his atlas of the distribution of Scandinavian hawkweeds (op. cit.) identifies H. fulvescens Norrl. with H. laeticeps Dahlst. However, based on the scanty material at our disposal, we cannot include the latter species in the former as a synonym, although we are not able to indicate their phylogenetic relationship. Cycle 5. Acuminatifolia Juxip.—Involucral bracts only with glands (without hairs); coefficient of leafiness 0.15—0.09. 293. H. acuminatifolium Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 238 p. p.; Schedae HFR XLII, 22; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 389 p. p.—Exs.: GRF No. 2098, p. max p. 260 248 Perennial. Stem 60—95 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, with occasional hairs (appearing glabrous at first glance), eglandular, somewhat stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves to 3-4, often withering before anthesis, lanceolate, tapered to winged petiole, acuminate, with 6-8 fine teeth (occasional teeth in lower and middle parts of lamina larger, to 5 mm long), glabrous above, with sparse hairs (0.5-1.5 mm long) along margin and beneath along midrib beneath moderately and as a whole sparsely hairy, light green, paler beneath; cauline leaves 9— 15 (coefficient of leafiness 0.15), lanceolate, lower leaves tapered to short petiole, others cuneate, sessile, unequally short-toothed with 2— 5 teeth, acuminate, entire toward tip. Inflorescence paniculate, with 12— 25 capitula; peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs), with few glands 0.3 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 8.5—9.5 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, dark green, glabrous, with sparse (17-22) glands 0.4-1.0 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later turning dark. Flowering June to August. Forests.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Zheleznovodsk District. Type in Leningrad. Note. In habit it resembles members of section Tridentata. 294. H. silvicomum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 498. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, to sparsely hairy, eglandular. Basal leaves 2-4, more or less'narrowly lanceolate, tapered to short, winged petiole, acuminate, denticulate with widely spaced teeth, glaucescent, moderately hairy; cauline leaves 6(5-7) (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), lanceolate, lower short-petiolate, upper with narrow base, sessile, acuminate, crenate, glabrous above, to moderately hairy beneath and along margin with hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, with dense hairs along midrib 1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately hairy. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 14-18 capitula; branches from axils of upper leaves, with small bracteiform leaves; peduncles almost without hairs and glands (or with occasional ones), tomentose. Involucres 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, subobtuse, glabrous (or with 1-2 hairs, particularly in apical capitulum), with scattered, 33(24—48), glands 0.3-0.6 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. In habit resembling pauciphyllous forms of section Tridentata but distinguished from them by involucral bracts having numerous, well developed glands. Flowering July. Open deciduous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Lake Vormsi (Estonian SSR). Type unknown. 261 249 295. H. wolczankense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 498. Perennial. Stem 60 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, to scattered-hairy in lower half, hairs 2 mm long, glabrous and eglandular above. Basal leaves at anthesis (O—)2, lanceolate, tapered to petiole, with 4—5 small teeth, acute (5.5:1), to moderately hairy above, sparsely beneath, scattered-pubescent along margin and on midrib, as a whole scattered hairy, hairs 1-2 mm long; cauline leaves 7 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.13), lanceolate, tapered to short petiole or sessile, with 2—4 distinct teeth, densely hairy beneath along midrib, to moder- ately hairy as a whole. Inflorescence paniculate, with few (7) capitula; peduncles without simple hairs or with occasional hairs, with few or sparse glands, densely tomentose. Involucres 8-10 mm long; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, glabrous, with scattered (30-50) glands 0.5- 0.2 mm long (with yellow tips, reduced toward top), with sparse stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Herb-birch forests.—European Part: Volga-Kama. Endemic. Described from Central Urals (Volchanok). Type in Leningrad. Note. Distinguished from the closely related species H. acuminatifolium Litw. and Zahn by its considerably higher number of glands on the involucral bracts and its dark stigmas. 296. H. praetermissum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 499. Perennial. Stem 65 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, sparsely hairy, eglandular. Basal leaves 3, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, tapered to winged, more or less long petiole, acuminate, denticulate, to 18 cm long (6.5:1), olive-green, sometimes violet, with sparse hairs 1 mm long on both sides and along margin, to moderately hairy along midrib beneath, hairs 1.5 mm long, pubescence as a whole to scattered; cauline leaves 8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.12), lanceolate, lower short-petiolate, oth- ers sessile with narrowed base, acute, distinctly toothed. Inflorescence paniculate, with 10-15 capitula; peduncles more or less glabrous, with scattered glands, tomentose. Involucres 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, with scattered (35) glands 0.4 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. In habit it resembles H. vulgatiforme or few-leaved forms of section Tridentata, differing from the former by its glabrous involucral bracts and from the latter by large number of glands in its inflorescence. Flowering July. Forested moraines.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Alegviidu Region (Estonian SSR). Type in Tartu. 262 250 Cycle 6. Anfracta Juxip.—Involucral bracts only with glands to scattered (coefficient of leafiness 0.07—0.05). 297. H. poliudovense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 499. Perennial. Stem 40—60 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, more or less glabrous. Basal leaves 2—4, ovate-lanceolate, tapered to long petiole, to 20 cm long (4:1), denticulate, acute, very sparsely hairy above with hairs 0.5 mm long, with hairs 1 mm long along margin and beneath, with scattered hairs along midrib, sparsely hairy as a whole; cauline leaves 2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute like basal leaves, glabrous above, scattered-hairy along margin and beneath, dense- hairy along midrib with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole scattered-hairy. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5—11 capitula; peduncles bent upward, glabrous, with occasional to sparse glands, scattered-tomentose. In- volucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts linear, subacute, glabrous, with scattered, 30(20—33), glands 0.5—1 mm long, very densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering August. Montane spruce forests.—European Part: Volga-Kama (Urals). Endemic. Described from Polyudov Kamen Mountain. Type in Leningrad. Note. Distinguished from the closely related species H. hypopitys Litw. and Zahn by its densely stellate-hairy involucral bracts and denticulate leaves. 298. H. hypopitys Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 237 sub div.; Schedae HFR XLII, No. 2068; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 368.— Exs.: GRF No. 2068. Perennial. Stem 25-80 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, sparsely covered with soft hairs 2-5 mm long, almost glabrous above, somewhat stellate-hairy, sometimes with occasional glands. Basal leaves 1-8, oblong-lanceolate, tapered to long petiole, subacute, to 20 cm long (4.5:1), unequally (serrately) toothed (sometimes teeth broadly triangular, acute, to 12 mm long), grassy-green, paler beneath, sparsely hairy above with hairs 0.5—1 mm long, scattered-hairy beneath and along margin, dense-hairy along midrib and on petiole with hairs 1.5-3.0 mm long, to scattered-hairy as a whole; cauline leaves 2—3(— 4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), bottom leaves like basal, lanceolate, short-petiolate, often coarsely long-toothed at base of lamina, others abruptly reduced, narrower, tapered to cuneate base, long-acuminate, upper leaves linear, somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2-10 capitula; peduncles glabrous, to sparsely glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long; ovate; 251 involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subacute, dark, glabrous, with scattered, 35(17—48), glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, outer bracts somewhat stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to August. Pine forests below terminal moraines, subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Tbilisi; paratype in Leningrad. 299. H. cereolinum Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 722 pro ssp.; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 446 (nota).—H. basifolium (Fr.) Almqu. in Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II (1894) 38, ex parte; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 74, p. p. quidem pl. karel.— Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, No. 65. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, sparsely hairy, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 3, obovate to lanceolate, tapered to long petiole, short-acuminate, with 6—9 fine, serrate teeth, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath and along margin with hairs 1 mm long, densely hairy along midrib, as a whole scattered- hairy, grayish-green, paler beneath; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, bottom leaf long-petiolate, middle short- petiolate, like basal leaves, upper linear, entire, more or less bracteiform, slightly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate (flabellate), with 4-6 capitula; peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs), with occasional fine glands, scatteredly stellate-hariy. Involu- cres 10 mm long, truncate; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, light green, with pale border, glabrous, with scattered, 40(36—-44), fine yel- lowish-brown, well-developed glands 0.5 mm long, outer bracts stellate-hairy at base. Corollas pale yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering July to August. Meadows, edges of ditches.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Ladoga-IImen (northern part). Endemic. Described from Serdobol (north- ern end of Lake Ladoga), Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Norrlin (op. cit.) considered this plant a subspecies of the collective H. basifolium (Fr.) Almqu., and it also is the only represen- tative of this species in our country. This situation gave Samuelsson the basis to include it on the distribution map of H. basifolium (op. cit.). H. cereolinum Norrl. is very close to H. caespiticola Norrl., differ- ing from the latter mainly by having light-colored involucres, some- what stellate-hairy involucral bracts, yellow stigmas, hairier leaves, and only occasional glands on the penduncles. 300. H. arcuatidens Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. (1911) 66; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 365.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Ill. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 365. 264 252 Perennial. Stem 25—70 cm high, 1.0—3.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, with occasional hairs in lower half, occasional glands above. Basal leaves 3—4(1-7), elliptical to broadly lanceolate, quite abruptly tapered to long petiole, short-acuminate, to 20 cm long (4.5:1), with small unequal teeth, sometimes running down to petiole, dark green, paler beneath, scattered to more or less dense short hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long on both sides and along margin, with dense hairs 1-2 mm long along midrib beneath, as a whole moderately (to densely) hairy; cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, bottom leaf ta- pered to fairly long petiole, others short-petiolate or sessile, short- acuminate, with 4—6 remote, bulbiform-concave, acute, unevenly alter- nating large and small teeth. Inflorescence paniculate, with 17(2-32) capitula; peduncles glabrous, with sparse to scattered glands 0.3-0.6 mm long, densely tomentose. Involucres 8.5—10.5 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, glabrous, with scattered, 35(24—60), fine but well-developed glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to August. Pine and spruce forests.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga- Ilmen, Upper Volga, Volga-Kama. Endemic. Described from Moscow Region (former Dmitrovsky District). Type in Leningrad. 301. H. petrofundii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 500. Perennial. Stem 70 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, with up to short, scattered pubescence, eglandular. Basal leaves 1-2, lanceolate, ta- pered to long petiole, acute, scarcely denticulate (entire at first glance), to 18 cm long (4:1), yellowish-green, with sparse hairs 0.3 mm long above, scattered-hairy along margin and beneath, hairs 0.8 mm long, with dense hairs along midrib beneath 1 mm long, as a whole moder- ately hairy; cauline leaves 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, evenly distributed, scarcely denticulate, lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile. Inflorescence paniculate with 5—10 capitula; peduncles gla- brous or (apical ones) with occasional hairs and sparse glands 0.4 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involucres short, 8 mm long; involucral bracts linear, acute, glabrous or sometimes (in apical capitulum) with occasional hairs, with scattered, 44(34—60), glands 0.4 mm long, with- out stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow (turning brown). Flowering July to August. Collected once in a park.—European Part: Ladoga-I|men. Endemic. Described from Peterhof (Leningrad Region). Type in Leningrad. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. arcuatidens Zahn by its yellow stigmas and nearly entire leaves. 265 253 302. H. epichlorum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 238, p. p.; Schedae HFR XLII, 22; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 389 p. p.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 2100, 2098 p. min. p.; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 356. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, with occasional (or to scattered) hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long at base, eglandular (sometimes with occasional glands above), somewhat stel- late-hairy above. Basal leaves 3(0—5), often withering before anthesis, lanceolate or oblong-lancoelate, short- or-long tapered to winged peti- ole, acuminate, to 18 cm long (5:1), with 3-5 long (5—10 mm) and short alternating teeth, entire toward tip, grassy-green above, paler beneath, with sparse hairs 0.5—-1.0 mm long above and along margin, hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long beneath, to densely hairy along midrib beneath, hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to scattered-hairy. Cauline leaves 2-7 (coef- ficient of leafiness on average 0.06), gradually reduced, lanceolate, bottom leaves tapered to short petiole, others tapered to sessile, base, 3-6 toothed, pubescence as in inner basal leaves, upper leaves with stellate hairs beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—13 capitula; peduncles glabrous (less often with occasional hairs), with occasional to sparse glands 0.3-0.6 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 8.0—10.5(—12.5) mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, dark green, with pale border, glabrous, with scattered, 30(14—45), glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, slightly stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas yellowish-brown, later turning dark. Flowering June to August. Edges of montane forests, mountain slopes, subalpine meadows and moraines, at 1000-2900 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia, Western Transcaucasia (Teberda). Endemic. Described from Zheleznovodsk Region. Type in Leningrad. 303. H. fariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn in Tr. Pochv.-Bot. E’ksp. Peresel, Upr. II, 5 (1912) 151, em Juxip. Perennial. Stem 25-60 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, more or less glabrous or with occasional hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, above conspicuously stellate-hairy, eglandular. Basal leaves 4(1— 7), outer small, obovate, attenuate to short petiole, obtuse to sinuate, inner lanceolate, elongated into long petiole, to 20 cm long (6:1), acute, at first glance more or less entire (in shape resembling leaves of Succisa pratensis Moench.) or scarcely denticulate or (less often) with 3-9 pairs of acute teeth to 5 mm long, grassy-green, paler beneath or sometimes violet, with sparse to scattered hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long on both sides and along margin, to densely hairy beneath along midrib and on petiole, as a whole pubescence scattered to moderate; cauline leaves (1—)2(-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), narrowly lanceolate, 254 short-tapered to petiole, like inner basal leaves, upper leaf linear, bracteiform, beneath or on both sides somewhat stellate-hairy. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5(2-11) capitula; peduncles (almost) glabrous, with sparse glands 0.5 mm long, whitish-tomentose. Involu- cres 8—10(—11) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, barbate, grayish-green with pale border, glabrous, with scattered (to moderate), 43(20-60), glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, at base and along margin conspicu- ously stellate-hairy. Corollas golden yellow; stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July to August. (Plate XXV, Fig. 2.) Pine, birch-pine, birch-aspen and larch forests along ridges, along mountain cranberry-bilberry thickets in taiga, in mixed forests on burns riverine meadows.—Western Siberia: Ob’ Region Upper Tobol; East- ern Siberia: Angara-Sayans, Yenisei, Lena-Kolyma. Endemic. Described from Balagan District. Type in Leningrad. Note. Zahn (1. c.) mistakenly reports the number of capitula as 10— 20; in the quite extensive material of the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, we were unable to see any plant with more than 11 capitula. | 304. H. virenticeps Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III (1849) 53; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier. Fl. Oesels, 40; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 455; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 694; nec Norrl. (1912).—Exs.: Dahlst. Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. II, No. 33. Perennial. Stem 35-70 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, glabrous, with occasional hairs at base. Basal leaves 2-5, large, obovate, round- obtuse or broadly lanceolate, more or less abruptly narrowed or gradu- ally tapered to long petiole, to 23 cm long (4:1), broadly and remotely crenate (large teeth alternating with small), glaucescent, pale and often violet beneath, glabrous on both sides or with occasional hairs be- neath, along margin and midrib and as a whole sparsely hairy; cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, large, bottom leaf tapered to long petiole (like inner basal leaf), others sessile, with narrowed base, in lower half coarsely (broadly or deeply) toothed; more or less glabrous. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3-10 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with occasional glands, weakly tomen- tose. Involucres (9—)10—11 mm long; involucral bracts glabrous with scattered, 34(21—53), glands to 0.7 mm long, stellate-hairy only along margin. Stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Along forested moraines.—European Part: Baltic Region (Esto- nian SSR). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 255 266 305. H. anfractum Fr. in Vet.-Ak.-Forh. (1856) 148; Epicr. 100 p. max p.; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 385; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 622, nec, Sagor. and Schneider (1891); nec Oborny (1905).—H. euanfractum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II (1934) 577.— Exs.: Fr. Herb. norm. XVI, No. 10; Hier. Europ. No. 48; Lbg. Hier. Scand. exs. No. 133; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 61, 62, XI, No. 70; Hier. exs., fasc. II, No. 69; GRF No. 2099. Perennial. Stem 35-65 cm high, to 3 mm in diameter, sulcate, some- what hairy at base, glabrous above, eglandular, in upper part weakly tomentose. Basal leaves 2(1—4), outer often withering before before anthesis, oblong-elliptical to lanceolate, cuneately narrowed to long, winged petiole, acuminate, with 5—7 acute, broad and narrow, short and long teeth, on both sides with scattered hairs 1 mm long, with occa- sional hairs 0.6—0.8 mm long along margin. densely hairy beneath along midrib and on petiole with hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, as a whole to mod- erately hairy, light- or grassy-green, paler beneath; cauline leaves 2— 6 (coefficient of leafiness on average 0.07), lanceolate, abruptly nar- rowed to petiole, at base dissectedly sharp-toothed (a short tooth between two long teeth), upper leaves sessile, with narrowed base, linear-lanceolate, entire. Inflorescence paniculate, at top more or less umbellate, with 3-12 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs but with scattered glands 0.3—0.5 mm long, quite white-tomentose. Involucres 8-9 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, deltoid-lanceolate, blackish-green with dark tip, subobtuse, glabrous (sometimes with occasional longer gray and short black hairs), with scattered, (28-38), glands 0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas always dark to black. Flowering June to August. Edges of montane deciduous forests, herb slopes, subalpine mead- ows.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Uppsala. Note. It is doubtful that the Caucasian and the European plants are the same. The issue needs special study. 306. H. caespiticola Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 149; in Brenn. Finl. Hier.-form. II, 33; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 723; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 381 (nota); Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 78.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, Nos. 77-79. Perennial. Stem 20-65 cm high, 14 mm in diameter, reddish-violet at base and sparsely covered with hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 1-5, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, to 20 cm long (6-7:1), narrowed to long, slender petiole, acuminate, very finely serrate, glabrous above, with sparse hairs 0.5— 267 1.0 mm long beneath and along margin, scatteredly along midrib, as a 256 whole sparsely hairy, glaucescent, paler or violet beneath; cauline leaves 3(2—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), narrowly lanceolate, short- petiolate to sessile, acute, other characters as in basal leaves. Inflores- cence paniculate, with 3-13 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with scat- tered glands 0.4 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 8—9(-11) mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, glabrous, with scattered, 40(25-55), yellowish-brown glands 0.2—0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dull green, dark. Flowering June to August. Hummocky meadows, on wet turfy soil.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland, Dvina-Pechora. General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. 307. H. festinum Jord. ex Bor. Fl. Centre France, ed. 3, II (1857) 399; Sudre, Hier. du Centre de la France (1902) 56; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 376; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 560.—Ic.: van Soest. in Nederl. Kruidkund. Archief. (1925), fig. 29. _ Perennial. Stem 30—80 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, with occa- sional hairs, more or less glabrous, eglandular. Basal leaves to 4, outer elliptical-spatulate, inner ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, tapered to long petiole (4-5:1), serrate, obtuse to acute, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath and along margin with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, with scattered hairs 2 mm long beneath along midrib, as a whole sparsely hairy; cauline leaves 3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, acute, more or less distinctly sharply serrate (teeth 2—3 mm long), short- tapered to petiole, upper leaves sessile, hairs sparser than on basal leaves. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—3 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with occasional glands 0.3 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 9-12 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, somewhat obtuse to acute, blackish-green, with pale border, glabrous, scatteredly (40) glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Style and stigmas yellow, but forms (e.g., Cau- casian plants) with dark style and stigmas also found (var. obsturistylum Tout.). Flowering July to August. Montane forests.—European Part: Upper Dniester; Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Medi- terranean, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from France. Type in Lyons. Cycle 7. Argillaceoidea Juxip.—Involucral bracts moderately glan- dular; coefficient of leafiness 0.07—0.03. 308. H. siworkae Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 500. 268 257 Perennial. Stem 40—55 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, more or less glabrous, sometimes with occasional glands above. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis, 0-2, broadly lanceolate, attenuate to long petiole, to 20 cm long (5:1), toothed, sometimes with free teeth along petiole, with sparse hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long on both sides and along margin, moderately hariy beneath along midrib, as a whole with scat- tered hairs; cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, lower short-petiolate, upper sessile, with 4—6 teeth (densely hairy along midrib beneath). Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-8 capitula; peduncles glabrous, or rarely with occasional hairs, with occasional glands, to- mentose. Involucre 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts linear, subobtuse or acute, glabrous, to moderately, 54(40-60), glandular with glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, at base somewhat stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flow- ering July to August. Banks of streams and lakes, in parks.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-IlImen. Endemic. Described from Leningrad Region (Suida station, near Gatchina). Type in Leningrad. Note. Distinguished from the quite closely related species H. violascentiforme Pohle and Zahn by its occasional glands on the peduncles, weakly stellate-hairy (at base) involucral bracts, and denser, pubsecence of the leaves, particularly conspicuous along midrib beneath. 309. H. subfariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn in Tr. Pochv.-Bot. E’ksp. Perecel. Upr. II, 5 (1912) 152. Perennial. Stem 30-45 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, with occasional hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long, white-tomentose above, more or less eglandular. Basal leaves (1—)3, lanceolate, outer oval, subobtuse, attenuate to short petiole, inner lanceolate tapered to more or less long petiole, subacute, to 16 cm long (6:!), remotely denticulate, grassy-green, paler beneath, more or less glabrous above, with scat- tered hairs beneath and along margin, hairs 0.3-1.0 mm long, as a whole pubescence scattered; cauline leaves (1—)2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, acute, lower attenuate to petiole, upper sessile, crenate (with 2-3 larger teeth to 5 mm long near base), some- what stellate-hairy beneath, mainly along midrib. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—4(-7) capitula; peduncles glabrous, with sparse glands 0.5 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 8.5-9.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark green with broad, green border, glabrous, with scattered, 44(37-55), glands 0.5-0.6 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. The species is quite close to H. fariniramum Ganesh. and Zahn, from which it is 269 258 distinguished only by its dark stigmas and almost complete absence of stellate hairs on the involucral bracts. Flowering July to August. Taiga forests and thickets in alpine tundra.—Eastern Siberia: Angara-Sayans, Lena-Kolyma. Endemic. Described from Balagan District. Type in Leningrad. 310. H. violascentiforme Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 142; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 381. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 1—2 mm in diameter, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands above, with scattered stellate hairs. Basal leaves 3-6, lanceolate, attenuate to petiole, acuminate, with re- mote teeth, yellowish-green, mostly glabrous above, with occasional hairs beneath, with scattered short-pubescence along margin and be- neath along midrib, as a whole sparsely hairy; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, short-petiolate, stellate-hairy beneath, upper cauline leaf sessile, on both sides stellate-hairy. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 2-5 capitula (to 25! in Zahn’s diagnosis); peduncles glabrous, sparsely glandular, with 0.5—1.0 mm long glands, grayish- or white-tomentose. Involucres 9-11 mm long, ovate; involu- cral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark, glabrous, moderately, 50(30-60), glandular, glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, along margin stellate- hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Forests and scrubs.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina- Pechora. Endemic. Described from Arkhangelsk Region (Letniy Orlov on coast of White Sea). Type in Leningrad. 311. H. argillaceoides Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 239; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 365; nec Benz. and Zahn (1911). Perennial. Stem (20)30—70 cm high, 1.0—-3.5 mm in diameter, sparsely hairy below, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 3—5(-—8), ovate or oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse or short-acuminate, attenuate to short or long petiole, more or less serrulate, entire toward tip, scattered-hairy above and along margin with hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, moderately hairy, beneath but along midrib densely so with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole moderately hairy, light grassy-green; cauline leaves 2—4(-7) (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.06), remote, gradually reduced, lanceolate, lower tapered to petiole, upper sessile, more distinctly toothed, sparsely stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—9(—20) capitula; peduncles glabrous, with scattered to moderate fine glands 0.3-0.7 mm long, grayish-tomentose. Involucres (7.5—)9.0-10.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse, with narrow pale margin, glabrous with glands to moderate, 53(30—75), 0.3—1.0 mm long, at base distinctly stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow, later turning brown. Flowering June to August. 259 Open montane forests, subalpine meadows, moraines and rubbly- rocky slopes, at 600-2600 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Pyatigorsk Region (the Mashuk Mountain). Type in Leningrad. 312. H. guentheri Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 148; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 711; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 451 (nota).— Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VII, Nos. 3-5. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, sparsely covered with hairs 2 mm long, without hairs but with occa- sional glands above. Basal leaves 2-5, broadly lanceolate, attenuate to long petiole, acute (4:1), with 5-9 unequal sharply serrate teeth, light green, sparsely hairy above along margin and beneath with hairs 1.0— 1.5 mm long, densely hairy along midrib beneath with hairs 2 mm long, as a whole pubescence to scattered, with stellate hairs beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, short-petiolate or upper leaves sessile, with unequal, sharp teeth, on both sides stellate-hairy, as a whole moderately hairy (but glabrous above). Inflorescence paniculate, with 10 capitula; peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs), with sparse to scattered glands 0.3—-0.4 mm long, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 8.5—10.0 mm long; involucral bracts linear, narrow, glabrous or with occasional hairs, moderately, 58(50— 60), glandular with glands 0.4-0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy at base and along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering August. Roadsides, moraines.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina- Pechora. Endemic. Described from Olonets Region. Type in Helsinki; partatype in Leningrad. Note. Although in his diagnosis Norrlin mentions the presence of hairs on the involucral bracts and peduncles, we could not find them on the specimens studied by us. 313. H. silenii Norrl. in Acta Soc. Fa. and Fl. Fenn. VIII (1871) 135 in nota; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 711; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 456; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 105.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. facs. VIII, Nos. 1, 2; GRF No. 1848; Zahn Hier. Europ. No. 465. Perennial. Stem 30-80 cm high, 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter, reddish at base, pubescent to sparse, with occasional glands above and some- what stellate-hairy, often branched. Basal leaves 3(1—6), obovate, spatu- late, obtuse to elliptical or lanceolate, attenuate to long petiole, subobtuse to acute, to 22 cm long (6:1), remotely finely crenate to almost entire, grassy-yellowish-green, paler beneath and sometimes 260 Plate XVI. 1—H. multiglandulosum Juxip; 2—H. subpellucidum Norrl. Dal 273 261 violet, more or less glabrous above to scattered-hairy beneath and along margin with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, densely hairy along midrib beneath, as a whole to scattered-hairy; cauline leaves 3—4(2-5) (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.05), oblong-lanceolate, lower petiolate, upper nar- rowly lanceolate, sessile, acute, somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 4-18 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with scattered glands 0.5 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involucres (7.5)8.0- 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, deltoid-lanceolate, subobtuse, glabrous, moderately, 48(46—50), glandular with glands 0.5 mm long, outer bracts conspicuously stellate-hairy, particularly along margin. Stigmas ginger-colored, turning dark. Flowering June to August. Meadow slopes, forest edges.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland. Endemic. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Cycle 8. Umbrosa Juxip.—Involucral bracts with only glands, to dense; coefficient of leafiness 0.07—0.03. 314. H. umbrosum Jord. Cat. Dijon (1848) 24; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280. 793; non Schur. (1866); nec Uechtr. (1866); Zahn (1901).—H. eu-umbrosum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, III (1930} 346.—H. integrifolium Lange, Handb. Danske FI. 1, I (1851) 456.— H. integrifolium Zahn, Hier. Schweiz. 2, II (1905) 478. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, distinctly hairy at base with hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, violet, glandular above. Basal leaves 3-6, often large, outer broadly ovate, more or less obtuse, inner oblong-lanceolate, abruptly or gradually tapered to long petiole, scarcely toothed to more or less entire (var. integrifolium Zahn) or more or less distinctly toothed, acute, light to dark green, pale-glaucous beneath, to moder- ately (densely along midrib beneath and on petiole) hairy; cauline leaves 2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, bottom leaf ta- pered to short, winged petiole, others sessile, somewhat amplexicaul, scarcely toothed, along margin with rare small glands, upper leaves somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with few capitula; peduncles glabrous densely glandular, tomentose. In- volucres 10-11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, obtuse to subacute, grayish-green, glabrous, densely glandular, along margin stellate-hairy. Ligules more or less ciliate; stigmas dark; achenes reddish-brown, not black. Flowering July to August. Mountains, 1000-2400 m.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains). General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Mediterranean Region, Balkans-Asia Minor (Balkans). De- scribed from France. Type in Lyons. 274 262 Note. Only var. integrifolium Zahn is found in our country. Subsection 4. Diaphanoidea Juxip.—Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 349 (ut sp. coll.); Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis; XII, Il, 486.—Charac- ters given in key; coefficient of leafiness 0.06 (0.02—0.11), i.e., cauline leaves 1 to 9; basal leaves at anthesis | to 9; infloresence more or less corymbose-paniculate; involucral bracts and peduncles densely glan- dular with large glands, glabrous or (in a few species) with occasional hairs. Pollen does not devolop. Range: Almost all of Europe; found more rarely toward the east. Note. One of the “stumbling blocks” in the identification of hawk- weeds is the difficulty in differentiating species of very similar habit but belonging either to subsection Vulgata or to Diaphanoidea. Here the statistical method of investigation used by us has shown good results. In the analysis of the large amount of material, a curious pattern is revealed: the total number of glands in the inflorescence of the species of subsection Diaphanoidea is 2—3 times higher than that of the species of subsection Vulgata. Thus, it logically follows that there is no need to count all the glands on a plant, but it is enough to add up the number of glands present on a single involucral bract, a 5 mm-section of the peduncle, and a similar section of the stem (immediately below inflorescence; see note to the description of the genus, p. 5). If the sum (“index”) obtained in this manner is on the average equal to 40(20-60), then we are dealing with a species of subsection Vulgata, but if it is, e.g., 100(70—160(250)), then undoubt- edly the species belongs to subsection Diaphanoidea. This character correlates with size of gland: medium—0.5(0.4—0.6) mm in length—in subsection Vulgata and long—1.0(0.7—1.2(1.5)) mm in length—in sub- section Diaphanoidea. 1. Involucral bracts with hairs and glands.................scccsscssseeseeseneees De + Involucral bracts with glands Omly..............ccssscsssccssssessseeeseeseteeesseees 8. 2. Number of hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal; in habit plants resemble species of subsection Vulgata but distinguished by abundance of glands; hairs on leaves along midrib beneath 2.5—3.0 mm long............... 315. H. inconveniens Juxip + Number of glands on involucral bracts several times greater than OL TAIIS eee cscs ecectocdocereccuccescssttictaoustac hostesses thee o et cokaeeesteupmmbemloessestacsisice 3k 3. Involucral bracts with sparse hairs (ratio of hairs to glands 30:70); peduncles distinctly glandular...................... 316. H. kuzenevae Juxip + Involucral bracts with occasional hairs (ratio of hairs to glands SOS ree tes Menctetccere ie scttaetiicemmerteenene tracooterer ceteetcrstie Lec ane coeeson ears 4. 4. Glands on involucral bracts moderate in numbe..................c.s000008 5. 275 8 (1). 10. 263 Glands on involucral bracts (as well as on peduncles) dense; leaves at first glance almost entire, densely pusecent; plants of Baltic Regionte nic: dcastinien.c0..tons ede 321. H. lehbertii Zahn Involucres more or less large (10.0—11.5 mm long); pubescence of ledvesiscattered tomoderate: tis ty ree et Sy, ee eee 6. Involucres small (8-9 mm long); involucral bracts distinctly stel- late-pubescent; stigmas yellow (turning brown); leaves densely PUbESCENI AN hed : Geel Meet e PEt ee ae 320. H. kubinskense Juxip Sti simas ida $5 eee tes | eee Nerd nee ean tN el ena eee tee i. Stigmas yellow, later turning brown; involucral bracts ditinctly stellate-pubescent; plants Of CaucasuS...............esseessceeesseceeneeeeeeees petateeettn teh ete. BE, TEE ore ccacccenesuersetied 319. H. leptogrammoides Juxip Basal leaves absent at anthesis or one leaf, long-attenuate to petiole; cauline leaves 4—5; plants of Kola Peninsula............ SPARUEARR ERD PE, LYE oo os okatesscsedorassucicceeoe eee 317. H. pasense Juxip Basal leaves 2-4, broad (3:1), abruptly or truncately tapered to petiole; cauline leaves 2-3; plants of Caucasus....................... wstssssundeeanannesinssdc cee AOL AOS aN SN ae, eee, ects Ste 318. H. sbaense Juxip Plant with high coefficient of leafiness unusual for subsection, on average ONS =O sl Omen ws elahetorss Crean aks, Lice, oa) See, Es. 9; Plant with coefficient of leafiness normal for subsection (0.08).0.6— COB» rs nosnncentesteaene AOC ee aee RTOS ame NEN CMY eth. TY LEO 11 Involucral bracts moderately glandular... sseeseeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeees 10. Involucral bracts very densely glandular; peduncles sparsely glan- dular; leaves moderately pubescent; plants of Baltic Region........... sides shasoncosoesanecaresaccoesscat enna, cea ely atone ly 322. H. nesaeum Juxip Leaves densely pubescent; involucres small (9 mm long); stigmas yellow; cauline leaves 4, broad; stem sparsely pubescent; plants of Carpathian Mountains................. 324. H. mukacevense Juxip Leaves very densely pubescent; involucres large (1 1—12 mm long); stigmas dark; cauline leaves 4-8; stem moderately pubescent; plants of Baltic Regiom............... ese 323. H. valmierense Juxip Involucral bracts moderately to densely (45-90) glandular........ 12 Involucral bracts densely (80-110) glandular............... cece 18. Stigmas yellow; leaves scattered-pubescent...............cc:csceseeeees 13) Stismas dankror mustys!...1ahitveets.. where, 2a MeN to 14. Peduncles sparsely glandular. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involu- cral bracts distinctly stellate-pubescent. Leaves denticulate; plants of European Part of the Soviet Union...325. H. submedianum Zahn Peduncles moderately glandular. Involucres 11 mm long; involu- cral bracts more or less without stellate hairs. Leaves almost entire; plants with 2-5 stems; plants of Western SUDEM Ass secoesetscseeerttcseenevnrettonees 326. H. pluricaule Schischk. and Serg. 276 + 18 (11). 2D + 23 (18). Involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs..................0006 1S: Involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hairy..............e ee eseeeeeeeeeeeneeees 16. Peduncles with sparse to scattered glands; leaves moderately pubescent; involucres more or less large (10-12 mm long); stig- mas rusty, later turning dark; leaves with many teeth; stem almost glabrous ieraey Seren eee 327. H. diaphanoides Lindeb. Peduncles moderately glandular; leaves densely pubescent on both sides; involucres 8.5—10.5 mm long; leaves scarcely denticu- late; stem with scattered pubescence; plants of the North.................... etal damit yen), Eomevedh caberuces’ serve 328. H. ischnoadenum Juxip Leaves to scattered-pubescent; involucral bracts narrow; quite acute; pappus dull white.................. 329. H. subpellucidum Norrl. Leaves moderately to densely pubescent..............c:ccccceseessesseeseees 167? Leaves moderately pubescent; involucral bracts somewhat broad; PAPPUS SNOW-While............esessesseseseseeeeeesseees 330. H. subarctoum Norrl. Leaves densely pubescent; involucral bracts linear, abruptly tri- angular-acuminate; stem sparsely hairy......331. H. ornatum Dahlst. Peduncles sparsely to scatteredly glandular.................cceeeeeees 19. Peduncles moderately to densely glandular.................. cesses 23. Leaves (as well as stem) sparsely pubescent; stigmas dark; plants of chesUralse nek devi eneiah! ies 332. H. schellianum Juxip Leaves moderately to densely pubescent................cccsscsseseeeeeees 20. Leaves moderately pubesce mts eeeee sce eet sere ter cee scene. sects 2. Leaves very densely pubescent; stigmas dark................cccceceeeee QD. Stigmas yellow; involucral bracts ditinctly stellate-hairy; leaves almost entire; plants of Western Siberia.............ccccsscsesssseseeseneeeeeeees bnunbeh cn ns 0), [etn e, ser nlures: 333. H. taigense Schischk. and Serg. Stigmas dark; involucral bracts with sparse stellate hairs along margin; leaves with many unequal teeth; plants of Kola Penin- sulatint.A. cool asoslounl chesoeeeting lan 334. H. apatitorum Juxip Involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs; leaves serrulate; cauline leaves 4-5; plants of Carpathian Moun- tdiniseashe (iQadiha uchadnlnel s Lopate 335. H. igoschinae Juxip Involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy; leaves almost entire; cauline leaves 1-2; plants of the North...............000 336. H. bobrovii Juxip Peduncles moderately glandular; leaves moderately pubescent; involucres more or less large, 10-12 mm long; stigmas dark; plants of(Caucdsuss 8%... eens 337. H. debilescens Woron. and Zahn Peduncles densely glandular (as a whole glandularity of inflores- cence unusually high); leaves densely pubescent; involucres small (9.5 mm long); stigmas yellow; plants of Kola Peninsula............... ae atealon voeets Pak oe ate 338. H. subbetuletorum Juxip 277 265 Cycle 1. Aliena Juxip.—Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in equal abundance, scattered. 315. H. inconveniens Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 500. Perennial. Stem 50-75 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, scattered pu- bescent throughout, scattered-glandular above. Basal leaves 5-7, rosulate, broadly lanceolate, more or less abruptly or gradually tapered to petiole, large, to 20 cm long (4.5:1), with unequal, acute (recurved), teeth (to 10 mm long), with free teeth on petiole, short-acuminate, olive-green, covered above with scattered hairs 1 mm long, beneath and along margin pubescence to dense, hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long, very dense along midrib beneath, hairs 2.5—3.0 mm long, as a whole densely pubescent; cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, short-petiolate, or (upper leaves) sessile, deeply and unevenly sharp- toothed, with free teeth along petiole, acuminate, pubescence denser than on basal leaves. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, with 10-18 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10.5—11.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with scattered 35(20-45) hairs 1.5 mm long and similarly scattered, 15(40-50), glands 0.5—-0.6 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Edges of forests, forested slopes.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Estonian SSR (Khageri). Type in Tartu. Note. It is an intermediate form linking subsections Vulgata and Diaphanoides; it is similar to the first subsection in habit and medium size of glands and to the second in abundance of glands even in the upper part of the stem. The long hairs on the leaves along the midrib beneath are characteristic. Cycle 2. Kuzenevaea Juxip.—Involucral bracts sparsely hairy but moderately glandular (ratio of hairs to glands 30:70); peduncles densely glandular; coefficient of leafiness low (0.02), i.e., cauline leaves one. 316. H. kuzenevae Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 501. Perennial. Stem 35-70 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, violet at base, more or less glabrous, sparsely glandular above. Basal leaves 3-5, oval, obvate to lanceolate, quite abruptly narrowed to very long peti- ole, subobtuse to short-acuminate, to 26 cm long (5.5:1), with unequal, small and conspicuous, acute teeth, teeth very small toward tip, grassy- green, sparsely short-hairy on both sides and along margin with hairs 278 266 0.5-1.0 mm long, densely along midrib beneath, hairs 2 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves one (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to petiole, resembling inner basal leaf. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 3-6 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs or glabrous but with moderate to dense glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 8.5-10.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, with sparse (20) hairs 1 mm long, and with moderate, 55(40-70), glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark or black. Flowering August. Willow-stands, along alpine meadow patches.—European Part: Arctic Europe; Western Siberia: Arctic Siberia. Described from Murmansk Region (Rybachy Peninsula). Type in Kirovsk. Note. In habit it resembles the species of subsection Vulgata but is distinguished from the latter by the abundance of glands in the inflorescence. Cycle 3. Leptogramma Juxip.—lInvolucral bracts with occasional hairs and scattered to dense glands (ratio of number of hairs to glands 5:95)! 317. H. pasense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 501. Perennial. Stem to 60 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, reddish-violet at base, more or less glabrous. Basal leaves at anthesis one, oval-lan- ceolate, long-tapered to petiole, short-acuminate, with 3—4 short teeth, sparsely pubescent; cauline leaves 4—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), lanceolate, bottom leaf attenuate to petiole, resembling basal leaf, others sessile, with obtuse base, acuminate, scarcely toothed to entire, pubescence scattered (glabrous above). Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 5 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs | mm long, and with sparse glands 0.5 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 11 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, obtuse, dark, with few (6) hairs | mm long, moderately (60) glandular with glands 1.2—0.2 mm long (glands with yellow tips, reduced toward tip), without stellate hairs, barbate. Stigmas dark. Flowering August. (Plate XXIV, Fig. 2.) Tundra.—European Part: Arctic Europe. Endemic. Described from Murmansk Region (banks of Paza River). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species of Leptogramma by the higher number (4—5) of cauline leaves. 318. H. sbaense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 502. 27 No) 267 Perennial. Stem 35-55 cm high, 2.0—2.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, to sparsely hairy, sulcate, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2-4, round, elliptical to broadly lanceolate, abruptly and truncately tapered to petiole, to 13 cm long (3:1), scarcely toothed with 4—5 remote teeth, almost entire, sparsely hairy on both sides and along margin, densely so along midrib beneath, as a whole scattered-hairy; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, bottom leaf petiolate, upper sessile, denticulate. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-12 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, with sparse glands 0.7-1.0 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 10.0-11.5 mm long; involucral bracts linear, obtuse, with occasional (O—3) hairs, and scat- tered, 45(40—50), glands 0.8-—1.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs (latter only at base). Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXVI.) Montane spruce forests, subalpine meadows.—Cascasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from southern Ossetia (Sba Ravine). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. leptogrammoides Juxip mainly by the dark stigmas. 319. H. leptogrammoides Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 502. Perennial. Stem to 50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, violet at base and sparsely hairy, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 3, broadly lanceolate, quite abruptly narrowed to petiole, subacute, serrulate (at base teeth somewhat larger) (3.5:1), to moderately hairy; cauline leaves 3—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, broad, lower leaf tapered to short petiole, upper sessile, with expanded base, with 3-5 more conspicuous teeth than in basal leaves, somewhat stellate-hairy be- neath along midrib. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5 capitula; peduncles glabrous, sparsely glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, with scattered stel- late hairs. Involucres 11.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with few (4-5), hairs | mm long and moderate (50-55) glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, distinctly stellate-hairy (particularly at base and along margin). Stigmas yellowish-brown; achenes 3.5 mm long. Flowering July. Forest edges.—Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Eastern Anatolia. Described from former Artvin Region (Barevansky Post—Tsarksel). Type in Tbilisi. Note. The type (specimen No. 4875) was identified by Zahn as H. leptogrammum Dahlst., but in the monograph (Engl. Pflzr. IV, 280, 359) it is referred to as follows: “Ahnlich im Kauskasus: zwischen Barevan u. Tsortsel (Prov. Batum)!” Although in habit our plant is indeed 280 268 similar to the Swedish H. leptogrammum Dahlst., it is distinguished from the latter by its dense stellate hairs on the involucral bracts, yellowish-brown stigmas, and range. 320. H. kubinskense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 503. Perennial. Stem 45-60 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with occasional hairs, occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2, oblong-lanceolate, long tapered to petiole, acuminate, to 15 cm long (5:1), scarcely denticulate, densely hairy; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lan- ceolate, short-petiolate to sessile. Inflorescence paniculate, with 4—8 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and sparse glands | mm long. Involucres 8—9 mm long; involucral bracts with occasional hairs 1 mm long or partly glabrous, and with moderate, 62(50-70), glands 1 mm long, distinctly stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July. European Part: Divina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Vologda Region (near Kubinsky Lake). Type in Leningrad. Note. Distinguished from the closely related species of Leptogramma by its small involucres. 321. H. lehbertii Zahn in Herb. Bornmiilleri (1925); in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 494. Perennial. Stem 45-55 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, sparsely hairy be- low with hairs 3—5 mm long, scatteredly glandular above. Basal leaves 4— 8, rosulate, obovate, oval to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, quite abruptly or more or less gradually narrowed to long petiole, to 22 cm long (4:1), scarcely denticulate (at first glance almost entire), grassy-green, lead-gray beneath, sparsely hairy above, moderately so beneath, densely along margin and midrib (as well as on petiole), as a whole to densely hairy, hairs 2-3 mm long; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), petiolate, lanceolate, with remote, broad teeth in lower half, slightly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—8 capitula; pe- duncles glabrous or with occasional hairs 1 mm long, densely glandular, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 9.5—10.0 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, more or less obtuse to acute, with few (1-3) hairs | mm long and dense (80) glands 0.7 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Coniferous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Kyasmu (Kasparvik), Estonian SSR. Type in Tallin. Cycle 4. Nesaea Juxip.—Involucral bracts with only glands; coef- ficient of leafiness high for subsection (0.15—0.10), i.e., cauline leaves 4-9. 28 _ 269 322. H. nesaeum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 503. Perennial. Stem 50-65 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, to scattered hairy below, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 1—4, obovate to oblong-lanceolate, abruptly or more or less gradually tapered to winged petiole, to 20 cm long (5.7:1), serrate, short-acuminate, olive-green, reddish beneath, with sparse hairs 0.5 mm long above, scattered hairy beneath and along margin with hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long, dense along midrib, hairs 0.7 mm long, as a whole moderately hairy; cauline leaves 7-9 (coefficient of leafiness 0.15), lanceolate, lower two leaves with truncate base, upper attenuate to short petiole or sessile, toothed, teeth at base large, 10 mm long, divergent, acute. Inflorescence pan- iculate, with 7-12 capitula; peduncles glabrous, sparsely glandular, tomentose. Involucres 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, abruptly acuminate, glabrous, with very dense, 108(85—130), glands 0.5—0.2 mm long (glands reduced toward tip), without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Forested moraines, spruce-pine forest.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Tartu District. Type in Tallin. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species by the unusally high (for the subsection) coefficient of leafiness—0.15, 1.e., with 7—9 cauline leaves and very densely glandular involucral bracts. 323. H. valmierense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 504. Perennial. Stem 65 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, to moderately hairy below, sparsely glandular above. Basal leaves 3, elliptical, rhomboid to lanceolate, more or less abruptly narrowed to short petiole, to 20 cm long, broad (3.5:1) with 4—S distinct, unequal, asymmetric, coarse and acute teeth concentrated in lower half, upper part denticulate, almost entire, short-acuminate, with free teeth running down petiole, with scattered hairs above 0.6 mm long, hairs dense beneath and along margin, 0.6—1 mm long, with very dense hairs 1.5 mm long along midrib beneath, as a whole very densely hairy (in this respect resembling H. sagittatum Lindeb.), dark green, violet beneath; cauline leaves 4—8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), rhomboid to lanceolate, with 4—5 acute, coarse teeth to 10 mm long, bottom leaves cuneately narrowed to short petiole, upper sessile, pubescence half as dense as in basal leaves. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 6 capitula; peduncles glabrous, to scattered-glandular, tomentose. Involucres 11—12 mm long; involu- cral bracts broad, abruptly triangular-acuminate, without simple hairs, moderately (60) glandular with glands 0.7 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. 282 270 European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Valmier (Latvian SSR). Type in Riga. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species of Nesaea by its very densely hairy leaves (resembling H. sagittatum Lindeb.). 324. H. mukacevense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 504. Perennial. Stem to 40 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, sparsely hairy. Basal leaves 3, broadly lanceolate (2.5:1), abruptly narrowed to petiole, with more or less truncate base and 5—7 remote, triangular, acute teeth, acute, light glaucous, violet beneath, scattered-hairy above, moder- ately hairy along margin with hairs 1 mm long, with very dense hairs 1.5 mm long beneath and along midrib, as a whole densely hairy; cauline leaves 4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), broadly lanceolate (2.3- 4:1), short-petiolate, acute, like basal leaves, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 4 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with sparse glands 0.3 mm long. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, linear, triangular-acuminate, without simple hairs, moderately (64) glandular, giands to 0.6 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering June. Oak forests.—European Part: Upper Dniester. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Mukachevo (Trans-Carpathian Region). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species of Nesaea mainly by its yellow stigmas and small involucres. Cycle 5. Submediana Juxip.—Involucral bracts only with glands in moderate number; coefficient of leafiness 0.06—0.05, i.e., cauline leaves 2-4; stigmas yellow. 325. H. submedianum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 356.— H. ochanskiense Zahn |. c. 370.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 240 (sub H. ochanskiense). Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, more or less glabrous or pubescenc to scattered, sometimes with occasional glands above, sulcate, sometimes with lateral stems. Basal leaves 2—5, obo- vate, elliptical or lanceolate, gradually narrowed to mostly short peti- ole, obtuse to subacute, with 3-6 small, triangular or serrate teeth, grassy-green, pale beneath, glabrous above or with sparse hairs, sparsely hairy beneath, scattered along margin, dense along midrib, as a whole scattered-hairy; cauline leaves 2—3(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, short-petiolate or sessile, acute, slightly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate-umbellate, with 5-18 271 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs and sparse glands 0.5—0.8 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, subacute, dark, with somewhat greenish border, glabrous, moderately to densely, 60(50—90), glandular with glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, distinctly stellate-hairy along margin and at tip. Stigmas yellow, later turning brown. Flowering June to August. (Plate XXVII, Fig. 2.) Pine forests.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Volga-Kama, Ladoga-IImen (northern part). Endemic. Described from Vologda Re- gion. Type in Leningrad. 326. H. pluricaule Schischk. and Serg. in Sistem. Zam. po Mat. Gerb. im. Krylova pri Tomsk. Univ. 1—2 (1949) 18; Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3050. Perennial. Stem 50-75 cm high, 2—4 mm in diameter, with occa- sional hairs 2 mm long, with occasional glands above; stems 2 to 5S. Basal leaves to 9, obovate, obtuse to retuse or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to more or less short petiole, short-acuminate, to 13 cm long (5:1), scarcely denticulate or almost entire (teeth somewhat larger to- wards base), with sparse hairs 1 mm long above and along margin, with scattered hairs to 1.5 mm long beneath, to dense along midrib, as a whole scattered-hairy; cauline leaves 2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, bottom leaf narrowed to petiole, resembling inner basal leaves, short-acuminate, densely hairy beneath along midrib, as a whole moderately (denser than basal leaves) hairy; others narrowed toward base, sessile, upper leaf linear. Inflorescence openly paniculate-corym- bose with 12-22 capitula; peduncles glabrous, moderately glandular with glands 0.5 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 11 mm long (in original diagnosis “3-11”); involucral bracts linear, ob- tuse, dark, glabrous, moderately, 57(40-65), glandular with glands to 0.6 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs (in original diagnosis “covered with stellate hairs mainly in lower part...”). Stigmas yellow- ish-brown; achenes 3.5 mm long. Flowering July. Pine forests, grassy patches and clearings in forest, herb slopes of steep banks in taiga.—Western Siberia: Ob’ Region. Endemic. Described from valley of Vasyugan River (Tomsk Region). Type in Leningrad. Note. The phrase in the original description “...stems ... covered ... with occasional and short, colorless, glandular hairs” refers partly to short broken fragments of simple hairs (pilis abortivis) and partly to furcate floccose (stellate) hairs. Cycle 6. Diaphanoidea Juxip.—Involucral bracts only moderately glandular; coefficient of leafiness 0.06—0.05, i.e., cauline leaves 2-5; stigmas dark; stellate hairs on involucral bracts almost absent. 284 272 327. H. diaphanoides Lindeb. Hier. Bidr. (1882) 11; Stenstr. Varml. Arch. 53; Dahlst. Bidr. Syd6éstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III, 164; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 708 (nota); Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 350; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif. 24; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 624; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 85.— H. eu-diaphonoides Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II (1934) 489.—H. murorum y. medium Lbg. in Blytt. Norg. Fl. II (1874) 652; in Hartm. Handb. Skand. FI. ed. 11, 43.—Ie.: Zahn in Pfilzr. (1. c.) fig. 29; van Soest, in Hier. Nederl. I, fig. 19; Hegi, Ili. Fl. VI, 2, 1278, fig. 907.—Exs.: Lbg. Hier. Scand. cent. III, No. 123; Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. 1, No. 86; Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. II, No. 84, IX, No. 67, X, No. 62; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 239. Perennial. Stem 30-75 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, with occa- sional hairs, occasional glands above. Basal leaves 6(3—9), in well- developed rosette, elliptical-ovate, obtuse, to oblong-lanceolate and acute, to 17 cm long (4.5:1), remotely denticulate to (in inner leaves) abundantly and unequally dentate (to dissected-dentate), sometimes with free teeth on petioles all leaves attenuate to short winged petiole, grassy-green, pale beneath, sparsely short-hairy (hairs to 1 mm long) above, beneath and along margin with scattered hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long, pubescence to dense along midrib and on petiole with soft hairs 2 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 3(2—5) (co- efficient of leafiness 0.06), remote, sessile or short-petiolate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, quite strongly and at base often sharply incised. Inflorescence paniculate, often branched, umbellate above, with 8(3-16) capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with sparse or scattered-glands 0.4-1.0 mm long, densely tomentose. Involucres (8—) 10-12 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, dark, without simple hairs, moderately, 48(30-60), glandular with glands 0.5-1.2 mm long, long and medium bracts alter- nately almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas rusty, later turning dark. Flowering June to July. Edges of deciduous and coniferous forests, forested slopes.— European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part), Dvina-Pechora (west- ern part), Ladoga-IImen, Baltic Region. General distrubution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 328. H. ischnoadenum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 504. Perennial. Stem 25-65 cm high, 1.0—3.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, with scattered hairs 2-3 mm long at base, sparse glands above. Basal leaves 2-6, obovate, obtuse or to oblong-lanceolate, acute more or less abruptly or gradually narrowed to petiole, scarcely denticulate 285 273 (more distinctly at base), more or less entire in upper part, occasionally more distinctly sharply serrate, densely pubescent on both sides; cauline leaves 2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, narrowed to petiole or upper leaf sessile, more or less entire or serrulate, stellate- hairy beneath along midrib. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3—10(—28) capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, moderately glandular with glands 0.5 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 8.5—10.5 mm long; involu- cral bracts narrow, subacute, without simple hairs, densely, 72(40-95), glandular with glands | mm long, almost without stellate hairs (some- what downy at base). Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Herb patches, dry slopes of volcanic mounds. European Part: Arctic Europe, Karelia-Lapland; Western Siberia: Ob’ Region. Endemic. Described from Lake Imandra. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. subarctoum Norrl. growing with it by having leaf pubescence 1.5 times denser and from H. subpellucidum Norrl., by pubescence 3 times denser. Cycle 7. Ornata Juxip.—Involucral bracts only with glands in moderate number; coefficient of leafiness 0.05, 1.e., cauline leaves 1—5; stigmas dark; stellate hairs on involucral bracts considerable (mainly along margin, hence involucres ornate). 329. H. subpellucidum Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. I (1888) 104; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 709; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 357; Dahlst in Lindem. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 622; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. (1954) No. 111.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, Nos. 16-21; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. cent. IV, Nos. 46-49, IX, No. 68, XVII, No. 81; Lindberg, Pl. Finl. exs. Nos. 1781-1721. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 1-4 mm in diameter, violet at base, with occasional hairs, occasional (to sparse) glands above, sometimes with lateral stems. Basal leaves 4(1—9), ovate, ovate-lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, more or less abruptly or gradually narrowed to long petiole (5:1), obtuse to short-acuminate, to 26 cm long, with remote, sparse, fine or short teeth or with longer, acute (var. dentatum Brenn.) free teeth running down to petiole, olive- or light-green, glaucescent be- neath, with or without sparse hairs above, along margin and beneath to scattered-pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, to dense pubescence beneath along midrib with hairs 1-2 mm long, as a whole to scattered- pubescent, sometimes stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 2—3(1-4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, short-petiolate, in lower half finely or more or less coarsely toothed, entire toward tip, upper sessile, linear, entire, always stellate-hairy beneath, sometimes on both sides. 286 274 Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose with more or less umbellate top, with 9(3—23) capitula, branched; peduncles without simple hairs (rarely with occasional hairs), with scattered glands 0.5 mm long, scattered- tomentose. Involucres 8.5—11.0 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, linear, triangular-acuminate, blackish-green, transparent (under lens!), without simple hairs, moderately to densely, 60(40-100), glan- dular, with glands 0.5—1.5 mm long, narrowly stellate-hairy along mar- gin, barbate. Stigmas dark; pappus dull white. Flowering June to August. (Plate XVI, Fig. 2.) Riverbanks, pine-birch and pine-spruce forests, spruce and birch forests, dry meadows and ridges.—European Part: European Arctic, Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Volga-Kama. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from banks of Onega River. Type in Helsinki. 330. H. subarctoum Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 709; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 357; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 109.—H. praecipuiforme Dahlst. in Birger. Veget. o. fl. i Pajala (1904); in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2, ed. 622.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, Nos. 6-15; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. IV, No. 52, 53 (sub H. dourensiceps Dahlst.), and Hier. Scand. cent. XXI, Nos. 50, 51 (sub H. praecipuiforme Dahlst.). Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 1.0—3.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, pubescence sparse to scattered (more conspicuously at base), with occasional glands above, sometimes with lateral stems. Basal leaves 4(1-7), mostly in well-developed rosette, obovate to elliptical, obtuse and short-acuminate or to ovate-lanceolate, more or less abruptiy narrowed to short or long petiole, short-acuminate, barely toothed or serrulate, to 20 cm long (5:1), grassy-green, often violet beneath, to moderately hairy on both sides and along margin, with hairs 0.5—-1.5 mm long, densely so along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, as a whole moderately hairy; cauline leaves 2—3(1-5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, denticulate, acuminate, sometimes stellate-hairy. Inflorescence openly paniculate-corymbose, with 3—18(-45) capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered glands 0.4-1.0 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 8—11 mm long; involu- cral bracts lanceolate, somewhat broad, obtuse (sometimes abruptly triangular-acuminate), rather dark, without simple hairs, densely, 95(40- 105), glandular, with glands to 1.2 mm long, along margin more or less distinctly stellate-hairy. Corollas often tubular; stigmas dark; pappus snow-white. Flowering June to August. Sandy, clayey and stony banks of lakes and rivers, meadows, edges of pine-birch and spruce-birch forests and elfin woodlands.— European Part: European Arctic, Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Volga- 287 275 Kama. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finnish Lapland. Type in Helsinki. Note. The ranges of H. subarctoum Norrl. and the closely related H. subpellucidum Norrl. generally coincide, although we see the first species predominating in the north and the second in the south. 331. H. ornatum Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III (1894) 167; Joh. and Sam., Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif. 54; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 356; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 622; Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 496.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. II, No. 81; Hier. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 70, 69, XII, No. 86, XXI, No. 56. Perennial. Stem 45-75 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, sparsely pubescent below, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 4—9, in well-developed rosette, obovate, ellipical to lanceolate (4.3:1), gradu- ally narrowed to long petiole, from more or less entire and obtuse to finely and sharply many-toothed, olive-green or glaucescent, scat- tered-pubescent above with hairs 1 mm long, as a whole to densely hairy, hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long; cauline leaves (1—)3(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, cuneate, acute, with 4—5 acute teeth, upper sessile, linear. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-12 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered glands and scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts linear, abruptly triangular- acuminate, without simple hairs, moderately (50-55) glandular with glands 0.8 mm long, densely stellate-hairy along margin but sparsely so beneath. Stigmas blackish. Flowering June to July. Forest edges, forest.shortgrass meadows.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland, Ladoga-IIlmen, Baltic Region. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note. It is distinguished from H. diaphanoides Lbg. by having dense stellate hairs on the involucral bracts, black stigmas, and densely pubescent leaves. ; Cycle 8. Schelliana Juxip.—Involucral bracts only with abundant glands; glands on inflorescence sparse to scattered (total number of glands on inflorescence high); coefficient of leafiness 0.06—0.05, i.e., cauline leaves 1-5. 332. H. schellianum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 505. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, violet at base, subglabrous, with occasional glands above, sometimes with lateral stems. Basal leaves 1-3, elliptical-lanceolate, gradually attenuate to long petiole, finely 4—5-toothed, teeth deltoid, remote or falcate, petiole 288 276 with free teeth, to 15 cm long (4.5:1), leaves subglabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath and along margin, moderately so along midrib, as a whole sparsely pubescent; cauline leaves 2—4 (coeffcient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, lower attenuate to short petiole, denticulate, upper sessile, entire. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5—8 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, scattered-glandular with glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 9.5-10.5 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse, dark, without simple hairs, densely, 86(80— 90), glandular, glands 1.0—1.5 mm long, at base sparsely stellate-hairy, barbate. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Spruce and birch forests in mountains.—European Part: Volga- Kama. Endemic. Described from Urals (Bashtur Mountain). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. subarctoum Norrl. and H. taigense Schischk. and Serg. as follows: from the first by generally sparse pubescence and from the second by dark stigmas. 333. H. taigense Schischk. and Serg. in Sistem. Zam. po Mat. Gerb. im. Krylova pri Tomsk. Univ. 1-2 (1949) 19; Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3051. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 1.2—3.0 mm in diameter, pubesence to sparse, hairs 1-5 mm long, with occasional glands above, reddish- violet at base, sulcate, sometimes with lateral stems. Basal leaves 4(1— 6), obovate, ovate, attenuate to long petiole, to 22 cm long, obtuse or short-acuminate, short, more or less entire (5:1), scattered-pubescence on both sides and along margin, hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, densely hairy along midrib beneath, hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence moderate; cauline leaves 2(1-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lan- ceolate, with 1—2 fine teeth at base, short-petiolate, upper entire, acute. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2-10 capitula; peduncles without ‘simple hairs, with sparse (to scattered) glands more or less tomentose. Involucres 9.5—10.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, linear, acute without simple hairs, with very dense, 90(65—120), glands 0.8-1.2 mm long, conspicuously stellate-hairy (at base and along margin). Stigmas yellowish-brown, later turning dark; achenes 3.2-3.5 mm long. Flower- ing June to August. (Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1.) Forested slopes, cedar-fir taiga, and mixed forests.—Western Siberia: Ob’ Region. Endemic. Described from valley of Lar-Egan River (tributary of Ob’ River, Tomsk Region). Type in Tomsk; cotype in Leningrad. 334. H. apatitorum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 505. 289 277 Perennial. Stem 65-75 cm high, 4—5 mm in diameter, violet at base and to sparsely hairy with white hairs 3 mm long, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 4—6, broadly lanceolate, attenuate to peti- ole, with many (6-12), unequal, small and large, deltoid and lanceolate, straight and curved, acute, teeth alternating with free teeth on petioles, short-acuminate, to 20 cm long, (5:1), to scattered-hairy on both sides and along margin with hairs 0.7—1.5 mm long, along midrib beneath and as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 4—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate to rhomboidal, attenuate to petiole, unequally and remotely toothed, short-acuminate, upper sessile, linear, entire. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, with 24—27 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with sparse glands and scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse to acute, dark green, without simple hairs, but with dense, 106(90—125), glands 0.2-1.0 mm long (reduced toward tip), sparsely stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Pine-birch forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from vicinity of city of Apatity (Murmansk Region). Type in Kirov. Note. In habit it resembles H. subarctoum Norrl., but is distin- guished by its large number of glands on the narrow involucral bracts and moderate pubescence of the leaves. 335. H. igoschinae Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 506. Perennial. Stem 60-80 cm high, 2-4 mm in diameter, violet at base, moderately hairy in lower half with hairs 2-3 mm long, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2-3, lanceolate, attenuate to petiole, acute, serrulate, grassy-green, moderately hairy above and along margin with hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long, densely hairy beneath, along midrib very densely hairy, with hairs 1-2 mm long (in this respect suggesting H. sagittatum), cauline leaves 4—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, tapered to short petiole, upper sessile, acute, distinctly toothed at base. Inflores- cence paniculate, with 4-10 capitula; peduncles with or without occa- sional hairs, with scattered glands | mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse to acute, without simple hairs, densely, 80(65—90), glandular, with glands 0.7-0.8 mm long, with yellow heads, almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Beech and spruce forests, in mountains.—European Part: Upper Dniester. Endemic? Described from Transcarpathian Region (Svalyava District). Type in Leningrad. 290 278 Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species of cycle Schelliana by its very densely pubescent leaves and the involucral bracts that are almost devoid of stellate hairs. 336. H. bobrovii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 506. Perennial. Stem 25-30 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, violet at base and scattered-pubescent, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 3, ovate to lanceolate, more or less abruptly or gradually narrowed to petiole, acute, with occasional fine teeth or almost entire, to 6 cm long (4—-5:1), densely hairy above and along margin with hairs 1 mm long, very densely hairy beneath and as a whole very densely so (resem- bling H. sagittatum Lindeb.), dark green; cauline leaves 1-2 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, narrowed toward base, acuminate, almost entire, to densely pubescent. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 2-3 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with sparse glands, white-tomentose. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, without simple hairs, densely, 78(60—100), glandular, glands 0.6 mm long, and densely stellate-hairy, barbate. Ligule teeth orange; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Tundra.—European Part: Arctic Europe. Endemic. Described from banks of Adzva River (tributary of Usa River). Type in Leningrad. Note. Zahn (on the label) called this plant H. caesium Fr. ssp. bifidiflorum Zahn, but, since it has remained unpublished, it is a nomen nudum (H. bifidiflorum Deg. and Zahn is related to H. transsilvanicum-H. bifidum. Our plant is related neither to H. caesium nor to H. bifidum). It is distinguished from the closely related species by its densely stellate-hairy involucral bracts and almost entire leaves. Cycle 9. Debilescentia Juxip.—Involucral bracts only with abun- dant glands; peduncles moderately to very densely glandular (hence, total number of glands on inflorescence unusually high); coefficient of leafiness 0.08—0.05, i.e., cauline leaves 2-4. 337. H. debilescens Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 27; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 355. Perennial. Stem 40-55 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, violet at base, sparsely pubescent below, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2, obovate to broadly lanceolate or oblong, to 14 cm long (4:1), nar- rowed to petiole, with 3-5 remote, fine teeth, glaucescent or grassy- green, dull green beneath, sparsely hairy above with hairs 0.7 mm long, with scattered pubescence beneath with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, mod- erately hairy along margin, densely so along midrib, hairs 2.5 mm long, 279 291 Plate XVII. 1—H. buschianum Juxip; 2— H. floribundum N.P. 293 280 as a whole moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 3—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), remote, broadly lanceolate (2.5—4:1), narrowed to cuneate or round base and distinctly toothed there, upper linear- lanceolate, entire, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly panicu- late or corymbose, with 4-15 capitula; peduncles with occasional light-colored hairs 1 mm long, moderately glandular with glands 0.6 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10-12 mm long; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, with broad green border, without simple hairs but with dense (100) glands to 1 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Corollas golden yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Montane spruce-fir forests —Caucasus: ?Southern Trans-caucasia. Described from former Artvin District. Type in Tbilisi. 338. H. subbetuletorum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 507. Perennial. Stem 35—55 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, violet at base, sparsely pubescent, distinctly glandular above, with large (1 mm long) glands. Basal leaves 3-8, broadly to narrowly lanceolate, gradu- ally narrowed to petiole, serrulate, acuminate, to 17 cm long (4-6:1), moderately hairy on both sides and along margin with hairs 0.6-1.0 mm long, densely pubescent beneath along midrib with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole densely pubescent, stellate-hairy along midrib; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), bottom leaf narrowly lanceolate, petiolate, serrulate, acute, upper linear, entire, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5-10 capitula, partly undeveloped; peduncles without simple hairs, with dense, large glands, scattered- tomentose. Involucres 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts, somewhat broad, subacute, without simple hairs, very densely, 105(95—-115), glandular, glands to 1.2 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellowish brown. Flowering August. Subalpine birch forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from Khibiny Mountains (Vudyavrchorr). Type in Kirovsk. Note. It is distinguished from all species of this subsection by the unusually large number of glands in the inflorescence. Subsection 5. Muroria Juxip.—Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 284, 288; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 362, 363 (ut sp. coll. H. murorum L.).—Characters as in key. Coefficient of leafiness 0.03(0.01— 0.05(0.07)), i.e., cauline leaves 0-1 (rarely to 2, very rarely to 3 and that usually in tall plants); basal leaves at anthesis 3 to 6 (1-13), i.e., leaf rosette well developed; stem scapose; involucral bracts usually only glandular, species with occasional hairs more rare, only exceptionally with more or less considerable number of hairs H. cuspidellum Pohle 281 and Zahn, H. hylogeton Kozl. and Zahn, H. kupfferi Dahlst., H. niveolimbatum Juxip, H. orbicans Almqu.); glands 0.3-1.5 mm long, but always well developed; pollen almost always absent (see descrip- tion of individual species). The range of the species of this essentially western European subsection extends eastward to the Ural Range. In some species of this subsection we may observe a sort of “seasonal dimorphism” from year to year: besides the normal flowering at the end of June to beginning of July, this same species flowers again in October (the author collected flowering specimens of H. distractum Norrl. in Tallin from Kadriorg Park on November 1, 1942, and in the city of Pushkin from a park on October 9, 1951). Note. In contrast to some species, e.g., H. vulgatum (Fr.) Almqu. or H. caesium Fr., the real species H. murorum L. does not exist, and whatever has been presented under this name in the floras has in fact been a very “collective” species, incorporating a whole series of morphologically as well as geographically (and ecologically) different species (“subspecies” of Zahn and other authors). We considered it necessary to combine these heterogenous elements into a subsection. Unfortunately the phylogeny of the group of species forming the subsection Muroria Juxip has not been adequately studied; the first 294 attempt to review it is being made for the territory of the Soviet Union. 1. Involucral bracts with glands as well as hairS.............:ceeseeeseeeeeeees + Involucral bracts only with glands (only sometimes 1-2 hairs at tips,ofi bractsyinisomerspecies) sees. erent eee}. Lee 2: 2. Number of hairs and glands on involucral bracts almost equal......3. + Number of glands on involucral bracts many times more than hdirseeneie...uesdele cael..o.maore amin. chm enelee sleie. yk: 10 3. Glands on involucral bracts occasional or sparse..............::seeee 4. + Glands on involucral bracts scattered (to moderate)...................065 8. 4. Involucral bracts with occasional (8-17) glands, without stellate hairs:,..#emeS ates tominels dawoviela Hos. alshoalne@ccenes.. 5: + Glands on involucral bracts sparse (20—30)............:cssesceseeeseeeeeeseees 6. 5. Glands on peduncles occasional; leaves more or less glabrous; stigmasudarkssplantsvof, Baltic Regione: y: eee eae et Ree ED ER AU ok sccteasne, ARR at le, beets 339. H. niveolimbatum Juxip + Glands on peduncles scattered; leaves on both sides densely pubescent; stigmas yellowish-brown; plants of Northern Urals...... tk heaie. wate gael > Ate. 340. H. cuspidellum Pohle and Zahn 6. Involucral bracts weakly stellate-hairy; stigmas yellowish-brown prmanencrs TE EE. os. lasers cadb heehee nceees, hha IPR RIANA LiL i: + Involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy; stigmas greenish; plants of Baltic Regionivane she ewe are 343. H. kupfferi Dahlst. 282 8 (3). 15: 16. Glands on peduncles occasional; pubescence of leaves moderate, of stem scattered; leaves coarsely toothed; plants of Caucasus....... walls Wane A uit wwe ta dgded bas og BA 341. C. hylogeton Kozl. and Zahn Glands of peduncles sparse; pubescence of leaves scattered; stem more or less glabrous; plants of the North.........00... BIR ARSC LAS, i ee iad aaa a a 342. H. cuspidelliforme Juxip Stellate hairs on involucral bracts less conspicuous (sparse at base and along margin); leaves densely pubescent.......................2- 9. Stellate hairs on involucral bracts conspicuous; peduncles with scattered glands; leaves entire, moderately, pubescent; stem sparsely pubescent; stigmas dark; plants of Urals.........0........0 Re Te Se NI ide es ote esinie carne 346. H. kosvinskiense Juxip Leaves in lower half toothed, with many narrow, long teeth; involucres 9-10 mm long; stigmas dark; involucral bracts Subobtuses:: 2A MER ee wi ORs... cA... 344. H. persimile Dahlst. Leaves (at least at first glance) entire; involucres 9—11(—12) mm long; stigmas yellow to dark; involucral bracts acute; plants of BalticiResionwaeie lee ee 345. H. orbicans Almqu. Glands on involucral bracts 2-5 times as many as hairs........... me Glands on involucral bracts 10-25 times as many as hairs.......20. Involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs or with sparse torscatteredihamsh asians. ALR, Ae, Re ee 12. Involucral bracts densely stellate-hariy, with moderate number of glands; stigmas yellowish-brown.......352. H. submarginellum Zahn Glands on involucral bracts sparse or scattered..............cccscsee 13: Glands on involucral bracts moderate or dense................0.c00008 ie Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles sparse; leaves moder- ately pubescent; stem more or less glabrous; stigmas dark; plants of.the: Northiscn:e2. Londen ee el ees 347. H. granvicum Juxip Glands on involucral bracts scattered.............:csscsesesesesseeseeeeeetes 14. Glands on peduncles occasional (or peduncles more or less eglandular and glabrous); plants of Baltic Region................:.:c008 we ibedutbadeevthl ch ek RO acters at 348. H. fennoorbicantiforme Juxip Glands on peduncles scattered.............:.ccscscssssssssscsessssscsesssscseeeeeeees 13) Leaves very densely pubescent (like H. sagittatum); stem more or less glabrous; plants of Baltic Region............. 349. H. glehnii Juxip Leaves with dense to scattered pubescence; plants of the North Leaves densely pubescent, more or less large-toothed; involucres 10-12 mm long; stigmas yellowish-browN.............sscssssessssesssseseeseaeeeenees 17 (12). 19! 23. Dh + 283 Leaves with scattered pubescence (glabrous above), denticulate; involucres 8.5—-11.0 mm long; stigmas dark............:ceeeeeseeees PETE ER MENS BIEL ED TA eats seb ee een 351. H. subcrassifolium Zahn Involucral bracts moderately ((20—)40-75) glandular, peduncles With scattered gF]ands.............ccscsssssssssesssccseeccereerseeenenensesenesensecseenees 18. Involucral bracts densely (65-115) glandular; plants of the North BY RTEUR HIE ON SET i spccercencuseera teri een ieutedtnasdennssodssstoceexdaddenastersceenveseorse 19. Leaves densely pubescent; stem glabrous or with occasional hairs; involucres 9-11 mm long; stigmas yellow or dark................-++ PORE IEE IER LE cosscsscscacelesoeseuvecebuinseagasonevoewwes 353. H. proximum Nort. Leaves moderately pubescent, stem scatteredly so; involucres 10.5—11.5(—12.5) mm long; stigmas blackish...........ecseecseeceeseseeeeneeeeees iM SOMES EMER LEEEAGER SLAM REL ae ac, 354. H. fenno-orbicans Norl. Involucres large (14 mm long); leaves lanceolate, acute, deeply and sharply large-toothed, pubescence scattered to sparse; plants Of Kola Peminsularsieeettr cecettsececy-recesteres 355. H. commilitonum Juxip Involucres 10.5 mm long; leaves elliptical, broad (2.5:1), retuse, crenulate, pubescence to moderate............ 356. H. schliakovii Juxip _ Involucral bracts scatteredly to moderately glandular.................. Pos Involucral bracts very densely (144) glandular with large (0.8 mm long) glands; plants of the North........ 363. H. subcompositum Juxip Glands on involucral bracts scattered (35-50); plants of Glands on involucral bracts moderate in number (45-70 (115))....23. Glands on peduncles sparse; involucres 10-12 mm long; stigmas yellowish-brown; leaves denticulate...............:sssssseseseseeseeeceereeteteees sane neveseeees ea raes a MERE aA eRe otetee 357. H. radiatellum Woron. and Zahn Glands on peduncles scattered; involucres 9 mm long; stigmas Garkeileavestemtine tee .ccrss-: ter2. eaestetereee 358. H. abastumanense Juxip Involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hairy............:cscsseeseeereereeeeees 24. Involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs; peduncles moderately glandular; leaves densely pubescent, pubescence of stem to sparse; stigmas black; plants of the North...............0 Wn hee cecssitestesstessnssesnetssesssseessseesseeee 302. H. microplacerum Nortl. Glands on peduncles occasional (or absent); pubesence of leaves moderate, of stem scattered; stigmas yellow; plants of Caucasus eesti PY SRE ee 359. H. leucothyrsogenes Kozl. and Zahn Glands on peduncles sparse............:ssscsesceereesesesssnssensstseseneenenenenenes DS Involucres small, 7.5-8 mm long; stigmas dark; plants of the IN OIG cdot fc crosseccseveconscenectwecrvees 360. H. panaeoliforme Pohle and Zahn Involucres quite large, 10-12 mm long; stigmas yellow; plants of @aUCASUS ER eres ener 361. H. ovalifrons Woron. and Zahn 297 29} 30. 31k + 32 (26). + 33. + 84 Sif + 38 (34). Glands on involucral bracts sparse to scattered...............eeceeeeees QT. Glands on involucral bracts moderate to very dense.................. 32. Glands on involucral bracts sparse; leaves densely pubescent....28. Glands on involucral bracts scattered..............eeeeeeceeeeeceneceeeeeeeees 29. Involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hairy; involucres 10 mm long; leaves broad (2.5:1), scarcely denticulate; plants of Caucasus....... SCRE AER MEGS ate, SURE R TG | AMO 364. H. kreczetoviczii Juxip Involucral bracts without stellate hairs; involucres 11.0-11.5 mm long; leaves of medium width (4:1), short-toothed; plants of Baltic Recione ties eel as tenuate eee. ee 365. H. uranopoleos Juxip Involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy..............ecseesesseseeeeseeeeeees 30 Involucral bracts without stellate hairs...............eseeseseesseeeeeeseeeeeeee 31 Peduncles with occasional glands; involucres 10.5—12.0 mm long; stigmas greenish-brown; leaves denticulate (4.5:1), with scattered pubescence; plants of Baltic Region.....366. H. furfuraceoides Zahn Peduncles with scattered glands; involucres 10-11 mm long; stig- mas yellowish-brown; leaves broad (2.5:1), with retrorse, obspatulate teeth at base; moderately pubescent; plants of Caucasusteriy weaned 367. H. retroversilobatum Schelk. and Zahn Peduncles with sparse to scattered glands; leaves moderately pubescent, denticulate; stigmas dark; plants of the North......... te: ROR Sen aes... akn aad 368. H. frigidellum Pohle and Zahn Peduncles densely glandular; leaves entire (almost); stigmas yellow; plants of Caucasus..............seeeeeee 369. H. adenoactis Juxip Involucral bracts moderately glandular..................esessssseeeseeeees 33: Involucral bracts densely or very densely glandular.................. 2: Involucral bracts conspicuously stellate-hairy................:ccseeeee 34. Involucral bracts (almost) without stellate hairs...................00+ 40. Leaves scarcely denticulate (at first glance appear entire)............ 39: Leavesilarge=toothed! sie eet ated Leeann ee 38. Stigmas yellowish=brown eee ee ee. ees 36. Stismasidarkeeh we. arhiaeh. a eRe es 2 Reanim ccna ieee 37: Leaves densely pubescent; stem more or less glabrous; plants of the North tt Ca Sa ene whes 370. H. declivium (Norrl.) Juxip Leaves and stem with scattered pubescence; plants of Caucasus : Dea aps ind Reena eter 371. H. cinereostriatum Woron. and Zahn Leaves densely pubescent; stem more or less glabrous; leaves denticulate; plants of the North.................. 372. H. diminuens Norrl. Leaves moderately pubescent; stem with scattered pubescence; corollarteeth(ciliateseen as eee ess 373. H. hjeltii Nortl. Leaves exceptionally deeply (almost lacerately) many-toothed, to densely pubescent; stem sparsely pubescent; stigmas dark; plants 89! 40 (33). + 42 (32). 298 + 43. + 44. 45. 47 (43). + 48. + of western regions of European Part of Soviet Union............... Riiveeatenabelentederastee ea ela asset 374. H. carcarophyllum K. Joh. Leaves with remote, crenate or papillose and sharply serrate teeth; stigmas yellow; plants Of CaucasuS............:csccscesssessessseeseteeeerseees 39) Leaves moderately pubescent; stem more or less glabrous......... Ootrete:. chenlacamdacdin.chomuse la 375. H. cardiophyllum Jord. Leaves scatteredly, stem moderately pubescent (hairs 2.5 mm long); cauline leaves with stellate hairs beneath; whole plant distinctly stellate-hairy.......376. H. floccicomatum Woron. and Zahn Peduncles with sparse glands; plants of Caucasus................:000+ SB NOUNS eae ae Beeesancseien 377. H. medianiforme Litw. and Zahn Peduncles with moderate to dense glands; stem more or less elalpn@us: A. eee tet ake. cet sche tine, bes ete ne erenteeee seat nee ct 41. Leaves very densely pubescent; stigmas dark; plants of the Northesnerdest. denne eaanccd aehebralacad 378. H. ovatifrons Dahlst. Leaves densely pubescent; stigmas dull green, later turning dark; plants of Baltic Region...............000 379. H. pleuroleucum Dahlst. Involucral bracts densely glandulat...............:cccssscsssseseesesseseseeseees 43. Involucral bracts very densely glandulat.................:ccccccssesseseeseesees 35), Peduncles with occasional to scattered glands................:s0 44. Peduncles with moderate to very dense glands..............ccssseseeeeeees 47. Glands on peduncles occasional; leaves sparsely pubescent; stem more or less glabrous; stigmas yellow; plants of the North eA EB EVIE, oe Mihi sith cs heal oo MMO cas 380. H. pomoricum Juxip Glandsjonspedunelesiscattened :t=1 eater. rsesee.cces-cccnceeeceseeesterannensence 4S. Stigmas yellow; leaves densely pubescent, broad (2—3:1), crenate- and triangular-toothed; plants Of Caucasu..............csccsceeeseeneeteees minty ci witiwnte.!. shernnt Wales. eames 38 le HM jexotericum Jord. Stigmas dark; leaves moderately pubescent; involucres 7-10 mm I Gong eects srk ace oa eee ence esa So ete eee ene ee ae 46 Basal leaves abruptly narrowed to short petiole; glands 0.40.2 mm long, gradually reduced toward tip and more or less botryoidly clustered upward; plants of Baltic REgiOn.............::csceeeeseeeseeeeenee erdeentts heel, are! xz hvbes the nets Tih aos MRR et te tas 382. H. hylocomum Juxip Basal leaves cordate or truncate, long-petiolate; glands 0.5—0.6 mm long, more or less evenly distributed on involucral bracts Ni zoned ocd ubsabieh nn wrtels bogey, deicitnc tecaiasts, apts 383. H. pellucidum Laest. Glandsionjpedunelesmmodenates: cxct...teverteetee eases seeantsesne- enn. 48. Glands on peduncles dense or very GeMSE............:.cccccseseeeeeereees 52) Leaves densely (or very densely) pubescentt.............:.:ccsccsseeees 49. Leaves moderately pubescent; stem with occasional hairs; involu- cres 9.5-11.0 mm long; plants of the North..................csesseeseeees Méawtin tenths hasta inden eshanungieae 387. H. lateriflorum Norrl. 286 50. + 55 (42). + 56. + 57: Stigmasidark.2.:.10.. 003. RS OCOUG, 0 BOER SY IOI LO att 50. Stigmas yellow; stem with scattered pubescence; involucres 10.0-11.5 mm long; plants of the North... ee csecsceeseseeseeneensens iauoul ecaeree: deceacesuceriash tees ERIN, DBO PRINS 386. H. lepistoides K. Joh. Base of lamina abruptly narrowed to petiole or more or less truncate; involucral bracts subobtuse; plants more or less of northern (northwestern) regions.................... 384. H. distractum Norrl. Base of lamina conspicuously cordate or truncate, often with recurved teeth, hence leaves appearing sagittate; involucral bracts acute; plants of central, particularly southern regions.................. Slt Involucral bracts with inconspicuous stellate hairs..................esee ERE. AIOE OP AIAE MOTI A). EAN OLES EEE 385. H. gentile Jord. Involucral bracts with dense stellate hairs............. ee eeeeeeeee EBLE AIS REALS, LIBR OTNI 385. H. gentile var. stellatum Juxip eReduncles denselyglandul atii.fcs...-5 atest eee te tees 33: Peduncles very densely glandular, glands 0.7—1.5 mm long, fine; leaves entire, very densely short-pubescent; stigmas yellow; plants ofthe. Northinessccdeccc. ARS 391. H. tenuiglandulosum Nortl. Involucral bracts quite densely stellate-hairy; stigmas yellow.... weuslvasteunbeesueens sb et B Red AON RR, OU g RICO IAG. | 388. H. torticeps Dahlst. Involucral bracts (almost) without stellate hairs; leaves moder- atelyior to‘densely:pubescent}: 2022. 2 ee Be Se ee 54. Involucres 11 mm long; involucral bracts acute..................:seseeeeeees NONI Y, IR AIOE a soccacecussugravensunesecsusersqueveseses EAR 389. H. altipes Lbg. f. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat obtuse; plants Of the Nortlyii..0 2 EB Ay BS 390. H. revocans Juxip Peduncles with scattered (to moderate) glands....................:00+ 56. Peduncles with dense glands; leaves large-toothed; stigmas dark Leaves very densely pubescent (as in H. sagittaum); plants of ATCC RESIONEA LORE. LATE MOSES 392. H. kolicola Juxip Leaves densely pubescent; plants of southwestern region of Soviet UNION seh escccotae MURA ERE, I AIRS 393. H. serratifolium Jord. Leaf base cordate, truncate, or sagittate, leaf margin toothed throughout (with large teeth toward base); plants of western and SOUtHEMM TEGIOTISNA EL MO RR BO EN. EN EMI Sis 58. Leaf base attenuate downward and then abruptly truncate; leaves densely pubescent, lyrate-toothed, with free teeth along petiole, upper part of leaf more or less entire, short-acuminate; involucres 10-11(-12) mm long; plants of northwestern region of Soviet UNION REAR HAR ON, LOR el hy EBS 396. H. lyratum Nortl. 300 287 58. Leaves very densely pubescent (as in H. sagittatum), very deeply and sharply many-toothed; stem sparsely pubescent below........ sol MOT) elie, ot dove Lap Lbs gt} al ha . soe 394. H. grandidens Dahlst. + Leaves quite densely pubescent, with more or less large teeth onlysatibaselof. laminasen2gs nei 395. H. silvularum Jord. Cycle 1. Cuspidella Juxip.—Involucral bracts with occasional hairs and glands. 339. H. niveolimbatum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 507. Perennial. Stem 60 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous, eglandular. Basal leaves 3-6, elliptical to oblong-ovate, with base truncate or abruptly narrowed to long petiole, to 15 cm long (5:1), remotely crenu- late (teeth somewhat larger toward base), somewhat obtuse to short- acuminate, olive-green, more or less glabrous (only sparse hairs even along midrib beneath); cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf similar to inner basal leaves, truncate, long-petiolate, toothed, short-acuminate, upper sessile, narrowly lanceolate, narrowed to sessile, cuneate base, entire. Inflorescence openly paniculate with 5-11 capitula; peduncles more or less glabrous and eglandular, weakly tomentose. Involucres 9.5—10.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, sparsely pubescent, 15(10-20), with hairs 0.6 mm long and sparsely, 16(15-17), glandular with glands 0.3 mm long, without stellate hairs, but with broad whitish border. Stigmas dark; with developed pollen. Flowering June to July. Around glint rocks (calcareous precipice of seacoast).— European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Maly Pakri Island (Rogoe). Type in Riga. Note. In habit it resembles H. kupfferi Dahlst. and probably is close to it, differing by the absence of stellate hairs on the involucral bracts and the very sparse pubescence of the leaves and stem. The name was given by H.G.A Dahlsttedt (on the label), who, however, did not describe the plant later. Collected by K.R. Kupffer on 30 July, 1904. 340. H. cuspidellum Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 113; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 332. Perennial. Stem 25-30 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, purple-brown, with occasional hairs and at top with sparse glands, stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 4, ovate, elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, to 7 cm long (4:1), with obtuse or truncate base, short-acuminate, petiolate, remotely denticulate, on both sides densely pubescent with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm 301 288 long, along margin moderately pubescent, very densely so along mid- rib beneath, hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, as a whole densely pubescent, with short woolly hairs along petiole (particularly at base), reddish or purple and somewhat stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), small, bracteiform. Inflorescence dichoto- mously paniculate, with (2—)3—5(-—8) capitula; peduncles sparsely pubescent with hairs 1 mm long, with scattered glands 0.4 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 7.0—8.5 mm long; involucral bracts nar- row, acute, dark, very sulcate, sparsely (6-13) pubescent, with hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long and sparsely (8-10) glandular, with glands 0.4 mm long, somewhat stellate-hairy along margin close to base. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July. Around rocks in subalpine zone.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (Northern Urals). Endemic. Described from Sabel Mountain. Type in Leningrad. Cycle 2. Cuspidelliformia Juxip.—Involucral bracts with sparse hairs and glands, only weakly stellate-hairy at base and along margin. 341. H. hylogeton Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 10; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 320. Perennial. Stem 40-75 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, purple at base, sulcate, more distinctly remotely pilose at base, with occasional hairs at top, more or less stellate-hairy, egiandular. Basal leaves 4, often quite large, oblong-ovate or elliptical-lanceolate, abruptly attenuate to long petiole and quite long and coarsely 3—5-toothed, at base often also deeply crenate, acuminate, dark straw-green, lustrous, paler beneath, more or less glabrous above (with occasional hairs along margin), moderately pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, along midrib beneath and on petiole with dense, soft, woolly hairs, as a whole moderately to densely pubescent; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), like basal, lowermost winged- petiolate, often with long teeth, others sessile, acuminate, stellate- hairy along midrib beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with very remote branches, with 3-12(—16) capitula; peduncles slender, with oc- casional hairs and occasional glands 0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9.0-10.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, sparsely (20) pubescent with hairs 1.5 mm long and also sparsely (20) glandular, glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, more or less stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July. Forest and subalpine zone in mountains.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type in Tbilisi. 302 289 342. H. cuspidelliforme Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 508. Perennial. Stem 35-55 mm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, sulcate, gla- brous, sometimes with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 2-5, ovate, elliptical to lanceolate, to 18 cm long (4.5:1), outer with truncate and inner with abruptly narrowed base, petiolate, with 3-6 unequal, remote, serrate teeth, acute, glabrous above (or with occasional hairs toward margin), with sparse hairs 0.7—1.2 mm long beneath and along margin, hairs 1.5 mm long and to dense along midrib, as a whole pubescence to scattered; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate-linear (18:1), acuminate, sessile. Inflorescence corym- bose, with 3-20 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long and sparse glands 0.5 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 8—10.5 mm long; involucral bracts sparsely, 16(10—26), pubescent with hairs 1 mm long, sparsely, 24(15-32), glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, at base somewhat stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellowish-brown or dull green. Achene 3.5 mm long. Flowering July to August. Subalpine birch forests with Cornus suecica L. and pine forests.— Arctic: Arctic Europe; European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from banks of Kola River. Type in Kirovsk. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related H. cuspidellum Pohle and Zahn by its larger involucres and to scattered-pubescent leaves. Cycle 3. Kupfferia Juxip.—Involucral bracts with sparse simple hairs, dense stellate hairs. 343. H. kupfferi Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 33; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 319; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 474.—Ic.: Dahlst. (op. c.) t. III, fig. 1 (folia). Perennial. Stem 40-70 cm high, 1.0-2.5 mm in diameter, more or less glabrous (occasional hairs and at top with glands). Basal leaves 4—7, elliptical to lanceolate, with truncate base, long, winged-petiolate, to 18 cm long (5:1), short-acuminate, densely and unevenly serrate (larger teeth at base) and with free teeth along petiole, olive-green, purple beneath, more or less glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath with hairs 0.7 mm long, scattered-hairy along margin, densely so along midrib, with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole pubescence scattered; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.01), short-petiolate, in middle of stem, like basal leaves in shape and pubescence, distinctly stellate-hariy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 5-11 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, sparsely glandular, tomentose. Involucres 9.5-11.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts 303 290 linear-lanceolate, acute, sparsely, 17(10—27), pubescent with hairs 0.7 mm long, sparsely, 20(12—30), glandular, glands 0.3 mm long, densely stellate-hairy throughout. Stigmas dull green, later turning brown. Flow- ering June to July. Open deciduous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Saaremaa (Oesel) Island. Type in Riga. Cycle 4. Orbicantia Juxip.—Glands and simple hairs on involucral bracts scattered to moderate (more or less equal in abundance), stellate hairs very sparse. 344. H. persimile Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II (1893) 155; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 335; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Silvaticif. 63; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2, ed. 616; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 472.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. II, Nos. 43, 44; Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. III, No. 63, XI, No. 17, XIV, No. 17. Perennial. Stem 40-75 cm high, 2.5—4.5 mm in diameter, reddish- purple at base, with occasional hairs, with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 3-8, outer ovate to ovate, obtuse, with truncate base, inner large (to 25 cm long), obvate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate (4:1), with base truncate or somewhat decurrent to long, winged petiole, with many teeth in lower half, teeth papilliform to (at base and along peti- ole) lanceolate or lobate, coarse, narrow and long; leaves somewhat obtuse or short-acuminate, dark, straw-green, paler beneath, often reddish, on both sides with sparse (to scattered) hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, hairs along margin moderate, 1.5—2.0 mm long, very dense along midrib beneath, as a whole densely pubescent; cauline leaves 1(—3) (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.03), narrowly linear-lanceolate, short-winged-peti- olate or sessile, abruptly lacerately toothed at base, long-acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate, with upwardly turned branches and 5-12 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with ocassional hairs and sparse glands 0.5 mm long; tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate, later trun- cate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse to acute, with tufted dark (with light cusps) hairs sparse to scattered, 20(10—40), 1 mm long, and with scattered to moderate, 40(30-60), glands 0.6—1.0 mm long, along margin slightly (less conspicuous) stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Forested slopes.—European Part: Upper Dnieper. General distri- bution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 345. H. orbicans Almqu. ex Stenstr. Varml. Archier. (1889) 23; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II, 162; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, 304 291 Suom. Kasvio, 692 (nota); Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 341; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Silvaticif. 56; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2, ed. 616; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 477; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 55.—H. murorum rotundatum Fr. Symb. (1848) 109.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. III, No. 38; Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. I, No. 69; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IX, Nos. 56-58. Perennial. Stem 35-75 cm high, 1.5—4.0 mm in diameter, with occa- sional (very rarely to scattered) hairs, eglandular or with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 4—13, in well-developed rosette, outer small, suborbicular or even reniform (often withering by anthesis), inner larger (to 26 cm long), ovate to lanceolate, with cordate or truncate base, long-petiolate, short-acuminate, with more or less distinct teeth only at base of lamina, with remote, fine teeth above (at first glance appearing entire), less often with 5—7 distinct teeth, dark, olive-green, paler beneath, often purple, pubescence very variable; glabrous above or with occasional (to moderate) hairs 0.3-0.4 mm long, moderately pubescent beneath and along margin, with hairs 0.6—-0.8 mm long, very dense hairs along midrib and petiole, hairs 1.5-2.0 mm long, as a whole pubescence to dense; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in shape and pubescence like outer basal leaves, petiolate or upper leaf sessile, smaller. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 5-23 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional to sparse hairs, on average sparsely glandular (actually glandularity varies from occa- sional to moderate), tomentose. Involucres 9—11(—12) mm long, cylin- drical; involucral bracts quite broad, subacute, sparsely to moderately, 28(15-60), pubescent hairs 1 mm long, light-colored with dark base and sparsely to densely, 40(25-65(80)), glandular, glands 0.3-1.0 mm long, at base and along margin sparsely stellate-hairy, barbate. Stigmas yellow to dark; with or without pollen. Flowering June to July. Overgrown mixed-forest slopes of moraines, on humus-rich soil, often together with H. hjeltii Norrl., preferring shady places, whereas the latter grows in open places.—European Part: Baltic Region. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note: This species is very interesting with respect to its range: besides the center of distribution, occupying the southern half of the Scandinavian Peninsula (to 63° N. lat., it is found on the Aland Islands, in the Baltic Region. (Estonian SSR and Latvian SSR), Denmark, Scot- land and Hungary. This species is extremely polymorphic with excep- tionally variable pubescence (and glandularity) on all parts, yellow and dark stigmas, and the presence or absence of developed pollen. One should consider this to be a collective species, which in the future will be split into a number of small local species. 292 In contrast to most of the species of subsection Mureria, found singly or in small populations, H. orbicans often forms communities. Cycle 5. Kosvinskia Juxip.—Glands and simple hairs on involucral bracts scattered to moderate, stellate hairs dense. 346. H. kosvinskiense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 508. Perennial. Stem 40 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, pubescence to sparse, with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 5, elliptical, obtuse to lanceolate, with base truncate or rather short-attenuate to petiole, acuminate, somewhat recurved, entire (only outer leaves with 2-3 fine teeth), broad (3.5:1), dark green, with scattered hairs 0.5 mm long above, moderately hairy beneath, along margin, and along midrib with hairs 1 mm long, as a whole pubescence moderate; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), linear-lanceolate to linear. Inflorescence corymbose-umbellate, with long branches and 8 capitula, partly unde- veloped; peduncles with occasional to sparse hairs | mm long and with scattered glands 0.5 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with sparse (20) hairs 1 mm long and scattered (34) glands 0.5 mm long, along margin and at base distinctly stellate-hairy, barbate. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Mountain Slopes.—European Part: Volga-Kama (Urals). Endemic. Described from Kosvinsky Kamen. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related H. persimile Dahalst. by its inner basal leaves, which are lanceolate and entire, and by its distinctly stellate-hairy involucral bracts. Cycle 6. Granvica Juxip.—Hairs on involucral bracts occasional, glands sparse. 347. H. granvicum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 5-9. Perennial. Stem 40-45 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 4, lanceolate, narrow, outer with truncate base, inner with abruptly attenuate base, with 4—5 distinct teeth, with free teeth along petiole, to 20 cm long (8:1), on both sides and along margin with sparse hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, moderately pubescent along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence scattered; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate to linear, more or less glabrous. Inflores- cence corymbose, with 6-11 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, sparsely glandular, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 9.5 mm long; 306 293 involucral bracts narrow, acute, with occasional (10) hairs 0.6 mm long and with sparse (20) glands 0.4 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering June. Railroad embankments.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from vicinity of White Sea settlement (Kirov railroad) near Kandalaksha. Type in Kirovsk. Note.: It is distinguished from H. connatum Norrl. by the sparse glands on its inflorescence, scattered pubescent leaves, shorter involucres, and dark stigmas. Cycle 7. Connata Juxip.—Hairs on involucral bracts occasional to sparse, glands scattered. 348. H. fennoorbicantiforme Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 509. Perrenial. Stem 45-70 cm high, 2.5—3.0 mm in diameter, branched, strong, more or less glabrous, eglandular, Basal leaves 6-7, large (to 22 cm long), elliptical, oval, oblong-lanceolate, with truncate base, abruptly narrowed to rather long petiole, subobtuse to acute (4.5:1), with broad, acute, large teeth at base (with free teeth running down petiole), dark green, lead-gray beneath, often violet, glabrous above, with occasional hairs 1 mm long beneath, pubescence scattered along margin, with dense hairs 2 mm long along midrib beneath, as a whole pubescence scattered; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, bottom leaf short-petiolate, long-acuminate, deeply and coarsely sharp-toothed at base, upper leaf sessile, entire, acute. Inflo- rescence paniculate-corymbose, with 11-18 capitula; penduncles more or less without simple hairs and glands, tomentose. Involucres 9.5— 10.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts acute, with occasional (to 10) hairs 1 mm long, with scattered, 36(30-45), glands 0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas brown; with developed pollen. Flowering July. Wooded slopes of moraines.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Estonian SSR (Aegvidu). Type in Tartu. Note. In habit and other characters it is close to H. fenno-orbicans Norrl. and perhaps represents a local race of this species toward the south of the main range. 349. H. glehnii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 510. Perennial. Stem up to 55 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, glabrous or with occasional hairs, with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 6, ovate to broadly lanceolate, to 14 cm long (4:1), with cordate or 294 truncate base, short-petiolate, short-acuminate, unevenly serrulate, with free teeth on petiole, dark green, purple beneath, densely pubescent above and along margin with hairs 0.5 mm long, very densely pubes- cent beneath and along midrib with hairs 0.7—1.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence very dense (in this regard resembling H. sagittatum Lbg.); cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, narrowed toward base, more or less glabrous but densely stellate- hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, with 10 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, scatteredly or moderately glandular, tomentose. Involucres 11 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse, with occasional (11) dark hairs 0.7 mm long, with scattered (35) glands 0.5 mm long, scarcely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Open deciduous forests.—Ewuropean Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Saaremaa Island (Oesel). Type in Tallin. Note. The type specimen was identified by H.G.A. Dahlstedt as H. aquiliceps Dahlst.; however, it does not agree with the diagnosis of this species in the dense pubescence of the leaves. This species is extremely close to H. proximum Norrl., which is distinguished from it by having dark stigmas, obtuse involucral bracts, and dense pubescence on the leaves. 350. H. connatum Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 695; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 344 (nota). Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, No. 95: Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, reddish-violet at base, sulcate, with occasional hairs and with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 2-6, ovate, obtuse to lanceolate and acute, to 15 cm long, rather long-petiolate, with truncate base (4.5:1), with unequal, small and more or less large, alternating teeth (5S—10 broad or narrow, acute, serrate teeth), dark- or olive-green, on both sides and along margin to moderately pubescent with hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long, to densely pubescent along midrib with hairs 1.5—-2.0 mm long, as a whole pubes- cence dense, (petioles with scattered pubescence, hairs 4 mm long), sometimes leaves more or less stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves O0- 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, usually small, sessile, stel- late-hairy beneath. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3-7 capitula; pe- duncles with occasional to sparse hairs and scattered to moderate glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, more or less tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, or outer bracts subobtuse, to sparse, 19(17—25), dark hairs 1 mm long and scattered, 46(33-62), glands 0.6 mm long, along margin somewhat stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellowish- brown, but dark when dry. Flowering June to August. 308 295 Sandy fields, short-grass tundra meadows on moraines, spruce- pine forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. General distribution: Seandinavia (Finland). Endemic. Described from Kuopio. Type in Helsinki. 351. H. subcrassifolium Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 332 (nota).— H. crassifolium Dahlst. ex Noto, Troms6 amts Hier.-fl. I (1910) 46; non Bernh., nec Schult. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 2-6, ovate to lanceolate, to 20 cm long (5:1), with base truncate or abruptly narrowed to short petiole, mostly acute, finely serrulate (5-10 teeth, at base usually larger), dark green, often violet beneath, usually glabrous above, to scattered pubescent beneath and along margin, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, along midrib beneath hairs to dense, 1.0-1.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence scattered; cauline leaves 0—-1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, bottom leaf mostly abruptly narrowed to conspicuous petiole, serrate, acute, or small, sessile (in lower third of stem). Inflorescence openly paniculate- corymbose, with 2-12 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs (or without hairs), scattered-glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 8.5—11 mm long; involucral bracts quite narrow, acute, with occasional, 7(3—13), hairs 1 mm long, with scattered, 35(20—60), glands 0.6 mm long, along margin somewhat stellate-hairy, dorsally glabrous. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to August. Stony alluvial deposits, birch forest, wet tundra, subalpine zone.— European Part: Karelia-Lapland. General distribution: Scandinavia. Endemic. Described from Tromsé. Type in Stockholm? Cycle 8. Submarginella Juxip.—Involucral bracts with occasional hairs and moderate number of glands, very densely stellate-hairy. 352. H. submarginellum Zahn in Schedae HFR (1905) fasc. XXVI, No. 1294; Fedde, Repert, III. 389. Perennial. Stem 25-70 cm high, 2.0-3.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, almost without simple hairs and glands, stellate-hairy at top. Basal leaves 4—6, ovate, elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, to 21 cm long, with cordate or truncate base, long-petiolate, broad (3.5:1), obtuse or short-acuminate, with 2-5 quite small, spinose teeth, at first glance appearing almost entire, somewhat more distinctly toothed only at base of lamina, dark green, grayish-glaucous beneath, pubescence to sparse above, hairs 0.4 mm long, to moderately hairy beneath and along margin, hairs 0.6-1.0 mm long, densely so along midrib beneath, 309 296 as a whole pubescence moderate; cauline leaves (0)1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), elliptical to lanceolate, short-petiolate to sessile, bot- tom leaf at truncate base with somewhat conspicuous teeth, above with sharp fine teeth, sagittate, upper leaf entire, stellate-hairy be- neath. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose with 5-6 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with occasional glands 0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9.5—10.0 mm long (in original diagnosis 8-9 mm long!), ovate; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse, dark, with light border, with occasional, 7(3—10), hairs 1 mm long, moderately, 48(35-55), glandular, glands 0.4—1.0 mm long, very densely stellate-hairy, particularly along margin. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXIII, Fig. 2.) Spruce forest on slopes, on calcareous rocks.—European Part: Ladoga-IImen. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Pskov. Type in Leningrad. Cycle 9. Proxima Juxip.—Involucral bracts with occasional to sparse hairs and moderate to dense glands, without stellate hairs or slightly pubescent (number of glands 2-5 times greater than number of hairs). 353. H. proximum Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 151; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 695; Brenn. Finl. Hier.-form. I, 125; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 336; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 472, nec Hanb.—H. silvaticum ssp. 11 pellucidum var. 3 Almqu. Stud. (1881) p. XX.—H. praetenerum Almqu. ex Dahlst. Bidr. Sydoéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II (1893) 158; Linton, British. Hier. 55; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 29; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Silvaticif. 70; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed., 616; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 62.—H. ciliatum Almau. £. praetenerum Williams, Prodr. III (1902) 141.—KExs:.: Nord. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 92, 93; VII, Nos. 79, 80; IX, No. 72; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. cent. XVII, No. 64 (sub H. proximo); Dahlst. Hier. exs. II, Nos. 39, 40, IV, No. 62; Hier. Scand. cent. I, Nos. 74-76, IV, No. 22 (sub H. praetenero). Perennial. Stem 25—60 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, dark violet at base, glabrous or sometimes with occasional (to sparse) simple hairs, with occasional glands and stellate hairs at top. Basal leaves 2-8, from cordate-obtuse and obovate to ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate- linguate, to 18 cm long, with truncate base or more or less abruptly narrowed to petiole, obtuse to acute (4:1), with 3-7 remote, fine, trian- gular or serrate teeth, light straw-green or slightly glaucous, pale blue beneath, often violet, on both sides and along margin moderately (to densely) pubescent with short hairs 0.2-1.0 mm long, hairs dense 310 297 along midrib beneath, hairs 1-2 mm long, as a whole pubescence moderate to dense, with stellate hairs along midrib beneath (actually, pubescence of leaves highly variable!); cauline leaves O—1(—2) (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.02), mostly in middle of stem, small, narrowly lanceolate, sessile, often bracteiform; stellate-hairy beneath. Inflores- cence corymbose with 2—16 capitula; peduncles without or with occa- sional simple hairs 1 mm long, with scattered glands 0.3-0.6 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9-11 mm long, ovate, involucral bracts linear, narrow, acute, with occasional to sparse, 6(2—23), dark hairs 0.6-1.2 mm long and scattered to moderate, 40(20—70), well-developed glands 0.3— 1.0 mm long, along margin with scattered stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow or dark. Flowering June to August. Forested slopes, spruce and thin birch woodlands, subalpine birch, and pine-birch forests, along edges of forests preferring calcareous soil.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-IImen (northern part), Baltic Region (Estonian SSR, western part). General distribution: Scandinavia, Atlantic Europe (England and Scotland), Central Europe (Hungary?, Austria?). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. A highly polymorphic species in the form of the leaves and their pubescence, which varies to quite a wide extent. In the Estonian material, Dahlstedt established (on labels!) the form—f. persimiliforme Dahlst., which is distinguished only by the taller habit, larger, soft leaves, and sparser leaf pubescence. Appar- ently, it should be understood simply as a shade form not deserving separate status. 354. H. fenno-orbicans Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 692; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 342; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 35.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 71-73. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, scattered-pubescent below with hairs 2 mm long, with occa- sional glands above, and scattered stellate hairs. Basal leaves 3-8, orbicular, elliptical, ovate, to broadly lanceolate (sometimes large, to 20 cm long), broad (2—3.5:1), with obtuse, truncate base or abruptly nar- rowed to short or quite long petiole, remotely denticulate or alternately coarsely and finely toothed (at base teeth usually large), olive-green, glaucous, paler, or reddish beneath, glabrous above or with occasional hairs along margin (outer leaves with more hairs), sparse hairs 0.6 mm long, moderately pilose along margin, hairs 0.5—-0.6 mm long, densely so along midrib beneath, hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence moderate, but petiole lanate; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, petiolate, conspicuously unequally and abundantly 313 298 toothed with free teeth at base, acute, stellate-hairy along midrib be- neath. Inflorescence corymbose, with upward-turned branches and 3- 7 capitula; penduncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long and with scattered glands 0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10.5—11.5(—12.5) mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, with sparse, 18(10-—27), light-colored hairs 0.7-1.2 mm long having dark base, moderately, 60(40—75), glandular, glands 0.3-—0.5 mm long, along margin with scattered stellate hairs, barbate. Stigmas blackish. Habit resembling H. distractum Norrl. Flowering July to August. Wooded hills, edges of pine forests\—European Part: Karelia- Lapland (southern part), Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distri- bution: Scandinavia (Finland). Endemic. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. 355. H. commilitonum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 510. | Perennial. Stem 43-50 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, with lateral stems, glabrous, with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves 9-10, ovate, ellliptical to oblong-lanceolate, to 20 cm long (4:1), obtuse or acute, base truncate, abruptly or more or less gradually narrowed to petiole, very unevénly toothed with many (to 10) variously sharp-pointed teeth, inner leaves at base with deep, lobed, large teeth decurrent on petiole, yellowish-green, cinereous beneath, pubescence quite variable: from scattered to almost absent; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), narrow, linear-lanceolate, entire. Inflores- cence dichotomously paniculate, quite open, with 3 capitula, on long peduncles; penduncles with occasional hairs, scattered-glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres large, 14 mm long; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, with sparse, 18(14—24), dark hairs 1 mm long and with dense, 90(65-115), glands 0.4-1 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Birch forest with Cornus suecica L.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland. Endemic. Described from Khibiny, Vudyavrchorr. Type in Kirovsk. Note. It is distinguished from H. crassifolium Dahlst., with a very similar habit, by its considerably larger number of glands in the inflo- rescence and large (14 mm long) involucres. 356. H. schliakovii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 511. Perrenial. Stem 40-45 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, violet at base, to sparsely pubescent, sparsely glandular above. Basal leaves 4, outer Sl Plate XVIII. 1—H. loriense Juxip.; 2—H. sarykamyschense Juxip. 299 314 300 small, rounded, elliptical, or cordate, inner obovate to elliptical, larger, broad (2.5:1), all leaves retuse, with 2-5 small, crenate, unequal, spinescent teeth, with base cordate or truncate and abruptly narrowed to petiole, straw-green, on both sides and along margin pubescence to scattered, hairs 0.5—0.7 mm long, to dense along midrib beneath, hairs 1 mm long, as a whole pubescence moderate, with occasional small glands along margin; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, bottom leaf petiolate, denticulate, somewhat obtuse, upper sessile, entire, acute. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose with 5—7 capitula, peduncles with occasional, hairs 0.7 mm long, and moderate number of glands 0.3 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10.5 mm long, turbinate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, triangular, acuminate, dark green, with sparse, 20(16—22), hairs 1 mm long, with dense, 80(68-88), glands 0.3—0.4 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering August. Birch forest.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from Khibiny [Mountains] (Vudyavrchorr). Type in Kirovsk. Note. A species intermediate between H. crassifolium Dahlst. and H. proximum Norrl. It is distinguished from both species by its very densely glandular inflorescence and unusually broad leaves with retuse teeth. Cycle 10. Radiatella Juxip.—Involucral bracts with occasional hairs and scattered glands; glands 20-25 times as many as hairs; plants of Caucasus. 357. H. radiatellum Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 12 (1908) 17; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 331. Perennial. Stem 25—30 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base with sparse hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, with occasional glands above and somewhat stellate-hairy throughout. Basal leaves more or less withered, 1-3, outer round, small, short-petiolate, denticulate with spinescent teeth, obtuse, inner quite large, ovate-lanceolate, with trun- cate base or abruptly narrowed to short petiole, acuminate, with 2—5 small, remote teeth (teeth at base somewhat larger), dark green, paler beneath with dark veins, glabrous above (outer leaves with sparse hairs along margin), sparsely pubescent beneath, with scattered to moderate hairs, along margin 1 mm long, to (quite) densely pubes- cent along midrib beneath (as on petioles), as a whole pubescence dense; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0,05), ovate- lanceolate, bottom leaf with short, winged petiole, acute, truncate at base or with 1-2 distinct teeth, sagittate, pubescence to moderate, stellate-hairy beneath, upper leaf small, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 301 entire. Inflorescence openly paniculate-umbellate, with 4-10 capitula; peduncles glabrous (or with occasional hairs), sparsely glandular, glands 0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, long-acuminate, dark green, with occasional, 3(0-8), hairs 1 mm long, with scattered, 42(35-50), glands 0.7 mm long, with narrow stellate-hairy border. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering June to July. Mountain slopes.—Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described form former Artvin District. Type in Tbilisi. Note. The species is quite close to H. ovalifrons Woron. and Zahn. 358. H. abastumanense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 511. Perennial. Stem 45 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, reddish-violet at base, to sparsely pubescent, with occasional glands at top. Basal leaves to 7, oval to lanceolate, quite abruptly narrowed to petiole, to 13 cm long (4.5:1), entire, moderately pubescent above, with hairs 1 mm long, with pubescence scattered along margin, dense beneath and very dense along midrib, as a whole pubescence dense; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, short-petiolate, acute, less (moderately) pubescent. Inflorescence paniculate, with 7 capitula; pe- duncles with occasional hairs 1 mm long and scattered glands 0.3 mm long. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, glabrous or with occasional hairs, moderately (48) fine glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Achenes 3.5 mm long. Flowering June. Mountains, 1500-1800 m.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Abas-Tuman. Type in Leningrad. Note. The unique shape of its leaves resembles the leaves of Succisa pratensis Moench. It is distinguished from the closely related H. radiatellum Woron. and Zahn by having shorter involucres and dark stigmas. Cycle 11. Panaeoliformia Juxip.—Involucral bracts with occasional to sparse hairs, moderate glands, distinctly stellate-hairy. 359. H. leucothyrsogenes Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 9; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 331. Perennial. Stem 50-65 cm high, with scattered soft hairs 2-3 mm long, densely stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves large, ovate and ob- tuse to broadly ovate, oblong, with base truncate or obtuse or abruptly narrowed to short petiole, short-acuminate, denticulate or short-toothed 302 to base, light green, whitish-green beneath, glabrous above or with occasional hairs, pubescence scattered beneath, to dense along mar- gin, along midrib beneath, and on petioles with hairs 2-3 mm long, as a whole moderately hairy; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), bottom leaf broadly ovate-oblong, quite large, abruptly narrowed at base to short, winged petiole, with 2—3 large teeth, acuminate, upper leaf small, lanceolate, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with long branches and 3-15 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, moderately fine-glandular, weakly tomentose. Involu- cres 9-10 mm long, involucral bracts lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, barbate, glabrous or with occasional hairs, moderately fine-glandular and densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow. In habit it is close to H. cinereostriatum Woron. and Zahn. Flowering July. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Bakuriani (Kokhta Mountains). Type unknown. 360. H. panaeoliforme Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 113; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 339. Perennial. Stem 25-30 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, with occa- sional hairs. Basal leaves small, elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to acute, with base truncate or abruptly narrowed to petiole, with many teeth, large at base, small toward tip, glaucescent, violet beneath, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath, moderately so along margin and midrib beneath, petiole lanate; cauline leaves 0-1 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.02), narrowly lanceolate, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3-6 capitula; peduncles sparsely pubescent and sparsely glandular, tomentose. Involucres small, 7.5—8.0 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acuminate, sparsely pubescent, hairs 0.5 mm long, moderately short-glandular, with scattered stellate hairs, along margin more distinctly pubescent. Stigmas dark. Wooded riverbanks, in clayey-sandy soil.—European Part: Dvina- Pechora. Described from the banks of Bolshoi Pyatok (Vologda Re- gion). Type in Leningrad. Note. Our description is based on Zahn’s incomplete diagnosis. 361. H. ovalifrons Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 26; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 331. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, violet at base, pubescence to scattered in lower part with hairs 2 mm long, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 3-4, obovate, elliptical to lan- ceolate, with base truncate or abruptly narrowed to petiole, obtuse (sinuate at tip) to short-acuminate, with 3-5 remote, short teeth in 316 303 lower half, grass-green, dorsally often violet beneath, sparsely pubes- cent on both sides and along margin with hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long, hairs dense along midrib beneath and on petiole, 2 mm long, as a whole pubescence scattered; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, with base truncate and 3-4 short teeth in lower half, bottom leaf petiolate, upper sessile. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3-5 ca- pitula; peduncles glabrous, sparsely glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long, fleshy; involucral bracts lanceolate, dark green, barbate, with occasional, 3(0-7), hairs 1 mm long, moderately, 57(45-65), glandular, glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, with narrow stellate-hairy border. Stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Fir forests, mountains.—Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. Described from former Artvin District. Type in Tbilisi. Cycle 12. Microplacera Juxip.—Involucral bracts with occasional hairs and moderate glands, more or less without stellate hairs. 362. H. microplacerum Norrl. in Mela-Cajander. Suom. Kasvio (1906) 694; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 298 (nota) (em-Juxip). Perennial. Stem 25-65 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, violet at base, sulcate, with occasional to sparse hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, sparsely glandular at top, sometimes with lateral stems. Basal leaves 5(3—6(—13)), mostly small (but sometimes even to 22 cm long), elliptical to lanceolate with base truncate, obtuse or abruptly narrowed to peti- ole, short-acuminate (4.5:1), with 4-7 small, triangular, serrate to spinescent teeth, yellowish-green, paler beneath, on both sides densely pubescent with hairs 0.3-1.5 mm long, along margin moderately pubes- cent, with hairs 1.5-2 mm long and very dense along midrib beneath, as a whole pubescence dense; cauline leaves (0-)1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, short-petiolate, acuminate, serrate, often small. Inflorescence corymbose, with 2-15 capitula; peduncles gla- brous or with occasional hairs | mm long, with scattered to dense glands 0.3-0.7 mm long, tomentose. Involucres (8.5—)9-11(—12) mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, gradually tapered to acumi- nate tip, dark green, with occasional, 6(1-16), hairs 1 mm long, mod- erate to dense, 65(45-110), glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, more or less with- out stellate hairs. Stigmas dark to black. Flowering June to August. Tundra, coniferous-birch forests, elfin birch woodland, burned forest clearings, shrubby meadows.—Arctic: Arctic Europe; European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora (Northern Urals). General distri- bution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. 317 304 Cycle 13. Composita Juxip.—Involucral bracts with occasional hairs and very dense glands (glands approximately 30 times as many as hairs). 363. H. subcompositum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 512. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 2.0—3.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, sulcate, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands above, stems often 2-3. Basal leaves 3-9, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 20 cm long (5.2:1), abruptly and [or] gradually narrowed to petiole, outer leaves with truncate base, 3-7 unequal, small and medium (5-7 mm long) teeth alternately also with free teeth on petiole, grass-green, grayish-glaucescent beneath, with occasional (toward margin) hairs above, or without, with scattered pubescence beneath and along mar- gin, moderate along midrib, as a whole scattered-pubescent; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), narrowly lanceolate, trun- cate-petiolate, with 3—4 teeth, teeth larger toward base, reduced toward tip, acuminate. Inflorescence openly one-sidedly paniculate, with 2-6 capitula, peduncles more or less glabrous, with scattered glands 0.7 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres (8.5—)11.0—11.5 mm long; in- volucral bracts narrow, acute, with occasional (5) hairs 1 mm long and very dense (145) glands 0.8 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Spruce and birch forests, elfin birch woodland, stony talus on mountains.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from Khibiny [Mountains] (Vudyavrchorr). Type in Kirovsk. Note. Pubescence as in H. crassifolium Dahlst., but glands in the inflorescence as in H. microplacerum Norrl. Cycle 14. Kreczetoviczia Juxip.—Involucral bracts with sparse glands, conspicuously stellate-hairy. 364. H. kreczetoviczii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 512. Perennial. Stem 30—35 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, violet at base and sparsely pubescent, glabrous and eglandular (or with occasional glands) above. Basal leaves 3-6, elliptic-lanceolate, with truncate base, broad (2.5:1), scarcely denticulate, grass-green, spotted, violet be- neath, moderately pubescent above and along margin with hairs 1 mm long, scattered-pubescent beneath, very densely pubescent along midrib with hairs 2 mm long, as a whole pubescence dense; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, short-petiolate, acute, broad 318 305 (3:1). Inflorescence corymbose, with 5-7 capitula; peduncles with occasional short hairs and occasional glands, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts without simple hairs, sparsely, 23(15-30), glandular, with glands 0.3 mm long, distinctly stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Pine forests, rocky slopes, at 1800 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Krasnodar Territory (Abago upland). Type in Leningrad. Note. The species is close to H. furfuraceoides, from which it is distinguished by having sparse glands on the involucral bracts, shorter involucres, and broad leaves. Cycle 15. Uranopolea Juxip.—Involucral bracts with sparse glands, without stellate hairs. 365. H. uranopoleos Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 512. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, with occasional hairs, eglandular. Basal leaves 3-4, obovate to lanceolate, broad (4:1), abruptly narrowed to petiole, with 5—6 short, remote teeth, subobtuse or short-acuminate, olive-green, glaucescent beneath, to densely pubescent above with hairs 1.2 mm long, moderately to densely pubes- cent beneath and along margin, very densely so along midrib with hairs 2 mm long, as a whole pubescence dense; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), short-petiolate or sessile, lanceolate, with 5-6 distinct, acute teeth, moderately pubescent. Inflorescence corymbose with 2-5 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, eglandular, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10.5-11.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad and obtuse, without simple hairs, more or less sparsely, 28(20-—38), glandular, glands 0.7-1.0 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Forested bluffs.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Taevaskod (Tartu District). Type in Tartu. Note. In habit, it resembles H. pleuroleucum Dahlst., differing from it by having fewer glands on the involucral bracts. It is distinguished from H. furfuraceoides Zahn mainly by the absence of stellate hairs on the involucral bracts. An extremely rare species. Cycle 16. Furfuracea Juxip.—Involucral bracts with scattered glands, densely stellate-hairy. 306 366. H. furfuraceoides Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 329; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 462.—H. furfuraceum Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-FI. Oesels (1901) 31; non Brenn.—Ic.: Dahlst. (op. cit.) t. III, fig. 2. Perennial. Stem 45-70 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, reddish at base, more or less glabrous. Basal leaves 3-8, outer small, elliptical, more or less entire, with truncate base, obtuse, inner larger, to 16 cm long, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate (4.5:1), narrowed to long, winged petiole or with more or less truncate base, denticulate with remote teeth, long-acuminate, dark green, paler beneath often violet, glabrous (almost) above, sparsely pubescent beneath with hairs 1 mm long, pubescence scattered along margin, dense along midrib beneath, hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole scattered-pubescent; cauline leaves (0)1—2(-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, like inner basal leaves, short-petiolate or sessile, acute. Inflorescence paniculate, with 6-16 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with occasional glands, tomentose. Involucres 10.5-12.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts linear, narrow, acute, without simple hairs, with scattered, 37(35—45), glands 0.5—0.7 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas greenish-brown. Flowering June to July. Wooded meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region (western part of Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Saaremaa Island (Oesel). Type in Stockholm; cotype in Riga. Note. According to Dahlstedt (I. c.), this species is intermediate between H. sparsidens Dahlst. and H. integratum Dahlst. A rare plant. 367. H. retroversilobatum Schelk. and Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 135; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 318. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base and somewhat (to sparsely) pubescent, sparsely glandu- lar and stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 3-5, small (to 7 cm long), elliptical or ovate, broad (2.5:1), with base cordate or truncate, with large (lobed) recurved teeth, with 3-5 distinct papillate or serrate teeth, obtuse or short-acuminate, grass-green, paler beneath, glabrous (almost) above, hairs sparse beneath, 0.3—0.6 mm long, scattered along margin, 0.6-1.0 mm long, densely pubescent along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), ovate-lanceolate, short-petiolate, toothed, acute, scatteredly pubescent, upper small, sessile. Inflores- cence corymbose, with 3—4(-12) capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered to moderate glands 0.3-—0.5 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 10.0-11.5 mm long (according to Zahn 8.0-9.5 mm long); involucral bracts narrow, acute, glabrous, with scattered, 40(35—60), glands 0.5(-1.0) mm long, along margin densely 320 307 stellate-hairy, tufted. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July. (Plate XXIX, Fig. 2.) Mixed forest, at 1200-2100 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Abakur Pass (Kutaisi Region). Type in Leningrad. Note. In habit this species resembles H. cardiophyllum Jord. Cycle 16. Frigidella Juxip.—Involucral bracts with scattered glands, without stellate hairs. 368. H. frigidellum Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 141; Zahn in Pflzr. ITV, 280, 301. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, violet at base, with occasional hairs, with occasional glands above, somewhat stel- late-hairy. Basal leaves 1-5, elliptical to lanceolate, attenuate to quite long peitole or with truncate base, short-acuminate, deniculate, yellow- ish-green, with up to scattered hairs 0.3-1.0 mm long above and along margin, moderately pubescent beneath, densely so along midrib, hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence moderate; cauline leaves 0-1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, bottom leaf narrowed to short, winged petiole, upper sessile, long-acuminate, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3-10 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with sparse to scattered (as an exception to dense) glands 0.4-0.7 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 8.5-10.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, somewhat obtuse, very dark, without simple hairs, scatteredly, 40(30-50), glandular, glands 0.5—0.7 mm long, along margin sparsely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to August. Subalpine zone of tundra, elfin-birch woodland, edges of pine- birch and spruce forests.—Arctic: Arctic Europe; European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora (Urals). Endemic. Described from mouth of Severnaya Dvina River. Type in Leningrad. 369. H. adenoactis Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 513. Perennial. Stem 15-25 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, to sparse pubescence, glandular above. Basal leaves 5-7, elliptical to lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to petiole or base of lamina truncate, short- acuminate, broad (3:1), to 11 cm long, more or less entire, on both sides with dense hairs 0.5—1.5 mm long, moderately pubescent along margin, very densely so along midrib beneath with hairs 2 mm long, as a whole pubescence very dense; cauline leaves 1 (coefficeint of leafi-ness 0.05), lanceolate, sessile, small. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 3-7 321 308 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, densely glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts linear, acute, without simple hairs, with scattered (40) glands 0.5 mm long, weakly stellate-hairy (at base). Stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Edges of pine forests, in mountains.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, East- ern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Abas-Tuman. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related H. retrover- silobatum Schelk. and Zahn by having more or less entire leaves and densely glandular peduncles. Cycle 18. Integrata Juxip.—Involucral bracts moderately glandu- lar, with distinct stellate hairs; leaves more or less entire or very denticulate. 370. H. declivium Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 513; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IX, No. 77, nom. nud. Perennial. Stem 20-55 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands above and somewhat stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 2-5, elliptical to broadly lan- ceolate, to 16 cm long (3.5:1), with base truncate or abruptly narrowed to small petiole, obtuse to short-acuminate, with very small, spinescent (3-10) teeth (at first glance leaf looks entire), on both sides and along margin moderately pubescent with hairs 0.5—1.2 mm long, densely hairy along midrib beneath, as a whole to densely pubescent, olive-green, somewhat violet beneath; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, attenuate to short petiole, with long-acuminate (some- times small) tip, on both sides glabrous as a whole pubescence very sparse (1/4—1/5 as many as in basal leaves), stellate-hairy (particularly beneath). Inflorescence loosely corymbose, with 3-7 capitula, partly undeveloped; peduncles glabrous, with scattered glands 0.7 mm long, more or less tomentose. Involucres 8-12 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse to acute, dark, glabrous, moderately, 64(50-100), glandular, glands 0.5-1.5 mm long, densely stellate-hariy. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July to August. Slopes, cut-over forests in tundra and mountains.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Volga-Kama (Urals). Endemic. Described from Kola Peninsula (Ponoi). Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. This plant, collected in 1889 from the Kola Peninsula by Yu. Montell and distributed by Norrlin in 1907 (Hier. exs. fasc. IX, No. 77) under the name H. declivium Norrl., apparently remained unpublished. In the light of this fact, we have described this plant on the basis of the distributed specimen, retaining the name given it by Norrlin. 322 309 371. H. cinereostriatum Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 26; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 329. Perennial. Stem 40-65 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, sulcate, with scattered hairs 2.5 mm long at base, with occasional glands and con- spicuously stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 5—6, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, to 20 cm long, with obtuse or truncate base, petiolate, obtuse to acuminate, often curved at tip, broad (3:1), very finely toothed (conspicuous only at base, in upper half more or less entire), on both sides more or less glabrous, along margin scatteredly pubescent, moderately so beneath, as a whole with scattered short pubescence; cauline leaves 2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness to 0.05), petiolate, like basal leaves, acute. Inflorescence paniculate, with (up to) 12 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, scatteredly glandular, tomentose. In- volucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, greenish, glabrous, barbate, moderately (60) glandular, glands 0.6 mm long, along margin distinctly stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Montane forests.—Caucasus: ?Southern Trancaucasia. General distribution: Eastern Anatolia. Endemic. Described from former Artvin District. Type in Tbilisi. 372. H. diminuens Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. I (1888) 87; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 692; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 328 (nota); Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 618; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 52.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, No. 91. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, green, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands above, distinctly stellate-hairy throughout (above densely). Basal leaves 2—4, outer small, elliptical, obtuse, others ovate to lanceolate, acute, to 17 cm long (3.5:1), with obtuse or truncate base, grass-green, glaucescent beneath, denticulate with remote teeth (teeth more conspicuous at base), with very dense hairs above, 0.3—0.6 mm long, moderately pubescent beneath along margin with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, very densely pubescent along midrib beneath and on petiole with hairs 1.0—2.5 mm long, as a whole densely pubescent; very sparsely stellate-hairy along midrib beneath; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.01), small, narrowly lan- ceolate, long-acuminate, sparsely stellate-hairy on both sides (or only beneath). Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, with 3-12 capitula; pe- duncles glabrous, moderately glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involu- cres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, glabrous or with occasional (3-5) hairs, moderately, 56(50—80), glandular, glands 0.4-0.6 mm long, at base and along margin to tufted tip distinctly stellate-hairy. Corollas yellow. Stigmas dark. 323 310 Forest edges and forests, mountains to elfin birch woodland.— European Part: Karelia-Lapland. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. Samuelsson (Maps of Scand. Hier. (1954) No. 52) makes the following comment on the general distribution map of H. obtextum Dahlst. and H. diminuens Norrl.: “...these two species possibly are indentical,” which in fact may be so, since we did not notice any significant differences in the specimens of both species examined by us. 373. H. hjeltii Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 151; in Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 697; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 321; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Silvaticif. 32; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 618; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 40.—H. ptychophyllum Dahlst. Bidr. Syd6éstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II (1893) 116.—H. orbicans C.G. Westerl. in Ronnebytr. Fa. Fl. (1890) 113.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VI, Nos. 5-7; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. cent. XII, No. 66. Perennial. Stem 35-70 cm high, 1.5—4.0 mm in diameter, in basal part sparsely pubescent, with occasional hairs and to sparse glands above, vigorous specimens often branched. Basal leaves 2-9, large, to 26 cm long (4:1). ovate or elliptical, lamina base abruptly narrowed and then more or less truncate, with long, winged petiole, scarcely fine- toothed (at first glance appearing entire) or short-serrate, light (yellow- ish) green, often violet beneath, sparsely pubescent above with hairs 0.6 mm long, hairs scattered beneath, 1 mm long, very dense hairs along midrib beneath, 1.5—2.5 mm long, as a whole moderately pubes- cent (pubescence quite variable: shade specimens can be considerably less pubescent); cauline leaves (O—)1(2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), elliptical to lanceolate, petiolate, broad (4:1), acuminate, like inner basal leaves in shape, from 1/3 to 1/2 height of stem. Inflorescence corym- bose, with 4—12(—20) capitula; peduncles glabrous, to moderately glan- dular, tomentose. Involucres 8-10 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, glabrous, moderately to densely, 65(45- 90), glandular, glands 0.6-1.2 mm long, densely stellate-hairy (in shade plants pubescence less conspicuous). Corolla teeth (particularly those of disk florets) ciliolate. Stigmas yellow, but dark on drying. Flowering June to July. Shady slopes of eskers and moraines, on rich humic soil.— European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Scandinavia. Endemic. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. The leaves of this species are often infected with the fungus Puccinia hieracii (Schum) Mart. 324 $i Cycle 19. Carcarophylla Juxip.—Involucral bracts moderately glan- dular, distinctly stellate-hairy; leaves coarsely toothed. 374. H. carcarophyllum K. Joh. in Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Silvaticif. (1923) 14; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 448.— H. carcarophyllum K. Joh. in Sv. Vet.-Ak. Bih. Bd. 28, III, No. 7 (1902) 42; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 314.—Ic.: K. Joh. Arch. Siljanstr. (1. c.) t. II, fig. 8.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. Scand. cent. XIV, No. 9; K. Joh. Plant. Scand. (15.VII.1904) ex Dalarne. Perennial. Stem 35-60 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, reddish at base, sulcate, to sparsely pubescent, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2-6, ovate to ovate-oblong, long-petiolate, to 23 cm long, with cordate, truncate or sagittate base, subobtuse or very short- acuminate (4:1), with many (5-10) unequal, deep, and coarse teeth (small and large, 10-15 mm long, papillose teeth alternating), acute, almost lobed at base, recurved, dark (grayish) green, often violet be- neath, on both sides with hairs 0.3-1.0 mm long, along margin moder- ately to densely pubescent with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, very densely hairy along petiole with hairs 3 mm long, as a whole moderately (to densely) pubescent; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf ovate, petiolate, acute, like inner basal leaf, upper leaf narrowly lanceolate, narrowed to sessile base, small. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3-8 capitula; peduncles glabrous, to scatteredly glan- dular, glands 0.4 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 8.5— 10.0 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark green, with green border, glabrous, to moderately, 50(38—55), glandular, glands 0.7 mm long, densely stellate-hairy (particularly along margin). Stigmas dark. Flowering May to June. (Plate XXX, Fig. 1.) Open forests.—European Part: Upper Dnieper. General distribu- tion: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden (Dalarne). Type in Stockholm (or Uppsala). Note. Although H. cacarophyllum is the prior name, the author of the species himself changed its name to H. carcarophyllum (exsic. 1900), and this name was retained also afterward. Following him (and Zahn. Synopsis |. c.), we accept the latter name. In this connection Zahn makes the following comment however in the Synopsis (foot- note): “It would have been more correct to write carcharophyllum” (from the words carcharos—sharp and phyllon—leaf). 375. H. cardiophyllum Jord. ex Sudre. Hier. du Centre de la France (1902) 75, t. XXIII.—H. card. var. acutisquamum Litw. and Zahn in Schedae HFR fasc. XLII (1910) 18; Pflzr. IV, 280, 319.—H. silvaticum 325 312 Somm. and Lev. in Acta horti Petropol. XVI (1900) 303, non al.—Exs.: GRF No. 2088. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, sulcate, more or less glabrous, sparsely glandular above. Basal leaves 3-9, ovate, to 13 cm long, broad (2.5-3:1), with deeply cordate or truncate base, obtuse or short-acuminate, petiolate, with small or large, unequal, papillose or sharply serrate teeth, often recurved at base, with free teeth on petiole, with sparse hairs 0.5 mm long above, scattered-pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, densely so along midrib and petiole with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole moderately pubescent, sometimes with stellate hairs; cauline leaves 1(0—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf like inner basal leaf, but usually small, broad (2.5—3:1), acute, toothed. Inflorescence corym- bose, with 3-15 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered (to moderate), glands 0.5 mm long, more or less tomentose. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, to subulate, without simple hairs, moderately, 50(40-60), glandular, glands 0.6—1.0 mm long, along margin moderately stellate-hairy, barbate. Stigmas yellow, later turning more or less brown. Flowering July to August. Subalpine pine forests and meadows, at 2160-2460 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad. 376. H. floccicomatum Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 27; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 316. Perennial. Stem 25-55 cm high, 2—4 mm in diameter, in basal part moderately hairy, with hairs 2.5 mm long, with occasional glands above, quite densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 4-5, ovate, obtuse and ob- long, subacute, with base abruptly narrowed to petiole or truncate, quite large, with remote, crenate, brodly triangular, papillose, obtuse, spinescent or sharply serrate teeth, green, grayish beneath, with oc- casional hairs above, with sparse, short hairs 0.5—-0.8 mm long beneath, as also along margin, densely pubescent along midrib beneath and on petiole with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole with scattered (to moderate) pubescence; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate, at base usually coarsely toothed (bottom leaf often large, short-petiolate, upper sessile), stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2-5(—12) capitula; peduncles slender, without simple hairs, moderately glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, densely tomentose. Involucres 10.5 mm long; involucral bracts green, with pale border, glabrous, moderately (60) glandular, glands to 1 mm long, along margin to apical tuft narrowly but densely stellate- hairy. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering July. 326 313 Edges of montane forests.—Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia. Described from former Artvin District. Type in Tbilisi. Cycle 20. Medianiformia Juxip.—Involucral bracts moderately glandular, without stellate hairs. 377. H. medianiforme Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 236; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 300. Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 1.0—3.5 mm in diameter, somewhat flexuous, violet at base, with occasional or sparse (sometimes to scat- tered) hairs 2.5—3.0 mm long, eglandular or with occasional glands above and more or less stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 2-5, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, abruptly or shortly-attenuate to long petiole, ob- tuse to acuminate, often broad (2.5—4:1), unequally bluntly or sharply serrate with 4—10 teeth, dull green, paler beneath, moderately pubes- cent on both sides and along margin, with hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long (but sometimes with occasional hairs), pubescence to very dense along midrib beneath, as a whole moderately to densely pubescent; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf short-petiolate, irregularly and often coarsely toothed, upper sessile small. Inflores- cence openly paniculate, with 2—12(—25) capitula; peduncles mostly glabrous, with sparse glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, slightly stellate-hairy. Involucres (9—)10—11 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts irregularly petiolate, somewhat narrow to acute, dark, (almost) without hairs (0-1) moderately, 50(40-60), glandular, glands 0.6—0.7 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. In habit, the plant resembles H. vulgatum. Flowering June to August. Beech and birch montane forests.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Pyatigorsk (Beshtau). Type in Leningrad; cotype in Tbilisi. 378. H. ovatifrons Dahlst. ex Noto Troms6 amts Hier.-fl. I (1910) 36; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 290 (nota). Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, violet at base, more or less without simple hairs, sparsely glandular above, somewhat stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 2-5, small, orbicular, elliptical to lanceolate, obtuse to short-acuminate, short-petiolate, with truncate, obtuse or abruptly narrowed base, with 4-7 small serrate teeth, olive-green, vio- let beneath, densely pubescent on both sides and along margin with hairs 0.2-1.0 mm long, with very dense hairs along midrib beneath 1.5 mm long, as a whole very densely pubescent; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, narrowed to short petiole, acute. Inflorescence corymbose, with 3 capitula; peduncles glabrous or 327 314 with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, to- mentose. Involucres 9.0-11.5 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, dark, with light-colored border, glabrous, moderately, 58(50— 65), glandular, glands 0.4—1.0 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering August. Tundra, forest and subalpine zones.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Norway. Type may or may not be in Oslo? 379. H; pleurcleucum Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 30; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 323; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 424.— Ic.: Dahlst. op. cit. t. IV, fig. 1 (folia). Perennial. Stem 35 cm high, | mm in diameter, more or less gla- brous, sparsely glandular above. Basal leaves 4, Ovate or elliptical, with cordate or truncate base or abruptly narrowed to petiole, obtuse or short-acuminate, long-petiolate, broad (3:1), with 4—6 small teeth (more conspicuous on inner leaves and toward base), olive-green, silver-green beneath, on both sides with sparse, hairs 0.6—0.8 mm long, densely pubescent along margin with hairs 0.6 mm long, hairs very dense along midrib beneath with hairs 2 mm long, as a whole to densely pubescent; cauline leaves | (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in lower fourth of stem, lanceolate, truncate, petiolate, with conspicuous, fine, sharp teeth, acute, with scattered stellate hairs beneath. Inflores- cence corymbose, with 4 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, moderately glandular, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts linear, subobtuse, blackish, glabrous, moder- ately (53) glandular, glands 1 mm long, (almost) without stellate hairs (outer bracts with narrow stellate-hairy border). Stigmas dull-green, later dark. Flowering June to August. Deciduous forests on calcareous soil.—European Part: Baltic Re- gion (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Saaremaa Island (Oesel). Type in Riga. Note. Since K. Kupffer, who coilected this plant, no one has found it. Cycle 21. Gentilia Juxip.—Involucral bracts densely glandular, mostly weakly stellate-hairy; peduncles mostly with scattered to mod- erate glands. 380. H. pomoricum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 514. Perennial. Stem 45-55 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands above. Basal S15 leaves 5—6, rosulate, ovate, elliptical, to oblong-lanceolate, with trun- cate base, rather long-petiolate, finely (at base conspicuously, sharply toothed with short teeth, short-acuminate), to 16 cm long (4:1), grassy- blue-gray, glaucous beneath, glabrous above, with sparse hairs 0.4—0.5 mm long beneath and along margin, along midrib beneath with scat- tered hairs | mm long, as a whole pubescence sparse; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, petiolate, with many fine teeth, acuminate, like basal leaves in other characters. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with occasional glands 0.4 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, glabrous, densely (83) glandular, glands 0.7 mm long, (almost) without stellate hairs (sparse hairs along margin and at base). Stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Pine forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from banks of Segozero Lake. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related H. exotericum Jord. by peduncles with occasional glands and sparsely pubescent leaves. 381. H. exotericum Jord. ex Bor. Fl. Centr. France ed. 3, II (1857) 417; Sudre, Hier. du Centre de la France, 74, t. XXIII: Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 315; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 452.—H. syngenes Jord. IMG: Perennial. Stem 30—60(—80) cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, red- dish-violet at base, sparsely pubescent, with sparse glands above. Basal leaves 5-8, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, to 15 cm long, broad (2- 3:1), with cordate, obtuse, or truncate base, often large, subobtuse, inner leaves acuminate, crenate, with small, broadly triangular teeth, larger and coarser at base, often recurved, smaller toward tip, sharply serrate, sometimes with free teeth on more or less long petiole, bluish- or yellowish-green, sparsely to scatteredly short-pubescent above with hairs 0.3—0.5 mm long, or glabrous, to moderate-pubescence beneath and along margin, with hairs 0.6-1.0 mm long, very dense along midrib beneath and on petiole, as a whole pubescence to dense; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf with cordate or truncate base, acuminate, more conspicuously toothed at base, often with narrow, acute, more or less incised teeth, moderately to densely pubescent, stellate-hairy along midrib beneath. Inflorescence open spreading panicle, with 5-18 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered glands, tomentose. Involucres 10—11 mm long, cylindri- cal; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute to very acute, barbate, glabrous, densely, 80(60-100), glandular, glands 0.6-1.2 mm long, 329 316 somewhat stellate-hairy at base and along margin. Stigmas yellow (turning brown). Flowering May to July. Subalpine pine forests, to 2380 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia (Teberda), Eastern, Western and Southern Transcaucasia (former Artvin District), Dagestan. General distribution: Central Europe, Altantic Eu- rope, Mediterranean (western) Region. Described from France. Type in Lyons? Note. Zahn (Hieracia Florae Mosquensis, 1911, 64) reported the distribution of H. exotericum Jord. in the Moscow Region. However, a critical examination of these specimens revealed them to be H. gen- tile Jord. (with dark stigmas). As a result of this finding, his note in Pflzr. (op. cit.) about the distribution of H. exotericum Jord.: “... up to Poland and Central Russia: Podolsk, Moscow etc.” also becomes irrelevant. 382. H. hylocomum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 514. Perennial. Stem 25-40 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, more or less glabrous, somewhat glandular above. Basal leaves 7-10, broadly ovate, elliptical to lanceolate, to 10 cm long (3:1), abruptly narrowed to short petiole, obtuse to acute, with few small teeth, glaucous, very sparsely pubescent above with short hairs 0.3 mm long, to densely pubescent beneath, hairs 1 mm long, to moderately pubescent along margin and midrib, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 0-1 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.03), narrow, sessile. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5-9 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered glands, tomentose. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts more or less broad, obtuse, glabrous, moderately, 70(60-85), glandular, glands 0.4—0.2 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Glands reduced toward tips of bracts and clustered botryoidly. Flowering July. Open pine forests on calcareous-stony soil.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. Described from Saaremaa Island (Oesel). Type in Tartu. Note. Distinguished from the closely related H. pellucidum Laest. by having basal leaves with an abruptly narrowed (but not truncate) base. 383. H. pellucidum Laest. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1824) 172; Wahlbg. Fl. Suec. II, 194; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 29; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 288; Dahist. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 618; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 365; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 56.— H. silvaticum ssp. 9 Almqu. Stud. (1881) XVIII.—H. melanolepsis Almaqu. ex Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. I (1888) 87; Mela-Cajander, 330 317, Suom. Kasvio, 690.—H. nigro glandulosum Lonnr. in Ofvers. Vet.- Akad. Forh. No. 4 (1882) 72; nec Vukot.—H. silvaticum Gouan 6. pellucidum Almqu. ex Williams, Prodr. fl. Brit. III (1902) 135.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. I, No. 58, IV, No. 58; Hier. Scand. cent. I, Nos. 31, 32; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 57-62; Bunge, fl. exs. No. 462b, sub. H. plumbeum Fr. p. p. Perennial. Stem 35-70 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, reddish-violet at base, sulcate, more or less glabrous, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 3-10, rosulate, outer small, almost rotund, inner larger (to 25 cm long), ovate to broadly lanceolate (4:1), with cordate or truncate base, long-petiolate, obtuse to short-acuminate (in dried specimens, leaves thin, scarious-transparent), with remote fine teeth (at first glance appearing entire), more distinct at base and somewhat recurved, with free teeth on petiole, dark, grass-green, reddish-violet beneath, gla- brous above, with scattered pubescence beneath with hairs 0.8 mm long, moderately pubescent along margin with hairs 0.7 mm long, densely so along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves (O—)1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), in middle of stem, resembling inner basal leaf in shape and pubescence. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 3-14 ca- pitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered glands, tomen- tose. Involucres short (7—)8—9(—10) mm long, broader than long; in- volucral bracts somewhat broad, somewhat obtuse, blackish, with apical tuft, glabrous, moderately to densely, 70(45-90), glandular, glands 0.5—0.6 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to August (second flowering in September). Shady deciduous and mixed forests on stony soil, on rocks, in elfin birch woodlands, in meadows overgrown with shrubs.—Euro- pean Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora (western), Ladoga-Ilmen, Baltic Region, Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester, Volga-Kama (western). General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm? Note. According to Norrlin (op. cit.), H. cajanderi Norrl. (Hier. exs. fasc. V, No. 63), found in the Karelian ASSR (former Olonets Province), should also be included in this species. 384. H. distractum Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 691; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 322 (nota).—H. stenstroemii Brenn. in Meddel. Acta Soc. Fl. et Fa. Fenn. (1904) 139.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 66-70. Perennial. Stem 35-70 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, usually violet at base, with occasional to sparse hairs, sparsely glandular above. Basal leaves 5(3—11), obovate, elliptical to broadly lanceolate, Sil 318 Sts Ase ». &h J 2 BB é. Pol ta ay ae Fagen mo = ~ Plate XIX. 1—H. brittatense Juxip; 2—H monczecola Juxip. S19 mostly abruptly narrrowed to quite long petiole or with truncate base, to 24 cm long (4:1), mostly obtuse, orbicular, only inner leaves acute, with remote, usually small teeth, sometimes with free teeth on petiole, scatteredly short-pilose above, hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long, moderately pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 0.8—1.0 mm long very dense hairs 1.5-2.0 mm long along midrib beneath, as a whole to densely pubescent, light (or dark) grass-green, glaucescent, paler, or violet beneath; cauline leaves O—1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), in middle of stem, distinctly petiolate, with truncate base, more distinctly toothed, particularly at base (sometimes with free teeth on petiole), acute, moderately pubescent, dorsally along midrib somewhat stellate- hairy. Inflorescence open, spreading, paniculate, corymbose, with 6(13- 15) capitula, with upward-turned branches; peduncles without simple hairs, moderately to densely glandular, more or less tomentose. Involu- cres (8—)10—12 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subobtuse, glabrous, to densely, 70(45—110), glandular, glands 0.7 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to August (sometimes flowering again in fall—September to October). Hills overgrown with coniferous or mixed forest, sandy and stony steep banks of rivers and lakes, along burned forest clearings.—Eu- ropean Part: Karelia-Lapland, Ladoga-Ilmen, Baltic Region, Upper Dnieper. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Norrlin in his diagnosis (1. c.) says that the involucral bracts . sometimes also have occasional dark hairs” (in addition to the glands). But he also mentions the considerable number of stellate hairs along the margin of the bracts. However, in specimens examined by us and identified by both Norrlin and Dahlstedt, neither simple hairs nor a considerable number of stellate hairs could be found on the involu- cral bracts. In habit, H. distractum Norrl. resembles H. hjeltii Norrl. and is distinguished from the latter by much larger involucres, absence of stellate hairs on the involucral bracts, and denser pubescence of the leaves. 66 385. H. gentile Jord. ex Bor. Fl. Centr. France, ed. 3, II (1857) 415; Sudre. Hier. du Centre de la France, 71, t. XXII; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosgauens. 64; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 310; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 440.—H. setaceodentatum Rehm. and Wol. Flora Pol. exs. No. 198 p. p.—Ie.: Zahn in Pflzr. (I. c.) fig. 28, T.; van Soest., Hier. Nederl. I, fig. 14.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 2087, 2243; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 36, 37, 233, 234, 351. 334 320 Perennial. Stem 45(25—70) cm high, 1.5—5.0 mm in diameter, sulcate, reddish-violet at base, scatteredly pubescent (at base often densely) or sparsely (to scatteredly)—var. silvivagum Jord., to sparsely glandu- lar above. Basal leaves 5(2—9), rotund-ovate or broadly cordate-ovate, on average 15 cm (to 25 cm) long, broad (4:1), base distinctly cordate or truncate, with rather long petiole, usually with fine or short, sharp teeth, but at base with more or less large, often recurved teeth, hence leaf looking sagittate or with free teeth on petiole, grass-green, some- times violet beneath, pubescent above with dense, soft hairs 0.4—0.6 mm long, dense hairs 1 mm long beneath, moderately pubescent along margin, hairs 1 mm long, very dense hairs 1.5-3.0 mm long along margin beneath and on petiole, as a whole very densely pubescent (typical form) or on both sides and along margin scattered-pubescent and only along midrib beneath (and on petiole) very densely pubes- cent, as a whole to densely pubescent (var. silvivagum Jord.), leaf (mostly along midrib) dorsally often more or less stellate-hairy; cauline leaves (O—)1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), ovate-oblong, petiolate, with cordate or truncate base, often coarsely toothed (particularly at base), sometimes quite large, in lower third of stem, to densely pubes- cent, leaf somewhat stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence corymbose (candelabrum-like), with 10(3—36) capitula; peduncles glabrous, moder- ately to densely galndular, glands 0.5(0.4—1.0) mm long, more or less densely tomentose. Involucres 9(—8)8.5—10.5(—11) mm long, cylindrical- ovate; involucral bracts linear, narrow, acute, glabrous, densely, 85(55— 130), glandular, glands 0.8(0.5—1.2) mm long, stellate-hairy usually only along margin and at base, very rarely more or less densely stellate- hairy throughout (var. stellatum Juxip). Stigmas dark. Achenes 3.5 mm long. Flowering May to August (second flowering often in September to October). (Plate XXXI, Fig. 1.) Forest edges, among shrubs and around rocks on mountains, mountain pastures, meadows overgrown with scrub forest, parks.— European Part: Baltic Region (south), Ladoga-IImen (south), Upper Volga (up to Moscow), Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester, Bessarabia? Crimea?; Caucasus: Dagestan, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean Region, Balkans- Asia Minor. Described from France. Type in Lyons. Note. H. gentile Jord. is a species with an extremely wide distri- bution: from the Pyrenees to Moscow and from Denmark to Asia Minor; in our country, this is the most frequently found species of subsection Muroria (H. murorum L., which usually is called H. gentile Jord.) in our own floras. Furthermore, var. silvivagum Jord., apparently its shade form, is the form most commonly found. In the northern and eastern parts of its range, this variety is found almost exclusively. 335 321 Regarding var. stellatum Juxip, remarkable for its variegated involucral bracts from dense stellate hairs, it is found exclusively in Crimea and the Caucasus and perhaps should be raised to a higher taxonomic rank. Speaking about the distribution of H. gentile Jord., Zahn (Pflzr. 1. c.) writes: “Durch ganz Mitteleuropa bis Moskau und in den Distrikt Peczoral!” Moreover, in the very abundant material of this species collected from the Soviet Union (more than 60 herbarium sheets), there was not a single specimen collected north or east of the Peterhof— Moscow line. From H. exotericum Jord., to which it is quite similar in habit, H. gentile Jord. is distinguished mainly by the dark color of the stigmas (stigmas yellow in H. exotericum Jord.). A highly polymorphic species, particularly variable in pubescence. 386. H. lepistoides K. Joh. ex Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.- Fl. II (1893) 92; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 692; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 298; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 619; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Silvaticif. 39; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 386; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 43.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 79-84; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. cent. I, No. 44, III, No. 52, XI, No. 30; Baenitz. No. 6333; Lindberg, Pl. Finl. exs. No. 1694. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, dark red at base and scatteredly pubescent, without simple hairs above, but to sparsely glandular and stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 3-8, outer small, rotund-elliptical or ovate, with truncate base or abruptly narrowed to short petiole, subobtuse, inner larger, to 16 cm long, broadly ovate- lanceolate (5:1), cuneately tapered to long petiole or with truncate base, short-acuminate, with 5—8 triangular-serrate, small and large sharp teeth, dark or light green, paler beneath, glaucescent, more or less glabrous above, to densely pubescent beneath and along margin, hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, along midrib beneath and along violet petiole to densely pubescent, hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, as a whole densely pubes- cent; cauline leaves (0)1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in middle of stem, narrowly ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, bottom leaf petiolate, distinctly and unequally sharp-toothed (teeth triangular, lanceolate, falcate, acute) upper leaf linear, sessile, moderately pubescent, stellate- hairy beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate-corymbose, with 6-17 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, moderately glandular, glands 0.30.5 mm long, slightly tomentose. Involucres 10.0-11.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, lanceolate-linear, subacute, without simple hairs, densely, 90(80-—100), glandular, glands 0.6—0.8 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs (or with sparse hairs along margin), barbate. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to August. B20 Edges of pine and larch forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora (western part), Ladoga-IImen (nothern part). General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note. It is a highly polymorphic species in which both the pubes- cence, simple and stellate, and the general habit (form of leaves) of the plant vary. In the original diagnosis, Dahlstedt (1. c.) gives the length of the involucres as 9-10 mm, apparently considering this to be an important character. But Norrlin (op. cit.) gives their length as 11-13 mm, while the involucres measured by us were 10.0—11.5 mm long. In his work (1. c.) Norrlin gives the distribution of H. lepistoides K. Joh. as almost throughout Finland and says that “a variety(?) reaches the southern part of Russian Lapland,” but in the Lindberg’s Herbarium (under No. 1694) the statement is made: “... distributed almost throughout the whole area.” On the basis of these statements, this species got included on Samuelsson’s (I. c.) map, where it is shown at the eastern end of the Kola Peninsula, in Karelia, and at the mouth of the Severnaya Dvina River. Without questioning the authen- ticity of this statement, we, however, consider it necessary to mention that a number of specimens collected by R. Pohle on the Kola Penin- sula and identified by Zahn as H. lepistoides were found to be other species (H. microplacerum Norrl., H. frigidellum Pohle and Zahn, H. distractum Norrl.). We are giving the description of this species because of the strong possibility of finding it within our borders in the Karelian-Lapland Region; E.G. Pobedimova collected this species on the shore of Kola Bay in the summer of 1956. 387. H. lateriflorum Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. Hier. ed. 2 (1889) 152; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 691; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 297, non Arv.-Touv. (1913).—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, No. 89, IX, No. 65. Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 1.5—-3.5 mm in diameter, with occa- sional hairs, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 4—7, ovate to lanceolate, to 20 cm long (4.5:1), with truncate base and fairly long, winged petiole, subobtuse or short-acuminate with 3-10 small, broadly triangular teeth, more conspicuous at base, dark green, on both sides with sparse hairs 0.5-0.7 mm long, densely pubescent along margin and along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), more or less narrowly lanceolate (7.5:1), long-petiolate, in lower part distinctly sharp-toothed, long-acuminate, entire, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose with 2-10 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, moderately glandular, glands 1 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 9.5—11.0 mm long; involucral bracts 3377 323 blackish-green, linear, subacute, glabrous, to densely, 75(65-85), glandular, glands 1 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stig- mas dark. Achenes 3.5 mm long, black. Flowering July. Mixed spruce-birch forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Endemic. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. According to Norrlin (op. cit.), it is found only in southwest- ern Finland. However, Zahn identified several specimens collected by R. Pohle from the Kola Peninsula as H. lateriflorum Norrl., which upon examination were found to belong to other species (H. distractum Norrl., H. microplacerum Norrl., and H. ovatifrons Dahlst.). Neverthe- less, we include this species because there is a possibility of finding it in Karelian Lapland, Ladoga-IImen Region, because we have seen that the plant collected in 1932 from the Khibiny Mountains (Petrelius Valley) was very similar to H. latiflorum Norrl. and at least for the time being (until confirmed data are available) we are leaving the plant under this name. Cycle 22. Torticepsia Juxip.—Involucral bracts and peduncles densely glandular, quite densely stellate-hairy. 388. H. torticeps Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Svensk. Hier.-Fl. II (1893) 128; Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280, 309; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 431.—Exs.: GRF No. 1838; Dahlst. Hier. exs. I, No. 56, II, No. 41; Hier. Scand. cent. V, No. 32. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, sulcate, sparsely short-pubescent, sparsely to scatteredly glandular and stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 3-7, elongated, to 25 cm long, narrow (5-—6:1), lanceolate or ovate-lanceoate, with truncate base, at least inner leaves but sometimes majority of them narrowed to long petiole, with many narrow, sharply serrate teeth, at base narrowly and sharply incised, and with free teeth along petiole, obtuse to short-acuminate, light grass-green, grayish beneath, on both sides and along margin sparsely to moderately pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, very densely pubes- cent along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole densely pubescent; cauline leaves 1(2-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), in middle of stem, lanceolate, petiolate, acute, with sharply serrate teeth, gla- brous above, like basal leaves in other characters stellate-hairy be- neath, upper leaves sessile, small. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 5-15 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, to densely glandu- lar, glands 0.5 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9-11 mm long, turbi- nate; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark green, barbate, without simple hairs, to densely, 75(70—100), glandular, glands 0.5-0.7(1.2) mm 324 long, quite dense, particularly along margin, stellate-hairy (on back sparse). Stigmas yellow, later turning dark. Flowering June to July. On slopes in scrubs, deciduous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Upper Dnieper? General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Cycle 23. Revocata Juxip.—Involucral bracts and peduncles densely glandular, more or less without stellate hairs. 389. H. altipes Lbg. fil. ex Norrl. Hier. exs.: Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1921) 301.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IX, No. 59. Perennial. Stem 45-50 cm high, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, violet at base, to sparsely pubescent, to sparsely glandular above. Basal leaves 4, ovate, elliptical to lanceolate, mostly abruptly narrowed to long petiole or base of lamina truncate, with short or (to 10 mm long) long teeth, teeth 3-10, obtuse to short-acuminate, light green, pale beneath, violet to 14 cm long (3.8:1), glabrous above (or with occasional hairs), with scattered pubescence beneath and along margin, with hairs 0.5- 0.7 mm long, to dense pubescence along midrib beneath, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf lanceolate, petiolate, acute, with distinct, acute or short teeth, upper leaf linear, acute, entire. Inflorescence dichoto- mously paniculate, with 2-3 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, densely glandular, glands 0.6 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involu- cres 11 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark green, with broad green border, glabrous, but to densely (70) glandular, glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. On slopes overgrown with hazelnut, spruce forests.—European Part: Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland, Aland Islands. Type in Helsinki. 390. H. revocans Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 515. Perennial. Stem 55—60 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, often with lateral stems, with occasional hairs, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 8(4—13), cordate-rounded, oval to broadly lanceolate, to 20 cm long (4:1), often asymmetric, with truncate base or abruptly narrowed to long petiole, subobtuse, short-acuminate with spinescent tip, with quite unequal, crenate and (at base) lobed, acute 338 teeth, small and large teeth alternating, grass-green, glaucescent 325 beneath, moderately pubescent above, hairs 0.3 mm long, with scat- tered pubescence beneath and along margin, hairs 0.7 mm long, densely pubescent beneath along midrib, hairs 0.8 mm long, as a whole to densely pubescent; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, bottom leaf large, petiolate, at base very densely toothed with lobed acute teeth, acuminate, to moderately pubescent, upper leaf narrowly lanceolate, sessile stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence corym- bose-umbellate, with 3-17 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, densely glandular, glands 0.4 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, glabrous, densely, 78(60— 90), glandular, glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, slightly stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Spruce-birch forests.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from Khibiny Mountains. Type in Kirovsk. Note. It is distinguished from H. lateriflorum Norrl. by the densely glandular peduncles, subobtuse involucral bracts, and densely pubes- cent leaves. 391. H. tenuiglandulosum Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 693; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 299 (nota).—H. semilyratum Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 693; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 380, 299 (nota).— Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, No. 78. Perennial. Stem 35-55 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, sparsely pu- bescent at base, but with scattered (to dense) glands from middle of stem to inflorescence. Basal leaves 3-8, outer small, cordate or lan- ceolate, inner larger, lanceolate, to 16 cm long (4:1), with base abruptly or gradually attenuated to more or less long petiole, obtuse to sub- acute, entire (very rarely with occasional fine, scarcely conspicuous teeth near base), very densely short-pubescent throughout, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long (unlike any other species of subsection Muroria), somewhat stellate-hariy beneath, light olive-green, glaucous or violet beneath; cauline leaves 1-2(-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lan- ceolate, small, sessile or with short petiole, acute, entire, more or less densely stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 6-22 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, very densely glandular, glands 0.5-1.5 mm long, scattered-tomentose. Involucres 8.5—10.0(— 11.0) mm long, involucral bracts narrow, linear, acute, without simple hairs, densely, 96(88—106), fine-glandular, glands 0.7-1.5 mm long, weakly stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas yellow, later turning dark. Flowering June to July. Pine forests, meadows overgrown with shrubs, along rocks.— European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Ladoga-IImen (northern part). 339 326 General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Endemic. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. We consider H. semilyratum Norrl. a synonym of H. tenuiglandulosum Norrl. because the two species are almost identical. — The character differentiating these species, which in fact is only ina higher density of leaf pubescence in H. semilyratum, in our opinion is insufficient for splitting off a separate species, especially when we consider the extremely abundant pubescence of both species. Cycle 24. Serratifolia Juxip.—Involucral bracts very densely glan- dular. 392. H. kolicola Juxip nom. nov.—H. murmanicola Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 515, non Zahn. Perennial. Stem 35 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, sparsely pubescent below with hairs 1.5 mm long, glandular above. Basal leaves 3, ovate to lanceolate, small, abruptly to more or less gradually narrowed to short, winged petiole, short-acuminate, serrulately or spinosely toothed (teeth with blackish-violet tips), grass-green, densely pubescent above and along margin with hairs 0.9-1.0 mm long, very densely so along midrib beneath with hairs 1.2-2.0 mm long, as a whole very densely pubescent (in this respect resembling H. sagittatum Lindeb.); cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute, toothed, bottom leaf short-petiolate, upper sessile. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4 capitula; peduncles glabrous, scatteredly glandular, weakly tomentose. Involucres 12 mm long; involucral bracts broad, subobtuse, glabrous, very densely (110) glandular, glands 0.5-0.7 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Flowering July. (Plate XXXII, Fig. 1.) Tundra.—Arctic: Arctic Europe. Endemic. Described from Ekaterina Island (Murmansk Region). Type in Leningrad. Note. Close to H. serratifolium Jord., from which it is distin- guished by very densely pubescent leaves. 393. H. serratifolium Jord. ex Bor. Fl. Centr. France, ed. 3, II (1857) 417, nec Vukot.; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 295; Asch. and Graebn. Syn- opsis, XII, II, 377.—H. serratifrons Almqu. ex Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. II (1893) 89; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 691; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2, ed. 617.—H. silvaticum ssp. 11 pellucidum var. 1 Almqu. Stud. (1881) p. XX.—H. crispulum Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. I, No. 61.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. Scand. cent. III, No. 50, XIX, Nos. 43, 44; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. VII, No. 73, IX, Nos. 62, 63; Lindb. f. Pl. Finl. exs. No. 1686. 327) Perennial. Stem 40-70 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, sulcate, violet at base, to sparsely pubescent, with occasional glands and stellate hairs above. Basal leaves 4—9, rounded-elliptical, ovate to broadly lanceolate (3.2:1), with truncate base or cuneately narrowed to base, long-peitolate, subobtuse, retuse to short-acuminate, serrulate with many (5-9) teeth, dark green or grass-green, silvery-glaucous beneath, more or less glabrous above (however, lower leaves with occasional hairs), densely pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 1.5—1.0 mm long, very densely so along midrib beneath and on petiole, hairs 2.5—3.0 mm long, as a whole densely pubescent (petioles lanate); cauline leaves (O—)1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), resem- bling inner basal leaves, but narrower (5.5:1), upper leaf linear- lanceolate, sessile, as a whole moderately pubescent, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4—6(12) capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, scattered-glandular, glands 0.6-1.0 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 10-12 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts more or less broad, to 2 mm, linear, subobtuse, blackish-green, barbate, glabrous, very densely, 105(100—110), glandular, glands 1.0-1.2 mm long, without stellate hairs. Florets sometimes tubular; stigmas dull-yellow or dark (turning dark). Flowering June to July. Open birch forests, edges of spruce forests with hazelnut under- growth, on calcareous soil.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia (south), Central Europe, Mediterranean, Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from France. Type in Lyons. 394. H. grandidens Dahlst. Bidr. Syd6str. Sverig, Hier.-Fi. II (1893) 129, non Elfstr.; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 314; Asch. and Graebn. Synop- sis, XII, II], 447.—H. setaceodentatum Rahm. Wol. FI. Polon. exs. (1893) No. 198, p. p.—H. macrodon Sudre in Bull. Assoc. pyren. (1899) 248; Hier. Fl. Centr. France, 72, t. XXII, nec N.P.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. I, Nos. 54, 55; Hier. Scand. cent. XX, No. 99; Zahn, Hier. Europ. NOsSe352,0/55: Perennial. Stem 45-60 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, pubescence scattered below with hairs 2 mm long, scattered-glandular above, somewhat steliate-hairy. Basal leaves 5(3-6), broadly cordate-ovate, rotund-obtuse to ovate-oblong, with cordate or truncate base, acute, mostly large, to 23 cm long (3-4:1), coarsely and unequally sharp- toothed throughout, at base large, elongated or recurved deeply cut teeth, leaves dark green, scattered-pubescent above with hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, to densely pubescent beneath, hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, pubes- cence along margin moderate, very dense along midrib beneath, hairs 2 mm long, as a whole very densely (particularly on petioles) 341 328 pubescent; cauline leaves 1(—2)) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), ovate- lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, with deeply incised teeth, acute. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4—20 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs; densely glandular, glands 0.6 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 8.5-10.5 mm long; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, without simple hairs, very densely, 110(70—145), fine-glandular, glands 1 mm long, barbate, weakly stellate-hairy along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July (second flowering September to October). Spruce and larch forests.—European Part: Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe, Mediter- ranean Region, Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 395. H. silvularum Jord. ex Bor. Fl. Centr. France, ed. 3, II (1857) 418; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 314; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 449.—H. macrodon 6. silvularum Sudre, Hier. Centr. France (1902) 73, t. XXII.—Ic.: Zahn in Pflzr. (1. c.) 311, fig. 28, D; van Soest. Hier. Nederl. I, fig. 4, 13.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europe, Nos. 559a, 735a; Hayek, Fl. Stir. exs. Nos. 497, 498; Petrak, No. 592. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high. Basal leaves oblong-ovate, small to very long, elongated, but in general broad (3:1), base cordate, petiole shorter than lamina, unequally and coarsely serrate with many broadly triangular teeth, 1-2 pairs of teeth at base, recurved, large, leaves gla- brous above, or (more rarely) short-pubescent, very densely pubes- cent beneath and along margin, petioles lanate-pilose; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), ovate-lanceolate, broad or narrow, often with deep (lobed) teeth at base, acute, short-petiolate, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with few capitula. Involucres 9-11 mm long, involucral bracts somewhat broad to narrow, acute, glabrous, very densely glandular, with large glands, with scarcely visible stellate hairs along margin. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Forest edges and forest clearings, in mountains to 2000 m.— European Part: Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester; Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean Region, Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia-Kurdistan, Iran. Described from France. Type in Lyons. Note. This description is based on a very incomplete diagnosis; we were not able to seee the type specimens. Apparently it can be distinguished from H. grandidens Dahlst. only with difficulty. 396. H. lyratum Norrl. in Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 152; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 693; Brenn. Finl. Hier. form. IV, 22; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 297; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Silvaticif. 41; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, No. 46.—Exs.: GRF No. 2086; Norrl. Hier. 342 329 exs. fasc. V, Nos. 74-77, IX, No. 67; Joh. and Sam. Hier. exs. Nos. 3040. Perennial. Stem 40—80 cm high, 1-4 mm in diameter, sulcate, with occasional hairs, scattered-glandular and somewhat stellate-hairy above (from middle of stem). Basal leaves 5(3-8), outer small, elliptical or ovate, with truncate or obtuse base, short-petiolate, obtuse (usually more densely pubescent than inner leaves), inner leaves larger (to 22 cm long), oblong-obovate or lanceolate, often with elongated and then abruptly truncate base, long-petiolate (4.5:1), toothed in lower part, toward base lyrate-toothed, with free teeth on petiole, more or less entire toward tip, subobtuse to short-acuminate, bright grass-green, silvery-glaucous beneath and often violet, (almost) glabrous above (in typical form) or with scattered hairs 0.5 mm long—f. lyratoides Juxip, very dense hairs 0.5—0.7 mm long, beneath, moderately pubescent along margin with hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long very dense hairs along midrib beneath 1.0-1.5 mm long, as a whole densely pubescent, leaves some- what (along veins) stellate-hairy; cauline leaves (1—)2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), more or less lanceolate, bottom leaf often large (to 19 cm long) (4:1), unequally toothed, short-petiolate, upper sessile, pubescence as in basal leaves, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence spreading paniculate-corymbose, with long upward-turned branches, with 4-22 capitula; peduncles glabrous, densely glandular, glands 0.6-1.2 mm long, weakly tomentose. Involucres 10—11(—12) mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse or acute, some- what dark, glabrous, very densely, 100(95-125), glandular, glands 0.6-1.3 mm long, more or less without stellate hairs. Stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Mostly in pine forests and meadows overgrown with shrubs; pre- fers sandy soil or stony (silicate) rocks——European Part: Karelia- Lapland (southern part), Ladoga-Ilmen, Baltic Region (Estonian SSR, in central and eastern part). General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe (Pomerania). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Along with the typical form, occasionally one also finds f. lyratoides Juxip, which is distinguished by conspicuous pubescence on the upper surface of the leaves. It is interesting that in the Baltic Region (Estonian SSR) hitherto only the pubescent form was found. Its leaves often are infected with the fungus Puccinia hieracii (Schum.) Mart. Subsection 6. Caesia Juxip.—Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1929) 436 (ut. sp. coll.); Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II (1931-1935) 362, 675 (ut. sp. coll).—Characters in key. Coefficient of leafiness 0.05(0.03—0.09), 330 i.e., cauline leaves | to 5; involucral bracts distinctly pubescent with hairs in different combinations with glands (from 90:10 to 50:50); glands small, 0.2—0.4(0.5) mm long; pollen almost always absent. Members of this subsection are found in Central and Northern Europe, owing to the presence of lime in the soil (and, apparently, also a milder climate); in the USSR, they are concentrated almost exclu- sively in the northwestern part of the European Territory of the Soviet Union. 1. Hairs and glands occur on involucral bracts more or less in equal numbers (or glands even exceed hairs); plants linking subsection Caesia with subsection Laevicaulia, Vulgata or Muroria; in other words, not typical representatives of subsec- tion Caesia hc... Jee eee. eee. ER ees Se a + Hairs on involucral bracts many more than glands; stigmas dark (typical representatives of subsection Caesid)................cceeeeeee 8. 2. Number of glands on involucral bracts considerably exceeding number of hairs; stellate hairs on involucral bracts very dense; coefficient of leafiness 0.04, i.e., cauline leaves on average 2; pubescence of leaves to moderate; stigmas dark................::ccs0ecee Src cece Coste One esas SEoac EERE Roane Mec. 397. H. caesiomurorum Lindeb. + Glands and hairs on involucral bracts more or less equal in NuMber.3...). See Eee reer do eaten ste eee od 3 3. Coefficient of leafiness 0.07, i.e., cauline leaves relatively many (4); leaves more or less glabrous (without hairs), narrowly lan- ceolate, light green; basal leaves mostly withering before anthe- sis; stem at base distinctly white-pubescent; in habit, plants resembling H. vulgatum; plants of Baltic Region....................... SI ae MR ria es Meee eee eee aotoca te breeders. 398. H. albipes Dahlst. + Coefficient of leafiness medium to low (0.06-0.02).................. 4. 4. Coefficient of leafiness medium (0.06-—0.05); basal leaves at anthesis more or less many (in rosette); leaves (dark) glaucous wasdaensessessedsee te deeecrsarewecte tees e Rec eOa Tete T oe TRE sth te Ee 3) + Coefficient of leafiness low (0.04—0.02).............eessecceesecceesseeeeeneeeeees ike 5. Pubescence of leaves moderate; leaves spotted, broad, many, acutely and deeply (subulately) toothed; stigmas dark................ RISE. ER eae Bee teeter oa 399. H. basifolium (Fr.) Almqu. + Pubescence of leaves sparse (to barely scattered); leaves never SPOtte ds errs. edie coescacondesotaatbecezasdacncetteh siete stess suc aan Mecpeenaanea #516; 6. Leaves narrow (6:1); involucral bracts narrow, acute with sparse, fine glands (0.2-0.4 mm long); stigmas yellowish-brown.................. Pies eee Sd ae AS BAL AOR OCA err precept 400. H. prolixiforme Norrl. 331 + Leaves broad (3:1); involucral bracts broad, abruptly narrowed to cusp, with occasional glands 0.5 mm long; stigmas dark; plants of BalsieiRegion:.....2....:.......:..0. 401. H. aphanum Juxip 7 (4). Involucral bracts with moderate number (50) of short (0.1—0.3 mm-long) glands; involucres 12-13 mm long; corollas saffron- yellow; basal leaves few; plants of Kola Peninsula................ccccc000- SO ECE eon cco CR Eee 403. H. linahamariense Juxip + Involucral bracts with occasional (10) glands 0.3 mm long; in- volucres 10-12 mm long; corollas dark yellow; basal leaves Manya (iN TOSS) cots ee ee 402. H. subgalbanum Juxip 8 (1). Coefficient of leafiness high (0.09), i.e., cauline leaves relatively many (5); involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy; leaves broad (3.5:1)...........0000.- 404. H. adelum Juxip +) Cociticientofleatiness low (0104-0 02)-ae- ae ee ene 9. 9. Pubescenceiofleavesimoderate........0-1. 5005 ........ eee 10. jam, PUDESCENCeOl leavesiscattered......... eae -.........se eee eee i. 10. Leaves with 4—5 broad and short teeth, teeth mostly triangular; leaves olive-green; stigmas greenish......... 405. H. osiliae Dahlst. + Leaves with 8-15 teeth, teeth various: triangular, lanceolate, falcate, mostly narrow and acute; leaves grass-green; stigmas Can Kereta as er eee oc das esiesvesees 406. H. steinbergianum Juxip 11. Leaves light (grass) green; involucral bracts of three shapes: outer short, very obtuse, middle longer, subobtuse, inner long, ACUILG Ess ess ose teem gees. caktac ose neeieet se cei es REE 407. H. galbanum Dahist. + Leaves glaucous; involucral bracts all acute to very acute, Subulate (mnermOnes) fie 5...css.50: ee Oe ee WA, 12: Involucral bracts more or less without stellate hairs.................. to) Involucralibractsidensely stellate-hainyzeeeeee = eee Eas eats MMSE Seca oe vse caicaske vend asces Marnebaeetee. «3 409. H. ravusculum Dahlst. Cycle 1. Caesiomuroria Juxip.—Grex H. caesiomurorum Lindb. ex Norrl. Bidr. Scand. Hier.-Fl. I (1888) 113; Dahlst—Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III, 44; Zahn in Pflzr., 1V, 280, 451.—Glands on involucral bracts considerably more than hairs (80:20); involucral bracts some- what broad, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, with broad, densely stellate-hairy border; leaves ovate or lanceolate, deeply sharp-toothed; cauline leaves 1—3; stigmas dark. It links section Caesia with Muroria. 397. H. caesiomurorum Lindeb. ex Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. I (1888) 113; Stenstr. Varml. Arch. 35; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III, 44; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 712; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 451; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif. 14; Dahlst. in 332 345 Plate XX. 1—H. alpinum L.; 2—H. crispum Elfstr. 333 Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 620; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 75.—H. eu-caesiomurorum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synop- sis, XII, II (1935) 692.—Ic.: Zahn in Pflzr. (op. c.) 452, fig. 32.—Exs.: Lindeb. Hier. Scand. cent. II (1872) No. 59; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IX, Nos. 88-90; Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. I, Nos. 64—66; Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 46, 47; Lindb. f. Pl. Finl. exs. No. 1726. Perennial. Stem 35-75 cm high, 2-4 mm in diameter, with occa- sional to sparse hairs 2.5 mm long (in lower part), with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2-9, outer small, elliptical or ovate, obtuse (often withering before anthesis), others more or less broadly ovate to lanceolate, quite large, to 17 cm long (4.5:1), with base cuneate or abruptly narrowed to long petiole, with long, acute teeth, dissectedly lobed at base, acute to acuminate, dark glaucous, paler beneath, gla- brous above or with occasional hairs 0.5 mm long, pubescence to scattered beneath, hairs 1 mm long, moderately pubescent along mar- gin, hairs 1 mm long, to densely so along midrib beneath and on petiole, hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent, leaves somewhat stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 2(1-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), ovate-lanceolate to more or less triangular, abruptly narrowed to petiole, with long, acute teeth, particularly at base, long- acuminate, stellate-hairy beneath, upper leaf linear, entire, acute. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 9-13 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, with scattered glands 0.3 mm long, tomentose. In- volucres 9-10(—12) mm long, truncate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, triangular-lanceolate, subobtuse, barbate, with occasional to sparse, 13(8-18), hairs 1 mm long and scattered to moderate, 44(34—53), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, very densely stellate-hairy along margin (form- ing a broad border)..Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Forest edges.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (northern part). Gen- eral distribution: Scandinavia, Atlantic Europe. Described from Swe- den. Type in Helsinki. Cycle 2. Albipedia Juxip.—Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal; coefficient of leafiness 0.07, i.e., cauline leaves 4. 398. H. albipes Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 39; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 445; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 686.—Ic.: Dahlst. (1. c.) tab. VI., fig. 1. Perennial. Stem 60 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with scattered white hairs 3:5 mm long at base, glabrous above, eglandular. Basal leaves 0-4, outer (but often even all) withering before anthesis, narrowly lanceolate, narrowed to long petiole, to 25 cm long, with remote, un- equal teeth; cauline leaves 4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lower ones 348 334 narrowed to long, others to short petiole, upper leaf sessile, narrowly lanceolate (6.5:1), with irregularly scattered, unequal, broad, acute to uncinate teeth, at base teeth large, above shorter, with free teeth on petiole, upper leaf entire, acute, generally obtuse to acuminate at tip, light green, pale beneath, almost glabrous (without simple hairs). In- florescence dichotomously paniculate, with 6-10 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs and glands, tomentose. Involucres 12-13 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, sparsely (17) pubes- cent with dark hairs 1 mm long, having light-colored cusp, sparsely (16) glandular, glands 0.6 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy along margin and at base. Stigmas yellow. Flowering July Forested slopes of moraines.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estnoian SSR). Endemic. Described from Saaremaa (Oesel) Island. Type in Stockholm. Note. In habit, it resembles H. vulgatum Fr. The report of this species by K. Shoteberg and T. Westergren is still the only record. Cycle 3. Prolixiformia Juxip.—Glands and hairs on involucral bracts more or less equal; glands occasional to sparse; coefficient of leafiness 0.06-0.02. 399. H. basifolium (Fr.) Almqu. apud Stenstr. Varml. Arch. (1889) 43; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III, 38; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 721; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 445; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif.14; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 620; Asch and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 689; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 74.—H. vulgatum basifolium Almqu. Stud. (1881) p. XXIII.— Exs.: Fries, Herb. norm. fasc. II, No. 10; Lindeb. Hier. Scand. exs. No. 60 (sub. H. caesio); Dahlst. Hier. exs. I, Nos. 73-75; Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 26, 27, III, No. 86; Lindeb. f. Pl. Finl. exs. No. 1742. Perennial. Stem 45-70 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, sparsely (mainly at violet base) pubescent with hairs to 3 mm long, eglandular, above somewhat stellate-hairy. Basal leaves 2-9, outer rotund-ovate to ob- long-ovate, obtuse, sparsely denticulate, inner leaves larger, to 16 cm long, elliptical, ovate to oblong-lanceolate (4:1), abruptly or more or less gradually narrowed to rather long petiole, long-acuminate, mostly with many (5-13), unequally long and short, acute teeth (teeth to subulate), with free teeth on petiole, dark glaucous, densely purple- or dark-spotted, paler beneath, silvery-glaucous, with occasional hairs 0.5 mm long above, scattered-pubescent beneath with hairs 0.8 mm long, hairs scattered along margin, | mm long, hairs dense along midrib beneath, 1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent, petiole densely lanate; cauline leaves 1—4(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), 335 bottom leaf petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, with truncate base or more or less abruptly (cuneately) narrowed to petiole, with 6-8 long, acute teeth, long-acuminate, upper leaves small, sessile, entire, stellate-hairy be- neath. Inflorescence paniculate with long branches and 4-11 capitula; peduncles long with occasional hairs 0.5 mm long, eglandular, tomen- tose. Involucres 9-11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, linear, obtuse to acute, pubescence sparse to scattered, 22(16-40), hairs 1 mm long, glands 0.1—0.3 mm long, occasional to sparse 14(10-22), along margin sparsely stellate-hairy, with tufts. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Edges of open forests, on hills overgrown by forests—European Part: Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 400. H. prolixiforme Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 149; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 721; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 448 (nota).— Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exsiccata fasciculus VIII, Nos. 60-64. Perennial. Stem 25-55 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, sulcate, eglandular, often with lateral stems. Basal leaves 2-6, outer small, obovate or lanceolate, often withering before anthesis, inner larger, to 19 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed to petiole (6:1), with 8-10, mostly small (alternating with larger) serrate teeth, acumi- nate, glaucous, glabrous above, with occasional to sparse hairs 0.5— 1.0 mm long beneath and along margin, moderately pubescent along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole sparsely pubescent, stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 1—2(-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), bottom leaf petiolate, toothed, acuminate, upper ones sessile, entire, acute. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 2-15 ca- pitula; peduncles with occasional hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long and occasional glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres 9-11 mm long; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, blackish-green, with sparse, 15(10-20), hairs 1 mm long and sparse, 19(13-27), glands 0.2-0.4 mm long, somewhat stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellowish-brown to dark. Flowering July. (Plate XXVII, Fig. 1.) Open places, edges of forests and meadows.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora (western part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. 401. H. aphanum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 516. Perennial. Stem 55 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, with occasional hairs at base, eglandular. Basal leaves 7, rosulate, elliptical, rhomboid or broadly lanceolate, to 15 cm long (3:1), cuneately narrowed to short, winged petiole, with 4—7 acute, triangular, forward-directed teeth along 350 336 whole of margin, short-acuminate, dark green, with occasional hairs 1— 2 mm long on both sides, scattered-pubescent along margin, along midrib densely pubescent, as a whole pubescence to scattered; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), broadly lanceolate, resembling inner basal leaves, upper leaf sessile, entire, acuminate. Inflorescence paniculate, with 12 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs and glands, tomentose. Involucres 10.5 mm long; involucral bracts broad, abruptly narrowed at tip, with occasional (15) hairs 1 mm long and occasional (10) glands 0.5 mm long, somewhat stellate-hairy (along margin). Stig- mas dark (brownish). Flowering July. Deciduous forest (in park).—European Part: Baltic Region (Esto- nian SSR). Endemic. Described from Rakvere (Estonian SSR). Type in Tartu. A very rare species. Note. G. Samuelsson identified this plant as M. caesiomurorum Lbg., with which it in fact is identical in habit, differing, however, by having a small number of glands in the inflorescence (in H. caesiomurorum Lbg. peduncles and involucral bracts are densely glandular). 402. H. subgalbanum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 516.—H. variabile f. subgalbanum Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III (1894) 27; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 37; pro var. H. variabili; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 443; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis. XII, II, 683.—Ic.: Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1. c.) t. V, fig. 1.—Exs.: GRF No. 1812. Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous or with occasional hairs, eglandular. Basal leaves 2-7, elliptical to lan- ceolate, abruptly or cuneately narrowed to petiole, short-acuminate, to 22 cm long (4.3:1), with 6-8 small, acute, unequal teeth along whole margin (sometimes with very deeply lobed, sparse, unequal teeth—f. kypuense Juxip), grass-green, glabrous above or with occasional hairs, hairs occasional beneath, with scattered hairs 1 mm long along mar- gins, moderately pubescent along midrib, hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to scattered-pubescent; cauline leaves 1—2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), narrowed to petiole, resembling inner basal leaves, acuminate. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 2-15 capitula; peduncles more or less glabrous and eglandular or to sparsely glandular, tomen- tose. Involucres 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts obtuse to acute, with occasional to scattered 15(10—20-36), hairs 1 mm long and with occasional, 10(7—16), glands 0.3 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Corollas dark-yellow. Stigmas yellow, later turning dark. Flowering June to July. 35 — B57 Edges of open forests on calcareous soil.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland, Baltic Region (Estonian SSR, western part). General distribu- tion: Scandinavia. Described from Saaremaa Island. Type in Stockholm. Note. This species is very similar to H. galbanum and difficult to distinguish from it. The distinguishing characters (long, narrow, and acute teeth, as in H. galbanum also) given by Dahlstedt are of no help in identification. Dahlstedt’s statement (“involucris minoribus magis canis diversum”—also does not help in the distinguishing of the species, because this character is observed not only in H. subgalbanum but in H. galbanum as well. In our opinion, a good distinguishing character would be the ratio of the number of hairs to glands on the involucral bracts, which is 60:40 for H. subgalbanum Juxip, whereas for typical H. galbanum Dahlst. it is 80:20. In this context it is also necessary to note that H. variabile Lonnr., to which H. subgalbanum was referred by Dahlstedt (as a form and variety), is distinguished by having a large number of cauline leaves, i.e., the coefficient of leafiness averages 0.09, whereas in H. subgalbanum it is 0.03 (as also in H. galbanum Dahlst.). From this point of view, referring H. subgalbanum to H. variabile Loénnr. in general is without basis. Cycle 4. Linahamarensia Juxip.—Glands and hairs more or less equal; glands in moderate number, 0.1—0.3 mm long; stigmas yellow. 403. H. linahamariense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 517. Perennial. Stem 40-45 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, with occasional hairs (appears glaburos at first glance), with occa- sional glands above. Basal leaves 2-3, lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, and acuminate, scarcely denticulate, spotted, grass-green, reddish- violet beneath, to 15 cm long (4.5:1), glabrous above, with occasional hairs beneath and along margin, moderately pubescence along midrib beneath, with hairs to 2.5 mm long, as a whole pubescence to barely scattered; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, narrowed to short petiole, in lower 1/4 of stem. Inflorescence panicu- late, secund, with 2—3 capitula; peduncles to sparsely pubescent with short hairs 0.7 mm long and with occasional glands 0.2 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Involucres 12.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, pubescence to scattered (40) with hairs 1 mm long and moderately (50) glandular with short glands 0.1—-0.3 mm long, almost without stellate hairs. Corollas saffron-yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flower- ing July to August. Stony bank of mountain stream.—European Part: Arctic Europe. Endemic. Described from Linahamari (Kola Peninsula). Type in Kirovsk. 3)a)7 338 Note. In habit, it resembles H. umbricola Sael., differing from it by having yellow stigmas and a larger number of very small glands. Cycle 5. Adela Juxip.—Number of hairs on involucral bracts many times more than glands (90:10); coefficient of leafiness 0.09, i.e., cauline leaves 5; involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy. 404. H. adelum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 517. Perennial. Stem 55 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, with scattered hairs 2 mm long at base, eglandular. Basal leaves 2, lanceolate, to 15 cm long (4:1), abruptly cuneately narrowed to petiole, broad, short-acuminate, barely noticeably short-toothed, olive-green, with occasional hairs 0.5 mm long above, scattered-pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long, to densely pubescent along midrib beneath, as a whole scattered-pubescent; cauline leaves 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), ovate to rhomboid and lanceolate, broad (3.5:1), uniformly distributed along stem, with 5—7 acute, unequal teeth, short- acuminate, pubescence as in basal leaves. Inflorescence spreading, dichotomously paniculate, with 6-8 capitula; peduncles with occa- sional hairs, eglandular, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Involucres 9 mm long; involucral bracts. lanceolate, obtuse, with scattered (30) hairs, light-colored, 1 mm long, with occasional (4), glands 0.3 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July. Dry pine forest on alvar.—European Part: Baltic Region (Esto- nian SSR). Endemic. Described from vicinity of Khaapsalu. Type in Tartu. Note. It is distinguished from the other species of Caesia by a high coefficient of leafiness and broad cauline leaves. Cycle 6. Caesia Juxip.—Grex H. caesium (Fr.) Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. HI (1894) 7; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 437.—Hairs on involucral bracts many times more than glands (80:20); all involucral bracts (or at least inner ones) acute or very acute, narrow; coefficient of leafiness 0.04—0.02, i.e, cauline leaves 1-2 (-4); pubescence of leaves scattered to moderate. 405. H. osiliae Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 38; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 444; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 682.—Ic.: Dahlst. Beitr. (op. c.) t. V, fig. 2. Perennial. Stem 25-85 cm high,1.0-3.5 mm in diameter, reddish- violet at base, glabrous or with occasional hairs, eglandular. Basal leaves 2-8, ovate to lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to long petiole, 855 339 usually with broad, short teeth (4-5), toward base of lamina teeth coarser and sharper, sometimes with free teeth on petiole, to 16 cm long (5:1) (quite rarely deeply lobed-incised—f. syrveense Juxip), olive- green, often violet or red beneath, with sparse hairs 1 mm long above, with scattered hairs 1.2 mm long beneath, moderate pubescence along margin with hairs 1 mm long, dense hairs along midrib 1.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately pubescent; cauline leaves 2(1-4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), bottom leaf large, lanceolate, petiolate, resembling inner basal leaf, acuminate, upper leaf (leaves) smaller, sessile, entire. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 2—11 ca- pitula; peduncles without simple hairs and glands, tomentose. Involu- cres (9—)10—11(—12) mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, abruptly acuminate at tip, with sparse to scattered, 24(10—45), hairs 1 mm long, with occasional (to sparse), 6(1—20), glands 0.2—0.3 mm long, along margin more or less stellate-hairy. Stigmas greenish, dark on drying. Flowering June to July. Forested slopes of moraines, meadows overgrown with forest and scrub, mossy coniferous forests, burn clearings.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part), Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). En- demic? Described from Saaremaa (Oesel) Island. Type in Stockholm; cotype in Riga. Note. In habit it resembles H. vulgatum, differing from it by having a dichotomous inflorescence, small glands on the involucral bracts, and broader leaves. Dahlstedt’s statement in the original diagnosis, “squamis... eglandulosis,” needs correction in the sense that on all the original specimens glands were observed on the involucral bracts (even if only here and there). 406. H. steinbergianum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, XIX (1959) 518. Perennial. Stem 40-70 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, glabrous or with occasional hairs at base, eglandular. Basal leaves 4-10, rosulate, outer round to elliptical, small, abruptly attenuated to short petiole, very short-acuminate, inner ovate to lanceolate, abruptly or cuneately narrowed to long, winged petiole, short- to long-acuminate, to 16 cm long (4.5:1), with many (8-15) acute teeth along whole margin, with alternating large and small, triangular, lanceolate, falcate, broad and narrow teeth, with free teeth on petiole, grass-green, violet beneath, more or less glabrous above, to moderately pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 0.7-1.5 mm long, densely so along midrib beneath with hairs 2 mm long, as as whole moderately pubes- cent; cauline leaves (1—)2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, 354 340 short-petiolate to sessile, sharply and deeply serrate with fine teeth, acute. Inflorescence paniculate-corymbose, with 5-21 capitula; pe- duncles with occasional (to sparse) hairs, (almost) eglandular, weakly tomentose. Involucres 10.5—12.0 mm long; involucral bracts linear, acute, sparse to scattered, 25(11-37), hairs 1 mm long, with occasional, 10(— 16), glands 0.2 mm long, with scattered to dense stellate hairs. Stigmas dark (brownish). Flowering June to July. Sunny calcareous-stony slopes.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Described from vicinity of Rapla. Type in Tartu. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. osiliae Dahlst. by many-toothed leaves and dark stigmas. 407. H. galbanum Dahlst. ex Anders. in Bot. Not. (1890) 92; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III, 20; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 719; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 440; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif. 31; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 621; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 679; Samuelsson Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 92.—H. atrum Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 36.—Ic.: Dahlst. Beitr. (1. c.) t. IV, fig. 2.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. I, No. 70, 71; Herb, Hier. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 10-19, V, No. 53a, b, IX, Nos. 54, 55, X, Nos. 31, 32, XVII, No. 77; Norrl, Hier. exs. fasc. VIII, Nos. 51-57; Lindb. f. pl. Finl. exs. No. 1736. Perennial. Stem 30-75 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, glabrous or with occasional (rarely to sparse) hairs 1.5 mm long, eglandular below. Basal leaves 2—8, outer small, round to ovate or elliptical, obtuse, inner longer (to 23 cm long), broadly ovate to elliptical or lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to quite long petiole, short-acuminate (4.5:1), with few (3-6) remote, forwardly spreading or directed, acute, unequal teeth, at base of lamina teeth often coarser and longer, leaves light (yellowish), grass-green, often violet beneath, glabrous or with occasional (toward margin) hairs above, with sparse hairs 1 mm long beneath, sparsely to moderately pubescent along margin, hairs 1 mm long, along midrib beneath hairs to dense, 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole to scattered- pubescent (outer leaves of rosette usually more densely pubescent after winter); cauline leaves (O—)1—2(-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), resembling inner basal leaves, bottom leaf often large, upper small, pubescence to barely sparse, acuminate. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 2-14 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, eglandular or with occasional small glands, with more or less scattered stellate hairs. Involucres (9Q—)10—-13 mm long, ovate, later truncate; involucral bracts broad, blackish-green, often with light-col- ored border, of three forms: outer bracts short, quite obtuse, middle— longer, subobtuse, inner—long, acute, with sparse, 22(10—40), hairs 355 341 1 mm long (with dark base and short, light-colored cusp), with occa- sional, short glands 0.2-0.3 mm long or sometimes without them alto- gether, 6(0—17), more or less without stellate hairs or with scattered hairs along margin, with apical tuft. Stigmas dark (in our plants). Flow- ering June to July. (Plate X, Fig. 1.) Open forests on alvars, on glints, forested moraines, slopes, always on calcareous soils.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (south- ern part), Ladoga-Ilmen (northern part), Baltic Region (Estonian SSR, western part), Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note. The specimens collected from the Estonian SSR were treated by Dahlstedt as a separate species—H. atrum Dahlst. However, in view of the fact that the difference between the above-named and the Swedish (typical) plants is very slight (darker hairs on the involucral bracts) and, according to the statement of Dahlstedt himself, similar plants are also found in the locus classicus, we did not consider it necessary to treat them separately. Also, on our plants, one can often observe the phenomenon reported by Dahlstedt: deforming swellings in the inflorescence coming from insect bites or pricks and oozing gum resin; a condition that became the basis for the name of the species (galbanum—gum resin). 408. H. caesium Fr. Novit. Fl. Suec. ed. 1 (1819) 76, pro H. vulgati var. §, p. p.; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III (1894) 10; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 34; Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280, 437; Joh. and Sam. Dalarn. Hier. Vulgatif, 14; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 620; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 77.—H. eucaesium Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 676.—H. bifidum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 93 p. p.—H. bifidum (Fr.) Lbg. in Blytt Norg. Fl. II (1874) 657 and in Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl. ed. 11 (1879) 45; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 720.—H. plumbeum Fr. Symb. (1848) 111 p. p.— H. plumbeum var. bifidum Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. I (1888) 102.— H. caesiiforme Brenn. Finnl.. Hier. form, fasc. IV (1895) 13.—H. danicum Arv.-Touv. Herb. Boiss. (1847) 731, non Dahlst.—Exs.: Fries, Herb. norm. fasc. XII, No. 21, pro H. plumbeo; Hier. Europe. Nos. 86, 86b; Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. II, Nos. 48, 49; Herb. Heir. Scand. cent. II, Nos. 5-8, III, No. 91, IV, Nos. 10-12, XIII, No. 62; XXI, No. 6; Norrl. Hier. exs. No. 125; GRF No. 775a; Baenitz, No. 2384. Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous or with occasional hairs 1-3 mm long at base, eglandular. Basal leaves 2-8, ovate, elliptical to lanceolate, narrowed to petiole, with remote, short teeth or at base with 1-3 larger teeth, short-acuminate to 16 cm long, broad (4:1), glaucous, bluish-gray-violet beneath, glabrous above 342 (sometimes with occasional short hairs), with occasional hairs 1 mm long beneath, with hairs to scattered, 1 mm long, along margin, to densely pubescent along midrib beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to scattered-pubescent (most often sparse, however); cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in lower half of stem, lan- ceolate, cuneately tapered to short petiole, with 1—2 teeth, acuminate, sparsely pubescent, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 2-12 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, eglandular or with occasional glands, tomentose. Involucres 10-13 mm long; all involucral bracts acute, inner subulate (particularly conspicuous before anthesis), sparsely, 24(14—38), pubescent with hairs 1 mm long, with occasional, 5(0-17), glands 0.2—0.5 mm long, with very scattered stellate hairs at base. Corollas light yellow. Stigmas yellow or somewhat dark. Flowering June to July (August). Calcareous rocks of glints, in open pine forests on alvars, sunny slopes and rocks, preferably (almost exclusively) on calcareous soil.— European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora (western part), Ladoga- - Ilmen (central part), Baltic Region (western part). General distribution: 356 Scandinavia, Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm? Uppsala? 409. H. ravusculum Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. III (1894) 15; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 35; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 438; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 677.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. No. 50; Herb. Hier. Scand. cent. II, No. 9. Perennial. Stem 25-55 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, almost glabrous and eglandular. Basal leaves 2-8, outer small, inner larger, to 13 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, broad (4:1), narrowed to petiole, short- acuminate, remotely denticulate (teeth somewhat larger toward base), glaucous, glabrous above (or with occasional hairs toward margin), with occasional hairs beneath and along margin, sparsely pubescent along midrib beneath, as a whole pubescence to scattered, cauline leaves 1—2(-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), oblong-lanceolate, very acuminate, with occasional teeth, sparsely pubescence, stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence dichotomously paniculate, with 3-10 capitula; peduncles with occasional, hairs 1 mm long or glabrous, eglandular or with occasional glands 0.3 mm long, tomentose. Involucres (9—)10—12 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, very acute, with sparse, 21(15—25), hairs 1 mm long and occasional, 3(1—6), glands 0.3—-0.4 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Dry forests, stony cliffs, on calcareous soil.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region (western part). General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 35 i/ 343 Note. It is distinguished from the very closely related, H. caesium Fr. by having dense stellate hairs on the involucral bracts. Subsection 7. Bifida Juxip.—Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1921) 406 ut sp. coll.; Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, II, 362, 605 ut sp. coll.—Characters in key. Coefficient of leafiness 0.02(0.01—0.05(0.08)), i.e., cauline leaves O to 2(-4); basal leaves at anthesis 2 to 10, i.e., basal rosette usually well-developed; stem scapose, dichotomous; involucral bracts distinctly pubescent and with scattered small glands (in ratio of 90:10 to 40:60), or less often with marked number of glands (20:80); almost without pollen. Species of this subsection are found in Central and Northern Europe and have been identified as definite calciphilous plants. In the USSR, they are mainly found in the northwestern part of the European Territory of the Soviet Union, although some species have spread almost to the Urals Range. 1. Coefficient of leafiness more or less high (0.07), i.e, cauline leaves 2—4 (not typical of the subsection, representing a transition from subsection Bifida to section Prenanthoidea)..... PORE OAL OREO RES SERS 410. H. wimmeri Uechtr. + Coefficient of leafiness low (0.04—0.01)............c ese seecceeeeeeeeeeeneeees 2. 2. Number of glands on involucral bracts many times more than numberof hairst(attepO=13)s Ae a .. 3, + Number of glands and hairs on involucral bracts more or less equal or number of hairs many times more than number of Lede SHER cee Menace ias ee eed eee Sec sccealoceen dace Madhatr svarens aes 4. 3. Involucres short (8-9 mm long); involucral bracts densely stellate-hairy; peduncles very densely glandular; leaves densely pubescents we R Pas AES 411. H. triangulare Almqu. + Involucres large (10—)11—12 mm long; involucral bracts slightly stellate-hairy; peduncles sparsely glandular; leaves moder- ately pubescentyiis:.2 se A wsee: 412. H. submaculosum Dahlst. 4. Number of hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less Ua cA ee REI IND, LAR EE Lite ectvcveat es ease 3: + Number of hairs on involucral bracts many times more than number of glands (or latter almost entirely absent)............... 19. 5. Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts approximately SOTO ee aL eT sero ehh Athy, Biamennees Bie be ME ES os. shoasdaanes 6. + Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts approximately SOS OMe mequal) MIT. TIARA ARR Re eee ops 6. Peduncles with occasional glands; leaves dark green, without spots, moderately pubescent................... 414. H. prolixum Norrl. 344 O+ 0+ 11 (8). 16. Peduncles with large number (to scattered) of glands; leaves light glaucous, usually with blackish-violet spots, scattered- pubescent: i UO 8 ee ee 413. H. maculosum Dahlst. Hairs on involucral bracts sparse (12—36)...............ccseeeeeeeeeeees 8. Hairs on involucral bracts in large numbers (scattered) (ADS SRA OBE AL BE SAID, EY ab bola COI SS 7! Stigimas Vvellowisi:.2:8 shoe DRE Ee 0} Stigmas dark ::ils.ealoceds. BOR AE Bai Is Ee ne 1 Peduncles with many short hairs........ 417. H. virelliceps Norrl. Peduncles glabrous or with occasional hair.................::00s00 10. Basal leaves (even inner) more or less entire, oval, scatteredly pubescent; involucral bracts almost without stellate hairs....... Uede, Lie abe tao p at be oll me Stir 415. H. macrochlorellum Litw. and Zahn Basal leaves with coarse teeth, lanceolate, densely pubescent (although glabrous above); involucral bracts distinctly stellate- edged; plants of Baltic Region.......... 416. H. caesiiflorioides Juxip Involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hariy; plants of Urals........... ee el RS, BS Oe Saal he ed 424. H. petropaviovskanum Juxip Involucral bracts without stellate hairs (or with sparse hairs, predominantly jatybase) Ac: 8. .c.2tieaedils cmeease phertsaceteceese--s-2es- 12: Peduncles eglandular and glabrous or with occasional glands ANG WAITS, ....5.s-anct-t teh ac ea ces See ROE EOE chess Mena eat wee ce ao 13. Peduncles distinctly (scatteredly) glandular (and pilose); leaves very densely pubescent, although glabrous above; plants of Baltio Region s.4.et.aa. ele fe cheats 418. H. astibes Juxip Leaves more or less entire, densely pubescent on both sides; plants of Kola Peninsula.....................0006 419. H. riparium Juxip Beayes toothed sir: Shes lee A Bhs ee Ce ieee rceenteas 14. Leaves moderately pubescent; plants of Baltic Region......... 15. Leaves scatteredly to sparsely pubescent.................:cccccesseee 16. Base of lamina gradually narrowed to petiole; inflorescence umbellate-paniculate; peduncles with occasional hairs and PLANES Hater ee ee Oe Re clasaccenonenane 420. H. intercessum Juxip Base of lamina truncate; inflorescence dichotomously panicu- late; peduncles completely glabrous and eglandular........... eos ASNT ALOER TN, ACh ete TUR CELSO. ives anaadies 421. H. vagae Juxip Basal leaves abruptly or gradually, cuneately narrowed to winged petiole, scattered-pubescent; ligules (inner) of florets ciliolate; stigmas dull green, later turning dark......................045 SEE RD NOR cde Sa A 422. H. pendulum Dahlst. Basal leaves with sagittate or cordate base, sparsely pubes- cent (glabrous above); ligules eciliate; stigmas blackish............ syd OU ae 0 OTe secchucaceccecesot taubeneeeehes Meee 423. H. crispans Norrl. 17 (7). 19 (4). 23: 24. 25 (20). + 26. + 345 Stigmas yellow; involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hairy; leaves very densely pubescent; peduncles very distinctly (moder- ately) glandular; involucres 8-10 mm long; plants of Carpathian Mountainseettre. terme. On ea: 425. H. cardiobasis Zahn Stigmas dark; involucral bracts very sparsely stellate-hairy.....18. Leaves with cordate or truncate base, moderately pubescent; peduncles with occasional glands; involucres 11-12 mm longda!diiaoaniie. jen. anandenhate 427. H. multifrons Brenn. Leaves with base narrowed to petiole, densely pubescent; peduncles with scattered glands; involucres 10 mm long........ setae, Le ee. ier sa ce ears 426. H. pahnschii Juxip Hairs on invoucral bracts sparse (12—36)...............ceceeeeeeesseeees 20. Hairs on involucral bracts scattered (40—~); plants of Baltic FRE Biomvllssye HN, eae. IE, Ne aerate ra ee lo ee, 30 Stigmias iV lloyds .20 fy ee SE chs 21. SUD TTTAS TELAT KAS ME Sea ele cerca cece MER occeesens 25: Leaves very sparsely pubescent (almost glabrous)............... 22. Leaves scatteredly to moderately pubescent................ceeeeeeeeee 23: Cauline leaves 2—3 (not typical for Bifida); leaves more or less abruptly narrowed to petiole, all broad (3.6:1); peduncles glabrous and eglandular; plants of Baltic Region.................ce Pee HRS REI LL A ON A 428. H. oiense Dahlst. Cauline leaves 0-1, narrower than in previous species (5:1); peduncles with sparse hairs and occasional glands; plants of KolaPeninsulanes). 2 ee ae 429. H. kabanovii Juxip Leaves narrowed more or less gradually to long petiole, pu- bescence to moderate; plants of Baltic Region................eeceeeeee Eos a ee i oe 430. H. cercidotelmatodes Juxip Leaves with obtuse, cordate, or truncate base or (inner basal leaves) iabrupthyimarrowedito petioles. Aieeee..e. cece 24. Leaves grassy-yellow-green, moderately pubescent; stigmas yellow (or green to dark;) involucral bracts more or less ob- tuse; plants of Baltic Region.......... 431. H. caesiiflorum Almqu. Leaves light glaucous, scattered-pubescent; involucral bracts acute (inner bracts subulate); plants of the North....................cee Bee a had ERE, Coed oh ease oe. NR SIE 432. H. stenolepis Lindeb. Involucral bracts without stellate hairs or weakly hairy........ 26. Involucral bracts distinctly stellate-hairy...............c se eeeeeeeeeee 28. Peduncles glabrous and eglandular; leaves to densely pubes- cent; plants of Baltic Region.................... 433. H. eichvaldii Juxip Peduncles pubescent and glandular; pubescence of leaves mOoOderatelonscatiered sii ne eC AL et helt 27 360 346 28. 29: 30 (19). Peduncles with occasional hairs; of pubescence leaves moderately (sparsely above); involucres 12 mm long; plants of Uiralsateretics cspiceal cree. oR et 434. H. konshakovskianum Juxip Peduncles with sparse to scattered pubescence; pubescence of leaves scattered (glabrous above); involucres 10.0-11.5 mm long; plants of Kola Peninsula.................. 435. H. aurorinii Juxip Weavesispansely. pubeSCeMmt-c e225: cuise. Procera. Flowering June to July. Montane forests.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Mashhad. Type in Tbilisi. Note. Apparently, H. alexandrii Kem.-Nat. (Fl. Gruzii, VIII, 757; Zam. po Sist. i. Geogr. r. Tbil. Bot. Inst. 17, 131) (=H. incanum M.B. ssp. giganteum Grossh. in Grossh. and Schischk. Pl. Orient. exs. (1924), No. 100) should also be included here. 456. H. karpinskyanum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 493; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1375. 401 386 Perennial. Stem 45—70 cm high, 3-5 mm in diameter, at base mod- erately covered with short hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, decreasing upward, and at top quite sparse, sparsely glandular above, grayish from stellate hairs. Basal leaves mostly persisting at anthesis, 6—8, lanceolate to linear, all sessile with broad base and acute, grayish-green, densely pubescent on both sides (with bristles 1 mm long above, softer hairs beneath), on both sides moderately stellate (grayish)-pubescent, eglandular; cauline leaves 4—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), upper with occasional glands. Inflorescence openly umbellate with 25—45 capitula, acladium 10-22 mm long; peduncles without simple hairs, with occasional glands, white-tomentose; floral bracts dark gray. Involucres 7-8 mm long, cylindrical, later ovate; involucral bracts very narrow, very acute, dark gray, glabrous, to moderately glandular, grayish from stellate hairs. Flowering June to July. Dry slopes.—European Part: Volga-Don Region. Endemic? Described from former Sviyaga District of former Kazan Province. Type in Munich. 457. H. farinoderemum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 181; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1374. Perennial. Stem to 110 cm high, with scattered short (0.5 mm long) hairs, with sparse glands and scattered stellate hairs. Basal leaves absent or few (1-2), oblong-lobed, obtuse; cauline leaves to 12 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.11), lower long (to 18 cm long), lanceolate, with long-attenuate base, subacute (9:1), middle leaves widely spaced, with tapered base, upper (narrow) leaves with uniformly broad base, gray- ish-green, with sparse to scattered hairs 0.5 mm long, grayish from stellate hairs, sparsely glandular. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with up to 50 capitula, acladium 5-15 mm long; peduncles without simple hairs, with scattered glands, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 7— 8 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, with occasional short hairs, very densely glandular, glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, grayish-green from stellate hairs. In habit, it resembles H. cymigerum (Rchb.) N.P. Flowering June to July. Montane forest zone, at 1260 m.—Caucasus: Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type unknown. Cycle 2. Hamadania Juxip.—Subgrex H. hamadanense Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1375.—Involucral bracts hairy and glandular; leaves glandular. 458. H. akinfiewii Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 11 (1908) 13; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1375. 402 387 Perennial. Stem 60-70 cm high, 3—5 mm in diameter, only at base with bristles 1-3 mm long, above sparsely glandular and densely stel- late-hairy, decreasing downward. Basal leaves absent or 1-2, cauline leaves to 8(-11) (coefficient of leafiness to 0.15), crowded mostly in lower half of stem (upper 2—3 leaves quite widely spaced, narrow), very long, lanceolate, with broad sessile base, subacute, glaucescent, glabrous above or with occasional hairs, very sparsely hairy beneath, with scattered to sparse bristles 2-3 mm long along margin and midrib beneath, as a whole to densely pubescent, above and particularly beneath with sparse tiny glands, quite densely stellate-hairy on both sides. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate bearing to 25 capitula, acladium (7)12—15 mm long, penduncles with sparse bristles and glands, grayish-tomentose; floral bracts glandular and with occasional bristles. Involucres (7—)8—9 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute to acute, dark gray with light-colored border, with scattered bristles 1-2(-3) mm long and scattered glands, densely stellate-hairy. Corollas light yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering July. European Part: Upper Dnieper(?); Caucasus: Eastern and South- ern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described fro Bakuriani. Type unknown. Cycle 3. Kozlowskyana Juxip.—H. kozlowskyanum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 3.—H. verruculatum-pilosella Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1386.—H. setigerum grex and ssp. adenocephalum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 499, 500; nec Sch. Bip.; nec Britton.— H. incanum—Pilosella N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. 1. c.—Involucral bracts and peduncles hairy and glandular; leaves eglandular. 459. H. kozlowskyanum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada 29 (1913) 3: Pflzr. IV, 280, 1386; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 277. Perennial. Stem 30-45 cm high, at base quite densely covered with bristles 3-5 mm long, with scattered ones above, with scattered or sparse glands at top reaching down to middle of stem, densely stellate- hairy. Basal leaves few (3), long, lanceolate, moderately setose on both sides, moderately stellate-hairy above but more densely beneath, hence leaves grayish-green; cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), widely spaced, on both sides densely stellate-hairy, eglandular. Inflo- rescence openly paniculate, with 10-15(—20) capitula; acladium 30 mm long; peduncles with scattered bristles 3 mm long, moderately short- glandular, grayish-tomentose. Involucres 8 mm long, subglobose; in- volucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, black, with green border, to- ward tip, more or less covered with scattered white hairs 1.5-2.0 mm long having thick, dark base, and with scattered short glands, densely stellate-hairy. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Upper montane forest zone.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani. Type unknown. 403 388 Subsection 2. Caucasica Juxip.—H. caucasicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 490; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1370; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 260 (nota); Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 277.—Characters in key to subsections of section Echinina. In habit resembling healthy specimens of Echioidea, it is distin- guished by leaves with semiamplexicaul or broad, rounded base, inflo- rescence densely umbellate (less often openly paniculate) setose hairs on plants more or less widely spaced from each other, corollas and stigmas yellow, and regeneration by sessile rosettes or underground buds. The subsection has a very limited distribution: Caucasus and Armenian-Iran highland. 1. Inflorescence almost umbellate, more or less dense, with very short (2-6 mm long) acladium; involucral bracts and peduncles eglandular; cauline leaves more or less amplexicaul, widely Spacedsurcha snes the Me BORE Bae Nous ey SSE a ee De + Inflorescence very openly paniculate; acladium long (30 mm long); involucral bracts and peduncles with occasional glands; cauline leaves somewhat tapered toward base, crowded mostly in lower half of stem; coefficient of leafiness 0.20; involucres 9 MUMAPLOM GAs: hate he I? 462. H. schelkownikowii Zahn 2. Coefficient of leafiness 0.20; peduncles glabrous; floral bracts Whitishs J 2c) BO eae ee GR, eRe 460. H. caucasicum N.P. + Coefficient of leafiness 0.12; peduncles with occasional to moderatejhairs; floralibractsygrayicst sO... edict hace seacccaeans saeetae = es AEE, LE aD AN 461. H. hohenackeri (Sch. Bip.) N.P. Cycle 1. Caucasica.—H. caucasicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 490; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1370.—inflorescence more or less umbellate, with very short (2-6 mm long) acladium. 460. H. caucasicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 490; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1370. Perennial. Stem 40-70 cm high, 1.0—1.5(3.0) mm in diameter, very densely setose at base with bristles 3-6 mm long, decreasing upward, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis (or 1-2); cauline leaves 9(8—13) (coefficient of leafiness 0.20) oblong-ovate, subacute, lower somewhat attenuated to petiolate base, middle and upper leaves semiamplexicaul, sessile (5:1), on both sides moderately pubescent with thin bristles 3—4(-6) mm long above and soft hairs beneath, without or with sparse stellate hairs above, mod- erately pubescent beneath. Inflorescence densely paniculate, with 10 capitula; acladium very short, 2-3 mm long; peduncles glabrous and 404 389 eglandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts whitish. Involucres 6.5 mm long, ovate, involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark gray, scarcely bordered, with sparse, 30(18—44), hairs 2-3 mm long, eglandular, gray- ish from stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry slopes, in middle montane zone, at 600-1000 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans- Asia Minor (eastern part), Armenian-Kurdistan Region. Endemic. Described from Caucasus. Type in Munich. 461. H. hohenackeri (Sch. Bip.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 491; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1370.—H. setigerum Hohen. exs. in sched. (1843) p. p.—H. sabinum Boiss. FI. or. III (1875) 863, suppl. (1888) 327 p. p., nec Seb. Maur.—Exs.: GRF No. 2066. Perennial. Stem 35-65 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, at base with very dense light-colored hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long, gradually decreasing upward, with occasional hair, above eglandular, densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis; cauline leaves (4—)6-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14—0.20), lower leaves somewhat petiolate, middle and upper semiamplexicaul (4.6:1), very densely setose above, bristles 2.5-3.5 mm long, with scattered pubescence beneath, sparsely stellate-hairy above but moderately beneath. Inflorescence more or less corymbose-umbellate, dense, with 10-15 capitula; acladium short, 3—6 mm long; peduncles with occasional to moderate hairs, eglandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres (6.5—)7.5—8.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark gray, with light-col- ored border, with moderate, 40(30-55), hairs 1.5(—4.0) mm long, eglandular (sometimes with occasional glands at tip), gray from pubescence. Stig- mas yellowish-brown. Flowering June to July. Dry slopes and scrubs, in middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia, Talysh. Endemic. Described from Beshtau Mountain. Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. sommieri Peter (in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 1898, 16; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1370), described from Eastern Transcaucasia (Tbilisi), should also be referred to this species; it is distinguished by its diffuse inflorescence. Cycle 2. Schelkownikowia Juxip.—H. schelkownikowii Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21 (1912) 6; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1386.—H. caucasicum > pilosella Zahn l. c. In habit it resembles H. rothianum Wallr. or H. macrotrichum Boiss. Inflorescence very openly paniculate with long (30 mm long) acladium. 405 390 462. H. schelkownikowii Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21 (1912) 6; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1386; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV. 277. Perennial. Stem to 45 cm tall, thickish, 3 mm in diameter, flexuous, densely setose at base with long (4-10 mm) bristles, with moderate dark bristles 3-4 mm long upward, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy throughout. Basal leaves (-4) mostly withering before anthesis (lan- ceolate, subobtuse); cauline leaves to 8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.20), lanceolate, long-attenuate to base, mostly in lower half of stem, gradu- ally reduced upward, on both sides with scattered to moderate bristles 4—6 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy above but moderately beneath. Inflorescence very openly paniculate, with 12—18 capitula; acladium usually long (to 30 mm); peduncles densely setose with dark bristles 3-5 mm long, sometimes with occasional glands below capitula, gray- ish from stellate hairs. Involucres 9.0-9.5 mm long, subglobose; in- volucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, inner with light-colored border, with scattered 47(40—52), hairs to 4 mm long and occasional, 9(6—12), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate hairy. Corollas yellow, teeth of ray florets sometimes slightly reddish. Stigmas yellow. Flow- ering July to August. High mountain meadows, at 2400 m.—Caucasus: Talysh. Endemic. Described from Lenkoran District. Type in Tbilisi? Note. In Flora Gruzii (VIII, 1952), H. schelkownikowii was erro- neously identified with H. persicum, Boiss., which is a synonym of H. procerum Fr. Subsection 3. Procera Juxip.—H. procerum Fr. Symb. (1848) 43; Epicr. 41; Boiss. Fl. or. II, 864; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 487; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1371; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 1, 261 (nota); Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 276.—H. persicum Boiss. Diagn. II (1854) 60.— Pilosella procera Sz. Sz. in Flora, XIV (1862) 431.—Characters in key to subsections of section Echinina. Species of subsection Procera are distinguished from those of subsection Echioidea by a more robust habit, an angular-sulcate stem with spreading bristles, cauline leaves with a narrow or uniformly broad base, a spreading-paniculate inflorescence, glands on the in- volucral bracts (sometimes even on the peduncles) and by inflores- cence branches longer than the acladium. However, although identifi- cation of typical specimens is not very difficult, in the case of forms transitional to Echioidea or small specimens of Procera, it is difficult sometimes to distinguish them from some Echioidea (for example, H. echioides Lumn. var. patentipilum N.P.). We also are inclined to refer to this variety some specimens of Procera cited by Zahn (in Fedtsch. and Flerow. Evrop. Ross. 1085) for southern Russia (Astrakhan, 391 Kharkov, Starobelsk). It is also possible that the Crimean specimens should be referred to H. procereiforme N.P. Completely authentic specimens of H. procerum N.P. have come from the Caucasus and Soviet Central Asia. + P+ Y 4+ 406 6(3). i): Involucral bracts densely pubescent (hairs mostly concealing bracts); leaves also densely pubescent; coefficient of leafiness (yi EOP), See ete eecaese eee one ntnaS ee Gr seer wnt.- tp hocnnod beaccseoNccaaec Dy Involucral bracts with scattered to sparse hairs, sparsely glan- dular; peduncles with sparse glands; occasional glands present even at top of stem; pubescence of leaves barely to scattered; coefficient of leafiness 0.13................ 468. H. woronowianum Zahn Glands on involucral bracts absent or sometimes only occa- SioMall at tips i Ol WNAC tS sees es she scan ssc see seca cc arcane caer ar reece 3: Glands on involucral bracts scattered to sparse...............:eeeee , Involucral bracts entirely eglandular................:::ccceeeesesceeeeeeeeeees 4. Involucral bracts with occasional galnds at tip........... es ae 6. Peduncles more or less moderately to densely pubescent....... 5 Peduncles with scattered to sparse hairs; involucres (7.5)9—10 mm long; involucral bracts acute, narrow, floral bracts gray, acladium short (2—4 mm lomng)................:.:ssecscsessesccsesnceecesnccreerneeees I Me 2 nae Whom Sec a Sten esis cies Seka 464. H. procerum (Fr.) N.P. Peduncles moderately pubescent; involucres (8—)10.0-10.5 mm long; involucral bracts very acute, very narrow, floral bracts whitish; acladium medium (8-15 mm long); stem and leaves very densely setose with long bristles......463. H. macrochaetium N.P. Peduncles densely pubescent; involucres 10-12 mm long; in- volucral bracts subobtuse, broad; floral bracts greenish, large; acladium long, 20-45 mm long.................-+ 465. H. balansae Boiss. Peduncles densely setose; involucral bracts subobtuse, broad; floral bracts large, greenish; acladium long, 20-45 mm.................... WM hd Ac, WEEE oaths Mie sneck os Ate Roc sh oest cameramen: 465. H. balansae Boiss. Peduncles with scattered to sparse pubescence; involucral bracts acute, narrow; floral bracts gray; acladium short (2-4) mm LOND) 25 Ae ss sais, ess ce ee 464. H. procerum (Fr.) N.P. Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles sparse to occa- sional; acladium moderately pubescent; second-order peduncles sparsely to very sparsely pubescent; stem in upper part more or less glabrous; floral bracts large, light-colored..................005 wile sR dona ce es isn ann ns see 466. H. phrygium Zahn Glands on involucral bracts to scattered; peduncles eglandular, glabrous; floral bracts gray............::esssseeee 467. H. buhsei N.P. 392 Plate XXIII. 1—H. schischkinii Juxip; 2—H. submarginellum Zahn. 407 409 393 Cycle 1. Procera Juxip.—H. procerum (Fr.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 487; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1371.—H. macrotrichum N.P. 1. c. (1885) 478; Zahn 1. c. 1378.—All parts of plants densely covered with more or less long to very long (up to 16 mm) setose hairs, on involucres, for example, often concealing involucral bracts; glands mostly absent or occasional on involucral bracts; coefficient of leafiness 0.22-0.16. 463. H. macrochaetium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 489; Zahn in Pilz 1V280) 1372: Perennial. Stem 55—85 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, densely setose at base with widely spaced bristles, 4-10 mm long (very dense above), eglandular, densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves absent; cauline leaves 12-18 (coefficient of leafiness 0.21), narrowly lanceolate to linear, acute, yellowish-green, on both sides densely fine-setose, bristles 4-6 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy above, densely beneath. Inflorescence very openly paniculate, at top umbellate, with up to 25 capitula; acladium 8-15 mm long; peduncles moderately pubescent, eglandular, white- tomentose; floral bracts whitish. Involucres (8—)10.0—-10.5 mm long, ovate, fleshy; involucral bracts very narrow and acute, with dense, 60(40-70), light-colored, soft hairs 3-8 mm long, eglandular, white- tomentose. Flowering June to July. Dry slopes.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia (Novorossiisk); Central Asia: Aralo-Caspian Region. General distribution: Balkans- Asia Minor (eastern part). Described from Asia Minor. Type in Munich. Note. Undoubtedly, H. euxinum B. Fedtsch. and Nevski (FI. i Sist. 1, 210; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 276), described from the vicinity of Novorossiisk, should be referred to this species; it is distinguished from H. macrochaetium N.P. essentially only by longer pubescence, reaching 16 mm on the stem and leaves. Type in Leningrad. 464. H. procerum (Fr.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 488; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1371.—H. persicum Boiss. Diagn. pl. or. I, 11 (1842-1854) 60.—Exs.: GRF No. 1332; Pl. Caucas. No. 197; Herb. Fl. cauc. No. 400. Perennial. Stem 40-70(—100) cm high, 3-6 mm in diameter, densely setose at base with horizontally directed bristles 4-6 mm long, decreas- ing upward or quite dense at top, 2-4 mm long (var. normale N.P.), or with quite dense bristles 3-4 mm long below and thinning upward and almost absent at top (var. calvatum N.P.), eglandular, densely stellate- hairy. Basal leaves absent; cauline leaves (8—)12—14(—20) (coefficient of leafiness 0.22), oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, to 16 cm long (5:1), lower and middle leaves attenuate to sessile base, upper narrowly lanceolate, all leaves yellowish-green, densely setose on both sides 410 394 with bristles 3-5 mm long (particularly conspicuous beneath along midrib), stellate hairs very sparse above, to scattered beneath. Inflo- rescence very openly paniculate and somewhat umbellate at top, with 15-50 capitula; acladium short, 2-4 mm long; peduncles with sparse simple hairs, eglandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involu- cres (7—)9-10 mm long, cylindrical to subglobose, fleshy; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with scattered, 20(13-30), light-colored hairs (0.5— )2(-3) mm long, eglandular or with occasional, 5(0-7), glands on some bracts, densely stellate-hairy. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXV, Fig. 1.) Dry montane herb slopes and scrubs, in middle montane zone, to 2400 m.—European Part: Middle Dnieper (?), Trans- Volga Region (?), Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, Eastern and Southern Trans- caucasia, Talysh; Western Siberia: Altai; Eastern Siberia: Dauria; Soviet Central Asia: Mountainous Turkmenia, Syr-Darya, Pamiro-Alai. Described from Iran (Elburz [Mountains]). Type in Geneva (?). 465. H. balansae Boiss. Diagn. pl. or. II, 6 (1859) 119; FI. or. III, 865; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 499 (sub H. setigero); Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1378; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 265; Grossh. Fl. kavk. IV, 277 (sub H. macrotricho); nec Freyn (1892).—H. scabricaule Bischoff, Del. sem. hort. Heidelb. (1847) ex Walp. Ann. I (1848) 465 and ex Fr. Epicr. (1862) 40; Kotschy, Iter. cil.-kurd. No. 328.—H. radula Fr. Epicr. 1. c-—Pilosella radula Sz. Sz. in Flora, XIV (1862) 431.—H. procerum- Pilosella N.P. 1. c. Perennial. Stem 35-80 cm high, thick, with very dense, spreading, somewhat antrorse upward, brownish, bristles 6-10 mm long, eglandular, grayish from stellate hairs. Basal leaves at anthesis mostly absent; cauline leaves 4-16 (coefficient of leafiness 0.17), lower more or less crowded, large, to 20 cm long (5—10:1), oblong, obtuse or all (or upper 4—8) more or less acute, glaucescent, abruptly or more or less gradually reduced, densely pubescent above with coarse bristles 5-8 mm long, beneath with finer bristles 3-4 mm long, without or with sparse stellate hairs above, more or less densely tomentose beneath. Inflorescence very openly paniculate, with (5—)10-22 capitula, some mostly undevel- oped, acladium 20-45 mm long; peduncles densely setose, eglandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts large, greenish. Involucres (9.5—)10—12 mm long, ovate, later subglobose, very fleshy; involucral bracts broad, subobtuse, with dense (40-70) bristles 3-4 mm long concealing bracts, eglandular (sometimes with occasional glands at tips), gray from hairs. Corollas light-yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering May to July. 411 395 Dry slopes.—Caucasus: Southern Transcaucasia, Talysh. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Endemic. Described from Asia Minor. Type in Munich. Note. A form with smaller involucres (7-10 mm long), light green leaves, and more slender peduncles (f. minoriceps Zahn) is found in Asia Minor, which may also be found in our country. 466. H. phrygium Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280 (1923) 1371.—4H. setigerum Kotschy, Iter. cil.-kurd. (1859) No. 502, non al.—dH. kotschyanum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 488, non Heuff.—Exs.: Bornmiiller, Pl. Turkest. No. 90. Perennial. Stem 70—90 cm high, 3—5 mm in diameter, very densely covered at base with light-colored, spreading bristles 3-4(—6) mm long, decreasing upward and very sparse at top, eglandular, moderately stellate-hairy. Basal leaves withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 10-15 (coefficient of leafiness 0.16), lower leaves quite large, oblong, gradually attenuate toward base, obtuse, gradually becoming smaller, middle and upper sessile, with broad but not amplexicaul base, acute, transitional to large floral bracts, yellowish-green, on both sides to very densely setose, bristles stiff, 3-4 mm long, bristles somewhat softer above than below, stellate hairs almost absent or sparse above, moderate beneath. Inflorescence very openly paniculate, with 50-70 capitula; acladium 6—17 mm long; peduncles variously pubescent; on acladium moderately so with light-colored hairs 1 mm long, with much less pubescence on second-order peduncles (with sparse to occa- sional hairs), glands below peduncles very sparse, decreasing down- ward, peduncles white-tomentose; floral bracts large, light-colored. Involucres 8-10 mm long, cylindrical or subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, gray, with light-colored border, bracts of terminal capitula with very dense hairs 4-5 mm long, bracts of other capitula with scattered to moderate hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, soft, silky, sparse to occasional glands, gray from hairs. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Flowering May to June. Dry mountain slopes, at 1400-2100 m.—Soviet Central Asia: Pamiro-Alai Region. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (east- ern part), Armenia-Kurdistan, Iran. Described from Asia Minor. Type in Munich. Note. It is necessary to include var. pseudobuhsei Zahn (Pfizr. l. c.) here, which is found on the Gissar Range in our country (Bornmiiller, Pl. Turkest. No. 90b). 467. H. buhsei N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 489; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1372. 412 396 Perennial. Stem (15—)40-80 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, at base with moderately spreading bristles 3-6 mm long, decreasing upward, bristles sparse or absent at top, eglandular, with moderate to scattered stellate hairs. Basal leaves withering before anthesis or 1-2; cauline leaves (S—)12—15 (coefficient of leafiness 0.22), lanceolate, obtuse, lower leaves often approximate, quite large (to 20 cm long), others rather quickly becoming smaller or all leaves more or less evenly distributed along stem, lower tapered to base, middle sessile, with broad base, with dense fine bristles 2-4 mm long on both sides, moderately stellate-hairy above, densely so beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with (8—)15—40 capitula; acladium 6-10 mm long; peduncles without simple hairs, eglandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 8-9 mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, very densely pubescent with dark hairs 1-2 mm long, with scattered glands, gray from hairs. Corollas light-yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Mountain slopes, at 2400 m.—Caucasus: (districts not indicated). General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern part), Armenia- Kurdistan, Iran. Described from Iran. Type in Munich. Cycle 2. Woronowiana Juxip.—H. woronowianum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, II (1908) 13; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1373.—H. incanum-procerum Zehn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 1. c.—H. procerum-verruculatum Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c—Very much resembling Procera, being distinguished from it by the presence of glands (occasional to quite sparse on all parts) and shorter hairs; coefficient of leafiness 0.13. 468. H. woronowianum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 11 (1908) 13; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1373; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 276. Perennial. Stem 50-90 cm high, 3-5 mm in diameter, at base very densely setose with bristles 3—4 mm long, gradually thinning upward, with occasional glands, stellate-hairy throughout. Basal leaves 1-3, more or less fugacious or entirely absent; cauline leaves 7—12 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.14), mostly in lower half of stem, broadly lanceolate, quite large (16 cm long), long-attenuate to broad, sessile base, broadened toward top, then short-acuminate (6:1), gradually becoming smaller, sparsely short-pubescent on both sides, hairs 1.0— 2.5 mm long, moderately setose beneath along midrib, bristles 2-4 mm long, with occasional glands along margin and midrib, densely stellate- hairy on both sides. Inflorescence paniculate, umbellate at top, with 25-40 capitula; acladium 8-12 mm long; peduncles with sparse bristles 3 mm long, and sparse glands, tomentose. Involucres (7—)9-10 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, very acute, with scattered to 413 397 sparse hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long, sparsely glandular, densely stellate- hairy. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Forest edges and dry slopes, to middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia, Talysh. General distribution: Armenia- Kurdistan, Iran. Endemic. Described from Talysh. Type unknown. Subsection 4. Echioidea Juxip.—H. echioides Lumn. FI. Poson. I (1791) 348; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 481; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1366.— H. proceriforme N.P. 1. c. p. 482, 486; Zahn 1. c. 1369.—H. maschukense Litw. and Zahn in Pfizr. |. c. 1372.—H. sterrochaetium N.P. 1. c. p. 493; Zahn in Pfizr. 1. c. 1377.—H. rothianum Wallr. 1822, Sched. crit. 417; Zahn in Pfizr. 1. c. 1379.—H. bifurcum M.B. FI. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 251; Zahn in Pflzr, 1. c. 1381.—H. fallax Willd. Enum. Berol. (1809) 822; Zahn, |. c. 1387.—H. fuckelianum Touton and Zahn in Pflzr. |. c. p. 1389.—Hairs on stem (typically) antrorse and appressed; inflorescence mostly umbellate or at least at top umbellate, less often shallowly dichotomously paniculate. 1. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate, mostly with many ca- pitula, open or more or less compact; acladium 1—10% as long ASESLC TI een ences eerie cae etnscnacacanacassatecanesapeeeontanrceseaesees 2 + Inflorescence shallowly or deeply forked, with few (2-10) capitula; acladium 30—80% as long as SteM..............:.esee 17. 2. All leaves (except lowermost) glandular. Plants of Caucasus Baebes 8. Boe tee cecsesaceeasasoss 469. H. maschukense Litw. and Zahn + Leaves eglandular, only sometimes tips of upper cauline leaves with occasional glands (see Cycle Fallacin]d).............:.00 3: 3. Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles completely absent, SParse, OF OCCASIONAL.................scessssseccesecrersensecsesessssessseeseareres 4. + Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles moderate to dense Ee ee cient hoor Po recat ccc bch Rocce creck San PEE areas ace oA eee 16. 4. Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles completely USC INURE ee creer connate ccatpuscesssyesoncesrestececeepsescse-cncss 5): + Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles sparse or OCCASION Alaa a. ei eetsee eee eee e- cascees at ae coud SPREE Eagan en occeseee 2), 5. Involucral bracts to densely pubescent..............cesceeseensseeseeseeereees 6. + Involucral bracts with scattered pubescence...............::seeeeeees Ths 6. Leaves moderately stellate-hairy above but to very densely so beneath; cauline leaves 5—10; inflorescence with 5—15 capitula; acladium very short, 3-4 mm long......470. H. proceriforme N.P. +. Leaves with stellate hairs almost absent above, but dense beneath; cauline leaves 12-16; inflorescence with 20-66 capitula; acladium 15-35 mm long; involucral bracts quite Namowest:.cestioselanstest f2..2e 471. H. macrocymum N.P. 414 398 9 (4). 14 (10). 16 (3). Stellate hairs absent above on leaves (or occasional stellate hairs along midrib), very dense beneath; peduncles pubes- CONE MARIS BOL ETA IT, AYR ROSE ES EU VO ORS TE SS Sk 8. Stellate hairs more or less dense on both sides of leaves; peduncles slabrouss eee ese 474. H. asiaticum N.P. Acladium 25-50 mm long; coefficient of leafiness 0.13.................. SUM DATE ES AR EO I 472. H. freynii N.P. Acladium 10—20 mm long; coefficient of leafiness 0.20............... AE SE A aT nee AE RAG. 473. H. echioides Lumn. Leaves stellate-hairy on both sides; more or less sparse above, denseibenéathiia:. oie HOE ae eT ER) BS ee 10. Leaves without stellate hairs above, but moderately stellate- hairy ‘beneath. 0c: ee eM A ee LS Ee 15. Stem simiplense Ree fee a TR ROO ee 11. Stémibranched wg). HO ae en I aU ra ee 14. Basal leaves withering before anthesis. Plants of Soviet Central Asia............ 475. H. kumbelicum B. Fedtsch. and Nevski Basalvleavesipresentat anthesis#eon ens eect ee 12: Glands on peduncles absent. Plants of Caucasus................. dearsthuvioublana shalnsabavevsvbadvaeiaciclaemtunter 476. H. sachokianum Kem.-Nat. Glands on peduncles occasional to sparse...............ccccceeeeeees tS Leaves densely pubescent. Plants of Eastern Siberia.............. ed RAT OR ED BLL 477. H. sabinopsis Ganesch. and Zahn Leaves moderately pubescent................... 478. H. durisetum N.P. Cauline leaves 5—8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.12); peduncles and leaves sparsely pubescent (leaves almost glabrous above); acladium to 50 mm long (8% as long as stem). Plants of Wirral se PE eo AOS 479. H. permense Zahn Cauline leaves 2—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), peduncles moderately pubescent; leaves with scattered to moderate pubescence; acladium 6—16 mm long (2% as long as stem)....... Leh. Be a aE, AES 480. H. fallax (Willd.) N.P. Involucres 7.5—8.5 mm long; peduncles sparsely pubescent; acladium 6—16 mm long (3% as long as stem)...................ee000e cs eRe dada Rie en EL OM EM OR 481. H. albocinereum Rupr. Involucres 8-10 mm long; peduncles to moderately pubes- cent; acladium 20-50 mm long (7% as long as stem................. bE ERATE SE, BO 482. H. rothianum Zahn Involucres 6—7 mm long; capitula 10-35; acladium 5-22 mm long (3% as long as stem).............. 483. H. subfallaciforme Zahn Involucres 8—9 mm long; capitula 3-10; acladium to 40 mm long (10% as long as stem). Plants of Eastern Siberia................. PRES EY 484. H. tephrochlorellum Ganesch. and Zahn 415 276. 17s): 19. 20. Dl 22). Stolonsiabsentirr.0.f.-2.0!...deed. cee BR ge betes A. 18. Stolons,presents.est:fectts. fe. 8. .cemeis tek eek ee dae ae cates 19: Hairs on peduncles scattered; leaves narrow (9:1), pubescence scattered sblantsiofmWiestenn Sibeita.. sue. ceece.c-.stdedteas ced claaubeenoe ss sore Ce, ad) weed 09) danni hat 485. H. pineum Schischk. and Serg. Hairs on peduncles absent or occasional; leaves broader (5:1), pubescence sparse. Plants of Ladogo-IImen District................. eo Bo Lere ee Le. thease mien ene, SNL DSCREN ase 486. H. peczoryense Juxip Inflorescence strongly dichotomous; acladium 10-15 mm long (8% as long as stem). Involucres 8-9 mm long; involucral bracts moderately glandular. Cauline leaves 1. Plants of @aucasus7,.29200..20.. nisl ebee ee. eleeeere Bvorae 487. H. frickii Zahn Inflorescence more or less deeply forked; acladium 35-80% as lone gasystemne. 28: Semets eae ee ieee Seaeee ese nncenst 4. ceeeeeee nana eee 20. Acladium 35-55% as long as stem, i.e., 1/3-to 1/2 of stem ETS rye ston eons te Eee cee coe Pep cach Sens en coscH GARR HCa at ORCS: 2M Acladium about 80% as long as stem; involucres 8.0—-8.5 mm long; cauline leaves absent; peduncles moderately glandular; basal leaves sparsely pubescent; ligules with red teeth. Plants Of CaviCaSU Stevens Rh. We seib e Ada 3 Se eee cen 491. H. szovitsii N.P. Basal leaves moderately pubescent; hairs on involucral bracts moderately long, 2 mm, dark; floral bracts light-colored; Crimean-Caucasian endemic.....488. H. longipes C. Koch ex N.P. Basal leaves sparsely pubescent; hairs on involucral bracts and peduncles scattered or more or less absent.................... upd Involucral bracts with broad and light-colored border, with © light-colored, short hairs 0.5 mm IONg ..............:csssceeeeeeeereeeeeeees Involucral bracts more or less without border, with dark hairs, NES 101 1978 (0) 00 ROR aRer BAiY SePeRe ne ERcePr cso ance 5o5Gd 490. H. sterromastix N.P. Cycle 1. Maschukensia Juxip.—H. maschukense Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 182; Pflzr. [V, 280, 1372; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, H. echioides (vel caucasicum)-verrulatum, Zahn, |. c.— H. incanum-caucasicum Zahn, |. c.—Whole plant densely setose (bristles 1.0—3.5 mm long) and scattered-glandular throughout; phylo- genetic significance of this form is not entirely clear; large number of glands particularly on leaves (excluding lowermost leaves) indicates the involvement of H. incanum M.B. in its evolution. 469. H. maschukense Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 183; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1372; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 276. 416 400 Perennial. Stem 60-90 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, fleshy, sulcate, with hairs quite dense, 2-4 mm long at base, decreasing up- ward to scattered; with sparse glands above, in upper part to middle of stem to densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves withering before anthe- sis or 1-2, oblong-lanceolate, long-tapered to base (to 22 cm long); cauline leaves 7-14 (coefficient of leafiness 0.14), lower resembling basal leaves, other leaves gradually becoming smaller, more narrow, sessile, with broad base or most often somewhat amplexicaul, upper leaves linear, yellowish- or grayish-green, on both sides moderately hairy with hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs above, but densely stellate-hairy beneath, all leaves except lower ones sparsely glandular. Inflorescence openly umbellate or more or less paniculate, with 20-50 capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles with sparse to scattered hairs 1.0—-2.5 mm long and scattered to sparse glands, white tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7.5—8.0 mm long, cylindrical- ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with distinct green border, scattered to moderate pubescence with light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, scattered to sparse glands, stellate hairs scattered, dense at base. Corollas dark yellow. Flowering June to August. Dry places and scrubs to middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans- Asia-Minor (eastern part), Armenia-Kurdistan. Endemic. Described from Mashuk (in vicinity of Pyatigorsk). Type unknown. Note. Apparently, H. caucasiciforme Litw. and Zahn (Fedde, Repert. III, 183; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1373) should be referred here. It is distinguished by its shorter hairs, fewer stellate hairs and eglandular leaves and by its involucral bracts, peduncles, and stem having occasional to barely sparse glands in upper part. Cycle 2. Proceriformia Juxip.—dH. proceriforme N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 482, 486 pro ssp.; Zahn in Pflzr. I1V, 280, 1369; Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. (1910) 1085.—H. echioides-procerum Zahn.— In habit and most characters resembling H. echioides Lumn. but inflo- rescence compact corymbose-umbellate, with 5—15 capitula, its branches not longer than quite short acladium; numerous, quite long (4-10 tam long), antrorse hairs on stem. 470. H. proceriforme N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 487; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1370; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 263. Perennial. Stem 20—50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, whole stem covered with very dense, antrorse (spreading upward), bristles 4—10 mm long, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves withering 417 401 before anthesis; cauline leaves 8—14 (coefficient of leafiness 0.25), lower oblong, roundish-obtuse, mostly marcescent, others narrowly lanceolate, acute, yellowish-green, on both sides densely setose with stiff, bristles 3-5 mm long, to moderately stellate-hairy above, densely so (grayish) beneath. Inflorescence densely umbellate, with 5-15 capitula; acladium quite short, 3-4 mm long; peduncles with dense, hairs 1.5—-2.5 mm long, eglandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7-8 mm long; cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts quite narrow, somewhat acute, dark gray, with narrow, pale border, densely to moderately pubescent with hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy. Corollas light yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry mountain slopes.—European Part: Crimea. General distribu- tion: Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from Crimea. Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, we have to treat the Crimean plants of H. procerum Fr. as H. proceriforme N.P. as well as the plants from the southeastern European Territory of the Soviet Union, which were considered as H. procerum by S. Nevski (FI. Yugo-vost. Evrop. Ch. SSSR, VI, 480). H. malacotrichum N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 487; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1370), a species endemic to Crimea (Sudak, Koshka), closely approaches H. proceriforme, from which it is distinguished by softer bristles, gray- green leaves, longer (10 mm long) acladium, and larger capitula (involu- cres 8-9 mm long). Described from the vicinity of Sudak. Type in Munich. Cycle 3. Macrocyma Juxip.—Grex Macrocymum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 482; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1368, pro subgrex.—Inflorescence large-umbellate, with long, divergent branches, considerably longer than more or less long acladium (15—)20—40 mm long; plants tall, more or less densely pubescent; hairs antrorse (not appressed as in species of Echioidea). 471. H. macrocymum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 483; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1368; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 262.—Exs.: Fries, Hier. Europ. exs. No. 38 (sub Pilosella echioides Fr.). Perennial. Stem 50-75 cm high, 3-5 mm in diameter, with numerous light-colored, antrorse bristles 3-10 mm long at base, less numerous upward and more or less dark and widely spaced above, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 12—16 (coefficient of leafiness 0.23), narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, yellowish-gray-green, on both sides densely setose with thin bristles 3-6 mm long, almost without stellate hairs above 402 (only occasional stellate hairs along midrib), strongly downy beneath (to grayish). Inflorescence openly, large-umbellate, with 20-65 capitula; acladium 15-35 mm long; peduncles moderately hairy, eglandular, white- or gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7.5-8.0 mm long, ovate-subglobose; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, gray, without border, with dense, light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, eglandular, gray from hairs. Corollas yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry sandy places.—European Part: Lower Don Region (Sarepta); Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Pomerania (Germany). Type in Munich. 472. H. freynii N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 483; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1368; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 262.—Exs.: F. Schultz, Herb. norm. cent. III, No. 288 (sub H. echioides var. arenaria); GRF No. 2220 p. p. Perennial. Stem 50-90 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, to dense, light- colored hairs 3-5 mm long at base, strongly decreasing upward, with occasional hairs above or glabrous, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy in lower part, less dense upward. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 8-10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, subobtuse, grayish-green, to moderately setose with thin bristles 2-3 mm long or with numerous bristles 3-5 mm long (var. multipilum N.P.), stellate-hairy above only along midrib, with scattered to very dense hairs beneath. Inflorescence openly, large- umbellate, with 30-35 capitula; acladium 25-50 mm long; peduncles with scattered to sparse hairs below capitula, without simple hairs below, eglandular, white- or gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involu- cres 7-8 mm or 8-9 mm long (var. multipilum N.P.); involucral bracts narrow, subacute, blackish-gray, with narrow, light-colored border, with scattered, light-colored hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long or with moderate hairs 2.0—2.5 mm long (var. multipilum N.P.), eglandular or with occasional glands at tips of bracts, gray from pubescence. Corollas golden yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Sandy escarpments.—Central Asia: Aralo-Caspian Region (Ber-Chogur in Mugodzhary Mountains). General distribution: Cen- tral Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. Note. The plants issued in the GRF as No. 2220 (and collected in Mugodzhary Mountains) do not conform to the original diagnosis of the species and in fact are not at all distinguishable from H. echioides (Lumn.) N.P. Therefore, H. freynii N.P. should be considered (untill con- firmation) as an element of the flora of the USSR only with reservation. 418 419 403 Cycle 4. Echioidea Juxip.—H. echioides Lumn. Fl. Poson. | (1791) 348; M.B. FI. taur.-cauc. II, 253; Ldb. FI. alt. [V, 128; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 206; Ldb. FI. Ross. II, 849; Fr. Symb. 33; Epicr. 39; Boiss. FI. or. III, 864; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 482; sub grex Echioides: Schmalh. FI. II, 159; Fedch. and Flerov, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1085; Zahn, Hier. FI. Mosquens. 31; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1368; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 261; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 276; Nevski in Fl. Yugo-Vost. VI, 479; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3068.—Inflorescence small, umbellate, dense or only somewhat open, branches mostly as long as average length (8- 20 mm long) of acladium or only slightly longer. Plants more or less tall, more or less thick or slender, densely covered with antrorse, appressed hairs. 473. H. echioides Lumn. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 484; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 32; Pflzr. [V, 280, 1368; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 262, sub H. eu-echioides Zahn.—Ic.: Syreistsh. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 356.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 33, 126, 233, 255; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 216, 423, 424, 835; GRF Nos. 1267a, b, 1816, 1817, 2071a, b; 2216-2219. Perennial. Stem 15-100 cm high, 1.5—5.0 mm in diameter, flexuous, fleshy, at base to densely covered with antrorse ( in typical forms even appressed), stiff, light-colored bristles 2-5 mm long, decreasing up- ward and at top sparse, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis, but sometimes 1-3 leaves persisting, oblong, to 17 cm long (10:1); cauline leaves 5—13(—20) (coefficient of leafiness to 0.20), narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with short, triangular, acuminate tip (thus forming shoulder-like structure at tip), more or less evenly distributed (long internode between 6th and 7th leaves), gradually reduced, stiff, moderately setose on both sides with stiff bristles 2-5 mm long, stellate hairs almost absent above (occa- sional stellate hairs only along midrib) to more or less scattered or dense (beneath); leaves glaucescent, but appear gray-green from dense hairs. Inflorescence densely umbellate, later becoming more open, with 10-30 (rarely more) capitula; acladium 10-20 mm long; peduncles sparsely to scatteredly hairy, eglandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres (6—)7—8(—9) mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, whitish-gray, pubescence sparse to scat- tered, 26(20—40), light-colored hairs 1-3 mm long, eglandular (or at most with occasional glands at tips), whitish-tomentose (on old her- barium specimens involucres appear chestnut-colored). Corollas dark- yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering May to August. (Plate XXV, Fig. 1.) Dry grassy slopes, in mountains to middle montane zone, in feathergrass steppes, on sands, stony soil, in dry valley meadows, along edges of dry forests, beyond steppe zone almost exclusively in 404 thin pine forests and on sands along large rivers.—European Part: All regions (except Arctic, Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, and northern part of Baltic Region), Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, East- ern and Western Transcaucasia; Western Siberia: Upper Tobol, Irtysh, Altai, Angara-Sayans; Soviet Central Asia: Aralo-Caspian Region, Lake Balkhash Region, Amu-Darya, Tien Shan, Pamiro-Alai. General distri- bution: Central Europe (eastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia- Kurdistan, Iran, Dzhungaria-Kashgaria, Mongolia. Described from Poznan. Type in Munich. Note. Because of its wide distribution, this species is quite poly- morphic and is distinguished mainly by the nature of the pubescence: appressed or spreading, long or short hairs, and also by the number of cauline leaves, height of plants, and type of inflorescence. In cultivation it survives with difficulty and often dies in the second year; Naegeli and Peter (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 482) have already reported this feature. 474. H. asiaticum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 486; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1369.—Exs.: GRF No. 2070. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter, at base moderately covered with antrorse, light-colored bristles (0.5—)1—2 mm long, sharply decreasing upward and sparse at top, eglandular, to densely stellate-hairy. Basal leaves absent at anthesis; cauline leaves 9-10 (coefficient of leafiness to 0.20), linear, acute, with stipules, grayish-green, with scattered bristles 1.0-1.5 mm long above, sparse beneath, with scattered to dense stellate hairs on both sides. Inflores- cence very openly umbellate, with 12-30 capitula; acladium 10-12 mm long; peduncles without simple hairs and eglandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light gray. Involucres 6-7 mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with sparse (10-16) light-colored, short hairs to 1 mm long, eglandular, white-pubescent. Corollas light yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to August. Dry meadows to middle montane zone.—European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia; Western Siberia: Irtysh, Altai; Soviet Central Asia: Dzhungaria-Tarbagtai. Endemic. Described from Altai. Type in Munich. Note. Possibly, H. multifolium Peter (in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. G6tting. 2 (1893) 71; Zahn, Hier.Fl. Mosquens 32; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1369).— H. leucocephalum Rupr. in Kauffm, Adnot. bot., 1868; nec Vukot.) should be referred to this species. It is distinguished from H. asiaticum N.P. by the presence of occasional hairs on the peduncles, denser and longer pubescence on the stem (hairs 4-6 mm long) and leaves, bristles 3-4 mm long, taller (60-80 cm high) plants, and consequently by a 420 405 larger number of cauline leaves (12—15) and almost equal coefficient of leafiness (0.20). Cycle 5. Fallacina Juxip.—H. fallax Willd. Enum. Berol. (1809) 822; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 514, 819; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1387; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 278.—H. echioides-cymosum N.P. |. c.—Without stolons but usually with developed runners which initially are stolon-like, or with underground, slender, pale shoots forming rosette at tip (in weak plants these may also be absent); plants with glands on involucral bracts, peduncles, and top of stem (but sometimes even on upper leaves); cauline leaves 2-10; inflorescence openly umbellate to more or less paniculate; corollas and stigmas yellow; in characters some- times approaches H. echioides Lumn. (coll.) and sometimes K. vaillantii Tausch. Note. The members of Fallacina are often considered to be hybrid species between subsection Echioidea and section Cymosina, which is confirmed by the combination of morphological characteristics of both the components, as well as by the relatively rare occurrence of the species of this cycle. However, even if this hypothesis is true in the case of the species of Central Russian or Eastern Central European origin where, as is well known, Echioides and Cymosina occur to- gether, then it fails completely to explain the origin of the Fallacina species in the Caucasus (and in Armenia-Kurdistan and the Iranian region), where Cymosina is entirely absent, and in the Scandinavian region, where H. echioides Lumn. is absent. In this connection, Naegeli and Peter (Hier. Mitteleur. I, 515) have put forth two hypotheses: 1) that the species of Fallacina (H. fallax Willd. col.) probably evolved from an extinct primitive type from which Echioides and Cymosina also developed later in parallel, or 2) that representatives of Echioides and Cymosina probably had a wider range in the past than now, and later, after its contraction, their hybrid forms persisted both in the Caucasus and in Scandinavia as relicts. The relict nature of the species is also confirmed by the disjunctions of their range. 475. H. kumbelicum B. Fedtsch. and Nevski in Tr. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1, I (1933) 209. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 1.5—4.0 mm in diameter, densely covered at base with white, antrorse, flexuous, bristles 4-5 mm long, less dense upward and rare at top, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy, without stolons. Basal leaves mostly withering before anthesis; cauline leaves 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), lanceolate, acuminate, to 9 cm long, gradually reduced, on both sides moderately hairy with hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, stellate-hairy on both sides. Inflorescence densely 421 406 umbellate, with 9-24 capitula; acladium short (2-5 mm long); peduncles sparsely hairy, eglandular, white-tomentose. Involucres 7.0—-7.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acuminate, with scattered, 40(25-—70), light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long and occasional, 6(3—10) glands at tips of bracts 0.2-0.3 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Corollas light yellow. Flowering July to August. Alpine meadows.—Soviet Central Asia: Tien Shan. Endemic. De- scribed from vicinity of Alma-Ata (Kum-Bel Mountains). Type in Leningrad. Note. The authors of this species consider it as an intermediate species between H. echioides Lumn. and H. dublitzkii B. Fedtsch. and Nevski, which is found along with the latter. It is distinguished from H. echioides by having more or less erect hairs, slightly glandular involucral bracts, and soft leaves. The species was established on the basis of only a single specimen, collected late and badly prepared; therefore, we propose to consider the plant collected by B.K. Schischkin near the Village of Sarydzhas on July 26, 1935, as the type (preserved in Leningrad). ; 476. H. sachokianum Kem.-Nat. in Fl. Gruzii, VIII (1952) 755; Zam. po Sist. i Geogr. r. Tbil. Bot. Inst. 17, 132, em. Juxip. Perennial. Stem 15—50 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, moderately hairy at base with erect hairs 2.5 mm long, thinning upward and occa- sional at top, eglandular, stellate-hairy throughout, pubescence dense above, without stolons. Basal leaves (3—)4—5(—7), lanceolate, to 9 cm long (4—7:1), subobtuse to acute, with dense hairs 3.5-5.0 mm long above and very dense hairs 2.5 mm long beneath and along midrib below, hairs scattered along margin, as a whole very densely hairy, stellate hairs very rare above but moderate beneath; cauline leaves 2— 3(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), in lower third of stem, smaller, lanceolate, acute, with hairs 4-6 mm long above, as a whole to densely hairy, with sparse stellate hairs above but moderate beneath. Inflores- cence densely umbellate, with 13-20 capitula; acladium 5-10 mm long; peduncles with sparse, light-colored hairs 2.5 mm long, eglandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6-7 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, with moderate, 43(25-50), hairs 3 mm long, with occasional, 5(0—10), glands 0.2-0.3 mm long at tips of bracts, moder- ately to densely stellate-hairy. Corollas golden yellow. Stigmas yellow. Achenes to 2 mm long, black. Flowering July to August. Subalpine zone, saline juniper forest.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia, Talysh. Endemic. Described from Svanetia. Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. 422 407 477. H. sabinopsis Ganesch. and Zahn in Tr. Pochv.-Bot. E’ksp. 1909, II, 5 (1912) 150; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1388. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, flexuous, very densely covered at base with erect, white bristles 2.0-3.5 mm long, less dense above, glands only at top, sparse, densely stellate- hairy, stolons absent. Outer basal leaves obovate-lobed, obtuse, others larger, broadly lanceolate and subobtuse or lanceolate, acute, yellowish-green, on both sides to densely covered with bristles 1.0-2.5 mm long, and with scattered stellate hairs above, denser beneath; cauline leaves 3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), abruptly reduced, on both sides densely stellate-hairy. Inflorescence more or less compactly umbellate, with 15-30 capitula; acladium short; pe- duncles with scattered simple hairs, and occasional glands, white- tomentose. Involucres 6—7 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, somewhat dark with narrow green border, densely covered with white bristles 1.5—2.0 mm long having dark base, with occasional glands, very densely stellate-hairy. Corollas dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Steppe slopes.—Eastern Siberia: Angara-Sayans. Endemic. Described from Balagan District (Irkutsk Region). Type in Leningrad? 478. H. durisetum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 516; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 34; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1388; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 279.—H. collinum Gochn. Tent. pl. Cichor. (1808) 17, t. 1; nec N.P. et al.—lIc.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 356.—Exs.: GRF No. 2221; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 6. Perennial. Stem 30—80 cm high, 1.5—2.5(—5.0) mm in diameter, some- what flexuous, densely covered with bristles 2.0—4.5 mm long at base, less dense upward, and sparse at top, with occasional glands or eglandular above, densely stellate-hairy, without stolons but with runners looking at first glance like stolons, often with many stems. Basal leaves 2-10, more or less lanceolate, outer obtuse, inner sub- acute, to 20 cm long (10—17:1), yellow-green, with stiff bristles 2-4 mm long above, as a whole scattered-hairy, scatteredly stellate-hairy above, moderately beneath; cauline leaves 3—9 (coefficient of leafiness 0.11), linear, acute, moderately stellate-hairy above, densely so beneath, with occasional glands at tips of leaves. Inflorescence openly umbellate, with 10—35(—110) capitula; acladium 6—10 mm long; peduncles sparsely hairy and sparsely glandular, white-tomentose. Involucres 6.5—8.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, with scattered, 33(20-55), or to moderate pubescence of light-colored or dark bristles 1.5—2.5 mm long, with sparse to scattered, 17(10—30), glands 0.1—0.3 423 408 mm long, concentrated more toward tip, grayish-pubescent. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Grassy and sandy places.—European Part: Baltic Region (south- ern), Ladoga-IImen (southern), Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper, Middle Dnieper regions; Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. General distribu- tion: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern part), Armenia- Kurdistan (?), Iran. Described from Thuringia. Type in Munich. 479. H. permense Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1389. Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, very densely covered at base with long bristles, thinning and shortening upwards, with occasional small glands, very densely stellate-hairy; offshoots filiform, slender, pale, underground. Basal leaves numerous, long, elliptical, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate to long petiole, subobtuse, more or less glabrous above, with long scattered bristles along margin and beneath, somewhat stel- late-hairy above, very densely so beneath, often reddish-violet be- neath; cauline leaves 5—8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.12), in lower half of stem, lower leaves approximate, long-lanceolate, others scattered, narrowly lanceolate to linear, densely stellate-hairy (ash-gray beneath). Inflorescence quite openly cymose, multicapitulate; acladium long, to 50 mm long, 1—2 lower branches remote, long; peduncles with sparse hairs and sparse glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow and acute, inner with light-colored border, to moderately short-pubescent, with sparse glands, grayish-pubescent. Corollas yellow. Flowering June to July. European Part: Volga-Kama Region. Endemic. Described from the Talits plant, collected by I. Shell. Type unknown. 480. H. fallax (Willd.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 516; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1389; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 280, sub H. eu- fallax Zahn, nec al.—Exs.: GRF No. 1818. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base very densely covered with slightly antrorse bristles 1.3 mm long, thinning greatly upwards, with sparse glands at top, decreasing downward (with occasional scattered glands almost down to base), more or less densely stellate-hairy; offshoots very slender, short, often underground, pale (may be absent in weak plants but in cultivation they certainly develop); often many stems from single rhizome. Basal leaves 3-5, oblong or lanceolate, subacute to acute or narrowly lanceolate (var. angustius Zahn), to 15 cm long (13—20:1), light green, on both sides with scattered to moderate hairs, with bristles 3—4 mm or 0.5-1.0 mm long (var. angustius Zahn) above, with soft hairs beneath, with sparse or occasional stellate hairs above, moderate beneath; cauline leaves 424 409 2-4 (or 3-5, var. angustius Zahn) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), but on secondary stems often even more—to 7 or 8, lanceolate, acute on both sides stellate-hairy, scattered-glandular at tips. Inflorescence quite openly umbellate-paniculate, with 10-35 capitula; acladium 6-16 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs and occasional glands, gray- tomentose; floral bracts gray or dark. Involucres 6-8 mm long, cylin- drical-ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, with occasional, 11(8—14), light-colored hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, with sparse, 5(8—18), glands 0.3—-0.4 mm long, more or less concentrated at tip, very densely (but along margin sparsely) stellate-hairy. Corollas more or less light yellow. Flowering June to July. Sandy places and escarpments.—European Part: Ladoga-I|men, Upper Volga; Caucasus: Eastern and Wesiern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Saxony. Type in Berlin? Note. The disjunct distribution of this species is quite remarkable (see note to Fallacina). Cycle 6. Setigera Juxip.—H. rothianum Wallr. Sched. crit. I (1822) 417; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1379; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 268.—H. setigerum Tausch in Flora, XI, Erg.-Bl. (1828) 61; Fr. Symb. 32; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 494, 817.—H. setigerum £. rothianum and y. multicaule Froel. in DC. Prodr.VII (1838) 206.—dH. albocinereum Rupr. Fl. Ingr. (1860) 638; non Fr., nec N.P.—H. brachiatum b. hispidissimum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 17.—H. echioides > Pilosella N.P. |. c.—H. echioides > pilosella Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c—Rhizome with lateral shoots and runners; inflorescence quite openly paniculate, partly with remote branches, at top umbellate, with acladium of quite variable length: 6—50(—150) mm long; average coefficient of leafiness 0.14, cauline leaves 4-10; leaves without or with sparse stellate hairs, above, gray- ish beneath; pubescence conspicuous throughout, long, setose, erect on stem, glands absent or sparse; corollas and stigmas yellow. Fits the formula H. echioides > pilosella, but it is doubtful whether it is a hybrid, as it occurs far beyond the limits of distribution of the supposed progenitors (compare H. pineum Schischk. and Serg.). 481. H. albocinereum Rupr. FI. Ingr. (1860) 638; Fr. Epir. 40 in nota; Meinsh. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. II, 357, 374 and FI. Ingr. 201; nec Celak. (1871); Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1381; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 1, 270.—Pilosella ruprechtii Arv.-Touv., Essai classific. Pilos. and Hier. (1880) 4.—H. luganum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 499.—Exs.: GRF No. 2051. Perennial. Stem 20-30(-50) cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, with scattered, antrorse, bristles 3-4 mm long at base, decreasing upward, 425 410 eglandular, densely white-pubescent throughout, often 3-5 stems, without stolons. Basal leaves 2-15, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, to 15 cm long (10:1), glaucescently yellow-green, on both sides moderately setose with bristles to 4 mm long, bristles to 2.5 mm long along margin and beneath, softer, more or less without stel- late hairs above or with isolated stellate hairs along midrib, densely stellate-hairy to transparent-tomentose beneath; cauline leaves 2-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), linear (11:1), somewhat stellate-hairy above, transparent-tomentum beneath. Inflorescence quite openly (dichotomously) paniculate, with 5—20(—30) capitula; acladium 6-15 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs and occasional glands, white-tomen- tose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7.5—8.5 mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, gray, with light- colored margin, pubescence scattered to dense, 40(25—50)75, with light- colored hairs 1.0—1.5(—-4.0) mm long and occasional to sparse, 10(0—20), glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, whitish from stellate hairs. Corollas light yellow. Flowering June to July. Edges of pine forests, on dry sands. LaBuardnea Part: Baltic Re- gion, Ladoga-IImen (south). Endemic? Described from vicinity of Luga. Type in Munich. 482. H. rothianum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, (1923) 1379; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 268, sub H. eu-rothianum Zahn.—H. setigerum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 496.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. exs. Nos. 95, 159; F. Schultz. Herb. norm. nov. ser. No. 1606; Fl. Austr.-Hung. exs. No. 3032; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 119, 426, 527, 836; GRF Nos. 1291, 1292. Perennial. Stem 30-75 cm high, 2-5 mm in diameter, flexuous, to densely covered at base with white and horizontally spreading, flexu- ous bristles 4-6 mm long (f. seticaule N.P.) or hairs greatly decreased or absent in upper part (f. calvicaule N.P.), with occasional glands above, rapidly thinning downward, with dense stellate hairs above, less dense below; without stolons, regeneration by sessile rosettes (but under cultivation it develops runner-like lateral stems). Basal leaves 0-6, broadly lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate (f. angustum N.P.), acute, glaucescent light green, to 15 cm long, on both sides pubescence sparse to scattered with bristles 3-7 mm long above and soft hairs beneath, usually without stellate hairs above but pubescence scattered to moderate beneath; cauline leaves 4—7(-—10) (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), linear-lanceolate, quickly falling. Inflo- rescence openly paniculate, with 25(10—40) capitula; with long (20-50 mm) acladium; peduncles moderately hairy, with hairs 3-6 mm long, with, extremely sparse (none) glands, white-tomentose; floral bracts light gray. Involucres 8-10 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts 426 411 somewhat broad, acute, dark gray, with bright green border, pubes- cence to scattered, 27(20-—30), with white or somewhat dark hairs 1-3 mm long, with sparse glands, or almost eglandular, gray from stellate hairs. Corollas light yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry sandy or stony places.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (south- ern part), Upper Volga, Volga-Don regions; Caucasus: ?Southern Transcaucasia (known from former Artvin District). General distribu- tion: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Austria. Type in Munich. Cycle 7. Fallaciformia Juxip.—H. fallaciforme Litw. and Zahn in Sched. ad HFR XLII (1910) 11; nec Dahlst.—Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles to numerous (in contrast to Fallacina, where they are only sparse to occasional). 483. H. subfallaciforme Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1390.— H. fallaciforme Litw. and Zahn in Sched. ad HFR XLII (1910) 11, non Dahlst.—Exs.: GRF No. 2075. Perennial. Stem 25—40(—70) cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, notice- ably covered at base with antrorse, light-colored bristles 2-3 mm long, thinning upward, with occasionally to sparse glands, conspicuously stellate-hairy, without stolons, regeneration by sessile rosettes. Basal leaves 6-8, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, to 14 cm long (7:1), yellow-green, moderately setose above with bristles 2.0—2.5 mm long, moderately so also beneath with hairs 1.5 mm long, denser along midrib, as a whole moderately hairy, without stellate hairs above, grayish beneath; cauline leaves 2—3(5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), in lower part of stem, quickly falling, sparsely stellate-hairy above, slightly tomentose beneath from stellate hairs, sometimes with occasional glands beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with umbellate tip, with (6—)10-—25( —35) capitula; acladium 5-22 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, to moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark, with green border. Involucres 6-7 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark gray, scarcely green-bordered, glabrous (or with occasional hairs), with moderate, 43(38—46), glands 0.3 mm long, slightly grayish from pubes- cence. Corollas dark yellow, without stripes. Flowering June to July. Edges of pine forests, on sandy soil.—European Part: Ladoga- Ilmen, Baltic Region, Upper Volga, Volga-Don. Endemic. Described from Kalinin Region. Type in Leningrad. 484. H. tephrochlorellum Ganesch. and Zahn in Tr. Pochv.-Bot. E’ksp. Peresel. Upr. 1909, II, 5 (1912) 150; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1390. 427 412 Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.0-2.5 mm in diameter, very densely setose at base with white bristles 2.0—3.5 mm long, less dense upward and at top sparsely hairy (or more or less without simple hairs), but then densely glandular and densely stellate-hairy; without stolons. Basal leaves 3-4, outer obovate-lobed, obtuse, inner lanceolate, sub- acute to acute, yellowish-green, to 8 cm long (8-11:1), on both sides with scattered bristles 2.0-3.5 mm long, sparsely tomentose above, and slightly so beneath; cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), quickly falling, on both sides densely stellate-hairy. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with umbellate tip and 3-16 capitula; acladium to 40 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs but very sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres (7—)8—9 mm long, ovate, later flattened- torulose, with truncate base; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with scarcely light-bordered, with occasional hairs and scattered, 40(35-45), glands 0.6-1.0 mm long, stellate pubescence mainly at base of bracts, more or less sparse. Corollas yellow, without stripes. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Pine forests.—Western Siberia; Eastern SsBeriae Angara-Sayans. Endemic. Described from Balagan District (Irkutsk Region). Type in Leningrad. Note. The present plant, collected by S.S. Ganeschin from Siberia, was initially treated by Zahn as a subspecies of H. heterodoxum Tausch., which he considered as the hybrid H. fallax > pilosella (1912). But later (1923) he treated H. heterodoxum Tausch as the hybrid H. calodon> pilosella and referred H. tephrochlorellum to H. fuckelianum Touton and Zahn (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1389). The latter, in his opinion, is H. fallax > pilosella. Without going into the problem of how much the Central European H. fuckelianum resembles our species H. tephrochlorellum and H. fallaciforme, it is impossible not to doubt the involvement of H. pilosella L. in the evolution of these species, particularly the Eastern Siberian H. tephrochlorellum, be- cause H. pilosella does not grow there. H. tephrochlorellum is distinguished from the undoubtedly related H. fallaciforme by having fewer capitula, larger involucres, and a long acladium. It replaces H. subfallaciforme Zahn in Siberia. Cycle 8. Cinerea Juxip.—Grex H. cinereum (Tausch.) Zahn ex parte in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1381; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 271.—H. bifurcum (M.B.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 505 in nota.— H. pilosella + setigerum Hausskn. in Mitt. Bot. Ges. Thiring (1887) 28.—Stolons usually absent, quite rarely short and thick; ligules al- most always yellow (without red stripes outside); often developing 428 413 collateral stems and runners; leaves densely stellate-hairy beneath. Quite close to Setigera. 485. H. pineum Schischk. and Serg. in Sistem. Zam. po Mat. Gerb. im. Krylova pri Tomsk Univ. 1-2 (1949) 24; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3065, em Juxip. Perennial. Stem 20-40 cm high, sometimes with 1-2 collateral stems, with thin, antrorse hairs 5 mm long, eglandular, with stellate hairs, more dense at top; without stolons. Basal leaves 3-12, outer oblong-ovate or elliptical, obtuse or subobtuse, inner lanceolate, acute, all leaves yellowish-green, sometimes violet beneath, up to 11 cm long (9:1), with hairs 3-5 mm long above and along margin, rarer beneath, without stellate hairs above but densely hairy beneath; cauline leaves (1—)2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.5), in lower half of stem, lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence spreading-dichotomous, with (2—)4—10 capitula; peduncles distinctly pilose, eglandular or with occasional glands, grayish from pubescence. Involucres 7-8 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts, narrow, acute, with moderate (50), black-based light-hairs 2.5 mm long, with occasional (6) glands or eglandular, with scattered stellate hairs. Ligules yellow, without stripes. Stigmas yellow. Achenes to 2 mm long. Flowering June to August. Forest edges and glades in pine forests and on ridges.—Western Siberia: Ob Region, Altai. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Barnaul. Type in Tomsk; cotype in Leningrad. 486. H. peczoryense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 526. Perennial. Stem 30-35 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with col- lateral stems, at base sparsely hairy, without [simple] hairs upward, eglandular, densely stellate-hairy, without stolons. Basal leaves to 8, lanceolate, attenuate to long petiole, to 8 cm long (5:1), lamina broad- ened toward tip and then short-acuminate, as a whole sparsely pubes- cent with hairs 3-4 mm long, with bristles 8-9 mm long above and without stellate hairs; densely stellate-hairy (grayish) beneath; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), narrowly lanceolate, acute (7:1), moderately stellate-hairy above, to stellately tomentose beneath. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomously paniculate, with 5—7 capitula; acladium 20 mm long; peduncles without or with occasional simple hairs and with occasional glands, white-tomentose. Involucres 7.5—8.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, pubescence to scattered, 32(24—40), hairs 1.5 mm long, to sparsely, 16(14—18), glandular, glands 0.3—0.4 mm long, densely stellate-hairy. Flowering July. 414 Plate XXIV. 1—H. teplouchovii Juxip; 2—H. pasense Juxip. 431 415 On sands and along edges of pine forests.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen (south). Endemic? Described from vicinity of Pechora (former Pskov Region). Type in Tartu. Note. It is distinguished from the closely related species H. rothianum (Wallr.) Zahn by fewer (2-3) cauline leaves, their relative width (5:1), and the absence of hairs on the peduncles (or hairs occa- sional). Cycle 9. Bifurca Juxip.—Grex H. bifurcum M.B. ex Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, (1923) 1383; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 273, sub. H. eu-bifurcum Zahn.—H. echioides < pilosella Zahn in Pfizr. |. c. p. 1381.—With stolons resembling those of H. pilosella and closer to it than Cinerea; ligules quite often with red stripes outside; glands on involucral bracts and peduncles occasional to barely scattered. Note. M. Bieberstein characterized his H. bifurcum differently at different times: in FI. taur.-cauc. (II, 251) the plant is included under Cinerea, but in Volume III (1819) he mentions the stolons, which means that many related forms have been included under H. bifurcum M.B. This later created much confusion. This problem has not been resolved conclusively even to this day. In view of these facts, we are not recognizing H. eu-bifurcum (M.B.) Zahn from Crimea, because the descriptions of Zahn, and Naegeli and Peter disagree (regarding sto- lons); we did not see Bieberstein’s authentic plant. 487. H. frickii Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 132; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1383. Perennial. Stem 10-20 cm high, with scattered bristles 3 mm long, with sparse glands above, moderately stellate-hairy; stolons slender, with scattered hairs 3-5 mm long. Basal leaves lanceolate-spatulate, obtuse or subacute, with scattered hairs, without stellate hairs above, densely stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 3-5 capitula; acladium 10-15 mm long; peduncles moderately hairy, with scattered glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8-9 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, with broad, light-colored border, moderately covered with light- colored hairs, with scattered glands, grayish-pubescent. Ligules yellow, without stripes outside. Flowering June to July. Caucasus: Transcaucasia (without detailed and specific reference). Endemic. Described from Caucasus. 488. H. longipes C. Koch ex N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 509; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1384, non Freyn and Sint. (1894). 432 416 Perennial. Stem 16—30 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with sparse, bristles 3-4 mm long, light-colored in lower part and rather dark in upper part, sometimes with occasional glands, with scattered stellate hairs; shoots long, slender, stiff (under cultivation branched and with rudimen- tary inflorescences); basal leaves 4—7, spatulate-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, glaucescent, with scattered pubescence with bristles 3-6 mm long above, much shorter and softer along margin and beneath, without stellate hairs above, to transparently tomentose beneath (gray- green); cauline leaves (O0—)1, (coefficient of leafiness 0.05) in lower part of stem. Inflorescence to deeply dichotomous, with 2—4 capitula; acladium 70- 200 mm long; peduncles with scattered hairs and glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 7-10 mm long, ovate-subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, blackish, with distinct light- colored border, with moderate, 43(26—60), dark hairs 2-3 mm long, very sparsely, 12(5—20), glandular with glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, with scattered stellate-hairs thinning upward (margin without hairs). Ligules yellow, with- out stripes or with colored teeth. Flowering June to July. Forest edges and scrubs to middle montane zone.—European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, Western Transcaucasia, Talysh. Endemic. Described from Beshtau Mountain (near Pyatigorsk). Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. ciniferum Kozl. and Zahn (Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29, 3; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1384) belongs to this species, as may be concluded from the very incomplete description. The species was described from the vicinity of Bakuriani. However, we were unable to see the authentic specimen. 489. H. vindobonae Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1384; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 274.—H. vindobonense N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1895) 511, non Wiesb. (1884). Perennial. Stem 15—18 cm high, slender, with sparse, light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, with occasional glands above, densely to moder- ately stellate-hairy; shoots somewhat long, slender. Basal leaves nar- rowly lanceolate, very acute, glaucous, with sparse bristles 2-3 mm long, bristles softer and shorter beneath, without or with scattered stellate hairs above, whitish beneath from hairs; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03). Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with 2-4 capitula; acladium 55-65 mm long; peduncles with 1-2 mm long, pubescence sparse to scattered, with occasional glands, gray- tomen- tose; floral bracts light gray. Involucres 7.5-8.0 mm long, ovate; in- volucral bracts narrow, acute, dark gray, with broad light-colored border, with occasional to scattered light-colored hairs 0.5 mm long, more or less eglandular (or to sparse glands), gray from stellate hairs, but 433 417 along margin with sparse hairs. Corollas yellow; ligules red at tip. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Lvov); Caucasus: Southern Transcaucasia (Akhaltsikhe). General distribu- tion: Central Europe. Described from Vienna. Type in Munich. Note. We were unable to see the plant collected by G. Radde from Akhaltsikhe. Apparently, H. subvindobonense Zahn, found by Ruprecht in Dagestan and described by Zahn (Fedde, Repert, Ill, 183; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1384), belongs here. 490. H. sterromastix N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 510; Zahn in Pfilzr. IV, 280, 1384; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 275.— H. collinum Bess. Prim. fl. Galic. II (1809) 148 p. p.—Exs.: Callier, Herb. Ross. No. 73. Perennial. Stem 15-20 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with sparse to scattered bristles 3-4 mm long, glands scattered to occasional, densely stellate-hairy; stolons long, slender, stiff. Basal leaves lan- ceolate, acute, glaucescent, with occasional bristles 3-5 mm long above, and sparsely stiff-hairy beneath, without stellate hairs above, but mod- erately to very densely stellate-hairy (grayish) beneath; cauline leaves 1, (coefficient of leafiness 0.06) in lower part of stem. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium 35-110 mm long; pe- duncles glabrous and with scattered glands or with scattered hairs and occasional glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored; involu- cres 8.5 mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, more or less without border, glabrous and with scattered glands or with scattered, dark hairs 1.5 mm long but with occasional glands, gray from stellate hairs. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy and stony places.—European Part: Middle Dnieper, Upper Dniester, Crimea. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Volyna (collected by Besser). Type in Munich. Note. It follows from this description that, apparently, two closely related species were united under H. sterromastix N.P. 491. H. szovitsii N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 510; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1385. Perennial. Stem 16 cm high, slender, ascending, with sparse, light- colored hairs 2-3 mm long, above with moderate, downward (to base) with gradually thinning glands, densely stellate-hairy; stolons short, slender. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, dark, glaucescent, on both sides sparsely hairy, above with stiff bristles 5-6 mm long, with softer bristles beneath, without stellate hairs above, grayish beneath from dense hairs; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence very deeply 434 418 dichotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium 120-140 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 8.0—8.5 mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark gray with light-colored border, with mod- erate rather dark hairs 1 mm long, very densely glandular, densely stellate-hairy but margins glabrous. Corollas yellow, with reddish ligule teeth. Flowering June to July. European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Described from Imeretia. Type in Munich. Section 17. Praealtina N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 117, 519, 820; Gremli, Exs. Fl. Schweiz, V, 330; Arv.-Touv. Hier. Alp. fl. 14; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1391; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1922) 7 (1929) 283.—Characters in key to sections (p. 9). Stem thick, more or less glabrous (but can be pubescent in species transitional to other sec- tions), without or with numerous, long, slender stolons, which, how- ever, under stunted conditions can be absent; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire, somewhat stiff, glaucous, with long scattered bristles along margin toward base, in other parts (in typical species) more or less glabrous and without stellate hairs (or with more or less sparse hairs beneath along midrib). Inflorescence pseudo-panicle or (at top) pseudo-umbel (cymosé), with many or numerous small capitula (inflo- rescence also even dichotomous in species transitional to section Pilosellina); involucre (typically) with fewer simple hairs, glands, and stellate hairs; corollas yellow; stigmas yellow. Throughout Europe, excluding almost all of Spain, Great Britain, almost all of Scandinavia and entire Arctic; extends (according to Zahn) to Soviet Central Asia and Siberia (to Ob), becoming much rarer to the east. KEY TO SUBSECTIONS OF SECTION PRAEALTINA 1. Stellate hairs (on stems, leaves, peduncles, and involucral bracts) and pubescence on plant as a whole spafrse................:.:seeeeeee- Di. + Stellate hairs on plant as a whole scattered to dense.................... 3h, 2. Plants without stolons..................... Subsection 1. Florentina Juxip + Plant with long, slender stolons with few small leaves................... niuerh ds lnenewen teed kates sella oneal, ali Subsection 2. Bauhinia Juxip 3. Stellate pubescence moderate to dense; glands in inflorescence mostlyssparSezs..23.c002 bey. ere ees, We nt ee ee ge 4. + Stellate pubescence scattered; glands in inflorescence mostly numerous; inflorescence mostly with few capitula..................000 6. 435 419 4. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, mostly with many capitula, less often shallowly dichotoMOUS...........1::+eeeserereeeees 5: + Inflorescence shallow or deeply forked (less often openly pan- iculate), with fewer capitula; stellate hairs dense on leaves bemedth in. 92 2t882.. M057. 02: Subsection 7. Praealtopilosellina Juxip 5. Plant with stiff bristles; leaves yellow- or gray-green; glands in inflorescence sparse...Subsection 3. Praealtoechinina Juxip + Plant with soft, usually short bristles, leaves glaucescent; glands in inflorescence more Or JESS NUMETOUS..............ceeeseeereeeeeees OF. «kis Meee de Settee deeete « seated Subsection 4. Praealtocymosina Juxip 6. Pubescence as a whole moderate, in habit resembling species of section Pratensina; leaves glauCeSCeM............-:sseseeeeeceeeeeeeeees EIR TAO Subsection 5. Praealtopratensina Juxip + Pubescence as a whole sparse, in habit resembling weak plants of species of section Praealtina; leaves glaucous.............1+1++-++ PSSA ELE. SETS. Subsection 6. Praealtoauriculina Juxip Subsection 1. Florentina Juxip—H. florentinum All. Fl. Pedem. I, (1785) 213; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 526; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1087; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 35; Pflzr. IV, 251395; Grossh., Fl. Kavk. IV, 278; Ganeschin in Maevsk. Fl. 7, ed. (1940) 780.— H. piloselloides Vill. Prosp. hist. pl. Dauph. (1779) 34; Hist. pl. Dauph. III (1789) 100; Lam. and DC. FI. IV, 25; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 848; Boiss. Fl. or. III, 863; Zahn in Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, 1229, Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 287.—H. praealtum Vill. apud Gochn. Tent. pl. Cichor. (1808) 17; Vill. Précis voyage bot. 62; Lam. and DC. FI. Fr. V, 441, Koch Synopsis, 2, II, 513 p. p.; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 848, Schmalh. FI. II, 158; Korsh. Tent. Fl. Ross. Or. 266; Petunn. in Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 357.—Rhizome vertical, short, rather thick, regeneration only by sessile rosettes, stolons absent (distinguished from subsection Bauhinia mainly by this character). Basal leaves mostly numerous, outer sometimes lobed, obtuse, inner (or all leaves) lanceolate to linear, acute, stiff, glaucous, very sparsely pubescent, stellate hairs mostly absent or quite sparse beneath along midrib. Inflorescence more or less openly paniculate, often umbellate at top, with remote lower branches, mostly with many capitula; involucres 5—7(—8.5) mm long; corollas yellow; teeth of peripheral ligulate florets often dull green or dark red; florets very rarely tubular; stigmas yellow. Dry, open grassy places, dry valley meadows, edges of open forests, scrubs, moorlands, and old fields and often in large numbers. Xerophytes and heliophytes. A highly polymorphic subsection (particularly, in center of its range in Central and Southern Europe). 436 420 In our country, the members of subsection Florentina are distrib- uted more in the western regions of the European Part of the Soviet Union; they become very rare in the east and, apparently, do not cross this line; southern shores of Lake Ladoga-Kalinin—course of Volga up to Gorky-Penza—southwest of Kiev, in the eastern and southeastern directions. The literature reports of the occurrence of species of this subsection farther east or south of this line (excluding Transcaucasia) are partly based on mix-up with subsection Bauhinia, and partly on the uniting of the two subsections into one, or treating Bauhinia as a part of Florentina. Among the earlier authors only S. Korzhinsky (Tent. 1. c.) doubted the veracity of the report of this group from the east of the European Part of Russia, which is a credit to his ability for critical observation. The question of the geographical distribution of this subsection in our country remains open, however, because of the completely inadequate studies of this subsection, as well as the quite usual confusing of the species of subsection Florentina with nonstoloniferous plants (stunted) of Bauhinia and even with H. floribundum Wimm. and Grab. In any case, the limits of distribution of this subsection (aggregate species, according to Zahn) drawn by the latter (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1392) undoubtedly needs correction with respect to the southeastern part of the Soviet Union. Where the two subsections come in contact (their ranges partly overlap), hybrids could form with other members of the subgenus Pilosella. It is difficult, at times absolutely impossible, to decide what the progenitor species of such hybrids are (particularly in herbarium material without any indication of the associated species). It is neces- sary to keep in mind, for example, that nonstoloniferous species of Florentina when crossed with other stoloniferous species could also give rise to stoloniferous hybrids. Despite the fact that Fries (Symbolae, 25) had already reported that H. florentinum All. (=H. piloselloides Vill.) is found only south of the alpine chain, his report for some reason was not given due attention. Naegeli and Peter (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 559) again drew the attention of botanists to this fact, pointing out that the Central Euro- pean species somewhat similar to the typical southern H. florentinum All. are nevertheless not identical, but in fact (e.g. H. parcifloccum N.P.) are vicarious species. By comparison with typical representa- tives, they have broader leaves, more densely stellate-hairy peduncles and involucral bracts, and larger involucres (for details see: Pflzr. IV, 280, 1395; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 287). Consequently, our plants should be considered as H. florentinum auct. non All. H. florentinum All. is distinguished from our species, apart from geographic distribution, also by its extraordinarily unique habit 421 (completely glabrous and quite slender peduncles). With a high degree of probability, we can list here the Caucasian specimens of this sub- section (H. stupposipilum Woron. and Zahn may even be one of the species not discovered there). In the species of this subsection, one can often observe galls on the inflorescence formed by the biting and piercing of insects. 1. + + Peduncles densely stellate-hairy or tomentose.................::00000 2. Peduncles more or less without stellate hairs or with sparse hairs below capitula, but lower down more or less glabrous, slender; stem at base densely hairy; coefficient of leafiness highi(@sO)sBlants ofi@aucasus: ba1aee eto eed Lee tees RO Meteo ihe. aol ones 504. H. stupposipilum Woron. and Zahn Floral bracts dark, without distinct bordet..................cesseeeeeeeeeee 3: Floral bracts light-colored or with broad light-colored border or TAYE Sao Binet ek) ets, ee we eel ere eee, ole esa! 8. Peduncles more or less sparsely (occasionally) glandular............. 4. Peduncles with scattered to dense glands..................ceceeeseeeeeeeees 6. Involucral bracts with sparse simple hairs and scattered stellate haifsest)..ct eel aeeens, ores 494. H. aquilonare (N.P.) Zahn Involucralibractsi¢labrousies.222! eet es aerate ee 5 Involucral bracts (and leaves beneath) without stellate hairs.......... be LABRS dA cate bot DE wee) ST Ae epee aes 495. H. maurocybe Juxip Involucral bracts and leaves with scattered stellate pubescence beneath; stem densely floccose (farimaceOuS)...............sssssecceeceeeeees RUE: recA etd, te So hirlet eee 492. H. floccipedunculum N.P. Involucral bracts with (sparse) intensely black simple hairs and sparse stellate hairs; corollas often tubular..........0..0.. eee eee ee ee melactel leaned wut). waeadetiek ot 496. H. melanocybe Norrl. Involucral bracts glabrous (or with occasional hairs)................. Th: Outer basal leaves lobed, rounded-obtuse; inflorescence densely paniculate, with 4—10 capitula; involucral bracts (and peduncles) plabrous 20.8. .2erelash te. icon ioe ete), | 497. H. ericetorum N.P. All leaves lanceolate, acute; inflorescence openly paniculate, with 10—40 capitula; involucral bracts (and peduncles) glabrous or with occasional hairs (var. pilosiceps N.P.)......:::cccccccccsssssseeeeeees tRiosie deseo: lea whel cs, sce ae, 498. H. obscurum Rchb. Peduncles more or less sparsely (occasionally) glandular......... 2 Peduncles with scattered to dense glands...............ccccssssceceeeeeees 12. Floral bracts dark, with conspicuous light-colored border......10. Florall bracts gray orihight-colorede.sited.ccunereesenn cee. tle Leaves without stellate hairs beneath; corollas golden yellow; all leaves lanceolate, acute.............. 499. H. praealtum (Vill.) N.P. 438 422 + Leaves more or less stellate-hairy beneath (at least along mid- rib); corollas light yellow; outer basal leaves lobed or ligulate, ObMUSE..2248. LEGER EES IR. Oe ee 500. H. stellatum Tausch 11. Involucral bracts hairy; leaves without stellate hairs beneath; inflorescence paniculate..............::ssc08 501. H. tenebricans Norrl. + Involucral bracts glabrous; leaves sparsely stellate-hairy be- neath; inflorescence paniculate-umbellate..................:ccccccssssereees sGiv vchecoucaa dace Sees eNOS ey, eRe mee) hat 493. H. subcymigerum N.P. 12 (8). Floral bracts dark, with broad white border; involucral bracts with scattered and peduncles with up to dense gland................... 0), . AD ARE AEL ERO, UATE, UR ORE, OBE. FG, 502. H. lyccense N.P. + Floral bracts light-colored, with white border; involucral bracts with occasional glands; peduncles with up to scattered BANS. i scuerace.sce Bet tees ee 503. H. septentrionale Norrl. Cycle 1. Subcymigera Juxip.—Grex H. subcymigerum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1405; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 301; greges Poliocladum and Radiatum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 543, 547.— Inflorescence paniculate but umbellate at top; peduncles gray-tomen- tose, mostly sparsely glandular; species similar to H. zizianum or H. fallax because of more or less umbellate inflorescence. 492. H. floccipedunculum N_P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 544; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1407; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 306.—Exs.: GRF No. 1273 (sub H. canipedunculum N.P. sed postea ad H. floccipedunclulum N.P. transcribit.); Zahn, Hier, Europ. No. 840. Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, slender, only in upper part with occasional dark hairs 1-2 mm long, eglandular, very densely stellate- hairy, hence stem appears farinaceous. Outer basal leaves somewhat lobed, obtuse, inner lanceolate to linear, acute, glaucous, with occa- sional bristles 1.5-3.0 mm long, only along margin toward base and beneath along midrib, with more or less scattered stellate hairs be- neath; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), linear, acute. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 10-20 capitula; peduncles slen- der, without simple hairs, eglandular or with occasional glands below capitula, gray from stellate hairs, thinning downward; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, scarcely light-bordered, glabrous (or with 1-2 hairs 1.5 mm long), with numerous fine glands, to moderately stellate-hairy. Corollas yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga, Middle Dnieper, General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. 439 423 493. H. subcymigerum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 546; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1405; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 302.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 36; Petrak, No. 587; Callier. Fl. Siles. exs. No. 1242. Perennial. Stem 40-75 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, at base with occasional, light-colored bristles, 1.5—2.5 mm long, above with occa- sional glands and quite sparsely stellate-hairy; often with collateral stems or runners. Basal leaves 3-8, outer lanceolate, obtuse, inner to linear-lanceolate (12:1), subacute, sometimes with remote fine (spinescent) teeth, glaucous, with sparse bristles 2.0-3.5 mm long along margin and midrib beneath, often very sparsely stellate-hairy beneath (or not); cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute, narrow (11:1), weakly stellate-hairy beneath. Inflores- cence openly paniculate to umbellate, with 5—30 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with occasional glands, gray from stellate hairs; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark with broad light-green border, without simple hairs, with occasional, 10(6-12), glands 0.4-0.5 mm long, stellate pubescence scattered but dense at base. Corollas yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Austria. Type in Munich. Note. H. hyperboreiforme N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 663; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1500), described from St, Petersburg (probably from the Botanical Garden), apparently is close to this species. Cycle 2. Obscura Juxip.—Grex H. obscurum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 529; Zahn in Pflzr. TV, 280, 1396; Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, 1230; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 289.—Inflorescence mostly open or very openly paniculate, mostly with very numerous capitula; involucral bracts somewhat dark, scarcely with border; peduncles gray-tomen- tose, conspicuously (to scattered) glandular with black glands; stem at tip with occasional to scattered glands. 494. H. aquilonare (N.P.) Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1400; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 294.—H. subfrigidarium £. aquilonare N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 532; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 36. Perennial. Stem 35—40 cm high, slender, at base with sparse, light- colored bristles 2-4 mm long, thinning upward, isolated, 1-2 mm long, dark, with occasional glands above and sparsely stellate-hairy. Outer basal leaves short, lobed, rounded-obtuse, inner narrowly lanceolate, acute, moderately setose above and along midrib beneath with bristles 3-6 mm long, with occasional bristles beneath, almost without stellate 440 424 hairs cr with sparse hairs along midrib; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute, with occasional hairs (along midrib beneath). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 8-10 capitula; pe- duncles slender, without or with occasional simple hairs sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, blackish, with scarcely distinct border, with sparse dark hairs 1.0—2.5 mm long, quite conspicu- ously glandular, with scattered stellate hairs, dense at base. Corollas light-yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry meadows and along forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region; Lodoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Upper Dniester. General distri- bution: Central Europe. Described from vicinity of Leningrad. Type in Munich. 495. H. maurocybe Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 527. Perennial. Stem 35-70 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, glabrous or with scattered pubescence, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 2-10, lanceolate, subobtuse to linear-lanceolate and acute, to 12 cm long (12:1), more or less glabrous (with occasional hairs along margin at base and along midrib beneath); cauline leaves 3(1—6) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), linear, acute. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 6-30 capitula; peduncles without simple hairs, with occasional glands, more or less gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts lanceolate, somewhat narrow, ob- tuse, black, glabrous (or with 1-2 hairs on some bracts), with sparse, 12(5-20), well-developed glands 0.4-1.0 mm long, almost without stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Edges of open forests, glades.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic? Described from Saaremaa (Oesel) Island. Type in Riga. Note. It is distinguished from H. obscurum Rchb. by peduncles with only occasional glands and from H. melanocybe Norrl. by the absence of hairs on the involucral bracts. 496. H. melanocybe Norrl. in Acta Soc. Fa. et Fl. Fenn. XII, No. 4 (1895) 54, sub Pilosella melanophaea; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 654; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1400.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pil. Fenn. II, No. 182; Hier. exs. fasc. IV, No. 30. Perennial. Stem 25-80 cm high, somewhat thick, 2-3 mm in diam- eter, violet at base, with bristles occasional to sparse above, 1.5—3.0 mm long, sparsely glandular; often with collateral stems. Basal leaves 6(3-11), lanceolate or ligulate, acute (12:1), with occasional hairs only along margin and midrib beneath; cauline leaves 2—4(1—5) (coefficient 425 of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute (10:1), with quite sparse stellate hairs along midrib beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 5-30 ca- pitula; peduncles with occasional hairs or glabrous, with sparse or scattered glands grayish-tomentose. Involucres (6—)7—8 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts broad, somewhat acute, black, with occa- sional (3-8), intensely black hairs 2-5 mm long (thus, involucres ap- pear as if covered with soot); with sparse (10-25) glands 0.4 mm long, with very sparse stellate hairs at base. Florets often tubular; corolla teeth usually dull green or reddish; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges, old fields —European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Among the plants with intensely black involucral bracts, we also find some with the bracts less distinctly black (dark green); the most brightly colored specimens were from seashores. Apparently, H. gotlandicum (Fr.) N.P., p. p., whose var. B. pilosiceps N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 536) was found in the vicinity of Leningrad, is close to this species. It is distinguished from H. melanocybe Norrl. by somewhat more dense hairs on all parts of the plant. As we have not seen the authentic specimen, we will not risk treating it as a synonym of H. melanocybe Norrl. 497. H. ericetorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 533; nec Freyn (1887); Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1398; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 292.—Exs.: GRF No. 1274. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 1.5—-3.0 mm in diameter, with occa- sional white hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long above, thinning downward, with sparse glands above, without stellate hairs. Basal leaves 7(2—12), to 20 cm long (10-20:1), outer lobed, rounded-obtuse, inner lanceolate and acute, glaucous, with occasional white bristles 1.5-3.0 mm long only along margin and veins beneath, without stellate hairs; cauline leaves 3(2-6) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence somewhat densely paniculate, with 4-34(-57) capitula; peduncles with- out simple hairs, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres (5.0)6.5—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, scarcely with light-colored border, without simple hairs, with sparse to scattered, 24(10-34), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, with scattered stellate hairs. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Sands and in moors.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. H. spathophyllopsis Zahn (Hier. Fl. Mosquens. 36; Engl. Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1398) is close to this species, which is distinguished by 44 — 426 having somewhat broad, subacute involucral bracts with a broad green border and involucres to 6 mm long. Described from the Moscow Region (found by A. Petunnikov). 498. H. obscurum Rchb. FI. Germ. excurs. (1830) 263; non al.; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 530; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 36; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1397; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 289, and H. eu-obscurum Zahn.—H. praealtum var. obscurum (and hispidulum) Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 205.—Ic.: Syreitsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. II, 358.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 35; Fl. Bav. exs. Nos. 545, 548; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 121, 427; Hayek, FI. Stir. exs. Nos. 399, 400. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, thinish, at base with quite sparse hairs 2-3 mm long, above glabrous or slightly hairy (subvar. pilosiceps N.P.) and very sparsely glandular, without stellate hairs, often stems several. Basal leaves 7(5—10), lanceolate and subacute to narrowly lanceolate and acute, to 13 cm long (10—11:1), glaucous, with sparse bristles 4-6 mm long only along margin and midrib beneath, without stellate hairs (or with occasional hairs beneath along midrib); cauline leaves 2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), mostly small, lanceolate, acute, eglandular. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 10—40 capitula, with 1-2 remote lower branches; peduncles slender, without (or with occasional) simple hairs, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involures 6-7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts nar- row, acute, black, scarcely bordered, without or with occasional simple hairs (subvar. pilosiceps N.P.), quite conspicuously, 30(25-35), glandular with glands 0.5 mm long, moderately stellate-hairy. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry meadows, forest edges and old fields.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Upper Dniester. General distribu- tion: Central Europe, Mediterranean. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Cycle 3. Praealta Juxip.—Grex H. praealtum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 527, 536; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1400; Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, 1230; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 294.—dH. praealtum Vill. ex Gochn. Tent. pl. Cichor. (1808) 17; Gren. and Godr. Fl. Fr. II, 350; Fr. Epicr. 30.—Involucral bracts with narrow or broad light-colored border; floral bracts whitish or with broad whitish border; glands mostly numerous. 499. H. praealtum (Vill.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 539; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1402; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 296, sub H. eu- praealtum Zahn.—H. praealtum Vill. ex Gochn. Tent. pl. Cichor. (1808) 17.—H. fallax Lam. and DC. FI. Fr. V (1815) 442.—H. cymosum Schult. Oester. Fl. II (1815) 432.—H. paliocladum £. praealtiforme 2 hirsutum 442 427 N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 545; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 23.—Ie.: Vill. Précis voyage bot. (1812) 62, t. 2, fig. 1—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 263; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 529; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 2170; GRF No. 2226. Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, in lower part with occasional, light-colored hairs 1.0—2.5 mm long, above with sparse, black hairs and occasional glands, without stellate hairs. Basal leaves 3-10, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate (11—12:1), acute, glaucous, with occasional bristles along margin toward base and occasional to sparse bristles 1-3 mm long along midrib beneath, without stellate hairs (or occasional flocculent hairs beneath, along midrib); cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), linear-lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence densely paniculate, later more open or umbellate at tip (var. praealtiforme Zahn = ssp. poliocladum f. praealtiforme 2. hirsutum N.P. |. c.), with 10-30 capitula; peduncles somewhat thick, glabrours (or with occasional simple hairs), with occasional glands, gray-tomen- tose, with stellate hairs abruptly thinning downward; floral bracts dark with light-colored border. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical; involu- cral bracts somewhat broad, acute, blackish, with disctinct, mostly broad, light-colored border, with very sparse, black hairs 1-2 mm long or hairs to scattered (var. praealtiforme Zahn = ssp. Poliocladum £. praealtiforme 2. hirsutum N.P. 1. c.), with glands few to scattered, 0.3 mm long, or sparse (var. majusculum N.P.), with scattered stellate hairs. Corollas golden yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXXVI, Fig. 1.) Dry meadows with sparse forest, forest edges, open forests, sunny slopes, borders of fields—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga- Ilmen, Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe (up to Northern and Baltic seas), Mediterranean. Described from Rhine Province. Type unknown. Note. A highly polymorphic species distinguished by different pubescence; var. praealtiforme Zahn is found particularly in the north- ern part of the range of this species, i.e., it is mostly found in our country. H. sanii N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. 1,540; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1402; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 297) is close to this species. H. Sanii is distinguished by having 3-5 cauline leaves, more conspicuous hairs on the stem, narrow and subobtuse involucral bracts, with a larger number (20-25) of glands, and dark yellow florets. Found in the Baltic Region (from Vistula to Neman). H. siphonanthum Juz. and Bystr. (Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada, XXVI, 1927, 183) also approaches this species, which is distinguished from, H. praealtum by the tubular florets. Described from the Leningrad Region. Type in Leningrad. 44 Ww 428 500. H. stellatum Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.-Bl. I, 59; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 543; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1401; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 295.—H. albidobracteum 2. pilosiceps N.P. |. c.; Dahlst; Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1890) 110.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. Scand. exs. VIII, No. 45. Perennial. Stem 20-80 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, with occa- sional simple hairs at base, glabrous above, with occasional to scat- tered glands in upper part, without stellate hairs. Basal leaves spatu- late-linear, obtuse to ligulate and linear-lanceolate and acuminate (12:1), glaucous, almost glabrous, with occasional bristles 2-3(—10) mm long along margin and midrib beneath, without stellate hairs; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), linear, acute, without simple hairs, with scattered stellate hairs along midrib beneath (var. stellatum Zahn) or almost without stellate hairs (var. septentrionale Zahn). Inflores- cence openly paniculate, with 5-35 capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional bristles, eglandular or with occasional glands, gray- tomentose; floral bracts dark, with broad, white border. Involucres (6—-)7(-8) long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, sub- acute, dark, with broad, white borders, glabrous or with occasional, black hairs 1 mm long, sparse (—15) glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-hairy. Corollas light yellow, corolla teeth often dull green. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Germany. Type unknown. 501. H. tenebricans Norrl. Anteckn. 6fver Finl. Pilosellae, I (1884) 148; sub Pilosella septentrionalis var. tenebricans Norrl.; in Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 654; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1401.— H. poliocladum var. tenebricans N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 545; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 23.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pil. Fenn. I, No. 80; Hier. exs. II, Nos. 69, 70; Lindberg, Pl. Finls. exs. Nos. 1616, 1617. Perennial. Stem 40-80 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, violet at base, with occasional to sparse hairs 2 mm long, with occasional glands above. Basal leaves 6(3—12), outer lobed, inner narrowly lanceolate, to 22 cm long (12:1) (9-12:1), acuminate, glaucous, with occasional, bristles 1.5-3 mm long along margin and midrib beneath; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), narrowly lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence paniculate, with 7-27 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with occasional to sparse glands, more or less tomentose; floral bracts gray or pale. Involucres 6.0—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, dark, obtuse or acute,with narrow border, with occasional (—5) hairs 1.5 mm long and sparse, 14(10-20), glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, 444 429 somewhat stellate-hairy. Corolla teeth often dull green. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry meadows, edges of open forests.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-Ilmen. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. The typical form is devoid of hairs on the involucral bracts, but in our specimens hairs (at least occasional, 2—5) are always present; according to Dahlstedt, this is f. hirsutum N.P. (1. c.). 502. H. lyccense N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 538; Dahlst. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 23; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1403; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 299. Stem 45-80 cm high, 2.0-2.5 mm in diameter, with quite sparse, light-colored bristles 2-3 mm long in lower part, with occasional black bristles and scattered glands above. Basal leaves 3-13, oblanceolate, subobtuse to narrowly lanceolate (12:1) and acute, glaucous, with occasional bristles 1-2 mm long only along margin toward base and midrib beneath; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lan- ceolate, acute, (10:1). Inflorescence a very open panicle, with 5-35 capitula; peduncles thick, with or without occasional simple hairs, from scattered to quite dense glands, grayish from stellate hairs abruptly thinning downward. Involucres 6.0—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts more or less broad, subobtuse, black, with broad white border, with occasional, 8(6—13), light-colored hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long, from sparse to scattered, 20(15-—30), glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, almost without stellate hairs. Corollas dark yellow. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Forest edges and meadows of open forests.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from East Prussia (Lyck). Type in Munich. 503. H. septentrionale Norrl. Anteckn. 6fver. Finl. Pilosellae, I (1884) 147; in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 653; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 11; nec. al.—H. praealtum Vill. var. septentrionale N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 540; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier. Fl.-Oesels (1901) 22.—H. almquistii N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 537; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1403.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pil. Fenn. II, Nos. 180, 181; Hier. exs. fasc. II, No. 67, V, Nos. 28, 29; Lindberg, Pl. Finn. exs. No. 1615; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. VIII, Nos. 46, 47, XXIII, No. 12. Perennial. Stem 20-85 cm high, 1.5—-3.5 mm in diameter, often with collateral stems, with occasional, light-colored hairs 2-4 mm long in lower part, sparsely glandular and sparsely stellate-hairy above. Basal leaves 2-13, outer oblanceolate, subobtuse, inner lanceolate to 445 430 linear-lanceolate, subacute (10—12:1), glaucous, with occasional bristles 1.5—2.0 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 3(1-6) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute, glabrous, some- times with occasional glands. Inflorescence paniculate, with 16(5—48) capitula, lower branches remote; peduncles without or with occasional simple hairs, with scattered glands 0.4-0.5 mm long, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored, with white border. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts mostly narrow, obtuse, with narrow or somewhat broad white border, with occasional, 7(4—14), light-colored hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long and occasional, 8(2—20), glands 0.4—0.6 mm long, conspicuously stellate-hairy. Ligules short, teeth often dull green; corollas often tubular. Stigmas yellow. Regeneration by sessile or petiolate rosettes. Flowering June to July. Forests meadows, edges of open forest slopes of moraines, clear- ings and logged areas in forests, roadsides.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. Following Zahn, we consider H. almquistii N.P. as a syn- onym of H. septentrionale Norrl.; however, it differs from the latter by having acute involucral bracts. Cycle 4. Florentina Juxip.—Grex H. florentinum Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280 (1923) 1396, 1409; Hegi, Ill. Fl. 1231; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 308; greges Efloccosum, Cuneense, Lancifolium and Florentinum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 548, 551, 553, 554.—Peduncles very slen- der, without stellate hairs or very sparsely pubescent (as also almost all parts of plant); inflorescence quite open; capitula dark. Southern European alpine (Mediterranean) species. Zahn (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1411) reports H. cylindriceps N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 554) for the former Moscow Province. It is related to the above-mentioned cycle and is distributed in the Mediterranean and Balkans-Asia Minor Region; the distribution of this species in Central Russia is most doubtful. 504. H. stupposipilum Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 22; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1414. Perennial. Stem 50 cm high, densely setose at base with erect bristles 3-10 mm long, eglandular. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, some subobtuse to lanceolate and acute, with bristles 3-10 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib; cauline leaves to 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), lanceolate, like basal leaves. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 10-25 capitula, peduncles glabrous(?), with very sparse glands, stellate hairs only below capitula, dense, abruptly thinning. 446 431 Involucres 6.0-7.5 mm long; involural bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, dark green, with green border, with sparse hairs and sparse to scattered glands, very sparsely stellate-hairy along midrib beneath, margins glabrous, green. Flowering June to July. Mountains.—Caucasus: Southern Transcaucasia(?). Described from former Artvin District. Type unknown. Subsection 2. Bauhinia Juxip.—H. bauhinii Bess. Prim. Fl. Galic. II (1809) 149; Ldb. FI. Ross. II, 849; Boiss. Fl. or. III, 862; suppl. 326; Schmalh. Fl. I, 158; Fedtsch. and Fler. Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1088; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1415; Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, 1238; Asch. and Graebn. Syn- opsis, XII, I, 317; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 278; Maevsk. Fl. VII, ed. 780.— H. glaucescens Bess. Prim. Fl. Galic. II (1809) 159; DC. Prodr. VII, 202.—H. praealtum y. bauhini Koch, Synopsis, ed. 2, II (1844) 513.— H. magyaricum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 566, 822.—Rhizome ver- tical or oblique, short, thickish; regeneration by many (to 10) long (to 40-60 cm), underground, slender, stiff stolons. Leaves small, remote, gradually reduced toward stolon tip, pubescence of stolons often more distinct than on other parts; basal leaves numerous, spatulate and obtuse to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and acute, stiff, glaucous, with very sparse hairs along margin and along midrib beneath, without or with sparse stellate hairs along midrib. Inflorescence paniculate or somewhat umbellate at top. Involucres 5.0-7.5 mm long. Corollas yel- low, quite often with red stripes outside or with dull green teeth. Stigmas yellow. Dry slopes, scrubs, meadows, grassy and stony places, steppes, sands with rare vegetation patches, edges of pine forests and moors, often in large numbers. Quite a polymorphic subsection, replacing Florentina in the eastern half of the European Part of the Soviet Union. Under unfavorable conditions, plants do not develop stolons, which, however, invariably appear under good conditions; as a result, these species can easily be confused with members of subsection Florentina. Therefore, in collections of plants, it is necessary to pay attention to the offshoots, as among well-developed, intact plants we always find also depauperate, suppressed plants; xerophytes and heliophytes. Under shady conditions, the majority of the capitula re- main more or less undeveloped, and the involucres of even well- developed capitula are quite short (4.5-5.0 mm long). While dividing subsection Bauhinia (according to Zahn—aggre- gate species H. bauhinii Bess.) into cycles (grexes—according to Zahn), Zahn singled out the group H. rubro-bauhinii Zahn, character- izing it as having ligulate peripheral florets that are reddish on the 432 LLB” if UF Lae 447 Plate XXV. 1—H. echioides N.P.; 2—H. fariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn. 449 433 outside, noting that they grow in Transcaucasia (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1415, 1432); he placed all other groups under the heading corolla without purple stripes. Unfortunately, this conclusion is groundless: among the species growing in the European territory of Soviet Union, we often observe peripheral florets that are variously colored on the out- side—from brownish-red or dull green ligule teeth to purple-striped ligules. Naegeli and Peter (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 568), and after them Zahn also (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1415), established H. cryptomastix N.P. as a special group, which is distinguished by having very short, small-leaved sto- lons and is considered an intermediate form between subsections Florentina and Bauhinia. Within our flora, Zahn referred the follow- ing species to this group: H. parvistolonum N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 569; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1416), H. botrychodes Zahn in Pflzr. |. c., H. empodistum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. |. c., Zahn in Pflzr. |. c. These species are found mainly in Galicia but are reported from the Baltic and Ladoga-IImen regions also. However, the very few specimens of these species seen by us apparently were species from subsection Bauhinia grown under extremely poor conditions. Therefore, for the time being, we are refraining from including them among the species of our flora. 1. Stolons arising only from basal rosette.................ssssseeecceeeennees 2 + Stolons arising not only from basal rosette, but also from axils ofvlower, Cauline JE aves. cceccecncno< odin 541. H. pannoniciforme Litw. and Zahn Involucral bracts and peduncles with scattered pubescence; involucres 6-7 mm long; stolons somewhat thick, quite large- leavedaileaves waithoutistelllatethainseeiittes.ceeeee-cesttse-costeesee- setae 4 otal, Ram gna. lee ie eee 542. H. fominianum Woron. and Zahn Ligules of ray florets red outside. Plants of Caucasus....... le Ligules of ray florets yellow outside (without red stripes).....18. Coefficient of leafiness more or less high (0.17), i.e, cauline leaves to 10; involucres small (5-6 mm long); glands on involucral bracts scattered, on peduncles sparse...............:0cceee POCA Je. Oe ea 552. H. rubropannonicum Litw. and Zahn Coefficient of leafines medium (0.07), cauline leaves to 5; in- volucres medium-sized (7 mm long); involucral bracts more or léss'eglandulas;ipedunclesteglandulant2en:.22.- C2028. ....-.621-<- perpen sere: EN DP ss 553. H. haematoglossum Koz. and Zahn All parts (stem, leaves, peduncles, involucral bracts) more or less conspicuously stellate-hairy (only leaves sometimes without hairs above despite other parts being distinctly Stellate-hainy)eetirneen EE. RE islet. eR Re i en ee 19. All parts more or less sparsely or very sparsely stellate-hairy ined) JA Abtocve. or ouued naletenitloranel canbe wah oi: 36. Coefficient of leafiness more or less high (0.18—0.15), i.e., caulineneaves:S=29mienaen.eheed JRO Os SUA ae 20. Coefficient of leafiness medium or lOW..............ccccssesecccceeeeeteneees 25. Acladium more or less long (25 mm); peduncles eglandular; involucral bracts moderately, peduncles sparsely to scatteredly hairy; stolons very long................. see 554. H. echiogenes N.P. Acladium of medium length (to 15 mm); peduncles with occasional glands; hairs on involucral bracts and peduncles scattered. Endemic to Crimea............. 555. H. alupkanum Zahn Coefficient of leafiness medium (0.11—0.06)............... cece 22% Coefficient of leafiness low (0.04); cauline leaves 2; involucres more or less large (7.0-7.5 mm long); acladium 8 mm long............ ee en gered ohare. Deere ear meyer iat, 561. H. arvense N.P. Involucres more or less large (7—9 mm long@)..............:...0008 23) Involucrestmedium orismalll 28 ee eae ee 25% Stem and leaves with somewhat thick, coarse bristles; pe- duncles slender, with sparse bristles 3.0—3.5 mm long. Endemic to; Caucasus) .2 2... cect 538. H. procerigenum Litw. and Zahn Stemcandileaves ‘with: thintbristles#eei.0.e8 eeeeee Sie 24. 475 24. 28. 29) 30: 31. 32 (26). 33 (25). “be 459 Glands on involucral bracts sparse, on peduncles scattered; hairs on involucral bracts scattered; floral bracts light- coloreds.aek: ain eee elt fan 556. H. longisetum N.P. Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles occasional; simple hairs to dense on involucral bracts and peduncles; floral bracts gTavied.ccpic. cbbeatte ce. ool ahagwee de 557. H. asperrimum Schur. Involucressmedsum46=7. mm LONG. cc. incanum; Sched. HFR XLII (1910) 14, sub H. incanum < pannonicum; sub auriculoides > verruculatum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1530.—In habit, the species of this cycle resemble those of Pannonica but are distinguished by large number of cauline leaves, quite often with tiny occasional glands, and basal leaves with fine glands beneath along midrib. Endemic plants of Caucasus. 480 464 540. H. cymiramum Schelk. and Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 134; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1530. Perennial. Stem 45-60 cm high, 1.5—2.0(—4.0) mm in diameter, at base very densely covered with bristles 2-4 mm long, thinning and shortening upward, scarcely with solitary glands, densely stellate- hairy; stolons usually absent or runner-like, ascending. Basal leaves 1-6, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or narrow, acute, with quite dense bristles 3—4 mm long, sparsely or moderately stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 5-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13). Inflorescence umbellate-pan- iculate, with 8—20(—45) capitula, peduncles with sparse to scattered hairs 1-4 mm long, scarcely (to occasionally) fine-glandular, white- tomentose. Involucres 6.0—7.5 mm long; involucral bracts with scat- tered (25-30) hairs with occasional (6—8) glands 0.2—-0.4 mm long, gray- green from sparse hairs. Flowering June to July. Middle montane zone, at 2100-2400 m.—Caucasus: Easteren and Western Transcaucasia, Talysh. Endemic. Described from Svanetia. Type in Tbilisi. 541. H. pannoniciforme Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III. (1907) 191; Sched. HFR XLII., 14; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1530.—Exs.: GRF No. 2080 p. p. Perennial. Stem 55-100 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, moder- ately covered with bristles 2-3 mm long, almost eglandular, stellate- hairy throughout; stolons quite long and slender, quite densely pubes- cent, often undeveloped or runner-like, with small leaves, somewhat larger toward base. Basal leaves 4—9, lanceolate, outer (ones) shert, subobtuse, mostly withering, inner narrow, long, to 20 cm long (10- 16:1), on both sides covered with scattered bristles 2.0—2.5 mm long, as a whole to moderately hairy, without or with quite sparse stellate hairs above, sparse to scattered beneath; cauline leaves 5—10 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.10), sessile, with broad base, yellow-green or glaucescent, 3—4 upper leaves small, very often with occasional, fine glands (visible under high magnification), lower leaves glandular along midrib beneath. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 15—40 capitula; acladium 3-12 mm long; peduncles with scattered hairs 2-3 mm long (or almost glabrous), sparsely glandular or eglandular (f. subeglan- dulosum Zahn), gray-tomentose; floral bracts grayish. Involucres 5-6 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, sub- acute, dark gray, with bright green border, with sparse (20-25) light- colored hairs with dark base 1.5—2.0 mm long, with fine glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, glands sparse (10-16) to occasional (4—10) (f. subeglandulosum Zahn), with scattered stellate hairs, margin glabrous. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. 481 465 Meadows and forest edges in middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad (?). Note. The material distributed by GRF (No. 2080) apparently is not uniform throughout; at least in the specimen studied by us, no glands were found on the cauline leaves, and hence the plant was not distin- guishable from the members of cycle Pannonica. 542. H. fominianum Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 12 (1908) 16; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1531. Perennial. Stem 75 cm high, thick, with erect bristles 3-5 mm long, dense at base to scattered upward, with occasional glands and scat- tered stellate hairs down to base; stolons long, somewhat thick, with quite large leaves. Basal leaves lanceolate, to 20 cm long, to acute, somewhat glaucescent, on both sides with sparse bristles 2-5 mm long, with small, occasional glands along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate hairs (or young leaves sparsely stellate-hairy beneath); cauline leaves to 10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), narrowly lanceolate, sessile, with broad base, glandular along margin, upper leaves stellate-hairy beneath. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate with up to 100 capitula; acladium 15 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs 1-3 mm long, with scattered glands, grayish from hairs. Involucres 6-7 mm long, ovate-cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark, with green border, with scattered hairs 1-2 mm long and quite large scattered glands, mostly somewhat stellate-hairy at base. Flowering June to July. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Mashhad. Type unknown. Note. Close to this species are two species, namely, H. variegaticeps Woron. and Zahn (Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22, 25; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1531) and H. samscharicum Woron. and Zahn (I. c.), described from the former Artvin District (eastern Anatolia), that could possibly be found in Western or Southern Transcaucasia. Both species are distinguished by fewer cauline leaves (3-5). Besides, H. variegaticeps is distinguished by sparsely glandular peduncles and H. samscharicum by leaves that are sparsely stellate-hairy beneath. Type unknown. 543. H. sabiniforme Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 8; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1531. Perennial. Stem 60 cm high, scatteredly to sparsely covered with bristles 2-3 mm long, sparsely glandular, somewhat stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, with rather dense bristles 3-4 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, densely 482 466 so beneath; cauline leaves 3—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), quite remote, small, all leaves with occasional fine glands. Inflorescence openly umbellate, with up to 50 capitula; peduncles rather densely pubescent, sparsely glandular, gray from hairs. Involucres 6 mm long; involucral bracts rather densely pubescent (hairs with black base), with sparse glands, densely stellate-pubescent. Flowering June to July. Middle montane zone, to 2,000 m.—Caucasus: Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from Abkhazia. Type unknown. Cycle 5. Calodontia Juxip.—H. calodon Tausch apud N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 742, 840, and H. florentinum-echioides N.P. Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. (1910) 1094; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 52; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1510.—H. piloselloides-echioides Zahn in Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, (1929) 1238; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1930) 469.—H. collinum f. dentatum Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.- BI. I, 58.—H. sarmentosum f. apterum Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 202.—H. praealtum €. hirsutum Koch, Synopsis, 2, II (1844) 513, p. p.—Stem 30-90 cm high, flexuous, without stolons but often with collateral stems and runners; leaves lanceolate, more or less glaucescent, with stellate pubescence on both sides, cauline leaves 3— 10. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 10—30(—40) capitula; involucres 6—8(—9) mm long; involucral bracts mostly narrow and acute; pubescence of plants from abundant to sparse; glands sparse, stellate pubescence appreciable; stigmas yellow. Distributed within the areas of cycles Echinina and Florentina, this cycle is considered interme- diate (hybrid?) between these cycles. Often under this name in her- baria, specimens of H. auriculoides Lang coll. can also be found which were poorly collected or lack stolons because of suppressed growth. This particularly relates to Calodontia, collected in Crimea and the Caucasus. Members of cycles Florentina and Bauhinia, as well as of their derivatives Calodontia and Pennonia, can be distinguished from each other only by the presence or absence of stolons. 544. H. perasperum Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 132; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1512. Perennial. Stem to 65 cm high, 3-4 mm in diameter, rather densely setose with long (4 mm) bristles, eglandular, densely stellate-pubes- cent, without stolons. Basal leaves 1-3, narrowly lanceolate, very long (to 26 cm, 16:1), densely pubescent, with scattered stellate pubescence above, densely stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 9-12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.15). Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with (15—)30—-50 capitula; acladium 8-10 mm long; peduncles rather densely pubescent, eglandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts grayish. Involucres 6-7 mm 483 467 long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with scattered, 25(20-35), hairs 3 mm long, with scarce, 4(1-7), glands 0.3 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent. Ligules short; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Dagestan (Chir- Yurt). Type in Tbilisi. Note. Zahn hypothesized that this species may be intermediate between H. echioides and the non-stoloniferous specimens of H. bauhini, which is quite probable (see note to cycle Calodontia). 545. H. tenuiceps N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 746; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1511; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XI, I, 471.—Exs.: GRF No. 1260. Perennial. Stem 30-90 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, with scattered bristles 1.0—2.5 mm long in lower part decreasing upward, eglandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 3—7, narrowly spatulate or linear-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, to 13 cm long (8-12:1), glaucescent, with moderate but beneath along midrib dense hairs 2-4 mm long, stellate pubescence mostly only beneath; cauline leaves (4-)8-12 (coefficient of leafiness 0.13), evenly distributed. Inflores- cence openly umbellate, with 10-60 capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, eglandular or with occa- sional glands, grayish; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with indistinct border, with scattered, 23(15-30), light-colored hairs 0.5—1.5 mm long and with occasional (0-5) small glands, densely stellate-pubescent, plants resembling H. echioides. Flowering June to July. Heaths, edges of pine forests, on sands.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IIlmen. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Prussia. Type in Munich. 546. H. psammophilum N_P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 745; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1511; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 1, 470.—Exs.: Callier, Iter. Taur. tert. No. 668. Perennial. Stem (25—)45—50 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, rather densely setose in lower part with upturned bristles 1.5—2.5 mm long, moderately hairy higher up with erect hairs, eglandular, stellate-pubes- cent throughout, densely so at top. Basal leaves lanceolate or narrow lanceolate, acute, to 6 cm long (11:1), glaucescent, with sparse bristles 2.0-2.5 mm long above, moderately stellate-pubescent on both sides or only beneath; cauline leaves 4-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.12), spread over entire stem. Inflorescence very open umbel, with (5—)15—30 ca- pitula; acladium 5—12 mm long, rays [branches] longer than acladium; 484 468 peduncles with occasional, light-colored hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, eglandular, gray-tomentose, floral bracts dark. Involucres 7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, gray, with indistinct light-colored border and sparse, 16(14—20), light-colored hairs 0.5— 1.0(—2.0) mm long, eglandular, gray from stellate pubescence. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. On sands.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen, Crimea. General distri- bution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from Prussia. Type in Munich. 547. H. strictiramum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 746; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 53; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1511; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 471. Perennial. Stem 35-65 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, flexuous, in lower part moderately to scatteredly pubescent with upright bristles 2 mm long or throughout with short bristles 1 mm long (f. kolomnense Zahn). Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, moder- ately setose on both sides with bristles 1.5-2.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, rather densely so beneath; cauline leaves 4— 5(—8) (coefficient of leafiness 0.11). Inflorescence very openly umbel- late, with 10—18(—30) capitula; acladium short, 3—4 mm long; peduncles sparsely hairy, almost eglandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, gray, with indictinct border and with scattered, light-colored hairs 1 mm long, sparsely glandular, gray from stellate pubescence. Flowering June to July. On sands.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from Riga. Type in Munich. 548. H. multiceps N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 744; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 53; Pfllzr. IV, 280, 1512; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1930) 471. Perennial. Stem 65 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, moderately setose below, sparsely above, bristles 2-3 mm long, to middle of stem sparsely glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Outer basal leaves oblong, obtuse, inner lanceolate, acute, glaucescent-yellowish-green, rather densely hairy on both sides, hairs 1-2 mm long, sparsely stel- late-pubescent above, scatteredly so beneath; cauline leaves 4 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.06), with occasional glands at tip. Inflorescence almost umbellate, open, with its branches much exceeding acladium, 10-12 mm long, with 30 capitula; peduncles scatteredly to sparsely pubescent, with scattered glands, densely pubescent(sic.], floral bracts grayish. Involucres 7.0-7.5 mm long, ovate-cylindrical; involucral bracts 485 469 somewhat broad, acute, dark, with indistinct border and scattered hairs 1.5 mm long, with occasional glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent but moderately so at base. Corollas dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry meadows.—European Part: Upper Volga. General distribu- tion: Central Europe. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. 549. H. calodon N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 744; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1512; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 472.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 362.—Exs.: GRF No. 1258. Perennial. Stem 30-90 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, at base with scattered to moderate (or even dense) hairs 1.5—4.0 mm long, above with sparse glands, with occasional glands reaching almost to base, rather densely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 2—9, lanceolate to nar- rowly lanceolate (8—11.5:1), mostly acute, glaucescent, with scattered bristles 2.0-—3.0 mm long above, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, occasionally or sparsely (mostly along midrib only) stellate-pubescent above, but to rather densely so beneath; cauline leaves 3—5(—8) (co- efficient of leafiness 0.10), rather densely stellate-pubescent on both sides. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 5—20(—40) capitula; acladium 6-8 mm long; peduncles with occasional or sparse, dark hairs 1-2 mm long and to sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres (S—)6—7(—8) mm long, cylindrical, involu- cral bracts very narrow, acute, dark gray, almost without border, with occasional to sparse (6-30) hairs 1.5 mm long, and also sparse (4—25) glands 0.4 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent (grayish) to margins. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Sands, heaths, dry meadows, and mountain slopes.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Ladoga-Ilmen, Upper Volga; Caucasus: Eastern and Western Transcaucasia, Talysh. General dis- tribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from vicinity of Prague. Type in Munich. Note. Besides the typical form described here, we also find forms that are much more hairy, representing a transition to H. sphaleron N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. I, 745; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1512; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 472). Zahn (Pflzr. 1. c.) reports the latter species for the Caucasus (former Artvin District); thus, this species could be found within our borders in Transcaucasia. As the presence of this species in this region is doubtful, pending confirmation, we have decided not to include H. sphaleron N.P. in the composition of our flora. 550. H. calodontopsis Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert, III (1907) 193 and in Sched. ad HFR, XLII (1910) 7; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1512.—Exs:.: GRF No. 2065. 486 470 Perennial. Stem up to 75 cm high, 2 mm in diameter with hairs moderate at base, scattered above, 0.5-1.5 mm long, and occasional glands only above, rather densely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 2— 5, narrowly lanceolate, acute, to 15 cm long (10—14:1), yellowish-green, with scattered bristles 0.5-1.0 mm long on both sides, denser bristles 0.5-1.0 mm long along margin, as a whole pubescence to scattered, scatteredly stellate-pubescent above, moderately so beneath; cauline leaves 4—5(—7) (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), mostly in lower half of stem, upper leaves very acuminate. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 15—40 capitula; acladium 12 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long and occasional glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6.0—6.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark gray, with green border and sparse, 14(10—20), light-colored hairs 0.5—-1.0 mm long having black base, and with almost scattered, 24(20-27), fine glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, stellate pubescence of involu- cral bracts moderate, at base dense; stigmas yellow. Flowering June. Forest meadows in middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad. 551. H. ochrophyllum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 745; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1513; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 472.—Exs.: GRF No. 1259a, b. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.0-2.0 mm in diameter, flexuous, ascending, with scattered, dark bristles 1-2 mm long and occasional glands, grayish from pubescence. Basal leaves 4—6, mostly lanceolate, acute, to 9 cm long (8—14:1), glaucescently light green, with scattered, bristles 2.0—-3.5 mm long above and almost without stellate hairs, more or less densely pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 8—30 capitula; acladium to 10 mm long, peduncles almost without hairs, very sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts white. Involucres 5.5—-7.0 mm long, ovate-cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad and sub- acute, gray, almost without border, with occasional, 8(6—16), dark hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, sparsely, 11(5-27), giandular, glands 0.3 mm long, gray from pubescence. Flowering June to July. Slopes, heaths, pine forest edges.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (southern part). General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Central Europe. Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. pskowiense Zahn (in Sched. HFR, V, No. 1268; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1515) should be included here. It is distinguished by somewhat dark floral bracts, frequent red stripes on the outer side of the corolla and abundant to scattered glands on the inflorescence. 471 Cycle 6. Pannonica Juxip.—H. auriculoides Lang in Syllab. pl. nov. Soc. Ratisb. I (1824) 183; Kerner in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. (1872) 257; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1095; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1515; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 475; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 279.—H. sarmentosum Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 202; Boiss. FI. or. III, 862, pro synon.—H. praealtum v. hispidissimum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 31 p. p.; Boiss. Fl. or. (1. c.).—H. pannonicum (=H. magyaricum- echioides) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 749, 841.—H. bauhini-echioides Zahn in Koch, Synopsis. 3, II (1901) 1756; Pflzr. op. cit. and in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis (1. c.).—In habit greatly resembling members of subsection Bauhinia with very long, thin stolons (not developing when growth suppressed), and small or more or less conspicuous, remote leaves, but distinguished by more or less dense, long, more or less setose pubescence and mostly dense stellate pubescence but sparse glands. Leaves mostly lanceolate, long, glaucescent, with stel- late pubescence on both sides or only beneath, or (as an exception) completely without pubescence; cauline leaves (2—)3-—10; inflorescence mostly umbellate-paniculate, with (7—)10—40(—SO0) capitula; involucres (5—)6-7(—9) mm long, cylindrical; corollas and stigmas yellow; in Asia Minor (and Caucasian) forms, corollas often purple on outer side. In the USSR found mainly in Crimea and the Caucasus, dropping out rapidly northward but reaching Moscow. Highly polymorphic, distinguished mostly by pubescence. 552. H. rubropannonicum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 186; Pfizr. IV, 280, 1524. Perennial. Stem up to 60 cm high, 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter, with hairs moderate at base, 2.5-5.0 mm long, sparse above, 2.5—3.5 mm long, with occasional glands and densely stellate pubescence above, pubescence thinning downward; stolons elongated, thin, moderately hairy, with medium-sized leaves. Basal leaves lanceolate, to acute, some withering before anthesis, glaucescently light green, on both sides with scattered bristles 3-5 mm long, without stellate pubescence above, but sparsely to scatteredly stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves to 10 (coefficient of leafiness 0.17), narrowly lanceolate, upper (4—6) small, gradually passing over to floral bracts. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 25-50 capitula; acladium 5-12 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs 2.5 mm long, sparsely glandular, grayish from pubes- cence. Involucres 5-6 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acuminate or subobtuse, dark green, with green border and scattered or sparse, light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long with dark base, scatteredly glandular, stellate hairs at base dense, scattered above, margin glabrous. Corollas yellow but ligules with bright red 488 472 stripes on ouside (f. valdestriatum Zahn) or only teeth red (f. substriatum Zahn). Flowering June to July. Middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia and Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda (Kuban Region). Type unknown. 553. H. haematoglossum Kozl. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 6; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1524. Perennial. Stem to 70 cm high, at base to dense, densely stellate- pubescent, eglandular; stolons thin, long. Basal leaves lanceolate, with scattered bristles 3—4 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence panicu- late, with 25-30 capitula; peduncles with sparse hairs, eglandular, gray from pubescence. Involucres 7 mm long; involucral bracts with sparse hairs with dark base, (almost) eglandular, scattered-pubescent. Ligules bright purple on ouside. Flowering June. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Bakuriani (Tbilisi). Type unknown. | Note. It differs from the previous species by absence of glands. 554. H. echiogenes N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 751; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1523; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 484.—H. pestiense Simk. in Termesz. Fiiz. II (1878) 31, var. subechioides Borb.— H. subechioides Borb. Budapest Korny, nov. (1879) 95. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, with rather dense bristles at base, bristles 2-3 mm long, thinning upward to scat- tered, eglandular, rather densely stellate-pubescent stolons greatly elongated, thin, stiff small-leaved but often undeveloped or runner- like. Basal leaves 3, linear-lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, on both sides with scattered bristles 2-4 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent along midrib beneath, scatteredly so above, moderately beneath; cauline leaves 5-7 (coefficient of leafiness 0.18). Inflorescence openly umbel- late-paniculate, with 10-35 capitula; acladium 25 mm long; peduncles with sparse to scattered hairs, eglandular, gray from stellate pubes- cence; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6.0—-8.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acuminate, gray, with scattered, 31(27-35), light-colored hairs 1-3 mm long and occasional, 0-3, glands 0.1—0.3 mm long, gray from pubescence. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry places, mountains, from 1,260 to 2,300 m.—European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia, Talysh. General distribu- tion: Central Europe (eastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from vicinity of Vienna. Type in Munich. 473 etary theif, 4 ; AV \\ "ih XN fag OS SS ~ Plate XXVII. 489 2—H. submedianum Zahn. 1—H. prolixiforme Norrl.; 491 474 555. H. alupkanum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1523. Perennial. Stem 35-50 cm high, with rather dense bristles 3—5 mm long, eglandular, distinctly stellate-pubescent, stolons weakly devel- oped, runner-like. Outer basal leaves oblong-spatulate to lanceolate, moderately setose, very sparsely stellate-pubescent above but to scatteredly so beneath; cauline leaves 5—9 (coefficient of leafiness 0.15). Inflorescence umbellate, with 12-30 capitula; acladium to 15 mm long; peduncles to scattered-pubescent, with occasional small glands at tip, white-tomentose. Involucres (6.5—)7.5—8.5 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, with sparse, 22(16—26), hairs 3-5 mm long, with occasional (0-3), glands at tips, more or less white-tomentose. According to Zahn, it is a species transitional to H. asiaticum N.P. Flowering June to July. Mountain slopes.—European Part: Crimea. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Alupka. Type unknown. 556. H. longisetum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 750; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1523; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 483.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 439. Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, with rather dense bristles below, but moderate upward, 4—6 mm long, with occa- sional glands above, quickly thinning to none, moderately stellate- pubescent; stolons greatly elongated, somewhat thin, densely pubescent. Basal leaves long, lanceolate, acute, glaucescently yellow- ish-green, with sparse bristles 3-5 mm long above toward margin, scattered bristles along margin and beneath, to densely hairy beneath along midrib, without stellate pubescence above, sparsely pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08). Inflorescence openly spreading-paniculate, with 12-15 capitula; acladium 12 mm long; peduncles with rather dense hairs, with scattered glands, gray from hairs; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 8—9 mm long, cylindrical, later almost globose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with distinct bright border, with scattered, light-colored hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long and sparse, small glands, with scattered stellate pubescence. Corollas light yellow. Flowering June to July. Sands, dry mountain slopes.—European Part: Upper Dniester, Crimea; Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Cen- tral Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Austria. Type in Munich. 557. H. asperrimum Schur. Enum. Tranass. (1866) 400; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 752; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1523; in Asch. and Graebn. 492 475 Synopsis, XII, I, 483.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 438; Callier, Iter. Taur. III, Nos. 768, 801, p. p. Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, flexuous, with rather dense bristles 3.5 mm long below, thinning upward, eglandular, moderately stellate-pubescent, stolons elongated; some- what thickish. Basal leaves 3, narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute (12-— 14:1), glaucescent, on both sides with scattered, stiff bristles 3-5 mm long, to densely setose beneath along midrib, stellate pubescence barely conspicuous only beneath; cauline leaves 4—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.11). Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 10-30 capitula; acladium 10-15 mm long; peduncles rather distinctly pilose, with occasional glands, gray from pubescence; floral bracts gray. In- volucres 5.5—8.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with indistinct border, with sparse (20), light-colored hairs 1—2 mm long and occasional (5—7) glands 0.2—0.5 mm long, barely stellate- pubescent. Corollas light yellow; of all the species of Pannonica, it is closest to H. echioides. Flowering June to July. Dry places, stony mountain slopes.—European Part: Upper Dniester, Crimea; Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. General distribu- tion: Central Europe. Described from Transylvania. Type in Munich. 558. H. teberdaefontis Litw. and Zahn. in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 187; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1522. Perennial. Stem 70-85 cm high, 3—5 mm in diameter, with fairly dense bristles 3-4 mm long in lower part, eglandular, densely stellate- pubescent; stolons very long, thickish, densely covered with hairs 2.5 mm long and with medium-sized leaves. Basal leaves lanceolate, to 18 cm long, scatteredly pubescent, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, conspicuously beneath; cauline leaves 5—8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09). Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, many-headed; acladium to 12 mm long; peduncles scatteredly pubescent, eglandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts grayish. Involucres 6—7 mm long; involu- cral bracts somewhat narrow, with scattered hairs 1-3 mm long and occasional glands only at tips, moderately stellate-pubescent. Flower- ing June to July. Subalpine zone, at 2,300 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type unknown. 559. H. semipraecox Zahn in Ann. mus. Hung. (1910) 57; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1520; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 480.—H. praecox N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 751, non al.—H. caniramum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 24. 493 476 Perennial. Stem 30-45 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, flexuous, with rather dense, light-colored bristles 1-2 mm long, eglandular, rather densely stellate-pubescent; stolons greatly elongated, thin. Basal leaves lanceolate to almost linear, subobtuse to acute, glaucescent, on both sides scatteredly pubescent, with bristles 2.0-2.5 mm long above, denser beneath along midrib, without down above, more or less scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 10— 30 capitula; acladium 7—8 mm long; peduncles to barely pubescent, eglandular, gray from hairs; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6.0—6.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark gray, with light- colored border, with scattered, short hairs 0.5 mm long, eglandular or with occasional glands, rather densely stellate-pubescent. Flowering May to June. Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia, Western Trancaucasia (former Artvin District). General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from vicinity of Prague. Type in Munich. 560. H. latpariense Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. I (1898) 21; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1521. Perennial. Stem 40-65 cm high, with hairs rather dense at base, 3-4 mm long, scattered above, 2-3 mm long, eglandular; stolons often undeveloped. Basal leaves lanceolate, with scattered hairs 3-4 mm long, with dense stellate down beneath; cauline leaves 5—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.11). Inflorescence umbellate, with 10-25 capitula; acladium 10 mm long, peduncles more or less sparsely pubescent, with sparse to occasional glands, gray from down. Involucres 6—7 mm long; involu- cral bracts more or less sparsely pubescent, scatteredly to sparsely glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Flowering July to August. Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Latpari Pass (Svanetia). Type in Florence. 561. H. arvense N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 750; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1520; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 480. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, thin, with bristles moderate below, 1.5-2.0 mm long, thinning upward to none, eglandular, moderately stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated, rather thin, rather densely se- tose. Basal leaves oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, glaucescent, on both sides scatteredly pubescent, above with stiff and beneath with softer bristles 1.5—2.0 mm long, along midrib moderately and above barely (finely) stellate-pubescent, to moderately pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 20-30 capitula; acladium 8 mm long; peduncles sparsely 494 477 pubescent, in upper part with occasional, quickly decreasing glands, grayish from stellate down; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7.0-7.5 mm long, cylindrical-ovoid; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, with indistinct border, hairs sparse to occasional, light-colored, 1 mm long, scatteredly to sparsely glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Flowering June. Middle montane zone, to 2,250 m.—European Part: Crimea, Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from vicinity of Prague. Type in Munich. 562. H. lasiophorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 752; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1524; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 483.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 338; GRF No. 2053; Pl. Caucas. No. 200. Perennial. Stem 45-85 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, with conspicu- ous, erect, spreading, light-colored bristles 3-5(—7) mm long along entire length, eglandular, above densely stellate-pubescent, thinning downward, stolons very thin, sometimes partly underground. Basal leaves 1-6, lanceolate, acute, to 15 cm long (7-11:1), light green, on both sides moderately setose with bristles 3-6 mm long, beneath along midrib densely, as a whole to moderately pubescent, scatteredly stel- late-hairy above, moderately beneath; cauline leaves 4-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08). Inflorescence loosely umbellate; with 10-40 capitula; acladium 5-10 mm long, peduncles with conspicuous hairs 3-5 mm long, eglandular or with occasional glands, gray from down; floral bracts light gray. Involucres 5.5—7.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts very narrow, acuminate, grayish, with bright green border, with scattered, 20(13-35), light-colored hairs 1.5-2.0 mm long and occasional, 3(2—6), glands 0.1-0.3 mm long, only at tips scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Mountain slopes, forests.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. 563. H. basileucum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 189 and in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 20; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1521.—Exs.: GRF No. 2052; Pl. Caucas. No. 199. Perennial. Stem 40-70 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, at base with scattered bristles 2-3 mm long, occasional bristles above, eglandular, rather densely stellate-pubescent above, quickly thinning downward, stolons elongated (to 30 cm), very thin, with short (1 mm long) pubes- cence, small-leaved. Basal leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate (13:1), acute, yellowish-green or slightly glaucescent, on both sides with occasional bristles 2-3 mm long, beneath along midrib sparsely, 478 as a whole to scatteredly pubescent, above vey sparsely (or not very) stellate-pubescent, scattered pubescence beneath; cauline leaves 4-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), lanceolate, acute, often rather small. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 10—40 capitula; acladium 5-8 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands (or without them), white-tomentose at tip; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subacute, with occasional to sparse, 10(8—16), light-colored hairs 1.5 mm long with dark base, and occasional, 3(1-6), glands 0.2 mm long, with moderate down, densely stellate-white-pubescent at base, along margin glabrous. Flowering June to July. Dry mountain meadows, to 1,260 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad. 564. H. echiocephalum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 755; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1522; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 482. Perennial. Stem 30-65 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, flexuous, with scattered (above to sparse) hairs 1-2 mm long, eglandular, moderately stellate-pubescent; stolons very long, very thin. Basal leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, with occasional hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long above, very sparse stellate pubescence above, scattered to mod- erate beneath; cauline leaves 3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10). Inflo- rescence loosely umbellate-paniculate, with 6-30 capitula; acladium 14-24 mm long, peduncles scatteredly to sparsely (downward) pubes- cent, eglandular, gray from stellate down; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, light gray, with indistinct green border, with scattered, light- colored, soft hairs 1 mm long, eglandular, at base densely, upward moderately (including up to margin) stellate-pubescent. Corollas light yellow. Involucres greatly resembling H. echioides Lumn. var. albocinereum Fr. but distinguished mainly by long thin stolons. Flow- ering June to July. European Part: Crimea, Caucasus: Eastern and Western Trans- caucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from vicinity of Vienna. Type in Munich. Note. We include here two very closely related species known from Eastern Transcaucasia: H. setigeriflorum Kozl. and Zahn (in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29, 7; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1522) and H. brachythrix Kozl. and Zahn (1. c.), which differ from H. echiocephalum N.P. by the presence of glands (although in very small number) on the involucral bracts (and sometimes also on the peduncles). Besides, H. setigeriflorum differs from H. echiocephalum by having somewhat larger involucres 495 (7-8 mm long), while H. brachythrix differs by having a short (8-10 479 mm long) acladium, glabrous peduncles, and an almost smooth stem and stolons often undeveloped. Type unknown. 565. H. mirum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 757; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 56; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1520; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 482.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 363.—Exs.: GRF No. 2054a, b. Perennial. Stem 45—60(-—80) cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, at base moderately pilose with hairs 3-4 mm long, thinning upward, above with occasional glands quickly thinning to none, moderately stellate-pubescent; stolons greatly elongated, thin. Outer basal leaves oblong-spatulate, rounded-obtuse, inner narrowly lanceolate, acute, glaucous, with sparse, bristles 2.0-2.5 mm long toward margin above or only along margin, rather densely pubescent beneath along midrib, stellate down very sparse above, moderate beneath, and dense along midrib; cauline leaves 3-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence openly umbellate, with 15-25 capitula; acladium 20-35 mm long, peduncles very sparsely pubescent, sparsely glandular, gray from stellate down; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical- ovate; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse, gray, with light-colored border and light-colored, scattered to sparse hairs 1 mm long and scattered glands, quickly thinning downward, rather densely stellate-pubescent. Flowering June to July. Grassy mountain slopes, mountain meadows, to 2,300 m.—Euro- pean Part: Upper Volga (apparently northern limit of its range); Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. 566. H. amaurobasis Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 188; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1522. Perennial. Stem 60-80 cm high, 3 mm in diameter, at base with scattered bristles 2-4 mm long, with decreasing hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long above, eglandular, with scattered stellate pubescence; stolons to 40 cm long (thinner than in H. teberdaefontis), sometimes undeveloped. Basal leaves (6) lanceolate, to 17 cm long (11:1), above with occasional bristles 3-4 mm long, sparsely pubescent beneath but along midrib moderately so, along margin with occasional hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole sparsely pubescent, without stellate down above, sparsely pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 5—9 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10). Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 15—35 capitula; acladium 8-12 mm long; peduncles sparsely pubescent, with occasional glands, gray from down; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 5.5—-6.5 mm long; involucral bracts subacute, with light-colored border, with hairs 496 480 to sparse, 3 mm long, 20(12—23), and sparse, 14(10-—21), glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, or with occasional glands (f. subeglandulosum Zahn), mod- erately stellate-pubescent (margin glabrous). Stigmas yellow. Flower- ing July. Mountain slopes, in subalpine meadows, at 600-2,100 m.— Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Western and Southern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Mashuk (vicinity of Pyatigorsk). Type in Tbilisi. 567. H. sublasiophorum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. IV (1907) 188 and in Sched. HFR, VII (1911) 23; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1522.—Exs.: GRF No. 2058. Perennial. Stem 65-75 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, at base with rather conspicuous, upcurved bristles 3—4 mm long, thinning upward, eglandular, with scattered stellate down throughout; stolons elon- gated, rather thin, distinctly pubescent and stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 3-6, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute, to 13 cm long (10— 33:1), on both sides with sparse, along edges and beneath along midrib with moderate bristles 2—3(—4) mm long, as a whole to scattered- pubescent, very sparsely stellate-pubescent above; scatteredly so beneath; cauline leaves 5-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), upper very narrow. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 15-50 capitula; acladium 5-13 mm long, peduncles sparsely pubescent, with occa- sional glands in upper part, more or less gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 5-6 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark, with narrow, palé border, with sparse, 18(15-20), light-colored hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long, with black base and equally sparse, 14(11-16), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, concentrated and larger toward tip, moderately stellate-pubescent, at base rather densely so, along edges glabrous. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Stony slopes in subalpine zone, at 2,300 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad(?). Note. The distributed specimens (GRF No. 2058) are similar to the ones described, except for the absence of stolons. 568. H. adjarianum Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 1 (1898) 21; Zahn in Pflzr. TV, 280, 1521. Perennial. Stem 60-70 cm high, moderately setose at base with bristles 3-5 mm long, thinning-pubescent upward, with sparse glands above, extending down to middle of stem, almost without stellate down. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate, with sparse bristles 4-5 mm long, scarcely stellate pubescent above, to densely beneath; cauline leaves 5—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), abruptly becoming smaller. 497 481 Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 7-25 capitula; acladium to 12 mm long; peduncles subglabrous, to moderately glandular, gray from stellate down. Involucres 5—6 mm long; involucral bracts to scatteredly pubescent, to moderately glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Ligules short. Flowering June. Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Adzharia (Khula). Type in Florence. 569. H. submirum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 189, Pflzr. IV, 280, 1521.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 338a. Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, rather densely covered with hairs 3.5 mm long, eglandular (or very rarely with occasional glands in upper part); stolons very long, with dense white hairs 3.5 mm long, with leaves of average size. Basal leaves lanceolate, as a whole on both sides to moderately setose, bristles 2.5—4.0 mm long, sparsely stellate- downy above but densely so beneath; cauline leaves 5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08). Inflorescence very spreading-paniculate, with 15—40 capitula; acladium 10-25 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs and occasional glands, gray from down. Involucres 5.0—6.5 mm long; involucral bracts with scattered, light-colored hairs 1.5—-2.5 mm long, with black base, with occasional glands and moderate stellate down. Flowering June to July. Middle montane zone, at 1,260 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, East- ern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type unknown. 570. H. sarmentosum Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 202; Zahn in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 280, 1519; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 478, non Salisb. (1796), nec Vagner (1893).—H. pannonicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 753.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 169; Fl. exs. Austro-Hung. No. 3057; GRF No. 2055. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with con- spicuous bristles 6-10 mm (f. longisetum N.P.) or 3-4 mm long (f. brevisetum N.P.), light-colored in lower part, dark above, eglandular, with scattered stellate pubescence above, thinning downward; stolons long (to 25 cm), very thin. Basal leaves 2—5, lanceolate, subacute to acute, to 15 cm long (10—-15:1), glaucescent to light green, on both sides with occasional bristles 3-5 mm long, as a whole moderately pubescent, beneath (along veins) very sparsely stellate-pubescent, cauline leaves 3—4(-6) (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), lanceolate, abruptly becoming smaller upward. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 10-35 capitula; acladium 5-12 mm long; peduncles somewhat pubescent, eglandular or with occasional glands, grayish from stellate down above; floral bracts dark or light green. Involucres (5—)6.0—-7.5 482 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark with light green border, with sparse, 17(13—22), hairs 2-4 mm long and occasional, 4(2—6), glands 0.3— 0.4 mm long, mostly near tip, to sparsely stellate-pubescent. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XIV, Fig. 2.) Grassy mountain slopes, at 1,800-—2,100 m.—European Part: Upper Dniester, Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, Eastern, Western, and Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean (eastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. Note. A highly polymorphic species forming with H. tanythrix N.P., through intermediates, a continuum to the subsection Bauhinia (H. magyaricum N.P.). Apparently, H. semiauriculoides Zahn (in Fedde, Repert. XVI, 182; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1519) should also be included in H. sarmentosum (Froel.) Zahn. It is distinguished from the latter by denser glandularity on the involucral bracts and peduncles, tending to become scattered, and by less pubescence on the bracts (var. B subglandulosum) Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III, 190). It is found in the Caucasus (Ciscaucasia). Type unknown. 571. H. pareyssianum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 758; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1520. Perennial. Stem 30 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, with sparse bristles 2-3 mm long, thinning upward to none, eglandular, almost without stellate down; stolons elongated, thin. Basal leaves lanceolate, acute, glaucous, with scattered bristles 4-5 mm long above, sparsely setose beneath, along midrib moderately pubescent, without stellate down above, grayish beneath; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 7-8 capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs, eglandular, gray from down. Involucres 7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with narrow border, with scattered, dark hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, sparse glands, and sparse stellate down. Corollas light yellow. Flowering June. European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Crimea. Type in Munich. 572. H. thracicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 759; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1521; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 481.—Exs.: GRF No. 2060? Perennial. Stem 35-50 cm high, thin, slightly flexuous, at base to scattered-pubescent with light-colored hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, very sparsely pubescent above, almost eglandular, above scatteredly 499 483 stellate-pubescent, below without down; stolons elongated, very thin. Basal leaves lanceolate, subacute, glaucescent, on both sides moder- ately setose with bristles 3-4 mm long, more densely so beneath along midrib, stellate hairs to occasional beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 3—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09). Inflorescence compact umbellate- paniculate, with 8—18 capitula; acladium 4—5 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs and occasional glands, gray from stellate down; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts nar- row, acute, dark, with light-colored border, with sparse to scattered, dark hairs | mm long, and occasional glands, almost without or with sparse stellate down (f. subfloccosum Zahn) or with scattered hairs (f. flocciceps Zahn). Flowering June to July. Grassy places in mountains, at 1,250 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Thrace. Type in Munich. Note. The distributed specimens (GRF No. 2060) do not conform to the species diagnosis mainly in the ratio of hairs to glands on the involucral bracts and peduncles. 573. H. sabiniceps Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 190; Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1519.—H. sabinocephalum Litw. and Zahn in Sched. HFR, VII (1911) 22.—Exs.: GRF No. 2057. Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with scat- tered, spreading hairs 3-5 mm long, hairs at base light-colored but dark above, eglandular, with stellate down—dense above but gradually decreasing downward; stolons elongated, thin, moderately pubescent, with white hairs 2—4 mm long, small-leaved. Basal leaves 1-4, outer spatulate, obtuse, inner oblong-lanceolate, long-attenuate to base, subacute to acute, to 12 cm long (9—13:1), yellowish-green, on both sides moderately setose with bristles 3-5 mm long, as a whole to scatteredly pubescent, above without stellate down, beneath (or only along midrib beneath) with sparse down; cauline leaves (2—)3 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.05), small, scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate or openly paniculate, with 10-25 capitula; acladium 5-12 mm long; peduncles (conspicuously) with scattered hairs 4 mm long and eglandular or with occasional glands below capitula, to tomentose; floral bracts darkish. Involucres 5—6 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subacute to acute, dark, with indistinct green border, with scattered, 30(25-35), dark hairs 2-3 mm long with black base and almost eglandular, with moderate or scattered stellate down. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. 500 484 Stony slopes in subalpine zone, at 2,270 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad. 574. H. umbellosum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 755; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1516; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 476.—Exs.: Callier. Iter. Taur. tert. No. 667. Perennial. Stem 50-85 cm high, 2-4 mm in diameter, at base scatteredly setose, bristles 3-4 mm long, above with occasional glands, quickly thinning downward, without stellate down; stolons elongated, to 20 cm long, thin. Basal leaves 2—4, narrow (10-—20:1), lanceolate to linear, acute, glaucous, with sparse bristles 3-4 mm long only along margin, scattered beneath along midrib, without stellate down; cauline leaves 3-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence very openly umbellate, with 10-50 capitula; acladium 8—9 mm long; peduncles al- most glabrous, with occasional glands and sparse stellate down below capitula, hairs quickly thinning downward; floral bracts dark. Involu- cres (6.5—)7.0—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark with light-colored border, with occasional, 10(6—14), light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long and sparse, 17(10—25), fine glands 0.3 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corollas light yellow. Flowering June to July. European Part: Crimea. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Austria. Type in Munich. Note. It links the cycles Pannonica and Bauhinia. 575. H. tanythrix N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 754; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1517; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 477.—H. praealtum 6. setosum Schur. Enum. pl. Transs. (1866) 383.—H. svevorum (Borb.) Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 518.—Exs.: GRF No. 2059(?). Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, at base moderate or scattered bristles 2.5-5.0 mm long, sparsely pubescent above or almost glabrous, eglandular and without stellate down; sto- lons very long, very thin. Outer basal leaves somewhat spatulate and obtuse, inner lanceolate, acute (f. subfloccosum N.P.) or all narrowly lanceolate, acute (f. calotrichum N.P.), glaucescent, above with sparse bristles 2-6 mm long, rather densely pubescent (f. densipilum N.P.) along midrib beneath or bristles sparse above, 1.5—2.0 mm long, denser beneath, with stellate down, very sparse above and scattered beneath (f. subfloccosum N.P.) or without down on both sides (f. calotrichum N.P.); cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 8-20 capitula; acladium 7-12 mm long; pe- duncles with occasional hairs and occasional glands, very sparsely stellate-pubescent; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm 485 long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark green, with light-green border, with scattered to moderate light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, with occasional fine glands, and almost without stellate down. Flowering June. Groves and edges of mountain forests.—European Part: Upper Dniester, Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. Note. The distributed specimens (GRF No. 2059) do not conform to the description of the species: stems very weakly pubescent, pe- duncles eglandular, involucral bracts sparsely pubescent and almost eglandular. Apparently, the plant from Lazistan, described by G. Zahn (Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21, 5; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1517) under the name H. xystrophyllum var. B. mamanatense Zahn, closely approaches this species. 576. H. macroradium Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 133; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1517. Perennial. Stem 60-80 cm high, 3—4 mm in diameter, with sparse bristles 5-7 mm long, eglandular and almost without stellate down; stolons to 35 cm long, with rather abundant large leaves. Basal leaves to 7 lanceolate, to 13 cm long (11:1), acute, with sparse bristles 2-4 mm long, without stellate down; cauline leaves S—6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate. Inflorescence almost umbellate, with up to 40 ca- pitula, branches long, significantly (3 times) longer than rather long (to 25 mm) acladium; peduncles with occasional, light-colored, thin bristles to 3 mm long, eglandular, very sparsely stellate-pubescent. Involucres 5—6 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with sparse, 16(13-20), thin bristles 3 mm long and occasional, 2(0-4), glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, with very sparse stellate pubescence at tips. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Flowering June. Caucasus: Talysh. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Lenkoran. Type in Tbilisi (coliected by Hohenacker). 577. H. subumbelliforme Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1517.— H. umbelliforme Litw. and Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 24, non Iord., nec. Vukot.—Exs.: GRF No. 2061a, b. Perennial. Stem 50—80 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, with scattered, spreading bristles 3-4 mm long, very sparsely glandular in upper third, without stellate down, stolons elongated, thin, with scattered bristles 2-3 mm long. Basal leaves 2, lanceolate, to 14 cm long (10-12:1), glaucous, with sparse hairs 3 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib, and equally sparse as a whole, without stellate down; cauline 502 486 leaves 3-6 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence umbellate- paniculate, with 10-50 capitula; acladium 10-22 mm long; peduncles with conspicuous bristles 1.5—-4.0 mm long, with sparse, fine (0.3 mm long) glands, thinning downward, with stellate down only below ca- pitula; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 4.5—6.0 mm long; involu- cral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark green, with clear pale green border, with sparse, 13(10-17), hairs 3 mm long and occasional, 8(6—13), glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corol- las light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June. Forest edges, seaside meadows.—Caucasus: Western Trans- caucasia. Endemic. Described from vicinity of village of Mikhailovskaya (near Gelendzhik). Type in Leningrad. Note. It is a form transitional between H. bauhini and H. auriculoides. Cycle 7. Euchaetia Juxip.—H. euchaetium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 764, 842 coll.; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1525; in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 484; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 279.—H. magyaricum- setigerum N.P. 1. c.—H. bauhini-echioides-pilosella Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 191; Pflzr. 1. c.; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, |. ¢.— In habit resembles Leptophyta and conforms in part to the formula Bauchinia-Rothiana and in part to Pannonica-Pilosella.—Stem 25-60 cm high, sparsely to densely pubescent, above often sparsely glandular, densely stellate-pubescent, flexuous, with more or less long, mostly somewhat slender stolons; cauline leaves 2(—4); inflorescence openly paniculate to shallowly dichotomous, with 4—15 capitula, acladium usually long, 10—35(—130) mm. Involucres (6—)7—9 mm long, more or less globose; involucral bracts acute, with light-colored hairs and often somewhat glandular, gray from stellate down. Corollas yel- low; peripheral florets often with red stripes on outside; stigmas yel- low. Scattered, in association with Rothiana or Pannonica. The type of the cycle, H. euchaetium N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. 1, 765), apparently is not found in our country. 578. H. kolenatii N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 509; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1527. Perennial. Stem 30 cm high, thin, with scattered bristles 3-4 mm long, scatteredly glandular and profusely stellate-pubescent above; stolons very long, thin. Basal leaves lanceolate-spatulate, obtuse to subacute, glaucescent, on both sides moderately setose with bristles 3-4 mm long, without stellate down above, gray beneath from down; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 4—7 capitula; acladium 10-150 mm long; peduncles 487 Plate XXVIII. 1—H. wologdense Pohle and Zahn; 2—H. taigense Schischk. and Serg. 503 505 488 scatteredly hairy, with scattered, quickly thinning glands, gray-tomen- tose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7 mm long, hemispherical involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, with light-colored border, rather densely covered with dark hairs 2 mm long, with occasional glands, rather densely stellate-pubescent. Corollas red on outer side. Flowering June. Middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Chaikent. Type in Munich. 579. H. longum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 765; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1525; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 485.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 51; Fl. exs. Austr.-Hung. No. 3058. Ferennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, at base with rather dense, light- colored hairs 4—6 mm long, thinning upward, with hairs scattered above, 1.5—2.0 mm long, with occasional, quickly thinning glands, densely stellate-pubescent; stolons very long, thin. Basal leaves 2-4, lanceolate, acute (6—-8:1), glaucescent (outermost leaves short, spatulate and subobtuse, usually withering before anthesis), on both sides pubes- cent, above with bristles 4-6 (f. longipilum N.P.) or 2—4 mm long (f. brevipilum N.P.), beneath with soft hairs, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, along midrib beneath densely hairy, above very sparsely so, beneath grayish-green stellate-pubescent; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 3-15 capitula; acladium long, 30-130 mm; peduncles with occa- sional hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long and occasional glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres (7—)8.0—8.5 mm long, subglobose; involu- cral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark gray, with inconspicuous light-colored border, with sparse, 12(10—16), hairs 1-2 mm long and occasional, 11(8—13), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, gray from stellate down. Corollas light yellow; peripheral florets at tips red on outer side. Flowering June. European Part: Crimea. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from cultivated specimen. Type in Munich. 580. H. leptophytomorphum Litw. and Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 191 and in Sched. HFR XLII (1910) 11; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1526.—Exs:.: GRF No. 2074. Perennial. Stem to 55 cm high, thin, with moderate, light-colored, dark-based hairs 2.5—4.0 mm long, above with occasional, quickly thin- ning glands, above densely stellate-pubescent, thinning toward base; stolons long, thin, flexuous, with moderate hairs 2—3 mm long, stellate- pubescent (often undeveloped). Basal leaves lanceolate, long (to 18 cm), acute, narrow (15:1) (outer leaves shorter, spatulate, subobtuse, usually withering before anthesis), yellowish-green (not glaucescent), 506 489 on both sides with sparse, toward base to scattered bristles 3-6 mm long, without stellate down above, scatteredly pubescent beneath, cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), upper leaf linear, mostly with stellate down on both sides. Inflorescence shallowly dichoto- mous, with 5-12 capitula; acladium to 35 mm long; peduncles moder- ately pubescent, scatteredly glandular, grayish-tomentose, floral bracts grayish-green. Involucres 6.0—7.5 mm long, later broadly ovate; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, darkish, pale-bordered, rather densely covered with light-colored hairs 1.5-2.0 mm long, with black base, sparsely glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow, without red tint. Flowering June. Montane oak forests. Caucasus: Ciscaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad. Note. H. callieri Oborny (Callier, ter. Taur. III, 1900, No. 905; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1528) belongs here. It is distinguished by (insofar as can be judged from the very incomplete diagnosis), the densely setose stem with bristles 3-5 mm long, 3-4 cauline leaves (coefficient of leafiness 0.07) and dense glands on the peduncles (glands decreasing rapidly toward the stem). It is found in the vicinity of Simferopol. Type unknown. Subsection 4. Praeltocymosina Juxip.—Without stolons or with Bauhinia-type stolons; stellate pubescence more or less conspicuous on all parts; pubescence mostly short, more or less soft; inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, more or less many-headed. 1. Plant without stolons, often with collateral stems and runners.. 2. PEM PPlants With StolOmsecscstett state sees ore cooreoeterte stckeadecteeeeaveesnncerecre 6. 2. Involucral bracts entirely glabrous (or glands many times more MEVERTTOVAIES) Mose ace eaeac cee eseencte ra tesenes woeaceeeeravsaet es 581. H. perfugii Juxip + Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in equal number or hairs more than glands.............cccccseseseeeeeeeeesseseeseseeesesseeseseeeeneneensneeeaseees 3. 3. Hairs on involucral bracts many times more than glands (roughly iI) FAMOWOMGOUIZ0): ceccececrtcts os -aceccerereeeee es 582. H. cyrtophyllum Norrl. + Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less in equal number or ratio of hairs to glands 1:2...........:cceeeeseeseeseeesseeeseeseenees 4. 4. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less in equal number; stem and leaves beneath with hairs 2-3 mm long; involucres 6—7 mM IONG.............:cesceseeeees 583. H. zizianum Tausch + Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 1:2; stem and leaves with short (0.5—1.0 mm) haifS............:cccecesseeesseeeseeeenseeeeeees 4 5. Cauline leaves 3-5; involucres short, 5.0-5.5 mm long...............-. SOIRIUIORS . ROVE O APR Tle 584. H. amauranthum Peter re Cauline leaves 2—3; involucres longer, 6—7 mm long..................+. AA AA Be ULB e Re AACE, Stee 585. H. leptophyllum N.P. Hairs on involucral bracts moderate to scattered..................:06+ ih. Hairs on involucral bracts occasional to more or less sparse......9. Glands on involucral bracts in appreciable numbers (moderate to scattered); branches of inflorescence very long, much longer than acladium; all basal leaves narrowly lanceolate and aCUtetes. heabrad ales...daiteak...3 586. H. longiradiatum Zahn Glands on involucral bracts sparse to solitary.................:0000000 8. Peduncles with sparse or occasional glands; involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long; all basal leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute, glaucescent to light green, with stellate down only beneath.......... in tes irri ear aa R cbc cadact coo! 588. H. acrosciadium N.P. Peduncles almost eglandular; involucres 7-8 mm long; outer basal leaves oblong, obtuse, inner lanceolate, acute, yellowish- green, with stellate down on both sides; stolons long, mostly undergroundas) (HA Lces. OE ean.. aaees 589. H. cymosiforme N.P. Glands on involucral bracts and on peduncles in appreciable quantityi(scattered) i: 22s 22 feces. 23.3. 592. H. mnoophorum N.P. Glands on involucral bracts and on peduncles occasional or barely toisparse me mtcccce ese tercer econ soot ese ecouenessecsersacterernsconteatese 10. Hairs on plant (stem, leaves, peduncles, and involucral bracts) 1-3 mm long; leaves with stellate down only beneath...................... Med tie el ee Bes.. eee S aS 590. H. umbelliferum N.P. Hairston plant short3@:5=10 0) mam’. cies: sesccvere -cetecccecessucesgeoereetteeres 1H. Leaves with stellate down on both SideS.................ccsssessessseeeeeeeenes tiers ovate, Lobe to tice iiss, Sieg kes 591. H. semicymigerum Zahn Leaves with stellate down only beneath.................:.ccsseeeeeeeeees 1 Plant from European part of Soviet Union...................ccceecceeeeeees sccgacsodelice See sc acheter nee OEE OOEOEREREE EEE CCBEERED 587. H. wjasowoénse Zahn Plant from Altal.................2: 593. H. lydiae Schischk. and Steinb. Cycle 1. Ziziana Juxip.—H. zizianum Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.-Bl. I, 58; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 714, 837; Fedtsch. and Flerow, FI. Evrop. Ross. 1094.—H. florentinum-cymosum N.P. op. cit; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280 (1923) 1485.—H. piloselloides-cymosum Zahn in Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2 (1929) 1236; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 428.— H. asperum Tausch I. c. ex N.P. 1. c.—H. collinum y. zizianum Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 203.—H. praealtum var. zizianum Dll. Fl. Bad. II (1859) 868 p. p.; Fr. Epicr. 22.—H. cymosum ssp. fallax Suder, Hier. Centr. Fr. (1902) 96.—Stem 30-80 cm high, often thick, mostly with collateral stems and often with runners; stolons absent (or very rarely, very short as if rudimentary). Outer basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, 491 others lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, mostly scarcely stellate-pubes- cent above, sparsely to moderately so beneath; cauline leaves 2-5 (—9), often with occasional glands. Inflorescence umbellate or panicu- late downward, with 1-3 remote lower branches, many-headed (to 100 capitula), less often few-headed; peduncles tomentose. Involucres 5—8 mm long; involucral bracts acute, dark to black, mostly bordered; pubescence highly variable, mostly short (influence of H. vaillantii), glands sparse to almost dense, stellate pubescence more or less dense (conspicuous). The species of this cycle are considered ancient hybrids, conform- ing to the formula H. piloselloides-cymosum (in our country often H. piloselloides-vaillantii). All intermediate species of sections Praealtina and Cymosina have adapted themselves to the climate of northern Europe better than their progenitors, going beyond the geographical boundaries of their range. The cycle Ziziana is highly polymorphic; its species often are distributed abundantly and in association with each other in the Soviet Union, particularly in the northwestern part. In the eastern half of the European territory of the Soviet Union, it is replaced by H. umbelliferum N.P. (=H. tauschii Zahn). 581. H. perfugii Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 529. Perennial. Stem 25—80 cm high, 2.5 mm in diameter, with scattered, light-colored bristles 2.5 mm long, above with occasional glands, often with floriferous collateral stems. Basal leaves 3-10, oblong-lingulate to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, to 12 cm long (10:1), glaucescent, with occasional hairs 2.5 mm long above, hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long beneath and along margin, hairs along midrib scattered, 2 mm long, as a whole pubescence to scattered, stellate down absent above, scattered beneath; cauline leaves 2—7 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), lanceolate, acute, abruptly becoming smaller, pubescence sparser, stel- late pubescence as on basal leaves. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate with 7—40 capitula; acladium 6-8 mm long; peduncles not pilose, sparsely glandular, more or less tomentose. Involucres 5.5—7.0 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse, glabrous (or with occasional hairs), with scattered, 24(22-27), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, and very sparse stellate down. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry sandy places, often as association.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSSR). Endemic? Described from vicinity of Tallin. Type in Tartu. Note. It is similar to H. asikkalense Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. I, 92; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1487; Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. 1V, Nos. 41, 42), 509 492 differing from it by having a larger number of cauline leaves (in H. asikkalense, the coefficient of leafiness is 0.04). Type in Helsinki. 582. H. cyrtophyllum Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 85; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio. 658; Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280, 1492.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 34-37. Perennial. Stem 30-50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, flexuous, in lower part moderately covered with hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, above with occa- sional glands, with moderate stellate down, with floriferous collateral stems. Basal leaves 5—10, lingulate to lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, to 14 cm long (10:1), grass-green or glaucescent, above with occa- sional bristles to 4 mm long, beneath and along margin with hairs 2-3 mm long, as a whole to sparsely pubescent; without stellate down above, with moderate down beneath; cauline leaves 2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 7—20 capitula; acladium 15 mm long; peduncles sparsely pubescent, with sparse or occasional glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6.5—7.5 mm long; in- volucral bracts somewhat narrow, subobtuse, white-bordered, with scattered (20-35) dark hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long and occasional (5-10) glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, to densely stellate-pubescent. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Sandy or stony slopes, cliffs ledges.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland (Khibiny Mountains, introduced), Baltic Region (Estonian SSR), Ladoga-Ilmen. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki, paratype in Leningrad. 583. H. zizianum Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.-Bl. I, 62; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 718; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens, 52; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1490; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis. XII, I, 435; sub H. eu-zizianum (Tausch) Zahn.—lIc.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 361.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 14; Petrak, No. 991. Perennial. Stem 40-80 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, more or less hollow, without stolons but often with well developed, runner-like collateral stems, with scattered, light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long below and scattered, black, setaceous hairs above, with sparse to moderate glands above, thinning downward to none, to densely stellate-pubes- cent. Basal leaves 4-10, outer oblong, spatulate, obtuse, others lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, on both sides pubescent; pubescence to moderate above with short (0.5—1.0 mm) or somewhat longer (1.5—3.0 mm) hairs, pubescence to scattered beneath, along midrib moderate, stellate pubescence usually on both sides: sparsely above, and often only along midrib, more or less dense be- neath; cauline leaves 2—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), gradually 493 becoming smaller, borne up to 4/5 of stem length, upper leaves some- what glandular at tips. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate with 10—40 (-100) capitula, crowded to open, 1-3 lower branches remote, arcuately upcurved; acladium 6-24 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs and sparse to rather dense glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6-7 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark gray, with indistinct pale border, to moderately (but sometimes even less) covered with light-colored hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, with occasional to rather dense glands 0.1—-0.3 mm long and rather dense stellate pubescence (but absent along margin). Corollas more or less light yellow; sometimes with short ligules or tubular; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy meadows, scrubs, on sands, slopes and old fields.— European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Volga-Don. General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. A highly polymorphic species, distinguished by the degree and proportions of the types of pubescence. Tausch’s authentic specimen is unknown, hence Naegeli and Peter treat Tausch’s plant as H. praealtum var. ziziana (distributed by Schultz-Bip. in the Cichoriaceotheca, under No. 111), considering it as the type of the species. (For the original diagnosis of Tausch’s spe- cies, see note on page 6[sic; source not clear—Gen. Ed.].) Three species found in the Ladoga Lake part of Karelia (Ladoga- Ilmen) should be included here: H. incrassatiforme Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 87; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 659; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1492; exs. Norrl. fasc. IV, No. 38; H. austericaule Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. 1 (1904) 91; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, |. c, Pflzr. 1. c. H. abortiens Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 90; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1491. Types in Helsinki. 584. H. amauranthum Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting, 2 (1893) 81; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 51; Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1488. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, thick, moderately pubescent in lower part with hairs 0.5 mm long, thinning upward, with occasional glands above, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves oblong, ob- tuse, to lanceolate, barely or sparsely short-pubescent with hairs 0.5 mm long, scarcely above to scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 3—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), with occasional glands. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 30-60 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Involucres 5.0—5.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, dark, hardly 51 —y 494 bordered, with sparse, dark, hairs 0.5 mm long, to scattered-glandular, with sparse down. Flowering June to August. Grassy places.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen, Upper Volga. En- demic? Described from Bronnitsy District of Moscow Region. Type unknown. 585. H. leptophyllum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 725; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 51; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1489; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 433. Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, in lower part with sparse, light-colored hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, in upper part with occasional dark hairs, above with scattered glands thinning downward and with conspicuous stellate down also thinning downward. Basal leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, above with sparse to scattered bristles 0.5—1.0 mm long, with sparse stellate down above, scattered beneath, cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), with occasional glands. Inflorescence umbellate-pan- iculate, more or less open, with 10—20 capitula; acladium 6—12 mm long; peduncles glabrous or to sparsely pubescent, with rather dense glands, grayish-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6-7 mm long; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, almost without border, with scat- tered, dark hairs 0.5 mm long, rather densely glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. Cycle 2. Umbellifera Juxip.—H. umbelliferum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 795, 839; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1094; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 53.—H. magyaricum-cymosum N.P. 1. ¢.— H. bauhini-cymosum Zahn in Koch, Synopsis. 3, II (1901) 1754.— H. tauschii Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1500; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis. XII, I, 445.—H. radiocaule Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 202 p. p.—lIt is parallel to cycle Ziziana in origin and is distinguished essentially only by having thin, small-leaved stolons. In habit, resembles plants of cycle Bauhinia, differing by having wider leaves that are distinctly stellate-pubescent beneath, an inflorescence that is at least umbellate at tip, and more stellate pubescence than in Bauhinia; plant more or less conspicuously pubescent, glands usually sparse; leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, less often outer ones spatu- late and obtuse, often with fine, spine-like teeth; cauline leaves some- times with occasional glands; stigmas yellow. 512 495 In distribution area of both progenitors, i.e., in eastern part of European territory of Soviet Union (individual members enter Western Siberia). 586. H. longiradiatum Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. (1911) 54; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1506. Perennial. Stem to 60 cm high, at base rather densely, above scatteredly covered with black hairs and scatteredly glandular; stolons very long, thin. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate, oblong, more or less acute, glaucescent, with occasional hairs above, scatteredly hairy beneath along midrib, above barely stellate-pubescent, beneath scatteredly downy; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05). Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with up to SO capitula, inflores- cence branches very long, much longer than acladium; peduncles with occasional hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray from down. Involucres 5— 6 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, with scattered hairs and scattered glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Flowering June. Meadows.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from Moscow Region. Type unknown. 587. H. wjasowo€énse Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1923) 1506.—Exs.: GRF No. 1299, sub H. neilreichii N.P. Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, in lower part scatteredly, above very sparsely short-pubescent, with occasional fine glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons very long, very thin. Basal leaves 2, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, subacute to acute, 8—11:1, glaucescent, above almost glabrous, as a whole to sparsely pubescent with hairs 0.6-1.0 mm long, only beneath scatteredly stel- late-pubescent; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), with occasional glands at tip. Inflorescence openly, paniculate-umbellate, with 16-20 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and occasional glands, grayish-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 5—6 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, with broad, green border, with occasional, 7(4—12), light-colored hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, and occasional to sparse, 9(4—16), glands 0.3 mm long, moderately stellate- pubescent (but margin glabrous). Stigmas yellow. Flowering June. Meadows.—European Part: Volga-Don Region. Endemic? Described from Lebedyan District of Tambov Region. Type in Leningrad. 588. H. acrosciadium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 737; Zahn Hier. fl. Mosquens. 54; Pflzr. [V, 280, 1503; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 448.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No.139. 496 Perennial. Stem 50-65 cm high, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, in lower part with scattered, light-colored but above with dark hairs 2-4 mm long, eglandular, moderately stellate-pubescent above; stolons very long, thin. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute, glaucescent to light green, sparsely hairy above, to scatteredly beneath along midrib, with hairs 2-3 mm long, only beneath with sparse stellate down; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflorescence umbel- late-paniculate, more or less open, with 15-35 capitula; peduncles with scattered hairs 2 mm long and sparse or occasional glands, gray- tomentose. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, with light-colored border, with scattered, light-colored hairs 1 mm long and sparse to occasional glands, sparsely stellate- pubescent. Corollas light yellow, often tubular. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. 589. H. cymosiforme N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 736.— H. radiocaule a. cymosiforme Hayek, Fl. Steierm. II (1914) 756.— H. subcymosiforme Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1923) 1507; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 455.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 729. Perennial. Stem 50-60 cm high, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, at base rather densely pubescent with light-colored hairs 0.5—-1.0 mm long, thinning upward, dark above, with occasional glands above and gray- stellate-pubescent; stolons long, thin, mostly underground but some- times above-ground, to 20 cm long, rather large-leaved, strongly pubescent (f. strictistoloniferum Zahn). Outer basal leaves oblong, obtuse, inner ones lanceolate, subacute to acute, yellowish-green, on both sides moderately pubescent with hairs 0.5 mm long and equally stellate-pubescent, sparsely so above, scatteredly beneath, along midrib rather densely so; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute, eglandular. Inflorescence somewhat crowded- umbellate, with 30-35 capitula; floral bracts whitish; peduncles with scattered hairs, almost eglandular, white-tomentose. Involucres 7-8 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, scarcely bordered, moderately (to scatteredly) pubescent with hairs 0.5 mm long and very few, fine glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, with rather dense stellate down over entire surface. Flowering June to July. Grassy places and meadows.—European Part: Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Austria. Type in Munich. Note. This species is very close to H. vaillantii Tausch but differs mainly by the presence of long, thin stolons. Sits) 497 590. H. umbelliferum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 738; Zahn in Hier. fl. Mosquens. 54.—H. eu-umbelliferum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1506; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis. XII, I, 454.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 363.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 20. Perennial. Stem 50-80 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, above with sparse, dark hairs 1-2 mm long, decreasing downward, above with occasional glands and sparse stellate pubescence, stems often several; stolons very long, thin, with 5-10, mostly small leaves. Basal leaves 6-8; outer spatulate, obtuse, inner lanceolate, acuminate, glaucescent, sparsely setose above, more densely so beneath along midrib, with bristles 2-3 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent only beneath; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute, eglandular at tip. Inflorescence more or less umbellate, somewhat open, with 25—40 capitula; peduncles sparsely pubescent, with occasional glands, gray- ish from down; floral bracts dark gray. Involucres 6-7 mm long, ovoid; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with light-colored border, with sparse, 15(10—20), light-colored hairs 1.0-2.0 mm long and sparse, 11(6-14), glands 0.3 mm long, scarcely to moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows, scrubs and old fields—European Part: Baltic Region (Lithuanian SSR), Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper, Volga-Don, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. A highly polymorphic species, distinguished by the degree and proportion of the types of pubescence. Particularly many taxa have been described from Galicia. A number of the species included here have been described by Blocki and Rehmann from the vicinity of Lvov: H. ciesielskii Blocki, H. melanolepium Rehm., H. pycnomnoon Rehm., H. subexellens Zahn = H. exellens Blocki (Zahn, Pfizr. IV, 280, 1501-1507). We are restricting ourselves here to mentioning them only. 591. H. semicymigerum Zahn in Schedis and HFR VI (1908) 93; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1505.—Exs.: GRF No. 1845; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 437a. Perennial. Stem 50-65 cm high, at base with conspicuous, but above with sparse hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, above with scattered glands, quickly thinning downward, distinctly stellate-pubescent; stolons long, thin, covered with rather prominent leaves (but often undeveloped). Basal leaves 2—3, outer spatulate, obtuse, others lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, above with very sparse hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long and occa- sional stellate down, beneath sparsely pubescent; cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 10-25 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, 0.5-1.0 mm long, 514 498 sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 5.5—6.6 mm long; in- volucral bracts with sparse, 10(5-16), hairs 1 mm long and sparse, 14(11-17), glands 0.3—0.4 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Birch forests.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from Staritsa, Kalinin Region. Type in Leningrad. Note. It is very similar to H. umbelliferum N.P. but differs from it by having shorter pubescence and stellate down on both sides of the leaves. 592. H. mnoophorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 767; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1501.—H. magyaricum-incanum N.P. |. c. Perennial. Stem to 45 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, with occasional bristles 1 mm long, above with occasional, gradually thinning glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons somewhat elongated, thickish, with scattered hairs 0.5 mm long, with remote small leaves. Basal leaves numerous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse, glaucescent, to 9 cm long, above with occasional bristles 1-2 mm long, stellate pubes- cence very sparse on both sides or only beneath; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), with stellate down beneath, eglandular. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 25 capitula, with remote lower branch; peduncles glabrous, with scattered glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 6.0—6.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with light-colored border, with occasional, 4(3-6), dark hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long and sparse, 15(12-16), glands 0.4 mm long, with scattered stellate down, margins glabrous. Flowering August. Meadows, a very rare plant.—European Part: Upper Volga. En- demic? Described from vicinity of Moscow. Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. subpenicillatum Zahn (Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1501) = H. penicellatum Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gétting, 2, 80; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 55, should be referred to this species. It differs from H. mnoophorum N.P. by having only a very small number of glands on the peduncles, very small (4-5 mm) involucres and longer (2-3 mm) hairs on all parts of the plant. In the USSR, it is found in the Upper Volga and Volga-Don regions. Described from Moscow Region (Bronnitsy). Type specimen unknown. H. cymosocephalum Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XLVII, 309; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1502), described from the vicinity of Lvov and, according to Zahn, found eastward in Ukraine (without precise indication of the collection location), should be included here also. Sill5 499 593. H. lydiae Schischk. and Steinb. in Sist. Zam. Gerb. Tomsk. Univ. 1-2 (1949) 25; Fl. Zap. Sibiri, XI, 3067. Perennial. Stem to 80 cm high, to 3 mm in diameter, with occasional hairs, and above with occasional glands, scatteredly stellate-pubes- cent. Basal leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse to oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate, to 8 cm long, glaucescent, glabrous above, sparsely covered with short, soft hairs along margin and beneath along midrib and slightly stellate-downy only beneath; cauline leaves 2—4 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, narrow. Inflorescence umbellate- paniculate, with many capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, densely stellate-pubescent. Involucres 5—7 mm long; involucral bracts with occasional hairs and glands, rather densely stellate-pubes- cent. In habit, resembles H. umbelliferum N.P. Flowering June. Ravines.—Western Siberia: Altai. Endemic. Described from Biisk District. Type in Tomsk. Note. In Siberia it replaces H. wjasowoénse Zahn. Subsection 5. Praealtopratensina Juxip.—In habit resembles species of section Pratensina, without stolons or often with long Bauhinia-type stolons; stellate pubescence more or less scattered, pubescence to moderate; coefficient of leafiness low (0.02—0.08); cauline leaves (O—)1—4(—5); inflorescence openly paniculate, mostly with small number of capitula, 2—20(—25); glands in inflorescence mostly in significant number and well-developed, 0.4—0.5 mm long. 1. Inflorescence mostly openly paniculate, mostly with small numberoficapitula2=20 C25) eeewin. ae: Eee ee tates: Beteane Seca DD, + Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 3-8 capitula; acladium to one-fourth as long as stem; plants with stolons, covered with many, rather large leaves; stellate pubescence of plant conspicuous (in lower part hyaline-tomentose); involu- Eres 7:52am long. .LAeR a.. Bee 600. H. leptoclados N.P. 2. Plants without stolons (or sometimes stolons underground or FUGINIE NAT) A Se ES, OR RRR OO): Ale 3: + Plants with long and mostly thin stolons................ ee 7 3. Peripheral florets yellow on outside (florets one-colored)........ 4. + Peripheral florets reddish on outside; leaves with stellate down on both sides; involucral bracts moderately giandular................. SE IAEA: EES EEL SOU, IL 599. H. erythrochristum N.P. 4. Involucral bracts with sparse to scattered glands...............0.0.0... 33 + Involucral bracts (and peduncles) with occasional glands; leaves above without stellate down, with down beneath only along midnnbetta sree nes, OER SOG 596. H. curvulum Norrl. 516 500 5. Involucral bracts to sparsely glandular; leaves above with stellate down along midrib, beneath with sparse down............. ord ALLA. cebiee ath. Bk GU aah eee area ee 595. H. arvicola N.P. Involucral bracts to scatteredly glandular..............ccsscsescesecsceeeeees 6. 6. Involucral bracts with sparse, black hairs 1 mm long; peduncles eglandular; leaves with stellate down beneath along midrib; involucral bracts 6.5—7.5 mm long......... 597. H. assimilatum Norrl. + Involucral bracts glabrous; leaves completely without stellate down; involucral bracts 5.5—6.0 mm long.................:eeeeeeseeeeeee ih Le meraes 598. H. apatorium N.P. var. 8. subspathophyllum Zahn 7 (2). Corollas orange, peripheral florets with red stripes on outer Sidetets ilsues hbase ae Bee ee ee 594. H. calomastix N.P. + ~ Corollasiyellow! 2 Bene eed ee ee 8. 8. Leaves sparsely stellate-pubescent above along midrib, to scatteredly so beneath; cauline leaves 2—3(—5). Involucres 7.5—8.5 mm long; involucral bracts acute, rather densely pale- PUBESCENT ert etc eee eee 601. H. obornyanum N.P. + Leaves without stellate down above; beneath down only along midrib (sparse); cauline leaves O—-1(—2). Involucres 8—9(—10) mm long; involucral bracts subobtuse, glabrous or with occasional hairs\(less) oftenidense) ees te:-teee ties 602. H. acrothyrsum N.P. + Cycle 1. Calomasticia Juxip.—H. calomastix N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 657; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1473, ut H. bauhinii-aurantiacum.— Corollas orange, peripheral ones with red stripes on outer side; stolons very long, slender, resembling those of Bauhinia. 594. H. calomastix N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 657, 829; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1090; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1473; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 410, etiam ut H. bauhinii-aurantiacum.— H. bauhinii X aurantiacum Zahn in Koch, Synopsis, 3, II (1901) 1748.— Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 48. Perennial. Stem 35-50(—80) cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base with rather dense light-colored bristles, above with sparse, dark hairs 3-5 mm long, above with scattered glands decreasing downward, with sparse stellate down; stolons very long, thin, often reddish, with more or less small leaves (resembling stolons of Bauhinia). Basal leaves 1-4, spatulate, oblong, obtuse to lanceolate and acuminate, glaucous or glaucescent, soft, along margin and midrib beneath with moderate bristles 3-5 mm long, without stellate down (or with very sparse down beneath along midrib); cauline leaves 2-3; (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), in lower half of stem. Inflorescence paniculate, compact, later becoming open, with 6—12(—25) capitula; acladium short, 4-8 mm; 517 501 peduncles almost without hairs, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray or green, with light-colored border. Involucres 6.0-8.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subobtuse, blackish, with narrow green margin, with very sparse, dark hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, with glands to scattered and sparse stellate down. Corollas orange, peripheral ones with red stripes outside; stigmas orange or somewhat dark. Flowering June to July. Grassy places.—European Part: Upper Dnieper(?), Upper Dniester (Carpathians). General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. It is distinguished from Bauhinia by yellowish-orange corol- las with reddish stripes on the outer side and somewhat dark stigmas. The occurrence of this species in the flora of the Upper Dnieper Region (Novogrudok, former Minsk Province) is very doubtful, as one of its progenitors, H. aurantiacum L., does not grow there as a moun- tain plant. Nevertheless, W. Dybowski collected there not only a sub- species of H. rubristylum Rehm. but also a hybrid of the latter with H. pilosella, which Rehmann named H. dybowskianum Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XLV, 346; H. trigenes N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 659, ut synonyma; Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1091). Type in Lvov? Cycle 2. Arvicola Juxip.—d. arvicola = H. florentinum-collinum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 666, 834.—H. florentinum-pratense Zahn in Koch, Synopsis, 3, II (1901) 1749.—H. arvicola (N.P.) Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. (1910) 1091; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 43.—H. arvicola N.P. = H. florentinum-pratense Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1923) 1474.—H. piloselloides-pratense Zahn in Hegi. Ill. Fl., V1, 2 (1929) 1234; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 413.—Rhizome with sessile or stalked rosettes, or with short or only somewhat elongated, sometimes more or less underground stolons as in H. pratense, or with creeping or ascending runners and collateral stems; stem 30-60 cm high, hollow. Basal leaves lanceolate, more or less glaucous-green, somewhat stellate-pubescent only beneath; cauline leaves 2—4(-—6). Inflorescence compact-paniculate, later becoming open, with 5—20(-40) capitula; acladium short, 4-6 mm. Involucres 5.5—8.5 mm long; involu- cra} bracts mostly narrow, acute to subobtuse, dark to black, more or less with light border. Corollas and stigmas yellow. In the range of H. pratense and H. piloselloides, i.e., in the west- ern half of the European territory of the Soviet Union. 595. H. arvicola N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 672; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 44; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1477; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 416, sub H. eu-arvicola (N.P.) Zahn; Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III 518 502 (1910) 359.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 300; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 537, 537a; GRF Nos. 1253, 1806. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, in lower part with scattered, light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long and above with occasional dark hairs, above with sparse, quickly thinning glands, distinctly stellate-pubescent; stolons absent. Basal leaves 3-9, outer spatulate, obtuse to lanceolate, subacute to acute, to 13 cm long (10- 11:1), glabrous above or toward margin with occasional hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long with sparse hairs to 4 mm long beneath along midrib, sparsely stellate-pubescent beneath, only along midrib above; cauline leaves 2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3-35 capitula; peduncles with very sparse, hairs 1-2 mm long, and to sparsely glandular, more or less grayish from down; floral bracts gray to dark. Involucres (6.0)6.5—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, black, scarcely bordered, with occasional, 8(3-12), hairs 2 mm long and sparse, 14(12—-16), glands 0.4-0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXXV, Fig. 2.) , Meadows and forest edges, old fields—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Volga-Don, Upper Dniester. Gen- eral distribution: Central Europe. Described from vicinity of Munich. Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. leucocraspedum Peter (Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2, 78; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 44; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1478) should be included under this species; it is distinguished by very short, thickish underground stolons and with distinctly bordered involucral bracts.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Upper Volga. Endemic? GRF No. 2204a, b, c. Type is in Leningrad. 596. H. curvulum Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 77; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 654; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1476.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. rasc. IV, Nos. 25-26. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, flexuous, at base violet, with occasional hairs 1-3 mm long, and above with occa- sional glands; stolons absent (or sometimes underground). Basal leaves 5-6 obovate, rounded-obtuse, to 8 cm long, spatulate, lingulate to narrowly lanceolate (12:1) and acute, glaucescent, glabrous above, along margin and beneath along midrib with occasional to sparse hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, with stellate down beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 2—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), narrowly lanceolate and acute. Inflorescence paniculate, with 10 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, dark, with 519 503 white border, with occasional (4) hairs 1.5 mm long and also occasional (8) glands 0.5 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corollas light yellow, tips of peripheral florets dirty green; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry sandy places.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen. General distri- bution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. 597. H. assimilatum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilosel. I (1884) 151; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 672: Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio. 655; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1476.—Pilosella assimilata Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. (1884) No. 81. Perennial. Stem 50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, sulcate, at base rather dense, light-colored bristles 2.0—2.5 mm long, thinning upward, bristles sparse and black above, with sparse glands above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent, stolons absent or sometimes somewhat short. Basal leaves spatulate to lanceolate, outer obtuse, others acute, glaucescent, more or less glabrous and only along margin with sparse bristles 1-2 mm long, but scatteredly setose beneath along midrib, sparse to scattered stellate down only beneath along midrib (and margin); cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05). Inflorescence openly panicu- late, with 7-20 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with occasional to scattered glands, grayish from down; floral bracts gray, with light- colored border. Involucres 6.5—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, scarcely bordered, with sparse, black hairs | mm long, sparsely to scatteredly glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubes- cent. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Hillsides and meadows.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina- Pechora (western part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. H. hirtulum Peter (Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 1, 78; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 1911, 43; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1475) should be included here; it is distinguished by sparse, short, pubescence over the whole plant (peduncles and involucral bracts glabrous or with sparse hairs in var. pilosius Peter). It is found in Dvina-Pechora and Upper Volga regions. Endemic? Described from the vicinity of Moscow (GRE No. 1251, sub H. acrocomum ssp. floribundiforme). 598. H. apatorium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 674; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1476.—Exs.: GRF No. 1805, sub var. subspathophyllum Zahn in Sched. ad HFR VI (1908) 77. Perennial. Stem 20-35 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with scat- tered light-colored hairs 3 mm long at base, 2 mm long above, in variety 520 504 (var. subspathophyllum Zahn) entirely glabrous, above with occasional glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent, down decreasing downward; stolons somewhat elongated, thickish or almost always undeveloped (in [above] variety). Basal leaves 3-6, lanceolate, subobtuse to acute (9.5:1), glaucescent, with occasional hairs 1 mm long only along margin and midrib, without stellate down; cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08). Inflorescence openly panicu- late, with 5-15 capitula, with remote lower branch; peduncles with scattered hairs and with occasional glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 5.5—6.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, with light-colored border and sparse, light-colored hairs 1 mm long or almost glabrous (var. subspathophyllum Zahn), with scattered, 13(10—14), glands to 1 mm long, and scattered stellate down. Flowering June. Riverbanks.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria (Munich, from natural hybrid). Type in Munich (type of variety in Leningrad). Note. Only the variety is found in the USSR. 599. H. erythrochristum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 668; Zahn, Hier, fl. Mosquens. 43; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1475; Asch. and Graebn. Synop- sis, XII, I, 413. Perennial. Stem 40—45 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, with scattered to sparse, light-colored bristles 2-3 mm long at base, hairs dark above, with sparse glands above, decreasing downward, scatteredly stellate- pubescent; stolons absent. Basal leaves lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, glaucescent, above or toward margin with sparse to occasional bristles 3 mm long, on both sides stellate-pubescent: above very sparsely, beneath sparsely; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflo- rescence very openly paniculate, with remote lower branches, with 10— 15 capitula; peduncles somewhat thick, with sparse hairs or entirely glabrous, barely scatteredly glandular, grayish-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6—7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, with wide, light green border and occasional, light- colored hairs 1.5 mm long or entirely glabrous, to moderately glandular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow; peripheral ones reddish at tip outside. Flowering June to July. Grassy places and meadows.—European Part: Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Cycle 3. Leptoclada Juxip.—H. leptoclados and H. arvicola + Pilosella N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 675, 832.—H. arvicola-pilosella rs 1 7 2 521 Plate XXIX. 1—H. apatelium N.P.; 2—H. retroversilobatum Schelk. and Zahn. 523 506 Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1479; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 420.—Differs from H. arvicola N.P. by having stolons with dense and rather large leaves, leaves and involucral bracts that are strongly stellate-pubescent beneath, spreading-paniculate inflorescence with long (30-80 mm long) acladium, and small number (3-8) of capitula. The influence of the polymorphic H. pilosella L. is seen also in the highly variable proportions of the pubescence types and the glandularity of all the parts (involucral bracts, peduncles and stem). 600. H. leptoclados N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 675, 832; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow., Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1091; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1479; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 1, 421, sub H. euleptoclados Zahn.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 108, 134. Perennial. Stem 10-30 cm high, 1—2 mm in diameter, hollow, mod- erately covered at base with light-colored hairs, 3-5 mm long, thinning upward, scatteredly to moderately glandular above, glands decreasing downward, densely stellate-pubescent throughout to tomentose above; stolons short to moderately long, with many, rather large leaves. Basal leaves 2—5, obovate to lanceolate, mostly acute, glaucescent, with scattered bristles 4-6 mm long on both sides, 3-4 mm long along margin, with stellate down beneath to hyaline-tomentose; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.08). Inflorescence openly paniculate to shallowly dichotomous, with 3-8 capitula; acladium 30-80 mm long; peduncles with moderate hairs and scattered glands, tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7.5—-8.5 mm long, cylindrical, later subglabrous; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark or gray, with incon- spicuous light-colored border, with scattered, light-colored hairs 1.5 mm long and to scatteredly glandular, with very dense stellate down. Corollas yellow, sometimes peripheral ones with red stripes. In habit, resembles H. leptophyton N.P. Meadows and grassy places.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Cycle 4. Obornyana Juxip.—H. obornyanum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 711, 837.—H. collinum + magyaricum N.P. 1. c.—H. bauhini- pratense Zahn in Koch, Synopsis, 3, II, (1901) 1752; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1482; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 422.—Differs from members of subsection Bauhinia by having more or less dense and long hairs on all parts and thicker stem; stem and leaves more or less setose. According to Zahn (Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1091), it should be found in the European territory of the Soviet Union. However, until now, except for the Upper Dniester Region, it has not been reported. Naegeli and 524 507 Peter (1. c.) attribute the rarity of this hybrid it being overlooked because of its similarity to the species of Bauhinia. 601. H. obornyanum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 712; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1483; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 423.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 260, 271; Fl. exs. Austr.-Hung. No. 3055; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 5238; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 732. Perennial. Stem 40—70 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, with more or less dense, light-colored, hairs 2—3(—4) mm long with black base, thin- ning upward, and scattered dark hairs above, glands sparse above thinning downward, more or less densely stellate-pubescent; stolons very long, thin, with remote, small or medium-sized leaves. Basal leaves 2-6, lanceolate to narrowly-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, to 14 cm long (8—12:1), yellowish-green or glaucescent, on both sides moder- ately covered with bristles 1.5—-2.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubes- cent beneath, above only along midrib and, that, very sparsely so; cauline leaves 2—3(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 10-20 capitula; acladium 6-8 mm long; pe- duncles scatteredly pubescent and likewise glandular, grayish from stellate down; floral bracts dark, with light border. Involucres (7.0-)7.5-8.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, with light border, with sparse, 14(10-16), light-colored hairs 1.5-3.0 mm long, and scattered, 21(15-32), glands 0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas dark yellow, sometimes with reddish tips of teeth; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Grassy places.—European Part: Upper Dniester. General distri- bution: Central Europe. Described from Austria. Type in Munich. Cycle 5. Acrothyrsa Juxip.—H. acrothyrsum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 714, 873.—H. pilosella-collinum-magyaricum N.P. 1. c.— H. bauhini-pratense-pilosella Benz in Oester. Bot. Zeitsh. LIT (1902) 26.—H. obornyanum-pilosella Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1484; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 1, 425.—H. lobarzewskii Rehm. in Verh. zool.- bot. Ges. Wien. XLVII (1897) 305.—H. magyaricum-floribundum Rehm. Ibid.—H. bauhini-floribundum Zahn in Pflzr. |. c.; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, op. cit. p. 426.—Long stolons with small leaves resembling Bauhinia, but habit and pubescence of Pratensina. Rare species found so far in southwestern areas. 602. H. acrothyrsum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 714, 837; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1484; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 425.— H. altefurcatum Rehm. in Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XLVII (1897) 307 508 (ut ssp. H. acrochyrso).—H. percurvans Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c. (ut ssp. H. acrothyrso). Perennial. Rhizome oblique, very short, thick; stolons above-ground, long, thin, with remote small leaves, gradually decreasing toward top; stem 20—40 cm high, thin, hollow, slightly sulcate, pubescence at base scattered, with hairs 1—2(-4) mm long, above hairs sparse and dark, glands scattered above, thinning almost to base, stellate pubescence dense in upper part, quickly thinning downward. Basal leaves 4—6, elliptical to lanceolate, obtuse to acute (to 7 cm long), glaucescent, pubescence above scattered, bristles 2-3 mm long, stellate pubescence mainly beneath along midrib; cauline leaves O--1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), at base of stem, stellate-pubescent beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—8, capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, to densely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres (7)8—9(—10) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, with light border, glabrous or sparsely (ssp. altefurcatum Rehm.), or rather densely (ssp. percurvans Zahn) pubescent, densely glandular, stellate down sparse (absent along margin). Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Grassy places, a very rare plant.—European Part: Upper Dniester (Lvov). General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Moravia. Type in Munich. Note. Perhaps H. lebarzewskii Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XLVII, 305; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1093; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1484; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 426) should be included here as a synonym. Described from Lithuania and found in our southwestern regions, it is considered an intermediate species (or hybrid?) between H. bauhini Besser and H. floribundum Wimm. and Grab. (coll.). It is rare plant, apparently because its putative parents are antagonists: H. bauhini is a xerophyte, while H. floribundum is a mesophyte. The type may or may not be in Lvov. Where H. lobarzewskii grows, its hybrid with H. pilosella— H. pseudopiloselliflorum Rehm. (I. c.)—is also found. It is distin- guished by its shallowly dichotomous inflorescence with 2—5 capitula and involucres 9-10 mm long. Zahn treats H. flagellatum Zahn (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1485), described from Muratov (Orlov Region), as a subspecies of this species (H. lobarzewskii). Subsection 6. Praealtoauriculina Juxip.—Plants of medium height (10-60 cm), very sparsely pubescent, with glands over the whole stem, scattered or sparse above and thinning downward; cauline leaves (1-)2-3(—4); inflorescence openly paniculate or strongly dichotomous, mostly with few capitula (2-30); in habit resembling weak specimens of Praealtina. Comparatively rare plants almost always found together 509 with the putative parents—xerophytes from section Praealtina and mesophytes from section Auriculina. 1. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 5—30 capitula; acladium short (1-3% of length of stem); plant 20-60 cm high; involucres 6-8 mm long; leaves almost without stellate down; involucral bractssweakiystellate=pubescentone sou, seers: eeeeees cae es-s esc oeeeee Ds + Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 2-6 capitula; acladium longer (8—16% of the length of stem); plant 10—25 cm high; involucres 8-10 mm long; leaves gray-green beneath from stellate down; involucral bracts grayish from down; plant with very short, thickish stolons.................... 605. H. paragogum N.P. 2. Without stolons or very rarely with short, thin stolons; involu- Gralibractslacuten 22. 21.28.0221. Loess 603. H. sulphureum Doell + Stolons elongated, somewhat thin, with leaves of almost equal size; involucral bracts obtuse or subobtuse (less frequently acute); stellate pubescence very sparse, only beneath along MAGE RAYE PANES ARR, AE 2 604. H. koernickeanum N.P. Cycle 1. Sulphurea Juxip.—A. sulphureum Doell. Rhien. Flora (1843) 521; Fl. Bad. II (1859) 863; ut H. auricula x praealtum; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 648, ut H. florentinum-auricula; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1467, etiam; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1930) 400, ut H. piloselloides-auricula.—Differs from H. piloselloides Vill. by lower height, fewer capitula in inflorescence; involucral bracts and floral bracts with white or light-colored margins; with rounded-spatu- late, sparsely hairy outer basal leaves; stolons almost always absent or (very rarely) short and partly with rudimentary inflorescence; cauline leaves (1—)2(—4); inflorescence openly paniculate, acladium 6-15 mm long. Often is confused with weak specimens of H. piloselloides hav- ing few capitula. 603. H. sulphureum Doell, Rhein. Flora (1843) 521; Fl. Bad. II, 863; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 652; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1090; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 45; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1468; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 401, ut H. eu-sulphureum Zahn. Perennial. Stem 20-55 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, ascending or erect, with sparse hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long, above with sparse glands, thinning toward base, very sparsely stellate-pubescent, without or (very rarely) with short, thin stolons. Basal leaves 5—8, outer spatulate, rounded, inner lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, glaucous, pubescence very sparse, mostly only along margin and beneath along midrib with bristles 2-3 mm long, without stellate down beneath; cauline leaves 3217 510 (1-)2(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05). Inflorescence openly panicu- late, with (5—)10—20 capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, scattered glands, to gray-tomentose; floral bracts with bright whitish border. Involucres (6—)7.0—7.5(—8) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with light border and sparse, light-colored hairs 1 mm long, moderately glandular, weakly stellate- pubescent. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Grassy places.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean Region. Described from Prussia. Type in Munich. Note. H. sulphureum Doell is considered the hybrid of H. piloselloides-auricula and grows together with both parents. Its occurrence is quite rare, which perhaps is explained by the difference in the ecology of its parents: xerophytic H. piloselloides and meso- phytic H. auricula, and also by the difference in their flowering time (H. auricula flowers earlier than H. piloselloides). Zahn (Hier. fl. Mosquens. |. c.) thinks that this species should be growing in the Moscow Region, but, apparently, its distribution is restricted to the western regions of our flora. Cycle 2. Koernickeana Juxip.—H. koernickeanum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 650, 828, sub H. sulphureum; Zahn in Koch, Syn- opsis, 3, II (1901) 1747; and H. bauhini x auricula: Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1923) 1469 and Bauhini-auricula Zahn; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 403.—Differs from H. sulphureum by elongated, somewhat thin sto- lons with rather large, more or less equal-sized leaves or larger ones toward the tip. Rare plants, mostly associated with their parents. 604. H. koernickeanum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 650; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1090; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1470; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 404. Perennial. Stem 25-60 cm high, more or less thin, with very sparse hairs 1-2 mm long, mostly concentrated near base, above with sparse glands, thinning downward, and very sparse stellate down; stolons long, more or less thin, with leaves of almost equal size. Outer basal leaves spatulate, rounded, inner lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, glau- cous, very sparsely pubescent along margin toward base and beneath along midrib with bristles 1.0-2.5 mm long, stellate pubescence very sparse, only beneath along midrib or completely absent; cauline leaves (1-)2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), in lower half of stem. Inflores- cence compactly or openly paniculate (with umbellate tip), with 6-30 capitula; acladium 5S—10 mm long; peduncles usually glabrous (or 528 S11 sometimes with occasional hairs), moderately glandular, gray-tomen- tose; floral bracts gray, with border light or light-colored (ssp. samoviae N.P.) or dark (ssp. denigratum N.P.). Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts mostly narrow, obtuse or subacute, less often some- what broad and acute (ssp. samoviae N.P.), black or dark, narrowly light-bordered, with occasional to sparse, dark hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long or without them (ssp. gumbinnense N.P.), with scattered to moderate glands and very moderate stellate down. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Grassy places, mountains up to 1,200 m; rare plant.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen(?), Upper Volga, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from St. Petersburg (apparently, on the basis of specimens from the Botanical Garden). Type in Munich. Cycle 3. Paragoga Juxip.—H. paragogum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 653, 828.—H. brachiatum-auricula Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1470; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 405.—Stem 10-25 cm high; stolons short, somewhat thickish, with rather large, crowded leaves. Leaves spatulate to lanceolate, glaucous, with rare bristles along margin, beneath gray-green from stellate down; cauline leaves 1. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with very remote branches, 2—4(-6) capitula. In- volucres 8-10 mm long; involucral bracts grayish from stellate down. Very rare. 605. H. paragogum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 653; Zahn in Hier. fl. Mosquens. 45; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1471; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 406, sub H. eu-paragogum (N.P.) Zahn.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 359.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 107. Perennial. Stem 10-25 cm high, thin, with sparse, light-colored hairs 2.0-3.5 mm long, with glands scattered above, thinning toward base, densely stellate-pubescent above; stolons very short,somewhat thick, with rather large, crowded leaves. Basal leaves 5-10, more or less spatulate, obtuse to lanceolate, subobtuse or acute, glaucous, very sparsely covered along margin with bristles 2-4 mm long, gray-green beneath from stellate down; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence shallowly dichtomous or openly paniculate with highly divergent branches, with 2-6 capitula; peduncles glabrous, with up to dense small glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored or gray. Involucres 8-10 mm long, ovate or subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, light gray, with pale green border, glabrous, with dense small glands, grayish from stellate down reaching to margin. S29 512 Corollas light yellow, sometimes tips of ligules reddish; stigmas yel- low. Flowering June to July. Grassy places.—European Part: Upper Volga, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, the following Galician species should be in- cluded under this species: H. pantepsilon Rehm. (Vestn. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XLV. 1895, 339; Engl. Pflzr. IV, 280, 1470), distinguished by long glands, green floral bracts, exceedingly sparse pubescence, only at base of leaves, and somewhat broad involucral bracts, and H. paragogiceps Zahn (Pflzr. 1V, 280 = H. paragogiforme Oborny, Hier. Mahr. (1905) 110; nec Besse and Zahn) having elongated, partly underground stolons or without stolons. Subsection 7. Praealtopilosellina Juxip.—In habit resembling Bauhinia, all [plants] with long, thin stolons; inflorescence openly paniculate or shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with few, (1—)2—12 (-20), capitula; stellate pubescence rather conspicuous; leaves to densely pubescent beneath, cauline leaves 0—1(2—4); peripheral florets often with red stripes outside. 1. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—12(—20) capitula........ 2 + Inflorescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with O(1-) DeOiCapitul aoe iiisccd AGUA. oe ladetaaadlase snes cbumonspesees Batbance sobeens em taemaneh meme 11. 2. Peripheral florets on outside (almost always) without red stripes; stellate pubescence of plant (particularly of involucral bracts) sparse to barely scattered (cycle Leptophyta)................1::0000 3. + Peripheral florets on ouside (almost always) with more or less dark purple stripes; stellate pubescence of plant conspicuous, involucral bracts in particular grayish from down (cycle Tephrocephala),..ercccsrc4e valscng bey Bs Bessie riots coueees Dect eek 8. 3ipAnvolucralibractsswith: hains: pilosella Zahn in Koch, Synopsis, 3, II (1901) 1746; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1460; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 389.—H. leptophyton-magyaricum > pilosella N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 642, 827.—Stem 13-50 cm high, thin like sto- lons and peduncles; in habit resembling H. bauhini Bess. coll. but differing from the latter by openly paniculate to shallowly dichoto- mous inflorescence with 3-12 capitula and leaves sparsely to rather densely stellate-pubescent beneath; involucres 4.5—8.5 mm long; in- volucral bracts mostly narrow; stigmas yellow; peripheral florets mostly without red stripes, less often with weak tint. Found together with species of subsection Bauhinia. 606. H. micro-bauhini Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III, (1907) 185; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1464. Perennial. Stem 13-17 cm high, thin, sparsely hairy and sparsely glandular; stolons thin. Basal leaves spatulate to narrowly lanceolate, often small, with sparse bristles, scatteredly stellate-pubescent be- 531 neath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 7-10 capitula; acladium 20 mm long; peduncles sparsely pubescent and with sparse glands and sparse stellate down. Involucres 4.5—5.0 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, with wide green border, sparsely pubescent and sparsely glandular, with 515 sparse stellate down. Peripheral florets on outside without stripes. Flowering June to July. Mountains, middle montane zone, at 1,740-—1,920 m.—Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from banks of Samura River in Dagestan (collected by Ruprecht). Type unknown. Note. The following Galician species are very similar to it: H. nematoclados Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XLV, 1895, 342; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1464) and H. approximabile Zahn (= H. approximatum Rehm. op. cit. 343; Pflzr. 1. c.). Type in Lvov? 607. H. anocladum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 644; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1464; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 396.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 533. Perennial. Stem 15-40 cm high, slender, with occasional hairs 2-3 mm long, with sparse glands thinning upward, scatteredly stellate- pubescent; stolons long, thin. Basal leaves lanceolate, acute, glau- cous, above toward margin with sparse or occasional bristles 2-3 mm long, sparse to moderate (f. normale Zahn) stellate down beneath or almost without it (f. calvifolium Zahn); cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), upper leaf very small. Inflorescence openly panicu- late, with 4-10 capitula; acladium 30 mm long; peduncles thin, with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark, with light border or light-colored. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, slightly light-bordered with occasional to scattered, light-colored hairs 0.5-2.0 mm long, moderately glandular, with scattered stellate down. Peripheral florets on outside without stripes. Flowering June to July. Grassy and stony places.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Dniester, Crimea. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from Prussia. Type in Munich. 608. H. subbauhiniflorum Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 12 (1908) 4; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1462. Perennial. Stem to 50 cm high, sparsely hairy, in upper part sparsely glandular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons thin. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate, barely or to sparsely setose, bristles 2.5 mm long, somewhat stellate-hairy beneath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with up to 12 capitula; acladium 20 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs and sparse glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 5—6 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, with sparse hairs and equally sparse glands, scatteredly stellate- pubescent. Tips of peripheral florets reddish. Flowering June to July. a3/2 516 Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans- Asia Minor (Armenia). Endemic. Described from Abkhazia. Type unknown. 609. H. discolor N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 646; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1462; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 392. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, thin, almost glabrous or with sparse, light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, above with occasional glands, quickly thinning downward, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons long, thin. Basal leaves lanceolate, subacute, glaucous, on both sides with sparse hairs, above with bristles 3-4 mm long, with softer hairs beneath, along midrib scatteredly hairy, with stellate pubescence beneath to gray- green; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3-5 capitula; acladium 6-12 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs and sparse glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts whitish. Involucres 8.0—-8.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, black, with wide whitish border, with moderate black hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, scatteredly glandular, with scattered stellate down. Peripheral florets on outside with red stripes, rarely without. Flowering June to July. Grassy dry places.—European Part: Upper Dniester, Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. Note. Its occurrence in Khula (Adzharia), reported by Zahn, is extremely noteworthy because of the disjunction from the main range. 610. H. bauhiniflorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 646; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1463; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 394.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 534, 629. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, very thin, with scattered, light- colored hairs 1.0—-2.5 mm long, eglandular, scatteredly stellate-pubes- cent; stolons long, very thin. Basal leaves (2) lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute, to 9 cm long, glaucescent, above with scattered, bristles 1-2 mm long, stellate pubescence beneath sparse to rather profuse; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence shallowly dichotomously paniculate, with 3—6(—12) capitula; acladium 35-90 mm long; peduncles very thin, sparsely hairy, with occasional glands, quickly thinning downward, gray from thinning down; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 6.0—6.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, dark gray, with greenish border with mod- erate, light-colored hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long and occasional, glands 0.2 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Florets dark yellow; 333 517 peripheral florets on outside without stripes or sometimes with weak stripes. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Crimea; Caucasus: Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. General dis- tribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern Anatolia). Described from Austria. Type in Munich. 611. H. leptophytum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 644; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1089; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 55; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1461; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 391, sub H. eu-leptophyton Zahn; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV (1934) 279.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 114; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 5768, 6653; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 133, 223. Perennial. Stem 20-50 cm high, thin, with occasional, light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, above sparsely glandular (although occasional glands may reach almost to base of stem), densely stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated, thin (resembling those of H. bauhini Besser coll.). Basal leaves 4-8, lanceolate, acute, to 10 cm long (6—8:1), glaucous, with sparse bristles 2-4 mm long, with sparse stellate down below; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 4—7 capitula; acladium 15-120 mm long; peduncles thin, glabrous or sometimes with occasional hairs (in more or less pubescent specimens), scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark, with whitish border. Involucres (6.5—)7.5—8.0 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, black, with whitish border, glabrous, moderately (50-65) glandular, glands 0.4—0.6(10) mm long, with scattered stellate down. Corollas light yellow, without stripes; stigmas yellow. Flowering June. Dry grassy places.—European Part: Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. Note. Zahn considers it probable that the range of this species reaches Central Russia. However, it is necessary to note that H. leptophyton apparently often is mixed with H. auriculoides Lang. One must also keep in mind the fact that Zahn considered H. leptophyton as a collective species. The Galician species, H. melanophilum Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XLV, 1895, 343; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1461), should be included in this species. Type in Lvov? Cycle 2. Brachiata Juxip.—H. florentinum < pilosella Zahn, Hier. Schweiz (1906) 160; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1477; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1089; Pflzr. (1. c.); Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 534 518 I, 365. —H. collinum Besser, Prim. fl. Galic. II (1809) 148 p. p.— H. flagellare Reichb. Fl. Germ. exc. (1830) 261.—H. stoloniflorum var. collinum Fr. Symb. (1848) 5 and var. campestre Fr. Epicr. (1862) 13.— H. bifurciforme Litw. and Zahn, Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1460.—Stem 10-55 cm high, above densely stellate-pubescent; stolons long, like those of H. pilosella (in suppressed or autumn specimens, often stolons may even be absent). Basal leaves beneath very densely stel- late-pubescent to grayish; cauline leaves 0-1; inflorescence typically deeply dichotomous (less frequently shallowly dichotomous), with few (1-)2-6 capitula; peduncles tomentose. Involucral bracts mostly nar- row (narrower than 1 mm), densely stellate-pubescent. Peripheral flo- rets on outside with red stripes. The species of this cycle occur within the limits of the range of subsections Florentina and Bauhinia; they are quite common there and, furthermore, often in large numbers. As a result of the high polymorphism of their parents (Florentina, Bauhinia and H. pilosella L. coll.), all “brachiate” forms are extremely variable. Since a large majority of the members of Praealtina and Pilosellina are of Central European origin, theoretically, it can be presumed that most forms of Brachiata are also concentrated in Central Europe. Only 27 of the 128 subspecies [segregate species] of Brachiata grow in the Soviet Union. Given that the members of subsection Florentina differ from those of subsection Bauhinia, in essence only by the presence or absence of stolons, it is impossible to differentiate the forms Florentina < pilosella from those of Bauhinia < pilosella because both are “com- binations” producing stoloniferous forms, and only a specially de- signed experiment can yield a definitive conclusion. In general, it can be said that in the intermediate forms of Florentina < pilosella a tendency toward the formation of ascending runners is observed, while in Bauhinia < pilosella the stolons often are very long and sometimes almost branch toward the end of summer. Because in our country species of Bauhinia predominate, theoretically, we may also expect a large number of brachiate forms from the combination Bauhinia < pilosella. 612. H. tubuliflorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 617; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1450; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 370.— H. collinum Bess. Prim. fl. Galic. (1809) 148 p. p. Perennial. stem 16 cm high, rather thin, with sparse hairs 2-3 mm Jong, occasional glands, and stellate hairs thinning downward; stolons elongated, rather thin. Basal leaves lanceolate, acute, glaucous, above toward margin with sparse bristles 2-3 mm long, scatteredly hairy 535 519 beneath and along midrib, grayish beneath from stellate down; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence shallowly di- chotomous, with 2-3 capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles sparsely hairy, moderately glandular, tomentose; floral bracts light-colored. In- volucres 6.5—8.0 mm long, cylindrical, later ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, scarcely light-bordered, with light-colored, scat- tered hairs 1.5 mm long, and equally scattered glands, rather densely stellate-pubescent but margin glabrous. Florets tubular, on outside with red stripes. Flowering June to July. Grassy and stony places.—European Part: Upper Dnieper. Endemic? Described from Volyn. Type in Berlin. 613. H. psilobrachion Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 24; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1455.—Exs.: Woronow, PI. Cauc. No. 5548. Perennial. Stem to 30 cm high, sparsely hairy, flocculent from stellate down; stolons long, thin, in part runner-like. Basal leaves lanceolate, moderately setose with bristles 4-7 mm long, beneath densely stellate-pubescent; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.01). Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 2—5 capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles glabrous, scatteredly glandular, gray from down. Involucres 6-7 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, glabrous, rather densely glandular, stellate-pubescent at base. Florets on outside with red stripes. Flowering June to July. Mountains.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. ?Endemic. Described from former Artvin District. Type unknown. 614. H. ilyassowoénse Zahn in HFR (1911) No. 1076; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1456.—Exs.: GRF No. 1076. Perennial. Stem 35 cm high, with sparse bristles 3-4 mm long, sparsely glandular above, densely stellate-pubescent to base. Basal leaves short, obovate, obtuse to lanceolate and acute, sparsely setose above; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.01). Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 4 capitula; acladium 35 mm long. Involu- cres 8 mm long; involucral bracts with occasional dark hairs, scatteredly to moderately glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Flowering June to July. Grassy places.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from Zaraisk District (Ryazan Region). Type in Leningrad. 615. H. lenkoranense Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 529. Perennial. Stem 10-25 cm high, thin, almost glabrous, with occa- sional glands above, stellate-pubescent over entire length, in upper 536 520 part pubescence to tomentose; stolons thin, half as long as stem, with remote small leaves, without stellate down above but tomentose be- neath. Basal leaves (3-8) lanceolate, subacute, to 7 cm long (6:1), above and along margin with occasional hairs 3-2 mm long and be- neath with sparse hairs 1.5 mm long, along midrib beneath with dense hairs 2.5 mm long, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, without stellate down above, scatteredly hairy beneath; cauline leaves 0-1, linear- lanceolate, small, in lower part of stem, without stellate down above, tomentose beneath. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 2-3 capitula; acladium 10-60% as long as stem. Involucres 7 mm long; involucral bracts acute, with light border, with scattered (33) hairs 2 mm long, and occasional (6) glands 0.4 mm long, densely stellate- pubescent. Stigmas yellow. Achenes 2 mm long. Flowering June to July. Caucasus: Talysh (Lenkoran District, village of Velya-Chyulya). Type in Baku. Note. It is distinguished from the similar H. psilobrachion Woron. and Zahn by scatteredly pubescent involucral bracts. 616. H. nalcezikence Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 530. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, sparsely pubes- cent (at base, hairs 5 mm long, in upper part shorter), with occasional glands above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons thin, to half as long as stem, with small lanceolate leaves to 2 cm long, without down above but tomentose beneath. Basal ieaves 3-7, obovate to lanceolate, to 6 cm long (5:1), with scattered hairs 3 mm long above, densely hairy beneath and along midrib, with hairs 2.5 mm long, along margin with sparse hairs 2-5 mm long, as a whole moderately pubescent, without stellate down above but with scattered down beneath; cauline leaves small (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), linear-lanceolate, without stellate down above, densely pubescent beneath. Inflorescence shallowly di- chotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium 15 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs 2.5 mm long and occasional glands, tomentose. Involucres 8 mm long; involucral bracts acute, with sparse, 20—25, hairs 2.5 mm long, and sparse, 20-30, glands 0.5 mm long, rather densely stellate- pubescent. Stigmas yellow. Caucasus: Ciscaucasia (Nalchik). Type in Baku. Note. It is distinguished from the similar H. psilobrachion Woron. and Zahn by hairy involucral bracts. 617. H. alticaule Litw. and Zahn in Sched. HFR XLII (1906) 6; Fedde, Repert. III, 184; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1457.—Exs.: GRF No. 2064a, b. 537 521 Perennial. Stem 35-55 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, with scat- tered, light-colored hairs 3—4 mm long, eglandular, densely stellate down above, thinning downward; stolons elongated, thin, densely white-pubescent, slightly stellate-tomentose. Basal leaves 4—7, outer spatulate, obtuse, inner lanceolate, acute, to 11 cm long (4-6:1), glaucescent, on both sides sparsely setose, along margin and beneath along midrib more densely so with bristles 3-5 mm long, as a whole scatteredly setose, grayish beneath from stellate down; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.01), small. Inflorescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with 1—3(6) capitula; acladium 1/20 to 1/2 as long as stem; peduncles with sparse hairs with black base and sparse glands quickly thinning downward, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray- green. Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts very slightly broad, acute, dark, with light green border, with up to scattered, 28(20- 46), hairs 1.0-1.5(—3.0) mm long, and to sparse, 14(10-18), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent, but glabrous along margin. Florets on outside without stripes (extremely rarely with weak stripes); stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Montane oak forests, at 1,250 m, in calcareous-stony places.— Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Teberda. Type in Leningrad. 618. H. dmitrovense Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2 (1893) 77; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 42; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1456. Perennial. Stem 10-20 cm high, thin sparsely hairy and in upper part sparsely glandular, grayish from stellate down. Basal leaves somewhat short, oblong to lanceolate, with sparse bristles 3-5 mm long, grayish beneath from down; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03). Inflorescence dichotomous, with (1—)2 capitula; peduncles scatteredly pubescent, equally glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7-9 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts scatteredly to moderately pale-hairy, moderately glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Peripheral florets on outside with somewhat reddish stripes. Flowering June to July. Grassy places.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from Dmitrov District (Moscow Region). Type unknown. 619. H. matrense N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 632; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1458; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 385.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 531. Perennial. Stem 13-17 cm high, to 1 mm in diameter, with sparse hairs 2-3 mm long, dark above, light below, eglandular, rather densely stellate-pubescent throughout, gray above; stolons very thin. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, glaucous, with sparse bristles 2-3 538 522 mm long above toward margin, grayish beneath from down; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium half or almost as long as stem; peduncles sparsely to scatteredly hairy, with occasional glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 7.0—7.5 mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, scatteredly to moderately pubescent with light-colored hairs 1 mm long, with occasional glands, gray from stellate down, glabrous along margin. Teeth of peripheral florets reddish. Flowering June to July. Dry places, mountains.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Hungary. Type in Munich. Note. Since it was found in the former Artvin District, it may also be expected in Western and Southern Transcaucasia. Apparently, H. perdebile Woron. and Zahn (Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22, 1912, 24; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1458 ), described from the former Artvin District, should be included in it. Type unknown. 620. H. pseudobrachiatum Cel. Prodr. Fl. Bohm. IV (1881) 787; Borb. Balat. fl. 353; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 624; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1458; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 386.—H. bifurcum Dietr. FI. Boruss. t. 734.—H. brachiatum var. pilosellaeforme Cel. Prodr. Fl. Bohm. I (1871) 195.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 131; Baenitz. Herb. Europ. No. 7311; F. Schultz. Herb. norm. No. 1155; Callier. Fl. Siles. exs. No. 1244; Fl. Austr.-Hung. norm. exs. No. 3049; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 130, 131, 329, 330, 532; GRF No. 1076 p. p.—H. bifurciforme Litw. and Zahn, Pflzr. IV, 280, 1460; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 430b. Perennial. Stem (15—)30-35 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, scatteredly to sparsely pilose with dark hairs 2-4 mm long, moderately glandular above, thinning downward, gray above, with thinning but as a whole dense stellate hairs downward, stolons very long, somewhat thickish. Basal leaves 5-7, spatulate, obtuse to oblong and lanceolate and subacute, to 9 cm long, glaucous, (4—9:1), above with sparse bristles 3-6 mm long (f. longipilum N.P.) or 1.5-3.0 mm long (f. brevipilum N.P.), beneath with dense stellate down; cauline leaves 1(— 2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in lower third of stem. Inflorescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with 1-5 capitula; acladium one-fifth to as long as stem; peduncles with occasional to sparse hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored or gray. Involucres (6.5)9.0-10.0 mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, blackish, with light border and scattered, 37(32—42), hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long dark, (f. longipilum N.P.) or hairs shorter, 1 mm long and few (f. brevipilum N.P.), or completely glabrous 539 523 (f. epilosum N.P.), glands scattered, 24(16—30), 0.5-0.7 mm long, rather dense stellate pubescence, but margin glabrous. Peripheral florets without stripes (f. estriatum N.P.) or with red stripes (f. striatum N.P.). Flowering June to July. Dry grassy and stony places, in mountains up to 1,500 m.—Euro- pean Part: Upper Volga, Upper Dniester; Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern Anatolia). Described from Bohemia. Type in Prague. Note. H. bifurciforme Litw. and Zahn (Hier. Europ. 1910, No. 430b; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1460), described from the Caucasus, is also included in this species. Cycle 3. Tephrocephala Juxip.—H. bauhini > hoppeanum Zahn in Ann. mus. Hung. VIII (1910) 53; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1437.—H. tephrocephalum Vukot. s. 1. Hier. Croat. (1858) 8; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 278.—In habit, plants resemble species of subsection Bauhinia. Stolons long, mostly thin to thickish; basal leaves spatulate and rounded-obtuse to lanceolate and acute, beneath with conspicuous, scattered to dense, stellate pubescence. Inflorescence very openly paniculate or shallowly dichotomous, with 2—5(—20) capitula; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 5—7(—8) mm long; involucral bracts mostly somewhat broad, subobtuse, mostly with wide, green border, mostly conspicuously (gray- ) stellate-pubescent, however, margins without down. Peripheral flo- rets on outside with dark red stripes; stigmas yellow. The type species H. tephrocephalum Vuk., described from Croatia and itself the hybrid of H. bauhini > macranthum Zahn (I. c.), does not grow in the Soviet Union. The species found in the Soviet Union in Crimea and especially in Transcaucasia, i.e., in the range of Hoppeana (H. hoppeanum N_P. coll.), are considered hybrids between species of subsections Bauhinia and Hoppeana, which, beside morphological characters, is confirmed also by their occurrence in the proximity of their putative parents. They are distinguished with difficulty from the very similar species of Leptophyta (H. leptophytum N.P. s. 1.), hybrids of H. bauhini > pilosella, and then mainly by the wider involucral bracts (in herbarium specimens). The affinity of these plants to a species of series Tephrocephala may partly explain the occurrences in the montane zone in the proximity of such typically montane elements as the species of Hoppeana, whereas the Leptophyta are more or less an element of the plains. 621. H. christoglossum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, (1923) 1438. Perennial. Stem 10-20 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, reddish, scatteredly setose, with occasional glands, densely stellate-pubescent; stolons 540 524 long, thin, densely pubescent, tips often ascending, flowering. Basal leaves rather small, lanceolate, moderately setose, scatteredly stellate- pubescent beneath or almost without down; cauline leaves 1—2 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.10). Inflorescence openly dichotomously panicu- late, with 2—4 capitula, less often several more; acladium 20-40 mm long or shorter; peduncles with scattered hairs and sparse, small glands, dark gray from down. Involucres 5-7 mm long; involucral bracts nar- row, acute, with wide, green border, sparsely pubsecent, scatteredly or sparsely glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Peripheral florets on outside with or without red stripes. Flowering June. Mountains, in yailas—European Part: Crimea. Endemic. Described from Ai-Petri. Type in Leningrad. Note. Probably, H. tephropodoides Zahn (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1438) should be included in this species. It is distinguished by denser pubescence and downiness on the involucral bracts, denser stellate pubescence on the lower surface of the leaves, and by the absence of stripes on the florets. Type unkown. 622. H. subrubellum Schelk. and Zahn. in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 29 (1913) 5; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1438. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with mod- erate bristles 2-4 mm long, above with occasional glands, densely stellate-pubescent to base; stolons somewhat long, somewhat thin. Outer basal leaves spatulate, rounded-obtuse, inner lanceolate, acute, on both sides with rather dense hairs 2-4 mm long, moderately stellate- pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 2-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), densely stellate-pubescent beneath. Inflorescence more or less compact, pseudo-umbellate, with up to 20 capitula; acladium 12 mm long; peduncles sparsely pubescent, with occasional glands, gray- tomentose. Involucres 5—6 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat wide, obtuse, with wide green border, scatteredly pubescent, with occasional glands, gray from stellate down. Peripheral florets on outside with dark red stripes. Flowering June. Middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Karabakh (Azerbiadzhan). Type unknown. 623. H. purpureovittatum Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 280; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1438. Perennial. Stem 25-35 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, with sparse hairs 2-3 mm long, eglandular, stellate-pubescent almost all over stem; stolons very long, thin distinctly setose, small-leaved, leaves grayish beneath from down. Basal leaves lanceolate, above, mainly along margin, with scattered bristles 3-5 mm long, beneath densely stellate- 525 eS MQ ANE SHON NG YX x eres EE SS SS oss es >» ha vali! See See Lp e ON ASS Hoe ete BED Ss v Plate XXX. 1—H. carcarophyllum K. Joh.; 2—H. pratense (Tausch) Zahn. 541 543 526 pubescent; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05). Inflores- cence openly dichotomously paniculate, with 3—5(—10) capitula; acladium 20-50 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs and glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6—7 mm long, ovate-cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat wide, acute, dark, inner with wide, green border, sparsely pubescent and glandular, gray from stellate down. Peripheral florets on outside with dark red stripes. Flowering June. Middle montane zone.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Endemic. Described from former Artvin District. Type unknown. 624. H. purpureibracteum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 185; Pfizr. IV, 280 (1923) 1438. Perennial. Stem 20-35 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, with few (occasional) hairs to 4 mm long, eglandular, scatteredly stellate-hairy; stolons short (to 7 cm), small-leaved. Basal leaves 6(4—8), lanceolate, to 5 cm long (7:1), with occasional bristles 2.5 mm long above, without hairs beneath, as a whole hardly to sparsely pubescent, scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), narrowly lanceolate (11:1). Inflorescence with 2-5 capitula; acladium to 20 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs 2 mm long, eglandular, gray from down; floral bracts light-colored, almost always purple-bordered. Involucres 6-8 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with light-colored border and reddish tip, with sparse, 13(10-16), hairs to 2 mm long and occasional, 4(2—8), glands 0.4—-0.5 mm long, very scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Peripheral florets on outside with distinct red stripes; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Mixed forests and up to alpine zone.—Caucasus: Dagestan, East- ern and Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Endemic. Described from Dagestan. Type in Tbilisi. Cycle 4. Ruprechtia Juxip.—H. bauhini < hoppeanum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 185; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1438.—H. ruprechtii Boiss. FI. or. III (1875) 861; Suppl. (1888) 326, s. I.; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 278.— H. stoloniflorum Boiss. 1. c.—In habit, plants resemble species of cycle Brachiata. Stem 10-30 cm high; stolons long, somewhat thin, mostly densely pubescent, small-leaved. Basal leaves beneath moderately stellate-pubescent to gray-tomentose; cauline leaves O(—1). Inflores- cence mostly deeply dichotomous, with (1—)2-3 capitula; involucres 6— 8-10) mm long, ovate; peripheral florets on outside with more or less dark, red stripes; stigmas yellow. Montane forms, found in Soviet Union in Crimea and Transcaucasia. 544 52/7, 625. H. tuscheticum Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III (1907) 186; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1440. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, thin, with very sparse (occasional) hairs; stolons small-leaved, scatteredly pubescent, moderately stellate- pubescent. Basal leaves lanceolate, acute, above with sparse bristles 3 mm long, beneath scatteredly stellate-pubescent; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous (to half height of stem), with 2-3 capitula. Involucres 6.0-6.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subacute, dark, weakly bordered, glabrous, sparsely glandular, more or less stellate-pubescent. Peripheral florets on outside with intense red stripes. Flowering June to July. Middle montane zone.—European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: Dagestan? (Tushetia). Endemic. Described from Tsokalto (Ruprecht). Type unknown. 626. H. jailanum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1439. Perennial. Stem 10—20 cm high, very thin; stolons short, thin, with somewhat long, lanceolate leaves. Basal leaves mostly small, oblong and obtuse to lanceolate and acute, with moderate bristles 3-4 mm long, beneath sparsely or scatteredly stellate-pubescent; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with 2-3 ca- pitula. Involucres 6-7 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat wide, subobtuse, darkish, with wide green border and often very dark purple tips, moderately pubescent and equally glandular, at base with stellate down. Peripheral florets on outside with reddish stripes. Floweting June to July. Mountains.—European Part: Crimea. Endemic. Described from Ai-Petri (Crimea). Type unknown. 627. H. tephropodum Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280 (1923) 1439. Perennial. Stem 10-15 cm high, moderately setose, bristles 2-3 mm long, glandular, glands thinning downward almost to base; stolons up to long, with long, dense white hairs. Basal leaves small, oblong or obovate, some obtuse, setose, beneath somewhat gray-green from stellate down; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence shallowly or very deeply dichotomous, with 1-2 capitula. Involucres 7-8 mm long; in- - volucral bracts somewhat wide, subacute or acute, rather densely covered with hairs 2-3 mm long, sparsely glandular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Peripheral florets on outside with deep red stripes. Flowering June to July. Mountains.—European Part: Crimea. Endemic. Described from Ai-Petri. Type unknown. 545 528 628. H. ruprechtii Boiss. Fl. or. III (1875) 861; Suppl. 326 p. p.; Zahn in Fedde, Repert. III, 186; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1439. Perennial. Stem 20—25 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with scattered bristles 2-4 mm long and sparse, long glands down to base, more or less densely stellate-pubescent; stolons long, thin, with dense hairs 3-5 mm long and somewhat large leaves. Basal leaves lanceolate, on both sides with scattered bristles 3-5 mm long, beneath moderately stellate-pubescent; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence deeply dichoto- mous; acladium to half as long as stem, with 3 capitula; peduncles with sparse hairs 2—3 mm long, eglandular. Involucres 9-10 mm long, thick, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, the tip often reddish, with rather dense hairs 2—3 mm long, sparsely glandular, at base densely stellate-pubescent. Peripheral florets on outside with dark red stripes. Lower alpine zone.—Caucasus: Dagestan. Endemic. Described from Gunib. Type unknown. Section 18. Cymosina N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 116, 398, 807; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1305; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 6, 204.—Characters in key to sections (p. 9). Whole plant (stem, leaves) with frequent, long and stiff, upright or short and soft hairs; stem tall (to 100 cm high), solid; rhizome mostly without stolons (rarely with underground, weak stolons, but in plants grown from other sections stolons may be present); leaves on both sides with more or less distinct stellate down, mostly yellowish- green; cauline leaves 2—4(—7), their tips mostly with glands; inflorescence pseudo-umbel, later open, mostly many-headed (in forms transitional to section Pilosellina may be even dichotomous); capitula small; florets mostly dark yellow. Plants of dry and arid places, which prefer calcareous soil; distrib- uted in Scandinavia, Central Europe, and mostly in the Mediterranean region. They are absent in Atlantic Europe, Spain, Sardinia and Sicily. According to Zahn, the eastern border of their range passes through Kherson, Kharkov, Voronezh, Samara, and Sverdlovsk to the Ob’ Region; the northern boundary coincides with the border of the Arctic region. In his monograph, Zahn shows the distribution of Cymosina also in the western part of Asia Minor (subsection Sabina) but later (Asch. and Graebn. |. c.) doubts it. On the basis of this report, A.A. Grossheim, in the Flora of the Caucasus, notes concerning H. cymosum L. coll. “.. reported from the Caucasus.” There are no species of this section in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from the Caucasus. 529 Based on the description in the Flora of the Caucasus and anno- tations on herbarium labels, K. Meinshausen (Flora Ingrica, 1878, 198), mistook some form of Cymosina for H. nigricans Meinsh. But since in the Herbarium of the Botonical Institute very different plants were identified by him under this name, it would be best to reject this name. Most of the specimens named by him as H. nigricans belong to H. ambiguum Ehbrh. 1. + Inflorescence umbellate or umbellate-paniculate; mostly with manyiscapitulanss, lesah ete eee. Pere e.t RO SEE, 3. ah 2 Inflorescence dichotomous (shallowly or deeply), usually with few capitula; involucral bracts and peduncles densely glandu- lar; plants with stolons similar to those of H. pilosella.......... tile dieite heseeelomtey Dott Rome Subsection 5. Laschia Juxip Plants with more or less dense stellate pubescence and pubes- cence ofisimplethairs yy lcsces.cet: olen bak PR RO cece 3: Plants with more or less sparse stellate pubescence and pubes- cence of simple hairs but densely glandular; in habit, resem- blineslarseyspecimens) of /icauriculaieds Sere ee..c...220- snpak.ta eis a! aoeetts Mt ou. etinso.3 Subsection 4. Sciadophora Juxip Hairsinilower partof, stemyuprightis eee eee noc 4. Hairs in lower part of stem horizontally spreading; hairs and glands in inflorescence more or less equal in number or glands predominant; glands on involucral bracts more or less evenly distributed throughout......Subsection 3. Cymosopratensina Juxip Hairs on whole plant more or less 1-6 mm long; involucral bracts and peduncles more or less densely pubescent, but mostly sparsely glandular (sometimes almost eglandular); ratio of hairs tojclandstmunflorescencelon-averape; Ql, 1c...280eh 8 gadedes aesceeass saerdis tases: eich Le RAR AON S Subsection 1. Cymosa Juxip Hairs on whole plant short, rarely longer than 1 mm; involucral bracts and peduncles mostly inconspicuously pubescent, some- times glabrous but more or less significantly glandular; ratio of hairs to glands in inflorescence on average 1:4; stellate pubes- cence on plant very dense............ Subsection 2. Cymigera Juxip Subsection 1. Cymosa Juxip.—Subgrex H. cymosum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 400 p. p.; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1308; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 208.—H. cymosum L. Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1890) 57; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 597.—Cymosina Omang, Hier. Norw. I (1935) 141.—Characters in key to subsections. 530 546 The species are concentrated mainly in Central Europe, becoming less common eastward; in the Soviet Union, they are found mostly in the western regions. 1 + Ww Hairs on involucral bracts considerably more than glands, or hairs and glands more or less equal................s:ccsssccessnceeeenceeeees 24, Hairs on involucral bracts considerably less than glands, their ratio roughly 1:3; involucres 7.0—8.5 mm long....................:1086 GLE OUR TE Aer st PERT teh ana tT aid ey) 638. H. litoreum Norrl. Hairs on involucral bracts considerably more than glanda......... Si Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal......... 5) Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts roughly 9:1; involucral bracts with dense hairs but occasional, small, incon- spicuous glands; involucres 6—7 mm ION................:ccccccceeeessseeeeees EB. Ee Eee OR Tn abst 629. H. mollisetum (N.P.) Dahlst. Ratio of hairs to glands on involucral bracts roughly 8-7:1; involucres)7/=Simmiilonets 2238.22 Sen! >. see, cate atte I ke 4. Involucral bracts somewhat wide, black, without border; leaves blue-green, sparsely pubescent........... 630. H. syrjaenorum Norrl. Involucral bracts narrow, green, with purple tips; leaves light green, to moderately pubescent............ 631. H. signiferum Norrl. Hairs on involucral bracts moderate to scattered...................... 6. Hairs on involucral bracts scattered to sparse.............cceeeeeceeeeeee te Hairs on involucral bracts 2-3 mm long, light-colored; involu- cral bracts acute; leaves light-green, moderately pubescent........... NYE REESE, Bh Bee OS, SEE 632. H. trichocymosum Zahn Hairs on involucral bracts to 1 mm long, gray; involucral bracts subobtuse; leaves dark green, densely pubescent.................... sesianieshinsacisanepbsune isnt sets OS MRM 2tes wrunt mearees 633. H. scotodes Norrl. Hairs on involucral bracts to scattered...................sseeeseeeeeereeeees 8. Hairs on involucral bracts sparse; involucres 5.5—7.0 mm long; involucral bracts light green, moderately pubescent.................. eA MUNRO 2 Anal 9¢5, Sone 637. H. leptadenium Dahlst. Leaves and stem at base densely hairy and densely stellate- pubescent; peduncles distinctly glandular....634. H. cymosum L. Leaves and stem at base scatteredly or to moderately hairy and similarly stellate-pubescent; peduncles sparsely glandular......... 2). Stem with hairs 2 mm long, leaves with hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long......... em Lee a LE wR RES ee 635. H. eusciadium (N.P.) Dahlst. Stem with hairs 2.5-5.0 mm long, leaves with hairs 1.5—3.0 mm lOmno.2..21. eS A) BNR ee den RE Lee 636. H. tabergense Dahlst. 547 531 Cycle 1. Setigeriformia Juxip.—Subgrex H. setigeriforme Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1314 p. p.—Involucral bracts with occasional or sparse glands; stem and leaves densely setose with bristles; 2-6 mm long; stolons always absent. 629. H. mollisetum (N.P.) Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig Hier.-FI. I (1890) 68; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 597; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1314.—H. fallax ssp. mollisetum 1 trichanthum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 517.—H. setigerum Lindeb. Hier. Scand. (1868) No. 25.— H. rothianum Lindeb. in Hartm. Handb. ed. Scand. Fl. 11 (1877) 38.— Exs.: Fr. Hier. Europ. No. 37 (sub Pilosella setigera); Lindeb. Hier. Scand. No. 105; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. VIII, Nos. 96, 97. Perennial. Stem 40-70 cm high, 3.5 mm in diameter, flexuous, with dense, soft, white bristles at base, 3-6 mm long, thinning upward to moderate, with occasional glands above, densely stellate-pubescent. Outer basal leaves obovate, spatulate to broadly lanceolate, obtuse, inner lanceolate, acute, yellow-green, densely pubescent with soft, flexuous bristles 2-4 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent above to densely so beneath; cauline leaves 3-8 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10). Inflorescence very loosely umbellate, with 15—45 capitula; acladium 10-14 mm long; peduncles densely pubescent, with occasional glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindri- cal; involucral bracts with dense, light-colored hairs 1-4 mm long, with fine wax-like, indistinct, occasional glands, gray from down. Corollas light yellow. Flowering June to July. European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-IImen. General distribu- tion: Scandinavia. Described from Sweden (Uppsala). Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. granitophilum Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. I, 1904, 95; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 661; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1323) should be included here; it is found in the Karelian isthmus (Ladoga-IImen). Type in Helsinki. 630. H. syrjaenorum Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 74; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1316.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. II, No. 99. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, at base with moderate or scattered light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, becoming fewer _and darkish above, above with sparse to occasional glands, with scat- tered stellate pubescence; without stolons. Basal leaves 1-2, oblong- spatulate to lanceolate and acute, to 12 cm long (11:1), outer often withering, blue-green, glaucescent, more or less light-colored, as a whole on both sides sparsely hairy, above with coarse bristles 2-5 mm long, beneath with sparse, softer hairs 2.5 mm long, denser along midrib, to 5 mm long, above very sparsely stellate-pubescent, beneath 54 oo 932 scatteredly so; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), narrow (13:1), often eglandular. Inflorescence umbellate, with 10-15 capitula; acladium 8-20 mm long; peduncles moderately setose with light-colored bristles 2-3 mm long, scatteredly glandular; gray-tomen- tose; floral bracts dark. Involucres (6.5—)7—8 mm long, ovate; involu- cral bracts somewhat wide, subobtuse (less frequently narrower and subacute), black, without border, with scattered, 32(28—36) (or some- times sparse), light-colored hairs, 2.0-2.5 mm long, and occasional, 6(4-8), glands 0.3 mm long, crowded toward tips, scatteredly stellate- pubescent, along margin glabrous. Corollas golden yellow, teeth of peripheral florets on outside slightly reddish or concolored. Flowering June to July. Stony riverbanks.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora, Endemic. Described from banks of Umba River (a tributary of Pizhma River). Type in Helsinki. 631. H. signiferum Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 70; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1312.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. II, No. 95. Perennial. Stem 40-50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, flexuous, at base reddish-violet and moderately covered with thin, white hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, thinning upward, with occasional glands, moderately stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 1-2, spatulate-oblong to lanceolate (sometimes rounded-ovate initial leaves persisting at anthesis), more or less entire, distinctly light green, as a whole moderate, thin bristles 1.0-1.5 mm long, on both sides stellate-pubescent; cauline leaves 1— 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate with broad base, densely stellate-pubescent, tip of upper leaf with occasional glands. Inflores- cence umbellate-paniculate, with 10—12 capitula; acladium 10-15 mm long; peduncles with scattered, thin, gray hairs 2-3 mm long and occasional fine glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts somewhat dark. Involucres 7-8 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, with reddish-purple tips, at base hairs to dense, toward tip to occasional, thinning, gray, 2-3 mm long, glands, on the contrary, occasional at base, increasing toward tip to scattered, fine, moderately stellate-pu- bescent. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Gravelly calcareous coastal cliffs.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from banks of Pizhma River. Type in Helsinki. Note. It is readily recognized by the light-colored leaves and red tips of the involucral bracts. Cycle 2. Cymosa Juxip.—Subgrex H. cymosum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1308.—H. eu-cymosum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1929) 208.—Glands and hairs on involucral bracts more or less equal 549 333 in number; leaves and inflorescence very densely pubescent; plant often with stolons. 632. H. trichocymosum Zahn in Sched. HFR VI (1908) 81, No. 1815; Pfizr. IV, 280, 1311.—Exs.: GRF No. 1815. Perennial. Stem 70-80 cm high, at base very densely covered with light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, thinning upward and above with scattered, dark bristles 2-4 mm long and scatteredly glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent, without stolons. Basal leaves 2-3, outer spatulate, obtuse, inner lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute, to 22 cm long (5—8:1), light green, more or less moderately and short-pubes- cent, scatteredly above, to densely stellate-pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence umbellate, with 15-25 capitula; acladium 5-10 mm long; peduncles sparsely dark-hairy, sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with scattered, 37(30—40), light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long and scattered, 36(30-45), long glands 0.3-0.4 mm, with scattered stellate down. Stigmas yellow-brown. Flowering June to July. Edges of birch forests.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from Staritsky District of Kalinin Region. Type in Leningrad. Note. Apparently, H. regelii N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. I, 1885, 410; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1314; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 213), described from St. Petersburg (cultivated plant?), should be included in this species; it is distinguished by its small stature (20-25 cm high) and few (5-6) capitula in the inflorescence. Type in Munich. 633. H. scotodes Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 117; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1313.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. IV, No. 91. Perennial. Stem 35-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, reddish at base and to densely covered with thin bristles 2-3 mm long, thinning up- ward to occasional, above with occasional glands, stellate-pubescent, below inflorescence, hyaline-tomentose, without stolons. Basal leaves 3-5 rather large, ovate to oblong-ovate or broadly- to narrowly-lan- ceolate, subobtuse to short-acuminate, with thin, fine teeth, dark green, as a whole to rather densely covered with bristles to 2 mm long, above sparsely stellate-pubescent, beneath moderately so; cauline leaves 2- 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lingulate to linear-lanceolate, small, upper leaves glandular. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with very remote lower branch, with up to 11 capitula; peduncles with occasional bristles 1.5 mm long and scattered, fine glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts whitish. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, with border, blackish-green, with hairs scattered to 550 534 moderate, gray, to 1 mm long and scattered, fine, black glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow with short ligules; stig- mas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part). Endemic. Described from banks of Sukhona River. Type in Helsinki. 634. H. cymosum L. Sp. pl. II (1763) 1126; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 207; Ldb. FI. Ross. II, 849, p. p.; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 401; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1309; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 209.—H. nestleri Koch Synopsis, 2, II (1844) 515; F. Schultz, Arch. fl. Fr. et d’-Allem. II (1855) 154, nec Vill.—H. poliotrichum Wimm, FI. Schles. I (1841) 443.—H. cymosum Dietr. Fl. Boruss. t. 737.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. XIX (1854) 60, t. 125, II; Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, fig. 876.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 92, 253, 254; Fr. Hier. Europ. No. 35; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 319, 615, 725; FI. exs. Austr.-Hung. No. 3025, I-II; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 2167, 4079, 7372, 7373, 8991. Perennial. Stem 50(20-100) cm high, 1—4 mm in diameter, often fiexuous, at base densely pilose with long (2-4 mm), upright hairs, thinning upward, above scatteredly glandular, with glands almost to middle of stem, densely stellate-pubescent throughout; stolons absent or short, mostly underground, weak and filiform or with collateral, _ runner-like stems. Basal leaves 6(2-12), oblong and obtuse to lan- ceolate and acute, to 25 cm long (9-10:1), green or yellowish-green, on both sides pubescent: above with scattered bristles 1.5-3.0 mm long, beneath with dense bristles 1.0—1.5 mm long, beneath along midrib with very dense hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long, along margin with scattered hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, as a whole to densely hairy, with stellate down above scattered, to dense beneath; cauline leaves 1—3(—7) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), narrowly lanceolate to linear, pubescence as on basal leaves, densely stellate-hairy and with glands at tips and beneath (particularly in upper leaves). Inflorescence umbellate, with (S—)20— 50(—100) capitula; acladium 4-10 mm long; peduncles with sparse to scattered hairs 1-2 mm long, sparsely to densely glandular, gray- tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6-8 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with very narrow, light green border, with sparse to scattered, 20(10—30), hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long and scattered, 35(10-40), glands 0.2(-0.5) mm long, crowded mainly toward tip, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas golden yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry open glades, on south slopes, calcareous rocks, edges of alvar pine forests, edges of oak-hornbeam forests.—European Part: In all regions excluding North and Crimea, Lower Don, Lower Volga S)5) I 535 and Trans-Volga; Western Siberia: Ob Region, Irtysh. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe (eastern part), Mediterra- nean, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Sweden. Type in London. Note 1. A highly polymorphic species, distinguished by the char- acter and density of the pubescence and glandularity. It is associated with the presence of lime in the soil and, therefore, may be absent over large areas, which explains its distribution. Earlier, it was often iden- tified with Cymigera; as a result, its range is difficult to determine on the basis of the literature; however, apparently, it is found much less frequently than species of Cymigera. Note 2. Apparently, H. holmiense (N.P.) Dahlst. (Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. 1, 1890, 58; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1311.—H. cymosum ssp. cymosum L. y. holmiense N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 1885, 402) should be included in this species. It differs from typical H. cymosum L. only by shorter (1—1.5 mm) hairs on all parts. It is a very rare species in the Soviet Union: only one report from the Estonian SSR (identified by Dahistedt). Type in Stockholm. 635. H. eusciadium (N.P.) Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1890) 79; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2, ed. 598; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1317; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 214.—H. cymosum ssp. eusciadium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 411. Perennial. Stem 40-95 cm high, 1.5-5.5 mm in diameter, at base with sparse, upwardly thinning, black hairs (0.5—)2 mm long, with occa- sional glands and rather dense stellate pubescence; stolons absent or short, thin, underground. Basal leaves few at anthesis, spatulate to narrowly lanceolate, subacute, to 25 cm long (11—-17:1), yellow-green or somewhat glaucescent, on both sides with moderate hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, above stellate pubescence occasional to sparse, beneath scat- tered to rather dense; cauline leaves 2—3(—7) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), linear-lanceolate, eglandular or with sparse glands. Inflorescence openly umbellate, its branches considerably much longer than acladium, with 10-50(—108) capitula; acladium 10—15 mm long; peduncles with sparse, dark, short and long (1-3 mm) intermixed hairs and isolated glands, white-tomentose; floral bracts blackish. Involucres (6.5—)7—8 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat wide, acute, black, with wide border, with scattered, 26(10-35), dark hairs 1-2 mm long, and sparse, 30(20-40), glands 0.2-0.4 mm long, crowded toward tip, gray from down. Stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering June to July. Edges of pine forests on dry sandy soil.—European Part: Baltic Region. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Norway. Type in Stockholm. 552 536 636. H. tabergense Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1890) 63; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 19; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1313; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 214. Perennial. Stem 25-80 cm high, 2.0—3.5 mm in diameter, at base moderately setose with long (2.5—5.0 mm), upright bristles, with occa- sional, long, dark bristles above with occasional glands, sparsely stel- late-pubescent. Basal leaves 5(1—12), lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, to 22 cm long (11:1), above with sparse bristles 2-5 mm long, beneath scattered, along midrib dense, as a whole scatteredly pubes- cent, green, above sparsely stellate-pubescent, beneath moderately so; cauline leaves 2—4(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), more or less linear-lanceolate, acute, with denser stellate pubescence, above scat- tered, beneath to dense. Inflorescence openly umbellate, with 5—40(- 75) capitula; acladium 15-20 mm long; peduncles with up to sparse hairs and occasional glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres (6—)7.0—7.5(— 8) mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat wide, subobtuse, with sparse to scattered, 20(10-30), hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long and equally scattered, 17(6-30), glands 0.2-0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubes- cent. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry stony places.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 637. H. leptadenium Dahlst. Bidr. Syd6str. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1890) 65; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 19; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2, ed. 597; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1316; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 210.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. II, No. 18; Hier. Scand. X, No. 14. Perennial. Stem 20-140 cm high, 1.5—3.5 mm in diameter, at base with moderate upright hairs 1.5—4.0 mm long, thinning upward to sparse, above with sparse glands, densely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 5(3— 9), outer spatulate to lingulate, obtuse, inner lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute to acuminate, to 18 cm long (10:1), light green, above with scattered hairs 2.0 mm long, hairs beneath moderate, 1 mm long, along midrib dense, 2 mm long, and along margin scattered, 1.0—1.5 mm long, as a whole moderately pubescent, above sparsely stellate-hairy, beneath moderately so; cauline leaves 3(1—4(—7)) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), linear, more sparsely hairy but more densely stellate-pubescent. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 8—40(—77) capitula; acladium 13-15 mm long; peduncles with sparse, flexuous, light-colored hairs 2 mm long with black base and sparse, fine glands 0.2-0.3 mm long, scarcely visible in thick gray down. Involucres 5.5—7.0 mm long, ovate involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, with wide, pale green border, with scattered, 20(15—25), thin, white, flexuous hairs 2 mm S))5) S)31// long and sparse to scattered, 20(10—30), glands 0.3 mm long, with dense stellate down. Florets light yellow. Flowering June to July. Open forests, moraines, meadows overgrown with occasional shrubs.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). General distri- bution: Scandinavia. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note. Two species described from the Karelian Isthmus (Ladoga- Ilmen), viz., H. semilitoreum Norrl. (Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 1906, 672; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1316) and H. tenacicaule Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. II, 1912, 53; Pflzr. 1. c.), apparently, should be included in H. leptadenium Dahlst. Their types are in Helsinki. Cycle 3. Litorea Juxip.—Hairs on involucral bracts many fewer than glands. 638. H. litoreum Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 76; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 675; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1316.—H. pycnochaetum Brenn. Finl. Hier.-form. III (1894) 10.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 55, 56. Perennial. Stem 30—60 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, with scattered, upright bristles 4-5 mm long below, thinning upward, sparse glands 0.5—0.6 mm long above, rather densely stellate-pubescent, mostly with- out stolons. Basal leaves 2-5, outer obovate, obtuse, often drying before anthesis, inner spatulate, lingulate to lanceolate, acuminate, to 18 cm long (10—13:1), blue-green, as a whole pubescence sparse to scattered, above with bristles 2.5—6.0 mm long, along margin and be- neath with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, moderately so beneath; cauline leaves 2—3(5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), narrowly lanceolate, acute (11-15:1), scatteredly stellate-hairy above, densely beneath, almost eglandular. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3-12(-40) capitula; acladium 5—20 mm long; peduncles with occa- sional, dark hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long and moderate glands 0.3—0.8 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7.0—-8.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, subacute, blackish, with sparse, 20(10—30), hairs 2.5 mm long black and moderate, 57(35—85), (to dense) glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas sulfur-yellow. Flowering June to July. Rocks and stony cliffs.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Ladoga- Ilmen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Subsection 2. Cymigera Juxip.—Grex H. vaillantii Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1316; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 214.— H. vaillantii Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.-Bl. I, 57; nec N.P.— 554 538 H. cymigerum Rchb. in Méssl. Handb. Gew. 2, II (1828) 1384; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 414, pro grege-—H. cymosum Ldb. FI. Ross. II (1844-1846) 849 p. p.—H. cymosum e€. nestleri Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 207.— H. pubescens Lindb. in Bot. Notis. II (1841) 26; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 73; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 597; Omang, Hier. Norw. I, 135.—Characters in key to subsections. Species of this subsection are distributed mainly in Eastern Europe, and in the Soviet Union they reach Western Siberia. 1. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in TIMID ET cists cesccres ee suetee aol ra su muoesenuneay 639. H. contractum Norrl. + Hairs on involucral bracts many fewer than glands on or en- finely, ADSM ti. cisscsesicuct cess asses ota ease daaat ace .u ce suuciss naee Meena erie 2, 2. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 1:5.................. Bi + Hairs on involucral bracts completely absent (or occasional)........ ES ce Lee OS Ons Geer Ae ane eR Mis 8 644. H. curvescens Norrl. 3. Glands on involucral bracts scattered.................:::cccssssesseeseeseeeeees 4. + Glands on involucral bracts and peduncles moderate; inflores- cence deeply umbellate (its branches long)................:cccsecseeeeees SRTINES, AVAL PEE CS AEE, MEE, ASO CE 643. H. polymnoon N.P. 4. Leaves and stem scatteredly (to moderately) pubescent; peduncles with occasional hairS...............cccscsesssercenscnceeeeeeeseneees 5) + Leaves and stem densely pubescent; peduncles glabrous............ 2B ANA R ORE, OOH A, Oe... SUNT) MENS, 642. H. suomense Norrl. 5. Leaves very densely stellate-pubescent, margins finely toothed sy -AIRLUGte. Mie Ney, OTROS 640. H. denticuliferum Norr!. + Leaves to densely stellate-pubescent, margins entire..................0+ LORE MBL ple ce Laat eee One Book ia es ERY 641. H. cymigerum Rchb. Cycle 1. Contracta Juxip.—Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in number. 639. H. contractum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 169; Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. I, 72 (sub Pilosella pubescens var 1 contracta Norrl.); Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio (1906) 669; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 75; Lindm. Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 598; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1318; Omang, Hier. Norw. I, 137.—H. cymosum ssp. pubescens Lindbl. 2 hirsutulum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 417.—Ic.: Omang, op. cit. t. IV, fig. A.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 83, 84. Perennial. Stem 35-70 cm high, 3-5 mm in diameter, with more or less scattered, upright hairs 1.0—1.5 (sometimes 2.0-2.5) mm long, dense at base and in upper part, above with scattered glands 0.3 mm long, down to middle of stem, with moderate stellate down, dense in upper 539 part. Basal leaves 4—8, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute, to 20 cm long, and narrow (10—16:1), above with scattered bristles 0.4—1.0 mm long, beneath and along midrib moderate, but along margin with sparse bristles 1.0—1.6 mm long (sometimes to 2.0—2.5 mm), as a whole pubescence to scattered, green, stellate pubescence moderate above, dense beneath; cauline leaves 1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), linear- lanceolate (20—35:1), with occasional glands. Inflorescence compact- umbellate, with (S—)25—30(—80) capitula; acladium 5 mm long; peduncles with occasional bristles 1 mm long, with moderate glands 0.3 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6.5—7.0(—8.0) mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, with narrow border, with sparse to scattered, 24(20-30), dark bristles 1.5 mm long, and scattered, 38(33—45), glands 0.3 mm long, with dense stellate down. Corollas yellow; stigmas yel- low. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places, on slopes, moraines and alvars.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Norway. Type in Helsinki. Note. Apparently, H. leptothyrsoides Zahn (in Sched. HFR VII, 1911, 93, No. 2215; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1319), described from the Dvina- Pechora Region (Syktyvkar), should be included in this species; it is distinguished by rudimentary (underground) stolons with occasional scaly leaves. Some of the specimens, issued as GRF No. 1814 under the name H. denticuliferum Norrl. are also included here. Cycle 2. Cymigera.—Grex H. vaillantii Zahn in Pflzr. TV, 280 (1923) 1316; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1929) 214 p. p.—Subgrex H. eusciadium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 400, 411; Zahn in Pflzr. p. p.— Subgrex H. pubescens Zahn in Pflzr. 1318, p. p.—Hairs on involucral bracts many fewer than glands. 640. H. denticuliferum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 167; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 669; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 418; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 26; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1318.—Exs.: Norrl. Pilos. Fenn. Nos. 94-95; Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 73-75; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 114; GRF No. 1814, 2214 p. p. Perennial. Stem 30-75 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, at base with scattered hairs 1 mm long, thinning upward, above with scattered glands, densely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 2—3(—6) at anthesis, lingulate-lanceolate, subobtuse or mostly acute, to 16 cm long, finely toothed, yellowish-green, on both sides with scattered hairs 1 mm long, stellate pubescence above and below moderate; cauline leaves 2-3(-7) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), linear-lanceolate (15:1), glandular 556 540 at tips and beneath along midrib. Inflorescence compactly umbellate- paniculate, with 10—35(—90) capitula; acladium 3—12 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long and scattered glands, gray from down; floral bracts dark or gray. Involucres (5.5—)6.0—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, blackish, scarcely bordered, with occasional, 8(3—12), dark hairs 1 mm long and scattered, 28(18-38), glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, scatteredly stellate- pubescent. Corollas dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry valley meadows.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina- Pechora, Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga. General distribu- tion: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. The following should be treated as synonyms: H. firmicaule Norrl. (Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I, 1884, 168; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 669; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 419; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1318.— Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 76, 77; GRF No. 1264), and H. euryanthelum Dahlst. (Bidr. Syddstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. 1, 1890, 81; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 21; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 598; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1317; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 217; Omang, Hier. Norw. I, 139.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. I, No. 34, II, No. 19; Hier. Scand. VIII, Nos. 89-100). Types in Helsinki. The plants issued in the GRF under No. 1814 belong at least in part to H. contractum Norrl. 641. H. cymigerum Rchb. Fl. Germ. exc. (1830) 262; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 414; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 26; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1320; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 215.—H. pseudocymigerum N.P. op. cit. p. 420.—H. pubescens Lindbl. in Bot. Notis. II (1841) 26, p. p.; Fr. Epicr. 35 p. p.; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 670; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels. 20, coll.; Zahn in Pflzr. op. cit. p. 1319; Omang. Hier. Norw. I, 136.—H. cymosum pauciflorum Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. (1878) 375.— H. cymosum ssp. pubescens N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. op. cit. p. 416.— H. nigrans Almqu. ex Dahlst. Bidr. (1890) 76; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels. 20; Norrl. Pilos. bor. 67; Mela-Cajander, op. cit. p. 670; Zahn in Pflzr. op. cit. p. 1319; Asch. and Graebn. op. cit. p. 217.—H. cymosum L. (coll.) Nevski in Fl. Yugo-Vost. IV, (1936) 477.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. XIX (1859) 64, t. 124; Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 353.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 93; Fl. Austr. Hung. exs. 3026 I, II; Baenitz. Herb. Europ. Nos. 1304, 6096, 7371, 8990; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 420, 521, 619, 726, 831; GRF Nos. 1261a, b, 1262, 1263, 1265, 2214a-e, sub H. cymigero; Fr. Herb. norm. XIII, No. 12; Hier. Europ. No. 35; Dahlst. Hier. exs. I, No. 35; II, No. 15; Hier. Scand. VII, No. 99, X, No. 15; Lindeb. Hier. Scand. No. 22; Norrl. Hier. Exs. fasc. I, No. 79, fig. 1V, No. 85, sub. H. pubescens var. allochroum Norrl. fasc. IV, No. 87, sub H. pubescens ssp. suchonense 541 | \ RITROIES SS = SF WSS Sy Ran ; © . \\: \\ Wp 4 \ \ i . ltrs. id), 15 ray ‘ Ni ny Plate XXXI. 1—H. gentile Jord.; 2—H. onegense Norrl. 557 59 542 Norrl. fasc. IV, No. 89, fasc. V, No. 52, sub H. pubescens var. auriginans Norrl. fasc. V, No. 53, sub H. pubescens ssp. glomerabile Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, op. cit. fasc. Il, No. 90, fasc. IV, Nos. 80-82, sub H. nigrans Almqu. ex Dahlst. (1. c.). Perennial. Stem 30—70(—100) cm high, 14 mm in diameter, in lower part moderately pubescent with light-colored, soft hairs 0.5—-1.0 mm long, thinning upward to occasional, above scatteredly glandular (down to middle of stem), rather densely stellate-pubescent, stolons absent or short, thin, underground (var. B. reptans N.P.). Basal leaves 5-6, oblong or spatulate to lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, to 23 cm long (11-12:1), entire, yellowish-green, on both sides pubescent with soft hairs 0.2-1.0 mm long, as a whole pubescence to moderate (denser beneath), with stellate down to moderate above, dense beneath (surface of leaves under magnifying glass looks like starry sky); cauline leaves 2-4(—7) (coefficient of leafiness, on average, 0.05), linear-lanceclate, acute, densely stellate-pubescent, scatteredly glandular (at least upper leaves). Inflorescence compactly umbellate, later more open, with 15—40(—100) capitula; acladium 5—6(—30) mm long; peduncles glabrous (f. calvipedunculum N.P.) or sparsely to scatteredly (f. hirtipedunculum N.P.) pubescent with black hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long, scatteredly glandular, gray- or white-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 6—7 or 7-8 mm long (var. Y. pseudocymigerum N.P.), cylin- drical-ovoid; involucral bracts somewhat broad to narrow, acute, dark, with light border, glabrous or with occasional (0-15) (f. calvipedunculum N.P.), or scattered (15-30) hairs 1 mm long (f. hirtipedunculum N.P.), with scattered, 30(15—45), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, moderately stellate- pubescent. Corollas golden or dark yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXXVI, Fig. 2.) Dry open forests, on dry herb slopes, in meadows overgrown with shrubs, moraines, alvars, sandy glades, and old fields; prefers calcar- eous soils. It is the most widely distributed species of this subsection in the Soviet Union.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part), Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Volga-Kama, Upper Dnieper, Middle Dnieper, Volga-Don, Trans- Volga, Upper Don, Lower Don (?Stavropol); Western Siberia. Ob Region, Upper Tobol. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Poznan. Type in Munich. Note. In the material collected on Saaremaa Island (Oesel), Dahlstedt identified part as subspecies H. hirtelliceps Dahlst. (Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 1901, 20; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1319); however, the difference between H. hirtelliceps Dahlst. and H. pubescens Lindbl. is unclear. This plant, like H. auriginans Norrl. or H. allochroum Norrl., is prob- ably a variety. 560 543 Dahlstedt split off some of the plants of H. cymigerum collected there, as H. nigrans var. osiliense Dahlst. (Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 1901, 20). However, a comparison of these plants with the typical H. nigrans of Norrlin’s exsiccatae did not reveal significant differences. 642. H. suomense Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 163; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 668; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 419; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1321.—H. suomense Norrl. var. grisescens Brenn. in Meddel. Fa. Fl. Fenn. 29 (1905) 140, 30 (1906) 154, pro sp.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. Nos. 90, 91; Lindb. Pl. Finl. exs. Nos. 1655, 1656. Perennial. Stem 50(30—90) cm high, 2-4 mm in diameter, at base with dense, light-colored hairs 1 mm long, thinning upward, above with isolated, black hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long and to dense glands 0.5 mm long (glands, greatly thinning, found down to base of stem), densely stel- late-pubescent, without stolons. Basal leaves 2-8, more or less lan- ceolate, acute, to 11 cm long (7:1), yellowish-green, with hairs on both sides and along midrib dense, 0.3—0.6 mm long, and along margin scattered, as a whole densely pubescent, above moderately (hairs to almost occasionally) stellate pubescent, beneath densely so; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), with scattered glands. Inflo- rescence compactly umbellate, later more open, with (10—)20-—45 ca- pitula; acladium 2—4(—7) mm long; peduncles glabrous, densely glan- dular, white-tomentose. Involucres 6—7(—8) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with narrow, light border, with occasional, 5(0-10), black hairs 1 mm long and scattered, 30(20—50), glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowerjng June to July. Dry bottom meadows, old fields.\—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. 643. H. polymnoon N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 474; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 77; Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 21; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 597; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 674; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1321; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 216.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 96-98. Perennial. stem 30-100 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, with collateral stems, with scattered, light-colored hairs to 1 mm long, above with scattered glands, densely stellate-pubescent; stolons absent or under- ground. Basal leaves 6-11, outer obovate or spatulate, subobtuse to lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate and acute, to 21 cm long (11-18:1), green, with moderate, soft hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, stellate pubescence scattered above, dense beneath; cauline leaves 3(1—4) (coefficient of 561 544 leafiness 0.05), linear-lanceolate, acute, with sparse glands. Inflores- cence often deeply umbellate or openly paniculate, with 32(14-60) (-108) capitula; acladium 5—10(—90) mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs 1 mm long, moderately glandular, white-tomen- tose; floral bracts large, leafilike, whitish. Involucres 6.5—7.0(—8.0) mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, gray; scarcely bordered, glabrous or with sparse, 16(10-25), black hairs 0.5 mm long, (var. B. rindoicum N.P.), densely, 53(46-70), glandular with glands 0.3 mm long, gray from down (including margins as well). Corollas dark yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Glades overgrown with shrubs.—European Part: Baltic Region. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Sweden. Type in Munich. Note. It differs from H. cymigerum Rchb. by having a deeply and loosely umbellate inflorescence, narrow leaves, and large, leaflike, whitish floral bracts. Probably, H. samaricum Zahn (Pfizr. IV, 280, 1932, 1322) should be included here; on the basis of the very incomplete diagnosis, it is distinguished from H. polymnoon N.P. by broader leaves and, appar- ently, denser glandularity in the inflorescence, approaching var. B. rindoicum N.P. We were unable to see the authentic specimen, and where it is preserved is unknown (collector Ispolatov). Cycle 3. Curvascentia Juxip.—Subgrex H. curvescens Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1322.—Hairs on involucral bracts entirely absent or occasional. 644. H. curvescens Norrl. Anteckn. fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 166; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 659 (pro sp. coll.), 660; Hier. Mitteleur. I, 417; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1322.—H. microcephalum Meinsh. Herb. FI. Ingr. p. p.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pil. Fenn. I (1884) No. 93; Hier. exs. f. X, no. 84. Perennial. Stem 20-38 cm high, somewhat ascending, flexuous, at base violet, with moderate, thin, white hairs 2-3 mm long, occasional above, sparsely glandular and densely stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves 5(2-8), lingulate to narrowly lanceolate, finely-toothed, with scattered hairs 2 mm long, stellate pubescence very sparse above, to scattered beneath; cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08). Inflores- cence umbellate-paniculate, with 24(5—68) capitula; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose. In- volucres 6.0-7.5 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, blackish, usually glabrous or with occasional hairs, with scattered, 40(18-60), 562 545 glands 0.3-0.7 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas pale yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. It links subsections Cymosa and Cymigera. It probably is necessary to include H. leptothyrsum Peter (Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2, 1893, 70; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 25; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1321) here. It is found in the Upper Volga region and is distinguished by its smaller (5.0-5.5 mm long) involucres. Type unknown. Two other species are also included here, H. ensiferum Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier., 1904, 96; Hier. exs. IV, No. 51), collected along the Onega River (Turchasovo), and H. fuliginascens Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. 1904, 110; Hier. exs. IV, No. 90), collected along the Sukhona River (Sinegoda). Subsection 3. Cymosopratensina Juxip.—In habit, plants resemble, in part, members [species] of section Cymosina and, in part, Pratensina, differing from both by horizontally divergent hairs at base of stem, and more or less dense glandularity in inflorescence; glands on involucral bracts are distributed more or less uniformly throughout (not crowded at tip as in Cymigera or at base as in Pratensina); leaves with more or less considerable down, especially beneath. 1. Peripheral florets dark purple on outside, orange on inside...2. + All florets concolored (yellow), sometimes only peripheral flo- tets with reddish stripes on outside, or teeth of peripheral Mone ised Se. 8i te aschecapuct increas. Tend late Bemeterel aang 9.0. 6. 2. Plants from Carpathian Mountains and Galicia (Cycle 1. Rubella) men. dansabinn’canteee Bean dibs 8 cc 3: + Plants from north of European territory of Soviet Union (Cycle DNorilinnifonmia)s..de) elven beee, oemcdele brie betoweedl 38 ix a) 3. Involucral bracts subobtuse, like peduncles covered with up to dense dark hairs 1.5 mm long. Leaves sparsely pubescent; Caulinesleavestd 2h iexertisn. aston 645. H. roxolanicum Rehm. + Involucral bracts subacute to acute, like peduncles sparsely to scatteredly hairy; leaves scatteredly to densely pubescent......4. 4. Involucral bracts and peduncles scatteredly hairy; cauline leavesi2=3: g28v.centeceeet fen 646. H. rubricymigerum N.P. + Involucral bracts and peduncles with occasional hairs; cauline leavespli@2)as2. £0.AR AA: seek mana h sl 647. H. rehmannii N.P. 5 (2). Stem at base very densely pubescent; leaves densely pubes- Contin: tocmenieraielss 4 poansatas te 648. H. tephranthelum Zahn 10. 12 563 13 (7). Stem at base scatteredly pubescent, like leaves; florets in part tubulamie.!.:. ccdtel te meee 649. H. norrliniiforme Pohle and Zahn Leaves stellate-pubescent on both sides; plants more or less tallkuiai fst alee he eee a alle rode dewel penile: \ bemoans ilk Leaves conspicuously stellate-pubescent mostly only beneath Hairs and glands on involucral bracts (inflorescence) more or less equal in number; leaves setose with more or less long, soft bristles (1—-)1.5—3.0(—5.0) mm long, (Cycle 3. Colliniflora) Sebva sess. BEER OE Re arntveedecnins, tues avin tench) oe ee 8. Glands on involucral bracts many more than hairs or hairs absent; leaves pubescent with more or less short, soft hairs 0:3 hOimm longa Aner. Yh ee. Lueeoies Tay 13. Plants without stolons. Involucres 6-7 mm long; involucral bracts moderately pubescent, scatteredly glandular.................... y pber hee Shed ot oow culo manana reg 650. H. prolongatum N.P. Plants with stoloms..............csscsesesesseeees cresesuensesesnanesesessensenesenraes 9. Stolonsiindergrounds atv reer sea ie a 10. Stolons above-ground, short, thick, with more or less long leaves; leaves above almost without stellate down, beneath with scattered COWND.............:..sceseeneeee 655. H. subambiguum N.P. Stolons short, mostly abortive; leaves to densely stellate- TB ULO TEE 1 asacaecaeaacecraaroderoeseicccd-osecdacte ose uog aatocdnep eocoacdococeooseococousnuodetc 11. Stolonsilome: thie hes2iee See ee eee neces ne 1? Leaves moderately pubescent with short hairs 0.7-1.0 mm long; inflorescence with 6—18(—32) capitula; involucral bracts with broad, light bordet..................cceee 651. H. neglectum Norrtl. Leaves with scattered, long bristles 3-5 mm long, inflores- cence with 50-60 capitula; involucral bracts scarcely bor- deredivsianied th ee nae tire 652. H. giganticaule Zahn Involucral bracts and peduncles with dense hairs and scat- tered glands (ratio of hairs to glands 2:1); involucres 7-8 mm long; pubescence of leaves to dense; stellate pubescence of leaviesiGense.c2 Ae. itil ee 653. H. pycnothyrsum Peter Involucral bracts and peduncles with occasional (to sparse) hairs, moderately glandular (ratio of hairs to glands 1:5); involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long; leaves scatteredly pubescent; stellate pubescence of leaves above very sparse, to scattered beneath eradus. ace. tail Ree ee ree es 654. H. rusanum Zahn Coefficient of leafiness low, 0.04—0.07; inflorescence more or less compact-umbeliate (to somewhat paniculate), only later more@pent(Cycle4vAmbigua) Metis. .csaices.cseccee caret eeneenett nee esc 14. 564 18. + 19 (15). 21 (13). + 22 (6). 547 Coefficient of leafiness higher, 0.09—0.10; inflorescence deeply umbellate (spreading already at beginning of flowering); involucral bracts glabrous (Cycle 5. Macrantha).............::008 PDN Hairs and glands more or less equal; involucral bracts with occasional hairs and glands....... 656. H. lamprophtalmum Norrl. Glands on involucral bracts greatly (many times) exceeding number of hairs or hairs entirely absent............:..csccesseeeeseeeneees 15: Involucral bracts hairy (at least with occasional hairs).......... 16. Involucral bracts without hairs (only with glands).................... 19: Hairs on involucral bracts to sparse, glands scattered (ratio of hairstotolandsi:2:40.113) nek teed 657. H. detonsum Norrl. Hairs on involucral bracts occasional, glands to moderate.....17. Leaves light (glaucescent) green, glossy, sparsely pubescent (cauline leaves almost completely glabrous); glands in inflo- rescence yellowish, dense; floral bracts whitish................0... JMR VIO TRS OR LO RNR, OD 658. H. micans Nort]. Leaves bluish-green, dull, to scatteredly pubescent; floral Bracts"dark Or OTayii tee TA AR RR Ae sate 18. Involucral bracts scarcely bordered; glands small, 0.3 mm long, hyaliniey waxy eRe. Eek ae a 659. H. griseum Norrl. Involucral bracts with wide, green border; glands medium- sized, 0.5 mm long, black.............. 660. H. glomeratum (Fr.) N.P. Stem almost glabrous, even at base; leaves scatteredly pubes- cent; inflorescence with 4—8(—12) capitula, glands in inflores- cence small, 0.3 mm long; leaves moderately stellate-pubes- cent above, densely beneath.................... 661. H. haraldii Norrl. Stem conspicuously pubescent; leaves moderately pubescent; inflorescence with large number of capitula; glands larger; leaves to sparsely stellate-pubescent above, densely errata. AEA A I SR HR th Air so 20. Stem at base densely pubescent; involucral bracts and pe- duncles with different-sized black glands 0.5—0.7 mm long; involucres 7—8 mm lon............0:ccee 662. H. vitellinum Norrl. Stem at base scatteredly pubescent; involucral bracts and peduncles with different-sized, yellow, fine glands 0.3-0.7 mm longe*involucres:6\0=6:5tmm on ae ee RE ees POMENIS BU OE, SSA ela 663. H. luteoglandulosum Sael. ex Norrl. Involucres 6-7 mm long; inflorescence with (2—)10—20(-—25) Capitilaye 22 NSS Se Se ee 664. H. permicum Zahn Involucres 8—9 mm long; inflorescence with 6-15 capitula............ PRAY: CANONS S 53 SO8 SUNG SINAN SOHO us Rhode ee 665. H. conferciens Norrl. 565 548 28. 29: + 30 (22). Leaves densely stellate-pubescent beneath (hyaline-tomen- tose)\(CycleyiiiPoliodernia) Rath) weet oie ee ileaaient 2 30. Involucral bracts with hairs and glands; involucres 6-10 mm lONngiwulous..ieuce..daslisn sao ebrade.. bes ie eh 24 Involucral bracts and peduncles without hairs but densely glandular; involucres 4.5—5.0 mm long...............::.eeeeeeeeeeeee eee Bae wich. chad a seed se el iy eemele latelnce 673. H. floribundoides Zahn nuinberetisg its A eiinteh. cGh eM pees soe cere valet lbh yess Alene Oo Ae 25 Glands on involucral bracts significantly (to many times) more thambhairs 3.2823 score). deed Beles: Doth ect eet eineel gee, ee 28. Hairsyonianvolucralibractsisparseset fennel eet. 2b ee 26. Hairs on involucral bracts occasional................sccceeeeeeeseeeeeees Bil Involucres 6.0—7.5(—8.0) mm long........... 666. H. acrocomum N.P. Involucres 8—10 mm long....669. H. subfloribundum (N.P.) Dahlst. Peduncles with occasional to sparse hairs; leaves with sparse stellate pubescence on both sides; stem 10-40 cm high; co- efficient of leafiness 0.10—0.12.......... 667. H. sysoleskiense Zahn Peduncles glabrous; leaves without stellate down above, mostly only along midrib beneath; stem 20-70 cm high; coef- ficient of leafiness 0.04—0.06..................044 668. H. accline Norrl. Involucral bracts and peduncles with sparse hairs and scat- tered glands (glands 2—3 times as many as hairs); involucres Smialli5.5—G6: Simin. 6.0.4 238... eee. ees 670. H. micrastrum Zahn Involucral bracts and peduncles with occasional hairs and scattered to moderate glands (glands 5-6 times as many as Leaves on both sides moderately stellate-pubescent (beneath sometimes hyaline-tomentose)................0.0006 671. H. pilipes Sael. Leaves above almost without stellate down, beneath stellate down mostly along midrib............. 672. H. floribundiforme N.P. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3-17 capitula; involu- cres 6-8 mm long; plants without stolons................ccsccceceeeesseeeees backs Anchen brasrenk..cdeeaaanchanes..cabisens 674. H. transbalticum Dahlst. Inflorescence shallowly forked, with 2—4 capitula; involucres 8-9 mm long; plants with short, thin, above-ground or under- Sround stolons .eometk lees... bes 675. H. apatelioides Zahn Cycle 1. Rubella Juxip.—H. rubellum Zahn in Schinz and Keller, Fl. Schweiz. ed. 2, I (1905) 552; nec N.P.—H. cruentum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 455.—H. cymosum-aurantiacum N.P. 1. c.— H. rubellum grex H. rehmannii Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1342, ut H. vaillantii-aurantiacum Zahn.—H. guthnickianum grex H. rehmannii 566 549 Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1929) 246.—In habit, resembling Cymigera, but florets purple on outside and orange inside; stigmas dark; Upper Dniester Region. 645. H. roxolanicum Rehm. in Oester. Bot. Zeitschr. (1873) 151; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 461; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1343; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 246. Perennial. Stem 25—40 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base with sparse hairs, becoming denser upward, above with rather dense, dark hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, above with scattered, quickly thinning glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons thin, short, often underground. Basal leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, on both sides with sparse hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, 1.5 mm long along margin, sparse stellate down above, moderate beneath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in lower part of stem. Inflorescence compactly umbellate with 10-20 capitula; acladium 2—5 mm long; peduncles with dense dark hairs 1.5 mm long, densely glandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, scarcely bordered, with dense dark hairs 1.5 mm long, scatteredly glandular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Florets orange, periph- eral ones on outside purple. Flowering June to July. Mountains, descending to valleys.—European Part: Upper Dniester. Endemic. Described from Carpathian Mountains. Type in Lvov? Krakow? 646. H. rubricymigerum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 462; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1343; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 247. Perennial. Stem 45-55(—80) cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base with scattered, higher up sparse, in upper part again denser hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, densely glandular above, thinning downward, densely stellate-pubescent, stolons elongated, thin, often numerous. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, subacute, to 20 cm long, glaucescent, on both sides with hairs, 1.5-2.0 mm long above, 0.5 mm long beneath and along margin, to dense or scattered (var. 2. blockii Wol.), on both sides with scattered stellate down; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), acute. Inflorescence compactly umbellate, with 15—20 capitula or umbellate-paniculate, many-headed (var. 8. blockii Wol.); acladium 3- 4 mm long; peduncles scatteredly pubescent, densely glandular, white- tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6.5 mm long, cylindrical; in- volucral bracts narrow, subacute, blackish, with very narrow, lighter border, with scattered, black hairs 1 or 0.5 mm long (var. £. blockii Wol.) and densely glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Florets 567 550 orange; peripheral on outside purple. In habit, resembling Cymigera. Flowering June to July. Mountains, to 1,260 m.—European Part: Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe (Carpathian Mountains). Endemic. De- scribed from Carpathian Mountains. Type in Munich. 647. H. rehmannii N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 457; Zahn in Pfilzr. IV, 280, 1343; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XI, I, 247 (sub H. eurehmannii Zahn). Perennial. Stem 27—40(—50) cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, from base with dense, light-colored hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long; more scattered above, above densely glandular, glands thinning downward, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons thin. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, ob- tuse to subacute, light green, on both sides and along margin with moderate hairs 1 mm long, denser, 2 mm long beneath along midrib, without stellate down above, with sparse down beneath; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflorescence somewhat openly umbellate, with 6—-15(—20) capitula; acladium 5—6 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, densely glandular, gray from down; floral bracts gray, with light border. Involucres 6—7 mm long, ovate; outer involu- cral bracts narrow, inner somewhat broad, acute, black, somewhat light-bordered and with occasional, black, hairs 1-2 mm long, scatteredly glandular, with sparse stellate down (margin glabrous). Florets yellow- ish-orange; peripheral florets on outside with purple stripes. Flowering June to July. Mountains, descending to valleys.—European Part: Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Stanislavov. Type in Munich. Cycle 2. Norrliniiformia Juxip.—d. norrliniiforme Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 111; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1356.—Plants similar to species of cycle Rubella (and no doubt closely related), found in north of European territory of Soviet Union. Peripheral florets purple on outside and orange inside; stigmas dark. 648. H. tephranthelum Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 88; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1356.—Exs.: GRF No. 220Sa, b (pro ssp. H. aurantiaci). Stem 30-45 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, at base with very dense bristles 1-2 mm long, sharply thinning upward and sparse, having dark base, scatteredly glandular above, to densely stellate-pubescent al- most entire length; stolons short, thin, underground. Basal leaves 2— 3, lanceolate, subobtuse, to subacute, long-tapered to petiole, very finely toothed, yellowish-green, to 25 cm long (6—10:1), densely hairy 551 on both sides and along midrib with hairs 0.6—1.0(—2.0) mm long, sparsely along margin, as a whole densely pubescent, above almost without stellate down, beneath (mostly along midrib) scatteredly stel- late-pubescent, sometimes tips with occasional glands; cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, subacute, very densely short-pubescent with hairs 0.6—1.0 mm long. Inflorescence umbellate- paniculate, with 4—12(—25) capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles with occasional, dark, hairs 3 mm long, moderately glandular with glands 0.4 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subacute, dark, with green border, their tips often reddish, with sparse to scattered, 22(14—26), hairs 2.5— 3.0 mm long (tips of hairs light-colored), sparse, 18(14—21), black glands 0.4 mm long; with sparse stellate down. Florets orange; peripheral florets on outside purple; stigmas dark. Flowering July. Peat meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. De- scribed from Syktyvkar District. Note. According to Zahn, this species conforms to the formula H. aurantiacum-glomeratum, and is similar to H. norrliniiforme Pohle and Zahn. Apparently, H. pericaustum Norrl. (Pilos. bor., 1895, 49; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1357) should be included here. It is distinguished mainly by the less dense pubescence over the whole plant. Its variety (var. f. aleurites Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. II, 1912, 43) was found in the vicinity of Lake Ladoga. The type is in Helsinki. 649. H. norrliniiforme Pohle and Zahn in Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII (1907) 111; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1356. Perennial. Stem 45 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, at base with scattered, light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, sparse and dark above, above sparsely glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons ap- parently undergound(?). Basal leaves 4-6, lanceolate, partly subobtuse, finely toothed, yellowish-green, above with sparse hairs, 1.0—-1.5 mm long, along margin and beneath with scattered and along midrib with moderate hairs, above without stellate down, beneath with scattered down; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath. Inflorescence compactly umbellate, its lower branch sometimes remote, with 6—12(—15) capitula; acladium 5—8 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, scatteredly short-glandular, gray- pubescent. Involucres 7 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, with scattered hairs 1 mm long (with light-colored tip), scatteredly glandular, gray from stellate down. Florets partly tubular; peripheral ones on outside somewhat reddish; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. 569 552 Riverbanks.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from White Sea Coast (Pushlakhta). Type unknown. Cycle 3. Colliniflora Juxip——Grex H. colliniflorum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1351.—H. colliniflorum Hayek, Fl. Steierm. II (1914) 734.—Leaves pubescent mostly with hairs (1—)1.5—3.0(—5.0) mm long; hairs and glands on involucral bracts mostly equal in number. 650. H. prolongatum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 471; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1352; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 256.—Exs.: Schweinf. Hern. Fl. Ingric. No. 375 p. p. Perennial. Stem 65 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base with scattered, light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, thinning upward to sparse, with occasional glands in upper half, scatteredly to sparsely stellate- pubescent, without stolons. Basal leaves spatulate-narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, yellowish-green, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, above with bristles 2 mm long, above very sparsely stellate-pubescent, beneath to scatteredly so; cauline leaves 3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), eglandular. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with up to 30 capitula; acladium short, 2-3 mm long; peduncles with up to scattered hairs and sparse to scattered glands, whitish-tomentose; floral bracts dark gray. Involucres 6-7 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, black, with narrow, light border, with moderate black hairs 1.5 mm long, sparsely to scatteredly glandular, scatteredly (along margin sparsely) stellate-pubescent. Flowering June to July. European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. 651. H. neglectum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 160 (sub Pilosella neglecta); Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 667; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 470; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 30; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1351.— Pilosella neglecta Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. I (1884) No. 88.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 1278a, b, 1825; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 43, 44. Perennial. Stem 40-80 cm high, 2—4 mm in diameter, at base violet and moderately covered with light-colored, soft hairs 1.5—-2.0 mm long, gradually thinning upward, dark above, as a whole densely pubescent; above scatteredly glandular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent; sto- lons absent or short, thin, mostly abortive. Basal leaves (5) oblong- lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, to 18 cm long (8-11:1), acute, indis- tinctly finely toothed, dark green, hairs above and along margin scattered, beneath moderate (0.7—1.0 mm long), along midrib dense, 2 mm long, as a whole moderately pubescent, above moderately stellate- pubescent, beneath rather densely so (hyaline-tomentose); cauline 553 leaves 2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, acute (8—10:1) with occasional glands at tips. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, more or less open, with 6—-18(—32) capitula; acladium 6-10 mm long; pe- duncles with occasional, black hairs 1-2 mm long, densely glandular with glands 0.4 mm long, gray from stellate down; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7.5—9.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, blackish, with wide, light-colored border, with sparse to scattered, 18(14—32), dark hairs 1.5 mm long and equally scattered, 18(20-30), glands 0.5 mm long, uniformly distributed, rather densely stellate-pubescent (sparsely along margin). Florets yellow; all ray florets; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Forest edges, wet meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; cotype in Munich. Note. This species is a form transitional to Cycle Colliniflora (between Cymosa and Pratensina), noted by Naegeli and Peter. Apparently, H. illudens Norrl. (Pil. bor. 1895, 66; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 667; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1351.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. f. II, No. 87) should be included here. It was described from the shores of Lake Ladoga and is separated from H. neglectum only by its tubular florets. Type in Helsinki. 652. H. giganticaule Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. (1911) 30; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1352. Perennial. Stem to 90 cm high, 3—5 mm in diameter, densely cov- ered below with bristles 1-2 mm long, sparsely so above with dark bristles 3 mm long, moderately glandular in upper part with black glands, thinning downward to middle of stem, moderately stellate- pubescent; stolons short, underground. Basal leaves large, oblong, obtuse to lanceolate and acute, as a whole scatteredly covered with bristles 3-5 mm long, on both sides scatteredly stellate-pubescent; cauline leaves 3—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, acute, somewhat glandular. Inflorescence umbellate, later open, with 50-60 capitula; acladium 15 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs, rather densely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate- cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, dark, with somewhat light border, and with scattered hairs 1-3 mm long, scatteredly glan- dular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Florets dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Moscow. Type unknown. 570 554 653. H. pycnothyrsum Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2 (1893) 77; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 31; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1352. Perennial. Stem 50-80 cm high, in lower part densely covered with hairs 2-3 mm long, thinning upward, sparsely glandular above, to densely stellate-pubescent; stolons long, thin, underground. Basal leaves oblong, rather densely covered with bristles 1.5—-2.5 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent above, densely beneath; cauline leaves 3-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, glandular. Inflorescence compactly umbellate with 15-40 capitula; peduncles densely pubes- cent, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7-8 mm long; involucral bracts with dense hairs, scatteredly glandular, densely stel- late-pubescent. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Moscow. Type unknown. Note. This description is based on Peter’s incomplete diagnosis. 654. H. rusanum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1351.—H. anceps Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. (1911) 30. Perennial. Stem 50 cm high, at base with scattered hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, thinning and dark upward, above scatteredly glandular, scatteredly stellate-pubescent, stolons long, thin, underground. Basal leaves nar- rowly lanceolate, acute, on both sides with scattered hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, very sparsely stellate-hairy above, scatteredly so beneath, cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), with occasional glands at tips. Inflorescence compact-umbellate with 8-12 capitula; peduncles with occasional hairs, scatteredly glandular, white-tomentose. Involucres 6.5-7.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, somewhat dark, scarcely bordered, with occasional to sparse, hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, moderately glandular, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Flowering June to July. Meadows, forest edges, old fields —European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from outskirts of Moscow. Type unknown. 655. H. subambiguum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 465; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1350; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 253.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier, Europ. No. 525. Perennial. Stem 40—70 cm high, 3-4 mm in diameter, sth scattered, light-colored (above dark) hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, scatteredly glandular above, to densely stellate-hairy; stolons mostly very short, thick, above- ground, long-leaved. Basal leaves oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, yellowish-green, on both sides moderately short-pubescent (1 mm long), almost without stellate down above, with up to scattered down beneath; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, acute, with sparse glands at tips. Inflorescence compact- 57 — 555 umbellate, later open, with 20-25 capitula; acladium 2-5 mm long; peduncles with moderate hairs 1 mm long, scatteredly glandular, gray from down; floral bracts dark gray. Involucres 7.5-8.0 mm long, cylin- drical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, with narrow, green border, with scattered, dark hairs 0.5 mm long, scatteredly glandular, to moderately stellate-pubescent (margins glabrous). Florets dark yellow! Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Upper Dnieper. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. Cycle 4. Ambigua Juxip.—H. ambiguum Ehrh. Beitr. V (1790) 178; Griseb. Comm. destr. Hier. gen. 11; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1346; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 251.—H. glomeratum Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 207; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 463, 465, 812; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 90; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1083; Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 355; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 29.—H. glomerata Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, (1906) 662.— H. cymosum-collinum N.P. 1. c—H. cymosum-pratense Zahn |. c.— H. dubium L. Sp. pl. ed. 2 (1763) 1125 p. p.—Stem without or with thin, underground (very rarely with aerial) stolons, mostly as if rudimentary, with horizontally spreading, soft bristles 0.5—3.0 mm long, as a whole moderate to very dense (denser in lower part); leaves on both sides with more or less short (0.3-1.0 mm) bristles, sparsely to scatteredly stellate-pubescent above, scatteredly to densely beneath; inflores- cence pseudo-umbel or pseudo-panicle; involucres 6—9 mm long; glands on involucral bracts more or less uniformly distributed. The type of the cycle H. ambiguum Ehrh. was collected by Ehrhart from the vicinity of Uppsala (Sweden). Contradictions exist regarding the systematic position of cycle Ambigua. Almost all systematists consider its position as conforming to the formula H. cymosum L. s. 1.—H. pratense Tausch s. 1. However, in this context, one must bear in mind that both of these members from two sections, in turn, are split into distinctly different subsections: Cymosa (H. cymosum L. s. str.) and Cymigera (H. vaillantii Tausch s. str.), on the one hand, and Praticola (H. eu-pratense Zahn) and Silvicola (H. onegense Norrl.), on the other. In view of this, the plants usually combined under the name H. ambiguum Ehrh., in fact, could be the products of four combinations: 1) Cymosa—Praticola, 2) Cymosa- Silvicola, 3) Cymigera—Praticola, and 4) Cymigera-Silvicola. Of these, the first combination would include the long-pubescent forms, the last combination—exclusively, the short-pubescent forms, while the sec- ond and the third combinations could represent the medium forms. In the Soviet Union, the last combination is the most common, but in the SZ 556 western floristic regions the presence of the members of the first combination also is possible; species of the second and the third combinations occur to a much lesser extent. In view of the above-mentioned facts, the exceptional difficulty in distinguishing species of Ambigua from those of Cymigera becomes understandable. This circumstance has been pointed out by many authors (Naegeli and Peter, Zahn, Omang, and others.) 656. H. lamprophtalmum Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 107; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1350. Perennial. Stem 55-65 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, moderately short-setose in lower part, with occasional hairs and occasional glands above, moderately stellate-pubescent; without stolons. Basal leaves oblong-spatulate, lingulate to lanceolate, almost entire, glaucous-blu- ish-green, pale, dull, as a whole very sparsely short-setose, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, scatteredly beneath; cauline leaves 3 (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.06), narrowly lanceolate, with sparse, short hairs, densely stellate-pubescent and with occasional yellow glands along margin and beneath. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, many-headed; acladium 5 mm long; peduncles with occasional, short, gray hairs and scattered, very small, light-colored glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse to acute, outer light-bordered, with occasional hairs and occasional, small glands, up to densely stellate-pubescent. Florets very light sulfur-yellow; ligules undivided (not incised). Flowering June to July. Dry sunny slopes.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part). Endemic? Described from banks of Sukhona River. Type in Helsinki. Note. It is close to H. prolongatum N.P. but differs from it by having very sparse hairs and glands on the involucral bracts and short hairs. 657. H. detonsum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 156; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 666; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 469; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1349; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 255.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. No. 87; Hier. exs. fasc. Nos. 55, 56; GRF No. 1277. Perennial. Stem 30-75 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, violet at base, with scattered, light-colored hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, more conspicuous at base, scatteredly glandular above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons absent (or underground). Basal leaves 5(2-7), oblong-spatu- late, with rounded tip, to oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate (8—10:1); light gray-green, entire, scatteredly pubescent above and along mar- gin, moderately beneath, densely so beneath along midrib, as a whole 1/8 557 moderately pubescent with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, sparsely beneath; cauline leaves (1—)2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate (11:1), on both sides with moderate stellate down, with occasional glands at tips. Inflorescence somewhat openly umbellate, with 8-25 capitula; acladium 7-11 mm long, peduncles almost glabrous, with scattered glands 0.3 mm long, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark, light-bordered. Involucres 8-9 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, black, with wide green border, with sparse, 11(6—18), dark hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long and scattered, 29(18—60), glands 0.3 mm long, with moderate stellate down (margins glabrous). Florets dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen, Volga-Don(?). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. Apparently, H. glomeruliferum N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. I, 1885, 468; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1350; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 1, 253) should be referred here. It was described from St. Petersburg (maybe from the cultivated specimen in the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden? And maybe still the only specimen?). The type is in Munich. 658. H. micans Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 97; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 349.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, No. 57. Perennial. Stem 40 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, light green, pale yellow below inflorescence, at base with sparse bristles 0.5—-1.0 mm long, bristles occasional upward, densely glandular above with yellowish glands, gradually thinning downward, scatteredly stellate- pubescent; without stolons. Basal leaves lingulate to narrowly lanceolate-lingulate, acute, with remote fine teeth, bright and light glaucous, lustrous, as a whole sparsely short-hairy, sparsely stellate- pubescent above, moderately so beneath; cauline leaves 2-3 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.06), narrowly lanceolate, almost glabrous but densely (almost tomentosely beneath) stellate-pubescent, with occasional glands. Inflorescence paniculate, with 6-10 capitula; peduncles with occasional, short, gray bristles, densely glandular with yellowish, al- ternately medium and long glands with blackish base, gray-tomen- tose; floral bracts whitish. Involucres 8.5 mm long; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, blackish, with occasional black hairs having light-colored tips, with dense yellowish glands, moder- ately stellate-pubescent. Corollas and stigmas yellow. Herb slopes.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from banks of Onega River (Turchasovo). Type in Helsinki. 659. H. griseum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 155; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 664; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1348; Asch. and 574 558 Graebn. synopsis, XII, I, 255.—H. detonsum y. griseum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 470; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 30.—Exs.: Norrl. Pil. Fenn. I, Nos. 85, 86; Hier. exs. fasc. IV, No. 71, typicum and var. ¢. abruptum Norrl. fasc. IV, No. 68, var. 6. oppletum Norrl. Perennial. Stem 30—65(—105) cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, in lower part moderately short-setose with bristles 0.5—-1.0 mm long, thinning upward to occasional, moderately glandular above, greatly thinning toward base, sparsely to scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons ab- sent. Basal leaves oblong to lanceolate-lingulate, rounded or subobtuse, fine-toothed, on both sides with scattered hairs 0.5 mm long, with hairs 1 mm long beneath along midrib, with sparse stellate down on both sides; cauline leaves 3-5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, scarcely glanular. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, later open, with 8-25 capitula; acladium 7-11 mm long; peduncles with occasional or sparse (var. oppletum Norrl.), light-colored hairs, rather densely glandular with fine, hyaline glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 7.0—-7.5 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts some- what broad, outer subobtuse, inner acute, dark, scarcely-bordered, often without or with sparse, 5(3-9), hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long (var. oppletum Norrl.), scatteredly, 26(25—28), glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Florets dark yellow; stigmas yellow or somewhat dark (var. oppletum Norrl.). Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga. General distribution: Scandinavia. De- scribed from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. Evidently, H. reflorescens Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. I, 1904, 108; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 667; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1348.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. 1V, No. 72), described from the banks of Onega Lake (Sennaya Inlet), is the autumn race of this species. It is distin- guished by its robust size, number of cauline leaves, 3—4(—6), and abundant, 20—40(—80), capitula. Type is in Helsinki. 660. H. glomeratum (Fr.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 466; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 665; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1347; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 254.—H. glomeratulum Almqu. ex Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Nier.-Fl. I (1890) 95.—Exs.: Fries, Herb. norm. XIII, No. 11; Hier. Europe. No. 34; Dahlst. Hier. exs. I, No. 25; III, No. 13; Hier. Scand. VIII, No. 85, 86, XVI, nos. 75, 2214g. Perennial. Stem 40-75 cm high, 3-5 mm in diameter, dark above, with scattered hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long in lower part, thinning upward to occasional, to scatteredly glandular above, moderately stellate-pubes- cent; often with runners or petiolate rosettes, frequently with short, thin, rudimentary, as it were, stolons. Basal leaves 2—6, outer short, 559 Plate XXXII. 1—H. kolicola Juxip; 2—H. auricula Lam. and DC. S)1/5) 7, 560 spatulate, rounded-obtuse, others to long (20 cm), lanceolate-spatulate or narrowly lanceolate (10-16: 1), subacute to acute, glaucescent, with sparse hairs 0.5 mm long on both sides and along margin, scatteredly hairy beneath along midrib with hairs 1 mm long, as a whole scatteredly- pubescent, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, sparsely so beneath; cauline leaves (2—)3—4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), narrowly lanceolate, acute, scarcely glandular. Inflorescence umbellate-panicu- late, crowded, later open, with (5—)10-—40 capitula; acladium 3-10 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional dark hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark or gray. In- volucres 7-8 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with wide green border, glabrous or with occa- sional, (0-5), hairs 1.0 mm long (f. hirtius Dahlst.), scatteredly (30-40) glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent (margins glabrous). Florets light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1.) Open, dry, grassy places.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Trans-Volga, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Sweden. Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. pseudorphnodes Zahn.,—H. orphnodes Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. 1, 1904, 104; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1347), described from the banks of the Svir River, should be included here. Type is unknown. 661. H. haraldii Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 98; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 664; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1348.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 58-60; GRF No. 1813. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, almost gla- brous or with occasional, very short hairs, moderately glandular above, glands 0.3 mm long, quickly thinning downward, but occasional glands down to stem base, scatteredly stellate-pubescent, without stolons (or sometimes with rudimentary). Basal leaves 3—7, oblong-spatulate or lingulate to lanceolate, subobtuse to 10 cm long (8-9:1), yellowish- green, entire, on both sides and along midrib moderately pubescent, along margin sparsely and as a whole scatteredly pubescent with hairs 0.3-0.6 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent above, rather densely so beneath; cauline leaves (1—)2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lan- ceolate, acute (11:1), less pubescent than basal leaves, but more densely stellate-pubescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4—8(—12) capitula; acladium 5 mm long; peduncles glabrous, sparsely glandular, gray- tomentose. Involucres 6—7 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, 578 561 dark, mostly glabrous (sometimes with occasional (1-2), short, black hairs), with scattered, 43(32—55), glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Florets and stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Sandy glades, with sparse grass stand.—European Part: Ladoga- Ilmen. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. 662. H. vitellinum Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 153; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 666; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1350.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 53, 54; Lindb. Pl. Finl. exs. No. 1647. Perennial. Stem 50—70 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, densely pubes- cent below with short hairs, quickly thinning upward, scatteredly glan- dular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent above; without stolons. Basal leaves 3—4, scarcely fine-toothed, narrow (8:1), acute, light green, scatteredly pubescent above with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, densely so beneath and along midrib, sparsely along margin, as a whole to mod- erately pubescent, almost without stellate down above, beneath to dense. Cauline leaves 2—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, acute, above moderately stellate-pubescent, beneath densely so, sparsely glandular at tip. Inflorescence umbellate, with 7—20 capitula; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles with occasional to sparse, dark hairs or glabrous (f. subepilosum Norrl.), moderately glandular, gray-tomen- tose. Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, outer with pale border, with sparse, short hairs or almost without hairs (O—2), moderately, 50(40—60), glandular with small or large (0.7 mm-long) glands (f. subepilosum Norrl.), scatteredly stellate- pubescent. Florets dark yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Ladoga-IImen (north- ern part). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Karelia. Type in Helsinki. 663. H. luteoglandulosum Sael. ex Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 64; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 666; Zahn in Pflzr. [V, 280, 1350.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 41, 42. Perennial. Stem 30-70 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base with scattered hairs 1 mm long, above glabrous, moderately or rather densely glandular above with large (0.5-1.0 mm-long) glands, quickly thinning downward, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons (1-3) weakly devel- oped, partly underground. Basal leaves 5—6, outer small (6-8: 1), inner longer, to 15 cm, lanceolate, narrow (13-14: 1), acute, with very fine teeth, clearly glaucous, with hairs, scattered above, moderate beneath, ay/P) 562 0.3-0.5 mm long, hairs dense beneath along midrib, 0.5—0.7 mm long, sparse along margin, as a whole moderately pubescent, sparsely stel- late-pubescent above, densely so beneath; cauline leaves 3-4 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.07), narrowly lanceolate to linear (12—19:1), acute, scatteredly glandular toward tip. Inflorescence umbellate, with 18-30 capitula, some abortive; acladium 10 mm long; peduncles glabrous, moderately glandular, glands 0.3-1.0 mm long, white-tomentose. In- volucres 6.0-6.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, scarcely bordered, almost glabrous hairs (0-1), moderately, 50(40— 65), glandular, glands fine, yellow, 0.3-0.7 mm long, crowded toward tip, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; ligules lacerate. Flowering June to July. Open meadows, slopes of granitic rocks.—European Part: Ladoga- Ilmen (Sortavala). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Cycle 5. Macranthela Juxip.—H. macranthelum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 473; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1353; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 256.—H. cymosum var. paradoxum Lindeb. in Hartm. Handb. ed. 11 (1879) 39.—Macranthela Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio. (1906) 673, p. p.—H. ambiguum > pilosella Zahn, 1. c—Stem 20-55 cm high, densely stellate-pubescent; inflorescence deeply umbellate or openly paniculate, with (2—)6—20(—25) capitula, spreading already at beginning of anthesis; involucres 6-9 mm long; involucral bracts gla- brous but to densely glandular; stellate pubescence of leaves con- spicuous (sparse above, dense beneath); without stolons; cauline leaves 2—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.09—0.10). 664. H. permicum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1354; Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3067.—H. macrantheloides Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 98.— Exs.: GRF No. 2231. Perennial. Stem 20-55 cm high, at base moderately setose with bristles 1.0-2.5 mm long, occasional and short (0.5 mm) bristles above, with scattered glands quickly thinning above, densely stellate-pubes- cent; without stolons. Basal leaves oblong-obovate to lanceolate, acute, to 10 cm long, scattered-setose above and along margin, as a whole scattered-setose, with scarcely any stellate down above, moderate (grayish) down beneath; cauline leaves 3—4(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.09), linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence openly paniculate, umbellate at tip, with (2—)10—20(—25) capitula; acladium to 30 mm long; peduncles glabrous or sometimes with occasional hairs, with scattered glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6-7 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, green-bordered, glabrous, moderately, 60(48-—70), 580 563 glandular, glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, conspicuously stellate-pubescent. Florets dark yellow. Flowering July. (Plate XXXIX, Fig. 1.) Pine forests and forest grass patches.—European Part: Urals; Western Siberia: Ob Region, Upper Tobol. Endemic? Described from vicinity of Sverdlovsk. Type in Leningrad. 665. H. conferciens Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 119; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 674; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1354.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, No. 99. Perennial. Stem 20-40 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, with moderate hairs below | mm long, thinning upward and with occasional (some- times sparse) hairs above, moderately glandular above with large glands (thinning downward, reaching almost to base), densely stellate-pubes- cent; without stolons. Basal leaves oblong-oblanceolate, dark glaucous, thick, as a whole with scattered hairs 1 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, to densely so beneath; cauline leaves 2—3(-5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), narrowly lanceolate, acute, glan- dular at tip. Inflorescence compact-umbellate, with 6-15 capitula; acladium short; peduncles glabrous, densely glandular with large glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8—9 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, blackish, (almost) glabrous, densely glandular with large glands, with dense stellate down. Florets light yellow. Flowering August to September. Rocks.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Endemic. Described from Onega part of Karelia. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Cycle 6. Dubia Juxip.—H. dubium L. Sp. pl. ed. 2 II (1763) 1125 p. p.—H. dubium Fr. ex Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, (1906) 656.—H. dubium L. p. p. emend. Lindeb. Hier. Scand. (1868) No. 16 and in Hartm. Handb. Scand. FI. ed. 11 (1879) 37; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1360; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 258; (pro H. cymosum- floribundum).—H. acrocomum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 709, 836 (pro H. floribundum-cymosum) Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1093.—Differ from species of cycle Ambigua by shorter height; glabrous leaves, mostly without stellate down above and with sparse to scattered leaf pubescence openly umbellate inflorescence with few capitula; mostly without stolons, although stolons can also be found (on digging out the plant!); involucres mostly 7-8 mm long. Often with runners and collateral stems. Distributed particularly in Sudeten and Carpathian mountains; second center of distribution lies in the north- western part of European territory of Soviet Union. 581 564 Note. Zahn (Pflzr. op. cit. 1363) reports H. dubium L. p. p. for our flora (Pushlakhta, along the White Sea Coast, Dvina-Pechora region). But, as we did not see specimens of it, and the descriptions of different authors are in conflict (apparently, varieties of this polymorphic spe- cies have been described), we are limiting ourselves here to mention- ing this plant. In the Linnaean Herbarium; H. auricula also is found under the name H. dubium L., which means that Linnaeus did not differentiate between these two species. Following Lamarck and De Candolle, who tied H. auricula to a definite type, Lindberg linked H. dubium with the plant collected at Karlskoga (Sweden) and described in Hier. Scand. as exs. No. 16. 666. H. acrocomum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 710; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1363; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 259.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 1801, 1802; GRF No. 1803, pro var. sub-colliniforme Zahn; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 138. Perennial. Stem 20-45 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, somewhat ascending, with moderate dark, bristles 1.0—2.5 mm long, above with occasional glands, quickly going down to none, moderately stellate- pubescent; without stolons. Basal leaves 5(3—6), lanceolate, subobtuse to subacute, glaucescent, above with scattered or sparse bristles 3-5 mm long, without stellate down above, with rather dense stellate down beneath; cauline leaves 2(-—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), eglandular. Inflorescence compactly paniculate-umbellate, later becom- ing more open, with 6-15 capitula; acladium 5—8 mm long; peduncies sparsely dark-pubescent, sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray, light-bordered. Involucres 6—7(—8) mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, or subobtuse, dark, with light border, and sparse, 15(6—23), light-colored hairs 1.5- 2.0 mm long, with sparse, 15(6-26), glands 0.5-0.7 mm long, grayish from down (down sparse along margin). Florets yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XL, Fig. 1.) Meadows, old fields.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. 667. H. sysolskiense Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1901) 86; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1361.—Exs.: GRF No. 2202. Perennial. Stem 10-40 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, moderately setose in lower part with upwardly spreading bristles 1.0—2.5 mm long, thinning upward (hairs [bristles] with black base), sparsely glandular above, rather densely stellate-pubescent above, thinning downward; 582 565 without stolons but often with runners. Basal leaves 2-3, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute, to 9 cm long (7—10:1), pale yellow- ish-green, with sparse bristles 1.0—-2.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pu- bescent on both sides; cauline leaves (2—)3-—5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.12), narrowly lanceolate, glandular at tips. Inflorescence umbellate- paniculate, with (3—)5—15(20) capitula; acladium 5—12 mm long; pe- duncles with occasional to sparse hairs 1.5 mm long and occasional glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6.0—7.5 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, scarcely bordered, with occasional, 14(10-17), hairs 2 mm long and equally occasional, 13(10-15), glands 0.5 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent. Stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry places.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Syktyvkar. Type in Leningrad. Note. Zahn’s mention of “pedunculi subepilosi” in the diagnosis needs to be corrected; hairs—occasional to sparse—are always present on the peduncles. Apparently, H. biformatum Norrl. (Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2, 1889, 153; Herb. Pilos. Fenn. Il, No. 183; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio. 657; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1361), endemic to Sweden, should be included here. It was, however, reported by Zahn also for Gorky, which is extremely doubtful. 668. H. accline Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, (1906) 657; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1360.—Pilosella acclinis Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 153.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pil. Fenn. IT (1894) No. 179; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, Nos. 32, 33. Perennial. Stem 20-70 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, slightly ascending, violet at base and moderately covered with slender bristles 2-3 mm long, quickly thinning upward, above with occasional, dark bristles 1 mm long and to scattered glands, glands quickly thinning downward to none, stellate pubescence more or less scattered; with short runners. Basal leaves 5—8, oblong-spatulate with rounded tip, to (narrowly) lanceolate (7:1) and acute, to 9 cm long, entire, glaucescent (midrib often violet beneath) with occasional hairs (1.0—1.5 mm long, above 2-3 mm) on both sides and along margin, to densely hairy beneath along midrib, as a whole with scattered pubescence, without stellate hairs down, with scattered stellate down beneath mostly only along midrib; cauline leaves 1—2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence compactly umbellate-paniculate later more open, with 5—20(—30) capitula; peduncles thin, glabrous, with scattered glands, 0.5 mm long, gray-tomentose; floral bracts with very white border. Involucres 6.5—7.5 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, dark, with wide border, with occasional to sparse, 58 Ww 566 13(10-20), hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long and occasional to sparse, 17(10-30), glands 0.5—0.7 mm long, with slight stellate down. Florets yellow, teeth [on ligules] of peripheral florets reddish; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry-bottom meadows, dry barren slopes.—European Part: Ladoga- Ilmen, Dvina-Pechora (southern part). General distribution: Finland. (Described from vicinity of Sortavala [Serdobol].) Type in Helsinki, paratype in Leningrad. Note. Apparently, the following species should be referred to this species: H. acclinifolium Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. 1, 1904, 82), found in the Ladoga-Ilmen Region; H. erraticum Norrl. (Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2, 1889, 153), from Lapland; H. gorkense Norrl. (Herb. Pilos. Fenn. II, 1894, 176), from the Ladoga-IImen Region; H. infidulum Norrl. (Pilos. Bor. 1895, 59), from the Ladoga-IImen Region; and H. pubifolium Norrl. (Herb. Mus. Fenn. |. c.), from the Ladoga-IImen Region, all perhaps deserving the rank of variety. All of them are mentioned in Norrl. Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, |. c. and in the work of Zahn. We were unable to examine authentic specimens. Their types are in Helsinki. 669. H. subfloribundum (N.P.) Dahlst. in Acta Berg. II, 4 (1894) 35; Beitr. Hier. Fl. Oesels, 18; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 47; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1290 (pro ssp. H. suecicum Fr.); Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 259.—Pilosella suecica [. asperula Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 59.—H. floribundum ssp. suecicum B. subfloribundum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 695 p. p.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. I (1884) Nos. 35, 36; Hier. exs. fasc. III, Nos. 74-76; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. XVIII, No. 31, XXIII, Nos. 6, 7. Perennial. Stem 20-50 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, violet at base and with scattered to moderate, light-colored hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long, quickly thinning upward, densely to sparsely glandular above, sparsely or to scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons absent or present, like those of H. suecicum, with well-developed or rudimentary leaves. Basal leaves 2-7, obovate, with rounded tip to lanceolate, to 12 cm long (7—8:1), short-acuminate, sinuate, often with plicate tip, glaucous, with very sparse bristles 1-2 mm long only along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate down above, sparsely pubescent be- neath and mostly only along midrib; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, scarcely semiamplexicaul, acute, without stellate down above, with down to scattered beneath, glandular at tip. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3—10(—25) capitula; acladium 5-10 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, moderately or to densely glandular, densely stellate-pubescent. Involucres 7—8(-10) mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, dark, with sparse, 567 20(13-26), light-colored hairs with dark base or dark hairs | mm long, with sparse, 17(14—24), glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, very scatteredly stel- late-pubescent. Florets often on outside with red stripes; stigmas dark. In habit, resembling H. suwecicum Fr., from which it is distinguished by the denser stellate pubescence. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places, sandy glades.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; cotype in Munich. Note. Plants (identified by Zahn) that fit the description of H. floribundiforme N.P. were distributed under this name as GRF (No. 1276). Zahn (Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1923, 1293) cites the same specimen, GRF (No. 1276), also for H. nigellum Norrl. This, possibly, means that heterogeneous material was described under this number. In H. nigellum the hairs and glands on the involucral bracts are found in the ratio of 2:1. In H. subfloribundum (N.P.) Dahlst. the hairs and glands on the involucral bracts are found in equal numbers, whereas in H. floribundiforme N.P. they are in the ratio of 1:4(—5). The same is also true of plants issued as GRF (No. 1251) under the name H. acrocomum ssp. floribundiforme N.P., also identified by Zahn. 670. H. micrastrum Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 86; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1361.—Exs.: GRF No. 2201. Perennial. Stem 25-55 cm high, with scattered, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long, thinning upward, sparsely glandular above, scarcely so down- ward, moderately stellate-pubescent; stolons absent? Basal leaves 5— 7, outer spatulate, obtuse, others lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acute, to 8 cm long (8:1), scarcely fine-toothed, sparsely setose with bristles 1-2 mm long along margin and above, denser beneath along midrib, particularly toward base, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, moderately so beneath; cauline leaves 2-5 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), lanceolate, sometimes with glands. Inflorescence paniculate- umbellate, later more open, with 8—15(—33) capitula; acladium 2-6 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, very sparsely glan- dular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored, along midrib with black-based hairs. Involucres 5.5—6.5 mm long; involucral bracts nar- row, subacute, inner with green border, with occasional, 4(2—7), hairs 1.5 mm long, with black base and occasional or sparse, 15(12-17), glands 0.3 mm long, with sparse stellate down. Stigmas yellow. Flow- ering June to July. Dry slopes.—European Part: Volga-Don. Endemic. Described from Bolkhov District (Orlor[Orel] Region). Type in Leningrad. 585 568 671. H. pilipes Sael. in Meddel. Soc. Fa. Fl. Fenn. VI (1881) 183, ex p. Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I, 141; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 656; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1361.—Exs.: Herb. Pilos. Fenn. I (1884) No. 79; Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. V, Nos. 26, 27. Perennial. Stem 25-60 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base with sparse hairs 2-3 mm long, thinning upward, above with occasional, dark hairs 2-4 mm long and sparse glands 0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons slender, underground, often abortive. Basal leaves 5—7, lanceolate, contracted toward base, subobtuse to acute, grayish-green, above with occasional hairs 3 mm long, along margin hairs 1 mm long, moderately hairy beneath, densely so along midrib, hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, on both sides moderately stellate-pubescent (beneath sometimes hyaline-tomentose); cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, small. Inflorescence openly paniculate-umbellate, with 4-15 capitula; acladium 3-6 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, with moder- ate glands 0.5 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6.5—7.5 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, with light-col- ored border, with occasional (5) hairs 2 mm long and scattered (30-35) glands 0.7 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas sulfur yellow; stigmas yellow, later turning dark. Flowering June to July. Open grassy barrens.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Fin- land. Type in Helsinki. 672. H. floribundiforme N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. 1 (1885) 710.—d. hirtulum Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gétting. 2 (1893) 78; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 43; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1476.—Pilosella dubia Fries, Hier. Europ. exs. No. 33 p. p.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 1251, 1276 p. p. Perennial. Stem 20-40 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, violet at base, with moderate to dense hairs 1 mm long, quickly thinning upward, distinctly glandular above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; without sto- lons. Basal leaves 3—4(2—7), spatulate to lanceolate, acute, to 10 cm long. (5.3:1), glaucescent, with sparse hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate down above, with down to scattered beneath (more conspicuous in younger leaves); cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, in lower part of stem. Inflorescence openly umbellate-paniculate, with 3-12 capitula; peduncles almost glabrous, to scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; acladium 9 mm long. Involucres 6-7 mm long, globose; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with narrow border, with occasional, 5(3-13), mostly dark hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long and sparse (to scattered), 569 24(18-35), glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows, forest edges, old fields —European Part: Upper Volga, Ladoga-Ilmen. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Uppsala. Type in Munich. Note. It has often been cited under the name H. subfloribundum (N.P.) Dahlst. 673. H. floribundoides Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. (1911) 50; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1361. Perennial. Stem 30-60 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, violet at base, with sparse hairs 0.5 mm long, variant with scattered hairs 2.5 mm long, above moderately glandular (glands thinning almost to base), scatteredly stellate-pubescent, often with collateral stems. Basal leaves: oblong-spatulate to narrowly lanceolate, light green, with sparse hairs 0.5 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib, scarcely stellate- pubescent above, scatteredly so beneath, inner leaves often glandular; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, glandular. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with up to 20 capitula; peduncles glabrous, densely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres small, 4.5-5.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, glabrous, densely fine-glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas light yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from Moscow Region. Type unknown. Cycle 7. Polioderma Juxip.—H. poliodermum Dahlst. Bidr. Sudostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1893) 119; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1365; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 260.—H. dubium > pilosella Zahn |. c.—Stem 15-50 cm high, inflorescence openly paniculate to shallowly dichoto- mous, with 2-17 capitula; stellate pubescence of leaves mostly absent above, but dense beneath; [corolla] teeth of peripheral florets reddish; plant with or without stolons. 674. H. transbalticum Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels (1901) 21; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1365; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 260. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with sparse, long, whitish bristles (their base thick and black), above with sparse glands, quickly thinning, moderately stellate-pubescent, without sto- lons. Basal leaves 3-8, lingulate or spatulate, rounded-obtuse to nar- rowly lanceolate and acute (10:1), glaucescent, above with occasional hairs 3 mm long, beneath and along margin with occasional hairs 1 mm long, as a whole sparsely pubescent, without stellate down, ash-gray 586 570 beneath from dense down; cauline leaves 1—2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat semiamplexicaul. In- florescence openly paniculate, with 3-17 capitula; acladium 15-20 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional bristles (of same type as in stem), moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6—8 mm long; involucral bracts broad, subobtuse or abruptly acuminate, with green border, and occasional (to sparse), 9(1-16), thick, black hairs 1 mm long, with light-colored tip, with scattered, 35(25-50), glands 0.5 mm long, ash-gray from dense stellate down. Corollas yellow, teeth of peripheral florets sometimes reddish; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Calcareous rocks.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic. De- scribed from Filsand Island (near Saaremaa Island of Estonian SSR). Type in Stockholm. Note. It is very similar to H. poliodermum Dahlst., probably representing its eastern race. It differs by the density of the pubes- cence on all parts. 675. H. apatelioides Zahn in Sched. HFR VI (1908) 76; Hier. fl. Mosquens. 48; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1365.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 1804, 2203. Perennial. Stem 15-20 cm high, with scattered, somewhat dark hairs 1-3 mm long and sparse glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons mostly thin, short, underground or above-ground, as in H. auricula. Basal leaves 5-10, oblong, spatulate to lanceolate, obtuse, to 6 cm long (5.3:1), glaucescent, sparsely pubescent above; densely so along margin and beneath along midrib, as a whole to sparsely pubescent, without stellate down above, down io scattered beneath; cauline leaves (0)1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.10), without down above, to dense down beneath. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 2— 4 capitula; acladium 10—20(-—60) mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts whitish, often colored. Involucres 8-9 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, green-bordered, with sparse, 25(15-30), hairs 2 mm long and scattered, 27(15-45), glands 0.5 mm long, moderately stellate- pubescent; corolla teeth of peripheral florets often reddish. Flowering June to July. Wet meadows, old fields.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Moscow. Type in Leningrad. Note. Individual herbarium specimens differ greatly in the degree of pubescence. Subsection 4. Sciadophora Juxip.—H. sciadophorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 440, 810; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 28; Pflzr. IV, 280, 587 571 1333; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 229.—H. cymosum + auricula N.P. |. c.—H. cymosum-auricula (N.P.) Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c.— Rhizome with rosette of leaves, rarely with short, thin, mostly under- ground stolons, with pale, scale-like leaves; leaves spatulate, obtuse or subobtuse, glaucous, sparsely pubescent, stellate-pubescent not only beneath (scattered to moderate) but also most of above surface (to sparse); stem and inflorescence more or less densely glandular; in habit, plants resemble H. auricula Lam. and DC. The extreme rarity of the members of this subsection results from the ecological and geographic differences of the supposed progeni- tors, viz, H. auricula and Cymosina. The indigenous species conform to the formula Cymigera-Auriculina, but in the western regions one may also find species conforming to Cymosa-Auriculina (more densely pubescent with longer hairs). The reports of the occurrence of H. sciadophorum N.P. coll. in Perm (Fedtschenko and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross., 1082) are extremely doubtful; it is either H. umbelliferum N.P. or some form of H. zizianum Tausch. Typical H. sciadophorum N.P. was described from Piedmont; it is not found in the Soviet Union. 1. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 10:90.............. 2 + Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 40:60; involu- cres 5.5 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs.............. a Lene rescore 677. H. violaceipes Zahn f. subignotum Zahn 2. Involucres 7-8 mm long; leaves scatteredly pubescent............... an stutter redyz tea nateeredg- coma boupehetenes .c-cpepe st ueeees. 676. H. leptophyes Peter + Involucres 6.0-7.5 mm long; leaves sparsely pubescent; peduncles, slabrousse:. cc: -eseadscciese 2). Bon: 677. H. violaceipes Zahn 676. H. leptophyes Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2 (1893) 76; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 28; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1335.—H. cymigerum + auricula Peter |. c.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 355, sub H. sciadophorum N.P. Perennial. Stem 35—40 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, at base with moderate short hairs 0.5 mm long, thinning upward, rather densely glandular above, thinning and reaching down to middle of stem, at base almost without stellate down, with scattered down above; without stolons. Basal leaves spatulate, with rounded tip or spatulate- lanceolate, long-attenuate to base, subacute, glaucescent, with scat- tered hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long only along margin and beneath along midrib, often with stellate down above, such hairs scattered to mod- erate beneath; cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), with 588 a2 occasional glands at tip. Inflorescence compact-umbellate (or some- what paniculate), with 3—5(—12) capitula; acladium 5-10 mm long; pe- duncles with occasional hairs 0.5 mm long, densely glandular, gray- tomentose. Involucres 7-8 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse, somewhat dark, with bright, light-colored border, and scarcely sparse hairs 0.5 mm long, to densely glandular, scatteredly stellate-hairy. Flowering June. Old fields, grassy patches.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from Moscow Region. Type unknown. 677. H. violaceipes Zahn in Sched. HFR VI (1908) 89; Hier. fl. Mosquens. 29; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1359.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 1836, 1837. Perennial. Stem 30-55 cm high, reddish-violet at base and often also entire length, with scattered hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, thinning up- ward, scatteredly glandular above or with occasional glands (f. subignotum Zahn), scatteredly stellate-pubescent, often with run- ners; stolons short, underground or above-ground, as in H. suwecicum Fr., or entirely absent (f. subignotum Zahn). Basal leaves 8(5—10), oblong-spatulate to lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, to 9 cm long (6:1), glaucous or yellowish-green (f. subignotum Zahn), mostly glabrous on both sides, moderately pubescent beneath along midrib, as a whole with sparse hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, very sparsely stellate-pubescent above (mostly only along midrib and margin), scatteredly so beneath (particularly along midrib); cauline leaves 2(—4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, conspicuously stellate-pubescent beneath, upper leaves with occasional glands at tip. Inflorescence umbellate, with 5— 20 capitula; acladium 7 mm long; peduncles almost glabrous or with occasional, distinctly dark hairs to 1.5 mm long (f. subignotum Zahn), with moderate glands 0.5—1.0 mm long or with sparse glands 0.4—0.5 mm long (f. subignotum Zahn), gray-tomentose; floral bracts light- colored, with dark midrib. Involucres 6.0—-7.5 mm or 5.5 mm long (f. subignotum Zahn), ovate-cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, dark, scarcely bordered, with occasional, 3(0—7), dark hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long or more conspicuous, 9(6—10), hairs 1.5 mm long (f. subignotum Zahn) and sparse to scattered, 23(16—30), glands 0.5—1.0 mm long, or to scarcely sparse, 13(10—16), thin glands 0.4—0.5 mm long (f. subignotum Zahn), scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellowish-brown. Flowering June to July. Dry and flood-plain meadows, old fields\—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from Kalinin Region. Type in Leningrad. Note. The form f. subignotum Zahn (GRF No. 1837) perhaps de- serves to be raised to the rank of species because of the significant differences. 573 589 Plate XXXIII. 1—H. suecicum (Fr.) N.P.; 2—H. caesiiflorum Almqu. 591 574 Subsection 5. Laschia Juxip.—Pilosella laschii Sz. Sz. in Flora XXI (1862) 432.—H. canum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 428.—H. cymosum + pilosella N.P. 1. c.—H. cymosopilosella Wimm. FI. Schles. 3 (1857) 319.—AH. pilosella x cymosum Aschers. Fl. Brand. (1864) 393.— H. cymosum < pilosella Rouy, Fl. Fr. (1905) 255, Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1328; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 222.—Stem 10-50 cm high, shallowly or deeply dichotomous; inflorescence with 2—6, more or less large (9-11 mm long) capitula; cauline leaves 0-2, leaves sparsely stellate-pubescent above, densely (hyaline-tomentosely) beneath; in habit, stolons as in H. pilosella or absent (?). Very rare plants, highly polymorphic. Hybrids or hybridogenous species between Cymosa (or Cymigera) and Pilosellina. 1. Involucral bracts densely to moderately hairy..................00:csseee 2. + Involucral bracts glabrous or with sparse hairs, moderately glandular; involucres 9.0-9.5 mm long; stolons well-devel- Oped: nhak... uke Gee an ee eel NO8Os He canumeNGe. 2. Involucral bracts to densely hairy, eglandular; involucres 10-11 mm long; without stolons...................04 678. H. curvicollum Norrl. + Involucral bracts to moderately hairy, with occasional glands; involucres 10 mm long; stolons well developed.................:0::c0000 pte. AEs, Gok Awe, Pee, ee Be 679. H. scopulorum Juxip Cycle 1. Curvicolla Juxip.—Involucral bracts conspicuously pu- bescent, eglandular or with occasional glands; involucres 10-11 mm long; pubescence of stem and leaves long (hairs 2-4 mm). Forms intermediate between Cymosa and Pilosellina. 678. H. curvicollum Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 120; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 675; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1356. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, at base moder- ately setose with thin bristles 2.5-4.0 mm long, above bristles fewer and shorter (2.0-2.5 mm), with dense small glands and densely stellate- pubescent; without stolons. Basal leaves oblong, acute, entire, glau- cous, sparsely pubescent above, as a whole scatteredly so, on both sides conspicuously stellate-pubescent (beneath hyaline-tomentose); cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04). Inflorescence dichoto- mous, with few (2-4) capitula; acladium to half as long as stem or longer; peduncles moderately setose with bristles 2.0—2.5 mm long and moderately glandular with small glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 10-11 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with reddish tips, with dense, short, gray hairs, eglandular, densely stellate-pubescent. Corol- las light yellow, teeth of peripheral florets red. Flowering July? 592 575 Edges of pine forests.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (northern part). Endemic. Described from Karelian Isthmus. Type in Helsinki. Note. The above description is based on Norrlin’s incomplete diagnosis. 679. H. scopulorum Juxip in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, XIX (1959) 530. Perennial. Stem 50 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with scattered hairs 4 mm long, scatteredly glandular above, conspicuously stellate-pubes- cent; stolons to 20 cm long, with 8 small leaves. Basal leaves 10, lanceolate, acute, (8.5:1), glaucous, with scattered hairs 3.5-2.0 mm long; with stellate down, sparse above, dense beneath (hyaline-tomen- tose); cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, acute (10:1), pubescence as on basal leaves, stellate-pubescence rather dense above and very dense beneath. Inflorescence deeply dichoto- mous, with 2 capitula; acladium 1/2—3/4 as long as stem. Involucres 10 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, with moderate (60) hairs 3 mm long and with occasional (5) glands 0.3 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent; corollas on outside with red stripes. Flowering June to July. Calcareous rocks.—European Part: Baltic Region (Estonian SSR). Endemic. Described from Saaremaa Island. Type in Stockholm. Note. Dahlstedt called this plant H. pilosella ssp. magnipes Dahlst. (Bidr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 1901, 13), and this name was used in Zahn’s monograph (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1161; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 35). The species was placed in the group Oligadenia Brenn. However, this plant should be included in subsection Laschia because of the well-developed cauline leaf and distinct stellate pubescence on both sides of the leaves. Cycle 2. Cana Juxip.—Involucral bracts mostly glabrous, rarely with occasional, short hairs, with appreciable to moderate glands; involucres 9.0-9.5 mm long; pubescence of stem and leaves short, hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long. Forms intermediate between Cymigera and Pilosellina. 680. H. canum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 431; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, FI. Evrop. Ross. 1081; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 27.—H. laschii Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1331; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 227, sub H. eu-laschii (H. vaillantii < pilosella).—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 354.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 30, 94, 158; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 832. Perennial. Stem 20-40 cm high, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, with very sparse, light-colored hairs 1 mm long, with scattered glands above 593 576 thinning downward, grayish from stellate down; stolons long, thinish, as in H. pilosella. Basal leaves 6-8, narrowly lanceolate, acute, yellow- ish-green, with sparse to scattered hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent above, densely so beneath (hyaline-tomentose); cauline leaves | (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in lower fourth of stem, with very occasional glands. Inflorescence deeply or shallowly di- chotomous, with 2—6 capitula; acladium 1/5—1/2 as long as stem; pe- duncles glabrous or with sparse hairs 1 mm long, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres (7—)9.0-9.5 mm long, cylindrical-ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with light-col- ored border, glabrous (f. epilosum N.P.) or with sparse hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long (f. subpilosum N.P.), moderately (conspicuously), 44(40-50), glandular, glands 0.4 mm long, gray from stellate down. Corollas yel- low; peripheral florets on outside sometimes slightly reddish. Flower- ing June to July. Meadows and scrubs on sandy soil, mostly together with its progenitors. Rare. Highly polymorphic.—European Part: Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Austria. Type in Munich. Section 19. Pratensina Asch. and Graebn. Fl. N.O. Deutsch. Flachl. (1898) 776; Zahn in Koch, Synopsis, 3, II, 1713; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1239; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 6, 132.—Collinina N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 58.—Characters in key to sections (p. 9). Stem rather tall, fistular (more or less easily flattened); stolons of three types: 1) above-ground, with leaves gradually becoming larger toward tip of stolons or with largest leaves in middle; 2) with rosette at tip of creeping stolons; and 3) underground, with pale scales instead of leaves, very easily breaking off; stem and leaves variously (densely to very sparsely) covered with stiff hairs; stellate down on leaves absent or very scattered beneath, but in forms transitional to Pilosellina it may be up to hyaline-tomentose; cauline leaves (0)1—5; inflorescence mostly paniculate with umbellate top, more or less dense, later open, with rather large number of capitula or shallowly to deeply dichotomous, with few capitula (in forms derived from Pilosellina); corollas yellow or red; stigmas yellow or dark. Mesophytes. Growing mainly in Eastern Europe, less frequently in Siberia, Caucasus, and Soviet Central Asia. KEY TO SUBSECTIONS OF SECTION PRATENSINA 1. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, more or less compact, only later more open, with short (measuring 1.5% of stem length) acladium; mostly with many, 15(5—40), capitula.........................- Ds 594 577 + Inflorescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous (or very openly paniculate from beginning of anthesis), with longer (to long) acladium and with not many capitula; leaves often stellate- pubescent beneath (pubescence weak to denseé)..............20::000+ namortinuesemanted Lendalonwns? Subsection 2. Flagellares Juxip 2. All florets yellow, concolored, or peripheral ones on outside more or less weakly purple-striped or only their teeth reddish; Plantsiofplaiseree.cereeese-.-222-2-- Subsection 1. Pratenses Juxip + All florets red or inner ones bright orange, and peripheral ones more or less purple; plants of mountains of subarctic zone of the North (in plains exclusively introduced)............:ssseeeeeee estes Nee SE NO ose. tuo wos heeeeiaecsecassee Subsection 3. Aurantiaca Juxip Subsection 1. Pratenses Juxip.—H. pratense Tausch ex Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1268; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis XII, I, 164.—Charac- ters in key to subsection of section Pratensina. Members of subsection Pratenses differ from those of Aurantiaca virtually only by the color (yellow) of the corolla and grow mostly in plains. Moreover, in forms derived from Pilosellina, the peripheral florets mostly have red stripes on the ouside, or the teeth of the florets are reddish. Apparently, the red-flowered Aurantiaca, species inhabiting the mountains and subarctic zone of Europe, originated from Pratenses species. The leaves of autumn plants are less pubescent and have more glaucescence. 1. Pubescence on leaves (very) dense to scattered; leaves light STEM eee eae. eaten eae acts. sdaaeeenrees «poe saneae tua dec cat seetame ere eeesnaeeenese=aseerse= 2 + Pubescence on leaves sparse; leaves blue-green (glaucous) Baebes ch Wd ener Mt te tel ocean Pent beads DE 2. Hairs on leaves 1.5—3.0 mm long...............c.ccesssessersesseecenscereeereeeees 3: + Hairs on leaves short, 0.3-1.0 mm IOng..............::cscceseeeeteeeereeens 9: 3. Plant of European territory of Soviet Union and Siberia........ 4. + Plant of Caucasus........ 690. H. longiscapum Boiss. and Kotschy 4. Inflorescence compact-paniculate, later more open.................. 5. + Inflorescence openly paniculate at anthesiS...............-:eseeee bvemetal ER, RAID csscaevs cadzenicnucrvtes Crk bem ehe. a 686. H. dissolutum N.P. Involucral bracts without border or barely (green-) bordered....6. + Involucral bracts very broadly light-bordered...............-::eeee doin ohaaated deen aes 685. H. colliniforme N.P. 6. Peripheral florets on outside with weak reddish stripes................ mtr tnunacistehrnrie: ER MINE od ont che, os bead beaneunaeed 681. H. sudetorum N.P. 578 + 595 ap 10. Tele): All florets'concolored; yellow sete tn ee ie Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in funni ber eee: eR ae IO, PE RO et AES 8. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts equaling, for example, ratio of 4/5—1/5 [4:1]; involucral bracts very narrow and acute CN « AR CERES, ARSON a 684. H. altaicum N.P. Leaves without stellate down above, down mostly scattered beneath (sometimes only along midrib)..............0......00 MURS ee SCE URE SE ORT AREY STE 682. H. pratense Tausch Leaves sparsely stellate-pubescent above, to moderately so beneath; involucral bracts very narrow and acute................ BOBS) AWOL Ce RN wiclveads 683. H. leptocaulon N.P. Involucres (6—)7—8 mm l!ong; leaves glaucescent-light green, on both sides moderately pubescent with hairs 1 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat wide; floral bracts whitish; stigmas dark OcherouS...............:eccceseeees 687. H. karelicum Norrl. Involucres (5—)6.0-7.5 mm long; leaves purely light green, on both sides densely pubescent with hairs 0.3-1.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow; floral bracts dark with whitish border. ii8 Se ee 2 Eee 10. Stem and leaves very densely pubescent; leaves without stel- late down above, with occasional stellate hairs beneath (along midrib); stigmas dark; plants of the European territory of Soviet Wniontand’Siberian .20.k..ee ee 688. H. onegense Norrl. Stem and leaves to densely pubescent; leaves to very scarcely stellate-pubescent above, scatteredly so beneath; stigmas yellow, later brown; plants of Siberia and Soviet Central IANSta Ee 669. H. dublitzkii B. Fedtsch. and Nevski Stellate hairs on all parts, except peduncles, very sparse (Cycle ElLOPIDURAAY RE BO PEE BE EDO ee Stellate hairs on all parts more or less conspicuous; in habit, plants resembling Floribunda (Cycle Scandinavica)................ 16. Involucral bracts with noticeable (scattered), white, silky hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long but with occasional glands (ratio of hairs to elands’3al)) BOS an ees BA 693. H. sudavicum N.P. Involucral bracts with sparse or occasional hairs................ 13: Involucral bracts with occasional hairs but to scattered glands (ratio of hairs to glands 1:4)... eee 691. H. baenitzii N.P. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in number (both sparse to scattered)..............:::ccceccesessseeeeeeeeesees 14. Peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairS...............:ccccceeeees 15. Peduncles scatteredly (noticeably) pubescent...............::cccccccceeees AAD AALS Joe BOE MCIER Pry pte nee Denne eee a 694. H. regiomontanum N.P. 579 15. Plant with long, thin, ascending runners resembling collateral stems; leaves on both sides with occasional hairs near ERAN OUT atest seek cos. Stee racocee stop tccese-et 692. H. floribundum N.P. + Plant with creeping leafy stolons, sometimes not forming run- ners; leaves on both sides glabrous, hairs only along margin and beneath along midrib.................. 695. H. suecicum (Fr.) N.P. 16°11). Involucres 5—G mim lomg..7 ee rie, nei cpcsconeeseeceeneerenetenbe-ebeeeiee Tile 4 MP ITIVOLUCTES SO INIMY LOND. necttecsscesccesces.ccecere sete sceteersteuncettansenitectares = 18. 17. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in TMT DEI retesrete er occceseen esocerssstacees® 697. H. glomeratiforme Zahn + Involucral bracts with occasional hairs but scatteredly glandu- lar (ratio of hairs to glands (1:2)); florets tubular...................++. ipa Ry iene Ahaecspnadaen aa? .. weenie eines res 698. H. muratovednse Zahn 18. Involucral bracts with occasional hairs, to moderately glandu- lar (ratio of hairs to glands 15:85); florets ligulate, sulfur WEIO)ieccbocosodcatnnscoe dsb Bo doossoooscbeso30d6dc3- 696. H. renidescens Norrl. + Hairs and glands on involucral bracts equal in number (both to moderate). 24 44.2002 4h tee 699. H. curvulatum Zahn Cycle 1. Praticola Juxip.—Grex H. pratense Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1269.—H. eu-pratense Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1929) 165.—Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, more or less compacted, later more open, with more or less short acladium (on average 1.5% of stem length), mostly with many, 15(5—40), capitula; leaves densely to scatteredly pubescent with hairs 1-3 mm long, light green, involucres more or less thickish-cylindrical; stolons somewhat thin and mostly above-ground, with more or less large leaves, in habit and size resem- bling basal leaves; growing in European territory of Soviet Union and Siberia. 681. H. sudetorum N_P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 306; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1269; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 165.—Exs.: Callier, FI. Siles, No. 1107; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 7907; Dorfler, Herb. norm. No. 3164. Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter, rather dense bristles 3-4 mm long, in lower part light-colored, downward- directed, in upper part dark, horizontally spreading, scatteredly glan- dular above and thinning upward; moderately stellate-pubescent; sto- lons long, thin. Basal leaves lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to acute, light green, on both sides with scattered hairs 2-3 mm long, without stellate down above, scattered down beneath; cauline leaves 2—3(—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, pubescence as in basal leaves, sometimes with occasional glands. Inflorescence compact-paniculate, 580 with 6-30 capitula; acladium 2—4 mm long; peduncles with scattered hairs 3-4 mm long to densely glandular, white- or gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 7-8 mm long, cylindrical; involucal bracts narrow, acute, black, scarcely bordered, with sparse hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long and sparse glands, with sparse stellate down. Florets dark yellow, corollas of peripheral florets on outside with weak reddish stripes; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Mountain meadows and forest edges, to 1,400 m.—European Part: Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Sudeten. Type in Munich. Note. According to Zahn (I. c.), it conforms to the formula H. pratense > aurantiacum. 682. H. pratense Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.-Bl. I, 56, p. p.; Zahn, Hier. d. Schweiz, 103; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1269; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 166 (sub H. eu-pratense 4 typicum Zahn).—H. collinum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur, I (1885) 303.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 190, 269, 291; Callier, Fl. Siles. exs. Nos. 58, 1106, 1109, 1111, 1235-1237; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 219, 1786; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 315, 723. Perennial. Stem 50(25—-100) cm high, 1-4 mm in diameter, hollow, easily flattened, often with collateral stems, at base densely hairy with light-colored, downward-directed hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long, sparser in middle of stem but above again with dense, horizontally spreading, darker bristles, scatteredly glandular above (glands gradually thinning down to middle of stem), densely stellate-pubescent above, thinning downward; stolons of two types: underground—thin, to 20 cm long, pale, with scale-like, rudimentary leaves, and above-ground—short, rooting, with leaves of equal size crowded into rosette, very similar to basal leaves. Basal leaves 5(2—-12), elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, sub- acute, entire (or with very fine spiniform teeth), to 26 cm, long (7-9:1), light and grass-green (only autumn leaves dark green), scatteredly pubescent above and along margin, moderately so beneath, densely along midrib, as a whole moderately pubescent with hairs 1.5-3.0 mm long, without (or almost without) stellate down above, to scatteredly beneath; cauline leaves 3(2—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute, pubescence as on basal leaves or somewhat denser, with occa- sional stellate pubescence above (along midrib and margin), scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath (particularly along midrib), and sometimes with occasional glands. Inflorescence compactly paniculate-umbellate, more open only later, with 12(5—40) capitula; acladium 2-8 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 6.0—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, scarcely bordered, with sparse to scattered, 581 20(13-35), hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long and similarly glandular with 20(10-35), glands 0.3—-0.4(0.5) mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Florets dark yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXX, Fig. 2.) Scrub meadows, open forest glades, forest edges, flood-plain meadows.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part), Baltic Re- gion, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper, Middle Dnieper, Upper Dniester, Volga-Don, Volga-Kama(?); Western Siberia: (sporadic?). General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe (mainly eastern part). Introduced in many places in Western Europe and North America. Described from Central Europe. Type unknown. Note. A highly polymorphic species with many forms differing in the nature of the pubescence. It tolerates soil acidity down to pH 5.2- 5.8 (according to A. Milyan’s experiments, 1932) but thrives better on neutral soils. It is distinguished by its great plasticity and hence is constantly able to occupy new habitats, exhibiting a distinct tendency to spread to the west. It grows well in cultivation and becomes an invasive threat to neighboring plants. It is absent in the southern and southeastern part of the Soviet Union, as also in Crimea and the Caucasus. Reports in the literature from these areas (Boissier, Busch, Zelenetsky, Lipsky) apparently refer to H. longiscapum Boiss. and Kotschy. 683. H. leptocaulon N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 306; Zahn in Pflzr. JV, 280, 1270; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 168.—H. fimbriatum Mert. and Roth ex Fr. Epicr. (1862) 34.—Exs.: Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 4311. Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, 1.0-3.0 mm in diameter, densely to moderately pubescent with light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, down- ward-directed in lower part, above with horizontally spreading bristles 1.5—2.5 mm long (f. pilosius N.P.) or in upper part with sparse bristles (f. calvicus N.P.), scatteredly glandular above, quickly thinning down- ward, moderately stellate-pubescent; stolons underground and above- ground, long, thin. Basal leaves 6-7, lanceolate, obtuse to acute, to 17 cm long (9:1), light green, on both sides with moderate hairs 2-3 m long, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, moderately so beneath; cauline leaves 1—3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute, pubescence as on basal leaves, eglandular. Inflorescence compactly paniculate- umbellate, with 5-18 capitula; acladium 2-5 mm long; peduncles scatteredly pubescent, rather densely glandular, white-tomentose; flo- ral bracts dark. Involucres 6.0-6.5(8.0) mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, black, scarcely bordered, with sparse (12- 23) hairs 1-2 mm long and sparse (15-30) glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, 582 moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas dark. Flow- ering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part). General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Tatra [Moun- tains]. Type in Munich. Note. According to Zahn (Synopsis, 1. c.), it conforms to the formula H. pratense-cymosum. 684. H. altaicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 306; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 16; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1270. Perennial. Stem 35-65 cm high, 1.5—-3.0 mm in diameter, with rather dense, light-colored hairs 1.5-3.5 mm long, dark above, with occa- sional, quickly thinning glands above, moderately stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves (6) lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse, light green, on both sides with moderate, soft bristles 1-2 mm long, without stellate down above, to scatteredly pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute, eglandular. Inflorescence com- pactly-paniculate, with S—16 capitula; acladium 2-4 mm long; peduncles with scattered bristles 1-2 mm long, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomen- tose; floral bracts dark, with very narrow border. Involucres 7.0—-8.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts very narrow, acute, black, very narrowly light-bordered, with scattered, 28(22—40), dark hairs 1-3 mm long, occasional, 9(6-12), glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate- pubescent. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Forest and shady meadows ascending to forest belt.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga (Moscow Region); Western Siberia: Altai. Endemic. Described from Altai. Type in Munich. 685. H. colliniforme N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 308; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 17; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1270; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 168.—Exs.: Fr. Hier. Europ. suppl. No. 18b; Hier. Naeg. Nos. 85, 151, 217; Callier, Fl. Siles exs. No. 1110; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 73- 68[sic.]; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 813a; GRF Nos. 1830, 1831. : Perennial. Stem 30-—60(—100) cm high, 2-4 mm in diameter, very densely covered in lower part with downward-directed, light-colored bristles 2-5 mm long, to densely setose above with horizontally spread- ing dark bristles, scatteredly glandular above, glands quickly thinning downward, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons elongate, more or less thickish. Basal leaves 6(2-10), outer obovate, others oblong to oblong-lanceolate, subacute, slightly fine-toothed, light green, to 22 cm long (8-12:1), sparsely hairy above and along margin, scatteredly so beneath, densely beneath along midrib, as a whole moderately hairy with hairs, 1-2 mm long, without stellate down above, such down 600 583 sparse beneath, mostly only along midrib; cauline leaves 2-3 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute, eglandular or with occasional glands. Inflorescence compactly paniculate-umbellate, or later very open (var. £ lophobium N.P.), with 15-30(-50) capitula; acladium 9— 14 mm long; peduncles with very sparse hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray, with light-colored border. Involu- cres 6-7 mm long or 7-8 mm (var. 2. lophobium N.P.), cylindrical, involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, dark, with wide, light- colored border and sparse, 20(15—25), dark hairs to 2.5 mm long, with sparse, 15(10-25), glands 0.5 mm long, moderately to scatteredly stel- late-pubescent. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas dark. A highly polymor- phic species, apparently growing in all regions where H. pratense Tausch is found, but only less frequently. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region (south- ern part), Upper volga, Upper Dnieper, Middle Dnieper, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe, Atlantic Europe (England, possibly introduced). Introduced in North America. Described from Central Eruope from a cultivated specimen. Type in Munich. Note. Probably, H. rawaruskanum Zahn (Pflzr. op. cit. p. 1271), distinguished by sparse hairs in the inflorescence and glaucescent leaves, and also H. dimorphum Norrl. (Pflzr. |. c.), a plant common in Finland and found more or less in the bordering regions of Karelia, which differs in minor details (more or less globose involucres, more acute involucral bracts, and very sparse stellate pubescence on them), should be included in this species. 686. H. dissolutum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 307; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 17; Pflzr. V, 280, 1272; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XI, I, 169.—Exs.: Callier, Fl. Siles exs. No. 1108. Perennial. Stem 40-55 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, at base rather densely pubescent with downward-directed, light-colored hairs, above moderately with horizontally spreading, dark hairs 2-4 mm long, above with scattered, quickly thinning glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent, stolons short, thin. Basal leaves (4) more or less broadly lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward base, to 17 cm long (6:1), light green, on both sides with rather dense bristles 3 mm long, stellate hairs scattered, only beneath (above sometimes very sparse along midrib,), cauline leaves 2(—3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, acute, eglandular. Inflorescence openly paniculate at anthesis (branches of inflorescence much surpassing terminal capitulum), with 15-30 capitula; acladium 4— 6 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7.0—7.5 mm long, cylindrical, with truncate 60 — 584 base; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, with narrow, light border, with sparse, 17(14—22), dark hairs 1.0—1.5(—3.0) mm long and sparse, 22(21—23), small glands 0.5 mm long, with very sparse stellate down. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from former Eastern Prussia. Type in Munich. Cycle 2. Silvicola Juxip.—Grex H. silvicola Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1272; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 170.—H. pratense var. silvicola Fr. Symb. (1848) 20.—H. pratense «. silvicola Fr. Epicr. (1862) 23.—H. polonicum Blocki in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. (1887) 303.—H. onegense Norrl. in Medd. Soc. Fa. Fl. Fenn. II (1878) 147; Nym. Consp. suppl. II, 199.—Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, more or less com- pact, later more open, with short acladium, mostly with 5-35 capitula; leaves very densely to moderately pubescent, with short hairs, 0.3-1.0 mm long (sometimes to 2 mm only beneath along midrib); involucres slender-cylindrical, stolons thin, mostly underground, with scale-like rudimentary leaves; base of stem purple-violet; plants of European territory of Soviet Union and Siberia. 687. H. karelicum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. (1884) 138; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 648; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 311; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1272.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. I, No. 76. Perennial. Stem 25-70 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, with rather dense, light-colored hairs 1.0-3.0 mm long (particularly dense at base), scatteredly glandular above, glands quickly thinning downward, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons short, thin, subaerial. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, often with plicate tip, glaucescent-light green, to moderately pubescent on both sides with hairs 1 mm long, without stellate down above, but scatteredly stellate- pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, eglandular. Inflorescence more or less openly paniculate- umbellate, with 6—16(—33) capitula; acladium 6-10 mm long; peduncles sparsely pubescent, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts whitish. Involucres (6—)7—8 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, black, with narrow green border, with scat- tered, 20(10-30), dark hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long and similarly scattered 19(14—28), glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow; stig- mas dark fulvous. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-Ilmen (north- ern part). Endemic. Described from shores of Lake Ladoga. Type in Helsinki. 602 585 Note. A species intermediate between H. onegense Norrl. and H. dimorphum Norrl. Probably, H. amaurochlorellum Zahn (Pflzr. 1. c.; syn. H. amaurochlorum Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens, 1911, 15), described from the Moscow Region, should be included here. The type is unknown. 688. H. onegense Norrl. Ant. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 131; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 648.—Pilosella onegense Norrl. Medd. Soc. Fa. et Fl. Fenn. II (1878) 147.—H. flammeum Norrl. Fl. Karel. Oneg. (1876) 158.—H. pratense Tausch ex Lbd. Fl. Ross. II (1844-1846) 850 p. p.; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3065, p. p.—H. pratense var. silvicolum Fr. Symp. (1848) 20; Epicr. 23.—H. pratense ssp. brevipilum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 312.—H. polonicum Blocki in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. (1887) 303.—H. pratense b. silvicolum Rupr. ex Schm. FI. II (1897) 157.—H. centrorossicum Zahn, Hier. d. Schweiz (1906) 104; Hier. fl. Mosquens. 15.—H. silvicola (Fr.) Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1273; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 170 sub H. eu-silvicola Zahn.—Ie.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 350.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 612; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 1786; Fl. Polon. exs. No. 53a; Fl. Austr.- Hung. No. 3021; GRF No. 1289a, 2239a, c, 2240, 2241. Perennial. Stem 50(25-70) cm high, 1.54.5 mm in diameter, reddish- violet at base, dark above; at base very densely pubescent with light- colored, downward-directed hairs 1.0—2.5 mm long, above with dense, dark, horizontally spreading bristles 1 mm long, moderately glandular above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons of two types: predomi- nantly underground, thin, pale, with scale-like rudimentary leaves, very brittle, and above-ground with rosette of equal-sized, crowded leaves. Basal leaves 3(1-7) elliptical, spatulate, lingulate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, sometimes with plicate tip, to 28 cm long (7:1), almost entire, light grass-green, on both sides densely pubescent, beneath along midrib and as a whole very densely so, with soft hairs 0.5—1.0 mm long, above without stellate down, but beneath along midrib with occasional stellate down; cauline leaves 2—3(1-4) (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute (7:1), pubescence somewhat denser than on basal leaves, without stellate down above, to scatteredly stellate-downy beneath, eglandular or with occasional glands. Inflorescence com- pactly paniculate-umbellate, with 5—35 capitula; acladium 2-5 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs, densely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark, with whitish border. Involucres (S—)6(—7) mm long, cylindrical, with truncate base; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with white border, hairs scarce to scattered, 21(10-30), and similarly, 17(8-35), glandular, glands 0.3-0.4 mm long (moreover, glands predominantly crowded in lower part), weakly stellate-pubescent. 603 586 Corollas yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXXI, Fig. 2.) Forest glades and edges, meadows overgrown with shrubs, wet and floodplain meadows, meadow bogs around hummocks.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part, in Khibiny Mountains introduced!), Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Baltic Region (eastern part), Ladoga- Ilmen, Upper Volga, Volga-Kama, Upper Dnieper, Middle Dnieper, Volga- Don, Upper Dniester (very doubtful in the remaining southern and southeastern regions); Western Siberia: Ob Region, Upper Tobol, Irtysh, Altai; Eastern Siberia: Angara-Sayans. General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland, southeast), Central Europe (eastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor (west- ern part). Described from Olonets part of Karelia. Type in Helsinki. Note 1. In the floristic literature, until now H. onegense Norrl. has been combined with H. pratense (Tausch) Zahn, and, hence, from the literature it is impossible to have a precise idea about the distribution of either of these species. Based on a study of herbarium material of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, it was possible to establish that: 1) in the USSR H. onegense is found more often than H. pratense, and at places it, apparently, is the only member of the subsection; 2) in the east it reaches much farther than H. pratense; and 3) its characters are very stable, and the amplitude of their variation is relatively small. It grows very well in cultivation, spreading, and may overrun its neighbors. At the western limit of its range, despite luxuriant vegetative growth, it flowers poorly in unfavorable years (similar phenomenon observed also in H. pratense). Besides short hairs, it is also distinguished from H. pratense by having almost twice as much pubescence. Note 2. We include here the very closely related H. perichlorum Peter (Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gétting, Nos. 2, 1893, 69; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 16; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1273). It differs from H. onegense Norrl. mainly by having denser pubescence (predominantly on the involucral bracts), exclusively lanceolate leaves, and very narrow involucral bracts that are up to scatteredly glandular. The type is unknown. 689. H. dublitzkii B. Fedtsch. and Nevski in Tr. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 1, 1 (1933) 208. Perennial. Stem 25-65 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, hollow, violet at base, densely hairy below with light-colored, downward-directed hairs 1-3 mm long, thinning upward to sparse (in upper part hairs black and spreading), with scattered, fine glands above 0.2—0.4 mm long, down to middle of stem, moderately stellate-pubescent above; stolons as in H. onegense Norrl. Basal leaves 1-4, lanceolate, obtuse to short- acuminate, almost entire, to 14 cm long (4—7:1), light (yellowish)-green, 587 with pubescence moderate above with hairs 0.6-1.0 mm long, scattered ‘along margin, dense beneath, with very dense hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long beneath along midrib, as a whole densely pubescent, to sparsely stel- late-pubescent above, scatteredly so beneath; cauline leaves 2-3 (co- efficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, subacute, pubescence as on basal leaves, with stellate hairs scattered above, to moderate beneath (sometimes with occasional glands at tips). Inflorescence compactly umbellate-paniculate, with 10[2—14(22)} capitula; acladium to 10 mm long; peduncles with sparse, black hairs 1.5-4.0 mm long, moderately glandular with glands 0.3 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6.0—7.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with whitish-green border, with scattered, 25(20—37), black hairs 1-3 mm long, and with sparse, 16(10—27), glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Corollas bright yellow; stigmas yellow, later brown- ing. Flowering June to August. Subalpine meadows, birch, spruce, fir and larch forests in montane zone.—Western Siberia: Altai; Eastern Siberia: Angara-Sayans, Dauria; Soviet Central Asia; Dzhungaria-Tarbagatai, Tien Shan. General dis- tribution: Dzhungaria-Kashgaria. Described from vicinity of Alma-Ata. Type in Leningrad. Note. The absence (according to diagnosis) of stolons in H. dublitzkii is contradictory to the very nature of section Pratensina, and this question cannot be considered finally resolved. The stolons in H. dublitzkii can be largely underground and escape the attention of collectors. Moreover, the stolons of species of Pratensina are genernally very brittle. The specimen collected by B.K. Schischkin in the Alma-Ata Region along the Dzhil-Karkara River, near the lower limit of the forest, on July 17, 1935, had a short stolon with leaves in a rosette (as in H. onegense Norrl.). Cycle 3. Longiscapa Juxip.—Grex H. longiscapum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 388, 395; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1295.—H. spathophyllum B. [-] H. eu-longiscapum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1929) 194.—Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, acladium short, with 2-16 capitula; leaves moderately pubescent, hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long; in habit plants resemble those of Pratenses, but stigmas dark; plants from Caucasus (endemic to Caucasus-Asia Minor). 690. H. longiscapum Boiss. and Kotschy, Iter Cilic.-Kurd. suppl. (1859) No. 636, p. p.; Boiss. FI. or. III, 864, sub H. sabino £ longiscapum; Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. I (1898) 17; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 395; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1295; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 588 I, 194; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 275.—(?) An H. gochnati C.A. Meyer, Verz. Pfl. Kauk. (1831) 59. Perennial. Stem 20-35 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, at base up to densely pubescent with light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, to sparse above and blackish, to moderately glandular above (glands down to middle of stem) and with very sparse stellate down; stolons elongated, to 10 cm, thin, with 4—5 relatively large leaves. Basal leaves 2-3, oblong, obtuse or subacute, almost entire, to 10 cm long (4—6:1), light green, with hairs to scattered on both sides and along margin, to very dense beneath along midrib, as a whole, moderately hairy with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, without stellate down, or with very sparse stellate down beneath; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), mostly small. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—10(—16) capitula; acladium 4-8 mm long; peduncles with occasional (sometimes to sparse) hairs, moderately (or to densely) glandular, grayish from stellate down; floral bracts dark, with whitish border. Involucres 6.5—8.0 mm long, cylindri- cal; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, black, with whitish border, with sparse, 14(10-28), black hairs 1-2 mm long and sparse, 12(10-16), glands 0.5 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering June to August. Alpine meadows, from 1,600 to 2,650 m.—Caucasus: Ciscaucasia, Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans- Asia Minor (eastern part), Armenia-Kurdistan, Iran(?). Described from Asia Minor. Type in Geneva. Note. In the density of pubescence, this species is similar to H. pratense Tausch, while in the type of short hairs it resembles H. onegense Norrl. with which it is undoubtedly phylogenetically re- lated. However, Zahn included this species in the group (grex) of H. spathophyllum, probably based on the opinion of Naegeli and Peter. However, these authors only tentatively placed H. longiscapum Boiss. and Kotschy p. p. in this group. After having examined the material of this species in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, we consider it necessary to include it in the affinity of H. pratense, treating it as the only member of a separate cycle. Cycle 4. Floribunda Juxip.—H. floribundum Wimm. and Grab. FI. Siles, II, 2 (1829) 204; Wimm. FI. Schles. ed. 2, I (1844) 464, ed. 3 (1857) 304; Lindeb. in Hartm. Handb. 10 (1870) 2, 11 (1879) 36; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 688, 834; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1284; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 185.—H. florentinum-auricula-collinum N.P. 1. ¢.— H. pratense > auricula Zahn, |. c.—Inflorescence paniculate-umbel- late, more or less compacted, later more open, with short acladium, mostly with many, 20(5—40), capitula; leaves sparsely pubescent, 605 589 almost without stellate down; leaves glaucous; corollas yellow, periph- eral ones sometimes with red teeth (transition to Blyttiana); stigmas dark; plants with ascending runners or with stolons as in H. auricula (only larger), with leaves increasing in size toward tip of stolons or largest leaves in middle; inflorescence markedly glandular, glands larger than in Pratenses (0.5—0.8 mm long). About half of the examined speci- mens had mature pollen. Note. Most authors consider the species of Floribunda as inter- mediate between the sections Pratensina, Praealtina, and Auriculina. For example, the less hairy but densely glandular, low-growing species resemble H. auricula, differing, however, by having hairs on the in- volucral bracts and dark stigmas.They are similar to H. piloselloides Vill. s. 1. in stature and less hairiness; however, they differ by having denser glands, a small number (1-2) of cauline leaves, and broader, partly spatulate leaves. In case of doubt, one must consider the ratio of length to width of leaves, which in Praealtina is 10—-13:1, whereas in Floribunda it does not exceed 9:1, mostly just 6—7:1. Mistakes are made more frequently in identifying the more or less distinctly pubescent forms, which often are identified as H. pratense and in addition are given such epithets as “glabrum” or “luxurians.” It is useful to keep in mind that even in the most pubescent specimens of Floribunda the pubescence of the leaves is confined to the prox- imity of the leaf margins (roughly to one-third of half the width of the leaf), and never does it spread over the entire width of the leaf. Besides, the glands in the inflorescence of Floribunda are larger and thicker (0.5—0.8 mm long) than those in H. pratense s. |., where they are shorter (0.3—0.4 mm long) and thinner. The pubescence of the stem is concentrated mostly in its lower part (60-70% of all specimens examined), but there are specimens in which the pubescence of the stem is denser at the base and below the inflorescence but less dense in the middle (roughly in the ratio of 40:20:40). 691. H. baenitzii N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 694; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1285; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 186.—Exs.: Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 6320; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 542. Perennial. Stem 45(25-85) cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, with very sparse hairs (almost glabrous) in lower part, with sparse hairs | mm long above, glands sparse above, quickly thinning to none, with- out stellate down, with well-developed runners. Basal leaves 7—8(3-14) outer spatulate, very finely toothed, inner leaves (to narrowly) lan- ceolate, acute, entire, to 17 cm long (10:1), glaucous, glabrous on both sides, with occasional hairs along margin and beneath along midrib, as 606 590 a whole very sparsely pubescent, without stellate down; cauline leaves 3(2—5) (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence paniculate, with 20(5—40) capitula; acladium 3—7 mm long; peduncles almost glabrous, sparsely glandular, gray from stellate down; floral bracts dark, with lighter border. Involucres 6—7(—9) mm long, cylindri- cal; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acutish, black, with narrow white border, with occasional, 5(0—10), light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, and to scattered, 25(10—40), glandular, with very sparse stellate hairs. Corollas light yellow, sometimes peripheral ones with reddish or dull greenish teeth; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Wet, moss-covered meadows and scrubs.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from vicinity of Kaliningrad (former K6nigsberg). Type in Munich. 692. H. floribundum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 693; pro ssp.; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1285; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 187, sub H. eu-floribundum Zahn.—H. pratense y. luxurians Schweinf. Herb. FI. Ingricae, No. 372c.—H. pseudopratense Uechtr. ex Fieck.Fl. Schles. (1881) 269, p. p.—H. podolicum Blocki in Fl. Austr. Hung. exs. No. 3054; nec Rehm.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 360; Exs.: Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 1306, 1492, 1783, 6097; Callier, Fl. Siles. exs. Nos. 853, 1121, 1248; Dérfler, Herb. norm. No. 4557; Fl. Austr. Hung. exs. No. 3054 (sub H. podolicum Blocki); Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 136, 432, 627; GRF Nos. 1822, 1823 p. p., 2227a, b. Perennial. Stem 40(20—70) cm high, 1-4 mm in diameter, hollow, often reddish-brown above, to densely pubescent with black hairs 2.5— 4.0 mm long, denser at base and in upper part, sparsely to very densely glandular (glands down to middle of stem) and sparsely stellate-pubes- cent above, without down in lower part, with elongated, thin, decum- bent runners (resembling collateral stems) or with short, underground stolons and creeping stolons with rosette of quite large, petiolate leaves at end. Basal leaves 6(3—12), outer spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, inner broadly lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, to 12 cm long (4-8:1), entire, sometimes with plicate tip, glaucous, with occasional hairs 1.0— 1.5 mm long on both sides near margin (middle part of leaf glabrous), with hairs scattered along margin, dense beneath along midrib, 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, without stellate down or with very sparse down only beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 1- 2(-3) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, pubescence as cn basal leaves. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, later more open, with 10(3- 25) capitula; acladium 5—7 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occa- sional hairs, moderately to densely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral La Bar rf - LER IIB LBA AC CRU colts. Sen ive eg haw en be Gaps peels loca at ambiguum Zahn in Pflzr |. c. It differs from H. floribundum Wimm. and Grab., similar in habit, by conspicuous stellate pubescence on all parts (stem, peduncles, involucral bracts and dorsal side of leaves). 696. H. renidescens Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 67; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1289.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. IV, No. 12. Perennial. Stem 40-60 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, violet at base, dark above, quite densely pubescent below with hairs 1-2 mm long, above with occasional bristles 2.0—2.5 mm long, moderately glandular above, glands thinning downward to middle of stem, densely stellate- pubescent above, down thinning downward; stolons underground. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, almost entire, grass-green, glaucescent (yellowish-green in dry condition), with occasional hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long above, scatteredly pubescent beneath, without stellate down above, with scattered down beneath (along midrib and 612 595 margin) or leaves completely without stellate down; cauline leaves (1-)2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), bottom leaf like basal, upper small, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, with small glands beneath along midrib and margin. Inflorescence paniculate, with 8-13 capitula; pe- duncles with occasional bristles, densely glandular, with alternating small and large glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8 mm long; involu- cral bracts narrow, subacute, with pale cusp, dark, narrowly pale green, with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, at base distinctly stellate- pubescent at tip without stellate down. Corollas sulfur yellow; stigmas dull yellow or brownish. Flowering June to July. Edges of fields, wet meadows, herb slopes.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (western part). Endemic. Described from banks of Onega River. Type in Helsinki. 697. H. glomeratiforme Zahn in Sched. HFR V (1906) No. 1275; Pfizr. IV, 280, 1290 (nota).—Exs.: GRF No. 1275. Perennial. Stem 30-45 cm high, 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter, rather densely pubescent with white bristles 3-4 mm long, with occasional glands, moderately stellate-pubescent; stolons short, thin, above- ground, with remote, quite large leaves. Basal leaves 4—6, lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, to 7 cm long (5.7:1), glaucescent, scattered-pubes- cent on both sides, moderate beneath along margin and midrib, without stellate hairs above, with sparse stellate down beneath; cauline leaves (1—)2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence openly umbellate- paniculate, with 5-15 capitula; acladium 2-8 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark, with light border. Involucres 5.0-6.0 mm long, cylindrical, later truncate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, dark, with light border, with occasional, 7(5—13), light-colored hairs 1.5 mm long and occasional, 14(11—15), glands 0.4 mm long, moderately stellate- pubescent. Corollas yellow, concolored. Flowering June to July. Dry meadows.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described form Kalinin District. Type in Leningrad. 698. H. muratovednse Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 97, No. 2228 sub H. floribundo; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1290.—Exs.: GRF No. 2228. Perennial. Stem 30-45 cm high, 1.0—2.5 mm in diameter, with occa- sional bristles having dark base, with sparse glands above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated, thin, decumbent with lanceolate leaves and very often with rudimentary inflorescence at tip, often abortive. Basal leaves 5—6, spatulate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, to 7 cm long (9-10:1), glaucescent, with very sparse bristles 1-2 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate down above, 613 596 scattered stellate down along midrib beneath (often purple-colored) and along margin; cauline leaves 2-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, initially compressed, later more open, with 5-20 capitula; acladium to 5 mm long; peduncles without or with occasional hairs, sparsely glandular, grayish-tomentose. In- volucres 5.0—6.5 mm long, cylindrical-ovate, later becoming compressed; involucral bracts narrow, to subacute, dark, with narrow green border, with occasional, 7(4—11), hairs to 2 mm long, hairs dark toward tip, with sparse, 13(10-20), glands 0.5—0.8 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubes- cent. Corollas yellow, tubular; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Herb slopes.—European Part: Volga-Don. Endemic. Described from Bolkhov District of Orlov Region. Type in Leningrad. 699. H. curvulatum Zahn in Pflizr. IV, 280 (1923) 1290.—H. curvatum Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2 (1893) 75; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 24. Perennial. Stem to 20 cm high, sparsely pubescent with hairs 2—4 mm long, rather densely glandular, densely stellate-pubescent above; stolons long, thin. Basal leaves spatulate, rounded-obtuse to narrowly lanceolate and acute, with only sparse hairs 1-3 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate down above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07). Inflorescence compactedly umbellate-paniculate, with 4-8 ca- pitula; peduncles with sparse hairs, rather densely glandular, white- tomentose. Involucres 8 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, dark, with light border, moderately pubescent, moderately glandular, densely stellate-pubescent. Flowering June to July. European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic. Described from Moscow Region. Type unknown. Subsection 2. Flagellares Juxip.—Characters in key to subsec- tions of section Pratensina. Representatives of this subsection are partly hybrids and partly hybridogenous species between sections Pratensina and Auriculina or Pratensina—Pilosellina. Moreover, apparently the instances of multiple hybridization are also quite common. As a result, a large number of forms has evolved, which are linked through intermediates and are distinguished from each other by minor characters, making their identification extremely difficult. It is particularly difficult to dis- tinguish forms related to the highly polymorphic H. pilosella L. whose involvement [in hybridization] has a leveling effect on the characters inherited from section Pratensina. 614 vs) + 7 (4). 10. 597 Inflorescence very openly paniculate or shallowly dichoto- mous, with 7(3—12)—20) capitula; acladium mostly more or less longi(to 2070 ftstem) length) Meee ee: Le... | 2 Inflorescence deeply or (less frequently) shallowly dichoto- mous, with few, 2—3(1-6), capitula; acladium long (20-50% of stem length) to very long (70-90% of stem length); leaves very densely stellate-pubescent beneath...............:.::ccccccceeseees Dak Leaves sparsely or very sparsely pubescent.............::scseccceeees 3} Leavesito.scatteredly,pubescent1::. tase casera eee ees se Die Leaves very sparsely pubescent, i.e., glabrous at first glance cite RAID. ok dl coke. AL 2, ON UOT Bt oud hore tve ane omey eriti', 4. VE AWESHSPATSEL V4 PUDESCENE 7 i gi, i aie ee Y, Z, ee Plate XXXV. 1—H. procerum (Fr.) N.P.; 2—H. arvicola N.P. 623 625 607 entire or sometimes very finely toothed, on both sides with hairs occa- sional or absent near margin, sparse along margin, to dense beneath along midrib, as a whole with up to scattered hairs 1 mm long, without stellate down or very sparse stellate pubescence beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, subobtuse or short-acuminate, without stellate down above, often with sparse stel- late down beneath. Inflorescence compact-umbellate, with 3-11 capitula; acladium 6 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, densely glandu- lar, gray from stellate down; floral bracts gray. Involucres 7.0-7.5 mm long, ovaté; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, black, with white or green border, with sparse, 21(18-35), dark hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long with gray tips and sparse, 21(15—50), black glands 0.3—-0.4 mm long, al- most without stellate down. Corollas light or dark yellow; stigmas dark, at least when dry. Flowering June to July. Meadows and herb slopes.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part), Baltic Region, Ladoga-I|men (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Karelia. Type in Helsinki. 706. H. pubens N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 392; Norrl. in Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 642; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1295. Perennial. Stem 20—25 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, very sparsely pubescent with hairs 1 mm long, above scatteredly glandular (occasional glands reaching to base), scatteredly stellate-pubescent above. Basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate, rounded-obtuse, plicate, glaucous, on both sides glabrous, along margin and beneath along midrib moderately pubescent, as a whole sparsely so with hairs 1.0— 1.5 mm long, without or with occasional stellate down beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), lanceolate, without down above, conspicuously pubescent beneath along midrib. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3—4 capitula; acladium 4-7 mm long; peduncles glabrous, densely glandular, gray from stellate down; floral bracts light gray, with white border. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with whitish border, glabrous, with dense, very fine, yellowish glands, with scattered stellate down. Corollas dark yellow; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from the Karelian Isthmus. Type in Munich. Note. Probably, we should include here the [following] species described by Norrlin from the banks of the Svira (Ladoga-Ilmen): H. subpubens Norrl. (Norrl. Pilos. bor. 1895, 43; Mela-Cajander, Suom. 626 608 Kasvio, 642; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1295), H. subswirense Norrl. (Pilos. bor. op. cit. 45; Mela-Cajander, |. c.; Zahn, in Pflzr. |. c.), H. swirense Norrl. (Herb. Mus. Fenn. 1889, and Hier exs. fasc. III, No. 90; Mela-Cajander, 1. c.; Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c.). and H. papyrodes Norrl. (Pilos. bor. op. cit. 45; Mela-Cajander, |. c.; Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c.). The types are in Helsinki. Cycle 7. Callimorpha Juxip.—H. callimorphum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 396, 808; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1304; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 202.—H. collinum—Auricula—Pilosella N.P. 1. c.— H. longiscapum > pilosella Zahn, |. c.—In habit and characters resem- bling those of cycle Spathophylla, distinguished by having quite conspicuous (moderate) stellate pubescence on dorsal side of leaves; stolons with remote, small leaves, decreasing toward tip. Found mainly in the western regions of the European territory of the Soviet Union. 707. H. callimorphum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 396; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, FI. Evrop. Ross. 1080; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 24; Pflzr IV, 280, 1304; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 202. Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, hollow, sulcate, densely pubescent in lower part with light-colored hairs 3-5 mm long, thinning upward, glands sparse, scatteredly stellate-pubes- cent; stolons elongated, thin, above-ground, with small, remote leaves, becoming smaller toward tip of stolon. Basal leaves 4—8, spatulate to lanceolate, rounded-obtuse to acute, to 14 cm long, glaucescent, on both sides with scattered bristles 3-4 mm long, moderately hairy along margin with hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long, without stellate down above, mod- erately pubescent beneath (leaves grayish-green); cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, in lower half of stem. Inflo- rescence very openly paniculate-umbellate, with 4—15 capitula; acladium 5-10(—16) mm long; peduncles scatteredly pubescent, scatteredly to sparsely glandular below, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray or dark. Involucres 6.5—8.0 mm long, ovate-cylindrical; involucral bracts nar- row, acute, dark, with inconspicuous border, with scattered to sparse, dark hairs 1 mm long, sparsely to scatteredly glandular, grayish from hairs, but margin glabrous. Corollas dark yellow, periphera! ones with reddish stripes outside; stigmas dull yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Bohemia. Type in Munich. Cycle 8. Cochleata Juxip.—H. cochleatum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 700; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 638; Zahn in Pflzr. 609 IV, 280, 1296; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 194.—Pilosella cochlearis Norrl. Antockn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1881) 100.— H. floribundum-auricula N.P. |. c.—H. pratense < auricula Zahn 1. c.—Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 4—6(—20) capitula; leaves very sparsely pubescent (mainly along margin and beneath along mid- rib) and entirely without stellate down; acladium short; stigmas yellow; distinguished from H. auricula, which is similar in habit, by taller growth, denser stem pubescence and hairs on involucral bracts. 708. H. isthmicola Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. (1904) 35; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 638; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1297.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 77, fasc. V, Nos. 18-20; Pl. Finl. exs. No. 1596. Perennial. Stem 30—60 cm high, 2—4 mm in diameter, dark violet at base and above for the most part, to moderately pubescent in lower part with hairs 1-3 mm long, thinning upward, to densely glandular above with glands descending down to middle of stem, sparsely stel- late-pubescent; stolons long, to 16 cm, violet, with 7—8 rather large leaves. Basal leaves 3-6, oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rounded- obtuse to short-acuminate, partly plicate (leaves concave like spoon, hence their tips fold during drying), almost entire, glaucescent-light green, beneath often violet, to 17 cm long (6—8:1), short-pubescent (0.5-1.0 mm long) only along margin and beneath along midrib, as a whole very sparsely pubescent, without stellate down; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, upper leaf small. Inflores- cence umbellate-paniculate, with 4—20 capitula; acladium 7-10 mm long; peduncles with very sparse bristles 1.5—2.0 mm long, moderately to densely glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8— 9 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with wide, light-colored border, with sparse, 16(14—20), gray hairs 2 mm long, also sparse, 15(10-25), glands 0.5 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corallas yellow, sometimes peripheral florets on outside somewhat reddish; stigmas dark when dry. Flowering June to July. Wet meadows, sandy banks, along roads and ditches.—European Part: Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Karelian Isthmus. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. The following species should be included here as synonyms: H. atroviolascens Norrl. (Pilos. bor. 1895, 41; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 638; Pflzr. op. cit. 1298 (nota); Norrl. Hier. Pilos. Fenn. fasc. II, No. 166), described from the Karelian Isthmus; H. oeneolivens Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. 1, 1904, 35; Mela-Cajander, 1. c.; Zahn in Pflzr. op. cit. p. 1297), described from the same place; and, finally, H. declinans Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. Il, 1912, 36; Zahn in Pflzr. op. cit. p. 1298), 628 610 described from the vicinity of Sortavala [Serdobol]. All of them are distinguished by minor and difficult to diagnose details (color and variable width of the leaves, pubescence of the stem, peduncles, in- volucral bracts, and so forth) that are characteristic of H. isthmicola Norrl.; therefore, at most they may deserve the rank of varieties. The type are in Helsinki. 709. H. pseudauricula N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 700; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1298; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 194. Perennial. Stem 20-25 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, erect, with sparse to occasional, light-colored hairs above 2—3 mm long, with scattered glands above, thinning downward, scatteredly to sparsely stellate- pubescent; stolons elongated, thin. Basal leaves lanceolate, obtuse, spinescent, glaucous, with very sparse bristles 3-4 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate down; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), near rosette. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2-5 capitula; acladium 7—8 mm long; peduncles with very sparse hairs, scatteredly glandular, gray from down. Involucres 7.5—8.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat, broad, sub- acute, black, with white border, with scattered white hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, very sparsely glandular and with sparse stellate down. Corollas yellow. Meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Volga- Don, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland), Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Galicia. Type in Munich. 710. H. subauricula N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 701; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1298; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 195.—Exs.: Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 6657, 7030. Perennial. Stem 15-45 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, with sparse, light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, scatteredly glandular above, glands thinning downward, very sparsely stellate-pubescent; stolons elon- gated, thin, with many leaves. Basal leaves spatulate to lanceolate, obtuse, glaucous with very sparse bristles 3 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate down; cauline leaves 0-1 (co- efficient of leafiness 0.02), in rosette. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3-6 capitula; acladium 5—6 mm long; peduncles glabrous, moder- ately glandular, gray from stellate down. Involucres 7.5—8.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, subobtuse, black, with white border, glabrous or with occasional, 6(2—12), hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, with scattered, 20(10-18), glands 0.6-1.0 mm long, sparsely stel- late-pubescent. Corollas yellow. Flowering June to July. 629 611 Meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Baltic Region (southern part), Ladoga-IImen, Upper Dnieper (?). General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from former East Prussia. Type in Munich. Cycle 9. Flagellariformia Juxip.—H. chlorops N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 376; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1282; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XI, I, 182.—H. prussicum-auricula Zahn in Pfizr. |. c. and in Asch. and Graebn. |. c.—d. flagellariforme G. Schneid. Hier. Westsudet. (1889) 46, 119; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 21; Pflzr. |. c. and in Asch. and Graebn. op. cit. p. 184.—H. flagellare-auricula G. Schneid. 1. c.— Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with few (2-5) capitula; leaves very sparsely pubescent; acladium 8-10% of stem length; leaves scatteredly to sparsely stellate-pubescent beneath. 711. H. chlorops N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 376; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 21; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1282; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 182.—H. prussicum-auricula Zahn, |. c.—Exs.: Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 8455; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 614, 614a. Perennial. Stem 12-30 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, somewhat ascending, at base scatteredly pubescent with hairs 3-4 mm long, densely above, scatteredly glandular, densely stellate-pubescent in upper part, quickly thinning downward; stolons elongated, thin, with very few and very small leaves, subterranean. Basal leaves 4-6, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, to 7 cm long (5:1), light green, somewhat glaucescent, sparsely pubescent with hairs 2-3 mm long, stellate pu- bescence only beneath but rather dense; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), near rosette. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 2-3 capitula; acladium 10-15 mm long; peduncles slightly pubes- cent, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light green. Involucres 8—9 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with bright green border, with scattered, 30(20—40), hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long and sparse, 25(15-30), glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, with dense stellate down (margins glabrous). Corollas light yellow, peripheral ones some- times with reddish stripes on outside; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from former East Prussia. Type in Munich. 712. H. flagellariforme G. Schn. Hier. Westsudet. (1889) 119; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 21; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1282; Asch. and Graebn. 612 Synopsis, XII, I, 185 (sub. H. eu-flagellariforme Zahn).—H. flagellare- auricula G. Schn., |. c. and Zahn |. c. Perennial. Stem up to 20 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, somewhat ascending, scatteredly to sparsely pubescent, moderately glandular, with dense stellate down above, thinning downward; stolons elongated, thin, with remote leaves, increasing toward tip, as in H. auricula. Basal leaves oblong or spatulate to lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, more or less glaucescent, sparsely pubescent with short cilia, with sparse stellate down only beneath or lacking it altogether; cauline leaves 1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), sometimes with occa- sional glands. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 2—4(—5) ca- pitula; acladium S—50 mm long; peduncles with occasional or sparse hairs, densely glandular, grayish from down; floral bracts gray or dark, with light-colored border. Involucres 9 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, dark, with wide, light-colored border, gla- brous or with occasional hairs, to densely glandular, with very sparse stellate down. Corollas light yellow, concolored. Flowering June to July. European Part: Baltic Region (southern part). General distribu- tion: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Sudeten. Type in Weimar? Note. Probably, H. niankowiense Rehm. (in Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XLV, 1895, 238; Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c.) should be included in this species. It is distinguished by having larger (10-11 mm long) involu- cres and more conspicuous stellate pubescence; described from Nyankov (Lithuanian SSR). The type may or may not be in Lvov. 713. H. callimorphopsis Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. (1911) 22; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1282; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 185.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 352 (sub H. flagellariforme).—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 714. Perennial. Stem 20-25 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, ascending, scatteredly pubescent and scatteredly glandular, with dense stellate down above, thinning downward; stolons elongated, thin and soft, with remote, small leaves as in H. auricula. Basal leaves (5) spatulate, obtuse to more or less acute, tip often plicate, glaucescent, with oc- casional hairs and rare stellate down only beneath (sometimes without it); cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), in rosette, lan- ceolate. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium 15-30 mm long; peduncles with sparse soft hairs, to densely glandular, grayish from hairs. Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with inconspicuous (green) border, with scat- tered hairs 3 mm long and scatteredly glandular, with very sparse 630 613 stellate down. Corollas light yellow, peripheral ones with reddish teeth. Flowering June to July. Meadows and scrubs, rare.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Moscow Region. Type unknown. Note. Apparently, H. acrotrichum Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XLVII, 1897, 283; Pflzr. 1. c.) should be included here. It is distinguished by having wide, obtuse involucral bracts with wide, light-colored border and leaves with dense stellate down beneath. Described from Galicia. Type may or may not be in Lvov. 714. H. progenitum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 87; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 633; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 477 (sub H. macranthelo); Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1280.—Pilosella progenita Norrl. Anteckn. 1. c.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. I, No. 19. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, 1—2 mm in diameter, ascending, to scatteredly pubescent with bristles 2.5 mm long, thinning and shorter upward (to 1 mm long), scatteredly glandular above (glands thinning downward, reaching middle of stem), rather densely stellate-pubes- cent; stolons more or less elongated, thin. Basal leaves 3-4, lingulate to lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, glaucous, to 10 cm long (7:1), above and along margin sparsely pubescent with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, pubescence moderate beneath, scattered along midrib with hairs 1-2 mm long, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, above (almost) without stellate down, such hairs scattered beneath; cauline leaves 1(—2) (co- efficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute, upper leaf small. Inflores- cence shallowly dichotomous, with 2—6 capitula; acladium 10-30 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs 2.5 mm long, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark gray. Involucres 7.6—8.5 mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with narrow border and sparse, 25(23-27), light-colored hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, with sparse, 20(13—28), glands 0.4 mm long, sparsely stellate- pubescent. Corollas light yellow, peripheral ones on outside with purple stripes and red teeth; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Wet turfy meadows, edges of fields and dry slopes.—European Part: Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Karelian Isthmus. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Cycle 10. Callimorphoidea Juxip.—H. callimorphoides Zahn in Sched. HFR V (1905) 21; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1304; Asch. and Graebn. Syn- opsis, XII, I, 203 (nota).—H. pratense-auricula x pilosella Zahn in Sched. 1. c.—H. longiscapum > pilosella Zahn in Pflzr.; Asch. and 631 614 Graebn. |. c.—Leaves very sparsely pubescent (glabrous at first glance), scatteredly to sparsely stellate pubescent beneath; inflorescence shal- lowly dichotomous, with 2—4 capitula; acladium 20% of stem length. 715. H. callimorphoides Zahn in Sched. HFR V (1905) 21; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1304; Lotos, 74, 31, 37; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 203.— Exs.: GRF No. 1252, pro H. apatelio, No. 1257a, b. Perennial. Stem 12-30 cm high, | mm in diameter, ascending, moderately pubescent with light-colored hairs, 2.5-3.5 mm long, glan- dular, glands thinning downward to base, distinctly stellate-pubes- cent; stolons above-ground, long, thin, with remote leaves becoming smaller toward tip or leaves almost of same size. Basal leaves 5-8, outer spatulate, obtuse, others lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, with occasional to sparse soft bristles, without stellate down above, sparsely to moderately stellate-pubscent beneath; cauline leaves 0-1 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.02), in rosette. Inflorescence shallowly dichoto- mous, with two to four capitula; acladium 10-75 mm long; peduncles scatteredly hairy, scatteredly glandular, gray from stellate down; floral bracts dark, with light-colored border. Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate- cylindrical, later compressed; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with light border, with sparse, 18(12—25), hairs 2-3 mm long and with sparse, 20(17—24), glands 0.5—0.6 mm long, moderately stellate-pubes- cent (margins glabrous). Corollas dark yellow; peripheral ones with reddish teeth (or concolored); stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Volga-Don. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Velikie Luki District. Type in Leningrad. Cycle 11. Nigricepsia Juxip.—H. nigriceps N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 702, non al.; Zahn, in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1092.—H. floribundum > pilosella N.P. |. c.—H. iseranum Uechtr. ap. N. P. op. cit. 705; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1298; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 195.—H. nigricans Uechtr. in Nym. Consp. suppl. II (1889) 200.—H. floribundum var. pullatum Fr. Symb. (1848) 6; Epicr. 13 p. p.—Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous or openly paniculate, with 7(2-12) capitula; acladium 12(3—20)% of stem length; leaves sparsely pubescent, with scatteredly stellate-pubescent beneath; stigma some- what dark. Species of hybrid origin and sometimes, probably, even [simple] hybrids, representing forms analogous to Prussica. Distinguished from the latter by more sparse pubescence on all parts and glaucous leaves. 632 615 716. H. subnigriceps Zahn in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1299; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 196.—H. nigriceps N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 703, non al.; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1092.—H. iseranum Uechtr. in N.P. op. cit. 705 p. p.—Exs.: Callier, Fl. Siles. exs. Nos. 221, 1122; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 1881. Perennial. Stem 15-50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, ascending, with dense hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long: light-colored in lower part and black in upper, sparsely glandular, to barely scattered-stellate pubescence; stolons long, to 10 cm, thin. Basal leaves 3-9, lower oblong-spatulate, with rounded tip, inner lanceolate, subacute, to 10 cm long (5-6:1), glaucescent, above with bristles 3-4 mm long close to margin, sparse along margin, more numerous beneath along midrib, as a whole sparsely pubescent, above without stellate down (or with occasional down along midrib) scatteredly pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 1-2 (co- efficient of leafiness 0.03). Inflorescence very openly paniculate or shallowly dichotomous, with 2—8(—12) capitula; acladium 5-100 mm long; peduncles with moderate, black hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, scatteredly glandular, gray from stellate down; floral bracts dark to gray. Involu- cres 8.0-9.5 mm long, more or less subglobose; involucral bracts some- what broad, subobtuse, black, with inconspicuous border, with sparse, 23(14-32), black hairs 1.5—2.0(—3.0) mm long, sparsely to scatteredly, 30(18-36), glandular, glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, almost without stellate down, conscpicuous only at base. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with red stripes; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows and pastures, old fields —European Part: Baltic Re- gion, Ladoga-Ilmen, Volga-Don, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. 717. H. floridum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 704; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 18; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1299; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 196.—Exs.: Callier, Fl. Siles. exs. No. 1249; Baenitz, No. 4309. Perennial. Stem 15-35 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with scat- tered to sparse hairs 2-5 mm long, light-colored in lower part, dark in upper, sparsely glandular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent above; stolons elongated, to somewhat thick. Basal leaves (6) lanceolate, broad to narrow, obtuse to acute, to 8 cm long, glaucescent, moder- ately pubescent on both sides (above with bristles 2-3 mm long), as a whole to scatteredly pubescent, very sparsely stellate-pubescent above, moderately so beneath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), in rosette. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2-6 capitula; acladium 5—30(-60) mm long; peduncles scatteredly pubescent and scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light gray. 633 616 Involucres 7—9(—10.5) mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts some- what broad, acute, dark, with light border, with scattered (30), dark hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, and sparse (20) glands 0.4 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow, concolored. Flowering June to July. Meadows and edges of deciduous forests.—European Part: Baltic Region (Saaremaa Island). General distribution: Central Europe (east- ern part). Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. Cycle 12. Apatelia Juxip.— H. apatellum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 702, 706; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1092; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 48; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1301; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 199.—H. floribundum-pilosella Zahn, |. c.—Inflores- cence shallowly dichotomously paniculate, with 2—5(10) capitula; acladium 8—10% of stem length; leaves to scatteredly pubescent, densely stellate-pubescent beneath; glaucous; involucres 9-13 mm long; stig- mas dull yellow. It is not easily distinguishable from Flagellares, an evolutionary analog. Naegeli and Peter (op. cit. p. 703) say that there are no sharp borders between Nigricepsia and Apatelia, as well as between the latter and Piloselliflora, because these cycles merge with each other imperceptibly, and, as a result, identification of the inseparable plants on the border of the transition is very difficult. 718. H. apatelium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 706; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1301; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I 199, sub H. eu-apatelium Zahn.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 360.— Exs.: GRF No. 1252. Perennial. Stem 15—40(—50) cm high, 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter, as- cending, with sparse hairs 3-5 mm long, light-colored in lower part, dark above, glands scattered above, thinning toward base, with scat- tered stellate down; stolons long, to 10 cm, with rather large, spatulate leaves (3-10). Basal leaves 3-10, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, glaucescent, to 12 cm long (6.5:1), with occasional, bristles 3-6 mm long above, to moderately hairy beneath (toward tip) along margin and midrib, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, without stellate down above, densely pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), in rosette. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomously paniculate, with 2- 5(—10) capitula; acladium 10-13 mm long; peduncles sparsely pubes- cent, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts whitish, with occasional glands. Involucres 9-11 mm long, ovate-subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with light border, with occasional, 12(7—26), hairs 2.5 mm long, scatteredly, 31(18—40), glandular, glands 0.5 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent. Corollas 634 617 yellow; stigmas dull yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XXIX, Fig. 1.) Forest edges and scrubs.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga, Volga-Don. Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Silesia. Type in Munich. Note. Probably, here we should include H. aupaense N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. I, 1885, 709; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 49, sub H. pilosellifloro; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1923, 1301; Asch. and Graebn. Synop- sis, XII, I, 200.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 296; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 13, sub var. £. pilosellifolium Zahn), described from the Sudeten and found in our country in the vicinity of Moscow. It is distinguished from H. apatelium N.P. by having shorter (8 mm long) involucres and denser glands in the inflorescence. The type is in Munich. H. apatelium is an evolutionary analog of H. flagellare Willd., differing from the latter by having a shallowly dischotomous inflores- cence, glaucous leaves, and less pubescence on all parts. Cycle 13. Prussica Juxip.—H. prussicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 373, 804, pro H. collinum + Pilosella; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. (1910) 1078; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1275; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 173.—H. bifurcum y. subcymosum Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 201 p. p.—dH. bifurcum Klinggr. Fl. Pruess. (1848) 226.—H. pratense > pilosella Zahn in Pflzr.—Inflorescence openly paniculate to shallowly dichotomous, with 3—12 capitula; leaves to scatteredly pubescent, scatteredly to moderately stellate-pubescent beneath, light green or weakly glaucescent; involucres 9(7—11) mm long; stigmas yellow. Not often found, but it usually is associated with putative parents, which indicates its hybrid origin. In habit, species of this cycle sometimes resemble more Pratenses (or Silvicola) and sometimes H. pilosella s. 1. and are distinguished from each other mainly by the vestiture. 719. H. tephrantheloides Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923)1276; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 174.—Exs.: Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 1892. Perennial. Stem 25-55 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, moderately pubescent below with light-colored hairs 4-5 mm long, above with scattered and black hairs, with occasional glands, grayish from down; stolons very elongated, rather thin. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, large, glaucescent, soft, on both sides with scattered bristles 3-4 mm long above, without stellate downy above, moderate stellate down beneath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 635 618 0.03), at base of stem, lanceolate. Inflorescence shallowly dichoto- mous, with 3-12 capitula; acladium 15-20 mm long; peduncles scatteredly hairy, sparsely glandular with short glands, gray-tomen- tose; floral bracts dark. Involucres 7.0—8.5 mm long, cylindrical, with truncate base, later subglobose; involucral bracts more or less broad, acute, black, with clear light-colored border, with scattered, black hairs 2 mm long and occasional glands, moderately stellate-pubescent. Co- rollas light yellow, peripheral ones on outside often with red stripes. In habit, resembling H. pratense (Tausch) Zahn. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region (south- ern part). General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Konigsberg (present Kaliningrad). Type not known. Note. Probably, H. lipnickianum Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XLV, 1895, 325; Pflzr. op. cit. 1277), described from Lithuania (Nyankov), should be included here. The type may or may not be in Lvov. 720. H. gnaphalium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 375; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1277; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 175.—Exs.: Baenitz, Herb, Europ. Nos. 1784, 8456. Perennial. Stem 15-35 cm high, 2—3 mm in diameter, very densely pubescent with white hairs 4-5 mm long, sparsely glandular above, glands thinning downward, densely stellate-pubescent above, scatteredly so below; stolons elongated, thin, densely pubescent, with rather large leaves. Basal leaves oblong, subacute, to 12 cm long, or obovate (var. £. zawadowiense Rehm.), light green, soft, with occa- sional hairs above toward margin, hairs sparse beneath, scattered along margin, as a whole with scattered hairs 3-4 mm long, without stellate down above, moderate beneath; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.08), in lower half of stem. Inflorescence openly paniculate with 3-7 capitula; acladium 6-18 mm long; peduncles with rather densely white-pubescent, densely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light- colored. Involucres 10-11 mm long, cylindrical, with truncate base, later subglobose; involucral bracts more or less broad, acute, dark, with inconspicuous light border, with rather dense, white or ocherous hairs 2-3 mm long, (var. & zawadowiense Rehm.) and occasional glands, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region (south- ern part), Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe (east- ern part). Described from former East Prussia. Type in Munich. 636 619 721. H. guttenfeldense Zahn in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. und Mus. Dahlem. IX (1925) 410; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 177. Perennial. Stem 30-35 cm high, to densely pubescent; scatteredly glandular and stellate-pubescent above; stolons elongated, rather thin. Basal leaves oblong, long-tapered to base, to 12 cm long (5:1), soft, light green, sparsely setose above, as a whole moderately setose, without stellate down above, scatteredly pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03). Inflorescence shallowly di- chotomous, with 7—12 capitula; acladium 5—12 mm long; peduncles moderately pubescent, with scattered glands, gray-tomentose; floral bracts green, with white border. Involucres 10-11 mm long, thick; involucral bracts narrow, acute, greenish, with white border, with moderate light-colored hairs, to scatteredly glandular and scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with red stripes. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part). En- demic. Described from vicinity of Konigsberg (present Kaliningrad). The type may or may not be in Berlin. 722. H. mohrungenense Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, Teplii7e Perennial. Stem 30 cm high, often with many collateral stems, scatteredly pubescent with short hairs (dark above), scatteredly glan- dular and sparsely stellate-pubescent above. Basal leaves spatulate- lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, scatteredly pubes- cent above, with very short hairs, more densely pubescent at base, without stellate down above, to moderate beneath; cauline leaves 1— 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05). Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous, with 5—10 capitula; acladium 15-40 mm long; peduncles scatteredly pubescent, to moderately glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6-8 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, acute, with light- colored border, with scattered short hairs, moderately glandular with short glands, somewhat stellate-pubescent. Florets yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region (south- ern part). Endemic. Described from former East Prussia. The type may or may not be in Berlin. Note. It is very similar to H. macroglossum (Rehm. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XLV, 1895, 324; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 176; H. macroglossoides Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1278), which is distinguished by having very long ligules on the peripheral florets, somewhat more glands than hairs on the involucral bracts and peduncles, and involucres 6—7 mm long. Described from Lvov. The type specimen may be in Lvov. 637 620 723. H. prussicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 375; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1277; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 175, sub H. eu- prussicum Zahn.—Exs.: Callier, Fl. Siles, exs. Nos. 31, 857, 1113; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 5773, 6656, 7390; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 418, 823; GRF No. 1290. Perennial. Stem 15—45 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, rather densely pubescent with light-colored hairs 2-6 mm long, with occasional glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons more or less elongated, thin to somewhat thick. Basal leaves 5(3—10), more or less lanceolate, sub- acute to acute, to 12 cm long (7:1), light green, soft, on both sides with sparse bristles 2—4 mm long, with moderate pubescence along margin and beneath along midrib (and as a whole) with hairs 2 mm long, without stellate down above, to moderate down beneath; cauline leaves grayish-green, 1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence openly paniculate to shallowly dichotomous, with 3-12 capitula; acladium 12—75 mm long; peduncles with sparse white hairs, with dense to quickly thinning glands; floral bracts gray, with white border. Involucres 8-10 mm long, ovate, with rounded base; involucral bracts narrow, acute, blackish, with whitish or greenish border, with sparse, 27(15—46), light-colored hairs 2-3 mm long, and sparse, 25(10- 35)(—46), glands 0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow, often with reddish teeth or concolored; stigmas yellow, later dark. Flowering June to July. (Plate XX XVIII, Fig. 2.) Meadows, forest edges, old fields — European Part: Baltic Re- gion, Upper Volga, Volga-Don, Upper Dnieper. General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe (eastern part). Described from vicinity of former K6nigsberg (present Kaliningrad). Type in Munich. Note. Apparently, H. acrochlorum Zahn (in Sched. HFR, V1, 1908, 87; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1278.—Exs.: GRF No. 1832), described from the Staritsa District of the Kalinin Region, should be included here as a synonym. The type is in Leningrad. 724. H. casparyanum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 376 ; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1278; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 176.—H. brachiatum var. villarsii Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 2536.—Exs.: Baenitz, No. 6655. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, with scat- tered, light-colored hairs 2-4 mm long in lower part, sparse above, black, with glands sparse above, quickly thinning downward, scattered to sparse stellate-pubescence; stolons very elongated, thin. Basal leaves more or less oblong-lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, soft, with occa- sional bristles 4 mm long above, almost glabrous beneath, as a whole 638 621 sparsely pubescent, without stellate down above, to scattered stellate down beneath; cauline leaves | (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), at base of stem, lanceolate. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 8-10 ca- pitula; acladium 8 mm long; peduncles with sparse hairs, scatteredly glandular, white-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 8.5 mm long, cylindrical, with rounded base; involucral bracts broad, acute, blackish, with wide green border, with scattered black hairs 2 mm long and sparse glands, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas dark yel- low; without color on outside. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part). En- demic? Described from vicinity of former K6nigsberg (present Kaliningrad). Type in Munich. Cycle 14. Flagellaria Juxip.—dH. flagellare Willd. Enum. hort. Berolin. suppl. (1813) 54; Rchb. Fl. Saxon. 173; Rehm. in Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. 106; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 378, 805; Arv.-Touv. Catal. 13; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, FI. Evrop. Ross. 1078; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 18; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1278; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 177.—H. pilosella a. stoloniflorum Tausch in Flora, XI (1828) Erg.- BI. 52 p. p.; Sudre, Hier. du Centre de la France (1902) 98, t. XXII.— H. bifurcum Rchb. Fl. Germ. exs. (1830) 261; Froel, in DC. Prodr. VII, 201 p. p.—H. stoloniflorum Koch, Synopsis, 2, II (1844) 510; Wimm. FI. Schles. ed. 2, I, 460; Griseb. Comm. Hier. gen. 6; Fr. Epicr. 12.— H. pilosello-pratense F. Schultz, Fl. Pfalz. (1845) 278; Arch. fl. Fr. Allem. II, i77.—Pilosella furcatum Neilr. Nachtr. Fl. Wien. (1851) 172.— Pilosella-stoloniflora Sz. Sz. in Flora, XXI (1862) 423, cum descript.— H. pratense-pilosella F. Schultz (1. c); Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c.; Asch. and Graebn. |. c.—H. collinum-pilosella N.P. op. cit.—Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with (1—)2-6 capitula; acladium (10—)30-50% of stem length; involucres more or less large, (8—)9—11(—12) mm long, subglobose, broad; involucral bracts densely stellate-pubescent to gray-tomentose; peripheral corollas mostly with red stripes on outside; leaves along margin and beneath along midrib (close to base) more or less densely pubescent; stigmas yellow. Species of hybrid origin that are scattered in the range of H. pratense s. 1.; in particular, they occur in the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains. 725. H. petunnikovii Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2 (1893) 74; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 19; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1281. Perennial. Stem 12-30 cm high, moderately to very densely pubes- cent with hairs 3-5 mm long, light-colored in lower part, dark above; moderately glandular above, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons as 622 in H. flagellare Willd. Basal leaves 7(3—9), oblong and rounded-obtuse to lanceolate and acute, to 8 cm long (4:1), light green, to moderately pubescent with soft hairs 3-5 mm long, above without stellate down, dense stellate down beneath (leaves grayish-green); cauline leaves O(-1). Inflorescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with 2—3(-5) capitula; acladium 1/10--3/4 as long as stem; peduncles moderately pubescent, sparsely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 9-11 mm long, ovate, later with truncate base; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, somewhat dark, with very light-colored border, with moderate, 54(46-64), black hairs 1.5—2.0(-3.0) mm long, sparsely, 23(13-35), glan- dular, glands 0.5 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent beneath, incon- spicuously along margin. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with red teeth; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from Moscow Region where it is found in many districts. Type in Leningrad. Note. Here perhaps one should include as synonyms: H. tweriense Zahn (in Sched. HFR VI, 1908, 83; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1280; GRF No. 1821), described from the Staritsa District of the Kalinin Region and distin- guished by somewhat denser pubescence and the purple color of the stolons, and H. brachyschistum Zahn (in Sched. HFR VI, 1908, 82; Pflzr. op. cit., p. 1279; GRF No. 1819), described from the Kalinin Region and distinguished by less pubescent leaves and stems. The types are in Leningrad. 726. H. prognatum Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 31; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1280.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 66. Perennial. Stem 15-20 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, ascending, violet at base, very densely pubescent with hairs 2.5-3.0 mm long, particularly dense and downward-directed at base, densely glandular and tomentose above, with glands and down thinning downward; stolons above-ground, violet, pubescent, to 10 cm long, with 3 or 4 spatulate leaves. Basal leaves (5) oblong-spatulate to lanceolate, ob- tuse to acute, to 8 cm long (4.8:1), entire (or outer leaves finely toothed), dark green, with hairs 2.5 mm long above, along margin 1 mm long, scattered, moderate beneath, dense with hairs 1.5 mm long along mid- rib, as a whole to moderately pubescent, without stellate down above, densely so beneath; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate, very densely stellate-pubescent only beneath. Inflores- cence dichotomous with 3-4 capitula; acladium 5-50 mm long; peduncles with moderate grayish bristles, with dense glands 0.4 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8.5 mm long; involucral bracts some- what narrow, acute, greenish, with whitish border and violet tip, with 639 scattered, 43(40—46), gray hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, and sparse, 20(18—22), 623 glands 0.4 mm long, rather densely stellate-pubescent; corollas orange-yellow, peripheral ones with purple stripes on outside; stigmas dull yellowish, later turning dark. Flowering June to July. Dry herb slopes.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southwestern part). Endemic. Described from banks of Sukhona River. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Three species described by Rehmann from Galicia and Poland (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XLV, 1895, 326, 327 and 330) approach this species,: H. anacraspedum Rehm., H. anisocephalum Rehm. and H. brachyacron Rehm. Of these, the first was collected from the vicinity of Pinsk (Upper Dnieper), the second in Nyankov near Novogrudok (Upper Dnieper); the latter two species are also known from the vicinity of Lvov (Upper Dniester) (Zahn, Pflzr. |. c.). The type may or may not be in Lvov. 727. H. homostegium Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 32; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1280.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 67. Perennial. Stem 18-30 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, violet at base, brownish above, in lower part with scattered, in middle sparse, and above to scattered bristles, as a whole with dense bristles 2-4 mm long, densely glandular above (thinning down to middle of stem), tomentose above, with downward-thinning stellate pubescence; stolons above-ground, violet or partly subterranean. Basal leaves 4— 5, oblong-lingulate to lanceolate, with short-acuminate, entire or very finely toothed, to 8 cm long (4.5-6.5:1), grassy-glaucous, often violet beneath, with occasional hairs 4 mm long above, along margin with occasional hairs 1 mm long, beneath with scattered hairs 1.5 mm long, hairs to dense along midrib, 3.0 mm long, as a whole pubescence to scattered, without stellate down above, such down dense beneath (leaves grayish-green); cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lingulate-lanceolate, small. Inflorescence more or less shallowly di- chotomous, with 3-6 capitula; acladium 10-70 mm long; peduncles to scatteredly hairy with dark hairs, to densely fine-glandular, gray-to- mentose; floral bracts whitish. Involucres 10-11 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, extended into violet cusp, dorsally blackish- green, with greenish or whitish border and sparse (45) gray hairs 2 mm long with black base, with sparse (32) glands 0.4 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent (margins glabrous). Corollas light yellow, without red stripes, or with slightly reddish teeth; stigmas dull, later turning black. Flowering June to July. Wet, turfy meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southwest- ern part). Endemic. Described from shores of Lake Kubin. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. 640 643 624 728. H. chrysophthalmum Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 30; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1280.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 65. Perennial. Stem 15-20 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, ascending, in lower part with sparse hairs 4 mm long, above with occasional hairs 2.5 mm long, very dense glands above, 0.4 mm long, densely stellate- pubescent; stolons often abortive. Basal leaves (7), oblong-lingulate to lanceolate, to 7 cm long (6.5:1), glaucescent-green, entire, with bristles 3 mm long above, 1.5 mm long beneath and along margin, as a whole sparsely setose, without stellate down above, hyaline-tomen- tose beneath (leaves grayish from hairs); cauline leaves O(—1), at very base. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous to very openly paniculate, with 2-3 capitula; acladium 10-100 mm long; peduncles with occa- sional hairs, very densely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 9.5— 10.0 mm long, with rounded base or subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, subulate, extended into long, pale violet cusp, dull-reddish, with pale border, with scattered, 42(40-45), gray hairs 1.5—-2.0 mm long, with scattered, 30(27—33), glands 0.5 mm long, densely stellate-pubes- cent. Corollas light golden yellow, peripheral ones with dark purple stripes on outside; stigmas yellow or dull. Flowering June to July. Dry glades.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part). En- demic. Described from banks of Sukhona River. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. 729. H. inceptans Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 29; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1282.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 64. Perennial. Stem 15-25 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, ascending, colored, to scattered-pubescent with bristles 1.5—2.5 mm long (crowded mainly at base), above with sparse glands thinning down toward base, rather densely stellate-pubescent; stolons to 6 cm long, densely pu- bescent, with 4 spatulate leaves. Basal leaves 6-7, spatulate-lingulate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, entire, to 7 cm long (4.0—5.5:1), grassy- glaucescent-green, with sparse hairs 2-3 mm long above and along margin, moderately hairy beneath and along midrib with hairs 1.5 mm long, as a whole to scatteredly pubescent, with stellate pubescence only beneath, hyaline-tomentose (leaves gray-green); cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02). Inflorescence dichotomous, with 2— 3 capitula; acladium 20 mm long; peduncles with occasional dark hairs 2 mm long, very densely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat narrow, extended into rather long violet cusp, with indistinct border, with moderate (50) dark hairs 1.5—-2.5 mm long, and scattered (35) glands 0.4 mm long, moder- ately stellate-pubescent. Corollas light yellow, teeth of peripheral flo- rets indistinctly purple; stigmas dull yellow. Flowering June to July. 641 Plate XXXVI. 1—H. praealtum (Vill.) N.P.; 2—H. cymigerum Rchb. 626 Sands.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southwestern part). En- demic? Described from banks of Sukhona River. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. In his monograph, Zahn refers this species to the group of species in which the involucral bracts lack or have scattered hairs, which does not conform to reality, because on Norrlin’s exsiccatae the hairs on the involucral bracts are very obvious, and in our estimation the bracts are “moderately pubescent.” 730. H. tatrense N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 383; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1281; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 181.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 270. Perennial. Stem 15—40 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, ascending, at base to moderately pubescent with light-colored bristles 2.5-4.0 mm long, thinning upward, moderately glandular above and densely stel- late-pubescent; stolons very elongated, thin. Basal leaves spatulate, rounded-obtuse to lanceolate and acute, glaucescent, with sparse, bristles 2-3 mm long above toward margin, with scattered bristles 1.0— 1.5 mm long beneath and along margin, as a whole scatteredly pubes- cent, to densely stellate-pubescent only beneath; cauline leaves O-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.01). Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with (1-)2-3 capitula; acladium 40-50% as long as stem; peduncles sparsely pubescent, densely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. In- volucres 8—9(—10.5) mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with narrow, light border, with scattered dark hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long (var. pilosum N.P.) or inconspicuously pubescent (var. calvum N.P.), scatteredly glandular, scatteredly stel- late-pubescent, occasional along margin. Corollas yellow; ligules red- dish on outside or concolored. Flowering June to July. Mountain valleys, ascending in mountains to elfin forests (Chorna Mountain, to 2,000 m).—European Part: Upper Dniester. General dis- tribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Galicia (Stanislavov). Type in Munich. 731. H. flagellare (Willd.) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 379; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 20; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1279; Asch. and Graebn. Synop- sis, XII, I, 179, sub H. eu-flagellare Zahn.—H. pilosella X polonicum Blocki ex Wol. in Spraw. Kom. fiz. Akad. Krakow. (1888) 202.— H. stoloniflorum Schlechtend. Hall. Fl. Deutschl. ed. 5 (1887) t. 3242.— Ic.: van Soest in Nederl. Kruidk. Archief. III (1926) fig. 53.—Exs.: Fr. Hier. Europ. No. 2; Hier. Naeg. No. 29; F. Schultz, Herb. norm. n. s. Nos. 90, 91; Callier Nos. 57, 404, 1114, 1238, 1239; Baenitz. Herb. Europ. Nos. 373, 3678, 7909; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 110, 214, 520, 613. 644 627 Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, sparsely pu- bescent with light-colored hairs 3-4 mm long, above with scattered glands, thinning downward, scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated, thick, often branched or runner-like. Basal leaves 4—7, outer spatulate, oblong, obtuse, inner lanceolate, subacute, green or glaucescent (var. & galicicum N.P.), on both sides sparsely pubescent with soft bristles 3-4 mm long, along margin with scattered hairs 2— 3 mm long, moderately to rather densely stellate-pubescent only beneath (leaves grayish-green); cauline leaves O—1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), in rosette. Inflorescence shallowly dichotomous with 2-5 capitula; acladium 1/3—1/2 as long as stem; peduncles with sparse, soft, light-colored hairs 3—4 mm long, densely glandular, gray from stellate down; floral bracts gray or dark, with light-colored border. Involucres (9—)10—11(—12) mm long, subglobose, later compressed; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with narrow, light border, with sparse to occasional, light or dark hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, moderately glandular, densely stellate-pubescent (but margins glabrous). Corollas light or dark yellow, peripheral ones with weak reddish stripes on outside or concolored; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XX XVII, Fig. 2.) Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Volga-Don. Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe, Atlantic Europe (introduced). Described from Silesia. Type may or may not be in Berlin. Note. Recognition of H. flagellare Willd. as a transitional form between Pratensina and Pilosellina has gained such popularity that the most diverse forms, differing from each other mainly by pubes- cence, are included under this name. Willdenow’s species is distin- guished by the number of glands on the involucral bracts, 3—4 times as many as hairs, and is found in our country rather rarely. The systematics of cycle Flagellaria deserves special study. In any case, the specimens examined by us in the exsiccatae in GRF (Nos. 2222, 2223) do not conform to the diagnosis provided by Naegeli and Peter, but they resemble most closely the northern races of this cycle (for example, H. inceptans Norrl.). 732. H. pseuduliginosum Zahn in Pflzr. [1V, 280 (1923) 1281; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 182.—H. uliginosum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 384; Zahn. Hier. fl. Mosquens. 19, non al.—Exs.: Fl. Austro- Hung. Nos. 3024, 3311, sub H. flagellare (Willd.) N.P. Perennial. Stem 15—25 cm high, | mm in diameter, sparsely pubes- cent with light-colored hairs 3-4 mm long in lower part, thinning upward, with scattered to sparse glands above, densely stellate- 645 628 pubescent; stolons elongated, thin. Basal leaves 3-6, lanceolate, acute, to 11 cm long (4.8:1), green, scatteredly hairy on both sides with hairs 3-4 mm Iong, sparsely so along margin, with dense stellate down only beneath; cauline leaves 0-1. Inflorescence shallowly or deeply di- chotomous, with 2-3 capitula; acladium 30-80% as long as stem; peduncles with occasional hairs, densely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray. Involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate, later subglobose; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark with inconspicuous border, (almost) glabrous, 2(0—8), 1.0—1.5 mm long, to densely, 70(58- 80), glandular, glands 0.5-1.0 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with red stripes on outside or with red teeth. Flowering June to July. Wet meadows, edges of swamps.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Upper Volga. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. H. uliginosum Turcz. ex Froel. DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 239 should be referred to Crepis bungei Froel. Cycle 15. Cernuiformia Juxip.—H. cernuiforme N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 384, sub H. flagellari; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1282; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 182.—H. pratense < pilosella (vel. flagellare- pilosella) Zahn 1. c.—H. macrostolonum G. Schneid. Hier. Westsudet. (1889) 45, 115; Rehm. in Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XLV, 330.—Pilosella aurulenta Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. II (1894) No. 151.—Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with (1—)2—3(-4) capitula; acladium long, 70-90% as long as stem; leaves more or less densely stellate-pubescent be- neath (inner leaves hyaline-tomentose); involucres in typical forms 10-— 12 mm long (as an exception, 7-9 mm long); stigmas yellow; stolons often elongated, sturdy, with rather large leaves. With forms analo- gous to Piloselliflora and very difficult to distinguish from it. Rare plants, mostly in association with progenitors. Note 1. The forms belonging to cycle Cernuiformia resemble com- pletely all those of Piloselliflora, which represent the hybrids H. floribundum < pilosella (see page 631). Both of these cycles of intermediate forms were established by Naegeli and Peter (1. c.), based on the hybrids produced by them. As a result, when they described separate species, they had full confidence in the phylogenetic affinity of the components of the species. Later it was revealed that similar forms are also found in nature. If at times it becomes difficult to separate forms of Pratense from those of Floribunda, then it applies to a great extent to their hybrids with the most polymorphic Pilosella, blurring all the differences between Pratense and Floribunda. There- fore, it is impossible to overestimate the importance of [making] notes 646 629 (on the labels) while collecting “cernautian” forms that are growing together with the putative parents. Without doing this, the identifica- tion of such hybrids is practically impossible. Note 2. A number of minor species belonging to this cycle have also been described from Galicia: H. macrostolonum G. Schneid., H. rulkense Rehm., H. firmipes Rehm., H. chloropoides Rehm. These spe- cies differ from each other mostly in minor details. Because of an almost complete congruence of their substantive characters, we are restricting ourselves here to only mentioning them. 733. H. cernuiforme N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 384; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1283; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 182, sub H. eu- cernuiforme Zahn.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 91; Callier, Fl. Siles. exs. No. 1116; Fl. Austro-Hung. exs. No. 3312; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 6328; GRF Nos. 1272, 1820. Perennial. Stem 10—35 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, ascending, densely pubescent with dark hairs 4-5 mm long (var. longipilum N.P.) or sparsely so with hairs 2—3 mm long (var. brevipilum N.P.), moder- ately to sparsely glandular above, glands decreasing downward, grayish above from stellate down, with scattered down below; stolons elongated, to 15 cm, thin, pubescent, with leaves (to 9) as in H. pilosella. Basal leaves 7(2—14), lanceolate, subobtuse, green, to 11 mm|[?cm] long (8:1), with occasional bristles 3—S mm long above, pu- bescence sparse along margin, scattered beneath, moderate along midrib with hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, as a whole to scatteredly pubescent, pubescence stellate to hyaline-tomentose only beneath; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lanceolate (3:1). Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with 1—2(-—3) capitula; acladium 90% as long as stem; peduncles sparsely pubescent, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres (9—)10—12 or 8 mm long (f. minoriceps Zahn), subglobose, later compressed; involucral bracts narrow, very acute, black, with indistinct border, densely (var. longipilum N.P.) to sparsely (var. brevipilum N.P.), 50 (25-90), hairy with black hairs 2-3 mm long, with scattered, 30(15—-60), glands 0.5—0.7 mm long, grayish up to and including margin from stellate down. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones mostly with bright red stripes; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows and forest edges, rare, mostly occurring together with parents.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (southern part), Ladéga-IImen (southern part), Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. It is linked by transitional forms with H. flagellare Willd., hence identification errors are very common; it is confused with H. flagellare, H. piloselliflorum and H. apatelium. 647 630 Probably, H. pseudoflagellare (Blocki) Zahn (Pflzr. |. c.), described from the vicinity of Lvov, should be included in this species. 734. H. aurosulum Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 29; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 633; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1283.—Pilosella aurulenta Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 30, non iord. ex Bor.—Exs.: Herb. Pilos. Fenn. fasc. II, No. 151, sub Pilos. aurulenta fasc. V, No. 13; Lindberg, PI. Finnl. exs. No. 1587. Perennial. Stem 15-30 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, moderately pubescent at base with white, downward-directed hairs, thinning up- ward, but to moderately spreading-pubescent again below capitula; as a whole densely pubescent, densely or to very densely glandular above, rather densely stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated, thin, pubescent and tomentose, to 13 cm long, with remote small leaves (5— 8) as in H. pilosella, sometimes with rudimentary inflorescence at tip. Basal leaves 4—7, from somewhat spatulate and obtuse to lanceolate and short-acuminate (to narrowly lanceolate), entire or distinctly finely toothed, dark green, with sparse bristles 3 mm long above, with scat- tered hairs 1.5 mm long along margin, moderately to densely hairy beneath and along midrib with hairs 2 mm long, as a whole moderately pubescent, stellate pubescence dense only beneath, hence leaves grayish-green; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), lan- ceolate, small, often bracteiform. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with (1—-)2 capitula; acladium, on average, 4/5 as long as stem; pe- duncles moderately pubescent, densely glandular, gray-tomentose. In- volucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, green, bordered, with colored tip, with scattered, 32(17—50), light-colored hairs 1.5 mm long, with moderate, 52(36—67), glands 0.5 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas light golden yellow, later saffron-colored, peripheral ones with bright red stripes on outside; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XL, Fig. 2.) Herb slopes and mixed meadows, along canals.—European Part: Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Fin- land). Described from Lake Ladoga Region in Karelia. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. 735. H. moscoviticum Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 2 (1893) 73; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 19; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1283.—Exs.: GRF No. 2224a, b. . Perennial. Stem 10-28 cm high, sparsely pubescent with light- colored hairs, densely glandular above, quite stellate-pubescent; stolons as in H. cernuiforme N.P. Basal leaves 4—10, narrowly lan- ceolate, more or less acute, to 8 cm long (5:1), glaucescent, scatteredly 648 631 pubescent with soft hairs 2—3(—4) mm long, without stellate down above, to hyaline-tomentose beneath; cauline leaves O(—1). Inflores- cence deeply dichotomous, with 2 capitula; peduncles sparsely pubes- cent; densely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres (8.5—)9-10 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, very acute, blackish, with narrow green border, with scattered to sparse, 23(18-35), hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, with scattered, 30(23—42), glands 0.4 mm long, scatteredly stel- late-pubescent beneath. Corollas yellow, concolored, and only teeth of peripheral florets reddish. Flowering June to July. Meadows and old fields.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (south- ern part), Upper Volga. Endemic? Described from Moscow Region. Type in Leningrad. 736. H. amoeniceps Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 96; exs. No. 2225; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1284.—Exs.: GRF No. 2225. Perennial. Stem 15-25 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, moderately pubescent with white hairs 2-3 mm long, scatteredly glandular above (glands thinning toward base of stem), densely stellate-pubescent, often with collateral stems and runner-like stolons, densely pubescent, with long, narrow leaves. Basal leaves 5-10, narrowly to linear-lan- ceolate, long, subacute to acute, to 8 cm long (7.5:1), with sparse hairs 2.0-3.5 mm long above, to scattered toward base, without stellate down above, densely pubescent beneath (leaves grayish-green); cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), small. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with 1-2 capitula; peduncles with sparse, short, white hairs, densely glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8-9 mm long, ovate, later subglobose, compressed; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with narrow green border, with sparse, 14(16—23), hairs 1.5 mm long and with dense, 87(80—95), glands 0.5 mm long, scattered stellate- pubescent. Corollas yellow, with sparse or with conspicuous red stripes. Flowering June to July. Old fields.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Syktyvkar (former Ust-Sysolsk). Type in Leningrad. Cycle 16. Piloselliflora Juxip.—AH. piloselliflorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 702, 707; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1092; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens 48; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1302; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 201.—H. floribundum < pilosella Zahn, |. c.—Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with (1—)2—3(—4) capitula; acladium long, 70-90% of stem length, leaves more or less densely stellate-pubescent beneath (inner leaves hyaline-tomentose); involu- cres in typical forms 10-12 mm long (in exceptional cases 7-9 mm 649 632 long); stigmas yellow (dull yellow to darkened); stolons often long, sturdy, with large leaves. An evolution analog of Cernuiformia, hence quite difficult to distinguish from it. Rare plants, mostly in association with their pro- genitors. For details about Pilloselliflora, see page 628). 737. H. piloselliflorum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 708; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 49; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1302; Asch. and Graebn. Synop- sis, XII, I, 201, sub H. eu-piloselliflorum Zahn.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 111; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 6655; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 137, 434, 710, GRF No. 1285-1287. Perennial. Stem 10—35 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, more or less ascending, with sparse, light-colored hairs 2-4 mm long below, thin- ning upward, with dark hairs above, densely glandular, conspicuously stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated (to 35 cm ), somewhat thick, with 4-8 leaves. Basal leaves 6-17, outer usually obovate, others oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, light glaucous, to 7 cm long (6:1), sparsely pubescent with hairs 2-4 mm long, without stellate down above, rather densely stellate to hyaline-tomentose beneath; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), in rosette, lanceolate Inflores- cence deeply dichotomous, with (1—)2(—4) capitula; acladium 2/3 as long as stem; peduncles very sparsely pubescent, densely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts light-colored. Involucres 10-12 mm long, subglobose, later compressed; involucral bracts broad, acute, black, with green border, with dense (10 [sic.]), black hairs 1.5—-2.0 mm long, (f. hirsuticeps N.P.) or with very sparse (10) hairs (to almost glabrous) (f. glandulosiceps N.P.), with moderate to dense (40—80) glands 0.6 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones al- most always with red stripes on outside; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Grassy places, meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Dvina- Pechora (southeastern part), Baltic Region, Ladoga-IImen, Upper Volga, Volga-Don. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from the Sudeten. Type in Munich. Note. H. melanopsiforme Zahn, GRF (No. 1285) cum descriptione, should also be included here! Type in Leningrad. 738. H. microsphaericum Zahn, Hier. Europ. (1911) No. 546; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1303.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 546. Perennial. Stem 10-20 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, at base densely and upwards to moderately pubescent, scatteredly short-glandular above, conspicuously stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated, thin, con- spicuously pubescent, with remote leaves. Basal leaves to 5, more or 650 633 less broadly lanceolate, obtuse to acute, long, very sparsely setose above, moderately so along margin and beneath (especially toward base) without stellate down above, moderately to densely pubescent beneath; cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), small, nar- row. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with 2-3 capitula; acladium 50-200 mm long (one-fourth to as long as stem); peduncles sparsely pubescent, moderately to densely glandular with long glands, gray- tomentose. Involucres 7.0—8.5 mm long ovate; involucral bracts nar- row, subacute, dark, with light border, with scattered, 38-48, hairs 2 mm long, and sparse, 22—25, glands 0.5 mm long, grayish from stellate down. Corollas yellow; ligules short; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Dry grassy places.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Upper Dnieper. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Tilsit [Sovetsk]. Type unknown. 739. H. stenozon Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1303.—H. stenophyton Zahn in Sched. HFR VII (1911) 101; Sched. Hier. Europ. p. 13.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 545, 2238a, b. Perennial. Stem 15—20 cm high, moderately pubescent with light- colored hairs 1-3 mm long, with sparse glands down to base, gray- tomentose, often with collateral stems or runners; stolons elongated, densely white-pubescent, with rather long, narrowly lanceolate leaves. Basal leaves 5—6, oblong, narrowly to linear- lanceolate, acute, to 6 cm long (6.3:1), green, moderately above, densely pubescent beneath and along margin with hairs 1-3 mm long, without stellate down above, more or less densely downy beneath (hyaline-tomentose on inner, narrower leaves); cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), small. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with (1—)2(—3) capitula; acladium 100-200 mm long (half as long as stem); peduncles with sparse, light-colored hairs 0.5—-1.0 mm long, moderately glandular, gray- tomentose. Involucres 8—9 mm long, ovate, later compressed; involu- cral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with wide, green border, with very sparse, 12(5—20), light-colored hairs 1 mm long, with moderate to dense, 75(45—90), glands 0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow or peripheral ones with red tips; stigmas yellow. Flowering Jurle to July. Meadows and dry sandy places.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Syktyvkar (former Ust-Sysolsk). Type in Leningrad. Note. An evolutionary analogue of H. amoeniceps Zahn. 65 — 634 Cycle 17. Levieria Juxip.—H. levieri Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. 1 (1898) 18; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1303; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 275.—H. longiscapum > Hoppeanum Peter, |. c.—H. collinum— Auricula—Hoppeanum Peter, |. c.—H. longiscapum > Hoppeanum (macranthum) Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c.—In habit, resembles H. flagellare Willd. but differs by having darker stigmas, more or less wide involu- cral bracts and short stolons with rather large leaves; involucres 8-11 mm long. Endemics of Caucasus-Asia Minor. 740. H. levieri Peter in Nachr. K. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. I (1898) 18; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1303. Perennial. Stem 10-25 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, densely pubes- cent with spreading, light-colored bristles 2—4(5) mm long having black base, sparsely glandular, conspicuously stellate-pubescent; stolons short and underground or somewhat elongated and above-ground, with conspicuous leaves. Basal leaves (—8) elliptical, oblong-lanceolate or somewhat spatulate, acute, to 3 cm long, broad (3:1), finely toothed, green, on both sides moderately soft-bristly, bristles 4—5 mm long (less hairy above) without stellate down above, such hairs scattered to dense above; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06). Inflorescence deeply dichotomous with (1—)2-3 capitula; acladium 10—30(—160) mm long; peduncles conspicuously pubescent, moderately to scatteredly (downward) glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8—9(—10) mm long, ovate, with truncate base; involucral bracts wide, subacute, spinescent, dark, with very wide, green border, with scattered to sparse, 26(20—30), light-colored hairs 2 mm long, and sparse, 17(12—22), glands 0.5—0.8 mm long, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow; peripheral ones reddish at tips; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Mountains in alpine zone, at 1,700—2,400 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor (eastern part). Described from Svanetia. Type in Florence; cotype in Leningrad. Note. Evidently, we should include here H. mestianum Zahn (Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21, 1912, 2; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1304), which differs from H. levieri Peter virtually only by having concolored florets and somewhat larger, thick involucres (9-10 mm long); also described from Svanetia. Type unknown. In stunted specimens, the stolons may be absent, and the inflo- rescence can be single-headed as well, which makes identification extremely difficult. 741. H. abakurae Schelk. and Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 130; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1304; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 275.—H. levieri- pilosella Zahn 1. c. 635 Perennial. Stem 12-30 cm high, to densely pubescent with spread- ing, soft bristles 2.5—5.0 mm long, above densely, below to sparsely glandular, densely stellate-pubescent; stolons elongated, somewhat thick, gray-tomentose, densely white-pubescent, with remote, rather large leaves, becoming smaller toward top. Basal leaves (4), outer oblong, obtuse, often violet, others oblong-lanceolate, subacute, to 10 cm long (5-6:1), light green, glaucescent, to moderately pubescent above with bristles 3-5 mm long, without stellate down above, densely pubescent beneath (on young leaves to tomentosely so); cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), small. Inflorescence deeply dichoto- mous, with 1—2(—3) capitula; acladium 2/3 as long to as long as stem; peduncles densely pubescent, densely glandular, gray-tomentose. In- volucres 10—11(—12.5) mm long, ovate, wide; involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, acuminate, dark green, with wide green border, with reddish tips, with moderate, 60(45—70), light-colored hairs to 2 mm long, with dark base, sparsely, 12(8—-15), glandular, glands 0.6 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent only beneath [along midrib]. Corollas yellow, pe- ripheral ones with red stripes on outside; stigmas yellow. Flowering July. Mixed montane forests, at 1,200—2,100 m.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia (Abakur Pass). Type in Tbilisi. Note. Apparently, H. hemschinense (Zahn, Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1304), described from the Caucasus (?), and considered by Zahn as H. longiscapum < Hoppeanum Zahn, belongs here. This species is not represented in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; A.A. Grossheim also does not report it for the Caucasus. The type is unknown. Subsection 3. Aurantiaca Juxip.—H. aurantiacum L. ex Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1241; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 133.— Characters in key to subsections of section Pratensina. It differs from subsection Pratenses virtually by the color of flo- rets (red to orange). 1. Stellate pubescence on lower surface of leaves and involucral bractsavenypsparse t@ (almOSt) ADSEME or. t cans cscs ssmnacsennesees-e-ee Dr + Stellate pubescence on lower side of leaves distinct (moderate); florets orange; plants from North........... 750. H. kihlmanii Norrl. 2. Leaves densely (very densely to moderately) pubescent, light CINE S11 eeono. ocean gare sep sct COPPER SCRE nceeconet bear bono creo abo se-tr ss Load th con See 3 + Leaves mostly (very) sparsely pubescent or almost glabrous, SAUCE INE eer tree reeee rete eens rete tere rece sec erer ees aracenssecoresivettaenecnctte? 10. 636 + M4 F 9 (4). 653 10(2). a 12 All corollas uniformly purple; stigmas dark (native in USSR, only in Carpathian Mountains, introduced in other regions) LE ce EO ER ONS ON RBA 742. H. aurantiacum L. Inner corollas more or less orange, peripheral ones purple, at leastion’outside;‘plants from the*North?:. 2222029". 2a ee ee 4. Stipmmasrd ark 2 ee Oe OI OES 3s Stigmas rusty-red or yellowishh-et ee eee 2) Hairs on involucral bracts equal to or outnumbering glands......6. Glands on involucral bracts significantly outnumbering hairs (roughly in ratio of 2:1); involucres rather large, 8.5-9.0 mm longes.. We AE ROS, 25.2. Se 747. H. concoloriforme Norrl. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 2:1................ Te Hairs and glands on involucral bracts equal in number (1:1); involucresi720=38'Sanm long ee. eee eee 8. Involucres 7-8 mm long; glands in inflorescence rather large (Simmons). {Ae ee eS 743. H. tjapomense Norrl. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long; glands in inflorescence small (0.3 mMMVONE) WAL A Oe 744. H. lychnaeum Nort. Leaves densely short-pubescent with hairs 0.6-0.8 mm Tone aot eek O0,. ME Oe ae 745. H. kajanense Malmer. Leaves moderately pubescent with hairs 1.0—-1.5 mm long........... ROUTES CODER EO ONY BEDE SERENE, 746. H. calolepideum Norrl. Hairs and glands on involucral bracts almost equal in number GIGS ED Pa 748. H. rubroonegense Norrl. Hairs and glands on involucra! bracts in ratio of 4:1................... BAAR: SOIL EEN MA GL) 749. H. semionegense Norrl. Glands on involucral bracts sparse (10—20).............ccccsscceessseeees Le Glands on involucral bracts scattered (30-45); leaves glauce- Scentsistem) very densely pubescentsee coe eee Peduncles\(almost)iclabrouswae ee ee ee eee 12. Peduncles with occasional hairs; hairs and glands on involucral bracts more or less equal in number; involucral bracts subobtuse ally. Coe Yee Gone 752. H. discoloratum Norrl. Glands on peduncles scattered; hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 2:3; involucral bracts subacute...............c:ccsceee wc BAR ORS TS 753. H. pseudo-blyttii Nort. Glands on peduncles moderate to very dense...............:ccsscceseeee 13: Glands on peduncles moderate; stem in upper part very densely fine-glandular; involucral bracts subobtuse; hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 3:7....... 754. H. vernicosum Norrl. Glands on peduncles dense or very dense..................scccccseeeees 14. 654 637 14. Glands on peduncles dense; involucral bracts obtuse; leaves sparsely pubescent; hairs and glands on involucral bracts more onless equaluinunumlber.:.s: isc ase veee..2 755. H. pulvinatum Norrl. + Glands on peduncles very dense; involucral bracts acute; leaves moderately pubescent; hairs and glands on involucral bracts in ratio of 1:2; [corolla] teeth of peripheral florets deeply incised, eurlingronidnyin eis fi 22.2.8. wepusees a: chee. 756. H. torquescens Norrl. Cycle 1. Aurantiaca.—Grex H. aurantiacum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1241.—H. eu-auranticum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 134.—All corollas uniformly purple. In USSR native only in Upper Dniester Region (Carpathian Mountains); only introduced in all other regions. 742. H. aurantiacum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 801, (1763) 1126; Jacq. FI. Austr. V, 410; Vill. Hist. pl. Dauph. III, 102; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 851; Fr. Symb. 23; Epicr. 24; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 288; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1076; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1241; Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, 1211; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 133; Dahlst. in Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 595; Omang, Hier. Norv. I, 62 non All., nec Fiek. nec Lap.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. XIX, 58, t. 113, f. II—Exs.: Fr. Hier. Europ. Nos. 17, 20; Hier. Naeg. Nos. 17, 80. 122; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 312, 416, 417, 513a. Perennial. Stem 20-60 cm high, 1.5—3.0 mm in diameter, easily compressed, very densely pubescent at base with downward-directed, light-colored, soft bristles 4 mm long with black base, hairs less fre- quent in middle, but dense above again, spreading, dark, moderately glandular above, glands gradually thinning downward, only in upper part densely stellate-pubescent; stolons underground, thin, pale, with pale scales and above-ground, thin, with rather large, equal-sized leaves, often clustered into rooting leaf rosette, like basal leaves (stolons very brittle). Basal leaves 4(2-6), rather large, to 17 cm (6-7:1), oblong- spatulate or lingulate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, mostly entire, pure green, soft, with scattered hairs above 1.2—2.0 mm long, dense beneath and along margin, 1.5—2.5 mm long, as a whole densely hairy; with sparse stellate down only beneath and that mainly along midrib; cauline leaves 1-4 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), lanceolate, acute (4—5:1), pubescence as on basal leaves, with occasional small glands along margin. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, initially compact, later more open, with 2—12(—25) capitula; acladium 3—8 mm long (rarely longer); peduncles with occasional hairs, densely glandular, gray- tomentose; floral bracts dark. Involucres (6—)7—8(—9) mm long, ovate, involucral bracts somewhat broad to narrow, subobtuse to acute, dark, 655 638 sometimes with light border, with sparse (to scattered), 17(50—30), dark hairs 2.5—3.0 mm long and scattered, 18(15-—30), glands 0.4—-0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Florets purple (in dry condition color of clot- ted blood or lilac); stigmas dark. Flowering June to July (August). Mountain meadows and pastures ascending to 2,600 m but also descending into valleys; occurring wild in Carpathian Mountains, in- troduced in other regions.—European Part: Baltic Region (introduced), Ladoga-IImen, Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester (Carpathian Mountains and their spurs); Western Siberia: Altai; Far East: Sakhalin. General distribution: Scandinavia, Central Europe (especially the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains), Japan, North America. Described from Central Europe? Type unknown. Economic Importance: Often cultivated as an unpretentious orna- mental plant, it is quite attractive because of its red flowers and the pleasant green color of its leaves. It spreads easily from gardens, parks, and cemeteries, which explains the occurrence of this mountain plant in many regions farther east. On the distribution map of this species, Zahn (Pflzr., p. 1240) connected the ranges of the two related species which replace each other, viz., the northern H. crocea and the Central European H. aurantiaca, with the connecting corridor passing through the western regions of the Soviet Union (Baltic Region, Upper Dnieper). This con- fusion has arisen, apparently, because in the literature there is no mention that H. aurantiacum L. is found here exclusively as an intro- duced plant. Cycle 2. Crocea Juxip.—Grex H. croceum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1245.—H. aurantiacum B., H. croceum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 138.—Florets yellowish orange, only peripheral florets with purple or bright red stripes on outside. All other characters agree with those of Aurantiaca. Stolons mostly underground. Plants of the subarctic zone of the European territory of the Soviet Union. 743. H. tjapomense Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 55; Mela-Cajander, 647; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1246.—Pilosella kajanensis var. 2. Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Pilos. Fenn. I (1884) 120.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 113. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, 1—2 mm in diameter, very densely pubescent below with hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, above hairs dark, 2-3 mm long, scatteredly glandular and also scatteredly stellate-pubescent above; stolons underground developing rosettes at their ends. Basal leaves oblong to broadly or narrowly lanceolate, few (1-2), with fine (spiniform) teeth, pure green, on both sides and as a whole densely 656 639 pubescent, without stellate hairs; cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.06), bottom leaf rather large, oblong-spatulate or lanceolate, short-acuminate, with sparse stellate down beneath, upper leaf rudi- mentary. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-10 capitula; acladium 6 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs and sparse, rather large glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7—8 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse, with wide white border and violet tips, with sparse (20), dark hairs 2.5 mm long and occasional, 14(8—18), glands 0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Corollas dark yellow to orange, peripheral ones red on outside; stigmas dark yellow, later turning dark. Flowering August. Wet turfy meadows.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Varzuga (Tyapoma River, Murmansk Region). Type in Helsinki. 744. H. lychnaeum Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 52; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1256.—Pilosella lychnea Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1. c.).—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. II, No. 61. Perennial. Stem 40—50 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, reddish at base, to densely pubescent in lower part with whitish, thin hairs 1.0— 1.5 mm long, hairs above somewhat dark, 1.5-2.0 mm long, scatteredly glandular and sparsely stellate-pubescent above. Basal leaves few, wide, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, light green, moderately short-pu- bescent (to 1 mm ) without stellate down above, very sparsely (mainly along midrib) stellate-pubescent beneath, cauline leaves 1-2 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.03), bottom leaf [well] developed, lanceolate, acute, densely pubescent beneath, upper leaf rudimentary. Inflorescence openly umbellate, with 4—11 capitula; peduncles with occasionai, below ca- pitula to sparse, very fine, darkish hairs 2-3 mm long, moderately glandular with small glands, gray from hairs; floral bracts dark. Involu- cres 6.5—7.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, with pale green border and reddish-purple tip, with scattered, dark hairs 1-2 mm long and sparse small glands, with very sparse stellate down. Corollas golden-reddish with red or colorless teeth. Flowering June to July. Meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Pizhma District. Type in Helsinki. 745. H. kajanense Malmgr. in Not. Fa. et. Fl. Fenn. II, 3 (1861) 19, in nota; Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I, 116; Nya nord. Hier. I, 58; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 646; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1245.—Exs:.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. I, No. 53; Hier. exs. fasc. III, Nos. 115-118, fasc. VII, No. 2; GRF No. 825 p. p. 657 640 Perennial. Stem 25-50 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, violet at base, with very dense, downward-directed, light-colored hairs 2.5 mm long in lower part, hairs sparser in middle, 1.5 mm long, above with dense, spreading, dark hairs 2.5 mm long, to scatteredly glandular above, sparsely stellate-pubescent; stolons as in H. aurantiacum. Basal leaves (3), oblong-lanceolate, rounded-obtuse to acute, to 12 cm long (5.0-6.5:1), entire, pure green, densely pubescent above and beneath along midrib, moderately so beneath and along margin, as a whole densely pubescent with short hairs 0.6—0.8 mm long, with very sparse stellate down only beneath along midrib or without such down; cauline leaves 1-3 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), lanceolate, acute, pubescence as on basal leaves or somewhat denser, with glands beneath along midrib. Inflorescence paniculate-umbellate, with 3—6(—12) capitula; acladium 5—10 mm long; peduncles with sparse, dark hairs 2.5 mm long, moderately glandular with glands 0.4 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involu- cres 7—8(—8.5) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, acuminate (to subobtuse), dark, with green border and violet tip, with scattered, 23(20-30), dark hairs 2.5 mm long, with sparse 25(15-—30), glands, al- most without stellate down. Corollas orange, peripheral ones purple on outside; stigmas dark. Flowering July to August. Thin wet meadows and slopes.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part), Dvina-Pechora, Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Probably, the following three species should be included here as synonyms: H. imponens Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. 1, 1904, 56; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1246.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 114), described from the Dvina-Pechora Region (rapids of the Onega River); H. latvense Norrl. (op. cit. 53; Pflzr. 1. c —Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. Ill, No. 109), described from the Ladoga-IImen (Ladva in Olonets District); and H. obsistens Norrl. (op. cit. 57; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 1906, 647; Pflzr. |. c.), described also from Ladva in the Olonets part of Karelia. All three species differ from H. kajanense Malmgr. by having finely toothed leaves and larger (8.5-9.0 mm long) involucres; H. obsistens differs by having sparsely pubescent involucral bracts with occasional glands, H. imponens—by broad involucral bracts with a wide white border, vigorous growth (50-55 cm tall), and lastly by the leaf pubescence (longer bristles 1.5—2.0 mm). Types are in Helsinki. 746. H. calolepideum Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 49; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1246.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. II, No. 62. Perennial. Stem 50-70 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, violet at base and densely pubescent with thin, white bristles 2.0—2.5 mm long, 658 641 thinning upward and sparse and dark above, 3.0—-3.5 mm long, moder- ately glandular above, glands thinning downward, slightly stellate- pubescent; stolons underground, less frequently above-ground. Basal leaves 1-4, oblong to lanceolate, to 14 cm long (56:1), entire or very finely toothed, pure green, as a whole to moderately pubescent with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, without stellate down; cauline leaves 2-3 (co- efficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, acute, almost without stellate down beneath, without such down above. Inflorescence paniculate, with 8-16 capitula; acladium 6-10 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, grayish from hairs; floral bracts whitish. Involucres 7.5—8.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse, with wide white border and pinkish or pale violet tip, with scattered darkish hairs and also scattered fine glands, sparsely (conspicuously at base) stellate-pubescent. Corollas reddish-orange, peripheral ones with red stripes on outside; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Wet meadows in tall grass.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Pizhma District, Novozhilovo on Pechora. Type in Helsinki. 747. H. concoloriforme Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 54; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 647; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1246.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 110. Perennial. Stem 15—40 cm high, 1.0-2.5 mm in diameter, moderately pubescent at base, sparsely so on other parts with dark gray bristles 2.5—3.5 mm long, moderately glandular above with glands 0.6 mm long, thinning down to middle of stem and scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons underground. Basal leaves 3-5, oblong-spatulate, rounded- obtuse to broadly lanceolate and subacute, to 10 cm long (4-5:1), finely (spinosely) toothed, green, moderately pubescent above, scatteredly so along margin, densely beneath, along midrib very densely, as a whole densely pubescent with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, without stellate down (or with occasional stellate down beneath along midrib); cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), bottom leaf small, lanceolate, acute, upper narrow, rudimentary, bracteiform. Inflo- rescence paniculate, with 4-11 capitula; acladium 5 mm long; peduncles with occasional bristles, scatteredly glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8.5—9.0 mm long; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse, with reddish tips, with sparse, 16(13-20), gray hairs 2-3 mm long, scattered, 30(25—35), glands 0.6 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corollas dark yellow to orange, with red teeth, peripheral ones with red stripes on outside; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. 642 Plate XXXVII. 1—H. glaucescens Bess.; 2—H. flagellare (Willd.) N.P. 659 661 643 Wet meadows and along ditches.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (northern part). Endemic. Described from Ladva (Olonets part of Karelia). Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Despite its inclusion by Zahn (in Engl. |. c.) in the category of concolored species, because of the red-colored teeth and outside of the peripheral florets, this species seemingly belongs to the group of bicolored species; this difference is further accentuated by drying. In this context, it is appropriate to note that the name proposed by the author himself is quite unfortunate. Cycle 3. Fuscoatra Juxip.—H. fuscoatrum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 315; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1267; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 163.—H. collinum + aurantiacum N.P. |. c.—H. aurantiacum- pratense Zahn |. c.—In the dense pubescence of short hairs on all parts, light green color of leaves, and habit, it is very similar to H. onegense Norrl., differing from it by having reddish-saffron-colored florets with red stripes on the outside and rusty dark yellow stigmas. Plants from the north of the European territory of the Soviet Union; but in Upper Dniester species very similar to them are found, viz. H. fuscoatrum N.P. and H. silvicoliforme Zahn. 748. H. rubroonegense Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 61; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 647; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1267.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 120. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, violet at base, dark brown above, very densely pubescent with gray hairs 1.5 mm long, thinning upwards, dense again in upper part, moderately glandular and to densely stellate-pubescent above; stolons mostly underground. Basal leaves 2-5, oblong to (narrowly) lanceolate, to 12 cm long (6-7:1), entire, light green, as a whole very densely pubescent with short hairs 0.7—-1.0 mm long, on both sides without stellate down or such down only beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 2(—3) (coef- ficient of leafiness 0.10), narrow, lanceolate, upper leaf rudimentary, with stellate down beneath. Inflorescence compactly umbellate, with 4— 7 capitula; acladium 3-6 mm long; peduncles with sparse dark hairs, densely glandular with fine glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 6.5—7.0 mm long; involucral bracts very narrow, subobtuse, dark, with wide green border and violet tip, with sparse, 20(14—25), dark hairs 1.0—2.0 mm long, with gray tip, with sparse to scattered, 24(15—33), fine glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas reddish- orange; peripheral ones with bright red stripes on outside; stigmas reddish. Flowering June to July. 644 Wet meadows and slopes.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora (west- ern part). Endemic. Described from Pomorye (Tamitsa on the White Sea Coast near. Onega River). Type in Helsinki. Note. Probably, we should include here H. chaetodermum Pohle and Zahn (Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. XIII, 1907, 110; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1267), described from the northern Urals, and found also in the Tomsk Region. Type is unknown. 749. H. semionegense Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 60; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 647; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1267.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 119. Perennial. Stem 20-50 cm high, 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter, violet at base, dark above, moderately pubescent with light-colored bristles 1.5—2.5 mm long, scatteredly glandular and moderately stellate-pubes- cent above, pubescence thinning downward; stolons mostly under- ground. Basal leaves 1—4, oblong to lanceolate, mostly entire, to 11 cm long (7:1), light green, densely covered on both sides with short, thin hairs to 1 mm long, without stellate down; cauline leaves 1-2 (coeffi- cient of leafiness 0.04), bottom leaf oblong-lanceolate, sessile, with stellate down only beneath along midrib, upper leaf lanceolate or rudimentary. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-7 capitula; acladium 6— 7 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs, moderately glandular, gray-tomentose. Involucres 7.5—-8.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow to very narrow, subobtuse, blackish-green, with wide white border and light violet tip, with sparse, 20(15—25), hairs to 3 mm long and occa- sional, 5(3—12), glands 0.3-0.5 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Corollas saffron-golden or light reddish-colored, with red teeth, periph- eral ones with pinkish stripes on outside; stigmas reddish. Flowering June to July. Wet meadows and slopes.—European part: Dvina-Pechora (west- ern part). Endemic. Described from Pomorye Region (Tamitsa and Korelskoe on White Sea Coast near Onega River). Type in Helsinki. Cycle 4. Chaunanthia Juxip.—H. chaunanthes (N.P.) Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1249; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 143.—H. rubrum ssp. chaunanthes N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 322.—H. aurantiacum > pilosella N.P. 1. c.; Zahn in Pflzr. 1. c.; Asch. and Graebn. I. c.— Inflorescence very openly paniculate; leaves with conspicuous (to moderate) stellate down beneath; plants from North. 750. H. kihlmanii Norrl. Pilos. bor. (1895) 50; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1250.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. II, No. 60. 662 645 Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 3—4 mm in diameter, mostly dark red, densely pubescent with white bristles 3-4 mm long, moderately glandular above (glands to middle of stem), densely stellate-pubescent below inflorescence, scatteredly pubescent downward; stolons under- ground or subaerial, long, thick, colored, without leaves. Basal leaves 2-3, oblong or (mostly narrowly) lanceolate, tapered to winged petiole, to 14 cm long (7:1), moderately pubescent on both sides with hairs 2 mm long, without stellate down above, moderately pubescent beneath (midrib colored); cauline leaves 1-2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), bottom leaf large, resembling basal leaves, very acuminate, upper leaf more or less rudimentary, stellate-pubescent beneath. Inflorescence openly paniculate with very remote branches and 5-10 capitula; acladium 10-15 mm long; peduncles moderately pubescent with hairs 3—5 mm long, rather densely glandular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts pale to dull green. Involucres 9-10 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, with distinct pale border and dark violet tip, rather densely dark-pubescent and with rather dense, fine glands, moderately stellate- pubescent. Corollas dark saffron-yellow; peripheral ones with broad, tusty-red stripes on outside. Flowering June to July. Dry valley meadows.—European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Pizhma District. Type in Helsinki. Note. One finds various plants unrelated to H. stoloniflorum Waldst. and Kit. under the name H. stoloniflorum Waldst. and Kit., in the literature (Ldb. FI. Ross. II, 1844-1846, 846; Lehmann, FI. Poln. Livl. Nachtrag. 75; Puring, Ocherk. Rast. Zap. Ch. Pek. G. 1898, 157) and in herbaria (plants from the Baltic Region, Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper and Middle Dnieper regions). In the Upper Dniester one is more likely to come across H. meringophorum N.P. (Hier. Mitteleur. I, 1885, 328; Pflzr. op. cit. p. 1252; Asch. and Graebn. op. cit. p. 147), found in Stanislavov (Upper Dniester), and maybe others from the Series Chaunanthia. The occurrence of H. mickewiczii Rehm. (Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien. XLV, 1895, 323; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1252; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis XII, I, 147) is very doubtful. Cycle 5. Blyttiana Juxip.—H. blyttianum Fr. Cat. hort. Upsal. (1853); Epicr. 21; Lindeb. in Hartm. Nandb. Scand. Fl. ed. 11 (1879) 36; Norrl. in Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 642; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1258; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XI, I, 153.—Pilosella blyttiana Sz. Sz. in Flora, XXI (1862) 425.—H. pyrrhanthes N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 330.— H. aurantiacum-auricula N.P. |. c.; Zahn, |. c., H. fuscum Fr. Symb. (1848) 19 p. p.—H. rhodanthes Fr. Epicr. 1. c.(?)—Corollas purple or orange but then peripheral ones with deep purple stripes; leaves spatu- late, glaucous, mostly sparsely (only along margin and beneath along 663 646 midrib) pubescent; stolons as in H. auricula or underground; tips of involucral bracts violet. In the USSR, plants found frequently in Ladoga-IImen District. 751. H. aeruginascens Norrl. Anteckn. ofv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 129; Nya nord. Hier. I, 48—49; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 646; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261.—H. blyttianum (Fr.) 4 aeruginascens N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 339.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. No. 69, fasc. II, No. 174; Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 106; Lindb. Pl. Finl. exs. No. 1608. Perennial. Stem 30—35(15-50) cm high, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, reddish-violet at base, very densely pubescent with hairs 1.5 mm long or with dense, spreading hairs 2.5 mm long (var. detersum Norrl.), quickly thinning upwards, with solitary dark hairs above, densely or moderately (var. 2. detersum Norrl.) glandular above (glands thinning downward), densely stellate-pubescent above, thinning downward; stolons dark violet, subaerial, with spatulate (to 6), more or less short leaves. Basal leaves 2—6, oblong-spatulate, rounded-obtuse to lan- ceolate and subacute, to 10 cm long (3-6:1), glaucescent-frosted, above with occasional hairs near margin, beneath with scattered hairs 0.7—0.8 mm long, along margin sparse, beneath along midrib moderate, as a whole sparsely pubescent, without stellate down above, with sparse down beneath or without them (var f. detersum Norrl.); cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), small, lanceolate, with scattered down beneath. Inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with 4—10 capitula; acladium 5-8 long; peduncles with occasional bristles 2.0—2.5 mm long, densely or scatteredly (var. 2. detersum Norrl.) glandular, gray-tomen- tose. Involucres 6.5—-8.0 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts some- what broad, elongated to obtuse, reddish-violet tip, with very light- colored border, sparsely, 15(12—20), pubescent, with hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long, with scattered, 35(30-45), to occasional (10) glands (var. B. detersum Norrl.), 0.4—0.5 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corollas yellow- or rusty-red, peripheral ones with red stripes on outside; stigmas dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Wet meadows and edges of fields and ditches.—European Part: Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Olonets part of Karelia. Type in Helsinki. Note. We should include here also H. parvipunctatum Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. 1, 1904, 49; Mela-Cajander, op. cit. pro var.; Zahn in Pflzr. l. c. pro var.), described from the Olonets part of Karelia. The type is in Helsinki. 752. H. discoloratum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finnl. Pilos. I (1884) 114; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 644; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 337; Zahn in 647 Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. Nos. 51, 52; Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 99. Perennial. Stem 30—35(20—60) cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, vio- let at base, dark above, to scatteredly pubescent with bristles 2.5—4.0 mm long, densely glandular in lower part, scatteredly so above, very sparsely glandular and to densely stellate-pubescent at top, stellate hairs thinning downward; stolons long, thin, above-ground, with well developed (to 6) spatulate leaves. Basal leaves 4—6, spatulate, lingulate or lanceolate, with rounded or obtuse, inner leaves sometimes with plicate tip or short-acuminate, entire, glaucescent, to 11 cm long (5.5— 8.0:1), glabrous on both sides, along margin and beneath along midrib with occasional hairs 1-2 mm long, as a whole very sparsely pubes- cent, without stellate down; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), lanceolate, acute, upper leaf rudimentary, bracteiform. Inflores- cence compactly paniculate, with 3—8 capitula; acladium 3—5 mm long; peduncles with occasional hairs 3 mm long, moderately glandular with glands 0.6 mm long, grayish from stellate down; floral bracts dark or gray, with light-colored border. Involucres 8-9 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts wide, subobtuse, dark, with wide light-colored border and sparse, 14(10-—20), dark hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long and sparse, 17(15- 27), glands 0.7 mm long, almost without stellate down. Corollas dark yellow to reddish inside, with red teeth, outer orange, purple on out- side (in dry condition lilac-red); stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Wet turfy meadows.—European Part: Ladoga-I|men (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia (Finland). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. Note. Apparently, one should include here H. elfvingii Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. I, 1904, 50; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 644; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261), described from the Olonets part of Karelia (along the Svir River); it differs from H. discoloratum by having acute and not obtuse leaves, more attenuate, narrow involucral bracts and peripheral florets that are very purple on the outside. The type is in Helsinki. 753. H. pseudo-blyttii Norrl. in Not. Fa. et Fl. Fenn. XIII (1874) 427; Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I. 124; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 644; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 340; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261; Samuelsson, Maps of Scand. Hier. sp. No. 7.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. I, Nos. 61-64; Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 100; Lindb. Fl. Finnl. exs. Nos. 1605, 1606. Perennial. Stem 30-40(15-60) cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, dark above, sparsely pubescent in lower part with downward-directed, light- colored hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, above with occasional dark hairs 1 mm long, in general to scarcely scattered, to moderately glandular above, in general sparsely stellate-pubescent; stolons subaerial, very thin, 665 648 partly almost above-ground, thin, with spatulate-lanceolate (—5) leaves. Basal leaves 3-7, spatulate to lanceolate, rounded-obtuse to short- acuminate, sometimes with plicate tip, finely spinose-toothed, glaucescent, to 13 cm long (5.5—9.0:1), glabrous above, beneath and along margin with very occasional hairs, along midrib beneath to densely hairy, as a whole to sparsely pubescent with short (0.6—1.5 mm) hairs, almost without stellate down; cauline leaves (O—)1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.03), lanceolate, acute, upper leaf with stellate down beneath along midrib. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 3-10 capitula; acladium 5-8 mm long; peduncles almost glabrous, to scatteredly glan- dular, gray-tomentose; floral bracts gray, with light-colored border. Involucres (7.5—)8.0—8.5 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with wide green border and violet tip, with occasional to sparse, 12(9-20), hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long and sparse to scattered, 20( 16-32), glands 0.3-0.4 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Central corollas dark yellow, peripheral ones orange with purple stripes on outside; stigmas dark yellow. Flowering June to July. (Plate XX XIX, Fig. 2.) | Wet or dry thin meadows and slopes.—European Part: Karelia- Lapland (southern part), Ladoga-IImen (northern part). General distri- bution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. Probably, one should include here H. fulvolutescens Norrl. (Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 1906, 645; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261), de- scribed from the coastal areas of Lake Ladoga (from the Ladoga part of Karelia), and also H. clinoglossum Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. %, 46; Pfizr. |. c.), described from the Karelian Isthmus. The type is in Helsinki. 754. H. vernicosum Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 123; Nya nord. Hier. I, 51; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 645; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261 (nota).—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, No. 107 (var. oblongilingua Norrl.). Perennial. Stem 12—25 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, dark above, at base with moderate hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, in middle with scarce, above sparse, gray bristles with black base, as a whole to densely pubescent, very densely glandular above, with very thin and tiny glands (0.2-0.3 mm long), thinning downward, densely stellate-pubes- cent below inflorescence, greatly thinning downward; stolons above- ground or underground. Basal leaves 3-4, lingulate-oblong to lan- ceolate, to 6 cm long (4.5-7.0:1). pale glaucescent-green, almost glabrous on both, sides, hairs scattered along margin, dense beneath along midrib, | mm long, as a whole pubescence to scattered, without stellate down; cauline leaves 2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.01), bottom leaf larger, lanceolate, acute, with broad, somewhat amplexicaul base, upper small, 666 649 more or less rudimentary, with sparse hairs beneath. Inflorescence paniculate, with 3-8 capitula; acladium 3-5 mm long; peduncles almost glabrous, with moderate glands 0.3 mm long, gray-tometose. Involu- cres 7.5—-8.0 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, with wide white border, pale, with violet tip, dull green or reddish with occasional (8) gray hairs 1 mm long and sparse (20) glands 0.3 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas reddish; peripheral ones purple on out- side; stigmas dark. Flowering June to August. Grass, grass-forb meadows.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen. En- demic. Described from Olonets part of Karelia (Ladva). Type in Helsinki. 755. H. pulvinatum Norrl. Anteckn. ofv. Finl. Pilos. I (1884) 127; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 645; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 341; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261.—Pilosella pulvinata Norrl. Anteckn. |. c.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. Nos. 67, 68, sub Pilos. pulv.; Meinsh. Herb. fl. Ingr. fasc. X, No. 5 (pro H. decolorans). Perennial. Stem 25-45 cm high, 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter, violet- brown above, to densely pubescent with stiff, erect, light-colored hairs 1.0-1.5(-—3.0) mm long, densely glandular above (glands thinning quickly) and conspicuously stellate-pubescent, hairs thinning down- ward; stolons underground, thin. Basal leaves to 6, lingulate to lan- ceolate, subobtuse, remotely toothed, to 12 cm long (4~—8:1), dark green, almost glaucous, with occasional hairs above and beneath near margin (or glabrous), sparsely hairy along margin, moderately so be- neath along midrib, as a whole sparsely pubescent with hairs 1-2 mm long, stellate down lacking or sparse beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 1(—2) (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), bottom leaf lanceolate, somewhat amplexicaul, with stellate down beneath. Inflorescence com- pact-umbellate, with 3-10 capitula; acladium 4-5 mm long; peduncles almost glabrous, densely glandular, gray-tomentose, floral bracts whit- ish or gray. Involucres 8-9 mm long, cylindrical; involucral bracts somewhat broad, obtuse to subobtuse, blackish, with wide green border and reddish-violet tip, with sparse, 23(20-30), light-colored hairs 0.5— 1.0 mm long, and equally sparse, 18(17—20), glands 0.6 mm long, scatteredly stellate-pubescent. Corollas dark yellow, peripheral ones pale purple on outside (var. lutescens N.P.) or reddish-yellow, ‘on outside deep purple (var. purpurascens N.P.); stigmas dark yellow. Flowering June to July. Wet hummocky meadows.—European Part: Baltic Region (Esto- nian SSR), Lodga-Iimen (northern part). General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki. Note. Apparently, here we should include H. integrilingua Norrl. (Nya nord. Hier. 1, 1904, 47; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 646; Zahn 667 650 in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. III, No. 105), which differs from H. pulvinatum by having entire leaves and hairs on the involucral bracts to 2.5 mm long; the bracts are almost without stellate down. Found in Ladoga-IImen (in the Ladoga part of Karelia). The type is in Helsinki. 756. H. torquescens Norrl. Nya nord. Hier. I (1904) 52; Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 645 (nota); Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1261.—Exs.: Norrl. Hier. exs. fasc. III, Nos. 107, 108. Perennial. Stem 25(12—33) cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, violet at base, violet-brown in upper part, densely pubescent in lower part with white bristles 2.0—-2.5 mm long, thinning upward, above with sparse, dark bristles 1 mm long, densely glandular above (glands thinning downward to middle of stem), scatteredly stellate-pubescent; stolons underground. Basal leaves 3-5, outer short, spatulate, rounded- obtuse, others oblong-lanceolate, acute, to 7 cm long (4.0-5.5:1), entire or very finely toothed (spinosely), pure green, scattered-pubescent above, densely so beneath and along midrib, very densely to scatteredly along margin, as a whole moderately pubescent with hairs 0.8-1.5 mm long, without stellate down above, with very sparse down beneath along midrib; cauline leaves 1—2 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), bottom leaf lanceolate, with broad, somewhat amplexicaul base, acute, upper rudimentary, with sparse stellate hairs beneath (along midrib). Inflores- cence paniculate, with 3-5 capitula, acladium 3-5 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, with very dense glands 0.4 mm long, gray-tomentose. Involucres 8.0—8.5 mm long; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark, almost without border, with violet tip and occasional, 10(8-12), dark hairs 1 mm long, with sparse, 19(17—21), glands 0.4 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Corollas rust-colored, peripheral ones with purple stripes on outside; teeth of peripheral florets deeply in- cised, easily curling on drying; stigmas dark. Flowering June to July. Wet meadows.—European Part: Ladoga-Iimen (northern part). Endemic. Described from Olonets part of Karelia (Ladva). Type in Helsinki. Note. Zahn also included H. rhodanthum Fr. in this species, apparently erroneously reported by Fries as collected in Dauria (Zahn, Ne as Section 20. Auriculina N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 58, 115, 184, 782; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1195; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 6, 69.—Characters in key to sections (p. 8). Stem low, somewhat ascending, with rosette of basal leaves; in conditions of adequate nutrition plants always have long, mostly thin, 668 651 glabrous or sparsely pubescent, rooting stolons, with remote spatulate leaves, increasing in size toward tip; leaves spatulate to linear, entire, more or less glaucous, without stellate down (or with occasional hairs beneath along midrib), but in subsection Schultesia to moderately stellate-pubescent beneath; inflorescence compactly (rarely openly), paniculate umbel, but, in forms transitional to section Pilosellina (sub- section Schultesia), shallowly to deeply dichotomous; involucral bracts, peduncles, and stem conspicuously glandular (glands mostly down to base of stem); corollas mostly sulfur-yellow (in subsection Schultesia peripheral ones with somewhat reddish stripes on outer side). Euro- pean species, not found in the extreme north as well as south, are absent in Great Britain also. KEY TO SUBSECTIONS OF SECTION AURICULINA 1. Inflorescence paniculate, with small number (2-7) of capitula; leaviesywithout stellate;spubescencei: 2%. soe Pee eee See. Poa seeraetecets thew cot 0b. dehieh eth nee taeststdt Subsection 1. Auricula Juxip + Inflorescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with small number (2-5) of capitula; leaves sparsely to moderately stellate- pubescent beneath: <.eee ac. & Subsection 2. Schultesia Juxip Subsection 1. Auricula Juxip.—H. auricula Lam. and DC. FI. fr. IV, (1805) 24, emend.; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 202; Fr. Epicr. 19; Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl. ed. 11, 36; Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Finl. Pilos. I, 89; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 636; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 185; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 48; Lindm, Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 594; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1075; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1195; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 70.—H. dubium L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2 (1755) 272 p. p.; Willd. Sp. pl. III, 1563.—H. auricula Ldb. FI. Ross. II (1844) 846 p. p; Schmalh. FI. II, 156 p. p—Leaves completely lacking stellate pubescence beneath (or very rarely with occasional stellate hairs along midrib); inflorescence paniculate; florets concolored; light (sulfur) yellow. The members of subsection Auricula, being typical mesophytes, have clear preference for wet soils in meadows, glades and pastures; they tolerate shade (grow well in dense grass) and considerable soil acidity (to pH 5.2). In the Soviet Union, species of subsection Auricula are found in the northwestern and western parts of the European territory of the Soviet Union, not crossing 62° North. Moreover, their northeastern- 669 652 southwestern boundary passes roughly along the Skytyvkar-Gorky- Serpukhov-Gomel-Zhitomir-Chernovtsy line. References in the litera- ture to the occurrence of species of Auricula eastward and southward of this line are based on incorrect identifications or need to be verified. The map of the general distribution of H. auricula s. |., Zahn (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1923, 1196) shows the distribution beyond the Urals, which does not agree with the reality: In the same reference, the assumption is made that this species is absent in the Caucasus. Earlier authors had, in fact, reported H. auricula growing in the Caucasus, apparently confusing it with H. longiscepum Boiss. and Kotschy. Specimens with a single capitulum almost always have the rudi- ment of a second one. In any case, on planting in good soil, the plants always develop a paniculate inflorescence. Under cultivation, the plants gain height, but all relationships of important characters remain unchanged. 1. Involucral bracts glabrous or with very rare hairs.................. Dp + Involucral bracts conspicuously (occasionally) pubescent........ 23 2. Involucral bracts acute or subacute, very numerous, sparsely glandular, always glabrous, as peduncles and stem.................. Me MAO ADE I OF LOOT A ROR Oh BALE 757. H. acutisquamum N_P. Involucral bracts obtuse or subobtuse.............0... cc eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenes 3. Involucral bracts somewhat broad, black, with unclear border, with sparse to scattered glands............ 758. H. melaneilema N.P. + Involucral bracts narrow, with white border..................:ceeeseceeeeeee 4. Involucral bracts with sparse to scattered, 25(15-40), glands 0.5—0.8(-1.0) mm long; floral bracts black, with wide light borden:..2255.22iay AO eee. ok 759. H. auricula Lam. and DC. + Involucral bracts to moderately, (40-60), glandular, glands 1.0—1.2(—2.0) mm long; peduncles densely glandular; floral bracts Whitishts.£ Remain. Bic iOS Lh he 760. H. lithuanicum N.P. 5 (1). Involucral bracts acute or subacute, with light-colored border, pubescence of light-colored hairs................:ceeeesecceeessnceeeersneeeeeenees 6. + Involucral bracts subobtuse, blackish, with unclear border, pubescent with black bristles; peduncles with sparse, light- colored hairs; involucres 8—9 mm JONG...............:sscceeeesceeeeeseeceesneeees W 4 2 6. Involucral bracts somewhat broad....... 761. H. magnauricula N.P. + Involucral bracts narrow..............:eeseeeees 762. H. tricheilema N.P. Cycle 1. Eu-auricula Juxip.—Involucral bracts glabrous. 670 653 757. H. acutisquamum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 190; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 12; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1197; Asch. and Graebn. Synop- Sis, KOI 72. Perennial. Stem 5—25 cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, glabrous, moderately glandular above, glands gradually thinning downward, al- most without stellate down; stolons somewhat elongated. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, plicate, glaucous, very sparsely pubescent, with occasional cilia 2-3 mm long only along margin and beneath along midrib near base; without stellate down; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafinesss 0.07), in rosette. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—4 ca- pitula; acladium 3—8 mm long; peduncles glabrous, scatteredly glandu- lar, white-tomentose. Involucres 7.0—8.5 mm long, ovate, thickish; in- volucral bracts numerous, narrow, subacute to acute, dark, with narrow white border, glabrous, sparsely glandular, almost without stellate down. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering May to July. Meadows and forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region, Ladoga-Ilmen, Upper Volga, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean, Region, Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from Galicia. Type in Munich. 758. H. melaneilema N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 186; Zahn in Pfizr. 1V, 280, 1197; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 72.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 66, 118; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. VII, No. 19; GRF No. 1256. Perennial. Stem (5—)10—25 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, gla- brous, with occasional glands, almost without stellate down; stolons elongated, thin. Basal leaves spatulate to lanceolate, obtuse to subobtuse, glaucous, glabrous or with occasional cilia 1-2 mm long at base of leaves, without stellate down; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.07), with occasional cilia 2-3 mm long at base, along margin and beneath along midrib. Inflorescence paniculate, with 1-4 capitula; acladium (3—)5—8 mm long; peduncles galbrous, with scattered to sparse glands, gray from stellate down; floral bracts black, with inconspicu- ous border. Involucres 7-8 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts some- what broad, obtuse, black, with inconspicuous border glabrous (typi- cal form) or to scatteredly pubescent, sparsely to scatteredly glandular, with very sparse stellate down. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Mainly in middle and alpine montane zones where multitude of forms has evolved, which are distinguished by nature of pubescence; seldom found in plains.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Ladoga-IImen (Pskov!), Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe, Mediterranean, Region, 654 Preps eRe EI Plate XXXVIII. 1—H. glomeratum (Fr.) N.P.; 2—H. prussicum N.P. 671 673 655 Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from former East Prussia. Type in Munich. 759. H. auricula Lam. and DC. ex N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 189; Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. I, 26; Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 17; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 13; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1198; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 73, sub H. eu-auricula typicum Zahn.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III (1910) 349-350.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 63, 64, 209, 248; Fr. Herb. norm. fasc. VI, No. 6, XI, No. 14; Hier. Europ. No. 13; Callier, Fl. Siles. exs. No. 1103; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Nos. 1491, 2533, 6316, 6317, 6438, 6636; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 207, 807; Dahlst. Hier. Scand. VIII, No. 9, XI, Nos. 48, 49; Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. I, Nos. 21— 23; Il, No. 162; Hier. exs. fasc. III, Nos. 68-71, fasc. V, Nos. 14-16; GRF Nos. 1254, 1255, 2206. Perennial. Stem 5—20(—40) cm high, 0.5—2.0 mm in diameter, gla- brous at base or with occasional hairs, sparsely to scatteredly glandu- lar above, glands decreasing to base, almost without stellate down; stolons long (to 25 cm), thin to somewhat thick, with 6-11 spatulate leaves. Basal leaves 8(3—-13), spatulate to (narrowly) lanceolate, ob- tuse, plicate, glaucous, somewhat lustrous, to 10 cm long (6-—7:1), with occasional cilia 5-7 mm long only along margin and along midrib beneath near base, without stellate down; cauline leaves | (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), without or with occasional stellate down beneath along midrib. Inflorescence paniculate, with (1—)2—5(—8) capitula; acladium 4-10 mm long; peduncles glabrous, with scattered glands, gray- or whit-tomentose; floral bracts black, with wide white border. Involucres (5S—)6—8(—9) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, ob- tuse to subobtuse, blackish-green, with white border, glabrous or with occasional hairs (mainly at tips of bracts and then, not on all— f. subpilosum Dahlst.), with scattered, 25(15—-40), glands 0.5—0.8(—1.0) mm long, with very sparse stellate down, glabrous along margin. Co- rollas sulfur yellow; stigmas yellow; achenes 1.5 mm long. Flowering June to July, sometimes second flowering August to September. (Plate XXXII, Fig. 2.) Meadows, forest edges, seaside meadows and edges of marshy lands, mainly in plains, in mountains to 2,500 m.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland (southern part), Dvina-Pechora, Baltic Region, Ladoga- Ilmen; Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester. General distribu- tion: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe, Atlantic Europe (eastern part), Mediterranean, Region, Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from Sweden. Type unknown. Note. A highly polymorphic species with a host of forms in Central Europe, which are distinguished by minor, difficult-to-assess 674 656 characters that, however, do not pose any problem in the identification of the species. S. Omang (Die Hieracien Norwegens, I, 1935, 30) was undoubtedly right in saying that H. auricula, by comparison with other species of hawkweeds, is an easily identifiable species. About 50% of all the examined specimens had well-developed pollen. 760 H. lithuanicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 192; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1198; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 73.—Exs.: Rehm. and Wol. Fl. Polon. exs. No. 52. Perennial. Stem (13—)20-30 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, with occasional, light-colored, hairs 2 mm long at base, moderately glandu- lar above, glands thinning toward base, very sparsely stellate-pubes- cent above; stolons long, very thin. Basal leaves 6—8, spatulate-linear, obtuse, glaucous, with occasional hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long, without stel- late down along margin and beneath along midrib close to base; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), near rosette. Inflorescence openly paniculate, with 2—3(—5) capitula; acladium 8-14 mm long, branches very remote; peduncles glabrous, to densely glandular, grayish from pubescence; floral bracts whitish. Involucres 6.0—6.5(—7.5) mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, obtuse, dark, with white border, gla- brous (or sometimes with occasional hairs), with moderate, (20—)40-60, large glands 0.8—1.2(—2.0) mm long, very sparsely (margins glabrous) stellate-pubescent. Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows and pastures.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Dnieper. General distribution: Central Europe (eastern part). Described from Lithuania. Type in Munich; paratype in Lvov. Cycle 2. Tricheilema Juxip.—Involucral bracts with conspicuous hairs. 761. H. magnauricula N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 192; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 12; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1198; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 73.—H. auricula var. majus Fr. Novit. fl. Suec. ed. 2 (1828) 249; Epicr. 20; Lindbe. in Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl. ed. 10, 2.—H. auricula B. vahlianum Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII (1838) 201.—H. auricula 7. trichocephalum Froel. in DC. Prodr. p. 202.—H. auricula var. elatum Froel. 1. c.—H. auricula var. caulescens Fr. Symb. (1848) 4.—H. au- ricula y. spurium P.M.E. Fl. Preuss. (1850) 337.—H. auricula b. glaucescens Garcke, Fl. Deutschl. (1878) 224.—H. saturicolor Dahlst. Hier. Scand. VI (1894) No. 51.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 67; Callier. FI. Siles, exs. No. 1232; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 508. 675 657 Perennial. Stem 20-35 cm high, 1-3 mm in diameter, with sparse bristles, scatteredly glandular above, glands thinning downward, scatteredly stellate-pubescent above, down thinning downward; stolons long, often somewhat thick. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, glaucous, with occasional cilia 4-5 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib toward base, without stellate down; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), near rosette. Inflorescence paniculate, with (2—)4—7 capitula; acladium 5—15 mm long; peduncles glabrous or with occasional hairs, moderately to scatteredly glandular, gray-tomen- tose. Involucres 7-9 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark green, with light border, with occasional, light-colored hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, and scattered glands (var. subcalvum N.P.) or with dark, to scattered hairs 2-4 mm long and glands (var. pilosum N.P.), with very sparse stellate down (margins glabrous). Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Meadows, pastures, forests edges and roadsides.—European Part: Baltic Region (southern part), Upper Volga, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe, Atlantic Europe (eastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor (western part). Described from former East Prussia. Type in Munich. 762. H. tricheilema N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 191; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1199; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 74. Perennial. Stem 10-—20(—40) cm high, 1.5—2.0 mm in diameter, sparsely to scatteredly pubescent with hairs 2-3 mm long, scatteredly glandular above (glands quickly thinning downward), scatteredly stel- late-pubescent above, hairs very sparse downward; stolons elongated, somewhat thin. Basal leaves spatulate to lanceolate, obtuse, glaucous, with occasional soft cilia 3-4 mm long, along margin and beneath along midrib, without stellate down; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.05), near rosette. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2-4 capitula; acladium 4—8 mm long; peduncles glabrous, moderately glandular, gray-tomen- tose. Involucres 6.5—8.0 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subacute, dark, with white border, with scattered light-colored hairs 1.5 mm long and occasional to sparse glands, very sparsely stellate-pu- bescent (margins glabrous). Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flow- : ering June to August. Meadows and forest edges, mainly in montane regions to 2,400 m.—European Part: Upper Dniester. General distribution: Scandinavia (southern part), Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. 676 658 763. H. amaureilema N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 191; Zahn in Pfizr. [V, 280, 1199; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 74.—Exs.: GRF Nos. 1807, 2207. Perennial. Stem 7—25(—50) cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, with scat- tered, light-colored hairs at base, thinning upward to occasional, sparsely glandular above, glands quickly thinning, very sparsely stel- late-pubescent; stolons long, thin. Basal leaves 6(3—9), spatulate-linear to almost linear, obtuse to subacute, glaucous, with occasional, cilia 2-3 mm long along margin and beneath along midrib near base, without stellate down; cauline leaves 1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.04), near rosette. Inflorescence paniculate, with 2—5(—7) capitula; acladium 3—20 mm long, branches often remote; peduncles with sparse light-colored hairs, moderately glandular, gray from stellate down. Involucres 8-9 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts narrow, subobtuse, blackish, with unclear border, with sparse (sometimes to occasional), 7(5—10), black bristles and sparse to occasional, 16(10—22), glands 0.7—1.2 mm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent (margins glabrous). Corollas light yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to August. Meadows and forest edges, mainly in montane regions.— European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe, Atlantic Europe, Mediterranean Region. Described from Sudeten. Type in Munich. Subsection 2. Schultesia Juxip.—H. schultesii F. Schultz, Arch. fl. Fr. Allem. I (1842) 35, II (1850) 177; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1211; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 89.—H. auricula-pilosella N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 222.—H. nudifolium Norrl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. ed. 2 (1889) 153.—H. psilophyllum G. Anderss. apud Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1890) 47.—Inflorescence shallowly or deeply di- chotomous (both types of dichotomy often on same plant!); leaves sparsely to moderately stellate-pubescent beneath (usually, leaves of stolons more densely pubescent); glands usually well-developed on inflorescence and stem; peripheral corollas mostly with red stripes on outside; plants not high. Plants rare, found within the range of H. auricula; in most cases, apparently hybrids of H. auricula-pilosella. Plants having a simple stem (unbranched) are usually with diffi- culty considered Schultesia, as the decisive character in these cases is the density of stellate pubescence beneath on basal leaves, never surpassing the level of hyaline-tomentose (under high magnification it is possible to count the number of stellate hairs on a specific area of leaf, which is not possible in species of H. pilosella). Besides, on carefully collected plants, one almost always can find some with a dichotomous inflorescence alongside single-headed specimens. 659 — . Imyolucrall bracts *h airy: ss. evehs 2b sett, cash OMe EEE, tees. a Involucral bracts glabrous...............ccccsseeee 764. H. frondosum N.P. Involucral bracts with very few (3-4) hairs; involucres 10-11 mm long; teeth of peripheral florets squarrose............:csecceeeeeeees wo RRR TE. eNO esc AGL este, athe neermle 765. H. squarrosulum Norrl. Involucral bracts with sparse to scattered hairs.......................0005 o Involucral bracts with very sparse black hairs and moderate to dense glands (ratio of hairs to glands roughly 20:80); involu- eressl@= Iimmiulong..in ieee. ci. ink 766. H. subatriceps Zahn + Hairs and glands on involucral bracts of more or less equal GENISICY,.. PRR IIE S.C. BETTAIEE SS, EMRE BEC IOIS FST BRUNE, ee 4. 4. Involucral bracts broad, with scattered, light-colored hairs; involucres 8-9 mm long; glands in inflorescence rather large, 0.5—0.7 mm long................... 767. H. schultesii (F. Schultz.) N.P. + Involucral bracts narrow, with scattered, dark hairs; involucres 9.0-10.5 mm long; glands in inflorescence small, 0.3-0.4 mm lompres sists. wr. Gary Ulve liad, Ser eOe ARN 768. H. mendelii N.P. N+ » + 764. H. frondosum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 230; Zahn, Hier. fl. Mosquens. 14; Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1214.—Ic.: Syreistsch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. III, 350, sub A. schultesii F. Schultz. Perennial. Stem (10—)25-35 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, some- what ascending or erect, often with scattered stems, with sparse, light- colored hairs 1.5—2.0 mm long, with sparse glands above, thinning down to middle of stem, grayish above from downward-thinning stel- late down; stolons elongated, somewhat thick, with remote, somewhat large leaves, increasing in size toward tip of stolon. Basal leaves 11- 13, oblong-lanceolate, rounded-obtuse to subacute, glaucescent, with occasional bristles 3-5 mm long above, with scattered soft hairs 2-3 mm long beneath, as a whole to scatteredly pubescent, without stellate down above, moderately pubescent beneath (young leaves grayish); cauline leaves 0-1 (coefficient of leafiness 0.02), small. Inflorescence dichotomous (or sometimes simple), with 1—2 capitula; acladium to half as long as stem. Involucres 9-10 mm long, ovate to subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, dark gray, with narrow, light green border, glabrous, with moderate or to dense (60-90) glands 0.7 mm long, grayish from stellate down including margin. Corollas yellow, concolored or sometimes somewhat reddish on outside. Flowering June to July. Meadows and glades.—European Part: Baltic Region, Upper Volga. Described from Munich (from a spontaneous hybrid). Type in Munich. 678 660 765. H. squarrosulum Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Penn. II (1894) No. 153; Pilos. bor. 32; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1212.—Pilosella squarrosula Norrl. |. c.—Exs.: Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Penn. fasc. II, No. 153. Perennial. Stem 8-15 cm high, 1 mm in diameter, ascending, weak, brownish above, sparsely pubescent with light-colored hairs 1.5—2.5 mm long, densely glandular above, glands thinning downward, dis- tinctly stellate-pubescent; stolons to 7 cm long, hairy and stellate- downy, with rather large (5) spatulate to lanceolate leaves. Basal leaves broadly lingulate-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, very sparsely pubescent, without stellate down above, to hyaline-tomen- tose beneath from stellate down; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence forked or simple, with (1—)2 capitula; acladium about 50% as long as stem or more. Involucres 10-11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts somewhat broad, acute, dark, with white border, with occasional (3-4), light-colored hairs 1 mm long, with moderate to dense, 63(55-75), glands 0.6 mm long, grayish from stellate down. Corollas sulfur yellow, teeth of peripheral florets squarrose, usually red on outside; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Dry valley meadows.—European Part: Ladoga-Ilmen (northern part). Endemic? Described from banks of Svir River. Type in Helsinki; paratype in Leningrad. 766. H. subatriceps Zahn in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1213; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 94.—H. atriceps Dahlst. Beitr. Hier.-Fl. Oesels, 16; non N.P., nec Blocki. Perennial. Stem 10-20 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, very sparsely pubescent with hairs 2.5-3.0 mm long, very densely glandular above, to scatteredly so in middle and in lower part of stem, densely stellate- pubescent above, pubescence thinning downward; stolons thin, quite long (to 13 cm), with 3-8 small, lanceolate, acute leaves, becoming smaller toward tip of stolon. Basal leaves 5-10, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, to 5 cm long (5:1), glaucous, above with occasional bristles 3-4 mm long, beneath with scattered, along midrib dense and along margin sparse cilia 1.5—2.5 mm long, as a whole scatteredly pubescent, without stellate down above, beneath with up to almost dense stellate down; stems with only floral bracts. Inflorescence shallowly to deeply dichotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium 30-110 mm long. Involucres 10-11 mm long, truncate; involu- cral bracts somewhat broad, acute, with red cusp, with very sparse, 10(9-16), black hairs 1.5—3.0 mm long, crowded mainly near tip, with moderate to dense, 50(35—75), black glands 0.6-0.7 mm long, with scattered stellate down. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with bright purple stripe on outside. Flowering July. 661 Meadows and deciduous forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Region. Endemic? Described from Saaremaa (Oesel) Island. Type in Stockholm. 767. H. schultesii (F. Schultz) N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 228; Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280, 1216; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 96, sub H. schultesii typicum Zahn. Perennial. Stem 15—25 cm high, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, ascending, scatteredly pubescent with hairs 1-3 mm long (denser at base and above), densely glandular above, glands gradually thinning downward to base, moderately hairy, above grayish from stellate down; stolons elongated, thin. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse to subacute or narrowly lanceolate (var. & pseudo-schultesii IN#B4)3 glaucescent, on both sides with occasional hairs 3-5 mm long, above without stellate down, beneath with such down moderate to hyaline- tomentose; cauline leaves 0-1. Inflorescence shallowly to deeply dichotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium 10-90% as long as stem. In- volucres 8-9 mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts broad, acute, blackish, with light border, with scattered, light-colored hairs 1 mm long (f. pilosum N.P.) or glabrous (f. epilosum N.P.), moderately glan- dular, grayish from stellate down. Corollas yellow; peripheral ones with reddish teeth. Flowering June to July. Meadows and glades, forest edges.—European Part: Baltic Re- gion (southern part), Upper Volga, Upper Dnieper, Upper Dniester. General distribution: Central Europe, Atlantic Europe. Described from Bavaria from artificial hybrid. Type may or may not be in Munich. 768. H. mendelii N.P. Hier Mitteleur. I (1885) 230; Zahn, in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1214; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 94.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. No. 13. Perennial. Stem 10-20 cm high, 1.0—1.5 mm in diameter, scatteredly pubescent with hairs 2.0-2.5 mm long, scatteredly glandular, glands thinning downward, conspicuously stellate-pubescent; stolons long, thin. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, glaucescent, on both sides sparsely pubescent with hairs 3-5 mm long, without stellate down above, hyaline-tomentose beneath; cauline leaves 0(-1). Inflo- rescence shallowly or deeply dichotomous, with 2 capitula; acladium (20)50-90% of stem length; peduncles with scattered hairs 2.0—2.5 mm long, densely glandular with fine glands, gray-tomentose. Involucres 9.0-10.5 mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with light border, with scattered, dark hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long, moderately fine-glandular, grayish from stellate down (margin glabrous). Corollas 679 662 yellow; peripheral ones reddish on outside or concolored. Flowering June to July. Meadow.—European Part: Ladoga-IImen. General distribution: Central Europe. Described from artificial hybrid produced by Mendel. Type in Munich. Section 21. Pilosellina N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 58, 114, 777; Zahn in Pflzr. lV, 280, 1149; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 5, 7.— Stirps H. pilosellae Fr. Symb. (1844) 13, p. majore p.—Section I. Eupiloselia Sz. Sz. in Flora XXI (1862) 422.—H. pilosella Brenner in Acta Soc. Fa. Fl. Fenn. 25(1903) No. 2.—Characters in key to sections (p. 8). Stem scapose, arising from basal rosette, with single large capitulum (often with collateral scapes), very rarely deeply dichoto- mously branched. Basal leaves obovate and obtuse to lanceolate and acute, white- or gray-tomentose beneath from dense stellate down (in older herbarium specimens tomentum turning reddish with time), very rarely, stellate down on both sides; leaves on both sides sparsely to moderately pubescent, with long bristles above and shorter and softer hairs beneath, visible with difficulty against background of white or gray tomentum, and only with help of skilfully directed incident light; ligules of peripheral corollas almost always with red stripes on outside or their teeth reddish; with adequate nutrition and in the absence of growth suppression always develops stolons. Throughout Europe, excluding Ireland and Scotland; Northwestern Africa, Western Asia. KEY TO SUBSECTIONS OF SECTION PILOSELLINA 1. Stolons short, thick, with clustered, equal-sized, more or less large leaves, differing little in size and form from basal leaves; involucral bracts more or less broad to very broad (1.5—3.0 mm) bETOMIME, sag RUDRA LE LTOADS | UEC HEI AEN. | o LE WY CEI. Meeentees 2. + Stolons long, thin to somewhat thick, with small, remote leaves becoming smaller toward tip of stolon; involucral bracts 0.5—1.5 mm wide, subacute to acute............ Subsection 3. Pilosella Juxip 2. Involucral bracts ovate, with rounded tip, or more or less ob- long, short-acuminate with obtuse tip (at least in outer bracts) IML GROUND. CER RO, ES. Subsection 1. Hoppeana Juxip + Involucral bracts long-acuminate from broad base into acute tip... BI WL Labo ed AIRE ae Subsection 2. Peleteriana Juxip 680 663 Subsection 1. Hoppeana Juxip.—H. hoppeanum Schult. Fl. Austr. 2, II (1814) 428; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 118; nec Froel.; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1074; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 274.—Grex H. hoppeanum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1151; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 14.—H. pilosella var. grandiflorum Fr. Symb. (1848) 3.—H. pilosellaeforme Hoppe in Sturm. Deutschl. Fl. 37 (1817) t. 6 and in Denkschr. bot. Ges. Regensb. II (1818) 138; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 199.—H. pilosella var. hoppeana Monn. Essai (1829) 18; Koch, Syn- opsis, 2, II (1844) 510.—H. pilosella b. alpinum Fr. Epicr. (1862) 11.— Pilosella hoppeana Sz. Sz. in Flora XXI (1862) 421.—H. algoicum Froel. ex Sendtn. in Flora (1854) 322.—Characters in key to subsection. l. + my V+ Leaves without stellate down above, white-tomentose beneath er Ree ie Di LECT MERE Sh CC Mi or i Pp i cc ps Leaves on both sides stellate-pubescent; scatteredly tomentose above, white-tomentose beneath................... 775. H. cilicicum N.P. Involucral bracts broad, 2—3 mm or even broadeT.............:eseeseseees 3. Involucral bracts narrower, 1—2(—2.5) mm Wide.............::::ceeeeeeeees 8. Involucral bracts dark to blackish...................::ssssscssssercesreescesereeneees 4. Involucral bracts light-colored OF Qray..........:ssesceeseeseesseteteeteseeseenee 5) Involucral bracts 3 mm wide, stellate pubescent to margin, ratio of hairs to glands roughly 70:30............... 769. H. hoppeanum N.P. Involucral bracts 2.3 mm wide, stellate-pubescence scarcely extending to margin, ratio of hairs to glands roughly 30:70 REED Aes Ao vas Reto co RENME Act eceoacee eG 770. H. virentisquamum N.P. Leaves more or less wide (elliptical to lanceolate); involucral bracts light-COlOred...........:sscsesssesesereeeeseeesesessessenssesesesenenenenensncncnces 6. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute; involucral bracts lead-gray, long; involucres large, 13 mm long.......774. H. macrolepium N.P. Involucres 10-11 mm IOMg............:cccsccesceseeeceneeseesseeesenesensenaeeneenees Te Involucres 7-9 mm long; involucral bracts sparsely pubescent but densely glandular (ratio of hairs to glands roughly 20:80) EVENS PERT EEE,. cde Deh Stas tes stone 773. H. antennarioidiforme Zahn Involucral bracts eglandular................. 771. H. pilisquamum N.P. Involucral bracts with sparse glands; all parts of plants to densely stellate-pubescent (Whitish)............s:::sceseeetretsetteteees MN ATR HUME. BIN SOUT, Sk. 772. H. perileucum Schelk. and Zahn Involucral bracts glabrous or with occasional haits.................+. 9. Involucral bracts more or less conspicuously pubescent......... 10. Involucral bracts 2 mm wide; involucres 10-11 mm long; leaves to scatteredly pubescent............--.:seseeeees 776. H. hypeuryum N.P. Involucral bracts narrower, 1.5 mm wide; involucres 9.5 mm long; leaves to densely pubescent......... 777. H. multisetum N.P. 664 10. Involucral bracts sparsely pubescent; ratio of hairs to glands roughly 50/5004 ..22.28..4..5..2e ee eee 778. H. lasiothrix N.P. + Involucral bracts moderately to densely pubescent, with occa- sional glands or almost eglandular..................eeeeeeseecceceeeeeeeeeeens 11. 11. Involucres 10-11 mm long; leaves covered with bristles 3.0—4.5 mm Jong; /stolonsshort\(!..se02. 4) saeco. ates aia. See See SIT PERE he et MENS 779. H. lamprocomoides Woron. and Zahn + Involucres 10.5-12.0 mm long; leaves covered with bristles 6-8 mm long; stolons somewhat elongated..................ssseeeeeeeeees Lehi D in, ORI AL EY BE Aneel tase) 780. H. lamprocomum N.P. Cycle 1. Hoppeana Juxip.—Grex. H. hoppeanum Zahn in Pflzr. IV. 280 (1923) 1151; grex H. eu-hoppeanum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1922) 15.—H. hoppeanum Schult. Fl. Austr. 2, II (1814) 428.—H. macranthum Ten. Syll. fl. Napol. (1813) 399 p. p.— Stolons short, thick; leaves without stellate down above; involucres (8—)11-13(—14) mm long; involucral bracts 2-3 mm wide, dark, with light border. 769. H. hoppeanum N.P. Kier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 119; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1152; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 15.—H. hoppeanum B. typicum Rouy and Foucaud. FI. France. IX (1905) 239.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. fl. Germ. XIX (1859) 53, t. 108, f. II; Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, 1196.—Exs.: Fr. Hier. Europ. No. 1; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. No. 1256; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 201 bis, 301; Fl. Austro-Hung. exs. No. 3002; Hier. Naeg. Nos. 115, 241, 261. Perennial. Stem 10—30 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, scapose, with scattered to moderate hairs 3-4 mm long, to densely glandular above (glands thinning downward to middle of stem), grayish-green from stellate down; stolons short, thick. Basal leaves 6-12, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse or subacute (4:1), moderately pubescent on both sides with almost soft, white hairs 5-6 mm long above, 2—4 mm long beneath, without stellate down above, white-tomentose be- neath. Inflorescence single-headed. Involucres (10—)11—13(—14) mm long, compressed-subglobose, with truncate base; involucral bracts to 3 mm wide, blackish, with white border, obtuse (inner subobtuse), scatteredly to sparsely pubescent with hairs 1.0—1.5 mm long, with sparse to dense glands 0.4-0.6 mm long, gray from stellate down, also along margin. Corollas light yellow, peripheral ones mostly with red stripes on out- side; stigmas yellow. Flowering May to August. (Plate XXXIV, Fig. 1.) Subalpine and alpine meadows, to 2,400 m.—European Part: Crimea, Caucasus: Eastern, Western, and Southern Transcaucasia, 682 665 Talysh.—General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean Region, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Switzerland. Type in Munich. Note. Highly polymorphic, it apparently is an aggregate species, distinguished mainly by the nature of the pubescence and, in this respect, resembling H. pilosella L. 770. H. virentisquamum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 120; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1152; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 16.— H. macranthum £. Bertol. Fl. Ital. VIII (1850) 457. Perennial. Stem 15-20 cm high, thin, almost glabrous or with mod- erate hairs 2.0—2.5 mm long, densely glandular above, glands thinning downward to base, grayish from stellate down; stolons short, thick. Basal leaves 4—7, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, to 7 cm long (4—5:1), with sparse, white, soft hairs 3-S mm long, without stellate down above, white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single- headed. Involucres 11.5—12.0 mm long (or 9-10 mm.—var. minoriceps Zahn), ovate; involucral bracts 2.3 mm wide, dark, with green border, subobtuse, glabrous or with occasional or to scattered hairs to 1 mm long, densely (80-125) glandular, with light-colored glands 0.4-1.0 mm long with dark base and yellow head, crowded toward tip of bracts, involucral bracts grayish-green from stellate down, margins (almost) without down. Corollas yellow; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to August. Mountain meadows, to 2,100 m.—Caucasus: Western Trans- caucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Mediterranean, Balkans- Asia Minor (eastern Anatolia, former Artvin District). Described from Switzerland. Type in Munich. Cycle 2. Macrantha Juxip.—Grex H. macranthum (Ten.) Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1152; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 16.—H. pilosella var. macranthum Ten. Fl. Nap. IV (1830) 114 p. p., V (1835- 1836) 190, t. 184, f. 3; Fr. Epicr. 11.—H. macranthum Boiss. FI. or. III (1875) 860.—Grex Macranthum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 119, 122.— Stolons short or somewhat longish, more or less thick; leaves without stellate down above; involucres (8—)10—12 mm long; involucral bracts 1.3—2.0(—2.5) mm wide, often densely stellate-pubescent; light-colored, with very light border; often numerous collateral stems developed; peripheral corollas mostly with conspicuous red stripes on outside. 771. H. pilisquamum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 124; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1154. Perennial. Stem to 20 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, often with collat- eral 1-2 stems, glabrous or somewhat pubescent (var. & galaticum 683 666 Freyn), sparsely glandular above, glands quickly thinning downward, tomentose above, becoming bare downward; stolons short, thick. Basal leaves elliptical to elliptical lanceolate, obtuse, weakly glaucescent, with scattered stiff hairs 4 mm long, without stellate down above, velutinous-white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single-headed. In- volucres 10-11 mm long, subglobose; involucral bracts 2.5 mm wide, light-colored, outer obtuse, inner subacute, moderately pubescent with light-colored hairs 1 mm long, eglandular, white-tomentose from stellate down (including margin). Corollas yellow. Flowering June to August. Mountains, to 2,760 m.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia (east- ern Anatolia). General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Asia Minor. Type in Munich. 772. H. perileucum Schelk. and Zahn in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VII (1912) 130; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1154. Perennial. Stem 20-30 cm high, scapose, 1-2 mm in diameter, with hairs up to scattered, 5.0-2.5 mm long, moderately glandular above, glands thinning downward, white-tomentose; stolons short (to 5 cm long), densely and long-white-pubescent and white-tomentose, with reddish leaves (to three-fourths’ length of basal leaves). Basal leaves 4-8, elliptical or oblong, obtuse to subacute, to 6 cm long (4.5:1), with hairs 2.5 mm long, with sparse bristles 5 mm long above, as a whole to sparsely pubescent (leaves of stolons more densely hairy), without stellate down above, white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single- headed. Involucres 9.0-10.5 mm long; outer involucral bracts ovate, to 2.5 mm wide, inner narrow, acute, with scattered (30) white hairs 1.0— 1.5 mm long, and equally scattered (40) glands 0.3—0.5 mm long, white- tomentose. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with red stripes on out- side; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to July. Mountains, alpine meadows, at 2,100—2,400 m.—Caucasus: West- ern and Southern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia (Becho Mountains). Type in Tbilisi. 773. H. antennarioidiforme Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 21 (1912) 1; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1155. Perennial. Stem 20 cm high, sparsely pubescent, scatteredly ae. dular above, glands thinning downward, gray from down; stolons somewhat elongated, thick. Basal leaves spatulate to lanceolate, ob- tuse, to 5 cm long, soft-pubescent, without stellate down above, white- tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single-headed. Involucres 7-9 mm long; involucral bracts (inner) with wide green border, obtuse, sparsely 684 667 pubescent, densely glandular, moderately stellate-pubescent. Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with red teeth. Flowering June to August. Alpine meadows.—Caucasus: Western Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from Svanetia (Muzhal). Type unknown. 774. H. macrolepium N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 124; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1155. Perennial. Stem 30-40 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with scattered hairs 2-3 mm long, sparsely glandular above, thinning to none below, rather densely stellate-pubescent; stolons short, somewhat thick. Basal leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapered toward base, acute, glaucescent, with occasional, white, soft hairs 4-5 mm long, without stellate down above, white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single-headed. Involu- cres 13 cm long, ovate; involucral bracts 2.5 mm wide, long (outer 6— 7 mm, lead-gray, with indistinct border, subacute), inner acute, with moderate light-colored hairs 0.8 mm long, with occasional glands, gray from stellate pubescence (along margin moderately pubescent). Corol- las yellow, peripheral ones with red teeth. Flowering July. Mountain slopes.—European Part: Crimea. General distribution: Mediterranean Region. Described from Italy. Type in Munich. Cycle 3. Cilicia Juxip.—Grex H. cilicicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 121; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1156.—Differs from Macrantha by leaves being stellate-pubescent on both sides. 775. H. cilicicum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 121; Zahn in Pfizr. IV, 280, 1156.—H. pilosella Kotschy, Iter. cilicic. in Bulgar Dagh. No. 141 p. p.—H. pilosella *velutinum' Fr. Epicr. (1862) 12 p. p.— H. centrifugum lanka in Sched. Perennial. Stem to 25 cm high, glabrous, scatteredly glandular above, glands thinning toward base, densely stellate-pubescent, sto- lons short, somewhat thick, with few equal-sized leaves. Basal leaves oblong, subacute, to 6 cm long, thick, to moderately pubescent on both sides: with stiff hairs 4-6 mm long above and shorter, softer hairs beneath, with scattered stellate down above (hence, leaves grayish- green), velutinous-white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single- headed. Involucres 11 mm long, compressed; involucral bracts ovate, 1.3-1.5 mm wide, dark, with inconspicuous border, subacute, with occasional hairs 1 mm long only at base, but densely glandular, gray from stellate down, but occasional stellate down along margin. Corollas yellow. Flowering June to August. ‘Asterisk before velutinum not explained in text—General Editor. 668 Plate XXXIX. 1—H. permicum Zahn; 2—H. pseudo-blyttii Norrl. 685 687 669 Mountains, to 2,760 m.—Caucasus: Eastern Anatolia (former Artvin District). General distribution: Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Asia Minor. Type in Munich. Cycle 4. Hypeurya Juxip.—H. hypeuryum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 178, 781; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1187; Asch. and Graebn. Syn- opsis, XII, I, 61; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 274 (Omn. ut. sp. coll.).— H. pilosella y. grandiflorum Scheele in Linnaea, XXXI (1862) 642.— H. hoppeanum-pilosella N.P. 1. c—Hoppeanum-pilosella Zahn, |. c. Differs from Hoppeana by having somewhat more elongated sto- lons and dark involucral bracts only 1.3—2.0 mm wide, of which only outer obtuse; stolons with more or less approximate, large leaves (in habit, plants resemble those of species of cycle Macrantha). These are considered hybridogenous species between Hoppeana and Pilosella, but, possibly, they represent a transition from the an- cient Hoppeana to the more recent Pilosella. In general these plants are rare, growing sometimes even in places where one of the putative parents is absent (for example, in the Pyrenees where Hoppeana are not represented). 776. H. hypeuryum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 178; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1187.—H. eu-hypeuryum Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1922) 61.—Exs.: Hier. Naeg. Nos. 7, 238; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 606 p. p. Perennial. Stem 10-20 cm high, 2-3 mm in diameter, (sometimes with collateral stems), mostly glabrous, densely glandular above, glands thinning toward base, gray from stellate down; stolons short or some- what elongated, somewhat thick, quite densely leafy. Basal leaves 5— 8, oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse to acute, to 6 cm long (4:1), scatteredly pubescent with soft bristles 3-8 mm long, without stellate down above, velutinous-white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single-headed. In- volucres 10.0—11.5 mm long, thick, subglobose; involucral bracts 2 mm wide, somewhat dark, with inconspicuous border, outer obtuse, followed by subobtuse, inner subacute, with reddish-violet cusp, gla- brous (f. calvum N.P.). or with occasional to sparse hairs (f. pilosius N.P.), with moderate long glands 0.5—1.5 mm long, gray from stellate down (including up to margin). Corollas yellow, peripheral with red stripes on outside; stigmas yellow. Flowering June to August. Meadows in alpine zone, to 2,400 m.—Caucasus: Eastern, Western and Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Atlantic Europe, Mediterranean Region, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Switzerland. Type in Munich. 688 670 777. H. multisetum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 126; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1153; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1922) 18. Perennial. Stem up to 20 cm high, 1.5 mm in diameter, glabrous, densely glandular above, glands gradually thinning toward base, densely stellate-pubescent; stolons short, thick. Basal leaves spatulate or lan- ceolate, subobtuse, in dry condition yellowish-green, to densely pu- bescent with bristles 4-5 mm long, without stellate down above, velutinous-white-tomentose. Inflorescence single-headed. Involucres 9.5 mm long; involucral bracts 1.5 mm wide, dark, with narrow border, outer obtuse, inner acute, glabrous or only outer bracts with occasional hairs 1 mm long at tip, moderately glandular, gray from stellate down. Corollas yellow; peripheral ones with weak red stripes on outside. Flowering June to July. Subalpine and alpine zones of mountains, to 2,300 m.—Caucasus: Talysh. General distribution: Central Europe (southeastern part), Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia-Kurdistan. Described from Transylvania. Type in Munich. 778. H. lasiothrix N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 179; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1188; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 62.—Exs.: Fr. Hier. Europ. No. ld; Hier. Naeg. No. 208; Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 606 p. p. Perennial. Stem 10—25 cm high, 1—2 mm in diameter, scatteredly pubescent with hairs 1-3 mm long, densely glandular above, glands gradually thinning to base, grayish from stellate down; stolons some- what elongated, thickish, with leaves half as long as basal leaves. Basal leaves 4—9, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subacute, to 6 cm long (4.5:1), scatteredly pubescent with soft hairs 5-7 mm long, with- out stellate down above, velutinous-white-tomentose beneath. Inflo- rescence single-headed. Involucres 10.5-12.0 mm long, thick, subglobose; involucral bracts to 2.0 mm wide, blackish, with narrow light border, outer subobtuse, inner acute, with scattered (40-50) dark hairs 1.0—2.5 mm long, and scattered (20-60) glands 0.5 mm long, gray from stellate down (margins sparsely downy). Corollas yellow; periph- eral ones usually with red stripes on outside; stigmas yellow. Flower- ing June to August. Alpine meadows and pastures, to 2,500 m.—Caucasus: Eastern, Western, and Southern Transcaucasia. General distribution: Central Europe, Atlantic Europe, Mediterranean Region. Described from Swit- zerland. Type in Munich. 779. H. lamprocomoides Woron. and Zahn in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 11 (1908) 12; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1188. 689 671 Perennial. Stem to 10-30 cm high, 2 mm in diameter, with sparse hairs 1.0—2.5(-4.0) mm long, moderately glandular above, glands thin- ning downward to base, gray from stellate down; stolons rather short, somewhat thick, with large, oblong, obtuse leaves (stolons as in Hoppeana). Basal leaves 1-2, obovate to oblong, obtuse to subacute, mostly with sparse bristles 3.0-7.0 mm long, without stellate down above, white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single-headed. Involu- cres 10-11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts to 2.0 mm wide, subacute, dark, with wide, light border, with moderate, 63(45—80), stiffish light- colored bristles 2 mm long with black base, with sparse, 23(20-30), glands 0.3—0.5 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent (along margin gla- brous). Corollas yellow, peripheral ones with red teeth on outside. Alpine meadows.—Caucasus: Eastern Transcaucasia. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Akhaltsikhe. Type in Tbilisi. 780. H. lamprocomum N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885)179; Zahn in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 280, 1189; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 63.—Exs.: Zahn, Hier. Europ. No. 206. Perennial. Stem 12-30 cm high, to 2 mm in diameter, moderately pubescent with light-colored hairs 3—4 mm long, moderately glandular above, glands quickly thinning downward to middle of stem, grayish from stellate down; stolons somewhat elongated and thickish. Basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, subacute, pure green, with sparse bristles 6— 8 mm long, without stellate down above, gray-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single-headed. Involucres 10.5—12.0 mm long, ovate; in- volucral bracts to 1.5 mm wide, dark gray, with narrow, light green border, with moderate gray hairs 1.5 mm long, almost eglandular or with occasional glands, gray from down, margins green (almost with- out down). Corollas yellow; peripheral ones with red stripes on out- side. Flowering June to August. Mountain meadows and pastures, to 2,000 m.—European Part: Crimea; Caucasus: : Eastern and Western Transcaucasia. General distri- bution: Central Europe, Balkans-Asia Minor. Described from Switzerland. Type in Munich. Subsection 2. Peleteriana Juxip.—H. peleterianum Merat. Nouv. Fl. Paris, ed. 1 (1812) 305; Lam. and DC. FI. fr. V, 437; N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 127; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1156; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 20.—Pilosella macrolepis Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Pilos. Fenn. I (1884) 56.—H. macrolepideum Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-F. (1888) 18; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 625; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 8; Lindm. Svensk. Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 593; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. 1074.—H. sabulosorum Dahlst. Bidr. 690 672 Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I (1890) 9.—Characters in key to subsections of section Pilosellina. 1. Involucral bracts more or less wide, 1.5—2.0 mm, light-colored, glabrous or with sparse (rarely to moderate) hairs, densely (to scatteredly) glandular. Leaves more or less sparsely pubes- CEN PAN ARS. oboe ee eels eae 781. H. sabulosorum Dahlst. + Involucral bracts narrower, 1.0—1.6 mm wide, somewhat dark, moderately to scatteredly pubescent, eglandular or with sparse glands; leaves more or less densely pubescent................... Ss, Habis he M Ae ees ie Mat oer lansbat ale jd 782. H. pachylodes N.P. Cycle 1. Macrolepidea Juxip.—H. macrolepideum Nort]. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. (1888) 18; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 625; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 9—Involucral bracts acuminate from broad base, colored; stolons short, thick. Note. On the distribution map, Zahn (Pflzr. IV, 280, 1923, 1150) shows the distribution boundary of Peletieriana including also two islands in the Baltic Sea, viz. Hitumaa (Dago) and Saaremaa (Oesel), despite the fact that species belonging here have not been found there to date. 781. H. sabulosorum Dahlst. Bidr. Sydéstr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. (1890) 9; Zahn, in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1157; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 23.—Pilosella macrolepidea var. gracilior Norrl. Anteckn. 6fv. Pilos. Fenn. I (1884) 57.—H. pilosella macranthum Fr. Symb. (1848) 3 and Epicr. (1862) 11 p. p.—H. pilosella var. grandiflorum Afzel. Nov. fl. Gottl. (1844) 18.—H. macrolepideum var. Norrl. Bidr. Skand. Hier.-Fl. (1888) 18; Herb. Mus. Fenn. 2, 120.—H. macrolepideum Norrl. in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl. Evrop. Ross. (1910) 1074.—Exs.: Dahlst. Hier. exs. fasc. I, No. 1; Hier. Scand. fasc. VI, Nos. 1-38; Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Penn. fasc. II, Nos. 101-103; Hier. exs. fasc. II, Nos. 1-5. Perennial. Stem 5—25 cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, erect, often with 2-5 collateral stems, with occasional hairs (rarely to sparsely pubes- cent), mostly densely (rarely to moderately) glandular (glands over entire stem but more dense in upper part), densely stellate-pubescent above, down thinning downward; stolons mostly short (1-3 cm long), thick, pubescent with soft hairs and stellate hairs, hence appearing snow-white (old herbarium specimens reddish), with rather large same- sized leaves (stolons often rudimentary). Basal leaves 7—9, broadly or narrowly lanceolate or oblong, subobtuse to acute, to 15 cm long, pure green, with scattered bristles 3-7 mm long above, (almost) glabrous beneath, scatteredly hairy beneath along midrib with hairs 673 1.5—2.5 mm long, along margin with occasional hairs 1.5-3.0 mm long, as a whole sparsely pubescent, without stellate down above, white- tomentose beneath. Inflorescence single-headed. Involucres 10-12 mm long, thick; involucral bracts more or less broad, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with wide green border, tip reddish-violet, glabrous or with sparse (less often to moderate), light-colored hairs 1.0-2.5 mm long and densely to scatteredly glandular (glands 0.5-1.5 mm long, black or waxy), densely stellate-pubescent (including mar- gins). Corollas sulfur yellow; peripheral ones usually with broad purple stripes on outside; stigmas yellow. Flowering July to August. Sandy and stony talus, rocks and open sunny slopes, in zone of spruce and birch elfin forests, mainly in subalpine zone.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland, Dvina-Pechora. General distribution: Scandinavia. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm? Note. A highly polymorphic species, varying mainly in pubescence and glandularity. According to Dahlstedt’s description, the involucral bracts in H. sabulosorum are entirely or almost entirely glabrous (but densely glandular); this description agrees very well with Norrlin’s specimens of H. macrolepideum var. gracilior collected on the Aland Islands for distribution [as exsiccatae]. In Zahn’s opinion, they agree well with H. subpeleterianum var. tonsum N. The plants examined by us from the Khibiny Mountains (and also from Chunatundra and Varzuga), although similar in habit, are distinguished by the density and ratio of hairs and glands on the involucral bracts, a fact pointed out by B. Mishkin in his work (Flora Khibinskikh Gor [Flora of the Khibiny Mountains], 1953, 71). On the other hand, we have seen the specimens collected by Dahlstedt in Sweden and identified by him as H. macrolepideum Norrl. var. sabulosorum Dahlst., with very dense and long pubescence, but almost entirely devoid of glands on the involucral bracts and, thus, very closely resembling H. peleterianum Merat. It follows from this that this collective species needs careful study. It is interesting that the forms with both predominant hairs and predominant glands were almost exclusively collected near the sea; and, although they have not been found to date in our collections, they probably can be found along the coasts of the Barents Sea or White Sea. We are giving here a tentative key to the forms of H. sabulosorum Dahlst. discovered so far in our country. 1. Hairs on involucral bracts occasional, glands very dense (ratio OMBAV TAGE S29) aon cebiomna tats ent pnt wack ueleaace co at f. tonsum Juxip + Hairs on involucral bracts sparse to moderate....................:.00055 2. 692 674 2. Hairs on involucral bracts sparse; glands dense (ratio on aver- ABEZ0=6 0 eee ee cdeeeesee te eens eamenters f. laticeps zahn + Hairs on involucral bracts scattered to moderate....................:6 3), 3. Glands on involucral bracts scattered (ratio of hairs to glands Oniaverage 50:0) ie seers tecsese eeeees f. pauciglandulosum Juxip + Glands on involucral bracts dense (ratio of hairs to glands on AVERAZELS D205) Mee tee cae ee reece te asetuceeteneecsea zeae f. tschunense Juxip Cycle 2. Pachylodea Juxip.—H. pachylodes N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. 1 (1885) 180; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1189; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, 1, 63.—H. peleterianum-pilosella N.P. 1. c.; Zahn, |. c.—Differs from H. pilosella by having thick, short, densely white-pubescent stolons, leaves densely long-pubescent above, and involucral bracts acuminate from broad base. Together with the species of Peleteriana. 782. H. pachylodes N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 180; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280, 1190; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 65. Perennial. Stem 5—10(—30) cm high, 1-2 mm in diameter, pubescent in varying degrees with light or somewhat dark hairs 1-3 mm long, densely glandular above, glands thinning downward, gray from stellate down, often with collateral stems (2—4); stolons thick, densely white- pubescent, with leaves more or less remote and smaller than basal leaves. Basal leaves elliptical to lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, more or less densely covered with light-colored bristles, 4-8 mm long above, 2-4 mm beneath, without stellate down above, white-tomentose be- neath. Inflorescence single-headed. Involucres 10-11 mm long, ovate; involucral bracts 1. 0-1.6 mm wide, tapered from broad base into cusp, moderately to scatteredly pubescent with light-colored hairs 1-2 mm long, glandular hairs mostly completely absent or in small number, short. Corollas yellow; peripheral ones with red stripes on outside. Flowering July to August. Sands or rocks.—European Part: Karelia-Lapland. General distri- bution: Scandinavia, Central Europe. Described from Bavaria. Type in Munich. Note. Included on the basis of Zahn’s report regarding the distri- bution of this species up to the Khibiny Mountains. Subsection 3. Pilosella Juxip.—H. pilosella L. Spec. pl. (1753) 800 p. p.; Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1158; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1922) 24.—Characters in key to subsections of section Pilosellina. 693 675 1. Leaves without stelllate down above or sometimes with occa- sional down along midrib (Cycle Eupilosella (Zahn) Juxip)........ CUE EOe O STEELE reece Ea Em otra 783. H. pilosella L. (coll.) + Leaves with stellate down on both sides, more or less dense above, white- or gray-tomentose beneath (Cycle 2. Velutina DUUKT) eetendins Hades bad dees devecddds ache aR Sd es a eN. 2; 2. Stem simple, scape 6-13 cm high; plants of the North................... SERRATE Oa Ste bose, tibod Riad: SR ies ot tan s5c0 784. H. poliophyton Zahn + Stem repeatedly (dichotomously) brached, 15—40 cm high; plants ofjGaucasuss. wt ike cae ahy 785. H. kemulariae Juxip Cycle 1. Eupilosella Zahn.—H. eu-pilosella Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I (1922) 25.—Grex H. pilosella Zahn in pflzr. IV 280 (1923) 1159.—H. pilosella L. and auct. al_—Leaves without stellate down above (very rarely occasional down observed along midrib). 783. H. pilosella L. Spec. pl (1753) 800 p.p.; ed. 2 (1763) 1125 p. p. Willd. Sp. pl. Iff (1800) 1563; M.B. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. II, 251; Froel. DC Prodr. VII, 199 p. p.; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 845; Fr. Symb. 2 p. p.; Epicr. 10 p. p.; Boisl. Fl. or. III 860; N. P. Hier. Mitteleur. I, 130; Dahlst. Bidr. Sydostr. Sverig. Hier.-Fl. I, 20; Beitr. Hier-Fl. Oesels, 12; Lindm., Svensk Fan.-Fl. 2 ed. 594; Schmalh. Fl I, 155; Mela-Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 625; Zahn in Fedtsch. and Flerow, Fl Evrop. Ross. 1074; Zahn Hier. fl. Mosquens. 8; Pflzr. IV, 280, 1158; Hegi, Ill. Fl. VI, 2, 1198; Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 25; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. IV, 274; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. XI, 3064.—Ic.: Hegi, 1. c.; Syreistsch. Fl Mosk. Gub. III, 349; Majevski, Fl. VIII, ed. (1954) 637,—Exs.: (out of the large number of exsiccatae distributed of this collective species, we are listing only those that concern our native flora); GRF Nos. 1282a, b, 1283, 1284, 1827-1829, 2081, 2232-2234, 2235a, b, c, 2236; Hier. Naeg. No. 54; Callier, Herb. Rose No. 72; Rehm. and Wol. Fl. Polon. exs. No. 51; Zahn, Hier. Europ. Nos. 105, 401a, 707, 802; Norrl. Herb. Pilos. Fenn. fasc. II, Nos. 25, 115, 117, 124, 126, 128, 136-137, 142, 143; Hier. exs. fasc. III, Nos. 2, 3, 8, 10-11, 36, 37, 40, 41, 46, 51-54. Perennial. Stem 20(5-—30) cm high, scapose (very rarely with one small cauline leaf), but with some floral bracts (often collateral scapes develop from the same rosette), distinctly stellate-pubescent, particu- larly in upper part, pubescence and glands in varying ratios and den- sity, stem appreciably elongated after anthesis; stolons (2-10), usually well developed, to 30 cm long (they seem to be absent but after transplanting plants to good conditions stolons develop immediately and even branch), usually scatteredly pubescent and densely stellate- pubescent, with remote (to 10), spatulate to lanceolate, small, leaves to 676 3 cm long, becoming smaller toward tip, conspicuously setose (mostly more densely than on basal leaves), without stellate down above, white-tomentose beneath. Basal leaves (3—)6—11 in well developed rosette; outermost generally withering usually as more or less brown remnants) before anthesis, outer ones obovate, spatulate, inner lan- ceolate, to 12 cm long, entire or very rately with occasional teeth, bluish-green or olive-(grayish-)green, less often pure green, often more or less violet, mostly to scatteredly pubescent, above with occasional to moderate, white bristles 3-10 mm long (yellow or brownish in old herbarium specimens), beneath with scattered soft white hairs 1-5 mm long (not very recognizable against background of white tomentum), with moderate to dense hairs 1-6 mm long beneath along midrib, without stellate down above (sometimes occasional hairs along midrib) white- or gray-tomentose beneath (yellowed in old herbarium speci- mens), but seemingly grayish-green beneath on plants grown in shade. Inflorescence simple, with single, medium or large capitulum, very rarely deeply dichotomous. Involucres 10(8—12—14) mm long, ovate or subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, 0.5-1.2 mm wide, less often, broader, linear, acute, green or dark, often with light border, more or less densely stellate-pubescent, with hairs and glands in the most diverse ratios and densities. Corollas light to dark-yellow; periphercal ones almost always with red stripes on outside; stigmas yellow; achenes 1.5-2.0 mm long. Flowering May to August; forms from plains often flower in autumn for second time (August to September). Edges or short-grass meadows of open pine forests, on sandy or stony soil, on old dunes, sands, along roadsides and ditches, on banks, in logged areas, pastures, old fields. In the south in mountains, in subalpine and alpine meadows, on edges of moraines, often forming colonies.—European Part: All regions except Arctic, Trans-Volga, Lower Volga, Lower Don becoming much less frequent in the south- eastern direction; Caucasus: Apparently, in all regions except Talysh; Western Siberia: Ob’ Region, Upper Tobol, in westernmost parts, apparently sporadically and often only in vegetative condition. General distribution: All of Europe (excluding Arctic zone, Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, Sardinia and Sicily); Balkans-Asia Minor, Armenia- Kurdistan (?), becoming very rare to south and southeast (compara- tively uncommon plant in Mediterranean zone). In the Mediterranean part of northwestern Africa, it is replaced by the related species H. pseudopilosella Ten. and H. subuliferum N.P. In North America, it is introduced. Described from Uppsala. Type in London. There is no actual type specimen of H. pilosella L. Under this name Linnaeus apparently considered many “races” and maybe even 677 694 all Acaulia. Naegeli and Peter (op. cit., p. 142) suggested considering specimens distributed by Fries (Herb. norm. fasc. V1, No. 4, p. p. and Hier. exs. No. 1, p. p.), collected at Uppsala, as the type specimens. Economic Importance: Cattle do not eat this plant. Since it propa- gates well through stolons and, in close communities, apparently, also by seeds (capitulum contains to 130 seeds), and also withstands drought and trampling by cattle, it is a harmful weed capable of gradu- ally degrading meadows and pastures. This species, in more or less close communities (for example, on alvars where it is a permanent component), has more or less rudimen- tary stolons according to the studies of G. Vilberg (“Erneuerung der Loodvegetation durch Keimlinge in OstHarrien, Estland, 1929’). Note 1. Two species of parasitic fungi, viz. Puccinia hieracii (Schum.) Mart. and Erisiphe hieraciorum DC. are found on the leaves of H. pilosella. Note 2. The southeastern boundary of the uninterrupted distribu- tion of H. pilosella L. passes roughly along the Krasnoufimsk- Stavropol-Khvalynsk (on the Volga) line, Kuznetsk and Serdobsk dis- tricts of the Saratov Region, Bobrov and Pavlov districts of the Voronezh Region, and northwestern part of the Kharkov and Dnepropetrovsk regions. Apparently, it is entirely absent altogether or distributed sporadically in Bashkiria and in the southeastern part of the Rostov Region. Collections from these regions would have been of the greatest interest. Note 3. H. pilosella L. (coll.) belongs to the most polymorphic cycle. As a recent species, exhibiting the full development of the cycle, it is extremely variable in almost all its characters. As a result, the efforts of systematists (beginning with Naegeli and Peter) to bring about clarity in the systematics of this cycle are quite understandable. Based on these attempts, to date more than 600 [segregate] taxa of H. pilosella have been described, of which about 120 are from the Soviet Union. We are refraining from describing these [segregate] taxa of H. pilosella s. |. and are confining ourselves to characterizing only the cycle (collective species) based on the following considerations. Of the hitherto proposed methods of studying the systematics of H. pilosella, the one proposed by Brenner (‘“‘Siidfinska Pilosellae” in Acta Soc. Fa. Fl. Fenn. 25, 1903, 2), supplemented by Norrlin (Mela- Cajander, Suom. Kasvio, 1906, 625) and also accepted by-Zahn, de- serves attention. In this method the basis of classification is the ratio of hairs and glands on the involucral bracts. On this basis, Zahn proposes the following infracyclic subdivision (Zahn in Asch. and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 1930, 25). 678 Plate XL. 695 2—H. aurosulum Norrl. N.P.; 1—H. acrocomum 697 679 I Involucral bracts very densely or moderately pubescent... See at eee Meas sncc Sodteter Mts se te ease rae atom ies te sree ee Tricholepida a. Involucral bracts more or less eglandular, often white-tomen- tose; veny-denselyspubescent.. ae eee Anadenia b. Involucral bracts sparsely glandular, densely pubescent............ pods cae aba cochoon noc oscar cn ea ace ihe bo ieee Be oi Oligadenia c. Involucral bracts moderately or to rather densely glandular and accordingly densely or moderately pubescent.... Pleiadenia II. Involucral bracts very densely or to rather densely glandular, elabrousvor with’sparse hairs! 22 ae. See Adenolepida a. Involucral bracts densely glandular and to sparsely pubescent. 49. SAaeUe Hol MW 2on0 UMenaniog (wots Oligotricha b. Involucral bracts densely glandular only................00.000- Atricha 1. Glands thick, often long and very dense............... Macradenia 2: Glands short(orup!to very short............c.e eee Micradenia We did special work on the systematics of the H. pilosella L. collective and had at our disposal the abundant material collected in the Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Leningrad Region, and extensive material of the exsiccatae collected by Dahlstedt, Johanson, Samuelsson, Norrlin and Lindeberg, which was also identified by them (and partly by Zahn). It was found that often many specimens bearing the same name belonged even to different groups, whereas specimens with different names were found to be identical. Some interesting facts deserving attention came to light from the work on H. pilosella ([from] Estonian SSR). For example, it was found that forms of the xerophytic group Oligadenia begin flowering, on the average, a week earlier than forms of the mesophytic group Atrichia. Further, it was found that not all groups are represented uniformly; for example, species belonging to Anadenia were entirely absent, while the remaining groups were distributed such that Oligadenia accounted for roughly one-seventh of the specimens studied; Oligotricha—about one-fifth; Pleiadenia and Atricha—each roughly one-third. Cycle 2. Velutina Juxip.—H. pilosella L. grex H. incanum Zahn in Pflzr. IV, 280 (1923) 1182; Asch and Graebn. Synopsis, XII, I, 54.—H. pilosella var. incanum Lam. and DC. FI. fr. IV (1805) 23, V, 437; Froel. in DC. Prodr. VII, 199.—H. pilosella var. velutinum Hegetschw. ex Froel. |. c.; Fr. Symb. 3; Epicr. 12.—d. pilosella b. farinaceum Hornem. ex Koch, Synopsis, 2, II (1844) 506; Rchb. Ic XIX, 52, t. 107, f. 2.— Pilosella velutina Sz. Sz. in Flora, XXI (1862) 422—H. pilosella grex. Camerarii N.P. Hier. Mitteleur. I (1885) 143 and grex Velutinum N. P. op. cit. p. 169.—H. velutinum Arv.-Touv. Catalog, (1913) 7.—Leaves 680 covered on both sides with stellate down; moderately so above, to- mentose beneath. 784. H. poliophyton Zahn in Pflzr. 1V, 280 (1923) 1182 (nota. sine descript.!) emend. Juxip. Perennial. Stem scapose, 6-13 cm high; in habit entirely similar to H. pilosella but with its short and densely leafy stolons also re- sembles H. sabulosorum Dahlst. but leaves both on stolons and in well developed basal rosette velutinous-stellate-pubescent not only beneath but also above. Involucres 8 mm long; involucral bracts moderately pubescent, sparsely glandular, densely stellate-pubescent Corollas Yellow; peripheral ones with red stripes on outside. Flowering July. European Part: Dvina-Pechora. Endemic. Described from Syktyvkar. Type in Leningrad. Note. In our country, apparently this plant is very rare (the find by V. Andreev in 1908 is to-date the only one); however, the possi- bility is not ruled out that it is being overlooked, since in habit it does not differ from H. pilosella. Here we should also include H. peleterianopsis var. f. velutinoides Zahn (Pfizr. 1V, 280, 1923, 1165), described from Vologda (not from Syktyvkar?). This question needs further work. 785. H. kemulariae Juxip nom. nov.—H. paradoxum Kem.-Nat., in Dokl. Akad. Nauk ArmSSR, XVI, No. 2 (1953) 51, non al. auct. Stem 15-40 cm high, to 2.5 mm in diameter, ascending, densely branched almost from base, to scatteredly pubescent in lower part with white hairs 4-5 mm long, becoming shorter (2 mm long) and decreasing in number upward, eglandular, densely stellate-pubescent, stolons numerous, well developed, above-ground, robust, with remote leaves, gradually becoming smaller toward tip, or stolons rooting, bearing, in effect, a cluster of leaves at tip; leaves lanceolate, acute, as a whole to scatteredly setose and on both sides stellate-pubescent. Basal leaves numerous, oblong, spatulate to lanceolate and acute, to 7 cm long, broad (3-4:1), with scattered, stiff bristles, 5 mm long above, scattered beneath, along midrib moderately setose with bristles 2.5—3.0 mm long, along margin sparsely so, as a whole to scatteredly pubescent, mod- erately stellate-pubescent above, white-tomentose beneath; cauline leaves absent. Inflorescence deeply dichotomous, with 8 capitula, branches single-headed; peduncles with occasional to sparse white hairs, 1.0-2.5 mm long and scattered, glands 0.4—0.5 mm long, white- tomentose. Involucres 9 mm long, ovate-subglobose; involucral bracts narrow, acute, with light-colored border, with scattered, 36(30—45), 681 light-colored hairs, 1.5 mm long with black base and with scattered, 27(20—40), glands 0.3—0.4 mm long crowded toward base, to densely stellate-pubescent (margin glabrous). Florets light yellow; peripheral ones usually with red stripes on outside; stigmas yellow, turning brown. Flowering June to July. Dry rocky slopes, in upper mountain zone.—Caucasus: Southern Transcaucasia. Endemic? Described from Aparan District of Armenian SSR. Type in Yerevan. Economic Importance. The author of the species recommends this species as very suitable in ornamental floriculture as a border plant. , anags = digit wool, aap clare) dnavesdut qs | combate See ceees 2G E : silty is vavt-taled oul (hat jt ie hela Gye! ake a. NEE ny sacuadis Ls eatin Pzisr IY, 280, 1923,-1165), deace ibed Trew m Vokagtte nak ei _ effect, « cluster of jegwen wt sip; lexves lanceolate, atule, Baia honda Dy wilt: seatered, atift boaties, 5 im Jong above, P fenpes absent, Inflorescence yeep "tame, lnvolucren.9 rom hong evater tu pucrow, cule, lads hie: fis ede asd iakoriuamptiteeleias spininiseshdiepuinaie —_ priest am bsbwots gnol nin &.0-€.0 eboalg “Ob | new sitesinth ; si ete 5 ealongaadako roslsmsahd- sonnet im veers nn benaiathiciitipieechn sige yep Coratian: Yellow pecipra ones rei f Buropean Part L DyinaPechora Endemic Described t trom yy Type in Leningrad t; Note. In our country. af eure nant hi ssisane ib vary rate fit i ¥V. Andreev in 1908 lo jo-cate the only. onl, however, the. potithe pot ditrer from, 75 pileaaite Here we phould wen: niche AY pailecerica somiels ak sale ube ‘kas'?), uns question NECE., further work, may: i alti a - 785: H. Romularioe } unig pom, nov. H, Beh Ken.-Notl Dokl, Mead. Wank AvioSSR, XVI, Now 2. (1953) 31. non ihe Bete ig Sheen, 15e40 co high, 2.4: Tay 1G, diameter. ancending, denualy branubied ohew ret Friyin bane, i inlgpioan pubescent in, jower port with) white faire AS mee: bars, bec ving atnetier (2 oven houg} atial decreaning. “4 igs. tear han dower, oulandita ne, hiomuniby eiclie-pubesoent,. stolope AREA) well gewehorgreal,, ethane: pad, niohamt, with remote Leave gradually bewoming gmulles toward tar selane-cooting, PO ta scattaredly. sete: and Gn tye) ides siellarepubeycent. Bova! leaves fe HuIENOL. oblong, spatuluie to Limoeniars at acute, 16 7 om hong, ‘bend ane midst mexterately sets a with bristles 2.5-3:0 ms branches stinglehended;, peduneles. ei sen : hairs, 10-28 men long anid ginger ime 709 lvl INDEX ALPHABETICUS* nominum specierum atque synonymorum plantarum in tomo XXX Florae URSS commemoratarum Acrifoliay Juxipy cycl. 24.2: petstcens 96 Acrothyrsa Juxip, cycl............... 524 Acuminatifolia Juxip, cycl.......... 259 JAG, Vtpehon, CYZClk, cocccsess:ccosososogpococe Sia) (AdunantiamsuUxipemcy Clitse:...ns.-9s- 249 Aeriostolonosa Juxip, cycl. ........ 452 Aestiva Juxip. subsect. ............0.. 125 IAGO, GSYClS ccooscapoeorecoocsnseboecen605c. 128 Albidula Juxip, cycl. ............000 382 Albipedia Juxip, cycl. ...........0 347 Ailiena’ Siuxips Cy Clincs.scccsr---ne-ns- 276 Alphosticta Juxip, cycl............... 216 Ap imal GY Cliirecss.-s-2scn-eraceoneecnanece= eens: sy 7/ Alpina Fr., S€Ct. ...:-.2:c0.--.-scccse-esese0: 147 Alpina nigrescentia Elfstr...162, 187 Alpina vera (Elfstr.) Juxip GTHLISEXEL gacacoodo sconcdeecdoceaccvessdepdD00s050 NS) 7/ Alpitranssilvanica Juxip, cycl.... 196 Alpivulga Juxip, subsect. ............. 195 Ambigua Juxip, CyCcl............ 571 Amblycephalum N. P., grex...... 611 Andryaloidea Orientalia Ft........ 199 Antractal Suxipy (Cycle ..:.......-.---s-.- 261 Apatelia Juxip, cycl...................... 632 Apiculata Juxip, cycl: ...........-...... 161 INTEL DUCIATACHDITD:. \B0 > Seossredanaonbocesac0530c0000 10 Argillaceoidea Juxip, cycl. .......... 267 Arvicola Juxip, CyCl. 0... 9) 117/ AsperellaySuxipa Cy Cl. occ .csccccen---= 247 I NCEEMIEL. CWE) le centiacocone6eeava dee aaeeesose6 188 Atrata (Fr.) Juxip, subsect.......... 187 AurantiacCan CYCIS. c.ccscsesrcscescesneenes- 653 Aurantiaca Juxip, subsect. ........... 652 AUT aAtaMUXd ps (CY Cliersccssccccesnssese-svasens 83 Aureliliformiay Er.) SCCtey....ccc-----n----:- 9 Auricula Juxip, subsect............... 668 AuriculimaiNe Bs) SCCt: cc.c.ccer-s--s- 667 Autumnalia Juxip, subsect. ............. 82 Barbulata Arv.-Touv., Qf. ........ 206 Bauhtiniany Cy Clerecstescssssstercscnrsa 453 Bauhinia Juxip, subsect................445 Bichloricoloria Juxip, cycl.......... 114 Bifida JuxipyisubSect:tei-s-.-sesecn2e 356 Biftncauxips Cy.Clic-....-5.-s-scerene 428 Bilyttiana Wuxipy Cyel. cs.ces.:-7-03- 662 Borealia Juxip, subsect................... 83 Brachiatal Su xip>,Cy.Cl) 2c-<.-<<-.-5.--.- 333 Bupleurifolia Juxip, cycl.............. 141 (ACSIA CYC lee ee erence eee 352 Caesia Juxip, subsect. ...............0. 342 Caesiiflora Juxip, cycl. .............. 375 Caesiomuroria Juxip, cycl........... 344 Callimorpha Juxip, cycl. ............. 625 Callimorphoidea Juxip, cycl....... 630 Calodontia Juxip, cycl. .............. 481 Calomasticia Juxip, cycl.............. 516 Gamerantt New bs gO OXs ceccesscese aenes 697 Cana UXIp Gy, Clocee neers creer 592 Carcarophylla Juxip, cycl. .......... 323 Cardiobasia Juxip, cycl. ............. 3712 (C@auCasiGaniGy.C leper cesces tesserae 403 Caucasica Juxip, subsect. ............. 402 Caucasiensia Juxip, cycl. ............ 42 Cernuiformia Juxip, cycl............. 645 Chaunanthia Juxip, cycl.............. 661 Gilicica Suxip, sCy Cli. -r---cn2resn2=+<7- 684 Cincinnata Juxip, cycl. ........... 26 Chlorochroma Juxip, cycl.............- 25 (Cinereal WUxXipiGVG lessee ecto 427 Cochleata Juxipy, (Cycle oe... 626 Gollluniia Ne Bes Sle eeteetencce te enenr 593 Colliniflora Juxip, cycl. ............. 568 Composita Juxip,. cycl.--............ 316 Connata Juxip, cycl. ..................... 305 Conspurcantia Juxip, cycl........... 196 Constringentia Juxip, cycl.......... DI) Contractay Juxips. CyClice-.ccseac 554 @rocatal VUXIps CYCloyesceracce-e-craraes WAS) G@roceal JUXips iCYCliecccwrersceeeeene 654 Cuneense N. P., ST€X ..ccsceceeeeerees 445 Curvescentia Juxip, cycl.............. 561 Curvicolla Juxip; cycle... 591 *Reproduced from the Russian original. In the text, page numbers of the Russian original appear in the left-hand margin—General Editor. 712 684 Cuspidella Juxip, cycl. ................ 299 Cuspidelliforme Juxip, cycl. ....... 300 GymiSeraacy Cleese ern ae) Cymigera Juxip, subsect. ............. 353 Gy Osa) (CYC i csccscttecsecsccsctreescotes 548 Cymosa Juxip, subsect. ................ 545 CymosiniayiNe Pe ySeCte sec 544 Cymosina Omang, QI. ..........:.006 545 Cymosopratensina Juxip, SUDSE Cla iearces. stron ces een 561 Debilescentia Juxip, cycl............. 290 Decipientia Juxip, cycl................ 162 Diaphanoidea, cycl................008 283 Diaphanoidea Juxip, subsect....... 2713 Dijmilea Juxip, cycl.........%.....000- 30 Dubiawuxip, icy Clie. sctee.. cre 580 EchininamiNa sb SeCtc esc... 396 EChiord CaiicyClie ie nrc tssccncsscees-o-c 418 Echiodea Juxip, subsect. .............. 412 Efloccosum N. P., grex. ............. 445 Eriophylla K. Maly, gr.............. 206 Erythrocarpa Juxip, cycl................ 67 Eu-auricula Juxip, cycl................. 669 Euchaetia Juxip, cycl. .............0. 501 Euhieracium Torr. and Gray, SUDDEN Meee reetrorescssticee cen canmstcers 10 Eupilosella Adenolepida ANN OE Mi ER ecsscctsseeetsatesasycts 697 Eupilosella Anadenia TLE NVM) Ps bec ee ScRCPALRO CORO REET REDE 697 Eupilosella Atricha Zahn ............ 697 Eupilosella Macradenia ANI OT eee ee esa vareses ee icsncs: 697 Eupilosella Micradenia ZEN UW VOC" Dalene Pt Nees. SRA enn 697 Eupilosella Oligadenia ANIC Tete tscstrte i acentcrsrcuntescee: 697 Eupilosella Oligotricha ZAMAN MOT ieee conchae ss cteenscrce 697 Eupilosella Pleiadenia TARA 8 FS be eS eco Bee SeB-pABEE SH Gb cOBESBOS 697 Eupilosella Tricholepida Zang ore ee corsct omer coer: 697 Eupilosella Sz: Sz. Sects..-........-. 679 Eupilosella Zahn, cycl. ................ 692 Euprenanthoidea Juxip, SUDSECEMEiAceccescccestessssrsseeteiel ees: SH Eurobaltica Juxip, cycl. ............... 88 Eu-umbellata Juxip, subsect........... 89 Excubita Juxip, cycl. ............. 173 Fallaciformia Juxip, cycl........... 425 Fallacina Juxip, cycl. ........... 420 Flagellares Juxip, subsect............. 613 Riacellaniamcy cles cstee eee 637 Flagellariformia Juxip, cycl. ....... 628 lorentinalacy Cliveres tees: ccc. sseees 445 Florentina Juxip, subsect. ............ 434 Florentinum N. P., grex ............. 445 Floribunda Juxip, cycl. ................. 604 Foliosan dba eis ssk.. eee ee 87 Foliosa ,Peter, Sects. ye. .eiae 77 Frigidella Juxip, cycl. ...........00. Sit) Frondifera Juxip, cycl. ............ 170 Fuliginosa Juxip, cycl. ..........0.. 185 Furfuracea’ Juxip, cycl) tos... 318 Fuscoatra Juxip, cycl...........0... 658 GentiliaMmuxip, cycle eee 327 GigantellaJuxipy (Cyclist n-cc.cnescsces Dy GlaucaMiGnis Sectors sores: 39/5 Glauciformia Freyn, sect................ 76 GlauGina NG Re ota ee 395 Gloria Muxips Cy Clieserseee enc cse 95 Granvica Juxip, cycl. .............. 305 Hamadania Juxip, cycl................. 401 Biieraciwy ii jessccssec scsi. se oscee eecbens 1 — abakurae Schelk. and LAN cercctisieecuestitem uiriesets 651 — abastumanense Juxip................ 314 — ,abortiens Notice. senses: 509 — achalzichiense Juxip................ Nis ——vaccline) WNODil ences sccnessssacaae 581 — acclinifolium Norrl. ............... 582 — acrifolium Dahlst. ..........0....0.... 96 — — var. bodyschense Zahn....... 96 — acrochlorum Zahn................... 636 — acrocomum N. P. ..............6 580 — acrocomum ssp. floribundiforme N. P........... 519 — acrogymnon Malme................. 389 — acroleucoides Dahlst. .............. 249 — acroleucum Stenstt.................. 239 — acrophaeum Sael................... 202 — acrosciadium N. P................. 512 —— acrothyrsum N. P. ............... 524 — — ssp. altefurcatum 152) 0 ae eee ee eee ee 524 — — ssp. percurvans Zahn....... 524 — acrotrichum Rehm................... 630 — acroxanthum Sosn. and Zabn\..28), sek ee eee eS J) 713 Hieracium acuminatiflolium Litw. and TENN Wecisece Bones RoR CRED 259 — acutangulum Kozl. and TEN Ween a eee re Eee a 48 — acutisquamum N. P................. 669 — aczelimanicum Schischk. and Ss shee ceca roeckn eecop ceacaca tao bao 224 —— AGEIUM! JUXIPs...c...ccsssseseset see ceses 351 — adenoactis Juxip........... ised th hs 320 — adenobrachion Litw. and TEEN eeceesecceoneeta dt cccb ee RCE EEE 22 — adjarianum Petet..................... 496 — adspersum Norrl.............0.0. 166 — — var. Gawrilowae Elfstr..... 167 — adunans Nor. ..............c. 251 — aeriostolonum Zahn, grex....452 — aerunginascens Norrl. ............. 663 — — var. B. detersum Norrl. ...663 — aestivum (Fr.) Zahn, grex....128 —— ALPINE MERTON siere es ertteee eerecoones ner. Hii — Agassii Kem.-Nat..............00 65 — agnostum JuXIp...........ce 383 — agronesaeum Juxip.............. 230 — Akhverdovii Kem.-Nat............... 26 — Akinfiewii Woron. and ANN asses eee ee 401 — akjaurense Norrl. ...............05 168 — alatavicum Norrl...............0.0 5) 74 — albellipes Schelk. and Zahn.....75 — albidobracteum 2. PUlOSvGEp's” NAMPA ee ecsic-cscerce ee: 442 — albidulum Stenstr.................... 383 — albipes Danhlst. .........0.0. ee 347 — albocinereum Rupt-................... 424 — albocostatum Norrl. ................ 140 = "algoicum Froel. <...2..0.:..2.......: 680 — Alexandrii Kem.-Nat. ............. 400 —— falienatuml Nonny ii ces..es.-tsc- 185 — almaatense B. Fedtsch. and ING VISIKA Res cetencet teeta tec seceteetsecnoseosne 219 —— WAU GUUSTLU MINE Mae eccrtcescseres sens: 444 — alphostictum Dahlst................ 216 === WLP UNUM NAC tateeeereeree ees ece-sencese 162 =) ANSI) Esescceocacccconca+oe aopOBIOHOOEE Syd — alpinum ssp. calenduliflorum ZEN Veparbepsas ticbacao pate oace eee 161 — alpinum var. cleistogamum DallSteeeic icc ct cs esceceessc erences 158 — alpinum var. subglabrum Schur nein: eee 159 — alpinum var. vittellinum Eis tre ree nieces 160 — alpinum (L.) Zahn, gex........ yg) == ATION Ng, Ps casscssoosescnosdenssdos0 598 685 altefurcatum Rehm. ................ 524 alticaule Litw. and Zahn....... 536 altipessE bes filler secret nee 333h7/ alupkanum Zahn ...................... 488 amauranthum Peter................. 510 Amaurenlemade Ne Wy. eeeere ess 675 amaurobasis Litw. and ZAR WA ci eeecth ae 495 — f. subeglandulosum Zan. .002, etree te Beets 495 amaurochlorellum Zahn ......... 601 ambiguum Whitten ce -e 571 ambiguum > pilosella Zann fs SEO eee ee 579 amblylobum Juxip .............0. 236 amnoonw Nae bere. ees 466 — var. callunetorum Juxip...467 amoeniceps) Zales sss: 648 amphileion Pohle and Zanes. ee eee 125 amplexicaule M. B. ............... 147 amphitephrodes Sosn. and Zahn... 2 ae. 69 anacraspedum Rehm................ 639 ANGCEPS Zaimeeccesenece sce eeceees 570 anfractumm hice eee 266 anglicum™” Wimm ite... 360 angustiforme Pohle and Zea ee ee ease eee 126 anisocephalum Rehm.............. 639 anocladumils Namba seeereee ee 531 — f. calvifolium Zahn .......... 531 — f. normale Zahmn................ S)3) I antennarioidiforme Zahn....... 683 apatelium®t Nee Presence ness 633 apatelioides Zahn..................... 586 APatitOnumMe WUXI p)-ceeeseseeereeste: 288 ApPatoniumil Nee bererecs erento 519 — var. subspathophyllum Zaire eer es 519 aphanume iuxipicserr sess 349 apiculatiforme Elfstr. ........... 165 apiculatum Tausch.................... 161 apiculatum (Tausch) Zahn... 157 apiculatum Zahn, grex ........... 161 approximabile Zahn................ 531 aproximatum Norrl. ..............- 251 approximatum Rehm.............. 5)3) J aquilonare (N. P.) Zahn........ 438 ATCLOSCLOM Zant erect cerssces: 126 ATCLOPHT UM his crest eestor eres 90 arCUalIGENS "Zanes cess eee 263 argillaceoides Litw. and TEN Vee Bee oo ec eer eH 269 686 Hieracium armeniacum Arv. = TOU Aad. hots eteeecdess gear eaee tee 29 apmeniacum) NMP oes... 465 — var. pilosiceps Zahn......... 465 artabinense «Zaire seecee se eeeete ee 74 artvinense Woron. and ZaHn tyres. eek Acta eee: 33 ATVIENSCHIN:. (Re cc ccssssscsorececnapeors 492 ETAAVOCOLIE INI 12% sone cnecocecosoedoonaoddes Sila arvicola + Pilosella N. P.....520 ALVOLUMUGN phates eee eee 458 — f. floccifolium N. P......... 458 — f. nudifolium N. P............ 458 aryslynense Zahn.................0 68 aSiaticuim) Na@ebae--ccetest ees 419 asikkalense Norrl. ..................- 508 asperellum Pohle and TAG VY abe eA eree scechabcdteeroctepsocore one 247 asperrimum Schur .................... 491 aspemntm, Nin Bie. ceccsoce cease 398 asperum Tausch. .........ccseee 507 assimilatum Norrl. ................... 518 asterodermum Woron. and ZANT, : Bee pe NS a Mec erect etc 133 astibes PUxiphess..ceteee cesses 366 Qtratim JAUCthy..c ee 189 QtratunieB aD see 162 atratuime ELStiA cece 192 QU QM RTA ete 187 atratulum Norte tke... 23 190 atrellumy) Zahnte west eee 189 atricapillum Hoppe.................. 160 atrocephalum Schmalh. ............ 10 atriceps Dahlst. ............c08 677 atroviolascens Norrl. .............. 627 atrium Wanhistyee eee ee 35)8} BNUnINAKEU OU IL4, toosoossscccosecooseecoce 653 aurantiacum Zahn, grex....... 653 aurantiacum-Auricula INAS oh aooccecss tea eecsaec corres 662 aurantiacum-glomeratum TIEN NO Seen acre eb crore 567 aurantiacum-pratense Z, ATs ee A Badeas sree tenes 658 aurantiacum > pilosella INVA, 5 oe ced Bhs cob itueret ness 661 auratum) Frs varruculatum Zan... 2st ccactass ea eestw erent 479 Aurorinil JUXIp «0.0.0... eee 379 aurosulum Norrl. ..............c 646 austericaule Norrl. ................... 509 autumnale. (Griss-%). see 82 autummale a Vuzin BLOX. se... ete. 82 BEX VKWANY NIB 125 “cosccossossconsoooaceco: 605 bakurianense Fom. and Balansae) Boissatet...0. ose 409 — f. minoriceps Zahn........... 410 barbulatulum Pohle and ZADD vas sssssso0iet se iooeotee one eT 188 barevanicum Woron. and ATI 3.20 .2sccc eee 399 basifolium (Fr.) Almqu. ......... 348 basifolium (Fr.) Almqu. ........ 262 bathycephalum Elfstr. ............ era basileucum Litw. and Zahn... 493 Bauhinit, Besse eee 445 Bauhinti (Bess.) Zahn, BTEX Vesta Ea 453 — var. fastigiatum Tausch ..453 — B. viscidulum Tausch........ 453 — X aurantiacum Zahn ........ 516 — -auricula Zahn................ 526 — -cymosum Zahn.............. 510 — -echioides Zahn ...............+ 486 Bauhinii-echioides-pilosella Zain ihe ele ie ees 501 — floribundum Zahn............. 524 — pratense-pilosella Benz.. 524 — -procerum Zahn .............. 477 — > macranthum Zahn........ 538 — > pilosella Zahn................. 530 — > Hoppeanum Zahn......... 538 — < Hoppeanum Zahn......... 543 — < incanum Zahn. ............... 478 — < verruculatum Zahn........ 478 bauhiniiflorum N. P................ S32 Baumgartenianum. Schur............ 59 Baumgartenianum Schut....... 393 beschtaviciforme Juxip .......... 218 beschtavicum Litw. and Zahn...47 Besserianum Spreng. ............... 461 TS Hieracium bichloricolor Ganesch. AM i Zallamie.. eeeceeiee czscveseeeozevs tees Wily Biebersteinii Litw. and Zahn ..49 Biebersteinii ssp. pulchrisetum itwaanG eZalineerern cesses etc. 42 Difid UM OET NaS tes.c. eect eke 3}5)3) ey i) ib ayers -etseessessosessescees 3/55 = PZ ANIM PRT OXY sees Sescnatese=+.ctoonee BITS biformatum Norrl. ................. 581 bifurciforme Litw. and ZA coats REE NS 53/3 UTA DINE. cosccoccosconsoccecoacde o)S)7/ SS OMIM GO NRR. «2-8. SIS 634 ==. Mi Beline treet. Ae 412 —— (M.. -Be)iNSIP Se. es. 427 MIG SBiny (QTEK acsscarsensscescsereseess 428 = WRehbiis., Aue one. ke 637 bifurcum v. subcymosum Fi@el esc:, ARI A 634 bimanumimNorrlaee.stce 174 Bilyttianumy Bree. ecer cere: 662 — (Fr.) 4. aeruginascens NicwRetse ie ee eee 663 Bobroviieuxipyee steer 289 borealedR rane... ek 82 ——s (Er) eZahnignex, Secrest 83 — B. lactucaceum Griseb. .......84 boreumeElistrye...wte sees 176 Borodinianum Juxip ................ 228 botrychodes Zahn.................... 449 brachiatum var. pilosellaefarme Celis ..eeAonne ele. S37 brachiatum var. Villarsii Baenitz sae ee a 637 — b. hispidissimum Ft.......... 424 — -auricula Zahn................. 527 brachyacron Rehm. ................. 639 brachycephalum Norrl............ 620 brachyschistum Zahn.............. 638 brachythrix Kozl. and Lalineeranec ei ecentdeaenteen 494 branae UNGeR eek... eens 464 Brandisianum Zahn..................... 70 brittatensemexipy.eeeeeeces 146 Buhsei Niakis.. 2a eee 411 bupleurifoliodes Zahn ............. 143 bupleurifolium Tausch ............ 142 bupleurifolium Zahn, SUDSTEXGA a eU ee 141 bupleuroides Gmel.................... 395 Buaschianum Juxip ................. 145 cacarophyllum K. Joh........... B23 caesiiflorioides Juxip............... 365 caesiiflorum Almdu. ................ 376 687 Caestiforme /Brenn) $...2:-s 355 caesiogenum Wol. and Lahn .2:22 ea. Se 209 caesiomurorum Lindeb. .......... 344 caesiomurorum Lindeb., PT OX ie ivavsenae catieotstepecccadtere dees 344 Cacstimern 22s 354 caesium (Fr.) Dahlst., grex ....352 caespiticola Norrl................. 266 CaesitiumeNornliyees ee 362 Cajanden\@Norilaeee 330 calenduliflorum var. inciliatum Bistrot. See ee: 165 callichlorum Litw. and Zahn...44 callicymum)Rehim‘-7..-..--0- 460 Callierin@Obornyieee 5905 callimorphoides Zahn............. 630 callimorphopsis Zahn............. 629 callimorphum) Ni Paes 625 calodon@Nt Pia 484 calodon, Tausch\..........20-.2- 481 calodon-floribundum Zahn...477 calodon > pilosella Zahn.....427 calodontopsis Litw. and Zahn... 8... PRA 485 calolepideum Norrl. ................ 657 calomas tix Reece 516 caloprasinum Zahn................0.. 73 caniramum Zahn. ss eee 492 canitiosum Dahlst.................... 380 Canim Nes Passe $92 — f. epilosum N. P............... 593 canum f. subpilosum N. P....593 carcarophyllum K. Joh.......... 323 Cardiobasis Zann cscs. eseesee: 3) 72 cardiophyllum Jord. ................ 324 cardiophyllum var. acutisquamum itwawandieZaliniererncs cece 324 Casparyanum NN. P.............. 637 caucasicum Arv.-Touv. ............. 42 BS RTRs Re ES, 42 Caucasicumil Neihart eee 403 caucasicum > pilosella TEN Wpeepieenr tecea voce osoeon eee Lo cere 404 caucasiciforme Litw. and Zannmicvs oxceia host te 415 caucasiense Arv.-Touv.............. 42 CAUTiM UUXUpeccereceeeeeees ce tetseeees 382 centrifugum Janka ...............+ 684 centrorossicum Zahn .............. 601 cercidotelmatodes Juxip......... 375 CereolinumeNonnl iy iee:.-ceee--s 262 CermuifornmemNwb ees... 646 688 Hieracium cermiforme var. brevipilum N. P. ou... ee 646 — — var. longipilum N. P....... 646 — — f. minoriceps Zahn........... 646 — chaetodermum Pohle and CAEN Urano etece Pooctoc ener ceoe Pet aor 661 — chaetothyrsoides Litw. and Zeal Mires 2 APP thf AON aah aes, 32 — choetothyrsum Litw. and Zeal Ms sie cst Myth, ets a, ole: 30 — chaunanthes (N. P.) Zahn...661 — chlorelliceps Norrl. ................ 243 — chlorellum Sael. and Norrl. ..380 716 — — var. gubanovianum PUXU Pisces. dele neers « 380 — chloribracteum Degen and Lannie: scceat tt stats lomattters pes sh ge 198 — chlorochromum Sosn. and 72M 0 \easeeteneree earccocerereenc peor eet 25 — chloroleucolepium Kozl. and Lalit sscstss sscnc eta gin Ro. .shetets bs 54 — chlorophilum Kozl. and Zalinyst sora Vaseline cit. redieslet. Sil — chloropoides Rehm. ................ 645 — chloroprenanthes Litw. and Lai ios. cciekeele ws see bbe hel ee: Bil = IChLOKOpsaNE) Phy 2 Me...setee eet 628 — christoglossum Zahn............... Jy) — chromolepium Zahn................... 36 — chrysophtalmum Norrl........... 640 — Ciesielskii Blocki ...............0. Sls — ciliatum Almqu. 8. praetenerum Wailltamisy: eer eee, cries 308 ——cilicicumyiN. gPe eee ees 684 — cilicicum N. P., grex oe 684 —— ACINCINN Atm RT. ceets eee eee 26 — cinereostriatum Woron. and Zeahinscstessi cts. eee tee. aakad 321 — cinereum (Tausch) Zahn, SREX, i... En MAM. Mee dn 427 — ciniferum Kozl. and Zahn ....431 — clinoglossum Norrl.................. 665 — cochleatum N. P. ..........:..0 626 — colliniflorum Hayek.............. 568 = == Zahn rex. ee eesse 568 one ollliniformejs Newbee eee 599 — — var. B. lophobium N. P..599 — collinum Bess. ..... 432, 533, 534 Se) Cochinicendee’ Aes 422 +) Ni uPotle Resin ee 586 — — var. melachaetum Rehb. .455 — — f. dentatum Tausch. ........ 482 — — y. Zizianum Froel............. 507 — — -Auricula N. P............0-: 617 — — -Auricula-Hoppeanum Pete tcc aS ee pepe Ue 650 — — -Auricula-Pilosella Nei sashes. age, beak wabaala 625 — collinum-pilosella N. P......... 637 — collinum + aurantiacum IN): Pryebesvectuce’ Se sec gee SL REN ccs 658 — — + magyaricum N. P. + H. Bauhini-pratense Zahn....523 coloratum Elfstr. .......0...00..... 171 commilitonum Juxip ............... 310 comosum Elfsttr. .........0.....000- 165 comosum var. praecisum Elfstr. 166 — var. subintegratum DES styayciescas sc ee I 166 — f. glandulosius Elfstr. ....... 166 concinnidensyZahnie. 58 concoloriforme. Norrl. ............ 657 conferciens Norrl. ................... 579 coniciforme Litw. and Zahnsevsnee eee Bt ae 130 conicum Arv.-Touv. ............... 128 ConLopSmNonhly eee ees 236 — var. pandans Norrl. .......... 236 connatum\Nonrlyse=.- ss... 306 conspurcans Notrl. ..........6 196 ConStrictum Peter ........ccccccccceeees 36 constringensiforme Juxip....... 235 contractum) Nor pe 554 COTYMBDOSUM FT. ...eeceesecesseereeees 13} 3} corymbulosum Somm. and Lev. eee. nae eee aa, 66 crassifolium Dahlst ................. 307 cCreperiformesmuxipyeeeee--ee 111 Crispansy Nornlais. sees 37/1 crispulum)Dahist) = ee2e= 839 == Norrlyrat..sehesinane dey. Biel ChispumwpEtlsir. eee ee 1S\9 — var. marmoratum INI@ Titi eesce tee ot hs oe 159 — var. prasioglossum Nott hiccasvte’ sees eee 159 crocatumiphiaes eee 126 Grocatumy Lb ga ee eee 126 — (Fr.) Zahn, grex ou. 25 cnoceumipZahny.te ee ee 654 —— ZAM fQREX esteesee. sees. tee ess 654 cruentiferum Norrl.................. 107 GruentummNGa Rae eee ee 565 cryptomastix N. P., gr........... 446 curvulatum Zahn .................05 613 cGurvescensmNonnlie.s see ee 561 curvescens Zahn, subgrex...... 561 Hieracium curvicollum Norrl. ....591 — curvulatum Zahn................ 613 — curvulum Norrl. ......... eee 518 — cuspidelliforme Juxip .............. 301 — cuspidellum Pohle and Zam woe’ lane sieeenchads le: 300 — cydoniaefolium Gris......138, 142 —) cylindricepseN. (Poesia 445 — cymigerum Rchb. .........00..00. 556 — — var. B. reptens N. P........ 559 — var. Y. pseudocymigerum N. P. — f. calvipedunculum INE Rivets eo BE enadocee 5519 — f. hirtipedunculum INP asc.ttestatl.trasanani Seas 559 cymigerum + Auricula Peters... Ge kealena nt 587 cymiramum Schelk. and Zahn See N82 os eae eel is toees 479 EymoOsifonmepi Nyy Rasta Sili2 — f. strictistoloniferum ZETTAI ieee a B o« 2 cymosocephalum Rehm. ........ 514 cymoso-Pilosella Wimm. ...... 588 CY MOSUTMMDICtiA Ree 550 Cy IMOSUMME Seawater es 549 Cymosumpldb yee eee 553 = NBs WSUbgstex «tse 545 == Schulege. Siena... 441 — Zahn, subgrex ............... 548 — ssp. cymosum L. y. holmienisemN Reece 551 — ssp. eusciadium N. P...... Sul — ssp. fallax Sudre ................ 507 — pauciflorum Meinsh. ........ 556 — ssp. pubescens Lindbl. 2p RESULUL NEN bate 554 — ssp. pubescens N. P......... 556 — var. paradoxum Lindeb. .579 — €. Nestleri Froel................ DIS — -auricula (N. P.) Zahn...586 — -collinum N P. «uu... eee 57/1 — -pratense Zahn................... 571 — + Auricula N. P......... 586 — + Pilosella N. P. .....cee 588 — < pilosella Rouy ................ 591 cyrtophyllum Norrl. ............... 508 czaiense Schischk. and Serg. ...98 czeremoszense Wol................. 197 dagoensewuxipers.. see seseree ly danicum Arv.-TOowvy. «..-..0.0-.-+. B55 debilescens Woron. and AUN), ccs cesitev yon ied: ache 290 TAG decipicnsmlauschprres...1em 167 decipiens Zahn, grex............. 162 declinansiNonglin. at: 627 dechiviumiuxipiescrs..ss- snes 321 decurrensa Nosrlaees ee 181 dentatum Hoppe ............... 394 denticuliferum Norrl. .............. 555 detonsimilgNornlajese eet: oes SH detonsum y. griseum N. P....573 diaphanoides Lindeb................ 283 diaphanoidiceps Woron. and ZAN De. scisc0:. 1 eR ee es 54 diminuensisNorrlh sere 32/2 dimorphum Norrl. ................. 599 discolons Ngee. ae aes 53:2 discoloratum Norrl. ................. 663 dissolutump iN: bese 600 distractum) Norse 330 divisum Jord. ssp. Pollichiae Sch. Bip. var. sub-Pollichiae itwawands Zahn tess ssn ee 7255) If dmitrovense) Reteneetes 33) 1) dolabratum Norrl. .................... 108 — faverumyZahnieuwees 109 dubiumekt, 23. eee 580 = SEs tee 571, 586, 668 — > pilosella Zahn ................ 585 Dublitzkii B. Fedtsch. and Newskil psteS:. eee eee oe 602 duderhofense Juxip ........0..0... 138 durisetum\jNey Pape ees 422 echiocephalum N. P............... 494 echiogenesiNS Ramesses 487 echioidessiimna.- ee 418 echioides-cymosum N. P...... 420 ——) /Procerum™= Zales: stress 415 — (vel caucasicum)- verruculatum Zahn..............0.+ 414 — > Pilosella N. P. ............... 424 — > pilosella Zahn ................ 424 echioides < floribundum Zs A sss Selec Pearce ee tessh sae 477 echioides < pilosella Zahn ...428 Eichyaldiie Juxipress:sseee ae 378 ElfvineiisNornlaeeaeee 664 Elisabethae Kem.-Nat................ 90 CMINENS SUAS see ee 86 eminulumySudte eee 86 eEmpodistuimilNe \Paeesies-c.-2es 449 Endaurovae Juxip............000+ 218 ensifienum)| Norgl: (ese 561 epichlorum Litw. and Zahn .264 enicetorumeN Paes 440 CMMANIENSE MUX IP) e.ccee eee eee 40 690 Hieracium erraticum Norrl.......... 582 — erythrocarpoides Litw. and Zahn... Nee SE AE. 76 — — var. triangulidens Zahn ...... 76 — erythrocarpum Peter ................. 71 — — var. B. divisiforme Litw. andi'Zahneeek... See oe. fal — — f. pilosum Zahn.................. 71 — erythrochristum N. P............. 520 — erythrophylloides Zahn.......... 452 — estonicum Dahlst. ..............0. B52 — eualpina Dahlst. ...............0.0 Sy7/ — eu-alpinum Zahm...............00. 157 — eu-apatelium Zahn.................. 633 — eu-arvicola (N. P.) Zahn ..... By — eu-auricula typicum Zahn....670 — eu-aurantiacum Zahn ............ 653 — eu-bifurcum Zahn .............0. 428 — eu-cernuiforme Zahn.............. 646 — eu-flagellare Zahn. ................. 643 — eu-flagellariforme Zahn.........629 — eu-floribundum Zahn. ............. 606 — euanfractum Zahn................. 266 — eu-caesiomurorum Zahn....... 344 — eucaesium Zahn. ............ccc08 S)3)0) —-seuchaetium! INiwRyek cee 501 — eu-cymosum Zahn.............000 548 — eu-decipiens Zahm................... 167 — eu-diaphanoides Zahn ........... 283 — eu-echioides Zahn................... 418 — eu-fallax Zahn. .............c.:ce 423 — eu-Hoppeanum Zahn, grex ..681 — eu-hypeuryum Zahn............... 687 — eujuranum (Fr.) Zahn............ 136 — eu-laevigatum Zahn ............... 105 — eu-leptoclados Zahn............... 520 — eu-leptophyton Zahn .............. 538 — eu-magiaricum Zahn ............. 462 — eu-nigrescens Zahm................ 189 — eu-obscurum Zahn.................. 441 — eu-paragogum (N. P.) Zane nee ee ee S77 — eu-pilosella Zahm............00.... 692 — eu-piloselliflorum Zahn ......... 648 — eupraealtum Zahm.................. 441 — eu-pratense Zahm.................6 596 — — 4. typicum Zahn................ 596 — eu-prussicum Zahn................. 636 — eu-Rahmannii Zahn................ 566 — eurigidum Zahn ............00.00 ei — eurobalticum Zahn, grex ......... 88 — eu-Rothianum Zahn................ 425 — eurynathelum Dahlst. ............. JOS) 718 eu-sagittatum (Lindeb.) eusciadium (N. P.) Dahlst. ...551 eusciadium N. P., subgrex ...555 — eu-silvicola Zahm ...............00 601 — eu-subnigrescens Zahn .......... 19 — eu-sulphureum Zahn .............. 526 — eutridentatum Zahn................ 102 — eutriviale Zahm .............cccc 240 — eu-umbelliferum Zahn............513 — eu-umbellatum Zahn, grex......89 — eu-umbrosum Zahn ................ 23) — euxinum B. Fedtsch. and INevski eens bees. 409 — eu-Zizianum (Tausch) Zann: Awe ee ae eS 509 ——sexcellens™Blocki.-+. 513 — excubitum Elfstr. ........00.0.0... 174 — eximiiforme Dahlst................. 194 — eximium var. calenduliflorum Wechtreee ee eha Ms. nA 161 — exotericum Jord. «0.0.00... 327 — falcidentatum Juxip.......0.0.. 231 — fallaciforme Litw. and Zatti ie 425 — fallax Lam. and DC. .............. 441 — fallax Willd... 412, 420 — fallax ssp. mollisetum ltrichanthumMNe share 547 — fallax (Willd.) N. P............. 423 — — var. angustius Zahn .......... 423 — fallax > pilosella Zahn.......... 427 — fariniramum Ganesch. and Zahn aE 264 — farinodermum Litw. and Zea RS eA 2 Ee 400 — fastigiatiforme Zahn............... 463 — — var. subglandulosum Zain tee ea ae ee 464 — fastigiatum N. P.............. 453 — — f. parcipilum Sag. and LAR. Ce eas 454 — fenno-orbicans Norrl. ............. 309 — fennoorbicantiforme Juxip....305 =—sfestinumi Word hee 267 — — var. obscuristylum Toutes... 42. eee 267 — filiferum Tausch ........0.... 466 — finmarkicum Elfstr. ................ 187 — fimbriatum Mert. and ROthHAA eT ia Ae 598 — firmicaule Noth. ...........06 oe) LinMipesmINEH MER eecccerceeeerer: 645 Hieracium firmum Jord. ............... 105 — flagellare Reichb. .................... 533 — flagellare Willd............00000.. 637 —— flagellare (Willd.) N. P......... 643 — var. B. galicicum N. P....644 — -auricula G. Schneid. ...628, 629 — — -pilosella Zahn................... 645 — flagellariforme G. Schneid. ....628 — flagellatum Zahn..........0.00.0...... 5) — flammeum Notrtl..........0...00.60. 601 — flexicaule Elfstr. .........:....0:2.... 169 — floccicomatum Woron. and IZ A Messe cee eet ise 8c B25 — flocciparum Schelk. and TARA N erocteacoccro ero eeCOnEceC ETRE 106 — floccipedunculum N. P. ......... 437 — floccosum Schut ..........0..00.00 393 — florentinum auct. ......0..0000.0... 436 — florentinum All. ........0ccccc.. 434 — florentinum Zahn, grex ......... 445 i -CUTIGUIG Naw P yee $25 — — -Auricula-collinum N. P...604 — — -collinum N. P. .........00.... Sy 7/ —} = -¢ymosum N. Pis........4:..+: 507 sh -echioidessNa Parent... 481 = SS FORHIOOSE CAIN 5 sccconsososceorees S17 = —} < pilosella Zahm .........:...... 533 — floribundiforme N. P.............. 584 — floribundoides Zahn ................ 585 — floribundum Wimm. and Grabinentaneaecbes. bo edeleos ti eaien 604 = stloribundumi Ns P. 2..:.....0820 606 — floribundum ssp. suecicum B. subfloribundum N. P........ 582 — floribundum N. P. B. rossicum IN| BRA cece tite He eesti 606 — Y. petropolitanum N. P..606 floribundum var. melachaetum BrP ee. ee te... 455 = “Niiite SOIT Vibes cocceopeeee 631 — — -Auricula N. Poececic...... 626 — — -pilosella Zahn................... 632 — — > ambiguum Zahn............ 611 — — > Pilosella N. P................ 631 SS S VOGAG ZAIN cconsoseccceroce 648 et OniGumig NEE eee 632 — folioliferum Elfstr. .......0.......... 161 — foliosissimum Woron. and Zia TM sco ee hea Dau ll BS 34 — foliosum W. and K. ..........000.. Vil — Fominianum Woron. and Ereynily NaggRs. 5 chet. cetes: 417 — var. multipilum N. P....... 417 719 FrickiiwZahneus tie a 431 EniGStUART tes. sseucrcte ee ee 126 frigidellum Pohle and Zahn .319 FritzeniFasSchultzic....ee 198 frondiferum Elfstr. ........0..0...... 170 — var. wologdense Eflstr.....170 frondosumpaNeaPie.th..ee: 676 Fuckelianum Touton and Zahausccae..... camera ieee 412 fuliginascens Norrl. ................. 561 fuliginosum Laest. «0.0.0.0... 185 fuliginosum Laest. var. Imandraes Norw)s. eases 176 ifulvescens#Norrlyee ee 258 fulvescens| NigPi 2 eee 618 fulvolutescens Norrl................ 665 furfuraceoides Zahn ................ 318 furfuraceum Dahlst. .......0.....-.. 318 uscoatrum Niet eee 658 PUSCUN NET 2 ee 662 galbanum Dahlst. ..................... 353 Ganeschinil(Zahness. eee 238 — var. jamarovense Juxip....238 — var. karakolense Juxip.....238 gentilemJord: poets e ee 333 — var. silvivagum Jord. ........ 333 — var. stellatum Juxip.......... 333 Zeoneicum@Riee. ee 60 gigantellum Litw. and Zahn ....24 giganticaule Zahn..................... 569 grabriligulatum Norrl. ............. 166 glandulosissimum Petet ........ 147 glareosum Petern...2 ee. 37 glaucescens#Bessass cee 462 — f., pilosiusiNiy Pai2kk...4.... 462 glaucescens Froclaess. ee 453 glauct Ere Stitpsy.-.--< ee 395 Glehninhuxippeee ee 306 glomerata INOry Syl glomeratiforme Zahn ............. 612 glomeratina Omang................ Sal glomeratulum Almgu. ............ 574 glomeratum Froel. «0.0.0... 571 glomeratum (Fr.) N. P.......... 574 — f. hirtius Dahlst................. =) 7/ glomerellum Zahn ...............00... 70 glomeruliferum N. P. ............. 573 Gmelinianum Arv.-Touv. ........ 42 gnaphalium\ Ni} Piteeeseeers 634 — var. B. zawadowiense Rehminiachi thes ene ston 635 — Gochnati C. A. Mey........ 604 goriense Kozl. and Zahn.......... 95 gorkenseNorrlyee eh. sce 582 692 Hieracium Gorodkowianum JuXipes.. A ee SR 186 gothicifronsmZannw ese. 39 gotlandicum (Fr.) N. P.......... 440 — var. B. pilosiceps N. P. ..440 gracile; GIOCWee ete 136 gracilentum var. varangarense EL iStrc lees sea ee 159 grandidens Dahlst. ................... 340 grandidens Eflstr. ................ V7 Lanne: See 101 granitophilum Norrl................ 547 granvicum JuXip .............c 305 orisetumiyNOnnlyeerse eee: 3) 1/3) — var. oppletum Norrl. ....... 574 gudergomiense Juxip ............... B37 gudissiense Juxip .................0. DYN Guenther Norpliys etree 270 Gustavianum Juxip............0. 7);3).3) guttenfeldense Zahn................ 635 gymnogenum Zahn................... 159 — f. brevipilum Zahn............ S19 — f. calvifolium Zahn .......... 159 gymnaeconesaeum Juxip ........... 88 haematoglossum Kozl. and Zane e es. CPR ee 487 hamadanense Zahn, subgrexsies, 25ne A ee 401 Fara dion] saesceeeesseeen eee S) Ui hemschinense Zahn................. 651 heothinumMNi bse eee 462 — f. glandulosiceps Zahn ............ — f. vistuligerum N. P......... 463 heterodonthoides Litw. and Zahn nA ee A 12 — var. B. subdentatum Zahn gos. ee PR S, 2 POISTITE IN OYE Cccoccococaccocosccoesgaeau0: B22 hirtelliceps Dahlst. ............0.... 5159 hintulum@iReter see 5) 18) — var. pilosus Peter.............. 519 hintulum@Retens.es ee 584 hispidissimum Rehm. .............. 459 — f. calvicaule N. P. ............ 459 — pilosicaule N. P.............. 459 hispid ET ee 42 Hohenackeri (Sch. Bip.) Ni PER REM ee thc Ee 403 holmiense (N. P.) Dahlst. ....550 holoeion Maxim. .......... cee 60 homostegium Norrl. ................ 639 hoOpensewIUxi peer ee 464 720 HoppeanummN Rarer. 681 Hoppeanum Schult. ...... 679, 681 — Zahn, grex........ 679, 681 — ff. typicum Rouy and Foucaud ste eae ih Sao 681 — -Pilosella N. P. oe 684 hryniawiense (Wol.) Zahn....129 hylocomum Juxip...............0. 328 hylogeton Kozl. and Zahn ...300 hyparcticum Elfstr. .............. My hy peunyumiyNGME esses 687 —— fe calvum! NiIRi esse 687 — f. pilosius N. P. ...... 687 hypoglaucum Litw. and Zales ces Siete eee RS 141 — var. floccisquaamum Lah theses htc Qe, MRO 142 — f. epilosum Zahn............... 142 —-f. pilosiusculum Zahn....... 142 — f. subdentatum Zahn......... 142 hypopityforme Juxip.............. 248 nypopitys Litw. and Zahn.... hypopogon Litw. and Zahn ....50 — f. subtridentatum Zahn ....... 50 Igoschinae Juxipy ice: 289 illudenswNornlie ee 569 ilyassowoense Zahn................. Jee) imandrense Juxip ................0. 139 impectum Nott. «0.0.0... 7/3) imponensmiNorel see ee 656 incaniforme Litw. and Zann crencdsieenl ie. JOR RSUO 478 — f. epilosiceps Zahn. ........... 479 incanum (M. B.) N. P........... 398 — f. pilosiceps Zahn............. 399 ——PifeVienumiyZahmieccsee ese 399 — M. B. ssp. giganteum Grosshys..c8 84 ce 400 ZAM yy STC Xiyececesacsevsseasstcecsoneee 697 — -caucasicum Zahn .......... 415 —_-PilosellagNne Ren 401 — -procerum Zahn ................ 411 Inceptans\eNOrDil eens 640 incomptum Norrl. ................. 175 inconveniens Juxip................. 24 incrassatiforme Norrl. ............ 509 KNIT TANS EVEL cctosocccesooccoaducsess00- 242 InfidulumyNonrl sess 582 ingermanicum Zahn ................ 126 WARE INT, 12c. Seecconsbesscaqssobccboos 454 insoOlens Non teste eee 459 ins olitumiyZalhinyeceee esses eee WS integrifolium Lange ............... 1/3) — Zahn: ee, Pe oe Ads) Hieracium integrilingua Norrl. ... 666 — intercessum Juxip..........0...0... 369 — iremelense Juxip .............00000. 162 ischnoadenum Juxip ................ 284 isenanummUe chty-y asco... 631 isthmicolagNomlae 2... 626 jablonicenscm@Woliterets 2... 209 jacobaeaefolium Froel........... 105 jailanum)(Zahnhor.eee eee 543 TRUVEO Eh by Concongs athens come Ne 136 — var. acrostrum Favre and TBE Nee here seco ceo eoe oo EEOC 136 TET AOL OTTTD. VSCV WINS concasacecoos sero 208 (Er) eeZalhn aj onexes...cscs he: 136 Jurassisum Arv.-Touv. ........... 136 Kabanoyiigiixd peers ote S/S) Kaczuninit, Juxipies...2ass2ee.: 134 -kajanense Malmegr. .................. 656 karelicumipNorrlipeer: esos: 600 karelorum) Norell. ssi222 141 — f. glabrius Norrl................. 141 Kanjaciniiguxipe ee 227 Karpinskyanum N. P............. 400 Kemulariae Juxip .................. 698 kiderenseyZahne epee oe. 57 Kihlmanii Norrl. ........0........0. 661 kinghisorumuxipies. Gees. 38 kluchoricum Kem.-Nat. ............ 90 KnatiiwCelaka anaes se, 113 kochtanum Kozl. and Zahn ....49 Koenigianum Zahn.................. 200 Koernickeanum N. P............. 527 == SSpsidenteratumpNe P: =... S27 — ssp. gumbinnense N. P....527 = SSD eSamMOvjlae aINew bones SAT KolenatiigNoeh ete 502 Kolicolay NAP rek eee: 339 konshakovskianum Juxip........ 3)7/'8) Korshinskyi Zahn.................. 219 — var. abakanum Juxip......... 220 kosvinskiense Juxip ................ 304 Kotschyanum N. P. .....-.c00.000+ 410 KovdaenseyJux ip iicct.-.:...-.. 20% 114 Kozlowskyanum Zahn ............ 402 Krameri Franchet and Sav. .....61 Krasaniniwolee:. Ste Sen: 17) KreczetovicziinJuxipl ..-22202: Sly) Knyloviii@Nevskitt sees sees 130 — f. Gorezakovskianum UU Xa pRees: BeBe cts teas 130 ate pilosnus, Juxipesestacse: 130 kubanicum Litw. and Zahn... 104 kubinskense Juxip .............00 279 Kulkowianum Zahn ................. 1 12 21 693 kumbelicum B. Fedtsch. and Nevskinseede 2... ete. 420 KupfferiDahisters sees 302 kuroksarense Juxip ........0....0... 178 kusnetzkiense Schischk. and Sere. ksccnciaes.. 2s 129 Kuzenevae duxip vsti DTT laceratiom (Notrlasncin.iGeeee 370 CachenalniGmelyee ee 244 Lackschewitzii Dahlst. ........... 386 ladogenses Norns eee 622 laetiflorum Nortl. ......cccceccee00e 349/7/ laeviganswZahness kena es 102 — f. parcifloccum Litw. and Zanes see eee | G88 ey 103 laevigatum Willd.............. 43, 105 lailanum Schelk. and Zahn...... 59 lamprocomoides Woron. and Zalhing:. Rue. Meee eee Fn 688 lamprocomum N. P................ 688 lamprophtalmum Norrl.......... (72 lanceolatum (Vill.) Zahn, SUD BEX A eee oe See ee NS37/ lanceolatum Q. multiglandulum Zahing.<:.250e.. Matier cess: 143 — @. multiglandulosum f. brevipilum) Zahnese= eee 144 lancidens#Zahn ee ese 101 lapponicum@En 2a 109 — var. pomosdinense (Pohle and\-Zabn) au xipeees ee 109 largumekir sso 78, 81 aschiie Zahn) Ss eeeeesae eee 592 lasiophorumeNebe ee 493 lasrothrix NG Pe eee 687 latenswJUxipiee.. sees 256 laterales Norn eaeee ene aer 107 — var. tetrimoense Juxip.....107 lateriflorum Norrl. .................. 335 latifolium dbs (2225.5 78 latilobum Almqu............000 380 latpanienses Petenseeee ee 492 latvaense) Norcl9)..222e eee 656 laurinum Arv.-Touv................... 86 LehbertitigZahniee-2eee et 280 lenkoranense Juxip.................. 335 leopoliense Xx Auricula Blocki.einie ees 618 leopolitanum Zahn.................. 618 lepiduliforme Dahlst. .............. 237 lepistoides K. Joh. ..........0..0. 334 leptadenium Dahlst. ................ S52 leptocaulon@NiS PAs een 598 —= fecealviuswNiawP Pi Pc. 598 694 Hieracium f. pilosius N. P. ........ 598 — leptocephalum Vukot............. 207 — leptoclados N. P............0. 520 — leptogrammoides Juxip. ......... 279 — leptogrammum Dahlst............ 279 — leptophyes Peter .................... 587 — leptophyllum N. P...........0... 510 — leptophytomorphum Litw. andi Zahn. Le eR 505 — leptophyton-magyaricum > PilOSellaN: APA Ree Seen oe 530 — leptophytum N. P.........0.... 55 — leptoprenanthes Litw. and Zan a eR cadet 3h7/ — — ssp. leptoprenanthoides Litwasand)Zahnte. ete 38 — — f. pilosiceps Litw. and Zaher sere eh len hae awn 38 — — f. verum Litw. and Zahn...38 — leptothyrsoides Zahn.............. 5)3)0) — leptothyrsum Peter ................ 561 — Lespinassei Kozl. and Zales ene eevee MS 134 — leucocephalum Rupr. ............. 419 — leucocraespedum Peter ........... 518 — leucothyrsogenes Kozl. and Zahniscccien aan eee: 314 — leucothyrsoides Kozl. and Zahnisten teas. eee 223 — leucothyrsum Litw. and Zahn ts. Meh. See Be 106 ——) WevaenipPetenn...e see 650 — Levieri-pilosella Zahn ............ 651 — Lidiae Schischk. and Steinb:.c22e hee eas 514 ——limbatumiyNay Bares eee 618 — linahamariense Juxip............... 351 — lineatum Almgu. .........0...:000+ 103 —— linifolium\|S ae liye esses es 110 — Linnaei Zahn, grex................. NS) 7/ — lipnickianum Rehm. ................ 634 ——Lippmaemuxipres- eee 386 — Lipskyanum Juxip .........0.... 242 — lissolepium Zahn........00...00.. 103 — lithuanicum N. P............ 673 — jhitoreums Nomis. seee Doo) — Litwinowianum Zahn ................. 39 — ljapinense Juxip................ L7/2 — Lobarzewskii Rehm. ................ 525 — lomnoicense Wol. ...........0.. 197 — longatum Peter..........0..... 620 — longipes C. Koch... 431 — longiradiatum Zahn ................. 511 longiscapum Boiss. and longiscapum N. P., grex ...... 603 — > Hoppeanum Petev......... 650 — > Hoppeanum (macranthum) Lain. ciisic eee. Bes 650 — > pilosella Zahn ....... 625, 630 — < Hoppeanum Zahn.........651 longasetum) N&@RA ees 488 longissimum Pete? ..........0000. 101 longumiNi Rites ee 502 — f. brevipilum N. P............ 505 — f. longipilum N. P............ 502 loriense Juxiphe eee 145 luganumMiN) IPR 424 ‘lugdunense Rouy...........0. eee 86 lujaurense Norrl. ...........0..008 179 luteoglandulosum Sael............. 578 lyccenScMNGi hanes se eee 444 lychnaeum Norrl..........0....0... 655 lycopifolium Peter...............0 133 lyratum' Norn sea en eee 341 — f. lyratoides Juxip............. 342 macrantheloides Zahn............ 579) macranthelum N. P........0 578 macranthum BOiISS. ...........06 682 ——(lien))eZahneeeee 681, 682 — Bp. Bertolet. meskes 681 macrochlorellum Litw. and Zahn eee aus. eae 364 macrocymum N. P. .............. 416 macrodonusubrerte ee 340 — 6. silvularum Sudre ........... 341 macroglossoides Zahn............ 636 macroglossum Rehm. .............. 636 macrochaetium N. R..............406 macrolepideum Norrl. ........... 689 vari Nori wane we eeeee 689 macrolepidiforme Zahn............. 69 macrolepioides Zahn.................. 69 macrolepis BOisS. ..............ccee 56 — var. pilosius Litw. and Zahnewie ence ee Lae RI, 56 — > H. strictissimum Froel....31 macrolepium N. P.............0.. 683 macrolygodes Zahn ................. 101 macrophyllopodum Zahn....... BSS) macroradium Zahn .................. 500 macrostolonum G. Schneidiys..8.e enn 645 macrotrichum N. P. .......e 406 MacrumUN shy eee 455 maculosum Dahlst. .................. 362 magnauricula N. P................ 674 Hieracium var. pilosum N. P. ...674 722 — macranthum var. Subcaliviumypy New Rane eceece ee 674 magyaricum N. P. see 446 — (N. P.) Zahn, grex........... 460 — -cymosum N. P. wee 510 — -echioides N. P. wee 486 magyaricum-floribundum RENM aurantiacum Zahn........ 596 — > auricula Zahn................ 604 — < auricula Zahn.................. 626 — -pilosella F. Schultz ......... 637 — > pilosella Zahn. ................ 634 — < pilosella Zahn................. 645 praticolayS dresser eee te: 83 pracaltumaNaks, (texte ses 441 —.. Villocciete®: aes 434, 441 praealtum (Vill.) N. P........... 441 — var. hispidulum Froel....... 44] — var. majusculum N. P......442 — var. obscurum Froel. ........ 44] — var. praealtiforme Lalitvesccnt tip et ale wheeens 442 — var. septentrianale NiviiPar ec 4 Eee Eee. 3. coes 444 — var. Zizianum DOIll. .......... 507 — y. Bauhinii Koch.............. 446 — y. hispidissimum Fr. ........ 486 — 6. setosum Schut ............... 500 — €. hirsutum Koch.............. 482 praecipuiforme Dahlst. .......... 286 DT AECOM Nahr eres tens sneetoeteneees 492 725 698 Hieracium praecurrens Vukot.....211 — praeteneriforme Almqu.......... 251 — praetenerum Almdau. ............... 308 — praetermissum Juxip............... 260 — praetervisum Juxip ................ 228 — prenanthoides auct. ..........0 141 => (—) Kony eitee aes eee es 130 — prenanthoides Vill.................. 118 — — Vill. *Karelorum Norrl. ..141 — — (Vill.) Zahn. grex.............. sy7/ — — var. bupleurifolium- Wimm. andwGrae bm ee..0... reese 142 — — var. latifolium Tausch.....147 — — -murorum Zahn................. 136 — proceriforme N. P........412, 415 — procerigenum Litw. and ZAIN ccs AR ue eas 478 — — f. calvescens Zahn............ 478 — PFOCETUM FY, oueeecescesccrsesserereerees 404 — procerum (Fr.) N. P. ............ 409 — — var. calvatum N. P........... 409 — — var. normale N. P............ 409 — — -Pilosella N. Puss 409 — — -verruculatum Zahn........... 411 — progenitum Norrl. ................... 630 — prognatum Norrl................04 638 — prolatatum K. Joh.................. 237 — prolixiforme Norrl.................. 349 — prolixum Norrl. .............:c.00 363 — — Norrl. f. e. submaculosum Dahl's the setae Rela teat eee 361 — prolongatum N. P................0. 568 — prostratum LAD. ...........eee 77 — proximum Norrl...................6. 308 — — f. persimiliforme Dyas ty. sees ei 309 — pruiniferum Norrl................... 125 — prussicum N. P......... cece 636 — — -auricula Zahm................ 628 — psammophilum N. P. ............. 483 — pseudauricula N. P. ............. 627 — pseudauriculoides N. P........... 471 — pseudobifidum Schur................ 210 — pseudobipes Elfstr. .........0........ 178 — pseudo-Blyttii Norrl................ 664 — pseudobrachiatum Cel. ............ Se) 7 — — f. brevipilum N. P............ 538 — — f. epilosum N. P............... 538 — — f. estriatum N. P.............. 538 — — f. longipilum N. P............ 538 — — f. striatum N. P............. 538 — pseudoconstrictum Zahn........... 36 — pseudocymigerum N. P......... 556 — pseudoflagellare (Block1) Lab wricesicis dealt d elements 646 pseudojuranum Arv.-Touv..... 136 pseudonigrescens Almqu. ...... 192 pseudophyllodes Zahn ............ 173 pseudopiloselliflorum Rehm ieee ou. 525 pseudopleiophyllum Zahn.....391 pseudopratense Uechtt.......... 606 pseudorphnodes Zahn............. =) 1/7 pseudosparsum Zahn ............. 452 pseudosvaneticum Peter............ 66 — f. pseudosvaneticum Pete ry itecedeese ss Mtectises coeds Se, 67 corymbulosum Somm. and Lee Micitdecnesei cues AEM BAU eek LS ana 67 pseuduliginosum Zahn.............644 psilobrachion Woron. and ZAM eset ode sh setters se teesenoet 534 psilophyllum G. Anderss. ...... 675 pskowiense Zahn..................... 486 ptychophyllum Dahlst. ........... 322 pubensiaNorR eee. 622 pubescens Lindbl. .................. 556 — Zahn, subgrex ............ 1 555 pubifolium Norrl. ..........0.....0. 582 pulvinatam Norrl.................. 666 — var. lutescens N. P.......... 666 — var. purpurascens N. P. ..666 purpureibracteum Zahn .......... 540 purpureovittatum Zahn.......... 540 purpuristictum Juxip ............... telat puschlachtae Pohle and Z ali nyenscrioavive ce Uist atte. 110 pycnochaetum Brenn. ............ 3)5) 3) pycnomnoon Rehm. ............... 513 pycnothyrsum Peter ............... 569 py nnhantve sWINiiiby\-c.s2 eee 662 pyrsjuense JUXip ....... 172 quercetorum Jord, .......ccce 84 quinquemonticoia Juxip........... 248 TACEMOSUMIPENIESrcees-s.-eccseee ete 24 Raddeanum Zahn................... 124 radiatellum Woron. and aR cae. wees Bilis TradiocaulewRTOe eee 510 — Q. cymosiforme Hayek ....512 TFAdUla SETI eee ye es 409 rapunculoidiforme Wol. and PZ UN yah een ek Bie dae 209 ratluense Zahn .............. cece 72 rauzense (Murr.) Zahn .......... 196 ravusculum Dahlst. ..................355 rawaruskanum Zahn ................ 599 726 Hieracum reducatum Norrl.......... Is} 7/ reflonescens Normlsy:....--ssee 574 Re geliigNimiP tenets 549 Regelianum Zahn .................... 124 regiomontanum N. P............. 609 RRehmanmniii Nie beers ee 566 REWMAN IVAW Oley tee. cossesce es 208 ==) Zahn eee ssi 565 renidescens Norrl................... 611 retroversilobatum Schelk. andPZahnyseeet. 8 cca ceve: 319 LE VOCANSHUUXUP irs ee nenne erste 337 TNOGANTRES MARI peste see eeseosws 662 KAoOdanthuml Brae. 667 riganum Syreist. and Zann ee carend eetek a. cies ccteekeavess 619 rigidellum Litw. and Zahn....... 44 — var. B. phyllopodum Litw. and Zahn 28. keene texts 44 Tigidum| sHantmye eee. eces it i — var. corvipedifolium Zann eee rere eed he. cese. 112 rigidum laevigatum Ft.......... 103 Tipariumy Ux pes eee eee 369 LODUSCUMMRIA 78 — var. subpallonianum ZiT sos Bak ae ee EE ee A 81 RONACSENS EKG tees eres eee 196 Rojowski Rehm. ..............e 452 Rothianum Lindeb................... 547 a= Wall rectk, terete oils: 412,424 Rothianum Zahn.................. 425 Rothianum Zahn f. angustum INE Sea REE. NRPS ARB a 425 — f. calvicaule N. P............. 425 ete iseticaule Neaghe eres eee 425 rotundatum Zahm ...........:c000 207 roxolanicum Rehm. ...............- 565 RubellumaZannees-s ee ee 565 rubricymigerum N. P.............. 565 — var. Blockii Wol............... 566 rubro-Bauhinii Schelk. and Zea cetera Bate cee Chea taewive 460 — f. exstriatum Zahn............ 460 rubro-Bauhinii Zahn, gr. ........ 446 rubroonegense Norrl. .............. 658 rubropannonicum Litw. and Lean eee kM A Ae Ra ea bee 486 — f. substriatum Zahn .......... 487 — f. valdestriatum Zahn ...... 487 rubrum ssp. chaunanthes INARI Tie ee, cou tadibeess 661 TUMIENSE: JEN, cocox-ebcrcocsscnccccoo 645 RUprechtit BOiSSi.s..-.eerse-e------ 544 TruSAanNmeZaanee ee. eee 570 sabaudim) eer. teeeee eee 82 SabaudumyWenex ress seeerent or... 82 aan Palllsc. sicssctesteacsiors eee Se 77 sabiniceps Litw. and Zahn sors Se La ee 499 SabiniformewZahny...0...sie-.s 481 subinocephalum Litw. and Zahn cee eee. Vee 499 sabinopsis Ganesch. and Zahn eins yey 412 Sabinum™ BOSS; eee 403 — 8. longiscapum Boiss. .....603 sabulosorum Dahlst. ................ 689 —— femlaticepsy Zalimyesseeeee 691 — f. pauciglandulosum JMX pit Aa ee ete 691 — f. tonsum Juxip................ 691 sabulosorum Dahlst. f. tschunense JRUXA pins ee ie ks heer 691 Sachokianum Kem.-Nat. ........ 421 SapittatumWindebaes....se es 391 — ssp. pseudopleiophyllum Zahn .33ie eee 391 Sagittatum Lindeb. var. Noth... cee eee 390 —— Zahn) SUDSREX yest 389 Sagittipotens Norrl. ................ 380 Samaricum Zahn..................... 560 samscharicum Woron. and Zann: Sees Bese leon, 481 Samunense =-Zabnes. ws 68 SanitiNey Pak See eee its: 442 sarcophyllum (Dahlst.) TAVIS SUV OY A CESS ccocccdoncnossccooconsteoce 386 Sarmentosum Froel. .............. 486 Sarmentosum) Froelt ..:......20:. 497 — f. brevisetum N. P. .......... 497 — f. longisetum N. P. .......... 497 — . apterum Froel. ............. 482 sarykamyschense Juxip .......... 225 saturicolor Dahlst. .................. 674 Saxdira gummy mess ecse eres ce 204 Sbacnse WUxiIpy- cesses eee 278 Scabiosump SUudree ee tee ee 83 scabricaule Bischoff ............... 409 scabrum (Willd.) Froel. ........ 398 scandinavicum Dahlst. .......... 611 Schelkownikowii Zahn............ 404 Schellianum Juxip ..t-.::s20-2..:. 287 schemachense Juxip ................ 467 SchennikoviiyZahmn sees 125 Schipezinskil Juxip .........0.... 255 2a 700 Hieracum Schischkinii Juxip....... 230 — Schliakovii Juxip.........0.. Sykes — Schmalhausenianum Litw. ands) Zahnges eee ees 10 — Schultesii (F. Schultz) NBs Behe SE occ RA 678 — — var. B. pseudo-Schultesii Nici Beets atid SEs nl commences Ute 678 —=)— f. lepilosumoeNyeP. 2 2eks 678 — — f. pilosum N. P. ......0....... 678 — Schultesii typicum Zahn........ 678 — sciadophorum N. P. ......ee 586 —— PS CitulllumiWiOlgess sees esc 199 — scopulorum Juxip «2.0.0. 592 — 'scotaiolepis) Eflstr s225.0..:..<:. 190 —— scotodesmNotnlie see. 549 — seduthrix Rehm. ..............000.... 459 — segevoldense Syr. and Balinesw.. eiaell, segoludas 385 — semiauriculoides Zahn............. 498 — — var. B. subglandulosum Lanne. Lees. Oey a 498 — semicurvatum Norrl. ............... 190 — semicurvescens Nort. ............ 190 — semicymigerum Zahn.............. 33) — semilitoreum Norrl. ................ )5)2 — semilyratum Nottl ...............0 338 — semionegense Norrl. ............... 661 — semipraecox Zahm .................. 492 — senescentifrons Elfstr. — septentrionale Norrl. .............. 444 — sericicaule Schelk. and Zahn...55 — serratifolium Jord. ................... 339 — senrratifrons Alm@ut ..:.2.:2:....-: 389 = SENshukenseJuwxiprsere. se 226 — setaceodentatum Rehm. and Wiollseehe nde h eae 333, 340 — setigeriflorum Kozl. and ZG ATV eR EEL, ee 494 — setigerum Hohen...................... 403 == = Kotschy! aeeonoey ee 410 == )==ULindebu Saat aes 547 SS NRL. oe oe eed a 425 INS Vb, IES. eno aceabcascacoadecdonatce 401 — — ssp. adenocephalum Ni Ries, Beis a and 401 =='==—, Tauschie erate. deen 424 — — Bf. Rothianum Froel.......... 424 — — y. multicaule Froel. .......... 424 — signiferum Nonrpl. 22222..0% 548 ——SileniieNormle eee 270 — silvaticum Gouan. 6. pellicidum AIM que.sc cern ee hs 329 — Ss. 2 OUMaOITD Ns ih coos SO — — ssp. i: silvaticum vat: 1 ANIM QU i22<1:3 PE PRE 3381 — ssp. silvaticum var. 3 AlmQus<. 5 SRS ee eae 363 — ssp. 3 triangulari ATU hE ee 361 ——¥ SSP omyAllmique eee eee 376 = SSP Holy Alm GU eee 329 — ssp. 11 pellucidum var. PV Alm@qurn.) Serena 3)3}9) — ssp. 11 pelucidum var. 3 Alm@us sin ee, Seas 308 — ssp. 11 pelucidum Laest. var. 4 0AM Quaeren ct eo 390 ——aSSPelQeAlmaquse eee 391 — ssp. 1 stenolepis Almquscian ak ees 317 —"Sonimand)Weve...22e8..25 324 sibvestremlauschics.20een 85 silvicolas (Er) *Zaline..08 601 —— Zahnnnsrexeess oe 600 — silvicomum Juxip............... 259 silvularumW@ord see 341 simplicicaule Somm. and Leevalhiitis een ee A Oe 3)7/ siphonanthum Juz. and Biy Stra. ae 442 SiworkaenUxdipeeee eee 267 sobrinatum Litw. and Zahn.....66 SoczavaerJuxip.s.. se eee 180 Sommicrim Peter 404 sordidescens "Norrlyeee 258 Sosnowskyi Zahn ..............c0. 399 Spatalopsu@Omne ee 165 SParsumM@auCctye eee eee 56 SPanrSWMPIBMIVaeeeee ee 43, 61 — H. laevigatum Willd. ........... 43 spathophyllopsis Zahn ........... 440 spathophyllum N. P............... 619 — subvar. 2. calvius N. P. ..619 — subvar. 3. majoriceps Nie RR es ht Becton ans 619 — subvar. pilosius N. P........ 619 — f. macrotrichum N. P. ....619 — f. microtrichum N. P. .....619 spathophyllum B. H. eulongiscapum Zahn........ 603 sphaleron Newbee 485 squarrosulum Norrl. ................. 677 stauropolitanum Juxip ............ 457 Steinbergianum Juxip .............. 3)3)3) stellatumMLindebyesees ee 611 stellatum Tausch...........0.0.0. 442 Hieracum stellatum var. Septentrionale” Zahn..........020:. 443 — var. stellatum Zahn.......... 443 Stenolepis, indebineiecsc:e-- DY — f. integris Dahlst. .............. Bye — f. lobata Juxip..........0.... Bild stenomischum Omang............. 182 — var. vultum Elfstr. ............ 182 stenophyton Zahm... 649 stenopiforme Pohle and Ziatiizasrsen Fi eee aiid 181 stenoplecum Arv.-Touv. ....... 136 StenozonwZahneeeerste...c-- 649 Stenstroemii Brenn. ................ 330 sterrochaetium N. P.......... 412 SterromastixaNesih. cso. 432 stoloniflorum BOISS. ...........66 543 SSaKkochie tek, 20ensnn ee 637 ——wOcChlechtendarrs.... nesses 643 — var. campestre Fr. ............ 338 — var. collinum Fr................ 333 SERALIGEP Samy Z alesse eee 226 Streptotrichum Zahn.................. 25 StrictinamunmiNaeR. eee 483 — f. kolomnense Zahn......... 483 Sstrictissimum Froel. .............. 138 — var. substrictissimum Zann cece Me PA LI 138 SimiGtissumum), Petelenee ce: 23 — (Froel.) Zahn, subgrex ..... 138 stirctissimum $. Simonk........ 143 SET LCTUINNETAR et ee: 138 SSSR GLE Re sciscscess sesh Ree 25) stupposipilum Woron. and Ze ANAT custscctacscacoescnh ee AES 445 Stupposuml RChbs .tetees.csscere se 76 subambiguumiNer Beers ee 570 subaquilonare Juxip.................. 220 subanctoumiNomnlie..2- 286 subartvinense Juxip ..........0..00. 35 subasperellum Zahn ............... 247 subatriceps Zahn.................0.. 677 subauriewlay Nave ee 627 subbakurianiense Juxip............... 65 subbauhiniflorum Woron. and Lahins28.. tat. SEN a 53) II subbetuletorum Juxip............... 290 subcaesium (Fr.) Zahn, erexdetiamahee.. S64 eens 362 — var. abrasum G. Beck.....381 subcompositum Juxip .............. SU7/ subcrassifolium Zahn............... 307 subcymigerum N. P.........2+ 438 subcymigerum Zahn, grex....437 728 701 subechioides Borb. ................. 487 Subelatum AIMQU. .......cc 139 suberectum Schischk. and Steinbicn 2 Oe eae 139 — f. Kuznetzovii Juxip......... 140 —— f. pilosivsmJUxipies-. eee 140 SubexcellensmAalin\nessseseeseness 513 subfallaciforme Zahn .............. 425 subfariniramum Ganesch. and Zea ts de Fhe Sate, Se 268 subfilifenum) Zalingisessern es 466 subfloribundum (N. P.) Dahilstt.:-seeere ee eee $82 subfrigidarium B. AGuUULONGTexa Nie eee eres eee 438 subgalbanum Juxip ................ 350 — f. kypuense Juxip.............. 350 subglandulosissimum Zahn .. 147 subhastulatum Zahn................. 257 subhirsutissimum Juxip .............. 78 subimandrae Juxip...............- 176 subincaniforme Kozl............... 479 subincomptum Zahn................ DS sublactucaceum Zahn ................. 84 sublasiophorum Litw. and LAN: see ROS. ER ay 496 sublividum Dahlst. ................... 381 — f. pajakense Juxip............. 382 sublongissimum Zahn ..............- 37 submaculosum Dahlst.............. 361 submarginellum Zahn.............. 307 sumedianum Zahn ..................-. 282 submirum Litw. and Zahn.....497 SUbNIGTESCENSM Ieee tee eee 191 subnilgriceps) Zahn :2:...1seecee 631 subobscuriceps);Zahnbe...2-8.--..-- 251 subpellucidum Norrl. ............... 285 — var. dentatum Brenn........ 285 subpenicillatum Zahn.............. 514 subpollichium (Litw. and ZEN), UWB 9) Gaceeoasoscococso see eeoseu0 4S) 1) SuUbpubensmNOrElQiss..cecsreee teers 625 subrubellum Schelk. and Zain sees ets ese eee 539 subsimplex Somm. and Lev. ...59 substoloniferum N. P. ............ 467 subswirense Norrl. ................. 625 subsvaneticum Litw. and Zhan:;:7.h Aas 67 — f. Kochtaes Zahntiic2i2322.. 67 subumbelliforme Zahn ............ 501 subvindobonense Zahn............ 432 subviolascentiforme Pohle andy Zahn nye chee EES Be 229 702 Hieracum sudavicum N. P.......... 609 — sudeticum Tausch............... 198 — sudetorum N. P.......... ee 596 — suecicum (Fr.) N. P.......:0:...:. 610 — — var. parcepilum N. P....... 610 — — var. valdepilosum ING: Bigatti ee eth a ei 610 — Sukaczewii Zahn... HO — sulphurelliforme Kozl. and Zab myeetenncnd ait) la a ee 41 — sulphurellum Kozl. and Zahn..41 — sulphureum Dooell.......000000.. 526 — suomense Norrl. ............. 559 — suomense Norrl. var. grisescens BOND dese jie) Ae ooh iss S519) — svaneticiforme Litw. and Zab nis ieee ted eee ob Oy kas, 58 svaneticum Somm. and Lev....56 — var. corymbiferum Somm. and Leva: aes eel, 66 svevorum (Borb.) Zahn ......... 500 Swinense) INOTpl) sees 625 synigenes) Ondine tee 320) Syreistschikovii Zahn. ................ 29 syrjaenarum Norrl. ................. 547 sysolskiense Zahn.................... 591 Szovitsil) Na Ries... 433 tabergense Dahlst. ............00.. 551 taigense Schischk. and Serg....288 tanensesElistns cee 182 tani, thrixapNiy Pate nee 500 — f. calotrichum N. P. ........ 500 — f. densipilum N. P............. 500 — f. subfloccosum N. P....... 500 taitrensejy Na bye ees 643 — var. calvum and pilosum Neus aioe te oneal yd Eada 643 fauschviaZalhni eee. ee. 510 taygetum Boiss. and Heldr. ..199 teberdaefontis Litw. and ZAM ositarctsaecenec cae se RMS den 49] teberdense Litw. and Zahn... 133 — var. pilosiceps Zahn......... 133 teligerum Norrl....... Leutaisacditee 161 tenacicaule Norrl. ..............0.... S12 tenebricans Nor. ..............0. 443 — f. hirsutum N. P............... 444 tenuicepsi NER eee sono eee 482 tenuiglandulosum Norrl. ......... 338 tephrantheloides Zahn............ 634 tephranthelum Zahn ............... 566 terphrocephalum Vuk. ............ 538 tephrochlorellum Ganesch. ANG y Zahn ...sdcvcscsssvessen thease oseee 426 729 — tephrophilum Kozl.and LAT Misi sae eS, nd alee hati les 223, tephropodum Zahn.................. 543 tephropolium Zahn ................. 398 Teplouchovii Juxip................ 239 terekianum Litw. and Zahn ....33 — var. subpilosum Litw. and Zea ise:. cee ed Na Re alae 38 thaumasium N. P. ....... 457 — f. microcephalum N. P. ..457 — f. pilosicaule Peter ........... 457 thracicum) IN Ry. eee 498 — f. flocciceps Zahn............. 499 — f. subfloccosum Zahn....... 499 Lilie uxip eee ee 250 tjapomense Norrl. ..............00. 655 torpense Dahlst. ..........:.:cecee 236 torquescens Norrl. ...............+ 666 torticeps Dahlst. .......... cee 336 transbalticum Dahlst. .............. 585 transsilvanicum Heuffel ......... 207 transsilvanicum Schut............. 207 Trebevicianum K. Maly ........ 210 triangulare Almqu. ................... 361 tricheilemay NaiReeeeee.-- es 674 trichobrachium Juxip .............. 114 trichocymosum Zahn.............. 548 tridentaticeps Zahn................. 113 tridentatum FY. oe 102 triste} Willd. wee, 2 eee es 9 tritumpIUXxXi phen. eee eee 226 — var. tritusiforme Juxip ....227 trivialemNornliese ee 240, 241 Tschkhubianischwilii Kem:-Natiyin eee ee 65 tubuliflorum N. P. ...........0.0. 534 tunguskanum Ganesch. and Zan wccccseeetetehn easel a eae 123 turanicum Zahn............. cee 81 turfosum Kem.-Nat................. 90 turkestanicum Zahn ................ 217 tuscheticum Zahn................... 543 tragwerianum Kozl. and Zahn 5.2.94 ven is s ewwnleenls lag 48 tweriense)Zahny ee 638 tyrsiflorum Norrl. .................. 232 uczanssuense Juxip................0. 224 ugandiense Juxip ................00. 392 ukierniae Wol. and Zahn...... 209 uliginosum N. .P.........:...:200 644 == Turezael soit. eee 645 umbellaticeps Pohle and Zahn entecsirs Ahn. Rann een ae 96 — umbellatum L.............cceeees 90 Hieracum umbellatum ssp. anetophillm’ GRGshecs.ctceserseres cree aes 90 — subvar. asterophorum ZAR eee AES 91 umbeliifenumy Ne Po .-cec-----+------ Sis umbelliforme Litw. and EATER, Se oesssextte debe cehescuerns 501 umbellosumiyNe | Bapece-ccceeee esses 499 UmMbricOlagS acley cesses seceseceeescces 236 UMbTOSUMeVONds corer ceceecees AT 3) umbrosum Jord. var intergrifolium TLE NI bern btecnccsON Sr eceb0e EEO EEE 23 UnalemsSen EWS tierce ses ccc---.-esccee WS uranopoleos Juxip ...............5 318 ussense Pohle and Zahn........ 72 Wa CaeMUXIPiccerecctes econ concccs: 370 VAP UIA ORG seccrcsrsnceseseeccscosvacsemmerce 85 VAT CA CHUUXUD eee-esestersrerestcsrescesce 180 Varllantit mlausehy cesssc:.s0t-c----0e- 553 — Zahn, grex............ S)2)S)5 Se) — aurantiacum Zahn. ............ 565 valdefrondosum Maly and VEN WW es cecec trate a LE ECE EEE 128 VAVESIAGUMEIRELC Tiere ce 3}2} valmierense Juxip ..............005 281 variabile f. subgalbanum Dahl's teen te Tess sees 350 variegaticeps Woron. and TI Nene Acch Becory cca aokee PEE 481 variegatisquamum Zahn............. US vasconicum (Jord.) Zahn.......... 86 vasconicum (Jord.) Zahn. SULDYETIERS. ccocoascoocosoedbosocssacecsocoo aE GEATICE 86 Velecense Rehm. and Bentz ere ees css ereneecs ences ces 381 velutinum Arv.-Touv. ............ 697 Veresczaginii Schischk and SET oe ee Nee ecrsccscssees N27 Vernrcosum| Norn. c...es---s: 665 verruculatum (Link) N. P. ...399 verruculatum Zahn. SUD SREKG eee eee seecccceesetsitsssest ores 398 — -pilosella Zahn................... 401 villosellipes Zahn.................000 62 VULVOS UMTS CIT PSteerssensteresesscceee 393 ViNVOS UMP AC GH ceescessesssecsceccesces 393 var. calvifolium N. P. ........... 3:93 vindobonae Zahn .................+. 431 vindobonense N. P. u..cccce0000 431 violaceipes Zahn................++ 588 — f. subignotum Zahn .......... 588 — violascentiforme Pohle Binyal ZAC Sesceescconcacopessacdod se suocceaeot 269 Virelliceps NOL ie .:.-es--cccceeee-=- 366 730 — virenticeps Dahlst .................. 265 — virentisquamum N. P. ............ 681 — — var. minoriceps Zahn ...... 682 — virgultorum Jord. .........:ccceee 85 — — f. Puhringii Juxip ................. 86 — — f. Schmalhausenii Juxip ...... 86 — — f. Zinserlingii Juxip ............. 86 — virosiforme Woron. and ZAM iss ccs cs ee aves conse eabesavse 29 == Virosuml Palliyer,. eters corres U1 — — var. latifolium Trautv. ....... 78 — — var. nigritum Rupr. .............. 78 — — var. oblongifolium Froel. ...78 — — var. undulatifolium Trautv.78 ——VASCHELAG WUXI) cseceresr-.sseneesoaesn 135 — viscidulum Tausch ................... 461 — —var. bohemicum N. P........ 461 — — var. sudeticum N. P......... 461 — vitellicolor Elfstr. ................... 160 — vitellinum Norrl..............00 >) 1/7) — — f. subepilosum Norrl. ....... 578 ——! VOL hyMicumi Nem batecrcce-cs-essceees 468 — voroniense JuXip...........00 198 — vulgati Fr. stirps ..............0 205 — vulgatiforme Dahlst................ 74.3)1 — — var. ostiense Juxip............ 232 — vulgalum (Fr.) Almdu. ............ 240 — vulgatum Fries ....... 43, 240, 241 — vulgatum Fr. and Tiling. ...... 250 — — y. Knafii Celak. ................. 113 — — * basifolium Almdau. ......... 348 === Wimmer Wechtrtiecsc.-cs-cssccee: 360 — Wischniakowii Petunn. and TENN Neceyseeers eeeea ee Bo Bo ERO LED 240 — wjasowoense Zahn..................-. 3) Iti! — wolczankaense Juxip............... 260 — wolgense Zahn...............:c00 477 — wologdense Pohle and TDENW Vepececp ecco Ni COS EOE EDO 219 — Woronowianum Zahn............. 411 — xanthostigma Norrl. ............... 621 — xystrophyllum var. b mamanatense Zahn.................. 500 — Zizianum Tausch................0+ 508 — Zinserlingianum Juxip............. 135 Hirsuta Juxip subsect ........... ee 88 Hirsutissima Juxip. cycl. ...............-. 89 Hololeial Suxips cy.clizccs...svcsctercese 60 Hololeion Juxip, Kitamura............. 61 — Maximowiczii Kitamura............. 61 Hoppeanias) .Cycl. trees. ttecmrerstr 681 Hoppeana Juxip, subsect. ............ 679 Hoppeanum-pilosellla Zahn ........ 684 Hypeurya Juxip, cycl. ............ 684 704 Incana Juxip, subsect. .............00 397 SF SUR FOCE ral... A ERRVR AAR ae 400 Incaniformia Juxip, cycl. ............ 478 Incurrentia Juxip, cycl.............. 242 Inte grata Wluxipsecy Clin. ......-.<: 320 Turan‘avcy Cliteercsmnernsssnttes tee. 136 Jurana Juxip. subsect. .................:. 136 Kein o's 6 acu xuI Ds GY /C legeeseaeecsccssocesacs 38 Kervalfitaexaip sais. Clemeexercccecesacanccess Ile Koernickeana Juxip, cycl............ 526 Koshinskya Juxip, cycl............... 218 Korvinskia Juxip, cycl. ................ 304 Kozlowskyana Juxip, cycl........... 401 Kreczetoviczia Juxip, cycl.......... Si7/ Kupfiteniauxip Cyl. ccccscces 301 Kzenevaea UUXIp wiGVClen cca DY Laevicaulia Juxip, subsect............ 211 Baevicalay Juxip Cy Clitccc.e..ee 102 FanceolataJuxip Cy Clg cat scc-c. 137 Eancidenta Juxipyicyicloter......5-.. 101 Lancifolium, Nis PABSIOX,..2.s..---2-. 445 Lapponica Juxip, cycl.................. 107 Laschia Juxip, subsect. ...........0..... 588 Latentia Suxip, iCyClij.c2 cvs. 2) Laurina Juxip, subsect. ................. 86 Leptoclada Juxip, cycl. ............... 520 Leptogramma Juxip, cycl. .......... 278 Leptophy ta) Juxipyacycl........-. 530 Leucothyrsa Juxip, cycl. ............. 106 eviiera exp acy Clasaeere ese 650 Linahamaria Juxip, cyc................ 351 JENGOTAEEY UMS Ds” CAVE! Seccescnoonceccseceonecrooscees Litwinowiana Juxip, cycl................ 39 Leptoprenanthea Juxip, eycl. ....... 36 Longiscapa Juxip, cycl................. 603 Macrantha Juxip, cycl. ..........0.. 682 Macranthela Juxip, cycl.............. 578 Macranthella Norrl., gf ..........0 579 Macranthum N. P. grex.............. 682 Macrocymum Juxip, cycl. ........... 416 Macrocymum N. P. grex ............ 416 Macrolepidea Juxip, cycl............. 689 Magyarica Juxip, cycl. ...........0.. 460 Manifesta Juxip, cycl. ...........0.. 195 Marginella Juxip, cyci.................. 385 Maschukensia Juxip, cycl............ 414 Medianiformia Juxip, cycl ..........325 Medschedsa Juxip, cycl. ................. 51 Membranulata Juxip, cycl. .......... 229 731 Microplacera Juxip, cycl............. 316 Miicrotamuixap Gy Clie-ceeseercees ee 32 Muricellamixipiiiey/cliv:-se seers. 43 Muroria Juxip, subsect. ............... 293 Nesaealiuxip) Cy cliesnns ste: 280 Nicrescentiamcy Clan ea 174 Nigrescentia Juxip, subsect. ........ 162 Nigrescentiformia Juxip, cycl....179 Nifgnicepsiamiuxip ye Cy Cleese 631 Norrliniformia Juxip, cycl.......... 566 Obliqualuxip yy Cycler cscs 82 Obornyana Juxip, cycl. ......0..0... 523 Obecurawuxipsycy clin eeeeas 438 Oioensita Vuxipy CYC cscs ese 374 Orbicantia Juxip, cycl. ........0.00..... 302 Oncadeamkie sce turer eres 202 Ornatal JU xipyCy Clie ssc: 285 Pachylodea Juxip, cycl. ............... 691 Panaeoliformia Juxip, cycl......... 314 RannonicasJuxip ym CyGl jereseecere. 486 Pannoniciformia Juxip, cycl. .....479 PannOSayiGy Clientes sere een Qe) Pannosay Zahn, sSeC tenes. --ete 199 Paragoga Juxip, cycl. ............0. 1 Peleteriana Juxip, subsect. .......... 689 Pendulay Juxipaicy cli ccaesccewe ee 364 Pilosella Tausch, subgen.............. 396 = ‘SUDSEC ts Are itsrnt dt terest dicosuecants 692 Pilosella acclinis Norrl................ 581 — assimilata Norley. sesccsecrs--e-e 518 — aurulenta Nort. .......s...ce 646 a LAIR O) S25. S25 ccancneerconecec oor 662 — cochlearis Nort. ............0.08 626 = QUDIG ETICS eereccntescresete sarees oeace 584 — furcatum Neilt. «0... 637 — Hoppeana SZ. SZ. wee 680 IM GONGS Za Zaire ace a ea as aes 397 — Kajanensis var. 2. Norrl....... 655 a5 LASCN ig SZ. SZ weiccst he astiae Ma «cs 588 =~ lychned NOD yee ect teeeees 655 — macrolepidea var. gracilior NODE] et essccsiecsnstdvuratinsck cedttnasscte 689 — macrolepis Nott) ................ 689 — melanophaea Nortl................ 439 — neglecta Nott. ............cece 568 — onegense Nott. ............cc0 601 — procera SZ. SZ. weceeceseeeeeeees 405 — progenita Nort. .............. 630 — purbescens var. Wacontracta SNorileer eee 554 Pilosella pulvinata Norrl............ 666 = AGAR THA Sole. SAS pecocotssocnennoanecsaccore 409 — Ruprechtii Arv.-Touv. ........... 424 — septentrionalis var. tenebricans Nott. ....:..::cc0e 443 — squarrosula Norrtl. .................. 677 == GEIACHOGD SVs cero s0ssoscnec09s0-e. CONICET 610 Se eeSpenulaw NOM a cce-nec----c:- 582 EV CIULINAMS Zo Zeleesesccsesess=recesres == 695 =e =Stolonifloray SZ S Ze c-en-ss-- 637 Piloselliflora Juxip, cycl. ............ 648 Pilosellinal Ne Bs) Sect. .--.-..........: 679 Piloselloides Koch. Qf. «1... 396 Pilosissima Juxip, cycl............... 200 Pleiophylla Peter., Qf... 206 Poliocladum N. P., QTeX ....c 437 Polioderma Juxip, cycl. .......... 585 Plurifoliosa Juxip, cycl. ......... 96 Pracelei Juxip, CyCli-<.-.....-.--.---- 441 Praealtina N. P:, sect. ...............-. 433 Praealtoauriculina Juxip, {SITIDESELELE ccocooocodeooosesqnoctcosendandeoodHae: 545) Praealtocymosina Juxip, RINDISEV6l in coooscocococroceoonoocoqgseKdecs0eHecHers 506 Praealtoechinina Juxip, GULISEVELE,. cocossacscsoesa0Saececonsobexnacnooreee 472 Praealtopilosellina Juxip, SIUNISSCEL. cocsccbacoecoocoeacaooaponeoqasce5enr0c> 528 Praealtopratensina Juxip, GUIT DESC iy, cecconccocsosoceceadhesecbacaac0Dds00c oS) Pratense Juxip, subsect. ............... 594 Pratensina Asch. and Graebn., SSCs. 406 Procera Juxip, subsect. .............+ 404 Proceriformia Juxip, cycl. .......... 415 Procerigena Juxip, cycl............-. 477 Prolixa Juxip, CyCl. ..........--.-.0++ 362 Prolixiformia Juxip, cycl. ........... 348 Proxima Juxip, CyCl...........0-+ 308 Prussica Juxip, CyCl. ........:.:e 633 Pseudoconstricta Juxip, cycl. ........ 36 Psendojurana Juxip, cycl. ............ 136 Pseudostenotheca Fr., sect. ........... 13 Pseudotricha Juxip, cycl............-+ 56 Pseudosvanetica Juxip, cycl. ......... 61 Radiatella Juxip, cycl. .......-++ 33 Radiatum N. P., QT@X -... eee 437 Regeliana CyCl. ......sseceesseeerees 124 Regeliana Juxip, subsect. ............. 123 P32 Revocata Juxip, cycl:.....7....02....-. BSW Rigida Juxip, CyCl. ........sseeees 111 Rigida Limt., Q8. .ccscscecscscesererssssresenes 91 Rubella Juxip, cycl. ....1............0.. 565 Ruprechtia Juxip, cycl. ....... 543 Sabauda Ef., SCCt. .-.-::--...-.sseusereresere=- 81 Sagittata CYC. .....cccecsccseeteeseseees 389 Sagittata Juxip, subsect. ...........-. 384 Sarcophylla Juxip, cycl...........0+ 386 Scandinavica Juxip, cycl........... 611 Schelkownikowia Juxip, cycl......404 Schelliana Juxip, cycl. .................. 287 Sciadophora Juxip, subsect.......... 586 Schmalhauseniana Zahn, sect........ 10 Schultesia Juxip, subsect. ............. 675 Serratifolia Juxip, cycl............ 339 Setigera Juxip, cycl....................... 424 Setigeriformia Juxip, cycl. .......... 547 Silvicola, Juxip; (cyl: ...-.---.-.--.------ 600 Sparsa Juxip, CyCl. ......-.-eseeceseseee: 60 Spathophylla Juxip, cycl. ............ 617 Stenotheca Fr., subgen. ..................++ 9 Strictissima Juxip, cycl. ............ 138 Subcymigera Juxip, cycl. ...........-. 437 Subhastata Juxip, cyCl. ........ 156 Submarginella Juxip, cycl. ........... 307 Submediana Juxip, cycl. .........+ 282 Subnigrescentia Juxip, cycl. ........ 193 Sudetica Juxip, cycl: .....-......--.: 198 Sulphurea Juxip, cycl..........0 55) Tephrocephala Juxip, cycl.......... 538 Tomentosa N. P., Qf. ......------.:02++ 199 Torticepsia Juxip, cycl. ..........-. 336 Transsilvanica Zahn, subsect. ....206 Triangularia Juxip, cycl. ............ 360 Tricheilema Juxip, cycl..........-. 674 Tridentata Fr. SECC. ...........:eesseesesees 91 Trita Juxip, CYyCl. ......-.-.ceeeeeeee 225 Tschawkorija Juxip, cycl.............--. 37) Tunguskana Juxip, cyCl..........-. 123 Umbellata Cyl. .....c:cceceeeeseeeeeenees 89 Umbellata Fr. Sect. ............:.----2:eec200: 87 Umbellata Zahn, Sf. .....-.....--.-----+- W725) Umbellifera Juxip, cycl..........+- 510 Umbrosa Juxip, cycl. .......-.20 273 Uranopolea Juxip, cycl. ............ 318 Vaga Juxip, CyCl. .......-. cece 84 Vasconica Juxip, cycl. ..........-....+ 86 Velutina Juxip, cycl. ..........e 695 706 © VelutinumiNe Pa wore xpeus ce. 695 Verruculata Juxip, cycl. ............... 398 Millosay Grissisects 2p. tee 392 Villosinad IN.WEES giges eee ee 393 Virgultora Juxip, Cycl. oe 85 Mullgatas Bry iseCty-icccses erence 204 ==) SUDSECEs a2 sucnennnt eesthen ose tee ete 344 Me eC y clan Naeea whee 237 Vulgatiformia Juxip,. cycl........... 230 Wimmeria Juxip, cycl. ................ 360 Wolgensia Juxip, cycl. ..........00. 477 Woronowiana Juxip, cycl. .......... 411 Ziziana Juxip, CyCl. ......ccee 507