‘Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto MEMOIRS OF THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. V. FLORA ee 1HE VICINITY OF NEW YORK A CONTRIBUTION TO PLANT GEOGRAPHY BY NORMAN TAYLOR CURATOR AT THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN FORMERLY ASSISTANT-CURATOR AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Issued January 80, 1915 oF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PAs 802649 - y ; TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE lett arn e Soy ee itl. Wild san aly aaga. sco pe shea. 0's altos Vv juction ‘actors affecting the distribution of the Local Flora.... 2 _ Edaphic Factors (geology of the range) Repwnneres MORENNE SD Cat koe io, oor hy be eee 3 Sg gS Rae 9 > Effects of geologic changes.................. 13 Es 0 2 a 2 ee el Pa 33 } of Local Floras of the Torrey Club Range: By John NE MRNIEA EG 5 Stee ts ice ashe we afar gn Co 2s 38 SI nS oe 46 NE Stati eg aet G es SAS atk aie 47 ESE ORIEE et Sa ee ren 649 EE PGS Maat o sve css geek ey 0b an be 652 PREFACE This book deals chiefly with the distribution of the flora near New York. Taxonomy and nomenclature are considered only as fundamentals upon which the phytogeographical structure of the book has been reared. This has been done because of the belief that local flora lists and manuals are significant chiefly as they are projectors of ideas rather than mere records of species, be those records ever so accurate. The attempt to explain the origin of the flora centering near the city, and the factors that have played their part in shaping its present composition, has, it seems to the writer, greater value than any enumeration of the species could possibly have. The opportunity for deductive reasoning on the distribution of our flora can be rightly based only on a complete and accurate record of the occurrence of individual species, authenticated by herbarium specimens and reliable field notes. Our knowledge, therefore, is limited by the amount and the availability of such information, and, in the present instance, no one is so conscious of the scarcity of such material as the writer. The book, therefore, is not so much a local flora as a method of writing one,—in some ways it is little more than a record of the incompleteness of our present knowledge. The work was begun at the New York Botanical Garden, in January, 1909, and continued until March, 1911. Since then it has been carried on at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where a division of time between it and increasing administrative duties became necessary. To the directors of both institutions grateful acknowledgement is due for much help and encouragement. The book has been greatly strengthened by many notes on distribution and other matters contributed by Messrs. E. P. Bicknell and K. K. Mackenzie and by Dr. Britton, all of whom have read the proofs. Without their help the book must have been deficient in many respects, and the writer gratefully acknowl- edges their cooperation. vi PREFACE To others who have also helped by the collection of specimens, notes and other information, the writer is glad to make acknowl- edgments. Among those who have helped in various ways are: Professor M. L. Fernald, Stewardson Brown, Bayard Long, Dr. Witmer Stone, Miss F. A. Mulford, Harold W. Pretz, Dr. F. W. Pennell, Dr. Roland M. Harper, Dr. Philip Dowell, and Dr. G. E. Nichols. To Dr. Arthur Hollick the writer is under great obligations for much aid in the considerable geological data used in the book. He is also indebted to Mr. Sereno Stetson for making the original base map which has been used in a number of ways in the book. Several genera and families, and a bibliography, have been contributed by specialists and such contributions are noted in the text. Mr. Percy Wilson, of the New York Botanical Garden, has kindly aided in the determination of many specimens, and in other ways. In order to base the book on a descriptive illustrated work, the taxonomy and nomenclature have been brought into substantial accord with the second edition of “Illustrated Flora of the Nor- thern States and Canada,”’ which was published about the time the manuscript of the present book was completed, and to which reference is made for additional synonyms. This does not imply, however, that the writer favors all the generic and specific de- limitations of that work, nor all the nomenclatorial changes there proposed. The interest of Dr. N. L. Britton has been continued until the completion of the work, and the author takes great pleasure in acknowledging his help and valued criticism, without which the book could scarcely have been written. NORMAN TAYLOR. | BROOKLYN Botanic GARDEN, 30 July, 1914. Mit i AS LACK/A WANNA j ‘. oBioae cum BERLAN a Os PLATE 1 MAP OF THE AREA COVERED BY THIS WORK S.STETSON. O£C.20.1910, ——— INTRODUCTION®* I. The range covered by this book is that laid down by the committee on local flora of the Torrey Botanical Club in their Preliminary Catalogue of 1888. It comprises all of the state of Connecticut; Long Island; in New York the counties bordering the Hudson River up to and including Columbia and Greene, also Sullivan and Delaware counties; all of New Jersey; and Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, ‘Carbon, Bucks, Berks, Schuylkill, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties in Pennsylvania. (See map, il. 1.) When making a botanical survey, an area such as this, determined wholly by political boundary lines has many disadvantages over purely natural vegetation-regions, such as the pine-barrens, for instance. But it has seemed advisable to adopt the range as outlined by the committee in spite of obvious drawbacks. 2. The method of working out the problem of the distribution of our local plants has been, after determining what species actually occurred in the range, to list all the localities for which specimens were extant. Published records, of whatever sort, have been closely studied, and the results of such studies have been added to the records substantiated by specimens, wherever, in the judgment of the writer, these records were deemed reliable. Such published records have, however, been very sparingly used in the grasses, sedges, Crataegus, Rubus, Rosa and Viola. Recent studies in these groups make it unsafe to base conclusions upon the old records of species, many of which are not today tenable or are regarded in a new or restricted sense. The writer has made no effort to include records published since January 1, 1914, although some of these recent records are noted. All of the native and introduced species contained in the manuals have been included, besides many more, mentioned in notes, that are little more than waifs. All the genera and species are provided with keys, which have been omitted for waifs and other plants mentioned only in * Much of this introductory matter was completed with the aid of a grant from the Esther Herrman Research Fund, of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2 I INTRODUCTION NO notes. The keys and general ranges have been copied from “TIllus- trated Flora,’”’ except where simplicity demanded a different key owing to the limited number of species in our area. There are 2,651 species admitted into the work, excluding waifs. Subtract- ing also the 613 weeds of introduction we have 2,038 native species — in the area. No species are described as new. 3. With this information as a basis, the distributional trends of each species, except the commonest or those introduced, have been given for the states of Connecticut and New Jersey, and for those parts of the states of New York and Pennsylvania contained in the range. Wherever a state or part of it is omitted from the discussion of the distribution, it is understood that the species has not been recorded from the omitted area. Besides this, the distribution of each species as affected by the geological history, the temperature, and the altitudinal limits of the area has been given. The latter features of the work will be explained subsequently. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF OUR LOCAL FLORA 4. The composition of the flora of a region such as ours has been determined by many agencies, some now operative, many of them long since inactive, but leaving indelible traces of their former importance. For all practical purposes, these agencies may be divided into (I) edaphic factors and (II) climatic ones. Under the first category must be considered all questions of the — relation of our flora to the soil and available water supply, both past and present,—which ipso facto have been determined by the geological history of the region. ‘Thus it is only by some knowl- edge of the geology of the area that we can arrive at conclusions of value in regard to the complexion of our flora as affected by these - historical factors. Under the second category (climatic factors) will be considered the relation of our flora to temperature, rainfall and winds, although in a temperate region such as ours the last two are of very little significance. We have, then, the edaphic or historical factors, which may be said to have exercised more in- fluence in the past than now, and the climatic factors which are still operative. The mental convenience of considering these two sets of factors by themselves is apt to create the feeling that there is some rather sharp line of demarcation between them. Of INTRODUCTION 3 course, any such idea is wholly inaccurate, and the difficulty of determining, in any given instance, which factor has been most potent must be obvious to those who appreciate the complexity of the relationship between these historical and present-day agencies. I. Eparuic Facrors (GEOLOGY OF THE RANGE) (a) The Glaciated Region 5. Perhaps nowhere in eastern North America are there so many features of geological interest as within the area covered by this work. Within forty miles of the city the terminal moraine, the upper edge of the coastal plain, the northern edge of the Cre- taceous deposits all converge. On Long Island is the unique juxtaposition of the coastal plain and the glaciated country. The variety of conditions and immensity of age differences postulated by these facts help to explain the fact that more than 400 species reach their distribution outposts within the area covered by this book. 6. For the purposes of the phytogeographer the range covered by the work may be divided into glaciated and unglaciated. The extreme southern limit of the several encroachments of the dif- ferent continental ice sheets, known as the terminal moraine, extends, roughly speaking, from Montauk, through Long Island and Staten Island, to upper New Jersey and Pennsylvania. (See map, pil. 2.) Everything north of this line was once covered by ice, varying in thickness from almost nothing near the edge to some thousands of feet in the north towards the centers of glacia- tion. It is obvious that this ice sheet, being approximately the most recent geological phenomenon, nullifies completely what might have been the very considerable effects of the much older geological formations north of the terminal moraine on the vege- tation. Geologically the area north of the moraine is of greater antiquity than anything else in our range; practically, so far as vegetative covering is concerned, it is the most recent, for the recession of the ice is the last major geological phenomenon opera- tive hereabouts. An exception to the statement that the ice- sheet nullifies the older geological formations north of the moraine, are the somewhat extensive limestone areas in the glaciated 4 INTRODUCTION country, notably in Columbia, and Dutchess counties in New York, Sussex Co. in New Jersey, and some parts of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. While it is true that these peculiar limestone out- crops maintain a characteristic flora, it is doubtful if there are any species of plants endemic upon them. The limestone thus appears rather as maintaining an aggregate of characteristic species than as definitely controlling the distribution or evolutionary history of any particular species. I think there is no species in our area that has been collected only on limestone, but many that seem to predominate there, notably some Crataegus, Amelanchier, sedges, Camptosorus, Asplenium, and a few others. 7. The glaciated part of our range contains many ponds, swamps, and bogs and it is the latter that are of chief interest to the botanist. These undrained areas, usually, though not al- ways, deficient in lime, and exhibiting a high degree of acidity, maintain a flora quite characteristic. It has been shown that that section of our area which was neither glaciated nor on the coastal plain does not contain the plants characteristic of the glacial bogs of the north and also found in the typical cranberry bogs of the coastal plain. It is certainly true that bogs are un- known in this region (see map, pl. 2), and that it contains no lakes or ponds of any size. It is significant that the following plants are found in the bogs of the coastal plain, mainly in the pine- barrens, and also north of the moraine, but unknown in the inter- vening unglaciated Piedmont Plateau in New Jersey; in Penn- sylvania further study is necessary on this point. Chamaecyparis thyoides (see pl.6), Blephariglottis cristata, Panicum linearifolium, Blephariglottis blephariglottis, Carex trisperma, Arethusa bulbosa, Carex Collinsit, Sarracenia purpurea, Xyris Congdoni, Drosera intermedia, Helonias bullata, Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Gyrotheca tinctoria, Aster spectabilis. There are many others,* and future studies may be able to show that there is some other reason for the non-occurrence of these plants than the failure of this unglaciated area north of the coastal plain to develop bogs and ponds. * Harper, R. M. Coastal plain plants in New England. Rhodora 7: 69-80. 1905. Rhodora 8: 27. 1906. geek \ \, < ms : HAMBURG KS (READING , ras 4 ” “> We Teeter 7 Le BUCKS ay Ne es oy Si ws # = Se aay \ boven pert 1 . Tor; a \ OCEAN ™™ fea M1 8 SSC SS SANDY HooK e ‘N fo) : J J SMO SS ween ory PLATE 2 =e TERMINAL MORAINE REGION NORTH OF THIS WAS GLACIATED CUAL ECECECCCCECCLEU CMCC NORTHERN EDGE OF COASTAL PLAIN REGION SOUTH OF THIS 1S COASTAL PLAIN INCLUDING LONG ISLAND SOUTH OF THE MORAINE UNGLACIATED PART OF PIEDMONT PLATEAU LIN) EN SES Re Ere SEE INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH _NO.T Ss: fama ieeane. INTRODUCTION 5 8. It will give some idea of the profound influence the conti- nental glacier has probably had on the vegetation in the range to record the large number of species that are now found only north of the moraine. The following are unknown, in our area, south of this line, although some are found further south in the moun- tains outside of our region. Those marked with an asterisk have been found only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft. Plants Found Exclusively North of the Moraine in Our Area Botrychium silaifolium, *Polystichum Braunit, Cryptogramma Stelleri, Equisetum pratense, Lycopodium porophilum, {Lycopodium annotinum, *Tsoetes macrospora, Isoetes Eatont, Isoetes Tuckermanz, Pinus resinosa, *Abies Balsamea (see pl. 7), Thuya occidentalis, Sparganium acaule, Sparganium angustifolium, Sparganium minimum, Sagittaria cuneata, Potamogeton lateralis, Potamogeton angusttfolius, Potamogeton praelongus, _ Panicum flexile, Panicum boreale, Milium effusum, Oryzopsis pungens, Oryzopsis asperifolia, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Sporobolus heterolepis, *Cinna latifolia, Trisetum spicatum, Poa debilis, Poa alsodes, Poa triflora, Koeleria cristata, Eleocharis ovata, Eleocharis intermedia, Fimbristylis geminata, Eriophorum alpinum, Eriophorum callithrix, Carex siccata Carex diandra, Carex prairea, Carex brunnescens, Carex Deweyana, Carex Crawfordit, Carex Bebbit, *Carex aena, Carex pauciflora, *Carex novae-angliae, Carex aurea, Carex Crawet, *Carex formosa, *Carex castanea, Carex paupercula, Carex lenticularis, Carex Oedert, Carex cryptolepis, Carex vesicaria, * Found only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft. 7 Except for one doubtful record from Delaware Co., Pa. 6 Carex Tuckermant, Carex oligosperma, Carex Baitleyt, Carex Schweinitzi1, Carex Pseudo-Cyperus, Arisaema Stewardson, Calla palustris, *X yris montana, *Juncus filiformts, *Juncus trifidus, Juncus Dudleyi, Allium sibiricum, Vagnera trifolia, Streptopus amplexifolius, Streptopus roseus, Sisyrinchium albidum, Cypripedium reginae, Cypripedium candidum, Limnorchis hyperborea, Limnorchis dilatata, Lysias Hookeriana, *Tbidium strictum, Ophrys cordata, Peramium ophioides, Peramium tessellatum, Malaxis monophylla, Corallorhiza Corallorhiza, Salix lucida, Salix serissima, Salix pedicellaris, Salix squamata, Salix candida, Betula pumila, Betula alleghaniensts, Betula lutea, Ulmus Thomas, Celtis canina, Celtis georgiana, Razoumofskya pusilla, INTRODUCTION Claytonia caroliniana, Arenaria groenlandica, Nymphaea rubrodisca, Nymphaea microphylla, Aconitum noveboracense, Anemone cylindrica, Ranunculus micranthus, Ranunculus allegheniensis, Cardamine pratensts, Cardamine purpurea, Arabis viridis, Arabis Drummondit, Dentaria maxima, Dentaria incisifolia, Dentaria anomala, * Mitella nuda, *Ribes glandulosum, Comarum palustre, * Fragaria canadensis, *Fragaria terrae-novae, *Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Dasiphora fruticosa, Spiraea alba, Rubus pergratus, *Rubus frondosus, Rubus canadensis, Rubus plicatifolius, Rosa nitida, *Sorbus scopulina, *Amelanchier sanguinea, Crataegus Brainerdt, Crataegus Stonet, Crataegus Boyntont, Crataegus Grayana, Ilex monticola, Rhamnus alnifolia, Hypericum Bissellit, *Viola nephrophylla, Viola septentrionalis, Yiola Selkirkit, vio la rentfolia, incognita, obium strictum, usticum scoticum, ola oxypetala, eses uniflora, lum groenlandicum, ea canescens, ora canadensis, a polifolia, INTRODUCTION Halenia deflexa, Polemonium Van-Bruntiae, Blephilia hirsuta, Viburnum alnifolium, Lonicera coerulea, Lonicera canadensis, *Adoxa Moschatellina, *Valeriana uliginosa, Lobelia Dortmanna, Solidago uliginosa, * Solidago macrophylla, oda canescens, Aster junceus, ium canadense, Bidens’ Beckii, nium Brittonii, *Petasites palmata, enes hispidula, Lactuca Morssii. Vaumburgia thyrsiflora, the 2,038 species, excluding weeds, in the range, the above tL te 8.22 per cent. of the total. T he glaciated portion of our range, besides being the home so many native plants not found elsewhere, is typified by the ge percentage of hard-wood trees, the relative scarcity, numer- , of coniferous trees, and above all by the great number 59 - species that are introduced. Perhaps three fourths of all e entive and naturalized species find their greatest development sarea. That there is some relation between the vegetative e a of this region and the preponderance of these adventive eC is seems likely, and the much greater agricultural develop- t has undoubtedly had something to do with the weediness a he region. It is significant that, in our range, the percentage weeds on the coastal plain is nothing like so great as in the zlaciated region. ’ iro. In speaking of the distribution of the species from a geo- ie ical standpoint, it has seemed best to refer to all formations orth of the coastal plain simply as ‘‘ Older Formations,”’ notwith- an nding the fact that the glaciated part of the area thus char- cteri ed is more recent phytogeographically, than the coastal ‘(See paragraph 6.) 8 INTRODUCTION (b) The Coastal Plain 11. The area comprising the coastal plain, includes all that territory lying south of a line extending approximately from Trenton, N. J., through Staten Island to Long Island. (See map, pl. 2.) All of this region is geologically the most recent in our area, having been the last to be laid down before the era of the ice which directly affected, with exceptions already noted, only the area mentioned in paragraphs 5-10. An exception to this statement is Long Island, where we have the terminal moraine abutting directly on the coastal plain for nearly the whole length of the island,—a geologically unique feature in this country. 12. Whether the region south of the moraine on Long Island is mostly overlaid by overwash material from the glacier or whether the sands and gravels of the ‘“‘South Side”’ are the underlying Tertiary formations may be matter of doubt. It would make an interesting future study to determine the effect, if any, of the distribution of these different sands and gravels on the distribu- tion of the plants on the island. A study of this sort was found to be too intensive for this work and the writer has usually con- fined himself to a statement as to whether the species is found north or south of the moraine. 13. It is in New Jersey that the coastal plain exhibits its chief interest to the botanist, for this is the region of the pine-barrens. the peculiarly characteristic features of which have always at- tracted the interest of botanists and zoologists. Indeed, the region is so unusual that the ordinary traveler is at once struck with the difference between these sandy plains and pine-tree vege- tation, and the richer flora further north. The excellent flora* of this region by Dr. Witmer Stone has renewed interest in this botanically unique country. 14. The true limits of the pine-barrens are perhaps for the first time clearly drawn by Stone in this work, there having been previously considerable difference of opinion as to how far south in New Jersey the true pine-barren element extended. Formerly the pine-barrens were supposed to consist of all the remainder of the state south of their northern edge, but explorations of the botanists of Philadelphia have resulted in a final delimitation of "Stone, W. The plants of southern New Jersey, with especial reference to the flora of the pine-barrens. Ann. Rept. N. Jersey State Mus. 1910: 25-828. 1912. ————— a ll ~ 4 NEWYOKK a P) BROOKLYS » Atlantic tity . Lae md a” ¢ A wesyperrt Geos City VV eater: we Jr | . ° $9<3' BKIges at (7x d ntale Ciiy ae 4 : c¥ 3 -- . fe NE PAA RE | 2 Saee tr oa avy Fp Vols Reo ch PLATE 3. Map of southern New Jersey. The unshaded area is all pine-barren; the shaded areas are not pine-barrens. Note the shaded areas along the coast and at Cape May. See Introduction paragraph 14. mis . eo : J o ” ap 4 ey a eae = 3 =-YO ata T et e.% aes aor ; + od qt adden: F.- a 5 ~ - < * ¢ . “ a ae ee > < -- 4 wn ~s “av ";. » Sy PP pre $ a . i we 2 : s oe ‘_~~ é a) = f 7 > ~ ‘ e r att fern oul’ is] wot mrgsdigor Yo gah Ne aT. : . 4 : se en I } Siow voTuxd-90lq, JO0 318 48918 Sale 7 « = at sigan grey nottonboraal we «eb 7 . , eo rem INTRODUCTION 9 this interesting region. The map (pl. 3) copied from Stone’s book well shows the limits of the pine-barrens. The darker colored portion surrounding the white is not pine-barren in character, and maintains a very different flora from the pine-barrens. 15. The writer in 1912 (Torreya 12: 229-242) has attempted __ to show that the pine-barrens are the result of geologic processes, and part of that paper is here utilized. Dr. Stone in his flora of the pine-barrens, perhaps the best local flora ever written in America, has said: ‘‘Some attempt has been made to correlate these areas or parts of them (the coastal plain, including the pine- barrens) with the underlying geological formation, but . . . such correlation is not possible.”’ 16. It is the firm conviction of the writer that notwithstanding this assertion, it will be found that a geological explanation is the only one that will fit the facts and serve to elucidate the pe- culiarly local, often endemic, nature of the pine-barren flora. Others have also sought geological explanation for the origin of this region, and a paleobotanist was the first to suggest the possi- bility of there being any relationship between the flora and the geology of southern New Jersey.* It was Hollick’s suggestion that the pine-barrens are co-extensive with the Tertiary sands and gravels that Stone has shown must be revised. Recent collections, the significance of which was, of course, unknown to Hollick in 1899, have led to the abandonment of his theory that the pine-barrens or ‘‘coniferous zone’’ are co-extensive with the Tertiary sands and gravels. 17. Much later, we find Harshberger{ attributing the vegeta- tion about the edges of the pine-barrens to the ‘‘ post Pensauken uplift of the New Jersey geologists.’’ But he follows Hollick in saying that ‘‘the Tertiary soils extend southward along the Atlantic Ocean to Florida and are occupied by a pine-barren flora.”t This, as Stone’s work has shown, must be modified. But this statement of Hollick’s, subsequently used in Harsh- berger’s work, contains such a large measure of truth in relation to the origin of this unique region, that it is only to be abandoned *Hollick, A. The relation between forestry and geology in New Jersey. Am. Nat. 33:1-14. 1899. Seealso Ann. Rept. N. J. State Geologist for 1899. Report on Forests. t Harshberger, J. W. Phytogeographic Survey of N. Am. 219. IgIt. tHarshberger, J. W. Loc. cit. 218. | = 10 INTRODUCTION upon presentation of a theory more nearly fitting the known facts. While the pine-barrens do occupy Tertiary soils, they do not occupy all of them. It is just this lack of co-extensiveness of the pine-barrens in New Jersey with the Tertiary that has led to Dr. Stone’s scepticism. 18. At the risk of burdening the present work with more of technical geological matters than are usually found in a purely botanical survey, the writer feels it is only by a knowledge of what the geological changes have been, on the coastal plain in New Jersey, that we can arrive at the facts in the distribution of the plants of the region. For here, it seems, the whole make-up of the flora is directly attributable to the geological processes that are de- scribed in the next succeeding paragraphs. 19. Going back to the time when all the coastal part of New Jersey south of a line from Jersey City to Flemington (see map, pl. 1) was under water, owing to the last great general sub- mergence of the continent, we find that during this period a great deal of erosion of the unsubmerged land took place. This sinking of the coastal part of New Jersey, and of course elsewhere, known to geologists as the Miocene sinking,* had a profound influence on the configuration of the lower part of the state. All the material from the north and northwest that was washed down, or eroded, went out with the water and was finally deposited over this sub- merged area, and this deposition went on for countless ages. UJI ti- mately this Beacon Hill formation, as the deposited material is called, became very thick, covering practically all the lower part of the state. 20. “After the deposition of the Beacon Hill formation, the area over which it had been spread was again elevated, and the history of the topography of all that part of the state, which was . covered by the formation, . . . dates from this reémergence of the surface covered by the Beacon Hill formation.”+ This emer- gence of the land is spoken of by geologists as the Post-Miocene uplift or Pre-Pensauken cycle of erosion. Whatever the termin- ology used, the result was to bring above water most of the land that had been previously submerged. Not quite all of it, however, for the land was not perfectly level, and only the highest portions * Salisbury, R. D. Final Rept. Geol. Survey of New Jersey 4: 92. 1898. t Salisbury, R. D Loc. cil. 92. INTRODUCTION Il came out of the water. Some of what is now the coastal strip of New Jersey, all the Cape May region, some of the territory just north of the pine-barrens, and much of the lower Delaware Valley, was either not above water at all, or only slightly so, and in the latter case was soon considerably eroded. This cutting down of the emerged Beacon Hill by erosion, particularly to the south and east, was very great, so that finally it was a very different region from the great upland plain it is supposed to have been immedia- tely after the Post-Miocene uplift. 21. This erosion of the Beacon Hill formation was brought to an end finally by the gradual subsidence of the whole region. Little by little the lower part of New Jersey sank so that ulti- mately everything except the then upland Beacon Hill formation (the present pine-barrens) was submerged (Pensauken Submer- gence). It is curious to note, by the way, that the encroachment of the sea thus occasioned by this submergence has been marked by several plants that are normally salt-marsh species, which seem _to have followed this ancient marine shore-line. On the northern and southern edges of the dotted area on the map (i. 4), have been found Hibiscus Moscheutos (see pl. 9) and Ptilimnium capillaceum, and there may be others. This dotted area is the old Pensauken Sound and it is significant that these maritime species should be found today miles from the sea and evidently relics of their migration along the shores of Pensauken Sound. At least, the Hibiscus has spread so that it occupies some stations in the middle of the old Sound bed, notably near Spotswood, Middlesex Co., and near Princeton Junction. 22. The map (fl. 4) shows the extent of this submergence, as everything covered by the dotted area was under water. The undotted light area was not submerged, and has never since been submerged. After an indefinite period of subsidence the whole dotted area was again raised so that all of lower New Jersey as we know it today came out of the water. The Pensauken formation, which is the geologists’ name for most of the material eroded from the uninterruptedly emerged Beacon Hill, was itself subject to erosion, giving us the present characteristic stream beds of the coastal plain in the state. 23. The next step of serious significance was the encroachment of the ice-sheet, which came down to Perth Amboy, not more 12 INTRODUCTION than 12-20 miles north of the Beacon Hill formation. At the final recession of the ice there is some evidence of another slight — subsidence of the lower part of the state and the coastal region, but not enough to have brought the Beacon Hill formation any- where near down to sea level. This last subsidence of the coastal strip and the Cape May region had a significant influence upon the distribution of the plants of the area. It seems very probable that a gradual sinking of this region has been going on ever since, as the sea has constantly encroached upon the land throughout maritime New Jersey, as indeed it has in Staten Island, Long Island, and further north. 24. Whether one follows Johnson* in believing that this sub- sidence of the coastal part of our area is not recent or continuing or Bartlett} that it is both recent and continuing, does not matter so much for our present purposes. Both agree, and the evidence is of such a nature that it appears incontestable, that there was a great deal of ancient subsidence. In Cape May County this has been of such an extent that whole regions covered by forests of . white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) have been submerged, emerged, and submerged again. This, repeated several times, has resulted in a great accumulation of buried forests. ‘Trunks of trees are found buried at all depths beneath the surface, quite down to the gravel.”’t This and ‘‘numerous facts of the same kind . . collected along the shores of the Delaware Bay and River, in Salem and Cumberland Counties, and on the sea-shore in Atlantic, Ocean, Monmouth, and Middlesex Counties,” all seem to point to a decided ancient submergence of the area surrounding the Beacon Hill formation. 25. So much for a brief outline of the geological sequence of events in the pine-barren area. For the phytogeographer, the. salient features of these changes are that Beacon Hill has been uninterruptedly out of the water since upper Miocene times, and that it has several times been partly, and often entirely surrounded by water. These facts, together with the encroachment of the glacier, and its récession, with the probable deposition of a great * Johnson, D. W. Botanical evidence of coastal subsidence. Science II. 37: 721 1910. Science IT. 38: 300. 1911. See also Bot. Gaz. 54: 449-468. 1913. t Bartlett, H. H. Science II. 38: 300. 1911. } Geology of the county of Cape May 62 and 39. eee ap ole PLATE 4. Map of southern New Jersey, at the period of Beacon Hill. Note submergence (dotted section) of what is now Cape May. The undotted area is the Beacon Hill Formation; the dotted area was under water, the northern part of it constituting Pensauken Sound. See Introduction paragraph 18. | : . y 7 y Y 4 Swi ueeeg o.n si UH ouaaell > polteg at) 22 ee ot motte loxgmtforto 49 ang Iehohaw sa) yet Gage wont i satiwte (appre iie 2 oe wena potiek, ay jaouamnu tl BE low da) matidiod sli alerr panes . a ~ 2 4; daavasiag wolnaboval 99, bro Rat — ‘cs. en INTRODUCTION 13 deal of morainic material around Beacon Hill, makes this forma- tion the oldest in New Jersey, either on the coastal plain or in the glaciated regions northward, that could have been continuously covered with vegetation. This, it would seem, is why the Beacon Hill formation is the controlling factor in the origin and present distribution of the pine-barrens. The area of the pine-barrens (see pl. 3) is not exactly coextenive with Beacon Hill (see i. 4), but the differences are so slight that recent and local erosion of the formation would account for the failure of the two regions to superimpose, as it were. 26. In other words, the New Jersey pine-barrens exist exclu- sively on this Beacon Hill formation, an area isolated by geological processes, and maintaining a relict or climax flora, the antiquity of which greatly antedates any of the rest of our vegetation here- abouts, so far as permanency of position and phytogeographical isolation are concerned. This undoubtedly accounts for the com- position of the flora, and it is interesting to note that zodlogists have found this same apparent isolation, the same endemism noted above. The sphagnum frog, Rana virgatipes, described by Cope and collected only thrice since, is unknown outside of this region,* and the late John B. Smith in his work on the insects of New Jersey has figured the ‘‘entomological pine-barrens’’ as very nearly coinciding with the floral pine-barrens.+ a Effects of the Geologic Changes Described Above 27. In the light of this historical outline it should be easy to trace the development of the vegetation of the coastal plain from the Miocene uplift until the present. Ancestrally it must have consisted of purely American plants, and many of these, in all probability, were of southern extraction.{ Of the 565 species found growing here, not counting weeds, 386 are listed as truly pine-barren. This does not mean that they are found nowhere else, but that so far as New Jersey is concerned these plants find their greatest development in the pine-barrens. There is a small element among them practically unknown outside of the pine- * Fowler, H. W. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 57: 662-664. 1905. + Ann. Rept. New Jersey State Mus. 1909. Map (frontispiece) 1910. t Over 180 species of the present flora of the pine-barrens range from New Jersey to Virginia and Florida. I4 INTRODUCTION barrens of New Jersey, such as Abama americana, Sporobolus Torreyanus, Eupatorium resinosum,* and Juncus caesariensts.* 28. Many species of southern affinities still reach their northern distribution outposts in or near the pine-barrens, or on Staten Island, or Long Island. Others, undoubtedly of southern affinity, reach their northern distribution in other parts of our area. Southern Species Reaching Their Northern Distribution Point Within the Range of This Book Asplenium Bradleyt, Panicum ensifolium, Cheilanthes lanosa, Panicum lucidum, Lycopodium carolinianum, Panicum coerulescens, Pinus virginiana, Panicum annulum, Pinus echinata, Panicum octonodum, Pinus pungens, Panicum paucipilum, Pinus serotina, Panicum leucothrix, Pinus Taeda, Panicum lanuginosum, Potamogeton confervoides, Panicum Commonsianum, Sagittaria subulata, Panicum oligosanthes, Sagittaria pubescens, Panicum scabriusculum, Sagittaria longirostra, Panicum cryptanthum, Coelorachis rugosa, Panicum aculeatum, Erianthus divaricatus, Sacciolepis striata, Erianthus saccharotdes, Chaetochloa magna, Paspalum dissectum, Cenchrus tribuloides, Paspalum pubescens, Aristida oligantha, Paspalum laeve, Aristida lanosa, Paspalum plenipilum, Sporobolus clandestinus, Paspalum circulare, Agrostis altissima, Paspalum difforme, Danthonia epilis, Paspalum floridanum, Spartina cynosurotdes, Panicum hemitonum, Gymnopogon ambiguus, Panicum amarum, Gymnopogon brevifolius, Panicum condensum, Uniola laxa, Panicum stipitatum, Poa autumnalis, Panicum angustifolium, Poa brachyphylla, | Panicum aciculare, Elymus glabriflorus, u Panicum polyanthes, Cyperus microdontus, * Apparently unknown elsewhere in the world. ————————— | INTRODUCTION 15 Cyperus pseudovegetus, Cyperus refractus, Cyperus retrofractus, Cyperus lancastriensis, Cyperus hystricinus, Cyperus Torreyi, Cyperus ovularis, Eleocharis flaccida, Eleocharis simplex, Eleocharis Torreyana, Fimbristylis castanea, Fimbristylis Baldwiniana, Fimbristylis puberula, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Rynchospora pallida, Rynchospora oligantha, Rynchospora Kneiskernit, Rynchospora axillaris, Rynchospora filifolia, Rynchospora gracilenta, Rynchospora Smallit, Rynchospora cymosa, Rynchospora rariflora, Psilocarya nitens, Scleria setacea, Carex nigromarginata, Carex Meadit, Carex striatula, Carex styloflexa, Carex debilis, Carex caroliniana, Carex Barrattit, Carex Frankit, Xyris fimbriata, Xyris arenicola, Xyris elata, Eriocaulon decangulare, Eriocaulon compressum, Eriocaulon Parker, Juncus gymnocarpus, Juncus setaceus, Juncus aristulatus, Tofie'dia racemosa, Xerophyllum asphodeloices, Helonias bullata, Oceanorus leimanthoides, Melanthium latifolium, Uvularia nitida, Clintonia umbellulata, Smilax laurifolia, Smilax Walteri, Lophiola aurea, Gymnadeniopsis integra, Gymnadeniopsis nivea, Blephariglottis cristata, Pogonia divaricata, Ibidium praecox, Ophrys australis, Tipularia untfolia, Corallorhiza Wisteriana, Saururus cernuus, Myrica certfera, Castanea pumila, Quercus triloba, Quercus pagodaefolia, Quercus marylandica, Quercus Phellos, Quercus nigra, Quercus Michauxit, Quercus imbricarta, Quercus lyrata, Quercus nigra, Celtis georgiana, Boehmeria Drummondiana, Phoradendron flavescens, Rumex altissimus, Persicaria portoricensts, Sesuvium maritimum, 16 Talinum teretifolium, Alsine pubera, Arenaria caroliniana, Magnolia tripetala, Viorna Viorna, Viorna ochroleuca, Ranunculus pusillus, Cardamine arenicola, Dentaria heterophylla, Micranthes micranthidtfolia, Hydrangea arborescens, Itea virginica, Liquidambar Styraciflua, Agrimonia rostellata, Agrimonia parviflora, Geum hirsutum, Malus coronaria, Aronia arbutifolia, Crataegus uniflora, Crataegus Canbyt, Crataegus Boyntont, Aeschynomene virginica, Stylosanthes biflora, Meibomia ochroleuca, Meibomia stricta, Meibomia viridiflora, Lespedeza repens, Lespedeza oblongifolia, Strophostyles umbellata, Bradburya virginiana, Galactia volubilis, Xanthoxalis filipes, Polygala lutea, Polygala mariana, Phyllanthus carolinensis, Crotonopsis linearis, Tithymalopsis Ipecacuanhae, Tithymalus Darlingtonii, Toxicodendron Toxicodendron, INTRODUCTION Acer carolinianum, Tilia Michauxit, Vitis cordifolia, Ascyrum stans, Hypericum virgatum, Hypericum gymnanthum, Viola Stoneana, Viola emarginata, Viola striata, Viola Rafinesqui, Lechea racemulosa, Ammannia Koehnet, Lythrum lineare, Rhexia mariana, Rhexia aristosa, Ludwigiantha brevipes, Ludwigia linearis, Ludwigia hirtella, Raimannia humtfusa, Raimannia laciniata, Kneiffia longipedicellata, Knetffia linearis, Aralia spinosa (?), Hydrocotyle ranunculotdes, Eryngium virginianum, Eryngium aquaticum, Oxypolis rigidior, Pyxidanthera barbulata, Dodecatheon Meadia, Fraxinus Michauxu, Fraxinus biltmoreana, Chionanthus virginica, Sabbatia lanceolata, Dasystephana villosa, Dasystephana Porphynio, Obolaria virginica, — Nymphoides aquaticum, Asclepias lanceolata, Asclepias variegata, INTRODUCTION Vincetoxicum obliquum, Stylisma Pickeringert, Phlox paniculata, Phacelia dubia, Scutellaria serrata, Salvia lyrata, Monarda punctata, Koellia aristata, Cunila origanoides, Pentstemon pallidas, Gratiola sphaerocarpa, Gratiola pilosa, Micranthemum micranthemordes, Agalinis Holmiana, Stomoisia juncea, Stomoisia virgatula, Utricularia fibrosa, Bignonia radicans, Ruellia parviflora, Oldenlandia uniflora, Diodia teres, Diodia virginiana, Galium bermudense, Viburnum nudum, Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum Canbyt Triosteum perfoliatum, Triosteum angustifolium, Lobelia puberula, 17 Lobelia Nuttallii, Lobelia Canby, Vernonia glauca, Eupatorium album, Eupatorium altissimum, Eupatorium coelestinum, Kuhnia eupatorioides, Lacinaria graminifolia, Chrysopsis mariana, Solidago stricta, Solidago fistulosa, Euthamia floribunda, Aster Lowrieanus, Aster concinnus, Aster gracilis, Gnaphalium Helleri, Pluchea foetida, Rudbeckia triloba, Rubdeckia fulgida, Rudbeckia speciosa, Bidens bidentoides, Mesadenia reniformis, Synosma suaveolens, Senecio tomentosus, Senecio Smallit, Lactuca villosa, Lactuca floridana, Nabalus virgatus. This southern element constitutes about 13 per cent. of our wild . flora. 29. It would seem that many of these, that are pine-barren plants, but are now and some northern species found elsewhere on the coastal plain, have spread there since the release of the Beacon Hill formation from its last isolation. now on the coastal plain of New J There are many species found ersey and on Long Island whose distribution center, so far as our range is concerned, seems to have been the pine-barrens. Among 3 those that give indication, by 18 . INTRODUCTION their present extra-pine-barren distribution, of having spread from the pine-barrens since the last release of the Beacon Hill formation may be mentioned Lycopodium carolinianum, Panicum oligosanthes, Amphicarpon Amphicarpon, Panicum enstfolium, Eriocaulon decangulare, Juncus caesartensis, Xerophyllum asphode- loides, and Agalinis Holmiana. 30. At the advance of the ice there must have been a great invasion of this region by northern species, many of which are still to be found within our area. Just what the character of these plants was it is impossible to say with any degree of definiteness, although specimens of Canadian inter-glacial fossils indicate many genera, perhaps even species that exist in the north today. In the absence of any definite information, as to what this pre-glacial flora consisted of, it seems best to append a list of plants that while not certainly referable to pre-glacial conditions, are now known only from the north, reaching their southerly distribution point, at the present time, within the area covered by this work. Northern Species Whose Southerly Distribution Outpestasll in the East, Are Within Our Area Botrychium lanceolatum, Botrychium stlatfolium, Polystichum Brauni, Equisetum pratense, Equisetum littorale, Equtsetum variegatum, Lycopodium inundatum, Lycopodium alopecuroides, Lycopodium adpressum, Lycopodium annotinum, Isoetes macros pora, Isoetes ambigua, Tsoetes Eatoni, Isoetes canadensis, Isoetes Tuckermani, Pinus resinosa, Sparganium angustifolium, Sparganium fluctuans, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton Oakesianus, Potamogeton lateralis, Potamogeton compressus, Trighlochin maritima, Scheuchzeria palustris, Sagittaria Engelmaniana, Poa debilis, Panicularia laxa, Panicularia canadensis, Panicularia grandis, Panicularia borealis, Bromus Kalmii, Agropyron biflorum, Panicum spretum, Panicum boreale, Panicum languidum, Panicum xanthophysum, Savastana odorata, — Milium effusum, _ Oryzopsis pungens, Oryzopsis asperifolia, ‘ Sporobolus uniflorus, Eriophorum alpinum, _ Eriophorum callithrix, _ Eriophorum tenellum, Scirpus paludosus, Scirpus fluviatilis, Scirpus microcarpus, Rynchospora capillacea, Carex cephaloidea, Carex diandra, Carex exilis, Carex sterilis, Carex Howei, Carex Crawfordit, Carex Bebbii, Carex Bicknellii, Carex aena, Carex pauciflora, Carex novae-angliae, Carex umbellata, Carex abdita, Carex tonsa, Carex aurea, Carex livida, Carex formosa, Carex castanea, Carex pallescens, Carex limosa, Carex paupercula, Carex Haydent, Carex Goodenowit, Carex lenticularis, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex Oederi, Carex cryptolepis, INTRODUCTION 19 Carex flava, Carex monile, Carex vesicaria, Carex Tuckermani, Carex retrorsa, Carex oligosperma, Carex Schweinitzii, Carex Pseudo-Cyperus, Arisaema Stewardsonii, Xyris montana, Juncus filiformis, Juncus brachycephalus, Juncus trifidus, Juncus Greenei, Juncus pelocarpus, Vagnera trifolia, Cypripedium candidum, Limnorchis hyperborea, Limnorchis dilatata, Lysias Hookeriana, Serapias Helleborine, Ibidium strictum, Peramium tesselatum, Malaxis monophylia, Corallorhiza Corallorhiza, Salix lucida, Salix pedicellaris, Salix Bebbiana, Salix candida, Betula pumila, Razoumofskya pusilla, Dondia maritima, Alsine borealis, Moehringia lateriflora, Nymphaea rubrodisca, Nymphaea microphylla, Actaea rubra, Halerpestes Cymbalaria, Thalictrum dasycarpum, +. a 20 Cardamine pratensis, Arabis viridis, Arabis Drummondii, Mitella nuda, Ribes lacustre, Ribes glandulosum, Argentina littoralis, Comarum palustre, Fragaria canadensis, Fragaria terrae-novae, Geum Meyerianum, Rubus pubescens, Rubus pergratus, Rubus Randit, Rubus plicatifolius, Rubus heterophyllus, Rubus nigricans, Rubus setosus, Rosa gemella, Rosa nitida, Sorbus scopulina, Amelanchier Bartramiana, Crataegus Jesupi, Crataegus filipes, Crataegus Pringlet, Lathyrus maritimus, Astragalus carolinianus, Hypericum majus, . Viola latiuscula, Viola septentrionalis, Viola Selkirkit, Viola rentfolia, Viola incognita, INTRODUCTION Epilobium adenocaulon, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Chamaepericlymenum canadense, Moneses uniflora, Ledum groenlandicum, Rhodora canadensis, Kalmia poltfolia, Andromeda canescens, Vaccinium Brittoni, Naumbergia thyrsiflora, Cynoglossum boreale, Lycopus membranaceus, Limosella aquatica, Rhinanthus Crista-galh, Utricularia intermedia, Utricularia minor, Plantago maritima, Galium labradoricum, Lonicera hirsuta, Lonicera canadensis, Adoxa Moschatellina, Campanula rotundifolia, Lobelia Dortmanna, Lobelia Kalmit, Solidago macrophylla, Aster junceus, Aster Faxont, Aster longifolia, Antennaria canadensis, Bidens Beckit, Petasites palmata, Lactuca Morssit, Hieracium canadense. This northern element constitutes 8.32 per cent. of the wild flora. 31. Besides all these, there are hundreds more that are to be considered as of northern extraction, but are today found further south than our range. At the encroachment of the ice south- ward, all of these northern species or their progenitors must have been driven, so to speak, south of the edge of the terminal moraine, vr ee ne . INTRODUCTION 21 an eS there mingling with the then native flora, which in the case of the pine-barrens was isolated upon the Beacon Hill formation. 32. If, as seems probable, no very great refrigeration took place in this area,* it is within the realm of probability that the pine- _ barren vegetation existing then on the Beacon Hill formation _ was not very seriously disturbed climatically. We have geological ; evidence that this area was never subjected to any deposition P- of glacial material or over-wash; it contains no glacial terraces, for its elevation, perhaps greater then than now, precluded this. But the region surrounding Beacon Hill was in no such fortunate position. Having only recently emerged, comparatively, and boasting only a meager altitude it was more or less overrun with the material from the ice. The glacial terraces of the lower Delaware, the nature of the material deposited near Cape May and in Cumberland County all point to a local, or widespread subsi- dence of the region, which, however, did not affect the Beacon Hill formation as far as possible glacial influence is concerned. Fur- thermore, there is evidence in the sunken forests at Cape May mentioned above, and in the character of the present vegetation, of the effects of the encroachment of glacial material from the north, by way of the Delaware Valley. 33. In the region of these glacial terraces of the lower Delaware Valley and near Cape May, a few northern plants have been collected that seem to argue their glacial or at any rate northern, origin. Among the following list it is doubtful if any of the species are truly wild in the pine-barrens, but they have all been detected by Dr. Stone at Cape May. Botrychium virginianum, Veratrum viride, Calamagrostis canadensis, Uvularia perfoliata, Trisetum pennsylvanicum, Allium canadense, Poa brachyphylla, Blephariglottis lacera, Panicularia septentrionalis, Blephariglottis peramoena, Carex Buxbaumit, Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Arisaema Dracontium, Peramium pubescens, * This is a conclusion warranted by our knowledge of modern glaciers. While the refrigeration must be very great near the source of glaciers, it is a well-known fact that at the edges, refrigeration diminishes greatly, particularly where the ice is thin, as it was - in all probability near the moraine in New Jersey. It is a common characteristic of glaciers that plants are found almost up to the edge of the ice and sometimes on it. See Muhlenbergia 7: 103, I11, 121. 1912. 22 Carpinus caroliniana, Betula nigra, Fagus grandifolia, Quercus rubra, Aristolochia Serpentaria, Tovara virginiana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Cimicifuga racemosa, Anemone virginiana, Ranunculus hispidus, Thalictrum revolutum, Menispermum canadense, Sanguinaria canadensis, Micranthes pennsylvanica, Micranthes virginiensis, Heuchera americana, Geum canadense, Agrimonia pubescens, Cassia marilandica, Meibomia nudiflora, Ionoxalis violacea, INTRODUCTION Sanicula marilandica, Angelica villosa, Cynoxylon floridum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Phlox maculata, Scutellaria pilosa, Scutellaria galericulata, Koellia flexuosa, Cunila origanotdes, Chelone glabra, Pedicularis lanceolata, Pedicularis canadensts, Galium circaezans, Viburnum prumfolium, Triosteum perfoliatum, Campanula aparinotdes, Aster macrophyllus, Erigeron pulchellus, Senecio aureus. Cynthia virginica, Catharlolinum virginianum, Lactuca spicata, 34. The distribution of Tsuga canadensis in lower New Jersey is, it seems to me, directly attributable to the glacial terraces found along the small depression areas in the lower Delaware River where the tree is now found. It is known only at one other station elsewhere on the coastal plain, in Maryland, but is, of course, common northward. There are a few more plants with a some- what similar distribution in southern New Jersey, notably Cercis canadensis, which ranges southward, east of the Alleghanies, from these New Jersey and Pennsylvania stations. 35. Of the peculiar flora of the eastern side of the pine-barrens, called by Stone the “coastal strip,” it is difficult to do more than give the list of species found there. None of these are known in the pine-barrens, some are found in the region of glacial terraces in the western part of the Cretaceous region, and others further north. ‘That the coastal strip was ever affected by glacial material in any way seems very doubtful, as the drainage from the front , INTRODUCTION 23 of the ice-sheet seems to have been via the Delaware. It is significant that so many northern plants have been found on this ‘strip, and it seems very probable that all those ‘West Jersey” species found along the coast are migrants around the Beacon Hill formation since the final rising of the coastal plain as described ‘in paragraphs 20 and 21. The list of these apparently extra- territorial species as detected by Dr. Stone follows: , Ophioglossum vulgatum, Fragaria virginiana, y Lycopodium complanatum Sangutsorba canadensis, _ Potamogeton pectinatus, Rosa virginiana, Cinna arundinacea, Crataegus Crus-galli, : Bromus purgans, Falcata comosa, Elymus striatus, Phaseolus polystachyus, Cyperus diandrus, Robertiella Robertiana, Carex lanuginosa, Polygala verticillata, Juncus articulatus, Celastrus scandens, Vagnera stellata, Hypericum boreale, Unifolium canadense, Myriophyllum tenellum, Liparis Loeselit, Samolus floribundus, Ibhidium plantagineum, Sabbatia angularis, Populus tremuloides, Gentiana crinita, Morus rubra, Dasystephana Andrewsii, Parietaria pennsylvanica, Lycopus uniflorus, Silene stellata, Scrophularia leporella, Sagina procumbens, Helianthus giganteus, Moehringia laterijflora, Cirsium discolor, Aquilegia canadensis, Cirsium muticum. Arabis lyrata, So much for the probable effects of the glacier on the coastal plain excluding the pine-barrens. 36. If the ice did not affect the pine-barrens geologically, so much as it did the surrounding country, there seems little doubt _ that it was at this time that many additions were made to the flora of that region. All of the following species, ranging as they do from the north to the pine-barrens of New Jersey show un- mistakable evidences of having come down with the glacier. - Many of them became isolated in bogs and other edaphically favorable places, such as were probably only to be found on or . wai } 24 INTRODUCTION near Beacon Hill at that time. Some have since spread from the true pine-barrens, but, as shown in paragraph 29, this was to be expected. The list of these northern species follows: Scheuchzeria palustris, Mitella diphylla, Panicularia obtusa, Nemopanthus mucronata, Carex exilis, Zizia aurea, Malaxis untfolia, Gentiana crinita, Anemone canadensis, Aster nemoralis. 37. There are doubtless other species and the same phenomenon has been noted by entomologists. Professor Smith writes of Trechus chalybeus, and a few other insects, ‘‘that the only trace of real boreal species has been found in the deep cold swamps (bogs) of Ocean County.”’ 38. In this connection the distribution of the most remarkable plant of the pine-barrens, Schizaea pusilla, is very interesting. It is found only in the pine-barrens and in Nova Scotia and New- foundland, and is unknown between these points. If Dr. Scharff’s recently proposed theory* that perhaps parts of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland remained unglaciated through all the period of the Pleistocene is correct, then it is not impossible that Schizaea is a relict in the pine-barrens of its southern migration, and that it is also a relict in the north, all the intervening territory having been preempted first by the ice, secondarily by more ‘‘aggressive”’ plants after the recession of the ice. This is little more than interesting speculation, but Scharff, whether wrong or right in his contention, has opened up a wide field of discussion. It is cer- tainly significant that Schizaea is not found in the unquestionably glaciated country, and is found only in the pine-barrens and in the [probably] unglaciated northeast. An almost similar distribution. is that of Aster nemoralis, which is lacking in the intervening territory between its northern outposts in northern New York and Newfoundland and its southerly stations in New Jersey. All of these evidences—the geological history of the country, the isloa- * Scharff, R. F. Distribution and origin of life in North America. New York. 1912. For further data on this point see also Adams, C. C.. The Post-glacial dispersal of the North American Biota, Rept. Int. Geog. Cong. 8: 623-637. 1904. Allan, J. A. The geographical distribution of N. Am. Mammals. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. History 4: 199-243. 1892. Transeau, E. N. On the geographic distribution and ecological relations of the bog-plant societies in N. Am. Bot. Gaz. 36: 401-420. 1903. SS a Ue INTRODUCTION 25 tion of Beacon Hill and the consequent isolation of the ancient pine-barren flora upon it, the post-glacial migration of some of the pine-barren species, and finally the present distribution of the pine-barrens—coinciding as it does so closely with the Beacon Hill -formation—seem incontestably to point to a geological explana- tion of the origin and present distribution of the pine-barrens. _ Such a conception of the origin of this phytogeographical region entails a readjustment of our ideas as to the relative age of the flora and of some related phenomena; for, if this theory is correct, then the pine-barrens can no more be considered as a new or pioneer vegetation, but rather as an old and climax condition, ancestrally infinitely more ancient than anything in the surround- ing area. 39. Another feature of the flora of the coastal plain that seems to owe its existence to the action of the glacier is the finding on Long Island of Pyrola chlorantha, Caltha flabellifolia, Linnaea americana and Campanula rotundifolia. Whether there existed on Long Island, at the time of the glacier’s extreme southern movement, any vegetation or not, is a matter that will be con- sidered presently. But it is significant that these northern plants should have been found on the island. They are, or were, all rare on Long Island, but not so northward. 40. The extra-territorial distribution of some of the typical pine-barren plants throws some additional light on the theory that the pine-barrens are a phytogeographically isolated and ancient region. Particularly the finding of Xerophyllum, Helonias, and Oceanorus, to mention only a few, on the mountains of eastern Tennessee, is of interest. These and many more were found by Kearney* and more recently by Small, in geologically the most ancient area in America (Archaean). The hiatus in the distribu- tion of these plants between the pine-barrens and these very old mountains is easily explainable by the isolation theory above advocated. The fact that they are wanting or very rare in the intervening territory would seem to present strong evidence of the unavailableness of this intermediary area (most of it was under water), during the geological changes described above, for the perpetuation of the species now so far isolated. Furthermore, this * The pine-barren flora in the East Tennessee Mountains. Plant World 1: 33-35. 1897. See also Science II. 12: 830-842. 1900. 26 INTRODUCTION southern isolation strongly favors the statement made above that most of the pine-barren flora was of southern extraction, for it is quite reasonable that the species found on the Tennessee moun- tains and in the pine-barrens of New Jersey are simply relicts of an ancient American southern flora that must, at one time, have covered a vastly greater area than it does today. The present nearly complete isolation and the post-glacial distribution of this southern flora, both it seems to me, favor this view. 41. There remains still to be considered the “pine-barren”’ plants of Long Island and Staten Island, not to mention regions further east. As Stone has shown, a good many of these alleged ‘“‘nine-barren”’ plants are only coastal plain plants,* which are found, it is true, in the pine-barrens; but more commonly in the area surrounding them, frequently throughout the Atlantic sea- board from Massachusetts to Florida. It should be remembered in this connection that neither Long Island nor Staten Island are in the same geological category as Beacon Hill. For both the former were in part covered by the glacier and both were more or less within the influence of glacial activity.t It is, of course, a matter of pure speculation whether any vegetation persisted on Long Island during the Pleistocene or not, but the evidence, except for a few minor exceptions, seems to point to a negative probability. The admittedly fanciful picture drawn by Dr. Nichols of a sup- posed post-glacial tundra vegetation on Long Islandt has practically nothing to support it. While it is true the three plants mentioned in paragraph 39 suggest a glacial origin, they may well have followed a regular migration path via Staten Island. The fact that Linnaea, Pyrola chlorantha, Caltha flabellifolia and Campanula rotundifolia are not now found on Staten Island means nothing, as they might readily have traversed the island long ago, and have been destroyed by conditions that are now unfavorable. 42. If, as seems probable, Long Island was without vegetative covering just after the final recession of the ice, then all of the New Jersey flora now found on Long Island must have had a post- glacial origin. The distribution of Pinus echinata, and the red *Stone, W. Loc. cit. 73. * Long Island was probably not covered wholly by glacial drift, but the sandy plain south of the moraine received considerable overwash material, now mixed with the underlying Tertiary sand and gravel. } Nichols, G. E. The vegetation of Connecticut. Torreya 13: 92-93. I913. ; Es ail eS. INTRODUCTION 27 squirrel may throw some: light on the post-glacial chronology of events on Long Island. This pine is found in the region surround- ing the pine-barrens, but is unknown, or very rare in them. Pinus rigida, the predominant tree of the barrens, is common on Long Island, but Pinus echinata mentioned above and the red squirrel are not known on the island.* From the geological outline given above it is very probable that P. echinata must have occupied the region surrounding the pine-barrens long after the last effects of the ice were past. This may also have been true of the red Ys squirrel. At any rate, after a large post-glacial migration of alleged “‘pine-barren”’ plants, the avenue of migration must have been broken. The discontinuance of this passageway must, it seems to me, in all probability have been the controlling factor in the failure of Pinus echinata and the red squirrel to reach Long Island. It is curious in this connection that the pine, but not the animal, are found on Staten Island. There are, of course, many more species than this pine, which apparently reach their northern distribution point in the region surrounding Beacon Hill, or in Staten Island, never having been reported from Long Island. It seems probable that they came northward in post-glacial times, too late to avail themselves of the already destroyed avenue of migration. The following list gives some idea of the variety of plants that are found on Staten Island but are not definitely known on Long Island. That all these cases are attributable to the agency sketched above, may be doubtful, but at any rate the list is suggestive of what variation there is in the flora of the two islands. Species Found on Staten Island But Not Known from Long Island Filix fragilis, Bromus purgans, Dryopteris Goldieana, Carex striatula, Pinus virginiana, Arisaema Dracontium, Pinus echinata, Lemna trisulca, Panicum polyanthes, Wolffia columbiana, Panicum commutatum, Helontas bullata, Agrostis Schweinttzit, Corylus rostrata?, Panicularia borealis, Asarum canadense, Panicularia septentrionalis, Coptis trifolia, * The reported occurrence, also, of Pinus virginiana in Suffolk Co., L. I., by Miller and Young has not been verified. 28 INTRODUCTION Caulophyllum thalictroides, Podophyllum peltatum, Bicuculla cucullaria, Bicuculla canadensis, Mitella diphylla, Opulaster opulifolius, Meibomia viridiflora?, Galactia regularis, Tithymalopsis corollata, Callitriche Austinit, Staphylea trifolia, Cornus stolontfera, Pyrola secunda, Hydrophyllum virginicum, Stachys arentcola, Stachys aspera, Monarda punctata, Koellia clinopodioides, Mimulus alatus, Castilleja coccinea, Conopholis americana, Houstonia coerulea, Diervilla Diervilla?, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Eupatorium pubescens, Aster Tradescantt. 43. Of much less significance, geologically, are the following, which from their distribution should be found on Staten Island but are not recorded from there. They are all found on Long Island or recorded from there. Botrychium simplex, Botrychium tenebrosum, Juniperus sibirica, Sparganium lucidum, Natas gracillima, Helianthium parvulum, Sagittaria teres, Panicum spretum, Panicum implicatum, Panicum Addisonit, Panicum aculeatum, Panicum Bicknellit, Panicum lucidum, Panicum Wrightianum, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Sporobolus uniflorus, Agrostis altissima, Danthonia compressa, Panicularia grandis, Eleocharis Robbinsii, Eleocharis tricostata, Eleocharis rostellata, Scirpus plantfolius, Scirpus subterminals, Scirpus Torreyt, Rynchospora corniculata, Rynchospora axillaris, Psilocarya nitens, Scleria reticularts, Scleria setacea, Scleria pauctflora, Scleria verticillata, Carex incomperta, Carex atlantica, Carex projecta, Carex festucacea, Carex alata, Carex nigro-marginata, Carex abdita, Carex tonsa, Carex hirtifolia, Carex polymorpha, Oe ee INTRODUCTION 29 Carex Shriveri, Carex oblita, Carex scabrata, Carex Barrattii, Carex Buxbaumii, Carex lacustris, Carex Walteriana, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex bullata, Orontium aquaticum, Xyris Congdont, Eriocaulon septangulare, Chrosperma muscaetoxicum, Smilax tamnifolia, Gyrotheca tinctoria, Arethusa bulbosa, Myrica Gale, Rumex hastatulus, Persicaria Careyt, Amaranthus pumilus, Sesuvium maritimum, Halerpestes Cymbalaria, Adlumia fungosa, Arabis glabra, Drosera filiformis, Rubus Enslenit, Meibomia grandiflora, Lespedeza Nuttallii, Lespedeza Stuvei, Cathartolinum tntercursum, Polygala incarnata, Impatiens pallida, Tilia Michauxui, Kosteletzkya virginica, Rhexia mariana, Knetffia linearis, Pyrola chlorantha, Asclepias rubra, Onosmodium virginianum, Agalinis Holmiana, Agalinis decemloba, Lecticula resupinata, Vesiculina purpurea, Utricularia geminiscapa, Utricularia fibrosa, Utricularia minor, Viburnum venosum, Campanula americana, Lobelia Nuttallit, Solidago speciosa, Solidago rigida, Euthamia floribunda, Euthamia minor, Doellingeria infirma, Helianthus angustifolius, Coreopsis rosea. The much smaller size of Staten Island, and its consequently limited diversity of habitat, undoubtedly accounts for the failure of most of the plants in the above list to be found on the island. More knowledge on this point is, however, necessary, before we can assume mere chance or accident to have played such a large - part in this curious relationship between the flora of Long Island and Staten Island. 47. There are still some features of the coastal plain vegetation that demand attention. One of these, the Hempstead Plains, near the western end of Long Island, forms an almost unique 30 INTRODUCTION region in the eastern states. There has been some difference of opinion as to whether this treeless area should be called a prairie or not, but at any rate the natural condition of the tract seems to be without shrubs or trees, except along the few water courses, both glacial and modern, that are found there. It has been suggested that the peculiar soil conditions are to be accounted for by an ice-jam, just to the north of the area in glacial times, which at the recession of the ice debouched a great amount of sand and gravel over what is now the Hempstead Plains. There seems to be some evidence of a congestion of morainic material towards the north, through which, owing to the great pressure of water and ice to the northward, a glacial stream, loaded with sand and gravel, is as- sumed to have forced its way. That such an assumption may be gratuitous in no way disposes of the very remarkable soil condition now found on this area, supporting as it does a flora that is char- acteristic. As in the case of the limestone regions in the north, it is doubtful if there are any endemic plants on the plains. But that there are many plants on this treeless area that are rare or perhaps wanting on other parts of our coastal plain is the fact. Some of these include the following, which are more common on or near the plains than in the surrounding region: » ‘ 1} Panicum lucidum, Cathartolinum medium, Panicum aculeatum, Kneiffia riparia (?), Fimbristylis puberula, Dasystephana Saponaria, Rubus flagellaris, Agalinis decemloba.* Lespedeza angustifolia, There are many others and future exploration of this very interest- ing region will doubtless bring to light more information in regard to the origin of this peculiarly local prairie-condition.t 49. A peculiar condition has been noted in Connecticut by Dr. Nichols,f in regard to some coastal plain species. He has recorded among others the occurrence of the following in or near coastal Connecticut that are unknown on Long Island. They are all coastal. plain species found southward, but not recorded from Long Island: Meibomia sessilifolia, Myriophyllum pinnatum, — * Apparently its only station in our range. * Harper, R. M. The Hempstead Plains of Long Island. Torreya 12: 277-287. I9l2. t Nichols, G. E. The vegetation of Connecticut. Torreya 13: 89-112. 1913. | | INTRODUCTION 31 and Schwalbea americana, There are perhaps others and it has been suggested that these coastal plain species together with many more that are also found on Long Island, have reached Con- necticut via a land bridge that is supposed to have stretched from Long Island to the Connecticut mainland in post-glacial times.* ‘That such an assumption is necessary seems doubtful. It is easily understood how such coastal species found in Connecticut and not on Long Island might have followed along the north side of the Sound. | as illustrating the distributional instability of some pine-barren species, but careful reading of Dr. Britton’s paper shows that all the plants mentioned there, with one exception, are not pine- barren plants, strictly speaking, at all. They are all merely plants of the sandy coastal plain, Corema Conradii, a true pine- _ barren plant, being the one exception. The distribution of this _ species and of the many others now found isolated outside of the _ pine-barrens or the coastal plain is to be sought in the post-glacial history of the region to the north. In the general vegetative scramble, so to speak, to cover the country uncovered by the retreating ice, it seems natural that those plants whose ancestral _home had been in sand, should “choose” sand as a stopping place. _ It would, in reality, be strange if they had done anything else, and it is significant that all the plants mentioned by Britton are sand plants. A list of those species that are found on the coastal _ plain and in locally sandy areas in the Kittatinny mountains in northwestern New Jersey and adjacent New York follows: _ Pinus rigida,t Polygonella articulata, Scleria pauciflora, Cracca virginiana, Juncus Greenei, Lupinus perennis. *Hollick, A. Plant distribution as a factor in the interpretation of geological _ phenomena, with special reference to Long Island and vicinity. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12: 189-202. 1893. ‘ ¢ Britton, N. L. On the existence of a peculiar flora on the Kittatinny mountains of northwestern New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Club 11: 126-128. 1884, 14: 187. 1887. ____ $ Reported as making a more exclusive growth than it usually does in the north. ¥ b . 32 INTRODUCT ON Of course some of these are found in the intervening territory between the sandy stretches of northern New Jersey and adjacent New York and the coastal plain. But they are relatively scarce in this intermediate country. 51. That the distribution of all of the species mentioned in the preceding paragraphs has been controlled entirely by edaphic or historical factors is very doubtful. So many other minor con- siderations, such as methods of seed dispersal, longevity of seeds, the relative percentage of annuals, biennials, perennials, shrubs and trees, and so forth, may have been contributory factors that it would be dogmatic to assign the distribution trends of any one of them wholly to edaphic factors. But it seems as if these earth and water factors have been, on the whole, most active in deciding the general composition and complexion of the vegetation in our area. There are a few species that appear to be endemic in the range, but as to the factors contributing to this endemism nothing is known. ‘The following are the species endemic in the area: Amphicarpon Amphicarpon, Hypericum Bisselli, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Ludwigiantha brevipes, Savastana Nashit, Knetffia Allentt, Sporobolus Torreyanus, Pyrola oxypetala, Juncus caesariensis, Vaccinium caesariense, Uvularia nitida, Dendrium buxifolium, Salix squamata, Stachys atlantica, Dentaria incisifolia, Eupatorium resinosum, Dentaria anomala, Euthamia floribunda, Prunus Gravesti, . Helianthus Dalyt. Hibiscus oculiroseus, Senecio Crawfordit. It is of interest to note that of these 22 endemic species, 7 are peculiar to the pine-barrens, 9 to the glaciated region and 6 to the coastal plain, but the latter are not pine-barren species. However, the frequency of occurrence of these endemic species is greater with the pine-barren and coastal plain species than with those of the glaciated region, many of which have been collected only once or twice. Asa criterion of endemism in our area the list is open to the objection, of course, that some plants here recorded as species would not be accepted as such by all writers. But as INTRODUCTION 33 ustrating a tendency towards the production of new forms the t is open to no such objection. II. Curmatic Facrors _ §2. In considering the effect of climate on the distribution of our flora we have to remember the salient fact, that, while it has not _ been so much of an ancient factor in deciding the general composi- tion of the area as edaphic influences have been, it is very much of a controlling agency at the present day. Even in such a _ limited area as this there appear to be well marked climatic barriers, through which certain species are scarcely ever known to | 53. To dispose at once of rainfall and the winds, which, in a _ temperate climate such as ours, are almost negligible, it is only __ mecessary to record that the amount and distribution of the rain- fall is such that, in any one part of our area, as against any other part, the differences are so slight, so much above minimum requirements, and so far below a maximum of the rain-forest conditions of the tropics, that it can be ignored; and that we have nothing in any way suggesting an aeolian influence affecting the distribution of our plants, with the possible exception of the purely local sand-drifting along the coast dunes. The highly sug- gestive results obtained by some observers, on the distribution of our native flora as affected by the varying degree of evaporation of available water, are not yet sufficiently comprehensive to be used in the present work. 54. The chief climatic factor then is temperature, and in at- tempting to arrive at some conclusion as to its effect on the dis- tribution of the plants growing within the area many interesting problems have arisen. The most obvious method of taking the annual mean temperature as a basis of calculation comes to nothing as the differences in this are too slight to account for the very _ different vegetation in the Catskills where the mean temperature _ is 45°, and at Cape May, N. J., where the mean temperature is only 53°. The comparative similarity in the temperatures of the two places mentioned does not begin to express the great dis- similarity in the vegetation, nor does this similarity of mean tem- perature imply anything like a sufficiently operative climatic barrier, to maintain the status quo of the vegetation, so to speak. 4 34 INTRODUCTION 55. Following the method used by some investigators of similar problems, who have held that the average maximum temperatures were the controlling factors, these were taken. But here again the comparative equality could offer no satisfactory solution, as in both places the maximum is about 90°. Then, too, the maximum temperatures in a region such as ours are so much below the physiological optimum, that it is difficult to conceive of their being operative on a sufficiently large scale to affect the distribution of the flora. 56. Reversing the process, and taking the average minimum temperatures, a procedure followed by still others, netted more suggestive results. The differences here are considerable, as the average minimum at Windham in the Catskills is — 12°, while at Cape May in southern New Jersey it is 8°, a discrepancy of about 20°. This, however, is vitiated by the protective nature of the snow blanket which covers the colder region for the greater part of the winter; an advantage lacking in lower New Jersey, where, however, the increased temperatures during winter about equalize matters. Then, too, it has been shown that seeds can stand artificial temperatures enormously lower than are ever found in nature, so that plants which rely on their seeds for perpetuation must be indifferent to any natural minima. Against this average minimum temperature as a delimiting factor in the distribution of our local plants, also, is the protective dormancy of all the woody plants in the region, during the cold weather. 57. Merriam’s “‘life zones,’’ an attempt to plot out the more prominent belts of animal and vegetable life in North America upon the basis of temperature, was found to come more nearly to the known facts of the distribution of our local plants, than any of the above hypotheses. But while its general principles were found to hold good, the difficulty of using a scheme of continental scope upon a limited area was such that accuracy seemed unlikely. 58. Many investigators have thought that some method of reckoning the accumulated temperatures of a part of a season, or of all of it, would throw light on the problem, but the dangers here are many. Such a scheme, particularly when there is a large percentage of woody plants in the flora under consideration, leaves out of the calculation the stored up effect of heat units, generated during the previous season, when the very important operation INTRODUCTION 35 of the “‘setting’’ of the buds is originated. The writer regrets that he has not had the necessary time to apply, for at least a part of our flora, the very interesting results of Raunkiaer’s “Growth Forms”’ to the present book. The recent appearance of this work and the great labor necessary for its application to our area, precluded what, it is hoped, may be the most effective study of the relationship between a flora and the climatic factors that has yet appeared.* It may form the basis of a future study. 59. During 1905 Dr. Cleveland Abbe brought out his work on the effect of climate on crops,} in which he treated the temperature factor from a somewhat different viewpoint. He satisfied himself that maximum and minimum temperatures, and that any method of reckoning accumulative temperatures were not the vital factors in this problem. His method, in short, was to take account not of the severity of the frosts but of the length of the growing season. 60. Experimental proof of the very close relation between the length of the growing season and crops is not lacking. The government, by moving northward certain strains of wheat to regions with a progressively diminishing growing season, has been able to get crops in regions, that, if the move had been made in one season, would have been impossible. The method of determining this length of the growing season is to add the number of days between the last killing frost in the spring and the first killing frost of autumn. 61. The application of this idea to our local flora range has brought out some interesting points. Examination of the map (pl. 5) shows that the length of the growing season in the Catskills and mountains of Pennsylvania is 117-123 days, at Cape May it is 220 days. Here is a difference of over three months in the grow- ing season. All the figures have been determined by averaging the number of days between the killing frosts, for every station in the range, where records have been kept for ten years or more. 62. On the map (fl. 5) will be found a dark line running in a ‘northeast-southwest direction. Every weather station north of * Raunkiaer,C. Bot. Tidssk. 26: 1904; 30: 1909; 33: 1912. Andother papers. See also Jour. Ecol. 1: 16-26. 1913. and Paulsen, O. Studies on the vegetation of the Transcaspian lowlands. Second Danish Pamir Expedition Reports. Copenhagen, 1912. t+ Abbe, C. First report on the relation between climate and crops. Bull. U. 5S. Weather Bureau 36: 1-386. 1905. 36 INTRODUCTION this line has a growing season of 153 days or less, everything south of it a growing season of 164 days, or more, usually much more. This arbitrarily drawn line seems to separate, roughly speaking, the northern plants from those more generally distributed. Of course there are many exceptions, but, so far as our area is con- cerned, it marks the southern limit of present distribution for many of our plants. The list of plants in paragraph 8, that are marked with an asterisk, are all plants that are found to the north of this line. They are all plants of the higher elevations of our range which, as it happens, are correlated with the shorter growing season. There are, however, no true alpine conditions to be found in this area. 63. In making use of this factor of the length of the growing season in the body of the work, the writer has added to the treat- ment of the distribution of each species on the different geological formations, two figures, thus: 117-220 days. This indicates that the species under discussion has been found, in our area, in regions with these extremes of growing season. It actually means that this particular species has been found from the Catskills to Cape May. In many species, one of these figures will be in bold faced type which, throughout the book, indicates that the species is more common in the region where the growing season approximates the bold-faced figure than elsewhere. The map (pl. 5) will have to be consulted, until one becomes familiar with these figures, in order to properly interpret this data. SUMMARY 64. The relationship of the edaphic and climatic factors treated in the preceding paragraphs is an exceedingly complex one. To what proportion of either of these sets of factors, or to their combination, is to be attributed the distribution of any particular species, it is practically impossible to say. All that can be at- tempted is to set down the facts so far as we now know them. It is quite obvious that in a book such as this, the introduction to which is mostly, and the body of the work wholly, devoted to floristic plant-geography, the minute study of smaller categories of vegetation, such as associations and the like, must be omitted. The study of a flora from the standpoint of its fitness for its environment, and the intimately related study of the environment ———ee—E ee bine Ts ire ai ae al we ; Sy / a " ’ A Pe hae a

= ee ee ~~! =. — LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE 43 38. Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859-). Catalogue of plants found in New Jersey. Geol. Surv. N. J. Final Rep. State Geol. 2: 25-642. ‘‘1889"’ [My 1890!]. Also issued as a separate, with original pagination, ‘‘ 1889 "' [1890]. 39. Stone, Witmer (1866-). The plants of southern New Jersey, with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Ann. Rep. N..J. State Mus. 1910: 23-828. plates 1-129. ‘1911 "’ [26 Ja 1912). Also as a separate, with original pagination, on thicker paper, with title-pages for two volumes; these also erroneously dated 1911. PENNSYLVANIA (See also nos. I, 2, 6, and 7) 40. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Florula cestrica: an essay towards a catalogue of the phenogamous plants, native and naturalized, growing in the vicinity of the borough of West Chester, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. xv+152 pages. West Chester, 1826. 41. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Flora cestrica: an attempt to enumerate and describe the flowering and filicoid plants of Chester ‘County, in the state of Pennsylvania. xxiii+640 pages. map. West Chester, 1837. 42. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Flora cestrica: an herborizing companion for the young botanists of Chester County, state of Penn- sylvania. Third edition. c+498 pages. map. Philadelphia, 1853. In counting this as the “ third ” edition, the author reckoned the Florula of 1826 as the first edition of the Flora. 43. Smith, George (1804-1882). Botany of Delaware County. In his: History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, pages 416-433. Phila- delphia, 1862. 44. Moyer, Isaac Shoemaker (1838-1898). An enumeration of the indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in Bucks County. In: Davis, William Watts Hart (1820-1910). The history of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Appendix, pages 3-27. Doylestown, Pa., 1876. The appendix containing this flora was also issued as a separate. For a revised edition, see no. 48. 45. Dudley, William Russel (1849-1911). A preliminary list of the _ vascular plants of the Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys. Proc. & Coll. Lackawanna Inst. 1: 29-112. 1887. 44 LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE 46. Dudley, William Russel (1849-1911); Thurston, Charles Orion (1857-). A catalogue of the flowering plants and vascular cryptogams found in and near Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys, Pa. xvi+96 pages. Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1892. Additions by C. O. Thurston, 15 pages, Ap 1895, Wyo. Sem. Sci. Dep. Bull. no. 1. 47. Porter, Thomas Conrad (1822-1901). Flora of Pennsylvania. XV +352 pages. map. Easton, Pa., [15 Au] 1903. Posthumous; edited by John Kunkel Small (1869-). 48. Moyer, Isaac Shoemaker (1838-1898). Flora. An enumeration of indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. In: Davis, William Watts Hart (1820-1910). History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Second edition. 2: Appendix, pages 3-54. 1905. Revised by Clayton Detweiler Fretz (1844—). Also ina separate (including zoological lists). 49. Fussell, Linnaeus (1842-1907). List of Delaware county plants. Proc. Delaware Co. Inst. Sci. 1: 49-76. Ap 1906. Additions by Francis Whittier Pennell (1886—) in Proc. Delaware County Inst. Sci. 4: 68-74. 23 Mr 1909. 50. Pennell, Francis Whittier (1886-). Flora of the Conowingo Barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 62: 541-566. 13 D 1910; 567-584. 14 Ja IgII. Additions by F. W. Pennell in Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. 64: 520-534 (30 Ja); 535-539 (13 F 1913). 51. King, Wilbur Lewis (1871—). The flora of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Torreya 12:97-107. 10 My; 124-132. 11 Je; 165-173. 11 Jl; 183-189. 9 Au; 208-215. 3S 1912. Additions by Eugene Abraham Rau (1848-), in Torreya 12: 287-289 (13 D 1912). INDEX OF AUTHORS Andrews, Luman, 15, 18, 19 Darlington, William, 40, 41, 42 Baldwin, Ebenezer, 10 Davis, W. T., 30 Barton, W. P. C., 1, 2 Davis, W. W. H., 44, 48 Bishop, J. N., 12, 14, 16 Day, E. H., 32 Bissell, C. H., 18, 19 Dowell, Philip, 30 Bolton, Robert, 32 Driggs, A. W., 16 Brace, J. P., 9 Dudley, W. R., 45, 46 Britton, E. G., 32 . Dwight, Timothy, 8 Britton, N. L., 6, 30, 37, 38 Eames, E. H., 19 Brown, Addison, 6 Eaton, D. C., 5 Brown, Stewardson, 7 Eddy, C. W., 3, 21 Case, G. R., 11 Fretz, C. D., 48 Colden, Cadwallader, 20 Fussell, Linnaeus, 49 ee OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE Paine, J. A., 27 Pennell, F. W., 49, 50 Poggenburg, J. F., 6 Porter, T. C., 6, 47 Rau, E. A., 51 Rogers, E. E., 17 Setchell, W. A., 11 Small, J. K., 47 Smith, George, 43 Stearns, W. A., 31 Sterns, E. E., 6 Stone, Witmer, 39 Thurston, C. O., 46 Torrey, John, 3, 25, 26 Tully, William, 10 Weatherby, C. A., 19 Willis, O. R., 32, 35, 36 Young, H. W., 28 Zabriskie, J. B., 24 EXPLANATORY NOTE Bold face type, used as a designation for a region or part of one, indicates greater frequency of occurrence than in regions not so designated. The terms Tertiary, Cretaceous and so forth do not apply to fossil species, only to the distribution of the present flora on the different geological formations as exposed in the area. ‘ - 46 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS PTERIDOPHYTA * 4 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE as F eticulate; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM, s free; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. BotrycHium, 1. Ophioglossum {Tourn.} L. O. vulgatum L. (O. arenarium E. G. Britton). In moist _ meadows and thickets: Me. and Que. to Alask., south to Tex. - Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. 2. Botrychium Sw. of the following season wholly concealed within the base of the common stalk; sterile blade more or less fleshy; cells of _ the epidermis straight. rophyl and sterile blade both erect in the bud. 1. B. simplex. ‘ophy! or sterile blade, or both, at least slightly bent over in the bud. Buds glabrous; sterile blade usually pinnate or in No. 6 ; sometimes subternate; spores maturing in early summer. Sterile blade with the tip bent over in the bud, clasping the erect sporophyl, entire or with 1-3 pairs of small segments. 2. B. tenebrosum. Sterile blade and sporophy] both bent over in the bud. Sterile | lade distinctly stalked. 3. B. neglectum. Sterile blade closely sessile. 6. B. lanceolatum. Buds pilose; sterile blades subternately divided; spores maturing in late summer or fall. Sterile blades membranous in drying; segments mostly acutish, serrulate to laciniate. Segments mostly acute or acutish, serrulate- . dentate. 4. B. obliquum. Segments laciniate, often deeply so. 5. B. dissectum. Sterile blades thick, leathery in drying, 10-20 cm. broad; segments obtuse, crenate to sinuate. 7. B. silaifolium. Be the following season exposed along one side; sterile blade y thin; cells of the epidermis flexuose. 8. B. virginianum. * Taxonomic treatment contributed by Miss Margaret Slosson. The general dis- tior , as stated for the first three families, follows North American Flora, the g families mainly “* Illustrated Flora.” “* 47 48 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 1. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. In meadows and pastures: N. S. to Pa. and westward. Also in Europe. N. Y. On L. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co. N. J. Near Plainfield; reported from near Newton, Sussex Co. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Berks and Montgomery counties. A rare and scattered species whose distribution is not fully understood; perhaps not distinct from the next. 2. B.tenebrosum A. A. Eaton. In rich moist woods and swamps: N. Eng. to Pa. Rare in our area, and scattered. Conn. Granby, Goshen, West Goshen, Oxford and New Milford. N. Y. Near Riverhead, L. I. Pa. Near Mountainville, Lehigh Co. 3. B. neglectum Wood. In grassy woods and swamps: N. S. to Pa., west to Ohio and Sask. Also in Europe. Conn. Rare, but throughout the state. N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., otherwise known only from northern Westchester Co. northward. N. J. Cranberry Lake, Sussex Co. (according to Mackenzie); reported from near Riddleton, Salem Co. Pa. Wayne, Monroe, and Lehigh counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-210 days.* Sea level—4,o20 ft. 4. B. obliquum Muhl.: Willd. In moist woods or thickets: N. H. to Wisc. south to Ga. and Ark. Also in Jamaica. Widely distributed throughout the range except the pine-barrens. 5. B. dissectum Spreng. In low woods or thickets or on wooded slopes: N. Eng. to Va., Ky. and Ind. Throughout the range, less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. 6. B. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. In meadows and moist woods: Greenl. and N. S. to Pa., west to Colo., Wash. and Alask. Also in, Eu. and Asia. CONN. Rare and local over most of the state. N. Y. Westchester and Rockland counties, increasing and becom- ing common northward. N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Warren and Sussex counties. Rare. * For explanation of these figures see Introduction paragraphs 59-63. es — == S—‘( rt; _ —_— ee . : SCHIZAEACEAE 49 Pa. Near Mt. Pleasant, Wayne Co., and Fleetwood, Berks Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level- 4,020 ft. 7. B. silaifolium Pres]. In moist open places: N. Eng. and N. Y., to Wisc., west to Alaska and U. Calif. Rare in our area. Conn. Fairfield, Litchfield and New Haven counties. N. J. Newton. N.Y. Westchester, Columbia and Greene coun- ties. 8. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. In rich woods: B. Col., south to Mex. and the W. I. Also in Eu. and Asia. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; always increasing northward. The reported occurrence in Conn. of B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. has not been verified. It is otherwise unknown in our area. OSMUNDACEAE 1. Osmunda [Tourn.|} L. Blades bipinnate, some of them fertile at the apex. 1. O. regalis. Herbaceous blades bipinnatifid. Pinnae of sterile blade with a tuft of tomentum at the base; blades normally dimorphous. 2. O. cinnamomea. Pinnae of sterile blade not so tufted; blades normally fertile only in the middle. 3. O. Claytoniana. 1. O. regalis L. In low swamps, woods or marshes: E. N, Am., Mex. and the W. I. Also in S. Am., Eu., Asia and > Af. Common throughout the range. 2. O. cinnamomea L. In low places: Eastern N. Am., Mex. and the W. I. Also in Asia. Common throughout the range. 3. O. Claytoniana L. In swamps and moist woods: Newf. to Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Also in India and China. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and south of them; always increasing northward. SCHIZAEACEAE Leaves short, tufted, cigid, the sterile simple. 1. SCHIZAEBA. Leaves elongate, climbing, compound; leaflets palmately lobed. 2. LyGoprum. 5 50 POLY PODIACEAE 1. Schizaea J. E. Smith. 1. S. pusilla Pursh. In wet pine-barrens: N. J. Also in Newf. and N.S. Locally common in and, in our area, confined exclusively to the pine-barrens of New Jersey,* and to Seaside Park along the coast in Ocean Co. 2. Lygodium Sw. 1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. In low woods and _ thickets: N. H. and Mass., south to Fla., Ky. and Tenn. Conn. Rare in the eastern part of the state. N. J. Saddle River, Bergen Co., rare; increasing southward; not recorded along the coast and at Cape May. Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Carbon, Bucks, and Schuylkill counties. A rare scattered plant. POLY PODIACEAE Leaves strongly dimorphous, the fertile ones with divisions greatly contracted, brownish, berry-like or necklace-like. Sterile blades deeply pinnatifid; veins freely anastomosing. I. ONOCLEA. Sterile blades deeply 2-pinnatifid; veins free. 2. MATTEUCCIA. Leaves mostly uniform, or if dimorphous the fertile blades flat, the divisions green, not as above. Sori dorsal upon the veins, not marginal. Sori roundish. Indusium wholly or partially inferior. Indusium wholly inferior, the divisions stellate or spreading. 3. WoopsIA. Indusium attached by its base at one side of the sorus, hood-shaped, withering. 5. FILrx. Indusium, if present, superior. Stipes jointed to the rootstock; indusia wanting. 18. POLYPODIUM. Stipes continuous with the rootstock; indusia present in most species. Indusium (in our species) orbicular- peltate, centrally attached. 6. POLYSTICHUM. Indusium, if present, orbicular-reniform, attached at its sinus. 7. DRYOPTERIS. Sori oblong’ to linear. Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midrib and rachises. Leaves uniform; veins free between the sori and margin. 8. ANCHISTEA. * See introduction paragraph 38. POLYPODIACEAE 51 Leaves dimorphous; veins of sterile blade freely anastomosing. 9. LORINSERIA. _ Sori oblique to the midribs or irregularly disposed. Veins free; sori all oblique to the midribs, single on the side of the veinlets next a midvein, or crossing the veinlets and ‘ recurved. ? Sori with rare exceptions single. 11. ASPLENIUM. , Sori often single, often recurved. 12. ATHYRIUM. Veins freely anastomosing; sori variously dis- posed. 10, CAMPTOSORUS. ri at or very near the margin. ‘Sporanges borne within a special cup-shaped indusium. 4. DENNSTAEDIA. _ Sporanges not borne within a special cup-shaped in- dusium; sori with indusia formed entirely or in part by the revolute or reflexed more or less modi- fied leaf-margins. Sori distinct, borne on the under side of the reflexed lobes. 13. ADIANTUM. Sori wholly or partially confluent. a Sori borne on a vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the free veinlets; indusium double. 14. PTERIDIUM. Sori borne at or near the ends of the free veinlets; indusia single. Leaves dimorphous. 15. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Leaves uniform or nearly so. Sori confluent, forming a wide sub- marginal band; segments smooth or nearly so. 16. PELLAEA. Sori distinct or contiguous; segments usually pubescent, tomentose or scaly. 17. CHEILANTHES. 1. Onoclea L. ©. sensibilis L. In moist soil: Newf. to Sask., south to Okl. and the Gulf States. + Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens. “yp 2. Matteuccia Todaro (Struthiopteris Willd.) _M. Struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. In moist thickets, especially along streams: N. S. to Va., west to Br. Col. and Iowa. Also in Eu. and Asia. ‘Conn. Throughout the state but rare, more common in the Connecticut River Valley and northward than elsewhere. N.Y. The region of the Caiskills, in Delaware and Greene counties. _N. J. Reported from but not recently collected in northern Bur- 52 POLY PODIACEAE lington Co., thence unknown except in Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon counties, all within the drainage of the Delaware. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local, apparently increasing northward, especially up the valley of the Delaware. 123-189 days. Sea level—2,300 ft. 3. Woodsia R. Br. Indusium small and inconspicuous, the divisions narrow or filiform; stipes jointed near the base; blades with more or less rusty chaff beneath. 1. W. alvensts. Indusium ample, the divisions broad, early spreading; stipes not jointed. 2. W. obtusa. 1. W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. On exposed rocks: Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Car., Ky. and Iowa. Also in Greenl., Eu. and Asia. Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common. N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., unknown on S. I., rare and local in Westchester and Rockland counties, increasing northward. N. J. Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, northward. — Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Montgomery and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 118-189 days. Sea level—3,g00 ft. 2. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torrey. On rocks: N. S. and Me. to Wisc., south to Ga., Ala. and Tex. Also in Alaska and Br. Col. Conn. Throughout the state, not common. N.Y. Near Greenport, L. I., rare on S.I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Monmouth, Hunterdon, and Somerset counties northward. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220days. Sea level-—4,o20 ft. 4. Dennstaedtia Bernh. 1. D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. In various situations: N. S. and N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Mo. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; rare on L. I. and 5. I. and southern New Jersey. a = ul — | te ee a. = = Ve es POLYPODIACEAE 53 5. Filix Adans. ( Cystopteris Bernh.) ~ Blades broadest at the base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath, minutely glandular. 1. F. bulbifera. _ Blades lanceolate, short-pointed, without bulblets or glands. 2. F. fragilis. 1. F. bulbifera (L.) Underw. On wet rocks and in ravines: Newf. to Man., Wisc. and Iowa, south to northern Ga., Ala. and Ark. Also in Utah. Conn. Rare and local near the coast and in the eastern part of the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Dutchess, Columbia and Greene counties in the Hudson Valley, not reported from the Catskills. N. J. Warren, Morris, Bergen, Passaic and Sussex counties. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing northward, and especially on limestone. 123-189 days. Sea level-2,580 ft. 2. F. fragilis (L.) Gilib. On rocks and in moist grassy woods: Newf. and Lab. to Alask., south to Ga., Ala., Kan., Ariz. and S. Cal. Also in Greenland and the Old World. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Unknown on L. [., rare on S. I., thence increasing north- ward. N. J. Reported from Camden and Monmouth counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton and Lehigh counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare and perhaps only adventive: Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-189 days. Sea level-3,800 ft. 6. Polystichum Roth. Leaves normally simply pinnate, the upper pinnae soriferous and contracted. Leaves bipinnatifid or bipinnate, the soriferous pinnae not con- tracted. 2. P. Braunti. 1. P. achrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. In woods and on hill- 1. P. achrostichoides. sides: N. S. to Ont. and Wisc., south to Tex. and the Gulf States. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens. 2. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fée. In rocky woods: N. 5. to Alask., to northern N. Eng., the mountains of Pa. to Mich. and Br. Col. 54 POLYPODIACEAE N. Y.. The Catskills in Ulster, Delaware and Greene counties. Pa. The mountains of Luzerne Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local at high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-143 days. 1450- 4020 ft. 7. Dryopteris Adans. Indusia present. Texture membranous; veins simple or once forked. Lower pinnae gradually and conspicuously reduced. Lower pinnae scarcely or not reduced. Veins once or twice forked, at least in the sterile leaves. Veins simple. Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous; veins freely branched. Blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate; segments not spinu- lose, leaves 114°-5° high: rachis naked or decid- uously chaffy: indusia not glandular. Indusia flat, thin. Blades narrow, linear-oblong to lanceolate; sori nearly medial; scales at base of stipe light brown, concolorous. Blades broader, narrowly oblong, ovate or tri- angular ovate; sori near the midvein. Apex not abruptly acuminate, pinnae broadest at base; sori 3-7 pairs; scales at base of stipe brown with dark centers. Apex short-acuminate, often abruptly so; pinnae broadest above the base; sori 6-10 pairs, scales of stipe more or less blackish-brown. Indusia convex, firm; sori close to the margin. Blades 2—3-pinnate; segments spinulose or mucronate; blades ovate-lanceolate, triangular, or broadly oblong, usually not narrowed below. Indusia glabrous or nearly so; pinnae usually somewhat oblique to the rachis, the lowest broadly and unequally ovate to triangular. Pinnules flat, decurrent; sori terminal on the veinlets; indusia glabrous; scales pale, con- colorous; leaves 34’-9’ broad. Pinnules concave, some not decurrent; sori mostly subterminal; indusia glabrous or with a few glands; scales dark brownish; leaves ample, 4’—16’ broad. Indusia glandular; pinnae usually at right angles, the lowest unequally lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- late. 1. D. noveboracensis. 2. D. Thelypteris. 3. D. simulata. 4. D. cristata. 5. D. Clintoniana. 6. D. Goldieana. 7. D. marginals. 8. D. spinulosa. 9. D. dilatata. 10. D. intermedia. a POLY PODIACEAE 55 Basal pinnae sessile or partially adnate; rachis more or less alate. Blades usually longer than broad; rachis and midveins freely chaffy; under surfaces pilose. 11. D. Phegopteris. Blades usually broader than long; rachis and midveins scarcely scaly; under surfaces slightly pubescent. 12. D. hexagonoptera. Basal pinnae long-stalked, approaching the terminal por- tion in size; rachis not alate. 13. D. Dryopteris. 1. D. noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. In moist woods and thickets: Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Ark. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens. 2. D. Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. In marshes and wet woods; rarely in dry soil: N. B. to Man., south to Fla., La. and Tex. Also in Europe and Asia. Throughout the range, but less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. 3. D. simulata Davenp. In swamps: Me. to Md. Reported from Mo. Rare and scatiered over most of our area, more common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. 4. D. cristata (L.) A. Gray. In wet woods and swamps: Newf. to Sask., south to Va., Ky., Ark., Neb. and Idaho. Also in Eu. and Asia. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. 5. D. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell. In swampy woods: Me. and Ont. to Wisc. and N. Car. Throughout the range, except on the coastal plain of New ~ Jersey, there recorded from a single station in Camden Co., from which it has not been recently collected. 6. D. Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. In rich woods: N. B. to Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn. and lowa. Conn. Scattered over most of the state, but rare, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Rare and local on S. I., not reported from L. I., increasing northward. N. J. Hunterdon, Warren, Morris (according to Mackenzie) and Essex counties; reported from Sussex Co. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Montgomery, Berks, Dela- ware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220days. Sea level-3,900 ft. 56 POLYPODIACEAE 7. D. marginalis (L.) A. Gray. In rocky woods and on banks: N.S. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Ala., Ark., Kan. and Okl. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and east and south of them, there not recorded. 8. D. spinulosa (Miull.) Kuntze. In rich low woods: Lab. to Selkirk and Idaho to Va. and Ky. Also in Europe. Common throughout Conn., N. Y., and Pa. N.J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Burlington and Ocean counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. g. D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray. In mountains: Newf. to Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Tenn. and N. Car. Also in Eurasia, Greenland, Japan and the Madeira Islands. N.Y. The higher Catskills in Greene and Delaware counties. N. J. Sussex, Warren and Morris counties. Pa. Lackawanna, Pike and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, confined to the north. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 days. 800-4,020 ft. 10. D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. In moist woods: Newf. to Wisc., south to N. Car. and Tenn. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. 11. D. Phegopteris (L.) C. Ch. Moist woods and thickets: Newf. to Alask., Va., Mich. to Wash. Also in Greenl., Eu. and Asia. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward. N. Y. Not definitely known from L. I. or S. I., reported from the former; rare and local in northern Westchester Co., increasing northward. N. J. Local in Sussex Co. and Warren Co. (according to Macken- zie); unknown elsewhere. Pa. Luzerne, Pike, Monroe and Schuylkill counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local northward. 117-140 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 12. D. hexagonoptera (Michx.). C. Ch. In dry woods and on hillsides; Que. to Minn., Fla., La., Kan. and Okl. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward, and becoming common in the Catskills. POLY PODIACEAE 57 ‘NY J. Rare and very local in Gloucester, Ocean and Monmouth counties, thence increasing northward; not recorded from the __ pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout the range. _ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft. 3. D. Dryopteris (L.) Britton. In moist woods and thickets: __ Newf. and Lab. to Alask., south to Va., Kan., Colo. and Ore. _ Also in Greenland, Eu. and Asia. | Cony. Rare over most of the state, increasing northwestward. ON. Y. Reported from, but doubtfully on L. I., otherwise recorded only from the Catskills. -N. J. From Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, north- ___ward; also at “Calico” in the pine-barrens, but surely there -__ adventive. Rare and local. ae Throughout the area, except in Chester, Delaware and ___ Philadelphia counties, there not recorded. . s Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, o: Older Formations, increasing north- ) oe 117-189 days. Sea level—3,go0 ft. > following hybrids have been described and are to be looked whe ever, in our range, both the supposed parents occur: PTERIS CLINTONIANA X GOLDIEANA Dowell. ERIS CLINTONIANA X INTERMEDIA Dowell. ‘OPTERIS CLINTONIANA X MARGINALIS Slosson. RY ‘OPTERIS CLINTONIANA X SPINULOSA Benedict. DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X GOLDIEANA Benedict. PTERIS CRISTATA X INTERMEDIA Dowell, = D. Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw. Daye OPTERIS CRISTATA X MARGINALIS Davenport. OPTERIS CRISTATA X SPINULOSA (Milde) C. Chr. OPTERIS GOLDIEANA X INTERMEDIA Dowell. OPTERIS GOLDIEANA X MARGINALIS Dowell. OPTERIS GOLDIEANA X SPINULOSA Benedict. Speen ranis INTERMEDIA X MARGINALIS Benedict. RYOPTERIS MARGINALIS X SPINULOSA Slosson. ae) — 8. Anchistea Presl. 1. A. virginica (L.) Presl. Inswamps, often in deep water: N.S. to a Ont. and Mich., south to Fla., La. and Ark. Also in Bermuda. = Throughout the range, rare in the north, increasing southward, —_ specially in the pine-barrens. = } a 58 POLYPODIACEAE g. Lorinseria Presl. 1. L. areolata (L.) Presl. In swamps and moist soil: Me. to Fla., Tenn., La. and Ark., also in Mich. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., not certainly known elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Bergen, Essex, Morris (according to Macken- zie), Union, Mercer and Somerset counties, increasing and common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks and Delaware counties, mostly on Trenton gravels. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered, increasing southward. 158-220 days. About sea level. 10. Camptosorus Link. 1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. In shaded situations; usually on rocks: Que. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Kan. Conn. Throughout the state, but rare, increasing northwestward. N. Y. From Westchester and Rockland counties, northward. N. J. Union and Hunterdon counties, increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the range. ‘ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous 0: Older Formations, most common on limestone, but found on a large variety of rocks and even on wood. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,g00 ft. 11. Asplenium L.* Blades pinnatifid or pinnate only below, the apices long-atten- uate; stipe dark brownish below, green above; rachis green. 1. A. binnatifidum. Blades 1-3-pinnate, the apices not long attenuate. Blades normally 1-pinnate only. Stipe and rachis blackish, reddish or purplish-brown throughout; sori medial or nearer'the midvein. Fertile leaves rigidly erect; pinnae more or less . platyneuron. auriculate. 2.A Fertile leaves spreading like the sterile; pinnae not auriculate. 3. A. Trichomanes. Stipe dark only at the base, green above like the rachis; blades 12-25 dm. long. 4, A. pycnocarpon. Blades 2~—3-pinnatifid. Stipe and rachis green throughout. 5. A. Ruta-muraria. Stipe dark brownish, at least towards the base. Stipe dark at base, greenish above; rachis green; blades deltoid-ovate to deltoid-lanceolate. 6. A. montanum. Stipe and lower rachis, at least, dark chestnut-brown. 7. A. Bradleyt. * See Introduction paragraph 6. OO POLY PODIACEAE 59 1. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. On rocks: Conn. and N. Y. to Mo., south to Ga., Ala., and Ark. A very rare species recorded in our area near Southington and Sharon, Conn., Blairstown, Warren Co., N. J., and in Chester and Philadelphia counties in Pa. Most common on limestone, but by no means confined to it. 2. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. On rocks and banks: Me. and Ont. to Colo., south to the Gulf States. Also in S. Africa. Common throughout the range, less so in the pine-barrens than elsewhere; more common, in the north, on limestone than on other 3 rocks. _ 3. A. Trichomanes L. On rocks: nearly throughout N. Am., s except Mex. and Arctic Am. Also in Eu. and Asia. + * Throughout our range except in N. J., south of New Brunswick, : Middlesex Co.; not uncommon; reaching its best development on limestone. . _ 4. A. pycnocarpon Spreng. (A. angustifolium Michx.). In moist woods and shaded ravines: Que. to Wisc., south to Ga., Ala., ... Mo. and Kan. Conn. Rare in New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward. N. Y. The Catskills in Greene and Delaware counties. Pa. Berks Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and scattered, most common on limestone. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 5. A. Ruta-muraria L. Usually on limestone: Vt. to S. Ont. and Mich., south to Ala. and Mo. Also in Eu., Asia and N. Africa. Conn. Rare and local in northern New Haven counties, increasing northwestward; unknown from the east or along the coast. N. Y. Westchester and Rockland counties, northward. N. J. Sussex, Warren, Passaic and Morris counties. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties. ‘ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, almost exclusively ; confined to limestone rocks, but also on trap rock in N. Y. and Conn. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,080 ft. 6. A. montanum Willd. On dry and moist rocks: Conn. and N. Y. to Ohio, Ga., Ala. and Ark. Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, more common northwestward than elsewhere. [ied a 60 POLYPODIACEAE N. Y. Ulster, Sullivan, Delaware and Greene counties. N. J. Mt. Tammany and above Philipsburg, Warren Co., other- wise unknown. Pa. Pike, Lackawanna, Carbon, Monroe, Lehigh and North- ampton counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing gener- ally westward and northward. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 7. A. Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. On rocks: N. Y. to Ga., Ala., Ark. and Mo. Known in our area only from the predominately limestone region in the Shawangunk Mountains in Ulster Co., N. Y., an area north of the moraine with a growing season of about 128-140 days. A hybrid, Asplenium platyneuron X Camptosorus rhizophyllus, long known as Asple- nium ebenoides R. R. Scott, has been recorded. It is to be looked for in our area wherever both the parent plants occur. 12. Athyrium Roth. Blades bipinnatifid; segments lightly crenate-serrate. 1. A. thelypteroides. Blades bipinnate; segments variously incised or deeply serrate. 2. A. Filix-foemina. 1. A. thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. (A. acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels). In rich moist woods: N.S. to Minn., Mo. and Ga. CONN. Rare southward, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in Monmouth Co., increasing northward, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations; increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,850 ft. 2. A. Filix-foemina (L.) Roth. In woods and thickets: Newf., B. Col., the Gulf States and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia. Throughout the range, less common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. 13. Adiantum [Tourn.] L. 1. A. pedatum L. In woods: N.S. and Que. to Alaska, south to Ga., La., Kan.; Rocky Mts. to Utah and Cal. Also in Asia. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them, there not recorded. POLYPODIACEAE 61 14. Pteridium Scop. (Pleris L.) 1. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. In thickets or open situations: throughout most of N. Am. Nearly cosmopolitan. Throughout the range in some of its numerous forms, apparently less common in Conn. than elsewhere in our range. 15. Cryptogramma R. Br. 1. C. Stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. On rocks: Lab. to Alaska, Pa., Iowa, Wisc. and Colo. Also in Asia. A rare and local species, confined in our area to regions with limestone or trap-rock formations, but not coextensive with these _ formations in the range. It has so far been collected only from New Haven, Kent, Brookfield and Salisbury, Conn., and from _ Godwinville, Morton and Dyke, Bergen Co., N. J. : 16. Pellaea Link. 1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. On rocks: Ont. to Br. Col. and Mackenzie, Ga., Miss., Tex. and Cal. Reported from Mex. Conn. Bolton and Guilford, thence increasing northwestward towards the limestone regions. N. Y. Orange, Dutchess, Greene and Ulster counties. N. J. Sussex, Morris, Warren and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Northampton, Monroe, Lehigh and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, most common on limestone, but found also on gneiss and trap rocks. 123-220 days. Sea level—2,700 ft. 17. Cheilanthes Sw. 1. C. lanosa (Michx.) Watt. On rocks: Conn. and southern N. Y. to Ga., west to Kan. and Tex. Conn. New Haven. N. Y. Not uncommon in Manhattan and the Bronx and up the Hudson Valley to near Poughkeepsie; unknown elsewhere. N. J. Scattered from Hunterdon, Union and Essex counties north- ward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, more common on limestone and on trap than other rocks. 123-220 days. Sea level—2,980 ft. 62 EQUISETACEAE 18. Polypodium [Tourn.] L. 1. P. vulgare L. On rocks or rocky banks: Lab. and Newf. to — Man., south to Ga., Ala. and Mo. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and south of them, there not recorded. MARSILEACEAE 1. Marsilea L. 1. M. quadrifolia L. Locally rare in eastern U. S. Native of Asia and Europe. Known in our area only from Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., and North Cromwell, Middlesex Co., Conn. and from a few scattered pools where it has been unquestionably introduced. Very doubt- fully endemic in Am. SALVINIACEAE Leaves 12-18 mm. long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. 1. SALVINIA. Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. AZOLLA. 1. Salvinia Adans. 1. S.natans (L.) Hoffm. Perry Co., Mo., and near Minneapolis, — Minn. Reported from Central N.Y. Also Europe and Asia. — Known in our area only from near Silver Lake, S. I., N. Y., where it is introduced. 2. Azolla Lam. 1. A. caroliniana Willd. Floating on still water: Ont. and Mass. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Ariz. and Mex. Also in Trop. Am. Known in our area only from a small pond in Clove Valley, S. I., N. Y., there introduced; and in the Morris Canal near Bloom- field, N. J. EQUISETACEAE 1. Equisetum L. Stems annual; stomata scattered. Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring, before the sterile. Fertile stems simplc, soon withering; branches of sterile stems solid, 3-angled, their sheaths 4-toothed; silex in punctiform dots. 1. E. arvense. Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering. EQUISETACEAE 63 Branches simple, solid, 3- or 4—5-angled, their sheaths 3-toothed, their first internodes not exceeding the stem-sheath; silex in flat spines arrangedinthrees. 2. E. pratense. Branches compound, solid, the primary 4—5-angled, the secondary 3-angled; silex in double rows of hooked spinules. 3. E. sylvaticum. ms all alike; spores maturing in summer; branches simple or L pene. eaths rather loose; branches usually long; stems bushy below, attenuate upwards. Central cavity of stem very small, spike long; branches hollow, 4-7-angled, their sheaths mostly 5-toothed; q ‘ silex in cross-bands. 4. E. palustre. c Central cavity of stem larger, the other air-cavities : usually present under both the ridges and grooves of the stem; spike short, commonly with abortive spores lacking elaters; branches simple, 3~5-angled, hollow or solid. 5. E. littorale. py beethe appressed; branches usually short; central cavity of stem very large, cavities present under the ridges, lack- ing under the grooves;' branches hollow. 6. E. fluviatile. - perennial, evergreen; spikes tipped with a rigid point; mata in regular rows. _ .2 m. long, usually many-grooved, rarely withafew = © inches; teeth of the leaves soon deciduous; silex in two isti set lines of tubercles. 7. E. hyemale. 3 very slender, 1.5-9 dm long, tufted, usually 5—10-grooved; central cavity small; teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. 8. E. variegatum. a oa B. arvense L. In sandy soil, along roadsides, etc.: Newf. and sreenl. to Alaska, south to Va. and Cal. Also in Eu. and Be) ‘Scattered throughout the range. B. pratense Ehrh. In sandy places: N. S. and Rupert River Pe Minn. and Alaska, south to N. J. Iowa and Colo. Also : Eu. and Asia. Conn. Rare; in the Housatonic Valley near Oxford and Newton. ON. Y. Perhaps near N. Y., but not definitely known. Y. J. Closter, Bergen Co., rare; Sparta, Sussex Co. ‘a a Arare and scattered species, perhaps more widely distributed than b. seems apparent. - B : E. sylvaticum L. In moist sandy woods and thickets: Newf. and Greenl. to Alaska, south to Va. and Iowa. Also in Eu. and Asia. _ Scattered in most parts of our range. -_ > 7 64 LYCOPODIACEAE 4. E. plaustre L. In wet places: N.S. to Alaska, Conn., western N. Y., Ill. and Ariz. Also in Eu. and Asia. Reported in our area, only from Lyme and East Windsor, Conn., on the banks of the Connecticut River. 5. E. littorale Kuehl. On sandy river and lake shores: N. B. and Ont. to N. J. and Pa. west to Br. Col. Also in Europe. Known only from the banks of the Delaware in Hunterdon and Warren counties in N. J. and Bucks and Delaware counties in Pa. 6. E. fluviatile L. In swamps and along borders of streams. N.S. to Alaska south to Va., Neb. and Wash. Also in Eu. and Asia. Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them, there not recorded. 7. E. hyemale L. In wet places and on banks; especially along rivers: throughout nearly all N. Am., Eu. and Asia. Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them, there not recorded. 8. E. variegatum Schleich. Lab. and Greenl. to Alaska south to Conn., western N. Y., Neb. and Nev. Alsoin Eu. and Asia. Conn. Rare in Litchfield Co. Unknown elsewhere. Known elsewhere in our area only at Closter, Bergen Co., N. J. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. has been collected as a waif in Conn. The record of E. laevigatum A. Br. from N. J. is unverifiable. LYCOPODIACEAE 1. Lycopodium L. Sporophylls not closely associated in terminal spikes. Leaves distinctly broadest above the middle, there usu- ally erose-denticulate. 1. L. lucidulum, — Leaves linear or nearly so, entire or minutely denticulate. 2. L. porophyllum. Sporophylls closely associated in terminal spikes. ; Sporophylls similar to the foliar leaves in form and texture; sporanges subglobose. Sporophylls linear-deltoid, mostly entire; peduncles one or rarely two. 3. L. inundatum, Sporophylls linear to lanceolate from a broader base; peduncles usually several. Peduncles slender; the leaves incurved and mostly appressed; spikes slender. 4. L. adpressum. Peduncles stout; the leaves more numerous and mostly ascending; spikes stout. 5. L. alopecuroides. orophylls bract-like, very unlike the foliar leaves; spor- anges reniform. tems with numerous erect or assurgent leafy aerial branches, the spikes terminal upon some of these. Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in more : than five rows. Main stem creeping deep in the ground; aerial branches few, tree-like. 6. L. obscurum. Main stem prostrate; aerial branches numer- ous, not tree-like. Ss - % - Spikes solitary, sessile. 7. L. annotinum, Spikes solitary to several, on elongate peduncles. 8. L. davatum. Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in four rows, adnate considerably more than half their length; spikes borne upon bracteate pe- duncles, these terminal upon leafy branches. Ultimate aerial branches conspicuously flat- tened; leaves of the under row greatly re- “ wd Ultimate aerial branches narrower and less flattened; leaves of the under row scarcely A 6 od ’ reduced, acicular. 10. L. tristachyum. Stems without leafy aerial branches, the elongate peduncles arising directly from the prostrate stem. 11. L. carolinianum. » ba . Bonin Michx. In cold damp woods: Newf. to B. Col. a outh to S. Car., Tenn. and Iowa. Cons. Scattered over the state. YN. Y. Dutchess, Ulster, Greene and Delaware counties, and near Baty - Baldwins, L. I. _ _N.J. Rare and local in Gloucester and Camden counties, near the % Delaware, increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout. ~ Tertiary,°0: Cretaceas, rare; Older Formations increasing north- we 117-207 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. . he ‘ 2. L. porophilum Lloyd & Underw. On partially shaded rocks, pecially on sandstone: Pa. to Wisc., Ind. and Ala. Known in our area only from Raymond's Kill Falls, Pike Co., a a region underlaid by shale. L. . inundatum L. In sandy bogs: Newf. to Alaska, south and “west to N. J., Pa., Ill., Mich., Idaho and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. ~ Conn. Southington. LYCOPODIACEAE 65 v duced, minute, deltoid-cuspidate. 9. L complanatum. 66 LYCOPODIACEAE N.J. (C. F. Austin.) Pa. Monroe, Carbon, Schuykill, and Luzerne counties. 4. L. adpressum (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw.* Wet sandy soil: Conn. to the Gulf States. Occasional near the coast: Conn. to S. N. J.and at Tullytown, Pa. 5. L. alopecuroides L. In swamps: N. Y. to Fla., near the coast, west to Miss. Also in trop. Am. N.Y. - Babylon,.i..1., N. J. Common in the pine-barrens. 6. L. obscurum L. In moist woods: Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Car. and Ind. Also in Asia. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there rare. 7. L. annotinum L. In woods and thickets, usually in dry soil: Lab. to Alaska, south to Pa., Colo. and Wash. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Rare and scattered in the northern part of the state. N.Y. In the Catskills. N. J. Reported from Bergen Co. Pa. Monroe and Carbon counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north- ward, and predominating on trap rock. Not south of the moraine. 117-179 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 8. L. clavatum L. In woods: Lab. to Alask., south to N. Car., Mich. and Wash. Also in Eu., Asia and trop. Am. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them; increasing northward. g. L. complanatum L. In woods and thickets: Newf. to Alask., south to N. Car., Ind., Minn., and Idaho. Also in. Eu. and Asia. ; Throughout the range except the pine-barrens. 10. L. tristachyum Pursh. In open woods or clearings: Me. to Minn. and Ga. Also in Europe. Throughout the range except the coastal plain of N. J., there known only from Shark River, and Farmingdale, Monmouth Co. * Much of the so-called L. inundatum var. Bigelovii probably belongs here.—M.S. ISOETACEAE 67 nianum L. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and . near the coast. XI Common in the pine-barrens, rare along the coast and at ape May.* SELAGINELLACEAE . Selaginella Beauv. es all alike, ae 1. S. rupestris. es of two kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 2. S. apus. Br apestris (L.) Spring. On dry rocks: N. Eng. and Ont. to 0 Ga. and the middle West. a: Scattered throughout the range, except the N. J. coastal plain and L. I., there not recorded. as (L.) Spring. In moist open places, often among grass: e. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., La. and Tex. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. a ISOETACEAE , 1. Isoetes L. b m spotted with sharply defined brown or lighter cells. Macrospores somewhat flattened on one hemisphere, averaging a a less than 450 u in diameter. - "Spots of sporangium scattered, mostly 1-few-celled; macro- ___- spores covered beneath with thick-walled reticulations, ____ the openings resembling small pits, and between the _ commissures with more open reticulations. 6. I. foveolata. ____ Sporangium densely brown-spotted; macrospores densely __ covered with low simple truncate columns or labyrinthi- form convolute ridges on both. 8. I. Eatons. Macrospores not flattened, averaging more than 475, in _ diameter. Spots of sporangium scattered, many I- or 2-celled; stomata and peripheral bast-bundles absent;f macro- spores covered beneath with an irregular network, and between the commissures with wavy, somewhat parallel : or branching, wall-like ridges. 2. I. Tuckerman. P, 3 ‘Spots of sporangium mostly several-many-celled; stomata present. Peripheral bast-bundles sometimes present, some- times absent; sporangium pale-spotted; macrospores ” * Se ‘Introduction paragraph 29. It is doubtful if the presence or absence of stomata or peripheral bast-bundles is e th: n a variable character in many species of Jsoetes. This genus is in needof care- revision. M.S. —— se we eS . ee 68 ISOETACEAE sparingly covered with rather low irregular often elongate sometimes confluent crests serrate or spinulose at apex and resembling cockscombs. 7. I. canadensis. Peripheral bast-bundles absent. Macrospores covered with tall simple or forked spinules often recurved at apex and sometimes slightly confluent. 3. I. ambigua. Macrospores sprinkled with distinct low granules resembling grains of sugar. 4. I. saccharata. Macrospores covered with tall jagged, straight or curved, isolated or somewhat confluent crests; spots of sporangium often composed of cells fitted together in broad bands. 5. I. riparia. Sporangium not spotted. Macrospores 600-800 » in diameter, covered with thickened continuous crests occasionally anastomosing and forming an irregular meandriform network. 1. I. macrospora. Macrospores 300-570 in diameter, delicately honeycomb- reticulated; stomata and peripheral bast-bundles present. g. I. Engelmanni. 1. I. macrospora Durieu. Distribution not known. Type locality “ lake in the Catskills ’’; not since recorded with certainty in our area. 2. I. Tuckermani A. Br. In ponds: Newf. to Mass., Conn. and iN, 3. Conn. Ledyard; reported also from North Stonington, East Lyme and Lyme. N. Y. Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I.; also Peekskill, Westchester Co. 3. I. ambigua A. Br.; Engelm. (J. Braunii Durieu). Lab. and Greenland to Alaska, south to N. J., Pa. and Cal. Conn. Scattered, but rare. N.Y. Rare on L. I., known otherwise only from Westchester and Ulster counties. : N. J. Bergen Co. and at Budd’s Lake, Morris Co., also at Tom’s River, Ocean Co. Pa. Pocono, Monroe Co.; reported also in Wayne, Lackawanna and Carbon counties. 4. I. saccharata Engelm. Eastern Maryland, and District of Columbia. Also in New Jersey? Limits of distribution not known. Said to intergrade with J. canadensis. N. J. Reported from Camden Co., and Mantoloking, Ocean Co. PINACEAE 69 fiparia Engelm. Borders of the lower Delaware River. In our range known only in the Delaware in Bucks, Philadelphia nd Delaware counties, Pa., and Bordentown, Burlington Co., and Camden Co., N. J. or eolata A. A. Eaton. New Hampshire to Connecticut and New Jersey. en N. Reported. .J. Oradell, Closter and Bergen Co., also a doubtful specimen “fre om Pompton, River, Passaic Co. tanadensis (Engelm.) A. Br.; A. A. Eaton (J. Dodgei A. A. Eaton). Borders of ponds and streams: Me. to Br. Col., south to Pa. Reported only from Windsor, Fairfield and Westport. Tyrol Lake, Dutchess Co. Lake Hopatcong, also reported from Fish House, Camden on. Pleasant, Bucks Co.; also reported from Mount . sant, Philadelphia Co. E eg (I. Gravestti A. A. Eaton). In mud flats: Carmel, Putnam Co. an Morris Pond, Sussex Co. and at Lake Hopatcong. Se agetnmnsi A. Br. In ponds and ditches rooting in mud: 2. to Va. and Pa., Ill. and Mo. «, Conn. Scattered throughout, but rare. y. ¥. OnS. I. and in the Bronx, unknown elsew here. N. J. Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Sussex counties; also reported Sion Camden Co. Pa. Monroe, Lehigh and Bucks counties. SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE PINACEAE of the cone numerous (except in Larix); leaf-buds scaly. Pen e-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. 1. Prxvus. Cone-scales thin; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths. Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. LAaRrx. * PINEACAE Leaves scattered, persistent. Cones pendulous; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata. Leaves sessile, tetragonal. 3.. PICHA. Leaves short-stalked, flat. 4. TSUGA. Cones erect, sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. ABIES. Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked. Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 6. THUJA. Cone globose, its scales peltate. 7. CHAMAECYPARIS. Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 8. JUNIPERUS. 1. Pinus L. Leaves 5 in a sheath; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. 1. P. Strobus. Leaves less than 5 in a sheath; cone-scales prominently thickened at the tip. Cones terminal or sub-terminal; scales pointless; leaves in 2’s. 2. P. resinosa. Cones lateral; scales prickle-tipped or spine-tipped. Leaves predominately in 2’s. Cones 3-7 cm. long, the scales prickle-tipped. Leaves stout, 3-6 cm. long. 3. P. virginiana. Leaves slender, 7-13 cm. long; bark in large plates. 4. P. echinata. Cones 8-12 cm. long, the scales with stout spine. 5. P. pungens. Leaves predominately in 3’s. Cones ovoid, globose, or broader than long. Leaves 12 cm. long or less; cone-scales with stiff prickles. 6. P. rigida. Leaves 15-25 cm. long; cone-scales with slender, often deciduous prickles. 7. P. serotina. Cones conic or oblong-conic; leaves 15-30 cm. long. 8. P. Taeda. 1. P. Strobus L. On hillsides and mountain slopes, sometimes in swampy situations in the southerly part of its range: Newf. to Man., south along the mountains to Ga., west to Ill. and Iowa. Conn. Throughout, decreasing near the coast. N.Y. Throughout, rare on S. I.; uncommon south of the moraine on L. I., but at West Hempstead and Jamaica (according to Bicknell); and near Riverhead. N. J. Frequent in northern counties, decreasing southward; Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., Whitings, Ocean Co. Pa. Throughout. Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, more common: Older formations, ubiquitous. 120-186 days. Sea level—2,100 ft. 2. P. resinosa Ait. Hillsides and mountain slopes: Newf. to Man., Mass., Pa., Wisc. and Minn. CONN. Salisbury and Granby. — =< —- 5 Oe as eee ee oo PINACEAE 71 N. Y. Otis Summit, Greene Co. Inwood (N. Y. C.) record unverified. Pa. Wayne and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not rare. 123-143 days. 685-~-1,723 ft. 3. P. virginiana Mill. In rocky or sandy soil: L. I. (?) toS. Car., Ala., southern Ind. and Tenn. N.Y. West side of S. I.; L. I. record unverified. N. J. Milford, Hunterdon Co., Riegelsville, Warren Co.; common along the edges but rare within the pine-barrens. Pa. Chester, Bucks, Montgomery, Northampton, Carbon and Lehigh counties. Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, limited to eastern Pa. and the N. J. stations. Not north of the moraine except onS.I. 175-189 days. Sea level—439 ft. 4. P. echinata Mill. In sandy or clayey soil: southern N. Y. to Fla., Ill., Kansas and Texas. N. Y. Tottenville, Giffords, and New Dorp, S. I.; also near the mouth of the Croton River (according to A. K. Fisher). N. J. Middlesex, Burlington, Cumberland, Atlantic, Ocean and Monmouth counties; common along the edges but decreasing within the pine-barrens. Tertiary, scattered: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, 0, Not north of the moraine. 175-189 days. About sea level. 5. P. pungens Mill. In rocky or loose soil: Western N. J. and central Pa. to Ga. and Tenn. N. J. Sergeantsville, Hunterdon Co.; perhaps not native. Pa. Schuylkill and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, notcommon. Not north of the moraine. 171-183 days. About sea level. 6. P. rigida Mill. In poor, often somewhat sterile soil: N. B. to Ont., W. Va., Ga., Ala. and Tenn. Conn. Throughout, decreasing northwestward. N. Y. Throughout, decreasing northward; common south of the moraine on L. I., and forming pine-barrens east of Central Park. N. J. Throughout, decreasing northward;* forming exclusive forests in the pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout, decreasing northward. *See Introduction paragraph 50. 72 PINACEAE Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, scattered. 120-210 days. Sea level—2,100 ft. 7. P. serotina Michx. In sandy swamps, sometimes in drier situations: Southern N. J., to Va. and Fla. N. J. Swedesboro, Gloucester Co. and Town Bank, Cape May Co. Tertiary, very rare: Cretaceous, a few trees: Older Formations, o. 172 days. About sea level. 8. P. Taeda L. Southern N. J. to Fla. and Texas, north to Ark. N. J. Cape May County. Tertiary, limited to Southern N. J.: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma- tions, 0. 182-220 days. About sea level. The Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris L., has been reported as an established escape. 2. Larix [Tourn.] Mill. 1. L. laricina (Du Roi) Mill. In swampy places: Newf. to the N. W. Territory, south to N. J., Md., Pa., Ind., and Minn. Conn. Rare in the eastern part, perhaps absent from the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Throughout, except the lower Hudson Valley, L. I., and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Ironia and Lake Hopatcong, Morris Co.; Closter, Bergen Co.; New Durham, Hudson Co.; increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Carbon, Monroe and Luzerne counties, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common. Not south of the moraine except in Pa. 117-160 days. Sea level- 1,933 ft. The European larch, L.. decidua Mill., has been reported as an established escape. 3. Picea Link. Cones ovate, the stalks strongly incurved; cone-scales erose or dentate; leaves glaucous, about 14 mm. long or less, somewhat appréssed. 1. P. mariana. Cones oblong-ovate; cone-scales entire or denticulate; leaves yellow- green, about 10 mm. long, spreading. 2. P. rubens. 1. P. mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Swampy places, sometimes on hillsides: Lab., south in the mountains to W. Va., N. Car., westward to Alberta and N. W. Territory. Conn. Litchfield, Litchfield Co. N.Y. Greene, Delaware and Ulster counties. N. J. Reported from Ironia, Morris Co.; perhaps in Sussex Co. PINACEAE 73 ‘Pa. Monroe and Pike counties. _ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-149 days. 740-2,400 ft. | P. ‘Tubens Sargent. In moist places in our range, forming exclusive forests northward: Newf. to northern N. Y., Minn., south in the mountains to Va. and Ga. oa . Wanting near the coast, increasing northwestward. . Throughout, except south of the Hudson Highlands and on iv SS I., increasing northward; rare at Orient, L. I. New Durham, Hudson Co.; Palisades, Bergen Co.; Ironia, "or Co., and Knighton, Hunterdon Co.; increasing north- Ps sca. Luzerne, Monroe and Pike counties, increasing _ northward. Brctiary, o: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine, except in eastern Pa. 118-186 s. Sea level-2,roo ft. h 7 vhite spruce, P. canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P., and the Norway spruce, P. Abies , pu ner Tuckerm. Mass. to Br. Col., south to Ga. and an A -L- Conn. In the coastal counties. N. |. Y. L.I.andS. I., Rockland and Westchester counties. . Reported as rare in the north; increasing in Middlesex, Ocean Ee “and Atlantic counties. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties. P. lucens L. Mass. to Cal., south to Fla., Mex., Costa Rica anc 1 Cuba. Also in Earcpe, | “2 . Middlesex, New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties. . Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. 2 N. J. Andover, Sussex Co. I . c: rispus L. Ont. to Del. and eastern Pa. Obviously intro- duced fen the Old World. j_rrobebly to be found in ponds throughout the range near the larger settlements. Definite records exist from Central Park, ‘N.Y. City, Clifton, Plainfield, Green Pond, Philipsburg, and Camden, N. J., and Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. An aggressive _ migrant. >. praelongus Wolfg. Mass. to Br. Col., south to Pa. and ‘Cal. Also in Europe. Conn. New Haven, Fairfield and Litchfield counties. 7 7 . Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N v. J. Budd's Lake, Morris Co. >, perfoliatus L. (including P. bupleuroides Fernald and P. 7 Flin (Benn.) Rydb.).. Throughout North America, except Mex. and the W. I. Cons. Throughout, decreasing northward. N. Y. Throughout. aN J. Throughout, not recorded from the pine-barrens. 4 ‘Pa. Northampton to Delaware counties. 8. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Me. to Br. Col., south to Pa. and Wash. Conn. Hartford; rare or local in the rest of the state, according to a Conn. Bot. Soc. Catalog of Connecticut Plants. 5 Y. Orange Co. (C. F. Austin.) >} ON. J. Sussex, Morris and Bergen counties. Pa. Lehigh River, Northampton Co. ss, , ae ‘aan . 84 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 19. P. pectinatus L. Throughout North America except Central America and the West Indies. Also in Europe. Conn. Hartford, Fairfield and Litchfield counties, not common. N. Y. L. IL, S. L., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Sussex, Hunterdon, Bergen, Monmouth and Ocean counties. Pa. Northampton to Chester counties. 20. P.foliosus Raf. New Bruns. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Mex. 21 22 23 24 25 Also in Cuba, Porto Rico and Jamaica. Conn. New London, Hartford and Litchfield counties. N.Y. L.I.,S. 1., to Westchester and Dutchess counties. N. J. Common in the north, decreasing southward from Bergen to Salem county. Not known from the pine-barrens. . P. Hillii Morong. N.Y. to Mich. and Lake Superior, south to Pa. and Wisc. Rare in our area. Conn. Salisbury, Litchfield Co. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. . P. compressus L. (P. Zosteraefolius Schum.). N. B. to Br. Col., south to N. J. and Ore. Conn. Litchfield Co. N. Y. Jamaica, L. I., and in Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess counties. Rare. N. J. Bergen and Sussex counties. . P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Quebec to Minn., south to N. Y. and Kan. Conn. Newtown, Fairfield Co. Pa. Northampton and Wayne counties. . P. pusillus L. (including P. gemmiparus Morong). Through- out the United States and northern Mexico. Almost throughout the range, one of the commonest pondweeds. . P. confervoides Reich. N.Eng. to N.J.and Pa. Perhaps in Fla. Known definitely only from Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic and Gloucester counties, N. J. The reported occurrence of P. nitens Webb. in the range has never been satisfactorily established. SESE ee SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 85 ZOSTERACEAE . Zostera L.* a marina L. reheat coast from Greenland to Fla.; Pacific ast, Baska to Calif. “4 hroughout the coasts and up the brackish rivers. NAIADACEAE 1. Naias L.* hs merely rounded, not auriculate; leaves 0.5 mm. wide or ee 1. N. flexilis. peths auriculate; leaves 0.2 mm. wide or less. 2. N. gracillima, N. flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. In ponds and streams: ebec to Br. Col., south to Fla. and Tex. Throughout, increasing northwestward, not common. - L. I.; Westchester and Rockland counties. >). Ses in the north, decreasing southward, perhaps “wanting in the pine-barrens. ae. 4. Northampton, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties. ¥. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. In pools: Mass. to Mo., a outh to N. J. and Pa. ail 4 Conn. New London, Tollund, New Haven and Fairfield coun- - ties. N.Y. Valley Stream and Rockville Centre, L. I. ‘a J. Woodstown and Palatine, Salem Co., and Spotswood, _ Middlesex Co. ' Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co. . oil \e SCHEUCHZERIACEAE ves all basal; flowers numerous on naked scapes, ebracteate, picate or in spike-like racemes. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. ; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA. 1. Triglochin L.* Peeirttima L. Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., western N. Y., Ohio, Wisc., Neb., N. Mex., Cal., northern Mex. and Lower zg Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 'S se footnote, page 76. > 86 ALISMACEAE Conn. Common along the coast. N. Y. Along the coasts of L. I., N. Y. City and S. I. N. J. Hudson Co. to Ocean Co. along the coast; reported also’ from Sussex Co. The reported occurrence of T. palustris L. at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., has never . been satisfactorily established. 2. Scheuchzeria L. 1. S. palustris L. In cold bogs: Labrador to Alaska, N. J., Pa., Wisc., Mont., Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Bingham Mt., Dutchess Co., and Tannersville, Greene Co. © N. J. Budd’s Lake, Morris Co., decreasing southward and local in © Camden and Gloucester counties. Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe and Carbon counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, localized in thermally favorable bogs:* Older Formations, common, increasing northward. 123-176 days. Sea level—1,824 ft. ALISMACEAE Carpels borne in 1 series; achenes verticillate. 1. ALISMA, Carpels borne in several series; achenes capitate. Flowers perfect. 2. HELIANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, the lower perfect or pistillate, the upper staminate. Lower flowers of inflorescence perfect. 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS. Lower flowers of inflorescence pistillate. 4. SAGITTARIA. 1. Alisma L.* 1. A. subcordatum Raf. (not the Old World A. Plantago-aquatica L. until recently credited to America). In mud or shallow water: Mass., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the range in favorable situations. 2. Helianthium Engelm.* 1. H. parvulum (Engelm.) Small. (H. tenellum Britton). A rare and local plant: Mass. to western Ont., Minn., Fla. Tex. and Mex. Also in Cuba and Porto Rico. Maple Grove and Flushing, L. I., and Delanco, Burlington Co., N. J., are the only stations known in our area. * See Introduction paragraph 36. t See footnote, page 76. ALISMACEAE 87 3. Lophotocarpus T. Durand.* - Spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Mass. to Va. Co N. Along the coast, not common. N. Y. Reported along the coast; and up the Hudson within the _ influence of brackish tide water. N. J. Known only from the Hackensack marshes and as reported from Camden Co. in Britton’s N. J. flora. Also along the ‘aritan from New Brunswick to South Amboy, but rare (accord- ing to Mackenzie). A . Sagittaria L.* ig pedicels reflexed or ad s about as long as the anthers; achenes with 3 late or slightly toothed crests. 1. S. subulata. ts much longer than the anthers; achenes with 5-7 ate or prominently toothed crests. 2. S. lorata. yea Spsdicele ascending. f-bl des without basal lobes. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers as long as the staminate ones, or nearly so. Leaf-blades terete or 3-sided, often imperfectly developed. 3. S. beres. Leaf-blades flat. 4. S. Eatoni. -Pedicels of the pistillate flowers very short or nearly os we wanting. 5. S. rigida. Leaf-blades with basal lobes (reduced to phyllodia in iii. No. 6). eee minutely er inconspicuously beaked. Ah iy Beak horizontal. 6. S. graminea “| Beak erect. 7. S. cuneata, _ Achenes prominently long beaked. a Beak horizontal. : Inflorescence pubescent. 8. S. pubescens. + Inflorescence glabrous. 9. S. latifolia. Beak erect. (s Achenes cuneate, usually with 2 prominent - facial wings. 10. S. Engelmanniana, Achenes obovate or orbicular-obovate, usu- ually with 1 facial wing. 11. S. longirostra. . subulata (L.) Buch. In tide water mud: Conn. and N. Y. te o Fla. and Ala. ape ‘0. . Along the coast and up the brackish rivers. ¥. Y. Along the coast and up the Hudson as far as Peekskill. N. J. Along the coast and up the brackish rivers, but apparently Roranting in the pine-barrens. *See footnote, page 76. * 88 ALISMACEAE : Pa. Along the Delaware River in Philadelphia and Delaware ise counties. ; 2. S. lorata (Chapm.) Small. (S. subulata gracilima Wats.). Del. and S. Car. to Fla.; also in Mass., R. I., Conn. and N. J. as far as the form S. subulata gracillima is concerned. A rare plant. Conn. Windsor and East Windsor (Bissell). N. J. Clifton, Passaic Co. Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co. 3. S. teres S. Wats. Mass. toS. Car. Rare in our area. Wading River, L. I., Peekskill, N. Y., and Hammonton, N. J. 4. S. Eatoni J. G. Smith. Mass., Conn. and Long Island. ; Reported from the shores of L. I. and Conn. by J. G. Smith in Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 151. 1900. A specimen approximating this conception was recently collected at Kinkora, Burlington Co., N. J., by K. K. Mackenzie. Not otherwise known. 5. S. rigida Pursh. Quebec to Minn., N. J., Tenn. and Neb. Conn. Rare or local in New Haven, Hartford and New London ~ counties. N. Y. Orange Co. N. J. From Clifton, Passaic Co., to Westville, Gloucester Com apparently not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties. 6. S. graminea Michx. Newf. to Saskatch., Fla. and Tex. Conn. Apparently throughout. N. Y. Common in the south, decreasing and perhaps wanting in the north. N. J. Comnion in the northern counties, becoming scattered and local southward. . Pa. Pike, Northampton, Berks and Delaware counties. 7. S.cuneata Sheldon. N.S.and Me. to Quebec, Br. Col., Conn., Kan., New Mex. and Cal. CONN. Rare; wet alluvial soil on the banks of the Connecticut — River at Windsor and Hartford (Bissell). Not otherwise known. 8. S. pubescens Muhl. N. J. and Pa. to western Tenn., Ala- and Fla. N. J. Credited to the state in N. Am. Flora 17: 60. 1909. No specimens or records are available. a Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware counties. ELODEACEAE 89 S. latifolia Willd. N.B.andN. S. to Br. Col., Fla., Cal., Mex. and Central America. Common in some of its numerous forms throughout the range. “10. S. Engelmanniana J].G.Smith. Mass., R. I., Conn. and N. Y. Conn. New London Co. ~ N.Y. Lynbrook and Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I. (According to r Bicknell.) Il. S. longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Ala. _N.J. Middlesex Co. and southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Delaware Co. Reported from but doubtfully in Conn. ELODEACEAE Leaves ribbon-like, floating, 15 cm. long or more; staminate flower with 1-3 stamens. 1. VALLISNERIA. Leaves not ribbon-like, submerged, 3 cm. long or less; staminate flowers (where known) with 9 stamens. 2. PHILOTRIA. 1. Vallisneria L.* 1. V. spiralis L. In water: Nova Scotia to Va., Ind. and S. Dak. Also in Europe and Asia. Throughout the range, apparently decreasing northward. 2. Philotria Raf.* Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse. 1. P. canadensis. Leaves linear or oblong, acute. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 2-3 mm. wide; spathe of staminate flower 5-6 mm. long; anthers, 2-2.5 mm. long. 2. P. Nuttallii. ives linear, 1.5 mm. wide or less, staminate spathe 2-3 mm. long; anthers about 1 mm. long. 1. P. canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Slow streams and ponds: Quebec to Va. and Minn. Also in Europe. Reported from nearly throughout the range but no specimens are at hand. Most of the old records of this species refer to P. angustifolia. 2. P. Nuttallii (Planch.) Rydb. Slow streams: N. Y. to Va. N.Y. L.I.andS. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Fishkill. N. J. Passaic Co. southward. Pa. Chester and Philadelphia counties. 3. P. angustifolia. * See footnote, page 76. 90 POACEAE 3. P. angustifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Slow streams: N. Y. and Pa. to Fla. N. Y. Throughout, increasing southward. N. J. Morris Co., apparently increasing southward. Pa. Bucks Co. HYDROCHARITACEAE 1. Limnobium Rich. 1. L. Spongia (Bosc.) Rich. Shallow water: N. J. and Ont. to Fla., Tex., Mo. and IIl. Reported by Knieskern from Swimming River, Monmouth Co., N. J. Not recently collected and otherwise unknown in the range. POACEAE* A. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales or a sub- tending involucre, or attached to and deciduous with the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower im- perfect, usually staminate; rachilla not extending beyond the uppermost scale. Spikelets round or dorsally compressed; hilum punctiform. Fruiting scale and palet hyaiine, thin, much more delicate in structure than the thick membranous to coriaceous empty scales. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the upper, part of the same spike. I. MAYDEAE. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, perfect, the other pedicellate, perfect, staminate or empty, sometimes reduced to a single scale or wanting. II. ANDROPOGONEAE. Fruiting scale and palet never hyaline and thin, as firm as the empty scales, or firmer. Fruiting scale and palet membranous; spikelets naked, spiny (in ours). III. Zoysteakz. Fruiting scale and palet chartaceous or coriaceous, differing in color and appear- ance from the remaining scales; spikelets sometimes enclosed in an involucre. IV. PANICEAE. Spikelets laterally compressed; hilum linear. - V. ORYZEAE. B. Spikelets articulated above the empty scales (below them in nos. 32, 34, 41, and 50) which are persistent, 1—many-flowered; rachilla sometimes extending beyond the uppermost scale. * Taxonomic treatment contributed by Mr. G. V. Nash. a POACEAE 9 _ Spikelets in panicles or racemes, usually upon distinct and often long pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty scales 4; palets 1-nerved. Empty scales 2 (rarely 1); palet usually 2-nerved. Spikelets 2—many-flowered. Flowering scales usually shorter than empty ones, awn dorsal, bent. Flowering scales usually longer than the empty ones, awnless, or if awned the awn terminal and straight, rarely dorsal. _ Spikelets borne in 2 rows: On one side of a continuous axis, forming 1-sided spikes or racemes. On opposite sides of a continuous or sometimes articulated axis, form- ing equilateral spikes. a Tribe I. MAYDEAE ¢ af by 102 POACEAE a 13. Echinochloa Beauv. Sheaths glabrous. 1. E. Crus-galli, | Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hirsute. 2. E. Walteri. — 1. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. In cultivated and waste places; nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. Common as a weed. < 2. E. Walteri (Pursh.) Nash. In marshes and ditches along thel coast: Ont. to R. I., Fla. and Tex. a Common along the coasts, decreasing inland and not junoriegl from the northern part of our range; rare in the pine-barrens. E. frumentacea (Roxb.) Link has been collected as a waif. 14. Panicum L. i= Spikelets on one side of the rachis on short pedicels forming : 5 1-sided racemes. I. PASPALOIDEA. Spikelets arranged in panicles, the divisions sometimes strict i PK and narrow but not 1-sided. j Basal leaf-blades long and narrow, similar to those of the stem; no rosulate tufts of leaves in the fall; spike- lets lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate; rarely obtuse. é : Spikelets manifestly tuberculate. II. VERRUCOSA. | Spikelets not tuberculate. . Basal leaf-sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled. Annuals. III. CAPILLARIA. : Perennial by long rootstocks or stolons. =f) Rootstocks and stolons naked or with i) a few large scales. IV. HALOPHILA. — Rootstocks and stolons with numerous ys. small broad scales. V. VIRGATA., © Basal leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad, .. o, keeled, often equitant. VI. AGROSTOIDEA. Basal leaf-blades unlike those of the culm, ovate to ovate- ta lanceolate; perennial by rostulate tufts which form in P the fall at the base of the culms; spikelets elliptic to sha spheric, usually obtuse, rarely acute, never acuminate. VII. DIcHOTOMA. I. PASPALOIDEA 3% Represented only by 1. P. hemitomon. — Il. VERRUCOSA os Represented only by 2. P.verrucosum. III. CApImLLARIA : Spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, 3 mm. long or less. Leaves glabrous. Aiea dichotomi; f rum POACEAE DESCENT. 's 2.5 mm. long or less; panicles broad. large and diffuse. e small, not occupying over one third of the plant. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; culms stout; blades about 1 cm. wide. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long; blades about 5 mm. wide. Sp is 3. mm. long; panicle narrow. ate cabot 5 mm. long. a IV. HALOopPHILA cs y by V. VIRGATA f r VI. AGROSTOIDEA Y, re sen nicle broad, open, its branches spreading. __ Ligule naked; culms much branched; spikelets Py _ numerous. Ligule ciliate; culms simple or sparingly . sl _ branched; spikelets few. cles narrow, oblong, dense, its branches é¢rect. ip scale distinctly stalked. VIL. Dicnotoma ‘simple, or with basal branches and panicles only; asciculately branched later. is acute, the second and third scales extending } 1d the fruiting scale. r sos, the outer scales not exceeding fruiting econdary panicles present. a oodar y panicles wanting. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. “Panicle much longer than broad; upper blades not smaller than lower ones. Panicle nearly as long as broad; upper blades smaller than lower ones. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. Blades linear, less than 5 mm. wide. 2 _ Blades linear- lanceolate. 6-10 mm. wide. Panicle narrow, its branches appressed. Panicle broad, open, its branches spreading. ple only at first, later with fasciculate branches ee nodes a 7 . Ht Gi ae 10, 12. 14. 13. 15. 16. 17. 103 vp TEE iz i agrostoides. . longifolium, condensum. stipitatum, uty fy P. depauperatum. P. linearifolium. wee ote 104 POACEAE I. Middle blades of the main culm less than 1.5 cm. wide, the base rounded to subcordate. Blades of the main culm usually elongated and nar- rowed at both ends. Plants large; culms 80-100 cm. high; leaf blades 11-20 cm. long. Spikelets ovate, 2.5 mm. long or less. Sheaths or some of them hispid; autumnal form with crowded branchlets. Sheaths glabrous; autumnal form spar- ingly branching. Spikelets elliptic, 3 mm. long. Plants small; culms 40-80 cm. high; leaf-blades scarcely over 9 cm. long. Mature state of blades involute; spikelets 2 mm. long. Mature blades flat or merely involute on margins; spikelets 2.5 mm. long. Blades of the culm not elongated or conspicuously’ narrowed at the base. a. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelets strongly nerved, acute; blades up to 20 cm. long. Spikelets relatively obscurely nerved; blades rarely exceeding 10 cm. long. Nodes densely barbed; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. Nodes naked or rarely the lowermost ones sparingly barbed. Ligule 2-3 mm. long. Ligule short, less than 1 mm. long. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. Spikelets 2 mm. long; sheaths not spotted. Culms erect, the branches fasciculate near the middle. Culms prostrate, trailing. Spikelets 2.2 mm. long; sheaths spotted. Spikelets pubescent. Sheath glabrous but ciliate, or the basal ones sometimes pubescent. _ Blades velvety. Blades not velvety. Ligule 1 mm. long or less. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Culms slender, the blades 2.5 cm. long or less. Culms stouter, the blades larger. 56. P. scabriusculum, — 57. P. cryptanthum. 58. P.aculeatums 20. P. angustifolium. — 56. 33. P. octonodum. 27. P. coerulescens. 25 26. 28 30 24 POACEAE 105 Panicle longer than broad. 23. P. polyanthes. Panicle nearly as long as broad ‘ 22. P. sphaerocarpon, Spikelets over 2mm. long. _ Culms puberulent. 59. P. Ashe. Culms glabrous. Leaf-blades cordate. 60. P. commutatum. Leaf-blades not cordate. Blades erect, ciliate toward the base. 31. P. boreale. Blades spreading, glabrous. 32. P.mattamuskectense. Ligule 2-5 mm. long. Spikelets over 2 mm. long. 40. P. scoparioides. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Panicle much longer than broad. Spikelet almost globose, less than 1.5 mm. long. 34. P. paucipilum. Spikelet elliptic, densely pubescent, over 1.5 mm. long. Panicle as long as broad. 36. P. Lindheimeri. Sheaths pubescent. _ Sheaths merely puberulent. 59. P. Ashei. Sheaths pubescent with longer hairs. Plants velvety. Spikelets over 2 mm. long. 55. P. scoparium. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Hairs on the sheath long and shaggy. Hairs on the sheath short and inconspicuous. 30. P. annulum. Spikelets ovate, pointed. 56. P. scabriusculum. Pubescence spreading. or nearly so. 46. P. tennesseense. appressed hairs. 39. P. huachucae. long erect hairs. 106 POACEAE Panicle 2.5-4 cm. long, its axis minute- ly pubescent. Panicle 5-7.5 * em. long; axis" hirsute. Pubescence not spreading. Ligule short; culms , villous puberu- lent. Culms erect, rigid. Culms weak, fas- ciculately —_de- cumbent. Ligule 2 mm. long or more; culmswith long, stiff, ap- | pressed hairs. Blades glabrous on the — upper surface. Spikelets 1.2- 1.3 mm. long. Spikelets not over I mm. long. Blades pubescent on the upper surface. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. Spikelets pointed. Spikelets not pointed. Ligule 2-5 mm. long. Pubescence spread- ing. Pubescence not spreading. Pubescence sparse and stiff; upper internodes shortened. Pubescence silky; upper internodes not _ short- ened. Ligule short. Panicle 4-5.5 cm. long, oblong, dense. POACEAE 107 Panicle 6.5-8.5 cm. long, broadly ovoid, open, 49. P. Commonsianum. ts 3 mm. long or more. narrow, its branches usually appressed. 54. P. xanthophysum. icle broad, nearly as wide as long. TP sisivolets 3 mm. long; blades commonly much elongated. 58. P. aculeatum. Spikelets over 3 mm. long; blades not elongated. Blades softly and densely pubescent beneath. 53. P. oligosanthes. Blades glabrous or rarely puberulent beneath. 52. P. Scribnerianum. le blades of the main culm more than 1.5 cm. i saity cordate and clasping at the base. lets 5 less than 3 mm. long. Blades glabrous on both surfaces. "Spikelets less than 2 mm. long; culms simple. 23. P. polyanthes. pikelets more than 2 mm. long; culms branched. Sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the ter- ' minal ones. 63. P. clandestinum. _ Sheaths glabrous. 60. P. commutatum. Blades densely villous on both surfaces 55. P. scoparium. Ss ikele as mm. long or more. _ Panicle narrow, its branches appressed. 54. P. xanthophysum. e open, its branches spreading. Nodes barbed. 62. P. Boscii. Nodes naked. 61. P. latifolium. emitomon Schult. In water: N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Known in our area only from West Cape May, and Bennett, Cape May Co., N. J. verrucosum Muhl. In moist soil: Mass. to Mo., south to iF a. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Conn. Rare at New Haven. ai N.Y. On L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. N Throughout the ecabitia plain, unknown elsewhere. Delaware and Bucks counties, rare. ot uncommon on the coastal plain, very rare elsewhere in our P. dichotomifiorum Michx. (P. proliferum of various Am. Auth. . not of Lam.). In wet soil: Me. to Neb., Fla., Tex. and Cal. Als 9 in Trop. Am. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, always increasing _ southward. , e * 108 POACEAE 4. P.capillare L. Indry soil, asa weed: N.S. to N. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. Also in Bermuda. , Throughout the area, except the pine-barrens, always as a weed. 5. P. Gattingeri Nash. In moist places: Me. to N. Car., lowa and Mo. Conn. Rare at West Goshen. N.Y. Rare in Westchester and Columbia counties; and at Cypress Hills, L. I. (according to Bicknell). N. J. Passaic and northern Middlesex counties. Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Montgomery counties. More common south of our area than in it. 6. P. philadelphicum Bernh. (P. minus Nash). In dry woods and thickets: N. B. to Wisc., Ga., Tex. and Okl. Scattered throughout the range ; locally common. 7. P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. In dry or moist soil: Ont. to S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. Known in our area only from a limestone sink hole near White Pond, Sussex Co., N. J., a region north of the moraine with a growing season of about 145 days. 8. P. miliaceum L. In waste places: Me. to Fla., Mich. and Cal. Native of Europe. Not uncommon as a weed ; not reported from L. I. 9g. P. amarum Ell. (P. amaroides Scribn. and Merr.). In sands along the coast: Conn. and L. I. to Fla. and Miss. Conn. Scattered at Guildford, Lyme and New Haven, increasing westward along the coast. N.Y. Rare along the shores of L. I. and S. I., unknown else- where. N. J. Sandy Hook to Cape May along the coast, and up the bay shore to Town Bank (according to Mackenzie). . Pa. Philadelphia (according to Porter). Practically confined to coastal sands. 10. P. virgatum L. (P. virgatum cubense Griseb.). In moist or dry soil: Me. to Sask., south to Fla., Ariz. and Costa Rica. Common throughout the range, specially along the coast. — 11. P. anceps Michx. In moist soil: R. I. to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. . POACEAE 109 In our area known only from the drainage area of the Delaware River, from Hunterdon Co., N. J., and Northampton Co., Pa., southward; and at Cape May; not in the pine-barrens. (2. P. agrostoides Spreng. Wet ground: Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range except at Cape May and east of the pine- barrens. 3. P.condensum Nash. Wet places and along streams: southern N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex.; also in the Bahamas, Cuba and J - Guadeloupe. = Known only from the southern part of Cape May Co., N. J. bs 4. P. longifolium Torr. In moist soil: R. I. to Md., Fla., Miss. a: and Tex. + Conn. Rare along the coast at Groton, Montville and Fairfield. rf N.Y. OnL.I. and S. I. and in the Bronx, unknown northward. N.J. Rare in Bergen and northern Middlesex counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Philadelphia Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 179-220 days. About sea level. 15. P. stipitatum Nash. In moist soil: Conn. and N. J. to Ky., Mo., Ga. and Tex. Conn. Rare at Lyme, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Bronx Park, N. Y. City; and near Kingsbridge. N. J. Rare in Passaic, Bergen, and Middlesex counties, increasing southwestward and becoming frequent in the counties bordering » the Delaware; not in the pine-barrens nor south of them. Pa. Northampton, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, frequent; Older Formations, scattered. 159-220 days. About sea level. 16. P. depauperatum Muhl. In dry places: Me. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there less common and perhaps adventive. 17. P. linearifolium Scribn. In dry soil: N.S. to Mich., south to Ga., Ark. and Tex. Conn. Throughout. N.Y. OnL. I. andS. L, increasing northward. 110 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. * See Introduction paragraph 7. . P. polyanthes Schult. In woods and along thickets: southern POACEAE N. J. Very rare near Wildwood, Cape May Co., otherwise known only from Morris, Sussex, Warren and Passaic counties.* — ; Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Berks, Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, very rare off it: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and scattered; predominating on nea and Serpentine. 118-220 days. Sea level—2,g00 ft. | P. Werneri Scribn. Dry knolls in swamps: Me. to Minn., Ohio, Mo. and Tex. Conn. Rare; Voluntown, Ledyard, Waterford, Southington and Franklin. - N. Y. Near Van Courtlandt Park, N. Y. City. N. J. Rare at Berkeley Heights, Union Co. Pa. Near Easton. A rare and local species in our area. a P. Bicknellii Nash. Dry wooded hills: Conn., N. Y. and Pa. to Ga. and Mo. Pie Conn. Norwich and New Haven, rare. N.Y. Not uncommon in the Bronx and on the coastal plain of L. I. Pa. Rare in Chester Co. A rare and local species. P. angustifolium Ell. In dry soil: N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and _ Tex. N. J. Green Creek, Cape May Co. Pa. “Banks of the Schuylkill, below Reading.” Not recently collected and perhaps introduced. : Very rare in our range, common in the southern states. P. aciculare Desv. Dry or moist soil: N. J. to Fla. and Tex Recorded from W. I. Known, in our area, only from Cape May Co., N. J. , P. sphaerocarpon Ell. In dry soil: Vt. to Kan., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., northern S. Am. Throughout the range, increasing and common southward. N. Y. to Okl., south to Ga. and Tex. N.Y. Rare on S. I. and in the Bronx, unknown elsewhere. . N. J. Rare in Middlesex Co., increasing southwestward to Salem | Co.; not in the pine-barrens; at Cape May. a POACEAE Itt ie Monroe, Philadelphia, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. eeuery: not on Beacon Hill, rare off it: Cretaceous, common: er Formations, rare and scattered. 123-220 days. Sea level- 100 ft. . ensifolium Baldw. In moist places, pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla. and Miss. N. J . Common in the pine-barrens, also at Lawnside, Camden Co., and Cape May.* ‘Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare off it: Cretaceous, very are:* Older Formations, 0. 159-220 days. About sea level. . dichotomum L. (P. barbulatum Michx. not of many Am. Auct.). In woodlands and thickets: N. B. to Mich., Fla. ; ‘Ra e in the pine-barrens and the southern part of the range generally, increasing and common northward. P. 1 ucidum Ashe. Sphagnum bogs and wet soil: N. Y. and v. J. to Fla. and Tex. N.Y On the coastal plain in western L. I. . > i. Throughout the coastal plain, specially common in the pine- »arrens, unknown elsewhere. - Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, Sei 2. 168-220 days. About sea level. . P. coerulescens Hack. Moist places: N. J. to Fla., and Miss. A ‘nown in our area only from Cape May Co., N. J. radkinense Ashe. Moist woods and thickets: Pa. to Ga., 1. and La: a , a in our area only from near Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa., * aregic 1 underlaid by Mesozoic red sandstone, south of the moraine, with an elevation of about 200 ft. and a growing season of 176 days; Tt eported also from near Easton, Pa. ee ooerpon Michx. (P. barbulatum Am. Auth. not of Michx.). In moist soil: Mass. to Mo., south to Fla. and I ay . Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there rare. ee peasinn Ashe. In dry rocky woods: N. J. and Pa. to Ga., Mo. and Miss. Introduction paragraph 29. riz POACEAE N. J. Milburn, Essex Co., rare. Pa. Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties. A rare and local species in our range. 31. P. boreale Nash. In moist soil: Newf. to Ont., south to N. Y., N. J., Ind. and Minn. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Rare in the Bronx, increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Morris Co., its most southerly distribution point, increasing northward. Pa. Pike Co., rare. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare but increasing northward. Notsouth of the moraine. 118-169 days. Sea level— 3,190 ft. 32. P. mattamuskeetense Ashe (P. Clutei Nash). Sandy borders — of swamps and bogs: Mass. to N. Car. N. Y. Common on L. I., rare on the southern end of S, I., un- recorded elsewhere. N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, not known elsewhere. Apparently confined to the coastal part of our range. 33. P.octonodum J.G.Smith. In wet places: N.J.to Fla. and Tex. Known in our area only from Tuckerton, Ocean Co., N. J., rare. 34. P. paucipilum Nash. In wet soil: N. J. to Fla. and Miss. Known in our range only from Wildwood, Cape May Co., N. J., its type locality; and from Folsom, Hammonton and Winslow Junction, in the pine-barrens. 35. P. spretum Schult. Along the coast, in damp or wet places: Me. to N. J. and Pa. and northern Ind. : Conn. Rare along the coast in New Haven Co. and reported from Columbia, Tolland Co., inland. N.Y. Riverhead, L. I. N. J. Not infrequent in the pine-barrens and at Cape May, un- known elsewhere. Pa. Chester Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous 0: Older Formations, rare and local, mostly near the coast. 169-220 days. About sea level. 36. P. Lindheimeri Nash. (P. nitidum of many earlier local floras, not of Lam.) In dry sandy soil: Me. to Ont. and Cal., south to Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the range. POACEAE 113 ple yucothrix Nash. In drysandy soil: N. J. to Fla. and Miss., } _ Confined in our area, to the southern part of the pine-barrens Y. J., a region with a growing season of about 200 days, at about il and underlaid by the Beacon Hill formation. Wrightianum Scribn. In sandy or mucky soil; Mass. to » west to Tex., Cuba. n, in our range, only from Wading River, L. I. and near Cave May Co., N. J. huachucae Ashe (P. huachucae silvicola Hitchc. & Chase. d P. unciphyllum of some local floras, not of Trin.). In dry ‘sil: : Me. to S. Dak., Fla., Tex. and Cal. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there not recorded. -P. scoparioides Ashe. In dry soil: Vt. to Pa., Del. and Minn. uJ ie _ Rares known only from Southington and East Lyme, Conn. and n Bull’s Island (in the Delaware) Hunterdon Co., N. J. s. anguidum Hitchc. & Chase. Open woods: Me., Mass. and = N.Y. en 3 in our range only from Platte Clove, in the Catskills, a region at about 2,500 ft., north of the moraine and with a growing ee . season of about 120 days. F . Villosissimum Nash (P. atlanticum Nash). In dry soil: | Mass to Minn., Fla. and Tex. ae Cor N. Franklin, Old Lyme, East Hartford, Southington and -e des fy outhbury; rare rare. oe Y. L.L,S. I., the Bronx and Westchester Co.; rare. N. J. Rare in Poseaic and Bergen counties, increasing southward ~ and common on the coastal plain. : Pa. Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties, rare. ” _ Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations 4 “scattered: 159-220 days. About sea level. PP... bescens Nash. In dry soil: Conn. to IIl., Fla. fii -and Miss. Rare in our range, and scattered. 4 Known in our area only from South Britain and Southbury, Conn., and Clementon, Atsion, Wildwood, Mickleton and Camden, NI 114 44. P. implicatum Scribn. In dry soil: N.S. to Minn., D.C. and 47 49 . P. meridionale Ashe (P. oricola Hitchc. & Chase. P. sub- . P. tennesseense Ashe. In moist ground or in woods: Me. to: . P. lanuginosum Ell. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., La. and . P. Addisonii Nash. In sandy soil: Mass. to S. Car. . P. Commonsianum Ashe. In dry sandy soil, near the coast! POACEAE Ky. Conn. Throughout, but rare. N. Y. OnL. I., and in Bronx and Weschester Co. N. J. Bergen and Sussex counties. Pa. Northampton and Monroe counties. A rare Panicum. villosum Ashe. PP. albemarlense Ashe). In sandy places: N. S. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. Throughout the coastal part of our range, decreasing inland and wanting northward; common in the pine-barrens. Minn., south to Ga. and Tex. Conn. Rare and local throughout the state. N. Y. OnL.I.and S.I.and in the Bronx, not recorded elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Morris, Sussex, Passaic and Middlesex counties, thence increasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Tex. N. J. Common along the coastal marshes from Ocean Co. south- ward. Conn. East Lyme and East Hartford. N. Y. Rare on L. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, specially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Chester Co. A typical coastal plain species. Conn. to N. Car. and Fla. Conn. North Haven, South Windsor and East Lyme. N. Y. ‘Known only from L. I. and S. I. N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, except the regi bordering the Delaware, there not recorded. Pa. Delaware Co. Typically a coastal plain Panicum. POACEAE 115 Slumbianum Scribn. (P. psammophilum Nash. P. colum- Seeicaien Hitchc. & Chase). Fields and open woods: e. to Va. Ce mmon throughout the range, especially in the pine-barrens. , tsus storum Nash. In dry woods; Me. to Va., Ill. and oughout the range. ribnerianum Nash. Indry or moist soil: Me. to Br. Col., uth to a Tex. and Ariz. Conn. Throughout. N.Y. Throughout, but rare northward. N. J. Rare and local in the northern counties except in the q Delaware Valley, and scattered on the coastal plain, but not in the pine-barrens, or east or south of them. Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware _ anc Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, not very common. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,080 ft. a lig psanthes Schult. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., Ill. and oN. ir: Rare and local in Camden, Burlington and Cape May _ counties. Interesting as being more common out of the pine- | barrens than in them.* P. xanthophysum A. Gray. In dry soil: Que. and Man. to Pek : _ Conn. Stafford and South Windsor. ~ N. ¥. Mt. Riga, Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and in the Catskills. _N.J. High Point, Sussex Co. aah, a. Luzerne and Monroe counties; reported also from Bucks Co. ‘ Bs but probably incorrectly. _ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north- e = i. south of the moraine. 117-168 days. Sea level- a Lam. In moist soil: Mass. to N. J., Pa., Fla., 0 kla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. _N.J. Throughout the coastal plain, specially along the courses ___ of streams; not recorded northward. Pa. Tinicum, Delaware Co. his” See Introduction paragraph 29. ti Sa Coe a a ee 116 POACEAE Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations: known only on the ‘‘River Mud,” underlying Tinicum, Delaware Co., Pa., in our area. 159-220 days. About sea level. 56. P. scabriusculum Ell. In swampy places and ponds: N. J. to W. Va., Fla. and Tex. N. J. At Hospitality Bridge, Folsom, Pleasant Mills and north of Atsion in the pine-barrens and at Atlantic City (according to Hitchcock & Chase). A rare and apparently northward migrat- ing species. 57. P. cryptanthum Ashe. In dry or moist soil: N. J. to Fla. and Tex. N. J. From Atlantic City southward along the coast, and at Folsom in the pine-barrens; very rare. ‘ 58. P. aculeatum Hitchc. & Chase. In open sandy places: N. Y. to LC. aad WN: Car. , N. Y. Rockville Centre and Hempstead, L. I., on or near the Hempstead Plains. } N. J. Reported from Cape May, and Albion, Camden Co.; rare. 59. P. Ashei Pearson. In dry woods: Mass. to Mich., south Fla., Miss. and Mo. Throughout the range, less common in the north, increasi southward. 60. P. commutatum Schult. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. ‘ N. Y. Rare on S. I., and at the New York Botanical Garden, not recorded elsewhere in our area. : N. J. Rare at Rosemont, Hunterdon Co., and at Bennett, Cape May. Pa. Recorded from Northampton, Bucks, and Delaware counties. 61. P. latifolium L. (P. macrocarpon Le Conte). In woods: Me. to Minn., south to N. Car. and Kan. Conn. Throughout. N.Y. Common on L. I. (according to Bicknell); and S. L., in West chester Co., thence increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co., near the Delaware, not recorded thence to Essex Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Chester, Philadelphia. Bucks, Northampton, Monroe and Luzerne counties. POACEAE 117 Pe tie , 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing rthward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,o50 ft. Boscii Poir. (P. Porterianum Nash. P. pubifolium Nash). woods: Mass. to Mo., Okl., Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region st of them. num L. (P. decoloratum Nash). In thickets and aces: Me. to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. ro ghout the range, except the pine-barrens. ilvinatum Nash has recently been reported from Rockaway Peninsula and , L. I. by E. P. Bicknell. Rhodora 16: 82. May 1914. 15. Sacciolepis Nash. triata (L.) Nash. In swamps: N. J. to Okl., south to ‘la. .and Tex. Also in the W. I. only from Cape May Point, N. J., in our area. 16. Amphicarpon Raf. phicarpon (Pursh) Nash. In moist pine-barrens; N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, decreasing southward to Cape 1 , common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere*: Cretaceous, 9: Older Formations, 0. 159-220 days. About sea level. 17. Chaetochloa Scribn. [Setaria Beauv.] ardly barbed. 1. C. verticillata. dly barbed. pence racemose; second scale shorter than the spikelet; ) 5-16, invelucrate. Annual; spikelets exceeding 3 mm. long; bristles yellowish brown. 2. C. glauca. _ Perennial; spikelets 3 mm. long or less; bristles green, i. ellowish, or purple. ari. imberbis. Inflorescence paniculate; second scale as long as the spikelet; i _bristles I-3, not involucrate. Fruiting scales dull, faintly rugose, obtuse, rather thin. ___. Inflorescence 2.5-7 cm. long, 1.25 cm. thick or less; Bl ‘ spikelets about 2 mm. long; bristles green. 4. C. viridis. , a Inflorescence 10-20 cm. long, 1.25-5 cm. thick; spike- lets about 3 mm. long; bristles usually purple. 5. C. slalica. a ™’ S r tie g scales shining, perfectly smooth, very acute, hard. 6. C. magna. : See I ntroduction paragraph 29. ~~ oa - 118 POACEAE _C. verticillata (L.) Scribn. About dwellings and in was places: N. S. and Ont. to N. J., Mo. and Neb. Naturalize from Europe. Not uncommon as a weed in cities. _ 2. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. In waste places: nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. = Common as a weed, in most parts of our area. Ee 3. C. imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. (C. versicolor Bicknell). moist soil: Mass. to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. Alco tropical Am. and the Bahamas. a Conn. Rare along the coast, unknown elsewhere. 4 N. Y. Along the shores of L. I. and S. I. and near Van Courtland Park, and Kingsbridge, N. Y. City, not recorded elsewhere. N. J. Common along the coast, rare inland at Pemberton Junctio: n, Delanco and Camden, unknown elsewhere. a Pa. Delaware Co. (according to Pennell). a i Confined mostly to the coastal region of our range. " 4. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. In waste places: nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. Locally common as a weed. 5. C. italica (L.) Scribn. In waste places and escaped fro om cultivation: Que. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Rare as an escaped weed. 6. C. magna (Griseb.) Scribn. In swamps: N. J. and Del. | Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. N. J. Localized in Cape May Co. (according to Stone). { 18. Cenchrus L. Body of the involucre 6-8 mm. broad, pubescent with very long mi b hairs, the spines commonly 5-8 mm. long. 1. C. tribuloides. Body of the involucre rarely exceeding 5 mm. broad, pubescent, re the spines 3-4 mm. long. 2. C. carolinianu: 1. C. tribuloides L. In sands along the coast: L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and Miss. — N. Y. Rare along the shore of western L. I. and on S. I., no reported elsewhere. 5 N. J. Common along the sea coast especially southward. Practically confined to the coastal region of our range. POACEAE 119 ». C. carolinianus Walt. (C. tribuloides of many earlier authors, 7 not of L.). In dry sandy places: Me. to Wisc. and Cal. south to Fla. and Mex.; also in the Bahamas and Mex. Common in most parts of the range. Oy ; ‘ 19. Zizania |Gronov.} L. 1. Z. aquatica L. In swamps: N. B. to Man., south to Fla. and %? Tex. i” Conn. Common near the coast, decreasing inland. N. Y. On western L. I., rare on S. I., and scattered on the banks of and on islands in the Hudson, up to Greene Co. N. J. Scattered throughout, except the pine-barrens, there not recorded. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 159-220 days. About sea level. 20. Homalocenchrus Wieg. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; panicle-branches usually rigid. 1. H. virginicus. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long; panicle-branches usually lax. 2. H. orysoides. 1. H. virginicus (Willd.) Britton. In swamps or wet woods: Me. to Ont., Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and east of them, there not recorded. 2. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. In swamps and along streams: Newf. to Ore., south to Fla. and Tex. Also in Eu. and Asia. ‘Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. 21. Phalaris L. Outer scales not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. 1. P. arundinacea, Outer scales broadly winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. 2. P. canariensis. 1. P. arundinacea L. In moist or wet soil: N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J. and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. In most parts of our range. 2. P. canariensis L. In waste places: N. S. to Ont., Va., Mo. and Colo. Native of Europe. Locally rare as a weed. 120 POACEAE 22. Anthoxanthum L. Perennial; third and fourth scales pubescent nearly to the apex, the awn of the latter arising about one-fifth above the base. 1. A. odoratum. Annual; third and fourth scales pubescent only below the middle, the ¥ awn of the latter arising about one-third above the base. 2. A. Puelit. 1. A. odoratum L. In fields and meadows: Nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. Common everywhere except the pine-barrens, there local. 2. A. Puelii Lecoq. & Lamotte. Escape from cultivation or introduced: N. Eng. to Ont. and Pa. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed. 23. Savastana Schrank. [Hierochloé R. Br.] Panicle 1 dm. long or less, its branches short, 5 cm. long or less; leaves short and broad. 1. S. odorata. Panicle 1.5—5 dm. long, its branches capillary, drooping; leaves long and narrow. 2. S. Nashii. 1. S. odorata (L.) Scribn. In open places: Lab. and Newf. to Alask., south to N. J., Iowa and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland. N. Y. OnL.I., S. I. and in the Bronx and Westchester Co., not certainly known northward. N. J. Rare in Bergen, Essex, and Hudson counties, and at Morgan, Middlesex Co. (according to Mackenzie); from Sandy Hook to Cape May and up the Delaware to Salem Co., unknown elsewhere. More common near the coast than elsewhere in our range. 2. S. Nashii Bicknell. In brackish marshes: adjacent to N. Y. City. . Known only from Van Courtlandt Park, N. Y. City, and Como, Monmouth Co., N. J. 24. Milium L. 4 1. M. effusum L. In woods: Cape Breton Is. to Ont., south to Mass., Pa. and Ill. Also in northern Europe and Asia. N. Y. The higher Catskills of Greene and Delaware counties. Pa. Wayne Co.; reported also from Chester Co., but recerd unverifiable. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, at high elevations. 117-123 days. 2,200-3,365 ft. POACEAE 121 ’ 25. Oryzopsis Michx. { Urachne Trin.] ets, exclusive of awn, 2.5-4 mm. long. 1. O. pungens. ts, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long. ‘uln eeerty naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle branches erect. 2. O. asperifolia, Im m leafy to the top; panicle branches spreading. 3. O. racemosa. O.. s (Torr.) Hitche. In dry rocky places: Pa. to Lab. a r d Br. Col, Sonn. Rare in New London Co., known otherwise only from northern Tolland and Windham counties. N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing in the higher elevations of the Catskills. '. High Point, Sussex Co. (Essex Co. record unverified.) Monroe and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-168 days. Sea level- 3,6 665 ft. 0. a sperifolia Michx. In woods: Newf. to Br. Col., south to NJ, Pa., Minn. and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex: Cc wn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. ; N NY. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Near Plainfield (old specimen), not recently collected. Pa. Monroe and Luzerne counties; rare. : a a scattered and local species, known only north of the moraine, in 1 our range. ¥ O. racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker. In rocky woods: Me. to os t, south to Md. and Ky. Scattered throughout, rare in the southeast. 14 'Y. Rockland Co., increasing northward; reported also from van Courtlandt Park, by E. P. Bicknell. 'N. J. Scattered throughout the region north of the coastal plain. Pa. Throughout. ‘Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- 117-207 days. Sea level-2,g00 ft. 26. Stipa L. enacea L. In dry woods: Mass. to Wisc., Fla. and Tex. "Se . Not uncommon along the coast, unknown elsewhere. .Y. L.L,S. IL. and up the Hudson Valley to Yonkers, unknown ~ northward. - ) 4 122 POACEAE N. J. Rare and local in Passaic and Hudson counties, increasing _ southward and common on the coastal plain. Pa. Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 159-220 days. About sea level. 27. Aristida L. Awns not articulated to the scale. Central awn coiled at the base. 1. A. dichotoma. Central awn not coiled at the base. Spikelets exceeding 2 cm. long; first scale 5-7 nerved. 2. A. oligantha. Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long; first scale 1-3 nerved. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparsely pubescent. First scale generally shorter than or equalling the second. 3. A. gracilis. First scale exceeding the second. 4. A. purpurascens. Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 5. A. lanosa. Awns articulated to the scale, united at the base into a spiral column. 6. A. tuberculosa. 1. A. dichotoma Michx. Dry sandy soil: Me. to Neb., south to Ga. and Tex. _ Throughout the range except the coastal region east of the pine- barrens. 2. A. oligantha Michx. In dry soil: N. J. to Neb. and Tex. N. J. Salem, Gloucester and Camden counties near the Delaware; reported from the streets of East Orange, by K. K. Mackenzie; Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, rare, most com: mon on serpentine. 168-220 days. About sea level. 3. A. gracilis Ell. In dry soil: N. H. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. . Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland. N.Y. Rare on L. I., and S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Throughout the state, rare northward. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delawe and Chester counties. A plant whose distribution is not fully understood. 4. A. purpurascens Poir. In dry soil: Mass. to Minn., south r0 Fla. and Tex. : Throughout the range, more common southward. POACEAE 123 sl anosa Muhl. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., Okla. and N. J. Scattered locally in Camden Co., and at Cape May (ac- _ cording to Stone). . tuberculosa Nutt. Sandy soil especially on beach dunes: ) . to Ga. Also about the Great Lakes. ‘ Co * . Known only along the beach from Orange westward. _¥. Rockaway Point and Coney Island, L. I. and on S. I. , Ns] . Common along the coast and scattered through the interior from South Amboy, southward. bE onfined mostly to the sea beaches but encroaching inland in 28. Muhlenbergia Schreb. Fa. mtracted, narrow, often slender, its branches erect or ap- er scales }4 as long as the flowering scale or less. 1. M. Schreberi. ‘ales more than 4 as long as the flowering scale. Flowering scales awnless or sometimes short awned. _ Outer scales ovate to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, about }4 as long as the flowering scale. 2. M. sobolifera. Outer scales subulate, equalling or exceeding the a Outer scales shout 3 mm. long. 3. M. mexicana. Outer scales about 5 mm. long. 4. M. racemosa. 7 ¥ Flowering scales long-awned. f ‘Outer scales 44-34 as long as the flowering scale, ovate a to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate. 5. M. tenuiflora. ¢ 4 Outer scales equalling the flowering scale, subulate. 6. M. umbrosa. anich egy its branches long and spreading, slender. 7. M. capillaris. (. M aeeerenesi Gmel. On dry hills and in woods and waste ple aces: Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. 7 _ Frequent in most parts of our range, except the pine-barrens, dec eee southward. ie re M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. In rocky woods: N. H. to Minn., rs uth to Va., Tenn. and the Ind. Terr. oo ONN. Throughout, but rare, more common southwestward. : N N. 'Y. From the Bronx northward, not common. _N. J. Hudson, Essex and Hunterdon counties, increasing north- ee gard. a Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester | 3 counties. ____ ‘Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 138-207 days. Sea ee nem & 124 POACEAE 3. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. (M. foliosa Trin.). In swamps and borders of fields: N. B. to Wyoming south to N. Car. and Tex. ; Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J., there rare — or wanting. 4. M. racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. In wet places: Newf. to Br. | Col., south to N. J., Md. and N. Mex. Conn. Very rare in the south, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Dutchess and Columbia counties, and in the Catskills, and — at Woodmere, L. I. N. J. Bergen, Morris and Warren Counties, increasing northward. Pa. P> .e, Monroe, Chester and Bucks counties. 5. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P. In rocky woods: Mass. to — Minn., Ala. and Tex. Conn. Throughout. N. Y. Rare and local in the Bronx, increasing northward. N. J. Rare at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., thence unknown to — Bergen and Morris counties, thence increasing northward; reported by Kneiskern from Ocean and Monmouth counties. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, and Chester counties. 6. M. umbrosa Scribn. (M. sylvatica Torr.). In moist woods and along streams: N?: B. to S. Dak., south to N. Car. and Okl. Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J., there © reported only from Landisville. 7. M.capillaris (Lam.) Trin. In dry sandy or rocky soils: Mass. to Kan., Fla. and Tex. ConN. Rare at New Haven and Hamden, on rocky cliffs. N. Y. Known only from Wading River, L. I. N. J. Little Snake Hill, Bergen Co., Woodbury, Camden Co. and Hammonton, Altantic Co.; reported also from Milburn, Essex Co. and Wright’s Pond, Sussex Co. Very rare and local in our range. 29. Brachyelytrum Beauv. 1. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Newf. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Westchester Co., Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the Catskills; also on the coastal plain of L. I. POACEAE 125 N.J. Rare in the region north and west of the pine-barrens, thence _ increasing northward. a. Throughout. pe Te ary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,668 ft. 30. Heleochloa Host. eh penoides (L.) Host. In waste places: southern N. Y. Del. and Pa. Native of Europe. at Not very common as a weed. 31. Phleum L. tense L. In fields and meadows: nearly throughout N. Also in Eu. and Asia. fj Sommon everywhere as a weed. . Alopecurus L. es of ag spikelet ba is half their length; keel smooth 1. A. myosuroides. s of hie spikelet united for one quarter their length, or ciliate on the keel. Scales 2-2.5 mm. long. ictal inserted at 14 above the base of the flowering scale, ___ exserted from the spikelet about 2 mm. 2. A. geniculatus. Awn inserted at or about the middle of the flowering scale, nn _ scarcely exserted. 3. A. aristulatus. cales 4-6 mm. long. 4. A. pratensis. ioe, ! es i.) a cides Huds. In waste places and ballast: southern P<: _ Mass., N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Adventive from Europe. 2 Not uncommon as a weed. A. geniculatus L. In wet soil or on ballast: Newf. to Kan., = outh to Fla. and Tex. Also in Europe and Asia. “Locally abundant as a weed but not definitely reported from L. I. q ® aristulatus Michx. In wet meadows: Me. to Alask., Pa. . ia nd Cal. __ Seattered throughout our range, except the pine-barrens, always ith the aspect of a weed. a \. pratensis L. In meadows: Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Ke ) "and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. q er Local as a weed, often wanting. ® “—_ ov" 126 POACEAE 33. Sporobolus R. Br. Panicle contracted. Annuals. Spikelets 3.5-5 mm. long; flowering scale pubescent. 1. S. vaginaeflorus. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; flowering scales glabrous. 2. S. neglectus. Perennials. Flowering scale pubescent. 3. S. clandestinus. Flowering scale glabrous. 4. S. asper. Panicle open, its branches spreading, at least at maturity. Annuals. 5. S. untflorus. Perennials. Culms tufted; no rootstocks. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long; empty scales ovate to lanceolate. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long; first scale subulate, much narrower than the second. Culms from long running rootstocks fon) . S. cryptandrus. . S. heterolepis. . S. Torreyanus. com! 1. S. vaginaeflorus Torr. In dry soil: southern Me. to S. Dak., south to Ga. and Tex. , Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare and probably introduced, most common northward. 2. S. neglectus Nash. In dry soil: N. B. to S. Dak., Va. and © Mo. Conn. Oxford; rare. N.Y. Near the northern end of Manhattan, unknown elsewhere. N. J. Woodruff’s Gap, Sussex Co. A rare and local species, with us. 3. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitche. (.S. asper of many older works not of Michx.). In dry soil: Conn. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Conn. New Haven; rare. N. Y. Reported from Westchester Co. N. J. Recorded from Warren, Hunterdon and Bergen counties; occasional on the coastal plain where it is scattered throughout, except in the pine-barrens. A rare and scattered species finding its northern distribution point in our area. 4. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. (S. longifolius (Torr.) Wood.). In dry soil: Me. to S. Dak. and Tex. Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing northward. N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., also in the Bronx. POACEAE 127 : N. J. Known only from Cape May. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties. _Accurious distribution, perhaps not fully known. S. uniflorus Muhl. (S. serotinus Gray). In wet sandy soil: Me. to Ont. and Mich., south to N. J. c ONN. Not uncommon in the eastern part of the state, decreasing _ westward to Southington, Waterbury and Norfolk. N. Y. Known from near Riverhead, and in southwestern L. I. __ (according to Bicknell); reported from Westchester Co. N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, and at Griffith's Swamp, "Lindenwold, outside them; unknown elsewhere. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, wanting elsewhere: Cretaceous, ery rare: Older Formations, scattered north of the moraine in G fonn. and on L. I. 159-220 days. About sea level. 5. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. In sandy soil: Mass. to Viont., Pa. and Mex. _Known only from Fairfield Co., Conn., in our area, perhaps there ‘oduced. S. heterolepis A. Gray. In dry soil: Que. to Sask., south to oo n., Pa., Mo. and Tex. A, ~ In our range known only from near New Haven, Conn., and on z os pentine barrens at Nottingham, Chester Co., Pa. (acchitins to Pennell). 8. S. iiceyanus (Schultes) Nash. In bogs: L. I. (?) and in the —_ pine-barrens of N. J. N.Y. No records or specimens from L. I. are available. . J. Throughout the pine-barrens and at Cape May; unknown elsewhere. ‘ ‘Tertiary, scattered on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0 : ‘Older Formations, 0: 159-220 days. About sea level. Sind cus (L.) R. Br. has been collected as a waif in Pa. a - 7 oo Ss ‘of 34. Polypogon Desf. P. monsptiensi (L.) Desf. In waste places: Me. to Ga. and in Tex., mostly near the coast. _ he hs ye. _ Uncommon as a weed. ae 128 POACEAE 35. Cinna L. Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or drooping; ‘ spikelets 5-6 mm. long; first scale much shorter than the second. 1. C. arundinacea. Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia. 1. C. arundinacea L. In moist woods and swamps: N. S. to Ont., Ga. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens- . 2. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. In damp woods: Newf. to Br. Col., N. J. and Wash. and in the Alleghanies to N. Car. and if the Rockies to Colo. and Utah. Conn. Northern Hartford and Litchfield counties. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the Catskills. N. J. Northern Sussex Co. Pa. Pike, Monroe and Lackawanna Co. : Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-158 days. 1,060—4,020 ft. 36. Agrostis L. Palet conspicuous, at least one-half as long as the scale. Panicle open in flower, branches long and spreading; upland grass. 1. A. alba. Panicle dense and contracted; brackish marsh and wet sand grass. 2. A. maritima, Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting. Flowering scale awned. 3. A. canina. Flowering scales awnless, or very rarely with a short awn. Culms weak, decumbent or prostrate at the base; blades a lax. : 4. A. Schweinitsti. Culms and blades erect. Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually dividing above the middle. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long; leaves short. 5. A. hyemalis. — Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; leaves elongated. 6. A. altissima. — Branches of the panicle not elongated, divided at or below the middle. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; a grass of low , - elevations. 7. A. perennans, — Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; a high mountain grass. 8. A. oreophila. — 1. A. alba L. (A. alba aristata Gray). In fields and mead S nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. ae Throughout the range as a weed. POACEAE 129 a aritima Lam. Wet sands or brackish marshes: Me. and _to Del. Also in Europe. . Not uncommon along the coast, rare or wanting inland. Y. S. I. and the south shore of L. I.; reported from the north _ shore, and along the lower Hudson by E. P. Bicknell. | 1. ah. ig the sea coast; and at Folsom in the pine-barrens _ (accord ing to Stone). Con ined for the most part to sea beaches and salt marshes. .caninaL. In meadows: Newf. to Alaska, south to Pa. and ‘enn.; native northward, naturalized from Eu. southward. Rare, as a naturalized grass, in our area. einitzii Trin. (A. perennans of many writers, not of In shaded damp places: Que. to Wisc., south to . Car. and Kan. Conn. In the western half of the state, rare, increasing northwest- ‘- , Y. S.I., the Bronx and Westchester Co., northward. ae Berien: Morris and Passaic counties. Throughout. “e ie siessty increasing westward in our range. ;. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B.S. P. In dry or moist soil: Nearly : thro ghout N. Am. g Common throughout the range. A. altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. (A. e/ata Pursh). In swamps: I. and N. J. to Fla. and Miss. : “4 N. Y. Edgemere, L. I.; reported as common in southwestern ce L. I. by E. P. Bicknell. _ N.J. Throughout the pine-barrens, and at Cape May. PAL Reported from Montgomery Co. phextiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local. 159-220days. About sea level. yerennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. In dry soil: Mass. and N. Y. ‘) is Tein. and Mo. on INN. Throughout. N ry. Throughout, rare in the south, increasing northward. N. J. Rare and local at Cape May and along the western edge of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. ia Throughout. a . 130 POACEAE Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 8. A. oreophila Trin. Newf. south to the mountains of N. Eng., N: -Yosnd i. Cae. Known in our area only from Mt. Beacon, near Fishkill, N. Y., and as a waif from near Easton and Bethlehem, Pa. Agrostis antecedens Bicknell, a recently described species, has been collected on L. I. and S. I. and on the serpentine barrens in Delaware and Chester counties, Pa. 37. Calamagrostis Adans. Prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length. Panicle open, the lower rays widely spreading. 1. C. canadensis. Panicle more or less contracted. 2. C. inexpansa. Prolongation of the rachilla hairy only at the summit. 3. C. cinnoides. 1. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. In swamps and wet soil: Newf. to Br. Col., south to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. 2. C. inexpansa A. Gray. In bogs: N. Y. and N. J. to S. Dak. and Colo. N. J. Reported, but the record not verified. Pa. Known only from Pocono, Monroe Co. A rare and local species. 3. C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. (C. Nuttalliana Steud.). In moist soil: Me. to Ohio, south to Ga. and Ala. Common throughout the range. Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. and C. hyberborea Lange, both of which should be expected in the area, have not been recorded. Calamagrostis Pickeringit Gray has been reported as collected at Valley Stream, L. I. 38. Ammophila Host. 1. A. arenaria (L.) Link. In sands of the sea-coast: Newf. to N. Car. and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes. Also in Europe. Common throughout the coastal dunes. 39. Calamovilfa Hack. 1. C. brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. Not uncommon in the pine-barrens of N. J., unknown elsewhere. Endemic in our area. POACEAE 131 40. Apera Adans. .. Spica-venti (L.) Beauv. In waste places and on ballast: ¥ he. to southern N. Y. and Pa. Native of Europe. Pr Rare as a weed in waste places. 7 ‘. “a 41. Nothoholcus Nash. a: ON. lanatus (L.) Nash. In fields, meadows and waste places: N.S. to Ont. and Ill., N. Car. and Tenn. Also on the Pacific Coast. Native of eaene: Not uncommon as a weed. ie. 42. Aspris Adans. [Aira L. in part} nicle open; flowering scales about 2 mm. long; plants 1.25-2.5 dm. I. 1. A. caryophyllea. nicle contracted; flowering scales about 3 mm. long; plants 5-10 em. tall. 2. A. praecox. 1. A. caryophyllea (L.) Nash. In fields and waste places: Mass. ~ to Ohio and Va. Also on the Pacific Coast. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed in our area. in : _ - » a 2. A. praecox (L.) Nash. In dry fields: southern N. J. and Pa. to Va. Naturalized from Europe. Rare and local as a weed in southern N. J. and Pa. iz 43. Corynephorus Beauv. ,e 1. C. canescens Beauv. In waste places: N. Y. and Mass. a Native of southern Europe. ..- Rare on western L. I. _* E< 44. Deschampsia Beauv. Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate. 1. D. caespitosa. Se eléwéring scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse. 2. D. flexuosa. I. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Newf. to Alask., south to Nida Ill., Minn. and in the mountains to N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia. _ Throughout the range, except the coastal plain in N. J. and L. L., ; there not recorded. tz. iD. flexuosa (L.) Trin. In dry soil: Greenl. and Newf. to Ont., south to N. Car. and Tenn. Throughout the range, perhaps only adventive in the pine- barrens. 132 POACEAE 45. Trisetum Pers. Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns, 1. T. spicatum. Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment sometimes present. 2. T. pennsylvanicum, 1. T. spicatum (L.) Richter. In rocky places: Lab. to Alask., south on the mountains to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Limestone ridges, Salisbury; rare. N. Y. Montgomery, Orange Co., rare. Predominating on limestone, but very rare in our area. 2. T. pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. (Spenopholis palustris (Michx.) Scribn.). In swamps and wet meadows: Mass. to III., south to Fla. and La. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there not re- corded; rare on L. I. T. flavescens (L.) R. & S. has been found at Bedford, Westchester Co., N. Y., pre- sumably as a waif. 46. Avena [Tourn.] L. 1. A. sativa L. Persisting as a weed along roadsides and in fields. Native of Europe. Not uncommon as a sporadic escape. Avena pubescens Hudson and A. sterilis L. both of Europe are reported as waifs from N. J. 47. Arrhenatherum Beauv. 1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. In fields and waste places: Newf. to Ont. and Minn., Ga., Tenn. and La. Native of Europe. Common throughout the range as a weed. 48. Danthonia DC. Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, less than 12 mm. long. Teeth of the flowering scales merely acute, not awned. 1. D. spicata. Teeth of the flowering scales long awned. 2. D. compressa. Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, exceeding 12 mm. long. Foliage and flowering scales pubescent. 3. D. sericea. Foliage glabrous; flowering scales partly ciliate. 4. D. eps. 1. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. In dry soil: Newf. to S. Dak., south to N. Car. and Tex. Throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens. a POACEAE 133 “2 . D. compressa Austin. In woods: Me. to N. Y., south to N. Car. and Tenn. Conn. Scattered throughout, more common southward than _ elsewhere. im. Y. On L. I., unknown on S. I., thence increasing up the > Hudson Valley, but not known from the Catskills. _N.J. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties. fies rs Pa. . Pike, Monroe, Lackwanna and Berks counties. | Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not very common. ‘127-189 days. Sea level—2,g00 ft. D. sericea Nutt. In dry sandy soil: Mass. to Pa., south to Fila. and Miss. ___ In our area known only from the coastal plain of N. J., there com mon, except at Cape May, especially in the pine-barrens. 4. D. epilis Scribn. In swamps: southern N. J. to Ga. 4 A rare and local species confined to the pine-barrens, in our area. ae . 49. Capriola Adans. 1. C. Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. In fields and waste places: Mass. and southern N. Y. to Mo., Fla. and Mex., W. I., and S. Am. __ Native of Europe. | 4 Rare as a weed. = 50. Spartina Schreb. cale awn-pointed, equalling the third; second long-awned. _1. S. Michauxiana First scale acute, shorter than the third; usually 14 as long. | Firs ‘scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel. — Leaves 1.25 cm. wide or more, flat. 2. S. cynosuroides. Leaves 6 mm. wide or less. 3. S. patens. _ First scale smooth on the keel or sometimes lightly scabrous. 4. 5S. stricta. ZS. Michauxiana Hitch. (.S. cynosuroides of many local floras, _ notofL.). In swamps or streams of fresh or brackish water, N.S. to Sask., south to N. J., Tex. and Colo. “ ‘Conn. Common along the coast and at Glastonbury and Oxford, inland. 4 N.Y. OnL. I. and S. I.; near the northern end of Manhattan Is. (according to Bicknell). __N. J. Rare in Bergen and Hudson counties: common along the coast, and inland at Hammonton: reported from Hunterdon Co. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties (according to _ Porter). 7 Almost wholly within the influence of salt water, with us. 134 POACEAE 2. S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth (S. polystachya Ell. and of many local floras). In salt and brackish marshes: Conn. to Fla. and Miss. Common along the whole coast and almost wholly maritime, but at Yonkers-on-Hudson. 3. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. On salt meadows, and on beaches: Newf. to Que., Fla. and Tex. Common along the whole coast: wholly maritime. 4. S. stricta (Ait.) Roth. (.S. alternifolia Loisel). Along the coast: Me. to Fla. and Tex. Common along the whole coast in some of its forms and almost wholly maritime, but inland at White Plains, Westchester Co., N. Y. 51. Gymnopogon Beauv. Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length; awn longer than flowering scale. I. G. ambiguus. Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle; awn shorter than flowering scale. 2. G. brevifolius. 1. G. ambiguus (Michx.) B.S. P. In dry sandy soil: southern N. J. to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. N. J. Not uncommon from Ocean Co. southward, along the Dela- ware to Cape May, rare or only introduced in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, 0, or only introduced: Cretaceous, scattered southward: Older Formations, 0: 168-220 days. About sea level. 2. G. brevifolius Trin. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., west to Miss. Known only from near Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., and Bennett, Cape May Co., N. J.; very rare. 52. Atheropogon Muhl. 1. A. curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. In dry soil: Conn. to N. Dak. and Wyoming, south to N. J., Tenn., Miss. and Mex. Conn. Rare in Fairfield and Litchfield counties, unknown else- where. N. J. Warren and Sussex Co., not uncommon; also at Mickleton, Gloucester Co. Pa. Chester and Northampton Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, scattered, predominating on limestone. 138-207 days. Sea level—1,080 ft. POACEAE 135 53. Eleusine Gaertn. i indica (L.) Gaertn. In waste places and fields: nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe, or Asia. ~ Common as a weed in most parts of our range. d - 54. Dactyloctenium Willd. ). aegypticum (L.) Willd. In waste places and cultivated grounds: southern N. Y., Pa. and Va. to IIl., Cal., south to F Fla and Mex. Natoralised from Asia or Africa. F _ Rare as a weed in our area. 55. Phragmites Trin. . Phragmites (L.) Karst. In swamps and wet places: nearly throughout N. Am. Also in Eu. and Asia. P. ad hroughout the range, except the pine-barrens. 56. Tridens R. &S. 1. T T. flava (L.) Hitche. In fields: Mass. and N. Y. to Kan., - south to Fla. and Tex. uf Conn. Rare in New London Co., along the coast and the valley _ of the Thames, increasing westward along the coast, and inland G ; as at Kent and Southington. } i N.Y. L.I.,S. 1. and up the Hudson to Westchester Co., unknown ‘ea Seethward. ..: J. Rare and local in the north, increasing southward, but not _ in the pine-barrens. Age Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks,’ Wer ciee ite ie Delaware and _ Chester counties. nm _ Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous “ _ common: Older Formations, scattered, usually near the coast. ; ‘ _ 128-220 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft. i. 4 | 57. Triplasis Beauv. oo (Walt.) Chapm. In sand, especially on the sea __ beaches: Me. to Fla. and Tex. and along the Great Lakes. Common along the sea beaches and inland at Lisbon, Conn., and _ throughout the coastal plain in N. J.; reported as formerly along the Harlem River. . bs 136 POACEAE 58. Diplachne Beauv. 1. D. maritima Bicknell. Brackish marshes and shores: Mass. to S. Car., also on the shore of Onondaga Lake, N. Y. Throughout the coastal part of our range; not common. 59. Aira L. [Molina Schrank.) 1. A. coerulea L. On ballast: Me. to N. Y. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed. 60. Eragrostis Beauv. Culms not creeping; plants with perfect flowers. Annuals. Spikelets 2-5 flowered, 2-3 mm. long. Culms branched only at the base; pedicels and branches of panicle long and capillary. 1. E. capillaris. Culms branched above the base; pedicels stout. 2. E. Frankit. Spikelets 5-many flowered, 4-16 mm. long. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less. Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting. 3. E. pilosa. Flowering scales firm, usually dull purplish or green, the lateral nerves very prominent. 4. E. Purshit. Spikelets 2 mm. wide or more. Lower flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long. 5. E. Eragrostis. Lower flowering scales about 2—2.5 mm. long. 6. E. megastachya, Perennial. 7. E. pectinacea. Culms extensively creeping; plants dioecious. 8. E. hypnoides. 1. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. In dry places: N. H. to Kan., south to Ga. and Tex. Conn. Scattered throughout the state, most common in the south- west. N. Y. In Manhattan, the Bronx, and Westchester counties, and at Aqueduct, L. I. N. J. Camden and Gloucester counties, increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. 2. E. Frankii Steud. In moist places: Mass. to Minn., Miss., La. and Kan. Conn. Rare and local. N. J. Philipsburg. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties. POACEAE 137 a =. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Waste places or cultivated ground: 4 arene. to Mich. and Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. Natural- from Europe. 2 a Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there 3. Purshii Schrad. In dry places: Me. to Ont. and N. Dak., ue “south to Fla. and Tex. om Common throughout the area except the pine-barrens, there rare; apparently a weed. > Eragrostis (L.) Karst. In waste places or cultivated ground: Mass., N. Y. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Ps BA rare and local weed. 6. E. megastachya (Koeler) Link. (E. major Host.) In waste ; and cultivated ground: nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. _ Common as a weed. 7.2. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. In dry soil: Me. to S. Dak., z Ns south to Fla. and Tex. . - Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there ie _ rare; rare also in the north. 8. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S. P. On sandy or gravelly shores: _ Vt. and Ont. to Wash., south to Fla. = Rare, and local, not recorded from the pine-barrens, but com- : - _ mon along the Delaware. . ry a * . Sphenopholis Scribn. (Eatonia Endlich.) aw pty scales a the first shorter and about one-sixth as wide as = _ the second. , 2: Si cond scale obovate, often almost truncate. 1. S. obtusata, cond scale oblanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute. 2. S. pallens. _ equal, the first not less than one-third as wide as the n 3. S. nilida. Ls. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (Eatonia pubescens Scribn. & ~Merr.). In dry soil: Me. to Sasks., Fla. and Ariz. Throughou: the range, except the pine-barrens, in some of its forms; locally rare. rt : | a 138 POACEAE 2. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (Eatonia pennsylvanica (D. C.) A. Gray). In hilly woods or moist soil: Newf. to Br. Col., Ga. and Tex. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them, there not recorded, nor from the coastal plain of L. I. 3. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. In dry woods: Vt. to Mich., Ga. and Miss. Conn. Scattered throughout. N. Y. Throughout, rare southward. N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Mercer counties, near the Delaware; thence increasing northward. Pa. Throughout. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations increasing northward. 177-207 days. Sea level-—3,200 ft. 62. Koeleria L. 1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. In dry sandy soil: Ont. to Br. Col., south to Pa., Tex. and Cal. Also in Europe. Known definitely in our area only from Lackawanna Co., Pa., from an old specimen marked “Conn.” and as reported from Jamaica South, L. I., by E. P. Bicknell. 63. Uniola L. 1. U. laxa (L.) B.S. P. Sandy soil: S. I. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. N. Y. Rare on S. I.; occasional, perhaps frequent, on south- western L. I. (Bicknell). N. J. Common on the coastal plain, except the pine-barrens, there rare and perhaps only adventive. » PA. Tinicum, Delaware Co. Not very common in our area except in southern N. J. | 64. Distichlis Raf. 1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. On salt meadows along the coast from N. S. to Tex. and locally in the interior. Common throughout the coastal marshes. POACEAE 139 65. Briza L. inor L. In ballast and waste places: N. J. to Va. Na- e of pe orere. Rare as a weed. ned ia L. has been reported from Conn. as a waif. It is a native of Eutope. ss 66. Dactylis L. ), glomerata L. ‘In fields and waste places: N. B. to Br. Col., h to Fla. and Cal. Con non everywhere. ™ Lal ~~ ve 67. Cynosurus L. C. cristatus L. In fields and waste places: Newf. to Ont., thern N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed. 68. Poa L. 1. P. annua, ms tufted, usually densely so. yering scales not webby at base. 2. P. autumnalis. ering scales webby at base. Sade scales glabrous; culms obviously com- . 3. P. debilis. Flowering scales somewhat pubescent; culms usually cylindric. Lateral nerves of the flowering scales glabrous. Plant yellowish green; flowering scale 2.5 mm. long. 4. P. trivialis. Plant green; flowering scale 3.5 mm. long. 5. P. alsodes. Lateral nerves of the flowering scales pubescent. Spikelets 4 mm. long or less; panicle- branches dividing and _ spikelet- bearing at or below the middle. Intermediate nerves of the flowering scale obscure. 6. P. triflora. Intermediate nerves prominent. Midnerve of flowering scale pu- bescent only below; spikelets crowded on the branches. 7. P. pratensis. Midnerve pubescent its whole length; spikelets scattered on the spreading branches. 8. P. sylvestris. Spikelets 5 mm. long or more; panicle branches usually dividing and spikelet- bearing only at the end. 9. is not tufted; rootstocks long, creeping. 10. yy : Dy S * - 140 POACEAE 1. P. annua L. In waste and cultivated places: nearly through- out N. Am. Native of Eu. and Asia. Common as a weed in most parts of our range. 2. P. autumnalis Muhl. In woods: N. J. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. N. J. Rare and local near the Palisades, Bergen Co. Pa. Scattered in Monroe, Lackawanna, Bucks and Philadelphia counties. Apparently increasing westward with us. 3. P. debilis Torr. In woods: Que. and Ont. to R. I., Pa., Ill. and Iowa. Conn. Rare and scattered, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Recorded from Westchester Co., increasing northward. N.J. Sussex Co. Pa. Monroe and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level— 3,365 ft. 4. P. trivialis L. In meadows and waste places: Newf. to Ont., S. Car. and La. Naturalized from Europe. Locally common as a weed. 5. P. alsodes A. Gray. In woods and thickets: Que. to Minn. south to N. Car. and Tenn. Conn. Rare and local along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the Catskills; xare. N. J. Warren, Morris and Sussex counties; reported from but doubtfully in Monmouth Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level- 3,980 ft. 6. P. triflora Gilib. (P. serotina Ehrh. P. flava of many Am. Auct. not of L.). In swampy places: Newf. to Vanc., south to N. J. and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Throughout, increasing northward. N.Y. Hewlett and Woodmere, L. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Bergen and Essex counties, increasing northward; as a waif in Camden Co. Pa. Pike and Northampton counties. EE of POACEAE 141 eT Sosa o: Cretaceous, only adventive: Older Formations in- g northward. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,36s ft. tensis L. In woods, thickets, fields and waste places: throughout N. Am. Also in Eu. and Asia.4 Common throughout the range. ». sy vestris A. Gray. In thickets and meadows: N. Y. to sc., Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. e and local as an apparent adventive, with us. . brachyphylla Schult. (P. bdrevifolia Muhl.). In rocky woods: southern N. Y. to IIl., Ga. and Tenn. ¥. J. Rare in Warren and Hunterdon counties, near the Delaware; Iso in Burlington and Cape May counties (according to Stone). Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester Te Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare: Older _Formations, rare and ; ‘sca ttered. 148-207 days. Sea level-680 ft. ~e o. P. _ compressa L. Waste places and cultivated grounds: on early throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. he Locally abundant as a weed, often in woods and thickets. Poa crocata Michx. and P. nemoralis L. have both been recorded as waifs in our area. — = 69. Panicularia Fabr. s ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less. wering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not _ sharply nerved. ” Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreading, often drooping. Spikelets 3-5 flowered; lowest flowering scale about 2 mm. long. 1. P. laxa. Spikelets 5-12 flowered; lowest flowering scale about 3 mm. long. 2. P. canadensis. icle contracted, the branches erect. 3. P. obtusa. Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved. ‘a og anicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 4. P. Torreyana. Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading 5 or drooping, rarely erect. Scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less; panicle branches often drooping. 5. P. nervata, i aie Aa hee 142 POACEAE Spikelets 4-6 mm. long; panicle branches ascending or spreading. 6. P. grandis. Scales 2.5-4 mm. long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 7. P. pallida. Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. Flowering scales 3-5 mm. long, obtuse, equalling or ex- ceeding the obtuse palet. Flowering scales firm, hispidulous all over, truncate. 8..5P% septentrionalis. Flowering scales thin, hispidulous on the nerves only. 9. P. borealis. Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, usually shorter than the acuminate palet. Flowering scales obtuse, about 6 mm. long, a little exceeded by the palet. 10. P. fluitans. Flowering scales acute, about 8 mm. ones much ex- ceeded by the palet. 11. P. acutiflora. 1. P. laxa Scribn. In moist places: N.S. to Me., N. J. and Pa. N. Y. Rare on and near Hempstead Plains, and elsewhere in southwestern L. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Ciancoee and Middlesex counties on the coastal! plain, and at Lake Marcia, Sussex Co.; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Schuylkill and Monroe counties. Tertiary,o: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations scattered. 123- 189 days. Sea level—2,500 ft. 2. P. canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. In swamps and marshes: Newf. to Minn., south to N. J. and Kans. Throughout the range, rare and perhaps adventive in the pine- barrens, common northward. . P. obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. In swamps: N. S. and N. B. to N. Y. and central Pa., south to Md. and N. Car.. Conn. Southeastern counties and along the coast. 15 Sa OARS ees = Sp Be N. J. Bergen Co. southward. Pa. Pocono Mts., Monroe Co. ies) 4. P. Torreyana (Spreng.) Merr. In wet woods: Me. and Que. to Minn., south to N. Car. and Ky. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward. N. Y. Local in the Bronx, and on L. I., increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Monmouth Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Bucks Co. increasing and common northward. Tertiary 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing north ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4o20 ft. ) ; : | POACEAE 143 P. >. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. In wet places: Newf. to Br. Col., 8c outh to Fla. and Mex. Throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens, increasing and common northward. , agree (S. Wats.) Nash (P. americana MacM.). In wet : N.S. to Alask., south to Pa., Colo. and Nev. Rare along the coast, increasing northward. md N.Y. Rare on L. I., not recorded from S. I., thence increasing and common northward. N. J. Rare in Camden Co. (not recently collected): in Sussex and _ Essex counties. = >A. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Schuykill counties. * Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare and perhaps not now present: _ Older Formations, increasing northward. o pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. In shallow water: N.S. and N. B. £ Minn., south to N. Car. and Tenn. 2 Common throughout the range. .; 4 >. septentrionalis (Hitchc.) Bicknell. (P. fluitans of some local a not of R. Br.). In water: Vt. and Que. to Br. Col., south to N. Car., La. and Tex. Conn. Rare and local in New London, Windham, New Haven and x aa _ Litchfield counties. _ N.Y. In the Bronx and Westchester counties and on S. I. _N. J. Throughout the state north of the coastal plain; not in 7 the pine-barrens, but at Cape May.* Pa. Chester Co. northward. A scattered and rather local species. iP. borealis Nash. In shallow water: Newf. to Alask., south E to N. Y. and Minn., Iowa, and Ore., and in the mountains to Colo. ee Conn. In northern Windham, Hartford and Litchfield counties. N.Y. Unknown on L. I., rare onS. I., thence increasing northward. } ; N. J. Sussex Co. ~ Pa. Rare in Pike Co. ? _ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations rare and scattered northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-179days. Sea level- 3,365 ft. *See Introduction paragraph 32. ' 144 POACEAE 10. P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. In shallow water: Gulf of St. Lawrence and near N. Y. City. Perhaps introduced. Common in Europe. Rare in the Bronx and near Tappan, Rockland Co., unknown elsewhere in our range. 1. P. acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. In wet places: Me. to Del. and Ohio. Scattered throughout the range, very rare in the pine-barrens. 70. Puccinellia Parl. Panicle branches naked below; flowering scales 2 mm. long, or less, truncate at the apex. 1. P. distans. Panicle branches spikelet-bearing to the base; flowering scales 2—2.5 mm. long, acutish or obtuse at apex. 2. P. fasciculata. 1. P. distans (L.) Parl. On salt meadows and sea beaches: N.S. to Del. Perhaps naturalized from Europe. Scattered throughout the sea-beaches, and salt marshes. 2. P. fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell. Salt marshes: Nantucket to | Fa Scattered along the coast of Conn., N. Y. and N. J.; rare. Puccinellia Borreri (Bab.) Hitchc. has been collected as a waif, especially in Conn. It is a native of Europe. P. angustata (R. Br.) Rand and Redfield has been collected at Old Lyme, Conn. 71. Festuca L. Leaf-blades involute or folded, 2 mm. wide or less. Annuals; stamens I or 2. Awn not longer than flowering scale; spikelets 5— 90 flowered. 1. F. octoflora Awn more than twice as long as flowering scale; spikelets 2-5 flowered. . 2. F. Myuros. Perennials; stamens 3. Plants with rootstocks or stolons. 3. F. rubra. Plants densely tufted, no rootstocks or stolons. Flowering scales short awned; leaf-blades setaceous. 4. F. ovina. Flowering scales awnless; leaf-blades capillary. 5. F. capillata. Leaf-blades flat, 4 mm. wide or more. Flowering scale awnless or short-awned. : Flowering scales 5-7 mm. long; spikelets 5-10 flowered. 6. F. elatior. Fiowering scales 4 mm. long or less; spikelets 3-6 flowered. 7. F. nutans. Flowering scales with awns twice their length or more. 8. F. gigantea. 1. F. octoflora Walt. In dry sandy soil: Que. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex. and Cal. ’ Throughout the range, rare northward, common southward. : POACEAE 145 Myuros L. In waste places and fields: N. H. to N. J. and aa Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Local as a weed. . Tubre L. In fields, etc.: Lab. to Alaska, south to Va. Also | in Europe and Asia. Cc. = . . *.* = cattered as a weed in most parts of our range, especially maritime = . ovina L. In fields and waste places: N. H. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Iowa. Native of Asia. Locally abundant as a weed. | - Ci pi ata Lam. In fields and along roadsides: Newf. to N. J. and Mich. Introduced from Europe. Not uncommon, as a weed. F. elat or L. In fields and waste places: throughout the U. S. Naturalized from Europe. - Common as a weed. ’. nutans Willd. In rocky woods: N.S. to Minn., south to } Ble . and Tex. _ Conn. Throughout. N.Y. OnL. I. south of the moraine, perhaps north of it, and on pha _ §. I. increasing and common northward. _N.J. Rare in Gloucester, Camden and Burlington counties, west _ of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. ~ Pa. Throughout. — ; Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, common north- war d. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. J '. gigantea (L.) Vill. In waste places: Me. to southern N. Y. = Adventive from Europe. ' Rare as a weed, often wanting. tuca bromoides L. has been recently collected at Hewlett, L. I. 72. Bromus L. pty scale 1—nerved, the upper 3-nerved. wns longer than the flowering scales; low annuals 5 dm. tall or less. Flowering scales strigose, 8-12 mm. long. 1. B. tectorum. ing scales sparsely hispidulous, 12 mm. long or more. 2. B. sterilis. 146 POACEAE — Awns shorter than the flowering scales or wanting; perennials 5 dm. tall or more. Leaf-sheaths strongly retrorse-hispid. 3. B. asper. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent. / Flowering scales pubescent on the margins only. Flowering scales pubescent all over the back. Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the second one 5-9 nerved. Perennials; flowering scales densely pubescent with silky hairs. 6. B. Kalmii. Annuals. Flowering scales awned. Flowering scales pubescent with soft appressed hairs. 7. B. hordeaceus. Flowering scales glabrous, or minutely roughened. Awns straight. Fruiting scales with strongly inrolled margins, the nerves obscure, leaf-sheaths glabrous. 8. B. secalinus. Fruiting scales with the margins not in- rolled, the nerves prominent; leaf sheaths pubescent. Spikelets broadly lanceolate, usually over 6 mm. wide. 9. B. racemosus. Spikelets lanceolate, usually less than 6 . mm. wide. 10. B. arvensis. Awns bent near the base, divergent. 11. B. squarrosus. Flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed, nearly as broad as long. 12. B. brizaeformis 1. B. tectorum L. In fields and waste places: Me. to Ont., Md., Ohio and Mo. Naturalized from Europe. Abundant as a weed. . B. sterilis L. In waste places and on ballast: eastern Mass. — to D. C., Ohio, Ark. and Colo. Native of Eu. and Asia. Rare as a weed in our area. 3. B. asper Murr.. In waste places: N. B. to Mich. and Ky. Naturalized from Europe. Rare as a weed in our range. 4. B. ciliatus L. In woods and thickets: Newf. to Man., N. Y., | N. J., Minn. and Tex. ee Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward. | N.Y. Throughout, rare or wanting on L I., and S. I.. increasing northward. N. J. Northern Ocean and Monmouth counties, increasing north- ward. Pa. Throughout. . B. ciliatus. . B. purgans. np bo Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-207 days. Sea level-3,365 ft. POACEAE 147 ns L. Woods and banks: Vt. to Mont., south to Fla. Con . Throughout. N M4 S. I.; Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and in the Catskills. J. Gitces, Essex, Hunterdon counties, increasing northward; : a nd at Wildwood, Atlantic Co., ans the coast (according to = to ne). Ps _ Northampton Co., Peewee rare. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, very rare off it: Cretaceous, 0: formations, increasing northward. 123-189 days. Sea 3,365 ft. §. Kalmii A. Gray. In woods and thickets: Que. to Man., a Pa. and Mo. N. Y. fissorted from Westchester Co. increasing ndcthward + N. J. Not uncommon in Warren and Sussex counties; also in vi “meadows over limestone in Morris Co. (according to Mackenzie). Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties. : Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- yh vy ard. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-189 days. Sea " lev ) = es0 ft. 7. B. hordeaceus L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Br. Col., Cal. and N. Car. Adventive from Europe. _ Not uncommon, as a weed, in our area. 3. secalinus L. In fields and waste places: nearly throughout _N. Am. Native of Europe. rz if Biscally common as a weed in most parts of our area. y. B. racemosus L. In fields and waste places: nearly through- S U. S. and Can. Native of Europe and Asia. _ Locally common as a weed. ) . B. arvensis L. In fields and waste places: N. Y. to Mich., z lo. and Fla. Adventive from Europe. Not common in our area, always as a weed. Bi, - squarrosus L. In ballast and waste places: eastern sea- ports. Fugitive from Europe. Rare as a weed. — a we 148 POACEAE 12. B. brizaeformis Fisch. and Mey. In waste places: Mass. to Mich., Del. and Ind., also from Br. Col. to Cal. an Colo. Native of Europe. Not common as a weed. B. rubens L., B. maximus L. and B. breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. occur as occa- sional waifs. B. erectus Huds. and B. inermis Leyss. are sparingly introduced. 73. Colum L. Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. Flowering scales awnless. 1. L. perenne. Flowering scales awned. 2. L. multiflorum. Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scale. 3. L. temulentum. 1. L. perenne L. In waste places or cultivated grounds: almost throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Not uncommon as a weed. 2. L. multiflorum Lam. In fields and waste places: N. Y., N. J., Mo. and Iowa. Locally common as a weed. 3. L. temulentum L. In waste places and cultivated grounds: N. B. to Mich., Ga. and Kan. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed. 74. Agropyron J. Gaertn. Culms not densely tufted; plants with creeping rootstocks or stolons. 1. A. repens. Culms densely tufted; plants with no rootstocks or stolons. Awn shorter than the flowering scale. 2. A. biflorum. Awn much longer than the flowering scale. 3. A. caninum. 1. A. repens (L.) Beauv. In fields and waste places: almost throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Native of Europe. Common throughout the range. 2. A. biflorum (Brig.) R. & S. In fields, etc.: N.S. to Br. Col., south to the mountains of N. Eng., N. Y. and Pa., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Known from near the summit of ‘Round Top,” near Cairo, Greene Co., N. Y.,a peak north of the moraine, with an elevation of about 3,500 ft., and a growing season of about 118 days; also at High Point, Sussex Co., N. J. POACEAE 149 A. caninum (L.) R. & S._ In fields, etc.: N. B. to the Yukon, so) Bath to N N. Car., Tenn., lowaand Colo. Alsoin Eu. and Asia. Conn. Occasional. N.Y. Cairo, Greene Co. o. se Morris Co. >A. Pike and Monroe counties. tenerum Vasey has been collected as a waif in Conn. 75. Hordeum [Tourn.| L. ‘ing scales, exclusive of awns, 6-8 mm. long. 1. H. jubatum. ring z scales, exclusive of awns, about 12 mm. long. 2. H. murinum, .jubatum L. In dry soil: Ont. to Alask., south to IIl., Tex. and Cal. Naturalized in the east from Lab. to N. J. and Pa. A rare and scattered weedy grass, with us. oa i m urinum L. On ballast and in waste places: Mass. to >. C. Adventive from Europe. e as a ballast weed in most parts of the area. barley, Hordeum vulgare L. occasionally escapes in the range, and H. nodosum en collected as a waif in Bucks Co., Pa. H. pusillum Nutt. is reported as d at Aqueduct, L. I., by E. P. Bicknell. 76. Elymus L. scales linear lanceolate to linear. ; ty scales manifestly indurated, usually curved or bowed at the white base. _ Awn rarely exceeding 14 times length of flowering scale. 3 Flowering scales glabrous or hispidulous. Spike long exserted. 1. E. halophilus. Spike included in the broad, inflated upper 4 sheath. 2. E. virginicus. ___ Flowering scales hirsute. 3. E. hirsutighumis. a _ Awn exceeding twice length of flowering scale. 4. E. glabriflorus. E mpt} scales not indurated, not white at the base, straight. 5. E. canadensis. scales narrowly subulate. celets hirsute. 6. E. striatus. elets glabrous or hispidulous. 7. E. arkansanus. 7 A 7 E. halophilus Bicknell. Salt marshes: Mass. to N. J. E¢ ONN. “ Along the Sound ” (E. P. Bicknell). N.Y. Common along the coast of L. I. and S. I., unknown else- 2 _ where. {. J. Common from Sandy Hook to Cape May. E. virginicus L. In moist soil, especially along streams: N.S. te » Man., south to Fla. and Tex. * 150 POACEAE Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, but rare inland. 3. E. hirsutiglumis Scribn. River banks: Me. to Tenn., and Neb. Conn. Along the coast and up the larger river valleys. N. Y. Lawrence and Hewlett, L. I. (according to Bicknell). N. J. Rare in Passaic and Morris counties. Pa. Rare in Northampton Co. 4. E. glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. and Ball. Low places:S.N. Y. to Iowa, south to Fla., Tex. and N. Mex., Columbia and Orange counties, N. Y. and Essex and Sussex counties, N. J. Reported from Easton, Pa, 5. E. canadensis L. (EZ. canadensis glaucifolius Torr.). On banks: N.S. to Alberta south to W. Va., and Ariz. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the region east of them, there not recorded. 6. E. striatus Willd. In woods and on banks: Me. to N. Dak., N. Car. and Tex. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the L. I. coastal plain; nowhere common. 7. E. arkansanus Scribn. and Ball. In woods and on banks: N. J. and N. Y. to Iowa and Ark. Near Egbertville, S. I., N. Y. and Wildwood, N. J. Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball has been collected as a waif near New Haven, Conn. and E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball near Naugatuck, Conn. 77. Hystrix Moench. 1. H. Hystrix (L.) Millsp. In rocky woods: N. B. Ga., Ill. and Neb. Conn. Throughout. N. Y. Rare southward, increasing and common northward. N. J. Burlington Co. west of the pine-barrens, increasing north- ward. Pa. Throughout. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. Rye, Secale cereale L., and wheat, Triticum sativum L., are frequent but doubtfully persistent escapes. The following have also been reported from the area: Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray, Melica mutica Walt., Melica striata (Michx.) Hitche. = Avena Torreyt Nash. CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE* pee pty scales of the spikelets none or not more than o (except in Eriophorum). Si acal les of the spikelets 2-ranked; bristles none. s of the spikelets spirally imbricated. a of the style persistent as a tubercle on the ss achene. Spikelet 1; culm leafless; bristles usually present. Spikelets several or numerous; culms leaf- bearing; bristles none. Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle. a Flowers without any inner scales. . Base of the style swollen; bristles none. Base of the style not swollen; bristles usually parton. Bristles 6-many/silky, much elongated. Bristles short or little elongated, smooth or barbed. Flowers with one or more inner scales. Flowers with 3 broad, stalked scales alter- nating with barbed bristles. Flowers with 1-2 hyaline scales; bristles none. Flowers with 2 convolute inner scales. Flowers with a single minute inner scale. Bas: sal empty scales of the spikelets 3 or more. a “Sy ty yle 2-cleft. ~ Spikelets breaking up into 1-fruited joints; bristles _—séprresent; scales 2-ranked. a Rachis of the spikelets not jointed, persistent; scales —* spirally imbricated. Spikelets few-flowered; bristles usually present. Spikelets many-flowered; bristles none. le 3-cleft; bristles none. s imperfect. i tiewer subtended by a flat scale; achene long. ate flower enclosed in a perigynium. 1. Cyperus L. eft; achene lenticular, not 3-angled; scales falling from achis; spikelets flat. ts yellow; superficial cells of the achene oblong. 10. Il. 12. 13. 14. 15. 151 Cyperus. . ELEOCHARIS. . STENOPHYLLUS. . FIMBRISTYLIS. . ErRtopHoRuUM. . SCIRPUS. . FUIRENA. . LIpOCARPHA. . HEMICARPHA. DULICHIUM. RYNCHOSPORA. PSILOCARYA. MARISCUS. SCLERIA. CAREX. C. flavescens. treatment, except the genus Carex, contributed by Dr. N. L. Britton. a ja Jee 152 CYPERACEAE Spikelets green or brown; superficial cells of the achene quadrate. Scales obtuse or obtusish, appressed. Scales membranous, dull; style much exserted. Scales subcoriaceous, shining, style scarcely ex- serted. Scales acute, somewhat spreading at maturity. Achene narrowly obovate; spikelets 1-3 cm. long. Achene linear-oblong; spikelets 0.5—2 cm. long. Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled. Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. Wings of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate to it. Scales tipped with recurved awns; low, annual, 2-15 cm. tall. Scales acute or obtuse, not awned. Wings of the rachis none or very narrow. Stamens 2 or 3; spikelets linear-oblong, 8-25 mm. long. Scales sharply acuminate. Scales blunt, mucronulate. Stamen I; spikelets ovate, 4-8 mm. long. Wings of the rachis distinct. Low annual; adventive from Europe; scales brown. Tall indigenous perennials. Scales mucronate, reddish brown or green. Scales acute or obtuse, not mucronate. Scales wholly or partly purple- brown; achene linear. Scales straw-colored; achene ob- ovoid. Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales; annual. Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spikes, the lower pair of scales commonly persistent. Annuals; spikelets elongated, nearly terete. Scales imbricated or but slightly distant; achene obovoid. Scales thin, dull brown; spikelets slender. Scales rigid, yellow-brown; spikelets stout. Scales very distant; achene linear-oblong; spikelets very slender. Perennial by hard, tuber-like basal corms; spikelets more or less flattened. Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long as thick. Spikelets flat, several-many-flowered. n> com! 10. II. I2. i 14. 15. 16. 17 18. . C. diandrus. . C. rivularis. . C. filicinus. . C. microdontus. . C. inflexus. . C. compressus. « C. Tria, . C. pseudovegetus. C. fuscus. C. dentatus. C. rotundus. C. esculentus. C. erythrorhizus. C. speciosus. C. ferax. C. Engelmanni. C. strigosus. CYPERACEAE 153 Spikelets subterete, few-flowered. Spikelets 12-25 mm. long, loosely spicate, the lower reflexed. 19. C. refractus. Spikelets 3-10 mm. long, densely capitate or spicate. Spikelets all reflexed; culms rough. 20. C. retrofractus. Spikelets spreading or the lower re- flexed; culms smooth. Heads oblong or cylindric. Spikelets 4-10 mm. long, at least the lower re- flexed. Head oblong or short- cylindric; lower spikelets reflexed. 21. C. lancastriensis. Head obovoid; all but the upper spikelets reflexed. 22. C. hystricinus. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the lower spreading. 23. C. Torreyi. : Heads globose. 24. C. ovularis. _ Achene oblong or obovoid, about tiwce as long as thick. Rachis wingless or very narrowly winged. Heads globose. 25. C. filiculmis. Heads oblong. 26. C. cayennensis. Rachis-wings membranous, broad. Scales firm, not appressed; spikelets loosely capitate. 27. C. Grayi. Scales thin, closely appressed; spikelets densely capitate. 28. C. globulosus. Cc. fi vescens L. In marshy ground: N. Y. to Mich., Fla., Mex. and Costa Rica. Also in the Old World. N. Y. In Bronx and Westchester counties, and on western La te and on S. I., unknown elsewhere. N.J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon, and Morris counties, increasing _ southward Pa. See thampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester co unties. , common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level-1,080 ft. ndrus ld In marshy places: N. B. to Minn., -hroughout A range except the pine-barrens, there not re- corded; rare at Cape May. « i re a ee eee south to Mo., N. Car. and Mo. Conn. Throughout. N.Y. Throughout. N. J. Rare in Morris Co., wanting thence to the coastal plain, there increasing and common, but not recorded from the pine- barrens. Pa. Northampton and Delaware counties. 4. C. filicinus Vahl. (C. Nuttallii Eddy.) In salt marshes: Me. to Miss. Common throughout our coastal marshes. 5. C. microdontus Torr. In wet soil; on or near the coast: N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Known only from Navesink Highlands and at Cape May, N. J., along the coast and at Pleasant Mills in the pine-barrens; rare. 6. C. inflexus Muhl. In wet sandy soil: N. B. to N. W. Terr. and Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex., Cal. and Mex. Conn. Throughout, but rare. N. Y. Rare in Columbia and Greene counties, and also at Van Courtlandt Park and Mt. Vernon. N. J. Rare in Hunterdon, Sussex, Warren and Morris counties; mostly along the Delaware River. Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered. 128- 220 days. Sea level—1,go0 ft. 7. C. compressus L. In fields and waste places: southern N. Y. to Mo. and Tex. Also in the Tropics. Rare in our area as a ballast weed. 8. C. Iria L. In cultivated ground: N. Y.; N. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Native of Asia. Localized, so far as known, at Hempstead, L. I. 9g. C. pseudovegetus Steud. In marshes: N. J. to Fla., Ky., Mo., Kan. and Tex. Known in our area only from Riddleton, Salem Co., N. J., a region in the Cretaceous area, at about sea level and with a growing season of about 179 days; not recently collected. 10. C.fuscus L. On ballast: Mass. to N. J. and Md. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed. 154 CYPERACEAE 3. C. rivularis Kunth. In moist places: Me. to Ont. and Mich., CYPERACEAE 155 t. C. dentatus Torr. In sandy swamps and on shores: Me. to northern N. Y., W. Va. and S. Car. Conn. Throughout, but not common. Nz Y. Rare on L. I. as at Yaphank and Ronkonkoma, recorded from but not definitely known on S. I., thence scattered up the _ Hudson Valley to Columbia Co.; not known from the Catskills. _N. J. Bergen, Essex and Warren counties, increasing southward. Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties. . og rotundus L. In fields: Va. to Fla., Mo., Kan. and Tex. __ Adventive in ballast near the eastern seaports. Rare as a ballast weed near Philadelphia and Bethlehem, Pa. 13. C. esculentus L. In moist fields: N. B. to Minn., Neb., Fla. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast, Trop. Am. and the Old a _ World. j Common throughout the range in some of its forms, but appar- a ently only adventive and rare in the pine-barrens. 14. c. erythrorhizos Muhl. In wet soil: southern Ont. to Mass., — -Fla., Minn., Kan., Tex. and Cal. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and on S. Tis and not definitely known from the Catskills. 5. C. speciosus Vahl. In marshes: Mass. to Ohio and S. Dak., south to Fla., Kan., Tex. and Cal. Conn. Rare along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting, inland. N.Y. Rare in Westchester Co., increasing southward. - N. J. Rare in Bergen and Hudson Co., increasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Schuylkill, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare, more common near the coast than elsewhere. 169-220 days. About sea-level. 16. C. ferax L. C. Rich. In wet soil: Mass. to Fla., Cal. and in Trop. Am. Known definitely only from near Secaucus, N. J. 37. C. Engelmanni Steud. In wet soil: Mass. to S. Ont. and 156 CYPERACEAE Known only from Kaign’s Point, Camden Co., N. J., there probably adventive. 18. C. strigosus L. In meadows, swamps or streams: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there unrecorded. 19. C. refractus Engelm. In dry fields: N. J. to Ga., Mo. and Tex. Known in our area only from Delaware Co., Pa., and from near Trenton, N. J. 20. C. retrofractus (L.) Torr. (C. dipsaciformis Fernald). In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., west to Ky., Mo. and Tex. N. J. Camden, Atlantic and Salem counties; recorded as formerly growing about Hoboken. Pa. Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester counties, increasing south- ward. A rare and local species. 21. C. lancastriensis Porter. In dry fields: N. J. and Pa. to Ga., : Mo. and Ala. : N. J. Mercer, Camden and Salem counties along the Delaware and . at Sea Bright, Monmouth Co. Pa. Tullytown, Bucks Co. and in Philadelphia and Delaware — counties. | Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, very local near the “ fall line ’’ in Pa., unknown elsewhere. 176-224 days. About sea level. 22. C. hystricinus Fernald. In dry sandy soil: N. J. and E. Pa. to Ga. and Tex. N. J. Rare and local in Camden, Gloucester and Atlantic counties. Pa. Near Philadelphia. A rare and local species whose distribution is not fully known. 23. C. Torreyi Britton. Sandy pine-barrens and on the seashore: southern N. Y. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. N. Y. On the south side of L. I. and near Tottenville, S. L., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, except towards the ‘fall line’’; unknown elsewhere. Most common on the Beacon Hill formation in our area. CYPERACEAE 157 C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. In dry fields and on hills: southern EN. Y. to Fla., west to Ill., Kan. and Tex. N |. ¥. Rare and local in Westchester Co. and the Bronx, increasing } _ southward but not definitely known from L. I. -N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain except the pine- barrens, there and elsewhere not recorded. Pa. Bucks Co. Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Creta- --cec pus, common: Older Formations, rare and local. 176-220 days. f Abo t sea level. = C. fi iculmis Vahl. (C. filiculmis macilentus Fernald). In dry fi elds and on hills: Me. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kan., Tex. and "Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there not scorded; more common northward and less common southward ‘th n elsewhere, but common on L. I. nf C. cayennensis (Lam.) Britton. In waste grounds: N. J., _ Pa. and in the southern states. Native of Tropical America. fa i: Known only as a weed near Camden, N. J. - | “eh Me 27. '. Grayi Torr. In sands of the sea shore and in pine-barrens: ao H. to Fla. 2 Conn. Along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting inland. ss es eae of L. I. and S. I. and locally on sand in the interior “dl ‘ N. J. Rare in Monmouth and Middlesex counties, increasing and common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. __-‘ Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, confined to sea-beaches or near them. 176-220 days. About sea By “level. 28. C. globulosus Aubl. In dry soil, or a weed: Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. Also in Bermuda and Trop. Am. a A. A rare weed near Philadelphia. a 2. Eleocharis R. Br. # scarcely or not at all thicker than the culm; scales cori- x im stout, spike many-flowered. - Culm terete, nodose. 1. E. interstincta. Culm 3- or 4-angled, continuous. 2. E. mutata. Culm slender, triangular, continuous; spikelet few-flowered. 3. E. Robbinsis. * » a a ae 158 CYPERACEAE Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm. Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex. Upper sheath scarious, hyaline; plants perennial by slender rootstocks. Scales pale green or nearly white. Scales dark reddish-brown. Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious. Annuals with fibrous roots. Spikelet ovoid or oblong. Tubercle narrower than the top of the . E. flaccida. . E. olivacea. ae achene. 6. E. ovata, Tubercle about as broad as the top of the achene. 7. E. obtusa. Spikelet oblong-cylindric; tubercle broad, low. 8. E. Engelmanni. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. g. E. palustris. Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled or turgid. Achene reticulated or cancellate. Spikelet compressed; culm filiform. 10. £. acicularis. Spikelet terete; culm slender. ~ Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. 11. E. simplex. Tubercle cap-like, as large as or larger than the achene. 12. E. tuberculosa, Achene smooth or papillose. Achene smooth, white; culms capillary. 13. E. Torreyana. Achene papillose or smooth, brown, black or yellow. Tubercle depressed short-conic. Achene smooth. 14. E. melanocarpa. Achene papillose. Achene 3-ribbed on the angles. 15. E. tricostata. Achene obtuse-angled, not ribbed. 16. E. tenuis. _ Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal. Culms filiform, wiry, densely tufted. 17. E. intermedia. Culms flattened, slender, elongated. 18. E. rostellata. 1. E. interstincta (Vahl) R. & S. In water: Mass. to Wisc., Fla., the W. Ind. and Mex. Known in our range only from Repaupo, Gloucester Co., N. J. 2. E. mutata (L.) R. &S. (E. quadrangulata R. & S.). In ponds, streams and swamps: Mass. to N. J., Ont., Mich., Ala., Mo., Tex. and Guatemala. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. Conn. Guildford. N. Y. North Pond, Westchester Co. N. J. Rare in Sussex and Cape May counties, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Philadelphia Co. A rare and scattered species. 3. E. Robbinsii Oakes. In shallow water: N.S. to Mich., south to Fla. CYPERACEAE 159 ( oi Rare along the coast and at Salisbury. .Y. Rare inSuffolk, Nassau and Dutchess counties, not reported x Riewhere. ‘N. J. Rare and local in Burlington, Monmouth and Ocean counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens; also in Sussex Co. ps rare and scattered species, more common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. E 3. flaccida (Rchb.) Urban (E. ochreata Steud.). In wet soil: 'N. J. and Del. to Fla. and Miss. Also in tropical America. _ Known only from Cape May Co., N. J., a region at about sea- a , with underlying Tertiary sands and gravels and with a grow- x season of about 220 days. acea Torr. In wet soil: Me. to S. Ont., Mich., Pa., S. ‘and Kan. _ Throughout the range, more common along the coast and less . 07 ommon in the mountains than elsewhere. 6, E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. (EZ. diandra Wright). In wet soil: a B. to Ont., Mich. and Conn. Conn. Apparently confined to the valley of the Connecticut i, River. ce _N. Y. Westchester Co. . oN Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local. Not south of the moraine. 117-179 days. Sea level-3,800 ft. 4 m3 obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. In wet places: Cape Breton to .. Br. Col., Fla. and Tex. ; tircughout the range except the pine-barrens, there intrusive ieee (or following tidal streams. igs . Engelmanni Steud. In wet soil: Mass. to Ind., S. Dak., ‘ Wash N. J., Tex. and Cal. Conn. Wethersfield and West Hartford. UN. Y. Rare in the Bronx; Jamaica, Valley Stream and Rockville inal _Centre, ig ¥. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon and Camden counties, all near en. the Delaware River. aes Pa, Monroe, Bucks and Chester counties. A rare and rather inexplicably scattered species. B. palustris (L.) R. & S. (E. glaucescens (Willd.) Schultes). gs ponds, swamps and streams: Lab. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex. and Cal. oh 7 - J >; 5 ae 4 M, 160 CYPERACEAE Common, in some of its forms, throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. 10. E. acicularis (L.)R. &S. In wetsoil: Newf. to Br. Col., N.J., Mo., Mex. and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia. Throughout the range, more common northward and less common southward than elsewhere. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens. 11. E. simplex (Ell.) A. Dietr. (E. tortilis Schultes). In wet soil: N. Y. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Known from near Gloucester and Cape May counties, N. J., and from Rockville Centre, L. I. 12. E. tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. In wet soil: Mass. to Pa., Fla. and Tex. near the coast. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast in New London Co., de- creasing inland and westward. N. Y. OnS. I. and L. I., and at West Mt. Vernon. N. J. Monmouth and Middlesex counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Willow Gove, Montgomery Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and scattered near the coasts. 179-220days. About sea level. 13. E. Torreyana Boeckl. (E. microcarpa filiformis Torr.). In wet sandy soil: Conn. to Fla. and Tex. mostly near the coast. CONN. Rare near Voluntown. N. J. In the pine-barrens and in Cape May Co. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare or wanting: Older Formations, very rare and perhaps only adventive. 179-220 days. About sea level. 14. E. melanocarpa Torr. In wet sandy soil: Mass. to Fla., near the coast. N. Y. Rare at Wading River, L. I., and on S. I. N. J. Rare in Burlington and Cape May counties; not in the pine- barrens. A rare and local species in our range. 15. E. tricostata Torr. In wet soil: Mass. to southern N. Y. and Fla. N. Y. Rare at Wading River and at Ronkonkoma, L. I., unknown elsewhere. eo | ; CYPERACEAE 161 , DN . J. Ocean and Burlington counties, increasing southward, but rare west of the pine-barrens. F "A. Tinicum, Delaware Co. . peeertiary, not rare on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cre- _ taceous, very rare: Older Formations, scattered and local near the + Coa st. 179-220 days. About sea level. 5. E . tenuis (Willd. ) Schultes. In wet soil: Cane Breton to Ont. and Man., south to Fla. and Tex. a Throughout the range. 7. 2. intermedia (Willd.) Schultes. In marshes: Que. to Minn., ‘ Raith to N. J., Ohio, Ill. and Iowa. “* Cony. Rare in northern Hartford and Litchfield counties. ve ‘N. J. Lake Grinnell, Sussex Co. and at Succasunna, Morris Co. 6 Pa. Philadelphia, i increasing northward. es Rare and local species always increasing northward. (8. E. rostellata Torr. In marshes and wet meadows: N. J., « ‘Vt. and N. Y. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex., Mex. and Cal. Joes Conn. Rare and local in coastal marshes, decreasing inland and westward. N. Y. Not uncommon on L. I., and in southern Westchester Co.; occasional in the Bronx. N. J. In the Hackensack marshes and increasing in the coastal marshes southward: not in the pine-barrens. More common in our area near the sea than elsewhere. _ The reported occurrence at Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa., of EZ. acuminata (Muhl.) Vee was based on an incorrectly determined specimen of E. lenuts (Willd.) Schultes. poge ” > = ie 3. Stenophyllus Raf. 1. S. capillaris (L.) Britton. In dry or moist soil: Me. to : eS southern Ont., Minn., Fla., Tex., Cal. and tropical Am. Common throughout the range. 4. Fimbristylis Vahl. Pa-clefe: achene lenticular or biconvex. we 0.2-0.9 m. tall. Perennial; leaves involute. Scales glabrous, shining, coriaceous. Scales, at least the lower, pubescent or puberulent. ie.) e 5 : i 162 CYPERACEAE Annual; roots fibrous; leaves flat. 3. F. Baldwiniana. Culms 2-10 cm. tall. 4. F. Vahhi. Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled. Umbel mostly simple; spikelets ovoid to oval; achene reticu- lated. 5. F. geminata. Umbel mostly compound; spikelets linear; achene smooth or nearly so. 6. F. autumnalis. _ F. castanea (Michx.) Vahl. (F. spadicea castanea A. Gray). In marshes and shallow water: N. Y. to Fla., along the coast. N. Y. Salt meadows, L. I. and S. I., rare. N. J. Common along the coasts and occasional in pine-barren swamps. . F. puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Fields and meadows: N. Y. to Fla., La. Also from Ont., Mich. and Ill. to Kan. and Tex. _ N. Y. Rare on the Hempstead Plains on L. I. N. J. Common along the coast and locally in the pine-barrens, unknown elsewhere. _ 1S) A typically coastal plains species, with us. 3. F. Baldwiniana Torr. (F. Jaxa of Britton’s Manual). In moist soil: southern Pa. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo. and Tex. Known in our area only from Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties, Pa. 4. F. Vahlii (Lam.) Link. In moist soil: Mo. to Tex., east to N. Car. and Fla., Cal., Ont. and S. Am. In waste grounds about eastern seaports. N. J. Reported by Dr. Torrey, years ago, not recently verified. Pa. Chester and Philadelphia counties. Almost certainly adventive with us. . F. geminata (Nees.) Kunth. (F. Frankii Steud.). In moist soil: Me. to Ont., Tenn. and La. ; Known only from Connecticut, there recorded from throughout the state. To be looked for elsewhere in the northern part of our range. on 6. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. In moist soil: Conn. to Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical Am. Throughout the range. CYPERACEAE 163 5. Eriophorum L. solitary; involucral leaf short or none. es 6, simple, white, crisped. . E. alpinum. es 6, each 4-6 cleft, thus appearing numerous. 2. E. callithrix. al, involucrate by 1- leaves. es triangular-channelled throughout. P Blade of the upper stem- leaf not longer than the sheath. 3. E. gracile. Blade of the upper stem-leaf much longer than the sheath. 4. E. tenellum, aves flat, at least below the middle, Scales with a prominent midvein; stamens 3. 5. E. viridicarinatum. les striate-nerved; stamen I. 6. E. virginicum. . alpir um L. (Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald). In bogs and on high mountains: Newf. to Hudson Bay and Br. Col. to Conn., northern N. Y. and Mich. Also in Europe : anc 1€ Asia. _ Known in our area only from northern Tolland and Windham a OO meee. ¢ Conn., perhaps elsewhere northward. y Cham. (£. vaginatum Torr. not L.). In bogs: “New!. to maak, south to Mass., Pa., Wisc. and Manitoba. q a 9 in Asia. A fe ONN. Rare in the northern tier of counties, not recorded else- a where. . ne s. Mountains of Monroe and Wayne counties. __ -‘Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare northward. Wey 3-138 days. 780-2,900 ft. E. gracile Koch. In bogs: Que. to Br. Col., N. Y., Pa., lowa, Neb., Col. and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia. Co iN. Throughout. io N.Y. Rare in the Bronx and Westchester Co., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co., thence increasing northward; not 4 7 Seiithe pine-barrens. "E. tenellum Nutt. In bogs: Newf. to Hudson Bay, N. J., = a.,and Ill. Often confused in local catalogs with the similar E t. gracile Koch. | Throughout most of the range, local southward, increasing thward; unknown from S. I. viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. (E. polystachyon lati- ium Gray). In wet meadows: Newf. to Br. Col., N. Win ee Ohio and Mich. = 164 CYPERACEAE Conn. Common in the north, rare or wanting southward. N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing northward. N. J. Bergen and Morris counties, increasing northward. © Pa. Pocono Summit, Monroe Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. Sea level— 3,900 ft. 6. E. virginicum L. In bogs: Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and Neb. Throughout the range, more common in the bogs of the pine- barrens. and the mountains northward than in the intervening territory. 6. Scirpus L. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Involucral bract wanting. I. S. nanus. Involucral bract present, erect. Bract shorter than or but little exceeding the spikelet; plants not aquatic. 2. S. planifolius. Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; plant aquatic. 3. S. subterminalis. Spikelets normally more than one, usually several or numerous, often appearing lateral; involucral bract only one. Spikelets few, I-12, appearing lateral. Culms not sharply 3-angled; achene plano-convex; annual. 4. S. debilis. Culms sharply 3-angled; perennials. Achene plano-convex; bristles shorter than or equal- ling the achene. Spikelets acute, overtopped by the involucral bract. 5. S. americanus. Spikelets obtuse; involucral bract short, stout. 6. S. Olneyit. Achene 3-angled, ridged on the back. Bristles longer than the achene; involucral leaf erect. 7. S. Torreyt. Bristles as long as the achene; involucral leaf abruptly bent. 8. S. mucronatus. Spikelets several or numerous, umbelled; tall sedges. Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular. g. S. validus. Style 3-cleft; achene trigonous. 10. S. occidentalis, Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large; involucral leaves 2 or more. Achene lenticular or plano-convex. Scales short-awned; achene lenticular. 11. S. paludosus. Scales long-awned; achene plano-convex. 12. S. robustus. Achene trigonous. Achene sharply and nearly exactly trigonous. 13. S. fluviatilis. Achene with one face broader than the other two. 14. S. novae-anghiae. Spikelets very numerous in compound umbels or umbelled heads; involucral leaves several; tall sedges. CYPERACEAE 165 ristles downwardly barbed; spikelets in umbelled heads. —=# tles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene. ; Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled; bristles 6. a) Spikelets 3-8 in each head; bristles barbed 4. throughout. 15. S. sylvaticus, — Spikelets 8-20 in each head; bristles not barbed 7. below. 16. S. atrovirens. Style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex; bristles 4. 17. S. microcarpus. -Bristles flexuous, twice as long as the achene. 18. S. polyphyllus. ristle smooth or slightly pubescent; umbel mostly decom- r s es Sore than or scarcely exceeding the scales. 19. S. lineatus. ristles much exserted beyond the scales when mature. 20. S. cyperinus. 0 nus Spreng. (S. parvulus R. & S. and Eleocharis pygmaea Torr.). Muddy places in salt marshes: Cape Breton Is. to ‘la. and Tex. and about the salt springs in N. Y., Mich. and Minn. Also on the Pacific Coast; in Africa, Cuba and Mex. ee r n eee our coastal marshes, but not reported from Pa. a planifolius Muhl. In woods and thickets: Vt. and Mass. to Del., D. C., western N. Y. and Mo. Co . Throughout. N. YY. Rare and local on L. I., frequent on S. I. and in the __ Bronx, thence increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co., west of the pine-barrens; Mercer Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. _ Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea-level—3,800 ft. _ S. subterminalis Torr. In ponds and streams or on their edges: Newf. to N. W. Terr. and Br. Col.,S. Car., Pa., Mich. anc Idaho. i Soe, throughout the range, and common in the pine-barren ‘streams; unknown on S. I. Jebilis Pursh (S. Smithii A. Gray and S. Smithit setosus nald). In wet soil: Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala. and Neb. ‘ Co . Throughout. N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward. N. ae nee and local in Salem, Monmouth and Camden counties, 7) 166 CYPERACEAE west and north of the pine- barrens and along the coast, thence increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens or at Cape May. Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 5. S. americanus Pers. In fresh water and brackish marshes: North America, north to Newf. Also in S. Am. and Eu. Throughout the range, more common near the coast than else- where. 6. S. Olnmeyi A. Gray (S. Olneyi contortus Eames). In salt marshes: N. H. to Fla., Tex., Mex. and Cal. and along the © Pacific Coast to Oregon. Also in Mich., Ark. and the W. I. Throughout the coastal marshes, but not reported up the Dela- ware in Pa. . S. Torreyi Olney. In swamps: Me. to R. I. and Pa., west to Minn. and Man. Conn. In the Connecticut River at Lyme. N.Y. Lynbrook;'t,. 1. N. J. Delanco, Burlington Co. Pa. Carbon and Pike counties. A rare and very local species. i | 8. S. mucronatus L. Known in N. Am. only from a swamp in Delaware Co., Pa. and as reported also from Chester Co. Widely distributed in the Old World. 9. S. validus Vahl. In ponds and swamps: throughout N. Am. and in the W. I. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens. 10. S. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Chase. Borders of streams and lakes: Newf. to B. C., N. Y., Mo., Utah and Calif. Known in our area only from Goshen, Conn. 11. S. paludosus A. Nelson (S. campestris Britton, not Roth). Salt marshes: Que. to N. J. about salt springs inland and on wet prairies and plains: Man. and Minn. to Ore., Neb., Kan., Nev. and Mex. Nearly throughout the coastal marshes, but not definitely known on S. I. A possible hybrid between this and S. americanus has been collected at Long Beach, L. I. CYPERACEAE 167 robustus Pursh (S. maritimus macrostachyus Michx.). In It marshes: N.S. to Tex. Cox mmon throughout the coastal Pe atilis (Torr.) A. Gray. In shallow water along lakes and iereara: Que. to Minn., N. J., Neb. and Kan. Co - Rare along the lower part of the Connecticut River, unknown elsewhere. WY. Known only from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and on an island in the Hudson River opposite New Baltimore, Greene Co. N. J. Along the Delaware and its affluents in Camden, Gloucester and Salem counties. . Tinicum, Chester Co., and Essington, Delaware Co. -movae-angliae Britton. In fresh and brackish marshes: Mlass. to N. Y. wn in our area only on the coast of Conn. from Milford d, and near Spuyten Duyvil Creek, and at Smithtown, “Avaticus L. In swamps: Me. to Ga. and Mich. Also in and Asia. Throughout. oe. S. 1. -N. J. Essex and Hunterdon counties. Philadelphia Co., northward. atrovirens Muhl. (5. georgianus Harper). In swamps: .S. to Sask., south to Ga. and La. _ Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and the region ~ eas of them, there rare and apparently adventive. .S.m nicrocarpus Presl (.S. rubrotinctus Fernald). In swamps a: wet woods: Newf. to Alaska south to Conn., northern . Y., Minn., Nev. and Cal. : ONN. Throughout. .Y. Near Riverdale, and at Smithtown, L. I. Pa. Reported from Bucks Co. S. polyphyllus Vahl. In swamps, wet woods and meadows: Me ss. to Minn., south to Ga., Tenn. and Ark, wales Throughout, but not common. N “Y. Rare on the north side of L. I. and reported from the south A X¢ “i side; S. I., thence increasing northward. > 8 « 168 CYPERACEAE N. J. Rare in Mercer, Somerset and Union counties, increasing northward. Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 19. S. lineatus Michx. In swamps and wet meadows: Ont. to N. H., Ore., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Rare; New Haven, New Milford, Sharon and Salisbury. N. Y. Woodlawn, N. Y. City. N. J. Rare in Sussex, Bergen, Ocean and one station in the pine- barrens in Atlantic Co. Pa. Chester Co. A rare and scattered plant, most common on limestone (accor ing to K. K. Mackenzie). 20. S. cyperinus L. (.S. pedicellatus Fernald. S. Eriophorum Michx. Eriophorum cyperinum L. S. cyperinus pelius Fernald). In swamps: Newf. to Ont., Sask., Fla. and La. Common in some of its forms throughout the range. A form known as S. atrocinctus Fernald has been collected in several parts of our range, being replaced in the pine-barrens by the form known as S. Longit Fernald. S. Hallii A. Gray was admitted into the “ Preliminary Catalogue”’ of 1888, but the record of the station has been lost. The nearest station is Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass. A plant recorded from Connecticut as S. Peckii Britton appears to be a race of S. polyphyllus. 7. Fuirena Rottb. Annual; perianth-scales long-awned. 1. F. squarrosa. Perennial; perianth-scales short-awned or awnless. 2. F. hispida. 1. F. squarrosa Michx. In wet meadows and marshes: Mass. to Fla. and La.. Also in Mich. and Ind. In our coastal marshes, but not definitely known from Conn. S-,}.,.0r Pa, 2. F. hispida Ell. Wet grounds: New York (?), N. J. to Fla., Ky., Ind. Terr. and Tex. Frequent from Long Branch southward, along the New Jersey coast but not certainly known elsewhere in our range. 8. Lipocarpha R. Br. 1. L. maculata (Michx.) Torr. In wet or moist soil: Va. to Fla., near Philadelphia, probably adventive. Known in our area only from Petty’s Island, Camden Co., N. J.; obviously introduced. CYPERACEAE 169 9. Hemicarpa Nees & Arn. I ntha (Vahl) Pax. In moist sandy soil: N. H. to t ewes. Fla., Tex., Mex. and S. Am. on: n. Rare, but scattered over most of the state, perhaps wanting tai northward. N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and in West Chester Co. J. Rare in Hunterdon and Camden counties near the Delaware, cnown elsewhere. A . rare and local species whose distribution is not yet understood. .. a 10. Dulichium L. C. Rich. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton (D. spathaceum Pers.). In wet E laces: Newf. to Ont., Minn., Wash., Fla. and Tex. Also in Costa Rica. Common throughout the range. 11. Rynchospora Vahl. ent e OF 2-toothed, persistent as a long-exserted subulate 1. R. corniculata. ply 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle. ‘istle s minute or wanting. 2. R. pallida. les plumose. 3. R. oligantha. eenwerdly barbed or rarely smooth. es white or nearly so; bristles 9-15. 4. R. alba. ales brown; bristles 6. ics filiform; achene oblong. 5. R. capillacea. Leaves narrowly linear, flat; achene obovate. Bristles equalling the achene; tubercle 14 as long or less. 6. R. Knieskernit. Bristles reaching or exceeding the end of the tubercle, which is as long as the achene. Spikelets few-several in numerous rather loose clusters. 7. R. glomerata. Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris. Bristles upwardly barbed. a Sr Ikelets numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris. Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters. __ Achene smooth. ; Leaves setaceous; achene obovate shining. ' Tubercle triangular-subulate. g. R. fusca. os, Tubercle flat, ciliate, triangular. 10. R. filifolia. +5 Ts Leaves narrowly linear. _ Achene broadly oval. 11. R. gracilenta. > Achene narrowly obovate. 12. R. Smallii. « 170 CYPERACEAE Achene transversely wrinkled. Leaves flat; spikelets nearly or quite sessile. 13. R. cymosa. Leaves involute; spikelets short pedicelled. 14. R. Torreyana. Leaves and stems filiform; spikelets distinctly pedicelled. . 15. R. rariflora. 1. R. corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. (R. macrostachya Torr.) In swamps: Mass. to Fla., west to Ohio, Mo., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Rare and scattered along the coast, decreasing and perhaps ~ wanting inland. N. Y. Known only from Wading River and Lynbrook, L. I. N. J. Lakehurst Ocean Co., Camden Co., increasing southward, Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations. rare and scattered along the coast in Conn. 189-220days. About © sea level. 2. R. pallida M. A. Curtis (R. Curtisii Steud.). In bogs: N. J. to N. Car. | N.J. The coastal plain from Burlington and Ocean counties southward; common in the pine-barrens, local elsewhere. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, 0. 159-220 days. About sea level. 3. R. oligantha A. Gray. Inwetsoil: N. J. to Fla. and Texas. Very rare in the pine-barrens near the west branch of Wading River, in Burlington Co., N. J.; unknown elsewhere. 4. R. alba (L.) Vahl. In bogs: Newf. to Alaska, south to Fla., Ky., Minn., Idaho and Cal. Also in northern Eu. and Asia. Throughout the range; abundant in the pine-barrens. : 5. R. capillacea Torr. In bogs: N. B. to Ont., Minn., N. J., Pa., Ind. and Mo. Known in our range only from near White Pond, Warren Co., N. J.; from White Pond, Sussex Co., N. J., and Salisbury, Conn. — 6. R. Knieskernii Carey. In pine-barrens: N. J. to Va. Known only from the pine-barrens; on the Beacon Hill formation. — . R. glomerata(L.) Vahl. (R. glomerata leptocarpa Chapm.). In moist soil: N. B. to Ont., Mich., Ark., Fla. and Tex. Scattered throughout the range, more common in the south and — less common in the north than elsewhere. 8. R. axillaris (Lam.) Britton (R. axillaris microcephala Britton). In swamps: L. I. to Fla. and La. near the coast; also in Cuba. “I CYPERACEAE 17! ‘N . Y. Reported from Suffolk Co., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Apparently confined to the pine-barrens; rare. A rare and local species here, more common southward. a a . fusca (L.) Ait. In bogs: Newf. to Del. and Fla., west to Mich. Also in Eu. Conn. Scattered and local over most of the state, increasing along the coast. i id Y. Rare on L. I., unknown elsewhere. N., N. J. Throughout the pine-barrens, rare at Cape May and New t, unknown elsewhere. a _ Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare and probably adventive elsew : Cretaceous, rare and adventive: Older Formations, = fered aad local. 189-220 days. About sea level. filifolia Torr. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. and N. C. to la. Rare. Known only from Woodbine and Bennett, Cape May Co., N. J. . gracilenta A. Gray. In pine-barren swamps and_ bogs: -- Beerther N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. near the coast. N.Y. Reported from L. I., but the record not verified. - Ag J. Known only from the pine-barrens and from Cape May. R. Smallii Britton. In bogs and on damp hillsides: N. J. and ; Pe. to N. Car. ON. J. Rare in Burlington and Camden counties. a a ‘Pa. Marshalltown, Chester Co. : e _ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, known, as yet, only on Azoic slates, in Pa. 179-207 days. About sea level. 3. R. cymosa Ell. In moist soil: N. J. to Ill., Ark., Fla. and Tex. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. NN. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon and Mercer counties, thence increasing southward, but not common. | Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. _ Arare and scattered species whose distribution is not understood. e oN 14 a A. Gray. In wet pine-barrens: N. H. and Mass. in to S. Car. and Ga. ay oN, J. Monmouth Co., increasing and common southward. 5. R. rariflora (Michx.) Ell. In grassy pine-lands: N. J. to N.C., al » a. Fla., Cuba and Jamaica. Known only from near Bennett, Cape May, Co., N. J. @ .. 172 CYPERACEAE 12. Psilocarya Torr. 1. P. nitens (Vahl) Wood. In wet soil: L. I., Cape May, and Del. to Fla. and Tex. Rare in our area. 4 Known only from near Wading River, L. I.,and Cape May,N. J, 13. Mariscus (Hall.) Zinn. [Cladium P. Br.] 1. M. mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze. In marshes: N.S. to Ont. — ‘and Minn. Common throughout in coastal marshes, decreasing inland, but at — North Pond, Westchester Co., N. Y. 14. Scleria Berg. Spikelets in terminal or terminal and lateral clusters. Achene smooth. 1. S. triglomerata. Achene reticulated or regularly rugose. Culms erect or ascending; achene not hairy. 2. S. reticularis. Culms spreading; achene hairy. 3. S. setacea. Achene papillose. ; 4. S. pauciflora. Spikelets interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. S. verticillata. 1. S. triglomerata Michx. (S. triglomerata minor Britton. S. minor Stone). In meadows and thickets: Vt. to Ont. and Wisc., south to Fla., Ark. and Tex. . Scattered throughout the range, more common southward and less common inland than elsewhere. 2. S. reticularis Michx. In moist meadows: eastern Mass. to Fla. and in northern Ind. N. Y. Known only from Wading River and along the south side of L. I. i N. J. Rare in Ocean, Atlantic and Cape May counties, in or near the pine-barrens, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Tinicum, Delaware Co. A scattered species, little known as to distribution features. 3. S. setacea Poir. (S. Torreyana Walp. SS. reticularis pubescens Britton). In moist soil: Conn. (?), L. I. to Fla., Ind., Mo., Tex. and Mex. Also in Cuba and Porto Rico. - N.Y. Rare on the south side of L. I., and at Ronkonkoma. N. J. Lakehurst, Ocean Co., increasing southward. CYPERACEAE 173 Rare in Monroe Co., thence unrecorded to Bucks Co., thence easing southward. e plant in our area; Conn. record not verified. pa uciflora Muhl. In dry sandy soil: N. H. to Ohio, Mo., an., Fla. and Tex. 7 onN. Columbia and Hartford; rare. N.Y. Rare in Westchester Co.; on L. I., specially on the Hemp- ad Plains; unknown on S. I. N. J. Mt. Tammany, Delaware Water Gap*, and Milburn, Essex .* 0.5 ; Monmouth Co., increasing southward. a. Sthampton Co., increasing southward. * erticillata Muhl. In moist meadows: eastern Mass. to .. Minn., Mo., Fla., Tex., Mex., Bahamas and Cuba. N. Salisbury, rare. Y. Woodside, L. I., rare. EJ . White Pond, Warren Co.; White Pond, Sussex Co., (ac- rding to Mackenzie); the achionsiaits meadows, thence. in- sing southward along the coast. Reported from Lehigh Co.; Mount Bethel, Northampton “iggll a \ rare and scattered species in our region, more common out of our ir area than in it. . a 15. Carex L.j nes lenticular and stigmas 2; lateral spikes sessile; ninal spike partly pistillate, or if staminate, the il spikes short or heads dioecious. klong creeping, the culms arising 1-few together. 1. ARENARIAE. h slender rootstocks. es always androgynous. ¥ P erigynia strongly compressed, not whitish green. _ _ Perigynia 2-5 mm. long, the beak not exceeding a the body. as. Spikes usually 10 or less, green or reddish brown tinged. 2. MUHLENBERGIANAE. Spikes numerous, yellow or brown. Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish. 3- MULTIFLORAE. Perigynia thick, much rounded on outer, somewhat on inner surface, brownish. 4. PANICULATAE. oduction paragraph 50. d by Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie. ] 174 CYPERACEAE Perigynia 4-9 mm. long, spongy at base; beak longer than body. Perigynia scarcely compressed, nearly terete, whitish green. Spikes gynaecandrous, rarely entirely staminate or pistillate. Perigynia ascending or appressed, the body not margined. Perigynia 4 mm. long or less, puncticulate. Perigynia longer, not puncticulate. Perigynia body with thin or winged margins. Perigynia spongy at base, usually spreading at maturity. Perigynia not spongy at base, not widely spreading at maturity. 2. Achenes triangular or lenticular; if lenticular the lower lateral spikes conspicuously peduncled, or with stami- nate terminal spike and elongated lateral spikes. Scales bract-like; achenes strongly constricted at the base. Scales not bract-like; achenes not strongly constricted at the base. Spike normally 1, the perigynia reflexed, or rounded and beakless at the apex. Perigynia rounded at the apex, beakless, glabrous. Perigynia beaked, strongly reflexed. Spikes 1—many, when one the perigynia neither reflexed nor rounded. Perigynia triangular, membranous, closely envelop- ing the achene, essentially nerveless, or 2 ribbed; bracts sheathless or nearly so. Perigynia obtusely triangular; foliage not pu- bescent. Young achenes mitrate at apex; lowest scales rough awned. Young achenes and lowest scales not as above. Perigynia acutely triangular; foliage usually pubescent. Perigynia not as above; or if so bracts strongly sheathing. A. Lowest bract strongly green-sheathing; peri- gynia beakless to beaked, entire, oblique or emarginate at apex; or long beaked and apex hyaline, becoming bidentate, teeth ‘weak; achenes triangular, or, if (rarely) lenticular the perigynia dull and sub- terete. Bracts with obsolete or rudimentary blades. Lower spikes nearly radical; scales abruptly cuspidate. 5. STENORHYNCHAE, 6. TENELLAE. 7. CANESCENTES. 8. DEWEYANAE. g. STELLULATAE. 10. OVALEs. 11. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 12. POLYTRICHOIDEAE. 13. PAUCIFLORAE. 14. MITRATAE. 15. MONTANAE. 16. TRIQUETRAE. 17. PEDUNCULATAE. CYPERACEAE Lower spikes not radical; scales not . abruptly cuspidate. ; Bracts with well developed blades. Pistillate spikes short oblong to linear, erect, or if drooping the spikes short and the perigynia acutely triangular. * Achenes lenticular; styles two. -. Achenes triangular; styles three. ae Perigynia with few to many strong ; nerves or nerveless. ., Perigynia tapering at base, triangular, closely en- veloping achene. 5 Rootstocks long creeping. : Rootstocks not long creep- ing. Perigynia rounded at base, suborbicular in cross sec- tion, loosely enveloping the achene. Perigynia finely many-striate. _ Perigynia tapering at base, constricted at apex. Perigynia rounded at both ends. Pistillate spikes elongated, linear to cylindric, slender-peduncled, the lower drooping. ae Perigynia beakless or short beaked; terminal spike gynaecandrous. Perigynia conspicuously or strongly aT beaked. ; Culms strongly reddish tinged at base, aphyllopodic. Leaves glabrous; spikes very slender. Leaves pubescent; spikes dense. Culms not reddish tinged at te base, phyllopodic. B. Lowest bract sheathless to strongly green- vi" sheathing; if green-sheathing achenes len- ticular and perigynia not dull and sub- J terete, or perigyniawith strongly bidentate : non-hyaline apex and stiff teeth. Perigynia or foliage (at least the lower sheaths) pubescent; perigynia beak- less or the beak not strongly biden- tate; achenes triangular. Terminal spike gynaecandrous. * 19. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. . PANICEAE. 175 ALBAE. BIcoLores. LAXIFLORAE. GRANULARES. OLIGOCARPAE. GRISEAE. GRACILLIMAE. DEBILES. ; FLEXILES. LONGIROSTRES. : » ii VIRESCENTES. 176 CYPERACEAE Terminal spike staminate. Perigynia and foliage glabrous, or if pu- bescent the perigynia strongly biden- tate; achenes triangular or lenticular. Perigynia rough papillose, conspicuously beaked. Perigynia not rough papillose. Perigynia beakless or very short beaked; achenes triangular. Lateral spikes drooping on slen- der peduncles, at least at maturity. Perigynia glaucous, flattened. Perigynia not glaucous, not flattened; spikes narrow. Lateral spikes strictly erect. Perigynia with strongly bidentate beak, or if not, the achenes lenticular. Acheneslenticular; perigynia dull. Scales obtuse to acuminate, not long-aristate; achenes not constricted. Scales broad, long-aristate; achenes strongly constricted at the middle. Achenes triangular. Perigynia coriaceous, little if any inflated, often pubes- cent; bracts sheathless. Perigynia) membranous or papery, from little to much inflated, never pubescent (rarely his- pidulous); or if slightly coria¢eous the lower bract Jong-sheathing. Perigynia little inflated, abruptly beaked; pistil- late scales usually red- dish or chestnut brown tinged; lower bracts strongly sheathing. Perigynia little to much inflated; __ pistillate scales not reddish brown or chestnut, or if somewhat so, lower bract not strongly sheathing. 30. PALLESCENTES. 31. ANOMALAE. 32. LIMOSAE. 33. SCITAE. 34. ATRATAE. . 35. RIGIDAE. 36. CRYPTOCARPAE. 37. HIRTAE. 38. FLAVAE. CYPERACEAE 177 or. Perigynia lanceolate or lance-subulate, tap- ering into the beak, many-nerved. Perigynia-teeth re- e flexed; perigynia a green, early de- ciduous. 39. COLLINSIAE. Perigynia-teeth not reflexed; perigy- nia yellowish - green. 40. FOLLICULATAE. a Perigynia broader, : abruptly con- tracted into beak, usually strongly Perigynium body ovoid or globose, not trun- cately contracted. Perigynia coarsely ribbed. 41. PHYSOCARPAE. Perigynia > finely and | a ribbed. 42. PSEUDOCYPEREAE. Perigynia with an obovoid or obconic body truncately contracted * into the prom- inent beak. 43. SQUARROSAE. ’ Perigynia 10 mm. ve long or longer. 44. LUPULINAE. RIAE, represented only by 1. C. siccata. t ig ht, often thickened at mouth; inconspicuously if at all septate-nodulose. Perigynia corky-thickened at base, usually widely radi- ating or reflexed at maturity. « 178 CYPERACEAE Perigynia beak smooth; scales acuminate, deciduous. Perigynia beak minutely roughened; scales obtuse or acutish, persistent. Perigynia not corky thickened at base, spreading or ascending. Scales tinged with reddish-purple; perigynia more than 4 mm. long. Scales not tinged with reddish purple; perigynia 4 mm. or less long. Head 15-30 mm. long, the lower spikes distinct. Head 8-20 mm. long, the spikes densely capitate. Perigynia elliptic-ovate or narrower; leaves 2.5-4 mm. wide. Perigynia orbicular-ovate; leaves I-2 mm. wide. Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicu- ously septate-nodulose. Culms sharply triangular, not winged, or flattened; perigynia not ribbed dorsally. Perigynia flat on inner face; sheaths rarely trans- versely rugulose; spikes approximate. Scales less than half length of perigynia body; sheaths truncate at throat, not thickened, and not reddish brown tinged. Scales about length of perigynia body, strongly cuspidate; sheaths rounded at throat, thick- ened and reddish brown tinged. Perigynia with raised border on inner face; sheaths usually conspicuously transversely rugulose; lower spikes usually separate. Culms narrowly-winged, triangular, much flattened in drying. Perigynia strongly nerved on outer face. Perigynia faintly nerved on outer face. 3. MULTIFLORAE. Leaves exceeding culms; perigynia beak equalling body. Culms exceeding leaves; perigynia beak shorter than body. Perigynia ovate to suborbicular. Perigynia lanceolate to ovate lanceolate. 4. PANICULATAE. Spikes approximate or little separate, the lower simple or nearly so; sheaths not copper color at mouth. Spikes strongly separate, the lower compound; sheaths strongly copper color at mouth. 5. STENORHYNCHAE., Sheaths transversely rugulose; not thickened at mouth. Sheath not transversely rugulose; thickened at mouth. 6. TENELLAE, represented only by 7. CANESCENTES. Lowest bract bristle-form, much prolonged, many times exceeding its I-5-flowered spike; spikes widely separated. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 C. retroflexa. » Cu7bseia . C. muricata. . C. Muhlenbergii. . C. cephalophora. . C. Leavenworthii. . C. cephaloidea. . C. aggregata. C. sparganioides. C. conjuncta. C. alopecoidea. C. vulpinoidea. C. annectens. C. setacea. C, diandra. C. prairea. C. stipata. C. laevivaginata. C. disperma. C. trisperma. CYPERACEAE t bract much shorter, or none; spikes several-many aucous; leaves 2-4 mm. wide; spikes many-flowered. poarencous; leaves I-2.5 mm. wide; spikes fewer- AE. ike es oblong-ovoid; perigynia nerveless or nearly so, perly margined above. i near; perigynia noticeably or strongly nerved, little ary ned above. va ULA’ ‘AE. e one (rarely with a small additional one). Cc = MT, NO Nu AT is than one. Perigynia broadest near the base, the beak serrulate. = beak 44—-}4 the length of body, the teeth very short; scales very obtuse to acutish. Leaves flat, 1-2 mm. wide, usually shorter than { the culm; perigynia little nerved. Leaves usually involute, 0.5-1 mm. wide, usually + exceeding the culm; perigynia strongly nerved. _ Perigynia beak longer, strongly bi-dentate; scales sharper. Purely staminate spikes abundant; culms black- ish at base, very rough; perigynia setu- lose-serrate. Spikes gynaecandrous or pistillate; culms not blackish at base; perigynia serrate. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 179 C. canescens, C. brunnescens. C. Deweyana. C. bromoides. C. exilis, C. interior. C. Howei, . C. sterilis. Perigynia body lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually inconspicuously nerved on inner Perigynia body suborbicular, abruptly con- tracted into beak, conspicuously nerved on inner face. Perigynia lightly nerved on both faces; leaves usually less than 2 mm. wide; culms slenders, harply triangular. 31. C. incomperta, Perigynia strongly nerved on both faces; scales acutish to acute; leaves 2-4 face. 30. C. cephalantha. mm. wide, culm obtusely triangular. rynia broadest near the middle, the beak smooth. nia subulate, at least 3 times as long as wide; the near base almost obsolete. ynia lanceolate to reniform; the wing always promi- igynia narrowly to breadly lanceolate, at least 24% times as long as broad; tips of perigynia promi- nently exceeding scales. Leaves at most 3 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots, few, ascending. Leaves broader, those of sterile shoots numerous, y. . spreading. af 32. C. atlantica. 33- C. rosacoides. 34. C. Crawfordis. 35- C. scoparia. ——_— — i i ee i 180 CYPERACEAE Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending; spikes 7-10 mm. long. Tips of perigynia widely spreading or recurved; spikes 4-8 mm. long. Inflorescence dense, oblong; culm stiff, stoutish. Inflorescence loose, elongate; culm weak, slender. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as broad. a. Perigynia strongly exceeding scales, or if nearly equalled by them much wider. Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long, the tips not appressed. Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregated, rounded at base. Perigynia green; spikes contiguous to widely separate, usually clavate at base. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less. Leaves 2.5-6 mm. (averaging 4 mm.) wide. Perigynia ovate to reniform, 4 mm. or more long, if shorter with closely appressed tips. Perigynia spreading-ascending; spikes green or brownish. Spikes approximate or scattered, the head stiff. Perigynia 4-4.7 mm. long, thickish, nerveless or obscurely nerved on inner surface. Perigynia 4.7-6.7 mm. long, very thin, prominently about 10-nerved on inner face. Spikes in moniliform flexuous head; scales long-pointed. Perigynia closely appressed, or if somewhat spreading-ascending, the spikes whitish or silvery green. Spikes approximate, the head stiff. Scales long acuminate or aristate; achenes stipitate. Scales obtuse, or acutish; achenes nearly sessile. Spikes in moniliform flexuous head. b. Scales very slightly shorter or slightly longer than perigynia and concealing them. Perigynia nerveless on inner face or faintly nerved. Perigynia strongly nerved on inner face. II, PHYLLOSTACHYAE. Body of perigynia oblong; pistillate flowers usually 3-10. 36. 37- 38. 39- 40. 4l. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47- 48. 49. 50. C. tribuloides. C. cristatella. C. projecta. C. Bebbit. C. straminea. C. normalis. C. festucacea. C. Bicknellit. C. hormathodes. CYPERACEAE of perigynia globose; pistillate flowers usually 2-3. 'TRICHOIDEAE, represented only by CIFLORAE, represented only by ATAE, represented only by of | a culms short and hidden among the bases of the ' shyllc podic and not stoloniferous; lower sheaths little orillc ppodic and often long stoloniferous. minate spike stout; lower sheaths usually long - fibrillose. Long stoloniferous; staminate spike 12-25 mm. long. Short stoloniferous; staminate spike 4-12 mm. long. taminate spike not over 1 mm. thick; sheaths little of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the ite and staminate spikes contiguous; culms aphyllopodic. Lower pistillate spikes widely separate; culms phyllo- ¥ podic. Pe nia 4 mm. long or less, puberulent; leaves ~ slender. Perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak less than half length of body; achenes brownish, shining, minutely pitted, orbicular obovoid. _ @erigynia longer, the beak more than half length of body; achenes grayish black, dull, rough- y ened, oblong obovoid. Perigynia longer, glabrous, except the long beak; _ leaves stiff. QUI RAE, represented only by ae DUNCULATAE, represented only by represented only by ORES, represented only by ia beak none or very short, often bent. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, involute or folded. Leav S26 mm. wide, flat. : ia turgid; peduncle of staminate spike smooth. P.. erigynia not turgid; peduncle of staminate spike rough. Fertile culm blades usually 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; 7 perigynia more than 3 mm. long. Fertile culm blades usually 3-5, 2-3 mm. wide; ; perigynia less than 3 mm. long. rigynia beak straight, prominent, 14-4 length of body. 6 55- 56. 57- 58. 59. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. . C. Jamesii. . C. leptalea. . C. pauciflora, . C. caryophyliea, C. communis. C. pennsyloanica. C. varia, C. novae-angliae. C. nigromarginata. C. abdita. . C. umbellata. . C. tonsa. . C. hirtifolia. C. pedunculata, . C. eburnea. . C. aurea, C. livida. C. panicea. C. Meadii. C. telanica. C. polymorpha. 182 CYPERACEAE 21. LAXIFLORAE. Sheaths and base of culm strongly purplish; staminate scales purplish. Sheaths not purplish tinged, the base of culms but rarely so; staminate scales never purplish. Perigynia acutely triangular, short tapering at base. Leaf-blades very smooth (except edges), the larger 12 mm. wide or more, those of fertile culm much smaller than those of sterile; perigynia smooth. Leaf-blades hispidulous on veins, 10 mm, wide or less; those of fertile culm moderately smaller than those of sterile; perigynia minutely roughened. Staminate spike sessile or nearly so; peduncles short, erect. Staminate spike usually strongly peduncled; lower peduncles capillary. Perigynia short-beaked; second bract and leaves usually exceeding culm; blades 2.5- 5 mm. wide, erect. Perigynia beakless or nearly so; second bract and leaves usually exceeded by the culm; blades 4-8 mm. wide, spreading. Perigynia obtusely triangular, long tapering at base, smooth. Pistillate scales very truncate; blades 15-40 mm. wide; culms very strongly flattened and wing- margined. Pistillate scales acuminate to strongly cuspidate. Culms strongly purplish tinged at base (sterile culms conspicuous; perigynia with abruptly bent beak). Culms not purplish tinged at base. Perigynia with abruptly bent minute beak (sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms). Perigynia with straight prominent beak. Perigynia fusiform; spikes 5-15-flowered; sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms. Perigynia obovoid; spikes many-flowered; sterile shoots reduced to tufts of leaves. Perigynia appressed-ascending, 3.5 mm. long or less; fertile culms lateral; plant densely cespitose. Perigynia spreading-ascending, 3-4.5 mm. long; fertile culms lateral and central; plant loosely cespitose. 22. GRANULARES, Rootstocks not long creeping; staminate spike short- stalked; bracts overtopping spikes. 72. 73: 74 75: 76. 77: 78. 79: 8o. 8. 82. C. plantaginea. C. platyphylla. C. abscondita. C. digitalis. C. laxiculmis. C. albursina. C. laxiflora. C. blanda. C. styloflexa. C. anceps. C. striatula. CYPERACEAE gynia narrowly obovoid, ascending, nerved, about mm. long. rynia broadly obovoid, soon squarrose, ribbed, out 3.5 mm. long. stocks long-creeping; staminate spike long stalked; bracts rarely overtopping spikes. LIGOC. } tPAE. hs smooth; perigynia 2.5—4 mm. long. s rough-pubescent; perigynia 4.5-5 mm. long. ns strongly purplish at base; perigynia triangular in ss-section. ilms not purplish at base or but little so; perigynia circular in cross-section. ' ong prigynia 1.5 mm. wide; bract sheaths and pistillate — rough. _ Perigynia 2 mm. wide; bract sheaths smooth and a oan _ " pistillate peduncles nearly so. . 4 Leaves not glaucous; perigynia 4.5-5 mm. long; spikes 5—15-flowered. Leaves glaucous; pergyinia 3-4.5 mm. long; spikes 10-40-flowered. SP ACILLIMAE ts glabrous; perigynia 2.7 mm. long or less. ynia rounded at apex, beakless. rynia sharp pointed at apex, short-beaked. and often foliage pubescent. *s except lowest obtuse or acute; spikes all gynae- Scales acuminate to cuspidate; lateral spikes pistillate. ___ Bracts strongly sheathing; leaves 3-4 mm. wide. a} _ Lower bracts only strongly sheathing; leaves 2-4 : mm. wide. Perigynia nearly 2 mm. wide, slightly inflated, strongly nerved. Perigynia about 1 mm. wide, obscurely nerved. ‘ § Riiline ail green midrib or somewhat reddish- a _brown tinged; perigynia membranous, lightly nerved. pre: erigynia sessile or subsessile; scales obtuse or short y ~ cuspidate. } _ Perigynia 6-10 mm. long, the beak subulate; scales . ty hyaline margined. a Perigynia 4.5-6.5 mm. long, the beak less subulate; scales tawny tinged. : nia strongly stipitate; scales strongly cuspidate. PLEXILES, represented only by . LONGIROSTRES, represented only by 83. 183 C. Shriveri. 84. C. granularis. 8s. 86. 87. C. Crawei. C. oligocarpa. C. Hitchcockiana, . C. amphibdola. . C. conoidea, . C. grisea. . C. glaucodea. . C. gracillima, . C. prasina. . C. formosa. . C. Davisii. . C. aestivaliformis. . C. aestivalis. . C. oblita. . C. dedilis. . C. flexuosa. . C. arctata, . C. castanea. . C. Sprengelsi. - er ae 184 CYPERACEAE 29. VIRESCENTES. Perigynia densely pubescent. Leaves exceeding culms; lowest bract setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric; perigynia obovoid. Culms exceeding leaves; lowest bract leaflet-like, 0.5-3 mm. wide; pistillate spikes linear-cylindric; perigynia elliptic. Perigynia glabrous; at least at maturity. Perigynia much flattened, rounded at apex, lightly nerved. Perigynia swollen, nearly orbicular in cross-section, pointed at apex, coarsely nerved. Perigynia 2 mm. long, brownish-green; scales not rough-cuspidate. Perigynia longer, green; scales rough-cuspidate. 30. PALLESCENTES, represented only by 31. ANOMALAE, represented only by 32. LIMOSAE. Strongly stoloniferous; leaves involute, glaucous, 3 mm. wide or less; scales little exceeding peryginia. Tufted; leaves flat, not glaucous, wider; scales much ex- ceeding perigynia. 33. SCITAE, represented only by 34. ATRATAE, represented only by 35. RIGIDAE. Fertile culms aphyllopodic. Culms slender, very rough above; perigynium beak not twisted; spikes erect (except abnormally). Perigynia plano-convex, elliptic. Basal sheaths strongly filamentose. Basal sheaths not filamentose. Perigynia bi-convex, suborbicular. Culms stout at base, smooth above; beak of perigynium twisted when dry; lower spikes soon drooping. Fertile culms phyllopodic. Lowest bract at most slightly exceeding inflorescence; plants strongly stoloniferous. ’ Lowest bract much exceeding inflorescence; culms densely cespitose, the stolons absent or incon- spicuous. Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide; staminate spike solitary; perigynia glaucous-green. Leaf-blades wider; staminate spikes several; peri- gynia stramineous green. 36. CRYPTOCARPAE. Sheaths rough hispid; lower pistillate scales tapering into awn. Sheaths smooth; lower pistillate scales abruptly contracted into awn. 104 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. Ill. 112. 113. 114. II5. 12k. I16. 117. 118. 119. 120. 122. 123. . C. Swanit. C. virescens. C. complanata. C. caroliniana. C. Bushit. C. pallescens. C. scabrata. C. limosa. C. paupercula. C. Barrattit. C. Buxbaumii. — C. stricta. C. Emoryi. C. Haydeni. C. torta. C. Goodenowitt. C. lenticularis. C. aquatilis. C. gynandra. C. crinita, CYPERACEAE ite scales not ciliate. ‘i a beak much shorter than the body, the teeth - I mm. long or less. Perigynia glabrous to sparsely pubescent. —_ Leaves 6-12 mm. wide, flat. ; Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, becoming involute. -Perigynia densely or strongly pubescent. + Beigynia beak with hyaline orifice at length J he somewhat bidentate; staminate spike usually : one, + _ Perigynia beak with non-hyaline, strongly biden- _"* tate orifice; staminate spikes more than one. Leaves flat, more than 2 mm. wide. Leaves involute, 2 mm. wide or less. erigynia beak, including teeth, nearly as long as body, the teeth 1.7 mm. long or more. te scales strongly ciliate. aves involute; perigynia ascending, not yellowish. not | pyplute; perigynia squarrose, yellowish. erigynia 2-3 mm. long, the beak scarcely half the th of the body. zynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak about the length of tie body. - Scales hidden; perigynia 4 mm. long. cales conspicuous; perigynia 5-6 mm. long. LINSIAE, represented only by JLATAE, represented only by ARPAE. e scales, except rarely the lowest, not rough awned. istillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15-many-flowered. Perigynia not reflexed; bracts not more than several _ times exceeding spikes. Achenes not excavated on one side or but little so. Beak of perigynia smooth. Culms sharply triangular, rough above, scarcely spongy at base. Culms obtusely triangular, usually smooth above, often thick and spongy at base. Beak of perigynia rough. _ Achenes deeply excavated on one side. Lower perigynia reflexed; bracts many times ex- _ ceeding spikes. late spikes globose or short oblong, 5-1 5-flowered. ve scales rough-awned. ces cylindric, 14-19 mm. thick. ces narrow cylindric, 8-12 mm. thick. -(_YPEREAE,. nia suborbicular in cross section, more or less inflated. pikes linear-cylindric; staminate scales scarcely awned. * 124. 125. 126. 127. 128, 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137- 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 185 C. lacustris. C. Walteriana. 186 CYPERACEAE Spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric; staminate scales with short rough awns. 146. C. hystricina. Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated. Perigynia teeth erect, I mm. long; body of beak 1 mm. ; long. 147. C. Pseudo-Cyperus. Perigynia teeth recurved or spreading, I.5—2 mm. long; body of beak 1.5-—2 mm. long. 148. C. comosa. 43. SQUARROSAE. Scales exceeding perigynia; terminal spike small, normally staminate. 149. C. Frankit. Scales much shorter than perigynia; terminal spike gynae- candrous. Scales acuminate or awned; spikes oval. 150. C. squarrosa. Scales obtusish; spikes oblong-cylindric. 151. C. typhina. 44. LUPULINAE. Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose; style straight. Scales usually strongly awned; pistillate spikes 1—-12- flowered. 152. C. intumescens, Scales usually obtuse, varying to slightly cuspidate; pistillate spikes 6—30-flowered. * 153. C. Asa-Grayt. Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric; style abruptly bent. Achenes longer than thick, the angles not prominently knobbed. 154. C. lupulina. Achenes not longer than thick, the angles prominently knobbed. 155. C. lupuliformis. 1. C. siccata Dewey. In dry fields and on hills: Me. to Alaska, south to R. I., N. J., Mich., Ariz. and Cal. Conn. Stratford and Southington; reported as occasional or local elsewhere. N. Y. Bank of Hudson, near Hastings, one colony. N. J. Succasunna, Morris Co. and Assinpink Creek, Mercer Co. Pa. Reported from Northampton Co. A rare and local species with us. 2. C. retroflexa Muhl. In woods and thickets: Mass to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. 4 Conn. Pomfret; reported as scattered throughout except in Litchfield Co., increasing southwestward. N. Y. The Bronx, and scattered up the Hudson Valley; not re- ported from the Catskills. North of the moraine on Long Island and at Giffords, S. I. N. J. Bergen, Warren, Sussex and Passaic counties; reported also from Hunterdon and Monmouth counties (the latter very — doubtful). Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Montgomery counties. Reported from Wayne and Northampton counties. CYPERACEAE 187 a Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and Cape May - district. Common north of the coastal plain, rare on it on Long 4. C. muricata L. In meadows and fields: southern Me. to - Ohio and Va. Locally naturalized from Europe. Rare as a naturalized weed in the area. Specimens have, been seen from Staten Island and New York City and Montgomery Baco:, Pa. | 5. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. In dry fields and on hills: Me. to ~ Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. ni ; Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens. 6. C. cephalophora Muhl. In dry fields and on hills: Me. and _ Ont. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. Scattered and usually common throughout the range, except the f -pine-barrens of N. J., and east of them, there not recorded. 7. C. Leavenworthii Dewey. In meadows: Ont. and N. J. to Towa and Texas. o ea Known in our area only from Cape May, New Jersey, where but , a recently found. 8. C. cephaloidea Dewey. In alluvial woods and _ thickets: N. B. to Wisc. and Pa. Conn. ‘Rare or occasional.” (Conn. Bot. Soc. Catalog.) N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; reported from Westchester Co. and the Bronx. _" ~N.J. Warren and Sussex counties. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery and Bucks counties; reported from Monroe Co. 9. C. aggregata Mackenzie. In dry woods: Pa. and D. C. to Mo. ~ Known in our area only from Philadelphia, Delaware and it: Chester counties, Pa. to. C. sparganioides Muhl. In woods and thickets: N. H. to Ont. and Mich., south to Va., Ky. and Kan. Conn. Southington and Fairfield; reported as rare in the east, - increasing westward. | N. Y. Rare on L. I., frequent up the Hudson Valley to Pine Plains; not reported from the Catskills. 188 13. 14. 16. CYPERACEAE N. J. Bergen, Warren and Passaic counties; reported from Hun- terdon, Morris and Essex counties. Pa. Northampton, Philadelphia and Bucks counties; reported also from Chester, Delaware and Montgomery counties. . C. conjuncta Boott. Moist meadows and thickets: N. Y. to D. C., west to Minn. and eastern Kan. N. J. Baptisttown, Hunterdon Co. Pa. Philadelphia and Montgomery counties. . C. alopecoidea Tuckerm. Meadows: Me. to Pa. and Wis- consin. Known from our area only as reported from Shekomeko Creek, Dutchess Co., N. Y. (Hoysradt). C. vulpinoidea Michx. In swamps and wet meadows: N. B. to Man., south to Fla., La., Neb. and Tex. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens where probably only introduced. Abundant northward. C. annectens Bicknell. In fields: Me. to N. Y., Iowa, Md. and Mo. Scattered throughout the range. Local northward and not defi- nitely known from the Catskills, often abundant at lower eleva- tions. . C. setacea Dewey. Vt. to Ont., south to Md. and Ky. Riverdale, N. Y. City, reported also as occasional or frequent in Conn., and as occurring at Locust Valley, L. I. C. diandra Schrank. In swamps and wet meadows: N. S. to Alaska, south to R. I., Pa., Neb. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Reported only from Salisbury and New Haven. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N.J. Sussex Co. Pa. Reported from Monroe Co. Not south of the moraine, in our area. . C. prairea Dewey. In wet meadows: Que. to B. Col., south to Conn., N. J., Ky. and Utah. CONN. Reported from Salisbury. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Bergen; Morris, Sussex and Gloucester counties. Reported from Warren Co. Pa. Northampton Co. CYPERACEAE 189 C. stipata Muhl. In swamps, wet woods and meadows: _ Newf. to B. Col., Fla., Tenn., Mo., N. Mex. and Cal. ‘Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east and south of them, there not recorded. c. Jaevivaginata (Kuken.) Mackenzie. N. Y. to Md. and UN , Car. ~ Known i in our area only from Yonkers and Cold Spring Harbor, fs Ys and Morris, Warren and Sussex counties, N. J. and Dela- w are Co., Pa. Reported from Connecticut. = tiperma Dewey. In larch and spruce bogs: Newf. to B. = Col., N. J., Pa., Ind., Mich., Colo. and Cal. Also in Europe es om an. : s ONN. Reported as rare, Waterford, Stafford, Manchester, a orfolk, Barkhamstead and Cornwall. 1. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. Cy. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties; reported also from se is endson and Bergen counties. be Pa. Lehigh Co. :: _ Known only north of the moraine, in our area. C. trisperma Dewey. In swamps and wet woods: Newf. to a south to Md., Ohio, Mich. and Neb. a asi ‘Conn. Huntington; reported as occasional elsewhere. 7 N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties; also formerly on S. I. _N.J. Not uncommon in the pine-barrens, not recorded thence to _ Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties.* ids. Northampton, Lehigh, Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties, reported also from Wayne Co. . . canescens L. (C. canescens disjuncta Fernald). In swamps : . and bogs: Va. and Ohio north to the Arctic Circle, south- : ward i in the western mountains. Scattered throughout the range. Rare or wanting south of the _ pine-barrens in New Jersey as also in southeastern Pennsylvania. 3. C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. In wet or even dry places: Lab. to B. C., N. Y. and N. Eng. and southward in the mountains. Also i in Europe. p ec. Reported from Wallingford, Winchester and Salisbury. , = ‘N.Y. Dutchess and Greene counties. Pa. Monroe Co.; reported also from Wayne Co. ; _N.J. Newton, Sussex Co. - e Known, in our area, only north of the moraine. * See Introduction paragraph 7. - ?. 190 CYPERACEAE 24. C. Deweyana Schwein. In dry woods: N. S. to B. C. and Vancouver, south to Pa., lowa, N. Mex. and Ariz. Conn. West Goshen and Brookfield; reported as scattered else- where in the northwestern part of the state. N. Y. Ulster Co. Pa. Reported from Wayne Co. 25. C. bromoides Schk. In bogs and swamps: N. S. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La. Conn. Southington and Huntington: reported as increasing west- ward. N. Y. OnS.I.and in Bronx, Westchester, Dutchess and Greene counties. N. J. Sussex, Bergen and Morris; reported also from Warren and — Hunterdon counties. Pa. Bucks Co.; reported from Monroe, Northampton and Chester counties. 26. C. exilis Dewey. In bogs: Lab. to southern N. J., mostly near the coast. A characteristic species of the pine-barrens of N. J., but un- known elsewhere in our range, except from Newton, Sussex Co., — N. J., and Woodmere, Long Island. 27. C. interior Bailey. Wet soil: eastern Quebec to Hudson Bay, B. C., Fla. and Ariz. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties. Pa. Lehigh and Chester counties, in the latter predominating on Serpentine barrens. 28. C. Howei Mackenzie. In wet soil: Mass. and N. H.toN. Y., N. J. and Pa. Scattered throughout the range, usually in white cedar, larch or — spruce bogs. Abundant in the pine-barrens of New Jersey and on Long Island. 29. C. sterilis Willd. (C. scirpoides Schk. in part). Ont. and Ind. to N. Y. and N. J. N.Y. Greene Co. N.J. Sussex Co. Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties. 30. C. cephalantha (Bailey) Bicknell. In moist soil: throughout the continent north of Mexico. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. Var. angustata (Carey) Mackenzie is abundant northward. CYPERACEAE 191 1. C. incomperta Bicknell. In boggy places: Mass. to Mich., Pa. and Fla. ~ Conn. Fairfield and Easton. N.Y. On L. I., in Westchester Co. and in the Highlands of the a Hudson, unknown elsewhere. Reported from Lower Hudson region. __N. J. Morris, Passaic and Union counties, also at Delanco, vuPa. Lehigh, Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks and Chester counties; recorded also from Delaware Co. 2. C. atlantica Bailey. In swamps near the coast: Newf. to Conn. Reported as not uncommon near the coast, decreasing inland. This report probably refers to the last. _ barrens, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Delaware Co. 33. C. rosaeoides E. C. Howe (C. seorsa E. C. Howe). In - swampy woodlands: Mass. to N. Y., south to Stone Mt., ~ Conn. Reported as rare and local over most of the state. N.Y. L.I.,S.1., the Bronx and in Westchester Co. N. J. Sussex, Morris, Bergen, Middlesex and Cape May counties; reported also from Burlington, Camden and Salem.-counties; not ; in the pine-barrens. * Pa. Montgomery, Lehigh and Chester counties. 34. C. Crawfordii Fernald. In open places: Newf. to B. Col., Conn., Mich and Wash. Known in our area only from Salisbury, Conn. 35. C. scoparia Schk. In moist or dry soil: Newf. to Wash., Fla- rs and Colo. Throughout the range, but less common in the pine-barrens . and possibly not native there. 36. C. tribuloides Wahl. In meadows: N. B. to Sask., Fla. and Scattered throughout the range except the pine-barrens of New Jersey and east and south of them, there not reported. Rare on _. Long Island. 39: 40. . C. festucacea Schkuhr. In dry or moist soil: N. B. to B. C., CYPERACEAE . C. cristatella Britton. In meadows and thickets: E. Mass. to B. Col., south to Va. and Mo. Conn. Reported as rare as Ledyard, Southington, Gxford, Huntington, Kent and Salisbury. N. Y. Rare in the Bronx, increasing northward to Greene Co., but not reported from the Catskills. N. J. Warren and Sussex counties; reported also from Bergen, Morris, Union and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Lehigh and Chester counties; reported from Northampton > Co. . C. projecta Mackenzie (C. tribuloides reducta Bailey). In damp soil: N. S. to N. Dak., south to D. C. and IIl. Conn. Reported from Woodstock, Franklin, Winchester, Litch- field, and Salisbury. N. Y. Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y. City, and at Glendale, L. I. N. J. Oak Ridge, Sussex Co. C. Bebbii Olney. In low grounds: Newf. to B. C. and north- ward, southward to N. J., Ill. and Colo. Conn. Reported from Salisbury. N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; Westchester county. N. J. Morris and Sussex counties. C. straminea Willd. In woods: N.B. to B. C., Ky., Ark. and Cal. . ConN. Green’s Farms; reported also from northern Hartford and Litchfield counties. . N.Y. OnS. I., in the Highlands near West Point, at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and in the Catskills; reported as occasional on L. I. and frequert in the Bronx. N. J. Camden, Ocean, Monmouth and Middlesex counties on the coastal plain, and in Essex, Hudson, and Morris counties, in the north; reported from Salem and Gloucester counties. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties; reported also from Northampton, Monroe and Delaware counties. . C. normalis Mackenzie (C. mirabilis Dewey). Woodlands: Que. to N. Car., Kan. and Man. and in the western moun- tains. Scattered and usually rather common throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J.; rare or occasional on L. I. south to Fla. and Ark. CYPERACEAE 193 Conn. New Haven, Southington and Milford; reported as _ frequent or common elsewhere. N.Y. L.I., the Bronx, and in Westchester and Sullivan counties. cE 3 - J. Sussex and Hunterdon counties; reported from Cape May Co. Pa. Philadelphia Co., reported also from Northampton, Bucks a and Delaware counties. 4 c Speeenelli Britton. In dry soil: Me. to Man., south to N. J., Ark. and Neb. a feces Pomfret; reported as rare and scattered over the rest of ___ the state. N. Y. Westchester and Dutchess counties. Bronx Co. (Bicknell). a ‘N. J. Morris, Bergen and Sussex counties. Pa. Bucks and Delaware counties; reported also from Chester Co. 4 . C. hormathodes Fernald (C. tenera of first edition of Illus. x g Flore). In wet soil, chiefly near the coast: Gulf of St. Lawrence to Va. i Conn. Common along the coast, rare inland, as at Pomfret. : y N.Y. L.1.,S.1. and in the Bronx, unknown elsewhere. Com- mon along the coast. -_N. J. Rare in Morris, Bergen and Hudson counties, increasing __ southward, especially along the coast; absent from the pine- i barrens. i Pa. Reported from Bucks, Chester and Delaware councies. alata Torr. In moist soil: N. H. to Fla., inland to Mich. Conn. Reported from Hartford and Southington. N. Y. Rare on L. I.; reported from Bronx and Westchester . counties. __N.J. Hudson, Cape May, and Gloucester counties; reported also a . as scattered throughout the coastal plain except the pine- barrens; also near Newton, Sussex county. Pa. Reported from Bucks and Montgomery counties. C. albolutescens Schwein. In wet soil along the coast: N. B. 2 to Venezuela, and locally in the interior. de ‘Usually common throughout the coastal part of our range; occurs also at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y., Pocono Summit, Monroe Co., Pa., and reported near Union, Conn., in the interior. 47. C. silicea Olney. In sands of the sea coast: Newf. to Va. Common on the coastal sands. 24 ; cy. rs. Ss 194 CYPERACEAE 48. C. aenea Fernald. In dry places: Lab. to Conn., west to Mich. and B. Col. Known, in our area, only from Salisbury, Conn. 49. C. foenea Willd. In dry woods, often on rocks: Newf. to B. Col., south to Va. and Iowa. Conn. Reported as occasional. N. Y. Westchester, Rockland, Dutchess and Delaware counties. N. J. Sussex, Warren and Passaic counties; reported from Hun- terdon Co. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Lehigh counties. 50. C. Willdenovii Schk. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to Ohio, Mich. and Man., south to Fla., Ky. and Tex. Rare and local in our area. Conn. Reporced from East Haven and Hamden. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. Bronx Park (Bicknell). N. J. Passaic and Hunterdon counties; reported also from Bergen and Gloucester counties (the latter record doubtful). Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties. 51. C. Jamesii Schwein. In dry woods: southern Ont. and N. Y. to Mich. and Iowa, south to W. Va., Mo. and Kan. N. J. Delaware, Warren Co. Pa. Betzwood, Montgomery Co. 52. C. leptalea Wahl. In bogs and swamps: Newf. to Alaska, Fla;:,. La.; Tex:, Colo. and Ore. Conn. Canaan and Bridgeport; reported as frequent elsewhere. N. Y. Westchester, Dutchess and Sullivan counties; also on S. I.; reported from L. I. and the lower Hudson region. N. J. Scattered throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens; more common northward. Pa. Northampton Co., reported also from Monroe, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. 53. C. pauciflora Lightf. In bogs: Newf. to Alaska south to Conn., Pa., Mich. and Wash. Seen only from Norfolk, Conn., and Pike Co., Pa.; reported also from Wayne and Monroe counties in Pa. 54. C. caryophyllea Latourrette. Me. to D. C. Native of Europe. KKnown only as established near Riverdale, N. Y. City. CYPERACEAE 195 . communis Bailey. In dry soil: N.S. to B. Col., south to Ga., Ohio and Neb. 4 ommon or frequent throughout the range, except on the coastal -penr sylvanica Lam. In dry soil: N. B. to N. Dak., N. Sar. and Tenn. Abundant throughout the range in some of its forms. var a Muhl. Indry soil: N.S. to western Ont. and Man., i h to Ga. and Tex. eattered throughout the range. The records from within r range, in Pa., of C. deflexa Hornem. and C, albicans Willd. Biased on specimens of this species. en ovae-angliae Schwein. In wet shaded places: N. B. to Me., Mass. and N. Y. East Windham in the Catskills. | Reported from Norfolk, aa . (Rhodora 15: 30), and Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y. >. nigro-marginata Schwein. In dry soil: Conn. to Alabama anc | Louisiana. ) Reported from near North Stonington. mY. L. I. Yonkers (Bicknell). 'N.J. Milford and Holland in the north, and scattered throughout the coastal plain except the pine-barrens; most abundant south- ward. Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Northampton and Mont- _ gomery counties. >. abdita Bicknell. Que. to Vancouver, south to Delaware e nd Indiana. CC Bridgeport, rare. N N'Y. L. I., Westchester, Sullivan and Dutchess counties. N “a6 ate Camden, Mercer and Sussex counties, all within the Pittsinace of the Delaware, and near Hoboken. Ds Chester, Delware, and Montgomery counties. 1. C. umbellata Schk: In dry soil: N.S. to Mich. and Pa. | ‘a. n. Reported as occasional near the coast, decreasing north- t! v owe d. These records probably refer largely to the last species. N 'Y. Yonkers and in the Highlands. a. 7. Scattered over most of the state, except the pine-barrens, there rare. Pa. Philadelphia Co., and reported from Northampton and Bucks counties. 196 CYPERACEAE 62. C. tonsa (Fernald) Bicknell. In dry soil, chiefly near the coast: Me. to N. Y. and N. J. N. Y. L. I., the most common member of this group. N. J. Common on the coastal plain, except at Cape May. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery and Philadelphia coun- ties. 63. C. hirtifolia Mackenzie. In woods and thickets: N. S. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Kan. Conn. Southington; reported also as rare in New London Co., increasing northward and westward. N. Y. L. I.; Bronx, Westchester and Dutchess counties. N. J. Hunterdon, Somerset and Warren counties. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Philadelphia and Defaware counties; reported from Bucks and Chester counties. 64. C. pedunculata Muhl. In dry woods: Anticosti to Sask., south to Va., Pa. and Iowa. Conn. Weston; reported as rare or occasional elsewhere. N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties; reported also from West- chester Co. N. J. Union, Morris, and Sussex counties; reported also from Bergen Co. *Occurs locally at New Egypt, Ocean Co. Pa. Bucks and Northampton counties; reported also from Lackawanna and Berks counties. 65. C. eburnea Boott. (C. setifolia (Dewey) Britton). In dry, sandy, or rocky soil; often on limestone: N. B. to Alberta, south to Va., Tenn., Mo. and Neb. Very local in our range. Conn. Litchfield Co.; reported also in Fairfield Co. and on the trap intrusions in the Connecticut Valley. N. Y. North end of Manhattan Island and at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Sussex Co., near Swartswood. Pa. Northampton and Lehigh counties. 66. C. aurea Nutt. In wet places: Newf. to B. Col., south to Mass., Pa., Mich., Utah and Cal. Rare in our area. Conn. Kent; reported also from Salisbury. N. Y. Dutchess Co. CYPERACEAE 197 . C. livida (Wahl.) Willd. In bogs: Lab. and Hudson Bay to _ Alaska, south to Conn., the pine-barrens of N. J., central _N. Y., Mich. and Cal. Also in Europe. _ Conn. New Haven, not recently collected. _— -N. J. Scattered through the pine-barrens, unknown elsewhere, ___— except near Newton, Sussex Co. 5. ps. panicea L. In fields and meadows: N. S. to Conn. _ Naturalized from Europe. ke ‘ Z > _ Known definitely only as a rare waif, in Conn. 9. C ,Meadii Dewey. In swamps and wet meadows: N. J. and Pa. to Ga., Mich., Assinib., Neb. and Ark. a n) N. J. Hunterdon Co., in the drainage of the Delaware River. a _ Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Lehigh and Delaware counties, all in ee the drainage of the Delaware River. 0. C. tetanica Schk. In meadows and wet woods: Mass. to -_ Man., south to D. C. and Mo. a Conn. Reported from Waterford, Sherman and Salisbury. N.Y. In the Bronx, Westchester and Dutchess counties and re- _——s ported from Long Island. __N.J. Morris and Sussex counties. Very locally in Camden and 3 Be Cape May counties, and reported from Gloucester Co. Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties, and reported from Monroe Co. 71. C. polymorpha Muhl. In wet meadows and borders of woods: southern Me. to northern N. J. and S. C. Very —__ Jocal in our area. A = Conn. Reported from East Lyme, Waterbury and New = 2 Haven. ay. N. Y. Hempstead, L. I.; also Rosedale. _N. J. Warren and Middlesex counties; also near Mickleton, Gloucester Co.; reported from Union, Ocean and Monmouth counties. Pa. Northampton Co., and reported from Monroe and Bucks - counties. south to N. Car. and IIl. Conn. Sherman; reported also from North Branford, Colebrook, Norfolk, Torrington and Salisbury. 72 < plantaginea Lam. In woods: N. B. and Ont. to Man., — oP 198 CYPERACEAE N. Y. Westchester and Orange counties, increasing in the Cats- kills. Pa. Bucks Co., reported also from Chester Co. 72. C. platyphylla Carey. In woods and thickets: Que. and Ont. to Mich., south to Va. and III. Conn. Brookfield, Canaan and Kent, reported also as occasional in the northwestern part of the state, especially on limestone. N. Y. Westchester, Ulster, Sullivan and Dutchess counties. N. Y. and Bronx counties. N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Warren, Hudson and Sussex counties; reported also from Essex, Hunterdon and Somerset counties. Increasing northward. Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Monroe and Chester counties. 74. C. abscondita Mackenzie (C. ptychocarpa Steud.). In beech woods: Mass. and N. J. to Fla. and La. Conn. Reported from Waterford, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Frequent on L. I., south of moraine, and reported as oc- casional north of it. N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, except the pine-barrens, en rare or wanting; increasing southward. Reported from Morris Co; Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Delaware and Chester coun- ties. . C. digitalis Willd. In woods and thickets: Me. to southern Ont., south to Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens of N. J. and the region east and south of them, there not reported. Abundant northward, rare and local in southwestern New Jersey. “I un 76. C. laxiculmis Schwein. In woods and thickets: Me. to southern Ont., Mich., Va. and Mo. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens of N. J. and the region east and south of them, and the L. I. coastal plain, and S. I. there not recorded. Abundant northward, rare and local in south- western New Jersey. 77. C. albursina Sheldon (C. laxiflora latifolia Boott.). In woods: Que. to Minn., south to Va., Tenn. and southern Mo. Very local in our area. CONN. Southington and Oxford; reported as rare and scattered elsewhere. CYPERACEAE 199 J N. Y. Westchester Co.; reported also from Dutchess Co. and _ Forest Hills, L. I. N. J. The reports from Bergen, Hunterdon and Gloucester _ counties are probably all erroneous. s. laxiflora Lam. In meadows and thickets: eastern Que. oy d Ont. to Minn., south to Fla., Ala. and Tex. ir Throughout the range north of the coastal plain but much less common than the next. The var. leptonervia Fernald is found in ren and Sussex counties, N. J. C. blanda Dewey. Me. and Ont. to Va., Ark. and Kan. _ = : +ei gal Racks Co. ‘ommon throughout, except on the coastal plain of New Jersey, e wanting save casually on the northern borders. iyiofiexs Buckley. In woods and thickets: Conn. to ; “Fila . and Tex. Conn. New Haven; reported also elsewhere along the coast. a N mee, S.I.; Westchester and Orange counties. Long Island and F _ also nis Co. (Bicknell). ‘N.J. Throughout, except the pine-barrens, increasing southward. - a. Lehigh Co. and southward. 31. C. anceps Muhl. Woods: Newf. to Mich., N. Car. and Tenn. ’ = Common throughout the range except on the coastal plain of a es New Jersey, there wanting save casually on the northern borders. c. -striatula Muhl. Conn. and Pa. to Fla., Tenn. and Tex. | cows Fairfield. PON. Y. S. I. and probably L. I. re. ON. I Occasional on the coastal plain except the pine-barrens; also - in Warren and Sussex counties in the drainage of the Delaware River. pa: on Philadelphia, Bucks, Northampton, Delaware, Chester, ; _ Montgomery and Lehigh counties. 8: . C. Shriveri Britton. In moist meadows: Me. to N. Dak., og Ja. and Ind. ‘ Conn. Reported only from Ridgefield and Salisbury. “tgs N. Y. L. I. and in Westchester Co. N. J. Sussex Co., and locally in Cape May Co. Bp, Pike and Northampton counties. 200 CYPERACEAE 84. C. granularis Muhl. In moist meadows: N. B. to Man., south to Fla. and La. Conn. Ridgefield and Canaan; reported, also, as rare in the western part of the state. N. Y. L.I.,S.1., and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co. N. J. Throughout, except in the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them. Pa. Northampton Co.; reported also from Bucks, Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester counties. 85. C. Crawei Dewey. Moist meadows: Cape Breton Island to Man., south to Conn., Pa. and Kan. Known in our area only as reported from Beaslick Pond, Salis- bury, Conn. : 86. C. oligocarpa Schk. In dry woods and thickets: Vt. and Ont. to Mich., south to W. Va., Ky. and Okla. Very local with us. Conn. Reported from Colebrook and Salisbury. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Hunterdon Co., and reported from Bergen Co. Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Northampton Co. 87. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey. In woods and thickets: Vt. and Ont. to Mich., south to W. Va., Ky. and western Mo. Conn. Reported from Middlefield, Southington, Plainville and Farmington. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; reported from Tuckahoe, Westchester Co. and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, N. Y. Co. (Bicknell). N. J. Delaware, Warren Co. and Little Pond, Sussex Co. Pa. Northampton Co.; reported also from Lackawanna and Bucks counties. 88. C. amphibola Steud. Florida to Texas, north to Penn- sylvania and Missouri. Pa. Bucks Co. 89. C. conoideaSchk. In meadows: N.S. to Ont., south to R. I., N. J., Ohio and Iowa, and in the mountains to N. Car. Conn. West Goshen, Southington and Fairfield; reported as common throughout the state. N. Y. Bronx Co., northward; reported from Woodmere, L. I., on the coastal plain. : te 2 En a - ih - Conn. Reported from Salisbury. : or N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. Reported from Columbia Co. CYPERACEAE 201 N. J. Throughout, commencing in the northern borders of the coastal plain; reported from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co.; more ~ common-northward. Pa. Pike and Bucks counties; reported also from Monroe, *, =a _ Northampton, Berks and Delaware counties. >. 3 4 - ‘ a at a & ~~ / 4 ( . gtisea Wahl. In woods and thickets: Me. to Ont. and inn., south to N. Car. and Ark. _ Throughout the range except the pine-barrens of N. J. and east Bad south of them, there not reported. Not common on the coastz plain. Cc C. giaucodea Tuckerm. In open fields and meadows: Mass. ~ to Ont., Ill., Va. and Ark. i Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the coastal _ region near them, there not reported. 2. ¢c >. gracillima Schwein. In moist woods and meadows: ~ Newf. to Man., N. Car., Ohio and Mich. Throughout, except the coastal plain of New Jersey and Long — Rare on Long Island. Mich "b Wahl. In meadows and moist thickets: Me. to . C. and Ohio, south in the Alleghanies to Bo the range except the coastal plain of N. J., there reported only from Salem and Gloucester counties near the Delaware; also absent from Long Island except north of the mor- aine, where rare. C. formosa Dewey. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. and Vt. to S. Ont., N. Y. and Mich. =<. Davisii Schwein. & Torr. In moist thickets and meadows: Mass. to Minn., south to Ga., Ky. and Tex. Conn. Reported from Windsor, East Hartford, Lyme and » . Chester. N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. A specimen from Aqueduct, L. I., may be incorrectly labeled. EN. J. iAdome the Delaware River from Mercer Co. northward. PPA. Northampton and Bucks counties; reported also from Pike, Philadelphia and Chester counties. 202 CYPERACEAE 96. C. aestivaliformis Mackenzie. In mountain meadows: N. J., N. Y. and Pa. Rare in our area. N. Y. Known only at Yonkers. . N. J. Near Greenwood Lake. Pa. Wissahickon Ravine, Philadelphia Co. 97. C. aestivalis M. A. Curtis. In mountain woods: N. H., Mass., northern N. Y. to Ga. Conn. Reported from Salisbury, Colebrook and Norfolk. N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the Catskills. Pa. Carbondale, Carbon Co.; reported also from Wayne, Lack- awanna and Chester counties (the last very doubtful). 98. C. oblita Steud. In bogs: central N. Y., Pa. and N. J., to Ala. and La. N. Y. Known only from L. I., where rare. N. J. Scattered on the coastal plain, unknown elsewhere. Pa. The reported occurrence of this species in Lackawanna Co. is open to doubt. 99. C. debilis Michx. Woods and open copses, N. J. to Tenn., south to Fla. and Tenn. N. J. Occasional throughout the coastal plain except the pine- barrens, as far north as Bergen Co. Pa. Delaware Co. 100. C. flexuosa Muhl. In woods: Newf. to Wisc., Va., the mountains of N. Car. and Ky. Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of New Jersey, there not recorded. 101. C. arctata Boot. In dry woods and thickets: Newf. and Que. to Minn., Pa. and Mich. CONN. Reported from Bridgeport, Barkhamsted, Norfolk and Canaan. N. Y. Dutchess and Ulster counties. N. J. The reported occurrence of this species in Gloucester, | Bergen and Essex counties is open to doubt. Pa. Monroe Co.; reported also from Bucks Co. (which is doubt- ful). 102. C. castanea Wahl. In dry thickets and on banks: Newf. to— Minn., south to Conn., N. Y. and the Great Lake region. Known in our area, only as reported from Salisbury, Conn. years ago; not recently collected. CYPERACEAE 203 prengelii Dewey (C. longirostris Torr.). On banks and Erpoist thickets: N. B. to Alberta, south to Mass., N. J., Pa. and Neb. Conn. Southington, reported as local from the Connecticut __ River westward except along the coast. N -Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. A specimen labeled “Coney _ Islan ” has been seen. N. J. Bergen, Hunterdon and Warren counties. Pa. . Northampton and Bucks counties, reported also from Mon- he roe Co. :. Swanii (Fernald) Meccan (C. virescens of Britton's mar al). Thickets and open grounds: N.S. to Mich., N. ‘enn. Car., and Mo. * scattered throughout the range, less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. virescens Muhl. In woods: Me. and Ont. to Ga. and Ky. ttered throughout the range, except the coastal plain of ‘ew Jersey, there not recorded. ee complanata Torr. In woods, fields and swamps: Me. to Sol uthern Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. mc . New Haven; reported also as infrequent in central and == Ditathwestern part of the state. ; i. Y. Occasional or common throughout, except on L. I., where _ rare, especially on the coastal plain. ON. J. Occasional throughout the state, but rare in the pine- ‘- er barrens. The smooth leaved plant occurs in Gloucester and a Atlantic counties. ~ Pa. Montgomery, Philadelphia, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties; reported also as throughout the range. Ss caroliniana Schwein. In meadows: (?) L. I. and N. J. to io Pa., N. Car. and Tex. N.Y. Known only from a specimen very doubtfully collected at ~ Aqueduct, L. I. a N.J. Morris Co. southward, especially along the Delaware River. St Not reported from the pine-barrens or south of them. Pa. Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester counties. 08. C. Bushii Mackenzie. In meadows: R. I. and N. Y. to S. ‘ 4 Car. and Okla. - Conn. Reported as more frequent than Carex complanata. >. Sa _ - ; a SS Sa 204 CYPERACEAE N. Y. Known only from near Yonkers. N. J. Milford, Hunterdon Co. Pa. Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware, Philadelphia, Montgomery and Chester counties. 109. C. pallescens L. In fields and meadows: Newf. to N. J., Pa., Ill. and Wisc. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Canaan and Stratford; reported as common throughout. N.Y. Throughout, except not reported fromS.I. Rareon L. I. Frequent northward. N. J. Sussex, Morris and Passaic counties; reported also from Union, Essex and Bergen counties; Ocean Co. record probably incorrect. Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties; reported also from Wayne, Lackawanna, Lehigh, Luzerne and Bucks counties. 110. C. scabrata Schwein. Along woodland brooks: eastern Que. to Ont., Mich., S. Car. and Tenn. Occasional throughout our area, except the coastal plain of New Jersey and L. J.; not reported from Staten Island. Rare on L. I. north of the coastal plain. 111. C.limosa L. In bogs: Lab. to B. Col., south to Me., N. J., Ohio, Iowa and Colo. Also in Europe. Very local in our area. Conn. Reported from Burlington, Salisbury and Norfolk. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Locally in Sussex, Morris and Gloucester counties. . Pa. Wayne and Bucks counties, reported also from Pike and Monroe counties. 112. C. paupercula Michx. In bogs: Newf. and Lab. to B. Col., Conn., Pa. and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. Rare in our area. Conn. Reported from Norfolk, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Reported from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., but the speci- men on which the report is based may be from outside N. Y. Pa. Monroe Co. 113. C. Barrattii Schw. & Torr. In swamps: Conn. to Pa. and N. Car., mostly near the coast. Conn. Stratford and East Windsor; reported also from South Windsor and East Hartford. CYPERACEAE 205 N.Y. Islip and Woodmere, L. I. . J. Scattered throughout the coastal plain. Local and . b Rcatiy i in the pine barrens. . aa . Delaware Co. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. In bogs: Green. to Alaska, south to Ga., Ky., Mo., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. New Haven and Milford; reported as rare-and scattered over most of the state. N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and locally on L. I. cN. J. Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties, and very locally in aa Cape May Co. Ps Bucks and Lehigh counties. . stricta Lam. (C. salina Kneiskern). In swamps: Newf. a Ont., Neb., Ga. and Tex. : ~ Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there abt hp a a . Haydeni Dewey. Swamps: N. B. to Minn., south to # wv N. J. and Mo. Rare in our area. “4 Be Conn. Reported from Franklin, Waterford, East Hartford, Glastonbury, and Southington. yy. J. Lawrence, Mercer Co.; reported from Budd’s Lake. The ~~ -Camden Co. record is erroneous. ; Pa. Pike and Bucks counties. 17. C. torta Boott. In rocky beds of streams: Que. to Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Conn. Beacon Falls and Pomfret; reported as rare near the ~_ coast and increasing northwestward. N.Y. Dutchess, Ulster and Greene counties. N. J. Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon and Passaic counties; reported also from Essex Co. Pa. Pike, Lehigh and Bucks counties; reported also from North- ampton, Chester and Delaware counties. . C. Goodenowii J. Gay. In wet grounds: Newf. to Mass., ag Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Reported, but record is unverifiable. ‘N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., in cold wet places on Mt. Riga. Pa. Erroneously reported from Monroe, Bucks and Delaware - counties. . 206 CYPERACEAE 119. C. lenticularis Michx. On shores: Lab. to Sask., south to Mass., N. Y. and Minn. Known in our area only from Husted Meadow, Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Mounted on a sheet with Carex stricta Lam., to which only it is possible that the label refers. 120. C. aquatilis Wahl. In swamps and along streams: Newf. to Alaska, south to Conn. and Mich., and in the western moun- tains. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Reported from Lyme, Oxford, and Salisbury. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Erroneously reported from the shores of the Delaware in Camden Co. 121. C. Emoryi Dewey. N. Y. and Md. to N. Dak. and N. Mex. N. Y. Rare in Sullivan Co. N. J. Camden, Mercer, Hunterdon and Warren counties. Pa. Lehigh, Bucks and Delaware counties. All of our stations in the drainage area of the Delaware. 122. C. gynandra Schw. In swamps: Newf. and Wisc., south to Ga. Scattered throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there not recorded; more common northward. 123. C.crinitaLam. In swamps and wet woods: Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Scattered throughout the range. Usually common except in the pine-barrens where rare and mostly wanting. 124. C. lacustris Willd. In swamps: Newf. to James Bay and Man., south to Delaware, Iowa and Idaho. Conn. Woodbury, Southington and Fairfield; reported as occasional. N.Y. L.I., and in Yonkers, Bronx Co. N. J. Frequent except in the pine-barrens and adjacent country, there very local. Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties, and reported from Dela- — ware Co. 125. C. Walteriana Bailey. In pine-barren bogs: southeastern Mass. to Fla. near the coast. N.Y. On L. I., on the coastal plain, unknown elsewhere. N. J. Abundant in the pine-barrens and rare in the regions — adjacent to them. CYPERACEAE 207 . ves ‘ita Willd. In sandy woods: southern Me. to eastern N. Y. and Pa., south to Ga. Conn. Southington, Easton and Bridgeport; reported as fre- quent or common throughout the state. i. Y. Westchester Co. southward; common on the coastal plain _ of Long Island and on S. I. N. J. Throughout the state except the northwestern part where _ fare or wanting. Rare in the pine-barrens. 2a. Reported from Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Delaware . lanuginosa Michx. In swamps and wet meadows: N. S. to B. C., D. C., Mo., N. Mex. and Cal. es cattered and often common throughout the range, but absent ire m the pine-barrens of N. J., and very local in southwestern New sey. . siocarpa Ehrh. In wet meadows and swamps: Newf. “to B. Col., south to N. J., Pa., Ilowa and Minn. Also in Huntington; reported as local in the north and increasing southward. -N. Y. Local on L. I., also Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and ~ reported from Dunwoodie; increasing northward. DN: J. Scattered north of the coastal plain, unknown elsewhere. Reported from Monroe, Bucks, Berks and Delaware counties. a . trichocarpa Muhl. In marshes and wet meadows: Que. anc 1 Vt. to Ore., south to Ga., Mo. and Kan. _ Conn. Reported only from Thomaston. _N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and reported southward to ~ Bronx Co. .J. Hunterdon and Sussex counties, and Mercer and Burlington : oe ences, near the Delaware River; reported from Bergen Co. Pa. Chester, Delaware and Bucks counties; reported also from Monroe and Northampton counties. irte L. In fields and waste places: Mass. and N. Y. to N J. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Local as a naturalized weed in our area around New York and ys t Wharton, N. J.; also at Rosyln, L. I. [ C. rensa Gooden. Borders of salt marshes: N. Y. and Va. UN icalized from Europe. Known, i in our area, only from near Coney Island and Rockaway, aan. I. _% 208 132. 133. 134. 136. CYPERACEAE C. Oederi Retz. In bogs and on wet rocks: Newf. to Hudson Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., Pa., Minn., Utah and Washington. Conn. Canaan and New Haven. N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties. N. J. Sussex Co.; reported from Warren Co. The Camden Co. (Atco) record is undoubtedly erroneous. C. cryptolepis Mackenzie. In wet meadows: Newf. to Mich., R.'I. and N. J. Conn. Canaan; reported also from Ridgefield and Kent. N. Y. Lake Mohegan; unknown elsewhere. N. J. Sussex and Morris counties. C. flava L. In swamps and wet meadows: Newl. to B. C., R. I., N. J., Pa., Ohio and Mont. Europe. Conn. Salisbury; reported at Berlin and Ridgefield and as frequent in Litchfield Co. N. Y. In the Bronx; Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and at Loa Beach, Long Island. N. J. Morris and Sussex counties; reported from Warren Co. Formerly found at Kaighn’s Point, Camden Co. Pa. Montgomery Co. . C. Collinsii Nutt. In bogs: R. I. to eastern Pa., south to S. Car. and Ga. Conn. Reported from Cromwell (Rhodora 13: 78). N. Y. L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Common on the coastal plain, usually in white cedar swamps. Locally at Round Pond, Sussex Co.,* unknown elsewhere. Pa. Broad Mt., Schuylkill Co.; reported from Chester Co. C. folliculata L. In swamps and wet woods: Newf. to Mich., south to N. Car. Throughout the range, especially common on the coastal plain. | Often locally absent north of the coastal plain. . C. vesicaria L. (including C. monile Tuckerm.). Newf. to B. Col., south to N. J., Ohio and Mo. Also in Eu., Asia and north Africa. Conn. Middletown and East Windsor; reported as occasional. N. Y. Delaware, Dutchess and Greene counties; also Staten Island. * See Introduction paragraph 7. CYPERACEAE 209 N. J. Sussex, Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Mercer counties; _ reported from Hunterdon Co. ; Pa. Delaware, Bucks and Northampton counties; reported from _ Pike, Monroe and Chester counties. 3. Cc. Tostrata Stokes. Marshes: Lab. to B. Col., Del., Ohio and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia. Rare in our area. _ Conn. Bridgeport and Thompson; reported as rare and oc- - casional over most of the state. N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I.; __ reported as formerly found in Bronx Co. and on S. I. . 4 N.J. Camden Co.; reported also in Bergen and Morris counties. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Lehigh and Bucks counties; reported also in 9. C. bullata Schk. In swamps: Me. to Ga. Conn. Reported only from Voluntown, Stonington, Colchester, Columbia and Ellington. N.Y. Frequent on L. I. coastal plain, unknown elsewhere. _N. J. Common in the pine-barrens and occasional on the coastal plain elsewhere. 140. C. Tuckermani Dewey. In bogs and meadows: N. B. to Minn., south to N. J., Ind. and Iowa. Rare in our area. Conn. Reported from northern Hartford and Litchfield counties. _N. Y. Westchester, Dutchess and Greene counties, reported _ from Bronx Co. N.J. Oradel (station now destroyed); reported also from English Neighborhood, Bergen Co. Pa. Reported from Monroe Co. I4I. c. retrorsa Schwein. In swamps and wet meadows: Newf. 7 to B. C., south to Pa., Iowa and Ore. Conn. Canaan and Salisbury, reported also at Lyme and Huntington. N.Y. Dutchess and Greene counties. Pa. Reported from Bucks Co. 42. C. oligosperma Michx. In bogs: Lab. and Newf. to N. W. Terr., south to Mass., Pa. and Mich. Very rare in our area. Conn. Reported from near Groton, unknown otherwise. Pa. Long Pond, Monroe Co., reported also from Carbon Co. 3. C. lurida Wahl. In swamps and wet meadows: N. S. to Minn., Neb., Fla. and Tex. 210 CYPERACEAE Common in some of its many forms throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there rare. 144. C. Baileyi Britton. Bogs: Me. and Vt. to Va. and Tenn. Conn. Reported from East Lyme. N. Y. Mountains of Greene Co. Pa. Monroe Co. N. J. Austin’s report from Closter, Bergen Co., is doubtless erroneous. 145. C. Schweinitzii Dewey. In swamps and bogs: Vt. to Ont., south to Conn., N. J. and Mo. Conn. Reported only from Salisbury. N. Y. Dutchess Co. Hoysradt considers this the most common of the section VESICARIAE near Pine Plains. Reported as very local at Riverdale, Bronx Co. N. J. Reported by Schweinitz from Hope, Warren Co., nearly a hundred years ago. Not found since. Pa. Reported from Monroe Co. 146. C. hystricina Muhl. In swamps and low meadows: Newf. to Alberta, south to Ga., N. Mex. and Ariz. Conn. Canaan and Southington; reported as rare over the state. N. Y. Scattered, throughout, common northward. Local on Long Island. N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens and south of them. Increasing northward. Uncommon in the coastal plain. Pa. Bucks and Lehigh counties, reported also from Monroe, Delaware and Chester counties. 147. C. Pseudo-Cyperus L. In bogs: N. S. to Sask., south to Conn., N. Y. and Mich. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Reported from near Salisbury. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N.J. Reported from near Closter, Bergen Co. Probably the next species. 148. C. comosa Boott. In swamps and along borders of ponds: N.S. to Wash., south to Fla., La. and Cal. Conn. Canaan and Southington; reported as occasional through- out the state. N. Y. L. I., in Westchester Co. and northward; reported from ee N. J. Throughout the state except the pine-barrens. Pa. Luzerne Co.; reported from the other counties in the range. CYPERACEAE 211 149. C. Frankii Kunth. In swamps and wet meadows: eastern Pa. to eastern Va. and Ga., west to Ill., Mo., La. and Tex. Known in our area only as reported from Chester Co., Pa. 150. C. squarrosa L. In swamps and bogs: Ont. to Conn., Mich., Neb., Ga., La. and Ark. Scattered throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them, there not reported. Rare on the coastal plain. 151. C. typhina Michx. In swamps: Que. to Va., La., lowa and r Mo. Local in our range. Conn. Middletown; reported also from Guildford, East Haven, East Hartford and Hartford. N.Y. L.I.andS. I. and up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands, not known northward. N. J. Warren and Salem counties. Rare. Pa. Reported from Monroe and Pike counties. 152. C. intumescens Rudge. In swamps, bogs and wet woods: Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and La. Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens. 153. C. Asa-Grayi Bailey. In swamps and wet meadows: Vt. to Mich., south to Ga. and Mo. Local in our area. Conn. Reported as local along the Connecticut River, rare elsewhere, as at Middletown, Westfield and Southington. N.Y. Inthe Bronx, Westchester and Greene counties. Also on Staten Island. N. J. Bergen, Hunterdon and Warren counties. The records from southern New Jersey are erroneous. Pa. Reported from Delaware Co. 154. C.lupulina Muhl. In swamps and ditches: N. B. to Hudson Bay, western Ont., Iowa, Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range, in some of its forms, more common northward, than elsewhere. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens. 155. C. lupuliformis Sartwell. In swamps: Vt. to Minn., south to Del. and La. Rare and local in our territory. Conn. Reported from Southington, Huntington and Monroe counties. N. Y. Westchester Co., reported at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in Bronx Co. 212 ARACEAE N. J. Sussex and Salem counties; reported also from Bergen Co. Pa. Montgomery Co.; reported from Bucks, Northampton and Delaware counties. Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc., once supposed to grow in N. J., has not becn col- lected from there recently, if at all. The original record from the state is apparently an error. ARACEAE Flowers without a perianth. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers borne at the base of the spadix, Flowers borne throughout the spadix. Flowers perfect. Flowers with a perianth. Spathe enclosing the spadix. Spathe, when present, not enclosing the spadix. Spadix naked terminating the scape; leaves oblong. 1. ARISAEMA. 2. PELTANDRA. 4. CALLE, 4. SPATHYEMA. 5. ORONTIUM. Spadix borne at the base of a leaf-like spathe; leaves linear. 6. ACORUS. 1. Arisaema Mart. Spathe hooded, open at the throat, enclosing the spadix; leaves tri-foliolate. Leaves glaucous beneath; spadix stout, thickening upward. Leaves shiny throughout; spadix slender, cylindric. Spathes light colored, distinctly fluted, flaring into a re- latively broad hood. Spathes dark colored (except in rarealbino forms) the tube not fluted and not much narrower than the hood. Spathe convolute; summit of spadix exserted; leaves pedately 5-17 divided. 1. A. triphyllum. 2. A. Stewardsonit. 3. A. pusillum. 5. A. Dracontium. 1. A. triphyllum (L.) Torrey. In rich woods and moist thickets: Nov. Scot. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Kan. and La. Conn. Common throughout. N.Y. Common throughout, but rare south of the moraine on L. I. N.J. Rare and local, or often wanting in the pine-barrens, common elsewhere. Pa. Common throughout. Tertiary, rare on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous, more common: Older formations, ubiquitous. Sea level—3,365 ft. Ny sphagnum: N. J. and Pa. N.J. Morris and Sussex counties. 117-204 days. . A. Stewardsonii Britton. In wet woods, growing among PA. Wayne, Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties. lertiary, O: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, increasing at ee ee ea ee 7 4 - 4 j i ARACEAE 213 higher elevations. Rare or perhaps wanting south of the moraine. 118-164 days. 993-2,100 ft. ——<— 3. A. pusillum (Peck) Nash. In open sunny bogs, sometimes in deep woods: Southwestern Conn. to Ky. and Ga. Conn. Fairfield Co. N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing and common southward. N. J. Newton, Sussex Co. increasing and common southward, but rare or perhaps wanting in the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Lehigh, Mongtomery and Chester counties, in- creasing southward. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere; Cretaceous, common: Older formations, common. 166-204 days. Sea level— 858 ft. 4. A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. In moist shady places: Me. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Rare and local, apparently increasing westward. N. Y. Bloodroot Valley, S. I., increasing northward to Columbia and Ulster counties. Not recorded from L. I. N. J. Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex, Monmouth, Burlington and Camden counties but unrecorded from the pine barrens. Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered in shady places: Older forma- tions, not very common. 154-204 days. Sea level—471 ft. 2. Peltandra Raf.* 1. P. virginica (L.) Kunth. In swamps and shallow water: Me. to Ont., south to Mich., Fla., La. and Mo. Common throughout the range in favorable situations. 3. Calla L. 1. C. palustris L. In bogs: N. S. to Hudson Bay, Minn., Wisc. and lowa. Conn. Throughout, increasing northward. N. Y. Westchester and Orange counties, increasing northward, particularly up the Hudson Valley. N.J. Woodbridge, Middlesex Co., to Hudson and Bergen counties, thence increasing northwestward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Pike counties. * See footnote, page 76. 214 LEMNACEAE Tertiary 0: Cretaceous, perhaps at Woodbridge, N. J., not other- wise known: Older formations, common, increasing northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-186 days. Sea level—1,933 ft. 4. Spathyema Raf. 1. S. foetida (L.) Raf. In swamps and wet soil: N.S. to Ont., Minn., N. Car. and Iowa. Throughout the range except in the pine-barren region of N. J. and L. I. where it is rare and local or often wanting. 5. Orontium L.* 1. O. aquaticum L. In swamps and ponds: Mass. to Pa., Fla. and La., mostly near the coast. Conn. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing northward. N. Y. L. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Orange Co. N. J. Nearly throughout, increasing southward and in the coastal counties. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester counties. 6. Acorus L. 1. A. Calamus L. In swamps and along streams: Nov. Scot. to Ont., Minn., La. and Kan. Also in Europe and Asia. Common throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens. LEMNACEAET Thallus with 1-© roots. Roots several. I. SPIRODELA. Root solitary. 2. LEMNA. Thallus rootless. 3. WOLFFIA.. 1. Spirodela Schleid. 1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. In still water: Nov. Scot. to Brit. Col., S. Car., Tex., northern Mex. and Nev. Not uncommon as a ditch or pond plant in most parts of our range except the pine-barrens. 2. Lemna L. Thalli long stipitate, 5 mm. long or more. 1. L. trisulca. Thalli short stipitate or sessile, mostly less than 5 mm. long. Spathe open. Thalli 1-nerved or nerveless. 2. L. cyclostasa. Thalli 3-nerved; root cap cylindric. 3. L. perpusilla. Spathe sac-like. 4. L. minor. * See footnote page 76. T ee footnote, page 76. LEMNACEAE 215 t. L. trisulca L. In water: N. S. to N. J., N. Mex., Brit. ~ Col. and Cal. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Conn. Rare or wanting in the east, scattered along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Clove Lake, S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Passaic, Sussex and Morris counties, increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe and Chester counties. Ny . L. cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. In ponds and rivers: Mass. to Fla., Ill., Wyo. and Cal. Also in South America. Conn. Along the coast, rare or wanting inland. N. Y. Reported from L. I; S. I. N. J. Bergen and Union counties. 3. L. perpusilla Torr. In ponds, springs, rivers and lakes: N. Y. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Kan. Conn. Reported but not definitely known from the state. Ney. Gardiner’s I., L. I. and S. I. N. J. Bergen, Hudson and Atlantic counties, perhaps in the inter- vening territory. Pa. Northampton Co. (Porter). 4. L. minor L. In ponds, lakes and stagnant pools, throughout North America except the extreme north. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Throughout the range, but apparently rare in southeastern Conn. and wanting in the pine-barrens. 3. Wolffia Horkel. 1. W. columbiana Karst. Floating as minute alga-like bodies just beneath the surface of the water: Mass. to Ont., N. J., S. Car., Minn., Mo. and La. Also in Mexico and South America. Conn. Fairfield and Litchfield counties, increasing northward. N.Y. Old Town Pond, S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Greene and Delaware counties, increasing northward. N.J. Passaic, Bergen, Camden and Salem counties, apparently not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Philadelphia and Bucks counties. The reported occurrence of W. punctata Griseb. in Pa. has not been satisfactorily established. 216 XYRIDACEAE XYRIDACEAE 1. Xyris L. Lateral sepals as long as the bracts or shorter, usually concealed. Lateral sepals ciliate, prominently fringed tipped. 1. X. flexuosa. Lateral sepals not ciliate, but erose or laciniate, not fringed tipped. Heads oblong or nearly cylindric; bracts numerous, in many series. 2. X. elata. Heads ovoid; bracts relatively few and in few series. Sepals laciniate only near the apex (rarelyentire). 3. X. montana. Sepals laciniate at least half their length. 4. X. caroliniana. Lateral sepals longer than the bracts. Sepal tips not conspicuously fringed. 5. X. Congdoni. Seval tips conspicuously fringed. Scapes not conspicuously bulbous thickened at the base; leaves not spirally twisted. 6. X. fimbriata. Scapes conspicuously bulbous thickened at the base; leaves spirally twisted. 7. X. arenicola. 1. X. flexuosa Muhl. In bogs: Me. to Minn., Ga., Mo. and Tex. Conn. Throughout but not common, decreasing southeastward. N. Y. L.I.and S. 1. decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. J. Not recorded from Passaic, Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon counties, increasing and common southward. Pa. Lehigh, Montgomery, Berks and Delaware counties. Tertiary common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 153-220 days. Sea level-86o ft. tN . X. elata Chapm. In sandy swamps near the coast: N. J. to Fla. and La. N. J. Bennett, Cape May Co. 3. X. montana H. Ries. In bogs: N.S. to Ont., Mich. and Pa. Known definitely only from Tannersville and Tobyhanna, Monroe Co., Pa. Both places are in the region of Pocono and Catskill Red sandstones, on or very near the terminal moraine, have an elevation of 1,200-1,933 ft. and a growing season of 118 days. Reported also from Woodbury, Conn. 4. X. caroliniana Walt. In swamps and bogs: Me. and Mass. to Pa., Fla. and La., mostly near the coast. Conn. Local in most of the state, decreasing northward. Nw: Xa i eee N. J. Middlesex, Monmouth and Ocean counties, increasing southward. ERIOCAULACEAE 217 Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Carbon to Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, more common in Pa. than elsewhere. 118-220 days. Sea level— 600 ft. 5. X. Congdoni Small. Low grounds: Mass. to N. J., near the coast. Conn. New Haven and New London counties, near the coast. mem. »outolk Co. L. I: N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare along the edges and at Cape May, unknown elsewhere. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, confined to the glaciated region of Suffolk Co., L. I., and to Conn.* 168-187 days. About sea level. 6. X. fimbriata Ell. In wet pine-barrens: Southern N. J. to Fla. and Miss., mostly near the coast. N.J. Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic and Gloucester counties, con- fined to the pine-barrens. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-182 days. _ _ About sea level. = 7. X. arenicola Small. In dry pine-barrens: S. N. J. to Fla., west to Tex., mostly near the coast, extending north to Ark. N. J. Known only from Batsto and Atsion in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, rare or local: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168 days. About sea level. ERIOCAULACEAE 1. Eriocaulon L. Leaves 14-30 mm. long, much surpassing the sheath of the scape. 1. E. decangulare. Leaves usually 10 mm. long or less, as long as or much shorter than the sheath of the scape. Leaves at least twice shorter than the sheath of the scape. 2. E. compressum. Leaves about as long as the sheath of the scape, sometimes a little longer or shorter. Heads 5-9 mm. in diameter; petals ciliate. 3. E. septangulare. Heads 3-4 mm. in diameter; petals glabrous. 4. E. Parkeri. 1. E. decangulare L. In swamps: S. N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. *See Introduction paragraph 7. 218 COMMELINACEAE N. J. Ocean and Burlington counties, increasing and common southward, predominating in the pine-barrens. Pa. Reported from the state, but not definitely known from our area. Tertiary common: Cretaceous, scattered in edaphically favorable situations :* Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168- 220 days. About sea level. 2. E. compressum Lam. In still shallow water and in swamps: S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. N. J. Ocean and Burlington counties, increasing and common southward, predominating in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, not definitely known; Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220days. About sea level. 3. E. septangulare L. In still waters or on shores: Newf. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Also in western Europe. Conn. Rare or local over most of the state, increasing south- eastward. N. Y. Dutchess and Putnam counties, increasing southward and common on L. I. Not recorded from S. I. N. J. Throughout, local in the north, increasing and common southward. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Lackawanna, Monroe, Carbon, Bucks and Philadelphia counties. Apparently indifferent as to geological formation. 117-220 days. Sea level—750 ft. 4. E. Parkeri B. L. Robinson. In tidal mud: southern N. a3 adjacent Pa., and from near Washington, D. C. Burlington and Camden counties, N. J., and at Mullica River above Crowleytown along the coast. COMMELINACEAE Perfect stamens 3 or rarely 2; petals unequal; bracts spathe-like. I. COMMELINA. Perfect stamens 6 or rarely 5; petals all alike; bracts leaf-like. 2. TRADESCANTIA. 1. Commelina L. Spathe not united at the base. Spathe acuminate; capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. 1. C, nudiflora. Spathe acute; capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C. communis, "See Introduction paragraph 29. PONTEDERIACEAE 219 Spathe with united base. All the cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules. Capsules 2-valved, dorsal cavities indehiscent. 3. C. virginica. Capsules 3-valved, all cavities dehiscent. 4. C. erecta. Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with I ovule. 4. C. hirtella. 1. C. nudiflora L. Along streams and in waste places: N. J. to Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex.; and through tropical America to Paraguay. Also in Europe and Asia. Rare as a weed. 2. C. communis L. In waste places: Conn. and eastern Pa. to Ga. and Ky. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. Locally abundant as a weed. 3. C. virginica L. S.N. Y. to Ill. and Mich., south to Fla., Nev. and Tex.; and through tropical America to Paraguay. N.Y. Near N. Y. City, and recorded from S. I. N. J. Burlington Co. 4. C. erecta L. In moist soil: S. N. Y. to Fla., Tex. and tropical Am. Known only from Camden, N. J., and from N. Y. City, probably adventive from the south. 5. C. hirtella Vahl. In moist soil: S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Known definitely only from Kaighn’s Point, Camden Co., N. J. Not recently collected. 2. Tradescantia L. 1. T. virginiana L. S. N. Y. to Ohio and S. Dak., south to Va., Ky. and Ark. Escaped from cultivation in N. E. Locally abundant as a weed; rare in our range as a wild plant, but wild in the valley of the Delaware from Trenton northward. T. reflexa Raf., a southern species, has been collected as a waif in Conn. PONTEDERIACEAE* Flowers 2-lipped; stamens 6; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. 1. PONTEDERIA. Flowers regular; stamens 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 2. HETERANTHERA. 1. Pontederia L. 1. P. cordata L. Ponds and streams: Nov. Scot. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. * See footnote, page 76. JUNCACEAE to to o) Common throughout the range. A narrow lanceolate-leaved form occurs sparingly with the typical plant, particularly in northern iS Pee 2. Heteranthera R. & P. Leaves mostly reniform, sometimes cordate-ovate. 1. H. reniformis. Leaves narrowly linear, grass-like. 2. H. dubia. 1. H. reniformis R. & P. In mud or shallow water: Conn. to N. J., Neb. and Kan., south to La. Also in South and Central America. Conn. The southeastern part of the state. N. Y. Inthe Hudson from Dutchess Co. northward. N. J. Bergen, Morris and Hunterdon counties southwestward to Salem Co., apparently not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Berks, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties. 2. H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. In still water: Que. to Ore., Fla. and Mex. Also in Cuba. Conn. Rare or local over most of the state. N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing northward. Apparently wanting on L. I. and S. I. N.J. Apparently throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens and east and south of them. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware counties. JUNCACEAE Leaf sheaths open; capsule 1- or 3-celled, many-seeded; placenta parietal or axial. 1. JUNCUS. Leaf sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, its placenta basal. 2. JUNCOIDES. 1. Juncus L. Inflorescence lateral, the leaves above it terete. Flowers prophyllate. Perianth parts green or straw colored. Perianth parts equalling the capsule, acute. Stamens 3; leaf of inflorescence much shorter than the stem. 1. J. effusus. Stamens 6; leaf of the inflorescence about equal- ling the stem or longer. 2. J. filiformis. Perianth parts % as long as the capsule, the inner obtuse. 3. J. gymnocarpus. Perianth parts brown or with a brown band down each side of the midvein. Flowers eprophy!tate. . J. balticus. . J. maritimus. on > Inflorescence terminal, or if lateral the leaves above it not terete. ee JUNCACEAE Leaves not provided with septa. ie Flowers prophyllate. Inflorescence more than 14 the height of the plant: Inflorescence less than }4 the height of the plant. Inflorescence 1-3 flowered, usually 1-flowered. Inflorescence more than 1-3 flowered, usually many flowered. Brown and greenish sepals incurved and obtuse. Sepals acute or acuminate. Capsule reddish or castaneous, ex- ceeding the calyx. Capsule exceeded by the calyx. ; Leaves flat. Inflorescence not conspicu- spicuously secund; bract exceeding the inflorescence. Auricles of the sheath conspicuously ex- tended beyond the point of insertion. Auricles of the sheath not extending beyond the point of insertion. Inflorescence conspicuously secund; inflorescence ex- ceeding the bract. Leaves terete. Capsules oblong; bract some- what exceeding inflores- cence. Capsule globose-ovoid; bract much exceeding inflores- cence. Flowers eprophyllate. Heads 5-10 flowered; panicle of 2-20 heads. Heads 2-5 flowered; panicle 20-100 heads. Leaves provided with septa. Leaves tuberculate. Leaves not tuberculate. Heads 1-flowered. Heads more than 1-flowered. Plants with 2 kinds of leaves, submerged and erect. Leaves all alike. Capsule subulate beaked. Leaf of inflorescence extending above . the flower cluster. Stamens 3. Stamens 6. 10. Il. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2I. 221 . J. bufonius. . J. trifidus. . J. Gerard. . J. Greenet. J. tenuis. J. Dudleyi. J. secundus. J. dichotomus. J. setaceus. J. marginatus. J. aristulatus. J. caesartensts. J. pelocarpus. J. militaris. J. nodosus. J. Torrey. 222 JUNCACEAE Leaf of inflorescence shorter than the flower cluster or wanting. 22. J. scirpoides. Capsule merely acute or with a short mucro, not subulate. Inner perianth parts much shorter than the outer. 23. J. brachycarpus. Inner perianth parts equalling the outer or exceeding them. Perianth parts about as long as the capsule rarely a little shorter. Seeds 0.7 mm. long or more, narrowed into tails at both ends. Perianth 3-4 mm. long. 24. J. canadensis. Perianth about 2 mm. long. 25. J. brachycephalus. Seeds 0.5 mm. long or less, merely apiculate at both ends. Perianth parts as long as or longer than the capsule; heads several to many-flowered. 26. J. acuminatus. Perianth parts shorter than the _ capsule; heads 2-3-flowered. 27. J. debilis. Perianth parts from 44-1 shorter than the capsules. Stamens 6; cymes spreading. 28. J. articulatus. Stamens 3; cymes contracted. 29. J. brevicaudatus. _ . J. effusus L. In swamps and moist places: nearly throughout North America, except the extreme north and the high western portions. Also in Europe and Asia. Throughout the range. . J. filiformis L. Lab. to Brit. Col., Pa., Mich. and in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Known only from Naomi Pines and Long Pond, Monroe Co., Pa. Both places are on or very near the terminal moraine, have an elevation of 1,200-1,933 ft. and a growing season of 118 days. . J. gymnocarpus Coville (J. Smithii Engelm.). In swamps: Mountains of Schuylkill and Lebanon counties, Pa., and in Walton Co., Fla. . The only known station in the range is at the summit of Broad Ny > Ea JUNCACEAE 223 Mt., Schuykill Co., Pa. It is at approximately 1,795 ft., has a growing season of 140 days and is underlaid by Pottsville con- ~ glomerate. J. balticus Willd. On shores: Lab. to Alask., S. N. Y., Pa., Qhio, Neb. and far south in the western mountains. Also in Europe and Asia. N.Y. Rare on L. I.; 0nS. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Wind- ham, Greene Co. i 5. J. maritimus Lam. Widely distributed in temperate regions. Confined in our area to Coney Island, L. I., N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from the coast of Monmouth and Ocean counties, N. J. - J. bufonius L. Throughout North America except the extreme north. Common throughout our range except the pine-barrens. . J. trifidus L. Greenl. and Lab., south to the higher mountains of N. E. and N. Y., and in N. Car. Localized in our range at Sam’s Point, and Lake Mohonk, Ulster Co., N. Y., at about 2,300 ft. and having a growing season of about 120 days. Not south of the moraine. “I co . J. Gerardi Lois. On salt meadows: Gulf of St. Lawrence to Fla., rare in W. N. Y. and the vicinity of the Great Lakes. On the northwest coast and in Europe. ~ Conn. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing or wanting inland. N.Y. Common on L. I.and S. I. and about the City of N. Y., not recorded elsewhere. N. J. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing or wanting inland. Confined mostly to brackish meadows. 9. J. Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. N. B. to N. J., near the coast. Mich., Wisc., Minn. and Ont. Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland. N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing and perhaps wanting northward; rare in Ulster Co. N. J. Known definitely only from Monmouth, Burlington and Middlesex counties and from High Point, Sussex Co.; the latter station due to the locally favorable edaphic conditions.* *See Introduction paragraph 50. to JUNCACEAE Tertiary, (?) 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, rare on silicious sandstones and grits at High Point, N. J., 138-190 days. Sea level—1,800 ft. 10. J. tenuis Willd. In dry or moist soil: nearly throughout North America. Throughout the range. . J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Me. and Ont., Sask., Wash., Conn., Tenn. and Mex. Conn. Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing northwest- ward. N.Y. Perhaps, though doubtfully on L. I.; Clove Lake, S. L., probably increasing northward. N. J. Sussex and Morris counties. Pa. Monroe Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Notsouth of the moraine. 117-175 days. Sea level—1,827 ft; 12. J. secundus Beauv. In dry soil: Me. to N. Y. and N. Car. Occasional in the Miss. Valley. Conn. Rare over most of the state, decreasing southwestward. N. Y. Bronx and Westchester counties; also at Locust Valley, eis 2 N. J. Passaic and Warren counties, and south in the Delaware Valley to Camden Co. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered along the Delaware River: Older Formations, not common. 153-176 days. Sea level—350 ft. 3. J. dichotomus Ell. (J. dichotomus platyphyllus Wiegand). In dry or moist soil: Conn. to Fla. and Tex. near the coast. Conn. Coast of New Haven and New London counties. N. Y. Suffolk and Nassau counties, L. I., south of the moraine; onS. I. at Tottenville (Legget) and at Mariner’s Harbor; perhaps at Van Courtlandt Park. N. J. Monmouth and Middlesex counties common and increasing southward in the coastal counties, decreasing up the Delaware River to Camden Co. Pa. Bucks, Montgomery and Delaware counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, confined mostly to its approach to brackish water in N. J., Pa.,andS.I. Older Formations, scattered along the coast of Conn. and S.I. 190-220 days. About sea level. JUNCACEAE 225 14. J. setaceus Rostk. Marshes: S. N. J. to Fla., Tex. and up the Mississippi Valley to Mo. N. J. Cape May Co. 15. J. marginatus Rostk. Grassy places: Me. and Ont. to Fla. and Neb. Conn. Common. N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. J. Common in the coastal region, decreasing inland. Pa. From Lackawanna and Monroe counties to Montgomery, Chester and Delaware.counties. 16. J. aristulatus Michx. Wet sandy barrens: Mass. to Fla. and Mex., mostly near the coast. In the Miss. Valley to Kan. and Mich. N. Y. L.I. and S. I. and near Van Courtlandt Park. N. J. Hunterdon and Monmouth counties, increasing southward and toward the coast. Pa. Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, very rare in Hunterdon Co., N. J. Not north of the moraine. 161-220 days. About sea level. 17. J. caesariensis Coville. Sandy swamps: S. N. J. N. J. Northern Ocean Co., Burlington and Atlantic counties in the pine-barrens, and western Camden Co. (C. E. Smith). Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, Rare in edaphically favorable situations:* Older Formations, 0. 168-182 days. About sea level. 18. J. pelocarpus E. Meyer. Newf. to N. J., Ont. and Minn. Conn. Rare or local over most of the state, decreasing south- westward. N.Y. L.I.and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co. (Hoysradt). Not recorded from S. I. N. J. Rare in the north, increasing and common southward, particularly in the pine-barrens. Pa. Apparently confined to Long Pond, Luzerne Co., and Toby- hanna Mills, Monroe Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, scattered. 117-220 days. Sea level-1,933 ft. * See Introduction paragraph 29. 16 226 JUNCACEAE 19. J. militaris Bigel. Shallow margins of lakes, ponds or streams: N.S. to N. N. Y. and Md. Conn. Rare or local along the coast. N. Y. Lynbrook, L. I., otherwise known only from Sullivan Co. N. J. Common in the pine barrens, unknown elsewhere, save for a single station at Delaware Water Gap. . Pa. Pike and Carbon counties; rare. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, localized in edaphically favorable situations which are climatically extra-limital. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,800 ft. 20. J. nodosus L. In bogs: N.S. to Va., Neb. and Brit. Col. Conn. Rareand lccal in Middlesex and Hartford counties, increas- ing northwestward into Litchfield Co. N. Y. Dutchess Co. N. J. Warren and Sussex Counties, increasing northward. Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 138-190 days. Sea level—683 ft. 21. J. Torreyi Coville. (J. nodosus megacephalus Torr.) Wet grounds: Mass. to Sask., Ala. and Ariz. Known in our area only from Long Beach, L. I., and as recorded , from Petty’s Island, Camden Co., N. J. . J. scirpoides Lam. Wet sandy soil: N. Y. to Fla. and La. N.Y. On the south side of L. I. and on S. I. N. J. In the coastal region from Middlesex Co. southward. Pa. Montgomery, Bucks and Delaware counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, confined to the Pa. counties. 175-220 days. About sea level. NO N N 3. J. brachycarpus Engelm. Damp light soil: Mass. to Ga., Ont. to Miss. and Tex. Known definitely in the range only from Ocean Beach, New London, Conn. (Graves); probably a fugitive species. Not known as a native plant in our area. 24. J. canadensis J. Gay. N. B. to Minn., Ga. and La. Common throughout the range in some of its forms. 25. J. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. Bogs and meadows: Me. to Pa., Mo. and Wisc. Known only from Copake Falls, N. Y., and Sterling Hill, N. J. JUNCACEAE 227 26. J. acuminatus (Michx.) Engelm. Me. to S. Ont., Minn., Ga. and Mex. Also on the northwest coast. Common throughout the range. _ 27. J. debilis A. Gray (J. acuminatus debilis A. Gray). In wet , places and sandy shores: R. I. to Mo., Fla., Miss. and Ala. Conn. Waterford and Ledyard. N. Y. Belport, L. I.; recorded from S. I. N. J. Essex and Morris counties, common on the coastal plain. Pa. Reported from Bucks Co. 28. J. articulatus L. (J. articulatus obtusatus Engelm.). Lab. to N. J., Ont. and Mich. Also in Europe and Asia. Local in most parts of the range, wanting in the pine-barrens. 29. J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Muddy and damp places: Newf. to Ont., W. Va. and Minn. Conn. Canaan, Litchfield Co. N. Y. Orange Co. increasing and common northward. N. J. Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties, increasing northward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lackawanna, Schuylkill and Carbon counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, increasing north- ward. 117-171 days. Sea level—1,864 ft. Juncus Roemerianus Scheele has been reported from N. J. but there seems to be no evidence that it grows there now. 2. Juncoides Adans. Inflorescence umbelloid, 1 or 2 flowers on each of its branches. 1. J. pilosum. Inflorescence theoretically paniculate, the flowers often crowded in spike-like clusters. Outer perianth parts shorter than the inner. 2. J. nemorosum. Perianth parts equal or nearly so. 3. J. campestre. I. J. pilosum (L.) Kuntze. Rocky woods, sometimes in moist places: N. B. to Alaska, N. Y., Mich. and Ore. and S. Ga. Conn. Litchfield Co. Rare or wanting elsewhere. N. Y. Woodland, Ulster Co. N.J. Pascack, Bergen Co. (Austin). Not recently collected. Pa. Pike and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local at high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-177 days. 106- 2,253 ft. 228 MELANTHACEAE 2. J. nemorosum (Poll.) Kuntze. A European species known in North America only as a naturalized plant at Riverdale, N. Y. City; and at Niagara. 3. J. campestre (L.) Kuntze. In woodlands and meadows: throughout the U. S. and Canada. Also in Europe and Asia. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens. Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small has been collected on the serpentine barrens at Nottingham, Chester Co., Pa., according to Pennell. MELANTHACEAE Flowers numerous in terminal, erect, racemes or panicles. Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. Anthers introrsely dehiscent. Capsule septicidal; flowers involucrate by 3 bractlets. 1. TOFIELDIA. Capsule loculicidal; flowers not involucrate. 2. ABAMA, Anthers extrorsely dehiscent. Flowers perfect. Stem very leafy; leaves linear; seeds few. Leaves basal; seeds numerous. Flowers dioecious; stem leafy. Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled. Plants glabrous. . XEROPHYLLUM. . HELONIAS. . CHAMAELIRIUM. Yt w& Perianth segments not gland bearing. 6. CHROSPERMA. Perianth segments bearing 1-2 glands. 7. OCEANORUS. Stem and inflorescence pubescent. Perianth segments clawed, free from the ovary. 8. MELANTHIUM. Perianth segments not clawed, adnate to the base of the ovary. 9g. VERATRUM. Flower solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves, usually drooping. 10. UVULARIA. 1. Tofieldia Huds. 1. T. racemosa (Walt.) B.S. P. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. to Fla. and Ala. N. J. Rare, known only from Lakehurst, Ocean Co. and Chats- worth, Burlington Co. Tertiary, Confined to Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma- tions, 0: Not north of the moraine. 168-182 days. About sea level. 2. Abama Adans. 1. A. americana (Ker) Morong. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. and Del. N. J. Throughout the pine-barrens in favorable situations. Tertiary, confined to Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma- tions 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level. MELANTHACEAE 229 3. Xerophyllum Michx. 1. X. asphodeloides (L.) Nutt. In the pine-barrens: N. J. to E. Tenn. and Fla. N.J. Throughout the pine-barrens, and at Allaire, Monmouth Co. and near Milltown and Crane’s Mill, Middlesex Co. and at Sewell, Gloucester Co. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scattered in edaphically favorable situations:* Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level. 4. Helonias L. Sepunata LL. In bogs: N. N. J. and S. N. Y. to N. Car. Local. N. Y. Southwestern S. I. N.J. Morris Co., on and near the moraine, local; Mercer, Middle- sex and Monmouth counties, scattered; increasing and common southward. Pa. Recorded from E. Pa., not recently collected. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare on and near the terminal moraine.t 164-220 days. Sea level—gg3 ft. 5. Chamaelirium Willd. 1. C. luteum (L.) A. Gray (C. obovale Small). In moist meadows and thickets: Mass. to Ont., Fla. and Ark. Conn. Rare or local in the eastern and northern part, increasing southwestward; Salisbury. N. Y. Dutchess Co. increasing southward to S. I. and western Bil. N. J. Rare and local in Sussex, Morris, Warren, Bergen, Middle- sex, Burlington and Gloucester counties, not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton Co., increasing southward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older formations, scattered. 138- 220 days. Sea level—708 ft. 6. Chrosperma Raf. 1. C. muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. In dry sandy woods: L. I. to Fla., E. Pa., Tenn. and Ark. N. Y. On western L. I. exclusively south of the moraine; ap- parently wanting on S, I. and elsewhere. *See Introduction paragraph 29. t See Introduction paragraph 7. 230 MELANTHACEAE N. J. Bergen Co., and exclusively west and north of the Tertiary sands and gravels from Mercer to Salem counties. Pa. Carbon and Northampton to Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, rare along the edges, not on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations scattered, but more common in Pa. than elsewhere. Predominating south of the moraine. 152-204 days. Sea level—1,624 ft. 7. Oceanorus Small. 1. O. leimanthoides (A. Gray) Small (Zygadenus leimanthoides (A. Gray) Watson). In swamps and wet soil: Southern N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn. Not common in our range. N. Y. Western L. I. exclusively south of the terminal moraine; apparently wanting on S. I. and elsewhere. N. J. Princeton Junction, Mercer Co.; Milltown, Middlesex Co., and Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington and Camden counties. Tertiary, scattered on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 175-182 days. About sea level. 8. Melanthium L. Blade of the perianth segments oblong, entire; leaves linear. 1. M. virginicum. Blade of the perianth segments nearly orbicular, undulate; leaves oblanceolate. 2. M. latifolium. 1. M. virginicum L. In meadows and wet woods: R. I. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. N. Y. Reported-from L. I.; on S. I. N. J. Not recorded from the pine-barrens; rare and local in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Ocean counties, increasing but not common northward into Bergen Co. Pa. Lehigh Co. to Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, rare; or perhaps wanting: Cretaceous, scattered: Older formation, not common. Predominating south of the moraine. 138-204 days.. Sea level—860 ft. 2. M. latifolium Desr. In dry woods and on hills: Conn. to Pa. and S. Car. CONN. Rare and local in southwestern Fairfield Co. N.Y. Bronx, Westchester and Rockland counties. N. J. Bergen to Morris counties, increasing northwestward; also at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co. MELANTHACEAE 231 Pa. Monroe and Northampton to Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not very com- mon. South of the moraine only in Pa. 138-204 days. Sea level- 1,050 ft. g. Veratrum L. 1. V. viride Ait. In swamps and wet woods, or on dry hillsides in the Catskills: Quebec to Alask., Ga., Tenn., Minn. and Brit. Col. Conn. Common throughout the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward; rare south of the ° moraine on L. I. N.J. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens; local in Salem, Cumber- land, Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Ocean counties, in- creasing and common northward. Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. Tertiary, rare or wanting: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Forma- tions, common, increasing northward. 118-204 days. Sea level- 2,865 ft. 10. Uvularia L. Capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate or rounded; leaves perfoliate. 1. U. perfoliata. Capsule acutely 3-angled, acute at each end; leaves sessile. Leaves thin, pale or glaucous beneath, narrowed at both ends. 2. Leaves firm, green both sides, sometimes subcordate. 2. 1. U. perfoliata L. In moist woods and thickets: Quebec and Ont. to Fla. and Miss. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; but apparently not in Luzerne and Schuykill counties, Pa. U. sesstlifolia. U. nilida. 2. U. sessilifolia L. In moist woods and thickets: N. B. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of L. I. and N. J. 3. U. nitida (Britton) Mackenzie ( U. sessilifolia nitida (Britton) Morong). In sandy swamps: N. J. N. J. Frequent in, and along the edges of the pine-barrens. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare or unknown elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare or 0: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 186-224 days. About sea level. The reported occurrence of U. grandiflora J. E. Smith in the range has not been established. It may grow in the Catskills or in the mountains of Pa. 232 LILIACEAE LILIACEAE Ovary superior, not adnate to the perianth. Roots fibrous or fleshy; scape tall; flowers orange or yellow. I. HEMEROCALLIS, Plants with bulbs or corms. Flowers unbelloid. 2. ALLIUM. Flowers solitary, racemes, corymbed or panicled. Anthers not introrse. Anthers versatile; tall herbs. 3. Litium. Anthers not versatile; low herbs. 4. ERYTHRONIUM. Anthers introrse. Perianth of 6 separate segments. 5. ORNITHOGALUM. Corolla globose, oblong or urn-shaped. 6. Muscarl. Ovary half inferior; roots fibrous; flowers racemed. 7. ALETRIS. 1. Hemerocallis L. 1. H.fulva L. Escaped from cultivation: N. B. and Ont. to Va. and Tenn. Locally common as an escape from gardens, particularly in N.Y. and N. J., often wanting. The yellow day lily, H. flava L., has been reported as a rare escape from old gardens. 2. Allium L. Leaves oblong lanceolate, absent at flowering time; ovules I in each cavity. 1. A. tricoccum. Leaves linear, present at flowering time; ovules 2 in each cavity. Bulb coats membranous, not fibrous reticulated. Umbels capitate, shorter than the flowers. 2. A. sibiricum, Umbels loose, pedicels much longer than the flowers. Sepals not keeled; inner filaments toothed under the anthers. 3. A. vineale. Sepals keeled; inner filaments not toothed. 4. A. carinatum. Bulbs with fibrous outer coats. 5. A. canadense. 1. A. tricoccum Ait. In rich woods: N. B. to Minn., N. Car., Tenn. and Iowa. Conn. Throughout. N. Y. Throughout, but rare or wanting south of the moraine on L. I.; at Flushing. N. J. Not reported from the pine-barrens; rare or local in Salem Co., increasing and local northward. Pa. Lehigh, Berks, Bucks and Philadelphia counties. Tertiary rare or wanting: Cretaceous scattered : Older formations, common and increasing northward. 118-179 days. Sea level- 2,820 ft. LILIACEAE 233 2. A.sibiricum L. In moist soil: Newf. to Alask., Me., N. N. Y., Pa., Mich., Wyo. and Wash. The Palisades of the Delaware River, Pike Co., Pa., a sandstone region north of the moraine, with a growing season of about 145 days and an elevation of 500 ft. 3. A.vineale L. In fields and meadows: Mass. to Ohio, Mo. and Va. Naturalized from Europe. Locally abundant as a weed. 4. A.carinatum L. Fugitive from Europe and in North America known only from Bucks Co., Pa., where it is a rare escape; erroneously recorded from N. J. 5. A. canadense L. In meadows and thickets: N. B. to Minn., Fla., La. and Colo. Conn. Throughout. N.Y. Rare south of the moraine on L. I., frequent elsewhere and increasing northward, but apparently wanting in the Catskills. N.J. Scattered from Gloucester to Middlesex counties, exclusively north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common northward. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, rare or perhaps wanting: Cretaceous scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward at moderate elevations. 142-204 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft. A. Schoenoprasum L. and A. cernuum Roth have both been reported as established escapes. 3. Lilium L. Flower or flowers erect; perianth segments narrowed into long claws. 1. L. philadelphicum. Flowers drooping or spreading. Leaves finely roughened on the veins beneath. 2. L. canadense. Leaves perfectly smooth. 3. L. superbum. 1. L. philadelphicum L. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to Ont., N. Car. and W. Va. Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Throughout increasing northward; rare south of the moraine on L. I. N. J. Not definitely recorded from the pine-barrens; rare and local from Gloucester to Monmouth counties exclusively north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common northward. 234 LILIACEAE Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered in locally favorable situations. Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-220 days. Sea level—4,oo0 ft. 2. L. canadense L. In swamps and meadows, sometimes in fields: N. S. to Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala... Mo. and Neb. Conn. Throughout. N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward; rare south of the moraine on L. I. N. J. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens, except as an occasional escape; increasing and common northward. Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, common. 118-204 days. Sea level—1,800 ft. 3. L. superbum L. In meadows and marshes: N. B. and Ont. to Minn., N. Car. and Tenn. Throughout the range, always decreasing inland. L. tigrinum Andr., the Asiatic tiger-lily, is a rare escape from gardens. 4. Erythronium L. Flower yellow; stigmas very short. 1. E. americanum. Flowers white; stigmas 2-3 mm. long, recurved. 2. E. albidum. 1. E. americanum Ker. In moist woods and thickets and along river banks: Nova Scot. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Mo. and Ark. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and east and south of them, there wanting; always increasing north- ward; unknown on the south side of L. I. 2. E. albidum Nutt. Moist woods and thickets: Ont. to Gar Minn. and Tex. N. J. Recorded from Oxford, Warren Co., Garfield, Bergen Co., and from near Mattewan, Monmouth Co., the latter locality long since destroyed. . 5. Ornithogalum L. 1. O. umbellatum L. In fields and meadows: N. H. to Pa. and Va. Naturalized from Europe. Locally abundant as an introduced plant, often wanting. In the neighborhood of Philadelphia O. nutans L. has been reported as an occasional escape. @ a q , ¥ i DICE Gey Opes rH 6 8 SO ee BNE ES gn POSEN OE CONVALLARIACEAE 235 6. Muscari Mill. Perianth globose, 2-3 mm. in diameter; leaves erect. 1. M. botryoides. Perianth oblong, 4-6 mm. long; leaves recurved. . 2. M. racemosum. 1. M. botryoides (L.) Mill. In meadows and thickets, and along roadsides escaped from gardens: N. H. toO.and Va. Native of Europe and Asia. Occasional as a garden escape in most parts of the range. 2. M. racemosum (L.) Mill. Escaped from gardens: Conn. and S. N. Y. to Pa. and Md. Native of Europe. A very rare garden escape. 7. Aletris L. 1. A. farinosa L. In dry, mostly sandy soil, sometimes in bogs: Me. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Ark. Conn. Local throughout the state, decreasing inland. N. Y. L.I.,S.1., and in Bronx and Westchester counties, increas- ing southward. N.J. Rare and local in Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Essex counties, increasing and common southward, particularly in the pine- barrens. Pa. Luzerne, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, not common and decreasing north of the moraine. 153-220 days. Sea level—718 ft. The reported occurrence of A. aurea Walt. in southern New Jersey is an error. The European wild tulip Tulipa sylvestris L. is naturalized in Bucks Co., Pa. Yucca filamentosa L. is frequently spontaneous on L. I. and in Monmouth Co., N. J. CONVALLARIACEAE Leaves reduced to scales; leaf-like branches filiform. 1. ASPARAGUS. Leaves broad; stem simple or somewhat branched. Leaves alternate or basal. Leaves basal; flowers umbelloid or solitary. 2. CLINTONIA. Leaves alternate (solitary in flowerless plants of No. 4). Perianth segments separate. Flowers terminal, racemose, umbelloid, paniculate or solitary. Perianth segments 6. 3. VAGNERA. Perianth segments 4. 4. UNIFOLIUM. Flowers axillary, solitary or two together. 5. STREPTOPUS. Perianth cylindric or oblong, 6-toothed. 6. POLYGONATUM. Leaves in I or 2 whorls below the flower. Leaves in 2 whorls; flowers umbelloid. 7. MEDEOLA. Leaves in 1 whorl; flower solitary. 8. TRILLIUM. 236 CONVALLARIACEAE 1. Asparagus L. 1. A. officinalis L. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized, especially along salt marshes: N. B. to Va.; and locally naturalized in waste places in the interior. Native of Europe. Locally abundant as a naturalized escape. 2. Clintonia Raf. Flowers greenish yellow, drooping, 1.6—-2 cm. long; berry blue. 1. C. borealis. Flowers white, not drooping, 0.8—1 cm. long; berry black. 2. C. umbellulata. 1. C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. In moist woods and thickets: Lab. to Man. and Minn., south to N. Car. and Wisc. Conn. Rare and local in northern New London and Middlesex counties, and in Windham Co., increasing northwestward and common at higher elevations in Litchfield Co. N.Y. Inthe higher hills of the Hudson Highlands, increasing and common northward, particularly in the Catskills. N. J. Morris, Passaic, Warren and Sussex counties, increasing northward. Pa. Luzerne, Lackawanna, Pike, Monroe and Schuykill counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common at high elevations. Not south of the moraine, except in Pa. 117-160 days. 450-4,000 ft. 2. C. umbellulata (Michx.) Torr. In woods: N. Y. and N. J. to Ga. and Tenn. An unquestionably authentic specimen in the Columbia Univer- sity Herbarium from Short Hills, Essex Co., N. J., is the only re- corded occurrence of this species in the range. 3. Vagnera Adans. (Smilacina Desf.) Flowers numerous, panicled. 1. V. racemosa. Flowers few-several, racemose. Plant 2.5-4.5 dm. high; leaves numerous. 2. V. stellata. Plant 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves 2-4. 3. V. trifolia. 1. V. racemosa (L.) Morong. In woods and thickets: N. S. to Brit. Col., Ga., Mo. and Ariz. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens. 2. V. stellata (L.) Morong. In moist soil: Newf. to B. C., Va., Ky., Kan. and Cal. Also in N. Europe. CONVALLARIACEAE 237 Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and at Cape May, usually rare and local, decreasing inland in Conn. and N. Y. 3. V. trifolia (L.) Morong. In bogs and wet woods: Newf. to B. C., N. J., Pa. and Mich. Conn. Rare and local in the northwestern part of the state, and in northern Middlesex Co. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Morris and Sussex counties. Pa. Pike, Monroe, and Carbon counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local. Not south of the moraine. 118-153 days. 700~—1,708 ft. 4. Unifolium Adans. 1. U. canadense (Desf.) Greene. In moist woods and thickets: Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car., Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens. ’ 4 oO rs ; 5. Streptopus Michx. Leaves glaucous beneath, clasping; flowers greenish white. 1. S. amplexifolius. Leaves green both sides, sessile; flowers purple or rose. 2. S. roseus. 1. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. In moist woods: Lab. to Alask., N. Car., O., Mich. and N. Mex. Conn. Rare and local in northwestern Litchfield Co. N. Y. Confined to the mountains of Greene and Ulster counties. Pa. Wayne, Pike and Carbon counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-145 days. 640-3,500 ft. 2. S.roseus Michx. In moist woods: Lab. to Alask., Ga., Mich. and Ore. Conn. Very rare and local in the south and east, increasing and common northwestward. N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing and common northward. N. J. Sussex Co. and Bearfort Mts., Passaic Co. Pa. Pike and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 118-187 days. Sea level—4,oo0 ft. She ae he 238 LILIACEAE 6. Polygonatum [Tourn.] Mill. (Salomonia Heist.) Leaves pubescent beneath; filaments filiform, roughened. 1. P. biflorum. Leaves glabrous; filaments somewhat flattened, smooth. 2. P. commutatum. 1. P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. In woods and thickets: N. B. to Ont., Mich., Fla., W. Va. and Tenn. Conn. Throughout. , N.Y. Throughout, but unknown south of the moraine on L. I. N. J. Not definitely known from the coastal plain, thence increas- ing and common northward. Pa. Throughout. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common. 118- 204 days. Sea level-2,800 ft. 2. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. In woods and along streams, frequently in dry soil: Ont. to Manit., Utah, south to R. I., Ga., La., N. Mex. and Ariz. In our range not so common as the preceding. Throughout the range. 7. Medeola L. 1. M. virginiana L. In moist woods and thickets: N.S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tenn. Throughout the range, apparently increasing in southwestern Conn. and decreasing in southern N. J., particularly in the pine- barrens. 8. Triilium L. Leaves sessile or narrowed at the base and short petioled. Petals obovate or oblanceolate, white or pink. T. grandiflorum.* Petals ovate or lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long. Peduncles 3-10 cm. long, erect or declined; petals spreading. 1. TZ. erectum. Peduncles 3 cm. long or less, recurved beneath the leaves; petals recurved. 2. T. cernuum. Leaves distinctly petioled, obtuse or rounded at the base. 3. T. undulatum. 1. T. erectum L. In rich woods: N.S. to James’ Bay, Manit., N. Car. and Tenn Conn. Throughout, more common westward and northward, rare southeastward. N.Y. On L. I., north of the moraine, but rare; S. I., Westchester Co., increasing and common northward. * This species is keyed in because, while it has never been authentically reported from the range, it is to be expected from the Catskills and from the mountains of Pa. ee es Se Pd | kt 2. T. cernuum L. In rich woods: Newf. to Ont. and Wisc., Ga. SMILACEAE 239 N. J. Not recorded from the pine-barrens, rare in Burlington Co. increasing and common northward. Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Bucks Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single station at Bordentown, N. J.: Older Formations, common and increasing northward. 118-187 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. and Mo. Conn. “Occasional in southeastern and southwestern Conn., ap- parently wanting elsewhere.”’ (Conn. Bot. Club Cat.) N. Y. L.I., S. I., increasing and common northward, rare south of the moraine on L. I. N. J. Not recorded from the pine-barrens, rare from Salem and Camden to Middlesex and Mercer counties, thence increasing and frequent northward. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, rare or wanting: Cretaceous, rare and scattered in edaphically favorable situations: Older Formations, common. 117-204 days. Sea level—1,885 ft. 3. T. undulatum Willd. In woods: N. S. to Ont. and Wisc., south to Ga. and Mo. Conn. Rare and local in New Haven, Middlesex and Tolland counties, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Reported, but not definitely known from L. I. North- western Westchester Co., increasing and common northward, particularly in the Catskills. N. J. Hudson Co. (not recently collected) Passaic and Sussex counties. Pa. Luzerne, Lackawanna, Carbon, Monroe, Lehigh, and Schuyl- kill counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing and common northward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-170 days. Sea level—2,800 ft. The garden lily-of-the-valley, Convallaria majalis L., has been reported as an estab- lished escape. SMILACEAE 1. Smilax L. Stem annual, herbaceous, unarmed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Leaves usually ovate, thin. Leaves usually hastate, coriaceous. 1. S. herbacea. 2. S. tamnifolia. 240 SMILACEAE Stem perennial, woody, usually armed with prickles; ovules 1 in each cavity. Berries black or bluish black. Berries ripening the first year. Leaves glaucous. Leaves green both sides. Leaves ovate, 7-nerved. 4. S. hispida. Leaves rounded or lanceolate, 5- -nerved. 5. 5. rotundifolia. Berries ripening the second year; leaves elliptic or lanceo- late. 6. S. laurifolia. Berries red. 7. S. Walteri. 1. S. herbacea L. (S. pulverulenta Michx. S. herbacea crispifolia Pennell). In woods and thickets: N. B. to Ont., Dak., Fla., La., Neb. and Okla. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east of them. 2. S. tamnifolia Michx. In dry soil: L. I. and N. J. to S. Pa., S. Car. and Tenn. N. Y. South of the moraine on L. I. N. J. Common on the coastal-plain, not recorded elsewhere. Pa. Delaware Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level. S. glauca. eM 3. S. glauca Walt. In dry sandy soil: E. Mass. to Fla., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Throughout, decreasing inland. N.Y. L.I.,S. 1. and Westchester Co. N. J. Rare part local in Warren, Morris, Bergen and Hunterdon counties, increasing and common southward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Schuylkill, Delaware and Chester counties, increasing southward. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, about equalling in frequency the Tertiary. Predominating south of the moraine. 118-220 days. Sea level-1,200 ft. 4. S. hispida Muhl. In thickets: Ont. to Minn., Neb., N. Car. and Tex. Conn. Fairfield Co., rare. N. J. Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, not common. Stations all near, or on the terminal moraine except in Pa. 138- 185 days. Sea level—64o0 ft. AMARYLLIDACEAE 24! 5. S. rotundifolia L. In woods and thickets: N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range, always decreasing in the mountains. 6. S. laurifolia L. In moist woods and thickets: S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex., north in the Miss. Valley to Ark. N. J. The pine-barrens and at Cape May. Tertiary, not very common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level. 7. S. Walteri Pursh. In wet soil in the pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla. and La. N. J. The pine-barrens and Cape May. Tertiary, not common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cre- taceous, 0: Older Formations, 0: not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level. The reported occurrence in N. J. of S. Bona-nox L. and S. Pseudo-China L. seem to have been errors. There are no specimens or authentic records from this state, and the plants are otherwise definitely known only from Maryland southward. A single plant of S. Bona-nox L. (S. tamnoides A. Gray) not of L. has been recorded from S. I. The S. I. record of S. Pseudo-China L. is based on a short-petioled specimen of S. herbacea L. HAEMODORACEAE 1. Gyrotheca Salisb. 1. G. tinctoria (Walt.) Salisb. Sandy swamps near the coast: Cape Cod to N. J. and Fla. Conn. Coastal swamps of New Haven and New London counties. ~ N.Y. Lake Ronkonkoma, Suffolk Co., L. I. N. J. The pine-barrens and Cape May, often a weed in cranberry bogs. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, limited to the Conn. and L. I. stations. North of the moraine only on L. I. and in Conn.* 187-220 days. About sea level. AMARYLLIDACEAE Bulbous herbs with a solitary flower on a scape. 1. NARCISSUS. Bulbless herbs with a rootstock or corm; flowers umbellate or cymose. Perianth adnate to the whole surface of the ovary; leaves mostly 4 basal. 2. HyPoxis. Perianth adnate only to the lower part of the ovary; stem leafy; flowers woolly. 3. LOPHIOLA. *See Introduction paragraph 7. 17 242 IRIDACEAE 1. Narcissus L. 1. N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. Escaped from gardens: N. J. and Penn. An occasional escape from gardens. N. poeticus L. has been reported as a rare escape. 2: Bypoxis LL, 1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. In dry soil or low damp ground: Me. and Ont. to Assin., Fla. and Tex. Apparently throughout the range, except the region east and south of the pine-barrens, but always decreasing and perhaps wanting at elevations greater than 1,000 ft. 3. Lophiola Ker. 1. L. aurea Ker. (ZL. americana (Pursh) A. Wood). Pine-barren bogs: N. J. to Fla. N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare along the edges, and wanting elsewhere in the state. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare or wanting elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare or wanting: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level. The summer snowflake, Leucojum aestivum L., has been reported as a rare escape. DIOSCOREACEAE 1. Dioscorea L. 1. D. villosa L. In moist thickets: R. I. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Conn. ‘“‘ Frequent along and near the coast and in the valley of the Conn. River; occasional or rare elsewhere.’’ (Conn. Bot. Club Cat.) N.Y. Throughout, but rare and local in the north. N. J. Common throughout, particularly southward. Pa. Throughout, increasing southward. | Apparently without special distributional features except that it is found more commonly in Conn. in the predominately Triassic valley of the Conn. River. IRIDACEAE Style branches opposite the anthers, very broad and petal like. - 1. IRIs. Style branches alternate with the anthers, slender or filiform. IRIDACEAE 243 Filaments all distinct; seeds fleshy. 2. GEMMINGIA, Filaments united; seeds dry. 3. SISYRINCHIUM, Paris | lourn,| L. Flowers blue, variegated with yellow, white or green (rarely all white). Leaves 12-25 mm. broad, numerous. Leaves 3-5 mm. broad, grass like; 2 or 3. Flowers bright yellow; introduced species. . I. versicolor. . I. prismatica. . I. Pseudacorus. Ww Ne 1. I. versicolor L. In marshes, thickets and wet meadows: Newf. to Manit., Fla. and Ark. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, usually decreasing northward. 2. I. prismatica Pursh. In wet grounds or rarely in dry sand: N. B. to Pa. and Ga. Conn. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing and perhaps wanting in the interior. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; Westchester Co., not recorded elsewhere. N. J. Rare and local in Sussex, Hunterdon, Essex, Bergen and Union counties, increasing and common southward, particularly along the coast. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing and scanty northward. 138-220 days. Sea level- 718 ft. 3. I. Pseudacorus L. In marshes: Mass. to N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe. Locally abundant as an escape from cultivation. I. orientalis Mill. and I. germanica L. have both been reported as rare or occasional escapes. 2. Gemmingia Fabr. 1. G. chinensis (L.) Kuntze. On hillsides and along roadsides: Conn. to Ga., Ind. and Mo. Locally abundant as an established escape. 3. Sisyrinchium L. Spathes twin, sessile, terminating the winged stem. 1. S. albidum. Spathes single. Stems mostly simple, with a sessile terminal spathe. Capsule 4-6 mm. high; leaves 2-6 mm. wide. 2. S. angustifolium. Capsule 2-4 mm. high; leaves 0.8—2 mm. wide. 3. S. mucronatum. 244 IRIDACEAE Stems mostly branched above and bearing 2 or more pedun- culate spathes. Tufts fibrous coated at the base; plant turning dark when dry. 4. S. arenicola. Tufts not fibrous coated at the base or but sparingly so. Plant usually turning dark when dry; stem broadly winged; pedicels spreading or recurved. 5. S. graminoides. Plant not turning dark when dry; pedicels not re- curved. 6. S. atlanticum. 1. S. albidum Raf. Ont. to Wisc., La., Ala. and N. Car.; and in Conn. and N. Y. as an introduced plant. Known in our range only from New London, Conn., and Mor- risania, N. Y. City; obviously fugitive from the west. 2. S. angustifolium Mill. Fields and roadsides and on hills: Newf. to N. J. and in the mountains to Va., west to Sask. and Col. Conn. Throughout, apparently decreasing southwestward. N. Y. Not recorded from S. I., occasional on L, I.; rare and local in Westchester Co., increasing and common northward. N. J. Herman and Tuckerton along the coast and near New Brunswick, Middlesex Co.; rare in Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, increasing northward. Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Northampton counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or perhaps wanting: Older Forma- tions, increasing northward. 117-190 days. Sea-level—2,300 ft. 3. S. mucronatum Michx. In meadows and fields: Mass. and Mich. to N. J. and Va. Conn. Rare in-the south and east, increasing northwestward, nowhere common. N. J. Morris, Passaic and Union counties; not common; reported from Burlington, Gloucester and Atlantic counties, outside the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton and Lehigh counties; reported also from Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not common. 149-189 days. 374-2,100 ft. 4. S. arenicola Bicknell. In sandy soil on or near the coast: Mass., N. J. and N. Car. N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., not recorded elsewhere. N. J. Common in Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean and Burlington counties, near the coast and west of the pine-barrens, not recorded elsewhere. — er ORCHIDACEAE 245 Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, confined to northeastern Middle- sex and northern Monmouth counties, N. J.: Older Formations, rare along and north of the moraine on L. I. 173-185 days. About sea level. 5. S. graminoides Bicknell (S. gramineum Curtis). In wet meadows and in damp woods: N. H. to Minn., Fla. and Tex., Santo Domingo. Conn. Common throughout. N. Y. Frequent on L. I.; S. I.; Westchester Co., increasing and common northward, but unknown in the Catskills. N. J. The coastal plain except the pine-barrens and Cape May; Bergen Co., increasing northwestward. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 153-204 days. Sea level—680 ft. 6. S. atlanticum Bicknell. In dry or moist soil: Me. and Vt. to Fla. and Miss. Throughout the range, most abundant along the coast, and always decreasing inland and in the mountains. A form described from southern N. J. as S. intermedium Bicknell seems doubtfully distinct from S. mucronatum. ORCHIDACEAE Anthers 2; lip a large inflated sac. Plant acaulescent, scape 1-flowered. I. FISSIPES. CYPRIPEDIUM. WW Plant caulescent, scape 1-0 flowered. Anther solitary. Pollinia with a caudicle which is attached at the base to a viscid disk, or gland. Glands enclosed in a pouch, sepals united above into a hood; lip entire. 3. GALEORCHIS. Glands not enclosed in a pouch. Lip not fringed or cut-toothed. Stem leafy. Valves of the anthers dilated at the base, enclosing the glands below. 4. PERULARIA. Valves of the anthers not dilated at the base. Glands surrounded by a thin membrane. 5. COELOGLOSSUM. ORCHIDACEAE Glands naked. Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages. Beak of the stigma without appendages. Stem scapiform; leaves I-2, basal; anther sacs divergent. Lip fringed or parted or cut-toothed. Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 23). Pollinia granulose or powdery. Flowers comparatively large, solitary or few; anthers incumbent on a long column. Leaves not grass-like; lip free. Flowers terminal, the lip crested. Leaves alternate. Stem leaves whorled. Flowers axillary, the lip not crested. Leaves grass-like. Flower solitary, terminal. Flowers racemose, lip free. Flowers small, numerous, in spikes or racemes. Anther operculate; leaves broad, alternate. Anther not operculate. Leaves green, borne on the stem. Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. Leaves white-reticulate, basal. Pollinia smooth or waxy. Plants with corms or bulbs; cauline. Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers. Leaf cauline; lip smooth or auricled at base. Leaf or leaves basal. Leaf 1, basal, unfolding before the flowers. Flowers long-spurred; lip 3-lobed. Flowers not spurred; lip 3-ridged. Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless, the leaves reduced to scales. leaves basal or 1. Fissipes Small. 1. F. acaulis (Ait.) Small (Cypripedium acaule. Ait.). re 10. If. 12. 3. 14. 15. 16. 172 18. 19. 20. 2I. 22. aa. . GYMNADENIOPSIS. . LIMNORCHIS. . LyYSIAS. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS. POGONIA. ISOTRIA. TRIPHORA. ARETHUSA., LIMODORUM. SERAPIAS, IBIDIUM. OPHRYS. PERAMIUM. MALAXIS. LIPARIS. TIPULARIA. APLECTRUM. CORALLORHIZA. In sandy or rocky woods: Newf. to Ont., N. Car., Tenn., Ky. and Minn. Throughout the range, locally absent. infrequent. Albino forms are not _— ORCHIDACEAE 247 2. Cypripedium L. Sepals and petals not longer than the lip. 1. C. reginae. Sepals and petals longer than the lip. Sterile stamen lanceolate; lip white. 2. C. candidum. Sterile stamen triangular; lip yellow. 3. C. parviflorum. 1. C. reginae Walt. (C. hirsutum Mill.) Inswampsand woods: Nov. Scot. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga. Conn. Not very common in the north and west, decreasing coast- ward. N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing northward. S. J. record unveri- N. J. Hudson Co. (old record; not recently collected), otherwise recorded only from Sussex Co. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton and Berks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not common, in- creasing northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. 471-—I,g900 ft. 2. C. candidum Willd. In bogs and meadows: N. Y. and N. J. to Ky., Minn., Neb. and Mo. Rare. Known definitely in the range only from Bergen and Warren counties, N. J. 3. C. parviflorum Salisb. (C. hirsutum of Britton’s Manual, not of Miller (?) and C. flavescens Raf.). In woods and thickets: Newf. to Brit. Col. and Alaska, Ga. and Mo. Conn. Throughout, rare in the south, increasing northward. N.Y. Not recorded from L. I. and S. I.; rare and local in northern N. Y. City, increasing and common northward. N. J. Very rare in Gloucester Co., apparently wanting between it and two known stations in Monmouth Co., thence increasing and common northward. Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-2,300 ft. 3. Galeorchis Rydb. 1. G. spectabilis (L.) Rydb. (Orchis spectabilis L.). In rich woods: N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ky., Ga. and Neb. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. 248 ORCHIDACEAE N. Y. Rare and local on L. I., S. I., the Bronx and Westchester counties, increasing and common northward. N. J. Rare in Salem, Gloucester and Burlington counties and in Monmouth and Mercer counties exclusively north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and frequent northward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Berks, Chester and Delaware counties. » Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations, in- creasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level—1,goo ft. The reported occurrence of Orchis rotundifolia Pursh has never been satisfactorily established. ; 4. Perularia Lind. 1. P. flava (L.) Farw. (Habenaria flava (L.) Gray). In moist soil: N. S. to Minn., south to Fla., La. and Mex. Conn. Throughout, rare and local in the south, increasing north- westward. N. Y. Rare and local on L. I.; common onS. I.; increasing north- ward. N. J. Rare in Ocean, Monmouth and Middlesex counties, increas- ing northward. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing and common northward. 118-204 days. Sea level—2,680 ft. 5. Coeloglossum Hartmann. 1. C. bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. (Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br.).. In woods and meadows: N. S. to B. Col., south to N. Car. and Neb. Conn. Rare in New Haven and Middlesex counties, more common in the northern tier of counties, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Recorded from but not definitely known on L. I., unknown on S. I., rare in Westchester Co., increasing and common north- ward. N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, in- creasing northwestward. Pa. Pike, Monroe and Northampton counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-187 days. Sea level- 2,500 ft. 6. Gymnadeniopsis Rydb. Lip entire; stigma with 2 appendages; stem several-leaved. Ovary not twisted; spur longer than the ovary; flowers white. I. G. nivea. Ovary twisted; spur shorter than the ovary; flowers orange. 2. G. integra. Lip 3-toothed; stigma with 3 appendages; leaves I or 2. 3. G. clavellata. —_—— 9 ee i el OO TL a ORCHIDACEAE 249 1. G. nivea (Nutt). Rydb. In pine-barren bogs: N. J. to Fla. and Ala. N. J. Bennett, Cape May Co. 2. G. integra (Nutt.) Rydb. ( Habenaria integra (Nutt.) Gray). In wet pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla. and La. N. J. Rare and local in the pine-barrens of Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic and Burlington counties; reported also in Cape May Co. Tertiary, not common: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-182 days. About sea level. 3. G. clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. (Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng.). In wet or moist woods: Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. Throughout the range. The European Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. occurs in N. Am., so far as known, only at Litchfield, Conn., as an adventive plant. 7. Limnorchis Rydb. Lip lanceolate, slightly, if at all dilated at the base; flowers greenish or purplish. 1. L. hyperborea. Lip decidedly rhomboid-dilated at the base; flowers white. 2. L. dilatata. I. L. hyperborea (L.) Rydb. (L. huronensis (Nutt.) Rydb.; Orchis huronensis Nutt.). In swamps: Greenland to Alaska, Ny.; Conn., N. J., Pa. and Ore. Conn. Tolland, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Dutchess Co., increasing in the Catskills. N. J. Northern Bergen and Sussex counties. Pa. Wayne Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. 618- 1,900 ft. 2. L. dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. ( Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook.). In bogs and wet woods: N. S. to Sask., south to Me., N. Y. and Ore. Conn. Eastern Hartford Co. and in Litchfield Co., increasing northwestward. N.Y. The higher Catskills. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. 618- 3,600 ft. 250 ORCHIDACEAE 8. Lysias Salisb. | . Scape bracted. 1. L. orbiculata. Scape naked. 2. L. Hookeriana. 1. L. orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. (Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr.; H. macrophylla Goldie). In rich woods: Newf. to B. C., N. Car. and Minn. Conn. Rare in northwestern Litchfield Co. N.Y. West Point, Orange Co., increasing and common northward. N. J. Closter, Bergen Co. (old record; not recently collected). Otherwise known only from Sussex Co. Pa. Monroe, Carbon, Berks and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-204 days. Sea level—2,800 ft. 2. L. Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. (Habenaria Hookeriana A. Gray). In woods: N.S. to Minn., N. J., Pa. and Iowa. Conn. Rare in the coastal counties, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Not recorded from L. I. or S. I., rare and local in West- chester Co., increasing and common northward at moderate elevations. N. J. Sussex, Morris, Warren and Passaic counties. Pa. Water Gap, Monroe Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level—1,000 ft. 9. Blephariglottis Raf. Lip not 3-parted, pectinately fringed. Spur half as long as the ovary; flowers yellow. 1. B. cristata. Spur longer than the ovary. Flowers bright yellow. 2. B. ciliaris. Flowers white. 3. B. Blephariglottis. Lip 3-parted. Segments of the lip deeply fringed. Segments narrow, fringe of a few threads. 4. B. lacera. Segments broadly fan-shaped, fringe copious. Racemes 4-5 cm. thick; lip 1-2 cm. broad. 5. B. grandiflora. Racemes I—3 em. thick; lip 8-10 mm. broad. 6. B. psycodes. Segments of the lip cuc toothed. 7. B. peramoena. 1. B. cristata (Michx.) Raf. (Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br.). In bogs: N. J. to Fla., Ark. and La. | N. J. Very rare in the cedar swamp in Hudson Co. (old specimen; not recently collected), and throughout the coastal plain, pre- dominating in the pine-barrens. ee ee eee in inn a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a ee eS ee eee ee Cee ae & Leaves all lobed or divided. = Plant glabrous; stem hollow; flower small. 8. R. sceleratus. Plant more or less pubescent. Beak of the achene strongly hooked. g. R. recurvatus. se Beak not hooked. Beak of the achene short. Erect plants naturalized in fields. Calyx spreading; roots fibrous. 10. R. acris. Calyx reflexed; stem bulbous- thickened at the base. 11. R. bulbosus. Erect or ascending plant of moist places; flower 6-12 mm. broad. 12. R. pennsylvanicus. Prostrate or somewhat ascending; plant of fields; flowers about 25 mm. broad. 13. R. repens. Beak of the achene long, stout or slender; flowers 12-36 mm. broad. Beak stout, sword shaped; leaves cuneate at the base. 14. R. septentrionalts. Beak slender, subulate. Leaf segments broad, oblong. 15. R. hispidus. Leaf segments narrow, linear- ° oblong. 16. R. fascicularts. 326 RANUNCULACEAE Achenes not smooth. Achenes rough-papillose, the beak straight. 17. R. parviflorus. Achenes muricate, the beak recurved. 18. R. arvensis. 1. R. delphinifolius Torr. In ponds: Me. and Ont. to Mich., south to N. Car., Mo. and Kan. . Conn. Not common but found throughout the state. N. Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., thence increasing but not very common northward. N. J. Rare and local in Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and not uncommon northward. Distribution little understood; more common northward than elsewhere. 2. R. pusillus Poir. In marshes: S. N. Y. and N. J., Pa., south to Fla., west to Tex. and Mo. N.Y. Rare and local in Westchester Co., on L. I. and on S. I. N. J. Rare and local in Morris and Essex Counties, increasing southward but nowhere common, and not found in the pine- barrens or south of them. Pa. Bucks and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 137-220 days. Sea level—1,800 ft. 3. R. reptans L. On shores: Newf. and Arctic Am., south to N. J., Penn. and Mich. and in the Rocky Mts. to Col. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Near the coast in New London Co. and along the drainage area of the Connecticut River in Hartford Co. N. Y. Reported from the north shore of L. I. near N. Y. City. N. J. Mercer, Warren and Sussex counties; in the drainage area of the Delaware River. Pa. Bucks and Northampton counties near the Delaware. A rare and local species, the distribution of which is little known. 4. R. obtusiusculus Raf. In marshes: Me. and Ont. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; apparently rare on L. I. and S. I. 5. R. abortivus L. In moist ground, most common in woods: Newf., Lab. and N. S. to Manitoba, Fla., Ark. and Col. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; doubtfully north of the moraine on L. I. ——= = —— se eT - eS RANUNCULACEAE 327 6. R. micranthus Nutt. In rocky woods: Newf., Lab. and N. S. to Manitoba, Fla., Ark. and Col. Conn. Throughout the state, more common along the Connecticut River than elsewhere. N. Y. Common.along the Hudson to Putnam Co., thence ap- parently decreasing northward. Apparently unknown on L. I. and S. I. N. J. Not uncommon along the Palisades in Bergen and Hudson counties, also in Essex, Sussex and Hunterdon Counties; un- known elsewhere. Pa. From Bucks Co. Apparently most common on trap rock in Conn. and N. J.; otherwise its distribution is little understood. 7. R. allegheniensis Britton. Mountains: Vt. and Mass. to Va. and N. Car. Known only from Litchfield Co., Conn., there very rare. Re- ported, but not definitely known from the Catskills. 8. R. sceleratus L. In swamps and ditches, and on shores: N. B. to Fla., Kan. and Minn. Also in Eu. and Asia. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley. N. J. Common along the coast, decreasing inland; not reported from the pine-barrens. Pa. Chester and Delaware counties. More common near the junction of salt and fresh water than elsewhere. 9. R. recurvatus Poir. In woods: N. S. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Mo. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 10. R. acris L. In fields and meadows: Northern States and Canada. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the range. 11. R. bulbosus L. In fields and along roadsides: Eastern States. Naturalized from Europe. Common everywhere. 12. R. pennsylvanicus L. f. In wet open places: N.S. to Ga. and west to the Rocky Mts. and B. Col. 328 RANUNCULACEAE Conn. Rare and local along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Unknown on the south side of L. I., rare and local north of the moraine, near the western end of the island; rare on S. I.; not common in Westchester Co., thence increasing and common northward. N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, rare and local in the area surrounding them; from Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and becoming common northward. Pa. Pike, Northampton and Delaware counties. Tertiary, known only locally, exclusively outside of the Beacon Hill formation: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing and common northward. 127-220 days. Sea level—1,go0 ft. 3. R. repens L. In fields and along roadsides: Newf. to Va. and locally in the interior. Mainly introduced from Europe. Occasional as an adventive over most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown. 14. R. septentrionalis Poir. Mainly in swamps and low grounds: N. B. to Man., Ga., Ky. and Kan. Conn. Not common in the southeastern part of the state, increas- ing and becoming common northwestward. N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., frequent in Westchester Co., thence increasing and becoming very common northward. N.J. Rare and local at Cape May, becoming more frequent north- ward, but not found in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Lehigh, Northampton, Bucks and Philadelphia counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare and local elsewhere: Creta- ceous, scattering: Older Formations, increasing and common northward. 127-220 days. Sea level-2,100 ft. 15. R. hispidus Michx. In dry woods and thickets: Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Ark. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 16. R.fascicularis Muhl. In woods: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. Car., west to Man., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Rare and local, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson. N. J. Sussex Co. Most of the older records of R. fascicularis in the local flora apply to the preceding. SO eee NS eee le RANUNCULACEAE 329 17. R. parviflorus L. In waste places: about eastern seaports. Mass. to Va. Naturalized from Europe. A rare and local adventive near the larger cities, frequently wanting. 18. R. arvensis L. In waste ground: Tom’s River and Passaic, N. J., and in ballast near the northern seaports. Rare at the New Jersey stations and near the outskirts of the City. Otherwise unknown. Ranunculus parvulus L., R. graecus Griseb., R. lanuginosus L., and R. villosus DC. have all been reported on ballast near New York. 19. Batrachium S. F. Gray* Segments of the leaves 10-15 mm. long, rather rigid, scarcely col- lapsing when withdrawn from the water. 1. B. ctrcinatum. Segments of the leaves 15-30 mm. long, flaccid, collapsing when withdrawn from the water. 2. B. tricophyllum. I. B. circinatum (Sibth.) Rchb. In ponds and streams: N.S. to B. Col., south to Tenn. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Lakeville and Salisbury. N.Y. Hyde Park, Dutchess Co. and Bedford, Westchester Co. N.J. Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Sussex Cos. Recorded from Monmouth Co. 2. B. tricophyllum (Chaix.) F. Schulz. In streams: Mass. to Wash., south to N. Car. and Lower Cal. Also in Europe, Asia and S. Africa. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and south of them in N. J. B. longirostres (Godr.) F. Schultz has been reported from Litchfield Co., Conn. 20. Ficaria Huds. 1. F. Ficaria (L.) Karst. Known in our range only from Flushing and College Point, L. I., S. I., and Delaware and Philadelphia counties, Pa. Fugitive from Europe. 21. Halerpestes Greene. 1. H. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene (Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl.). Onsandy shores and on salt meadows: Lab. to N. J., west to Alask., Cal., Mex. and Kan. Also in Asia and S. Am. *See footnote, page 76. 330 RANUNCULACEAE > Conn. Rare along the coast and up the Thames. N. Y. Rare on L. I. N. J. Local along the coast from Cape May to Monmouth counties. Apparently more common near the sea-coast than elsewhere. 22. Thalictrum [Tourn.] L. Filaments filiform or slender, not wider than the anthers. Flowers strictly dioecious; lower stem leaves distinctly petioled. 1. T. diotcum. Flowers polygamous; stem leaves almost sessile. Leaves pubescent, but not glandular. 2. T. dasycarpum. Leaves glandular pubescent. 3. T. revolutum. Filaments spatulate, often wider than the anthers; plant not glan- dular. 4. T. polygamum. 1. T. dioictum L. In woods: Lab. and Anticosti to Ala., west to Sask. and Mo. Throughout the area except the pine-barrens and the coastal plain of L. I. there wanting, and rare in the region surrounding the N. J. pine-barrens; always increasing northward. 2. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. (T. purpurascens of Britton’s Manual, in part). Alluvial soil: Conn. to Sask. and south- westward. Conn. Franklin and Southington. N. J. Clifton, Bergen Co. 3. T. revolutum DC. (T. purpurascens of Am. Auth. not of L.). Rocky upland woods, and on river banks: E. Mass. to N. J., southwestern Ont., Ind. and N. C. Conn. Common near the coast, decreasing inland. N. Y. Not very common on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward but not known from the Catskills. N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens; rare and local in the region surrour ding them, thence increasing but not common northward. Pa. Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties. 4. T. polygamum Muhl. In fields and meadows: Lab. and Que. to Fla., west to Ohio. Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. The following, heretofore credited to the area, are to be excluded: Jsopyrum nulernatum (Raf.) T. & G., Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L’Her., and Adonis annua L. I can find no evidence that any of these are established within therange. Nigella damascena L.. has been reported from Conn. as an escape. BERBERIDACEAE 33I BERBERIDACEAE Shrubs; fruit baccate. 1. BERBERIS. Herbs. Anthers opening by valves. Pericarp early bursting, leaving 2 large, naked, stalked seeds, resembling berries. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. . 3. JEFFERSONIA. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent; fruit baccate, stamens 6-18. 4. PoDOPHYLLU™M. 1. Berberis [Tourn] L. 1. B. vulgaris L. In thickets: naturalized from Eu. in the Eastern and Middle States, adventive in Canada and the West. A rare escape in our area, commonly cultivated. The reported occurrence of B. canadensis in Conn. was based on a specimen of B. vulgaris. 2. Caulophyllum Michx. 1. C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. In woods: N. B. to S. Car., Minn., Neb. and Mo. Conn. Rare near the coast; increasing northwestward. N. Y. Unknown on L. I.; rare and local on S. I. and in Bronx and Westchester counties, thence increasing and common north- ward. N. J. Essex, Bergen and Union counties, increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Phila- delphia, Delaware and Chester counties, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing and usually common northward. 117-210 days. Sea level-3,365 ft. 3. Jeffersonia Bart. I. J. diphylla (L.) Pers. In woods: Ont. to Wisc., Va. and Tenn. A rare species. Known definitely in our area only from Bucks Co., Pa. 4. Podophyllum L. 1. P. peltatum L. In low woods: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., La. and Tex. Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common. N. Y. Unknown on L. I., rare and local on S. I., and in the Bronx, increasing and common northward. N. J. Rare at Cape May and the area to the north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. 332 LAURACEAE — Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 123-220 days. Sea level—1,950 ft. MENISPERMACEAE 1. Menispermum [Tourn.] L. 1. M. canadense L. In woods: Que. to Man., Ga. and Ark. Conn. Rare over most of the state, especially in the west. N. Y. Rare on L. I.,S. I., and becoming frequent in Westchester Co., thence increasing and common northward. N. J. Cape May and in the area north and west of the pine- barrens, thence increasing and common northward. Pa. Pike, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scattered; Older Formations, increasing and common northward, especially on the trap intrusions of the Palisades, and in the Connec- ticut Valley. 128-220 days. Sea level—1,g50 ft. - LAURACEAE Anthers 4-celled; leaves or some of them lobed; usually a small tree. 1. SASSAFRAS. Anthers 2-celled; leaves entire; always a shrub. 2. BENZOIN. 1. Sassafras (Nees.) Eberm. 1. S. sassafras (L.) Karst. In dry soil: Me. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the range. 2. Benzoin Fabric. 1. B. aestivale (L.) Nees. (B. Benzoin (L.) Coulter). In moist thickets, woods, and along streams: Me. to Ont., Mich., N. Car., Tenn. and Kan. Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. PAPAVERACEAE Pod dehiscent at the top or only to the middle. 1. PAPAVER. Pod dehiscent to the base. Flowers white; juice red. 2. SANGUINARIA. Flowers and juice yellow or orange. Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. 3. GLAUCIUM. PAPAVERACEAE 333 Capsule linear, smooth, tipped with a subulate style and minute stigma. 4. CHELIDONIUM. 1. Papaver [Tourn.| L. Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. 1. P. somniferum. Green, hirsute; leaves pinnately divided. Capsule glabrous. Capsule sub-globose or top-shaped. 2. P. Rhoeas. Capsule oblong, narrowed below. 3. P. dubium. Capsule hispid, with a few erect hairs; oblong. 4. P. Argemone. 1. P. somniferum L. Occasional in waste ground and on ballast: Eastern States. Fugitive from Europe. Rare as a fugitive species; sometimes escaping from gardens. 2. P. Rhoeas L. In waste places and on ballast: Me. to Va. ; Fugitive from Europe. Rare and local as a fugitive species. 3. P. dubium L. In waste and cultivated ground: Conn. to Va. and southward. Adventive from Europe. Occasional near the larger cities. 4. P. Argemone L. Waste ground: Eastern seaports. Fugitive from Europe. Rare in waste places, especially near Philadelphia and New York. P. hybridum L. has been recorded as on ballast near New York. 2. Sanguinaria [Dill.] L. 1. S. canadensis L. In rich woods: N. S. to Man., Neb., Fla. and Ark. Common throughout the area, except the pine-barrens and the coastal plain of L. I., there wanting; always increasing northward. 3. Glaucium Juss. 1. G. Glaucium (L.) Karst. In waste places: R. I. to Va. Adventive from Europe. Rare in our area as an adventive, more common along the sea beaches than elsewhere. 4. Chelidonium [Tourn.] L. 1. C. majus L. Waste places, roadsides and in woods: common in the East. Naturalized from Europe. Common in most parts of our range, except the pine-barrens. 334 FUMARIACEAE Argemone mexicana L, has been reported from the area as an established escape; not common. Stylophorum diphyllum Nutt. has been reported from Northhampton Co., Pa., as escape from gardens. Eschscholtzia californica Cham.. has been recorded as a waif near New York. FUMARIACEAE Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. Corolla deeply cordate at the base; petals slightly coherent. 1. BICUCULLA. Corolla rounded or slightly cordate; petals permanently coherent and persistent. 2. ADLUMIA. One of the outer petals spurred at the base. Capsule 2-valved, few-several-seeded. 3. CAPNOIDES. Fruit glcbose, indehiscent, 1-seeded. 4. FUMARIA. 1. Bicuculla Adans. Spurs divergent; inner petals minutely crested. 1. B. Cucullaria. Spurs short, rounded; inner petals conspicuously crested. 2. B. canadensis. 1. B. Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. In woods: N. to Minn., Wash., N. Car., Neb. and Mo. Conn. Not common in New London Co., increasing and common elsewhere, especially northwestward. N.Y. Unknown-on (.I., rare-on's. 1 increasing and common northward. N. J. A single station in Salem Co., rare and local in Middlesex and Mercer counties, thence increasing and common northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 2. B. canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. In rich woods: N. S. to Minn., Tenn., Neb. and Mo. Conn. Rare and local in northern New London Co., increasing northwestward into Hartford and Litchfield counties, but nowhere common. N. Y. Unknown on L.I., and in the Bronx, formerly collected on S. I.; Slide Mt., Ulster Co. N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Sussex Co. PA. Reported from Montgomery, Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing but never common northward. 117-210 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. FUMARIACEAE 335 2. Adlumia Raf. 1. A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. In moist woods and thickets: N. B. to Ont., N. Car. and Tenn. Conn. Rare in the east, and-along the coast, increasing north- westward. N. Y. Very rare on the north shore of L. I., unknown on S. I., rare in northern Westchester Co., thence increasing northward. N. J. Bergen, Passaic and Morris counties, increasing northward. Pa. Lehigh, Bucks, Lackawanna and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Forma- tions, not common and increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 3. Capnoides [Tourn.] Adans. Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. 1. .C. sempervirens. Stems low, diffuse or ascending; flowers yellow. 2. C. flavulum. 1. C. sempervirens (L.) Borck. Inrocky places: N.S. to Alaska, N. Car. and Minn. » Conn. Not very common, but found throughout the state. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Westchester Co. and the Bronx, thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. From Somerset Co. northward. Pa. Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,200 ft. 2. C. flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze. In rocky woods: S. N. Y. to S. W. Ont., Minn., Va., Kan. and La. N. Y. Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, Putnam and West- chester counties and on Manhasset Neck, L. I.; otherwise un- known. N.J. Rare and local at Cape May and in Gloucester Co., thence increasing and becoming frequent northward. Pa. Philadelphia and Chester counties. An uncommon species whose distribution is little understood. The reported occurrence of C. aureum ( Willd.) Raf. in the range is an error. 336 CRUCIFERAE 4. Fumaria L. 1. F. officinalis L. In waste places and on ballast: N. S. to Fla. and the Gulf States; locally in the interior. Adventive from Europe. . An uncommon adventive near the towns and cities. F. capreolata L. and F. parviflora Lam. have been recorded as ballast weeds near New York. CRUCIFERAE A. Pod a silique or silicle, dehiscent into 2 valves to the base. I. Pod an elongated linear silique, at least twice as long as wide. Silique tipped with a short slender style, or without a style. Seeds globose or oblong, wingless. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Pubescence, if any, of simple hairs. Flowers yellow. 13. RADICULA. Flowers white. 14. SISYMBRIUM. Pubescence of forked hairs. 24. SOPHIA. Seeds in only 1 row in each cell. Leaves reniform or cordate; flowers white. 4. ALLIARIA. Leaves not reniform or cordate; flowers yellow (except in No. 28). Leaves dentate, dissected, or pinna- ‘ tifid. Hairs simple. Pods narrowly conic, ribbed. © 5. ERYSIMUM. Pods linear-cylindric. 6. NortTa. Hairs forked. 24. SOPHIA. Leaves entire or slightly toothed. Flowers white or pink. Valves of the silique nerved. 32. CONRINGIA. Valves of the silique nerve- less. 25. STENOPHRAGMA. Flowers yellow. 27. CHEIRINIA Flowers large, purple or purplish- white. 31. HESPERIS. Seed flat, wingless or winged. Siliques 4-angled, the valves keeled; flowers yellow. 12. BARBAREA Siliques flat or flattish. Valves of the silique nerveless. Stem leafy below or throughout. 17. CARDAMINE. Stem leafless below, 2-4 leaved above. 18. DENTARIA. Valves of the silique 1-nerved or veiny. 26. ARABIS. Silique produced into a beak beyond the valves. Beak conic, very short in No. 8. it & ee CRUCIFERAE Silique terete; seeds in 1 row. Silique flat; seeds in 2 rows. Beak flat, sword-shaped. Silique elliptic or oblong, very flat, 2-3 times as long as broad, clearly stipitate; flowers violet. II. Pod an orbicular, globose or oblong silicle, or but little more than twice as long as wide. Silicle globose, or flattened parallel with the septum. Silicle not compressed. Silicle pear shaped, or obovoid, many-seeded. Silicle globose or terete oblong. Petals 2-cleft. Petals not 2-cleft. Flowers yellow. Flowers white. Terrestrial; tall; style very short. Aquatic, with dissected leaves; style slender. Silicle compressed or flat. Silicle many seeded. Silicle 2-8 seeded. Flowers yellow. Flowers white. Silicle flattened at right angles to the septum. Seeds several in each cell of the silicle. Silicle triangular, obcuneate. Silicle oblong or orbicular, winged all around. Seeds* solitary in each cell, compressed. B. Pod indehiscent, short or elongated. Pod broader than long. Pod globose, reticulated. Pod elongated. Pod not jointed, but constricted between the seeds; plants not maritime. 1. Lepidium [Tourn.] L. Stem leaves clasping by an auriculate base. Pods broadly ovate, winged. Pods wingless, broader than long. Stem leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping. Petals relatively conspicuous, almost always as long as the calyx. Petals rudimentary or 0, scarcely as long as the calyx in rare cases. Pods ovate, 1.5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, angled on the edges and with very small wings. Pods orbicular, seldom broadly ovate, mostly 3 mm. long and broad. 23 € Pod of 2 joints, separating at maturity; plants maritime. 15. If. 337 . BRASSICA. . DIPLOTAXIS. . SINAPIS. . LUNARIA. . CAMELINA. . BERTEROA, . RADICULA, ARMORACIA, . NEOBECKIA., . DRABA. . ALYSSUM. . KONIGA, . Bursa. . THLASPI. . LEPIDIUM. . CARARA, . NESLIA. . CAKILE. RAPHANUS. . L. campestre. . L. Draba. . L. virginicum. . L. ruderale, . L. densiflorum. 338 CRUCIFERAE 1. L. campestre (L.) R. Brown. In fields and waste places: N.S. and Ont. to Va., Kan. and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. A troublesome weed in many parts of our range. 2. L. Draba L. On ballast: near Astoria, L. I., and Syracuse, N. Y., also near the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. A rare adventive near New York and at Swartzwood Lake,N. J. 3. L. virginicum L. In fields and along roadsides: Quebec to Minn., Colo., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in the W. I. Common throughout the area. 4. L.ruderale L. In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides: N.:S. to Tex. Rare as an occasional adventive near New York and Philadelphia. Reported from near Bridgeport, Conn. 5. L. densiflorum Schrad. On ballast: near the eastern sea- ports. Common throughout the area as a weed. Previously confused with the Asiatic L. apetalum Willd. L. neglectum Thell, also found in waste places, with characters apparently inter- mediate between those of L. virginicum and L. densiflorum, may be a hybrid between these species. The garden cress, L. sativum L., is frequently a short-lived escape from cultiva- tion. Other species which are sometimes found as waifs are L. graminifolium L. and L. Smithit Hook. 2. Carara Medic (Coronopus Gaertn.) Pod rugose, not crested. 1. C. didyma. Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested. 2. C. Coronopus. 1. C. didyma (L.) Britton. In waste places: Newf. to Fla., Mo. and Tex., west to Cal. Naturalized from the South. A rather common weed near Philadelphia, Jersey City and about the Metropolitan Area. 2. C. Coronopus (L.) Medic. In waste places and on ballast: N. B. to Fla. and Tex., and on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Not uncommon near the edges of N. Y. City. 3. Thlaspi [Tourn.] L. 1. T. arvense L. In waste places and on ballast: Que. to Man., the N. W. Terr., N. Y. and Kan. Not uncommon near the larger cities in the area. Ne eee ee eee a o-_ —- . CRUCIFERAE 339 4. Alliaria Adans. 1. A. Alliaria (L.) Britton. Waste places, woods and along road- sides: Ont., N. Y., N. J. and Va. Adventive from Europe. Becoming frequent near the larger cities in the range, and along the Hudson River Railroad above Yonkers and near Roslyn, L. I. 5. Erysimum [Tourn.] L. I. E. officinale L. (Sisymbrium officinale Sap.). In waste places: throughout Eastern N. America. . Naturalized from Europe. Common everywhere. 6. Norta Adans. 1, N.altissima (L.) Britton (Sisymbrium altissimum L.). In waste places: Quebec and Ont. to Alberta, D. C. and Mo. Ad- ventive from Europe. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. Sisymbrium Irio L., S. Loesellii L., and S. pannonicum Jacq., referable to this _ genus, have b2en reported as occasional waifs. 7. Cakile [Tourn.] Mill. 1. C. edentula (Bigel) Hook. In sands of the seashore: Newf. to Fla. and along the Great Lakes, N. Y. to Minn. Also on the California coast. Along the sea-coast throughout the range, also along the shores of L. I. Sound and N. Y. Bay; always in sandy places. In 1874 at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Communipaw Ferry, N. J., C. maritima Scop. was collected. It has not been recorded since. 8. Sinapis L. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; fruiting pedicels 8-10 mm. long. 1. S. alba. Leaves dentate or lobed; fruiting pedicels 4-6 mm. long. 2. S. arvensis. 1. S. alba L. In waste places and fields, mostly escaped from cultivation: Eastern North America. Adventive from Eu- rope. Native also of western Asia. Not a very common adventive near the larger cities. 2. S. arvensis L. (Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S.P.). In fields and waste places: E.N. Am. Adventive from Europe. Frequent as a weed. 340 CRUCIFERAE 9. Brassica [Tourn.] L. None of the leaves clasping the stem, the upper sessile. Pods slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, appressed. 1. B. nigra Pods rather slender, 2-5 cm. long, not appressed. Leaves merely toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid. 2. B. juncea. Leaves laciniate, at least marginally. 3. B. japonica. Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 4. B. campestris. 1. B. nigra (L.) Koch. In fields and waste places: common throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. . B. juncea (L.) Cosson. In waste places: N. H. to Pa., Mich., Va. and Kan. Adventive from Asia. : Not uncommon near the larger cities in the range, often wanting. i) 3. B. japonica Siebold. In waste places: Me. toGa. Adventive from Asia. Known definitely only as a rare adventive in Conn. 4. B. campestris L. In cultivated grounds, sometimes persisting for a year or two: E. N. Am. Fugitive from Europe. Not uncommon near the larger cities and along the edges of cultivated fields. The rape, B. napus L., and the cabbage and its horticultural allies, B. oleracea L. are sometimes found as weeds in the area. Among other fugitive species are B. monensis Huds., and B. Rapa L. 10. Diplotaxis DC. Perennial; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence. 1. D. tenuifolia. Annual; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate. 2. D. muralis. 1. D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. In waste places and on ballast: N. S. to N. J. and Pa. Adventive from Europe. Near New York and Philadelphia, and from a few stations in Connecticut. 2. D. muralis (L.) DC. In waste places and on ballast: N. S. to N. J. and Pa. Adventive from Europe. Not a very common adventive near the larger cities of the area. Diplotaxis erucoides DC. and D, virgata DC. have been reported. from, but are very doubtfully established within our area. 11. Raphanus [Tourn.] L. Flowers yellow, sometimes white; pod longitudinally grooved, 4-10 seeded 1. R. Raphanistrum. Flowers pink or white; pod not longitudinally grooved, 2-3 seeded. 2. R. sativus. CRUCIFERAE 341 I. R. Raphanistrum L. In fields and waste places: Ont. and N. B. to Pa.; also in B. Col. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. 2. R. sativus L. Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous for a year or two: E.N. Am. Native of Asia. A rather uncommon and fleeting escape. 12. Barbarea R. Br. Pods obtusely 4-angled, slender-pedicelled; leaf-segments I-4 pairs. Pods divergent or ascending. 1. B. Barbarea. Pods erect, appressed. 2. B. stricta. Pods sharply 4-angled, stout-pedicelled; leaf-segments 4-8 pairs. 3. B. verna. 1. B. Barbarea (L.) MacM. In fields and waste places: Lab. to Va. and locally in the interior. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Common as a weed throughout the area. 2. B. stricta Andrz. In fields and waste places: Que. to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Fla., Neb. Naturalized from Europe. Not so common as the preceding, with a similar range in our area. 3. B. verna (Mill.) Aschers. (B. praecox (J. E.Smith) R. Br.). In waste places: Conn. to Fla. Adventive from Europe. Rare in most parts of our area, except the pine-barrens, there ; perhaps wanting; not definitely known from the Catskills. 13. Radicula Hill (Roripa Scop.). Plant perennial by creeping or subterranean branches 1. R. sylvestris. Plant annual or perennial, with fibrous roots. Stem nearly or quite glabrous; pods linear or linear-oblong. 2. R. palustris. Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval. 3. R. hispida. 1. R. sylvestris (L.) Druce. In low grounds and waste places: Newf. to Mass., Va. and Mich. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. 2. R. palustris (L.) Bess. In wet places: nearly throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Apparently naturalized from Europe. 342 CRU CIFERAE Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of New Jersey, there rare or wanting; rare in the region surrounding the pine- barrens, always increasing northward. ._ R. hispida (Desv.) Britton. In wet places: N. B. to B. Col., Fla. and N. Mex. With a similar distribution to that of the preceding. w 14. Sisymbrium [Tourn.] L. 1. S. Nasturtium-aquaticum L. (Roripa Nasturtium Rusby.) In brooks and streams: N.S. to Man., Ore., Va. and Neb., also in Arizona. Naturalized from Europe. Common as an escape from cultivation in most parts of the range. 15. Armoracia Gaertn. 1. A. Armoracia (L.) Cockerell. (Roripa Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock). Escaped from gardens, especially along streams: E.N. Am. Adventive from Europe. Not a very common escape from cultivation in most parts of our range. 16. Neobeckia Greene. . N. aquatica (Eaton) Britton. (Roripa americana Britton.) In lakes and slow streams: Vt. and Que. to Ont., Minn., Fla., La. and Ark. Known definitely only from near Philadelphia, and from Swartz- wood Lake, Sussex Co., N. J. —_ 17. Cardamine [Tourn.] L. Leaves pinnately divided, or some of them of but a single terminal segment. Flowers 10-20 mm. broad, white or purplish. 1. C. pratensis. Flowers 2-8 mm. broad, white. Leaves nearly all basal, pubescent. 2. C. hirsuta. Stem leafy; leaves glabrous or nearly so. Flowers 4-5 mm. wide; plants of wet or dry sandy places. Segments of basal leaves 4-12 mm. wide; plant 2-10 dm. high; of wet places. 3. C. pennsylvanica. Segments of basal leaves 1-3 mm. wide; plant 1-4 dm. high; of dry sand. 4. C. arenicola. Flowers 2-3 mm. wide, plants of dry rocky places. 5. C. parviflora. Leaves entire, toothed, or rarely with 1-2 lateral segments. Flowers purple; stem erect. 6. C. purpurea. Flowers white. Stem erect from a tuberous base. 7. C. bulbosa. Stem decumbent, stoloniferous; roots fibrous. 8. C. rotundifolia. ———— ee CRUCIFERAE 343 1. C. pratensis L. In wet meadows and in swamps: Lab. to N. J., B. Col. and Minn. Also in Europe and Northern Asia. Conn. Rare and local in northern Hartford and Litchfield coun- ties, otherwise unknown. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; also on lawns at Riverdale and at Garden City. N. J. Collected years ago in a swamp in Bergen Co., and Succasunna, Morris Co. A rare and local plant in our area, becoming frequent in the far north. 2. C. hirsuta L. In moist places and waste ground: Mass. to Pa. and Mich. Neb. and N. Dak. Occasional on lawns. 3. C. pennsylvanica Muhl. (C. flexuosa Auct. not With.). In swamps and wet places: Newf. to Minn., Mont., Fla., Tenn. and Kan. Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. 4. C. arenicola Britton. In sandy soil: Conn. to Fla., Ky. and Tenn. Conn. Middletown. N. Y. Occasional on the coastal plain of L. I.; Westchester Co. N. J. Coastal plain from Ocean Co. southward. Perhaps not specifically distinct from_C. parviflora. 5. C. parviflora L. On rocks: Que. to W. Ont., Ore., south to Mass. and Ga. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common. N. Y. Occasional in the Bronx and Westchester Co., thence increasing northward; Roslyn, L. I. N. J. Rare and local in Bergen Co., thence increasing westward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Luzerne, Philadelphia and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing north- ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 123-179 days. Sea level—2,r100 ft. 6. C. purpurea (Torr.) Britton. In cold springy places: Que. and Arctic Am. to the Canadian Rockies, Md. and Wisc. Conn. Rare and local in Litchfield and Fairfield counties. 344 CRUCIFERAE N. Y. Rare and local in the Hudson Valley from Westchester Co. northward, but not reported from the region of the Catskills. N. J. Morris and Sussex counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations not common, and throughout the area most plentiful on soils derived from limestone. Not south of the moraine. Sea level—1,o00 ft. 138-168 days. 7. C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S. P. In wet meadows and thickets: N.S. to Ont. and Minn., Fla. and Tex. Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and south of them, there rare or wanting; unknown on L. I. 8. C. rotundifolia Michx. In cold springs: N. J. to Ohio, N. Car. and Ky. 3 N.J. Three miles above Delaware Water Gap, in Warren Co. very rare. Its reported occurrence in Monmouth Co. is unlikely and. has not been unverified. Pa. Delaware Co. A rare and extremely local species whose distribution is little known. 18. Dentaria [Tourn.] L. Stem glabrous. Rootstock continuous, prominently toothed. 1. D. diphylla. Rootstock interrupted by distinct constrictions. Rootstock elongate, composed of several fusiform or sub- cylindric, distinctly toothed segments. Cauline leaves with ovate or obovate petiolulate leaflets. 2. D. maxima. Cauline leaves with lanceolate, sessile leaflets. 3. D. incisifolia. Rootstock of readily separable, obscurely toothed fusiform tubers. 4. D. heterophylla. Stem pubescent, at least above. Rootstocks of readily separable fusiform tubers; sepals 6-9 mm. long. Leaves 3-parted, with linear to oblong segments. 5. D. laciniata. Basal leaves with ovate or rhombic leaflets. 4. D. heterophylla. Rootstock elongate, interrupted by constrictions; sepals 3-4 mm. long. 6. D. anomala. 1. D. diphylla Michx. In rich woods and thickets: Eastern Que. to southern Ont. and Minn., south to S. C. and Ky. Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of L. I. and central and southern N. J., there rare or wanting; always increas- ing northward; formerly on S. I. i Ee ee ey re CRUCIFERAE 345 2. D. maxima Nutt. By streams in rich woods: southern Me. to Mich. and Pa. Near Windsor, Conn. 3. D. incisifolia Eames. Rich hillside woods: Sherman, Conn. Known only from the original locality. 4. D. heterophylla Nutt. In rich woods: N. J. and Pa. to Ky. and westward. Near Stockton, Hunterdon Co., and Far Hills, Somerset Co., N. J., and from Philadelphia and Chester counties in Pa. 5. D. laciniata Muhl. (D. laciniata integra (Schulz.) Fernald). In rich damp woods: Que. and Vt. to Minn. and southward. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and south of them, there rare or wanting. 6. D. anomala Eames. Rich moist woods: Plainville, Conn. Collected only at original locality, and at Orange, Conn. 19. Lunaria |Tourn.] L. 1. L. annua L. Escaped from gardens: southwestern Conn. Known only from near Westport, Conn. Not recently collected. 20. Bursa Weber 1. B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. In fields and waste places: throughout N. Am., except the tropics. Naturalized from Europe. Common everywhere. 21. Camelina Crantz. Glabrous or nearly so; pods 6-8 mm. long. 1. C. sativa. Pubescent, at least below; pod 4-6 mm. long. 2. C. microcarpa. 1. C. sativa (L.) Crantz. In fields and waste places: throughout E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. ‘Not very common but in most parts of our range. 2. C. microcarpa Andrz. In waste places: R. I. to W. Va., Idaho, Br. Col. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Not common as a weed in most parts of our range. 22. Neslia Desv. 1. N. paniculata (L.) Desvy. In waste places: Ont., Man. and B. Col., and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Rare near the larger cities and towns. 346 CRUCIFERAE 23. Draba [Dill.] L. Petals deeply 2-cleft. 1. D. verna. Petals entire, toothed or emarginate. 2. D. caroliniana. 1. D.vernaL. In fields: common throughout U.S. and Canada, except in the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Common in the south, decreasing northward. 2. D. caroliniana Walt. In sandy fields: Mass. to Ont., Minn., Neb., Ga. and Ark. Conn. Rare along the coast, decreasing inland, and wanting in the north. N. Y. Reported from near Ridgewood, L. I. and Rossville, S. I. and from Westchester Co. Not recently collected. N. J. Rare and local in Hunterdon and Middlesex counties, increasing but not common southward, but not in the pine- barrens or east of them. Pa. Bucks Co. A rare and local plant, apparently most common on Cretaceous sands and gravels. 24. Sophia Adans. 1. S. Sophia (L.) Britton. In waste places: N. B. to Ont., N. Y. Ill. and Neb. Naturalized from Europe. Occasional as a weed in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens. S. pinnata (Walt.) Howell has been reported as a waif from N. J., near Phila- delphia and in Delaware Co.. Pa. 25. Stenophragma Celak. 1. S. Thaliana (L.) Celak. In sandy fields and rocky places: Mass. and S. Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the area. 26. Arabis L. Seeds in I row or in 2 incomplete rows in each cavity of the pod. sasal leaves pinnatifid; pods ascending. 1. A. lyrata. Basal leaves merely dentate or lyrate. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless. 2. A. dentata. Seeds larger, oblong, winged or wing-margined. Pods nearly erect, I mm. broad. Flowers white, 8 mm. broad; pods not ap- pressed; style 1 mm. long. 3. A. patens, —_— eee ee ae —— CRUCIFERAE 347 Flowers white or greenish-white, 4-6 mm. broad; pods appressed; style none. Plant not glaucous. A. hirsuta. Plant glaucous. 5. A. glabra. Pods recurved-spreading. Plant glabrous throughout except the earliest basal leaves. Pedicels divergent in flower; petals not a much longer than the sepals. 6. A. laevigata. Pedicels erect in flower; petals much longer than the sepals. 7. A. viridis. Leaves and lower part of stem hairy. 8. A. canadensis. Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cavity of the pod. g. A. Drummondii. I. A. lyrata L. Rocky and sandy places: Ont. to Va., Tenn., Man. and Mo. Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting, most abundant northward. 2. A. dentata T. & G. Western N. Y. and Pa. to Minn., south to Tenn. Mo. and Va. Pa. Luzerne Co. 3. A. patens Sullivant. In woods: E. Pa. to Minn., Ala. and Mo. Pa. Luzerne, Montgomery, Berks, Philadelphia and Chester counties. A rare and local species whose distribution is little known; in the southern part of the area more common on garnetiferous schists than elsewhere. 4. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. In rocky places: N. B. to Br. Col., Ga., Ariz. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Rare and local in New London and New Haven counties, increasing but never common northwestward. N. Y. The limestone regions of Columbia and Dutchess counties, and at Riverdale. N. J. Sussex, Warren, Morris, Passaic and Mercer counties. Pa. Pike, Northampton and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward and most common on limestone. 138-220 days. Sea level- 1,400 ft. 5. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. In fields and rocky places: Que. to S. N. Y., Pa., west to the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe and Asia. 348 CRUCIFERAE Conn. Rare in Hartford, Fairfield, and New Haven counties, otherwise unknown. N. Y. Reported from L. I., apparently not recorded from S. I.; rare and local on the upper end of Manhattan, thence increasing but not common northward. N. J. Reported, but probably incorrectly, from Cape May; known otherwise only from Sussex, Morris, and Passaic counties. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Wayne and Northampton counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward, specially on limestone. Not south of the moraine, except in Pa. 123-189 days. Sea level—2,180 ft. 6. A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. In rocky woods: Que. to Minn., Kan., Ga. and Ark. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, wanting in them and rare in the surrounding area; common northward. . A. viridis Harger. Rocky places: Me. to Conn. Conn. Reported from several stations, often on trap rock. “I 8. A. canadensis L. In woods: Ont. to N. Hamp., Ga., Minn., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Throughout the state, but not common. N. Y. Not very common on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward and becoming common in the Highlands. Not reported from the Catskills. N. J. Gloucester Co., increasing and common northward. Not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties, increasing northward. Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 138-220days. Sea level—1,800 ft. 9g. A. Drummondii A. Gray. Cliffs and rocky soil: Que. to Conn., Ont., Ohio, IIl., Mich., B. C., Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. and Utah. CONN. Rare and scattered over most of the state. A. brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton has been reported from Conn. I have seen no specimens from our area. 27. Cheirinia Link 1. C. cheiranthoides (L.) Link. (Erysimum cheiranthoides L.). Along streams and in fields: Newf. to Br. Col., N .J. and Tenn. Also in northern Europe. CAPPARIDACEAE 349 Occasional throughout our range, except in the pine-barrens, nearly always as a weed. Erysimum repandum L. and E. orientale L., referable to this genus, have been collected near New York and Jersey City as waifs. 28. Alyssum [Tourn.] L. I. A. alyssoides L. In fields: Ont. to N. Hamp., N. Y., N. J. and lowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Naturalized from Europe. Occasional as a weed in most parts of our area. 29. Koniga Adans. 1. K. maritima (L.) R. Br. In waste places occasional: through- out E. U.S. Escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. A rather rare escape in our region. 30. Berteroa DC. 1. B. incana (L.) DC. In waste places: Me. to Ont., Minn., N. J. and Mo. Adventive from Europe. Not uncommon as a weed near the larger towns and cities. 31. Hesperis [Tourn. |L. 1. H. matronalis L. In fields and along roadsides: Me. to Pa. and Iowa. Native of Europe and Asia. Occasional throughout our area, except in the pine-barrens. 32. Conringia Link. 1. C. orientalis (L.) Dumort. In waste places: N. B. to N. W. Terr. to N. Y. and Pa. Locally common near the City of New York, at Kutztown, Pa. and at Fairfield and New Milford, Conn. The following cruciferous waifs have been collected in the area: Rapisirum rugosum (L.) All., Iberis amara L., I. umbellata L., Eruca Eruca (L.) Britton, and Bunias orientalis L. Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R. Br., has been collected at Rosedale and Springfield, L. I., where it is becoming established. CAPPARIDACEAE Pod long stipitate on its pedicel. 1. CLEOME. Pod nearly or quite sessile on its pedicel. 2. POLANISIA. 350 RESEDA CEAE 1. Cleome L. 1. C. spinosa L. In waste places: N. E. to Fla., Ill. and La. Adventive from Tropical America. Not very common as an adventive near the larger cities. Cleome gynandra L. (Pedicellaria pentaphylla (L.) Schrank) has been collected near Philadelphia and on S. I., as a waif. 2. Polanisia Raf. 1. P. graveolens Raf. Sandy and gravelly shores: Que. to Man., the N. W. Terr., N. Y., Pa., Kan., and Colo. Conn. Near East Hartford and Hartford. N. Y. Near Gravesend L. I., and in the Hudson Valley. N. J. Bergen and Monmouth counties, not recently collected. Pa. Luzerne Co. P. trachysperma T. & G. and P. viscosa DC. have been collected as waifs in Con- necticut and New York respectively. RESEDACEAE 1. Reseda [Tourn.] L. Leaves entire; upper petals lobed, the lower entire. 1. R. Luteola. Leaves lobed or pinnatifid. Petals greenish-yellow, 3 or 4 of them divided. 2. R. lutea. Petals white, all of them cleft or divided. 3. R. alba. 1. R. Luteola L. In waste places: N. Y. and about the eastern seaports in ballast. Adventive from Europe. Common as a waif, perhaps naturalized near the metropolis; also near the city of Philadelphia, and in Conn. 2. R. lutea L. In waste places: Mass. to N. J. and Mich. and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Occasional in waste places in parts of our range. 3. R.alba L. In waste places: Conn., N. Y., Ohio and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Adventive from S. Europe. Rare as a weed in parts of our area. The common garden Mignonette, Reseda odorata L., has been. reported as an estab- lished escape in Conn. It is a native of Africa. R.Phyteuma L. has been collected near New York as a waif. 1. Sarracenia |[Tourn.] L. DROSERACEAE 351 SARRACENIACEAE ) 1. S. purpurea L. In peat bogs, particularly in sphagnum: Lab. | to the Canadian Rockies, south to Fla., Ky. and Minn. i Common throughout the area in edaphically favorable situations | except on the unglaciated portion of the Piedmont Plateau, there rare or wanting.* S. purpurea heterophylla (Eaton) Torr. has so far been collected only in New Jersey, one station near Forked River and the other at “‘ Cedar Swamp,” a locality long since destroyed; otherwise unknown from the range and perhaps a mere form. DROSERACEAE 1. Drosera L. Blade of the leaf orbicular, or wider than long; petals white. 1. D. rotundifolia. Blade of the leaf linear, or longer than wide. Leaves linear or spatulate, with a distinct petiole; petals white. 2. D. intermedia. Leaves filiform, much elongated, with no distinct petiole; petals purple. 3. D. filiformis. 1. D. rotundifolia L. In bogs or wet sand: Lab. to Alask., Fla. and Ala., and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. Throughout the range in edaphically favorable places. 2. D. intermedia Hayne (D. longifolia of Auct. not of L.). In bogs: Newf. to Arctic Am. to Br. Col. and Sask., south to Fla. and Cal. Throughout our area, in edaphically favorable places, except on the unglaciated part of the Piedmont Plateau, there rare or wanting.* 3. D. filiformis Raf. In wet sand: Cape Cod to Fla. | N.Y. Not uncommon on eastern L. I. | N. J. Confined to the coastal plain and predominately a pine- | barren species, rare in the region surrounding the barrens. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not known, except on the north of side L. I. Not north of the mo- raine, except perhaps on the north shore of L. I. and then very near it. * See Introduction paragraph 7. EEE ae 352 CRASSULACEAE PODOSTEMACEAE 1. Podostemon Michx.* 1. P. ceratophyllum Michx. In shallow streams: Mass. to N. Y., Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala. and Ky. Conn. Rare or occasional. N. Y. Near Newburgh, not recently collected. N. J. Mercer, Passaic, and Warren counties. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Chester and Delaware counties. CRASSULACEAE Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. 1. TILLAEASTRUM. Stamens twice as many as the calyx lobes. Petals 6-20. 2. SEMPERVIVUM. Petals 5 or fewer. Carpels spreading; flowers perfect. 3. SEDUM. Carpels erect; flowers polygamous. 4. RHODIOLA. 1. Tillaeastrum Britton * 1. T. aquaticum (L.) Britton (Tillaea aquatica L.). Muddy banks of streams: N. S. to Md., La. and Tex., Wash. to Iowa, Calif. and Colo., Europe to N. Africa. Rare and local, apparently more common near Philadelphia, and coastal Conn. than elsewhere, not reported from near N. Y. 2. Sempervivum [Rupp.| L. 1. S. tectorum L. Escaped from cultivation: Mass. to N. J. Native of continental Europe. A very rare escape in our range; commonly cultivated. 3. Sedum [Tourn.] L. Flowers not corymbose. Leaves densely imbricated, short. 1. S. acre. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, more or less flattened, not im- bricate. 2. S. ternatum. Flowers corymbose, petals purple, twice as long as the sepals. 3. S. triphyllum. 1. S. acre L. On rocks and along roadsides: N. B. to Ont. and N. Y. and Pa. Adventive from Europe. Occasional in most parts of our range except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. * See footnote, page 76. PARNASSIACEAE 353 2. S.ternatum Michx. On rocks and in woodlands: Conn. and N. J. to Ind., Mich. and Tenn. Rare and sporadic in most parts of our area, except the pine- barrens, there rare or wanting; not certainly native in the area. 3. S. triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gray (S. Fabaria Koch.). In fields and along roads: Quebec and Ont. to Md. and Mich. Naturalized from Europe. A not uncomman adventive in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. S. telephioides Michx. has been reported from Northampton Co., Pa. 4. Rhodiola L. 1. Rhodiola rosea L. (.S. roseum (L.) Scop.). Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine and Pa. Also in Europe. Known in our range only from Pike and Bucks Co., Pa., both near the Delaware River. PENTHORACEAE 1. Penthorum L. I. P. sedoides L. In ditches and swamps: N. B. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Tex. Throughout the area, except the pine-barrens, and east and south of them, there rare or wanting. PARNASSIACEAE 1. Parnassia [Tourn.] L. 1. P. caroliniana Michx. In swamps and low meadows: N. B. to Man., S. Dak., IIl., Va. and Carolina (?). Conn. Rare along the coast, especially westward, increasing northward. N. Y. Not uncommon on L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, reported but not definitely known from New Egypt, Ocean Co.; Hudson and Warren counties, thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, only a doubtful record from Ocean Co., N. J.: Older Formations, increasing, but never common, northward. 117-189 days. Sea level—2,800 ft. 24 354 SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGACEAE Placentae parietal, sometimes nearly basal. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in small corymbs. I. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Flowers in more or less elongated racemes or panicles. Gynoecium of 2-3 equal or essentially equal carpels. Inflorescence racemose. 2. MITELLA. Inflorescence paniculate. 3. HEUCHERA. Gynoecium of 2 very unequal carpels. 4. TIARELLA. Placentae axial. 5. MICRANTHES. 1. Chrysosplenium [Tourn.] L. (see pl. 8) 1. C. americanum Schwein. In wet shaded places: N. S. to Sask., south to Ga. and Minn. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Not rare on the south side of L. I., not common on the north side and on S. I., thence increasing and common north- ward. N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, very rare in the region west of them, thence increasing and common northward. Pa. Throughout the area, very common northward. Tertiary, not on -Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,970 ft. 2. Mitella [Tourn.] L. Stem leaves opposite. 1. M. diphylla. Stem leaves usually wanting, if present, alternate. 2. M. nuda. | 1. M. diphylla L. In rich woods: Que. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo. Conn. Throughout, but not reported from New London Co., increasing northwestward. N.Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I., rare on S. I. and in Bronx and Westchester counties, thence increasing and becom- ing common northward. N. J. New Egypt, Ocean Co.,* unknown between this locality and Hunterdon, Union and Somerset counties, thence increasing and common northward. Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward. Tertiary, a single, remarkable station just on the edge of Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing northward. Pre- dominating north of the moraine. 117-220 days. Sea level— 4,020 ft. * See Introduction paragraph 36. i i { we i t ; a : ee Pi oe & of ag a. - © j e ¢ 3 > = " 2? D ~~) " *» » & 4" wy 3 WHnEBARRE | CREADING x. “Kinny = DELAWARE BAY a 73° Jot 12° ‘sana FAN ‘@ ren bm sOrAnty P| a 3 oe \ ea OF ys ao my XY WNEw\LONDO 5 iy £ om, 3 tao 9 e (beatin G dure pret Oe \OCBAN ™™ \ Seay PLATE 8 MAP |LLUSTRATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHRYSOSPLENIUM AMERICANUM 4 Ss: ROM LAS LANE Menraun Py, bled Th 43) 43% oe j42* ae do? a ae" ay* Jo* SAXIFRAGACEAE 355 2. M.nudaL. Incold woods and peat bogs: Labrador to Newf. . and Br. Col., south to Pa. and Mont.; also in eastern Asia. Conn. The higher elevations of northwestern Litchfield Co. Pa. The mountains of Wayne and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local at high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 days. 1,070-4,000 ft. The reported occurrence of M. prostrata Michx., at New Milford, Conn., is doubtful. The report is probably referable to a mere form of M. nuda or of M. diphylla. 3. Heuchera L. 1. H. americana L. In dry and rocky woods: Conn. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ala. and La. Throughout the area except the pine-barrens of N. J. and L. I., there rare or wanting; rare in the area surrounding the pine-barrens, always increasing northward. 4. Tiarella L. 1. T. cordifolia L. In rich moist woods: N.S. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. Conn. Rare and local in most parts of the state, especially near the coast; increasing and becoming common northwestward. N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from Westchester Co., thence increasing and common northward. N. J. Passaic, Morris, and Sussex counties, increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Luzerne, Lehigh and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-220days. Sea level —3,800 ft. 5. Micranthes Haw. Filaments subulate or filiform-subulate. Cymules compact or closely corymb-like at maturity. I Cymules open and often raceme-like at maturity. 2. M. virginiensis. Filaments clavate or spatulate. 3. M. micranthidifolia. . M. pennsylvanica. I. M. pennsylvanica (L.) Haw. (Saxifraga pennsylvanica L.). In swamps and on wet banks: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Va. and Mo. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and L. I., there rare or wanting. 356 ITEACEAE 2. M. virginiensis (Michx.) Small (Saxifraga virginiensis Michx.) In dry or rocky woodlands: N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Tenn. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of L. I. and N. J., there rare or wanting. 3. M. micranthidifolia (Haw.) Small (Saxzfraga erosa Pursh, S. micranthidifolia (Haw.) Small). In cold brooks: Pa. to N. C. and Tenn. Pa. Northampton and Lehigh Co. A rare and local plant in our range, most common on limestone. HYDRANGEACEAE Stamens 8-10, corolla relatively small. 1. HYDRANGEA. Stamens 12-20, corolla relatively large. 2. PHILADELPHUS. 1. Hydrangea [Gron.] L. 1. H. arborescens L. On rocky stream or river banks: N. Y. to Iowa, Fla. and La. N. Y. The Highlands of the Hudson. N. J. From Kinkora, Burlington Co., northward in the counties bordering the Delaware; otherwise unknown. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties, more common along the Delaware than elsewhere. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered in Burlington Co., N. J. and Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Formations, apparently more common on the Piedmont Plateau than elsewhere. 138-220 days. Sea level— 1,000 ft. 2. Philadelphus L. 1. P. coronarius L. Escaped from gardens: middle and eastern states. Native of Europe. Rather a rare escape in most parts of our range. Other cultivated shrubs sometimes recorded as being escapes are Philadelphus inodorus L., P. pubescens Koch. and Deutzia scabra Sieb. & Zucc. None are to be considered as part of our flora. ITEACEAE r.. Hreavs 1. I. virginica L. In wet places or pine-barren swamps: N. J. and E. Pa. to Fla. and La. . GROSSULARIACEAE 357 N. J. Common throughout the pine-barrens, decreasing in the drea surrounding them, unknown elsewhere in the state; more common southward than elsewhere. Pa. “Near Philadelphia,” probably as an introduced plant, otherwise unknown. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing outside it: Cretac- eous, scattered: Older Formations, 0: 168-220 days. About sea level. HAMAMELIDACEAE 1. Hamamelis L. 1. H. virginiana L. In low woods: N.S. to Ont., Wisc., Neb., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; rare on the coastal plain of L. I. ALTINGIACEAE °* 1. Liquidambar L. 1. L. Styraciflua L. In woods: Conn. to Mo., Fla. and Tex., southward to Mex. and Guatemala. Conn. Fairfield Co., near the coast. N.Y. CommononL.I.andS.I.; frequent in the Bronx, and up the Hudson Valley tothe southern end of the Highlands, un- recorded northward. N. J. Local north of the coastal plains, increasing and common . southward, but wanting in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common, except on Beacon Hill, there wanting: Cre- taceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 143-220 days. Sea level-—87o ft. GROSSULARIACEAE Plants without nodal spines, fruit disarticulating from the pedicel (currants). 1. RIBES. Plants with nodal spines; fruit not disarticulating from the pedicel (gooseberries). 2. GROSSULARIA. Leas, Bas Plants with spines or prickles. 1. R. lacustre. Plants without spines or prickles. Ovary with sessile glands. 2. R. nigrum. Ovary without glands or the glands stalked. GROSSULARIA CEAE Sepals slightly united at the base, the hypanthium ob- solete. Ovary without hairs of any kind. Pedicels usually glandless, petals yellow, ' 3, R. vulgare. Pedicels usually bearing a few glands; petals red. 4. R. triste. Ovary with gland-tipped hairs. 5. R. glandulosum. Hypanthium evident, though short. 6. R. americanum. 1. R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. In swamps and wet woods: Newf. i) oS) on to Alask., Mass., Pa. and Mich., also in Colo., Utah and Cal. Conn. Near Meriden and Salisbury. N.Y. The summits of the Catskills. Pa. Schuylkill Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare at higher elevations. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-138 days. 735-4,020 ft. ._ R. nigrum L. Locally escaped from cultivation in the middle states. Native of Europe. Rare as an escape in our area. . R. vulgare Lam. Escaped from cultivation: Mass. to Ont. and Wisc., south to Va. and Cal. Not uncommon as an escape in our area. _ R. triste Pall. (R. rubrum subglandulosum Maxim). In cold woods: Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Mich., S. Dak. and Ore., also in northern Asia. Known only, in our area, from Onteora, Greene Co., and Bergen Co., N. J. The.reference to R. rubrum as native in Warren Co., N. J., may apply to this species. . R. glandulosum Grauer. (R. prostratum L’Her.). In cold wet places: Newf. to Mackenzie, Br. Col., Athabasca, Sask., Man., Wisc. and N. Car. Conn. Northwestern part of Litchfield Co. N.Y. The Catskills. N. J. Reported but not recently collected from Bergen Co. otherwise unknown. Pa. Monroe Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 ft. 1,000-4,020 ft. 6. R. americanum Mill. (R. floridum L’Her.). In woods: N. S. to Va., west to Alberta; also in New Mex. GROSSULARIACEAE 359 Conn. Throughout most of the state but not common as a wild plant. N.Y. Rare south of the moraine on L. I., increasing north of the moraine and on S. I., thence becoming common northward. N. J. Mercer, Somerset and Hudson counties, increasing north- ward. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or wanting, perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.:-Older Formations, increasing northward. 138-220days. Sea level—1,800 ft. __ R. odoratum Wendl., has been collected in many places in Conn. and New York. It is an escape from gardens. > » 2. Grossularia [Tourn.] Mill. Ovary bristly, the larger bristles not gland-tipped. 1. G. Cynosbatt. Ovary smooth or pubescent, not bristly. Ovary villous. 2. G. reclinata. a Ovary glabrous. i Sepals mostly greenish-purple, I-2 times the length of the hypanthium. 3. G. hirtella. Sepals mostly purplish green, 2-4 times the length of the hypanthium. 4. G. rotundifolia. 1. G. Cynosbati (L.) Mill. (Ribes Cynosbati L.). In rocky woods: N. B. to N. Car., Ala., Mo. and Man. Conn. Hartford, Tolland, New Haven, Fairfield and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward. N.Y. North of the moraine on L. I.; on S. I., unknown in the ® Bronx, thence increasing and common northward. N. J. Bergen and Hudson counties, increasing but not common northward. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne and Lehigh counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing and not uncommon northward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-169 days. Sea level—4,oo0 ft. 2. G. reclinata (L.) Mill. (Ribes Uva-crispa L.; R. Grossularia |, A Escaped from gardens: N. Y. and N. J. A rather rare escape in our area, and probably not persisting. 3. G. hirtella (Michx.) Spach. (Ribes huronense Rydb. R. oxyacanthoides of Gray's Manual, 7th edition, and of Britton’s Manual, in part. NotofL.). In wet woods and low grounds: Newf. to N. J., Pa., W. Va., S. Dak. and Man. 360 ROSACEAE Nearly throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens and the area immediately surrounding them, there rare or wanting; not on known L. I. or S. I. 4. G. rotundifolia (Michx.) Coville & Britton (Rzbes rotundi- folium Michx.). In rocky woods: Mass. to N. Y. and N. Car: Conn. Meriden, Southington and Salisbury. N. Y. Formerly on L. I., reported from S. I.; unknown in the Bronx; Westchester Co., increasing northward. N. J. Monmouth Co., rare; frequent north of the coastal plain. Pa. Wayne, Bucks and Schuylkill counties. G. missouriensis (Nutt.) Coville & Britton (Ribes gracile Pursh) has been reported from a roadside in Conn. I have seen no specimens. PLATANACEAE 1. Platanus [Tourn.] L. 1. P. occidentalis L. Along streams and in wet woods: N. Hamp. to Ont. and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens. ROSACEAE Fruit consisting of 1-5 dehiscent follicles. Carpels alternate with the sepals, or less in number; stipules none or deciduous. Carpels 1-5, if more than one united below; seeds shining. 1. OPULASTER. Carpels 5, distinct; seeds dull. Stamens inserted on the margin of the hypanthium; flowers perfect; shrubs with simple leaves. 2. SPIRAEA. Stamens inserted on the inside of the hypanthium; flowers dioecious; herbs with compound leaves. 3. ARUNCUS. Carpels opposite the sepals; stipules present, persistent. Petals obovate or spatulate; leaves pinnately compound. 4. SCHIZONOTUS. Petals strap shaped; leaves ternately compound. 5. PORTERANTHUS. Fruit consisting of indchiscent achenes or drupelets. Carpels not enclosed in a fleshy hypanthium. Fruits consisting of dry achenes. Ovules 2, Gne above the other; perennial herbs with pinnately dissected leaves. 6. FILIPENDULA. Ovules and seeds solitary. Seeds inserted at the point where the style arises. Style articulated to the ovary; flowers cymose or solitary. Style terminal or nearly so, ovules pendulous, 7. POTENTILLA. Style lateral, ovules ascending. ROSACEAE Achenes glabrous; herbs. Ra, ' Leaves odd-pinnate. J Petals yellow; leaves in- an terruptedly pinnate. * oan Petals red; leaves regu- larly pinnate. : Leaves trifoliolate. Petals yellow, receptacle not pulpy. Petals white or cream, receptacle fleshy. ‘ Achenes hairy; shrubs or under- shrubs. Leaves _ trifoliolate; white. petals Style nearly basal, ovules ascending or nearly erect; leaves pinnate. Style not articulated to the ovary; flowers racemose or spicate. Hypanthium not prickly; petals lack- ing. Stamens 2-4; pistil 1. Stamens in the staminate flowers numerous; pistils 2. Hypanthium prickly, the prickles hooked. Seeds inserted at the proximal end of the ovary, perfectly basal. Style persistent on the achene; leaves interruptedly pinnate. Style deciduous; leaves trifoliolate. Fruits of more or less fleshy drupelets. Drupelets very pulpy; upright or prostrate partly woody vines or shrubs. . Drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx; low c tufted herb. ss -Carpels enclosed in the hypanthium which becomes fleshy in fruit. 1. Opulaster Medic. ~ Tenn. and Mich. a up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands. Catskills. Ps Unknown in the pine-barrens. Leaves pinnate; petals yellow. 8. 10. Il. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. (7. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 361 ARGENTINA, . COMARUM. DUCHESNEA. FRAGARIA. SIBBALDIOPSIS. DASIPHORA. DRYMOCALLIS. SANGUISORBA. POTERIUM. AGRIMONIA. GEUM. WALDSTEINIA. RuBus. DALIBARDA. Rosa. ba O. opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Rocky river banks: Que. to Conn. Rare and local in New London Co., otherwise unknown. N.Y. Unknown on L. I., rare and local on S. I., thence scattering Not reported from the Perhaps not a wild plant in the area. __N.J. Rare and local in Camden, Burlington, Middlesex and “Mercer counties, thence increasing but not common northward. 362 ROSACEAE Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattering: Older Formations, not common. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,oo0 ft. 2. Spiraea [Tourn.] L. Inflorescence simple. Inflorescence compound, flowers paniculate. Sepals merely spreading; disk obsolete; leaves not tomentose beneath. ?, Inflorescence glabrous; leaf-blades broadly oblanceolate to obovate. Inflorescence pubescent. - . S. ulmifolia. iS) . S. latifolia. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. 3. S. salicifolia. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate. 4. S. alba. Sepals soon reflexed; leaves tomentose beneath. 5. S. tomentosa. 1. S. ulmifolia Scop. Cultivated and sometimes escaping in the eastern states. Native of southern Europe. Not uncommon as an escape, especially in Conn. Rare in N. Y. . S. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. In meadows: Newf. to N. Car., W. Pa. and Sask. Throughout the range except the region east and south of the pine-barrens in N. J. is) . S. salicifolia L. Sometimes escaping from cultivation: Eas- tern and Middle States. Native of Siberia. Occasional as an escape in most parts of our range. 4. S. alba Du Roi. Wet soil: Ont. to N. Y., N. C., Sask. and Mo. Known, in our area, only from the Fishkill Mts., N. Y. Gos 5. S. tomentosa L. In swampy and wet places, sometimes in fields: N.S. to Ga., Ark., Kan. and Man. Throughout the range in favorable localities, usually very common. Among the Japanese garden forms commonly cultivated, but rarely escaping are S. chamaedrifolia L., S. japonica L. f. and S. prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc. None are to be considered as part of our wild flora. S. corymbosa Raf. recorded from Morris Co., N. J., has not been subsequently col- lected within the range. 3. Aruncus [L.] Adans. 1. A. Aruncus (L.) Karst. Commonly cultivated but not escap- ing very freely in the Eastern United States. Native of Europe. A rare escape, perhaps nowhere established within our area. ROSACEAE 363 4. Schizonotus Lindl. 1. S. sorbifolius (L.) Lindl. Cultivated in Eastern U. S. and Canada, sometimes escaping. Native of N. Asia. A rare escape known definitely only from Conn. and N. Y. in our area. 5. Porteranthus Britton 1. P. trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Woodlands: Ont. and N. Y. to Mich., Mo. and Ga. N.Y. Rare in the Highlands of the Hudson. N. J. Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, Morris, Passaic and Bergen counties, increasing northward; locally at Prospertown, Ocean Co. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, scattered and local, most common on limestone. 138-224 days. Sea level- 1,000 ft. 6. Filipendula [Tourn.} Mill. 1. F. rubra (Hill) B. L. Robinson. In moist ground: Vt. to Pa., Iowa, Ky. and Ga. Reported only from Hancock, Delaware Co., N. Y., Andover, Sussex Co., N. J., and locally in Conn., perhaps nowhere as a wild plant. Filipendula Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. and F. Filipendula (L.) Voss, both commonly cultivated, are rare escapes in our area. Neither is established. 7. Potentilla L. Flowers axillary, solitary, on long pedicels. Pubescence of stem, petioles and peduncles appressed. Leaflets sparingly silky or strigose, toothed except at the very base. 1. P. simplex. Leaflets densely silky beneath; toothed only from the middle upwards. . pumila. Pubescence of the stem, petioles and peduncles spreading. 3. P. canadensis. Flowers cymose. Cymes very leafy, many-flowered. Annuals or biennials; styles glandular at the base; i) ~ scarcely exceeding the calyx. 4. P. monspeliensis. Perennials; styles not glandular; petals slightly exceeding the calyx. Leaves white tomentose beneath. 5. P. argentea. Leaves not white tomentose beneath. 6. P. intermedia. Cymes not very leafy, generally rather few flowered. Petals deep yellow, scarcely longer than the sepals. Petals sulphur yellow, half longer than the sepals. . recta. . sulphurea. on 364 ROSACEAE 1. P. simplex Michx. Moist shaded places: N.S. to Minn., Mo. and the mountains of Ala. and N. Car. Common throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, there rare and local and probably adventive; always increasing north- ward. tN P. pumila Poir. Sandy or dry soil: Me. to Ga., Ohio and Ont. Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, always decreasing inland, and frequently replacing P. canadensis along the coast. . P. canadensis L. Dry ground: N. B. to Wisc., eastern Texas, Ala. and N. Car. Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there rare and local, and probably adventive; always increasing northward. >) 4. P. monspeliensis L. Rich soil and waste places: Lab. to D. C., Kan., Mex., Calif. and Alask.; also in Europe and Asia. Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, becoming very common northward. 5. P. argentea L. In waste places and in fields: N. S. to the Dakotas, Kan. and D. C. Native of Europe. Common as a weed throughout the area, probably introduced into the pine-barrens. 6. P. intermedia L. Fields and roadsides and waste places: E. U.S. Native of Europe. Rare as a ballast plant near the larger cities. 7. P. recta L. Roadsides and waste places: E. U. S. Native of Europe. A rare adventive in Conn. and N. Y., hardly persisting. 8. P. sulphurea Lam. ‘Fields and waste places: Vt. to D. C., Ill. and Mich. Native of Europe and Asia. A rather rare adventive near most of our larger towns and cities. P. paradoxa Nutt. has been found as a waif. 8. Argentina Lam. Leaf rachis densely pubescent; achenes corky. 1. A, Anserina. Leaf rachis glabrate; achenes not corky. 2. A. littoralis. 1. A. Anserina (L.) Rydb. Roadsides and fields: E. N. S. Naturalized from Europe and Asia. A rare or occasional adventive. ————— a CU ROSACEAE 305 2. A. littoralis Rydb. Along the coast and in salt marshes: Lab., Newf. and Que. to S. I. Known definitely in our range only from Sands Point and Southampton, L. I., and from the coast of Conn. and S. I. It has been referred to Potentilla pacifica Howell. g. Comarum L. I. C. palustre L. In bogs and moist places: Greenland to Alaska, south to Conn., N. J. and Wyoming. Conn. Rare and local in New Haven Co., increasing northwest- ward into Litchfield Co. N. J. Budd’s Lake, Morris Co. Pa. Wayne and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local northward. Not south of the moraine. 138-152 days. 715- 1,800 ft. 10. Duchesnea J. E. Smith 1. D. indica (Andr.) Focke. In fields and waste places: N. Y. and Pa., westward to Mo. and southward. Native of Asia A rare adventive, sometimes established. 11. Fragaria |Tourn.] L. Pubescence of scape and petioles divaricate, generally spreading at right angles or somewhat reflexed. Leaflets subsessile; achenes superficial. Fruit hemispheric. 1. F. vesca. Fruit ovoid or subconic. *, americana. Leaflets usually petiolulate; achenes set in deep pits. to oe Fruit subglobose. 3. F. virginiana. Fruit oblong-conic. 4. F. canadensis. Pubescence of the scape and petioles appressed or ascending; achenes in pits. 5. F. terrae-novae. 1. F. vesca L. .Cultivated and sometimes escaping: Eastern and Middle States. Native of Europe. Rather a rare escape in most parts of our range. The white- fruited form is rarer than the type, but is found in parts of the area and is apparently native northward. 2. F. americana (Porter) Britton. In woods: Newf. to Man., New Mex. and Va. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing but not common north- ward. 366 ROSACEAE N. Y. From the Highlands of the Hudson northward, becoming common in the Catskills; unknown elsewhere. N. J. Sussex and Morris counties. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-176 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 3. F. virginiana Duchesne. In fields: P. E. I. to Minn. and Ind. Terr., south to Ga. . Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and probably introduced. 4. F. canadensis Michx. In woods: Newf. to Hudson Bay, N. Y. and Mich. Known definitely in our area only from the mountain tops in Greene Co., N. Y. 5. F. terrae-novae Rydb. In woods and fields: Labrador and Newf. to Ont. and New York. N. Y. The tops of the Catskills in Greene, Ulster and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, exclusively north of the moraine. 117-138 days. 1,000-4,020 ft. F. Grayana Vilm. (F. virginiana illinoensis (Prince) Gray) has been collected as a waif in Conn. 12. Sibbaldiopsis Rydb. 1. S. tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Bare exposed places: Green- land to N. J., Ga., Minn., Man.; also in Great Britain. Conn. The northwestern part of Litchfield Co. N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing northward. N. J. The summit of High Point, Sussex Co. Pa. The summits of the mountains in Luzerne and Lackawanna counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, exclusively north of the moraine. 117-138 days. 1,000-4,020 ft. 13. Dasiphora Raf. 1. D. fruticosa (L.) Rydb. In woods or pastures: Lab. to Alask., Cal., N. Mex. and N. J.; also in Siberia and Western Europe. CONN. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and Copake Falls, Columbia Co. ROSACEAE 367 N. J. Hudson, Warren, Bergen, Passaic, Morris and Sussex counties, increasing northward. Pa. Pike and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 123-168 days. 800-3,365 ft. — 14. Drymocallis Fourr. I. D. agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb. (D. arguta Rydb.). Mead- ows and rocky places: N. B. to D. C., Colo. and the Mackenzie. Conn. Not common, but found throughout the. state. N.Y. Unknown on S. I., very rare on L. I. near Springfield; rare and local in Westchester and Rockland counties, thence increasing northward but not definitely known from the Catskills. N. J. Abundant but local at Winslow Junction, Lakewood and Riverton, in and near the pine-barrens; thence unknown except at the north in Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Passaic and Sussex counties. Probably introduced at all the southern stations. Pa. Delaware, Northampton and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, not known as a wild plant, sparingly introduced: Cre- taceous, scattered, doubtfully indigenous: Older Formations, in- creasing northward. 138-189 days. Sea level-2,r100 ft. 15. Sanguisorba [Rupp.] L. 1. S. canadensis L. In swamps and meadows: Lab. and Newf. to Ga. and Mich. Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson to Peekskill, otherwise unknown. | N. J. Common throughout the state, except the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties, perhaps not indigenous. Distribution little understood, but apparently more common near the coasts and less common inland than elsewhere. 16. Poterium L. 1. P. Sanguisorba L. Often cultivated and frequently escaping: Eastern and Middle States. Not a very common escape in most parts of our range. 368 ROSACEAE 17. Agrimonia [Tourn.] L.* Fruiting hypanthium with several series of bristles, the lower bristles reflexed. Fruiting hypanthium with 2-4 series of bristles, the latter erect, ascending or merely spreading. Racemes and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 2. A. rostellata. Racemes and lower surface of the leaves decidedly hairy. Roots tuberous and thickened. Leaflets 5-7, rarely 9, obovate or oval or rarely elliptic. . A. pubescens. Leaflets 7-13, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic. 4. A. Bicknellii. Roots not tuberous. Leaflets 5-9, broadly lanceolate, oblanceolate or . A. gryposepala. w elliptic, with rather few teeth. 5. A. striata. Leaflets 9-25, narrowly lanceolate, with numerous’ . teeth. 6. A. parviflora. 1. A. gryposepala Wallr. (A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell). Bor- ders of woods and thickets: N.S. to N. Car., Neb. and N. D. and in Cal., N. Mex. and Mex. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the region immediately surrounding them, there wanting; always in- creasing northward. 2. A. rostellata Wallr. (A. striata of Britton’s Manual. Not of Michx.). Hilly woodsides: Conn. to Ga., Ala. and Kan. Conn. Not very common along the coast, decreasing inland, and wanting northward. N.Y. On L.I., frequent north of the moraine; Bronx and West- chester counties. N. J. Throughout the region north of the coastal plain, south- ward to Gloucester and Camden counties. Pa. Bucks Co. 3. A. pubescens Wallr. (A. mollis (T. & G.) Britton). In dry, open woods: N. Y. and Ont. to Ga., Ark., Kan. and Minn. Scattered over most of our area, except the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting; rare in the region surrounding the pine-barrens. 4. A. Bicknellii (Kearney) Rydb. In woods: S. Mass. to Pa., Ga. and Tenn. N.Y. Common on L. I., not reported from S.I.; in N. Y., Bronx, ” Westchester, and Putnam counties, otherwise unknown. * The taxonomic treatment here presented is adapted from Dr. P. A. Rydberg’s monograph in North American Flora. 1 have also followed Dr. Rydberg’s treatment of Geum, Rubus and Rosa in the same work, and here gratefully express my inde Oe to him for much help in these difficult genera. -— ROSACEAE 369 N. J. Near Highlands, Monmouth Co.; Verona, Essex Co. Pa. Rare in Northampton Co. Rare and local species with inexplicably scattered distribution. 5. A. striata Michx. (A. Brittoniana Bicknell). Roadsides, open woods and copses: N.S. to W. Va., N. Mex. and B. Col. Conn. Rare near the coast and in the southwestern part of the state, frequent elsewhere. N. Y. Glen Cove, L. I., White Plains, Westchester Co., and in Greene Co. Pa. Northampton, Pike and Monroe counties. 6. A. parviflora Ait. In damp ground: Conn. to Fla., Minn. and Neb.; also in Santo Domingo. Conn. Reported only from Fairfield Co. and from Salisbury. N.Y. OnL.I.,S. I. and in Bronx and Westchester counties, other- wise unknown. : N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens; rare in the area surrounding them. Pa. Bucks, Berks and Delaware counties. Agrimonia platycarpa Wallr. has been collected only oncz within our area, at Van Courtlandt Park, N. Y. City. It isa southern species, perhaps only a fugitive in the range. 18. Geum L.* Sepals reflexed. Receptacle stalked; bractlets none or rudimentary. 1. G. vernum. Receptacle sessile. . Receptacle glabrous. 2. G. virginianum. Receptacle hairy. Petals white or ochroleucous; receptacle long-hairy. Petals white or cream-colored, equalling the sepals. Basal and lower stem-leaves simple or ternate. 3. G. canadense. Basal and lower stem-leaves pinnate. 4. G. Meyerianum. Petals cream yellow, and shorter than the sepals. 5. G. hirsutum. Petals golden yellow; receptacle short hairy. 6. G. strictum. Sepals ascending or merely spreading. 7. G. rivale. 1. G. vernum Raf. Meadows and borders of woods: Ont. to N. J., Tenn., Tex. and Kan. N.Y. Near Brooklyn, N. Y., probably there adventive; Kings- bridge, N. Y. City. * Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg and adapted from his treatment of the genus in North American Flora. a5 370 ROSACEAE N. J. Known only from near Princeton; not recently collected. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties. A rare and highly localized species. NO . G. virginianum L. Thickets and wet places: N. B. to N. Car., Mo. and Minn. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, and the coastal plain of L. I., there wanting; rare and local in the area immedi- ately surrounding the pine-barrens. 3. G. canadense Jacq. Banks and among bushes: N. S. to Ga., Tex., Kan. and the Black Hills of S. Dak. - Very common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. 4. G. Meyerianum Rydb. Que. to N. Y. and Pa. Known in our area only from Tuxedo Park, N. Y. and from Bangor and Easton, Pa. 5. G. hirsutum Muhl. (G. flavum (Porter) Bicknell). Woods and banks: Conn., N. Y. and Ohio to Ga. and Tenn. Conn. Throughout the state, but not very common. N.Y. OnL. I. and S. I. and near the city of New York; in West- chester Co., apparently wanting elsewhere. N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens and east and south of them. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties. Distribution not as yet understood. 6. G. strictum Soland. Low meadows: Newf. to Pa., Mo., Mex. and B. Col. CONN. Rare and local over most of the state. N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., and in the Bronx, thence increas- ing and common northward. N.J. Freehold, Monmouth Co. and New Egypt, Ocean Co., rare; becoming more frequent in Somerset and Union counties, thence increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-189 days. Sea level—2,800 ft. This species is supposed to hybridize with G. rivale and the hybrid is to be looked for wherever both the supposed parents occur. ROSACEAE 371 7. G. rivale L. In swamps and low grounds: Lab. and Newf. to N. J., Mo., N. Mex. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing and becoming common northward. N. Y. Unknown south of the Highlands of the Hudson, thence increasing northward. N.J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris and Warren counties, increasing northward. Pa. Wayne, Monroe, Northampton and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 118-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. This species is supposed to hybridize with G. strictum and the hybrid is to be looked for wherever both the supposed parents occur. G. macrophyllum Welld. a far northern species, has been erroneously reported from Bucks Co., Pa. The specimen on which the report was based is G. virginianum. 19. Waldsteinia Willd. 1. W. fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Woods and shaded hillsides: N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Mich., Ind. and along the Alleghanies to Ga. Conn. Northern Litchfield Co. N. Y. Ulster, Sullivan, Dutchess, Delaware and Greene counties. N. J. Sussex Co. Pa. Bucks, Monroe, Northampton and Schuylkill counties. ) Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-158 days. 800~-4,020 ft. 20. Rubus [Tourn.] L.* I. Leaves simple, crenate or palmately lobed. Shrubby; flowers corymbose, purple. Herbaceous; flower solitary, white. II. Leaves 3-7 foliolate. . R. odoratus. . R. Chamaemorus. ne ty Stem herbaceous, never prickly, rarely bristly. 3. R. pubescens. Stems more or less woody, biennial or perennial, usually prickly. Carpels united into a thimble-shaped aggregate fruit, falling off from the dry receptacle. * Adapted, with the aid of Dr. P. A. Rydberg, from his treatment in North American Flora. Because of the uncertainty of specific limitations, the many hybrids, and the | writer’s lack of familiarity with the group, it has seemed wise to omit phytogeographical and ecological data. 372 ROSACEAE Petals rose or purple; stem densely hispid but not glandular. Petals white. Inflorescence corymbiform; fruit black or purple; stem prickly. Inflorescence racemose; fruit red. Plant not at all glandular hispid; young branches and inflorescence finely tomentose. Plant more or less glandular hispid, especially in the inflorescence. Carpels remaining on the fleshy receptacle, or falling off ° together with the same, or falling off separately. A. Stems prickly or rarely unarmed; prickles com- paratively few, usually stout, confined to the angles of the stem. 1. Suckers erect; stems in age erect, arching or recurved (prostrate in No. 21). Leaflets laciniate. Leaflets not laciniate. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. Leaves noc white-tomentose beneath. Inflorescence densely glandular; with long stipitate hairs. Sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate; stem strongly angled. Inflorescence corymbose; terminal leaflet of the sucker broadly cordate. Inflorescence usually elongate racemiform; terminal leaflet of the suckers elongate-cordate or ovate. Sepals lanceolate, long acuminate. Inflorescence not at all glandular or only slightly so; glands sessile or short stipitate. Leaves densely pubescent beneath. Inflorescence elongated racemose; young branches angled; terminal leaflets of the suckers not broadly cor- date. Stem very prickly, much branched; prickles of the stem long. Stem sparingly __ prickly; prickles of the stem short. Inflorescence short, corymbi- form; young branches terete; terminal leaflets of the suckers broadly cor- date. 4. R. phoenicolasius. 5. R. occidentalis. 6. (RES daeus. 7. R. strigosus. 8. R. laciniatus. g. R. cunetfolius. 10. R. sativus. 11. R. nigrobaccus. 12. R. allegheniensis. 13. R. argutus. 14. R. pergratus. — ROSACEAE Stem often recurved and rooting at the tip; leaflets on floral branches usually acuminate, incised toothed. Stem rarely recurved and rooting; leaflets on floral branches merely acute, with short broad teeth. Leaves essentially glabrous beneath or hairy only on the veins. Stem erect or arching, but not rooting at the tip. Stem slender, less than I m. high, almost herbaceous, unarmed or with a few bristle-like retrorse prickles. ‘ i me Flowers racemose, though ' few. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3, leafy bracted (erect forms of). a, a Stem stout usually 1.5 m. A 4 high, angled, unarmed or with a few short stout prickles. Stems recurved and often rooting at the tips (hybrids of Nos. 10, M2 0s, tAe PS. LO, 17 ald IS with Nos. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and ARE 25). = 2. Suckers and stems prostrate, only the floral branches erect. a Leaves decidedly pubescent beneath. both Inflorescence conspicuously leafy-bracted with unifoliolate broadly ovate or cordate leaves. Leaflets firm and light green, shining above, regularly toothed. Leaflets thin, dark green above, irregularly toothed. Inflorescence not conspicuously _leafy- bracted; unifoliolate leaves rare, if any cuneate at base. Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath, except on the veins beneath. Leaflets, at least those of the suckers coarsely and incisely dentate or lobed. Leaflets more regularly serrate. Leaflets of floral branches sharply ser- rate, with lanceolate teeth, firm at least in age. 373 15. R. recurvans. 16. R. frondosus. 17. R. Randiti. 25. R. Enslenit. 18. R. canadensis. 19. R. invisus. 20. R. Batleyanus. 21. R. plicatifolius. 22. R. heterophyllus. 374 ROSACEAE Leaflets thick, dark green, dull; leaves of inflorescence often uni- foliolate. 23. R. flagellaris. Leaflets light green, shining above; leaves of the inflorescence rarely unifoliolate. 24. R. procumbens. Leaflets of floral branches crenate-ser- rate, with ovate teeth. 25. R. Enslenit. B. Stem with usually numerous bristles, not confined to the angles. Stem at first erect or ascending; leaflets of suckers acute or acuminate at the apex, ~ not evergreen. Inflorescence corymbiform, short and broad. 26. R. nigricans. Inflorescence racemiform, simple. 27. R. setosus. Stem prostrate from the beginning; leaflets of suckers obtuse or rounded at apex, half- evergreen. 28. R. hispidus. 1. R. odoratus L. (Rubacer odoratum (L.) Rydb.). In rocky woods: N.S. to Ont., Mich., Ga. and Tenn. Conn. Rare or wanting near the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Roslyn, L. I. Unknown on S.I.; rare and local in Bronx and Westchester counties, thence increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Union, Essex, and Hudson counties, increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the area. 2. R. Chamaemorus L. Arctic Am. and Greenland to N. Hamp. and N. Y., west to Alask., B. Col. Also in Eu. and Asia. Localized in our area at Montauk Point, L. I., there presumably introduced by birds. 3. R. pubescens Raf. (R. americanus Britton). Swamps and damp woods: Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Mont., B. Col., also in Colo. CONN. Rare near the east coast, increasing northward. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I.; rare in Westchester and Bronx counties, thence increasing northward. N. J. Hudson, Essex, and Hunterdon counties, increasing north- ward. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton and Bucks counties. 4. R. phoenicolasius Maxim. Escaped from cultivation in E. U.S. Native of Japan and China. A rare garden escape, occasionally persistent in our area. ROSACEAE 375 5. R. occidentalis L. N. B. and Que. to Ga., Col. and Minn. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. This species is supposed to hybridize with R. strigosus, and the hybrid (sometimes called R. neglectus Peck) is to be looked for wherever both the supposed parents occur together. 6. R. Idaeus L. Escaped from gardens: E. N. S. Native of Europe and Asia. A very rare garden escape in our area, hardly persisting. 7. R. strigosus Michx. In thickets: Newf. to Va., Neb. and N. Dak. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward. N.Y. From the Highlands of the Hudson, northward. N. J. From Hunterdon and Essex counties northward. Pa. Pike, Lackawanna, Monroe, Northampton and Schuylkill counties. Hybridizes with R. occidentalis. 8. R. laciniatus Willd. Escaped from cultivation: E. U.S. and in Canada. A rare, hardly persisting escape, in our range. 9. R. cuneifolius Pursh. Dry fields: Conn. and N. J. to Fla. and La. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., apparently unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Hunterdon and Sussex counties, unknown between this and the pine-barrens, there common, and in the region sur- rounding the barrens. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Hybridizes with R. argutus. 10. R. sativus (Bailey) Brainerd. Open fields: Que. and Ont. to Conn. and Pa. Known, in our area, only from Morris Co. and Forked River, N. J., from Meriden and Southington, Conn., and from Easton, Pa. Hybridizes with R. nigricans. 11. R. nigrobaccus Bailey. Open woods: N. S. to N. Car., Ark. and Ill. ~ Common everywhere, except the coastal plain of N. J. 376 ROSACEAE Hybridizes with R. argutus, frondosus, canadensis, Randu, pergratus, Baileyanus, plicatiformis, procumbens, mgricans and hispidus. 12. R. alleghaniensis Porter. In thickets: N.S. to Ont., N. Y., Va. and N. Car. Known definitely only from Monroe, Carbon and Schuylkill counties in Pa. and Union and Morris counties in N. J. 13. R. argutus Link. (R. andrewisanus Blanch.). In fields: N. S. to mountains of N. Car., Kan. and Iowa. Common nearly throughout the area, less common in the pine- barrens than elsewhere; not recorded from S. I. Hybridizes with R. frondosus, recurvans, Baileyanus, nigrobaccus, nigricans, canadensis, procumbens, flagellaris, Enslenia and cunet- folius. 14. R. pergratus Blanchard. In mountains: Me. and Ont. to N. Y. and Iowa. Known in our range only from the Catskills in Greene and Dela- ware Co., N. Y. and from Pike Co., Pa. Hybridizes with R. canadensis, procumbens, nigricans and nigrobaccus. 15. R. recurvans Blanchard. In thickets: Me. to Conn. and 3. eel iy de Apparently rather common in Conn., but not definitely reported from any other part of our range. Hybridizes with R.. argutus, procumbens, geophilus, canadensis and nigricans. 16. R. frondosus Bigel. N.E. to Va. and Ohio. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; very rare in the region immediately surrounding the pine-barrens. Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, argutus, procumbens, Baileyanus, flagellaris, nigricans, hispidus and Enslenit. 17. R. Randii (Bailey) Rydb. Woods: N.S. and Mass. to.N. Y. and Pa. Known definitely only from Greene Co. in N. Y. and Pike, Monroe and Northampton counties in Pa.; rare. Hybridizes with R. nigricans and nigrobaccus. EE a ee “ee a) ae eee ROSACEAE 377 18. R. canadensis L. Woods: Newf. to N. Car. and Mich. Confined so far as now known to the mountains of Ulster, Greene, Columbia, Sullivan and Delaware counties, N. Y. and Monroe and Luzerne counties in Pa. Locally very common. Hybridizes with R. sativus, nigrobaccus, argutus, recurvans, Randu, pergratus, Batleyanus, procumbens, geophilus, plicatifolius, nigricans and hispidus. 19. R. invisus (Bailey) Britton. Conn. to Ont. and Va. Credited to Conn. but not definitely known from the state, otherwise unknown from the range. 20. R. Baileyanus Britton. Mass. and Ont. to Va., Okl. and Kan. Common throughout the range, except in and near the pine- barrens, there rare or wanting. Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, frondosus, procumbens, hispidus, argutus, Enslentt, flagellaris, nigricans and canadensis. 21. R. plicatifolius Blanchard. Me. and Ont. to the Catskills and Pa., also in Wisc. and Minn. Known definitely only from the mountains in Greene Co., N. Y. and Luzerne Co., Pa. Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, nigricans, canadensis and hispidus. 22. R. heterophyllus Willd. (R. geophilus Blanchard). On open ground: Me. to Mich., Conn. and N. J. Apparently not known on L. I. and S. I.; otherwise scattered, but rare, over most of the range. Hybridizes with R. recurvans and canadensis. 23. R. flagellaris Willd. Sandy plains: L. I. to Nantucket Island. Apparently localized on the coastal plain of L. I. Hybridizes with R. argutus, frondosus, procumbens, Baileyanus, hispidus and Enslenit. 24. R. procumbens Muhl. In dry soil: Newf. and Ont. to Lake Superior, Va., La. and the Ind. Terr. : Common everywhere. Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, argutus, recurvans, pergratus, frondosus, canadensis, hispidus, Enslenii, nigricans, Batleyanus and flagellaris. 378 ROSACEAE 25. R. Enslenii Tratt. Mass. to Mo., Tex. and southeastward. So far as now known, on L. I., the Bronx and Westchester County, N. Y.; reported also from the coastal plain of N. J. Hybridizes with R. Batleyanus, procumbens, flagellaris, fron- dosus, argutus and hispidus. 26. R. nigricans Rydb. In low ground: Newf. to R. I., Pa. and Wisc. Nearly throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; there rare or wanting; rare in the region immediately surrounding the pine-barrens; not known on S. I. Hybridizes with R. frondosus, sativus, nigrobaccus, recurvans, pergratus, canadensis, Randu, plicatifolius, Baileyanus, procumbens and hispidus. 27. R. setosus Bigel. Mass. to Conn. and N. Y. Known in our area only from a doubtful specimen from South- ington, Conn. 28. R. hispidus L. Low grounds and wet meadows: N.S. to Ga., Mich. and Minn. Common throughout the range. Hybridizes with R. canadensis, nigrobaccus, frondosus, Bailey- anus, plicatifolius, flagellaris, Enslenii and nigricans. R. Linkianus Ser., a European species has been collected, but not recently, near Camden, N. J. 21. Dalibarda L. 1. D. repens L. Ondry or rocky hills: N. B. to the Rocky Mts., south to Tenn. and Kan. Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co. N. Y. The Mountains of Ulster, Sullivan, Greene and Delaware counties. N. J. Reported from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co.; otherwise unknown.* Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Carbon, Lackawanna and Schuylkill counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single extra-limital station.* Older Formations: increasing northward. 117-189 days. Sea level— 4,050 ft. Alchemilla arvensis Scop. has been reported from the area as a waif. ~ See Introduction, paragraph 36. ici ie i ii ee ee el ROSACEAE 22. Rosa [Tourn.] L.* Styles much exserted, about equalling the stamens. Leaflets glabrous or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, dark green and shining above. Leaflets velutinous-pubescent, beneath, rather dull above. Styles not exserted or only slightly so. Sepals reflexed after flowering and early deciduous. Achenes inserted both on the inner walls of the hypan- thium and in the bottom; prickles rarely in- frastipular. Leaflets 3-5, rarely 7; stem with prickles and bristles. Leaflets 7; stem with strong prickles but rarely with bristles. Leaflets glandular-pruinose beneath, double- serrated. Leaflets sub-orbicular or oval, usually blunt. Leaflets ovate, mostly acute. Leaflets not glandular-pruinose beneath; only rarely double-toothed. Achenes inserted only in the bottom of the bristly hypanthium. Infrastipular prickles decidedly curved. Leaflets finely serrulate. Leaflets coarsely serrate. Leaflets not glaucous. Leaflets glaucous. Infrastipular prickles straight or slightly curved. Leaflets 9-10; stems densely bristly. Leaflets 5-7; old stems sparsely bristly. Leaflets shining above. Leaflets not shining above. Leaves decidedly pubescent be- neath. Leaves glabrous or pubescent only on the veins beneath. Leaflets not glandular-dentate. Leaflets glandular-dentate. Sepals erect after flowering, long-persistent on the fruit. Flowers bracted. Infrastipular prickles present. Stems not pubescent; leaves not rugose. Stems pubescent; leaves rugose. Infrastipular prickles not present. Flowers bractless. 10. Il. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. yD a R Ss WwW 379 . Seligera. . rubifolia. . gallica. . rubiginosa. . micrantha. . canina, . palustris. gemella. . virginiana. nitida. . virginiana. . Lyont. . carolina. serrulata, R. spinostssima. R. R. Solanderi. rugosa. pimpinellifolia. * Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Because of scarcity of material and the many doubtful and hybrid specimens it seems wiser to omit phytogeographical and ecological data. 380 ROSACEAE 1. R. setigera Michx. N. Y. to N. Car. and Ky. to Fla., aslo in Ark. and Kan. Rare and local as an escape from cultivation; not known as a wild plant from the range. . R. rubifolia R. Br.- Ont. and N. Y. to Ga.,; Ala.) fee Wisc. Known in our area only as a rare escape from cultivation. NO 3. R. gallica L. Escaped from gardens: Mass. and N. Y. to Mo. and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. A rare escape from cultivation near the larger cities or about abandoned cottages. . R. rubiginosa L. Roadsides: N. S. to Ga., Miss. and Kan. Native of Europe. as Common as an escape from cultivation in our area. 5. R. micrantha J. E. Smith. Roadsides: Mass. and N. Y. to S. Car. and westward. Native of Europe. Very rare as an occasional escape from gardens. 6. R. canina L. Roadsides: Mass. and D. C. to Tenn. Native of Europe. Rare as an occasional escape from gardens naturalized in valley of the upper Delaware River. 7. R. palustris Marsh (R. carolina of Am. Auth.). Swamps and low places: N.S. to Minn., Miss. and Fla. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. Hybridizes with Rosa carolina and Rosa virginiana. 8. R. gemella Willd. Mass. to southern N. Y. Known definitely only from the bay side of Staten Island, N. Y. 9. R. virginiana Mill. (R. lucida Ait.). Newf. to Ont., Va. and W. Va., Ark. and Mo. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there only sparingly introduced; more common northward than elsewhere. Hybridizes with R. palustris, carolina and Lyont. 10. R. nitida Willd. Low grounds: Conn. and Mass. to Newf. Known, in our area, only from Thompson, Stafford and Plain- field, Conn. EE ——————————— tC MALACEAE 351 11. R. Lyoni Pursh (R. humilis villosa Best.). Central N. Y. and N. J. to Ark. and Kan. N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Passaic and Sussex counties. Pa. Bucks and Northampton counties. 12. R. carolina L. (R. humilis Marsh.). Me. to Ga., Kan. and Wisc. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. Hybridizes with R. virginiana and palustris 13. R. serrulata Raf. Mass. and Ont. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; scattered and local in its distribution. 14. R. spinosissima L. (R. cinnamomea L.). Escaped from gardens: E. U.S. Native of Europe and Asia. A rare escape from gardens in the northern part of the area; perhaps not persisting. 15. R. rugosa Thunb. Escaping from gardens. Native of E. Asia. Established as an escape in Conn. and L. I. 16. R. Solanderi Tratt. (R. blanda Lindl. not Ait.). Anticosti to Conn., Pa., Ill., N. Dak. and Man. Known definitely only from Litchfield Co., Conn. and Bucks and Delaware counties, Pa.; perhaps not as a wild plant in the area. Reported from Hunterdon and Sussex counties, N. J. 17. R. pimpinellifolia L. As an escape: E. U.S. Native of Eu. and Asia. A rare escape from cultivation in some parts of our range; hardly persisting. Among the numerous waifs and adventives perhaps the most persistent is Kerria japonica (Thunb.) DC. which is widely cultivated and often escapes. MALACEAE Ripe carpels papery or leathery. Leaves pinnate. 1. SORBUS Leaves simple, entire, toothed or lobed. Cavities of the ovary as many as the styles. Flesh of the pome with grit cells. 2. Pyrus 382 MALACEAE Flesh of the pome without grit cells. Cymes simple; trees. . MALus. Cymes compound; shrubs. 4. ARONIA. Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 5. AMELANCHIER. Ripe carpels bony. w& Ovule 1 in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. 6. CRATAEGUS. Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. COTONEASTER. 1. Sorbus [Tourn.] L. Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit 4-6 mm. thick. 1. S. americana. Leaflets obtuse or short pointed; fruit about 8 mm. thick. 2. S. scopulina. 1. S. americana Marsh. In moist ground: Newf., Man., N. C., and Mich. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in northern West- chester Co., thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Sussex, Morris, Warren and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Wayne, Monroe, Carbon, Luzerne and Lehigh counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 127-189 days. 800- 3,365 ft. 2. S. scopulina Greene. In moist ground: Lab. to Alberta, N. Eng., Pa. and Mich. Also in the Rockies to N. Mex. and Utah. N. Y. The highest mountains in Sullivan and Greene counties. Pa. Luzerne Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local northward. 117-123 days. Not south of the moraine. 1,800- 4,020 ft. Sorbus Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. is recorded as an established escape in Conn. and New York. I have seen no specimens of actually naturalized trees. 2. Pyrus [Tourn.] L. 1. P.communis L. In thickets and woods, escaped from cultiva- tion: Me. to N. J. and Pa. A rare escape locally established. 3. Malus Mill. Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base. 1. M. coronaria. Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at the base. 2. M. glaucescens. Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. 3. M. Malus. O_o SS Sees rl MALACEAE 383 I. M. coronaria (L.) Mill. (. angustifolia Michx.) In thickets: N. J. to Ill., Kan., Fla. and La. N.J. Found only at Cape May and near Landisville, Atlantic Co. 2. M. glaucescens Rehder (M. coronaria of Amer. auth., not of L.). In thickets: Ont. to Mich. and S. Car. Very rare in our range. Known definitely only from Mercer Co. northward in N. J., and from Bucks, Delaware, and Chester counties in Pa. 3. M. Malus (L.) Britton. In woods and thickets, escaped from cultivation: Eastern U. S. A common escape in our area, hardly persisting. A supposed hybrid between M. Malus and M. baccata has been recorded from Conn. as Pyrus pruntfolia Willd. Malus baccata (L.) Borck. Britton has been reported from Conn. as an escape. 4. Aronia Medic. Cymes and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly. Fruit pyriform, bright red. 1. A. arbutifolia. Fruit oval or globose, purple-black. 2. A. atropurpurea. Cymes and leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit blackish. 3. A. melanocarpa. 1. A. arbutifolia (L.) Medic. In swamps and wet woods: Conn. to Fla. Conn. Not uncommon near the coast southwestward, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and on S. I. N. J. Throughout the state, rare in the north, increasing south- ward. Pa. Known definitely only from Lehigh, Northampton and Mont- gomery counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, decreasing: Older Formations, scattered in N. J. and Conn. and on the glaciated part of S. I. 189-224 days. About sea level. 2. A. atropurpurea Britton. Mostly in wet soil: N.S. to Fla. Throughout the area, more common southward than elsewhere; perhaps wanting in the pine-barrens. 3. A. melanocarpa (Willd.) Britton. (A. nigra Britton). In swamps or low woods, sometimes in drier situations: N. 5S. to Ont., Fla. and Mich. Common throughout the area. 384 MALACEAE 5. Amelanchier Medic.* Low shrub; petals 4-8 mm. long. I. A. spicata. Trees, when mature; petals usually 10-16 mm. long. Flowers racemose. Top of the ovary smooth or nearly so. Young leaves and inflorescence smooth or slightly hairy; leaves mostly cordate at base. 2. A. canadensis. Young leaves and inflorescence white wooly; leaves rarely sub-cordate. Petals 10-14 mm. long. 3. A. intermedia. Petals 3-4 mm. long or less. 4. A. nantucketensis. Top of ovary wooly; leaves rounded. 5. A. sanguinea. Flowers solitary or I-3, not racemose. 6. A. Bartramiana. 1. A. spicata (Lam.) Dec. (A. stolonifera Wiegand). On dry rocks: Ont. to Mich. and N. Car. : Conn. Reported from several stations. N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson; Sam’s Point, Ulster Co.; In- wood, N. Y. City. N. J. Bergen, Passaic and Sussex counties. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties. Most common on limestone. 2. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. (A. Botryapium (L.f.) DC.; A. laevis Wiegand?). In woods: N. B. to Man., Fla. and La. Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J., com- moner inland than near the coast. 3. A. intermedia Spach. (A. oblongifolia (T. & G.) Roemer). In moist soil: N. B. to Man., south to Fla..and La. Common throughout especially on the coastal plain. 4. A. nantucketensis Bicknell. Sandy soil; E. Mass. to N. J. Ni Yo. Lesa: N. J. From Middlsex Co. southward. 5. A. sanguinea (Pursh) DC. (A. rotundifolia (Michx.) Roemer). In woods: N. B. to N. Y. and Mich., south along the moun- tains to N. Car. Confined as far as now known to the vicinity of Tannersville, Monroe, Co., Pa., and Saw Kill, Pike Co., Pa., a region underlaid by Clinton Red Shale, having a growing season of about 118 days and an elevation of 2,150 ft. "A very complete account of Amelanchier in eastern North America appeared in Rhodora 14: 117-161. 1912. Students of this genus should refer to that paper for a more comprehensive study of the genus than is possible here. MALACEAE 385 . 6. A. Bartramiana (Pursh) Roem. (A. oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem.) “ In cold swamps or wet rocky places: Lab. and Ont. to Pa. and Mich. Confined in our area to peaks of the Catskills and in Monroe and Schuylkill counties in Pa., all above 1,500 ft., usualiy up to 4,020 ft. A. humilis Wiegand (Rhodora 14: 141. 1912) a plant reported to be related to A. spicata (Lam.) Dec. has been collected at West Point, N. Y., according to Professor Wiegand. 6. Crataegus L.* _ Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous. 1. C. Phaenopyrum. Leaves not deltoid-cordate; glabrous or pubescent. Petioles 2 mm. long; shrubs 1-2.5 mm. high, with slender straight spines. 2. C. uniflora. Petioles more than 4 mm. long. Leaves deeply cut, the lobes sometimes as many as 15; thorns about 6 mm. long. 3. C. monogyna. Leaves not deeply cut. A. Leaves cuneate, mostly broadest at the middle or the apex. Leaves broadest towards the apex. Leaves not impressed veined above, shining. Leaves serrate but not lobed. 4. C. Crus-galli. Leaves somewhat irregularly lobed. 5. C. Canbyt. Leaves impressed veined above. Fruit ellipsoidal; leaves bright yellow- green. 6. C. cuneiformis. Fruit short; leaves dull gray-green. 7. C. punctata. Leaves broadest at the middle. Leaves impressed veined. Calyx lobes usually deeply cut; nut- lets pitted on their ventral faces. Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, coriaceous. Fruit about 2 cm. in diam- eter; stamens I0. 8. C. succulenta. Fruit about 1.2 cm. in di- ameter; stamens 15-20. g. C. neofluvialis. Leaves gray green, pubescent, or dull above. 10. C. Calpodendron. Calyx lobes scarcely cut; nutlets with shallow pits on their ventral faces. 11. C. Brainerdi. * Prepared with the assistance of Mr. W. W. Eggleston. The unsettled state of our knowledge of the thorns and the comparatively scanty material of many of the species, makes it advisable to omit the usual phytogeographical and ecological data in this genus. The synonymy of the species here treated may be found in Britton and Brown's IIlus- trated Flora, ed. 2, Vol. 2, page 294. 26 386 MALACEAE Leaves not impressed veined. Petiole usually glandless; fruit red, soft. Petiole always glandular; fruit green- ish-yellow to reddish-brown, hard. Foliage and fruit pubescent. Fruit globose, greenish to reddish-brown. Fruit ellipsoid to pyriform, yellow. Foliage, corymbs glabrous. Leaves elliptic-ovate; fruit pyriform. Leaves ovate to ovoid; fruit globose. B. Leaves mostly broadest at the base. Calyx lobes usually entire. Leaves yellow-green, often pubescent; fruit soft at maturity. Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid or pyriform. Fruit 6-8 mm. thick; leaves conspicuously lobed. Fruit 11-19 mm. thick; leaves not conspicuously lobed. Fruit compressed globose or sub- globose. Lobes of the leaves reflexed. Lobes of the leaves ascending. Leaves blue-green; fruit hard at ma- turity. Leaves elliptic ovate. Leaves ovate. Leaves usually cordate. Fruit conspicuously angled. and fruit Fruit not conspicuously angled. Leaves usually cuneate; fruit pruinose. Calyx lobes serrate. Mature leaves usually glabrous above; anthers pink. Leaves oblong-ovate; corymbs nearly glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate. Leaves on vegetative cuneate. shoots I2. 13; 14. 15. 16. 7 18. 19. 20. 2I. 22. 23. 24. 25. C. chrysocarpa. C. intricata, C. Stonet. C. straminea. C. Boyntoni. C. roanensis. C. macrosperma. C. Grayana. C. populnea. C. Jesupi. C. rugosa. C. filipes. C. pruinosa, C. villipes. i a tk _ MALACEAE 387 Leaves concave 3-7.5 cm. long. 26. C. Pringlet. Leaves flat, 3-10 cm. long. 27. C. coccinea. Leaves on vegetative shoots cordate. 28. C. albicans. Mature leaves tomentose above. 29. C. Arnoldiana. 1. C. Phaenopyrum (L.) Medic. Along streams: Va. to Ga. and Ala., north in the Miss. Valley to S. Ill., Mo. Naturalized in S. N. J. and Pa. Not common. Rare as an escaped plant in our area; commonly cultivated. 2. C. uniflora Moench. In sandy soil: L. I. to Fla., west to W. Va., Mo. and Tex. N. Y. Common along the south side of L. I.; on S. I.; otherwise unknown. N.J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon, Somerset and Bergen counties, increasing and common southward, particularly in the pine- barrens. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Berks, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. 3. C. monogyna Jacq. (C. oxyacantha of Am. Auct). Sparingly escaped to roadsides and thickets from cultivation. Native of Europe and Asia. Not very common as an escaped plant in our area. 4. C. Crus-galli L. In sandy soil: Saratoga, N. Y., west through Ont. to E. Kan., south to W. Conn. and Ga. Conn. Not very common along the coast and up the valley of the Connecticut River, rare elsewhere. N.Y. Throughout but rare on L. I.;S. I. and the lower Hudson Valley. N.J. Not common in and near the pine-barrens, increasing north- ward. Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Berks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. 5. C. Canbyi Sargent. Occasional in E. Pa. and Md. Pa. Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. 6. C. cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggleston (C. pausiaca Ashe). Western N. Y., Pa. and N. J. toS. W. Va., west to Central III. N. J. Red Bank, Gloucester Co. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. 388 MALACEAE 7. C. punctata Jacq. Que. to Pa., Minn., lowa and Ky. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and L. I., there rare or wanting, but locally unrecorded. 8. C. succulenta Schrader (C. macracantha of Britton’s Manual). N.S. to Minn., N. Car. and Neb., and in the Rocky Mts. to southern Col. Throughout the range, except on L. I. and the coastal plain of N. J., most common on limestone. g. C. neofluvialis Ashe. Western Vt. to E. Wisc. N. Car. and Iowa. Known definitely in our range only from Montgomery, Bucks and Delaware counties, Pa. 10. C. Calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. (C. tomentosa of the manuals, notof L.). Central N. Y., northeastern N. J.and Pa. to Minn. and Mo., south in the mts. to northern Georgia. N.J. Local from Mercer Co. northward, Pa. Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties. 11. C. Brainerdi Sargent. N. Eng. to N. E. Iowa, south to Pa. Conn. Litchfield Co. and a single station in New London Co. N. Y. Near Stamford, Delaware Co. 12. C. chrysocarpa Ashe. N. S. and N. B. to Sask., south to N. C. Mts. and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Conn. Scattered over the state. N. Y. Dutchess, Columbia, Delaware and Greene counties. Pa. Reported from Pike, Monroe, Northamton and Bucks counties. 13. C. intricata Lange. Open rocky woods: N. Eng. and N. Y. to S. Car. and Mo. Conn. Throughout. N. Y. Bronx and Dutchess counties. N. J. Bergen and Morris counties. 14. C. Stonei Sargent. Rocky places: Mass., Conn. and E. N. Y. Known definitely only from near Southington, Conn. 15. C. straminea Beadle. Rocky hills: western Vt. to S. Mich., south through Conn. and Del. to N. Ala. and S. Mo. Throughout our range, except on L. I. and S. I. and the coastal plain of N. J. ’ : OO a 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2 — 22. 23. 24. MALACEAE 389 C. Boyntoni Beadle. Shaly soils: eastern Mass. to central Md., S. C. and central Tenn. Known definitely only from Hartford Co., Conn., Dutchess Co., N. Y.; and Berks Co., Pa. C. roanensis Ashe. Quebec to Wisc., N. C. and Tenn. Known definitely in our range, only from Northampton and Bucks counties, Pa. C. macrosperma Ashe. (C. coccinea of Ill. Flora, ed. 1). N.S. and Me. to SE. Minn., N. Car. and Tenn. Common throughout the range, except on the coastal plain of N. J. C. Grayana Eggleston. Montmorency Falls, west to Ottawa, Ontario, south to W. N. E. and NE. N. Y. Known only from Wethersfield, Hartford Co. and East Lyme, New London Co., Conn. C. populnea Ashe. Low grounds: S. Ont. to Pa. and Del. Known only from Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties, Pa. . C. Jesupi Sargent. W. Vt. to S.W. Wisc., south to Pa. Known only from near Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa. C. rugosa Ashe. S. W. N. E. and through Pa. to the Mts. of mM, C. Known only from Wethersfield, Hartford Co., Conn., Dutchess Co., N. Y. and Bucks Co., Pa. C. filipes Ashe. W. N. E. to central Mich. and south to Pa. : Known definitely only from Berks and Chester counties, iw C. pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch. Rocky open woods: W. N. E. to Mich., N. C. and Mo. Conn. Scattered over the state. N. Y. Bronx Co. northward. N. J. Bergen and Morris counties. Pa. Bucks Co. northward. 390 AMYGDALA CEAE 25. C. villipes Ashe. Me. and Que. to cent. Mich., south in the mts. to N. Car. Conn. Rare in Fairfield and Litchfield Counties. N. Y. Near N. Y. City, increasing northward and common in the Catskills. Pa. Bucks and Berks counties. 26. C. Pringlei Sargent. W. N. E., west to N. IIl., south to Pa. Conn. Cornwall and Lynne. N. Y. L. I.; Greene and Dutchess counties. Pa. Bucks Co. 27. C. coccinea L. Conn. to Cent. Ill., Pa. and Del. ConN. Reported from the state. N. Y. Greene and Dutchess counties. Pa. Reported from Pike, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. 28. C. albicans Ashe. W. N. E. to S. Mich., south to Del. and in the mountains to northeastern Tenn. Conn. Known only from near East Lyme, New London Co. and Cornwall, Litchfield Co. N.Y. Dutchess Co., and near N. Y. City. Pa. Berks, Chester and Delaware counties. 29. C. Arnoldiana Sargent. Rare: E. Mass. and Conn. Known only from near East Lyme, Conn. 3esides the above, more than 150 species have been credited to the area. As to the specific status of these or their distribution too little is known to warrant their inclusion here. 7. Cotoneaster Medic. 1. C, Pyracantha (L.) Spach. In thickets, escaped from cultiva- tion: S. Pa., to Ala. and Tenn. Reported as an established escape at Doylestown, Bucks Co., and near Philadelphia, Pa. AMYGDALACEAE Flowers racemose, appearing after the leaves. I. PaDUs. Flowers umbellate or corymbed, appearing before or with the leaves. 2. PRUNUS. oh. ——— CU AMYGDALACEAE 391 1. Padus Mill. Leaves obovate or oval, sepals deciduous. 1. P. nana. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, sepals persistent. 2. P. virginiana. 1. P. nana (Du Roi) Roem. (Padus virginiana Roem.). Along river banks and in rocky situations: Newf. to Man., Br. Col., Ga., Neb., Tex. and Colo. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northward. N. Y. Occasional on L. I.; very rare and local on S. I., un- known in the Bronx, rare in Westchester Co., thence increasing and becoming very common northward. N. J. Somerset, Hunterdon and Hudson counties, increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or wanting, perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220days. Sea level—4,020 ft. 2. P. virginiana Mill. (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). In woods and open places, S. Ont. to Fla., Dak., Kan. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. 2. Prunus [Tourn.] L. Plums; fruit usually with a ventral groove and a flattened stone. Drupe purple, with a bloom, less than 15 mm. thick. Leaves glabrous when mature, ovate; tree. 1. P. alleghaniensts. Leaves pubescent on the lower surface, when mature; shrubs. Stone pointed at both ends; leaves acute. 2. P. maritima. Stone pointed at base; leaves obtuse. 3. P. Gravesis. Drupe red or orange, without a bloom,'mostly more than 20 mm. thick. Calyx lobes neither ciliate nor glandular. 4. P. americana. Calyx lobes ciliate and often glandular. 5. P. angustifolia. Cherries; fruit without a ventral groove; stone globose or subglobose. Shrubs; flowers 6-12 mm. broad. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate. 6. P. pumila. Leaves oval, or oblong. 7. P. cuneata. Trees; flowers 15-30 mm. broad, slightly less in No. 12. Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. Introduced European trees; flowers not corym- bose. 392 AMYGDALACEAE Leaves glabrous; pedicels short; fruit sour. 8. P. Cerasus. Leaves pubescent, at least on the veins; pedicels long; fruit sweet.’ 9. P. Avium. Native tree; flowers corymbose; leaves acute. 10. P. pennsylvanica. Flowers appearing after the leaves. 11. P. Mahaleb. 1. P. alleghaniensis Porter. In woods: E. Conn., and eastern Pa. Rare in our range. Known definitely in our area only from a few stations in southern Conn. i) . P. maritima Wang. On sea-beaches and in sandy soil near the coast: N. B. to Va. Common throughout our sea beaches and along the shores of L. I. Sound and N. Y. Bay. Also on the coastal plain of N. J. and Pes 3. P. Gravesii Small. On a gravelly ridge: Eastern Conn. Known only from its original locality at Groton, Conn. 4. P. americana Marsh. (P. americana mollis T. & G.). In woods: N. Eng. to Mont., Fla. and Colo. CONN. Rare over most of the state. N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands, not reported northward. N.J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, rare in the region surrounding them, increasing northward. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun- ties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scat- tered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,800 ft. 5. P. angustifolia Marsh. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. Known definitely only from Salem Co., N. J., a region on the Cretaceous sands and gravels, with a growing season of 179 days and about at sea-level; perhaps not native. 6. P. pumila L. On sandy or gravelly shores or in sandy woods: N. B. to Man., N. J. and Mich. CONN. Rare and local in the northwestern part of the state. \. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare in Westchester Co., thence increasing and common northward. | ae eer hl AMYGDALACEAE 393 N. J. Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon counties along the Dela- ware, increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Northampton and Bucks Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. 7. P. cuneata Raf. In wet soil or among rocks: N. H. to Minn., N. Car. and Wisc. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N.Y. From the Highlands of the Hudson northward, not common. N. J. Sussex, Morris, Passaic and Warren counties. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward especially on limestone. 127-220 days. Sea level-2,100 ft. 8. P. Cerasus L. In woods, escaped from cultivation: N. H. and Mass. to N. Y. and Pa. Native of Europe and Asia. Common as an established escape in our area. 9. P.AviumL. In thickets and woodlands, escaped from cultiva- tion: Ont. to Mass. and Va. Native of Europe and Asia. Occasional as an established escape in most parts of our range. 10. P. pennsylvanica L. f. In rocky woods: Newf. to Ga., west to the Rockies. Conn. Throughout the state, more common northward than elsewhere. N. Y. At Hewlett and north of the moraine on L. I.; rare on S. I., thence increasing up the Hudson Valley and becoming very common northward. N. J. Throughout the region north of the coastal plain. Pa. Throughout the range, except in Chester and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. i17-189 days. Sea level-—4,020 ft. 11. P. Mahaleb L. Roadsides and waste places: Conn. to Ont., N. J., E. Pa. and Kansas. Native of Europe. Occasional as an escape from cultivation. The following are sometimes to be found as adventives: Prunus instilis L., P. domestica L. and P. nigra Ait. None are common. The peach Amygdalus persica L., is an escape in many, parts of our range. 394 CAESALPINIACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE Leaves unifoliolate; shrub with flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. CERCIS. Leaves pinnate; trees or herbs with flowers appearing after the leaves. Herbs; flowers perfect; corolla nearly regular. Pods elastically dehiscent; leaves sensitive to shock. 2. CHAMAECRISTA. Pods not elastically dehiscent; leaves not sensitive. 3. CASSIA. Trees; flowers polygamous. 4. GLEDITSIA. 1. Cercis L. 1. C. canadensis L. In rich soil: S. Ont. to Minn., Neb., N. J., Fla. and Tex. Conn. Doubtfully as a wild plant in the state; commonly culti- vated and sometimes escaping. N. Y. Unknown as a wild plant in our area; frequently escaping. N. J. Rare as an escaped plant in the north, wild only in the drainage of the Delaware from Hunterdon Co. southward. Pa. Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common near old glacial ter- races:* Older Formations, confined to the Pa. localities as a wild plant. Notnorthofthe moraine. 168-204days. About sea level. 2. Chamaecrista Moench Flowers 4-8 mm. broad, short pedicelled; anthers 5. 1. C. nictitans. Flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad; anthers Io. 2. C. fasciculata. 1. C. nictitans Moench. (Cassia nictitans L.). In dry soil: Me. to Ga., Ind., Kan. and Tex. Common nearly throughout our area except in the pine-barrens of N. J.; more common near the coast and less common inland, than elsewhere. 2. C. fasciculata (Michx.) Greene. (Cassia Chamaecrista L.). In dry soil: Mass. to Minn., Fla., Miss. and Tex. The distribution of the preceding, but not definitely known north of Westchester Co., N. Y. 3. Cassia [Tourn.] L. 1. C. marylandica L. In swamps and wet soil: N. E. to Fla., Mich., Neb. and La. CONN. Not very common over most of the state. N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co., unknown northward. * See Introduction paragraph 34. — ———EEE—EEeEeEeEEE——————— FABACEAE N.J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens, increasing southward. Pa. the City of New York. 4. Gleditsia L. 1. G. triacanthos L. Ga., Kan. and Tex. further east. Doubtfully wild in any part of our area; all the numerous trees 395 Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester counties. Cassia Tora L. has been collected as an adventive in Delaware Co., Pa. and neat In woods: W. N. Y. and Ont. to S. Dak., Naturalized and extensively planted in the area are probably derivatives of cultivated specimens. FABACEAE The 10 stamens distinct. The stamens monadelphous o¢ diadelphous. Leaves not tendril-bearing. Pod not a loment, 2 valved or indehiscent. Foliage not glandular dotted. Stamens monadelphous, anthers of 2 kinds. Herbs, with simple or 5-11 foliolate leaves. Leaves simple; pod inflated. Leaves 5-11 foliolate; pod flattened. Shrubs with 1-3 foliolate leaves. Stamens diadelphus; anthers all alike. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely unifoliolate. Leaflets denticulate. Flowers racemose. Flowers spicate, capitate. Pods curved or coiled. Pods straight. Leaflets entire. Leaves pinnately several-foliolate. Herbs; leaves odd-pinnate. Standard very broad. Standard narrow. Trees or shrubs. Foliage glandular dotted. Pod a loment; herbs. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers purplish. Flowers yellow. Leaves 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet stalked. Flowers yellow. Flowers purple, blue or white. Pod of several joints; leaflets stipellate. Pod of 1 or 2 joints; leaflets not stipellate. umbelled or w BAPTISIA. . CROTALARIA. . Lupinus. . CyTISUS. . MELILOTUS. 6. MEDICAGO. onl . TRIFOLIUM. . Lotus. . CRACCA. . ASTRAGALUS. . ROBINIA. . AMORPHA. . CORONILLA. . AESCHYNOMENE. . STYLOSANTHES. . MEIBOMIA. . LESPEDEZA. 396 FABACEAE Leaves tendril-bearing or if not, odd pinnate. Leaves tendril-bearing, even pinnate. Style slender, with a tuft of hairs at the summit. Style flattened, bearded along the inner side.’ Leaves not tendril-bearing, odd-pinnate; herbaceous vines. . Style bearded along the inner side. Rachis not thickened at the insertion of the flowers. Rachis thickened at the insertion of the flowers. Flowers purple, capitate. Flowers racemose. Style glabrous or slightly pubescent below. Standard spurred at the base, flowers violet. Standard not spurred. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 5-7. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. Calyx short, bracteolate. Calyx tubular, not bracteolate. 1. Baptisia Vent. 18. “1G: 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. VICIA. LATHYRUS. CLITORIA. STROPHOSTYLES. PHASEOLUS. BRADBURYA. GLYCINE. GALACTIA. FALCATA. 1. B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. In dry soil: Me. to S. Ont., Minn., Fla. and La. Common throughout the coastal part of the range, always de- creasing inland, but locally common in sandy places northward. 2. Crotolaria L. 1. C. sagittalis L. In dry open places: northern N. Eng. to Fla., S. Dak., Ark. and Mex. Throughout the range, local northward. 3. Lupinus [Tourn.] L. 1. L. perennis L. In dry sandy soil: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Mo. and La. Throughout the range in edaphically favorable places, local northward, common on the coastal plain.* 4. Cytisus [Tourn.] L. 1. C. scoparius (L.) Link. In waste places: N. S. to Va. Naturalized from Europe. Rather rare as a naturalized plant. *See Introduction paragraph 50. FABACEAE 397 5. Melilotus [Tourn.] Mill. Flowers white. 1. M. alba. Flowers yellow. Pod reticulate or alveolate, 2 mm. long. 2. M. indica. Pods glabrous or pubescent, 3-5 mm. long. Pods glabrous; leaves closely serrate. 3. M. officinalis. Pods pubescent; leaves remotely toothed. 4. M. altissima. 1. M. alba Desv. In waste places: E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Common as a weed nearly throughout our area. 2. M. indica (L.) All. In waste ground: eastern seaports. Naturalized from Asia and Europe. Not very common as a weed. 3. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. In waste places: E.N.Am. Natur- alized from Europe. Common throughout our area, but not so common as M. alba. 4. M. altissima Thuill. In ballast: Atlantic seaports. Adven- tive from Europe. Rare as a weed near the larger cities. M. occidentalis Nutt. has been collected as a waif near New York. 6. Medicago [Tourn.] L. Perennial; flowers violet, conspicuous. 1. M. sativa. Annual; flowers bright yellow, small. Pod 1 seeded, curved, not spiny. Pod several seeded, spiny on the edge, spirally twisted. Pod loosely coiled. 3. M. denticulata. Pod closely coiled. 4. M. arabica. 1. M. sativa L. In fields and waste places: N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Va. and Kan. Introduced from Europe. Frequent in fields and waste places in most parts of our area. 2. M. lupulina L. In waste places and fields: E. N. Am. Native of Europe and Asia. Common everywhere as a weed. 3. M. denticulata Willd. In waste places and in ballast: N. 5S. to Pa. Fugitive from Europe. Rare as a more or less fugitive weed near the larger cities. 4. M. arabica All. In waste places and ballast: N. B. to Pa, Adventive from Europe. . M. lupulina. ty 398 FABACEAE Very rare as a fugitive weed near Brooklyn, N. Y., and perhaps elsewhere. M. muricata All., M. minima L., and M. pubescens DC. have been collected as waifs near the larger cities. 7. Trifolium [Tourn.] L. Flowers yellow. Head 12-18 mm. long; stipules linear; leaflets all sessile. 1. T. agrarium. Head 8-12 mm. in diameter, nearly globose; terminal leaflet stalked. Heads 20-40-flowered. 2. T. procumbens. Heads 3~-20-flowered. 3. T. dubium. Flowers red, purple, pink or white. Inflorescence longer than thick. Corolla crimson, equalling or exceeding the calyx teeth. 4. T. incarnatnm. Corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx teeth. 5. I. arvense. Inflorescence not longer than thick; globose, ovoid or oval. Flowers sessile or nearly so; heads dense. 6. T. pratense. Flowers pedicelled; heads umbel like, loose. Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter or more; pubescent. 7. T. reflexum. Heads 12-18 mm. in diameter. Ascending or procumbent; flowers pink, pink- ish or purple. Ascending; calyx shorter than the corolla. 8. T. hybridum. Procumbent; calyx nearly equalling the corolla. 9. T. carolinianum, Creeping; flowers white or pinkish. 10. T. repens. 1. T. agrarium L. (7. aureum Poll.). Along roadsides and in waste places: U.S. to Va., Ont. and Iowa. Naturalized from Europe. Common as a weed throughout our area. . T. procumbens L. In fields and along roadsides: E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. i) Throughout the range, not very common. 3. T. dubium Sibth. In fields and waste places: N. Eng., N. J. and in the Southern States. Naturalized from Europe. Rare as a weed. 4. T. incarnatum L. In fields and waste places and on ballast: Me. to N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Not common near the larger cities as a weed. 5. T. arvense L. In fields and waste places: Throughout E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Common everywhere, especially in fields. FABACEAE 399 6. T. pratense L. In fields and meadows: throughout E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the area. 7. T. reflexum L. In meadows: Ont., western N. Y. and Pa. to lowa, Neb., Fla. and Tex. .Recorded from Montgomery Co., Pa. and Trenton, N. J., other- wise unknown in the range; probably adventive from the west. 8. T. hybridum L. In meadows and waste places: N. S. to Idaho, Ga. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Common in most parts of our range as a weed, often locally wanting. 9g. T. carolinianum Michx. In waste places near Philadelphia and further southward. i Known definitely only on ballast near Philadelphia; not recently collected. 10. T. repens L. In fields and waste places: throughout N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. Common throughout our range as a weed. The reported occurrence of JT. medium L. in the range, cannot be verified. T. maritimum Huds. has been reported from near Bethlehem, Pa. T. scabrum L., T. striatum L. and T. tomentosum L. have bzen recorded as waifs. 8. Lotus [Tourn.] L. I. L. corniculatus L. In waste places and on ballast: N. B. and about the eastern seaports. Not very common as an adventive. L. americanus (Nutt.) Bischoff. has been reported as an established plant at Bridgeport, Conn. g. Cracca L. 1. C. virginiana L. In dry sandy soil, Me. to Minn., Fla., La. and Mex. Conn. Rare and local, decreasing inland. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown in the Bronx, de- creasing up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co.; not known from the Catskills. N. J. Rare and local in sandy or rocky places in Sussex, Morris, Warren, Passaic and Hunterdon counties, thence increasing and common southward. 400 FABACEAE Pa. Pike, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common; Cretaceous, less common; Older Formations, scattered in edaphically favorable places*. 138-224 days. Sea level—1,080 ft. 8 10. Astragalus [Tourn.] L. 1. A. carolinianus L. Along streams; Que. to Man., N. J., B. C., Kan., Colo. and Nev. N. J. Near Andover, Sussex Co. Reported, but not definitely known from Westchester Co., N. Y. 11. Robinia L. Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous; flowers white. 1. R. Pseudacacia. Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid, flowers pink. 2. R. viscosa. Twigs and petioles bristly; pods hispid; flowers pink or purple; a shrub. 3. R. hispida. 1. R. Pseudacacia L. In woods: Pa. to Ga. and Iowa. Exten- sively naturalized in Eastern N. Am. Doubtfully indigenous in any part of our area, common as an escape from cultivation. 2. R. viscosa Vent. In woods: Va. to Ga., sometimes escaping in Eastern N. Am. 4 Not uncommon as an escape in most parts of our range. ioe) . R. hispida L. Often cultivated, and sometimes escaping. Native from Va. to Ga. and Tenn. Locally common as an escape. 12. Amorpha L. 1. A. fruticosa L. Along streams: Ohio to Minn., also escaped from cultivation in eastern U. S. Not very common as an established escape. 13. Coronilla [Tourn.] L. 1. C. varia L. Roadsides and waste places: Mass. to N. Y. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. Uncommon asa roadside weed throughout the area except in Pa., there only reported from Chester Co. C. Emerus L. has been found as a waif near N. Y. * See Introduction paragraph 50. FABACEAE 401 77 14. Aeschynomene L. I. A. virginica (L.) B.S. P. River banks: Pa. and N. J. to Fla., west to La. ry Confined to the region in the Delaware River Valley from Camden and Philadelphia southward. a 15. Stylosanthes Sw. a. Ss. biflora (L.) B.S. P. In dry soil: N. Y. to Fla., Ind., Kan. 7 and La. ; os Y. Occasional south of the, moraine on eastern L. I., rare aes north of it; occasional on S. I., rare at Inwood, N. Y. City, _ otherwise unknown. = YN. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon, and Essex counties, increasing and common southward. Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties, increasing and becoming il common southward. a 16. Meibomia Heist. _Loment not constricted above, deeply constricted below, long = stalked; leaflets broad. a. _ Panicle arising from the base of the plant; peduncle usually .. leafless. 1. M. nudiflora. Panicle terminal Leaves crowded at its base. 2. M. grandiflora. Leaves scattered along the stem. 3. M. pauciflora. ol oment constricted on both margins, more deeply above than below. _ Stems trailing or reclining. Leaflets orbicular or nearly so. 4. M. Michauxit. Leaflets ovate or oval. Corolla whitish; leaves yellowish-green. 5. M. ochroleuca. ae Corolla purple; leaves dull green. 6. M. glabella. Stems erect or ascending. hey Leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets linear or lanceolate. 7. M. sesstlifolia. way Leaves petioled. iy Leaflets narrowly linear; joints of the loment usually concave on the back. 8. M. stricta. Leaflets broad. ‘ Joints of the loment notably longer than broad. ; ¢ Leaflets obtuse, rough-pubescent. g. M. canescens. Leaflets long-acuminate, glabrous. 10. M. bracteosa. Joints of the loment little longer than broad. Loment distinctly long stalked in the calyx. , Plants glabrous. * Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 11. M. paniculata. ; Leaflets broadly ovate or oval. 12. M. laevigata. 402 FABACEAE Plants pubescent or scabrous. Leaflets thick, coriaceous, velvety pubescent beneath. ‘ 13. M. viridiflora. Leaflets scarcely coriaceous, ap- pressed pubescent or villous beneath. 14. M. Dillenit. Loment sessile in the calyx or nearly so. Loment joints 4-7; flowers numerous, showy. 15. M. canadensis. Loment joints I-3. Leaflets scabrous 2—5 cm. long. 16. M. rigida. Leaflets not scabrous I-2 cm. long. Plant nearly glabrous throughout. 17. M. marylandica. Stem pubescent, leaflets and petioles ciliate. 18. M. obtusa. 1. M. nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. In dry woods: Que. to Minn., Fla. and La. Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of N. J., there wanting. 2. M. grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. In dry rocky woods: Que. to S. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Ind. Terr. Conn. Throughout the state, not very common. N.Y. Exclusively north of the moraine on L. I.; unknown on S$. I., thence scattered up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands; thence increasing northward. N. J. Gloucester, Ocean and Monmouth counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single station in Monmouth Co., N. J. and perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,goo ft. 3. M. pauciflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. In woods: Ont. to western N. Y., southern Pa. and N. J. to Fla., Ohio, Ark. and La: N. J. New Egypt, Ocean Co. Pa. Chester Co. 4. M. Michauxii Vail. Dry woods: Me. (?) and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and La. Conn. Throughout the state, decreasing northward. N. Y. Uncommon on L. I. and S. I., decreasing northward to the Highlands of the Hudson, unknown elsewhere. =. FABACEAE 403 N. J. Frequent throughout the state. counties. ; A rare and very local species about whose distribution little is r known. . M. ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. In woodlands: N. J. and Pa. to Ga. and Mo. Known only from Salem Co., N. J. and Northampton Co., Pa. and with distributional features not easy of explanation. 6. M. glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. In dry sandy woods: E. Mass. to N. Y., Pa. and S. Car. Very rare. Conn. Known definitely only from Waterford. N. Y. Known only from near Yonkers on the Hudson. N. J. Hunterdon and Morris counties, rare; not collected since 1887. ; Pa. Bucks Co. Distributional features unknown. _ 7. M. sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. In dry soil: Mass., R. I. and Conn. to Mich., Ky., Ark. and Tex. Conn. Rare and local in New London Co., near the drainage area of the Thames. N. J. Known only from Hammonton, Atlantic Co. A very rare and local species whose distribution is little known. _ 8. M. stricta (Pursh) Kuntze. Pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla., west to La. N. J. Frequent in the pine-barrens, decreasing in the area sur- rounding them, unknown elsewhere. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere: Cre- a taceous, scattered: Older Formations, 0: Not north of the moraine. 170-220 days. About sea level. Ny. M. canescens (L.) Kuntze. In rich soil: Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn. and Tex. Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland, except in the Connecticut River Valley. N.Y. Throughout the area, decreasing northward. N. J. Throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; common in the valley of the Delaware. Northampton, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. 404 FABACEAE Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 170-224 days. Sea level—1,750 ft. 10. M. bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze. In thickets: Me. to Ont., Fla., Mo. and Tex. Conn. Not uncommon in Fairfield Co. and along the coast and up the Connecticut Valley, rare or wanting elsewhere. N.Y. OnL. I. and 5S. I., unknown in the Bronx, decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co. Not known from the Catskills. N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co. near the Delaware, thence wanting northward to Middlesex Co., thence increasing but not common northward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, not very common. 138-220 days. Sea level—2,1oo ft. 11. M. paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Indry soil: Ont. to Minn., Mass., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J., there rare or wanting; not abundant on the coastal plain of L. I. 12. M. laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. In dry woods: S. N. Y. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. N. Y. Common on L. I., particularly eastward and south of the moraine, and on S. I.; formerly local in the Bronx Valley. N.J. Very rare in the pine-barrens at Winslow Junction; increas- ing in the region surrounding the pine-barrens; reported from Morris Co.; scattered in Mercer and Hudson counties north of the coastal plain. Pa. Known only from Northampton (?), Montgomery, Phila- delphia and Delaware counties. Tertiary, very rare on Beacon Hill, increasing elsewhere, but nowhere common: Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations, rare and scattered exclusively south of the moraine, except for a few records on L. I. 189-220 days. About sea level. 13. M. viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. In dry woods: E. Pa. and S. N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex. N.Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., rare on S. I. and at Woodlawn, N. Y. City; formerly at Inwood; unknown elsewhere. FABACEAE 405 N.J. Rare in the pine-barrens at Winslow Junction and at Landis- ville, common in the region north and west of the barrens; Morris and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, rare on Beacon Hill, increasing elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered and rare. 189-220 days. About sea level. . M. Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Woods: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Va., Ky., Mo. and Tex. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and local and probably introduced. . M. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Thickets and river banks: N. B. to Man., N. Car., Mo. and Ind. Terr. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare and local and probably introduced, always increasing northward. M. rigida (L.) Kuntze. In dry soil: N. H. to Fla., Mich., Kan. and La. Throughout the range, more common southward and less common northward than elsewhere. M. marylandica (L.) Kuntze. In dry soil: Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mich. and La. Throughout the range, but nowhere common, decreasing north- ward. _M. obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Dry soil: Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mich. and Tex. Common throughout the range, but rare or perhaps wanting from _. the Catskills and the mountains of Pa. ie: Lespedeza Michx. Riaccre, re 2 kinds, the a perfect but iddom data, the smaller, usually apetalous, pistillate and fertile. Petaliferous flowers 1-6. Stems soft downy, with short spreading hairs. 1. L. procumbens. Stems glabrate or sparingly pubescent. Stems prostrate or trailing; stipules 2-4 cm. long. 2. L. repens. Stems upright; stipules 5-8 mm. long. 3. L. violacea. Petaliferous flowers few—many. Many of the peduncles elongate and exceeding their ° subtending leaves. Leaves densely velvety beneath. 4. L. Brittonii. 406 FABACEAE Leaves appressed pubescent or sparingly villous beneath. 5. L. Nuttallit. Few, if any, of the peduncles exceeding the leaves. Calyx of petaliferous flowers 3-5 mm. long. Leaflets densely woolly beneath. 6. L. Stuvet. Leaflets glabrate or appressed pubescent be- neath. Leaflets linear to linear-oblong. 7. L. virginica. Leaflets oval to oval-oblong. 8. L. frutescens. Calyx of petaliferous flowers 6-8 mm. long. g. L. simulata. Flowers all alike and perfect. Peduncles shorter than the dense globose heads. Stem loosely pubescent; calyx 8-12 mm. long. 10. L. capitata. Stem appressed pubescent; calyx 5-7 mm. long. 11. L. angustifolia. Peduncles chiefly longer than the subcylindric heads. Stem with appressed pubescence. 11. L. angustifolia. Stem with long, spreading or loosely spreading hairs. Leaflets oval to sub-orbicular. 12. L. hirta. Leaflets narrowly oblong. 13. L. oblongifolia. 2. Annual; naturalized species; stipules and calyx-lobes broad. 14. L. striata. 1. L. procumbens Michx. In dry soil: N. H. to Fla., the Ind. Terr. and La. Conn. Throughout, but not very common. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess and Ulster counties, but not reported from the Catskills. N. J. Wanting in the pine-barrens, exceedingly rare in the region surrounding the barrens, becoming common in Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence increasing northward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, very rare in the rest of the area; Cretaceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations, not very common. 138-224 days. Sea level—1,oo0 ft. 2. L. repens (L.) Bart. In dry or sandy soil: Conn. to Fla., Minn., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Reported from near New Haven, otherwise unknown. N. Y. Common south of the moraine on L. I. and on S. L., local north of the moraine at Jamaica, L. I., and in the Bronx. N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens, there rare. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties. Tertiary, common, but less common on Beacon Hill than else- where: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 180- 224 days. About sea level. — re eee -.. FABACEAE 407 3. L. violacea (L.) Pers. In dry soil: N. Eng. to Fla., Miss., Kan. and La. and northern Mex. — Conn. Throughout the state except New London Co. N.Y. RareonL. I. and S.I., increasing northward up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess and Ulster counties, but not reported from the higher peaks of the Catskills. N. J. North of the coastal plain. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks and Delaware counties. . Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,300 ft. 4. L. Brittonii Bicknell. In dry soil: Mass. to N. J. and Md. ‘ _ Known only from its type locality, Bronxville, N. Y., from the coastal-plain of L. I. and from Quaker Bridge, N. J. 5. L. Nuttallii Darl. Dry soil: S. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Fla., Mich. and Kans. Conn. Rare and local in the southern part of the state. N.Y. Frequent on L.I., not reported from S.1.; common in the Bronx; increasing up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands but not reported north of them. N. J. Hunterdon, Mercer and Middlesex counties, rare; thence increasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 158-224 days. Sea level-1,10o ft. ®. L. Stuvei Nutt. Dry soil: Vt. to Va., Mich. and the Ind. me 6«Lerr. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland and wanting in the north. N. Y. OnL. I., not reported from but probably to be found on ‘ta S. I., thence decreasing northward to Westchester Co. i N.J. Rare in Bergen, Hunterdon, Mercer and Middlesex counties. ' thence increasing southward, but less common in the pine- barrens than elsewhere. Pa. Near Philadelphia. Tertiary, more rare on Beacon Hill than elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 168-220days. Sea level- = 68=—s- 900 ft. : —" (Britton) Meck & Bush, of southern N. J., may be a hybrid between this species and L. virginica. 408 FABACEAE 7. L. virginica (L.) Britton. In dry soil: Mass. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Tex. and Kans. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and local and perhaps adventive. 8. L. frutescens (L.) Britton. In dry soil: Me. to Ont., Mich., Fla., Ill. and Tex. Common throughout the range, more so in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. g. L. simulata Mackenzie & Bush. In dry soil: Conn. and Pa. to Mo. and Ind. Terr. Known in our area only from Groton and Southington, Conn., and from Haworth, Bergen Co., N. J. 10. L. capitata Michx. (L. velutina Bicknell.). In dry fields: Ont. and Me. to Fla., S. Dak:; Kanvand La: Common throughout the area. 11. L. angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. In dry sandy soil: E. Mass. to Fla., Mich. and La. N.Y. Known only from the Hempstead Plains, Nassau Co., L. I. N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, less so in the region surround- ing them, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Known only from Delaware County. A plant mostly localized in and near the pine-barrens in our area but of wide distribution outside the range. 12. L. hirta (L.) Ell. Dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla., Ill., Minn. and La. Common throughout the area. 13. L. oblongifolia (Britton) Stone. Sandy soil: Conn.; N. J. and southward. CONN. Reported from Glastonbury. N. J. Rare in the pine-barrens. 14. L. striata (Thunb.) Hook & Arn. Fields: N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from eastern Asia. N. J. South Amboy and Wildwood. PA. Delaware and Chester counties. 18. Vicia [Tourn.] L. Flowers racemose or spicate; peduncles elongate. Indigenous perennials. Spike-like raceme 1-sided, 15-40 flowered. 1. V. Cracca. FABACEAE 409 Racemes loose flowered, 1-20 flowered. Flowers 1.5-2 cm. long. 2. V. americana. Flowers 4-10 mm. long. 3. V. caroliniana, Introduced annuals. Pods glabrous, 3-6-seeded. 4. V. tetrasperma, Pods pubescent, 2-seeded. 5. V. hirsuta. _ Flowers sessile or nearly so, few, axillary. Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate. 6. V. sativa. Leaflets, except those of the lower leaves, linear-oblong. 7. V. angustifolia. 1. V. Cracca L. In dry soil: Newf. to B. Col., N. J., Ky. and Kan. Also in Europe and Asia. Rather common as a weed throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J. 2. V. americana Muhl. In moist ground: N. B. to Man., Br. Col., Va., Ky. and Nev. Rare. Apparently confined in our area to the drainage of the Delaware and Lehigh rivers, in Warren, Hunterdon, and Mercer counties in N. J. and Northampton, Monroe, Lehigh, Bucks and Chester counties in Pa., otherwise unknown. 3. V. caroliniana Walt. Banks and cliffs: Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ky., and Kans. Apparently confined to the limestone areas in Warren, Sussex and Hunterdon counties in N. J. and to Northampton and Bucks counties in Pa., otherwise unknown. 4. V. tetrasperma (L.) Moench. In meadows and waste places: _ N.S. and Ont. to Va. Naturalized from Europe. Not uncommon as a weed near the larger cities and towns. 5. V. hirsuta (L.) Koch. In waste places: N. B. to Ohio and Va. and Alberta. Naturalized from Europe. Frequent locally as a weed, in most parts of our range. 6. V. sativa L. In fields and waste places: throughout E. N. Am. Adventive from Europe. Common locally as a weed. 7. V. angustifolia Roth. In fields and waste places: N. 5. to Fla. Naturalized from Europe. Occasional as a weed. Among the waifs, from time to time collected on ballast and in waste places, are: V. Sepium L., V. villosa Roth., V. narbonensis L. and V. Faba L. It is doubtful if any are thoroughly established. 410 FABACEAE 19. Lathyrus L. Leaflets 1 pair; stipules foliaceous; stems winged. 1. L. pratensis. Leaflets 3-7 pairs. — Flowers purple. Stipules foliaceous; maritime. 2. L. maritimus. Stipules half-sagittate or small; inland species (except L. palustris which usually inhabits salt marshes). Leaflets ovate or oval, large; flowers 10-20. 3. L. venosus. Leaflets linear, oblong or oval; flowers 2-6. Leaflets linear, or linear oblong; stem winged. 4. L. palustris. Leaflets oblong or oval; stem wingless. 5. L. myrtifolius. Flowers yellowish-white. 6. L. ochroleucus. . L. pratensis L. In waste places: Me., N. H., Mass., Conn. and Ont. Naturalized from Europe. Rare as a weed in N. Y. and Conn. 2. L. maritimus (L.) Bigelow. On sea beaches: Arctic Am. to N. J., the Great Lakes, and on the Pacific coast. Also in Europe and Asia. Very common along all the sea beaches and along N. Y. Bay and L. I. Sound; decreasing in southern N. J. and not known south of Atlantic Co. 3. L. venosus Muhl. River shores and banks: N. J. and Pa. to Ind., Gaz, Lasand Kan: Known only from the drainage of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers in Hunterdon and Warren counties, N. J. and Lehigh and Northampton counties, Pa. 4. L. palustris L. In moist or wet places: Lab. to Alask., Mass., un N. Y., S. Dak. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Apparently confined to the salt marshes on S. I. and L. I. and coastal Conn., especially as to the form linearifolius. . L. myrtifolius Muhl. In moist or wet grounds: N. B. to Man., N. Car. and Tenn. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to West Point, unknown northward. N.J. From Bergen, Sussex, Union, Middlesex and Mercer counties, southward along the Delaware to Gloucester Co.; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Berks and Dela- ware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 149-204 days. Sea level—1,200 ft. FABACEAE 411 6. L. ochroleucus Hook. (L. glaucifolius Beck.). On river banks and hillsides: N. J. to Que. and Arctic Am., lowa, Wyo. and B. Col. Very rare in our area. Known only from an old collection from New Brunswick, N. J. Lathyrus latifolius L. has been collected in Conn. as a waif, and L. aphaca L. has been found as a waif near the seaports. 20. Clitoria L. 1. C. mariana L. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. N. Y. Formerly at Brooklyn. N. J. A single station in Hudson Co., thence wanting to the pine-barrens; at Cape May; wanting in the counties bordering the Delaware. Pa. Philadelphia Co. Rare and local. 21. Strophostyles Ell. Leaflets mainly lobed, 2-5 cm. long; pod 5-8 cm. long. 1. S. helvola. Leaflets mainly entire, 1-4 cm. long; pod 2-5 cm. long. 2. S. umbellata. 1. S. helvola (L.) Britton. In sandy soil: Que. to Fla., S. Dak., Neb. and Tex. Conn. Common along the coast decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Putnam Co., unknown northward. ad N. J. Rare in Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing and common southward, but not in the pine-barrens, or if so only locally adventive. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 159-220 days. Sea level—goo ft. 2. S. umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. In sandy soil: L. I. to Fla., Ind. and La. N.Y. Common south of the moraine on L. I. and onS. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Bergen, Hudson and Middlesex counties, thence increasing but not very common southward; unknown in the pine-barrens, except as a rare intruder. “Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. 412 FABACEAE Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous: common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 179-224 days. About sea level. 22. Phaseolus [Tourn.] L. 1. P. polystachyus (L.) B.S. P. In thickets; Can. (?), Conn. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and La. Conn. Rare in New London, New Haven, and Fairfield counties near the coast, unknown elsewhere. N.Y. Manhasset Neck, L. I., unknown on S. I., rare and local in the Bronx and in Westchester Co., otherwise unknown. N. J. Rare and very local over most of the state except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood. The common kidney bean, P. vulgaris L., sometimes escapes from gardens but it is scarcely established. 23. Bradburya Raf. 1. B. virginiana (L.) Kuntze. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., Ark., Tex. and Trop. Am. Known definitely in our area only from Angelsea, Cape May Co. and Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J. The first station is on Cretaceous sands and gravel, the second on Tertiary sand, but not on the Beacon Hill Formation (pine-barrens). 24. Glycine L. (Apios Moench.) 1. G. Apios L. In moist ground: N. B. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Kan. and La. Common throughout the range. 25. Galactia R. Br. Nearly glabrous throughout; pods slightly pubescent. 1. G. regularis. Finely downy-pubescent; ‘pods very downy. 2. G. volubilis. 1. G. regularis (L.) B.S. P. In dry sandy soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Fla., Kan. and Miss. N.Y. Known only from S. I. Not recently collected. N. J. Middlesex and Burlington counties, increasing southward. PA. Apparently confined to Berks and Philadelphia counties. A coastal plain plant of curious distribution. GERANIACEAE 413 2. G. volubilis (L.) Britton. In dry sandy soil: N. Y. to Fla., _ Pa., Ky., Kans. and Tex. N.Y. Rare on L. I., and the upper end of Manhattan (not re- cently collected), otherwise unknown. N. J. The southern part of Cape May Co. - Pa. Berks Co. A rare and highly local species whose distribution is little under- stood. 26. Falcata Gmel. _ Leaves thin; bracts small; plant pubescent or glabrate. 1. F. comosa. Leaves firm; bracts large; plant villous-brown-pubescent. 2. F. Pitcheri. 1. F. comosa (L.) Kuntze. Moist thickets: N. B. to Fla., Man., Neb. and La. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J., there rare or wanting; always decreasing southward. 2. F. Pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze. In moist thickets: Mass. to W. N. Y., S. Dak., Neb., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Rare near the coast, especially westward, decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Frequent on the L. I. coastal plain; occasional on S. I.; rare in the Bronx, increasing but not common northward. N. J. Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing southward but not in the pine-barrens; nowhere common. Among the introduced plants credited to the range perhaps the following are here ‘worthy of record: Ervum Lens L. the lentil, Ononis arvensis L., Sesban macrocarpa ~Muhl., Genista tinctoria L., Ulex europaeus L., Pueraria Thunbergiana Seib. and Zucc., Vigna repens (L.) Kuntze, Anthyllis vulneraria DC., Ornithopus sativus Brot., Onobrychis sativa Lam., Pisum sativum L., Cicer arietinum L., Arachis hypogaea Willd., Trigonella Besseriana Ser. and Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. They have all been found but none are to be considered as part of our wild flora. There are a score or so of mere waifs besides the above. Acuan virgatus (L.) Medic. of the Mimosaceae has been found as a waif near Communipaw, N. J. GERANIACEAE Anthers 10, rarely 5; carpel-tails not hairy inside. Carpel-bodies deciduous from the styles, appendaged. 1. ROBERTIELLA. Carpel-bodies not deciduous from the styles, not appendaged. 2. GERANIUM. Anthers 5; carpel-tails bearded inside. 3. Eropium. 1. Robertiella Hanks 1. Robertiella Robertiana (L.) Hanks. (Geranium Robertianum "L.). In rich woods: N.S. to Man.,N. J., and Mo. Also in Europe, Asia and Africa. 414 GERANIACEAE Conn. Throughout the state, rare eastward, increasing westward and northward. N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., locally increasing northward par- ticularly in the Catskills. N. J. Rare along the coast in Cape May, Atlantic and Ocean counties, not inland in either county; rare and local throughout Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and locally common northward. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, rare near the coast of N. J. and not on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 123-220 days. Sea level-2,800 ft. 2. Geranium [Tourn.] L. Plants annual or biennial. Peduncle terminated by a single pedicel. 1. G. stbiricum. Peduncle terminated by a pair of pedicels. Seeds smooth; sepals without subulate tips. Carpels bodies wrinkled. 2. G. molle. Carpel bodies pubescent. 3. G. pusillum. Seeds reticulated or pitted; sepals subulate-tipped. Sepal-tips less than I mm. long. 4. G. rotundifolium. Sepal-tips I-2 mm. long. Style-beak and branches less than 3 mm. long. Seeds pitted. 5. G. dissectum. Seeds reticulated. 6. G. carolinianum. Style-beak and branches more than 4 mm. long. Peduncles appressed pubescent. 7. G. columbinum. Peduncles glandular villous. 8. G. Bicknellit. Plant perennial. g. G. maculatum. 1. G. sibiricum L. In waste places: N. Y., Ill., Pa. and Cal. NO Naturalized from Asia. Rare as an adventive weed near New York City, and reported from Delaware Co., Pa. . G. molle L. In waste places: Me. to B. Col., N. Car. and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Rare as a roadside weed. 3. G. pusillum Burm. f. In waste places and along roadsides: Ont. to B. Col., south to Va., Neb. and Utah. Naturalized from Europe. Local as a weed in most parts of our range, except the pine- barrens. GERANIACEAE 415 4. G. rotundifolium L. In waste places: N. Y. and Mich. _ Adventive from Europe. Known only as a rare weed near the metropolis; not recently collected. 5. G. dissectum L. In waste places: E. N. Am. Naturalized _ from Europe. Rare as a weed near N. Y. City, perhaps elsewhere. 6. G. carolinianum L. In barrensoil: E. N. Am., Mex., Bermuda and Jamaica. / Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and probably introduced. : 7. G. columbinum L. In fields and waste places: N. J. to Va. and S. Dak. Native of Europe. Rare as an adventive weed in N. J. and Pa. 8. G. Bicknellii Britton. In woods: N. S. to B. Col., N. Y., Mont. and Wash. Known definitely only from near Woodmere and Aqueduct, L. I., Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y. City, and from Canaan Mt.,Conn. A rare species. _g. G. maculatum L. In woods: Newf. to Man., Ga. and Kan. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; there rare or wanting. 4 G. pyrenaicum L. has been collected at Bethlehem, Pa., presumably as a waif. 3. Erodium L’Her. Sepal-tips not bearing bristle-like appendages. iB. moschatum. _Sepal-tips bearing 1 or 2 bristle-like appendages. 2. E. cicutarium. 1. E. moschatum (Burm. f.) L’Her. In waste places: E. N. S. a and the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. 4 Rare on waste ground near our larger cities. _ 2. E. cicutarium (L.) L’Her. In fields and waste places: 5. Canada, N. S. Mex., and Cent. Am. Introduced from Europe. Locally common as a weed. i +E. malachoides Willd. has been collected near the larger cities, scarcely persistent. 416 OXALIDACEAE OXALIDACEAE Acaulescent; rootstocks bulb-like or scaly; flowers white, pink or purple. Sepals without tubercles; rootstocks elongated. I. OXALIS. Sepals with apical tubercles; rootstocks bulb-like. 2. [ONOXALIS. Caulescent; flowers yellow. 3. XANTHOXALIS. 1. Oxalis L. 1. O. Acetosella L. In woods: N.S. to Man. and southward on or near the mountains to N. Car. and Tenn. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Recorded only from northern Hartford and Litchfield counties. N. Y. The mountains of Ulster, Delaware and Greene counties. Pa. Wayne, Luzerne, Carbon, Lackawanna and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare except north- ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-158 days. 800- 4,000 ft. 2. Ionoxalis Small’ 1. I. violacea (L.) Small (O. violacea L.). In woods: Me. to the Rocky Mountain Region, Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 3. Xanthoxalis Small Pedicels appressed-pubescent; cymes typically umbel-like. Longer filaments glabrous; stems not woolly. Stem appressed-pubescent, not creeping; capsules pubes- cent. 1. X. stricta. Stem loosely pubescent; capsules glabrous at maturity, except in X. corniculata, an introduced creeping plant. Plants spreading and creeping: capsules pubescent. 2. X. corniculata. Plants erect: capsules glabrous. Cymes open at maturity, usually 1-3-flowered; capsules slender, gradually pointed. 3. X. Bushit. Cymes cluster-like at maturity, usually 4-6- flowered; capsules stout, abruptly pointed. 4. X. rufa. Longer filaments.pubescent; stems mostly woolly. Leaves numerous; cymes mostly 1-flowered; capsules less than thrice as long as the calyx. 5. X. filipes. Leaves few; cymes mostly several-flowered; capsules over thrice as long as the calyx. 6. X. Brittoniae. Pedicels loosely pubescent, usually villous; cymes dichotomous. 7. X. cymosa. 1. X. stricta (L.) Small (Ovxalis stricta L.). In fields and along roadsides: N.S. to Wyo., Fla., N. Mex. and Mex. Not uncommon as a weed in most parts of our area. LINACEAE 417 _ 2. X. corniculata (L.) Small (Oxalis repens Thunb.; O. corniculata L.). In ballast about seaports. Also in Trop. Am. and . Europe. Occasional as a weed. _ 3. X. Bushii Small (Oxalis Bushii Small). Dry soil, N.S. to S. Dak., Col. and Ga. N.Y. Valley Stream, L. I. ¥ Pa. Luzerne Co. 4. X. rufa Small (Oxalis rufa Small). Woods and moist soil, Mass. to Ga. and Minn. Known, in our area, only from Stroudsburg, Pa. 5. X. filipes Small. (Oxalis filipes Small). In woods along streams. N. Y. to Tenn. and Ga. N. Y. Copake Falls, Columbia Co. 6. X. Brittoniae Small (Oxalis Brittoniae Small). In woods: Mass. to Mo. and Fla. Conn. New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., local northward, but not definitely known from the Catskills. N. J. Rare in Monmouth, Ocean and Mercer counties, local northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. In Monroe Co., unknown elsewhere. 7. X. cymosa Small (Oxalis cymosa Small). Woods and fields, Ont. to Mich., Fla. and Tex. aad Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. LINACEAE Stigmas introrse and more or less elongate; sepals glandless. 1. Linum. Stigmas terminal and capitate; sepals, at least the inner ones, with marginal glands, 2. CATHARTOLINUM. 1. Linum [Tourn.] L. 1. L. usitatissimum L. In waste places and in fields: through- out cultivated America. Native of Europe. Common as a weedy escape in most parts of our area. Linum angustifolium Huds. has been collected as a waif near New York. 2. Cathartolinum Reichb. Styles distinct. Sepals entire at maturity. Outer sepals 2-2.5 mm. long at maturity; stems panicu- lately branched. 1. C. striatum. 28 418 LINACEAE Outer sepals 3-3.5 mm. long at maturity, stems. . corymbosely branched. 2. C. virginianum. Sepals, or some of them, glandular toothed. Capsule spheroidal. 3. C. medium. Capsule ovoid. 4. C. intercursum. Styles more or less united. 5. C. sulcatum. 1. C. striatum (Walt.) Small (Linum striatum Walt.). In moist sandy places: Ont. to Fla. and Tex. Conn. Not uncommon near the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Common on L. I.; on S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valiey to the Highlands; unknown northward. N. J. Rare in the north, increasing and common throughout the southern part of the state. Pa. From Northampton Co. southward. Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, apparently decreasing northward. 164-220 days. Sea level—8o0 ft. . 2. C. virginianum (L.) Reich. (ZL. virginianum L.). In dry sandy woods: Me. and Ont. to Ga. and Ala. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare and probably introduced; not specifically known from the upper eleva- tions of the Catskills. 3. C. medium (Planch.) Small (ZL. medium (Planch.) Britton). In sandy places and wet meadows: Ont. to Fla. and Tex. Conn. Not very common near the coast, decreasing and perhaps unknown northward. | N. Y. Rare on S. I. and L. I.; unknown elsewhere. N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain especially near the sea; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Delaware and Chester counties, according to Pennell. Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and local on overwash morainal material on L. I. and scattered along coastal Conn. 168—-220days. About sea level. 4. C. intercursum Bicknell (Linum floridanum of the Manuals). In dry places: E. Mass. to Fla. N.Y. The coastal plain of L. I. N. J. From Monmouth County southward, along the coast and in the southeastern part of the pine-barrens. Pa. Delaware and Chester counties. RUTACEAE 419 Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill and near the sea: Cretaceous, doubtfully, in northern Monmouth Co.: Older Formations, rare. - 168-220 days. About sea level. i 5 5. C. sulcatum (Riddell) Small (L. sulcatum Riddell). In dry soil: Ont. to Man., Ga. and Tex. Conn. Rare in New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield countics, ___ increasing northwestward. _ N.Y. Occasional in the Bronx; reported but not definitely known a from near the Highlands of the Hudson; otherwise unknown. __N. J. Known only from a very old specimen collected in Bergen Co., and from Sussex Co. Pa. Lackawanna Co. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE _ Tribulus terrestris L. and Zygophyllum Fabago L. have both been collected near he metropolis. They are very doubtfully established. RUTACEAE Pistils 2-5, distinct; fruit fleshy, capsular. 1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Pistil I, 2-celled; truit a samara. 2. PTELEA. 1. Zanthoxylum L. - y. Z. americanum Mill. In woods: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Oklahoma. Conn. Rare in the south and probably mostly as an escape from 2 cultivation, increasing northwestward into Litchfield Co. as a wild plant. N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing northward. (L. I. records probably based on cultivated specimens.) N. J. Bergen and Hunterdon Co., rare, increasing northward and becoming common in Sussex Co. (Monmouth Co. record probably based on cultivated specimens). Pa. Lackawanna, Northampton, Bucks and Berks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-166 days. Sea level-4,o00 ft. 2. Ptelea L. : 1. P. trifoliata L. In woods: Conn. to Minn., south to Fla. and : northern Mex. onn. Not uncommon as an escape from cultivation, unknown as a plant wild from the state. 420 POLYGALACEAE N. Y. Known definitely only from Wading River, Suffolk Co., L. I.; S. I.; otherwise unknown. Doubtfully wild anywhere in the range. N. J. Rare in Burlington, Mercer and Hunterdon counties in the drainage of the Delaware River; spontaneous elsewhere. Pa. Northampton, Berks and Philadelphia counties. _ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or perhaps wanting; Older Forma- tions, apparently scattered on various formations but probably not wild. 168-220 days. About sea level. Ruta graveolens L. has been collected from various parts of the range as an escaped plant. SIMAROUBACEAE 1. Ailanthus Desf. 1. A. glandulosa Desf. In fields and along roadsides: Ont. to Mass., N. Car., Ala. and Tex. Native of China. Common as an escape from cultivation throughout the range. POLYGALACEAE 1. Polygala |Tourn.] L. Flowers in solitary spikes or spike-like racemes, terminating the stem and branches. Basal leaves spatulate or obovate; flowers orange-yellow. 1. P. lutea. Basal leaves inconspicuous or wanting; flowers not yellow. Leaves, at least the lower, verticillate; spikes 8-18 mm. thick, blunt; flowers purple to greenish white. Spikes sessile, or nearly so; wings deltoid. 2. P. cruciata. Spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate. 3. P. brevifolia. Leaves verticillate and alternate; spikes 4-6 mm. thick, acute. Verticillate leaves predominating; spikes dense; flowers green to purplish. 4. P. verticillata. Alternate leaves predominating; spikes loose; flowers more purple. 5. P. ambigua. Leaves all alternate. Petals united into a cleft tube, 6-8 mm. long, pink. 6. P. incarnata. Petals not conspicuously united into a tube. Spikes ovoid to globose. Bracts persistent; flowersrose purpletowhite. 7. P. viridescens. Bracts deciduous; flowers rose purple. 8. P. mariana. Spikes cylindric. Leaves 4-12 mm. long; flowers greenish to purplish. 9. P. Nuttallit. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers white or greenish. 10. P. Senega. POLYGALACEAE 421 Flowers distinctly racemose, rose or purple. 11. P. polygama. Flowers 1-4, axillary, but apparently terminal rose purple or white. 12. P. paucifolia. 1. P. lutea L. In pine-barren bogs: L. I. to Fla., Pa. and La. N. Y. Rare on the south side of Long Island in Nassau and Suffolk Co., and on S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Common on the coastal plain; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Known only from Bristol, Bucks Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common; Rare and local on the overwash plain on L. I. 168-224 days. About sea level. 2. P.cruciata L. In sandy swamps: Me. to Fla., Minn. and La. Conn. Common near the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting _ northward. N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; unknown elsewhere. N.J. Very rare in Bergen and Hudson counties, increasing south- ward and common on the coastal plain. 4 Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common throughout; Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered and relatively rare north of the moraine. 170-224 days. About sea level. 3. P. brevifolia Nutt. In sandy swamps: R. I. to N. J., Fla. and Miss. N. J. Known only from the pine-barrens, except at New Egypt, Ocean Co., and Ashland, Camden Co. The reported occurrence of this plant at Secaucus, Hudson Co., not unverified and rather doubtful. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, wanting or very rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations, 0. 168-220 days. About sea level. 4. P. verticillata L. In dry or moist soil: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Sask., Fla., Colo. and Mex. Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens and the higher elevations of the Catskills, there rare or wanting. 5. P. ambigua Nutt. In dry soil: Me. to Ga., Mo. and La. Perhaps a mere form of the preceding and generally distributed with it, but usually not nearly so common. 6. P.incarnata L. In dry soil: Ont. to Wisc., N. Y., N. J., Fla., Kans. and Mex. N. Y. Known only from near Southampton, L. I. 422 POLYGALA CEAE N. J. Known only from Camden, Gloucester, Cumberland, and Salem counties, not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Chester Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, more common than elsewhanee Older Formations, very rare: Exclusively south of the moraine. 170-220 days. About sea level. 7. P. viridescens L. In fields and meadows: N. S. to N. Car., Minn., Kan. and La. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and perhaps only introduced. 8. P. mariana Mill. Indrysoil: S. N. J. to Fla., Ky. and La. N. J. Known only from a few stations in the pine-barrens and in the region of Cape May. Rare and local. 9g. P. Nuttallii T. & G. In dry sandy soil: E. Mass. to N. Car, Mo. and Ala. Conn. Rare and local along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting inland. N.Y. Locally common on L. I. and S.-I. N. J. Rare in Bergen, Somerset and Mercer counties, increasing and becoming common throughout the southern counties. Pa. Pike, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, very common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered, more common in the Pa. drainage of the Delaware River than elsewhere. 149-224 days. Sea level- 1,000 ft. o. P. Senega L. (P. Senega latifolia T. & G.). In rocky woods: N. B. to Minn. and the Canadian Rockies, N. Car. and Ark. Conn. Kent, and New Milford, both in the valley of the Housa- tonic; and in Litchfield Co. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Reported from but very doubtfully occurring now near Jersey City and in Camden Co. No.N.J.specimens are extant. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very doubtfully. Older Formations, restricted to Stockbridge limestone in the northern and to limestone and serpentine in the southern part of the local range. 142-220 days. Sea level—5oo ft. t. P. polygama Walt. In dry soil: N.S. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. a fe EUPHORBIACEAE 423 Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common. N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Bergen, Morris, and Sussex counties; Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and common south- _ ward, except in the pine-barrens, there rather rare. Pa. Philadelphia. Tertiary less common on Beacon Hill than elsewhere; Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 142-220 days. Sea level- _ 1,000 ft. 12. P. paucifolia Willd. In moist rich woods: N. B. to Anticosti and Sask., south to Ga. and III. ! Conn. Rarein New London Co., increasing and becoming common P northwestward. N. Y. Very rare north of the moraine on L. I., unknown on S. I. rare and local in northern Westchester Co., increasing northward. N. J. Reported from, but very doubtfully in Monmouth Co.; not B very common in Hunterdon, Essex and Hudson counties, increas- ing northward; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Throughout the state, always increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,020 ft. EUPHORBIACEAE _ Flowers not in an involucre, with a true calyx. ; Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. 1. PHYLLANTHUS. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Plants clothed with stellate pubescence or scales. 2. CROTONOPSIS. Plants variously pubescent, with simple hairs. 3. ACALYPHA. ’ Plants glabrous or nearly so. 4. RICINUs. Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of the filament-like pedicel. Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages. Leaves all opposite. 5. CHAMAESYCE. Leaves, at least the lower, alternate. . Annual or biennial; bracts petal-like. Perennial; bracts not petal-like. Glands of the involucre without petal-like appendages. . DICHROPHYLLUM. . TITHYMALOPSIS. . TITHYMALUS. ‘on on 1. Phyllanthus L. Pe. carolinensis Walt. In sandy or gravelly soil: E. Pa. to Ill., Kan., Fla., Tex. and Cent. Am. _ Known only from Chester Co., Pa. 424 EUPHORBIACEAE 2. Crotonopsis Michx. 1. C. linearis Michx. In dry sandy soil: Conn. and N. J., to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. Conn. Miailford. N. J. Not uncommon in the pine-barrens, decreasing in the region north and west of them; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Near Bristol, Bucks Co. Not recently collected. Tertiary, more common on Beacon Hill than elsewhere. Cre- taceous, decreasing: Older Formations, unknown except for its probably adventive occurrence in Conn. 179-220 days. About sea level. 3. Acalypha L. Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes or racemes; cap- sule spiny. 1. A. ostryaefolia. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike or raceme; cap- sule smooth. Plant not glandular; bract palmately many lobed. 2. A. virginica. Plant glandular; bract many-cleft. 3. A. gracilens. a . A. ostryaefolia Ridd. In fields and waste places: N. J. to Kan., Fla. and Mex. Rare in our area. Known only from near Lawrenceville, Princeton, Trenton and Closter, N. J. and Morrisville, Bucks Co., Pa. Not recently collected. i) . A. virginica L. In woods and thickets: N.S. to Minn., Kan., Fla. and Tex. Common, in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting; often a weed. 3. A. gracilens A. Gray. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to Kan., Fla. and Tex. Occasional throughout the area, frequently wanting; less com- mon in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. 4. Ricinus [Tourn.] L. I. R. communis L. In waste places: E. N. Am. Native of Africa and Asia. A rare escape from gardens in most parts of our range. 5. Chamaesyce S. F. Gray. Leaves entire, seeds smooth or roughened. 1. C. polygonifolia. Leaves serrate or dentate; plants prostrate, Herbage glabrous. 2. C. glyptosperma. EUPHORBIACEAE 425 Herbage pubescent or puberulent. Capsules glabrous. 3. C. Rafinesqui. Capsules pubescent. 4. C. maculata. Leaves serrate or dentate; plant erect. 5. C. Preslit. _ . C. polygonifolia (L.) Small (Euphorbia polygonifolia L.). In sand, along Atlantic coast: N. S. to Fla. and on the shores of the Great Lakes. Common on beaches throughout our range, not reported else- where. iS) . C. glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small. In sandy soil: Ont. to B. Col., N. Y., Tex. and Mex. Known in our area only as a weed, collected many years ago on Fisher’s Island in L. I. Sound, and more recently at Hewlett, L. I. 3. C. Rafinesqui (Greene) Small (£. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand). In sandy or gravelly soil: Que. and Ont. to Conn., N. Y. and Pa. Common, throughout the area, except on the coastal plain. 4. C. maculata (L.) Small. Fields and roadsides: throughout N. Am. Common, often as a troublesome weed, nearly everywhere. 5. C. Preslii (Guss.) Arthur (E. nutans of American authors. Not of Lag.). In fields and thickets: E. N. Am. Common throughout the area as a weed except in and near the pine barrens, there rare or wanting. * Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small is erroneously recorded as found many years ago at Brigantine Beach, Atlantic Co., N. J. C. serpens (H. B. K.) Small has been found as a waif about cities, as also C. hirta (L.) Millsp. (Euphorbia pilulifera L.), on Staten Island. 6. Dichrophyllum KI]. & Garcke 1. D. marginatum (Pursh) KI. & Garcke. (Euphorbia marginata . Pursh). In waste places: Central and Atlantic States. Introduced from the West. Very rare as an escape. 7. Tithymalopsis Kl. & Garcke Involucres with conspicuous white petaloid appendages. 1. T. corollata. ? Involueres with inconspicuous green appendages. 2. T. Ipecacuanhae. 426 EUPHORBIACEAE 1. T. corollata (L.) Kl. & Garcke (Euphorbia corollata L.). In dry soil: Mass. and Ont. to Minn. and Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. Conn. Rare, and only as an adventive weed. N.Y. Unknown on L. I.; reported but not definitely known now on S. I., otherwise unknown. N. J. Rare and local in Hunterdon, Somerset and Mercer counties, increasing and common southward, but not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered in locally sandy places. 158-220 days. About sea level. 2. T. Ipecacuanhae (L.) Small (Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L.). In dry sandy soil, mostly near the coast: Conn, to Fla., also in southern Ind. Common throughout most of the coastal part of our range, especially in the pine-barrens. Always in sand, but not collected from the sea-beaches, and known in Conn. only from an old speci- men reported to be collected at East Windsor. T. arundelana (Bartlett) Small has been reported from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J. 8. Tithymalus [Tourn.] Adans. Leaves mainly opposite; capsules 10 mm. wide or more. 1. I. Lathyris. Leaves alternate; capsules less than 10 mm. wide. Leaves serrulate. 2. T. Helioscopia. Leaves entire. ; Annual or biennial; seeds pitted. 3. T. Peplus. Perennial; seeds smooth. Glands reniform, not horned. 4. T. Darlingtonit. Glands crescent-shaped, horned. Stem-leaves 4-12 mm. wide. 5. T. Esula. Stem-leaves 0.5-3 mm. wide. 6. T. Cyparissias. 1. T. Lathyris (L.) Hill (Euphorbia Lathyris L.). In waste places: Conn. to N., Car. Also in Cal. Native of Europe. Rare as an adventive weed. ._ T. Helioscopia (L.) Hill (E. Helioscopia L.). In waste places: Ont. to N. H., N. Y. and Ohio. Native of Europe. In waste places near the City of New York and at Camden, N. J. . T. Peplus (L.) Hill. (EZ. Peplus L.). In waste places: N. Y. to N. J. and Pa. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed near the larger cities. Ls) wu, CALLITRICHACEAE 427 4. T. Darlingtonii (A. Gray) Small (E. Darlingtonii A. Gray). eee ea. and N. J. to N. Car. Known in our area only from Gloucester Co., N. J. and Chester Co., Pa., there very rare. Distribution insufficiently understood. 5. T. Esula (L.) Hill (E. Esula L.). In waste places: Mass. to N. Y.and Mich. Naturalized from Europe. Very rare in our area asa weed. Collected at Redding, Conn., in 1902. 6. T. Cyparissias (L.) Hill (EZ. Cyparissias L.). Escaped from gardens to waste places: N. Eng. to Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the region except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. Tithymalus segetalis (L.) Lam. has been collected as a waif. Mercurialis annua L. has also been collected on ballast, but is apparently fugitive. Croton capitatus Michx. was reported from Monmouth Co., N. J. many years ago. There are no specimens extant and the record is doubtful. It has recently been col- lected as a waif on S. I. CALLITRICHACEAE 1. Callitriche L.* Fruit short peduncled; bracts wanting; terrestrial. 1. C. Austini, Fruit sessile; aquatic or mud inhabiting herbs. Fruit oval, longer than the styles. 2. C. palustris. Fruit obovate, shorter than the styles. 3. C. heterophylla. 1. C. Austini Engelm. In damp shaded places: Conn. to N. J., Ohio, Mo., Tenn., Tex. and Mex. Conn. Not common but generally distributed except in coastal New London Co., there not reported. N.Y. Reported from S. I. but not otherwise known from the area. N. J. Rare and local in Passaic, Bergen, Mercer, Middlesex and Salem counties. Pa. Bucks and Monroe counties. A rare and local plant whose scattered distribution is little under- . stood. 2. C. palustris L. Mostly in cold or running water: throughout can. aid U.S. Conn. Not uncommon westward along the coast; rare or wanting elsewhere. * See footnote, page 76. 428 LIMNANTHACEAE N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing up the Hudson Valley. N. J. Known only from Bergen, Passaic, Warren and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. 3. C. heterophylla Pursh. In ponds and slow streams: N. Eng. to Fla.. N.:W. Terr:; Colo.and ba: Throughout the range, except in the pine-barren streams and ponds, there rare or wanting. According to Porter’s Flora of Pennsylvania, p. 201, C. autumnalis L. (C. bifida (L.) Morong.) has been collected at Sellersville, Bucks Co. I have seen no specimens. The species is otherwise known only from Quebec westward, and in Europe and Asia. EMPETRACEAE 1. Corema Don. 1. C. Conradii Torr. In rocky or sandy soil: Newf. to N. J., mostly near the coast, but occurring in one station on the Shawangunk mountdins in Ulster Co., N. Y. N. Y. Formerly collected on L. I., unrecorded from S. I.; known otherwise only from the summit of the Shawangunk Mountains, Ulster Co. N. J. Known only from the pine-barrens. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, unknown elsewhere: Cretace- ous, 0: Older Formations, in edaphically favorable places, but very rare.* Pachysandra procumbens Michx. of the Buxaceae has been collected in Delaware Co., Pa., as an escape from cultivation; not otherwise known from the range. LIMNANTHACEAE 1. Floerkea Willd.+ 1. F. proserpinacoides Willd. In marshes and along rivers: Que. to Ont., Del., Tenn. and Mo. Conn. New Haven Co. N.Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare in Westchester and Bronx counties, otherwise unknown. N. J. Locally common from Burlington and Middlesex counties northward. * For an account of the factors governing the distribution of this plant see Torreva 12: 241%, 242.', I912. t See footnote, page 76. ANACARDIACEAE 429 Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Delaware counties. Distribution scattered and little understood. ANACARDIACEAE Fruit densely pubescent, its stone smooth. F lowers in dense terminal panicles appearing after the leaves. 1. Ruvs. Flowers in clustered spikes, appearing before the leaves. 2. SCHMALTZIA. Fruit glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, its stone striate. 3. TOXICODENDRON, 1. Rhus [Tourn.] L. Rachis of the leaf wing-margined. 1. R. copallina. Rachis of the leaf not wing-margined. Foliage and twigs velvety pubescent. 2. R. hiria. Foliage and twigs mostly glabrous and glaucous. 3. R. glabra. 1. R.copallina LL. Indry soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Tex. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 2. R. hirta (L.) Sudw. In dry rocky soil: N.S. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Mo. and Miss. Conn. Throughout the state. N.Y. Very rare on the north shore of L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing but not very common northward. N. J. Very rare along the Delaware in Gloucester, Camden, Bur- lington, and Mercer counties, thence increasing and not common northward. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare, and practically confined to the glacial terraces of the lower Delaware. Older Formations, in- creasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,680 ft. 3. R. glabra L. (R. pyramidalis Greene, R. bipinnata Greene). In dry soil: N.S. to B. Col., Fla., Miss. and Ariz. Common throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, there wanting, and rather rare in the region surrounding the barrens. 2. Schmaltzia Desv. 1. S. crenata (Mill.) Greene (Rhus aromatica Ait.). In rocky woods: Ont. and Vt. to Fla., Minn., Kan. and La. In our area reported only from ‘‘ Guildford, Conn. ona small rock outcrop in a salt marsh.”’ Not seen by me. 430 AQUIFOLIACEAE 3. Toxicodendron |Tourn.} Mill. Leaflets 7-13, glabrous; shrub with reddish twigs. 1. T. Vernix. Leaflets 3, more or less pubescent. Vine climbing by aerial rootlets; sometimes erect. 2. T. radicans. Low shrubs; leaflets crenately lobed. 3. TI’. Toxicodendron. 1. T.V ernix (L.) Kuntze (Rhus Vernix L.). Inswamps: southern Ont. to R. I., Fla., Minn., Mo. and La. Throughout the range always decreasing inland, common in the pine-barrens. 2. T. radicans (L.) Kuntze (R. radicans L.) Thickets and along fences: N.S. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Ark. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there rare and probably adventive. 3. T. Toxicodendron (L.) Cockerell (R. Toxicodendron L.). In dry soil: S. N. J. to Ga. and western N. Car. Rare and local in Camden, Gloucester, Atlantic, Salem, Cumber- land and Cape May counties, perhaps only adventive in the pine- barrens. Otherwise unknown in the range. 432 CELASTRACEAE N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Middlesex Co., increasing northward. Pa. Luzerne Co. Perhaps not specifically distinct from J. verticillata. 7. I. laevigata (Pursh) Gray. In swamps: Me. to Pa. and Ga. Common throughout the range, most abundant southward; locally wanting. 2. Nemopanthes Raf. (Ilicioides Dumont.) 1. N. mucronata (L.) Trelease. Inswamps: N.S. to Ont., Wisc., Ind. and Va. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. On L. I. and S. I., unknown in Bronx and Westchester counties, thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Very rare and local in the pine-barrens and the region surrounding them, thence increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Carbon and Lackawanna counties. Tertiary, rare on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous, scattered.* Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. CELASTRACEAE Leaves opposite. 1. EUONYMUS. Leaves alternate, woody vine. 2. CELASTRUS. 1. Euonymus [Tourn.] L. Pods tuberculate; low shrubs; flowers greenish pink. Erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 1. E. americanus. Decumbent, rooting at the nodes; leaves obovate, obtuse. 2. E. obovatus. Pods smooth; high shrubs or small trees. Flowers purple; cymes 6—15-flowered. 3. E. atropurpureus. Flowers greenish yellow; cymes 3-7-flowered. 4. E. europaeus. 1. E.americanus L. In low woods: southern N. Y. to Fla., Neb. and Tex. N.Y. Not uncommon on L. I., S. I. and in the Bronx. N. J. Rare in Passaic, Bergen, Essex and Hunterdon counties, thence increasing and becoming common southward, but not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Delaware and Chester counties, Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rather scattered. 176-220 days. Sea level. * See Introduction paragraph 36. STAPHYLEACEAE 433 2. E.obovatus Nutt. In low woods: S. Ont. to Pa., Ind. and Ky. Recorded, perhaps erroneously, in our area only, from several counties in N. J. and from Bucks Co., Pa. Not recently collected. 3. E. atropurpureus Jacq. In woods: Ont. to Fla., Mont. and Ind. Terr. _ Not uncommon in most parts of our range, except in the pine- barrens; doubtfully indigenous in Conn. and N. Y.; commonly cultivated. 4. E. europaeus L. Escaped from cultivation: N. H., N. Y., and N. J. Native of Europe. Rather rare as anescape from gardens. E. alatus (Thunb.) Rupr. & Maxim. has been collected as an escape in Conn. 2. Celastrus L. 1. C. scandens L. In rich soil: Que. to N. Car., Man., Kan., Ind. Terr. and N. Mex. Conn. Throughout the state. _N. Y. Frequent on L.I.; S. I., thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Rare along the coast from Cape May Co. northward and in the drainage of the Delaware from Camden Co. northward, thence increasing and becoming common in the northern counties; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout the state. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scattered along the Delaware in N. J. and Bucks Co., Pa: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level- 4,000 ft. STAPHYLEACEAE 1. Staphylea L. 1. S. trifolia L. In moist woods and thickets; Que. and Ont. to Minn., S. Car. and Kan. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Unknown as a wild plant on L. I., reported only from New Springville on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Salem, Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Mercer counties, near the Delaware, thence increasing northward; not in the pine- ‘barrens. 29 A34 ACERACEAE Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered, mostly near glacial terraces along the Delaware: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,090 ft. ACERACEAE 1. Acer [Tourn.] L. Leaves simple, palmately lobed. Flowers in dense sessile lateral clusters, unfolding before the leaves. Petals none; ovary tomentose; samaras divergent. 1. A. saccharinum. Petals present; ovary glabrous; samaras incurved. ' Leaves not conspicuously paler beneath than above, northern. 2. A. rubrum. Leaves conspicuously paler beneath than above. 3. A. carolinianum. Flowers corymbose, unfolding with the leaves. Leaves pale and nearly glabrous beneath. 4. A. Saccharum. Leaves green and pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath. 5. A. nigrum. Flowers racemose, terminal, unfolding after the leaves. Racemes drooping; leaves finely serrate. 6. A. pennsylvanicum. Racemes erect; leaves coarsely serrate. 7. A. spicatum. Leaves pinnate. 8. A. Negundo. 1. A. saccharinum L. Along streams: N. B. to Fla., S. Ont., Dak., Neb. and Ind. Terr. Conn. Unknown along the Sound as a wild plant, increasing northward especially up river valleys. N.Y. Very rare, if at all asa wild treeon L. I. and S.1.; rare in the Bronx; unknown up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands, thence increasing but not common northward; common every- where as an escape. N. J. Known only in the drainage of the Delaware in Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon and Camden counties, and in the drainage of the Pasaic and upper Raritan rivers so far as wild trees are con- cerned. Perhaps all others are derivatives of cultivated speci- mens; found as an escape in most parts of the state, except the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delawareand Chester counties. A rare and highly localized plant in our area. Except for its greater profusion in river-valleys, apparently without significant distributional features. 2. A.rubrum L. Inswamps and low grounds: N. B. to Man. and southward. i ACERA CEAE 435 Common throughout the range except inand near the pine-barrens, there replaced by A. carolinianum; increasing northward. 3. A. carolinianum Walt. In moist soil: E. Mass. to N. J., Fla. and Tex. N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I. N. J. Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing and _ be- coming common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa Bucks’Co. 4. A. Saccharum Marsh. In rich woods: Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. . Conn. Rare as a wild plant near the coast, increasing northward. N. Y. Rare on L. I., unknownon S. I. asa wild plant; commonly planted. Rare in the lower Hudson Valley, increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Hudson, Mercer and Essex counties, increasing and com- mon northward Pa. Throughout the state. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,oo0 ft. 5. A. nigrum Michx. In woods: Ont. and Vt. to Ga., Minn., La. and Ark. Known only from Salisbury, Conn., Hyde Park, N. Y., Locktown, Far-Hills, Little Falls and Newton, N. J., and from Bucks Co., Pa. Very rare and rather inexplicably scattered. 6. A. pennsylvanicum L. In rocky woods: N. S. to Lake Superior and along the mountains to Ga. and Tenn. Conn. Not uncommon in northwestern Litchfield Co., rare and perhaps wanting elsewhere. N. Y. From the southern end of the Highlands of the Hudson northward, there common, unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Somerset Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Luzerne, Lehigh, Carbon, Monroe and Bucks counties. | Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-159 days. Sea level-4,020 ft. 7. A. spicatum Lam. Damp rocky woods: Newf. and James Bay to Man., south along the mountains to N. Car., Tenn. and Minn. Conn. Very rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully in Westchester Co., rare at 436 BALSAMJNACEAE the northern end of the Highlands, thence increasing northward. The L. I. record was apparently based on Viburnum acerifolium. N. J. Union, Somerset and Essex counties, thence increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the area except in Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-168 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. 8. A. Negundo L. Along streams: Vt. and Ont. to Man., Fla. and N. Mex. Conn. Reported as apparently native in the Housatonic valley; scattered elsewhere. N. Y. An escape from cultivation. N. J. Frequent or common in the drainage of the Delaware from Hunterdon to Gloucester counties. Also in Bergen and Passaic counties, perhaps elsewhere an escape. Pa. Northampton Co., southward. Acer platanoides L. and A. pseudoplatanus L. both commonly planted are both occasionally collected as escapes. HIPPOCASTANACEAE 1. Aesculus L. 1. AX. Hippocastanum L. Escaped from cultivation: E. N. Am. Native of Asia. A rather rare escape from cultivation in most parts of our range, commonly cultivated. SAPINDACEAE 1. Cardiospermum L. 1. C. Halicacabum L. In waste places: N. J., D. C. and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Native of Tropical America. Rare in our area as an occasional adventive near the larger settlements. BALSAMINACEAE 1. Impatiens [Rivin.] L. Flowers orange or orange-yellow, mottled; spur incurved. 1. I. biflora. Flowers pale yellow; spur short, spreading. 2. I. pallida, 1. I. biflora Walt. In moist ground: N.S. to Ore., Alask., Fla., and Kans. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting. —— ——s ee ee RHAMNACEAE 437 2. I. pallida Nutt. (7. aurea of S. Wats., not of Muhl.). In moist shaded places: Que. to Ore., Ga. and Kan. Conn. Rare and local over most of the state, increasing north- westward. N.Y. Very rare on the north shore of L. I., unknown south of the moraine and on S. I.; rare and local in Westchester Co., thence increasing northward. N. J. Very rare and local in Burlington Co., thence unknown to Hudson and Hunterdon counties, except up the drainage of the Delaware, thence increasing but not common northward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun- ties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare near the glacial terraces along ‘the lower Delaware. Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. RHAMNACEAE Ovary free from the disk; fruit a drupe. 1. RHAMNUS. Ovary adnate to the disk at its base; fruit dry. 2. CEANOTHUS. 1. Rhamnus [Tourn.| L. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; nutlets grooved. Petals present; flowers mainly 4-merous. 1. R. cathartica. Petals none; flowers 5-merous. 2. R. alnifolia. Flowers perfect; nutlets smooth. 3. R. Frangula. I. R. cathartica L. Escaped from hedges: E. N. Am. Intro- duced from Europe. Not very common as an escape. 2. R. alnifolia L’Her. In swamps: N. B. to B. Col., N. J., IIl., Neb. and Cal. Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co. N. Y. Near Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., Copake Falls, Columbia Co. N. J. Hudson, Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Northampton Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, apparently most common on limestone. Notsouth of the moraine. 123-259 days. 500-1,500 ft. 3. R.Frangula L. In bogs: L. I. and N. J. Naturalized from Europe. 438 VITACEAE Occasional as an escape on L. I. and in northern N. J.; near the City of New York. The reported occurrence of R. caroliniana Walt. in Hudson Co., N. J., is an error based on a misdetermination of a specimen of R. Frangula L. 2. Ceanothus L. 1. C.americanus L. In dry open woods: Me. and Ont. to Man., Kans., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout our area except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; always increasing northward. VITACEAE Hypogynous disk present, annular or cup-shaped; leaves not digitately compound in our species. I.) VEDIS: Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting; leaves digitately compound, the leaflets 5-7. 2. PARTHENOCISSUS. 1. Vitis (Touraiak: Leaves woolly beneath. Pubescence rusty-brown; berries large, musky. 1. V. Labrusca. Pubescence at length whitish; berries small, black, not musky. 2. V. aestivalis. Leaves glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent when young. Leaves bluish-white, glaucous beneath. 3. V. bicolor. Leaves not glaucous beneath. Leaves 3-7 lobed; lobes acute or acuminate. 4. V. vulpina. Leaves sharply dentate; scarcely lobed. 5. V. cordifolia. 1. V. Labrusca L. In thickets: N. Eng. to Ind., Ga. and Tenn. Common throughout the region except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; always increasing northward. to . V. aestivalis Michx. In thickets: southern N. Eng. to Fla., southern Ont., Wisc. and La. Common throughout the area, less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere and perhaps there introduced. 3. V. bicolor LeConte. In woods: N. N. Y. to Mich. and N. Cone. Conn. Colebrook, Litchfield Co. and Southington, Hartford Co. N. Y. Spring Valley, Rockland Co. N. J. Sussex Co., very rare. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered indis- criminately on limestone and crystalline rock-soils. 128-159 days. Sea level—1,go00 ft. >) TILIACEAE 439 4. V. vulpina L. Along rocky river banks: N.S. to Man., Md., and Ark. : Conn. Throughout the state, rare except along rivers and streams. N.Y. RareonL. I.,S. I. and the Bronx; upper end of the Hudson Highlands northward, rare. N. J. In the drainage of the Delaware, from Camden Co., to ) Sussex, Warren and Morris counties. Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties. | A rare and scattered plant the distribution of which is not suff- | ciently understood. 5. V. cordifolia Michx. In moist thickets and along streams: | N. Y. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. N.Y. S.I.andL.I.; recorded from Dutchess Co. N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; very rare in the region surrounding them. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. 2. Parthenocissus Planch. 1. P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. In woods and thickets: Que. to Man., Cuba, Tex. and Mex. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there apparently sparingly introduced. TILIACEAE 1. Tilia [Tourn.] L. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces. 1. T. americana. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 2. T. Michauxit. Leaves glabrous above, silvery-white beneath. 3. T. heterophylla. 1. T. americana L. In rich woods and along river-bottoms: N. B. to Ga., Man., Neb. and Tex. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; occasional in the region just west and north of the barrens, otherwise increasing northward. 2. T. Michauxii Nutt. (T. pubescens of the manuals, not of Ait.). In moist woods: Conn. to Fla. and Tex., mostly along the coast. Conn. Rare near the coast, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Near College Point, L. I. N. J. Rare; Hudson, Bergen, Hunterdon and Middlesex counties, unknown elsewhere. A highly localized species whose distribution is little understood. 440 MALVACEAE 3. T. heterophylla Vent. In woods: N. Y. to Fla., Ala., Ky., Ill. and Tenn. Known only from the region near Slatington and Lehigh Gap, Lehigh Co., Pa., an area with an elevation of about 800 ft., a growing season of about 165 days and underlaid by Hudson River and Utica shales. The common European linden, Tilia europaea L. is often planted and is a not in- frequent escape, but is scarcely persistent. Corchorus tridens L. and C. trilocularis L. are rare waifs near New York and Philadel- phia. MALVACEAE Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. Carpels 1-seeded. Involucels of 6-9 bractlets. 1. ALTHAEA. Involucels of 1-3 bractlets, or none. Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style-branches. 2. MALVA. Stigmas capitate, terminal. 2: Sipae Carpels 2-several-seeded. 4. ABUTILON. Stamen-column anther-bearing below the entire or 5-toothed summit. Carpels 1-seeded. 5. KOSTELETZKYA. Carpels several-seeded. 6. HIBIscus. 1. Althaea L. 1. A. officinalis L. In salt marshes: Mass. and N. Y. to Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Occasional as naturalized plant in some of our salt-marshes. A. rosea Car., the Hollyhock, is not infrequent as an escape in some parts of our range, hardly ever becoming established. 2. Malva [Tourn.] L. Leaves with 5-9 shallow, angular lobes. Petals 2-4 times the length of the calyx. 1. M. sylvestris. Petals I-2 times the length of the calyx. Procumbent, low. 2. M. rotundifolia. Erect, tall; leaf-margins crisped. 3. M. crispa. Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed or pinnatifid. Stem leaves I-3 pinnatifid; carpels downy. 4. M. moschata. Stems leaves deeply lobed; carpels glabrous. 5. M. Alcea. 1. M. sylvestris L. In waste places and along roadsides: throughout N. Am. Adventive from Europe. Rare as an adventive weed. 2. M. rotundifolia L. In waste places: throughout E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. MALVACEAE 441 A common weed throughout the range, except in the pine- barrens, there rare or wanting. 3. M.crispa L. In waste places sparingly escaped from gardens: N.S. toS. Dak. and Pa. Introduced from Europe and Asia. An occasional escape, especially in N. J., often wanting and hardly persistent. 4. M. moschata L. In waste places: E. N. Am. Adventive from Europe. Occasional as a weed, except in the pine-barrens. 5. M. Alcea L. In waste places occasionally escaped from gardens: E. N. Am. Introduced from Europe. An occasional escape from gardens, especially near the City of New York. M. arvensis Presl. and M. borealis Wallr. have been collected as waifs near New York. 3. mide. L. I. S. spinosa L. In waste places: Me. to N. J., Mich., Kan., Fla., and Tex. and in Trop. Am. Not uncommon as a weed especially in southern N. J. where perhaps native; not definitely known from L. I. S. rhombifolia L., S. angustifolia Juss., S. carpinifolia L. f. and S. linifolia Cav. have been collected near some of our larger cities. 4. Abutilon Gaertn. ‘1. A. Abutilon (L.) Rusby. In waste places: common through- out N. Am. Native of southern Asia. Common as a weed throughout most of the area, except the pine- barrens, there rare or wanting. 5. Kosteletzkya Presl. 1. K. virginica (L.) A. Gray. In salt or brackish marshes: N. Y. to Fla. and La. N.Y. The marshes along the north shore of L. I., near the western end; unknown elsewhere. N. J. Hudson Co., increasing and common southward in coastal marshes. Pa. Philadelphia Co., on the Delaware. Apparently confined to salt marshes, more common southward than elsewhere. A442 HYPERICACEAE 6. Hibiscus L. Tall perennial herbs. Calyx segments triangular-lanceolate; capsule ovoid-conic, long pointed. 1. H. oculiroseus. Calyx segments triangular-ovate; capsule globose-ovoid. 2. H. Moscheutos. Low hairy annual of waste places. 3. H. Trionum. Tall woody shrub, escaped from gardens. 4. H. Syriacus. 1. H. oculiroseus Britton. In salt marshes: N. Y. and N. J. N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I. N. J. Near Absecon, Atlantic Co., Island Heights, Ocean Co., South River, Middlesex Co. A rare and highly local species to be looked for elsewhere, as it becomes better known, and studied in relation to the following species. 2. H. Moscheutos L. In brackish marshes: Mass. to Fla. and La., locally in saline situations in the interior. Common throughout the salt marshes of our area, and along the edges and scattered through the center of Pensauken Sound;* ascending the river valleys. 3. H. Trionum L. In waste places: N. S. to Fla., S. Dak. and Kan. Adventive from southern Europe. Locally common as a weed in most parts of our range. 4. H. Syriacus L. Escaped from cultivation: Conn. to Ga. - Rare as an occasional escape from gardens. Malvastrum spicatum (L.) A. Gray, M. coromandelianum (L.) Garcke, Sphaeralcea miniata Cav., Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don., Pavonia hastata Cav. Urena lobata L. and Gossypium barbadense L. have all been collected near the larger cities as waifs. HYPERICACEAE Sepals 4, in unequal pairs: petals 4. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and petals 5. Petals yellow. Leaves normal, not reduced to scales. 2. HYPERICUM. Leaves reduced to minute, appressed scales. 3. SAROTHRA. Petals pink or greenish-purple. 4. TRIADENUM. 1. Ascyrum L. Erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaves clasping; styles 3 or 4. 1. A. stans. Diffusely branched, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves sessile; styles 2. 2. A, hypericoides. * See Introduction paragraph 21 and i. 9. #3 3} sroor pxuoson 2 masse: S 4 (fener a" . 44 iNew) LONDON 1 \ leaner i aa ORA wen \)z, YU fase Gane aa “ti, Servis Cie, lig “Saees » " cite ap vl be fear : Ly SF we < : pot” MO MONROE # srruerenna. & oe c i 2 ge he | >, ee Aw = K ‘l if os e pone \? AS i) N ~ An en Cwanereuieis 40° Feammctert + w ao he sty SANDY Hoon A. . BER )KS ha Va READING , es 4o* PLATE 9 MAP ILLUSTRATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF HIBISCUS MOSCMEUTOS age : Pr a SEE \NTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH 21 DELAWARE HYPERICACEAE 443 1. A. stans Michx.* In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., Tenn. and Tex. _ N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare in the area surrounding them; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Near Bristol, Bucks Co. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, _ rare and scattered: Older Formations, 0. 179-220 days. About sea level. 2. A. hypericoides L. In dry sandy soil: Mass. to Fla., IIl., Kan. and Tex. N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare and local in Hudson, Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and becoming common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. ’ Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, usually on or near the edge of the coastal plain. 179-220 days. About sea level. 2. Hypericum [Tourn.] L. ‘, tyles 5; large perennial; pods 5-celled. 1. H. Ascyron. Styles 3 (rarely 4). Tall leafy shrub; pods 3-celled. 2. H. densiflorum. Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base. Stamens numerous, 15-40; flowers 6-25 mm. broad. Capsules 1-celled, or incompletely 3-5-celled. Capsules incompletely 3-4-celled. 3. H. adpressum. Capsules strictly 1-celled. Styles united into a beak, separate above; stigmas entire. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong; cap- sule 7 mm. long. 4. H. Bissellis. Leaves elliptic; capsule about 4 mm. ; long. 5. H. ellipticum. Styles separate; stigmas capitate. 6. H. virgatum. Capsulescompletely 3-celled; styles separate. Leaves linear to linear-oblong; sepals lanceo- late. 7. H. perforatum. Leaves broadly oblong, ovate or ovate- lanceolate. 8. H. punctatum. Stamens few, 5-12; flowers I-6 mm. broad. Cyme leafy-bracted. 9. H. boreale. _ * The specimen of Miller and Young, upon which they incorrectly based the record of plant’s occurrence in Suffolk Co., L. I., was collected by H. W. Howland, in August, 1871, in the pine-barrens of Ocean County, N. J. 444 HYPERICACEAE Cymes subulate bracted. Leaves 5-7 nerved, not linear. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong; capsule 2-5 mm. long. Leaves obtuse; sepals linear-oblong. 10. H. mutilum. Leaves acute, or only the lower obtuse; sepals long acuminate. 11. H. gymnanthum. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; capsule 8-10 mm. long. 12. H. majus. Leaves 3-5-nerved, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse. Leaves narrowed at the base. 13. H. canadense. Leaves rounded or clasping at the base. 14. H. dissimulatum. 1. H. Ascyron L. Banks of streams: Que. and Vt. to Man., Conn., N. J., Ill. and Kan. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Not very common in New Haven, Fairfield, Hartford, and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward. N.Y. The Catskills in Sullivan and Ulster counties. N.J. Rare in Burlington Co., increasing northward, on the bank of the Delaware River. Pa. Pike, Northampton and Bucks counties, all the stations near or on the Delaware. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formacions, increasing northward, especially in the valley of the Delaware. 127-183 days. Sea level—1,goo ft. 2. H. densiflorum Pursh. Pine-barrens: N. J., Ark. and Tex. N. J. Common throughout the pine-barrens, decreasing in the region immediately surrounding the barrens; wanting elsewhere. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere: Cre- taceous, scattered in Middlesex and the counties southwest of it: Older Formations, 0. 179-220 days. About sea level. 2A. H. prolificum L. Sandy soil: Ont. and N. Y., Minn. and Ga. Pa. Philadelphia Co. Records of this species from the coastal plain of N. J. refer to H. densiflorum. 3. H. adpressum Bart. Low grounds: Mass. to Ga., La., Mo. and Ark. Conn. Very rare along the coast east of the Connecticut River. N. ¥:: Local ons 4. N. J. Rare in Bergea Co., not known between it and Monmouth Co., thence local along the edges of the pine-barrens, wanting in the pine-barrens. HY PERICACEAE 445 Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Philadelphia counties. Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 179-220days. About sea level. 4. H. Bissellii Robinson. Known only from its original locality at Southington, Conn. 5. H. ellipticum Hook. In swamps and along streams: N. S. to Man., Conn., N. J., Pa., Md. and Minn. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I.; rare and local in northern Westchester Co., thence increasing northward. N. J. Very rare along the Delaware in Camden and Burlington counties; Hunterdon and Morris counties, increasing northward. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Schuylkill, Bucks and Mont- gomery counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in the drainage of the Delaware: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-183 days. Sea level—4,020 ft. 6. H. virgatum Lam. (H. virgatum ovalifolium Britton). Moist grounds: pine-barrens of N. J. to Florida and Tennessee. N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, decreasing just outside the barrens and unknown elsewhere; formerly reported from Hudson Co. Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing outside it: Cre- taceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations, 0. 160-220 days. About sea level. 7. H. perforatum L. In fields and waste places; throughout eastern N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the range as a weed; perhaps wanting in the middle of the pine-barrens of N. J. 8. H. punctatum Lam. (H. subpetiolatum Bicknell, H. macu- latum Walt.). In moist soil: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Kan. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare; occasional in the region immediately surrounding the barrens. 9. H. boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Wet soil: Newf. to Vt., N. J. and Va. 446 HYPERICACEAE Conn. Not definitely reported, perhaps occurring in most parts of the state. N. Y. Common on the L. I. coastal plain. N. J. Locally common throughout, especially along the coast. Pa. Luzerne Co. Distribution scattered and little understood. 10. H. mutilum L. In low grounds: N. S. to Man., Fla., Kan. and Tex. | Common everywhere except in the pine-barrens, there unknown. 11. H. gymnanthum Engelm & Gray. In low grounds: N. J. and Del. to Minn., La. and Tex. Known in our range from two stations in Gloucester ‘and Burlington counties, N. J. Both are on the edge of the pine- barrens, and are underlaid by Cretaceous sands and gravels. Reported also from Bucks and Delaware counties, Pa. 12. H. majus (Gray) Britton. In moist soil: Me. to Mich., N. J. and Neb. Conn. Rareand local over most of the state, increasing norchward. N. Y. Rare on L. I., a single station on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. A single station in Camden Co., near the Delaware, not recently collected; local in Hudson, Morris and Sussex counties, thence increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, known only from a single station on a glacial terrace along the lower Delaware: Older Formations, in- creasing northward, 117-176 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 13. H. canadense L. In wet sandy soil: Newf. to Man., Ga., Ky. and Wisc. Common throughout the range. 14. H. dissimulatum Bicknell. Damp or wet sandy soil: Me. to N. C. N.Y. Springfied and Rosedale, L. I., and on S. I. H. humifusum L. has been recorded as a waif near New York and Philadelphia. 3. Sarothra L. 1. S. gentianoides L. In sandy soil: Me. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Mo. and Tex. Common throughout the range, nearly always as a weed. CISTACEAE 447 i 4. Triadenum Raf. 1. T. virginicum (L.) Raf. In swamps: Lab. to Fla., Man., Neb. and La. Common throughout the range. _ The reported occurrence of T. petiolatum (Walt.) Britton, in N. J., rests on a specimen collected ‘‘near Camden” many yearsago. It has never been seen since. ELATINACEAE 1. Elatine L.* Te E. americana (Pursh) Arn. Margins of pools and in slow streams: Me. and Ont. to Va., Mo. and Tex. Also in Colo. and Oregon. Scattered and local in most parts of the area. CISTACEAE ‘Petals 5, yellow, fugacious or wanting. _ Leaves broad, lanceolate or oblong. 1. CROCANTHEMUM. Leaves subulate or scale-like, imbricated; style long. 2. HUDSONIA. _ Petals 3, not yellow, persistent; flowers minute; style none. 3. LECHEA. es. Crocanthemum Spach. [Helianthemum of Amer. Auth.]. Petaliferous flowers 5-12, in a short, terminal, cymgse raceme, their capsules 3-4 mm. long. Petaliferous flowers short-pedicelled, their pods thicker than 1. C. majus. long. Petaliferous flowers long-pedicelled, their podslonger thanthick. 2. C. propinquum. iferous flowers solitary, rarely 2, their capsules 6-8 mm. long. Leaves oblong, acute; branches erect. 3. C. canadense. Leaves oval or elliptic; branches spreading. 4. C. dumosum. my: As C. majus (L.) Britton (Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S. P.). In dry soil: N.S. to S. Dak., Neb., N. Car. and Tex. Conn. Not very common throughout the state, decreasing inland. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., unknown northward. N. J. Common throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens. Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less ccmmon: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 143-220 days. Sea level—goo ft. 2. C. propinquum Bicknell. Dry soil: E. Mass. to N. J. ON. Y. Not uncommon on L. I. N. J. Landisville. _ *See footnote, page 76. 448 CISTACEAE 3: C. canadense (L.) Britton. In dry rocky or sandy soil: Me. to Ont., Wisc., N. Car. and Ky. Common throughout the range, but not specifically known from the mountains of the Catskills and of Pa. 4. C. dumosum Bicknell. Dry soil: E. Mass. and L. I. Known, in our area, only from the Hempstead Plains of L. I. The reported occurrence of C. corymbosum (Michx.) Britton, in N. J. is based ona very old specimen collected in ‘‘N. Jersey.’” The specimen may be from further south, as the species has never since been collected in the state. 2. Hudsonia L. Flowers slender-pedicelled; leaves subulate. 1. H. ericoides. Flowers nearly sessile; leaves scale-like. 2. H. tomentosa. 1. H. ericoides L. In dry sandy soil: N.S. to Vt. and Va. N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare in Middlesex Co., north of the barrens, and at Atlantic City, unknown elsewhere. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, wanting or rare elsewhere; Cretaceous, scattered: Rare on the overwash plain on L. I. About sea-level. 2. H. tomentosa Nutt. Mostly in sands of the seashore and in pine-barrens: N. B. and N. H., southward to Va. Conn. Mostly near the coast, but found also at Ledyard. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. From Middlesex Co., southward, especially abundant along the coast, occasional in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, scattered: practically confined to modern coastal sands. 166-220 days. About sea-level. 3. Lechea Kalm Leaves of the basal shoots oblong to ovate, not more than 3 times as long as broad. Outer sepals longer than the inner; panicle very leafy. 1. L. minor. Outer sepals equalling or shorter than the inner. Pod oblong; pedicels slender, 2-4 mm. long. 2. L. racemulosa. Pod globose; pedicels about 1 mm. long. Erect, villous-pubescent. . L. villosa. Ascending, bushy-branched, tomentose-canescent. 4. L. maritima. Leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate or linear, usually more than 3 times as long as broad. Stem leaves narrowly linear; inner sepals 1-nerved. 5. L. tenutfolia. w —— OO eee yy" CISTACEAE 449 » Stem leaves oblong linear; inner sepals 3-nerved. Pod obovoid, I mm. in diameter. 6. L. Leggettit. Pod globose, 2 mm. in diameter. 7. L. intermedia. 1. L. minor L. In dry open grounds: E. Mass. to Mich., Fla. and La. Conn. Very rare and local over most of the state, more common near the coast than elsewhere. N. ¥Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and in the southern parts of Westchester County, unknown elsewhere. N. J. Throughout the state, more common in the pine-barrens and less common in the north than elsewhere. Pa. Bucks and Chester counties. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cre- taceous, scattered: Older Formations, rare in locally sandy places. 153-220 days. Sea level—goo ft. 2. L. racemulosa Michx. In dry sandy soil: N. Y. to Ind., south to Fla. and Tenn. N. Y. Common on the south side of L. I. and up the Hudson Valley to West Point, unknown northward. N. J. Throughout the state, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Carbon, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties. Distribution scattered and not easy of explanation. 3. L. villosa Ell. In dry soil: Mass. and Vt. to S. Ont., south to Neb., Fla. and Tex. Throughout the area, but decreasing west of the N. J. pine- barrens. 4. L. maritima Leggett. Sands of the sea-shore and in sandy barrens: Me. to Ga. Also at Crawford Notch, N. H. Common throughout the coastal, sandy places and in the pine- barrens of N. J.; unknown elsewhere in our area. 5. L. tenuifolia Michx. In dry open places: E. Mass. to Wisc., Neb., Fla. and Tex. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Not very common on the north shore of L. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Westchester Co. N. J. Known only from an old record at Phalanx, Monmouth Co. A rather rare and local species whose distribution is not as yet understood. 30 450 VIOLACEAE 6. L. Leggettii Britton and Hollick. In open places: Mass. to Ind. and N. Car. Throughout the range, more common near the coast and in the pine-barrens than elsewhere; rare or wanting at higher elevations. 7. L. intermedia Leggett. In open places: Conn., N. J. and Pa. to N. B. and northern N. Y. and Ont. Conn. Litchfield Co. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare and local from Bronx and Westchester counties northward. N. J. A single station near South Amboy, Middlesex Co., thence unknown except in Morris, Passaic, Sussex and Warren counties, increasing and common northwestward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Carbon, and Philadelphia counties. VIOLACEAE* Sepals not auricled; petals equal in length; stamens united into a sheath. 1. CUBELIUM. Sepals auricled; lower petal spurred; stamens distinct, the 2 lower spurred. 2a VIOLA: 1. Cubelium Raf. 1. C. concolor (Forst.) Raf. In moist woods: Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Kan: N. J. Local in Hunterdon Co. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. 2, Viola Jia I. Plant stemless, arising directly from a rootstock or from runners. Style ending in a small hook pointing downward, flowers very fragrant; producing leafy runners. 1. V. odorata. Style not ending in a downward pointing hook. Style beakless. Leaves pedatifid; flowers violet or purple. 2. V. pedata. Leaves repand crenulate, not divided; flowers yellow. 3. V. rotundifolia. Style dilated upward in a vertical plane, capitate, with a conical beak on the lower side. Rootstock fleshy and thickened, without under- * Ecological data are omitted in many species of this family as, owing to the scarcity of material, the recent instability of the specific status of many of them and the numerous hybrids, such data must, as yet, be of doubtful value. + My thanks are due Dr. Ezra Brainerd for much help and criticism in the preparation of the treatment of this genus. ——————E—————— VIOLACEAE 451 ground runners; petals violet-blue to purple, the lateral bearded. Leaves heart-shaped, the margins merely cre- nate-serrate, or in nos. 9, 10 and 11, some leaves lobed but the cleistoga- mous flowers on prostrate peduncles. Plants glabrous or nearly so. Beard of the lateral petals strongly knobbed; cleistogamous flowers long and slender. 4. V. cucullata. Beard of the lateral petals not strongly knobbed; cleistoga- mous flowers ovoid or ovoid- acuminate. Cleistogamous flowers mostly on ascending peduncles; capswes 5-10 mm. long. Leaves and sepals obtuse; capsules green. 5. V. nephrophylla. Leaves and sepals acute; cleistogamous capsules usually purplish. 6. V. obliqua. Cleistogamous flowers mostly on short prostrate pe- duncles; capsules 10-15 mm. long. Leaves all undivided. Early leaves purplish beneath; plants of sandy or dry soil. 7. V. latiuscula. Early leaves green; moist soil. 8. V. papilionacea, Leaves palmately lobed or parted. g. V. Stoneana. Plants more or less pubescent. Leaves all palmately 5—11-lobed or parted, or rarely the first leaf of spring uncut; seeds brown. 10. V. palmata. Earliest and latest leaves uncut, others pedately 3—7-lobed, parted or divided; seeds usually buff. 11. V. triloba. Leaves all uncut. Spurred petal glabrous, or bearing only scattered hairs; capsules 8-10 mm. long. 12. V. sororia. Spurred petal villous; capsules 5-8 mm. long. Pubescent only on the upper surface of the leaf. 13. V. hirsutula. Pubescent on petioles and lower surface of the leaf; sepals ciliolate. 14. V. septentrionalis, 452 VIOLACEAE Leaves not heart-shaped, usually sharply dentate toward the base or lobed; cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on erect peduncles; capsules green. Leaves pedately divided into linear lobes. Leaves not divided but usually sharply toothed toward the base. Scapes usually exceeding the leaves, the latter ovate-oblong, pubes- cent. Scapes as long as the leaves or shorter. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous; basal lobes often dilated and incised. Leaves ovate-deltoid or deltoid. Margins coarsely toothed near the base; blades sometimes lobes. Margins sharply toothed towards the base or pectinately incised. Rootstock long and filiform, producing slender underground runners, except in V. rent- folia. Petals lilac or pale violet. Petals white with purple lines on the 3 lower ones. Leaves glabrous on both sides, rarely pubescent in nos. 20 and 21. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late. Leaves heart-shaped or ovate. Leaves ovate, acute, the base subcordate obtuse or almost decurrent. Leaves heart-shaped, usually obtuse. Leaves pubescent on one or both sides. Leaves reniform, pubescent; runners almost always small or wanting. Leaves heart-shaped. Lateral petals beardless; leaves minutely hairy above, es- pecially on the basal lobes; plant elsewhere glabrous. Lateral petals bearded; plant pubescent. IJ. Plants with leafy stems. Stipules entire, the lower more or less scarious. Petals yellow. 15. 16. I7- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23: 24. 25. 26. V. Brittoniana. V. fimbriatula. V. sagittata. V. emarginata. V. pectinata. V. Selkirkit. V. lanceolata. V. primulifolia. V. pallens. V. renifolia. V. blanda. V. incognita. VIOLACEAE 453 Softly pubescent; root leaves often wanting; stem leaves broad, often 7 cm. wide or wider. 27. V. pubescens. Sparingly pubescent, root leaves usually 1-2; stem leaves rarely over 7 cm. wide. 28. V. eriocarpa. Petals white inside, tinged with violet outside. 29. V. canadensis. Stipules fringed toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid, herbaceous or leaf-like. Style slender, not much enlarged upward; stipules somewhat herbaceous, fringe toothed. Tip of the style bent downward, slightly pubescent near the apex. Petals white or cream colored. 30. V. striata. Petals pale violet or violet purple. 31. V. conspersa. Style straight and glabrous; petals lilac with violet spot near the center. 32. V. rostrata. Style much enlarged upward; stipules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid. Stipules pinnatisect at the base; upper leaves crenately serrate. 33. V. arvensis. Stipules palmately pectinate at the base; upper leaves entire or nearly so. 34. V. Rafinesquit. 1. V. odorata L. Escaped from gardens: Nov. Scot. to southern N. Y. and N. J. Also in the south and on the Pacific coast. Native of Europe. Rare as an occasional escape from gardens. 2. V. pedata L. (V. pedata lineariloba DC.). In open sandy places: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Fla. Common over most of our range, always decreasing inland and increasing in the sandy regions of the coastal plain except in the pine-barrens, there rare. 3. V. rotundifolia Michx. Rocky woods and hillsides: Lab. and Ont. to Minn., south in the mountains to N. Car. Conn. Rare and local in the coastal part of New London Co., increasing and common northwestward. N.Y. Asingle station on L.I. OnS. I. near Bull’s Head, rare and local in Bronx and Westchester counties, increasing and common northward. N. J. Kinkora, Burlington Co.; reported but not definitly known from near Keyport, Monmouth Co., increasing northward. Pa. Throughout, increasing at higher elevations. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-220 days. Sea level—2,800 ft. 454 VIOLACEAE 4. V. cucullata Ait. In wet places: Me. and Ont. toGa. and Mo. Common throughout the range in favorable situations except the pine-barrens. The following species have been reported as hybridizing with V. cucullata and the various hybrids are to be looked for wherever both the supposed parents occur: cucullata Xemarginata, cucullataX palmata, cucullataX papilionacea, cucullataX primulifolia, and cucullata X sagittata. 5. V. nephrophylla Greene. Cold mossy bogs and along streams: E. Que. to B. C., south to central Me., northwestern Conn.., Wisc., Col. and Wash. Known in our range only from Litchfield Co., Conn., there rare and local. The region is north of the moraine, with a growing season of about 145 days and the stations are at 1,400—1,860 ft. 6. V. obliqua Hill (V. affinis Le Conte). Moist thickets and boggy meadows: western N. E. to Wisconsin and southward. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and east and south of them, apparently always increasing northward. The following hybrids have been recorded: V. affinisX Brittoniana, affinisX fimbria- tula, affinisXhirsutula, affinisXpalmata, and affinisXsagittata. Mr. Bicknell is of the opinion that the older name V. obliqua Hill. belongs to this species (Bull. Torr. Club, 40: 261-270). See this paper also for a discussion of the application of the names V. cucullata Ait. and V. papilionacea Pursh. 7. V. latiuscula Greene. In dry light soil: Vt. to N. J. (2) Known in our area only from Southington and Cornwall, Conn. A-rare and little known plant. 8. V. papilionacea Pursh. In moist meadows and groves: Mass. to Minn. and southward. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east and south of them. The following hybrids have been described: V. papilionaceaX sagittata, papilionacea X sororia. 9. V. Stoneana House. In moist woodlands: N. J., e. Pa. and Md. N. J. Known only from Middlesex Co., but probably southwest- ward through the Cretaceous region. Pa. Chester Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations, 0: not north of the moraine. 175-204 days. About sea level. VIOLACEAE 455 10. V. palmata L. Dry rich woodlands: Mass. to Minn. and south to Ga. and Ark. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and south of them. The following hybrids have been described: V. palmataX papilionacea, and palmata X sagittata. 11. V. triloba Schwein. In dry woods: S. N. E. and S. N. Y. southward. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens. 12. V. sororia Willd. In various situations: Quebec to Minn. and southward. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of L. I. and N. J., there rare and local or perhaps wanting. The following hybrid is known: V. sororiaXcucullata. 13. V. hirsutula Brainerd. Dry rich woods: S. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. N.Y. Reported but not definitely known, except on S. I. N.J. Green Pond, Warren Co., increasing and common southward. Pa. Northampton Co., increasing southward. The following hybrid is known: V. hirsutulaX sororia. 14. V. septentrionalis Greene. Moist open woodlands, especially under conifers: Prince Ed. Is., Que. and Ont. to Conn. and mY. Conn. Recorded as rare. Roadsides and shaded banks: Union, East Windsor, Plainville, New Hartford, and Winchester. N. Y. Mt. Utsayantha, Stamford, Delaware Co., at an elevation of 3,000 ft. N. J. Bearfort Mt., Passaic Co. zs... ¥. Brittoniana Pollard. In moist, sandy or peaty soil, or in meadows near the coast: S. Me. to N. Car. Conn. Common along the coasts, decreasing inland. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; Rockland Co. N. J. Common along the coast, decreasing inland, and apparently wanting in Somerset, Hunterdon, Warren, Sussex and Passaic counties. Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties. Most common in the coastal region. Hybids: Brittoniana X cucullata, emarginata, fimbriatula, papilionacea, sagittata and Sororia. 456 VIOLACEAE 16. V. fimbriatula Sm. Sandy hillsides and fields: N. S. to Wisc. and south to Mo. and La. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare and perhaps intrusive. The following hybrids are found. V. fimbriatulaXlirsutula, fimbriatulaX palmata, fimbriatula X sagittata. 17. V. sagittata Ait. Moist banks and fields: Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex. Conn. Not very common along the coast, decreasing northward. N.Y. Rare on L.I.; common on §S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co. N. J. Throughout, more common southward except the pine- barrens, there rare. Pa. Northampton and Bucks Co., increasing southward. V. sagittata X Brittoniana, has been reported as a hybrid. 18. V. emarginata Le Conte. Dry woods and hillsides: N. Y. to Va. N. Y. Known only from S. I., L. I. and Rockland Co. N. J. Morris Co., increasing and common southward, but rare in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester Co. Tertiary, not very common: Cretaceous, common: Older Forma- tions, scattered. Very rare north of the moraine. 164-204 days. About sea level. Hybridizes with V. sagittata and sororia. 19. V. pectinata Bicknell. Low meadows: E. Mass. to Md. Conn. Stratford. N.Y: Lb. Fan sen N. J. Cape May. 20. V. Selkirkii Pursh. Shaded ravines and cold woods: N. B. to Mass., W. Pa., L. Superior and northward. N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from Dutchess Co., rare on the highest mountains in Ulster and Greene counties. Pa. Monroe Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-123 days. 1,850- 4,000 ft. 21. V. lanceolata L. In wet places: N. S. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. VIOLACEAE 457 2. VY. primulifolia L.. In moist or dry soil: N. B. and south along the coast to Fla. and La. Conn. Throughout, except in Litchfield Co., increasing coastward. N.Y. Common on L. I.andS. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley and perhaps not north of the Highlands. N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Union and Hudson counties, in- _—s creasing and common southward. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Phila- delphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, de- creasing northward. 164-220 days. Sea level-goo ft. 23. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. In moist places: Lab. to B. C., south to the Mountains of S. C. and Tenn., Mich. and Wyoming. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and south of them. Be _V. pallens X primulifolia has been reported as a hybrid. “24. V. renifolia Gray. Inswampsand cold woods: Newf. to B. C., a south to N. E. Pa., Mich. and Minn. er Known in our range only from the highest peaks of Greene Co., N. Y. at elevations of 2,000 ft. or greater and having a growing season of about 123 days. aiid south to Ga and La. Throughout the range except on the coastal plain, there rare near the edges. 26. V. incognita Brainerd. Mountain slopes and low moist wood- lands: Newf. and E. Que., south to Pa. and westward. Conn. Litchfield Co. N.Y. In the highest peaks of the Catskills; doubtfully reported from S. I. - Pa. Inthe mountains of Luzerne Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. 680-3,365 ft. 458 VIOLACEAE 27. V. pubescens Ait. Dry rich woods: S. Me. to Ont., Kan. and Md. Throughout the range except on the coastal plain. 28. V. eriocarpa Schwein. (V. scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein.). In moist thickets: E. Que. to Lake Winnipeg, south to Ga. and Tex. Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east and south of them, and on L. I., there not known. 29. V. canadensis L. In woods: Newf. to N. Vt., south to N. Car., Neb., New Mex. and Ariz. Conn. Rare and local along the coast in New Haven Co., increas- ing northwestward. N. Y. Delaware, Greene, Sullivan and Ulster counties; formerly at Damascus, L. I. N. J. Recorded as formerly in Warren and Bergen counties. Pa. Bucks and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. South of the moraine only in Bucks Co., Pa. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,g00 ft. 30. V. striata Ait. Low or shady ground: Conn. (?) to Minn. and south to Ga. and Mo. N. J. Warren, Hunterdon, Essex, Bergen, Union, Somerset and Mercer counties. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Reported but not definitely known from Conn. and N. Y. 31. V.conspersa Reichenb. ( V. labradorica of Britton’s Manual). jw In low or shaded ground: E. Que. to Minn., south to N. Car. and Ky. Throughout the range, but rare and local in the region surround- ing the pine-barrens and unknown in them; found only on the north side of L. I. 2. V. rostrata Pursh. Shaded hillsides: W. Que. to Mich., south in the mountains to Ga. Conn. Rare and local in the coastal part of New Haven Co., in- creasing northwestward. N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson, increasing and common north- ward. Unknown elsewhere. THYMELEACEAE 459 N.J. Rare and local in Mercer, Hunterdon, Union and Somerset counties, increasing northward, not in the south. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Montgomery counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 33. V. arvensis Murr. In fields and along roadsides: Newf. to Mass. and Pa. Adventive from Europe. Rare as an occasional escape, often wanting. 34. V. Rafinesquii Greene: In woods and open places: N. Y. to . Mich., Tex. and La. N.Y. The Highlands of the Hudson. N. J. Rare and local over most of the state, except in Morris, Sussex and Passaic counties and the pine-barrens, from which it is not reported. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties. Viola tricolor L., the progenitor of the garden pansy, is often common as an escape. CACTACEAE 1. Opuntia Mill. 1. O. Opuntia (L.) Coult. In dry sandy soil or on rocks: E. Mass. to Pa. and Fla. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, rare inland. N. Y. Frequent on L. I; S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Saugerties, Ulster Co., and Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., but not e known from the Catskills. N. J. Rare and scattered in Morris, Hunterdon, Passiac and Bergen counties, increasing and becoming common southward, but unknown in the pine-barrens. Pa. Philadelphia and Monroe counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre- taceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 149- 220 days. Sea level—goo ft. THYMELEACEAE i. Deer. I. D. palustris L. In woods and thickets: N. B. to Minn.,Va., Tenn., Mo. and Fla. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and in the Bronx, rare on S. I. and in Westchester Co.; increasing northward. 460 ELAEAGNACEAE N. J. Along the Delaware in Salem, Gloucester and Camden counties, a single station in Mercer Co., thence scattered north- ward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare in the drainage of the Delaware. Older Formations, increasing northward, but nowhere common. 117-220 days. Sea level—2,goo ft. The Lady Laurel, Daphne Mezereum L. is known in our area only as a very rare escape from gardens. ELAEAGNACEAE 1. Elaeagnus [Tourn.] L. 1. E. argentea Pursh. James Bay to the N. W. Terr., Que., Minn., S. Dak. and Utah. Nowhere as a wild plant in our area, sometimes escaping from gardens. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. has been collected in Chester Co., Pa., as an escape from cultivation. It is scarcely persistent. LYTHRACEAE Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric; flowers regular. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or few; low herbs. Capsule bursting irregularly. 1. AMMANNIA. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. 2. ROTALA. Flowers large, in axillary cymes; large aquatic shrub. 3. DECODON. Calyx-tube cylindric; flowers regular. 4. LYTHRUM. Calyx-tube tubular, oblique; flowers irregular. 5. PARSONSIA. e Ammannia [Houst.] L. 1. A. Koehnei Britton. In swamps: N. J. to Fla. Known in our area only from specimens collected in the Hacken- sack Marshes, N. J. Not seen there since 1868. The reported occurrence in N. J. of A. coccinea Rottb. appears to be an error. 2. Rotala L. 1. R. ramosior (L.) Koehne. In swamps: Mass. to Fla., Ill, Neb., Tex. and Ky. Conn. Rare and local near the coast, unknown elsewhere. N.Y. OnL. I. and S. I.; reported but not definitely known from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. N. J. Rare and local throughout the state. PA. Delaware and Chester counties. A rare and local plant, confined for the most part to the coastal plain. LYTHRACEAE 401 3. Decodon J. F. Gmel. Pt. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. In swamps: Me. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ky. and La. Conn. Not very common but found over most of the state. N.Y. CommononL. I.andS. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley, to Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., unknown northward. N. J. Common throughout the state, decreasing northward. Pa. Pike, Carbon, Luzerne, Northampton, Berks and Delaware counties. Distribution apparently more restricted in N. Y. than elsewhere, otherwise rather scattered. 4. Lythrum L. _ Flowers axillary, solitary; stamens not more numerous than the petals. Leaves mostly alternate. Leaves obtuse, stamens all included; annual. Leaves acute, stamens of short-styled flowers exserted; = . L. Hyssopifolia. perennial. 2. L. alatum. Leaves mostly opposite. 3. L. lineare. Flowers in panicled spikes, terminal; stamens twice as many as the petals. 4. L. Salicaria. 1. L. Hyssopifolia L. Borders of salt marshes: Me. to N. J. Also in Cal. and S. Am. Also in Europe. Known, in our area, only from borders of salt marshes on S. I. and at Girard’s Point, Camden, N. J.; recorded from coastal ® marshes in N. J. 2. L. alatum Pursh. In low grounds: S. Ont. to Mass., Ky., S. Dak. and Kan. Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, but unknown northeastward. N.Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., formerly near Fordham, very rare northward. N.J. Known only from Monroe Corner, Sussex Co., Pennington, Mercer Co., Monmouth Junction, New Egypt, Williamstown Junction, Beach Haven, and Cape May; perhaps introduced at all these stations. Pa. Delaware Co. Rather inexplicably scattered in its distribution. 3. L. lineare L. Borders of salt marshes: N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ~ Rare and local in the salt marshes from the Hackensack Meadows to Cape May, N. J., not otherwise known. 462 MELASTOMACEAE 4. L. Salicaria L. In swamps and wet meadows: Cape Breton Island to Ont. and Del. Native of Europe. Becoming common throughout many parts of our range, es- pecially in the Hudson and Delaware Valleys. 5. Parsonsia P. Br. 1. P. petiolata (L.) Rusby. In dry soil: R. I. to Ill., Kan., Ga. and La. Introduced into S. Ont. Nearly throughout our range, but not known from the pine- barrens, and east and south of them. MELASTOMACEAE 1. Rhexia L. Stem cylindric, very pubescent. 1. R. mariana. Stem square or angled, pubescent or glabrous. Stem more or less pubescent; leaves ovate. 2. R. virginica. Stem glabrous; leaves lanceolate oblong. 3. R. aristosa. 1. R. mariana L. In pine-barren swamps: L. I. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex. N.Y. Not very common on the east end of L. I., not reported from S. I., otherwise unknown. N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain portion of the state, increasing southward. Pa. Near Bristol, Bucks Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, decreasing: Older Formations, perhaps wanting. 179-220 days. About sea level. 2. R. virginica L. In sandy swamps: Me. to Fla., Ill., Mo. and 1 a Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland, and unknown in Litchfield Co. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S.I.; rare up the Hudson Valley to ‘ Westchester Co.; unknown northward. N. J. Morris, Passaic, Bergen, Hudson, Essex, Union and Hun- terdon counties, thence increasing and common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Carbon, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties, Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing and becoming scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 162-220 days. Sea level—1,oo0 ft. ONAGRACEAE 463 3. R. aristosa Britton. In sandy pine-barren swamps: N. J., . Del. and S. Car. N. J. Egg Harbor City, and Cologne, both in the pine-barrens. Isolated very locally on the Beacon Hill Formation in the Tertiary region. ONAGRACEAE Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or by a pore. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. Seeds naked. Leaves opposite; stems creeping or floating. Flowers sessile; petals none or very small. 1. ISNARDIA. Flowers long-stalked; petals conspicuous. 2. LUDWIGIANTHA. » Leaves alternate; stem erect or ascending. 3. LupwicIA. Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 4. CHAMAENERION. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 5. EpmLlopium. Seeds naked or sometimes tuberculate. Stamens equal in length. Ovules and seeds horizontal, prismatic, angled. 6. OENOTHERA. Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. 7. RAIMANNIA, Stamens unequal in length, the alternate ones : longer. 8. KNEIFFIA. > Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. g. GAURA, _ Floral whorls of 2 parts. 10, CIRCAEA. ' 1. Isnardia L.* 1. I. palustris L. In muddy ditches and swamps: N. S. to Man., ® Ore., Fla., Col. and Mex. Widely distributed in the Old World. Scattered throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens and perhaps introduced. 2. Ludwigiantha Small.* a. L. brevipes Long. Moist sand: St. Albans, Long Beach Island, Ocean Co., N. J. 3. Ludwigia L.* _ Flowers inconspicuous; petals none or small, yellowish or greenish. Capsules sub-globose or top-shaped. Bractlets at base of calyx minute, or none; capsule finely hairy. 1. L. sphaerocarpa. Bractlets at base of calyx linear, about equalling the glabrous capsule. a polycar pa. Capsules cylindric or obpyramidal. 3. L. linearis. * See footnote, page 76. 464 ONAGRACEAE Flowers showy, peduncled; petals large, bright yellow. ; Plants hirsute; capsules bristly-pubescent. 4. L. hirtella. Plants usually glabrous; capsules glabrous. 5. L. alternifolia. 1. L. sphaerocarpa Ell. In swamps: E. Mass. and N. Y. to Fla. west to La. Conn. Known only from Guildford. N. Y. Lake Mohegan, Westchester Co.; L. I. and S. I. N. J. Rare in Bergen and Morris Cos., increasing and frequent southward. Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co. . L. polycarpa Short & Peter. In swamps: Ont. to Minn. and Mass., south to Ky., Neb. and Kan. Known in our area only from near Hartford, plentiful about shallow ponds in meadows along the Connecticut River. No 3. L. linearis Walt. In swamps: N. J. to Fla., west to La. N. J. Knowa only from the southern pine-barrens, there very rare and local. 4. L. hirtella Raf. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. N. J. Known only from the southern pine-barrens, and at Cape May; very rare. . L. alternifolia L. In swamps: 'N. H. to N. N. Y., Ont., Mich., Fla.,and Tex. Common throughout the range; less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. S| 4. Chamaenerion [Tourn.] Adans. 1. C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. In dry soil: Lab. to Alask., N. Car., Kan., Ariz. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Common throughout the range but often scattered locally; very frequently following fires in the pine-barrens, and in the Catskills. 5. Epilobium L. Stigmas deeply 4-lobed; flowers 2.5 cm. broad. 1. E. hirsutum. Stigmas entire or merely notched. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so. Plant crisp-pubescent, or canescent. 2. E. lineare. Plant glandular throughout; leaves sessile. 3. E. strictum. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, serrate. Seeds obconic, beakless; coma reddish, 4. E. coloratum. Seeds ellipsoid, short beaked; coma white. 5. E. adenocaulon. ONAGRACEAE 465 A . 1. E. hirsutum L. In waste places: E. N. Eng., N. J., Ont. and in ballast near the eastern seaports. Native of Europe. r Rare as a weed. 2. E. lineare Muhl. Inswamps: N. B. to Del., W. Va., Br. Col., the Ind. Terr. and Wyo. Conn. Throughout the state, but not very common. N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I. and on S. L., increasing northward; not definitely known on the south shore of L. I. N. J. Essex and Bergen counties, increasing northward. Pa. Lackawanna, Monroe, Schuylkill and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-190 days. Sea level—3,800 ft. 3. E. strictum Muhl. In bogs: Me. to W. Ont. and Minn., south to Va. and Ill. Conn. Rare insouthern Hartford and Fairfield counties, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Woodlawn, Bronx Co.; Dutchess, Ulster, Greene and Dela- ware counties, increasing northward. The L. I. record is an error. N. J. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties. Pemberton, Burling- ton Co. record probably incorrect and not verified. Pa. Reported from Delaware Co., perhaps not reliably. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not very common northward. Not south of the moraine, except the single doubtful record from Delaware Co., Pa. 117-189 days. Sea level-3,800 ft. 4. E. coloratum Muhl. In low grounds: Me. to Ont., Wisc., 5. © Dak., S. Car. and Kan. Common throughout the area. 5. E. adenocaulon Haussk. In moist grounds; N. B. to Ore., south to Mass., Penn., Iowa., Utah and Cal. Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Occasional on the coastal plain of L. I., Unknown onS. I.; up the Hudson Valley to Orange Co., thence increasing but never very common northward. N. J. Middlesex Co., increasing northward. Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Schuylkill, and Delaware counties. Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-210 days. Sea level-4,020 it. E. parviflorum Schreb. has been reported from the area as a waif and E. teiragonum L. was collected at Junction Station, Hunterdon Co., N. J., in 1885; not since collected. 31 466 ONAGRACEAE 6. Oenothera L. (Onagra Adans.) Flowers small; petals linear, 2-4 mm. broad. 1. O. cruciata. Flowers large; petals 1-3 cm. broad. ; Upper bracts shorter than the pods, deciduous. , 2. O. bienms. Upper bracts as long as or shorter than the pods, persistent. Puberulent and with long thick-based hairs. 3. O. muricata. Densely velvety pubescent. 4. O. Oakesiana. 1. O. cruciata Nutt. Sandy soil: Me. and Mass. to N. Y. Known only as reported from waste land near Hartford and Salisbury, Conn. 2. O. biennis L. In dry soil: Lab. to Fla., west to the Mis- sissippi Valley. Common in most parts of the range, usually as a weed. . O. muricata L. Sandy and gravelly soil, Newf. to N. Y. and 1 a N. J. All along the coastal sands. N.Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I. 4. O. Oakesiana (A. Gray) Robbins. Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Ne Conn. Sandy soil near the coast. N. Y. Cold Spring Harbor and Floral Park, L. I.; frequent on the Hempstead Plains; Fort Schuyler, L. I. Sound; S. I. O. grandiflora Ait. is known in our range only from an old specimen collected at Vineland, N. J. and there adventive. WwW 7. Raimannia Rose. Silvery pubescent with appressed or ascending hairs; seeds striate. 1. R. humifusa. Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent; seeds pitted. . 2. R. laciniata. 1. R. humifusa (Nutt.) Rose. On sea-beaches: N. J. to Fla. Known in our area only from the sea-beach from Atlantic Co., to Cape May Point, N. J. 2. R. laciniata (Hill) Rose. In dry sandy soil: S. N. Y. to Pa., Ill. and Neb., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex.; locally adventive northward. N. Y. Valley Stream, L. I., and in cultivated soil on S. I., intro- duced from the south. N. J. Exclusively south of the “ fall-line,’’ almost always as a weed; probably in the pine-barrens only as an adventive. Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties. ONAGRACEAE 467 7 _ Tertiary, not very common on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere; _ Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered: 175-220 days. About sea-level. Raimannia rhombipetala (Nutt) Rose has been found at Green Bank, near Batsto, presumably a waif from the west. bhi 8. Kneiffia Spach. les club-shaped. _ Pedicels and capsules pubescent. Stem decumbent, spreading; body of the capsule be- coming globose. 1. K. Allenii. Stem erect or nearly so; body of the capsule more or tre less elongated. os Capsule stalked. Pedicels longer than the body of the capsule, the wings thick and pubescent. 2. K. longipedicellata. Pedicel shorter than the body of the capsule, the wings thin and glabrous. 3. K. linearis. fi Capsule sessile. 4. K. pratensis. _ Pedicels and capsules glabrous or glabrate. 5. K. pumila. ‘Caps les oblong or nearly so. 6. K. fruticosa. _____ haps coastal Conn. and N. J. ast Montauk Point, Patchogue, and Easthampton, L. J., and re- ___ ported from near Stratford, Conn.; recorded from Ocean Grove, N. J. Ss ~ Localized in sandy places, but not confined to the region south of the moraine on L. I. _ 2. K. longipedicellata Small. In moist soil: Conn. to W. Va. Sa. and Fla. Conn. Along the coast and at Southburg and Woodbury, accord- _ ing to Conn. Catalog. N.Y. South of the moraine on L. I.; on S. I., Van Courtlandt Park: otherwise unknown in the area. __N.J. Very rare in the pine-barrens, perhaps there adventive, not | uncommon along the coast in Monmouth, Ocean and Atlantic counties, but known only from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., west of the pine-barrens; unknown elsewhere in the state. Pa. Known only from near Tullytown, Bucks Co., and from Darby and Tinicum, Delaware Co. Tertiary, rare and perhaps adventive on Beacon Hill, increasing along the coast off this formation: Cretaceous, rare: Older Forma- tions, rare and scattered near the coastal plain. 175-220 days. Be, About sea level. Ds. K? linearis (Michx.) Spach. In dry places: Conn. to Tenn. q and Ga. y. K. Allenii (Britton) Small. In sand: eastern L. I. and per- 468 ONAGRACEAE Conn. New Haven and Fairfield counties, near the coast, de- creasing and rare inland; otherwise unknown. N. Y. Not uncommon on the south shore of L. I. N. J. Union, Mercer, Middlesex and Monmouth counties, in- creasing southward. Pa. Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. 4. K. pratensis Small. Low grounds: Ohio to lowa, Mo. and Ark. Also in N. Eng. and N. Y. Known in our area only from near White Plains, N. Y. . K. pumila (L.) Spach. Mostly in dry soil: N.S. to Man., N. J., Ga., and Kan. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and Cape May, N. J., and the coastal plain of L. I., there rare. on 6. K. fruticosa (L.) Raimann. In meadows: N. S. to La., Minn. Conn. Very rare in New Haven and Fairfield counties, near the coast; otherwise unknown. N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward. N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, and in the region east and south of them; rare in the region west of the barrens in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Ocean counties, thence increasing and common northward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. Specimens approximating Kneiffia riparia (Nutt.) Small have been collected on the Hempstead Plains, L. I., and from East Rockaway, L. I.; the species is otherwise known only from N. Car. toGa. Perhaps not separable from K. linearis. 9. Gaura L. 1. G.'biennis L. In dry soil: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Tenn. and Miss. Conn. Occasional, perhaps in part adventive. N. Y. West Park, Ulster Co., and at Sag Harbor, L. I. N. J. Along the Delaware from Camden to Warren Co. and at Princeton and near New Brunswick. Pa. Northampton Co. southward. G. sinuata Nutt. has been collected as a waif near New York. HALORAGIDACEAE 469 10. Circaea [Tourn.] L. ruit 2-celled; leaves mainly of an ovate type. 1. C. lutetiana. Fruit 1-celled; leaves mainly of a cordate type. 2. C. alpina. I. C.lutetiana L. In woods: N.S. to western Ont., S. Dak., Ga., Neb. and Kan. Also in Europe and Asia. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and east and south of them, there apparently wanting, always increasing north- ward. me. C. alpina L. In cold moist woods: Lab. to Alask., Ga., Ind., Mich. and S. Dak. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Westchester, Dutchess, Columbia and Ulster counties, increasing northward. N. J. Warren and Sussex counties. Pa. Pike, Carbon, Monroe, Lackawanna, and Northampton counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. Circaea intermedia Ehrh., a plant with the aspect of large C. alpina, has been found in Montague Township, Sussex Co., N. J. . HALORAGIDACEAE* Fruit 3 angled or 4 angled. 1. PROSERPINACA. Fruit of 4 carpels. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. s 1. Proserpinaca L. _ Emersed leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, serrate; fruit sharp angled. 1. P. palustris. _ Leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid; fruit obtusely angled. 2. P. pectinata. 1. P. palustris L. In swamps: N. B. to Lake Huron, Fla., Iowa, and Cent. Am. Also in Cuba. Rather scattered over most of our area except in the pine-barrens, there apparently wanting. 2. P. pectinata Lam. In sandy swamps near the coast: Me. to Fla. and La. N. Y. Lake Ronkonkoma and Manorville, L. I.; formerly on S. I. N. J. Monmouth Co. southward. A plant intermediate in character between these two species has been described as es i... Mackenzie (Torreya 10: 249. 1910). It has been found only in N. J., _ near Island Heights, Atsion and near Bennett, Cape May Co. * See footnote, page 76. 470 HALORAGIDACEAE 2. Myriophyllum [Vaill.] L. Carpels smooth. Flowers on emersed spikes. Floral leaves shorter than the spikes. 1. M. spicatum. Floral leaves longer than the spikes. 2. M. verticillatum. Floral leaves reduced to minute bracts. 3. M. tenellum. Flowers on both emersed and submersed stems. 4. M. humile. Flowers only on submersed stems. 7. M. proserpinacoides. Carpels rough or tuberculate. Floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate. 5. M. heterophyllum. Floral leaves linear, pectinate. 6. M. pinnatum. 1. M. spicatum L. In deep water: Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Md., Iowa, Kan. and Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Litchfield Co. N. Y. Known only from Dutchess Co. northward. N. J. Doubtfully reported from Passaic Co., otherwise unknown. 2. M. verticillatum L. In pools, etc.: Que. and Ont. to N. J. and Pa., Minn. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Scattered over most of the state, but rare. N. Y. Dutchess Co., northward. Pa. Bucks Co. . M. tenellum Bigel. Sandy bottoms of ponds and streams: Newf. to N. J., Pa. and Mich. Conn. Rare in New London and Litchfield counties, doubtless in the intervening territory, but not reported. N.Y. Known only from L. I., S. I., and the Hudson Valley below the Highlands. N. J. Known only along the Delaware in Gloucester and Camden counties and along the coast in Monmouth and Ocean counties, not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Near Twelve Mile Pond, Pike Co. . M. humile (Raf). Morong. In ponds: Me., R. I. to Md. and Ill. Rather common near the coast and in the pine-barrens, decreasing and very local northward. . M. heterophyllum Michx. In ponds: Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. Very rare. N. J. Near Hammonton, Atlantic Co. Pa. Bucks Co. 6. M. pinnatum (Walt.) B.S. P. In ponds: R. I. to Fla., Kan., La., Tex. and Panama. ww a on ARALIACEAE 47! Conn. Rare along the coast in New London Co. aa N. Y. Rosedale, L. I. not in them, otherwise unknown. M. proserpinacoides Gill. Localized in our area at Haddon- field, N. J. Perhaps not persistent. Native of Chili, and ’ os frequently cultivated. a ARALIACEAE Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5. 1. ARALIA. Herbs; leaves verticillate, digitately compound; styles 2 or 3. 2. PANAX. 1. Aralia [Tourn.] L. Spiny shrub or tree; leaflets thick, ovate. 1. A. spinosa. Branching unarmed herb; leaflets thin; large, cordate. 2. A. racemosa. Umbels 2-several, sometimes numerous, terminal or corymbose. Plant glabrate; leaf and peduncle arising from the rootstock. 3. A. nudicaulis. Plant bristly or hispid; stem leafy or erect. 4. A. hispida. 1. A. spinosa L. In low grounds, and along streams: Conn. to Fla., Ind., Mo. and Tex. Adventive from the South. } Not known as a wild plant in our area; rarely escaping from cultivation in southern N. J. and N. Y.; perhaps wild near Upper Darby, Pa. 2. A. racemosa L. In rich woods: N. B. to Ga., S. Dak. and Kan. | Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward. N. Y. L. I. and on S. I., increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Rare and local in Camden, Burlington and Monmouth counties, not in the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common northward. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,020 ft. _ 3. A. nudicaulis L. In woods: Newf. to Man., N. Car., Neb. = and Mo. Common throughout the range, more rare in the pine-barrens, .? and more common northward than elsewhere. ‘The variety prolifera A. C. Apgar has been collected only at Lambertville, Hunterdon o., N _ The variety elongata Nash, is known only from Greene Co., N. Y. in the Catskills. 472 ARALIACEAE 4. A. hispida Vent. In rocky or sandy woods and clearings: Newf. to N. Car., Ont., Minn. and Ind. Conn. Throughout the state, not common along the coast, in- creasing but not very common northwestward. N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I. near the western end, and on the south side coastal strip, and at Hewlett; formerly on S. I., unknown in the Bronx, thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Rare and local in northern Ocean and Monmouth counties, near the coast, thence increasing northward; not in the pine- barrens. Pa. Wayne, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward: 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o50 ft. 2. Panax L. Leaflets 5, ovate or obovate, stalked, acuminate. 1. P. quinquefolium. Leaflets 3-5, oval or oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse. 2. P. trifolium. 1. P. quinquefolium L. In rich woods: Que. to Ala., Minn., Neb. and Mo. Conn. Scattered and rare over most of the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Recorded from Rockland Co., but rare, thence increasing but never common northward, particularly in the Catskills; otherwise unknown. N. J. In Sussex and Warren counties, rare; reported from but not recently collected at Plainfield, Union Co., otherwise unknown. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Schuylkill, Berks and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-190 days. Sea level—4,o50 ft. 2. P. trifolium L. In moist woods and thickets: N. S. to Ga., Ont., Minn., Iowa, and III. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, and the coastal plain of L. I., there apparently wanting; rare on the coastal strip of southern N. J. The cultivated shrub Acanthopanax pentaphyllum (Thunb.) March. has been collected as a garden escape near Hartford; hardly an element of our wild flora. AMMIACEAE AMMIACEAE with obscure or obsolete oil tubes. ‘ruit strongly flattened laterally. Fruit not strongly flattened, sometimes turgid. “a _ Fruit bristly, elongated. _ Fruit smooth, of almost distinct globular carpels. ith distinct oil tubes. orescence glomerate, the inflorescence aggregated into “dense heads. _ Inf orescence manifestly umbellate. - Fruit flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs of the carpels . ‘ 1 more or less prominently winged. ~~. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. ri ha: Stylopodium conic. a, Fruit not notched at the apex. Fruit notched at the apex. Stylopodium obsolete or flat. Flowers white. Fruit armed with barbed spines. a Fruit spineless. os. Flowers yellow. 2 par Oil tubes more than 1 in the intervals. aon sta ; Leaf blades 1-2 ternately divided. _ is BP. Leaves much more divided. ¥ Fruit more or less flattened laterally or sometimes ; slightly dorsally flattened. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. Stylopodium conic. Upper leaves with narrow linear seg- ments. Upper leaves with relatively broad seg- ments. Seed-face concave. Fruit glabrous or merely pu- bescent. Fruit spiny. Seed-face flat. Fruit nearly as broad as long. Fruit linear-oblong. Stylopodium obsolete or flat. Flowers white. Dorsal ribs filiform; plant aquatic. Dorsal and lateral ribs prominent and corky. Stylopodium flat or flattish. Stylopodium obsolete. Flowers yellow. Fruit with winged ribs. Fruit with merely filiform ribs. Oil tubes more than one in the intervals. Stylopodium conic. pm fot 20. 22. 23. 19. 21. 19. 18. 14. 16. 473 . HYDROCOTYLE. . WASHINGTONIA, . BUPLEURUM. . ERYNGIUM. OxYPOLIs. HERACLEUM. Daucus. ANGELICA. PASTINACA. ANGELICA. CONIOSELINUM. PTILIMNIUM. . CHAEROPHYLLUM. . TORILIS. . CICUTA. . DERINGA. . LILAEOPsIS. . CELERI. . SIUM. . THASPIUM. ZIZIA. LIGUSTICUM. AMMIACEAE Stylopodium flat or obsolete. Fruit without ribs, spiny. 2. SANICULA. Fruit ribbed, spineless. Ribs filiform. 12, TAENIDIA. Ribs corky, at least the lateral ones. Oil tubes continuous around the seed cavity. 7. BUPLEURUM. Oil tubes 2-3 in the intervals. 13. SIUM. 1. Hydrocotyle L. Leaves nearly orbicular, peltate. Umbels simple, rarely slightly proliferous; pedicels slender. 1. H. umbellata. Umbels, at least some of them proliferous; pedicels or some of them short. Fruit notched at each end. 2. H. Canbyi. Fruit not notched at either end. 3. H. verticillata. Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate or reniform, not peltate. Leaves 5-13 lobed; umbels nearly sessile. 4. H. americana. Leaves 3-7 cleft; umbels long-peduncled. 5. H. ranunculoides. Lt: i) w H. umbellata L. In swamps and low grounds: E. Mass. to Fla. and the W. I., Minn., Tex. and Mex. Alsoin S. Am. Conn. Rare and local along the coast, decreasing inland into Litchfield Co., unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Local on L. I. and S. I. and in Westchester Co., unknown northward. N. J. Rare in Passaic Co., thence wanting to Middlesex and Monmouth counties, thence increasing southward, but unknown in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere; Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered and rare. 153-220 days. Sea level—850 ft. . H. Canbyi C. & R. In moist ground: N. J. to Md. Known in our range only from along the coast in Cape May Co.; and in Bucks Co., Pa. H. verticillata Thunb. In moist soil: Mass. to Fla., west to southern Cal., and in Central and South America. KKnown in our area, only from the coastal part of N. J. from Monmouth to Cape May counties; not in the pine-barrens nor ap- parently in N. Y. or Conn. 4. H. americana L. In wet places: N.S. to Minn., Pa. and N. Car. AMMIACEAE 475 Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and east and south of them, there wanting. 5. H. ranunculoides L. f. In ponds and swamps: Pa. to Fla., near . the coast, west to Tex., Ore. to L. Cal. Also in Central and South America, Abyssinia and Italy. Known only from Chester and Delaware counties, Pa., in our range, regions near sea level with a growing season of 179 days. hy Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb., a native of tropical Africa and Asia, is reported as _ becoming naturalized in lawns near Philadelphia. P 2. Sanicula L. _ Perennial; styles longer than the bristles; some staminate flowers in separate heads. Petals and anthers greenish white; calyx segments cuspidate; fruit 6 mm. long. 1. S. marylandica. Petals and anthers yellow; calyx segments obtuse; fruit about 3 mm. long. 2. S. gregaria. Biennial; styles shorter than the bristles; staminate flowers never in separate heads. Leaves 3-5 divided; pedicels of staminate flowers 2 mm. long; fruit less than 4 mm. long. 3. S. canadensis. Leaves 3-foliolate; pedicels of staminate flowers 4 mm. long; fruit 6 mm. long or more. 4. S. trifoliata. 1. S. marylandica L. In rich woods: Newf. to Alberta, Ga. and Colo. . Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, but becoming rare southward. 2. S. gregaria Bicknell. In woods and thickets: B. N. and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Kan. and Neb. Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Frequent on L. I., north of the moraine; on S. I.; abund- ant in the Bronx, thence increasing northward. N. J. Not known from the pine-barrens, reported from Swedes- boro, Gloucester Co., thence increasing but scattered northward. Pa. Chester, Delaware, Monroe, Bucks and Northampton counties. - Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in Gloucester Co., N. J.: Older Formations, increasing but not common northward. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 3. Ss canadensis L. In woodlands: Me. to Fla., S. Dak., and Tex. 476 AMMIACEAE Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there not | reported. 4. S. trifoliata Bicknell. In hilly woods: Vt. to Ont., N. Y. and Ind. Known in our area only from Canaan, Conn., near Yonkers and Onteora, N. Y., Water Gap and Pt. Pleasant, Pa. Distribution not understood. 3. Eryngium [Tourn.] L. Leaves parallel-veined. 1. E. aquaticum. Leaves reticulate-veined. 2. E. virginianum. 1. E. aquaticum L. In wet soil or upland: Conn. to S. Dak., Fla., Kan. and Tex. Known in our range only from near Bridgeport, Conn., Atsion in the pine-barrens of N. J. and at Pestletown, Camden, Co., N. J. 2. E. virginianum Lam. In marshes near the coast: N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. N. J. Very common in the coastal salt marshes from Middlesex Co., southward, also in Camden, Gloucester and Cumberland counties, near the Delaware; not in the pine-barrens; formerly as far north as Hudson Co. Pa Bucks and Delaware counties. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common east of it: Cretaceous, scattered and rare: Older Formations, rare on gravel in Pa. 179- 220 days. About sea level. 4. Chaerophyllum [Tourn.] L. 1. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. In moist ground: N. Y. (?) and Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Kan. N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I.; otherwise unknown. N. J. Reported in 1819 from Hudson Co., not since collected; scattered in Warren, Middlesex, Mercer, Burlington, Camden, Gloucester and Salem counties, especially along the Delaware; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Delaware counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, not very common in Pa., unknown elsewhere in our range. 152-220 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft. C. temulum L. has been collected as a waif in N. J. AMMIACEAE 477 5. Washingtonia Raf. Style and stylopodium 1 mm. long or less. 1. W. Claytoni. Style and stylopodium 2 mm. long. 2. W. longistylis. 1. W. Claytoni (Michx.) Britton. In woods: N.S. to S. Dak., Minn., Ala., Ill. and Kan. Conn. Throughout the state, apparently: not very common in New London Co. N. Y. On the side north of L. I., and on S. I., thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Reported from but doubtfully in Camden and Monmouth Counties; rare and local in Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 2. W. longistylis (Torrey) Britton. In woods: N.S. tothe N. W. Terr., Ala., Tenn. and Kan. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; very rare in the region just west of the barrens and on the coastal plain of L. I. 6. Torilis Adans. Umbels sessile or short-stalked, capicate, opposite the leaves. 1. T. nodosa. Umbels compound, peduncled; rays slender. 2. T. Anthriscus. 1. T. nodosa (L.) Gaertn. In waste places: Pa., Md. and Iowa. Adventive from Europe. Not common as an established adventive in Pa., otherwise un- known. 2. T. Anthriscus (L.) Gmel. In waste places: N. J. to D. C. and Ohio. Adventive from Europe. Not common as an established adventive. 7. Bupleurum [Tourn.] L. 1. B. rotundifolium L. In fields: N. H. to N. Car., S. Dak., Kan. and Ark. Also in the Southwest. Naturalized from Europe. Rare as a weed near the larger cities. 8. Celeri Adans. 1. C. graveolens (L.) Britton. (Apium graveolens L.). In waste places, escaped from cultivation: E.U.S. Native of Europe. A rare escape, from market gardens, sometimes persisting. 478 AMMIACEAE g. Zizia Koch. Basal leaves 2-3-ternately compound. 1. Z. aurea. Basal leaves cordate, undivided. 2. Z. cordata. 1. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. In fields and swamps: N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla. and Tex. Conn. Common throughout the state. N.Y. Very rare on L. I. except in and near the Hempstead Plains; on S. I., thence increasing northward. Ne: Fascias Monmouth Co., and Cold Spring, wane May Co., and north of the coastal ‘atid Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties. Tertiary, a single station, not on Beacon Hill:* Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 2. Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. In woods: R. I. to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Ga., Mo., Wyo. and Ore. Conn. The coastal region, except in Fairfield Co., there scattered. N. Y. On L. I. and S. I., decreasing northward to Columbia and Ulster counties. N. J. A single station in Gloucester Co., near the Delaware, thence unknown to Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward ; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun- ties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in the region of the glacial terraces along the Delaware: Older Formations, not very common and apparently increasing northward. 153-220 days. Sea level— 1,200 ft. 10. Cicuta L. Leaf-segments lanceolate. 1. C. maculata. Leaf-segments narrowly linear. 2. C. bulbifera. 1. C. maculata L. Inswamps: N. B. to Man., Fla. and N. Mex. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 2. C. bulbiferaL. Inswamps: N.S. to Del., Man., Ind. and Neb. Conn. Throughout the state. N.Y. OnL.I.andS. 1. and in the Bronx, increasing and becom- ing common northward. N. J. Rarein Camden and Gloucester counties, near the Delaware, * See Introduction paragraph 36. = AMMIACEAE 479 thence unrecorded to Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence in- creasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Philadelphia counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in the region oi glacial terraces: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. : 11. Deringa Adans. 1. D. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. In woods: N. B. to S. Dak., Ga. Set and Tex. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, and in the region just east of them, there unrecorded; rare in the region west of the pine-barrens from Camden, Co., N. J. southward; and on the coastal plain of L. I. 7 12. Taenidia Drude. 1. T. integerrima (L.) Drude. In rocky or sandy soil: Que. to N. Car., Ont., Minn., Kan. and Miss. Conn. New Haven and Fairfield counties near the coast. N. Y. Hempstead Plains and at Flushing, L. I.; unknown on S. I.; rare in the Bronx, thence increasing northward. N. J. Reported but not definitely known from northern Ocean and Monmouth counties; rare in Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare or wanting: Older Formations increasing but never very common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 13. Sium [Tourn.] L. 1. S. cicutaefolium Gmel. In swamps: N. S. to B. Col., Fla., La. and Cal. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there un- recorded. A weak, usually aquatic, form of this species has been described as S. Carsoni Durand. I am unable to maintain it as a species, at least so far as local plants are concerned. 14. Ptilimnium Raf. 1. P. capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. In wet soil, especially in Brackish marshes: Mass. to Fla., west to Tex. 480 AMMIACEAE So far as our range is concerned, known only from the region within the influence of the tide, and at New Egypt, Ocean Co., N. J. inland.* 15. Lilaeopsis Greene. 1. L. lineata (Michx.) Greene. In salt and brackish marshes and on river shores: N. H. to Fla., west to Miss. Conn. Rare along the coast in New London Co., increasing but never common in the coastal marshes westward. N.J. At the foot of the Palisades in Bergen Co., a little south of a point directly opposite Hastings-on-Hudson and opposite Mt. St. Vincent; also very rare in the coastal marshes of Ocean and Atlantic counties; and in Cape May Co. N. Y. Fort Washington Point, and Spuyten Duvil Creek, N. Y. City, and Smithtown, L. I. A very rare and local plant whose distribution is not understood. 16. Ligusticum L. 1. L. scoticum L. Along salt marshes: Conn. to Lab., also on the Pacific Coast and in northern Europe and Asia. Known only from East Lyme, eastward in Conn. and from Fisher’s Island in L. I. Sound, and in N. Y. 17. Thaspium Nutt. Leaves mostly ternate; segments crenate, thickish. 1. T. trifoliatum. Leaves mostly biternate; segments incised or lobed, rather thin. 2. T. barbinode. 1. T. trifoliatum (L.) Britton (7. trifoliatum aureum Britton). In woods: N. J. to Tenn. and Mo. N. J. Union, Mercer and Middlesex counties, southwestward, but not in the pine-barrens. PA. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Distribution not fully understood. 2. T. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Along streams: Ont. to Minn., Kan., Fla., Ky. and Ark. Conn. Near Canaan, Litchfield Co. N. J. Known only from Hunterdon Co. Pa. From Northampton and Montgomery counties southward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps rare, but probably not in the region: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,200 ft. * See Introduction paragraph 21. AMMIACEAE 481 18. Conioselinum Hoffm. I. C. chinense (L.) B.S. P. In cold swamps: Lab. to Mass., N. Y., N. Car., Minn., Wisc. and Ind. Not Chinese. Conn. Northern part of Litchfield Co. N. Y. Rare in northern Westchester Co., increasing northward. N. J. Bergen and Sussex counties. Pa. Northampton Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local in the north. 117-153 days. 500-3,365 ft. 19. Angelica L. _ Umbels glabrous or nearly so; leaf-segments acute or acutish. 1. A. atropurpurea. _Umbels densely tomentose; leaf segments tomentose. 2. A. villosa. 1. A. atropurpurea L. In swamps and moist ground: Lab. to Minn., Del. and IIl. Rare and scattered over all the range, but not in the pine-barrens, nor in the region immediately surrounding them. 2. A. villosa (Walt.) B.S. P. In dry soil: Conn. to Fla., Minn., Tenn. and Mo. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown; nowhere common. 20. Oxypolis Raf. 1. O. rigidior (L.) Raf. (O. longifolia Britton). In swamps: N. Y. to Fla., Minn., Mo. and La. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; Piermont, Rockland Co.; e unknown elsewhere. N. J. Bergen, Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing south- ward, but rare or wanting in the pine-barrens. Pa. From Northampton and Bucks counties, southward. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 169-220 days. About sea-lev el. 21. Pastinaca L. 1. P. sativa L. Roadsides and waste places: E.N. Am. Natur- alized from Europe. A common adventive in most parts of our range. 22. Heracleum L. 1. H. lanatum Michx. In moist ground: Newf. to Alask., N. » Car., Mo., Utah and Cal. 482 L. CORNACEAE @ ONN. Throughout the state, but not very common. N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward, but not definitely known from the Catskills. N. J. Local in Camden and Burlington counties, along the Delaware; increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun- ties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, occasional along the Delaware in and near the region of glacial terraces: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 128-220 days. Sea level—2,100 ft. Z, 23. Daucus L. D. Carota L. In fields and waste places: throughout N. Am. Native of Europe. Common everywhere as a weed, less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. Among the occasional waifs and introduced plants are the following: The garden chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., and a wild form A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., known only on S. I.; the Shepherd’s-needle, Scandix Pecten-veneris L.; the Poison Hem- lock, Conium maculatum L.; the Parsley, Apium Petroselinum L.; The Caraway, Carum Carui L.; The Pimpernel, Pimpenella Saxifraga L.; The Goutweed, Aegopodium Podagraria L.; The Fool’s Parsley, Aethusa Cynapium L., The Lovage, Hipposelinum Levisticum (L.) Britton; The Fennel, Foeniculum Foeniculum (L.) Karst.; The Dill- weed, Anethum graveolens L.; The Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L.; The Master- wort, Imperatoria Ostruthium L., known only from Long Pond, Monroe Co., Pa.; and Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Raf., known only from near Philadelphia. All of these have been collected from time to time, but it is doubtful if any are permanently estab- lished in the range. They are natives of Europe and Asia. CORNACEAE Flowers perfect, 4-parted; ovary 2-celled. Flowers cymose, not involucrate. 1. CORNUS. Flowers capitate, involucrate by 4 large white bracts. Trees or shrubs. 2. CYNOXYLON. Undershrubs with creeping rootstocks. 3. CHAMAEPERICLYMENUM. Flowers polygamous or dioecious; petals minute or none; ovary 2-celled. 4. NYssA. 1. Cornus [Tourn.] L. Leaves opposite. Leaves downy pubescent beneath, at least when young. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular. 1. C. rugosa. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 2. C. Amomum. Leaves glabrate or minutely pubescent beneath. Leaves ovate, short-pointed; twigs purple. 3. C. stolonifera. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; twigs grey. 4. C. femina. Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the flowering branches. 5. C. alternifolia. i Rt, Mei # CORNACEAE 483 _ 1. C. rugosa Lam. (C. circinata L’Her.). In shady often rocky ___ situations: N. S. to Man., Va., Ill. and Iowa. os Conn. Rare in New London Co., increasing northwestward and becoming common in Litchfield Co. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Bronx, West- chester and Rockland counties, thence increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Union and Hunterdon counties, increasing north- ward, unknown southward. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Lehigh, Bucks and Schuylkill counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward, south of the moraine only in Pa. and N. J. 118-187 days. Sea level—4,o50 ft. 2. C. Amomum Mill. In wet soil: N. B. to Ont., Fla., S. Dak. } and Tex. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting and rare on the L. I. coastal plain. a 3 C. stolonifera Michx. In moist soil: N.S. to the Yukon Terr., Va., Ky., Neb., Ariz. and Cal. Conn. Hartford and Fairfield counties, rare; increasing and common northwestward into Litchfield Co. N.Y. Reported but not definitely known from the north side of L. I., unknown on the south side; rare on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Ocean and Mon- mouth counties; rare and local in northern Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or wanting: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-189 days. Sea level-3,800 ft. aaa C. femina Mill. (C. candidissima Marsh., not Mill.) In rich soil: Me. to N. Car., Minn., and Neb. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and Cape May, there wanting; rare or wanting in the region surrounding the bar- rens, except that it is found along the Delaware River in N. J. near the glacial terraces in Salem, Camden and Gloucester counties; rare on the L. I. coastal plain. 5. C. alternifolia L. f. In woods: N. S. to Ga., Ont., Minn., W. Va. and Ala. ~ Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and 484 CLETHRACEAE the region just east of them, there wanting; occasional on the L. I. coastal plain. 2. Cynoxylon Raf. 1. C. floridum (L.) Raf. (Cornus florida L.). In woods: Me. and Ont. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 3. Chamaepericlymenum Graebn. 1. C. canadense (L.) Asch. & Graebn. (Cornus canadensis L.). In low woods: Newf. to Alask., N. J., Ind. Minn., Colo. and Cal. Conn. Very rare in the southern part of the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Known on L. I. only from an old specimen collected at Dutch Kills, in Queens; unknown elsewhere except in Dutchess, Columbia, Ulster, Delaware and Greene counties. N. J. Very rare in and not recently collected from Hudson and Mercer counties, unknown elsewhere except in northern Sussex Co. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Carbon, Luzerne and Schuylkill counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 118-158 days. Sea level—4,o50 ft. 4. Nyssa L. 1. N. sylvatica Marsh. In rich moist soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla., Mich. and Tex. Throughout the range, more common southward than in the mountains northward. The reported occurrence of Nyssa biflora Walt. in N. J. has not been verified. GAMOPETALAE CLETHRACEAE Clethra L. 1. C. alnifolia L. In wet soil: Ont. to northern N. J. and Fla., mostly near the coast. Common throughout the range. PYROLACEAE Flowers racemose; leaves basal. I. PyROLA. Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled. Stem leafy at the base; flower solitary; style long. 2. MONESES. Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style very short. 3. CHIMAPHILA. —V—— PYROLACEAE 485 I. Pyrola |Tourn.] L. Style and stamens declined (slightly so in No. 4). Petals very obtuse; leaves rounded at the apex. Calyx lobes oblong or lanceolate; leaves shining. 1. P. americana. Calyx lobes ovate or triangular, short; leaves dull. Blades orbicular, coriaceous, mostly shorter than the petioles. 2. P. chlorantha. Blades oval, membranous, longer than the petioles. 3. P. elliptica. 7 Petals and leaves acute, the latter small. 4. P. oxypetala. Style straight; stamens connivent. 5. P. secunda. a I. P. americana Sweet. (P. rotundifolia of Amer. authors, not : of L.).. In dry woods: N. S. to S. Dak., Ga. and Ohio. 7 Also in Europe. Frequent throughout the range, less so in the region of the N. J. pine-barrens than elsewhere. 2. P. chlorantha Sweet. In dry woods: Lab. to Brit. Col., dq D. C., Ill., Neb. and Col. Also in Europe. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Near Riverhead, L. I.,* otherwise not known from the island, or from S. I. Rare and local from the Highlands of the Hudson northward. N. J. Rare and local in Monmouth, Burlington and Camden counties, thence increasing northward up the Delaware Valley; at Closter, Bergen Co.; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Bucks, Berks, and Delaware counties. 7 Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-189 days. Sea level-4,o50 ft. 3. P. elliptica Nutt. In rich, mostly dry woods: N.S. to B. Col., D. C., Ill., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J., there rare or wanting, not very common on the region surrounding the barrens. 4. P. oxypetala Austin. Hills: Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. Known only from its original collection and not recently seen. 5. P. secunda L. (P. secunda pumila Payne). In woods and thickets: Lab. to Alask., D. C., Neb., along the Rocky Mts. to Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. *See Introduction paragraph 39. 486 PYROLACEAE Conn. Very rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., rare on S. I., thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Very rare in Monmouth, Burlington and Camden counties, mostly near the Delaware River, thence increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. - Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-204 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft. 2. Moneses Salisb. 1. M. uniflora (L.) A. Gray. In woods: Lab. to Alask., Conn., Pa., Mich. in the Rocky Mts. to Col. and to Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Northern Windham, Tolland, Hartford and Litchfield counties. N. Y. The mountains of Greene and Delaware counties. Pa. Reported from the “ northern tier of counties ’’; not seen by me. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, confined to the northern part of the range. Not south of the moraine. 118-153 days. 1,200-4,050 ft. 3. Chimaphila Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, mottled with white. 1. C. maculata. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, bright green. 2. C. corymbosa. 1. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. In dry woods: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Miss. Throughout the range, more common in the pine-barrens and less common in the mountains than elsewhere. 2. C. corymbosa Pursh. (C. wmbellata of Amer. authors). In dry woods: N.S. to Mich. and Ga. Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens and always increasing northward; less common than the last. MONOTROPACEAE Flowers solitary. 1. MONOTROPA. Flowers racemose. 2. HyYPopirtys. ERICACEAE 487 a 1. Monotropa L. i ‘Mz uniflora L. In moist rich woods: Anticosti to Fla., B _ Col. and Cal. Also in Japan and the Himalayas. ay Scattered throughout the range but rare or perhaps wanting in the _ interior of the pine-barrens. - 2. Hypopitys Hill. 12 retrorsely bearded; sepals and petals long-ciliate. 1. H. lanuginosa. na not retrorsely bearded; sepals and petals short-ciliate. 2. H. americana, CL ‘i. lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt. Woods: Newf. to Ont., Tenn. and Fila. Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens. 2. H. americana (DC.) Small. Woods: Ont. and N. Y. to N. C. Conn. West Goshen. moe. 5. 1. N. J. Cranberry Lake, Sussex Co. ERICACEAE A Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla deciduous; anthers unappen- _daged. Corolla of separate petals. 1. LEDUM. Corolla gamopetalous (polypetalous in No. 5). Corolla somewhat irregular. Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped; leaves . deciduous. 2. AZALEA. f Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip divided to the base; . J leaves deciduous. 3. RHODORA. Corolla campanulate; leaves evergreen. 4. RHODODENDRON. Corolla regular; seeds angled or rounded. Corolla polypetalous; low pine-barren plant. 5. DENDRIUM. Corolla gamopetalous. 6. KALMIA. _ Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry or drupe; corolla deciduous; anthers often awned. Fruit a dry capsule; calyx not acrescent, mostly small. Anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore or chink. Sepals or calyx-lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. Capsule dehiscent into a single layer of 5 valves. Capsule dehiscent into 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 8. CHAMAEDAPHNE. Sepals or calyx-lobes valvate or separate in the bud. Anthers 2-awned on the back. * Corolla urn-shaped or cylindric; leaves not glaucous. g. NEOPIERIS. . EUBOTRYS. “I 488 ERICACEAE Corolla globose; leaves narrow, glaucous beneath. _ 10, ANDROMEDA. Anthers awnless. II. XOLISMA. Anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent; low trailing woody herb. 12. EPIGAEA. Fruit a drupe or a capsule enclosed by the fleshy acrescent calyx. Fruit consisting of the fleshy calyx surrounding the capsule. 13. GAULTHERIA. Fruit a drupe with 4 or 5 nutlets. 14. UVA-URSI. Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla withering-persistent. 15. CALLUNA. 1. Ledum L. 1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. In bogs and swamps: Greenland to B. Col., Mass., N. J. (?) and Wash. Conn. Northeastern Litchfield Co. N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the higher Catskills, otherwise unknown. N. J. Credited to Sussex Co. but not definitely known from the state. Pa. Luzerne and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare, increasing northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-153 days. 1,100- 4,020 ft. 2. Azalea L. Flowers expanding before or with the leaves. Flowers pink or white. Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath; corolla-tube hirsute. . A. nudiflora. Leaves canescent beneath; corolla-tube glandular. . A. prinophylla. I 2 Flowers orange or yellow. 3. A. lutea. Flowers expanding later than the leaves. 4. A. viscosa. 1. A. nudiflora L. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to IIl., Fla. and Tex. Reported from Canada. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare; always increasing northward; uncommon on the L. I. coastal plain. 2. A. prinophylla Small. In woods: Mass. and N. Y. to Va. and Tenn. Has been included in A. canescens Michx. CONN. Very rare in northern New London Co., otherwise known only from northwestern Litchfield Co. N. Y. Known only from Greene, Ulster and Delaware counties, but not always at great elevations. N. J. The northern corner of Sussex Co, Pa. Luzerne, Pike, Monroe and Lackawanna counties. es ERICACEAE 489 7 Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local. Not south of the moraine. 117-168 days. Sea level—4,o020 ft. 4 A. lutea L. In dry woods: N. Y. and Pa. to Ga. and Tenn. This, the most widely cultivated of American azaleas, has never been collected from the range asa wild plant since its original discovery in Ulster Co., N. Y. In view of the ict that its extreme northern limit as a wild plant now appears to be in Franklin and omerset counties in Pa., its original collection within our range may have been from a cultivated specimen. Common throughout the range as to the type, and scarcely less so as to the forms hispida, glauca, and nitida. 3. Rhodora L. _ I. R. canadensis L. In bogs and on wet hillsides: Newf. to N. J., Que.; central N. Y. and Pa. Conn. Very rare near the coast, increasing northward. N. Y. Reported from Westchester Co., otherwise unknown. N. J. Morris and Sussex counties. Pa. Monroe and Lackawanna counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local. Not south of the moraine. 117-160 days. 500~4,040 ft. 4. Rhododendron L. 1. R. maximum L. In woods and along streams: N. S. to Ont., Ohio and Ga. Conn. Litchfield, Tolland and New London counties, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Known only from the Highlands of the Hudson northward; formerly on S. I. and reported as formerly at Inwood. N.J. Very rare in the region of glacial terraces along the Delaware in Camden and Burlington Co., thence increasing northward, especially in the valley of the Delaware. Pa. Throughout the range, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare along the drainage of the Delaware River: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,020 ft. 5. Dendrium Desv. 1. D. buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. In damp sandy pine-barrens: WN. J. . 490 ERICACEAE Common throughout the New Jersey pine-barrens, very rare in Monmouth Co., just north of the barrens. Tertiary, confined to the Beacon Hill formation: Cretaceous, very rare at or near Freehold, Monmouth Co., N. J.: Older For- mations, 0. 169-182 days. About sea-level. 6. Kalmia L. Flowers in mostly compound umbels or corymbs; twigs terete. Leaves oblong, mostly obtuse; flowers 6-10 mm. broad. 1. K. angustifolia. Leaves elliptic or oval, acute; flowers 16-25 mm. broad. 2. K. latifolia. Flowers in simple terminal umbels; twigs 2-edged. 3. K. polifolia. 1. K. angustifolia L. In moist soil: Newf. to Hudson Bay, south to Ga. and Mich. Common throughout the range, except that it is apparently wanting on the southern end of Cape May and not known from the Bronx. 2. K. latifolia L. In woods: N. B. to Ont., Ohio, Fla. and La. Common throughout the range except at the southern end of Cape May, there unknown. 3. K. polifolia Wang. (K. glauca Ait.) In bogs: Newf. to Alaska, Conn., N. J., Pa., Mich. and Cal. Conn. Very rare in Fairfield Co., increasing northward into Litchfield Co., unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing but rare northwestward in the Catskills. N. J. Near Budd’s Lake, Morris Co. Round Pond, Sussex Co. Pa. Pike, Wayne, and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-166 days. 680-4,050 ft. 7. Eubotrys Nutt. 1. E. racemosa (L.) Nutt. (Leucothoé racemosa (L.) A. Gray). In swamps and moist thickets: Mass. to Pa., Fla. and La. Conn. Rare and local near the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Westchester Co.; unknown northward. N. J. Rare and local in Morris, Bergen, Hunterdon and Union counties, thence increasing and becoming common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. ERICACEAE 491 Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, scattered and apparently wanting northward. 159-220 days. Sea level-993 ft. 8. Chamaedaphne Moench. 1. C. calyculata (L.) Moench. In bogs and swamps: Newf. to Alask., N. J., Ga., Ill., Mich. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Common throughout the range, except on S. I. and in the Bronx, there unknown. 9g. Neopieris Britton. at. N. mariana (L). Britton (Andromeda mariana L.). In sandy ee soil: R: I. to Fla., Tenn. and Ark. : Conn. The coastal region in Fairfield Co., N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., rare along the coast of Long Island Sound in Westchester Co.; near Spuyten Duyvil Creek; otherwise unknown. N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Passaic counties, thence increasing and common southward, especially in the pine-barrens, unknown in soutnern Cape May Co. Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and scattered.- 164-220 days. About sea level. 10. Andromeda L. 1. A. canescens Small. In bogs: Newf. and Lab. to Man. and N. J., Pa. and Ind. Conn. Rare in Fairfield Co., increasing northward into Litchfield Co. N.Y. Orange and Putnam counties, increasing northward. N. J. Morris and Sussex counties. Pa. Pike, Wayne and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-158 days. 500- 4,050 ft. Formerly included in A. polifolia L. 11. Xolisma Raf. 1. X. ligustrina (L.) Britton. In swamps and wet soil: Me. to W. Y., Fla., Tenn. and Ark. Common throughout the range but always increasing southward. 492 VACCINIACEAE 12. Epigaea L. 1. E. repens L. In sandy or rocky woods: Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Ky. and Mich. Throughout the range in favorable places, but much diminished by recent collection. 13. Gaultheria Kalm. 1. G. procumbens L. In woods: Newf. to Man., Ga. and Mich. Common throughout the range. 14. Uva-ursi Mill. (Arctostaphylos Adans.) 1. U. Uva-ursi (L.) Cockerell. Dry, rocky or sandy soil: Lab. to Alask., N. J., Va., Ill., Neb., Colo., Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Rare and local in the north, increasing southward, espe- cially along the coast. N. Y. Common on eastern L. I.; S. I.; unknown in Bronx and Westchester counties, thence decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Greene Co., but not known from the higher Catskills. N. J. Rare and local in Bergen and Passaic counties, thence unrecorded to Middlesex Co., thence increasing and common southward, in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 169-220 days. Sea level—5g0 ft. 15. Calluna Salisb. 1. C. vulgaris (L.) Salisb. Sandy or rocky soil: Newf. to N. J. Naturalized from Europe. N. J. Very rare as an escape along the coast. Not recently collected. VACCINIACEAE Ovary 10-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 4-5-celled; fruit a many seeded berry. Corolla open, campanulate, 4-5 lobed. 2. POLYCODIUM. Corolla cylindric, sub-globose or urceolate. Erect shrubs; ovary entirely inferior; berries normally not white. 3. VACCINIUM. Low trailing woody plant with snow-white berries. 4. CHIOGENES. Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes reflexed. 5. Oxycoccus. VACCINIACEAE 493 I. Gaylussacia H. B. K. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, resinous; fruit with a bloom. 1. G. frondosa. Leaves green both sides, resinous; fruit mostly black. Bracts small, deciduous, mostly shorter than the pedicels. 2. G. baccata. Bracts oval, large, persistent, longer than the pedicels. 3. G. dumosa. 1. G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. In woods and thickets: N. H. to Fla., Ohio and La. Common throughout most of the range, less common northward and more abundant in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. | 2. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. (G. resinosa (Ait.) T. & G.). In woods and thickets: Newf. to Ga., Man., Wisc. and Ky. Common throughout the range, especially in the pine-barrens. SeeeG. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. In sandy swamps: Newf. to . fmeoy., Fla..and La. Conn. Very rare but scattered over most of the state; not def- initely known from New London Co. N. Y. Not very common on L. I. and S. I., unknown in the Bronx, decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Westchester Co., apparently wanting elsewhere. N. J. The coastal plain, more common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. Pa. Montgomery and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, scattered and rare. 166-220 days. About sea level. A form with permanently glandular leaves has been described as var. Bigeloviana Fernald from Conn. I have seen no specimens.* 2. Polycodium Raf. 1. P. stamineum (L.) Greene. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to Ont., Minn., Ark., Ky. and Ala. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there un- recorded, very rare in the region surrounding the barrens. 3. Vaccinium L. Tall shrubs, mostly 1 m. high or higher. Corolla cylindric or nearly so, 2-3 times as long as thick. Glabrous or nearly so. - . V. corymbesum. Twigs and leaves densely pubescent. 2. V. vicinum. Corolla urn-shaped to oblong-cylindric, 1-2 times as long as thick. _ Glabrous from the first. 3. V. caesariense. * Rhodora 13: 99. I9II. 494 VACCINIACEAE Leaves pubescent beneath at least when young. Leaves entire-margined. 4. V. atrococcum. Leaves spinulose-ciliate. 5. V. atlanticum. Low shrubs, mostly !ess than 6 dm. high. Leaves green on both sides. Leaves densely pubescent beneath. 6. V. canadense. Leaves glabrous, or sparingly pubescent on the veins beneath. 7. V. angustifolium. Leaves pale and glaucous, at least beneath. Leaves pale on both sides; mature fruit black. 8. V. Brittonit. Leaves pale beneath; mature fruit blue. g. V. vacillans. 1. V. corymbosum L. Inswamps and wet woods: Newf. to Va., Minn. and La. Common throughout the range. . V. vicinum Bicknell. E. Mass. to N. J. Known only from the coastal plain of L. I. and N. J. NO 3. V. caesariense Mackenzie. Bogs: L. I. (?) and N. J. to Fla. N. Y. Apparently on L. I. N. J. Rare in the pine-barrens in Ocean, Burlington and Atlantic counties; a single station at Five-Mile Beach along the coast, and one station near Woodbury, Camden Co.; otherwise unknown from the area. | Pa. Reported from Chester Co. 4. V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. In swamps and wet woods: N. B. and Ont., to N. J., Pa.and- laser Throughout the range, decreasing northward, and more common southward than elsewhere. on . V. atlanticum Bicknell (? V. amoenum Ait.). In swamps: E. Mass. to N. Y. and N. J. CONN. Presumably recorded as V. corymbosum amoenum. N. Y. Coastal plain of L. I., S. I., and near West Point. N. J. Coastal plain, and in Union Co. Has been referred to V. virgatum Ait. 6. V. canadense Richards. In moist places: Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Va., Ill. and Mich. CONN. Near Salisbury, Litchfield Co. N. Y. The mountains of Ulster, Delaware, Greene and Sullivan counties. Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties. VACCINIACEAE 495 Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local _ northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-152 days. 1,400- 4,020 ft. 7. V. angustifolium Ait. (V. pennsylvanicum Lam.., not Mill.) In _ dry rocky or sandy soil: Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J., Va., Il. and Mich. Conn. Throughout the state. , N.Y. Frequent on L. I., rare on S. I., unknown in the Bronx, increasing northward. N. J. Not very common in Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester, Camden, Burlington, and Monmouth counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common northward, especially on rocky ridges; rare in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Dela- ware and Schuylkill counties. Tertiary, rare or wanting on Beacon Hill, increasing elsewhere: Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations, increasing and common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. 8. V. Brittonii Porter (V. nigrum Britton not V. pennsylvuanicum nigrum Wood). Indry rocky soil: Me. to N. J., Pa. and Mich. Confined, so far as present records show, to Litchfield Co., Conn., Sussex Co., N. J. and Monroe Co., Pa., at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft. All these stations are north of the moraine, and have a growing season of 118-153 days. Not reported from, but doubtless in, the Catskills. *) V. vacillans Kalm. In dry soil: Me. and N. H. to Ont., Mich., N. Car. and Mo. Common throughout the range. ; V. Dobbinii Burnham (V. angustifolium X vacillans) is to be looked for in our _ area wherever both the parents are found. V. australe Small has been recorded along _ the coast north to eastern Mass. A 4. Chiogenes Salisb. 2 I. C. hispidula (L.) T. & G. In cold wet woods and bogs: Newf. to B. Col., N. Car. and Mich. Conn. Northern New London and New Haven counties, increas- ing northward into Tolland and Litchfield counties. N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I., a single station near Clove Lake, S. I., thence increasing but rare northward ~ except in the higher elevations of the Catskills. 496 DIAPENSIA CEAE N. J. Known only from the old Cedar Swamp in Hudson Co., a station long since destroyed. Pa. Wayne, Northampton and Monroe counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level— 4,040 ft. 5. Oxycoccus [Tourn.] Hill. Leaves oval, acute, 4-8 mm. long; berry globose. I. O. Oxycoccus, Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-14 mm. long; berry ovoid or oblong. 2. O. macrocarpus. 1. O. Oxycoccus (L.) MacM. In cold bogs: Lab. to Alask., N. J., N. Car., Mich. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Rare and local over most of the state, increasing north- westward. N. Y. From West Point northward. N. J. Reported, but not definitely known from Monmouth and Ocean counties; recorded from Hudson, Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties. Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level—4,o40 ft. 2. O. macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. In bogs: Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car., W. Va., Mich. and Minn. Throughout the range in locally favorable places, more common southward, and less common northward than elsewhere. Ap- parently wanting in the unglaciated portion of the Piedmont Pla- teau.* DIAPENSIACEAE 1. Pyxidanthera Michx. 1. P. barbulata Michx. In dry sandy pine-barrens: N. J. and Ni. Gar. N. J. Rare ‘and local in Middlesex, Monmouth and Camden counties, outside the pine-barrens; increasing and becoming common in the barrens. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere: Cre- taceous, less common and scattered: Older Formations, unknown. 179-182 days. About sea level. * See Introduction paragraph 7. PRIMULACEAE 497 a PRIMULACEAE ‘S OF eetiacnts of the corolla erect or spreading, not reflexed. Le es of the corolla imbricated, at least in the bud. : A _ Ovary wholly superior. 1. Horronta. - Ovary adnate to the calyx; marsh herbs. 2. SAMOLUS. ice of the corolla convolute or valvate. - ‘Capsule longitudinally dehiscent. . _ Corolla rotate or rarely short-funnelform. cs Stem leafy throughout; flowers yellow. c Staminoidia 5; each corolla-lobe curved around its stamen. 3. STEIRONEMA. Staminoidia none; corolla lobes convolute. 4. LYSIMACHIA. Staminoidia 5, tooth-like; flowers in axillary spike-like racemes or heads. 5. NAUMBURGIA. Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white. 6. TRIENTALIS. Corolla none; flowers minute, solitary in the axils. 7. GLAUX. _ Capsule circumscissle; flowers axillary. 8. ANAGALLIS. ments of the corolla reflexed; plants scapose. 9g. DODECATHEON. 1. Hottonia Boerh. Pi. Llinflata Ell. “In shallow stagnant ponds: N. H. and Mass. a to Cent. N. Y., Fla. and La. Local in the coastal region of our area, and in Bergen and Hudson counties, N. J. 2. Samolus [Tourn.] L. . . S.floribundus H. B. K. Inswampsand brooks: N. B. to Fla., B. Col., Tex. and Cal. Throughout the coastal part of our range, rare or wanting inland except along the river valleys. 3. Steironema Raf. s ovate to lanceolate; capsule longer than the calyx. . S. ciliatum. Ae chain Pisibeclate, oblong or linear; capsule nearly as long as the calyx. 2. S. lanceolatum. . S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. In moist thickets: N.S. to B. Col., Ga., Ala., Kan. and Ariz. Throughout the region except in the pine-barrens, there wanting, and rare in the region to the east and south of the barrens. . S.lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. (S. hybridum (Michx.) Raf.) In moist soil: Me. to Minn., Fla., La. and Ariz. Distribution similar to the orseadias but unknown in the Bronx. 33 498 PRIMULACEAE 4. Lysimachia [Tourn.] L. Leaves verticillate in 3’s—7’s, or some of them opposite. Corolla rotate-campanulate, pure-yellow, I-2.5 cm. broad. Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla-lobes glabrous. 1. L. vulgaris. Flowers axillary; corolla-lobes glandular ciliate. 2. L. punctata. Corolla rotate, 0.8-1.6 cm. broad, its lobes dark-streaked. 3. L. quadrifolia. Leaves opposite or some of them rarely alternate, sometimes ver- ticillate in No. 5. Flowers in a terminal virgate raceme; stem erect. Raceme leafy only at the base. 4. L. terrestris. Raceme leafy to the middle or beyond. 5. L. producta. Flowers axillary, solitary; stem creeping. 6. L. Nummuiaria. —_ . L. vulgaris L. In fields and along roadsides: Me. to N. Y. and Penn. Naturalized from Europe. A rare and scarcely established adventive in parts of our range. . L. punctata L. In waste places: N.S. to N. J. Adventive from Europe. A rare and infrequent adventive in parts of our range. 3. L. quadrifolia L. In thickets: N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Wisc. Throughout the range, but rare and perhaps only intrusive in the pine-barrens, increasing northward. 4. L. terrestris (L.) B. S. P. In swamps and moist thickets, sometimes on gravelly shores: Newf., Man., Ga. and Ark. Common throughout the range. . L. producta (A. Gray) Fernald. In swamps and along road- sides: Me. to N. Y., Mass. and Mich. Conn. Rare and local near the coast, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. On L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Putnam Co., unknown northward; nowhere common. N. J. Passaic, Essex and Union counties, not very common; decreasing and scattered in Middlesex, Monmouth and Burlington counties; unknown in the pine-barrens. A rare and local species whose distribution is little understecd Supposed by some to be a hybrid between guadrifolia and terrestris. 6. L. Nummularia L. In moist places: Newf. to N. J., Pa. and Ind. Naturalized from Europe. Locally abundant as a naturalized weed, often wanting. Ny on 5. Naumburgia Moench. 1. N. thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Inswamps: N.S. to Alask., N. Y., Pa, Mo. and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. PLUMBAGINACEAE 499 Conn. Throughout the state but much scattered and rare. N.Y. Rare on the north shore of L. I. and onS. I., thence increas- ing but always scattered northward. N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Hudson, Morris, Sussex and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Pike and Wayne Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and scattered, exclusively north of the moraine. 117-220 days. Sea level- 4,000 ft. = 6. tia mg t. x Se itckets: Lab. to the N. W. Terr Va: iit see Me, Throughout the range, common both in the south and in the highest elevations of the Catskills. 7. Glaux L. 1. G. maritima L. In salt marshes and on sea beaches: N. J. to | Newf. and locally in the interior. Also in Europe and Asia. Known so far as our area is concerned only at Deal on the coast of New Jersey; Montauk, L. I. 8. Anagallis [Tourn.] L. c a9 A. arvensis L. In waste places: Newf. to Fla., Minn. and Mex., and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Locally common as a weed, often wanting. _ The blue-flowered form A. arvensis coerulea (Lam.) Ledeb., has been collected in he range, but it is a rare and hardly persistent adventive. ‘i 9. Dodecatheon L. = D. Meadia L. On moist cliffs and prairies: Pa. to Man., Ga. and Tex. Localized, and reaching its most northerly distribution point, in our area in southwestern Montgomery Co., Pa. This region is south of the moraine, is underlaid by syenite and granite, and has a growing season of about 174 days. PLUM BAGINACEAE 1. Limonium Adans. 1. L. carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. On salt meadows: Lab. to a. and Tex. 500 OLEACEAE Throughout the region of salt meadows in all our area, but not known from Pa. EBENACEAE 1. Diospyros L. 1. D. virginiana L. In fields and woods: R. I. to Kan., Fla. and Tex. Conn. Localized near New Haven in a good sized grove, perhaps not native there. N. Y. L. I. and S.1., the northern end of Manhattan; found also on the Sound shore of Westchester Co.; unknown else- where. N. J. Scattered in all the northern counties, increasing south- ward, but unknown in the pine-barrens; more common in the drainage of the Delaware River than elsewhere. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Schuylkill, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, not uncommon elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older F ormations, rare and _ scattered. 164-220 days. Sea level—625 ft. : OLEACEAE Fruit a samara; leaves pinnate; flowers mostly dioecious; corolla wanting. I. FRAXINUS. Fruit a drupe; leaves simple; flowers perfect and complete. 2. CHIONANTHUS. 1. Fraxinus [Tourn.] L. Lateral leaflets sessile or short stalked. 1. F. nigra. Lateral leaflets distinctly stalked. Wing decurrent on the samara to the middle or below. Wing of the samara long-linear. Wing of the samara spatulate or oblong-spatulate. Samara-body broadly spatulate; leaves thick, entire. 3. F. Michauxtt. Samara-body narrowly spatulate; leaves thin, N . F. Darlingtonit. serrate or entire. 4. F. pennsylvanica. Wing of the samara terminal, scarcely decurrent on the seed-body. Twigs and leaves glabrous. 5. F. americana. Twigs and leaves densely pubescent. 6. F. biltmoreana. 1. F. nigra Marsh. Swamps and river shores: Newf. to Man., south to Va., Ill., Mo. and Ark. Conn. Throughout the state but rare. N.Y. Reported but not definitely known from the north shore of L. I., but south of Jamaica and north of Queens; rare on S. I.; OLEACEAE 501 rare and local in the Bronx, and in Rockland Co., thence in- : creasing but never common northward. N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Morris, Sussex, Hunterdon, Essex, Mercer, and Monmouth counties; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Species scattered and the distribution not understood. 2. F. Darlingtonii Britton. .In woods: Mass. to central N. Y., south to Ala. and La. Known in our range only from near Southington, Conn. and West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. The Conn. station is in the region of Triassic sandstone and the Pa. record is on Azoic slates. os Michauxii Britton. In wet places: southern N. Y. to N. Car. and Ind. Known definitely only from Swedesboro and Mickleton, Gloucester Co., N. J., and from the New York Botanical Garden; doubtless in the region between these geologically unrelated stations. _ 4. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. (F. lanceolata Borkh. F. viridis __-—s Michx.). In woods: Vt. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. ] Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 5. F. americana L. In rich soil, usually on hillsides: N. S. to Minn., south to Fla., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Frequent along the north shore of L. I. and on S. L., thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Occasional in Salem, Gloucester, Camden and Burlington counties in the drainage of the Delaware, thence increasing and becoming common northward. Pa. Carbon, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare along the Delaware: Older Forma- tions, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,800 ft. rs. F. biltmoreana Beadle. Southern Pa. to Ga. Known in our area only at or near Woodbourne, Bucks Co., Pa. This region is on the red and yellow grav els and clays that pre- dominate in the southeastern part of the country. F. excelsior L. planted for shade, is occasionally spontaneous. 502 GENTIANACEAE 2. Chionanthus L. 1. C. virginica L. In moist thickets: N. J. and southern Pa. to Fla. and Tex. N. J. Local in Salem, Gloucester, Atlantic and Cumberland counties, especially along Maurice River and Cohausey Creek, also sporadically introduced along the edges of the pine-barrens in the same counties, otherwise unknown in the state. Pa. Chester Co. ns Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare near the region of glacial terraces: Older Formations, not very common in the extreme southern part of our range. 168-204 days. About sea level. The privet, Ligustrum vulgare L. and the lilac, Syringa vulgaris L. are both largely planted and both are established escapes, usually near gardens. LOGANIACEAE 1. Polypremum L. 1. P. procumbens L. In dry sandy soil: N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Ky. and Ind. Terr. and Mex. Also in the W. I. Found, in our area, only near the city of Philadelphia, as a weed; undoubtedly adventive from further south. There seems to be no evidence that Spigelia marylandica L., once thought to grow in New Jersey, has ever been collected in that state. GENTIANACEAE Leaves normal; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. Style filiform; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old. Corolla salverform. 1. CENTAURIUM. Corolla rotate. 2. SABBATIA. Style short, stout or none; anthers remaining straight. Corolla without nectiferous pits, glands or scales. Corolla without plaits in the sinuses. Corolla with plaits in the sinuses. Corolla with one or two nectiferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each lobe. Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales; corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals; upper leaves normal. Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals; leaves all reduced to scales. 3. GENTIANA. 4. DASYSTEPHANA. | 5. HALENIA. 6. OBOLARIA. 7. BARTONIA. 1. Centaurium Hill (EZrythraea Neck.) 1. C. pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. In fields and waste places: N. J. to Pa. and Md. Also in the W. Ind. Naturalized from Europe. GENTIANACEAE 503 __ Introduced locally as a weed in N. J., apparently not elsewhere. C. Centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight, has been reported from the range as a very rare waif. i 2. Sabbatia Adans. jowers normally 4—5-parted, sometimes 6-7 parted. Branches opposite. Style 2-parted to below the middle; flowers white. 1. S. lanceolata. 7 Style 2-cleft to about the middle; flowers normally pink. 2. S. angularis. Branches alternate. > Calyx shorter than the corolla; leaves narrowed at the base. 3. S. stellaris. Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla; leaves broad at the base. 4. S. campanulata. Ts ee mally 8-12 parted, 3.5-6 cm. broad. 5. S. dodecandra. bs. lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. to Fla. ~ Common throughout the pine-barrens and locally in Cape May gL Ale Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations,0. 168-220days. About sea-level. oe Ss. angularis (L.) Pursh. In rich soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla., Ind. Terr. and La. N.Y. OnL. I.andS. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Westchester Co., unknown northward. N. J. Bergen, Hudson, Morris, Essex, Somerset and Mercer ‘counties, decreasing southward, but unknown in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 169-220days. About sea level. 2 3: S. stellaris Pursh. In salt meadows: Me. to Fla. Very common in all our salt marshes within the influence of the tides. A white-flowered form is sometimes found. z 4 S. campanulata (L.) Torrey. In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely in fresh-water swamps: Mass. to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. N. Y. Common along the south side of L. I.; along the bay side of S. I.; apparently unknown elsewhere. mJ. eermon along the coast; also at Burlington on the Delaware “" River; unknown elsewhere. 504 GENTIANACEAE Pa. Known only from Tullytown, Bucks Co. on the Delaware River. All the stations maritime except two on the Delaware River just below the “ fall line.”’ 5. S. dodecandra (L.) B.S. P. Borders of ponds and along salt marshes: Mass. to Fla. and Ala. In tidal marshes throughout the range; so far not reported inland, nor up the tidal rivers, except in Cape May; sometimes white flowered. 3. Gentiana [Tourn.] L. Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits. 1. G. crinita. Corolla-lobes naked, not fringed. 2. G. quinquefolia. 1. G. crinita Froel. In moist woods and meadows: Que. to Minn., Ga. and Iowa. Conn. Throughout the state; but not common. N. Y. On the north side of L. I., there rare, and at Woodmere; on S. I., thence increasing but not common northward. Reported from Easthampton, L. I., but the report not unverified. N. J. Occasional in Camden and Burlington counties in the drain- age of the Delaware, and at Ocean View, Cape May Co., reported from Monmouth Co., thence increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout the state, increasing northward. Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, very rare elsewhere*: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o00 ft. 2. G. quinquefolia L. In dry or moist soil: Me. and Ont. to Mich. and Mo. Conn. Litchfield Co., increasing northward. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Orange and northern Westchester counties, thence increasing northward. N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Monmouth and Mercer counties; rare and local in Union and Somerset counties, thence increasing northward. Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very doubtful: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-178 days. Sea level—3,860 ft. 4. Dasystephana [Reneal.] Adans. (Gentiana, in part). Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate. Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits. 1. D. Saponaria. *See Introduction paragraph 36. GENTIANACEAE 505 Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. 2. D. Andrewsii. _ Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so. Flowers clustered, sessile, 2 bracteolate under the calyx. Seeds winged. Corolla-lobes twice as long as the plaits; leaves broad, acuminate; flowers yellowish. 3. D. flavida. Corolla-lobes only a little longer than the plaits; leaves narrow; flowers blue. 4. D. linearis. Seeds completely marginless; corolla-lobes much : longer than the plaits, greenish white. 5. D. villosa. Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate; leaves linear. 6. D. Porphyrio. 1. D. Saponaria (L.) Small (Gentiana Saponaria L.) In wet soil: Ont. to Minn., Conn., Fla. and La. Conn. Not definitely known from the state; reported but prob- ably erroneously. N. Y. Common on the south side of L. I., and at Queens; common on S. I.; unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Essex, Morris and Hunterdon counties, thence increasing and becoming common southward, but wanting in the pine-barrens. Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties, all the stations near the “ fall line.”’ Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre- taceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 162-220 days. About sea level. _ 2. D. Andrewsii (Griseb.) Small. (G. Andrewsti Griseb.). In 2 moist soil: Que. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Mo. ~~ Conn. Throughout the state. : N. Y. Not rare along the north side of L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing northward; rare on the coastal plain region of.d..I. N. J. Throughout the state, decreasing southward and wanting in the pine-barrens, but found, rather rarely, near Cape May. Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,980 ft. 3. D.flavida (A. Gray) Britton. In moist soil: Ont. to Va., Minn. and Ky. Known in our area only as reported in Porter's Flora of Pa. from Bucks and Lehigh counties, Pa.; not seen by me. 3 4. D. linearis (Froel.) Britton. In bogs and on mountains: N. B. and Ont. to Md. 506 GENTIANACEAE N. Y. The Catskills of Ulster and Greene counties. N. J. Gathered at Budd’s Lake, Morris Co., many years ago, not recently collected. Pa. Monroe and Lehigh counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local northward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-179 days. 800 —4,020 ft. 5. D. villosa (L.) Small. In shaded places: N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and La. Known definitely only from Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., N. J., and from Berks and Chester counties in Pa. Very local and the distribution not understood. 6. D. Porphyrio (J. F. Gmel.) Small. In moist pine-barrens: 5. N.. J. to" Fla: The pine-barrens, but found also at Cape May, N. J. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, o: Older Formations, 0. 179-220 days. About sea level. 5. Halenia Borck (Tetragonanthus S. G. Gmel.). 1. H. deflexa (J. E. Smith) Griseb. In moist woods and thickets: Lab. to Mass., N. Y., Mich. and Ind. Terr. Known in our area only from Cochecton, Sullivan Co., N. Y., which is north of the moraine, has a growing season of 147 days and is within the drainage area of the Delaware River. It is at about goo ft. 5. Obolaria L. 1. O. virginica L. In rich woods and thickets: N. J. and Pa. to Ga., Ill. and Tex. N. J. In Hunterdon, Essex, Somerset and Mercer counties, in- creasing southward along the Delaware, to Salem Co. Unknown elsewhere. Pa. Rather common in Northampton, Bucks, Berks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare along the Delaware: Older Forma- tions, confined exclusively to the unglaciated portion of the Pied- mont Plateau. 159-220 days. Sea level—6oo ft. 6. Bartonia Muhl. Corolla lobes oblong, abruptly tipped, erose. 1. B. virginica. Corolla lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire. 2. B. paniculata. MENYANTHACEAE 507 1. B. virginica (L.) B.S. P. In moist soil: Newf. to Fla., Mich. and La. Throughout the range, less conspicuous than uncommon. 2. B. paniculata (Michx.) Robinson. (B. todandra of Britton’s Manual, in part, not of Robinson; B. lanceolata Small.) In wet sandy woods and swamps: Eastern Mass. to Fla. and La. Conn. Rareand local over the southern part of the state. N. Y. Rare on the L. I. coastal plain and at Smithtown. N. J. The coastal plain, there rare and local near the edges, most common near the coast; unknown elsewhere. A rare and local species whose distribution is not well understood. ; MENYANTHACEAE Leaves 3-foliolate; swamp plant. 1. MENYANTHES. Leaves simple, entire, cordate; floating. 2. NYMPHOIDES, 1. Menyanthes [Tourn.] L. 1. M. trifoliata L. In bogs: Greenl. to Alask., L. I., Pa., W. Va., . Neb. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. On L. I. and S. I., unknown in the Bronx, increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in Cape May and Gloucester counties,* formerly in Camden Co., apparently wanting between these stations and Hudson and Bergen counties, thence increasing and locally common northwestward. * Pa. Apparently confined to Monroe, Berks and Bucks counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere :** Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward, especially in the glaciated area. 117-220 days. ° Sea level-3,980 ft. 2. Nymphoides Hill (Limnanthemum S. G. Gmel.).7 Floating leaves 2-5 cm. long; flowers 6-12 mm. broad, yellow; seeds smooth. Floating leaves 5-15 cm. long; flowers 12-20 mm. broad, white; seeds rough. 1. N. lacunosum (Vent.) Kuntze. In ponds: N.S. to Fla., Ont., Minn. and L. Throughout the area, nowhere very common and locally want- ing; more frequent in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. 1. N. lacunosum. 2. N. aquaticum. * See Introduction paragraph 33. The Cape May Co. records are the most southerly in the east except for one in W. Va. See Rhodora 12: II. 1910, t See footnote, page 76. 508 APOCYNACEAE 2. N. aquaticum (Walt.) Kuntze. In ponds: N. J. and Del. to Fla and Tex. Known only from Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., N. J. Not recently collected. APOCYNACEAE Flowers large, solitary; vines. 1. VINCA. Flowers small, cymose; erect or diffuse herbs. 2. APOCYNUM. rT Vines; 1. V. minor L. Escaped from gardens: E. N. Am. Native of Europe. Fairly common as an escape from cultivation in most parts of our range, frequently wanting. 2. Apocynum L. Corolla 5-9 mm. long, its lobes spreading or recurved. Corolla 8-9 mm. long, pink, its tube narrowed in the throat. 1. A. androsaemifolium. Corolla 5-7 mm. long, white or pink; its tube not nar- rowed in the throat. Corolla-lobes more than half as long as the tube. 2. A. medium. Corolla-lobes much shorter than the tube. 3. A. Milleri. Corolla 3-4.5 mm. long, its lobes erect or nearly so. Leaves and cymes glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, mostly narrowed at the base; flowers greenish. 4. A. cannabinum. Larger leaves sessile or nearly so, mostly cordate- clasping at the base; flowers white. 5. A. sibiricum. Whole plant, including the cymes densely soft-pubescent. . 6. A. pubescens. 1. A. androsaemifolium L. (A. divergens Greene). In fields and thickets: Anticosti to Br. Col., Ga., Neb. and Ariz. Throughout the range, including the pine-barrens, but there probably introduced; unknown at Cape May. . A. medium Greene. (A. urceolifer G. S. Miller). In fields and waste places: Que. to D. C. and Iowa. Throughout the range. 3. A. Milleri Britton (A. speciosum G.S. Mill.). Dry soil, N. ¥yto D.C: N. J. Farmingdale, Monmouth Co. . Pa. Recorded from Delaware Co. 4. A.cannabinum L. In fields and thickets: Anticosti'to B. Col., Fla. and Lower Calif. N ASCLEPIADACEAE 509 Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there y “rare or sSeimiad nearly always as a weed. 7 i soil or along streams: Ont. to B. Col., L. I., and N. Mex. Rare and local over most of our range, but not in the pine- ‘ ReepaizeDS. yy , pubescens R. Br. In moist soil; sometimes in fields: “Ont. to R. I. and Ala., Ill., lowa and Mo. Local throughout most of ie area, most common on the coastal _ plain; not definitely recorded from Pa. ASCLEPIADACEAE Erect or decumbent herbs. _ Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within; leaves mostly _ Opposite. 1. ASCLEPIAS. _ Corona-hoods unappendaged, or with a thickened, erect-like keel; leaves opposite or alternate. 2. ACERATES. Twining vines. af Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane; pollen masses pen- _ dulous. 3. CYNANCHUM. Anthers merely tipped; pollen-masses horizontal. 4. VINCETOXICUM. 1. Asclepias L. Flowers yellow or orange; leaves alternate or opposite. 1. A. tuberosa. Flowers not yellow nor orange. Corolla bright red or purple; leaves opposite. i. Flowers 8-12 mm. broad; corona-hoods 4-6 mm. high. =s Leaves lanceolate or linear; hoods oblong, obtuse. 2. A. lanceolata. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; hoods lanceolate. 3. A. rubra. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong, acutish. 4. A. purpurascens. Flowers 4-6 mm. broad; corona-hoods 2-3 mm. high. Essentially glabrous; leaves lanceolate. 5. A. incarnata. Pubescent; leaves oblong. 6. A. pulchra. Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white. Leaves not narrowly linear. Plants glabrous throughout. Leaves sessile, clasping or very short petioled. Leaves cordate-clasping. 7. A. amplexicaulis. Leaves rounded at the base, short-petioled. 8. A. intermedia. a Leaves manifestly petioled. Corolla greenish; umbels loose. g. A. exaltata. 510 ASCLEPIADACEAE Corolla white; umbels dense. 10. A. variegata. Corolla pink; some of the leaves in 4’s. 11. A. quadrifolia. Under surface of leaves hairy. 12. A. syriaca. Leaves narrowly linear, all verticillate. 13. A. verticillata. 1. A. tuberosa L. In dry fields: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Tex. and Ariz. Throughout the range, but not very common. Broad-leaved races have been referred to A. decumbens L. 2. A. lanceolata Walt. In swamps: N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. N. J. The region of coastal salt marshes and swamps from Point Pleasant to Cape May, N. J.; apparently not in the pine-barrens. 3. A.rubraL. In moist soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Fla., La. and Tex. N. Y. The south side of L. I. N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, especially in the pine-barrens; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing and becoming scattered: 168-220 days. About sea level. 4. A. purpurascens L. In dry fields and thickets: Mass. to Va., Ont., Minn. and Kan. Common throughout Conn., N. Y. and Pa. N. J. Frequent north of the coastal plain, thence decreasing southward through Monmouth, Burlington, Camden, Atlantic and Gloucester counties; not in the pine-barrens, nor along the coast. Tertiary, apparently wanting: Cretaceous, rare: Older Forma- tions, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 5. A.incarnata L. Inswamps: N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Tenn., La. and Kan. Conn. Not uncommon throughout the state, apparently more frequent in the northwest than elsewhere. N. Y. Very rare on L. I. near N. Y. on the north shore, and at Bull’s Head, S. I., rare and local in Rockland Co., increasing northward. N. J. Passaic, Sussex, Morris and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Doubtfully, if at all, on the coastal plain. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,go0 ft. ASCLEPIADACEAE 51! ser 6. A. pulchra Ehrh. In moist fields and swamps: Me. to Minn. and Ga. - Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing northwestward. NN. Y. Common throughout L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the ; Hudson Valley to Putnam and Orange counties, not definitely known northward. N. J. Throughout the state except the pine-barrens, increasing southward. Pa. Northampton and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill; common elsewhere: Cre- taceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. Pre- dominating on the coastal plain. 159-220 days. Sea level—goo ft. _ 7. A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil: Me. to Fla., Minn., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Rare over most of the state, more common along the coast, except in Fairfield Co., than elsewhere. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to northern Westchester Co., reported but not definitely known northward from Dutchess Co. N. J. Very rare and local in Sussex, Morris, Passaic, Bergen and Hunterdon counties, thence increasing southward and becoming common in the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 141-220 days. Sea level-1,100 ft. >, . % A. intermedia Vail. Known only from Rosedale, L. I.; origin- —_ ally cited as from Lawrence, L. I., but this was an error. g. A. exaltata (L.) Muhl. In thickets and woods: Me.‘to Minn., Ga. and Mo. Conn. Throughout the state, but not very common. N.Y. Rare on the north side of L. I., occasional on the south side; on S. I., thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Recorded in Burlington and Monmouth counties north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing, but not very common, northward. Pa. Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. ; Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing Morthward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,980 ft. 512 ASCLEPIADACEAE 10. A. variegata L. In dry woods and thickets: Conn. to IIL, Fla., Ark. and La. Conn. Rare along the coast, apparently wanting elsewhere. N. Y. On L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to northern Westchester Co., unknown northward. N. J. Rare in Sussex, Passaic, Bergen, Somerset and Mercer counties, thence increasing southward, but rare in the pine- barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, wanting as a wild plant on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing and becoming scattered northward. 138-220 days. Sea level- 1,100 ft. 11. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Woods and thickets: Me. and Ont. to Minn., N. Car. and Ark. Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common. N. Y. On the north side of L. I. and on S. J., thence increasing and common northward; apparently wanting from the south side of L. I. N. J. Occasional in Camden and Gloucester counties, near the Delaware; wanting thence to Middlesex Co., thence increasing and common northward; wanting in the pine-barrens and south of them. Pa. Throughout the state, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. 12. A. syriaca L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car,anddxani Throughout the range, nearly always as a weed, rather rare in the pine-barrens. 13. A. verticillata L. In dry fields and on hillsides: Me. and Ont. to N. W. Terr., Fla., Mex. and N. Mex. Throughout the range, but always rather scattered; rare in the pine-barrens. — A. Bicknellii Vail. Known only from Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y., is perhaps a hybrid between A. exaltata and A. amplexicaulis. 2. Acerates Ell. 1. A. viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. (A. viridiflora Ivesii Britton). In dry sandy or rocky soil: Mass. to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Tex. CONVOLVULACEAE 513 ‘Conn. Rare and apparently confined to the coastal part of the » state. ‘N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown in the Bronx, __ decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Ulster Co., there rare at the lower elevations, unknown northward. es J. Rare and local in Bergen, Passaic, Warren, Morris, Hunter- : don, Somerset, Mercer, Middlesex and Monmouth counties; not _ known in the pine-barrens; at Cape May as a weed. Pa. Pike, Northampton, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. _ Distribution very curious. Above the fall line apparently most common on limestone and serpentine, but common also on the yl coastal plain on L.I. 3. Cynanchum L. C. nigrum (L.) Pers. Escaped from gardens: Mass. to Pa. and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. a: Rare as a garden escape in our range, often locally wanting. _C. Vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. has been collecced ac Queens, L. I., and C. acutum L. ballast near Communipaw, N. J. 4. Vincetoxicum Walt. “1. V. obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. In thickets: Pa. to Ohio, Va. and Ky. Known in our area only from Montgomery, Philadelphia, Dela- ware and Chester counties in Pa. ~ I can find no evidence that the reported occurrence of V. Shortit (A. Gray) Britton, in Pa. is supported by specimens. The reported occurrence of Gonolobus laevis Michx. in Pa., cannot be verified so far as our area is concerned. _ Periploca graeca L., a European w eed, has been collected near Philadelphia; it is otherwise unknown in our area. Philibertia gracilis D. Don. has _ been collected as a waif near New York. i. CONVOLVULACEAE - Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 1. STYLISMA. Style entire up to the stigma. _____Stigmas capitate or globose. Corolla salveriform; stamens and style exserted. 2. QUAMOCLIT. Corolla funnelform or campanulate; stamens and style included. 3. IPOMOEA. 2, filiform or oblong. 4. CONVOLVULUS. 514 CONVOLVULACEAE 1. Stylisma Raf. 1. S. Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. In dry pine-barrens: N. J. to N. Cars, Ill. ‘to La: and Tex: N. J. Localized in the heart of the pine-barrens in Atlantic and Burlington counties,—otherwise unknown. 2. Quamoclit [Tourn.] Moench. 1. Q. coccinea (L.) Moench. Along river banks and in waste places: R. I. to Fla., Ohio, Kan., Tex. and Ariz. Adventive from further south. Very rare. Very rare as a scarcely persistent adventive. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton has been reported as an adventive. 3. Ipomoea L. Ovary 2-celled; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Perennial from an enormous root; corolla 5-8 cm. long. 1. I. pandurata. Annual; roots fibrous; corolla 8-20 mm. long. 2. I. lacunosa. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3; leaves cordate. Leaves entire; corolla 5-7 cm. long. 3. I. purpurea. Leaves deeply 3-lobed; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long. 4. I. hederacea. 1. I. pandurata (L.) Meyer. In dry soil: Ont. to Conn., Fla., Mich., Kan. and Tex. CONN. Known only from western Litchfield Co., but not at great elevations. N.Y. OnL. I. and on S. I., Manhattan and the Bronx; reported also from Westchester Co., unknown northward. N. J. Throughout the state, nowhere common, increasing west- ward. PA. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. A local species whose distribution is little understood. 2. I. lacunosa L. In moist soil: N. J. to S. Car., Ill., Kan. and Tex. N.J. Rare in Monmouth, Camden and Gloucester counties, other- wise unknown. Perhaps nowhere native in the local flora range. 3. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. In waste places, usually escaping from gardens: N. S. to Fla., Ont., Neb. and Tex. Adventive from Trop. Am. Occasional as an established escape from gardens. CUSCUTACEAE 515 4. I. hederacea Jacq. In fields and waste places: L. I. to Fla., — Pa.,S. Dak., Neb. and Mex. Adventive from Trop. America. -* Rare or occasional on cultivated areas or waste grounds, often wanting. I. hirsutula Jacq. has been found as a waif on S. I. 4. Convolvulus L. Ca lyx with 2 large bracts at the base which enclose it. Stems trailing or climbing. Glabrate; leaves hastate. 1. C, sepium. Pubescent; leaves sagittate. Flowers double, in our representative. 2. C. japonicus. Flowers single. 3. C. repens. Stems erect or ascending. 4. C. spithamaeus. -alyx not bracted; peduncle bracted at the summit; leaves entire, -auriculate. 5. C. arvensis. if 1. C. sepium L. In fields and thickets: Newf. to N. Car., Br. ‘ Col. and N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. _. Common in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare. L } 2. C. japonicus Thunb. In fields and waste places; Conn. to Mo. Locally established as a weed, mostly in a doubled-flowered form with us. _ 3. C. repens L. Moist and dry soil, Que. to Fla. and La. a Frequent along the coast throughout our area; occasionally ___ introduced elsewhere. 4. C.spithamaeus L. In dry, sandy, or rocky fields, or on banks: ; N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Ky. Rare in our area, sometimes as a weed; not reported from the pine-barrens nor from S. I. 5. C.arvensis L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Ont., N. J., : Neb. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Locally common as a weed, often wanting. Dichondra repens Forst. has been collected as a waif, but is very doubtfully per- CUSCUTACEAE 1. Cuscuta [Tourn.] L. - Corolla-scales crenulate; stigmas slender; capsule circumscissile. Seales crenulate above, not incurved. 1. C. Epilinum. Scales crenulate all round, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum. 516 CUSCUTACEAE Corolla scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx. Flowers very nearly sessile; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule. Corolla scales ovate, fringed all around. Corolla scales abortive, or of a few processes. Flowers distinctly pedicelled; corolla enclosing or capping the capsules. Tips of the corolla lobes incurved. Corolla lobes spreading or recurved. Scales small, irregularly fringed; capsule de- pressed globose. Scales long, fringed mainly above; capsule pointed. Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts. 6. we 8. . C. arvensis. 4 . C. Polygonarum. . Co Coryla C. Cephalanthi. C. Gronovit. C. compacta. 1. C. Epilinum Weihe. On flax: N.S. to N. J. and Pa. Intro- duced from Europe. Very rare in our area, and not recently collected. N . C. Epithymum Murr. Usually on clover: Me. and Ont. to Conn., N. Y., Pa. and S. Dak. Introduced from Europe. Rare in our area as an adventive, usually not persistent. 3. C. arvensis Beyrich. On various herbs and low shrubs: Mass. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Tex., Mex. and Calif. Throughout the range, nowhere common, and often locally wanting. - Pa. and Del., also westward. C. Polygonorum Engelm. On Polygonum and other herbs: Confined in our area to Luzerne Co., Pa.; not recently collected. in Conn. to Va., S. Dak. and Ark. . C. Coryli Engelm. On hazels and other shrubs and on herbs: Known definitely, in our area, only from Norwich, Conn. nN Minn., the N. W. Terr., Tex. and Ariz. . C. Cephalanthi Englem. On shrubs and tall herbs: Pa. to Known only from Quaker Bridge, Tom’s River and Swedesboro, all in or near the pine-barrens of N. J.,and from Northampton Co., Pa 7. C. Gronovii Willd. On herbs and low shrubs: N.S. to Man., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout our area except in the pine-barrens, there not recorded; always increasing northward. POLEMONIACEAE 517 8. ¢ - compacta Juss. On shrubs: Ont. to N. Y., Ala., Kan, and > Sex. an Throughout the range, except in the coastal strip of N. J., there : apparently wanting; common in the pine-barrens. oo) POLEMONIACEAE distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule; S opposite. 1. PHLox. Corolla not distended or ruptured by the capsule; leaves alternate. 2. POLEMONIUM. eS 1. Phlox L. flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear. ‘Cymes panicled; flowers short pedicelled or sessile. — ? ime -Calyx-teeth subulate. ‘ 1. P. paniculata. __ Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. 2. P. maculata. _ Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered. __—s Stem erect or ascending; no prostrate, sterile shoots. 3. P. pilosa. Be). Stem ascending or reclining; sterile shoots prostrate. 4. P. divaricata. Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded. 5. P. subulata. P. paniculata L. In woods and thickets: Pa. to Fla., Ill., Kan. and La. Freely escaped from gardens in the north and east. Not uncommon as an escape in most parts of our range, perhaps native only in Luzerne and Northampton counties in Pa. aa >. P. maculata L. In moist woods and along streams: Conn. to Fla., Minn. and Tenn. Conn. and N. Y., escaped from cultivation. N. J. On the drainage of the Delaware from Hunterdon to Salem counties, and in Cape May; elsewhere probably not native a --—-‘+but frequently escaping. Pa. Luzerne, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. 4) ¢ . 53: P. pilosa L. In various situations: Ont. to Man., N. J., Fla., - Kan., Ark. and Tex. Conn. Very rare at Southbury, the only reported station for the species in New England. N. J. Rare along the drainage of the Delaware in Gloucester, Camden and Burlington counties; rare and local in Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence increasing but scattered northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not common. 141-220 days. Sea level—8go ft. 518 POLEMONIACEAE 4. P. divaricata L. In moist woods: Ont. to Minn., Pa., Fla. and Ark. Nowhere as a wild plant in our area; reported as an adventive in Conn., N. J. and Luzerne and Northampton counties, Pa. 5. P. subulata L. In dry sandy or rocky: soil: N. Y. to Fla., Mich. and Ky. Escaped from cultivation in New England, and perhaps in N. J. and N. Y. Conn. Not uncommon as an adventive. N. Y. Occasional on the south side of L. I.; S. I.; wanting else- where. N. J. Scattered throughout the north, but perhaps sometimes adventive there, increasing and becoming common southward, but not in the pine-barrens. ; Pa. Throughout the state, most common in Delaware and Chester counties, especially in the serpentine barrens in Chester Co. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre- taceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered, perhaps nearly always adventive in our area. 141-220 days. Sea level— 980 ft. A white flowered form has been collected. 2. Polemonium [Tourn.] L. Anthers exserted; flowers 16-20 mm. broad; stem erect. 1. P. Van-Bruntiae. Anthers included; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; stem reclining. 2. P. reptans. 1. P. Van-Bruntiae Britton. In swamps and along streams: Vt. and northern N. Y. to Md. Conn. Known only from near Salisbury, Litchfield Co. N. Y. Rare in the mountains of Ulster, Greene and Delaware counties; otherwise unknown. N. J. Near Washington, Warren Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare in the north. Not south of the moraine. 850-3,900 ft. 117-145 days. 2. P.reptans L. In woods: N. Y. to Minn., Ga. and Kan. N. J. Rather uncommon in the drainage of the Delaware River in Warren, Hunterdon, Mercer, Camden and Salem counties, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. A rare and local plant in our area. Gilia rubra L. has been reported from southern New Jersey and Westchester Cow N. Y. as an escape from cultivation. G. achilleaefolia Benth. and G. capitata Dougl. have been collected as waifs in New York and Pennsylvania. HYDROPHYLLACEAE 519 HYDROPHYLLACEAE Corolla lobes convolate in the bud; placentae dilated. Stamens exserted, calyx not much enlarged in fruit. . HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens not exserted; calyx much enlarged in fruit. 2. NYCTELEA, _ Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud; placentae narrow. 3. PHACELIA. — 1. Hydrophyllum |Tourn.} L. tp Leaves, at tesict the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided. 1. H. virginianum. es palmately 5-9 lobed. 2. H. canadense. I. H.virginianumL. Inwoods: Que. to Alaska, south toS. Car., Kan. and Wash. Conn. Rare, in Fairfield, New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Very doubtfully on L. I., except as a rare adventive; rare on S. I., thence increasing but not common northward. N. J. Rare in Monmouth and Ocean counties, thence increasing but scattered northward; not in the pine-barrens, or south of them. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft. 2. H. canadense Michx. In woods: Mass. to N. Car., Ill. and Ky. Known in our range only from near Nockamixon Rocks, Bucks Co., Pa., a region south of the moraine, having a growing season of about 176 days, and underlaid by Mesozoic formations; and along the Delaware in Warren Co., N. J.; formerly reported from S. I. 2. Nyctelea Scop. (Ellisia L. Macrocalyx True). 1. N. Nyctelea (L.) Britton. In moist soil: N. J. to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Va., Neb. and Kan. _y. Port Bete: WY. ey. N. J. Very rare in Mercer and Hunterdon counties, near the Delaware River; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties. 3. Phacelia Juss. Corolla-lobes entire. L Corolla-lobes nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate. 1. P. dubia. 2. P. Purshit. 520 BORAGINACEAE 1. P. dubia (L.) Small. Kan. and Tex. Pa. Telford, Bucks Co. 2. P. Purshii Buckl. N. Car., Ala. and Miss. Pa. Walnut Hill, Montgomery Co. Also as a waif in Conn. In moist soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ga., Mo., In moist woods or thickets: Pa. to Minn., Phacelia viscida (Benth.) Torrey has been collected in Conn. as an occasional waif; doubtfully persistent. Marilaunidium jamaicense (L.) Kuntze has also been found as a waif near New York. BORAGINACEAE Ovary entire or 2-4 grooved; style terminal. Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center. Flowers regular. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the prickles. Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on the back or margin. Nutlets unarmed. Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, some- times just above their bases. Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor mem- branous. Corolla blue, rarely white. Corolla yellow. Fruiting calyx much enlarged; veiny and mem- branous. Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their bases. Sear of the attachment small and flat. Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded. Racemes not bracted; corolla-tube short. Racemes bracted; corolla-tube 4-12 mm. long. Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. Scar of attachment large, concave. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate; anthers erect. Flowers irregular. Stamens included; throat of corolla closed by scales. Stamens exserted; throat of corolla dilated, open. . HELIOTROPIUM. . CYNOGLOSSUM. . LAPPULA. . MERTENSIA. . AMSINCKIA., . ASPERUGO. . Myosoris. . LITHOSPERMUM. . ONOSMODIUM, . SYMPHYTUM. . BORAGO. . Lycopsis. . ECHIUM. BORAGINACEAE 521 en! 1. Heliotropium {Tourn.} L. 1. H. europaeum L. In waste places: N. Y. and Pa. to Fla. x Adventive from Europe. Rare or occasional as a weed, particularly near New York and " Philadelphia. } indicum L. and H. peruvianum Don. have been collected as waifs near New York; t are hardly persistent. H. curassavicum L. has also been found as a waif in some parts of the range. 2. Cynoglossum |Tourn.} L. Hea to the top; flowers reddish, purple, or white. 1. C. officinale. m leafless above; flowers blue. Flowers about 10 mm. broad; nutlets about 8 mm. long. 2. C. virginianum. _ Flowers about 7 mm. broad; nutlets about 5 mm. long. 3. C. boreale. 1. C. officinale L. In fields and waste places: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Man., N. Car. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. ~Not uncommon as a weed in most parts of our range, often locally z wanting. ies) 2. C. virginianum L. In woods: Conn. to Fla., La., Mo. and Kan. F Conn. Reported from the southwestern part of the state. N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I. N.J. Bergen, Union, Somerset and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing west- ward. 117-220 days. Sea level-—3,g00 ft. 3. C. boreale Fernald. Woods and banks: Que. and Ont. to Conn. and Minn. Conn. Rare, in rocky woods. N.Y. Catskill Mountains. fa 3. Lappula [Rivin.] Moench. ‘acemes bracted; fruiting pedicels not reflexed. 5. 2. Lappula. . €: acemes bracted only at the base; fruiting pedicels deflexed. 2. L. virginiana. a Rr. L. Lappula (L.) Karst. In waste places: N. 5S. to B. Col., a __N. J. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Occasional as a weed, often wanting locally. 2. L. virginiana (L.) Greene. In dry woods and thickets: N. B. to Ont. and Minn., Ala., La. and xan. ‘onn. Throughout the state. 522 BORAGINACEAE N. Y. Frequent on the north side of L. I., apparently unknown from the south side; S. I.; rare and local in Bronx and Westchester counties, increasing northward. N. J. Infrequent in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington, Ocean and Monmouth counties near the Delaware and north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,200 ft. 4. Mertensia Roth. 1. M. virginica (L.) DC. In low meadows and along streams: Ont. to N. J., S. Car., Minn., Neb. and Kan. Rare. N. Y. Known only from Tuxedo Park, Rockland Co. N. J. Not uncommon in Burlington, Monmouth, Middlesex, Mercer and Somerset counties, especially along the Raritan River, neither in the pine-barrens, nor elsewhere. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations, scat- tered. 175-220 days. About sea level. 5. Amsinckia Lehm. 1. Amsinckia lycopsioides Lehm. Wasteand cultivated grounds. Locally introduced in Conn. from the Pacific Coast. A. intermedia F. & M. has been found on eastern L. I., pre- sumably as a waif. 6. Asperugo [Tourn.] L. 1. A. procumbens L. In waste places and on ballast: N. Y. to D. C. and Minn. Adventive from Europe. Not uncommon as a weed near the larger cities, often wanting. 7. Myosotis [Dill.] L. Hairs of the calyx all straight; perennial swamp or brook plants. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 6-8 mm. broad. 1. M. scorpoides. Calyx-lobes as long as the tube; corolla 4-6 mm. broad. 2. M. laxa. Hairs of the calyx, or some of them with hooked tips; annuals or biennials. Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. 3. M. arvensis. Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx. Calyx lobes equal. 4. M. versicolor. Calyx lobes unequal; corolla white. 5. M. virginica. BORAGINACEAE 523 _ 1. M. scorpoides L. (M. palustris (L.) Lam.) In brooks and marshes, escaped from cultivation: N.S. to N. Y. and Tenn. Native of Europe. Not uncommon as an escape in most parts of our range, ap- parently wanting in the pine-barrens. _ 2. M.laxaLehm. In wet muddy places: Newf. to Ont., Va. and Tenn. Native of Europe. Frequent throughout the range, less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. 3. M. arvensis (L.) Hill. In fields: N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to W. Va. Also in Europe. Very rare, always as a weed, near the City of New York and locally elsewhere. 4. M. versicolor (Pers.) Reichenb. In fields and along roadsides: southern N. Y. to Del. Naturalized from Europe. Locally rare as a weed. 5. M. virginica (L.) B. S. P. On dry hills and banks: Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Tex. Conn. Not very common over most of the state. N. Y. On the north shore of L. I. and on S. I., not reported from , the south shore of L. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Philadelphia counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Creta- ceous, common: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117- 220 days. Sea level—3,080 ft. Myosotis micrantha Pall. has been collected asa waif and recorded as M.collina Hoffm. 8. Lithospermum [Tourn.] L. Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx; flowers distant. Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial. 1. L. arvense. Nutlets white, smooth and shining; perennial. Leaves lanceolate, acute; nutlets ovoid. Leaves ovate, acuminate; nutlets globose-ovoid. Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx; flowers dense. 1. L. arvense L. In waste places and fields: Que. to Ont., Mich., Ga. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Common as a weed in most parts of our range. ty . L. officinale. . L. latifolium. w 4. L. canescens. 524 BORAGINACEAE 2. L. officinale L. In fields and waste places: Ont. to N. Y., west to Minn. Naturalized from Europe. | Locally rare as a weed. | . } 3. L. latifolium Michx. In dry thickets and fields: Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn., Va., Kan. and Ark. Known in our range only as reported from Berks Co., Pa. 4. L. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. In dry soil: Ont. to N. J., Ala., the N. W. Terr., Kan. and Ariz. Very rare. Known in our area only from a limestone bluff above Phillips- | burg, N. J. and in Chester Co., Pa. q 9g. Onosmodium Michx. Q 1. O. virginianum (L.) DC. In thickets and sandy soil: N. Eng. to Fla., Kan. and Tex. : Conn. Rare and scattered at a few stations throughout the state. | N.Y. On the north side of L. I., near Jamaica, and in Westchester Co.; formerly on Manhattan Island. < N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Burlington, Atlantic, Middle- sex, Monmouth, Sussex and Hunterdon counties, not in the pine- barrens. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Rather inexplicably scattered and its distribution little under- stood. O. occidentale Mackenzie has been collected as a waif in Conn. ee See ee ee ee oe 10. Symphytum [Tourn.] L. Leaf-bases decurrent. , 1. S. officinale. Leaf-bases not decurrent. 2. S. asperrimum. 1. S. officinale L. In waste places: Newf. to Minn., south to Md. Adventive from Europe. Not uncommon as a weed. 2. S.asperrimum Donn. Waste grounds, Mass. to Md. Adven- tive from Europe. Occasional in waste grounds. 11. Borago [Tourn.] L. 1. B. officinalis L. In waste places: escaped from gardens: N.S. to Ont. and Pa. Native of Europe. Very rare as an escape. VERBENACEAE 525 b 12. Lycopsis L. 1. L. arvensis L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Ont., Pa. and Va. Adventive from Europe. _- Not common as a weed near the larger cities. 13. Echium [Tourn.] L. a Ts E. vulgare L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to Va., Ont. and Neb. Naturalized from Europe. Locally abundant as a weed. md 3 E. pustulatum Sibth. and E. violaceum have been collected as waifs near New York. _ Nonnea nigricans DC., Anchusa officinalis L., and A. leptophylla Roem & Schult. have been collected as waifs in the area. ~ Cochranea anchusaefolia (Poir.) Giirke has been collected as a waif. _ The reported occurrence of Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill on L. I. has not been VERBENACEAE : Corolla-limb 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. 1. VERBENA. ~ Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2 2. Lippta. I. Verbena [Tourn.] L. Spikes filiform; fruit scattered; corolla usually white. Leaves incised or pinnatifid; diffuse annual. 1. V. officinalis. Leaves serrate, rarely incised; erect perennial. V. urticifolia. _ eo slender; fruits densely imbricated; corolla blue. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled. ) 4. P. virginiana Mill. In rich soil, especially in open places: Ont. to Man., Fla. and La. Rare, as an adventive, in most parts of our range; often wanting locally. The winter-cherry, Physalis Alkekengi L., the tomatillo, P. ixecarpa Brot. and the Strawberry-tomato, P. peruviana L. have ali been collected as waifs. Physalis angulata L. has been collected near Hartford, Conn., and is recorded from N. J., otherwise unknown. 3. Solanum [Tourn.] L. Glabrous or pubescent herb, not prickly. I. S. nigrum. Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs. Berry not enclosed by the calyx; perennial. 2. S. carolinense. Berry invested by the spiny calyx; annuals. 3. S. rostratum. Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or 3-lobed. 4. S. Dulcamara. 1. S. nigrum L. In waste places or cultivated soil: N. S. to N. W. Terr, Fla.cand Tex. Throughout the range as a weed, except in the pine-barrens. N . S. carolinense L. In dry fields and in waste places: Ont. to Mass., Fla., Ill., Neb. and Tex. Rare as an adventive weed in most parts of the range. 3. S. rostratum Dunal. Occasional in waste places as a weed: Ont. to N. H., Mass. and N. J. Adventive from the west. Rare as an adventive weed; more common in Conn. than else- where. ‘ SOLANACEAE 547 4. S. Dulcamara L. In waste places or in thickets: N. B. to _ Minn., N. J., Pa. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. I a he potato, Solanum tuberosum L. is an occasional waif in the area, and S. sisymbrii- folium m Lam. has been collected in New York City. ‘ 4. Lycopersicon Mill. ee. L. Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Escaped from cultivation: N. Y. a _ and Pa., southward. Native of South America. _ Not infrequently found as a scarcely persistent escape from cul- tivation. 5. Lycium L. oy. halimifolium Mill (LZ. vulgare (Ait.) Dunal). In thickets and waste places, escaped from gardens: Ont. to Conn., Va., Minn. and Kan. Introduced from Europe. Occasional in most parts of our range as an escape from culti- vation. 6. Hyoscyamus [Tourn.] L. , i: H. niger L. In waste places: N.S. to Ont., N. Y. and Mich. g “ -Naturalized from Europe. Rare in our area as an occasional waif. __ H. albus L. has been recorded as a waif near New York; scarcely persistent. > é 7. Datura L. Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. 1. ‘D. Stramonium. Finely glandular-pubescent; leaves entire; calyx tubular. 2. D. Metel. . D. Stramonium L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Fla., Minn., and Tex. Naturalized from Asia. Common throughout our range in waste places in some of its “ forms. The purple-flowered D. Tatula L. is not here considered as ¢ of specific rank. _ 2. D. Metel L. In waste places: R.I. to Fla. Native of Trop. Am. ’ . :, Very rare as an occasional adventive. Datura meteloides DC. has been collected as a waif in Conn., hardly persistent. : ¥ 8. Nicotiana L. 1. N. rustica L. In fields and waste places: Ont. to Minn., ae y. and Fla. Rare as an adventive weed; cultivated and sometimes escaping. 2 Nicotiana longiflora Cav. has been collected in Northampton Co., Pa. and N. Tabacum 4 has been collected in Conn. as an escape. 548 SCROPHULARIACEAE 9g. Petunia Juss. Corolla white, its tube cylindric. 1. P. axillaris. Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. 2. P. violacea. 1. P. axillaris (Lam.) B. S. P. In waste places, escaped from gardens: N. Y. and Pa. Native of Brazil. Very rare as an escape from gardens, hardly persistent. 2. P. violacea Lindl. In waste places, escaped from gardens: N. Y. and Pa. Native of Brazil and Paraguay. Rare as an adventive in Pa., scarcely known elsewhere; doubtfully persistent. Petunia parviflora Juss. has been collected near N. Y. and Philadelphia as a waif. The Chili Pepper, Capsicum annuum L., has been collected as a waif in Conn. SCROPHULARIACEAE Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud, or wanting (with exceptions in Mimulus).* Leaves prevailingly alternate. I. VERBASCUM. Leaves prevailingly opposite. Corolla-tube with a spur, sac, or swelling on the lower side near the base. Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. CYMBALARIA. Leaves pinnately veined. Corolla-tube with an elongated spur. Flowers solitary in the axils. 3. KICKXIA. Flowers in terminal clusters. 4. LINARIA. Corolla tube with a sac or swelling. 5. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla tube with neither spur, sac, nor swelling. Filaments 5, 4 anther-bearing, 1 sterile more or less different from the others. F Sterile stamen a scale, adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 6. SCROPHULARIA. Sterile stamen more developed. Sterile stamen shorter than the others; seeds winged. 7. CHELONE. . Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 8. PENTSTEMON. Filaments 2 or 4. Trees. 9g. PAULOWNIA. Herbs. Anther-bearing filaments 4. Sepals united into an angled tube. 10. MIMULUs. Sepals distinct or nearly so. II. CONOBEA. Anther-bearing filaments 2. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. * Key adapted, in part, from Small’s Flora S. E. United States. ——————— SCROPHULARIACEAE Anther-sacs transverse, separ- ated. 12 Anther-sacs vertical, contiguous. 13 ? Calyx of 4-5 partially united sepals. 14 p or lobes of the corolla external in the bud. als distinct or nearly so. Corolla campanulate or rotate, stamens included. Stamens 4; corolla nearly regular. 15 _--—s Stamens 2; corolla rotate, slightly irregular. 16 Corolla tubular; stamens exserted. 17 _ Sepals partially or wholly united into a tube. Corolla various, but only slightly 2-lipped. Corolla yellow. 18 Corolla not yellow. Capsule not included in the calyx. Anthers all alike; leaves not auricled, flowers pedicelled. 19. Anthers of shorter stamens smailer, leaves auricled at base; flowers sessile. 20. Capsule included in the calyx; corolla salver- ; form. 4%. nee Corolla strongly 2-lipped; stamens ascending under the ae upper lip. . Anther-sacs unlike, the inner pendulous. 22. s- Anther-sacs alike, parallel. v Ovules 1-2 in each cavity; capsules 1-4 seeded. 23 Ovules several-many in each cavity; capsules many-seeded. TN Calyx split, without bractlets. 24 Calyx not split. Calyx scarcely inflated, 2-brac- teolate. 25 Calyx much inflated and veiny in _ fruit, ebracteolate. 26. - | 1. Verbascum [Tourn.] L. Plants densely woolly; flowers in dense terminal spikes or spike-like racemes. Leaves decurrent on the stem. Leaves not decurrent or only slightly so. es white-tomentose beneath; flowers in terminal panicles. t glabrous or slightly glandular. Fla. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Common as a weed in most parts of our area. In fields: Mass. to N. Y. ] , 2. V. phlomoides L. =... Burope. “a Rare as an occasional weed in the area. 549 . GRATIOLA. . ILYSANTHES. . MICRANTHEMUM. . LIMOSELLA. . VERONICA. . LEPTANDRA, . AUREOLARIA. AGALINIS. OTOPHYLLA. BUCHNERA. CASTILLEJA. . MELAMPYRUM. . PEDICULARIS. . SCHWALBEA. RHINANTHUS. V. Thaspus. V. phlomoides. V. Lychnitis. 4. V. Blattaria. @ NH BY. Thaspus L. In fields and waste places: N. 5. to S. Dak., Adventive from 550 SCROPHULARIACEAE 3. V. Lychnitis L. In fields and waste places: Ont. to N. J. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Local as a weed, in the valley of the Delaware in N. J. and Pa., perhaps wanting elsewhere. 4. V. Blattaria L. In fields and waste places: Que. to Fila., Minn. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the range as a weed; but often locally wanting. Verbascum Pseudo-Lynchnitis Schur., V. sinuatum L. and V. orientale Bieb. have been collected as waifs in Connecticut and New York. 2. Cymbalaria Medic. 1. C. Cymbalaria (L.) Wetts. In waste places, and along road- sides: N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Native of Europe.: Rather rare as a weed. 3. Kickxia Dumort. Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at base. 1. K. spuria. Leaves triangular, mostly hastate. 2. K. Elatine. 1. K. spuria (L.) Dumort. In waste places and ballast: N. Y. to N. Car. Native of Europe. Occasional as a weed. 2. K. Elatine (L.) Dumort. In sandy waste places: Canada, N. Y. and Ga. Native of Europe. Rare in our area as a weed; often wanting locally. 4. Linaria [Tourn.] Mill. Flowers yellow, 1.5-3 cm. ong. 1. L. Linaria. Flowers blue to white, 6-12 mm. lomg. Spur of corolla filiform, curved; native species. 2. L. canadensis. * Spur of corolla short, conic; European adventive species. 3. L. repens. 1. L. Linaria (L.) Karst. In fields and waste places: N. S. to Man., Va. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Common throughout the range, always as a weed. 2. L. canadensis (L.) Dumort. In dry soil: N.S. to Fla., Ore. and Cal. Also in Central and South America. Throughout the range, in sandy places, decreasing northward. 3. L. repens (L.) Mill. Newf. and in ballast about the Atlantic seaports. Adventive from Europe. Very rare as a weed near the larger settlements. L. striata D.C., L. genistaefolia (L.) Mill. and L. supina Desf. have been collected as waifs in New York. SCROPHULARIACEAE 551 5. Antirrhinum [Tourn.] L. he corolla. ' . A, majus. Flowers I-1.5 cm. long; calyx segments linear, as long as the aes Wap 2. A. Orontium. 1. A.majus L. In waste places, escaped from gardens: E. U.S Adventive from Europe. Rare as an escape. Ee. A. Orontium L. In fields and waste places: Ont., N. Eng. and New York. Adventive from Europe. Very rare as a weed; not recently collected. 6. Scrophularia [Tourn.] L. Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. 1. S. marylandica Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish-yellow. 2. S. leporella. a S. marylandica L. In woods and thickets: Me. to S. Dak., N. Car., Ga. and Tenn. Conn. Rare in the east, increasing northwestward. N.Y. RareonL. I., and on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Reported from Salem, Camden, Monmouth and Ocean counties north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations, in- a. c creasing but not very common northward. 117-220 days. Sea * level—3,980 ft. 2. S. leporella Bicknell. In woods and along roadsides: Vt. to Conn., Minn., Va. and Kan. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, always in- creasing northward. Scrophularia canina L. and S. aquatica L. have been collected as waifs near New York. 7. Chelone [Tourn.] L. 1. C. glabra L. In swamps and along streams: Newf. to Fla., Man. and Kan. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens. 8. Pentstemon Mitchell. Stem pubescent or puberulent, nearly or quite to the base. Corolla large, over 5 mm. long; stem hirsute or canescent ~ often glandular. 1. P. hirsutus. 552 SCROPHULARIACEAE Corolla sma'l, less than 5 mm. long; stem puberulent. 2. P.pallidus. Only the inflorescence or pedicels or calyx pubescent or puberulent. Corolla white, abruptly enlarged. 3. P. Digitalis. Corolla purplish, gradually enlarged. 4. P. Pentstemon. 1. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to Ont., Man., Fla., Minn. and Tex. Conn. Rare and local, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Reported from but probably introduced on L. L., rare on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Occasional in Camden, Burlington, Ocean and Monmouth counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing and becoming common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,400 ft. 2. P. pallidus Small. In sandy soil or swamps: Conn. and N. Y. to Mo., Fla. and Okl. Conn. Southwestern part of the state. N. Y. Westchester Co. 3. P. Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. In fields and thickets: Me. to IIl., Kan., Va. and Ark. Not uncommon in most parts of our range, always as an ad- ventive from farther west. 4. P. Pentstemon (L.) Britton. In woods and thickets: Pa. to Fla., Ky. and La. Rare as an adventive in Conn., N. Y. and Pa. Not native in our area. Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. and P. grandiflorus Nutt. have both been credited to our range as waifs or adventives. 9. Paulownia Sieb. and Zucc. 1. P. tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Escaped from cultivation: N. Y. and N. J. to D. C. and Ga. Native of Japan. An escape from cultivation in some parts of our range. 10. Mimulus L. Corolla violet, or rarely white. Leaves sessile, clasping; peduncles longer than the calyx. 1. M. ringens. Leaves petioled; peduncles shorter than the calyx. 2. M. alatus. Corolla yellow. Plant viscid, diffuse. 3. M. moschatus. Plant puberulent, erect. 4. M. Langsdor fit. 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE 553 1. . ringens L. In swamps and along streams: N. S. to Va., _ Tenn., Neb. and Tex. if , Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there 4 ‘wanting. M. alatus Soland. In swamps: Ont. to Conn., Ill., Ga., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Very rare in New London, Hartford and Fairfield counties. iN. Y. Known definitely only on Staten Island, in the Bronx, ; .* and near New Baltimore, Greene Co. _N. J. Known definitely only from Salem, Gloucester, Camden, “4 Burlington, Ocean, Monmouth, Mercer and Hunterdon counties, _____ thence scattering northward, but nowhere common; not in the ___ pine-barrens. : wy Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. _-—_ Distribution scattered and little understood. 3. M. moschatus Dougl. In wet places: N.S. and Ont. to N. Y. | Adventive from the Pacific Coast. Rare as an occasional adventive in parts of our range; per- * = haps not persistent. a 3 M. Langsdorffii Donn. Rareas an occasional adventive from he West in Connecticut and New York. 11. Conobea Aubl. a . C. multifida (Michx.) Benth. Along streams and rivers: Ohio _, to Iowa, Kan., Ky. and Tex. Introduced along the Delaware below Philadelphia. Known definitely only from near Philadelphia as a weed. 12. Gratiola L. Fi “4 nts glabrous or glandular; anther-sacs transverse, separated. - Sterile filaments minute or none. Glandular-puberulent; flowers 8-10 mm. long, capsule ovoid. 1. G. virginiana. Glabrous; flowers 14 mm. long; capsule globose. 2. G. sphaerocarpa. _ Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate at the summit. 3. G. aurea. ‘ants hirsute; anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. 4. G. pilosa. br. G. virginiana L. In wet places: Que. to B. Col., Mass., Fla., ‘Tex. and Cal. _ Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them, there rare or wanting; always in- creasing northward. 554 SCROPHULARIACEAE 2. G. sphaerocarpa Ell. In wet places: N. J. to Fla., Ill., Tex. and Mex. N. J. Known only from Burlington and Cape May counties, not in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, increasing southward: Cre- taceous, rare: Older Formations, unknown. 168—220days. About sea level. 3. G. aurea Muhl. In sandy wet places: Que. and Ont. to N. J. and Fla. Conn. Rare in Fairfield Co., increasing eastward and up the Connecticut Valley, but wanting in the north. N. Y. Common on L. I.; S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Local in Morris, Warren and Hunterdon, mostly in the drainage of the Delaware River, thence increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Rare and local in Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties, all within the drainage area of the Delaware River. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level-1,oo0 ft. 4. G. pilosa Michx. In dry soil: southern N. J. to Ark. and Tex. N. J. Rare in Camden, Cumberland and Cape May counties; wanting in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, increasing southward: Cre- taceous, rare: Older Formations, wanting. 168-220 days. About sea level. 13. Ilysanthes Raf. Peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx-segments shorter than the capsule. 1. J. dubia. Peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments almost as long as the capsule or longer. 2. I. attenuata. 1. I. dubia (L.) Barnhart. In wet places: N. E. to Fla., Ont., S. Dak. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast. Conn. Throughout, more common along the coast than elsewhere. N. Y. Throughout, decreasing northward. N. J. Rare and local along the Delaware in Camden and Burling- ton counties; thence increasing northward; unknown elsewhere. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare in the region of glacial terraces along the Delaware: Older Formations, more common. 138-220 days. Sea level-1,ooo ft. SCROPHULARIACEAE 555 Eto Wisc., Ark., Fla., Mo. and Kan. y Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there 14. Micranthemum Michx. |. M. micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wetts. In tidal mud: N. J. to Fila. Known in our area only from Burlington and Camden counties, N. J., and Philadelphia and Delaware counties in Pa.,in both states exclusively on the Delaware River. 15. Limosella L. 1. L. aquatica (L. tenuifolia Hoffm.). In brackish mud: Lab. to N. J. Also in Europe, Australia and S. America. Rather rare along the coast from Conn. to Cape May and up the larger rivers, always within the influence of the tides; unknown from L. I. or S. I. = 16. Veronica [Tourn.] L. _ Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate. __ Glabrous or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely hairy); brook or swamp plants. Leaves ovate, oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate; capsule compressed. Stem leaves sessile, partly clasping. 1. V. Anagallis-aquatica. All the leaves petioled, serrate. 2. V. americana. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule very flat. 3. V. scutellata. ’ Pubescent, dry soil plants; leaves crenate or dentate. Leaves oval or obovate, petioled; pedicels shorter than the calyx. 4. V. officinalis. Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile; pedicels longer than the calyx. 5. V. Chamaedrys. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils. Flowers in terminal spikes. 6. V. serpyllifolia. Flowers mostly solitary in the axils. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Erect; glabrous or glandular; capsule emargi- nate. 7. V. peregrina. Diffuse; pubescent; capsule obcordate. 8. V. arvensis. Peduncles as long as the leaves or longer. Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate. Corolla not longer than the calyx; capsule narrowly emarginate. g. V. agrestis. e Corolla longer than the calyx; capsule 5 broadly emarginate. 10. V. Tournefortss. 556 SCROPHULARIACEAE Leaves orbicular or broader, 3-5 lobed or crenate. 11. V. hederaefolia. 1. V. Anagallis-aquatica L. In brooks and swamps: N. 5S. to B. Col., N. C., Tenn., Va., Neb. and N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. In most parts of the range except the coastal plain of N. J.; rare in Conn. and unknown in the Bronx. 2. V. americana Schwein. In brooks and swamps: Anticosti to Alask., Pa., Neb., New Mex. and Cal. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northward. N. Y. Rare on the north shore of L. I. and on S. I., thence in- creasing and becoming common northward. N.J. Occasional along the Delaware in Gloucester, Burlington and Ocean counties, thence increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-—3,800 ft. 3. V. scutellata L. In swamps: Lab. to B. Col., N. Y., Minn. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I.; S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in Camden Co., near the Delaware, thence un- known to Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence increasing northward, othérwise unknown. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Dela- ware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, common and increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,go0 ft. 4. V. officinalis L. In dry fields and in waste places: N. S. to Ont.,.S. Dak,, N..Car..and Tenm Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown; decreasing southward. 5. V. Chamaedrys L. In fields and waste places: N.S. and Que. to N. Y. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Rather rare as a weed in most parts of our range; wanting in the pine-barrens. ea | ; | SCROPHULARIACEAE 557 Fe eos : 6. V. serpyllifolia L. In fields and thickets: Lab. to Alask., Gd., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe, Asia and S. Am. y Common in most parts of our range except the pine-barrens and east and south of them. 2M. peregrina L. In moist places, and common as a weed in cultivated soil: N.S. to B. Col., Fla., Mex. and Cal. Also in S. Am. and Europe. Rather common in our area, always as a weed of cultivated or waste ground. 8. V. arvensis L. In fields, woods and waste places: N. S. to Ont., and Wash., Fla., Kan. and Tex. Naturalized from Europe. Common as a weed in most parts of our range. 9. V. agrestis L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to N. J. and La. Naturalized from Europe. Not common as a weed. 10. V. Tournefortii Gmelin (V. byzantina (Sibth. and Smith) B. S. P. In waste places: N. S. to N. Y. and Ohio. Natural- ized from Europe. Occasional as a weed of roadsides, waste places and cultivated ground. 11. V. hederaefolia L. In thickets, fields and waste places: N. Y., Pa. and N. J. toS. Car. Naturalized from Europe. a . Occasional as a roadside weed. The following have been collected as waifs from the range; Veronica Teucrium L. mostly from Conn.; V. longifolia L., from L. I. and Westchester Co., N. Y.; and V. _ Beccabunga L. from near the City of New York, and in Conn. . 17. Leptandra Nutt. 1. L. virginica (L.) Nutt. In meadows, moist’woods and thickets: N. S. to B. Col., Ala., Mo. and Kan. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northward. N.Y. Rare on the south side of L. I., increasing on the north side; on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Reported, but not definitely known from Monmouth Co., in Somerset Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the range. \ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing and becoming common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,020 ft. 558 SCROPHULARIACEAE 18. Aureolaria Raf. (Dasystoma Benth., not Raf.) Plants glandular-pubescent; corolla pubescent without; leaves finely divided; annuals or biennials. 1. A.Pedicularia. Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous; corolla glabrous without; perennials. Cinereous pubescent; leaves entire or the lower pinnatifid. 2. A. villosa. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves predominately pinnatifid. 3. A. virginica. 1. A. Pedicularia (L.) Raf. In dry woods and thickets: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. Conn. Rather rare but found over most of the state. N.Y. Common on L. I.and 5S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Columbia Co.; not known from the Catskills. N.J. Common throughout the state, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, de- creasing northward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,o80 ft. 2. A. villosa (Muhl.) Raf. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to Ont., Wisc., Ga. and Miss. Common throughout the range, less frequent in the pine-barrens, and more frequent northward than elsewhere. Has been referred to Dasystoma flava. 3. A. virginica (L.) Pennell. In dry or moist woods: Me. to Minn., Fla. and II. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing southward. N.Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I., Westchester Co., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Ulster Co., and not specifically known from the Catskills. N. J. Very rare in Cumberland and Ocean counties, west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Reported also from Hammonton, Atlantic Co. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun- ties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not very com- mon. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,o80 ft. 19. Agalinis Raf. (Gerardia L. in part) Pedicels in flower shorter than the calyx, or only slightly longer. Corolla 2-2.6 cm. long. 1. A. purpurea. Corolla I-1.6 cm. long. Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute. 2. A. paupercula. Calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse. 3. A. maritima. ——— —— SCROPHULARIACEAE 559 -Pedicels in flower 2-6 times as long as the calyx. __ Lobes of the corolla entire or barely emarginate. “ . Leaves linear, 2.5 cm. wide or less. 4. A. tenuifolia. ¢ Leaves filiform-linear, less than 1 mm. wide. 5. A. Holmiana. _____ Lobes of the corolla all obcordate. 6. A. decemloba. 1A. purpurea L. (Pennell). (Gerardia purpurea parvula Pennell.) _ In moist fields and thickets: Me. and Ont. to Fla., mostly near the coast. Throughout the range except the Catskills and the mountains of Pa. In the pine-barrens the type is replaced by a narrow-leaved form (A. virgata Raf.; G. racemulosa Pennell, Torreya II: 15. _ I911), not here maintained as a species. 2. A. paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. In bogs and low meadows: Que. to N. J., Tenn., Man. and Wisc. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland and becoming scarce northward. N.Y. Rare onthe north shore of L. I., rare on S. I.; Copake Falls, Columbia Co. N. J. Known only in the drainage of the Delaware in Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Delaware counties. Distribution little known, apparently coastal in Conn. and N. Y. and predominating inland in N. J. and Pa. ) 3. A. maritima Raf. In salt marshes: Me. to Fla. and La. y Common in the salt marshes throughout the range; unknown ad inland. 4. A. tenuifolia (Vahl.) Raf. In dry woods and thickets: Que. to Ga., Ont., Kan. and La. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens, where it is replaced by the following closely related species. 5. A. Holmiana (Greene) Pennell. In dry sandy woods: L. I. to 7 Fla. N.Y. Found only rather sparingly on L. I.; unknown elsewhere, N. J. The pine-barrens, and in Camden Co.* Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare or wanting elsewhere: Cretaceous, only as a rare adventive:* Rare on the overwash plain onL.I. 183-220 days. About sea level. The species has been referred to A. setacea (Walt.) Raf. * See Introduction paragraph, 29. 560 SCROPHULARIACEAE 6. A. decemloba Greene. In grassy places: Mass. to D. C. N.Y. Not uncommon on the south side of L. I., on the Hemp- stead Plains; unknown elsewhere. This species includes those specimens credited to Gerardia Skinneriana in the Manuals, but not of Wood, and has been referred to the southern A. parvifolia (Chapm.) Small. A. Besseyana Britton has been recorded from Conn. 20. Otophylla Benth (Tomanthera Raf.) 1. O. auriculata (Michx.) Small. In moist soil: Pa. to Minn., N. Car. and Kan. Known in our area only from Lehigh, Bucks, and Chester counties in Pa., and from Woodbridge, Middlesex Co., and from Madison, N. J., perhaps not native anywhere in our area. 21. Buchnera L. 1. B. americana L. In sandy or gravelly soil: N. J. to western N. Y., Minn., Va., a.; Kan. and=rrie Known only from an old specimen collected in Burlington Co., N. J. and from more recent specimens collected in Delaware Co., Pa. 22. Castilleja Mutis. 1. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. In meadows and thickets: Me. and Ont. to Man., N. Car., Kan. and Tex. Conn. Throughout the state but rare and scattered. N. Y. Reported from but not definitely known on L. I., rare on S. I., unknown in the Bronx, thence increasing but not common northward. N. J. Very rare in Burlington and Monmouth counties, thence in- creasing but not common northward. Not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward but never very common. 117-220 days. Sea level- 3,050 ft. 23. Melampyrum [Tourn.] L. 1. M.lineare Lam. In dry woods and thickets: N.S. to B. Col., N. Car., Ky. and Minn. Common throughout the range, especially in the pine-barrens. Broad-leaved specimens have been referred to M. latifolium Muhl. EE en SCROPHULARIACEAE 561 7 24. Pedicularis [Tourn.] L. Lea es pinnately lobed; capsules ovate, scarcely longer than the 5 calys ; 1. P. lanceolata. Leaves pinnately parted; capsule lanceolate, 3 times as long as the 2. P. canadensis. 1. P. lanceolata Michx. In swamps: Ont. to Conn., Va., Man., Ein. Minn., Ohio, Mich. and Neb. Conn. Throughout, but rare or wanting from Fairfield Co., 4 increasing northward. N. Y. Rare and local on L. I., and on S. I., and in the Bronx, thence increasing northward, but not definitely known from the Catskills. N. J. Throughout, except in the pine-barrens. Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Creta- ceous, common: Older Formations, increasing northward. 123- 220 days. Sea level-2,g900 ft. + a _ 2. P. canadensis L. In dry woods and thickets: N. S. to Man., — Fla., Miss., Colo. and Northern Mex. a F Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. ; 25. Schwalbea L. +1. S. americana L. In wet sandy soil: E. Mass. to Fla. and La., | near the coast. Known from near East Lyme, Conn., thence wanting except from Point Pleasant, N. J., south along the coast and up both sides of the Delaware to Burlington Co., N. J. and Philadelphia, Pa.; also in the pine-barrens. Apparently wanting in N. Y.; often in coastal marshes. s 26. Rhinanthus L. 1. R. Crista-galli L. Grassy places: N. B. to Conn.; Newf. to a _. Alaska, south to the White Mts., and in the Rocky Mts. ‘ to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. Known in our area only from several stations in Connecticut. Monniera caroliniana (Walt.) Kuntze has been credited to the pine-barrens of N. J. There are no specimens from that region and it is otherwise known only from Va. south- > ward. Digitalis purpurea L., D. lutea L. and Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange have all been collected as waifs. : Collinsia verna Nutt. is recorded from Easton and Germantown, I occurring only as a waif. SY r:! ?a., probably 562 LENTIBULARIACEAE LENTIBULARIACEAE Bracts at the base of the pedicels without bractlets; calyx not en- closing the fruit. Branches verticillate, decompound; lateral lobes of lower lip of corolla saccate. 1. VESICULINA. Branches alternate or none; lateral lobes of lower lip of corolla not saccate. Bracts and scales if present, flat, basally attached; aquatic 2. UTRICULARIA. Bract solitary, tubular, surrounding the scape; scales none. 3. LECTICULA. Bracts and scales peltate; terrestrial. 4. SETISCAPELLA. Bracts at the base of the pedicels with a pair of bractlets; calyx en- closing the fruit. 5. STOMOISIA. 1. Vesiculina Raf. 1. V. purpurea (Walt.) Raf. (Utricularia purpurea Walt.). In ponds: Me. to Fla. and La., near the coast; Ind. to Minn. Conn. Mostly near the coast, decreasing inland. N. Y. Apparently confined to L. I., rare. N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, more common in the pine- barrens than elsewhere. Pa. Known only from near Great Lake, Carbon Co. 2. Utricularia L. Scape with a whorl of inflated floats. 1. U. radiata. Scape without floats. Stems floating. Scapes 6—20-flowered, with 1-5 scales; no cleistogamous flowers. 2. U. macrorhiza. Scapes 2-5-flowered, without scales; cleistogamous flowers present. 3. U. geminiscapa. Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water. Spur and palate conspicuous; fruiting pedicels ascending. Segments of some leaves linear, flat, bristly-ciliate; upper lip of corolla half as long as lower. 4. U. intermedia. Leaf-segments all capillary; corolla lips nearly equal. Spurs stout, conic, shorter than the lower lip. 5. U. gibba. Spur slender, equalling the lower lip or longer. Spur tapering from base to apex; leaves all bladder-bearing. 6. U. pumila. Spur conic at base, linear above; leaves not all bladder-bearing. 7. U. fimbrosa. Spur a mere sac; palate obsolete; fruiting pedicels re- curved. 8. U. minor. 1. U. radiata Small. In ponds: Me. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Conn. Rare over most of the state, decreasing inland. ee ee — ee eel LENTIBULARIACEAE 563 UN. Y. Known definitely only from L. I., there rare. ; N. J. Mt. Arlington, Morris Co.,increasing southward, especially in __ the pine-barrens. Pa. Known definitely only from Bucks Co. Common throughout most of the range except in the pine- ___ barrens, there not reported. 3. UL geminiscapa Benj. (U. clandestina Nutt.). In shallow _ ponds: N. B. to Va. ; Ae, Conn. Known only from Waterford, Fairfield and near Cromwell. N.Y. Apparently confined to L. I. N.J. Nearly throughout the coastal plain, and common in the a : pine-barrens but unknown east of them. Pa. Wayne and Monroe counties. eee. : 4. U. intermedia Hayne. In shallow water: Newfoundland to ~ Mass. and R. I., to Ill., La. and Tex. Rare. Known only from Groton and Southington, Conn. and from near Georgetown, Sussex Co., N. J. ; 7. U. fibrosa Walt. In shallow ponds and swamps: L. I. to Fla. and La. Common on L. I. and the pine-barrens of N.J.,and at Elmer, N. _ J.; apparently wanting in Conn. and Pa. 8. U. minor L. In shallow ponds and in bogs: Greenl. and Lab. ie).to B. Col., N. Y., Ark., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe. Conn. ” Known only from near the coast and from Salisbury; rare. N. Y. Apparently confined to the north side of L. I.; reported but not definitely known from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. 3. Lecticula Barnhart. 1. L. resupinata (B. D. Greene) Barnhart. In sandy bogs and rders of ponds: Me. to Fla., west to Mich. Rare. ee 564 LENTIBULARIACEAE Conn. Known only from East Lyme, Southington and Woodbury. N. Y. Apparently confined to L. I., there rare. N.J. Known only from Sea Isle City and Ocean View, both on the southern coast. 4. Setiscapella Barnhart. Corolla yellow, the lower lip 4-8 mm. long; spur conic. 1. S. subulata. Corolla white or purplish, the minute lower lip less than 0.5 mm. long; spur saccate. 2. S. cleistogama. 1. S. subulata (L.) Barnhart. In wet sandy soil: Mass. to Fla., west to Tex., Mex. and Ark. Also in Cuba. N. Y. Reported from L. I., but report was probably erroneous (according to Barnhart). N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare elsewhere on the coastal plain. 2. S.cleistogama (A. Gray) Barnhart. In wet soil: E. Mass. and in the pine-barrens of N. J. Known only from the southern part of New Jersey in the pine- barrens and from Cape May; and from Wading River, L.I. Rare. _ 5. Stomoisia Raf. Corolla much exceeding the calyx. Lower lip of corolla 12-16 mm. long; spur 7-12 mm. long. I. S. cornuta. Lower lip of corolla 8-10 mm. long; spur 5-8 mm. long. 2. S. junced. Corolla shorter than or about equalling the calyx. 3. S. virgatula. 1. S. cornuta (Michx.) Raf. On borders of ponds or in bogs: Newf. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Scattered over most parts of the range, more common in the pine- barrens than elsewhere; rare inland and unknown from §. I. 2. S. juncea (Vahl) Barnhart. In bogs: N. Y. and N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. N. Y. Reported from Riverhead, L. I. N. J. Not uncommon in the pine-barrens and at Cape May, unknown elsewhere. 3 S. virgatula Barnhart. In mud and bogs: N. Y., N. J., Fla. and Miss. N. Y. Known only from near Riverhead and Woodmere, L. I. N. J. Known only from near Jackson and Cape May. ; OROBANCHACEAE 565 : OROBANCHACEAE Flowers all complete and perfect. ' Calyx 2-5-toothed. 7 Calyx about equally 5-cleft; no bracts on pedicels or calyx. 1. THALESIA. Calyx unequally toothed, or split on both sides; flowers 3 bracted. 2. OROBANCHE. Calyx spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3-4-toothed on the supper. 3. CONOPHOLIS. wer flowers cleistogamous, fertile; upper complete, mostly sterile. 4. LeeTaMNruM, ; 1. Thalesia Raf. :: t. uniflora (L.) Britton. In woods and thickets: Newf. to >». B. Col., Va., Ohio., Tex. and Cal. Parasitic. ut : Conn. Throughout the area, increasing northward. at i N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Occasional in Burlington, Monmouth, Ocean and Mercer counties, thence increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout the range. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,500 [t. 2. Orobanche [Tourn.] L. % _ Calyx split on both sides; stem simple. 1. O. minor. Calyx 4-toothed; stem mostly branched. 2. O. ramosa:. 1. O. minor J. E. Smith. Parasitic on the roots of clover: N. Y. to Va. Naturalized from Europe. Scattered in most parts of our range from New York southward. 5 O. ramosa L. Parasitic on the roots of tomato, hemp and tobacco: N. J., Ill., Ky. Adventive from Europe. On tomato, New Brunswick, N. J. 3. Conopholis Wallr. 1. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. In rich woods, usually at the bases of oak trees: Me. to Mich. and Fla. Rare. Conn. Known only from Plainville, Southington, Guildford and New Haven. N. Y. Known definitely only from S. I. and from Bronx and Westchester counties. N.J. Known definitely only from Camden, Hunterdon, Essex and Bergen counties, the latter station on the Palisades opposite Yonkers, rare. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. A rare and local plant. 566 ACANTHACEAE 4. Leptamnium Raf. 1. L. virginianum (L.) Raf. In beech woods: N. B. to Fla., Ont., Mich., Mo. and La. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and at Cape May, there wanting, apparently always parasitic on the beech. BIGNONIACEAE Leaves compound; a vine. 1. BIGNONIA. Leaves simple; a tree. 2. CATALPA, 1. Bignonia L. 1. B. radicans L. (Tecoma radicans (L.) J. St. Hil.). In moist woods and thickets: N. J. and Pa., to Fla., Tex., Kan. and III. N.J. Monmouth and Camden counties, increasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks Co. The numerous records further north are based on specimens of cultivated plants or those escaped from cultivation. 2. Catalpa Scop. 1. C. Catalpa (L.) Karst. In woods in the Gulf States: escape from cultivation in Pa. and N. Y. Not uncommon as an escape from very frequent cultivation, in most parts of our range. Martynia louisiana Mill. of the Martyniaceae and Sesamum indicum L. of the Pedaliaceae have both been collected as waifs. Neither is certainly established in the range. ACANTHACEAE Corolla convolute in the bud, nearly regular; stamens 4. 1. RUELLIA. Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped; stamens 2. 2. DIANTHERA. 1. Ruellia [Plum.] L. Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule. 1. R. strepens. Calyx-segments filiform-linear, exceeding the capsule. 2. R. parviflora. I. R. strepens L. In dry woods: Pa. to Wisc., Fla. and Tex. Pa. Known only from near Easton, Northampton Co.; recorded from Atlantic Co., N. J., probably erroneously. 2. R. parviflora (Nees) Britton. In dry soil: N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Mich., Kan. and La. N. J. Known only from Cape May Co. A very rare and local species, apparently reaching its most northerly station in our range; has been referred to R. ciliosa Pursh. OO ———— — —— PLANTAGINACEAE 567 2. Dianthera L. 1). americana L. In water and wet places: Ont. to Mich., 4 ir an., Ga. and Tex. N. Y. Known definitely only from Orange Co. . aN .J. Known only along the Delaware from Gloucester to Mercer -) ) counties. ; ‘Pa. Luzerne, Bucks and Chester counties. | PHRYMACEAE ei 1. Phryma L. i F . . Leptostachya L. In woods and thickets: Can. to Minn., Fila. and Kan. Also in eastern Asia. __ Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown, ie, local on the coastal plain. PLANTAGINACEAE 1. Plantago [Tourn.| L. lla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of ‘the pyxis. ee aves ovate, lanceolate or oblong. - Seeds several or many in each pyxis. . a’ Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. 1. P. major. eat ; Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. 2. P. Rugelit. _ Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis. , Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel-ribbed. 3. P. lanceolata. Leaves or some of them cordate; veins starting from the midrib. 4. P. cordata. Leaves linear or filiform. ‘a _ Leaves fleshy; plant maritime. 5. P. maritima. _ Leaves not fleshy; plant not maritime. 6. P. aristata. Co La Pies erect and closed over the top of the pyxis. ; Leaves spatulate to obovate; stamens 4. 7. P. virginica. ; eaves linear-filiform; stamens 2. 8. P. pusilla. aoe . P. major L. In waste places: nearly throughout N. Am. and nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, seemingly in part naturalized from Europe and in part native in our area. ~ Common as a weed throughout the range. A form found along the coast and on shores inland, described as P. halophila Bicknell, 4 appears to be the same as P. intermedia Gilib., which seems to be a rm of P. major. 568 PLANTAGINACEAE NO . P. Rugelii Dec. In fields, woods and waste places: Me. and Ont. to S. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex. Common throughout the range as a weed in waste places; perhaps more frequent than the preceding. . P. lanceolata L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to the N. W. Terr., B. Col., Fla. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe. Throughout the range as a field weed. ie) 4. P.cordata Lam. In swamps and along streams: Ont. to Ala., Mo. and La. Known only from an old collection made at Mattewan, N. Y., many years ago. Otherwise unrecorded from the area. . P. maritima L. (P. decipiens Barn.). In salt marshes and on sea-shores: Lab. to N. J. Also on the Pacific Coast. Common or frequent in our maritime swamps and up the tidal rivers. on 6. P. aristata Michx. On dry plains and prairies in the West; also as a weed: Me. to Ga. Common in waste places, particularly along the coast. 7. P. virginica L. In dry soil: R. 1. to Fla., Il, Moi Amznaad Mex. Conn. Not uncommon near the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Westchester Co., unknown northward. N. J. Common .on the coastal plain, occasional north of it; perhaps only adventive in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill as a wild plant, common elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,o50 ft. 8. P. pusilla Nutt. In dry sandy soil: R. I. to N. Y., Va, La., Ill., S. Dak. and Tex. Conn. Rare at Old Lyme, Blackhall and Guilford, otherwise unknown. N. Y. Known definitely only from L. I., there rare. N. J. Rare and local in Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden and Cape May counties; not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Apparently known only as a weed near Philadelphia. RUBIACEAE 569 ers iz _ Avery localized species, whose distribution is not yet understood. It has been referred to the western P. elongata Pursh. P. heterophylla Nutt. has been collected as a weed near Camden and Philadelphia. _ Coronopus L. has been collected as a waif near Philadelphia and near New York. RUBIACEAE ules numerous in each cavity * the ovary; rae ~ Top of the capsule free from the ovary; seeds few, peltate. 1. HOUSTONIA. _ Capsule wholly adnate tothe ovary; seeds minute, angular. 2. OLDENLANDIA. i vules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Shrubs or small trees; flowers in dense globular heads. 3. CEPHALANTHUS. Low evergreen herbs; flowers 2 together, with their ovaries ae united. 4. MITCHELLA. oe Herbs; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct. 5. Dropta. ers appearing verticillate; herbs. ~ Corolla rotate; calyx-teeth minute or none. 6. GALIUM. Corolla funnelform. Flowers in panicles. 7. ASPERULA. _ Flowers in involucrate heads. 8. SHERARDIA. 1. Houstonia L. j its 2.5-18 cm. high; peduncles 1-flowered. 1. H. coerulea. Pl = nts eo cm. high; flowers cymose. 2. H. longifolia. es ~H. coerulea L. In open grassy places, or on wet rocks: N. >. % to Que., Mich., Ga. and Ala. Conn. Throughout the state. N.Y. Reported from but not definitely known on L. I.; on S. L., rare in the Bronx, thence increasing northward. N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens, and at Cape May; always increasing westward and northward. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, not common: Older Formations, increasing and becoming common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,020 ft. 2. H. longifolia Gaertn. In dry open places: Me. and Ont. to Man., Ga. and Mo. Conn. Rare and local but scattered over most of the state, more common along the coast than elsewhere. ‘N.Y. Common on L. I., unknown on S. I., otherwise known only from a doubtful record in Greene Co. RUBIACEAE Cr | ie) N. J. Known only from an old record from Lakehurst, Ocean Co. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Chester counties. A scattered and local plant whose distribution is little known. H. purpurea L. reported as from N. J. by Torrey in 1819, has not since been col- lected in the state. The record, in all probability, applies to H. longzfolia. 2. Oldenlandia [Plum.] L. 1. O. uniflora L. In low grounds: N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba and Jamaica. N. Y. Apparently confined to L. I. and S. I., not common. N.J. Rarein Bergen and Hudson counties, thence increasing and common southward but wanting or only rarely adventive in the pine-barrens. 3. Cephalanthus L. 1. C. occidentalis L. In swamps and low grounds: N. B. to QOnt.,. Wisc:, Neb:, Fla:-asd Tex: Throughout the range, not so common in the pine-barrens as elsewhere. 4. Mitchella L. 1. M.repens L. In woods: N.S. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ark. and Tex. ; Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there only as a rare intruder. 5. Diodia L. Leaves linear-lanceolate; style entire; stigmas capitate. 1. D) teres: Leaves lanceolate or oval; style 2-cleft; stigmas filiform. 2. D. virginiana. 1. D. teres Walt. In dry or sandy soil: Conn. to Fla., Il., Kan., Tex., N. Mex. and Sonora. Conn. Rather rare along and near the coast, wanting inland. N.Y. Locally common on L. I. and S. I., wanting northward. N. J. Bergen, Warren, Hunterdon, Passaic, and Union counties, thence increasing southward. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common, less so on Beacon Hill than elsewhere: Cre- taceous, less common: Older Formations, scattered and local. 153-220 days. Sea level—850 ft. 2. D. virginiana L. In moist soil: S. N. J. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. N. J. Known only from southern Cape May Co., rare. RUBIACEAE 571 6. Galium L. l. Fruit dry. istly, granular or tubercled. (Becoming glabrous in No. 5). ves in 6’s or 8’s. Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly; ballast plant. 1. G. tricorne. i _ Fruit bristly. P Angles of stem retrorse-hispid; leaves in 6's or 8's; fruit 4-6 mm. broad. 2. G. Aparine. _ Stem glabrous; leaves in 6's; fruit 3-4 mm. broad. _—3.. G. triflorum. Le aves in 4’s. oa Leaves 1-nerved. 4. G. pilosum, pte Leaves 3-nerved. ae Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate: flowers in ter- minal panicles. 5. G. boreale. Leaves lanceolate or ovate; flowers in open cymes. Upper leaves ovate, obtuse. 6. G. circaezans. Upper leaves lanceolate, acuminate. 7. G. lanceolatum. t smooth and glabrous. Flower yellow; leaves in 6's or 8's; fruit about 2 mm. broad. 8. G. verum. ‘a: ‘lower greenish-white or white. + Leaves in 4’s or fewer than 4's. E Rie: Flowers several in small dichotomous cymes. g. G. palustre. -——s«* Flowers solitary or in a simple cyme. oy Leaves spreading or ascending; fruit about sre; 3 mm. broad. 10. G. tinctorium. Leaves mostly reflexcd; fruit 1-1.5 mm. broad. 11. G. labradoricum. Leaves in 5’s or more than 5's or in 4's in G. Claytont. Plants erect; stems and leaves smooth, or nearly so. Flowering branches and pedicels strongly di- varicate. 12. G. Mollugo. Flowering branches and pedicels mostly ascend- ing. 13. G. erectum. Plants decumbent, forming dense mats; stems and leaves scabrous. Leaves acute or cuspidate. Leaves linear, slightly upward scabrous on the margin. 14. G. concinnum. Leaves lanceolate, retrorse-scabrous. 15. G. asprellum. Leaves obtuse. Flowers solitary or in simple cymes. 16. G. Claytont. Flowers several in a small dichotomous - ; cyme. g. G. palustre. Bhi II. Fruit fleshy. 17. G. bermudense. 8 G. tricorne Stokes. In waste or cultivated fields: Ont. and about the eastern seaports. Native of Europe. a "4 Rare as an occasional waif in our range. .G. Aparine L. In various situations: N. B. to S. Dak., Fla., o.and Tex. Apparently naturalized from Europe, in part. aon as a weed in most parts of our range. 572 RUBIACEAE 3. G. triflorum Michx. In woods: N. S. to Alask., Fla., La., Ind. Terr., Colo. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the region east and south of them, there wanting. 4. G. pilosum Ait. (G. puncticulosum Michx.). In dry or sandy soil: Mass. to Ind.,: Kan., Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range, but rare northward. 5. G. boreale L. In rocky soil or along streams: Que. to Alaska, N. J., Pa., Mich., Mo., Neb., N. Mex. and GalyyiAiegese Europe and Asia. Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Westchester Co., increasing but not common northward. N. J. Rare and local in Mercer and Hunterdon counties, increasing northward, especially in the valley of the Delaware. Pa Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, increasing north- ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. 6. G. circaezans Michx. In woods: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Kan. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 7. G.lanceolatum Torr. In dry woods: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Nw Js,. Vas, Pav and ivich. Conn. Very rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Wanting on L. I., and on S. I., occasional in the Bronx, thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Very rare in northern Burlington and Monmouth counties, thence increasing northward. PA. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Berks, Dela- ware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0:.Cretaceous, very rare and perhaps only adventive: Older Formations, increasing northward, especially in the mountains 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o40 ft. 8. G. verum L. In waste places and fields: Ont. to Mass., N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe. Not uncommon as a weed in most parts of our range. The form described as G. Wirtgeni F. Schultz has been collected in Connecticut. RUBIACEAE 573 9. G. palustre L. In damp places: Newf. and Que. to Mass., — _ Conn. and N. Y. Also in Europe. _ Conn. Rare in New London, New Haven and Litchfield counties. N. Y. Known definitely from Greene Co., in the Catskills, Bed- ford, Westchester Co., and from Long Beach, L. I. N. J. Warren and Sussex counties. Pa. Pike and Lehigh counties, apparently unknown elsewhere. Of ‘ea . . Io. G. tinctorium L. In damp shady places and in meadows: Can. to N. Car., Tenn., Mich., Neb. and Ariz. ‘Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. 7 4 re G. labradoricum Wiegand. Bogs, Newf. to Wisc., Conn. and Sey oN: Y: Known in our area only from Norfolk and Salisbury, Conn., and from Copake Falls, N. Y. 12. G. Mollugo L. In fields and waste places: Newf. to Vt., N. Y., N. J., Pa. and Del. Native of Europe. Not uncommon as a field weed, often wanting locally. B13: G. erectum Huds. In fields and along roadsides: Que. to Vt. and Conn. and N. J. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed; perhaps not yet thoroughly established. 14. G. concinnum T. & G. In dry woodlands: N. J. to Va., : Minn., Kan. and Ark. ; Very doubtfully in New Jersey, as the record was based on an old ‘tng specimen supposed to have been collected in ‘“ N. J., near Phil.” Not since recorded from the state. Reported from Bucks Co., Pa.; otherwise unknown in the range. ets. G. asprellum Michx. In moist soil: Newf. to Ont., N. Car., ‘Z Ill., Wisc. and Neb. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Occasional on L. I.; S. I.; in Bronx, Westchester and Orange counties, increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Salem, Monmouth and Ocean counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and probably adventive: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level- 4,040 ft. 574 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 16. G. Claytoni Michx. In swamps: Mass. and N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown. 17. G. bermudense L. (Galium hispidulum Michx.). In dry or sandy soil: S. N. J. to Fla. and Ga. Also in the W. I. Known only from Cape May Co., N. J., there rare and local. 7. Asperula L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to obovate; fruit hispid. 1. A. odoraa. Leaves linear, 2 mm. wide or less; fruit smooth. 2. A. glaucat. 1. A. odorata L. Native of Europe. Known in our area only from an old collection from New Brunswick, Middlesex Co., Ca F 2. A. glauca (L.) Bess. (A. galioides Bieb.). Fields, Conn. to Mich. Adventive from Europe. Known, in our range, only from Southington, Conn. A. arvensis L. also of Europe has been collected on S. I., but not recently. 8. Sherardia [Dill.] L. 1. S. arvensis L. In waste places: Ont. to eastern Mass. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. Occasional as a weed. Richardsonia scabra St. Hil. has been collected as a waif in our range, scarcely per- sistent. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Corolla rotate to urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes; style deeply 2—5-lobed; shrubs or trees. Leaves pinnate; drupe 3-5-seeded. I. SAMBUCUS. Leaves simple; drupe 1-seeded. 2. VIBURNUM Corolla tubular to campanulate, often 2-lipped; style slender. Erect perennial herbs; leaves connate. 3. TRIOSTEUM. Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers long-peduncled, geminate, 4. LINNAEA. Shrubs or vines. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Corolla short, campanulate, regular, or nearly so. 5. SYMPHORICARPOS. Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanu- late. 6. LONICERA. Fruit a 2-celled capsule; corolla funnelform. 7. DIERVILLA. CAPRIFOLIACEAE 575 q 1. Sambucus [Tourn.] L. 01 ex: fruit purplish black. ‘ 1. S. canadensis, soid-paniculate, longer than broad: fruit red. 2. S. pubens. madensis L. In moist soil: B. N. and N.S. to Fla., Man., n. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there iebens Michx. In rocky places: N. B. to Alask., B. Col., ea. Colo. and Cal. C ONN. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. I . Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare and local in Westchester Co., increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Bergen, Hudson, Union, Hunterdon and Essex counties, _ increasing northward. | Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Schuylkill, 8 days. Sea dies aint ft. L. has been recorded as an escape from cultivation. I have seen no S. laciniata Mill., a cut-leaved form of S. nigra L., has been collected at 2. Viburnum [Tourn.] L. s of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red. es doubly serrate, pinnately veined. 1. V. alnifolium. ves 3-lobed, palmately veined. 2. V. Opulus. ‘the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black. ves palmately veined. 3. V. acertfolium. eaves pinnately veined. Leaves coarsely dentate, the veins prominent beneath. a a Leaves very short petioled, pubescent. 4. V. pubescens. a Petioles 0.6—4 cm. long. Leaves glabrous or with tufts of hair in the axils beneath, petioles glabrous. 5. V. dentatum. Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more or less stellate, petioles pubescent. Leaves stellate-pubescent all over the under side. 6. V. venosum. Leaves stellate-pubescent only on the veins beneath. 7. V. Canbyi. ‘iy 5 di" Leaves entire, crenulate or serrulate, the veins not promi- , nent. Cymes obviously peduncled. Peduncle shorter than the cyme; leaves crenu- . late. 8. V. cassinotdes. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme; leaves nearly entire. 9. V. nudum. Cymes sessile or nearly so. ‘ Leaves prominently acuminate. 10. V. Lentago. Leaves obtuse or merely acute. 11. V. prunifolium. 1. V. alnifolium Marsh. In low woods: N. B. to N. Car, iS) ww western N. Y. and Mich. Conn. Very rare near the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. From Westchester Co., and the Highlands of the Hudson northward. N. J. Bearfort Mt., Passaic Co. Pa. Known only from Monroe and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare, increasing northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-159 days. Sea level— 4,050 ft. . V. Opulus L. In low grounds: N. B. to B. Col., N. J., Mich.; S. Dak. and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Occasional. N. Y. Dutchess Co. N. J. Warren and Sussex counties. Pa. Monroe and Berks counties. . V. acerifolium L. In dry woods: N. B. to N. Car, Ont; Mich. and Minn. Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and at Cape May, there wanting. Always increasing northward. 4. V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. In rocky woods: Que. and Ont. to Man., Ga., Ill., lowa and Mich. Conn. Rare along the coast and scattered northwestward into Litchfield Co. N. Y. Port Washington Point, Manhattan; Rockland, Dutchess and Columbia counties, northward, nowhere common. N. J. Rare in Mercer and Hunterdon counties, increasing but not common northward. Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties, rare. Distribution not as yet clearly understood. 5. V. dentatum L. In moist soil: N. B. to Ont., Ga., western ’ N. Y., Michigan and Minn. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there sometimes intrusive up the larger streams. CAPRIFOLIACEAE 577 6. V. venosum Britton. In open places: E. Mass. to N. J., Pa. and Va. N. Y. Rare on the southern shore of L. I. in Suffolk Co. Not reported elsewhere. N. J. Known only from Monmouth and Salem counties. Pa. Recorded, but no definite station known to me. A rare and local species whose distribution is mostly coastal. 7. V. Canbyi (Rehder) Britton (V. venosum Canbyi Rehder). Thickets and river-banks, N. J. and Pa. to Va. and Ga. N. J. Morris Co., increasing southward. Pa. Chester and Bucks counties. 8. V. cassinoides L. In swamps and wet soil: Newf. to Man., N. J., Ga. and Ala. Common throughout most of the range; unknown in the Bronx. A specimen, apparently of this species, with unusually pubescent inflorescence, collected at May’s Landing, N. J., has been referred to V. rufidulum Raf. g. V. nudum L. In swamps: Conn. to Fla., Ky. and La. Conn. Rare near the coast of Fairfield Co., unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Rare on the south side of L. I. and on S. I.; Woodlawn, N. Y. City, unknown elsewhere. N. J. Rare and local in Morris, Warren, Hudson and Mercer counties, increasing southward. Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Scattered locally, and more common on the coastal plain than e elsewhere. 10. V. Lentago L. Inrich soil: Hudson Bay to Manitoba, N. J., Ga., Kan., Ind. and Mo. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northward. N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and on S. I. and increasing northward. N. J. Reported, but not definitely known from Camden Co.; common in Passaic, Warren, Morris and Sussex counties, un- known elsewhere. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,090 ft. 11. V. prunifolium L. In dry soil: Conn. to 5. Car., Mich., Kan. and Tex. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; fare southward and increasing northward. A form with globose _ fruit, globosum, has been collected in N. J. and Pa. 38 578 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 3. Triosteum L. Leaves ovate or oval; flowers purplish or dull red. Leaves or some of them connate-perfoliate; fruit orange- 1. T. perfoliatum. yellow. Leaves narrowed to a sessile base; fruit orange-red. 2. T. aurantiacum. Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; flowers yellowish. 3. T. angustifolium. 1. T. perfoliatum L. In rich soil: Mass. to Minn., Ala., Ky. and Kan. . Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting inland. N.Y. Frequent on L. I. and 5S. I. N. J. Rare and scattered over the state, except in the pine- barrens, there only occasionally adventive; increasing southward. Pa. Northampton, Berks, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, not common elsewhere: Cre- taceous, scattered; Older Formations, decreasing northward. 138- 220 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft. 2. T. aurantiacum Bicknell. In woods: Que. to Minn., Mass., N. Car., Ky. and Iowa. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing but not common north- ward. N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in northern Monmouth Co., thence increasing but never common northward; not in the pine-barrens. 3. T. angustifolium L. In rich soil: Conn. and L. tags Pa., Ala.; Ll. ‘anda; Conn. South Windsor, East Granby, Milford and Stratford. N. Y.. Glen:Cove, 12 1; N. J. Milltown and Rocky Hill. Pa. Berks, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties. — 4. Linnaea [Gronov.] L. 1. L. americana Forbes. In cold woods: Newf. to Alask., S. Dak., Col., Pa., Md., Mich. and Utah. CONN. Scattered over most of the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Babylon, L. I.,* (not recently collected) otherwise known only from the Catskills in Greene, Delaware and Ulster counties; reported from but not definitely known now on S. I. * See Introduction paragraph 39. CAPRIFOLIACEAE 579 ‘N. J. Known only from Hudson and Passaic counties (not re- fe ently collected) and from Green Pond, Warren Co. Pa. Wayne and Schuylkill counties. ! ‘Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north- ward. 117-189 days. Sea level-4,020 ft. 5. Symphoricarpos [Dill.| Ludwig. Fruit wh it e; style glabrous. 1. S. racemosus. ed; style bearded. 2. S. Symphoricarpos. 4 1. S. racemosus Michx. In rocky places and on river shores: =. to'B. Col., Pa., Ky.,; S. Dak. and in Cal. - * Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; always as an escape from cultivation, but possibly-native in the upper Delaware Valley. iy | . Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Along rivers and in rocky p laces: N. J. and Pa. to western N. Y., Dak., Neb., Ga. and ; Ue i ex. | Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens; apparently v ‘: only as an escape from cultivation. 6. Lonicera L. ; or trailing vines; flowers in heads or interrupted spikes; yper leaves connate-perfoliate. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire. _ Corolla glabrous within. 1. L. Caprifolium. Corolla pubescent within. Leaves pubescent, at least beneath; corolla yellow. 2. L. hirsuta. Leaves glabrous on both sides, very glaucous beneath. 3. L. dioica. or ‘olla tubular, the short limb nearly equally 5-lobed. 4. L. sempervirens. vines; flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles; garden se. 5. L. japonica. s; flowers in pairs on axillary bracted peduncles. ; Leaves rarely cordate, more or less pubescent or ciliate. ri. : Leaves pale or glaucous, thick, strongly reticulate. 6. L. coerulea. ‘Se Leaves bright green, thin, ciliate, not reticulate. 7. L. canadensis. YER Leaves pale, densely pubescent beneath, even when old. 8. L. Xylosteum. : Bt aves cordate glabrous. 9. L. tatarica. 1. L, Caprifolium L. In thickets: Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Pa. to Mich. and in the Southern States. Natuselaen from % Be: Europe. Rather rare as a naturalized plant in parts of our range, except Z ea. pine-barrens, there wanting. 4 Ba 580 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 2. L. hirsuta Eaton. In woodlands: Vt. and Ont. to Manitoba, Pa., Ohio and Mich. Known in our area only from Monroe Co., Pa., there rare, perhaps not native. 3. L. dioica L. In rocky and usually dry situations: Que. to / Man., N. Car., Ohio and Mich. Conn. Throughout the state, not very common. N. Y. Unknown on L. I.; on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in Burlington and northern Monmouth Co. and in Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,380 ft. . L. sempervirens L. In low grounds or on hillsides: Me. to Fla., Neb. and Tex. Scattered over most of our range except the pine-barrens; commonly cultivated, but native along the coast. . L. japonica Thumb. Escaping from cultivation: N. Y. and Pa. to N. Car., Fla.and W. Va. Naturalized from Eastern Asia. Not uncommon, as a more or less persistent escape, in most parts of our range. . L. coerulea L. In low grounds: Newf. to Alask., R. I., Pa., Wisc. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Wanting near the coast, increasing but not common northwestward. | Pa. Known only from Monroe Co. A rare and local plant apparently found exclusively north of the moraine and at moderate elevations. . L. canadensis Marsh. (L. ciliata Muhl.). In moist woods: N.S. to Man., Conn., Pa. and Mich. Conn. Very rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N. Y. From-the northern end of the Highlands of the Hudson northward, particularly in the Catskills. N. J. Reported from but not definitely known in Warren Co., otherwise unknown. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe and Lehigh counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level- 4,020 ft. ee oe VALERIANACEAE 581 x 8. L. Xylosteum L. Escaped from cultivation: E. N.S. Native of Europe and Asia. Rare as an escape from gardens in most parts of the range. 9. L. tatarica L. Escaped from cultivation: E. N. Am. Native a of Asia. Not very common, as a garden escape. Lonicera orientalis has been collected as an escape in Conn.; scarcely persistent. It is a native of Asia. 7. Diervilla [Tourn.] Mill. 1. D. Diervilla (L.) MacM. In dry or rocky woodlands: Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car. and Mich. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. as a wild plant; S. I., not uncom- mon in the Bronx, thence increasing northward. N. J. Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, increasing northward; reported from Cumberland Co. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, (?) Philadelphia, and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. ADOXACEAE 1. Adoxa L. “1. A. Moschatellina L. In shaded rocky places: Arctic America to N. Y., Iowa, Wisc., S. Dak. and Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Known in our area only from Arkville, Delaware Co., N. Y., there rare. This is a region north of the moraine with an elevation of about 2,000 ft., and a growing season of about 125 days. VALERIANACEAE Fruit 1-celled; persistent calyx-iobes becoming awn-like; tall herbs. 1. VALERIANA. Fruit 3-celled; calyx-lobes minute or none; low herbs. 2. VALERIANELLA. 1. Valeriana [Tourn.] L. Lower leaves spatulate, often entire; plant glabrous. 1. V. uliginosa. All the leaves pinnately divided; plant pubescent. 2. V. officinalis. 582 DIPSACEAE 1. V. uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. In wet soil: Me. to N. Y. and Ont., west to Mich. Known in our area only from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., a region with limestone predominating, an elevation of about 1,000 ft. and with a growing season of about 142 days. 2. V. officinalis L. Escaped from gardens to roadsides: Conn., N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe and Asia. Not uncommon as an escape in parts of our range. Not re- ported from Pa. or the pine-barrens of N. J. and L. I. 2. Valerianella [Tourn.j Mill. Corolla blue or purplish; fruit about twice as broad as thick; intro- duced species. 1. V. Locusta. Corolla white; fruit about as broad as thick; native specics. Fruit with the fertile portion fully as wide as the sterile. 2. V. radiata. Fruit with the fertile portion much smaller and narrower than the sterile. 3. V. Woodsiana. 1. V. Locusta (L.) Bettke. In waste places: Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Pa. to Va. and La. Native of Europe. Not very common as a weed, frequently wanting. . V. radiata (L.) Dupr. In moist soil: Mass. and N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex. Very rare. Conn. Known only from near Waterford. N. Y. Near New Baltimore, Greene Co. N.J. Mercer, Camden, and Cape May counties. Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Delaware counties. No A rare and localized plant whose distribution is little understocd. 3. V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. In moist soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ohio, Tenn. and Tex. Known in our range only from Bucks and Philadelphia counties in Pennsylvania. The variety patellaria (Sulliv.) A. Gray has been reported from Bucks Co., Pa. DIPSACEAE Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. I. DIPSACUS. Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none. 2. SCABIOSA. 1. Dipsacus [Tourn.] L. 1. D. sylvestris Huds. In waste places: Me. and Ont. to Va., west to Mich. Naturalized from Europe. CAMPANULACEAE 583 4 Not uncommon about waste ground. Often wanting. _Fuller’s Teasel, Dipsacus fullonum L. has been collected as a waif; scarcely persisting il our area. + Biss : 2. Scabiosa [Tourn.] L. . 1, S. arvensis L. In cultivated fields and waste places: Mass., _ Vt., N. Y. and Pa. Adventive from Europe. 5 Rare as a weed near the cities. tooth Scabiosa australis Wulf. from Europe is very rarely found as a waif in our area; hardly persisting. S. stellata L. has also been collected. : b: ” CUCURBITACEAE : Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly; several seeded. 1. MICRAMPELIS. Fruit indehiscent, 1 seeded. 2. SIcyos. oe | 1. Micrampelis Raf. 1. M. lobata (Michx.) Greene. Along rivers and in waste places: Me. to Ont., Mont., Va., Ky. and Tex. Not uncommon, especially in the northern part of our area, often as a weed; native in the valley of the Delaware. ee 2. Sicyos L. 1. S. angulatus L. Along river banks and in moist places: Que. and Ont. to Fla., S. Dak., Kan. and Tex. Naturalized in eastern Europe. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and south of them, there wanting. ' @® The pumpkin, Cucurbita Pepo L., the muskmelon, Cucumis Melo L., the watermelon Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., the club gourd, Lagenaria Lagenaria (L.) Cockerell and = the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., are all occasional escapes. So also are several varieties of squash and Ecbalium agreste Rich. None are really persistent. CAMPANULACEAE Capsule opening by lateral pores or valves. Corolla campanulate, rarely rotate; flowers all complete. 1. CAMPANULA. a - Corolla rotate; earlier flowers cleistogamous. 2. SPECULARIA. Capsule opening by terminal pores or valves. 3. JASIONE. 1. Campanula [Tourn.] L. “f Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate or \* panicled. Corolla 14-30 mm. long. Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular. 1. C. rotundifolia. _. Leaves all lanceolate or ovate. 2. C. rapunculoides. Corolla 4-12 mm. long; a weak diffuse perennial. 3. C. aparinoides. Corolla rotate; flowers spicate. 4. C. americana. 584 CAMPANULACEAE 1. C. rotundifolia L. On moist rocks and in meadows: Lab. to Alask., south to N. J., Neb. and in the Rockies to Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. Conn. Throughout, rare in the south, increasing northwestward. N. Y. A single station on the south side of L. I. in Suffolk Co.,* unknown on S. I. or the Bronx, thence increasing and becoming common northward. N. J. Rare in Mercer, Union and Somerset counties, thence increasing northward especially along the Delaware. Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Berks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. 118-187 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft. NO . C. rapunculoides L. In fields and along roadsides: N. B. to Ont., southern N. Y., N. J. and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Occasional as an established adventive in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown. . C. aparinoides Pursh. In grassy swamps: N. B. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Ky. and Colo. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. Ss) 4. C. americana L. In moist woods and thickets: N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla., Ky., Ark. and Kan. N. Y. Known definitely only from near Flushing and Port Washington, L. I. N. J. Reported years ago from Warren and Hunterdon counties, not recently collected, and otherwise unknown. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, and Philadelphia counties. A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood, Campanula patula L., C. urticifolia Schmid. and C. carpatica L. have all been collected as waifs. 2. Specularia Heist. 1. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. In dry woods or fields: Me. and Ont. to Br. Col., Fla., La., Mex., Utah and Ore. Throughout the range, decreasing in the pine-barrens; often a weed. S. hybrida DC. and S. Speculum DC. have both been collected as waifs near New York and Philadelphia. *See Introduction paragraph 39. — 2 7) ———— ae ee Ce .? LOBELIACEAE 585 3. Jasione L. ae. J. montana L. In waste places: R. I. and Conn. Adventive from Europe. Rare as a waif in Conn. and near the City of New York. LOBELIACEAE o> *- 1. Lobelia L. Aquatic; stems simple, nearly naked; flowers light blue. 1. L. Dortmanna, Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy. Corolla-tube 10-25 mm. long. Flowers bright scarlet, rarely white; corolla-tube 20-25 mm. long. 2. L. cardinals. Flowers blue, white, or blue and white; corolla-tube 10-15 mm. long. Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 3. L. syphilitica. Leaves densely puberulent. 4. L. puberula. Corolla-tube only 4-8 mm. long. Stems mostly simple; flowers in terminal, spike-like racemes. 5. L. spicata. Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose racemes. Stem stout, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, den- tate. 6. L. inflata. Stem slender, glabrous; stem-leaves narrow, the basal wider. Pedicels mostly longer than the flowers, 2-brac- teolate near the middle. 7. L. Kalmii. Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate > or only so at base. Sepals usually spreading; corolla 5-7 mm. long. 8. L. Nuttallii. Sepals erect and sometimes incurved; corolla g-11 mm. long. g. L. Canbyi. 1. L. Dortmanna L. Borders of ponds: N. J. and Pa. to N.S., N. B., the N. W. Terr. and B. Col. Also in Europe. Conn. Rare near the coast, perhaps wanting except in New London Co., increasing northwestward. N. Y. Reported, but not definitely known from L. I., otherwise only from Westchester, Putnam and Orange counties, northward. N. J. Warren, Morris, Sussex and Passaic counties. Pa. Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations; increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-187 days. Sea level- 4,020 ft. 586 ns) LOBELIACEAE . L. cardinalis L. In moist soil: N. B. to Fla., the N. W. Terr., Kan. and Tex. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. 3. L. syphilitica L. In moist soil: Me. to Ont. and S. Dak., Ga., La. and Kan. Throughout the range, except in New Jersey south of the “ fall line,’ there very rare and only along the northern edge of the coastal plain. 4. L. puberula Michx. In moist sandy soil: S. N. J. to Fla., ql west to Ill., Kan. and Tex. N. J. Mercer, Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence in- creasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Known only from Chester Co. Tertiary, common, except on Beacon Hill, there wanting: Cre- taceous, common: Older Formations, rare and local near the coastal plain in Pa. 172-220 days. About sea level. . L. spicata Lam. In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows: N. S. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., N. C., La. and Ark. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; very rare in the region adjacent to the barrens. 6. L. inflata L. In fields and thickets: Lab. to the N. W. Terr., “I Ga., Md., Ark. and Kan. Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens; often a weed. . L. Kalmii L. On wet banks and in wet meadows: N. S. to N. J., west to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Ohio, Mich. and Iowa. Conn. Litchfield Co., increasing northwestward. N. Y. Known only from Westchester and Columbia counties. N. J. Warren and Sussex counties, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Northampton and Monroe Cos. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, most common on limestone and northward. 138-189 days. 570-1,200 ft. 8. L. Nuttallii R. & S. In wet meadows, and in sandy soil: L. I. to Pa., Fla. and Ga. N.Y. The south side of L. I. N. J. Middlesex Co., increasing and common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Known only from Bucks and Delaware counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and local. 169-220 days. About sea level. / AMBROSIACEAE 587 , 9- L. Canbyi A. Gray. In swamps: N. J. to S. Car. Frequent throughout the pine-barrens of New Jersey; unknown elsewhere. cP AMBROSIACEAE . -Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads; involucre of a few _ rounded bracts. 1. Iva. , - Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the staminate mostly uppermost; involucre of the pistillate heads bur-like or nut-like. Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united. 2. AMBROSIA. Involucral bracts of the staminate heads separate; involucre of the pistillate heads an oblong bur. 3. XANTHIUM. t. avaL. _ 1. I. frutescens L. Along salt marshes and on muddy seashores: N. H. to Fla. and Tex. Throughout the tidal marshes and up the Hudson River to Hastings, N. Y. Iva xanthiifolia (Fresen.) Nutt. has been reported from the coast of Connecticut as a waif. I have seen only a single specimen from near Bridgeport. 2. Ambrosia [Tourn.] L. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed or undivided. 1. A. trifida. ‘Leaves opposite and alternate, 1-2 pinnatifid. 2. A. elatior. 1. A. trifida L. In moist soil: Que. to Fla., the N. W. Terr., ~ -Neb., Colo. and Ark. Common everywhere except the pine-barrens, always as a ~ weed. The entire-leaved form integrifolia, is not uncommon with the type. 2. A. elatior L. (A. artemisiaefolia L.). In dry soil: N.S. to Fla., west to B. Col. and Mex. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. Introduced into Europe as a weed. A common and pernicious weed throughout our area. = _ Ambrosia bidentata Michx. has been collected in Conn.; scarcely persistent. A. __ psilostachya DC. has been recorded as a waif. 3. Xanthium [Tourn.] L. ~ Leaves lanceolate, not cordate; axils bearing 3-divided spines. 1. X. spinosum. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate or truncate; axils not spiny. Bur 12-20 mm. long, usually nearly glabrous; beaks straight or nearly so. 2. X. americanum. Bur 5-30 mm.; beaks hooked or incurved. 588 COMPOSITAE Body of the bur oblong, twice as long as thick or more. Bur and its spines merely puberulent and glandu- lar, very rarely somewhat hispid. 3. X. pennsylvanicum. Bur and its spines very hispid. 4. X. commune. Body of the bur oval or ovoid, not twice as long as thick. 5. X. echinatum. 1. X. spinosum L. In waste grounds: Ont. to Fla., west to W. Va., Mo. and Tex. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. Not uncommon as a weed in parts of our area. 2. X. americanum Walt. (X. glabratum (DC.) Britton). In waste places: N. Eng. and N. Y. to Fla. and Mex., west to Neb. Throughout most of our area, except in the pine-barrens, always as a weed. . X. pennsylvanicum Wallr. In waste ground: D. C. to Penn., Ont., and Minn. Known in our area only from Van Cortlandt, N. Y., and on waste land in Northampton Co., Pa. es) 4. X. commune Britton. In waste land: Que. to N. Y., Kan., Mo. and Ariz. Frequent throughout most of our area except in the pine- barrens. . X. echinatum Murr. Sea, lake and river beaches: Vt. and N. N. Y. to Minn. and N. Car. Common on sandy shores along the coast, throughout our area. wt X. speciosum Kearney thas been collected in Westchester Co. and on L. I., not certainly established. COMPOSITAE Stigmatic lines at the base of the stigma or below the middle. Stigmas filiform or subulate, hispidulous. TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE. (Genera I and2. See page 589.) Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberulent. TRIBE 2. EUPATORIEAE. : (Genera 3-7. See page 590.) Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma or to the appendages. Anthers without elongated appendages at the top. Anther-sacs tailed at the base. TRIBE 4. INULEAE. (Genera 21-26. See page 617.) Anther-sacs not tailed at the base. Recptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre well imbricated. ee COMPOSITAE 589 ay, Stigmas of perfect flowers with ter- . minal appendages. TRIBE 3. ASTEREAE. : (Genera 8-20. See page 595.) Stigmas of perfect flowers with trun- cate or hairy or papillose tips. Bracts of the involucre herbace- ous. TRIBE 6. HELENIEAE. ; ra 38. See page 630.) Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. TRIBE 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. (Genera 39-44. See page 630.) Bracts of the involucre little if at all, im- bricated, except where the broad outer ones overlap the inner. TRIBE 8. SENECIONEAE. (Genera 45-51. See page 635.) Receptacle chaffy. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, some- times foliaceous. TRIBE 5. HELIANTHEAE. (Genera 27-37. See page 620.) Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. TRIBE 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. (Genera 39-44. See page 630.) Anthers with elongated, cartilaginous, mostly connate appendages at the tip. TRIBE 9. CYNAREAE. (Genera 52-58. See page 636.) | TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE _ Pappus double; heads not glomerate. 1. VERNONIA. _ Pappus single; heads glomerate. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS. I. Vernonia L. e Byacts of the hemispheric involucre, or some of them with subulate or filiform tips. 1. V. noveboracensis. _ Bracts of the involucre merely acute, obtuse or truncate. 2. V. glauca. 1. V. noveboracensis (L.) Willd. In moist soil: Mass. to Minn., Ga. and Kan. Conn. Throughout. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to the northern end of the Highlands, thence decreasing northward, and perhaps wanting in the Catskills. N. J. Throughout the state, except im the pine-barrens, there unknown, always increasing southward. Pa. Delaware Co. Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre- taceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward, and apparently wanting on the Piedmont Plateau in Pa. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,500 ft. 590 COMPOSITAE 2. V. glauca (L.) Britton. Inwoods: Pa. and Md. to Ohio, south to Fla. and La. Pa. Recorded from Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. 2. Elephantopus L. 1. E. carolinianus Willd. In dry woods: S. N. J. and Pa. to Fla. Kan. and Tex. Rare in our area. N. J. Known only from Salem Co. Pa. Philadelphia and Delaware counties. TRIBE 2. EUPATORIEAE Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed. Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales; aquatic herb with linear, whorled leaves. 3. SCLEROLEPIS. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. Involucre of more than 4 bracts; erect herbs. 4. EUPATORIUM. Involucre of 4 bracts; twining vines. 5. MIKANIA. Achenes 8-10 ribbed, or 8—I0 striate. Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved; heads panicled or corymbed in our species. 6. KUHNIA. Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all; heads spiked or racemed. 7. LACINARIA. 3. Sclerolepis Cass. 1. S. uniflora (Walt.) B.S. P. In shallow ponds and streams: WN. He to tas Known in our area only from the southern part of the pine- barrens and in Cape May Co., N. J. Local but abundant where found. 4. Eupatorium [Tourn.]. L. Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3’s or 6’s, or the upper oppositc. Leaves rugose, pubescent; inflorescence depressed. 1. E. maculatum. Leaves nearly glabrous; inflorescence pyramidal. . E. trifoliatum. Leaves opposite, rarely in 3’s, or the uppermost alternate. 'nvolucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer shorter. Nv Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate. Leaves narrowed at the base. Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 4-12 mm. wide. 3. E. leucolepis. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, scarcely , toothed, 1-4 cm. wide. 4. E. album. Bracts ot the involucre obtuse. ee COMPOSITAE 591 Leaves linear, crowded, usually encire, obtuse. 5. E. hyssopifolium. Leaves lanceolate, sparingly dentate, long-acuminate. 6. E. altissimum. Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base. Plant glabrous; leaves. lanceolate, long- acuminate. 7. E. sessilifolium. Plants pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse. Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, usually obtuse. 8. B. verbenacfolium. Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly truncate at the base, obtusish. 9. E. rotundifolium. ‘ Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. 10. E. pubescens. Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate. ___ Leaves connate-perfoliate; involucral bracts acute. 11. E. perfoliatum. _-—— Leaves merely clasping; involucral bracts obtuse. 12. B. resinosum. Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, all equal or nearly so. re Flowers white; recptacle flat. Leaves thin, 5-12 cm. long, sharply dentate, 7, . acuminate. 13. E. ageratordes. i+ a Leaves thickish, 2-5 cm. long, blunt-toothed, owe i acute or obtusish. 14. E. aromaticum. ___ Flowers blue or violet; receptacle conic. 15. E. coelestinum. ii “maculatum L. In moist soil: N. Eng. to Ky., Minn., B. ~ Col., Kan. and N. Mex. Sr, Throughout the range, except the N. J. pine-barrens, there ar nown, and not definitely known from the higher peaks of the es Catskills. An opposite-leaved form, amoenum, has been collected ih in the area. *) | aera gaol 2. trifoliatum L. In moist soil: N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. .” Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. The plant ri known as E. purpureum L. does not seem to be specifically distinct. ; e) fe : : 3. E. leucolepis T. & G. In moist places: Mass. to Fla., Ga. and La. N. Y. Recorded from near Sag Harbor, L. I. many years ago, ~ not since collected, and otherwise unknown in the area. S ie N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, decreasing southward and rare in Cape May Co.; a single station along the coast at Sher- ti 7 - , __burn’s; otherwise unknown. , i> ji More common on the,Beacon Hill formation in N. J. than else- - where, but not confined to it. ae. 24 er a Q2 COMPOSITAE on 4. E. album L. In sandy soil: L. I. to Fla., west to La. . N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and S. I., unrecorded from the rest of the area. N. J. Mercer, Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Chester Co. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and local. 189-220 days. About sea level. A form with 3-nerved leaves, E. album subvenosum A. Gray, seems to be localized in N. Am. near Riverhead, L. I. and in the N. J. pine-barrens. 5. E. hyssopifolium L. In dry fields: Mass. to Fla. and Tex. Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting inland. N. Y. Common on L. I.; S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. The coastal plain, there common particularly in the pine- barrens. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and local. 166-720 days. About sea level. 6. E. altissimum L. In dry open places: Pa. to N. Car., Ala., S. Dak., Neb. and Tex. Pa. Known only from Lehigh Co. in our range. 7. E. sessilifolium L. In dry woods: Vt. to Pa., Ill. and Ala. Conn. Not infrequent along the coast, decreasing northward. N. Y. On L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to northern Westchester Co., thence not definitely known northward. N. J. Asingle station in Camden Co. (not recently collected from), thence unknown to Essex, Hudson and Hunterdon counties, thence increasing northward. A broad-leaved form, Brittonia- num Porter, has been collected at Budd’s Lake. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single somewhat aberrant station: Older Formations, not very common. 138-220 days. Sea level— 1,000 ft. 8. E. verbenaefolium Michx. In moist soil: Mass. to Pa., south to Fla. and La. ‘Heneieee- «) ry vs COMPOSITAE 593 Conn. Frequent along the coast, decreasing inland. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing thence to Yonkers, unknown northward. : N. J. Rare and local in the north, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. In Montgomery and Delaware counties a pointed-leaved, sharp-toothed form, Saundersii Porter had been collected. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,180 ft. g. E. rotundifolium L. In dry soil: Mass. and Pa. to Fla., Ky. and Tex. N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I., not infrequent on S. I., unknown elsewhere. N.J. Rare in Essex, Middlesex and northern Monmouth counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Montgomery and Delaware counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, decreasing and wanting northward. Rare north of the moraine. 162-220 days. About sea level. 10. E. pubescens Muhl. In dry soil: N. H. and Mass. to Pa., W. Va. and Fla. ~ Conn. Rare at Stratford and East Haven, otherwise confined to the Connecticut River Valley. N. Y. Unknown on L. I., not very common on §S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Orange Mts.; common on the coastal plain. Pa. Serpentine barrens near Nottingham, Chester Co. .Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, more common in the predominately Triassic valley of the Con- necticut River than elsewhere. 160-220 days. About sea level. 11. E. perfoliatum L. In wet places: N. B. to Man., Fla., Neb. and Tex. Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting. The form truncatum A. Gray, with separated and truncate leaves is found with the type. 39 594 COMPOSITAE 12. E.resinosum Torr. In wet places of the pine-barrens of N. J. Known only from the pine-barrens of N. J., except for an old specimen labelled ‘‘ Long Island, 1845.’’ There seem to be no L. I. specimens of recent collection. Apparently exclusively on the Beacon Hill formation of N. J. and unknown outside our area. 13. E. urticaefolium Reichard. (E. ageratoides L. f.). In rich woods; N. B. ‘to Ga., Ont., S. Dake, Neb. sae Ind. Terr. and La; Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region to the south; always increasing northward. 14. E. aromaticum L. In dry soil: Mass. to Fla. Conn. Rare along the coast, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I.; unknown elsewhere. N. J. The coastal plain, but rare in the pine-barrens and at Cape May; reported from Hunterdon Co. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scat- tered. 166-220 days. About sea level. 15. E. coelestinum L. In moist soil: N. J. to Fla., Ill., Kan., Ark. and Tex. Rare in our area. N. J. Gloucester and Cape May counties, not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Predominating on the Cretaceous sands and gravels. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. has been reported from S. I.; I have seen no specimens and it is otherwise known only from Delaware, southward. £. cannabinum L. has been collected as a waif. 5. Mikania Willd. (Willughbaea Neck.) 1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. In swamps and wet soil: N. H. and Mass. to N. Ont. and Ind., Fla. and Tex. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. 6. Kuhnia L. 1. K. eupatorioides L. In dry soil: N. J. to Ga., Ohio, W. Va. and Tex. N. J. Camden, Middlesex, Monmouth and Burlington counties; reported but not definitely known from the _ pine-barrens. ae. a ee | COMPOSITAE 595 Known also on the limestone rocks of Warren and Sussex counties and at Milford, Hunterdon Co. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Montgomery, Schuylkill, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not common: Older Formations, most common on limestone. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,o80 ft. 7. Lacinaria Hill. nyolucre hemispheric, 10-25 mm. broad, 15~-45-flowered; heads peduncled. 1. L. scariosa. In olucre oblong, 4-8 mm. broad, 5-15 flowered. 2. L. spicata. -Involucre narrowed at base; bracts usually very punctate; heads peduncled. 3. L. graminifolia, 1. L. scariosa (L.) Hill. In dry soil: Me. to Fla., Ont., Man., Neb. and Tex. Conn. Not uncommon along the shore, rare or wanting inland. N. Y. Apparently confined to the south side of L. I. and at Rye, Westchester Co.; formerly near Clifton, S. I. N. J. Near Keyport, Monmouth Co. Pa. Recorded from Lackawanna and Berks counties. A rare plant whose distribution is not clearly understood. 2. L. spicata (L.) Kuntze. In moist soil: Mass. to Fla., Ont., S. Dak., Ky., La. and Ark. mex. L. I. and S. I. N. J. Scattered throughout the state except the pine-barrens. Pa. Monroe Co. southward. 3. L. graminifolia (Walt.) Kuntze. (L. pilosa Pursh). In sandy soil: N. J. to Fla. and Ala. Known in our area only on the coastal plain of N. J., increasing southward and more common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. sie L. pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntz. has been collected at Moonachie, N. J., far from its known eastern range in Ind. TRIBE 3. ASTEREAE Ray-flowers yellow (white in one species of goldenrod) or wanting; plants not dioecious. Pappus of scales or awns or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles. Pappus of radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous capillary bristles, or of scales. The outer series of pappus bristles scale-like. » The pappus wholly of capillary bristles. Rays mostly not more numerous than the disk- flowers. 8. GRINDELIA. 9g. CHRYSOPSIS. 10. SOLIDAGO. 596 COMPOSITAE Rays mostly more numerous than the disk-flowers. 11. EUTHAMIA. Ray-flowers not yellow in any of our species. Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, never of numerous capillary bristles. Receptacle conic. 12. BELLIs. Receptacle flat. 13. BOLTONIA. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. : Pappus of a single series of bristles, sometimes the outer shorter. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series. Involucre narrow, its bracts firm; rays few, white. 14. SERICOCARPUS. Involucre turbinate to hemispheric; bracts mostly thin; rays usually numerous. 15. ASTER. Bracts of the involucre in only I or 2 series, very narrow; heads mostly long-peduncled. Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 16. ERIGERON. Rays shorter than the diameter of the disk. 17. LEPTILON. Pappus distinctly double, the inner series long, the outer shorter. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or obovate; rays white. 18. DOELLINGERIA. Leaves narrowly linear; rays violet. 19. IONACTIS. Ray-flowers none; dioecous shrub; pappus capillary. 20. BACCHARIS. 8. Grindelia Willd. 1. G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. In dry soil: Ill. and Minn. to Man., south to Mo., Tex., Nev. and Mex. Adventive in southern N. J. and in Conn. Rare as an adventive in New Jersey and Conn., perhaps not persistent. G. glutinosa Dun. has been collected as a waif. g. Chrysopsis Nutt. Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined. 1. C. falcata. Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plané hirsute-villous-pubescent. 2. C. mariana, 1. C. falcata (Pursh) Ell. In dry soil: eastern Mass. to N. J. Conn. Common along the coast, rare or wanting inland. N. Y. Local-on L. I., rare on S. I.; not recorded elsewhere. N. J. The pine-barrens, there rare or local. Tertiary, confined to Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma- tions, scattered in sandy places. 189-220 days. About sea level. 2. C. mariana (L.) Ell. In dry soil: southern N. Y. and Pa. to Fla. and La. N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. COMPOSITAE 597 N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain and locally in sandy places in Morris Co. Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester ' counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level-o80 ft. 10. Solidago L.* is in short or raceme-like, axillary clusters, subtended by leaf-like bracts. Stem and branches terete; leaf-blades narrow, shallowly toothed. 1. S. caesia. é Stem and branches angled; leaf-blades broad, deeply toothed. 2, S. flexicaulis. Jeads ina terminal, inconspicuously bracted panicle, thyrsus, : or corymb. ; Heads in a terminal panicle or thyrsus, involucral bracts not ribbed. Tips of the involucral bracts spreading or recurved. 3. S. squarrosa. Tips of the involucral bracts erect or appressed. Inflorescence equilateral or essentially sc, the a. heads not secund. Upper stem-leaves not abruptly smaller than the lower, more or less spreading. Bracts of the involucre decidedly obtuse. Stem copiously pubescent. Ray-flowers white. 4. S. bicolor. Ray-flowers yellow. 5. S. hispida. Stem glabrous or merely puberulent. Bracts of the involucre I mm. broad at the apex or more. Lower leaves ciliolate on the a margins. 6. S. erecta. Lower leaves not ciliolate. 7. S. speciosa. Bracts of the involucre less than I mm. broad at the apex. 8. S. uliginosa. Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish. Heads 4-5 mm. high. g. S. puberula. Heads 10-12 mm. high; plant of the north. 10. S. macrophylla. Upper stem leaves abruptly smaller than the lower, usually appressed. 11. S. stricta. Inflorescence I-sided, the branches spreading or re- curved; heads secund. Leaf-blades pinnately veined, not 3-ribbed. Plants maritime, or always near the salt water; leaves fleshy-leathery. 12. S. sempervirens. Plants not maritime; leaves not fleshy leathery. ee Key adapted, in part, from Dr. J, K. Small’s treatment of the genus in the Flora of , Southeastern United States. 598 COMPOSITAE Internodes of the stem prominently angled below the leaves. Internodes of the stem essentially terete. Stem pubescent, rarely only in lines. Leaves glabrous and essen- tially entire. Leaves pubescent. Leaves not rugose veiny. Leaves rugose veiny and serrate. Stem glabrous, at least below the inflorescence. Branches of the inflorescence pubescent. Involucre cylindric, few- flowered. Involucre campanulate, many-flowered. Branches of the in- florescence short and approximate, forming a com- pact pyramidal panicle. Branches of the in- florescence elon- gate and remote. Branches of the inflorescence glabrous. Involucre 5 mm. high or less. Involucre mostly over 5 mm. high. Rays several; leaves broadly __lanceo- late. Rays 1-5; leaves narrowly lanceo- late. Leaf blades markedly 3-ribbed. Heads small; involucre 2.5 mm. high or less; stem glabrous or pubescent. Heads larger; involucre 3-6 mm. high. Stem glabrous. Stem pubescent or scabrous. Leaves lanceolate, sharply ser- rate to entire. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, the lower crenate. Heads in a terminal corymb; involucral bracts ribbed. 15: 14. rt 16. iy 18. 19. 20. 2I. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 7 i S. patula. S. odora. S. fistulosa. S. rugosa. S. ulmifolia. S. Elhiottit. S. arguta, S. juncea. S. neglecta. S. uniligulata. S. canadensis. S. serotina. S. altissima. S. nemoralis, S. rigida. et id oe ihe COMPOSITAE 599 iy. S. caesia L. In woods and thickets: Me. and Ont. to Minn., - Fila., Ark. and Tex. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; there wanting; _ rare in the south increasing northward. ) A supposed hybrid with S. ulmifolia Muhl. has been found at Hempstead, L. 1. 2. S. flexicaulis L. In rich woods: N. B. to Ga., west to S. Dak. = and Kan. Conn. Throughout the state, but not common. N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I., unknown on the south side; common on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Rare and local in Ocean and Camden counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and becoming common northward. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,go0 ft. 3 S. squarrosa Muhl. In rocky soil: N. B. and Ont., south to Va. and Ohio. Conn. Unknown along the coast and in the eastern part of the state, increasing but local northwestward. N. Y. Bank of the Hudson in the Bronx and from the Highlands of the Hudson northward, and in Columbia Co. N. J. Bergen, Morris and Hunterdon counties, increasing north- ward. Pa. Throughout the area. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward, but most common on the trap rock of the valleys of the Connecticut and Hudson, and on limestone. 123-220 days. Sea level—2,980 ft. 4. S. bicolor L. In dry soil: N. B. to Ga., west to Ont., Minn., and Mo. Common throughout the range. 5. S. hispida Muhl. In dry soil: N. S. to W. Ont. and Minn., south to Pa., Ga. and.Wisc. Known definitely in New Haven, New London, and Hartford counties in Conn. and in Monroe and Bucks counties, Pa. and from Copake Falls, N. Y. _ Distribution scattered and little understood. Formerly con- fused with the following species. 600 COMPOSITAE 6. S. erecta Pursh. In dry soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ga, and N. Car. N.Y. Recorded from L. I. but distribution not known. N. J. Very rare in Sussex and Bergen counties, thence wanting to the coastal plain, thence increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. The sporadic distribution is as yet not fully known. 7. S. speciosa Nutt. In rich soil: N.S: to N. Canes Minn., Ky., Kan. and Ark. Conn. Throughout the state, more common southward than elsewhere. N. Y. On L. I., but not recorded on S. I., also up the Hudson Valley to Westchester Co.; unknown elsewhere. N. J. Middlesex, Hunterdon, Essex, Bergen, Morris, Sussex and Warren counties. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Not fully understood as to its distribution. 8. S. uliginosa Nutt. In swamps and bogs: Newf. to N. N. J. and Pa., west to W. Ont., Minn. and Wisc. Conn. Known only from Salisbury, Litchfield Co. N. Y. Very rare in northern Westchester Co., thence increasing northward, especially in the Catskills. N. J. Known only from Warren, Passaic and Sussex counties. Pa. Monroe Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 days. 667-4,020 ft. 9. S. puberula Nutt. In sandy soil: P. E. I. to Fla. and Miss. Throughout most of the range, sometimes locally rare, unknown in the Bronx, or in N. J. between the coastal plain and the sandy areas of the northwestern part of the state. 10. S. macrophylla Pursh. In rocky woods: N. Y. to Lab. and Hudson Bay, west to Lake Superior. Known in our area only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft. in the Catskills of Ulster and Greene counties, N. Y.,a region north of the moraine and with a growing season of 117-123 days. 11. S. stricta Ait. In wet sandy pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. ———— COMPOSITAE 60! Known only, in our area, from that eastern part of the Beacon Hill formation, N. J., characterized by pure pine-barrens; extending to the edge of the salt marshes. 12. S. sempervirens L. On salt marshes, sea beaches, along tidal rivers and in sandy soil near the sea: N. B. to Fla. and Mex. Also in Bermuda. Common throughout our area within the influence of the tides. 13. S. patula Muhl. In swamps: Me. and Ohio to Minn., south to Ga., Mo. and Tex. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Rare on L. I., and S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in Monmouth and Camden counties, thence in- creasing northward; unknown in and south of the pine-barrens. Pa. Throughout the range. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,020 ft. 14. S. odora Ait. In dry soil: N.S. and Mass. to Fla., west to mey., Ky. and Tex. Throughout the range, rare northward, and increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. 15. S. fistulosa Mill. In and near moist pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla. and La. Common from Monmouth, Ocean and Burlington counties in N. J. southward, especially in the pine-barrens, unknown else- where in our range. Tertiary, common, especially on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, 0. 189-220 days. About sea level. 16. S. rugosa Mill. (S. aspera Ait.). Usually in dry soil, in fields and along roadsides: Newf. to western Ont., south to Fla. and Tex. Throughout the range except the pine barrens, there occasional near the edges. 17. S. ulmifolia Muhl. In woods and copses: Me. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan. Conn. Throughout the state. N.Y. Not very common on L. I. and S. [., increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in the pine-barrens, and along the coast, thence increasing northward. 602 COMPOSITAE Pa. Throughout our area. Tertiary, two stations on Beacon Hill, unknown elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft. 18. S. Elliottii T. & G. In swamps: N. H. and Mass. to N. Car. and Ga., mainly near the coast. Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting inland. N. Y. Not uncommon on L. I. and S. I. and in the tidal creeks of the Bronx, unknown elsewhere. N. J. Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex, Monmouth, Mercer, Glou- cester, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, mostly near tidal water; some pine-barren stations are known, but rare. Rare and local in our area, except in the region of tidal creeks, there locally common. 19. S. arguta Ait. In rich woods: Me. and Ont. to Ohio, south to Va. Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward; rare in New London, Co. N.Y. Rare on L.I.;S.I.; unknown in the Bronx, thence increas- ing and becoming common northward. N. J. A single station in Gloucester Co., thence unknown, to Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 20. S. juncea Ait. (S. juncea ramosa Porter & Britton). In dry or rocky soil: N. B. to Hudson Bay and Man., N. Car. and Mo. Conn. Throughout the state. N.Y. Common throughout the area, increasing northward. N. J. Gloucester, Middlesex and Camden counties, thence in- creasing northward. Pa. Throughout the range. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increas- ing and common northward. 123-220 days. Sea level—2,500 ft. 21. S. neglecta T. & G. In swamps: N. B. to Wisc., Md. and Ll. Throughout the range, but usually scattered and locally rare. COMPOSITAE 603 et (DC.) Porter. Bogs, Newf. to N. J., Ont. and a Conn. Rare and scattered. See. Y. Van Cortlandt Park. _N.J. Local on the coastal plain. Perhaps not specifically discinct from S. neglecta. _ 23. S. canadensis L. Hillsides, thickets and stream-banks, Newf. to Sask., Va. and Tenn. Conn. Recorded only from Lyme. My). Passaic Co. Pa. Luzerne Co. 24. S. serotina Ait. In moist soil: Newf. to B. Col., south to Ga., Tex., Nev. and Ore. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and Cape May Co., there wanting. A large form is frequently found with the type. It has been called S. serotina gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray. 25. S.altissima L. Dry soil, Me. to Ont., Ga. and Tex. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens; pre- viously confused with S. canadensis. 26. S. nemoralis Ait. (.S. nemoralis arenicola Burgess). In dry soil: Que. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the range. ‘27. S. rigida L. In dry sandy, rocky or gravelly soil: Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Tex. and Colo. Conn. Rare and local, but scattered over most of the state. N. Y. Rare on L. I., unknown on S. I. and in the Bronx, thence increasing northward. N. J. Locally north of the coastal plain. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Chester counties, not common. A plant with a confusing distribution not as yet fully understood. The occurrence of S. racemosa Greene (S. Purshii Porter) in our area is not supported by specimens. It may be in the Catskills. S. tortifolia Ell. has been recorded as a waif. 11. Euthamia Nutt Leaves distinctly 3-5-nerved; ray-flowers 12-20. Involucre 4-5 mm. high; its bracts yellowish. 1. E. graminifolia. 604. COMPOSITAE Involucre less than 4 mm. high, its bracts with appressed green tips. 2. E. floribunda. Leaves I-nerved or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves; ray- flowers 5-12. Involucre campanulate. 3. E. tenuifolia. Involucre subcylindric. 4. E. minor. 1. E. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. In moist soil, fields and roadsides: N. B. to the N.W. Terr., Fla., Neb. and Kan. Throughout the range; rare in the pine-barrens. . E. floribunda Greene. Fields and marshes, N. Y. to E. Penn. N.Y. “Hewlett boas N. J. Port Norris and New Egypt. Pa. Reported from the southeastern part of the state. . E. tenuifolia (Pursh) Greene (E. caroliniana (L.) Greene?). In dry sandy soil: eastern Mass. to Ill., Fla. and La. Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland. N. Y. Common on L. I.; S. I.; decreasing up the Hudson Valley to the southern end of the Highlands, unknown northward. N. J. Common on the coastal plain, decreasing in Hudson and Bergen counties, unknown northward. Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, decreasing and rare northward. 159-220 days. About sea level. 4. E. minor (Michx.) Greene. Sandy soil: L. I. to Fla. and Miss. Known only from Long Beach, L. I., in our area. NO o>) 12. Bellis [Tourn.] L. 1. B. perennis L. In waste places or occasionally spontaneous in lawns: Conn, and N. Y. to Pa., Ont., Cal. anaebeeen Native of Europe. Somewhat common as a weed of lawns and cultivated ground. 13. Boltonia L’ Her. 1. B. asteroides (L.) L’Her. In moist soil: Conn. and N. J to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and La. N. J. Bog, Cape May Co.; and in Sussex Co. Known also in our area as a weed of cultivation in Conn. 14. Sericocarpus Nees. Leaves entire, linear or linear-spatulate. 1. S. linifolius. Leaves dentate, oblong or obovate. 2. S. asteroides. COMPOSITAE 605 s 1. S. linifolius (L.) B.S. P. In dry, usually sandy soil: Canada and Vt. to Ohio, Ga. and La. Conn. Rare and local over the southern half of the state, perhaps wanting northward. N. Y. Common on L. I. but rare on S. I. and in the Bronx, apparently unknown northward. N . J. Hunterdon, Bergen, Union, Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered and decreasing northward. 166-220 days. About sea level. 2. S. asteroides (L.) B.S. P. In dry woods: Me. to Fla., Ohio, Ky. and Ala. Common throughout the range. 15. Aster L. & _ Plants of salt marshes; leaves fleshy, narrow, entire. Perennial; heads 12-25 mm. broad; involucral bracts lanceo- late, acuminate. 1. A. tenutfolius. Annual; heads 6-10 mm. broad; involucral bracts linear- subulate. 2. A. subulatus. Plants not of salt marshes; leaves not fleshy. A. Basal and lower leaves with relatively broad blades, mostly of an ovate-cordate type and long petioled. Upper cauline leaves not cordate-clasping; lower peti- oles not dilated-clasping. Rays white, violet, or rose. Ligules of ray flowers whitish or pinkish, usualiy 2-toothed; plants not glandular. Involucre ovoid, campanulate or tur- binate; bracts obtuse or rounded at apex; basal leaves usually small. Leaves thin-membranous, smooth or nearly so. 3. A. divaricatus. Leaves thick, firm and rough, at least when dry. 4. A. glomeratus. Involucre cylindric; bracts tapering to an obtuse tip; basal leaves large, tufted. 5. A. Schrebert. Ligules of ray flowers violet, usually 3-toothed; plant glandular. 6. A. macrophyllus. Rays blue or purple. Bracts of the involucre linear and obtuse or obtusish. ™ Leaves thin, rough; petioles not usually winged. 7. A. cordtfolius. 606 COMPOSITAE Leaves firm, smooth; petioles mostly winged. Bracts of the involucre linear and acute, or subulate. Upper cauline, or all the leaves, cordate-clasping. B. Basal and lower leaves with relatively narrow blades, with more or less contracted, petiole-like bases, but not cordate. Stem-leaves clasping by a more or less auriculate-cord- ate base. Stem rough-pubescent or hirsute. Leaves entire. Leaves with sessile, strongly cordate- clasping blades. Stem rough-pubescent; campanulate. Inflorescence broad; leaves rough; stem relatively low. Inflorescence narrow; leaves soft; stem relatively tall. Stem hirsute; involucre hemispheric. Leaves with slightly clasping bases. Leaves, at least the lower ones, toothed. Stem glabrous or slightly pubescent above. Leaves sharply serrate. Leaves tapering to the base. Leaves narrowed to the base, the lower into winged petioles. Leaves scarcely or gradually nai- rowed to the base. Leaves abruptly contracted into broad, petiole-like bases and often dilated near the stem. Leaves entire or nearly so. Involucre campanulate. Cauline leaves oblong to oval-lan- ceolate; inflorescence tending to a raceme-like panicle. Cauline leaves linear or elongated lanceolate; inflorescence tending to a corymb-like panicle. Involucre hemispheric. Bracts of the involucre in several series, unequal. Bracts of the involucre linear- subulate; leaves 3-8 mm. wide. Bracts of the involucre merely linear; leaves 6-16 mm. wide. Bracts of the involucre in I or 2 series; leaves linear-lanceolate. Stem leaves merely sessile or essentially so, not clasping. involucre 8. A. Lowrieanus. 9. A. sagittifolius. 10. A. undulatus. Il. 12: Eze 14. 16. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2I. mA . patens. . phlogifolius. . novae-angliz. . amethystinus. . puniceus. A. tardiflorus. . puniceus. . prenanthoides. . laevis. . concinnus. . junceus. . novi-belgiz. . longifolius. COMPOSITAE 607 Leaves silky, silvery, or canescent on both sides. 23. A. concolor. Leaves not silky, silvery or canescent. Rays normally purple, blue, pink or violet, not white. Tips of the involucral bracts strongly squarrose. Involucre hemispheric or nearly so; heads 2.5 cm. broad or more. 24. A. spectabilis. Involucre turbinate; heads 12-18 mm. broad. 25. A. gracilis. Tips of the involucral bracts appressed or erect (except in forms of No. 25). Bracts of the involucre coriaceous or herbaceous, not linear-sub- ulate. Bracts of the involucre cori- aceous, obtuse. 26. A. Radula. Bracts of the involucre herb- aceous, acute. 27. A. Herveyt. Bracts of the involucre linear-subu- late, membranous, acute. 28. A. nemoralis. Ray essentially white (sometimes pink or purplish in 27, 28, 29, 30 and 35). Heads in a terminal corymb. 29. A. acuminalus. Heads solitary at the ends of slender branchlets and often disposed in racemes or panicles. Heads scattered, the peduncles pro- longed, scaly. 30. A. dumosus. Heads decidedly racemose or panicu- late, the peduncles not scaly. Plants glabrous or pubescent but not harsh. Heads paniculate, not in I- sided racemes. Blades of the stem leaves of a lan- ceolate or nar- rowly oblong type. Heads_ mostly over 16 mm. broad. Ray-flowers usually blu- ish_ violet; leaves firm. 31. A. salicifolius. Ray-flowers usually white; leaves thin- nish. 32. A. paniculatus. 608 COMPOSITAE Heads mostly less than 13 mm. broad. 33. A. Tradescanit. Blades of the stem leaves of a linear- lanceolate or subulate type. Heads scattered, 12-18mm.broad. 34. A. Faxon. Heads numerous, 8-14 mm. broad. Involucre hemis- pheric, 5-6 mm. high. 35. ericoides. Involucre top-shaped, 5 mm. high or less. 36. A. depauperatus. Heads racemose and dispos- ed on one side of the branches. Stem leaves not linear or linear- lanceolate, finely toothed. 37. A. lateriflorus. Stem leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 38. A. vimineus. Plant very rough and harsh; bracts of the involucre obtuse. 39. A. multiflorus. . A. tenuifolius L. In salt marshes: coast of Mass. to Fla. Throughout the coastal marshes in our range. . A. subulatus Michx. In salt marshes: coast of N. H. to Fla. Throughout the coastal marshes in our range, and up the tidal rivers a few miles, especially the Hudson. = No 3. A. divaricatus L.* (Including Aster carmesinus, tenebrosus, stilletiformis, excavatus, castaneus, Claytoni, chlorolepis and perhaps others, all described by E. S. Burgess, and A. subinteger Bicknell.) In open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry soil: Que. to Man., Ga. and Tenn. Variable and often exhibiting some constancy in its different forms. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the region to the east and south of them, there unknown. * The new species of Biotian asters described by Professor Burgess (Mem. Torr. Club 13: 1-419. 1906) are as yet too imperfectly understood by local botanists to enable me to record their distribution. COMPOSITAE 609 4. A. glomeratus (Nees.) Bernh. In moist thickets, swamps or ravines: Me. to N. Y. and Va. Known, in our area, only from near New Baltimore, Greene Co., N. Y. and Montague, Sussex Co., N. J., both north of the moraine, with a growing season of about 138-160 days, and both localities with underlying limestone formations; and as reported from Cats- kill Junction, N. Y. 5. A. Schreberi Nees. (A. curvescens Burgess). In woods: New Eng. to Mich. and Va. Conn. Throughout, but rare. N.Y. Roslyn, L. I., rare on S. I., thence increasing northward; nowhere common. N.J. Burlington, Union, Hudson, Passaic, Bergen and Morris counties. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Bucks and Northampton counties. Distribution not fully understood, but usually increasing north- ward. 6. A. macrophyllus L. (A. tanthinus, violaris and multiformis, Burgess). In shaded places, usually in moderately dry soil: Canada to Minn. and N. Car. Common nearly throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there wanting; apparently rare on the south side of L. I., and on the coastal plain of N. J. A form approximating A. roscidus Burgess has been collected in Northampton Co., Pa. . A. cordifolius L. Woods and thickets: N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. Conn. Common everywhere, N.Y. Occasional on the south side of L. I., more common on the north side and on S. I., thence increasing and common northward. N. J. Rare in Ocean Co., northwest of the pine-barrens, thence unknown to Somerset and Mercer counties, thence increasing northward. Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or perhaps wanting, except as an | adventive: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,020 ft. A. cordifolius polycephalus Porter is sometimes found with the type, especially in Conn. and Pa.; rare. 40 610 COMPOSITAE 8. A. Lowrieanus Porter. In woods: Conn. and southern N. Y. to Pa., Iowa, N. Car. and Ky. Conn. Known only from New Haven Co.; rare. N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing north- ward to Orange, Rockland and Putnam counties, but not recorded elsewhere. N. J. Middlesex, Essex, Union, Somerset, Warren, Passaic, Hunterdon and Bergen counties. Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Bucks and Montgomery counties. More common here than elsewhere in the range, often being replaced by the forms known as Janci- folius and Bicknelli. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, scattered and apparently increasing westward. 123-197 days. Sea level- 2,080 ft. 9. A. sagittifolius Willd. In dry soil: N. B. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky., Kan. Rare in our area. Apparently wanting in Conn. and N. Y. The old S. I. record was based on a specimen of A. cordifolius. Reported from but not definitely known at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y. N. J. Morris, Warren, Hunterdon, Union, and Mercer counties. Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. A western species, most frequent along the upper drainage area of the Delaware River. 10. A. undulatus L. (A. sylvestris, corrigiatus, triangularts, gracilens, loriformis and (?) claviger Burgess). In dry soil: N. B. and Ont., south to Fla., Ala. and Ark. Common throughout the range, more common northward, and less common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere. 11. A. patens Ait. In dry open places: Mass. to northern N. Y., Minn., Kan., Fla., La. and Tex. Common throughout the range. 12. A. phlogifolius Muhl. In woods and thickets: N. Y. to Ohio, N. Car. and Tenn. N.Y. Apparently confined to L. I.,S. I., southern Rockland Co., and to Westchester Co. N. J. Monmouth, Hunterdon, Hudson, and Morris counties; not in the pine-barrens. Ks COMPOSITAE 611 Be Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Philadelphia, and Bucks counties. A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood, perhaps not specifically distinct from the preceding. A. novae-angliae |. In fields and along swamps: Que. to _ the N. W. Terr., south to S. Car., Mo., Kan. and Colo. - Throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens, increasing northward. HA. amethystinus Nutt. In moist soil: Mass. to southern =. Y., eastern Pa., Ill. and Iowa. Perhaps a hybrid between oA. Pee anpline x multiflorus. Conn. Rare, but scattered irregularly over the state. N.Y. Very rare, and apparently confined to Westchester Co. ___ and the Bronx. Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties. po - “ A rare and very local species in our area. es. A. tardiflorus L. Along streams. N. B. to Pa. Known, in our area, only from northwestern Conn. a A. puniceus L. In swamps: N. 5S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car., Ohio and Mich. Common in some of its forms (firmus, Crawfordii, compactus, etc.), or as to the typical species, throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there unknown. . A. prenanthoides Muh!. In moist soil: Mass. to Wisc., south to W. Va., Ky. and Iowa. Conn. Known only from southern Fairfield Co. N.Y. The Catskills of Greene and Ulster counties; reported from but not definitely known on L. I. N. J. Sussex and Hunterdon counties; not recently collected. Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood. _ A. laevis L. Usually in dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Pa., La., the N. W. Terr. and Kan. Common throughout the range except the coastal plain in N. J., there very rare near Camden; and unknown in the pine-barrens. A. concinnus Willd. Conn. to Pa., Va. and Ark. Known from near ye can Southington, Conn. and from ‘Luzerne Co., Pa.; Sussex Co., N. J. Very rare. Doubtfully dis- tinct from A. /aevis. 612 COMPOSITAE 20. A. junceus Ait. In swamps and bogs: N.S. to N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Ohio, Wisc. and in the Rocky Mts. Known in our area only from Columbia Co., N. Y., Sussex Co., N. J.and Monroe Co., Pa. These regions are north of the moraine, have a growing season of 123-138 days and an elevation of 550- 1,900 ft. Most common on limestone. 21. A. novi-belgii L. (A. novi-belgit litoreus A. Gray. A. novt- beleit Brittonit Burgess, A. novi-belgit atlanticus Burgess A. novi-belgit elodes (T. & G.) A. Gray). In swamps: Newf. to Me. and Ga., mostly near the coast. Conn. Common along the coast decreasing and perhaps wanting northward, except in the Connecticut River Valley. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co., unknown northward and in the Catskills. N. J. Throughout the state, common especially southward. Pa. Delaware, Bucks and Montgomery counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,080 ft. 22. A. longifoliis Lam. In swamps and moist ground: Lab. to Sask., N. Eng., Ont. and Mont. Known, in our range, only from Farmington and Litchfield, Conn. 23. A. concolor L. In dry sandy soil: eastern Mass. and R. I. to Fla. and La., mostly near the coast. N. Y. Common on the south side of L. I., rare on the west side of S. I., unknown elsewhere. N. J. Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and restricted to a single station in the glaciated part of S. I., 168-220 days. About sea level. 24. A. spectabilis Ait. In dry sandy soil: Mass. to Del., mostly near the coast. Conn. Very rare along the coast in New London and New Haven counties, unknown elsewhere. N.Y. Common on L. I.; S. I., also rare in Rockland Co. N. J. Rare in Morris and Mercer counties,* thence increasing and common on the coastal plain, especially in the pine-barrens. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and local.* 168-220 days. About sea level. The recorded occurrence of A. surculosus Michx. in our range was erroneously based on some New Jersey specimens of A. spectabilis. * See Introduction paragraph 7. 5. A. A. gracilis Nutt. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Ky., Tenn. and ‘, de Known in our range only from the coastal plain of N. J. and pre- _ dominating in the pine-barrens. _ Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, ‘rare. Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 175-220 : days. About sea level. A. Radula Ait. In swamps and low woods: Newf. to Del. Conn. Known only from Voluntown, East Hartford, Hamden and New Windsor. ON, Y. RareonL. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere. ON. J. Very rare in Morris Co., unrecorded thence to Mercer, Ocean, Camden, Gloucester and Salem counties, unknown else- where. PRPs. Monroe, Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties. A rare species in our area. A aye. A Herveyi A. Gray. In dry soil: E. Mass., Conn., R. I., and : ake i. A very rare and local species, collected in our area only from ’ near Groton and Stratford, Conn., and Plainfield, N. J. cog nemoralis Ait. In sandy bogs: Newf. and Hudson Bay to ct. N. ig and N. Y. Known in our area only from the pine-barrens of New Jersey.* Formerly in Hudson Co. 29, A. acuminatus Michx. Moist woods: Lab. to Ont., western N. Y. and in the mountains to Ga. Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward. N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I. and south of Jamaica; rare on S. I., increasing and common northward. N. J. Bergen and Essex counties, increasing northward. Pa. Throughout, except in Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties, apparently there wanting. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-210 days. Sea level—4,020 ft. 30. A. dumosus L. (A. Gravesii Burgess). Sandy soil, Me. to N. Y. and Ont., south to Fla., La. and Mo. —., Throughout our area, increasing southward; common along the ‘coast, occasional inland. = Dy _—s- * See Introduction paragraphs 36 and 38. 614 COMPOSITAE , 31. A. salicifolius Lam. In moist soil: Me. and Ont. to Mass. and Fla., west to Mont., Mo. and Tex. Conn. Known only from Waterford, New London and Norwich. N.Y. L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing but not common north- ward. N. J. Occasional in the northern counties. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Philadelphia and Dela- ware counties. A rather scattered and local species apparently increasing westward. 32. A. paniculatus Lam. In moist soil: N. B. to Ont. and Mont., south to N. J., Va., Ky., La. and Kan. Throughout our range, except at Cape May, there not recorded; rare or local southward on the N. J. coastal plain. Numerous forms occur with the type. 33. A. Tradescanti L. (A. agrostifolius Burgess). In fields and swamps: Ont. to Va., west to N. W. Terr., Ill. and Minn. Conn. Rare, so far known only from near Hartford, Stratford and Salisbury. N.Y. Not rare onS. I., the Bronx and in Westchester and Orange counties, apparently wanting elsewhere. N. J. Hudson, Bergen and Hunterdon counties, increasing but not common northward. Pa. Luzerne, Northampton and Bucks counties. A rare and somewhat scattered species whose distribution is little understood. 34. A. Faxoni Porter. On moist cliffs: Me. and Vt. to Pa., Wisc. and IN: ‘Car. Known, in our area, from Spring Valley, Rockland Co., N. Y. and Gravesend and Wading River, L. I. 35. A. ericoides L. In dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla., west to Wisc. and Ky. Throughout the range in some of its many forms; rare and perhaps only adventive in the pine-barrens; increasing northward. 36. A. depauperatus (Porter) Fernald. On serpentine barrens 5S. P,. and W. Va. IXnown in our area only from the serpentine barrens in Delaware and Chester counties in Pa. <_ ’en i re COMPOSITAE 615 27 au . lateriflorus (L.) Britton. (A. hirsuticaulis Lindl. ). In dry or moist soil: N. S. to western Ont., south to N. Car.. La. and Tex. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there unknown; always increasing northward. Here taken to include four or five so called varietal forms. +38. . A. vimineus Lam. (A. vimineus foliolosus (Ait.) A. Gray). In moist soil: Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn., Kan. and Ark. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there only a rare intruder. . A. multiflorus Ait. In dry open places: Me. and Ont. to S. Dak., Ga. Tex., Ariz. and Mex. Conn. Common throughout, often replaced by the form known as A. exiguus (Fernald) Rydb. N.Y. Throughout, but rare on S. I. N. J. Recorded from Camden Co.; Monmouth, Middlesex, Hudson, Bergen, Warren and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Apparently confined to Northampton and Bucks counties. A rather scattered species whose distribution is not well under- stood. _ There seems to be no evidence that A. aureus Lindl. has been correctly credited to ourarea. A. fataricus L. f. has been collected in Conn. as anescape. A. Tripolium L. has also been collected as a waif. 16. Erigeron L. Heads 25-37 mm. broad; few, stem simple. eads 12-25 mm. broad, numerous; stem branched. E. pulchellus. Rays 100-150, mostly violet or purple. 2. E. philadelphicus. Rays much less numerous, white, sometimes wanting. Stem-leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate. 3. E. annuus. Stem-leaves linear lanceolate, essentially entire. 4. E. ramosus. 1. E. pulchellus Michx. On hills and banks: N.S. to Ont., 5 Dak., Fla. and La. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens. 2. E. philadelphicus L. In fields and swamps: throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Local in nearly all parts of our range, except the coastal plain in N. J., and on S. I.; apparently there wanting. 3. E. annuus (L.) Pers In fields and along roadsides: N. 5. to : the N. W. Terr., south to Va., Ky., Kan. and Mo. Native of ~ Europe. Locally abundant as a weed except in the pine-barrens. 616 COMPOSITAE 4. E. ramosus (Walt.) B.S. P. In fields: N.S. to N. W. Terr., south to Fla., La. and Tex. Common throughout the area, except the pine-barrens, as a locally abundant weed. E. acris L. has been recorded as a waif. 17. Leptilon Raf. Pubescent; bracts of the involucre green. 1. L. canadense. Glabrous or nearly so; bracts purple-tipped. 2. L. pusillum. 1. L. canadense (L.) Britton. In fields and waste places: Throughout N. Am. except the southeastern states. Natur- alized in the Old World. Throughout the range, usually as a weed. 2. L. pusillum (Nutt.) Britton. Sandy soil, Mass. to Fla., Ky., Tex. and tropical America. Known in our area only from Monmouth and Burlington counties southward in N. J., and from Long Beach and Bayshore, Lol Neo L. divaricatum (Michx.) Britton and L. linifolium (Willd.) Small, have been re- corded as waifs. 18. Doellingeria Nees. Leaves lanceolate to ovate; heads mostly numerous. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. 1. D. umbeliata, Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. 2. D. humilis. Leaves, at least the lower, obovate; heads commonly few. 3. D. infirma. 1. D. umbellata (Mill.) Nees. In moist soil: Newf. to Ga., west to the N. W. Terr., Mich. and Ark. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there unknown. . D. humilis (Willd.) Britton. In moist soil: E. Mass. to N. J. and Pa. south to Fla. and Tex. N. J. Rare in the pine-barrens of Ocean, Monmouth, Atlantic and Cape May counties, and near High Point, Sussex Co. Pa. Delaware Co. NO . D. infirma (Michx.) Greene. In dry, usually rocky soil: Mass. to N. Y., Pa. and Tenn. Conn. Scattered, and rare, over most of the state. N.Y. Rare on L. I. and in the Bronx; unknown on S. I., thence increasing but not common northward. es) ee >. bade sae® jms COMPOSITAE 617 PN. J. Gloucester, Camden, Ocean and Monmouth counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing but not common northward. if Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties, prob- ably in the intervening territory. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,800 ft. 19. Ionactis Greene. 1. I. linariifolius (L.) Greene. In dry, rocky or sandy soil: Newf. ; to Que. and Fla., west to Minn., Mo. and Tex. Throughout the range, locally rare. i E 20. Baccharis L. et. B. halimifolia L. Along salt marshes and up tidal streams, fo). sometimes beyond influence of tides: Mass. to Fla. and nex. Common throughout our coastal marshes, extending up the tidal rivers; Piermont-on-the-Hudson. _ B. Douglasii DC. has been reported as a waif. TRIBE 4. INULEAE Heads small, rays none; flowers white or whitish. Receptacle chaffy. 21. GIFOLA. Receptacle naked. Plants dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. e Bracts of-the involucre not scarious; plants pubescent or glabrous, not woolly. 22. PLUCHEA. Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink. Pappus-bristles of staminate flowers thickened above. 23. ANTENNARIA. Pappus bristles not thickened; stem leafy. 24. ANAPHALIS Plants not dioecious; flowers all fertile. 25. GNAPHALIUM. Heads large, rays yellow. 26. INULA. 21. Gifola Cass. 1. G. germanica (L.) Dumort. In dry fields: southern N. Y. to Pa. and N. Car. Native of Europe. Very rare as a scarcely persistent waif near New York and south- ward. 22. Pluchea Cass. 1. P. foetida. Perennial; leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping at the base. 2. P. camphorata. Annual; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled. 618 : COMPOSITAE 1. P. foetida (L.) B. S. P. In swamps: southern N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mainly near the coast. Also in the West Indies. Known in our area only from southern Cape May Co., N. J. near the sea. 2. P. camphorata (L.) D.C. In salt marshes: coast of N. H. to Fla. and Tex. Common throughout the salt marshes of our area, and up the Hudson to the Piermont “‘ flats.”’ 23. Antennaria Gaertn. Basal leaves arachnoid above, at least when young. Basal leaves small, 0.7—2 cm. long, I-nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved. Basal leaves spatulate, abruptly mucronulate. 1. A. neodioica. Basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, but not mucronulate. 2. A. neglecta. Basal leaves large, 2-12 cm. long, distinctly 3-nerved, some- times 5-nerved, the lateral nerves also cften prominent. Involucre of fertile plants 6-8 mm. high. Basal leaves obovate to spatulate-obovate. 3. A. plantaginifolia. Basal leaves nearly orbicular, or rhombic-obovate. 4. A. calophylla. Involucre of fertile plants 8-10.5 mm. high. 5. A. fallax. Basal leaves bright green and glabrous above from the front. Basal leaves large, cbovate, 3-nerved 6. A. Parlinit. Basal leaves small, spatulate, I-nerved. 7. A. canadensis. 1. A. neodioica Greene. In dry fields and hillsides: Que. to Vt., Va. and S.. Dats. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there not re- corded; more common northward and less common southward than elsewhere. 2. A. neglecta Greene (A. petaloidea Fernald). In fields and pas- tures: Me. to N. Y., Va. and Wisc. Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens; always in- creasing northward. 3. A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. In dry soil and open woods: Ont. to Fla., Ill., Kan. and Tex. Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare. 4. A. calophylla Greene. Ill. and Mo. to La. A plant approximating this has been collected, not recently, near Bryn Mawr, New York; otherwise unknown in our area. CT OLA ae COMPOSITAE 619 tp. A. fallax Greene. (A. ambigens Fernald). In dry soil: Me. to Conn. Throughout the state, more common southwestward, in _ Fairfield Co., than elsewhere. N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and S. I., rare in Westchester Co., and ; the Bronx, increasing northward. N. J. Local in Salem, Cumberland, Camden, Burlington and Monmouth counties, increasing northward; not in the pine- barrens. Pa. Delaware Co. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-189 days. Sea level—4,or1o0 ft. 6 A. Parlinii Fernald. Me. and Vt. to N. J. and Va. A scattered and local species, found sporadically throughout our range, but rare. Unknown on S. I. and in the Bronx. Distribu- tion not well understood. 7- A. canadensis Greene. Dry soil, Newf. to Conn. and N. J., Man. and Mich. Conn. Recorded as scattered nearly throughout. N. Y. Delaware and Columbia counties and in the Catskills. N. J. On the palisades opposite Yonkers. A. occidentalis Greene has been reported from Northampton Co., Pa. 24. Anaphalis DC. \. A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Dry soil: Newf. to Alask., N. Car., Kan. and Cal. Also in Asia. Throughout our area, sometimes as a weed. 25. Gnaphalium L. Tall, erect; inflorescence corymbose or paniculate. Leaves sessile. Plant not vi.cid. Plant glandular-viscid. Leaves decurrent; plant glandular viscid. Low, diffuse; inflorescence mostly capitate. Slender, simple; heads spicate. 1. G. obtusifolium L. (G. polycephalum Michx.). In dry, mostly open places: N. S. to Fla., Man., Kan. and Tex. © Throughout the range, always as a weed. G. obtusifolium G. Hellers. G. decurrens G. uliginosum. G. purpureum. VE eem 620 COMPOSITAE 2. G. Helleri Britton. Fields and woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Ky. and Fla. N. J. Lakewood and Forked River, Ocean Co. 3. G. decurrens Ives. In dry places: N. S. to Pa., west to western Ont., Mich. and B. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. Conn. Rare, and scattered over most of the state. N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare in Westchester Co., in- creasing but not common northward. N. J. Known only from Warren, Morris, Sussex, and Essex coun- ties, rare. Pa. Luzerne, Carbon, Lackawanna, Monroe and Northampton counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-190 days. Sea level—3,900 ft. 4. G. uliginosum L. In damp soil: Newf. to Va., west to Ont., Minn. and Ind. Native of Europe. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and south of them, there unknown; always increasing northward; mostly with the appearance of a weed. 5. G. purpureum L. Indry sandy soil: eastern Me. to Fla., west to Pa., W. Va., Ky., Kan., Tex. and Mex. Also on the Pacific coast and in S. Am. Scattered and local over most of the range; more common near the coast. G. luteo-album L. and G. palustre Nutt. have been recorded as waifs. 26. Inula L. 1. I. Helenium L. Along roadsides and in fields: N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Naturalized from Europe. Occasional as an adventive in most parts of our area, except the pine-barrens I. dysenterica L. and I. pulicaria L. have been recorded as waifs. TRIBE 5. HELIANTHEAE Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Achenes thick. short, not flattened. 27. POLYMNIA. Achenes flattened. 28. SILPHIUM. * alee ee COMPOSITAE 621 vers fertile. ay-flowers persistent upon the achenes. 29. HELIopsis, -flowers deciduous, or none. -Pappus a cup, or crown, or of a few teeth, awns or bristles. Achenes, at leat those of the disk-flowers, not com- pressed (except in Ratibida and Verbesina). Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristle- like; rays white, short. 30. Ecuipta. Scales of the receptacle broad, larger. Receptacle conic or columnar. Achenes 4-angled. 31. RUDBECKIA. Achenes compressed, winged. 32. RATIBIDA. Receptacle flat or convex. Achenes not much flattened or winged or margined. 33. HELIANTHUS. Achenes of disk flowers flattened and margined or winged. 34. VERBESINA. Achenes very flat. Pappus of 2 short awns or teeth, or a mere border, or none. 35. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, barbed ‘ha and hispid. 36. BIDENs. Pappus of numerous scales; leaves opposite, toothed; rays small. 37. GALINSOGA. 27. Polymnia L. ‘12-25 mm. long, yellow; achenes striate. 1. P. Uvedalia. minute, whitish, or none; achenes 3-ribbed. 2. P. canadensis. a P. Uvedalia L. In rich woods: N. Y. to Ind. and Mich. to x Fla., Mo. and Tex. _ N. J. Known only from an old record at Weehawken, not since > > collected. --~~*~Pa. ~Northampton, Berks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties. _ A rare and local species, apparently increasing westward. a: Ep. canadensis L. In damp rich shaded places: Ont. to Minn., _Ga., Mo. and Ark. P. c Apparently confined, in our area, to Middlesex and New Haven “Sale counties, Conn., and Chester and Delaware counties, Pa. Rare. is 28. Silphium L. es ‘s. perfoliatum L. In moist soil: southern Ont. to S. Dak., ’ south to Ga., Neb. and La. Known in our area only as a rarely naturalized plant from the Rrest, especially near New York. 622 COMPOSITAE 29. Heliopsis Pers. Leaves smooth or nearly so; pappus none or of 2-4 short teeth. 1. H. helianthoides. Leaves rough; pappus crown-like or of 1-3 sharp bristles. 2. H. scabra. 1. H. helianthoides (L.) B.S. P. In open places: Ont. to Fla., west to Ill. and Ky. Conn. Scattered over most of the state, but perhaps adventive from the west; rare. N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Very rare in Camden, Burlington, Ocean and Monmouth counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Delaware, Chester and Philadelphia counties. Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward and westward. 118-220 days. Sea level—3,500 ft. 2. H. scabra Dunal. In dry soil: Me. to N. Y¥., Nags Col., Kan. and Ark. Conn. Rare and local in the southern tier of counties, unknown elsewhere. N. Y. S. I., L. I., Bronx and Westchester counties. N. J. Rare in Middlesex, Warren and Bergen counties, unknown elsewhere. Pa. Northampton and Lehigh counties. Scattered and rare in our area; distribution little understood. H. bupthalmoides Dun. has been recorded as a waif. 30. Verbesina L. 1. V. alba L. (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.). Along streams and in waste places: southern N. Y. to Ill. and Neb., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Naturalized from Trop. Am. N.Y. Inwood on Manhattan and on S§. I. N. J. Monmouth, Middlesex and Bergen counties; frequent southward on the coastal plain, except the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties. 31. Rudbeckia L. Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit; lower leaves entire or lobed. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided; hirsute. 1. R. triloba. Lower leaves neither 3-lobed or 3-divided. Plants hispid; style-tips subulate. 2. R. hirta. Plants pubescent, hirsute or glabrate; style tips obtuse. COMPOSITAE 623 Leaves denticulate or entire, rays 1.8-2.5 cm. long. 3. R. fulgida. om Leaves dentate or laciniate, rays about 3.5 cm. long. 4. R. speciosa, - elongated or cylindric, yellowish or gray; lower leaves pinnately ded or pinnatifid. 5. R. laciniata. . triloba L. In moist soil: Conn. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan. ‘N. Y. RareonL. I. and 5S. I., probably on both islands only as an - adventive; increasing and perhaps native northward. Pa. Northampton and Delaware counties. a. : With the aspect of an adventive in most parts of our range, possibly native in the upper Hudson Valley. -Terr., south to Fla., Colo. and Tex. Common throughout the northern part of the area as a field _N.J. Known only from Somerset and Hunterdon counties. Pa. Lehigh, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester : counties. A rare and local species, perhaps more widely distributed than is now apparent. . R. speciosa Wenderoth. In moist soil: Conn. to Mich., south eto Ala. and Ark. ~ Conn. Occasional as an adventive. N.Y. Formerly on S. I., perhaps introduced. N. J. Cumberland Co., adventive. Pa. Chester, Philadelphia and Carbon counties, perhaps native in the latter. e be 5. R. laciniata L. In moist thickets: Que. to Man. and Mont., south to Fila., Kan. and N. Mexico. Locally common throughout the range, except in the pine- barrens of N. J. and east and south of them, and on the coastal plain of L. I., there unknown. : R. subtomentosa Pursh has been collected in Conn. as a wail. 624. COMPOSITAE 32. Ratibida Raf. 1. R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. On dry prairies: western N. Y. to Fla., west to S. Dak., Neb. and La. Not uncommon as an escape from cultivation, often wanting. 33. Helianthus [Vaill.] L. Disk purple, purplish or brown; receptacle flat or convex. Leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate; perennial. i Leaves broad, ovate; annual. Disk yellow or yellowish: receptacle convex or rarely conic. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate, 3-8 times as long as broad. Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid, at least above; leaves sessile or nearly so. Leaves scabrous above, hirsute beneath, flat. Leaves very scabrous on both sides. Plant 1-4 m. high; heads numerous; leaves . angustifolius, . petiolaris. sas w Se . giganteus. mostly alternate. 4. H. Maximiliant. Plant 4-7 dm. high; heads 1 or 2; leaves, all but the upper, opposite. 5. H. Dalyi. Stem glabrous; leaves sessile by a truncate base. 6. H. divaricatus. Stem glabrous; leaves petioled. 7. H. grosseserratus, Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong. Leaves sessile or very nearly so. Stem glabrous; leaves divaricate. 6. H. divaricatus. Stem hirsute or hispid; leaves ascending. 8. H. mollis. Leaves obviously petioled. Stem puberulent or glabrous. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, sharply serrate. 9. H. decapetalus. Leaves firm, short-petioled, less serrate or entire. - 10. H. strumosus. Stem hirsute or hispid. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short petioled. 11. A. hirsutus. Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the base. 12. H. tuberosus. 1. H. angustifolius L. In swamps or low grounds: Long Island, N. Y. to Fla., Ky. and Tex., mainly near the coast. N. Y. Common along the south side of L. I., wanting elsewhere. N. J. Rare in Mercer Co., increasing and common southward, especially in the pine-barrens. Pa. Bucks Co. Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, less so elsewhere: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, rare and scattered near the “ fall line.” Not north of the moraine. 168-220days. About sea level. COMPOSITAE 625 : . H. petiolaris Nutt. On dry prairies: Minn. to the N. W. Terr. and Ore., south to Mo., Tex. and Ariz. Sometimes } _ adventive eastward. Not uncommon as a weed in N. Y. and Conn., often wanting. on 3. E Baeanteus L. (A. ambiguus (T. & G.) Britton). In swamps 7. _ and wet meadows: Me. and Ont., to the N. W. Terr., south fe to Fla., Neb. and’ La. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there a nting. ; a In N. Y. and Conn. as a weed, apparently wanting elsewhere in __—our range. eA. minus Schk. In waste places: E. N. Am. Native of ere ' Europe. _ Abundant as an often pernicious weed throughout the area. = A, nemorosum Lejeune has been collected as a waif in Conn. —_ F i J PG: yee ; > i 53. Cirsium [Tourn.] Mill. #2 Outer involucral bracts, or all of them prickle-pointed. as ar" Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath. Pia) All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles; ei, naturalized weed. : Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acu- minate; native species. Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pin- 1. C. lanceol lum. natifid. 2. C. altissimum. Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear segments. 3. C. discolor. ibe 4“ E Leaves green on both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath. 4. C. odoratum. __ Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed or scarcely so. et: Heads large, few, 3-10 cm. broad; flowers all perfect and fertile. ; Heads involucrate by the upper, very spiny leaves; =p flowers usually yellow. 5. C. horridulum. Heads peduncled, naked or with one or two bracts at 638 COMPOSITAE the base; flowers purple. 6. C. muticum. Heads small, numerous, 2.5 cm. broad or less; flowers im- perfect, dioecious. 7. C. arvense. 1. C. lanceolatum (L.) Hill. In fields and waste places: Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Native of Europe. Locally abundant as a weed. . C. altissimum (L.) Spreng. In fields and thickets: Mass. toS. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex. Conn. Salisbury. N. Y. Westchester Co. Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. N 3. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. In fields and along roadsides: Que. and Ont. to Ga., S. Dak., Neb. and Mo. Common asa weed throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. 4. C. odoratum (Muhl.) Britton. In fields: Me. to Pa. and Del. Locally rare, but found throughout the area, except the pine- barrens. 5. C. horridulum Michx. (C. spinossimus Walt.). In dry or moist sandy soil: Me. to Pa., Fla. and Tex. Mostly confined to the region near the coast in our area, but also . at Spring Valley, Rockland Co., N. Y.,and in Hunterdon Co., N. J.; not in the pine-barrens. 6. C. muticum Michx. In swamps and moist soil: Newf. to Fla... N. W. Tess: and Tex: Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens. . C. arvense (L.) Scop. In fields and waste places: Newf. to Va., S. Dak., Mont. and Kan. Native of Europe. Common as a weed; at Kutztown, Pa.,and perhaps elsewhere. C. arvense mite has been collected. ~J C. palustre (L.) Scop. has been found as a waif near Queens, L. I. 54. Carduus [Vaill.] L. Heads solitary, nodding. 1. C. nutans. Heads several, clustered. 2. C. crispus. 1. C. nutans L. In waste places: Pa. and N. J. to N. B. and in ballast about the sea ports. Native of Europe and Asia. Rare as a weed near Jersey City and Hoboken, unknown de- finitely elsewhere. Not recently collected. es = COMPOSITAE 639 C. crispus L. In waste places: N. B. and N. S. and in ballast mero the seaports. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed near New York and Philadelphia. ¢ C. acanthoides L. has been collected as a waif in Conn. me. 55. Mariana Hill. _M. Mariana (L.) Hill. In ballast: eastern seaports. Native ; of Europe. a Rare as a weed near the vicinity of New York and Philadelphia. ey: 56. Onopordon [Vaill.] L. 1.0. Rieeathinm L. In waste places: N. S. and Ont. to N. J. ~ and Mich. Native also of Asia. Ti Rare as an occasional weed. ‘” ‘ nd a 57. Centaurea L. te t s of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny. oe Annual; pappus about the length of the achene. 1. C. cyanus. ane $ » Prema: Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. . TRAGOPOGON, appus of simple bristles. Achenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit. 9g. LEONTODON. Achenes smooth or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit. Achenes flattened, on Achenes truncate, not beaked; flowers yellow. 10, SONCHUS. Achenes narrowed at the summit or beaked; flowers blue or yellow. 11. LACTUCA. Achenes cylindric or prismatic. ———— es CICHORIACEAE 641 Involucral bracts in 1 row. 12. CREPIS. . Involucral bracts in more than 1 row. . Involucre imbricated; flowers yellow or orange. 13. Hreracium, Involucre calyculate; flowers white, cream color or pinkish. 14. NABALUS. : 1. Cichorium [Tourn.] L. yi. C. Intybus L. Roadsides, fields and waste places: N. S. to Minn., N. Car., Neb. and Kan. Native of Europe. Common in some of its numerous forms throughout the range. A form with divaricate heads, divaricatum, is often to be found with the type. The endive, Cichorium Endivia L., sometimes escapes from gardens. 2. Lapsana L. 1. L. communis L. Along roadsides and in waste places: Que. and Ont. to N. J. and Pa. Also on the Pacific Coast. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed. | 3. Cynthia D. Don. 1. C. virginica (L.) D. Don. In moist woods and meadows: Mass. to southern Ont. and Man., Ga., Ky., Mo. and Kan. Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and along the coast near them, there rare and obviously introduced. e 4. Krigia Schreb. 1. K. virginica (L.) Willd. In dry sandy soil: Me. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting northward. ; N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to the southern end of the Highlands, not certainly known north- ward. N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, decreasing and be- coming local northward. Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware, Schuylkill, Philadelphia and Chester counties. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, de- creasing and becoming scattered northward. 123-220 days. Sea ‘level—1,890 ft. 42 642 CICHORIACEAE 5. Hypochaeris [Vaill.] L. 1. H. radicata L. In waste places: Conn. to N. J. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed, often wanting. H. glabra L. has been found as a waif near New York. 6. Apargia Scop. Plant nearly glabrous; scape commonly branched; pappus-bristles all plumose. 1. A. autumnalis. Plant somewhat hirsute; scape simple; outer pappus of outer achenes simple. 2. A. nudicaulis. 1. A. autumnalis (L.) Hoffm. In fields and along roadsides: Newf. and Ont. to N. J., Penn. and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe and Asia. Locally abundant as a weed, often wanting. 2. A. nudicaulis (L.) Britton. In ballast and in waste places: eastern seaports. Adventive from Europe. Rare as an occasional weed, often wanting. A, hispida (L.) Willd. (Leontodon hastile L.) has been collected as a waif in Conn. 7 PAChISn a: Outer involucral bracts linear; achenes not beaked. 1. P. hieracioides. Outer involucral bracts ovate, foliaceous; acenes short beaked. 2. P. echioides. 1. P. hieracioides L. In waste places: eastern N. Am. Native of Asia and Europe. | Rare as an occasional adventive in parts of our area, often wanting. 2. P. echioides L. In waste places: N. S. and Ont. and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Native of Europe. Rare as an adventive in parts of our area, often wanting. P. hispida All. has been recorded as a waif. 8. Tragopogon [Tourn.] L. Flowers yellow; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the rays. 1. T. pratensis. Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the rays. 2. T. porrifolius. 1. T. pratensis L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to N. J., Ont., Ohio and Man. Native of Europe. Occasional as a weed, often wanting. CICHORIACEAE 643 porrifolius L. In fields and waste places, mostly escaped om gardens: Ont. to N. J., N.Car., Minn. and Colo, Native of Europe. _ Locally abundant as an escape from gardens. * 9g. Leontodon L. (Taraxacum Hill.) ri avolucral bracts reflexed; achenes greenish brown, the 2-3 times their length. 1. L. Taraxacum. avolucral bracts spreading or ascending; achenes red, the > more than twice their length. 2. L. erythrospermum. ae ’ L. Taraxacum L. Perhaps indigenous northward, southward ituralized as a weed from Europe. _ Common nearly everywhere as a weed. 2. L. erythrospermum (Andrz.) Britton. In fields and waste = aces: Me. to Vt., southern N. Y. and Pa. Probably a i of Europe. _ Less common than the preceding, but found in most parts of our ee, as a weed. 10. Sonchus [Tourn.] L. ’ re glandular-pubescent; heads nearly 25 mm. high. 1. S. arvensis. cre glabrous; heads 12-16 mm. high. . uricles of the leaves acute; achenes transversely wrinkled. 2. S. oleraceus. , Sd Pa., eee to Minn. and Utah. Native pf fhe.” ‘ ‘f 4 Locally abundant as a weed, especially near salt marshes; often is. _ wanting. ae. 8. oleraceus L. In fields and waste places: throughout culti- si vated N. Am. Native of Europe. Frequent as a weed in most parts of our area. Ss. asper (L.) Hill. In fields and waste places: Nearly cos- - ‘i een Native of Europe. Common throughout the cultivated part of our area. 7 ee L. has been collected as a waif. err a es 11. Lactuca [Tourn.] L. Pappus bright white. Aoi ves spiny-margined and often with spiny or hispid midribs; flowers yellow. 644 CICHORIACEAE Heads 6-12 flowered; involucre very narrow, 8-12 mm. high. 1. L. virosa. Heads 12-20 flowered; involucre broader. 5. L. sagittifolia. Leaves neither spiny margined or with spiny midribs. Achenes very thin, flat, contracted into filiform or tapering beaks. Leaves, or some of them pinnatifid. Plant glabrous throughout, 1-3 m. high. 2. L. canadensis. Leaves, at least their midribs, hirsute. Beak of the achene as long as its body; flowers yellow. 3. L. hirsuta. Beak of the achene less than half as long as its body; flowers blue. 4. L. Morssit. Leaves entire or dentate, none of them pinnatifid. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; achene longer than the beak. 5. L. sagittifolia. Leaves lanceolate; achene about equalling the beak. 2. L. canadensis. Achenes beakless or with short necks, thickish; flowers blue. Leaves oblong to ovate, acuminate, dentate. 6. L. villosa. Leaves pinnatifid, the terminal segment commonly triangular. 7. L. floridana. Pappus brown; flowers blue to white. 8. L. spicata. 1. L. virosa L. (L. Scariola L.). In fields and waste places: Me. to S. Dak., N. J., Ga., Neb:, Colo. and Kan. Native of Europe. Locally abundant as a weed, often wanting. 2. L. canadensis L. In moist open places: N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Ala., La. and Ark. Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, apparently there rare. A high mountain form with all the leaves entire has been collected in Pa. and in the Catskills; it is ZL. canadensis montana Britton. 3. L. hirsuta Muhl. In dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Ala. and Tex. Conn. Rare near the coast, apparently wanting northward. N.Y. L. I. and S. I., occasional in the Bronx, unknown elsewhere. N. J: Not uncommon on the coastal plain, wanting or very rare elsewhere. Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations, scattered. 168-220 days. About sea level. 4. L. Morssii Robinson. Along salt meadows: Me. and eastern — Mass. to N. Y. CICHORIACEAE 645 A very rare species, confined so far as present records show, to the salt marshes of Westchester Co., N. Y. on L. I. Sound. 5. L. sagittifolia Ell. In dry open soil: N. B. and Ont. to Idaho, Ga. and Kan. Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens. 6. L. villosa Jacq. In thickets: N. J. to IIl., south to Fla., Ga. and Ky. N. J. Very rare in Burlington Co., northwest of the pine-barrens, thence unknown to Hunterdon, Somerset, Bergen and Hudson counties; nowhere common. Pa. Northampton Co. southward. A rare and local species with a very scattered distribution. 7. L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. In moist open places: southern N. Y. and Pa. to IIl., Neb., Fla., La. and Kan. N. J. Bergen Co., and in the drainage of the Delaware from Sussex to Burlington counties. Pa. Northampton Co. southward. 8. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitche. In moist soil: Newf. to Man., south to N. Car., Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak. Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there wanting; more common northward than elsewhere. The Lettuce, Z. sativa L., sometimes escapes from gardens. 12. Crepis L. Stem leaves narrow, revolute-margined, sessile. 1. C. tectorum. Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, not revolute-margined. Involucre 6-8 mm. high; achenes 10 striate. 2. C. capillaris. Involucre 8-12 mm. high, achenes 13 striate. 3. C. biennis. 1. C. tectorum L. In waste places and on ballast: Ont., Mich. and Neb. to Conn., N. J. and Pa. Native of Europe. Rare as a weed over most of the area. 2. C. capillaris (L.) Walby (C. virens L.). In fields and waste places: Conn., N. J., N. Y. and Pa. Adventive from Europe. Not uncommon as a weed, often wanting. 3. C. biennis L. In waste places: Vt. to Pa. and in ballast about the seaports. Native of Europe. 646 CICHORIACEAE Locally distributed as a weed, more common in Pa. than elsewhere. Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill., C. setosa Haller, f. and C. rigida W. &. K. have all been collected as waifs. 13. Hieracium [Tourn.] L. Flowering stem leafless, or with I-5 leaves; achenes columnar or oblong, truncate. Stem scapose, with a single head only; introduced; principal bracts in I or 2 series. 1. H. Pilosella. Heads corymbose or paniculate; principal bracts in 2-3 series. Leaves coarsely dentate, narrowed at both ends, 2. H. vulgatum. Leaves denticulate or entire. Leaves mostly entire, spatulate to oblong; heads corymbose. Heads 16-25 mm. broad; flowers red or orange. 3. H. aurantiacum. Heads 10-18 mm. broad; flowers yellow. Glaucous, slightly hispid. 4. H. florentinum. Densely hirsute. 5. H. pratense. Leaves, at least some of them denticulate, mostly obovate or oval; heads corymbose-paniculate. Stem glabrous, or nearly so; leaves usually purple-veined. 6. H. venosum. Stem pilose below; leaves green. 7. H. marianum. Flowering stem abundantly leafy at least below. Principal bracts of the involucre in 2-4 series; heads corym- : bose. a 8. H. canadense. Principal bracts in 1 series; heads small, paniculate or race- mose. Achenes columnar at maturity, truncate. Plant nearly or quite glabrous. 9. H. paniculatum. Plant scabrous or glandular. Peduncles stout, spreading. 10. H. scabrum. Peduncles slender, ascending. 7. H. marianum. Achenes spindle-shaped, or with a tapering summit at maturity. 11. H. Gronovit. 1. H. Pilosella L. In dooryards and fields: Ont., N. Y., Pa. and Mich. Adventive from Europe. Locally common as a weed. No . H. vulgatum Fries. In waste places: Lab. and Newf. to Que. and in N. Y., N. J. Native of Europe. Very rare as a weed near the City of New York, perhaps not peristent. 3. H. aurantiacum L. In fields, woods and along roadsides: N. B. and Ont. to N. Y., N. J.and Pa. Native of Europe. Common, especially northward, as a pernicious weed; perhaps wanting in the pine-barrens. % CICHORIACEAE 647 4. H. florentinum All. In fields, meadows and along roadsides: Me. and Ont. toN. Y. Naturalized from Europe. | Locally rare as an occasional weed, often wanting. 5. H. pratense Tausch. In fields and along roadsides: N. Y. and Conn. Native of Europe. Rare as an adventive on S. I. in Delaware Co., N. Y., Sussex and _ Warren counties, N. J., and scattered over Conn. : 6. H. venosum L. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to Ont. and he Man., south to Ga., Ky. and Neb. ) Common throughout the range. _ 7. H. marianum Willd. In dry woods and thickets: R. I. to southern N. Y., Pa., Ky., Ala. and Fla. Apparently throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting; nothing like so common as the preceding. « 8. H. canadense Michx. In dry woods and thickets: N. S. to Ont. and the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Pa. and Mich. Conn. Throughout the state. N.Y. Rare on L. I. and in the Bronx and from the Highlands of the Hudson, northward. N. J. Bergen, Morris and Sussex coynties. Pa. Monroe and Bucks counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north- ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-189 days. Sea ry level—4,020 ft. 9. H. paniculatum L. In dry woods: Me., Que. and Ont. to Ga., Ala. and Ky. Conn. Throughout the state. N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward. N. J. Rareand local in Middlesex Co., increasing northward. Not in the pine-barrens. Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,o40 ft. 10. H. scabrum Michx. In dry woods and clearings: N. 5. to § Minn., Ga., Neb. and Kan. Common throughout the range except in and south and east of ] ) . | . the pine-barrens, there unknown. 648 CICHORIACEAE 11. H. Gronovii L. In dry soil: Mass. to Ont., Ill., Fla. and Tex. Scattered throughout the area, more common southward than elsewhere. Hieracium floribundum Wimm. & Grab. has been coliected asa waif in Conn.; H. murorum L. was found many years ago in waste grounds, Prospect Park, Brooklyn. 14. Nabalus Cass. Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. Heads 5-7 flowered; involucre very narrow; light green, 2 mm. thick; pappus light straw color. 1. N. altissimus. © Heads 8-16 flowered; involucre broader, green, purple or glaucous, 3-6 mm. thick. Leaves or some of them lobed, divided or pinnatifid; involucre about 3 mm. thick. Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2: Pappus straw color or light brown. Inflorescence paniculate. Panicle branches divergent. Panicle branches erect or ascending. Inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate; southern. Leaves irregularly dentate or denticulate. Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubescent. 1. N. altissimus (L.) Hook. In woods and thickets: Newf. to Man., south to Ga. and Tenn. Conn. Throughout the state. N.Y. On the north side of L. I., not reported from the south side; on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Burlington Co., west of the pine-barrens, frequent or common north of the coastal plain. Pa. Throughout. | Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. 2. N. albus (L.) Hook. In woods: Me. and Ont. to Man., south to Ga. and Ky. Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward. N.Y. Common on the north side of L. I., unknown on the south side, or in the Bronx, rare on S. I., thence increasing northward. N. J. Rare in Burlington and Salem counties, west of the pine- barrens, thence increasing northward. Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties. = albus. . serpentarius. . trifoliolatus. . virgatus. . Serpentarius. . racemosus. DAwu pw 222253 Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft. —R——— 3. N. serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. CICHORIACEAE to southern N. Y., Fla., Ala., Ky. and Miss. Throughout the range except the northern counties of N. Y. and Pa., often replaced, on the coastal plain, by an entire-leaved form, N. serpentarius integrifolius (Cass.) Britton. 4. N. trifoliolatus Cass. Pa., Tenn. and Mo. Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. 5. N. virgatus (Michx.) DC. near the coast. 649 In fields and thickets: Mass. In woods and thickets: Me. to Vt., The pine-barrens of N. J. In moist sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., 6. N.racemosus (Michx.) DC. In moist open places: N. B. and Anticosti to the N. W. Terr., south to N. Y., N. J., Mo. and Colo. N.Y. Westchester Co. and on the L. I. coastal plain. N. J. Bergen and Hudson counties. Pa. Reported but not definitely known from the state. Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. has been reported as a waif. NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES Genera Ophioglossaceae...... 2 Osmundaceae........ I Schizaeaceae......... 2 Polypodiaceae....... 18 Marsileaceae......... I Sealviniaceae........ 2 Equisetaceae........ I Lycopodiaceae. ...... I Selaginellaceae....... I Isoetaceaé............ I Pmacene...........- 8 emeAGeAG....:.....-- I MCEAe.......... I Sparganiaceae....... I Zannichelliaceae.. ... . 3 Zosteraceae.......... I Naiadaceae.......... I Scheuchzeriaceae..... 2 Alismaceae.......... 4 Bilodeaceae.......... 2 Hydrocharitaceae. . . . Gramineae.........- 77 Species 9 Cyperaceae..... 3 Araceae. ...... 2 Lemnaceae.... 40 Xyridaceae. .. . I Eriocaulaceae . Commelinaceae Juncaceae. .... Ww — =the nH DOWN HNN ND SH ON Smilaceae. .. . Amaryllidaceae Dioscoreaceae. Iridaceae.. . Orchidaceae. . Saururaceae Salicaceae. Myricaceae. Juglandaceae 263 Betulaceae. . to — Pontederiaceae....... Melanthaceae... . Liliaceae....... Convallariaceae. . Haemodoraceae. . to - umn wNN S&S wo Ww 650 NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES Genera Fagacede rs 2, sitet ee 3: Uimacede see 2 Utticaceaes.2 0-2 ate 5 Cannabinaceae....... 2 Moraceaé..05 > ere . Loranthaceae.) hee Santalaceae.......... I Aristolochiaceae...... 2 Polygonaceae........ 9 Chenopodiaceae...... 7 Amarantaceae....... 2 Phytolaccaceae....... I IZOACEdG:...). ee en 2 Portulacaceae........ 3 Illecebraceae........% 3 Alsinaceae........... 8 Caryophyllaceae..... 8 Nymphaeaceae....... 4 Ceratophyllaceae..... 1 Magnoliaceae........ 2 Anonaceae........... I Ranunculaceae....... 22 Berberidaceae........ 4 Menispermaceae..... I Lauraceae. «5. > accaee 2 Papaveraceae........ 4 Fumariaceae.........° 4 GCractlerie: 0. ..8 228 32 Capparidaceae....... 2 Resedaceae.......... I Sarraceniaceae....... I Droseraceae......... I Podostemaceae....... ‘I Cransulaceae): ./s,... sceet Penthoraceae...... I Parnassiaceae........ I Saxifragaceae........ 5 Hydrangeaceae....... 2 MBACEAG, in. 0% see ee I Hamamelidaceae..... I Altingiaceae......... i Grossulariaceae...... 2 Platanaceae......... I ROSACEAE So cle ae 22 Malaceae............ 7 Amygdalaceae....... 2 Caesalpiniaceae...... 4 Fabaceae) .:s 55 acne 26 Geraniaceae......... 3 Oxalidaceae......... 3 Species 53 AN Sw A 6 S S= & N CON eH OAH WW HW NO al °o I Genera Tinaceaet sash. eee 2 Rutacede eva since scien 2 Simaroubaceae../.... 1 Polygalaceae......... 1 Euphorbiaceae....... 8 Callitrichaceae....... I Empetraceae.......:. I Limnanthaceae....... I Anacardiaceae....... 3 Aquifoliaceae........ 2 Celastraceae......... 2 Staphyleaceae........ I Acéraceaentie. sae I Hippocastanaceae.... I Sapindaceae......... I Balsaminaceae....... I Rhamnaceae......... 2 Vitheeaes nok a. eerie 2 Tiliaceach es .. poet I Malvaceae........... 6 Hypericaceae. ....... 4 Elatinacedé 2.). eis I Cistacede 2... .a ee eee 3 Violaceae:... 2. ts ace 2 Cactacedes.7 ose I Thymeleaceae........ I Elaeagnaceae........ I Lythraceae.:. a2. .ccue 5 Melastomaceae....... I Onagraceae.......... 10 Haloragidaceae....... 2 Asaliacese |... Ts sae 2 Ammiaceae.......... 23 Comnseedé: si Fic sate 4 Clethraceae.......... I Pyrolaceae: :.:.rc1ce es 3 Monotropaceae...... 2 Ericaceae..<': cui hope 15 Vacciniaceae......... 5 Diapensiaceae........ I Primulaceae......... 9 Plumbaginaceae...... I Eebenaceae,... 22. en st I Oleacedes...)..0m ace 2 Loganiaceae......... I Gentianaceae........ Bike, Menyanthaceae...... 2 Apocynaceae......... 2 Asclepiadaceae....... 4 Convolvulaceae...... 4 20 wre oe BOW HN WW ABN HH ORM ON FH HW ———E——— 43 OG ore ooo ae 830 Total. . 2651 Some of the Largest Genera. - BES. Fee eh 155 species es aR a © A all oy 8 PAISPEM see tera retest ae «3 oh rs ee VAC? ices Oe atic aie se x in ng Crlaeees. Oe Gee daw a po RM tA eid eae as’ eous Rati ke ai 2 la CR Seis eee ae — * OAR Ses wis Se atte she ey POMMIBEROMS 5s 3's eae a ote SUMMARY Genera Species “ee eer eee 31 85 EE ee eres. 9 23 onocotyledones........ 182 758 ‘Dice SS eee 608 790 1785 Ga %, 830 2651 Total number of species admitted Pteridophytes \ az eating eae _ Monocotyledons........- 95 oa) cotyledons... ........- 518 ae as fa *» oe od ‘ ‘ Total number of native species... ..--. Abama, 228 americana, 14, 228 Abies, 73 balsamea, 5, 73 Abronia micrantha, 302 linearis, 302 Abutilon, 441 Abutilon, 441 Acalypha, 424 gracilens, 424 ostryaefolia, 424 virginica, 424 Acanthopanax pentaphyl- lum, 472 Acanthaceae, 566 Acanthospermum hispi- dum, 640 humile, 640 xanthioides, 640 Acer, 434 carolinianum, 16, 435 Negundo, 436 nigrum, 435 pennsylvanicum, 435 platanoides, 436 pseudoplatanus, 436 rubrum, 434 saccharinum, 434 Saccharum, 435 Acerates, 512 viridiflora, 512 viridiflora Ivest, 512 Achillea, 630 lanulosa, 631 ligustica, 631 Millefolium, 631 Ptarmica, 631 Achroanthes, 258 monophylla, 258 unifolia, 258 Acnida, 301 INDEX Synonyms are in ztalic. Acnida cannabina, 301 © tuberculata, 302 Aconitum, 322 noveboracense, 6, 322 Acorus, 214 Calamus, 214 Actaea, 320 alba, 321 rubra, 19, 320 Actinomeris, 626 Acuan virgatus, 413 Adiantum, 60 pedatum, 60 Adicea, 283 Adlumia, 335 fungosa, 29, 335 Adonis annua, 330 Adoxa, 581 Moschatellina, 7, 20, 581 Adoxaceae, 581 Aegopodium Podagraria, 482 Aeschynomene, 401 virginica, 16, 401 Aesculus, 436 Hippocastanum, 436 Aethusa Cynapium, 482 Agalinis, 558 Besseyana, 560 decemloba, 29, 30, 560 Holmiana, 19, 18, 29, 559 maritima, 559 parvifolia, 560 paupercula, 559 purpurea, 559 setacea, 559 tenuifolia, 559 virgata, 559 Agastache, 531 652 Agastache Foeniculum, 532 nepetoides, 531 scrophulariaefolia, 532 Ageratum conyzoides, 640 Agrimonia, 368 Bicknellii, 368 Brittoniana, 369 gryposepala, 368 hirsuta, 368 mollis, 368 parviflora, 16, 369 platycarpa, 369 pubescens, 22, 368 rostellata, 16, 368 striata, 369 striata, 368 Agropyron, 148 biflorum, 18, 148 caninum, 149 repens, 148 tenerum, 149 Agrostemma, 311 Githago, 311 Agrostis, 128 alba, 128 aristata, 128 altissima, 14, 28, 129 antecedens, 130 canina, 129 elata, 129 hyemalis, 129 maritima, 129 oreophila, 130 perennans, 129 perennans, 129 Schweinitzii, 27, 129 Ailanthus, 420 glandulosa, 420 Aira, 136 coerulea, 136 Aira, 131 ° - genevensis, 528 > reptans, 528 Alchemilla arvensis, 378 Aletris, 235 aurea, 235 : farinosa, 235 Alisma, 86 Plantago-aquatica, 86 M subcordatum, 86 Alismaceae, 86 _— Alliaria, 339 Alliaria, 339 _ Allionia albida, 302 hirsuta, 302 nyctaginea, 302 Allium, 232 canadense, 21, 233 carinatum, 233 cernuum, 233 Schoenoprasum, 233 sibiricum, 6, 233 tricoccum, 232 vineale, 233 Alnus, 273 Alnus, 274 glutinosa, 274 incana, 274 noveboracensis, 274 rugosa, 274 __ serrulata, 274 [ Alopecurus, 125 aristulatus, 125 geniculatus, 125 myosuroides, 125 pratensis, 125 Alsinaceae, 304 Alsine, 305 aquatica, 305 borealis, 19, 306 graminea, 306 Holestea, 305 longifolia, 306 media, 305 pubera, 16, 305 uliginosa, 305 Althaea, 440 officinalis, 440 _ rosea, 440 Altingiaceae, 357 INDEX Alyssum, 349 alyssoides, 349 Amaranthaceae, 300 Amaranthus, 300 blitoides, 301 crispus, 301 deflexus, 301 graecizans, 301 hybridus, 301 paniculatus, 301 lividus, 301 pumilus, 29, 301 retroflexus, 301 spinosus, 301 Amaryllidaceae, 241 Ambrosia, 587 artemisiaefolia, 587 bidentata, 587 elatior, 587 psilostachya, 587 trifida, 587 integrifolia, 587 Ambrosiaceae, 587 Amelanchier, 384 Bartramiana, 20, 385 Botryapium, 384 canadensis, 384 humilis, 385 intermedia, 384 laevis, 384 nantucketensis, 384 oblongifolia, 384 oligocarpa, 385 rotundifolia, 384 sanguinea, 6, 384 spicata, 384, 385 stolontfera, 384 Ammannia, 460 coccinea, 460 Koehnei, 16, 460 Ammiaceae, 473 Ammodenta, 310 Ammophila, 130 arenaria, 130 Amorpha, 400 fruticosa, 400 Amphiachyris dracuncu- loides, 640 Amphicarpon, 117 Amphicarpon, 18, 32, 117 653 Amsinckia, 522 intermedia, 522 lycopsioides, 522 Amsonia Amsonia, 509 Amygdalaceae, 390 . Amygdalus persica, 393 Anacardiaceae, 429 Anacyclus tomentosus, 640 Anagallis, 499 arvensis, 499 coerulea, 499 Anaphalis, 619 margaritacea, 619 Anchistea, 57 virginica, 57 Anchusa leptophylla, 525 officinalis, 525 Andromeda, 491 mariana, 491 canescens, 7, 20, 491 polifolia, 491 Andropogon, 97 Elliottii, 98 furcatus, 98 glomeratus, 98 littoralis, 97 scoparium, 97 virginicus, 98 Anemone, 322 canadensis, 24, 323 cylindrica, 322 quinquefolia, 323 riparia, 323 virginiana, 22, 322 Anethum graveolens, 482 Angelica, 481 atropurpurea, 481 villosa, 22, 481 Annonaceae, 317 Antennaria, 618 ambigens, 619 calophylla, 618 canadensis, 20, 619 fallax, 619 neglecta, 618 neodioica, 618 occidentalis, 619 Parlinii, 619 petaloidea, 618 plantaginifolia, 618 Anthemideae, 630 654 Anthemis, 631 arvensis, 631 Cotula, 631 mixta, 631 nobilis, 631 tinctoria, 631 Anthoxanthum, 120 odoratum, 120 Puelii, 120 Anthriscus cerefolium; 482 sylvestris, 482 Anthyllis vulneraria, 413 Antirrhinum, 551 majus, 551 Orontium, 551 Anychia, 304 canadensis, 304 polygonoides, 304 Apargia, 642 autumnalis, 642 hispida, 642 nudicaulis, 642 Apera, 131 Spica-venti, 131 Apios, 412 Apium graveolens, 477 Petroselinum, 482 Aplectrum, 259 hyemale, 259 Apocynaceae, 508 Apocynum, 508 album, 509 androsaemifolium, 508 cannabinum, 508 divergens, 508 hypericifolium, 509 medium, 508 Milleri, 508 pubescens, 509 sibiricum, 509 speciosum, 508 urceolifer, 508 Aquifoliaceae, 430 Aquilegia, 321 canadensis, 23, 321 flaviflora, 321 vulgaris, 321 Arabis, 346 brachycarpa, 348 canadensis, 348 dentata, 347 INDEX Arabis Drummondii, 6, 20, 348 glabra, 29, 347 hirsuta, 347 laevigata, 348 lyrata, 23, 347 patens, 347 viridis, 6, 20, 348 Araceae, 212 Arachis hypogaea, 413 Aralia, 471 hispida, 472 nudicaulis, 471 elongata, 471 prolifera, 471 racemosa, 471 spinosa, 16, 471 Araliaceae; 471 Arctium, 637 Lappa, 637 minus, 637 nemorosum, 637 (omentosum, 637 Arctostaphylos, 492 Arenaria, 308 caroliniana, 16, 309 groenlandica, 6, 309 leptoclados, 308 Michauxii, 309 serpyllifolia, 308 stricta, 309 Arethusa, 254 bulbosa, 4, 29, 254 Argemone mexicana, 334 Argentina, 364 Anserina, 364 littoralis, 20, 365 Arisaema, 212 Dracontium, 21, 27, 213 pusillum, 213 Stewardsonii, 6, 19, 212 triphyllum, 212 Aristida, 122 dichotoma, 122 gracilis, 122 lanosa, 14, 123 oligantha, 14, 122 purpurascens, 122 tuberculosa, 123 Aristolochia, 286 Clematitis, 286 Aristolochia macrophylla,286 Serpentaria, 22, 286 Aristolochiaceae, 285 Armoracia, 342 Armoracia, 342 Arnica, 636 acaulis, 636 Arnoseris minima, 649 Aronia, 383 arbutifolia, 16, 383 atropurpurea, 383 melanocarpa, 383 nigra, 383 Arrhenatherum, 132 elatius, 132 Artemisia, 632 Abrotanum, 633 Absinthium, 633 annua, 633 biennis, 633 campestris, 633 caudata, 633 Dracunculus, 633 frigida, 633 gnaphalodes, 633 laciniata, 633 Pontica, 633 Stelleriana, 633 vulgaris, 633 Aruncus, 362 Aruncus, 362 Asarum, 285 canadense, 27, 285 reflexum, 285 Asclepiadaceae, 509 Asclepias, 509 amplexicaulis, 511 Bicknellit, 512 decumbens, 510 exaitata, 511 incarnata, 510 intermedia, 511 lanceolata, 17, 510 pulchra, 511 purpurascens, 510 quadrifolia, 512 rubra, 29, 510 syriaca, 512 tuberosa, 510 variegata, 17, 512 verticillata, 5121 meuron, 59 jocarpon, 59 ‘muraria, 59 manes, 59 minatus, 613 ag -ostifolius, 614 amethystinus, 611 eus, 615 inus, 608 r _. 608 _concinnus, 17, 611 a lor, 612 ccordifolius, 609 _ polycephalus, 609 -corrigiatus, 610 _— curvescens, 609 depauperatus, 614 I ccticocus, 608 -dumosus, 613 - ericoides, 614 — excavatus, 608 ss exiguus, 615 ie Faxoni, 20, 614 _glomeratus, 609 INDEX Aster gracilens, 610 gracilis, 17, 613 Gravesii, 613 Herveyi, 613 hirsuticaulis, 615 ianthinus, 609 junceus, 7, 20, 612 laevis, 611 lateriflorus, 516 longifolius, 20, 612 loriformis, 610 Lowrieanus, 17, 610 Bicknellit, 610 lancifolius, 610 macrophyllus, 22, 609 multiflorus, 615 multifermis, 609 nemoralis, 24, 613 novae-angliae, 611 novi-belgii, 612 atlanticus, 612 Brittonti, 612 elodes, 612 litoreus, 612 paniculatus, 614 patens, 610 phlogifolius, 610 prenanthoides, 611 puniceus, 611 compactus, 611 Crawfordit, 611 firmus, 611 Radula, 613 roscidus, 609 sagittifolius, 610 salicifolius, 614 Schreberi, 609 spectabilis, 4, 612 stilletiformis, 608 subinteger, 608 subulatus, 608 surculosus, 612 sylvestris, 610 tardiflorus, 611 tataricus, 615 tenebrosus, 608 tenuifolius, 608 Tradescanti, 28, 614 triangularts, 610 Tripolium, 615 undulatus, 610 655 Aster vimineus, 615 foliolosus, 615 violaris, 609 Astereae, 595 Astragalus, 400 carolinianus, 20, 400 Atheropogon, 134 curtipendulus, 134 Athyrium, 60 acrostichoides, 60 Filix-foemina, 60 thelypteroides, 60 Atragene, 324 americana, 324 Atriplex, 298 arenaria, 299 congesta, 299 hastata, 299 hortensis, 299 laciniata, 299 patula, 299 rosea, 299 Aureolaria, 558 Pedicularia, 558 villosa, 558 virginica, 558 Avena, 132 pubescens, 132 sativa, 132 sterilis, 132 Torreyi, 150 Azalea, 488 canescens, 7, 488 lutea, 489 nudiflora, 488 prinophylla, 488 viscosa, 489 glauca, 489 hispida, 489 nitida, 489 Azolla, 62 caroliniana, 62 Baccharis, 617 Douglasii, 617 halimifolia, 617 Ballota, 534 nigra, 534 Balsaminaceae, 436 Baptisia, 396 tinctoria, 396 Barbarea, 341 = seer 82 /_ 656 Barbarea Barbarea, 341 praecox, 341 stricta, 341 verna, 341 Bartonia, 506 todandra, 507 lanceolata, 507 paniculata, 507 virginica, 507 Bassia, 298 hirsuta, 298 Batrachium, 329 circinatum, 329 longirostris, 329 tricophyllum, 329 Bellis, 604 perennis, 604 Benzoin, 332 aestivale, 332 Benzoin, 332 Berberidaceae, 331 Berberis, 331 canadensis, 331 vulgaris, 331 Berteroa, 349 incana, 349 Beta maritima, 300 Betula, 272 alleghaniensis, 6, 273 lenta, 273 lutea, 6, 273 nigra, 22, 273 papyrifera, 272 populifolia, 272 pumila, 6, 19, 272 Betulaceae, 270 Bicuculla, 334 canad nsis, 28, 334 Cucullaria, 28, 334 Bidens, 627 aristosa, 629 Beckii, 7, 20,629 bidentoides, 17, 628 bipinnata, 629 cernua, 628 comosa, 628 connata, 628 discoidea, 628 frondosa, 628 involucrata, 629 laevis, 628 INDEX Bidens leucantha, 629 trichosperma, 629 tenuiloba, 629 tripartita, 629 vulgata, 628 Bignonia, 566 radicans, 17, 566 Bignoniaceae, 566 Blephariglottis, 250 Blephariglottis, 4, 251 ciliaris, 251 cristata, 4, 15, 250 grandiflora, 251 lacera, 21, 251 peramoena, 21, 252 psycodes, 252 Blephilia, 538 ciliata, 538 hirsuta, 7, 538 Blitum, 298 capitatum, 298 Boehmeria, 283 cylindrica, 284 Drummondiana, I5, 284 scabra, 284 Boltonia, 604 asteroides, 604 Boraginaceae, 520 Borago, 524 officinalis, 524 Botrychium, 47 dissectum, 48 lanceolatum, 18, 48 Lunaria, 49 neglectum, 48 obliquum, 48 silaifolium, 5, 18, 49 simplex, 28, 48 tenebrosum, 28, 48 virginianum, 21, 49 Brachyelytrum, 124 erectum, 124 Bradburya, 412 virginiana, 16, 412 Brasenia, 315 purpurea, 315 Schreberi, 315 Brassica, 340 arvensis, 339 campestris, 340 Brassica japonica, 340 juncea, 340 monensis, 340 napus, 340 nigra, 340 oleracea, 340 Rapa, 340 Briza, 139 media, 139 minor, 139 Bromus, 145 altissimus, 148 arvensis, 147 asper, 146 breviaristatus, 148 brizaeformis, 148 ciliatus, 146 erectus, 148 hordeaceus, 147 inermis, 148 Kalmii, 18, 147 maximus, 148 purgans, 23, 27, 147 racemosus, 147 rubens, 148 secalinus, 147 squarrosus, 147 sterilis, 146 tectorum, 146 Broussonetia, 282 Buchnera, 560 americana, 560 Bunias orientalis, 349 Bupleurum, 477 rotundifolium, 477 Bursa, 345 Bursa-pastoris, 345 Cactaceae, 459 Caesalpiniaceae, 394 Cakile, 339 edentula, 339 maritima, 339 Calamagrostis, 130 canadensis, 2I, 130 cinnoides, 130 hyperborea, 130 inexpansa, 130 Langsdorfii, 130 Nuttalliana, 130 Pickeringii, 130 A carpatica, 584 ee, patula, 584 -rapunculoides, 584 ‘ - urticifolia, 584 Campa “argh 583 loides, 335 _ aureum, 335 -flavulum, 335 sempervirens, 335 apparidaceae, 349 prifoliaceae, 574 goes 133 Dactylon, 133 Capsicum annuum, 548 Peon 338 — Coronopus, 338 didyma, 338 — damine, 342 arenicola, 16, 343 By rotundifolia, 20, 25, 584 INDEX Cardamine bulbosa, 344 flexuosa, 343 hirsuta, 343 parviflora, 343 pennsylvanica, 343 pratensis, 6, 20, 343 purpurea, 6, 343 rotundifolia, 344 Cardiospermum, 436 Halicacabum, 436 Carduus, 638 acanthoides, 639 crispus, 639 nutans, 638 Carex, 173 abdita, 19, 28, 195 abscondita, 198 aenea, 5, 19, 194 aestivaliformis, 202 aestivalis, 202 aggregata, 187 alata, 28, 193 albicans, 195 albolutescens, 193 albursina, 198 alopecoidea, 188 amphibola, 200 anceps, 199 annectens, 188 aquatilis, 206 arctata, 202 Asa-Grayi, 211 atlantica, 28, I91 aurea, 5, 19, 196 Baileyi, 6, 210 Barrattii, 15, 29, 204 Bebbii, 5, 19, 192 Bicknellii, 19, 193 blanda, 199 bromoides, 190 brunnescens, 5, 189 bullata, 29, 209 Bushii, 203 Buxbaumii, 21, 29, 205 canescens, 189 disjuncta, 189 caroliniana, 15, 203 caryophyllea, 194 castanea, 5, 19, 202 cephalantha, 190 angustala, 190 657 Carex cephaloidea, 19, 187 cephalophora, 187 Collinsii, 4, 208 communis, 195 comosa, 210 complanata, 203 conjuncta, 188 conoidea, 200 Crawei, 5, 200 Crawfordii, 5, 19, 191 crinita, 206 cristatella, 192 cryptolepis, 5, 19, 208 Davisii, 201 debilis, 15, 202 deflexa, 195 Deweyana, 5, 190 diandra, 5, 19, 188 digitalis, 198 disperma, 189 eburnea, 196 Emoryi, 206 exilis, 19, 24, 190 extensa, 207 festucacea, 28, 192 flava, 19, 208 flexuosa, 202 foenea, 194 folliculata, 208 formosa, 5, 19, 201 Frankii, 15, 211 glaucodea, 201 : Goodenowii, 19, 205 gracillima, 201 granularis, 200 grisea, 201 gynandra, 206 Haydeni, 19, 205 hirta, 207 hirtifolia, 28, 196 Hitchcockiana, 200 hormathodes, 193 Howei, 19, 190 hystricina, 210 incomperta, 28, 191 interior, 190 intumescens, 211 Jamesii, 194 lacustris, 29, 206 laevivaginata, 159 lanuginosa, 23, 207 658 Carex lasiocarpa, 19, 29, 207°: laxiculmis, 198 laxiflora, 199 latifolia, 198 leptonervia, 199 Leavenworthii, 187 lenticularis, 5, 19, 206 leptalea, 194 limosa, 19, 204 livida, 19, 197 longtirostris, 203 lupuliformis, 211 lupulina, 211 lurida, 209 Meadii, 15, 197 mirabilis, 192 monile, 19, 208 Muhlenbergii, 187 muricata, 187 nigro-marginata, 15, 28, 195 normalis, 192 novae-angliae, 5, 19, 195 oblita, 29, 202 Oederi, 5, 19, 208 oligocarpa, 200 oligosperma, 6, 19, 209 pallescens, 19, 204 panicea, 197 pauciflora, 5, 19, 194 paupercula, 5, 19, 204 pedunculata, 196 pennsylvanica, 195 plantaginea, 197 platyphylla, 198 polymorpha, 28, 197 prairea, 5, 188 prasina, 201 projecta, 28, 192 Pseudo-Cyperus, 6, 19, 210 ptychocarpa, 198 retroflexa, 186 retrorsa, 19, 209 rosaeoides, I9I rosea, 187 radiata, 187 rostrata, 209 salina, 205 INDEX Carex scabrata, 29, 204 Schweinitzii, 6, 19, 210 scirpoides, 190 scoparia, I9I seorsd, 191 setacea, 188 setifolia, 196 Shriveri, 29, 199 siccata, 5, 186 silicea, 193 sparganioides, 187 Sprengelii, 202 squarrosa, 211 sterilis, 19, 190 stipata, 189 straminea, 192 striatula, 15, 27, 199 stricta, 205 styloflexa, 15, 199 Swanili, 203 tenera, 193 tetanica, 197 tonsa, 19, 28, 196 torta, 205 tribuloides, 191 reducta, 192 trichocarpa, 207 trisperma, 4, 189 Tuckermani, 6, 19, 209 typhina, 211 umbellata, 19, 195 varia, 195 vesicaria, 5, 19, 208 vestita, 207 virescens, 203 virescens, 203 vulpinoidea, 188 Walteriana, 29, 206 Willdenovii, 194 Carpinus, 271 caroliniana, 22, 271 Carthamus lanatus, 640 Carum Carui, 482 Carya, 269 Caryophyllaceae, 310 Cassia, 394 Chamaecrista, 394 marylandica, 22, 394 nictitans, 394 Tora, 395 Castalia, 315 Castalia odorata, 315 minor, 315 rosea, 315 tuberosa, 316 Castanea, 275 dentata, 275 pumila, 15, 275 Castilleja, 560 coccinea, 28, 560 Catalpa, 566 Catalpa, 566 Cathartolinum, 417 intercursum, 29, 418 medium, 30, 418 striatum, 418 sulcatum, 419 virginianum, 22, 418 Caulophyllum, 331 thalictroides, 28, 331 Ceanothus, 438 americanus, 438 Celastraceae, 432 Celastrus, 433 scandens, 23, 433 Celeri, 477 graveolens, 477 Celosia argentea, 302 cristata, 302 Celtis, 280 canina, 6, 281 crassifolia, 281 georgiana, 6, 15, 281 occidentalis, 280 Cenchrus, 118 carolinianus, 119 tribuloides, 14, 118 tribuloides, 119 Cenea turbinata, 640 Centaurea, 639 Calcitrapa, 640 Cyanus, 639 Jacea, 639 maculosa, 640 melitensis, 640 nigra, 639 paniculata, 640 Phyrgia, 640 solstitialis, 640 vochinensis, 639 Centaurium, 502 pulchellum, 502 Ee eee . a ~ arvense, 307 oblongifolium, 307 semidecandrum, 307 tetrandrum, 307 velutinum, 307 viscosum, 306 vulgatum, 307 _Ceratophyllaceae, 316 _ Ceratophyllum, 316 demersum, 316 q echinatum, 316 i “Ceres, 394 ie f canadensis, 22, 394 _ Chaenorrhinum minus, 561 -Chaerophyllum, 476° procumbens, 476 temulum, 476 Chaetochloa, 117 glauca, 118 imberbis, 118 italica, 118 magna, 14, 118 versicolor, 118 verticillata, 118 viridis, 118 Chamaecrista, 394 fasciculata, 394 nictitans, 394 ~ Chamaecyparis, 74 thyoides, 4, 11, 74 Chamaedaphne, 491 calyculata, 491 Chamaelirium, 229 luteum, 229 obovale, 229 Chamaenerion, 464 angustifolium, 464 Chamaepericlymenum, 484 canadense, 20, 484 Chamaesyce, 424 glytosperma, 425 hirta, 425 humistrata, 425 maculata, 425 polygonifolia, 425 Preslii, 425 Rafinesqui, 425 + longipedunculatum, 307 INDEX Chamaesyce serpens, 425 Cheilanthes, 61 lanosa, 14, 61 Cheirinia, 348 cheiranthoides, 348 Chelidonium, 333 majus, 333 Chelone, 551 glabra, 22, 551 Chenopodiaceae, 295 Chenopodium, 296 album, 296 ambrosioides, 298 anthelminticum, 298 Bonus-Henricus, 297 Boscianum, 297 Botrys, 298 glaucum, 296 hybridum, 298 lanceolatum, 296 leptophyllum, 296 murale, 297 obovatum, 298 polyspermum, 297 rubrum, 298 urbicum, 297 viride, 296 vulvaria, 298 Chimaphila, 486 corymbosa, 486 maculata, 486 umbellata, 486 Chiogenes, 495 hispidula, 7, 495 Chionanthus, 502 virginica, 16, 502 Chondrophora nudata, 640 Chrosperma, 229 muscaetoxicum, 29, 229 Chrysanthemum, 631 Balsamita, 632 coronarium, 632 Leucanthemum, 631 Parthenium, 632 segetum, 632 Chrysopsis, 596 falcata, 596 mariana, 17, 596 Chrysosplenium, 354 americanum, 354 Cichoriaceae, 640 659 Cichorium, 641 Endivia, 641 Intybus, 641 divaricatum, 641 Cicer arietinum, 413 Cicuta, 478 bulbifera, 478 maculata, 478 Cimicifuga, 321 racemosa, 22, 321 dissecta, 321 Cinna, 128 arundinacea, 23, 128 latifolia, 5, 128 Circaea, 469 alpina, 469 intermedia, 469 lutetiana, 469 Cirsium, 637 altissimum, 638 arvense, 638 mite, 638 discolor, 23, 638 horridulum, 638 lanceolatum, 638 muticum, 23, 638 odoratum, 638 palustre, 638 spinossimus, 638 Cistaceae, 447 Citrullus Citrullus, 583 Cladium, 172 Cladothrix lanuginosa, 302 Claytonia, 303 caroliniana, 6, 303 virginica, 303 Clematis, 324 Viorna, 324 virginiana, 324 Cleome, 350 gynandra, 350 spinosa, 350 Clethra, 484 alnifolia, 484 Clethraceae, 484 Clinopodium, 539 Acinos, 539 Calamintha, 539 Nepeta, 539 vulgare, 539 Clintonia, 236 660 Clintonia borealis, 236 umbellata, 15, 236 Clitoria, 411 mariana, 411 Cnicus benedictus, 640 INDEX Corallorhiza odontorhiza, 21, 260 Wisteriana, 15, 260 Corchorus tridens, 440 trilocularis, 440 Cochranea anchusaefolia, 525Corema, 428 Coeloglossum, 248 bracteatum, 248 Coelorachis, 96 rugosa, 14, 96 Collinsia verna, 561 Collinsonia, 544 canadensis, 544 Comandra, 285 umbellata, 285 Comarum, 365 palustre, 6, 20, 365 Commelina, 218 communis, 219 erecta, 219 hirtella, 219 nudiflora, 219 virginica, 219 Commelinaceae, 218 Compositae, 588 Comptonia, 268 peregrina, 268 Conioselinum, 481 chinense, 481 Conium maculatum, 482 Conobea, 553 multifida, 553 Conopholis, 565 americana, 28, 565 Conringia, 349 orientalis, 349 Convallaria majalis, 239 Convallariaceae, 235 Convolvulaceae, 513 Convolvulus, 515 arvensis, 515 japonicus, 515 repens, 515 sepium, 515 spithamaeus, 515 Coptis, 320 trifolia, 27, 320 Corallorhiza, 260 Corallorhiza, 6, 19, 260 maculata, 260 multiflora, 260 Conradii, 31, 428 Coreopsis, 626 lanceolata, 627 rosea, 29, 626 tinctoria, 627 verticillata, 627 Coriandrum sativum, 482 Cornaceae, 482 Cornus, 482 alternifolia, 483 Amomum, 483 canadensis, 484. candidissima, 483 circinata, 483 femina, 483 florida, 484 rugosa, 483 stolonifera, 28, 483 Coronilla, 400 Emerus, 400 varia, 400 Coronopus, 338 Corrigiola littoralis, 304 Corrigiolaceae, 303 Corylus, 271 americana, 271 heterophylla, 272 rostrata, 27, 271 Corynephorus, 131 canescens, 131 Cotoneaster, 390 Pyracantha, 390 Cracca, 399 virginiana, 31, 399 Crassulaceae, 352 Crataegus, 385 albicans, 390 Arnoldiana, 390 Boyntoni, 6, 16, 389 Brainerdi, 6, 388 Calpodendron, 388 Canbyi, 16, 387 chrysocarpa, 388 coccinea, 390 coccimed, 389 Crataegus Crus-galli, 23, 387 cuneiformis, 387 filipes, 20, 389 Grayana, 6, 389 intricata, 388 Jesupi, 20, 389 macracantha, 388 macrosperma, 389 monogyna, 387 neofluvialis, 388 oxyacantha, 387 pausiaca, 387 Phaenopyrum, 387 populnea, 389 Pringlei, 20, 390 pruinosa, 389 punctata, 388 roanensis, 389 rugosa, 389 Stonei, 6, 388 straminea, 388 succulenta, 388 tomentosa, 388 uniflora, 16, 387 villipes, 390 Crepis, 645 biennis, 645 capillaris, 645 rigida, 646 setosa, 646 taraxacifolia, 646 tectorum, 645 virens, 045 Crocanthemum, 447 canadense, 448 corymbosum, 448 dumosum, 448 majus, 447 propinquum, 447 Crotolaria, 396 sagittalis, 396 Croton capitatus, 427 Crotonopsis, 424 linearis, 16, 424 Cruciferae, 336 Cryptogramma, 61 Stelleri, 5, 61 Cubelium, 450 concolor, 450 Cucumis Melo, 583 sativus, 583 vil ———_— .. — = ta Pepo, 583 faceae, 583 ganoides, 17, 22, 541 th sis, 516 anthi, 516 mpacta, 517 li, 516 f ilinum, 516 i =pithymum, 516 _ Gronovii, 516 ygonorum, 516 a a, 550 ‘y mbalaria, 550 nchum, 513 acutum, 513 nigrum, 513 _ Vincetoxicum, 513 lareae, 636 Cyn a, 521 bs oer. 20, 521 officinale, 521 oo 521 it ose -cristatus, 139 Y, Cyr noxylon, 484 — 22, 484 © eae, 151 s, 151 ae 157 compressus, 154 dentatus, 155 diandrus, 23, 153 dipsaciformis, 156 Engelmanni, 155 erythrorhizus, 155 esculentus, 155 ferax, 155 filicinus, 154 filiculmis, 157 : macilentus, 157 flavescens, 153 fuscus, 154 -globulosus, 157 Grayi, 157 INDEX Cyperus hystricinus, 15, 156 inflexus, 154 Iria, 154 lancastriensis, 15, 156 microdontus, 15, 154 Nuttallii, 154 ovularis, 15, 157 pseudovegetus, 15, 154 refractus, 15, 156 retrofractus, 15, 156 rivularis, 154 rotundus, 155 speciosus, 155 strigosus, 156 Torreyi, 15, 156 Cystopteris, 53 Cytisus, 396 scoparius, 396 Cypripedium, 247 acaule, 246 candidum, 6, 19, 247 flavescens, 247 hirsutum, 247 parviflorum, 247 reginae, 6, 247 Dactylis, 139 glomerata, 139 Dactyloctenium, 135 aegypticum, 135 Dalibarda, 378 repens, 378 Danthonia, 132 compressa, 28, 133 epilis, 14, 133 sericea, 133 spicata, 132 Daphne Mezereum, 460 Dasiphora, 366 fruticosa, 6, 366 Dasystephana, 504 Andrewsii, 23, 505 flavida, 505 linearis, 505 Porphyrio, 16, 506 Saponaria, 30, 505 villosa, 16, 506 Dasystoma, 558 flava, 558 Datura, 547 Metel, 547 661 Datura meteloides. 547 Stramonium, 547 Tatula, 547 Daucus, 482 Carota, 482 Decodon, 461 verticillatus, 461 Delphinium, 321 Ajacis, 322 Consolida, 322 divaricatum, 322 peregrinum, 322 Dendrium, 489 buxifolium, 32, 489 Dennstaedtia, 52 punctilobula, 52 Dentaria, 344 anomala, 6, 32, 345 diphylla, 344 heterophylla, 16, 345 incisifolia, 6, 32, 345 laciniata, 345 integra, 345 maxima, 6, 345 Deringa, 479 canadensis, 479 Deschampsia, 131 caespitosa, 131 _ flexuosa, 131 Deutzia scabra, 356 Dianthera, 567 americana, 567 Dianthus, 314 Armeria, 314 barbatus, 314 deltoides, 314 prolifer, 314 Diapensiaceae, 496 Dichondra repens, 515 Dichromena colorata, 212 Dichrophyllum, 425 marginatum, 425 Diervilla, 581 Diervilla, 28, 581 Digitalis lutea, 561 purpurea, 561 Diodia, 570 teres, 17, 570 virginiana, 17, 57° Dioscorea, 242 villosa, 242 662 Dioscoreaceae, 242 Diospyros, 500 virginiana, 500 Diplachne, 136 maritima, 136 Diplotaxis, 340 erucoides, 340 muralis, 340 tenuifolia, 340 virgata, 340 Dipsaceae, 582 Dipsacus, 582 fullonum, 583 sylvestris, 582 Dirca, 459 palustris, 459 Distichlis, 138 spicata, 138 Dodecatheon, 499 Meadia, 16, 499 Doellingeria, 616 humilis, 616 infirma, 29, 616 umbellata, 616 Dondia, 299 americana, 300 linearis, 300 maritima, I9, 300 Draba, 346 caroliniana, 346 verna, 346 Dracocephalum, 532 virginianum, 532 Drosera, 351 filiformis, 29, 351 intermedia, 4, 351 longifolia, 351 rotundifolia, 351 Droseraceae, 351 Drymocallis, 367 agrimonioides, 367 arguta, 367 Dryopteris, 54 Boottii, 57 Clintoniana, 55 cristata, 55 diltatata, 56 Dryopteris, 57 Goldieana, 27, 55 hexagonoptera, 56 intermedia, 56 . INDEX Dryopteris marginalis, 56 noveboracensis, 55 Phegopteris, 56 simulata, 55 spinulosa, 56 Thelypteris, 55 Duchesnea, 365 indica, 365 Dulichium, 169 arundinaceum, 169 spathaceum, 169 Eatonia, 137 pennsylvanica, 138 pubescens, 137 Ebenaceae, 500 Ecbalium agreste, 583 Echinacea angustifolia, 640 purpurea, 640 Echinochloa, 102 Crus-galli, 102 frumentacea, 102 Walteri, 102 Echium, 525 pustulatum, 525 violaceum, 525 vulgare, 525 Eclipta alba, 622 Elaeagnaceae, 460 Elaeagnus, 460 angustifolia, 460 argentea, 460 Elatinaceae, 447 Elatine, 447 americana, 447 Eleocharis, 157 acicularis, 160 acuminata, I61 diandra, 159 Engelmanni, 159 flaccida, 15, 159 glaucescens, 159 intermedia, 5, 161 interstincta, 158 melanocarpa, 160 filiformis, 160 mutata, 158 obtusa, 159 ochreata, 159 olivacea, 159 ovata, 5, 159 Eleocharis palustris, 159 pygmaea, 165 quadrangulata, 158 Robbinsii, 28, 158 rostellata, 28, 161 simplex, 15, 160 tenuis, I61 Torreyana, 15, 160 tortilis, 160 tricostata, 28, 160 tuberculosa, 160 Elephantopus, 599 carolinianus, 590 Eleusine, 135 indica, 135 Ellisia, 519 Elodeaceae, 89 Elymus, 149 arkansanus, I50 australis, 150 brachystachys, 150 canadensis, 150 glauctfolius, 150 glabriflorus, 14, 150 halophilus, 149 hirsutiglumis, 150 striatus, 23, 150 virginicus, 149 Emex spinosa, 295 Empetraceae, 428 Epigaea, 492 repens, 492 Epilobium, 464 adenocaulon, 20, 465 coloratum, 465 hirsutum, 465 lineare, 464 parviflorum, 465 strictum, 7, 465 tetragonum, 465 Epipactis, 254 pubescens, 257 repens ophioides, 257 tesellata, 257 viridiflora, 254 Equisetaceae, 62 Equisetum, 62 arvense, 63 fluviatile, 64 hyemale, 64 laevigatum, 64. INDEX 663 _ Equisetum littorale, 18,64 Erodium moschatum, 415 Euphorbia Cyparissias, 427 . palustre, 64 Eruca Eruca, 349 Darlingtonii, 427 . pratense, 5, 18, 63 Ervum Lens, 413 Esula, 427 scirpoides, 64 Eryngium, 476 Helioscopia, 426 sylvaticum, 63 aquaticum, 16, 476 hirsuta, 425 variegatum, 18, 64 virginianum, 16, 476 Ipecacuanhae, 426 Eragrostis, 136 Erysimum, 339 Lathyris, 426 capillaris, 136 _ cheiranthoides, 348 marginata, 425 Eragrostis, 137 officinale, 339 nutans, 425 Frankii, 136 orientale, 349 Peplus, 426 hypnoides, 137 repandum, 349 pilulifera, 425 major, 137 Erythraea, 502 polygonifolia, 425 megastachya, 137 Erythronium, 234 Euphorbiaceae, 423 pectinacea, 137 albidum, 234 Euthamia, 603 pilosa, 137 americanum, 234 caroliniana, 604 Purshii, 137 Eschscholtzia californica, 334 floribunda, 17, 29, 32, 604 Eranthis, 320 Eubotrys, 490 graminifolia, 604 hymenalis, 320 racemosa, 490 minor, 29, 604 Erechtites, 634 Euonymus, 432 tenuifolia, 604 hieracifalia, 634 alatus, 433 Erianthus, 97 americanus, 432 Fabaceae, 395 divaricatus, 14, 97 atropurpureus, 433 Fagaceae, 274 _ saccharoides, 14, 97 europaeus, 433 Fagopyrum, 293 Ericaceae, 487 obovatus, 433 Fagopyrum, 293 Erigeron, 615 Eupatorieae, 590 tataricum, 293 acris, 616 Eupatorium, 590 Fagus, 274 annuus, 615 ageratoides, 594 grandifolia, 22, 274 philadelphicus, 615 album, 17, 592 Falcata, 413 pulchellus, 22, 615 subvenosum, 592 comosa, 23, 413 ; ramosus, 616 altissimum, 17, 592 Pitcheri, 413 . Eriocaulaceae, 217 aromaticum, 594 Festuca, 144 | Eriocaulon, 217 cannabinum, 594 bromoides, 145 compressum, 15, 218 coelestinum, 17, 594 capillata, 145 : decangulare, 15, 18, 217 hyssopifolium, 592 elatior, 145 Parkeri, 15, 218 leucolepis, 591 gigantea, 145 : septangulare, 29, 218 maculatum, 591 Myuros, 145 Eriophorum, 163 amoenum, 591 nutans, 145 alpinum, 5, 19, 163 perfoliatum, 593 octoflora, 144 callithrix, 5, 19, 163 truncatum, 593 ovina, 145 cyperinum, 168 pubescens, 28, 593 rubra, 145 = gracile, 163 purpureum, 591 Ficaria, 329 gracile, 163 resinosum, 14, 32, 594 Ficaria, 329 polystachyon latifolium, rotundifolium, 28, 593 Filago arvensis, 640 163 serotinum, 594 minima, 640 tenellum, 19, 163 sessilifolium, 592 Filipendula, 363 vaginatum, 163 Brittonianum, 592 Filipendula, 363 virginicum, 164 trifoliatum, 591 rubra, 363 ; viridicarinatum, 163 urticaefolium, 594 Ulmaria, 363 Erodium, 415 verbenaefolium, 593 Filix, 53 citaricuum, 415 Saundersii, 593 bulbifera, 53 malachoides, 415 Euphorbia corollata, 426 fragilis, 27, 53 664 Fimbristylis, 161 autumnalis, 162 Baldwiniana, 15, 162 castanea, 162 castanea, 15, 162 Franku, 162 geminata, 5, 162 laxa, 162 puberula, 15, 30, 162 spadicea, 162 Vahlii, 162 Fissipes, 246 acaulis, 246 Flaveria bidentis, 640 Floerkea, 428 proserpinacoides, 428 Foeniculum Foeniculum, 482 Fragaria, 365 americana, 365 canadensis, 6, 20, 366 Grayana, 366 terrae-novae, 6, 20, 366 vesca, 365 virginiana, 23,366 tllinoensis, 366 Fraxinus, 500 americana, 501 biltmoreana, 16, 501 Darlingtonii, 501 excelsior, 501 lanceolata, 501 Michauxii, 16, 501 . nigra, 500 pennsylvanica, 22, 501 viridis, 501 Fuirena, 168 hispida, 168 squarrosa, 168 Fumaria, 336 capreolata, 336 officinalis, 336 parviflora, 336 Fumariaceae, 334 Galactia, 412 regularis, 28, 412 volubilis, 16, 413 Galeopsis, 532 Ladanum, 533 Tetrahit, 533 INDEX Galeopsis versicolor, 533 villosa, 533 Galeorchis, 247 spectabilis, 247 Galinsoga, 630 caracasana, 630 parviflora, 630 hispida, 630 Galium, 571 Aparine, 571 asprellum, 573 bermudense, 17, 574 boreale, 572 circaezans, 22, 572 Claytoni, 574 concinnum, 573 erectum, 573 hispidulum, 574 labradoricum, 20, 573 lanceolatum, 572 Mollugo, 573 palustre, 573 pilosum, 572 puncticulosum, 572 tinctorium, 573 tricorne, 571 triflorum, 572 verum, 572 Wirtgent, 572 Gaultheria, 492 procumbens, 492 Gaura, 468 biennis, 468 sinuata, 468 Gaylussacia, 493 baccata, 493 dumosa, 493 Bigeloviana, 493 frondosa, 493 resinosda, 493 Gemmingia, 243 chinensis, 243 Gentiana, 504 Gentiana, 504 Andrewsti, 505 crinita, 23, 24, 504 quinquefolia, 504 Saponaria, 505 Gentianaceae, 502 Genista tinctoria, 413 Geraniaceae, 413 Geranium, 414 Bicknellii, 415 carolinianum, 415 columbinum, 415 dissectum, 415 maculatum, 415 molle, 414 pusillum, 414 pyrenaicum, 415 Robertianum, 413 rotundifolium, 415 sibiricum, 414 Gerardia, 558 purpurea parvula, 559 racemulosa, 559 Skinneriana, 560 Geum, 369 canadense, 22, 370 flavum, 370 hirsutum, 16, 370 macrophyllum, 371 Meyerianum, 20, 370 rivale, 371 strictum, 370 vernum, 369 virginianum, 370 Gifola, 617 germanica, 617 Gilia achilleaefolia, 518 capitata, 518 rubra, 518 Glaucium, 333 Glaucium, 333 Glaux, 499 maritima, 499 Glecoma, 532 hederacea, 532 Gleditsia, 395 triacanthos, 395 Glycine, 412 Apios, 412 Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 413 Gnaphalium, 619 decurrens, 620 Helleri, 17, 620 luteo-album, 620 obtusifolium, 619 palustre, 620 polycephalum, 619 purpureum, 620 uliginosum, 620 eae, 357 opogon, 134 = nbiguus, 14, 134 _ brevifolius, 14, 134 sophila, 313 elegans, 313 - ‘muralis, 313 Gyrostachys, 254 G) — cernuud, 255 _ ochroleuca, 255 F _ plantaginea, 255 _ praecox, 255 simplex, 256 ~e stricta, 255 _Gyrotheca, 241 __ tinetoria, 4, 29, 241 Hi la bena ria blephariglottis ’ Cast bracteata, 248 ciliaris, 251 clavellata, 249 cristata, 250 tata, 249 fimbriata, 251 INDEX Habenaria flava, 248 grandiflora, 251 Hookeriana, 250 integra, 249 lacera, 251 macrophylla, 250 orbiculata, 250 peramoena, 252 psycodes, 252 Haemodoraceae, 241 Halenia, 506 deflexa, 7, 506 Halerpestes, 329 Cymbalaria, 19, 29, 329 Haloragidaceae, 469 Hamamelidaceae, 357 Hamamelis, 357 virginiana, 357 Hedeoma, 538 hispida, 538 pulegioides, 538 Helenieae, 630 Helenium, 630 autumnale, 630 nudiflorum, 630 quadridentatum, 630 tenuifolium, 630 Heleochloa, 125 schoenoides, 125 Heliantheae, 620 Helianthemum, 447 majus, 447 Helianthium, 86 parvulum, 28, 86 tenellum, 86 Helianthus, 624 ambiguus, 625 angustifolius, 29, 624 annuus, 626 Dalyi, 32, 625 debilis, 626 decapetalus, 625 divaricatus, 625 giganteus, 23, 625 grosseserratus, 625 hirsutus, 626 laetiflorus, 626 Maximiliani, 625 mollis, 625 petiolaris, 625 scaberrimus, 626 665 Helianchus scrophulariifolius, 625 strumosus, 626 subrhothboideus, 626. tracheliifolius, 626 tuberosus, 626 Heliopsis, 622 bupthalmoides, 622 helianthoides, 622 scabra, 622 Heliotropium, 521 curassavicum, 521 europacum, 521 indicum, 521 peruvianum, 521 Helleborus, 320 viridis, 320 Helonias, 229 bullata, 4, 15, 27, 229 Hemerocallis, 232 flava, 232 fulva, 232 Hemicarpa, 169 micrantha, 169 Hemizomia pungens, 640 Hepatica, 323 acutiloba, 324 Hepatica, 324 Heracleum, 481 lanatum, 481 Hesperis, 349 matronalis, 349 Heteranthera, 220 dubia, 220 reniformis, 220 Heterotheca subaxillaris, 640 Heuchera, 355 americana, 22, 355 Hibiscus, 442 Moscheutos, I1, 442 oculiroseus, 32, 442 Syriacus, 442 Trionum, 442 Hicoria, 269 alba, 269 cordiformis, 269 glabra, 270 laciniosa, 270 microcarpa, 270 minima, 269 666 Hicoria ovata, 270 villosa, 270 Hieracium, 646 aurantiacum, 646 canadense, 20, 647 florentinum, 647 floribundum, 648 Gronovii, 648 marianum, 647 murorum, 648 paniculatum, 647 Pilosella, 646 pratense, 647 scabrum, 647 venosum, 647 vulgatum, 646 Hierochloé, 120 Hippocastanaceae, 436 Hipposelinum Levisticum, 482 Holcus, 98 halepensis, 98 Sorghum, 98 Homalocenchrus, 119 oryzoides, I19 virginicus, 119 Honkenya, 310 peploides, 310 Hordeum, 149 jubatum, 149 murinum, 149 nodosum, 149 pusillum, 149 vulgare, 149 Hottonia, 497 inflata, 497 Houstonia, 569 coerulea, 28, 569 longifolia, 569 purpurea, 570 Hudsonia, 448 ericoides, 448 tomentosa, 448 Humulus, 282 japonicus, 282 Lupulus, 282 Hydrangea, 356 arborescens, 16, 356 Hydrangeaceae, 356 Hydrastis, 318 canadensis, 318 INDEX Hydrocharitaceae, 90 Hydrocotyle, 474 americana, 474 Canbyi, 474 ranunculoides, 16, 475 rotundifolia, 475 umbellata, 474 verticillata, 474 Hydrophyllaceae, 519 Hydrophyllum, 519 virginianum, 519 canadense, 519 Hyoscyamus, 547 albus, 547 niger, 547 Hypericaceae, 442 Hypericum, 443 adpressum, 444 Ascyron, 444 Bissellii, 6, 32, 445 boreale, 23, 445 canadense, 446 densiflorum, 444 dissimulatum, 446 ellipticum, 445 gymnanthum, 16, 446 humifusum, 446 maculatum, 445 majus, 20, 446 mutilum, 446 perforatum, 445 prolificum, 444 punctatum, 445 subpetiolatum, 445 virgatum, 16, 445 ovalifolium, 445 Hypochaeris, 642 glabra, 642 radicata, 642 Hypopitys, 487 americana, 487 lanuginosa, 487 Hypoxis, 242 hirsuta, 242 Hyssopus, 539 officinalis, 539 Hystrix, 150 Hystrix, 150 Iberis amara, 349 umbellata, 349 Ibidium, 254 | Beckii, 256 cernuum, 255 gracile, 256 plantagineum, 23, 255 praecox, 15, 255 strictum, 6, 19, 255 vernale, 255 Ilex, 430 bronxensis, 431 fastigiata, 431 glabra, 431 laevigata, 432 mollis, 431 monticola, 6, 431 mollis, 431 opaca, 430 verticillata, 431 Ilicioides, 432 Ilysanthes, 554 attenuata, 555 dubia, 554 Impatiens, 436 aurea, 437 biflora, 436 pallida, 29, 437 Imperatoria Ostruthium, 482 Inula, 620 dysenterica, 620 Helenium, 620 pulicaria, 620 Inuleae, 617 Ionactis, 617 linariifolius, 617 Ionoxalis, 416 violacea, 22, 416 Ipomoea, 514 hederacea, 515 ' hirsutula, 515 lacunosa, 514 pandurata, 514 purpurea, 514 Iridaceae, 242 Iris, 243 germanica, 243 orientalis, 243 prismatica, 243 Pseudacorus, 243 versicolor, 243 Isanthus, 529 _ acuminatus, 227 _* debilis, 227 aristulatus, 15, 225 articulatus, 23, 227 ss obtusatus, 227 balticus, 223 av brachycarpus, 226 4 s brachiatus, 529 _ brachycephalus, 19, 226 INDEX Juncus brevicaudatus, 32, 225, 227 bufonius, 223 caesariensis, 14, 18, canadensis, 226 debilis, 227 dichotomus, 224 platyphyllus, 224 Dudleyi, 6, 224 effusus, 222 filiformis, 6, 19, 222 Gerardi, 223 Greenei, 19, 31, 223 gymnocarpus, 15, 222 marginatus, 225 maritimus, 223 militaris, 226 nodosus, 226 megacephalus, 226 pelocarpus, 19, 225 Roemerianus, 227 scirpoides, 226 secundus, 224 setaceus, I5, 225 Smithit, 222 tenuis, 224 Torreyi, 226 trifidus, 6, 19, 223 Juniperus, 74 communis, 75 nana, 75 sibirica, 28, 75 virginiana, 75 Kalmia, 490 angustifolia, 490 glauca, 490 latifolia, 490 polifolia, 20, 490 Kerria japonica, 381 Kickxia, 550 Elatine, 550 spuria, 550 Kneiffia, 467 Allenii, 32, 467 fruticosa, 468 linearis, 16, 29, 467 longipedicellata, 16, 467 \pratensis, 468 pumila, 468 riparia, 30, 468 667 Kochia Scoparia, 300 Koeleria, 138 cristata, 5, 138 Koellia, 539° aristata, 17, 540 clinopodioides, 28, 540 flexuosa, 22, 540 incana, 541 mutica, 541 pilosa, 540 Torreyi, 540 verticillata, 540 virginiana, 540 Koniga, 349 maritima, 349 Kosteletzkya, 441 virginica, 29, 441 Krigia, 641 virginica, 641 Kuhnia, 594 eupatorioides, 17, 594 Lacinaria, 595 . graminifolia, 17, 595 pilosa, 595 pycnostachya, 595 scariosa, 595 spicata, 595 Lactuca, 643 canadensis, 644 montana, 644 floridana, 17, 645 hirsuta, 644 Morssii, 7, 20, 644 sagittifolia, 645 sativa, 645 Scariola, 644 spicata, 22, 645 villosa, 17, 645 virosa, 644 Lagenaria Lagenaria, 583 Lamiaceae, 526 Lamium, 533 album, 533 amplexicule, 533 hybridum, 533 maculatum, 533 purpureum, 533 Lappula, 521 Lappula, 521 virginiana, 521 668 Lapsana, 641 communis, 641 Banx,.72 decidua, 72 laricina, 72 Lathyrus, 410 aphaca, 411 glaucifolius, 411 latifolius, 411 maritimus, 20, 410 myrtifolius, 410 ochroleucus, 411 palustris, 410 linearifolius, 410 pratensis, 410 venosus, 410 Lauraceae, 332 Lechea, 448 intermedia, 450 Leggettii, 450 maritima, 449 minor, 449 racemulosa, 16, 449 tenuifolia, 449 villosa, 449 Lecticula, 563 resupinata, 29, 563 Ledum, 488 groenlandicum, 7, 20, 488 Lemna, 214 cyclostasa, 215 minor, 215 perpusilla, 215 trisulca, 27, 215 Lemnaceae, 214 Lentibulariaceae, 562 Leontodon, 643 erythrospermum, 643 hastile, 642 Taraxacum, 643 Leonurus, 533 Cardiaca, 533 glaucescens, 534 Marrubiastrum, 534 sibiricus, 534 Lepidium, 337 apetalum, 338 campestre, 338 densiflorum, 338 Draba, 338 Lepidium INDEX graminifolium, 338 neglectum, 338 ruderale, 338 sativum, 338 Smithii, 338 virginicum, 338 Leptamnium, 566 virginianum, 566 Leptandra, 557 virginica, 557 Leptilon, 616 canadense, 616 divaricatum, 616 linifolium, 616 pusillum, 616 Leptochloa fascicularis, 150 Leptoloma, 99 cognatum, 99 Leptorchis, 258 lilitfolia, 258 Loeselit, 259 Lespedeza, 405 angustifolia, 30, 408 Brittonii, 407 capitata, 408 frutescens, 408 hirta, 408 neglecta, 407 Nuttallii, 29, 407 oblongifolia, 16, 408 procumbens, 406 repens, 16, 406 simulata, 408 striata, 408 Stuvei, 29, 407 velutina, 408 violacea, 407 virginica, 408 Leucojum aestivum, 242 Leucothoé racemosa, 490 Ligusticum, 480 scoticum, 7, 480 Ligustrum vulgare, 502 Lilaeopsis, 480 lineata, 480 Liliaceae, 232 Lilium, 233 canadense, 234 philadelphicum, 233 superbum, 234 Lilium tigrinum, 234 Limnanthaceae, 428 Limnanthemum, 507 Limnobium, 90 Spongia, 90 Limnorchis, 249 dilatata, 6, 19, 249 huronensis, 249 hyperborea, 6, 19, 249 Limodorum, 254 tuberosum, 254 Limonium, 499 carolinianum, 499 Limosella, 555 aquatica, 20, 555 tenutfolia, 555 Linaceae, 417 Linaria, 550 canadensis, 550 genistaefolia, 550 Linaria, 550 repens, 550 striata, 550 supina, 550 Linnaea, 578 americana, 25, 578 Linum, 417 angustifolium, 417 floridanum, 418 medium, 418 striatum, 418 sulcatum, 419 usitatissimum, 417 virginianum, 418 Liparis, 258 liliifolia, 258 Loeselii, 23, 259 Lipocarpha, 168 maculata, 168 Lippia, 526 lanceolata, 526 Liquidambar, 357 Styraciflua, 16, 357 Liriodendron, 317 Tulipifera, 22, 317 Listera, 256 australis, 256 convallarioides, 257 cordata, 256 Lithospermum, 523 arvense, 523 585 byi, 17, 587 a, 586 tallii, 17, 29, 586 erula, 17, 586 mulentum, 148 ra, 579 nadensis, 7, 20, 580 -Caprifolium, 579 ciliata, 580 coerulea, 7, 580 dioica, 580 Fs) hirsuta, 20, 580 japonica, 580 orientalis, 581 - sempervirens, 580 __ tatarica, 581 ___— Xylosteum, 581 - Lophiola, 242 americana, 242 aurea, 15, 242 ‘Lo oi otocarpus, 87 ara? 87 anthaceae, 284 Sy americanus, 399 __corniculatus, 399 Ludwigia, 463 , alternifolia, 464 : hirtella, 16, 464 -_— jinearis, 16, 464 polycarpa, 464 sphaerocarpa, 464 Ludwigiantha, 463 $ brevipes, 16, 32, 463 a4) - . ithospermum canescens, ‘tmanna, 7, 20, 585 INDEX Lunaria, 345 annua, 345 Lupinus, 396 perennis, 31, 396 Lychnis, 313 alba, 313 chalcedonica, 313 coronaria, 313 dioica, 313 Flos-cuculi, 313 sylvestris, 313 Lycium, 547 halimifolium, 547 vulgare, 547 Lycopersicon, 547 Lycopersicon, 547 Lycopodiaceae, 64 Lycopodium, 64 adpressum, 18, 66 alopecuroides, 18, 66 annotinum, 5, 18, 66 carolinianum, 14, 18, 67 clavatum, 66 complanatum, 23, 66 inundatum, 18, 65° Bigelovii, 66 lucidulum, 65 obscurum, 66 porophilum, 5, 65 tristachyum, 66 Lycopsis, 525 arvensis, 525 Lycopus, 541 americanus, 542 communis, 542 europaeus, 543 membranaceus, 20, 542 rubellus, 542 sessilifolius, 542 uniflorus, 23, 542 virginicus, 542 Lygodium, 50 palmatum, 50 Lysias, 250 Hookeriana, 6, 19, 250 orbiculata, 250 Lysimachia, 498 Nummularia, 498 producta, 498 punctata, 498 quadrifolia, 498 Lysimachia terrestris, 498 vulgaris, 498 Lythraceae, 460 Lythrum, 461 alatum, 461 Hyssopifolia, 461 lineare, 16, 461 Salicaria, 462 Macrocalyx, 519 Magnolia, 316 tripetala, 16, 317 virginiana, 316 Magnoliaceae, 316 Malaceae, 381 Malaxis, 258 monophylla, 6, 19, 258 unifolia, 24, 258 Malus, 382 angustifolia, 383 baccata, 383 coronaria, 16, 383 coronaria, 383 glaucescens, 383 Malus, 383 Malva, 440 Alcea, 441 arvensis, 441 borealis, 441 crispa, 441 moschata, 441 rotundifolia, 440 sylvestris, 440 Malvaceae, 440 Malvastrum spicatum, 442 coromandelianum, 442 Mariana, 639 Mariana, 639 Marilaunidium jamaicense, 520 Mariscus, 172 mariscoides, 172 Marsilea, 62 quadrifolia, 62 Marsileaceae, 62 Marrubium, 53! vulgare, 531 Martynia louisiana, 566 Martyniaceae, 566 Matricaria, 632 Chamomilla, 632 670 Matricaria inodora, 632 maritima, 632 matricarioides, 632 Matteuccia, 51 Struthiopteris, 51 Medeola, 238 virginiana, 238 Medicago, 397 arabica, 397 denticulata, 397 lupulina, 397 minima, 398 muricata, 398 pubescens, 398 sativa, 397 Meibomia, 401 bracteosa, 404 canadensis, 405 canescens, 403 Dillenii, 405 glabella, 403 grandiflora, 29, 402 laevigata, 404 marylandica, 405 Michauxii, 402 nudiflora, 22, 402 obtusa, 405 ochroleuca, 16, 403 paniculata, 404 pauciflora, 402 rigida, 405 sessilifolia, 30, 403 stricta, 16, 403 viridiflora, 16, 28, 404 Melampyrum, 560 latifolium, 560 lineare, 560 Melanthaceae, 228 Melanthera deltoidea, 640 Melanthium, 230 latifolium, 230 virginicum, 230 Melastomaceae, 462 Melica mutica, 150 striata, 150 Melilotus, 397 alba, 397 altissima, 397 indica, 397 occidentalis, 397 officinalis, 397 INDEX Melissa, 538 officinalis, 538 Menispermaceae, 332 Menispermum, 332 canadense, 22, 332 Mentha, 543 alopecuroides, 544 aquatica, 544 arvensis, 544 canadensis, 544 Cardiaca, 544 citrata, 543 crispa, 544 gentilis, 544 longifolia, 543 piperita, 543 rotundifolia, 544 spicata, 543 Menyanthaceae, 507 Menyanthes trifoliata, 22, 597 Mercurialis annua, 427 Mertensia, 522 virginica, 522 Mesadenia, 634 atriplicifolia, 634 reniformis, 17, 634 Mesembryanthemum nodo- sum, 302 Micrampelis, 583 lobata, 583 Micranthemum, 555 micranthemoides, 17, 555 Micranthes, 355 micranthidifolia, 16, 356 pennsylvanica, 22, 355 virginiensis, 22, 356 Microstylis, 258 Mikania, 594 scandens, 594 Milium, 120 effusum, 5, 19, 120 Mimulus, 552 alatus, 28, 553 Langsdorffi, 553 moschatus, 553 ringens, 553 Mirabilis jalapa, 302 Miscanthus, 96 Miscanthus sinensis, 96 Mitchella, 570 repens, 570 Mitella, 354 diphylla, 24, 28, 354 nuda, 6, 20, 354 prostrata, 354 Modiola caroliniana, 442 Moehringia, 309 lateriflora, 19, 23, 309 Moenchia erecta, 308 Moldavica parviflorum, 545 Molina, 136 Mollugo, 302 verticillata, 302 Monarda, 536 clinopodia, 537 didyma, 537 fistulosa, 537 media, 537 mollis, 537 punctata, 17, 28, 537 Moneses, 486 uniflora, 4, 20, 486 Monniera caroliniana, 561 Monotropa, 487 uniflora, 487 Monotropaceae, 486 Moraceae, 281 Morus, 281 alba, 281 rubra, 23, 281 Muhlenbergia, 123 capillaris, 28, 124 foliosa, 124 mexicana, 124 racemosa, 124 Schreberi, 123 sobolifera, 123 sylvatica, 124 tenuiflora, 124 umbrosa, 124 Muscari, 235 botryoides, 235 racemosum, 235 Myosotis, 522 arvensis, 523 collina, 523 laxa, 523 micrantha, 523 palustris, 523 INDEX 671 ot S scorpoides, 523 Nicotiana longiflora, 547 Onosmodium _ virginianum, rustica, 547 29, 524 Tabacum, 547 Ophioglossaceae, 47 Nigella damascena, 330 Ophioglossum, 47 Nonnea nigricans, 525 arenarium, 47 Norta, 339 vulgatum, 23, 47 altissima, 339 Ophrys, 256 Nothoholcus, 131 australis, 15, 256 : lanatus, 131 convallarioides, 257 ophyllum, 470 Nyctaginaceae, 302 cordata, 6, 256, 257 Nyctelea, 519 Opulaster, 361 tum, 30, 470 Nyctelea, 519 opulifolius, 28, 361 serpinacoides, 471 Nymphaea, 315 Opuntia, 459 tum, 470 advena, 315 Opuntia, 459 _ tennellum, 23, 470 variegata, 315 Orchidaceae, 245 veri t icillatum, 20, 470 fraterna, 315 Orchis rotundifolia, 248 a hybrida, 315 spectabilis, 247 s,648 | Kalmiana, 315 Origanum, 539 bus, 648 microphylla, 6, 19, 315 vulgare, 539 tissimus, 648 rubrodisca, 6, 19, 315 Ornithogalum, 234 cemosus, 649 Nymphaeaceae, 314 nutans, 234 entarius, 649 Nymphoides, 507 umbellatum, 234 ‘integrifolius, 649 aquaticum, 17, 508 Ornithopus sativus, 413 ifoliolatus, 649 lacunosum, 507 Orobanchaceae, 565 ae 17, 649 Nyssa, 484 Orobanche, 565 : biflora, 484 minor, 565 sylvatica, 484 ramosa, 565 Orontium, 214 gracillima, 28, 85 Obolaria, 506 aquaticum, 29, 214 ssus, 242 virginica, 16, 506 Oryzopsis, 121 ; she 242 Oceanorus, 230 asperifolia, 5, 19, 121 _ Pseudo-Narcissus, 242 leimanthoides, 15, 230 pungens, 5, 19, 121 a... 498 Oenothera, 466 racemosa, 121 e, ™ 7, 20, 498 biennis, 466 Osmunda, 49 cruciata, 466 cinnamomea, 49 grandiflora, 466 — Claytoniana, 49 muricata, 466 regalis, 49 Oakesiana, 466 Osmundaceae, 49 Oldenlandia, 570 Ostrya, 271 ; uniflora, 17, 570 virginiana, 271 -Nemopanthes, 432 Oleaceae, 500 Otophylla, 560 mucronata, 24, 432 Onagra, 466 auriculara, 560 Neobeckia, 342 Onagraceae, 463 Oxalidaceae, 415 ; aquatica, 342 Onobrychis sativa, 413 Oxalis, 416 Pnecpiorie, 491 Onoclea, 51 Acetosella, 416 y mariana, 491 sensibilis, 51 Brittontae, 417 _ Nepeta, 532 Ononis arvensis, 413 Bushtt, 417 oa (ataria, 532 Onopordon, 639 corniculata, 417 zi, a, 345 Acanthium, 639 cymosa, 417 paniculata, 345 Onosmodium, 524 filipes, 417 f Nicotiana, 547 occidentale, 524 repens, 417 = 672 Oxalis rufa, 417 stricta, 416 violacea, 416 Oxycoccus, 496 macrocarpus, 4, 496 Oxycoccus, 496 Oxygraphis Cymbalaria, 329 Oxypolis, 481 longifolia, 481 rigidior, 16, 481 Pachysandra procumbens, 428 Padus, 391 nana, 391 virginiana, 391 virginiana, 391 Panax, 472 quinquefolium, 472 trifolium, 472 Panicularia, 141 acutiflora, 144 americana, 143 borealis, 18, 27, 143 canadensis, 18, 142 fluitans, 144 fluitans, 143 grandis, 18, 28, 143 laxa, 18, 142 nervata, 143 obtusa, 24, 142 pallida, 143 septentrionalis, 21, 27, 143 Torreyana, 142 Panicum, 102 aciculare, 14, 110 aculeatum, 14, 28, 30, 116 Addisonii, 28, 114 agrostoides, 109 albemarlense, 114 amaroides, 108 amarum, 14, 108 anceps, 108 angustifolium, 14, 110 annulum, 14, III Ashei, 116 atlanticum, 113 barbipulvinatum, 117 barbulatum, 111 INDEX Panicum Bicknellii, 28, 110 Panicum scabriusculum, 14, boreale, 5, 18, 112 Boscii, 117 capillare, 108 clandestinum, I17 Clutei, 112 coerulescens, I4, 111 columbianum, I15 thinium, 115 Commonsianum, 14, 114 commutatum, 27, 116 condensum, 14, 109 cryptanthum, 14, 116 decoloratum, 117 depauperatum, 109 dichotomiflorum, 107 dichotomum, III ensifolium, 14, 18, III flexile, 5, 108 Gattingeri, 108 hemitomon, 14, 107 huachucae, 113 silvicola, 113 implicatum, 28, I14 languidum, 18, 113 lanuginosum, 14, 114 latifolium, 116 leucothrix, 14, 113 Lindheimeri, 112 linearifolium, 4, 109 longifolium, 109 lucidum, 14, 28, 30, III macrocarpon, 116 mattamuskeetense, I12 meridionale, 114 microcarpon, III miliaceum, 108 minus, 108 nitidum, 112 octonodum, 14, I12 oricola, 114 oligosanthes, 14, 18, 115 paucipilum, 14; 112 philadelphicum, 108 polyanthes, 14, 27, 110 Porterianum, 117 proliferum, 107 psammophilum, 115 pseudopubescens, 113 pulbtfolium, 117 116 scoparioides, 113 scoparium, II5 Scribnerianum, I15 sphaerocarpon, I10 spretum, 18, 28, I12 stipitatum, 14, 109 subvillosum, 114 tennesseense, I14 tsugetorum, II5 unciphyllum, 113 verrucosum, 107 villosissimum, 113 virgatum, 108 cubense, 108 Werneri, 110 Wrightianum, 28, 113 xanthophysum, 18, I15 yadkinense, III Papaver, 333 Argemone, 333 dubium, 333 hybridum, 333 Rhoeas, 333 somniferum, 333 Papaveraceae, 332 Papyrius, 281 papyrifera, 282 Parietaria, 284 debilis, 284 diffusa, 284 officinalis, 284 pennsylvanica, 23, 284 Parnassia, 353 caroliniana, 353 Parnassiaceae, 353 Paronychia, 303 argyrocoma, 303 Parsonsia, 462 petiolata, 462 Parthenium Hysterophorus, 640 Parthenocissus, 439 quinquefoiia, 439 Paspalum, 99 circulare, 14, IOI difforme, 14, 101 dissectum, I00 floridanum, 14, IOI laeve, 14, 101 1 \ceae, 566 laria pentaphylla, 350 Beeadidors, 552 -hirsutus, 552 pallidus, 17, 552 _ Pentstemon, 552 _ tubiflorus, 552 Peramium, 257 ____ ophioides, 6, 257 _ pubescens, 21, 257 oo 6, 19, 257 illa, 545 _ frutescens, 545 nankinensis, 545 amphibia, 291 - Careyi, 29, 292 I riropioer, 293 _ hydropiperoides, 293 Mf lapathifolia, 292 - Muhlenbergii, 292 opelousana, 293 orientalis, 293 pennsylvanica, 292 Persicaria, 292 portoricensis, 15, 292 INDEX Persicaria punctata, 293 punctatum robustior, 293 robustior, 293 setacea, 293 Perularia, 248 flava, 248 Petasites, 634 palmata, 7, 20, 634 Petasites, 634 Petrorhagia, 313 Saxifraga, 313 Petunia, 548 axillaris, 548 parviflora, 548 violacea, 548 Phacelia, 519 dubia, 17, 520 Purshii, 520 viscida, 520 Phalaris, 119 arundinacea, I19 canariensis, 119 Phaseolus, 412 polystachyus, 23, 412 vulgaris, 412 Philadelphus, 356 coronarius, 356 inodorus, 356 pubescens, 356 Philibertia gracilis, 513 Philotria, 89 angustifolia, 90 canadensis, 89 Nuttallii, 89 Phleum, 125 pratense, 125 Phlox, 517 divaricata, 518 maculata, 22, 517 paniculata, 17, 517 pilosa, 517 subulata, 518 Phoradendron, 284 flavescens, 15, 285 Phragmites, 135 Phragmites, 135 Phryma, 567 Leptostachya, 567 Phrymaceae, 567 Phyllanthus, 423 carolinensis, 16, 423 673 Physalis, 545 Alkekengi, 546 angulata, 546 heterophylla, 546 ambigua, 546 nyctaginea, 546 ixocarpa, 546 peruviana, 546 philadelphica, 546 pruinosa, 546 pubescens, 546 subglabrata, 546 virginiana, 546 viscosa, 546 Physalodes, 545 physalodes, 545 Physostegia, 532 Phytolacca, 302 decandra, 302 Phytolaccaceae, 302 Picea, 72 Abies, 73 canadensis, 73 Mariana, 72 rubens, 73 Picris, 642 echioides, 642 hieracioides, 642 hispida, 642 Pilea, 283 pumila, 283 Pimpinella Saxifraga, 482 Pinaceae, 69 Pinus, 70 echinata, 14, 26, 27, 71 pungens, 14, 71 resinosa, 5, 18, 70 rigida, 27, 31, 71 serotina, 14, 72 Strobus, 70 sylvestris, ib Taeda, 14, virginiana, ‘i 27: 7 Pisum sativum, 413 Plantaginaceae, 567 Plantago, 567 aristata, 568 Coronopus, 569 cordata, 568 decipiens, 568 elongata, 569 674 Plantago halophila, 567 heterophylla, 569 intermedia, 567 lanceolata, 568 " major, 567 maritima, 20, 568 pusilla, 568 Rugelii, 568 virginica, 568 Platanaceae, 360 Platanus, 360 occidentalis, 360 Pleuropierys, 295 Zuccarinii, 295 Pluchea, 617 camphorata, 618 foetida, 17, 618 Plumbaginaceae, 499 Pneumaria maritima, 525 Poa, 139 alsodes, 5, 140 annua, 140 autumnalis, 14, 140 brachyphylla, 14, 21, 141 brevifolia, 141 compressa, 141 debilis, 5, 18, 140 flava, 140 pratensis, 141 serotina, 140 sylvestris, 141 triflora, 5, 140 trivialis, 140 Poaceae, 90 Podophyllum, 331 peltatum, 28, 331 Podostemaceae, 352 Podostemon, 352 ceratophyllum, 352 Pogonia, 252 affinis, 253 divaricata, 15, 25 ophioglossoides, 2 trianthophora, 253 verticillata, 253 Polanisia, 350 graveolens, 350 trachysperma, 350 viscosa, 350 Polemoniaceae, 517 INDEX Polemonium, 518 reptans, 518 Van-Bruntiae, 7, 518 Polycodium, 493 stamineum, 493 Polygala, 420 ambigua, 421 brevifolia, 421 cruciata, 421 incarnata, 29, 421 lutea, 16, 421 mariana, 16, 422 Nuttallii, 422 paucifolia, 423 polygama, 422 Senega, 422 latifolia, 422 verticillata, 23, 421 viridescens, 422 Polygalaceae, 420 Polygonaceae, 286 Polygonatum, 238 biflorum, 238 commutatum, 238 Polygonella, 295 articulata, 31, 295 Polygonum, 289 atlanticum, 290 aviculare, 290 buxiforme, 290 cuspidatum, 295 erectum, 290 exsertum, 289 Hartwrighti1, 291 incarnatum, 292 littorale, 290 maritimum, 289 mons peliense, 290 neglectum, 290 prolificum, 290 provinciale, 290 ramosissimum, 290 prolificum, 290 Rayi, 290 sachalinense, 295 sagittatum, 293 tenue, 290 tomentosum, 292 virginianum, 291 Polymnia, 621 canadensis, 621 Polymnia Uvedalia, 621 Polypodiaceae, 50 Polypodium, 62 vulgare, 62 Polypogon, 127 monspeliensis, 127 Polypremum, 502 procumbens, 502 Polystichum, 53 achrostichoides, 53 Braunii, 5, 18, 53 Pontederia, 219 cordata, 219 Pontederiaceae, 219 Populus, 261 alba, 261 candicans, 262 deltoides, 262 grandidentata, 262 heterophylla, 261 nigra, 262 tremuloides, 23, 262 Porteranthus, 363 trifoliatus, 363 Portulaca, 303 grandiflora, 303 oleracea, 303 pilosa, 303 Portulacaceae, 302 Potamogeton, 79 alpinus, 82 americanus, 82 amplifolius, 82 angustifolius, 5, 82 bupleuroides, 83 compressus, 18, 84 confervoides, 14, 84 crispus, 83 dimorphus, 81 diversifolius, 81 epihydrus, 81 foliosus, 84 gemmiparus, 84 heterophyllus, 82 Hillii, 84 lateralis, 5, 18, 81 lonchites, 82 lucens, 83 connecticutensis, 82 natans, 18, 81 nitens, 84 geton nitens, 84 wttallii, 82 ‘esianus, 18, 81 erfo liatus, 83 el media, 364 iIphurea, 364 ium, 367 Sanguisorba, 367 ulaceae, 497 rpinaca, 469 ___ intermedia, 469 palustris, 469 ‘4 pectinata, 469 Prunella, 532 i _ laciniata, 532 a vulgaris, 532 ' min americana, 392 i mollis, 392 a angustifolia, 392 — Avium, 393 . Cerasus, 393 a. ncaa, 393 domestica, 393 _ Gravesii, 32, 392 _ institia, 393 Mahaleb, 393 - maritima, 392 nigra, 393 _ pennsylvanica, 393 pumila, 392 INDEX 675 Prunus serotina, 391 Quercus palustris, 276 Psilocarya, 172 Phellos, 15, 277 nitens, 15, 28, 172 platanoides, 278 Ptelea, 419 prinoides, 278 trifoliata, 419 Prinus, 278 Pteridium, 61 aquilinum, 61 Pteris, 61 Ptilimnium, 479 rubra, 22, 276 stellata, 279 triloba, 15, 277 velutina, 276 capillaceum, 11, 479 Puccinellia, 144 angus, 144 Borreri, 144 distans, 144 fasciculata, 144 Pueraria Thunbergiana, 413 Pyrola, 485 americana, 485 chlorantha, 25, 29, 485 elliptica, 485 oxypetala, 7, 32, 485 rotundifolia, 485 secunda, 28, 485 pumila, 485 Pyrolaceae, 484 Pyrus, 382 communis, 382 Pyxidanthera, 496 barbulata, 16, 496 Quamoclit, 514 coccinea, 514 Quamoclit, 514 Quercus, 275 acuminata, 278 alba, 279 Alexanderi, 278 bicolor, 278 borealis, 276 coccinea, 277 digitata, 277 ilicifolia, 277 imbricaria, 15, 278 lyrata, 15, 279 macrocarpa, 279 marilandica, 15, 277 Michauxii, 15, 278 Muhlenbergii, 278 nand, 277 nigra, 15, 277 pagodaefolia, 15, 277 Radicula, 341 hispida, 341 palustris, 341 sylvestris, 341 Raimannia, 466 humifusa, 16, 466 laciniata, 16, 466 rhombipetala, 467 Ranunculaceae, 317 Ranunculus, 325 abortivus, 326 acris, 327 allegheniensis, 6, 327 arvensis, 329 bulbosus, 327 delphinifolius, 326 fascicularis, 328 Graecus, 329 hispidus, 22, 328 lanuginosus, 329 micranthus, 6, 327 obtusiusculus, 326 parviflorus, 329 parvulus, 329 pennsylvanicus, 327 pusillus, 16, 326 recurvatus, 327 repens, 328 reptans, 326 sceleratus, 327 septentrionalis, 325 villosus, 329 Raphanus, 340 Raphanistrum, 34! sativus, 341 Rapistrum rugosum, 349 Ratibida, 624 pinnata, 624 Razoumofskya, 284 pusilla, 6, 19, 284 Reseda, 350 676 Reseda alba, 350 lutea, 350 Luteola, 350 odorata, 350 _ Phyteuma, 350 Resedaceae, 350 Rhamnaceae, 437 Rhamnus, 437 alnifolia, 6, 437 caroliniana, 438 cathartica, 437 Frangula, 437 Rhexia, 462 aristosa, 16, 463° mariana, 16, 29, 462 virginica, 462 Rhinanthus, 561 Crista-galli, 20, 561 Rhodiola, 353 rosea, 353 Rhododendron, 489 maximum, 489 Rhodora, 489 canadensis, 7, 20, 489 Rhus, 429 aromatica, 429 bipinnata, 429 copallina, 429 glabra, 429 hirta, 429 pyramidalis, 429 radicans, 430 Toxicodendron, 430 vernix, 430 Ribes, 357 americanum, 358 Cynosbati, 359 floridum, 358 glandulosum, 6, 20, 358 gracile, 360 Grossularia, 359 huronense, 359 lacustre, 20, 358 nigrum, 358 odoratum, 359 oxyacanthoides, 359 prostratum, 358 rotundifolium, 360 INDEX Ribes Uva-crispa, 359 vulgare, 358 Richardsonia scabra, 574 Ricinus, 424 communis, 424 Ridan, 626 alternifolius, 626 Robertiella, 413 Robertiana, 23, 413 Robinia, 400 hispida, 400 Pseudacacia, 400 viscosa, 400 Roripa, 341 americana, 342 Armoracia, 342 Nasturtium, 342 Rosa, 379 blanda, 381 canina, 380 carolina, 381 carolina, 380 cinnamomea, 381 gallica, 380 gemella, 20, 380 humilis, 381 villosa, 381 lucida, 380 Lyoni, 381 micrantha, 380 nitida, 6, 20, 380 palustris, 380 pimpinellifolia, 381 rubifolia, 380 rubiginosa, 380 rugosa, 381 serrulata, 381 setigera, 380 Solanderi, 381 spinosissima, 381 virginiana, 23, 381 Rosaceae, 360 Rotala, 460 ramosior, 460 Roubieva, 298 multifida, 298 Rubacer odorata, 374 Rubiaceae, 569 rubrum subglandulosum, Rubus, 371 358 triste, 358 alleghaniensis, 376 americanus, 374 Rubus andrewsianus, 376 argutus, 376 Baileyanus, 377 canadensis, 6, 377 Chamaemorus, 374 cuneifolius, 375 Enslenii, 29, 378 flagellaris, 30, 377 frondosus, 6, 376 geophilus, 377 heterophyllus, 20, 377 hispidus, 378 Idaeus, 375 invisus, 377 laciniatus, 375 Linkianus, 378 neglectus, 375 nigricans, 20, 378 nigrobaccus, 375 occidentalis, 375 odoratus, 374 pergratus, 6, 20, 376 phoenicolasius, 374 plicatifolius, 6, 20, 377 procumbens, 377 pubescens, 20, 374 Randii, 20, 376 recurvans, 376 sativus, 375 setosus, 20, 378 strigosus, 375 Rudbeckia, 622 fulgida, 17, 623 hirta, 623 laciniata, 623 speciosa, 17, 623 subtomentosa, 623 triloba, 17, 623 Ruellia, 566 ciliosa, 566 parviflora, 17, 566 strepens, 566 Rumex, 287 Acetosa, 287 Acetosella, 287 altissimus, I5, 288 Britannica, 288 conglomeratus, 289 crispus, 288 elongatus, 289 hastatulus, 29, 287 _ leptocarpa, 170 enta, 15, 171 _ Knieskernii, 15, 170 Ec cestiyn, 170 oligantha, 15, 170 pallida, 170 _ rariflora, 15, 171 — Smallii, 15; 171 ~ _ Torreyana, 171 tia, 503 ngularis, 23, 503 campanulata, 503 a dodecandra, 504 =H y lanceolata, 16, 503° A stellaris, 503 Sacciolepis, 117 ‘striata, 14, 117 ina, 308 ‘>, apetala, 308 -decumbens, 308 procumbens, 23, 308 - aa subulata, 308 Sagittaria, 87 cuneata, 5, 88 -gracil iG Enns 88 : ngelmanniana, 18, 89 INDEX Sagittaria graminea, 88 latifolia, 89 longirostra, 14, 89 lorata, 88 pubescens, 14, 88 rigida, 88 subulata, 14, 87 gracillima, 88 teres, 28, 88 Salicaceae, 261 Salicornia, 299 ambigua, 299 Bigelovii, 299 europaea, 299 herbacea, 299 Salix, 263 acutidens, 265 alba, 264 babylonica, 264 Bebbiana, 19, 266 candida, 6, 19, 266 cordata, 265 discolor, 265 ertocephala, 265 fluviatilis, 265 fragilis, 264 glaucophylla, 267 humilis, 266 incana, 267 interior, 265 longifolia, 265 lucida, 6, 19, 264 myrtilloides, 265 nigra, 264 pedicellaris, 6, 19, 265 pentandra, 264 petiolaris, 265 prinoides, 265 purpurea, 267 rostrata, 266 sericea, 267 sericea, 265 serissima, 264 squamata, 6, 32, 265 subsericea, 267 tristis, 266 viminalis, 267 Salomonia, 238 Salsola, 300 Kali, 300 pestifer, 300 677 Salsola Tragus, 300 Salvia, 536 Sclarea, 536 lyrata, 17, 536 officinalis, 536 pratensis, 536 splendens, 536 sylvestris, 536 Verbenaca, 536 verticillata, 536 Salvinia, 62 natans, 62 Salviniaceae, 62 Sambucus, 575 canadensis, 575 Ebulus, 575 laciniata, 575 nigra, 575 pubens, 575 Samolus, 497 floribundus, 23, 497 Sanguinaria, 333 canadensis, 333 Sanguisorba, 367 canadensis, 22, 23, 367 Sanicula, 475 canadensis, 475 gregaria, 475 marylandica, 22, 475 rifoliata, 476 Santalaceae, 285 Sapindaceae, 436 Saponaria, 314 ocymoides, 314 officinalis, 314 Sarothra, 446 gentianoides, 446 Sarracenia, 351 purpurea, 4, 351 heterophylla, 351 Sarraceniaceae, 351 Sassafras, 332 Sassafras, 332 Satureia, 538 hortensis, 538 Saururaceae, 261 Saururus, 261 cernuus, 15, 261 Savastana, 120 Nashii, 32, 120 odorata, 19, 120 678 Saxifraga erosa, 356 micranthidifolia, 356 pennsylvanica, 355 virginiensis, 356 Saxifragaceae, 354 Scabiosa, 583 arvensis, 583 australis, 583 stellata, 583 Scandix Pecten-veneris, 482 Scheuchzeria, 86 palustris, 18, 24, 86 Scheuchzeriaceae, 85 Schizachyrium, 97 littorale, 97 scoparium, 97 Schizaea, 50 pusilla, 24, 50 Schizaeaceae, 49 Schizonotus, 363 sorbifolius, 363 Schmaltzia, 429 crenata, 429 Schwalbea, 561 americana, 31, 561 Scirpus, 164 americanus, 166 atrocinctus, 168 atrovirens, 167 campestris, 166 cyperinus, 168 pelius, 168 debilis, 165 Eriophorum, 168 fluviatilis, 19, 167 georgianus, 167 Hallii, 168 Hudsonianus, 163 lineatus, 168 Longii, 168 maritimus macrostach- yus, 167 microcarpus, 19, 167 mucronatus, 166 nanus, 165 novae-angliae, 167 occidentalis, 166 Olneyi, 166 contortus, 166 paludosus, 19, 166 parvulus, 165 INDEX Scirpus Peckii, 168 pedicellatus, 168 planifolius, 28, 165 polyphyllus, 167, 168 robustus, 167 rubrotinctus, 167 Smithu, 165 setosus, 165 subterminalis, 28, 165 sylvaticus, 167 Torreyi, 28, 166 validus, 166 Scleranthus, 304 annuus, 304 Scleria, 172 minor, 172 pauciflora, 28, 31, 173 reticularis, 28, 172 pubescens, 172 Torreyana, 172 setacea, 15, 28, 172 Torreyana, 172 triglomerata, 172 minor, 172 verticillata, 28, 173 Sclerolepis, 590 uniflora, 590 Scrophularia, 551 aquatica, 551 canina, 551 leporella, 23, 551 marylandica, 551 Scrophulariaceae, 548 Scutellaria, 529 galericulata, 22, 531 incana, 530 integrifolia, 530 lateriflora, 530 nervosa, 531 parvula, 530 ambigua, 530 pilosa, 22, 530 serrata, 17, 530 Secale cereale, 150 Sedum, 352 acre, 352 Fabaria, 353 roseum, 353 telephioides, 353 ternatum, 353 triphyllum, 353 Selaginella, 67 apus, 67 rupestris, 67 Selaginellaceaz, 67 Sempervivum, 352 tectorum, 352 Senecio, 635 aureus, 22, 636 Balsamitae, 636 Crawfordii, 32, 635 Jacobaea, 636 obovatus, 635 pauperculus, 636 Smallii, 17, 636 sylvaticus, 636 tomentosus, 17, 635 viscosus, 636 vulgaris, 636 Senecioneae, 633 Serapias, 254 Helleborine, 19, 254 Sericocarpus, 604 asteroides, 605 linifolius, 605 Serratula tinctoria, 640 Sesamum indicum, 566 Sesban macrocarpa, 413 Sesuvium, 302 maritimum, 16, 29, 302 Setaria, 117 Setiscapella, 564 cleistogama, 564 subulata, 564 Sherardia, 574 arvensis, 574 Sibbaldiopsis, 366 tridentata, 6, 366 Sicyos, 583 angulatus, 583 Sida, 441 angustifolia, 441 carpinifolia, 441 linifolia, 441 rhombifolia, 441 spinosa, 441 Sideritis montana, 545 Silene, 311 Anglica, 312 antirrhina, 312 Armeria, 312 caroliniana, 312 621 iatum, 621 — angustifolium, 244 a arenicola, 244 atlanticum, 245 gramineum, 245 _ graminoides, 245 intermedium, 245 al mucronatum, 244, 245 sium, 479 i if -cicutaefolium, 479 Smilaceae, 239 ilacina, 236 Smilax, 239 BS yipecs. 241 _ glauca, 240 _ herbacea, 240, 241 crispifolia, 240 hispida, 240 laurifolia, 15, 241 Pseudo-China, 241 pulverulenta, 240 rotundifolia, 241 tamnifolia, 29, 240 tamnoides, 241 alteri, 15, 241 ceae, 545 Sola INDEX Solanum, 546 carolinense, 546 Dulcamara, 547 nigrum, 546 rostratum, 546 sisymbriifolium, 547 tuberosum, 547 Solidago, 597 altissima, 603 arguta, 602 aspera, 601 bicolor, 599 caesia, 599 canadensis, 603 Elliottii, 602 erecta, 600 fistulosa, 17, 601 flexicaulis, 599 hispida, 599 juncea, 602 ramosa, 602 macrophylla, 7, 20, 600 neglecta, 602 nemoralis, 603 arenicola, 603 odora, 601 Purshii, 603 patula, 601 | puberula, 600 racemosa, 603 rigida, 29, 603 rugosa, 601 sempervirens, 601 serotina, 603 gigantea, 603 speciosa, 29, 600 squarrosa, 599 stricta, 17, 600 tortifolia, 603 uliginosa, 600 ulmifolia, 601 uniligulata, 603 Sonchus, 643 arvensis, 643 asper, 643 oleraceus, 643 tenerrimus, 643 Sophia, 346 Sophia, 346 pinnata, 346 Sorbus, 382 679 Sorbus americana, 382 Aucuparia, 382 scopulina, 6, 20, 382 Sorghastrum, 98 avenaceum, 98 nutans, 98 Sorghum, 98 Sparganiaceae, 76 Sparganium, 76 acaule, 5, 77 americanum, 77 androcladum, 77 angustifolium, 5, 18, 78 eurycarpum, 77 fluctuans, 18, 78 lucidum, 28, 77 minimum, 5, 78 Spartina, 133 alternifolia, 134 cynosuroides, 14, 134 cynosuroides, 133 Michauxiana, 133 patens, 134 polystachya, 134 stricta, 134 Spathyema, 214 foetida, 214 Specularia, 584 hybrida, 584 perfoliata, 584 Speculum, 584 Spenopholis palustris, 132 Spergula, 310 arvensis, 310 sativa, 310 Spergularia leiosperma, 310 salina, 310 Spermolepis divaricatus, 482 Sphaeralcea miniata, 442 Sphenopholis, 137 nitida, 138 obtusata, 137 pallens, 137 Spigelia marylandica, 502 Spinacia oleracea, 300 Spiraea, 362 alba, 6, 362 chamaedrifolia, 362 corymbosa, 362 japonica, 362 latifolia, 362 678 Saxifraga erosa, 356 micranthidtfolia, 356 pennsylvanica, 355 virginiensts, 356 Saxifragaceae, 354 Scabiosa, 583 arvensis, 583 australis, 583 stellata, 583 Scandix Pecten-veneris, 482 Scheuchzeria, 86 palustris, 18, 24, 86 Scheuchzeriaceae, 85 Schizachyrium, 97 littorale, 97 scoparium, 97 Schizaea, 50 pusilla, 24, 50 Schizaeaceae, 49 Schizonotus, 363 sorbifolius, 363 Schmaltzia, 429 crenata, 429 Schwalbea, 561 americana, 31, 561 Scirpus, 164 americanus, 166 atrocinctus, 168 atrovirens, 167 campestris, 166 cyperinus, 168 pelius, 168 debilis, 165 Eriophorum, 168 fluviatilis, 19, 167 georgianus, 167 Hallii, 168 Hudsonianus, 163 lineatus, 168 Longii, 168 maritimus macrostach- yus, 167 microcarpus, 19, 167 mucronatus, 166 nanus, 165 novae-angliae, 167 occidentalis, 166 Olneyi, 166 contortus, 166 paludosus, 19, 166 parvulus, 165 INDEX Scirpus Peckii, 168 pedicellatus, 168 planifolius, 28, 165 polyphyllus, 167, 168 robustus, 167 rubrotinctus, 167 Smithii, 165 setosus, 165 subterminalis, 28, 165 sylvaticus, 167 Torreyi, 28, 166 validus, 166 Scleranthus, 304 annuus, 304 Scleria, 172 minor, 172 pauciflora, 28, 31, 173 reticularis, 28, 172 pubescens, 172 Torreyana, 172 setacea, 15, 28, 172 Torreyana, 172 triglomerata, 172 minor, 172 verticillata, 28, 173 Sclerolepis, 590 uniflora, 590 Scrophularia, 551 aquatica, 551 canina, 551 leporella, 23, 551 marylandica, 551 Scrophulariaceae, 548 Scutellaria, 529 galericulata, 22, 531 incana, 530 integrifolia, 530 lateriflora, 530 nervosa, 531 parvula, 530 ambigua; 530 pilosa, 22, 530 serrata, 17, 530 Secale cereale, 150 Sedum, 352 acre, 352 Fabaria, 353 roseum, 353 telephioides, 353 ternatum, 353 triphyllum, 353 Selaginella, 67 apus, 67 rupestris, 67 Selaginellaceae, 67 Sempervivum, 352 tectorum, 352 Senecio, 635 aureus, 22, 636 Balsamitae, 636 Crawfordii, 32, 635 Jacobaea, 636 obovatus, 635 pauperculus, 636 Smallii, 17, 636 sylvaticus, 636 tomentosus, 17, 635 viscosus, 636 vulgaris, 636 Senecioneae, 633 Serapias, 254 Helleborine, 19, 254 Sericocarpus, 604 asteroides, 505 linifolius, 605 Serratula tinctoria, 640 Sesamum indicum, 566 Sesban macrocarpa, 413 Sesuvium, 302 maritimum, 16, 29, 302 Setaria, 117 Setiscapella, 564 cleistogama, 564 subulata, 564 Sherardia, 574 arvensis, 574 Sibbaldiopsis, 366 tridentata, 6, 366 Sicyos, 583 angulatus, 583 Sida, 441 angustifolia, 441 carpinifolia, 441 linifolia, 441 rhombifolia, 441 spinosa, 441 Sideritis montana, 545 Silene, 311 Anglica, 312 antirrhina, 312 Armeria, 312 caroliniana, 312 : dichotoma, 312 8 inquevulnera, 312 stel ata, 23,31! virgin ica, 312 altissimum, 339 _ Trio, 339 _ Loesellii, 339 ie! Nasturtium-aquaticum, 3 ficinale, 339 _ pannonicum, 339 chium, 243 albidum, 6, 244 angustifolium, 244 arenicola, 244 —atlanticum, 245 gramineum, 245 graminoides, 245 intermedium, 245 mucronatum, 244, 245 um, 479 cicutaefolium, 479 lax, 239 Sioke-ncx, 241 glauca, 240 _ herbacea, 240, 241 : _ erispifolia, 240 hispida, 240 -__ aurifolia, 15, 241 Pseudo-China, 241 pulverulenta, 240 rotundifolia, 241 tamnifolia, 29, 240 tamnoides, 241 Walteri, 15, 241 Solanaceae, 545 INDEX Solanum, 546 carolinense, 546 Dulcamara, 547 nigrum, 546 rostratum, 546 sisymbriifolium, 547 tuberosum, 547 Solidago, 597 altissima, 603 arguta, 602 aspera, 601 bicolor, 599 caesia, 599 canadensis, 603 Elliottii, 602 erecta, 600 fistulosa, 17, 601 flexicaulis, 599 hispida, 599 juncea, 602 ramosa, 602 macrophylla, 7, 20, 600 neglecta, 602 nemoralis, 603 arenicola, 603 odora, 601 Purshii, 603 patula, 601 puberula, 600 racemosa, 603 rigida, 29, 603 rugosa, 601 sempervirens, 601 serotina, 603 gigantea, 603 speciosa, 29, 600 squarrosa, 599 stricta, 17, 600 tortifolia, 603 uliginosa, 600 ulmifolia, 601 uniligulata, 603 Sonchus, 643 arvensis, 643 asper, 643 oleraceus, 643 tenerrimus, 643 Sophia, 346 Sophia, 346 pinnata, 346 Sorbus, 382 679 Sorbus americana, 382 Aucuparia, 382 scopulina, 6, 20, 382 Sorghastrum, 98 avenaceum, 98 nutans, 98 Sorghum, 98 Sparganiaceae, 76 Sparganium, 76 acaule, 5, 77 americanum, 77 androcladum, 77 angustifolium, 5, 18, 78 eurycarpum, 77 fluctuans, 18, 78 lucidum, 28, 77 minimum, 5, 78 Spartina, 133 alternifolia, 134 cynosuroides, 14, 134 cynosuroides, 133 Michauxiana, 133 patens, 134 polystachya, 134 stricta, 134 Spathyema, 214 foetida, 214 Specularia, 584 hybrida, 584 perfoliata, 584 Speculum, 584 Spenopholis palustris, 132 Spergula, 310 arvensis, 310 sativa, 310 Spergularia letosperma, 310 salina, 310 Spermolepis divaricatus, 482 Sphaeralcea miniata, 442 Sphenopholis, 137 nitida, 138 obtusata, 137 pallens, 137 Spigelia marylandica, 502 Spinacia oleracea, 300 Spiraea, 362 alba, 6, 362 chamaedrifolia, 362 corymbosa, 362 japonica, 362 latifolia, 362 680 Spitaea prunifolia, 362 salicifolia, 362 tomentosa, 362 ulmifolia, 362 Spiranthes, 254 Spirodela, 214 polyrhiza, 214 Sporobolus, 126 asper, 126 asper, 126 clandestinus, 14, 126 cryptandrus, 5, 127 heterolepis, 5, 127 indicus, 127 longifolius, 126 neglectus, 126 serotinus, 127 Torreyanus, 14, 32, 127 uniflorus, 19, 28, 127 vaginaeflorus, 126 Stachys, 534 ambigua, 535 annua, 536 arenicola, 28, 535 arvensis, 536 aspera, 28, 535 atlantica, 32, 535 cordata, 536 germanica, 536 hirta, 536 hyssopifolia, 534 palustris, 535 homotricha, 535 recta, 536 sylvatica, 536 tenuifolia, 535 Staphylea, 433 trifolia, 28, 433 Staphyleaceae, 433 Steironema, 497 ciliatum, 497 hybridum, 497 lanceolatum, 497 Stencphragma, 346 Thaliana, 346 Stenophyllus, 161 capillaris, 161 Stipa, 121 avenacea, 121 Stomoisia, 564 cornuta, 564 INDEX Stomoisia juncea, 17, 564 virgatula, 17, 564 Streptopus, 237 amplexifolius, 6, 237 roseus, 6, 237 Strophostyles, 411 helvola, 411 umbellata, 16, 411 Struthiopteris, 51 Stylisma, 514 Pickeringii, 17, 514 Stylophorum diphyllum, 334 Stylosanthes, 401 biflora, 16, 401 Symphoricarpos, 579 racemosus, 579 Symphoricarpos, 579 Symphytum, 524 asperrimum, 524 officinale, 524 Syndesmon, 324 thalictroides, 324 Synosma, 635 suaveolens, 17, 635 Syntherisma, 99 filiforme, 99 humifusum, 99 Ischaemum, 99 sanguinale, 99 Syringa vulgaris, 502 Taenidia, 479 integerrima, 479 Talinum, 303 teretifolium, 16, 303 Tanacetum, 632 vulgare, 632 Taraxacum, 643 Taxaceae, 75 Taxodium distichum, 75 Taxus, 75 canadensis, 75 Tecoma radicans, 566 Teesdalia nudicaulis, 349 Tetragonanthus, 506 Tetragonia expansa, 302 Teucrium, 528 boreale, 528 canadense, 528 littorale, 528 occidentale, 528 Thalesia, 565 uniflora, 565 Thalictrum, 330 dasycarpum, 19, 330 dioicum, 330 polygamum, 330 purpurascens, 330 revolutum, 22, 330 Thaspium, 480 barbinode, 480 trifoliatum, 480 aureum, 480 Thlaspi, 338 arvense, 338 Thuja, 74 occidentalis, 5, 74 Thymeleaceae, 459 Thymus, 559 Serpyllum, 539 _ vulgaris, 539 Tiarella, 355 cordifolia, 355 Tillaea aquatica, 352 Tillaeastrum, 352 aquaticum, 352 Tilia, 439 americana, 439 europaea, 440 heterophylla, 440 Michauxii, 16, 29, 439 pubescens, 439 Tiliaceae, 439 Tiniaria, 294 cilinodis, 294 Convolvulus, 294 cristata, 294 dumetorum, 294 scandens, 294 Tipularia, 259 unifolia, 15, 259 Tissa, 310 * canadensis, 310 marina, 310 rubra, 310 Tithymalopsis, 425 arundelana, 426 corollata, 28, 426 Ipecacuanhae, 16, 426 Tithymalus, 426 Cyparissias, 427 Darlingtonii, 16, 427 scopia, 426 Lathyris, 426 S, 426 etalis, 427 1, 228 Anthriscus, 477 ; dosa 4 477 ; xicode ndron, 430 radicans, 430 arifolium, 294 agittatum, 293 ntia, 219 , Op ogon, 642 porrifolius, 643 pratensis, 642 aC enum, 447 -petiolatum, 447 _-virginicum, 447 ie a02 oP rib us, 419 ___ terrestris, 419 _ Trichostema, 529 - dichotomum, 529 lineare, 529 idens, 135 flava, 135 _ Trientalis, 499 . americana, 499 : a borealis, 499 Trifolium, 398 agrarium, 398 7 arvense, 398 aureum, 398 carolinianum, 399 dubium, 398 hybridum, 399 incarnatum, 398 _ INDEX Trifolium maritimum, 399 medium, 399 pratense, 399 procumbens, 398 reflexum, 399 repens, 399 scabrum, 399 striatum, 399 tomentosum, 399 Trighlochin, 85 maritima, 18, 85 palustris, 86 Trigonella Besseriana, 413 Trillium, 238 cernuum, 239 erectum, 238 grandiflorum, 238 undulatum, 239 Triosteum, 578 ~ angustifolium, 17, 578 aurantiacum, 578 perfoliatum, 17, 22, 578 Triphora, 253 trianthophora, 253 Triplasis, 135 purpurea, 135 Tripsacum, 96 dactyloides, 96 Trisetum, 132 pennsylvanicum, 21, 132 spicatum, 5, 132 _ Trianthema portulacastrum, Triticum sativum, 150 Trollius, 319 laxus, 319 Tsuga, 73 canadensis, 22, 73 Tulipa sylvestris, 235 Tunica, 313 Tussilago, 634 Farfara, 634 Typha, 76 angustifolia, 76 latifolia, 76 Typhaceae, 76 Ulex europaeus, 413 Ulmaceae, 279 Ulmus, 280 alata, 280 americana, 280 campestris, 280 Ulmus fulva, 280 racemosa, 280 Thomasi, 6, 280 Unifolium, 237 canadense, 23, 237 Uniola, 138 laxa, 14, 138 Urachne, 121 Urena lobata, 442 Urtica, 282 dioica, 283 gracilis, 283 Lyallii, 283 urens, 283 Urticaceae, 282 Urticastrum, 283 divaricatum, 283 Utricularia, 562 biflora, 563 clandestina, 563 fibrosa, 17, 29, 563 geminiscapa, 29, 563 gibba, 563 intermedia, 20, 563 macrorhiza, 563 minor, 20, 29, 563 pumila, 563 purpurea, 562 radiata, 562 vulgaris, 563 Uva-ursi, 492 Uva-ursi, 492 Uvularia, 231 grandiflora, 231 nitida, 15, 32, 231 perfoliata, 21, 231 sessilifolia, 231 nitida, 231 Vaccaria, 314 Vaccaria, 314 Vacciniaceae, 492 Vaccinium, 493 amoenum, 494 angustifolium, 495 atlanticum, 494 atrococcum, 494 australe, 495 Brittonii, 7, 20, 495 caesariense, 32, 494 canadense, 7, 494 682 INDEX Vaccinium corymbosum, Vernonieae, 589 Viola, 450 494 Veronica, 555 affinis, 454 amoenum, 494 agrestis, 557 arvensis, 459 Dobbinii, 495 americana, 556 blanda, 457 nigrum, 495 Anagallis-aquatica, 556 Brittoniana, 455 pennsylvanicum, 495 arvensis, 557 canadensis, 458 nigrum, 495 Beccabunga, 557 conspersa, 458 vacillans, 495 byzantina, 557 cucullata, 454 vicinum, 494 Chamaedrys, 556 emarginata, 16, 456 virgatum, 494 hederaefolia, 557 eriocarpa, 458 Vagnera, 236 longifolia, 557 fimbriatula, 456 racemosa, 236 officinalis, 556 hirsutula, 455 stellata, 23, 236 peregrina, 557 incognita 7, 20, 457 trifolia, 6, 19, 237 scutellata, 556 labradorica, 458 Valeriana, 581 serpyllifolia, 557 lanceolata, 456 officinalis, 582 Teucrium, 557 latiuscula, 20, 454 uliginosa, 7, 582 Tournefortii, 557 nephrophylla, 6, 454 Valerianaceae, 581 Vesiculina, 562 obliqua, 454 Valerianella, 582 purpurea, 29, 562 odorata, 453 Locusta, 582 Viburnum, 575 pallens, 457 radiata, 582 acerifolium, 436, 576 palmata, 455 Woodsiana, 582 alnifolium, 7, 576 papilionacea, 454 patellaria, 582 Canbyi, 17, 577 pectinata, 456 Vallisneria, 89 cassinoides, 577 pedata, 453 spiralis, 89 dentatum, 576 lineartloba, 453 Veratrum, 231 Lentago, 577 primulifolia, 457 viride, 21, 231 nudum, 17, 577 pubescens, 458 Verbascum, 549 Opulus, 576 Rafinesquii, 16, 459 Blattaria, 550 prunifolium, 17, 22, renifolia, 7, 20, 457 Lychnitis, 550 globosum, 577. 577 rostrata, 458 orientale, 550 pubescens, 576 . rotundifolia, 453 phlomoides, 549 rufidulum, 577 sagittata, 456 Pseudo-Lynchnitis, 550 venosum, 29, 577 scabriuscula, 458 sinuatum, 550 Vicia, 408 Selkirkii, 7, 20, 456 Thaspus, 549 americana, 409 septentrionalis, 6, 20, Verbena, 525 angustifolia, 409 455 angustifolia, 526 caroliniana, 409 sororia, 455 bonariensis, 526 Cracca, 409 Stoneana, 16, 454 bracteosa, 526 Faba, 409 striata, 16, 458 hastata, 525 hirsuta, 409 tricolor, 459 officinalis, 525 narbonensis, 409 triloba, 455 riparia, 525 sativa, 409 Violaceae, 450 stricta, 526 Sepium, 409 Viorna, 324 urticifolia, 525 tetrasperma, 409 ochroleuca, 16, 324 Verbenaceae, 525 villosa, 409 Viorna, 16, 324 Verbesina, 622 Vigna repens, 413 Vitaceae, 438 alba, 622 Vinca, 508 Vitis, 438 alternifolia, 626 minor, 508 aestivalis, 438 Vernonia, 589 Vincetoxicum, 513 bicolor, 438 glauca, 17, 590 obliquum, 17, 513 cordifolia, 16, 439 noveboracensis, 589 Shortii, 513 Labrusca, 438 nune, 588 AIfla ‘tum, 588 ratum, 588 nnsylvanicum, 588 a osum, 588 INDEX Xanthium spinosum, 588 Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, 330 Xanthoxalis, 416 Brittoniae, 417 Bushii, 417 corniculata, 417 cymosa, 417 filipes, 16, 417 rufa, 417 stricta, 416 Xerophyllum, 229 asphodeloides, 15, 18, 229 Xolisma, 491 ligustrina, 491 Xyridaceae, 216 Xyris, 216 arenicola, 15, 217 caroliniana, 216 Congdoni, 4, 29, 217 elata, 15, 216 fimbriata, 15, 217 683 Xyris flexuosa, 216 montana, 6, 19, 216 Yucca filamentosa, 235 Zannichellia, 78 palustris, 78 Zannichelliaceae, 78 Zanthoxylum, 419 americanum, 419 j Zizania, 119 aquatica, 119 Zizia, 478 aurea, 24, 478 cordata, 478 Zostera, 85 : marina, 85 Zosteraceae, 85 Zygadenus leimanthoides, 230 Zygophyllaceae, 419 Zygophyllum Fabago, 419 eho ae Brat | A 1 yA ee i OA 0 ee a z) Taylor, Norman 177 Flora of the vi © 73 of New York cinity Botany te PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET EE I a A tl el UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY 9 210 SO gt ZO Ol 6€ 9 WALI SOd JIHS AVG JDNVY G MAIASNMOG LY TiN ot