‘Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto MEMOIRS OF THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. V. FLORA ee 1HE VICINITY OF NEW YORK A CONTRIBUTION TO PLANT GEOGRAPHY BY NORMAN TAYLOR CURATOR AT THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN FORMERLY ASSISTANT-CURATOR AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Issued January 80, 1915 oF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PAs 802649 - y ; TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE lett arn e Soy ee itl. Wild san aly aaga. sco pe shea. 0's altos Vv juction ‘actors affecting the distribution of the Local Flora.... 2 _ Edaphic Factors (geology of the range) Repwnneres MORENNE SD Cat koe io, oor hy be eee 3 Sg gS Rae 9 > Effects of geologic changes.................. 13 Es 0 2 a 2 ee el Pa 33 } of Local Floras of the Torrey Club Range: By John NE MRNIEA EG 5 Stee ts ice ashe we afar gn Co 2s 38 SI nS oe 46 NE Stati eg aet G es SAS atk aie 47 ESE ORIEE et Sa ee ren 649 EE PGS Maat o sve css geek ey 0b an be 652 PREFACE This book deals chiefly with the distribution of the flora near New York. Taxonomy and nomenclature are considered only as fundamentals upon which the phytogeographical structure of the book has been reared. This has been done because of the belief that local flora lists and manuals are significant chiefly as they are projectors of ideas rather than mere records of species, be those records ever so accurate. The attempt to explain the origin of the flora centering near the city, and the factors that have played their part in shaping its present composition, has, it seems to the writer, greater value than any enumeration of the species could possibly have. The opportunity for deductive reasoning on the distribution of our flora can be rightly based only on a complete and accurate record of the occurrence of individual species, authenticated by herbarium specimens and reliable field notes. Our knowledge, therefore, is limited by the amount and the availability of such information, and, in the present instance, no one is so conscious of the scarcity of such material as the writer. The book, therefore, is not so much a local flora as a method of writing one,—in some ways it is little more than a record of the incompleteness of our present knowledge. The work was begun at the New York Botanical Garden, in January, 1909, and continued until March, 1911. Since then it has been carried on at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where a division of time between it and increasing administrative duties became necessary. To the directors of both institutions grateful acknowledgement is due for much help and encouragement. The book has been greatly strengthened by many notes on distribution and other matters contributed by Messrs. E. P. Bicknell and K. K. Mackenzie and by Dr. Britton, all of whom have read the proofs. Without their help the book must have been deficient in many respects, and the writer gratefully acknowl- edges their cooperation. vi PREFACE To others who have also helped by the collection of specimens, notes and other information, the writer is glad to make acknowl- edgments. Among those who have helped in various ways are: Professor M. L. Fernald, Stewardson Brown, Bayard Long, Dr. Witmer Stone, Miss F. A. Mulford, Harold W. Pretz, Dr. F. W. Pennell, Dr. Roland M. Harper, Dr. Philip Dowell, and Dr. G. E. Nichols. To Dr. Arthur Hollick the writer is under great obligations for much aid in the considerable geological data used in the book. He is also indebted to Mr. Sereno Stetson for making the original base map which has been used in a number of ways in the book. Several genera and families, and a bibliography, have been contributed by specialists and such contributions are noted in the text. Mr. Percy Wilson, of the New York Botanical Garden, has kindly aided in the determination of many specimens, and in other ways. In order to base the book on a descriptive illustrated work, the taxonomy and nomenclature have been brought into substantial accord with the second edition of “Illustrated Flora of the Nor- thern States and Canada,”’ which was published about the time the manuscript of the present book was completed, and to which reference is made for additional synonyms. This does not imply, however, that the writer favors all the generic and specific de- limitations of that work, nor all the nomenclatorial changes there proposed. The interest of Dr. N. L. Britton has been continued until the completion of the work, and the author takes great pleasure in acknowledging his help and valued criticism, without which the book could scarcely have been written. NORMAN TAYLOR. | BROOKLYN Botanic GARDEN, 30 July, 1914. Mit i AS LACK/A WANNA j ‘. oBioae cum BERLAN a Os PLATE 1 MAP OF THE AREA COVERED BY THIS WORK S.STETSON. O£C.20.1910, ——— INTRODUCTION®* I. The range covered by this book is that laid down by the committee on local flora of the Torrey Botanical Club in their Preliminary Catalogue of 1888. It comprises all of the state of Connecticut; Long Island; in New York the counties bordering the Hudson River up to and including Columbia and Greene, also Sullivan and Delaware counties; all of New Jersey; and Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, ‘Carbon, Bucks, Berks, Schuylkill, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties in Pennsylvania. (See map, il. 1.) When making a botanical survey, an area such as this, determined wholly by political boundary lines has many disadvantages over purely natural vegetation-regions, such as the pine-barrens, for instance. But it has seemed advisable to adopt the range as outlined by the committee in spite of obvious drawbacks. 2. The method of working out the problem of the distribution of our local plants has been, after determining what species actually occurred in the range, to list all the localities for which specimens were extant. Published records, of whatever sort, have been closely studied, and the results of such studies have been added to the records substantiated by specimens, wherever, in the judgment of the writer, these records were deemed reliable. Such published records have, however, been very sparingly used in the grasses, sedges, Crataegus, Rubus, Rosa and Viola. Recent studies in these groups make it unsafe to base conclusions upon the old records of species, many of which are not today tenable or are regarded in a new or restricted sense. The writer has made no effort to include records published since January 1, 1914, although some of these recent records are noted. All of the native and introduced species contained in the manuals have been included, besides many more, mentioned in notes, that are little more than waifs. All the genera and species are provided with keys, which have been omitted for waifs and other plants mentioned only in * Much of this introductory matter was completed with the aid of a grant from the Esther Herrman Research Fund, of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2 I INTRODUCTION NO notes. The keys and general ranges have been copied from “TIllus- trated Flora,’”’ except where simplicity demanded a different key owing to the limited number of species in our area. There are 2,651 species admitted into the work, excluding waifs. Subtract- ing also the 613 weeds of introduction we have 2,038 native species — in the area. No species are described as new. 3. With this information as a basis, the distributional trends of each species, except the commonest or those introduced, have been given for the states of Connecticut and New Jersey, and for those parts of the states of New York and Pennsylvania contained in the range. Wherever a state or part of it is omitted from the discussion of the distribution, it is understood that the species has not been recorded from the omitted area. Besides this, the distribution of each species as affected by the geological history, the temperature, and the altitudinal limits of the area has been given. The latter features of the work will be explained subsequently. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF OUR LOCAL FLORA 4. The composition of the flora of a region such as ours has been determined by many agencies, some now operative, many of them long since inactive, but leaving indelible traces of their former importance. For all practical purposes, these agencies may be divided into (I) edaphic factors and (II) climatic ones. Under the first category must be considered all questions of the — relation of our flora to the soil and available water supply, both past and present,—which ipso facto have been determined by the geological history of the region. ‘Thus it is only by some knowl- edge of the geology of the area that we can arrive at conclusions of value in regard to the complexion of our flora as affected by these - historical factors. Under the second category (climatic factors) will be considered the relation of our flora to temperature, rainfall and winds, although in a temperate region such as ours the last two are of very little significance. We have, then, the edaphic or historical factors, which may be said to have exercised more in- fluence in the past than now, and the climatic factors which are still operative. The mental convenience of considering these two sets of factors by themselves is apt to create the feeling that there is some rather sharp line of demarcation between them. Of INTRODUCTION 3 course, any such idea is wholly inaccurate, and the difficulty of determining, in any given instance, which factor has been most potent must be obvious to those who appreciate the complexity of the relationship between these historical and present-day agencies. I. Eparuic Facrors (GEOLOGY OF THE RANGE) (a) The Glaciated Region 5. Perhaps nowhere in eastern North America are there so many features of geological interest as within the area covered by this work. Within forty miles of the city the terminal moraine, the upper edge of the coastal plain, the northern edge of the Cre- taceous deposits all converge. On Long Island is the unique juxtaposition of the coastal plain and the glaciated country. The variety of conditions and immensity of age differences postulated by these facts help to explain the fact that more than 400 species reach their distribution outposts within the area covered by this book. 6. For the purposes of the phytogeographer the range covered by the work may be divided into glaciated and unglaciated. The extreme southern limit of the several encroachments of the dif- ferent continental ice sheets, known as the terminal moraine, extends, roughly speaking, from Montauk, through Long Island and Staten Island, to upper New Jersey and Pennsylvania. (See map, pil. 2.) Everything north of this line was once covered by ice, varying in thickness from almost nothing near the edge to some thousands of feet in the north towards the centers of glacia- tion. It is obvious that this ice sheet, being approximately the most recent geological phenomenon, nullifies completely what might have been the very considerable effects of the much older geological formations north of the terminal moraine on the vege- tation. Geologically the area north of the moraine is of greater antiquity than anything else in our range; practically, so far as vegetative covering is concerned, it is the most recent, for the recession of the ice is the last major geological phenomenon opera- tive hereabouts. An exception to the statement that the ice- sheet nullifies the older geological formations north of the moraine, are the somewhat extensive limestone areas in the glaciated 4 INTRODUCTION country, notably in Columbia, and Dutchess counties in New York, Sussex Co. in New Jersey, and some parts of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. While it is true that these peculiar limestone out- crops maintain a characteristic flora, it is doubtful if there are any species of plants endemic upon them. The limestone thus appears rather as maintaining an aggregate of characteristic species than as definitely controlling the distribution or evolutionary history of any particular species. I think there is no species in our area that has been collected only on limestone, but many that seem to predominate there, notably some Crataegus, Amelanchier, sedges, Camptosorus, Asplenium, and a few others. 7. The glaciated part of our range contains many ponds, swamps, and bogs and it is the latter that are of chief interest to the botanist. These undrained areas, usually, though not al- ways, deficient in lime, and exhibiting a high degree of acidity, maintain a flora quite characteristic. It has been shown that that section of our area which was neither glaciated nor on the coastal plain does not contain the plants characteristic of the glacial bogs of the north and also found in the typical cranberry bogs of the coastal plain. It is certainly true that bogs are un- known in this region (see map, pl. 2), and that it contains no lakes or ponds of any size. It is significant that the following plants are found in the bogs of the coastal plain, mainly in the pine- barrens, and also north of the moraine, but unknown in the inter- vening unglaciated Piedmont Plateau in New Jersey; in Penn- sylvania further study is necessary on this point. Chamaecyparis thyoides (see pl.6), Blephariglottis cristata, Panicum linearifolium, Blephariglottis blephariglottis, Carex trisperma, Arethusa bulbosa, Carex Collinsit, Sarracenia purpurea, Xyris Congdoni, Drosera intermedia, Helonias bullata, Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Gyrotheca tinctoria, Aster spectabilis. There are many others,* and future studies may be able to show that there is some other reason for the non-occurrence of these plants than the failure of this unglaciated area north of the coastal plain to develop bogs and ponds. * Harper, R. M. Coastal plain plants in New England. Rhodora 7: 69-80. 1905. Rhodora 8: 27. 1906. geek \ \, < ms : HAMBURG KS (READING , ras 4 ” “> We Teeter 7 Le BUCKS ay Ne es oy Si ws # = Se aay \ boven pert 1 . Tor; a \ OCEAN ™™ fea M1 8 SSC SS SANDY HooK e ‘N fo) : J J SMO SS ween ory PLATE 2 =e TERMINAL MORAINE REGION NORTH OF THIS WAS GLACIATED CUAL ECECECCCCECCLEU CMCC NORTHERN EDGE OF COASTAL PLAIN REGION SOUTH OF THIS 1S COASTAL PLAIN INCLUDING LONG ISLAND SOUTH OF THE MORAINE UNGLACIATED PART OF PIEDMONT PLATEAU LIN) EN SES Re Ere SEE INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH _NO.T Ss: fama ieeane. INTRODUCTION 5 8. It will give some idea of the profound influence the conti- nental glacier has probably had on the vegetation in the range to record the large number of species that are now found only north of the moraine. The following are unknown, in our area, south of this line, although some are found further south in the moun- tains outside of our region. Those marked with an asterisk have been found only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft. Plants Found Exclusively North of the Moraine in Our Area Botrychium silaifolium, *Polystichum Braunit, Cryptogramma Stelleri, Equisetum pratense, Lycopodium porophilum, {Lycopodium annotinum, *Tsoetes macrospora, Isoetes Eatont, Isoetes Tuckermanz, Pinus resinosa, *Abies Balsamea (see pl. 7), Thuya occidentalis, Sparganium acaule, Sparganium angustifolium, Sparganium minimum, Sagittaria cuneata, Potamogeton lateralis, Potamogeton angusttfolius, Potamogeton praelongus, _ Panicum flexile, Panicum boreale, Milium effusum, Oryzopsis pungens, Oryzopsis asperifolia, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Sporobolus heterolepis, *Cinna latifolia, Trisetum spicatum, Poa debilis, Poa alsodes, Poa triflora, Koeleria cristata, Eleocharis ovata, Eleocharis intermedia, Fimbristylis geminata, Eriophorum alpinum, Eriophorum callithrix, Carex siccata Carex diandra, Carex prairea, Carex brunnescens, Carex Deweyana, Carex Crawfordit, Carex Bebbit, *Carex aena, Carex pauciflora, *Carex novae-angliae, Carex aurea, Carex Crawet, *Carex formosa, *Carex castanea, Carex paupercula, Carex lenticularis, Carex Oedert, Carex cryptolepis, Carex vesicaria, * Found only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft. 7 Except for one doubtful record from Delaware Co., Pa. 6 Carex Tuckermant, Carex oligosperma, Carex Baitleyt, Carex Schweinitzi1, Carex Pseudo-Cyperus, Arisaema Stewardson, Calla palustris, *X yris montana, *Juncus filiformts, *Juncus trifidus, Juncus Dudleyi, Allium sibiricum, Vagnera trifolia, Streptopus amplexifolius, Streptopus roseus, Sisyrinchium albidum, Cypripedium reginae, Cypripedium candidum, Limnorchis hyperborea, Limnorchis dilatata, Lysias Hookeriana, *Tbidium strictum, Ophrys cordata, Peramium ophioides, Peramium tessellatum, Malaxis monophylla, Corallorhiza Corallorhiza, Salix lucida, Salix serissima, Salix pedicellaris, Salix squamata, Salix candida, Betula pumila, Betula alleghaniensts, Betula lutea, Ulmus Thomas, Celtis canina, Celtis georgiana, Razoumofskya pusilla, INTRODUCTION Claytonia caroliniana, Arenaria groenlandica, Nymphaea rubrodisca, Nymphaea microphylla, Aconitum noveboracense, Anemone cylindrica, Ranunculus micranthus, Ranunculus allegheniensis, Cardamine pratensts, Cardamine purpurea, Arabis viridis, Arabis Drummondit, Dentaria maxima, Dentaria incisifolia, Dentaria anomala, * Mitella nuda, *Ribes glandulosum, Comarum palustre, * Fragaria canadensis, *Fragaria terrae-novae, *Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Dasiphora fruticosa, Spiraea alba, Rubus pergratus, *Rubus frondosus, Rubus canadensis, Rubus plicatifolius, Rosa nitida, *Sorbus scopulina, *Amelanchier sanguinea, Crataegus Brainerdt, Crataegus Stonet, Crataegus Boyntont, Crataegus Grayana, Ilex monticola, Rhamnus alnifolia, Hypericum Bissellit, *Viola nephrophylla, Viola septentrionalis, Yiola Selkirkit, vio la rentfolia, incognita, obium strictum, usticum scoticum, ola oxypetala, eses uniflora, lum groenlandicum, ea canescens, ora canadensis, a polifolia, INTRODUCTION Halenia deflexa, Polemonium Van-Bruntiae, Blephilia hirsuta, Viburnum alnifolium, Lonicera coerulea, Lonicera canadensis, *Adoxa Moschatellina, *Valeriana uliginosa, Lobelia Dortmanna, Solidago uliginosa, * Solidago macrophylla, oda canescens, Aster junceus, ium canadense, Bidens’ Beckii, nium Brittonii, *Petasites palmata, enes hispidula, Lactuca Morssii. Vaumburgia thyrsiflora, the 2,038 species, excluding weeds, in the range, the above tL te 8.22 per cent. of the total. T he glaciated portion of our range, besides being the home so many native plants not found elsewhere, is typified by the ge percentage of hard-wood trees, the relative scarcity, numer- , of coniferous trees, and above all by the great number 59 - species that are introduced. Perhaps three fourths of all e entive and naturalized species find their greatest development sarea. That there is some relation between the vegetative e a of this region and the preponderance of these adventive eC is seems likely, and the much greater agricultural develop- t has undoubtedly had something to do with the weediness a he region. It is significant that, in our range, the percentage weeds on the coastal plain is nothing like so great as in the zlaciated region. ’ iro. In speaking of the distribution of the species from a geo- ie ical standpoint, it has seemed best to refer to all formations orth of the coastal plain simply as ‘‘ Older Formations,”’ notwith- an nding the fact that the glaciated part of the area thus char- cteri ed is more recent phytogeographically, than the coastal ‘(See paragraph 6.) 8 INTRODUCTION (b) The Coastal Plain 11. The area comprising the coastal plain, includes all that territory lying south of a line extending approximately from Trenton, N. J., through Staten Island to Long Island. (See map, pl. 2.) All of this region is geologically the most recent in our area, having been the last to be laid down before the era of the ice which directly affected, with exceptions already noted, only the area mentioned in paragraphs 5-10. An exception to this statement is Long Island, where we have the terminal moraine abutting directly on the coastal plain for nearly the whole length of the island,—a geologically unique feature in this country. 12. Whether the region south of the moraine on Long Island is mostly overlaid by overwash material from the glacier or whether the sands and gravels of the ‘“‘South Side”’ are the underlying Tertiary formations may be matter of doubt. It would make an interesting future study to determine the effect, if any, of the distribution of these different sands and gravels on the distribu- tion of the plants on the island. A study of this sort was found to be too intensive for this work and the writer has usually con- fined himself to a statement as to whether the species is found north or south of the moraine. 13. It is in New Jersey that the coastal plain exhibits its chief interest to the botanist, for this is the region of the pine-barrens. the peculiarly characteristic features of which have always at- tracted the interest of botanists and zoologists. Indeed, the region is so unusual that the ordinary traveler is at once struck with the difference between these sandy plains and pine-tree vege- tation, and the richer flora further north. The excellent flora* of this region by Dr. Witmer Stone has renewed interest in this botanically unique country. 14. The true limits of the pine-barrens are perhaps for the first time clearly drawn by Stone in this work, there having been previously considerable difference of opinion as to how far south in New Jersey the true pine-barren element extended. Formerly the pine-barrens were supposed to consist of all the remainder of the state south of their northern edge, but explorations of the botanists of Philadelphia have resulted in a final delimitation of "Stone, W. The plants of southern New Jersey, with especial reference to the flora of the pine-barrens. Ann. Rept. N. Jersey State Mus. 1910: 25-828. 1912. ————— a ll ~ 4 NEWYOKK a P) BROOKLYS » Atlantic tity . Lae md a” ¢ A wesyperrt Geos City VV eater: we Jr | . ° $9<3' BKIges at (7x d ntale Ciiy ae 4 : c¥ 3 -- . fe NE PAA RE | 2 Saee tr oa avy Fp Vols Reo ch PLATE 3. Map of southern New Jersey. The unshaded area is all pine-barren; the shaded areas are not pine-barrens. Note the shaded areas along the coast and at Cape May. See Introduction paragraph 14. mis . eo : J o ” ap 4 ey a eae = 3 =-YO ata T et e.% aes aor ; + od qt adden: F.- a 5 ~ - < * ¢ . “ a ae ee > < -- 4 wn ~s “av ";. » Sy PP pre $ a . i we 2 : s oe ‘_~~ é a) = f 7 > ~ ‘ e r att fern oul’ is] wot mrgsdigor Yo gah Ne aT. : . 4 : se en I } Siow voTuxd-90lq, JO0 318 48918 Sale 7 « = at sigan grey nottonboraal we «eb 7 . , eo rem INTRODUCTION 9 this interesting region. The map (pl. 3) copied from Stone’s book well shows the limits of the pine-barrens. The darker colored portion surrounding the white is not pine-barren in character, and maintains a very different flora from the pine-barrens. 15. The writer in 1912 (Torreya 12: 229-242) has attempted __ to show that the pine-barrens are the result of geologic processes, and part of that paper is here utilized. Dr. Stone in his flora of the pine-barrens, perhaps the best local flora ever written in America, has said: ‘‘Some attempt has been made to correlate these areas or parts of them (the coastal plain, including the pine- barrens) with the underlying geological formation, but . . . such correlation is not possible.”’ 16. It is the firm conviction of the writer that notwithstanding this assertion, it will be found that a geological explanation is the only one that will fit the facts and serve to elucidate the pe- culiarly local, often endemic, nature of the pine-barren flora. Others have also sought geological explanation for the origin of this region, and a paleobotanist was the first to suggest the possi- bility of there being any relationship between the flora and the geology of southern New Jersey.* It was Hollick’s suggestion that the pine-barrens are co-extensive with the Tertiary sands and gravels that Stone has shown must be revised. Recent collections, the significance of which was, of course, unknown to Hollick in 1899, have led to the abandonment of his theory that the pine-barrens or ‘‘coniferous zone’’ are co-extensive with the Tertiary sands and gravels. 17. Much later, we find Harshberger{ attributing the vegeta- tion about the edges of the pine-barrens to the ‘‘ post Pensauken uplift of the New Jersey geologists.’’ But he follows Hollick in saying that ‘‘the Tertiary soils extend southward along the Atlantic Ocean to Florida and are occupied by a pine-barren flora.”t This, as Stone’s work has shown, must be modified. But this statement of Hollick’s, subsequently used in Harsh- berger’s work, contains such a large measure of truth in relation to the origin of this unique region, that it is only to be abandoned *Hollick, A. The relation between forestry and geology in New Jersey. Am. Nat. 33:1-14. 1899. Seealso Ann. Rept. N. J. State Geologist for 1899. Report on Forests. t Harshberger, J. W. Phytogeographic Survey of N. Am. 219. IgIt. tHarshberger, J. W. Loc. cit. 218. | = 10 INTRODUCTION upon presentation of a theory more nearly fitting the known facts. While the pine-barrens do occupy Tertiary soils, they do not occupy all of them. It is just this lack of co-extensiveness of the pine-barrens in New Jersey with the Tertiary that has led to Dr. Stone’s scepticism. 18. At the risk of burdening the present work with more of technical geological matters than are usually found in a purely botanical survey, the writer feels it is only by a knowledge of what the geological changes have been, on the coastal plain in New Jersey, that we can arrive at the facts in the distribution of the plants of the region. For here, it seems, the whole make-up of the flora is directly attributable to the geological processes that are de- scribed in the next succeeding paragraphs. 19. Going back to the time when all the coastal part of New Jersey south of a line from Jersey City to Flemington (see map, pl. 1) was under water, owing to the last great general sub- mergence of the continent, we find that during this period a great deal of erosion of the unsubmerged land took place. This sinking of the coastal part of New Jersey, and of course elsewhere, known to geologists as the Miocene sinking,* had a profound influence on the configuration of the lower part of the state. All the material from the north and northwest that was washed down, or eroded, went out with the water and was finally deposited over this sub- merged area, and this deposition went on for countless ages. UJI ti- mately this Beacon Hill formation, as the deposited material is called, became very thick, covering practically all the lower part of the state. 20. “After the deposition of the Beacon Hill formation, the area over which it had been spread was again elevated, and the history of the topography of all that part of the state, which was . covered by the formation, . . . dates from this reémergence of the surface covered by the Beacon Hill formation.”+ This emer- gence of the land is spoken of by geologists as the Post-Miocene uplift or Pre-Pensauken cycle of erosion. Whatever the termin- ology used, the result was to bring above water most of the land that had been previously submerged. Not quite all of it, however, for the land was not perfectly level, and only the highest portions * Salisbury, R. D. Final Rept. Geol. Survey of New Jersey 4: 92. 1898. t Salisbury, R. D Loc. cil. 92. INTRODUCTION Il came out of the water. Some of what is now the coastal strip of New Jersey, all the Cape May region, some of the territory just north of the pine-barrens, and much of the lower Delaware Valley, was either not above water at all, or only slightly so, and in the latter case was soon considerably eroded. This cutting down of the emerged Beacon Hill by erosion, particularly to the south and east, was very great, so that finally it was a very different region from the great upland plain it is supposed to have been immedia- tely after the Post-Miocene uplift. 21. This erosion of the Beacon Hill formation was brought to an end finally by the gradual subsidence of the whole region. Little by little the lower part of New Jersey sank so that ulti- mately everything except the then upland Beacon Hill formation (the present pine-barrens) was submerged (Pensauken Submer- gence). It is curious to note, by the way, that the encroachment of the sea thus occasioned by this submergence has been marked by several plants that are normally salt-marsh species, which seem _to have followed this ancient marine shore-line. On the northern and southern edges of the dotted area on the map (i. 4), have been found Hibiscus Moscheutos (see pl. 9) and Ptilimnium capillaceum, and there may be others. This dotted area is the old Pensauken Sound and it is significant that these maritime species should be found today miles from the sea and evidently relics of their migration along the shores of Pensauken Sound. At least, the Hibiscus has spread so that it occupies some stations in the middle of the old Sound bed, notably near Spotswood, Middlesex Co., and near Princeton Junction. 22. The map (fl. 4) shows the extent of this submergence, as everything covered by the dotted area was under water. The undotted light area was not submerged, and has never since been submerged. After an indefinite period of subsidence the whole dotted area was again raised so that all of lower New Jersey as we know it today came out of the water. The Pensauken formation, which is the geologists’ name for most of the material eroded from the uninterruptedly emerged Beacon Hill, was itself subject to erosion, giving us the present characteristic stream beds of the coastal plain in the state. 23. The next step of serious significance was the encroachment of the ice-sheet, which came down to Perth Amboy, not more 12 INTRODUCTION than 12-20 miles north of the Beacon Hill formation. At the final recession of the ice there is some evidence of another slight — subsidence of the lower part of the state and the coastal region, but not enough to have brought the Beacon Hill formation any- where near down to sea level. This last subsidence of the coastal strip and the Cape May region had a significant influence upon the distribution of the plants of the area. It seems very probable that a gradual sinking of this region has been going on ever since, as the sea has constantly encroached upon the land throughout maritime New Jersey, as indeed it has in Staten Island, Long Island, and further north. 24. Whether one follows Johnson* in believing that this sub- sidence of the coastal part of our area is not recent or continuing or Bartlett} that it is both recent and continuing, does not matter so much for our present purposes. Both agree, and the evidence is of such a nature that it appears incontestable, that there was a great deal of ancient subsidence. In Cape May County this has been of such an extent that whole regions covered by forests of . white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) have been submerged, emerged, and submerged again. This, repeated several times, has resulted in a great accumulation of buried forests. ‘Trunks of trees are found buried at all depths beneath the surface, quite down to the gravel.”’t This and ‘‘numerous facts of the same kind . . collected along the shores of the Delaware Bay and River, in Salem and Cumberland Counties, and on the sea-shore in Atlantic, Ocean, Monmouth, and Middlesex Counties,” all seem to point to a decided ancient submergence of the area surrounding the Beacon Hill formation. 25. So much for a brief outline of the geological sequence of events in the pine-barren area. For the phytogeographer, the. salient features of these changes are that Beacon Hill has been uninterruptedly out of the water since upper Miocene times, and that it has several times been partly, and often entirely surrounded by water. These facts, together with the encroachment of the glacier, and its récession, with the probable deposition of a great * Johnson, D. W. Botanical evidence of coastal subsidence. Science II. 37: 721 1910. Science IT. 38: 300. 1911. See also Bot. Gaz. 54: 449-468. 1913. t Bartlett, H. H. Science II. 38: 300. 1911. } Geology of the county of Cape May 62 and 39. eee ap ole PLATE 4. Map of southern New Jersey, at the period of Beacon Hill. Note submergence (dotted section) of what is now Cape May. The undotted area is the Beacon Hill Formation; the dotted area was under water, the northern part of it constituting Pensauken Sound. See Introduction paragraph 18. | : . y 7 y Y 4 Swi ueeeg o.n si UH ouaaell > polteg at) 22 ee ot motte loxgmtforto 49 ang Iehohaw sa) yet Gage wont i satiwte (appre iie 2 oe wena potiek, ay jaouamnu tl BE low da) matidiod sli alerr panes . a ~ 2 4; daavasiag wolnaboval 99, bro Rat — ‘cs. en INTRODUCTION 13 deal of morainic material around Beacon Hill, makes this forma- tion the oldest in New Jersey, either on the coastal plain or in the glaciated regions northward, that could have been continuously covered with vegetation. This, it would seem, is why the Beacon Hill formation is the controlling factor in the origin and present distribution of the pine-barrens. The area of the pine-barrens (see pl. 3) is not exactly coextenive with Beacon Hill (see i. 4), but the differences are so slight that recent and local erosion of the formation would account for the failure of the two regions to superimpose, as it were. 26. In other words, the New Jersey pine-barrens exist exclu- sively on this Beacon Hill formation, an area isolated by geological processes, and maintaining a relict or climax flora, the antiquity of which greatly antedates any of the rest of our vegetation here- abouts, so far as permanency of position and phytogeographical isolation are concerned. This undoubtedly accounts for the com- position of the flora, and it is interesting to note that zodlogists have found this same apparent isolation, the same endemism noted above. The sphagnum frog, Rana virgatipes, described by Cope and collected only thrice since, is unknown outside of this region,* and the late John B. Smith in his work on the insects of New Jersey has figured the ‘‘entomological pine-barrens’’ as very nearly coinciding with the floral pine-barrens.+ a Effects of the Geologic Changes Described Above 27. In the light of this historical outline it should be easy to trace the development of the vegetation of the coastal plain from the Miocene uplift until the present. Ancestrally it must have consisted of purely American plants, and many of these, in all probability, were of southern extraction.{ Of the 565 species found growing here, not counting weeds, 386 are listed as truly pine-barren. This does not mean that they are found nowhere else, but that so far as New Jersey is concerned these plants find their greatest development in the pine-barrens. There is a small element among them practically unknown outside of the pine- * Fowler, H. W. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 57: 662-664. 1905. + Ann. Rept. New Jersey State Mus. 1909. Map (frontispiece) 1910. t Over 180 species of the present flora of the pine-barrens range from New Jersey to Virginia and Florida. I4 INTRODUCTION barrens of New Jersey, such as Abama americana, Sporobolus Torreyanus, Eupatorium resinosum,* and Juncus caesariensts.* 28. Many species of southern affinities still reach their northern distribution outposts in or near the pine-barrens, or on Staten Island, or Long Island. Others, undoubtedly of southern affinity, reach their northern distribution in other parts of our area. Southern Species Reaching Their Northern Distribution Point Within the Range of This Book Asplenium Bradleyt, Panicum ensifolium, Cheilanthes lanosa, Panicum lucidum, Lycopodium carolinianum, Panicum coerulescens, Pinus virginiana, Panicum annulum, Pinus echinata, Panicum octonodum, Pinus pungens, Panicum paucipilum, Pinus serotina, Panicum leucothrix, Pinus Taeda, Panicum lanuginosum, Potamogeton confervoides, Panicum Commonsianum, Sagittaria subulata, Panicum oligosanthes, Sagittaria pubescens, Panicum scabriusculum, Sagittaria longirostra, Panicum cryptanthum, Coelorachis rugosa, Panicum aculeatum, Erianthus divaricatus, Sacciolepis striata, Erianthus saccharotdes, Chaetochloa magna, Paspalum dissectum, Cenchrus tribuloides, Paspalum pubescens, Aristida oligantha, Paspalum laeve, Aristida lanosa, Paspalum plenipilum, Sporobolus clandestinus, Paspalum circulare, Agrostis altissima, Paspalum difforme, Danthonia epilis, Paspalum floridanum, Spartina cynosurotdes, Panicum hemitonum, Gymnopogon ambiguus, Panicum amarum, Gymnopogon brevifolius, Panicum condensum, Uniola laxa, Panicum stipitatum, Poa autumnalis, Panicum angustifolium, Poa brachyphylla, | Panicum aciculare, Elymus glabriflorus, u Panicum polyanthes, Cyperus microdontus, * Apparently unknown elsewhere in the world. ————————— | INTRODUCTION 15 Cyperus pseudovegetus, Cyperus refractus, Cyperus retrofractus, Cyperus lancastriensis, Cyperus hystricinus, Cyperus Torreyi, Cyperus ovularis, Eleocharis flaccida, Eleocharis simplex, Eleocharis Torreyana, Fimbristylis castanea, Fimbristylis Baldwiniana, Fimbristylis puberula, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Rynchospora pallida, Rynchospora oligantha, Rynchospora Kneiskernit, Rynchospora axillaris, Rynchospora filifolia, Rynchospora gracilenta, Rynchospora Smallit, Rynchospora cymosa, Rynchospora rariflora, Psilocarya nitens, Scleria setacea, Carex nigromarginata, Carex Meadit, Carex striatula, Carex styloflexa, Carex debilis, Carex caroliniana, Carex Barrattit, Carex Frankit, Xyris fimbriata, Xyris arenicola, Xyris elata, Eriocaulon decangulare, Eriocaulon compressum, Eriocaulon Parker, Juncus gymnocarpus, Juncus setaceus, Juncus aristulatus, Tofie'dia racemosa, Xerophyllum asphodeloices, Helonias bullata, Oceanorus leimanthoides, Melanthium latifolium, Uvularia nitida, Clintonia umbellulata, Smilax laurifolia, Smilax Walteri, Lophiola aurea, Gymnadeniopsis integra, Gymnadeniopsis nivea, Blephariglottis cristata, Pogonia divaricata, Ibidium praecox, Ophrys australis, Tipularia untfolia, Corallorhiza Wisteriana, Saururus cernuus, Myrica certfera, Castanea pumila, Quercus triloba, Quercus pagodaefolia, Quercus marylandica, Quercus Phellos, Quercus nigra, Quercus Michauxit, Quercus imbricarta, Quercus lyrata, Quercus nigra, Celtis georgiana, Boehmeria Drummondiana, Phoradendron flavescens, Rumex altissimus, Persicaria portoricensts, Sesuvium maritimum, 16 Talinum teretifolium, Alsine pubera, Arenaria caroliniana, Magnolia tripetala, Viorna Viorna, Viorna ochroleuca, Ranunculus pusillus, Cardamine arenicola, Dentaria heterophylla, Micranthes micranthidtfolia, Hydrangea arborescens, Itea virginica, Liquidambar Styraciflua, Agrimonia rostellata, Agrimonia parviflora, Geum hirsutum, Malus coronaria, Aronia arbutifolia, Crataegus uniflora, Crataegus Canbyt, Crataegus Boyntont, Aeschynomene virginica, Stylosanthes biflora, Meibomia ochroleuca, Meibomia stricta, Meibomia viridiflora, Lespedeza repens, Lespedeza oblongifolia, Strophostyles umbellata, Bradburya virginiana, Galactia volubilis, Xanthoxalis filipes, Polygala lutea, Polygala mariana, Phyllanthus carolinensis, Crotonopsis linearis, Tithymalopsis Ipecacuanhae, Tithymalus Darlingtonii, Toxicodendron Toxicodendron, INTRODUCTION Acer carolinianum, Tilia Michauxit, Vitis cordifolia, Ascyrum stans, Hypericum virgatum, Hypericum gymnanthum, Viola Stoneana, Viola emarginata, Viola striata, Viola Rafinesqui, Lechea racemulosa, Ammannia Koehnet, Lythrum lineare, Rhexia mariana, Rhexia aristosa, Ludwigiantha brevipes, Ludwigia linearis, Ludwigia hirtella, Raimannia humtfusa, Raimannia laciniata, Kneiffia longipedicellata, Knetffia linearis, Aralia spinosa (?), Hydrocotyle ranunculotdes, Eryngium virginianum, Eryngium aquaticum, Oxypolis rigidior, Pyxidanthera barbulata, Dodecatheon Meadia, Fraxinus Michauxu, Fraxinus biltmoreana, Chionanthus virginica, Sabbatia lanceolata, Dasystephana villosa, Dasystephana Porphynio, Obolaria virginica, — Nymphoides aquaticum, Asclepias lanceolata, Asclepias variegata, INTRODUCTION Vincetoxicum obliquum, Stylisma Pickeringert, Phlox paniculata, Phacelia dubia, Scutellaria serrata, Salvia lyrata, Monarda punctata, Koellia aristata, Cunila origanoides, Pentstemon pallidas, Gratiola sphaerocarpa, Gratiola pilosa, Micranthemum micranthemordes, Agalinis Holmiana, Stomoisia juncea, Stomoisia virgatula, Utricularia fibrosa, Bignonia radicans, Ruellia parviflora, Oldenlandia uniflora, Diodia teres, Diodia virginiana, Galium bermudense, Viburnum nudum, Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum Canbyt Triosteum perfoliatum, Triosteum angustifolium, Lobelia puberula, 17 Lobelia Nuttallii, Lobelia Canby, Vernonia glauca, Eupatorium album, Eupatorium altissimum, Eupatorium coelestinum, Kuhnia eupatorioides, Lacinaria graminifolia, Chrysopsis mariana, Solidago stricta, Solidago fistulosa, Euthamia floribunda, Aster Lowrieanus, Aster concinnus, Aster gracilis, Gnaphalium Helleri, Pluchea foetida, Rudbeckia triloba, Rubdeckia fulgida, Rudbeckia speciosa, Bidens bidentoides, Mesadenia reniformis, Synosma suaveolens, Senecio tomentosus, Senecio Smallit, Lactuca villosa, Lactuca floridana, Nabalus virgatus. This southern element constitutes about 13 per cent. of our wild . flora. 29. It would seem that many of these, that are pine-barren plants, but are now and some northern species found elsewhere on the coastal plain, have spread there since the release of the Beacon Hill formation from its last isolation. now on the coastal plain of New J There are many species found ersey and on Long Island whose distribution center, so far as our range is concerned, seems to have been the pine-barrens. Among 3 those that give indication, by 18 . INTRODUCTION their present extra-pine-barren distribution, of having spread from the pine-barrens since the last release of the Beacon Hill formation may be mentioned Lycopodium carolinianum, Panicum oligosanthes, Amphicarpon Amphicarpon, Panicum enstfolium, Eriocaulon decangulare, Juncus caesartensis, Xerophyllum asphode- loides, and Agalinis Holmiana. 30. At the advance of the ice there must have been a great invasion of this region by northern species, many of which are still to be found within our area. Just what the character of these plants was it is impossible to say with any degree of definiteness, although specimens of Canadian inter-glacial fossils indicate many genera, perhaps even species that exist in the north today. In the absence of any definite information, as to what this pre-glacial flora consisted of, it seems best to append a list of plants that while not certainly referable to pre-glacial conditions, are now known only from the north, reaching their southerly distribution point, at the present time, within the area covered by this work. Northern Species Whose Southerly Distribution Outpestasll in the East, Are Within Our Area Botrychium lanceolatum, Botrychium stlatfolium, Polystichum Brauni, Equisetum pratense, Equisetum littorale, Equtsetum variegatum, Lycopodium inundatum, Lycopodium alopecuroides, Lycopodium adpressum, Lycopodium annotinum, Isoetes macros pora, Isoetes ambigua, Tsoetes Eatoni, Isoetes canadensis, Isoetes Tuckermani, Pinus resinosa, Sparganium angustifolium, Sparganium fluctuans, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton Oakesianus, Potamogeton lateralis, Potamogeton compressus, Trighlochin maritima, Scheuchzeria palustris, Sagittaria Engelmaniana, Poa debilis, Panicularia laxa, Panicularia canadensis, Panicularia grandis, Panicularia borealis, Bromus Kalmii, Agropyron biflorum, Panicum spretum, Panicum boreale, Panicum languidum, Panicum xanthophysum, Savastana odorata, — Milium effusum, _ Oryzopsis pungens, Oryzopsis asperifolia, ‘ Sporobolus uniflorus, Eriophorum alpinum, _ Eriophorum callithrix, _ Eriophorum tenellum, Scirpus paludosus, Scirpus fluviatilis, Scirpus microcarpus, Rynchospora capillacea, Carex cephaloidea, Carex diandra, Carex exilis, Carex sterilis, Carex Howei, Carex Crawfordit, Carex Bebbii, Carex Bicknellii, Carex aena, Carex pauciflora, Carex novae-angliae, Carex umbellata, Carex abdita, Carex tonsa, Carex aurea, Carex livida, Carex formosa, Carex castanea, Carex pallescens, Carex limosa, Carex paupercula, Carex Haydent, Carex Goodenowit, Carex lenticularis, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex Oederi, Carex cryptolepis, INTRODUCTION 19 Carex flava, Carex monile, Carex vesicaria, Carex Tuckermani, Carex retrorsa, Carex oligosperma, Carex Schweinitzii, Carex Pseudo-Cyperus, Arisaema Stewardsonii, Xyris montana, Juncus filiformis, Juncus brachycephalus, Juncus trifidus, Juncus Greenei, Juncus pelocarpus, Vagnera trifolia, Cypripedium candidum, Limnorchis hyperborea, Limnorchis dilatata, Lysias Hookeriana, Serapias Helleborine, Ibidium strictum, Peramium tesselatum, Malaxis monophylia, Corallorhiza Corallorhiza, Salix lucida, Salix pedicellaris, Salix Bebbiana, Salix candida, Betula pumila, Razoumofskya pusilla, Dondia maritima, Alsine borealis, Moehringia lateriflora, Nymphaea rubrodisca, Nymphaea microphylla, Actaea rubra, Halerpestes Cymbalaria, Thalictrum dasycarpum, +. a 20 Cardamine pratensis, Arabis viridis, Arabis Drummondii, Mitella nuda, Ribes lacustre, Ribes glandulosum, Argentina littoralis, Comarum palustre, Fragaria canadensis, Fragaria terrae-novae, Geum Meyerianum, Rubus pubescens, Rubus pergratus, Rubus Randit, Rubus plicatifolius, Rubus heterophyllus, Rubus nigricans, Rubus setosus, Rosa gemella, Rosa nitida, Sorbus scopulina, Amelanchier Bartramiana, Crataegus Jesupi, Crataegus filipes, Crataegus Pringlet, Lathyrus maritimus, Astragalus carolinianus, Hypericum majus, . Viola latiuscula, Viola septentrionalis, Viola Selkirkit, Viola rentfolia, Viola incognita, INTRODUCTION Epilobium adenocaulon, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Chamaepericlymenum canadense, Moneses uniflora, Ledum groenlandicum, Rhodora canadensis, Kalmia poltfolia, Andromeda canescens, Vaccinium Brittoni, Naumbergia thyrsiflora, Cynoglossum boreale, Lycopus membranaceus, Limosella aquatica, Rhinanthus Crista-galh, Utricularia intermedia, Utricularia minor, Plantago maritima, Galium labradoricum, Lonicera hirsuta, Lonicera canadensis, Adoxa Moschatellina, Campanula rotundifolia, Lobelia Dortmanna, Lobelia Kalmit, Solidago macrophylla, Aster junceus, Aster Faxont, Aster longifolia, Antennaria canadensis, Bidens Beckit, Petasites palmata, Lactuca Morssit, Hieracium canadense. This northern element constitutes 8.32 per cent. of the wild flora. 31. Besides all these, there are hundreds more that are to be considered as of northern extraction, but are today found further south than our range. At the encroachment of the ice south- ward, all of these northern species or their progenitors must have been driven, so to speak, south of the edge of the terminal moraine, vr ee ne . INTRODUCTION 21 an eS there mingling with the then native flora, which in the case of the pine-barrens was isolated upon the Beacon Hill formation. 32. If, as seems probable, no very great refrigeration took place in this area,* it is within the realm of probability that the pine- _ barren vegetation existing then on the Beacon Hill formation _ was not very seriously disturbed climatically. We have geological ; evidence that this area was never subjected to any deposition P- of glacial material or over-wash; it contains no glacial terraces, for its elevation, perhaps greater then than now, precluded this. But the region surrounding Beacon Hill was in no such fortunate position. Having only recently emerged, comparatively, and boasting only a meager altitude it was more or less overrun with the material from the ice. The glacial terraces of the lower Delaware, the nature of the material deposited near Cape May and in Cumberland County all point to a local, or widespread subsi- dence of the region, which, however, did not affect the Beacon Hill formation as far as possible glacial influence is concerned. Fur- thermore, there is evidence in the sunken forests at Cape May mentioned above, and in the character of the present vegetation, of the effects of the encroachment of glacial material from the north, by way of the Delaware Valley. 33. In the region of these glacial terraces of the lower Delaware Valley and near Cape May, a few northern plants have been collected that seem to argue their glacial or at any rate northern, origin. Among the following list it is doubtful if any of the species are truly wild in the pine-barrens, but they have all been detected by Dr. Stone at Cape May. Botrychium virginianum, Veratrum viride, Calamagrostis canadensis, Uvularia perfoliata, Trisetum pennsylvanicum, Allium canadense, Poa brachyphylla, Blephariglottis lacera, Panicularia septentrionalis, Blephariglottis peramoena, Carex Buxbaumit, Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Arisaema Dracontium, Peramium pubescens, * This is a conclusion warranted by our knowledge of modern glaciers. While the refrigeration must be very great near the source of glaciers, it is a well-known fact that at the edges, refrigeration diminishes greatly, particularly where the ice is thin, as it was - in all probability near the moraine in New Jersey. It is a common characteristic of glaciers that plants are found almost up to the edge of the ice and sometimes on it. See Muhlenbergia 7: 103, I11, 121. 1912. 22 Carpinus caroliniana, Betula nigra, Fagus grandifolia, Quercus rubra, Aristolochia Serpentaria, Tovara virginiana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Cimicifuga racemosa, Anemone virginiana, Ranunculus hispidus, Thalictrum revolutum, Menispermum canadense, Sanguinaria canadensis, Micranthes pennsylvanica, Micranthes virginiensis, Heuchera americana, Geum canadense, Agrimonia pubescens, Cassia marilandica, Meibomia nudiflora, Ionoxalis violacea, INTRODUCTION Sanicula marilandica, Angelica villosa, Cynoxylon floridum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Phlox maculata, Scutellaria pilosa, Scutellaria galericulata, Koellia flexuosa, Cunila origanotdes, Chelone glabra, Pedicularis lanceolata, Pedicularis canadensts, Galium circaezans, Viburnum prumfolium, Triosteum perfoliatum, Campanula aparinotdes, Aster macrophyllus, Erigeron pulchellus, Senecio aureus. Cynthia virginica, Catharlolinum virginianum, Lactuca spicata, 34. The distribution of Tsuga canadensis in lower New Jersey is, it seems to me, directly attributable to the glacial terraces found along the small depression areas in the lower Delaware River where the tree is now found. It is known only at one other station elsewhere on the coastal plain, in Maryland, but is, of course, common northward. There are a few more plants with a some- what similar distribution in southern New Jersey, notably Cercis canadensis, which ranges southward, east of the Alleghanies, from these New Jersey and Pennsylvania stations. 35. Of the peculiar flora of the eastern side of the pine-barrens, called by Stone the “coastal strip,” it is difficult to do more than give the list of species found there. None of these are known in the pine-barrens, some are found in the region of glacial terraces in the western part of the Cretaceous region, and others further north. ‘That the coastal strip was ever affected by glacial material in any way seems very doubtful, as the drainage from the front , INTRODUCTION 23 of the ice-sheet seems to have been via the Delaware. It is significant that so many northern plants have been found on this ‘strip, and it seems very probable that all those ‘West Jersey” species found along the coast are migrants around the Beacon Hill formation since the final rising of the coastal plain as described ‘in paragraphs 20 and 21. The list of these apparently extra- territorial species as detected by Dr. Stone follows: , Ophioglossum vulgatum, Fragaria virginiana, y Lycopodium complanatum Sangutsorba canadensis, _ Potamogeton pectinatus, Rosa virginiana, Cinna arundinacea, Crataegus Crus-galli, : Bromus purgans, Falcata comosa, Elymus striatus, Phaseolus polystachyus, Cyperus diandrus, Robertiella Robertiana, Carex lanuginosa, Polygala verticillata, Juncus articulatus, Celastrus scandens, Vagnera stellata, Hypericum boreale, Unifolium canadense, Myriophyllum tenellum, Liparis Loeselit, Samolus floribundus, Ibhidium plantagineum, Sabbatia angularis, Populus tremuloides, Gentiana crinita, Morus rubra, Dasystephana Andrewsii, Parietaria pennsylvanica, Lycopus uniflorus, Silene stellata, Scrophularia leporella, Sagina procumbens, Helianthus giganteus, Moehringia laterijflora, Cirsium discolor, Aquilegia canadensis, Cirsium muticum. Arabis lyrata, So much for the probable effects of the glacier on the coastal plain excluding the pine-barrens. 36. If the ice did not affect the pine-barrens geologically, so much as it did the surrounding country, there seems little doubt _ that it was at this time that many additions were made to the flora of that region. All of the following species, ranging as they do from the north to the pine-barrens of New Jersey show un- mistakable evidences of having come down with the glacier. - Many of them became isolated in bogs and other edaphically favorable places, such as were probably only to be found on or . wai } 24 INTRODUCTION near Beacon Hill at that time. Some have since spread from the true pine-barrens, but, as shown in paragraph 29, this was to be expected. The list of these northern species follows: Scheuchzeria palustris, Mitella diphylla, Panicularia obtusa, Nemopanthus mucronata, Carex exilis, Zizia aurea, Malaxis untfolia, Gentiana crinita, Anemone canadensis, Aster nemoralis. 37. There are doubtless other species and the same phenomenon has been noted by entomologists. Professor Smith writes of Trechus chalybeus, and a few other insects, ‘‘that the only trace of real boreal species has been found in the deep cold swamps (bogs) of Ocean County.”’ 38. In this connection the distribution of the most remarkable plant of the pine-barrens, Schizaea pusilla, is very interesting. It is found only in the pine-barrens and in Nova Scotia and New- foundland, and is unknown between these points. If Dr. Scharff’s recently proposed theory* that perhaps parts of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland remained unglaciated through all the period of the Pleistocene is correct, then it is not impossible that Schizaea is a relict in the pine-barrens of its southern migration, and that it is also a relict in the north, all the intervening territory having been preempted first by the ice, secondarily by more ‘‘aggressive”’ plants after the recession of the ice. This is little more than interesting speculation, but Scharff, whether wrong or right in his contention, has opened up a wide field of discussion. It is cer- tainly significant that Schizaea is not found in the unquestionably glaciated country, and is found only in the pine-barrens and in the [probably] unglaciated northeast. An almost similar distribution. is that of Aster nemoralis, which is lacking in the intervening territory between its northern outposts in northern New York and Newfoundland and its southerly stations in New Jersey. All of these evidences—the geological history of the country, the isloa- * Scharff, R. F. Distribution and origin of life in North America. New York. 1912. For further data on this point see also Adams, C. C.. The Post-glacial dispersal of the North American Biota, Rept. Int. Geog. Cong. 8: 623-637. 1904. Allan, J. A. The geographical distribution of N. Am. Mammals. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. History 4: 199-243. 1892. Transeau, E. N. On the geographic distribution and ecological relations of the bog-plant societies in N. Am. Bot. Gaz. 36: 401-420. 1903. SS a Ue INTRODUCTION 25 tion of Beacon Hill and the consequent isolation of the ancient pine-barren flora upon it, the post-glacial migration of some of the pine-barren species, and finally the present distribution of the pine-barrens—coinciding as it does so closely with the Beacon Hill -formation—seem incontestably to point to a geological explana- tion of the origin and present distribution of the pine-barrens. _ Such a conception of the origin of this phytogeographical region entails a readjustment of our ideas as to the relative age of the flora and of some related phenomena; for, if this theory is correct, then the pine-barrens can no more be considered as a new or pioneer vegetation, but rather as an old and climax condition, ancestrally infinitely more ancient than anything in the surround- ing area. 39. Another feature of the flora of the coastal plain that seems to owe its existence to the action of the glacier is the finding on Long Island of Pyrola chlorantha, Caltha flabellifolia, Linnaea americana and Campanula rotundifolia. Whether there existed on Long Island, at the time of the glacier’s extreme southern movement, any vegetation or not, is a matter that will be con- sidered presently. But it is significant that these northern plants should have been found on the island. They are, or were, all rare on Long Island, but not so northward. 40. The extra-territorial distribution of some of the typical pine-barren plants throws some additional light on the theory that the pine-barrens are a phytogeographically isolated and ancient region. Particularly the finding of Xerophyllum, Helonias, and Oceanorus, to mention only a few, on the mountains of eastern Tennessee, is of interest. These and many more were found by Kearney* and more recently by Small, in geologically the most ancient area in America (Archaean). The hiatus in the distribu- tion of these plants between the pine-barrens and these very old mountains is easily explainable by the isolation theory above advocated. The fact that they are wanting or very rare in the intervening territory would seem to present strong evidence of the unavailableness of this intermediary area (most of it was under water), during the geological changes described above, for the perpetuation of the species now so far isolated. Furthermore, this * The pine-barren flora in the East Tennessee Mountains. Plant World 1: 33-35. 1897. See also Science II. 12: 830-842. 1900. 26 INTRODUCTION southern isolation strongly favors the statement made above that most of the pine-barren flora was of southern extraction, for it is quite reasonable that the species found on the Tennessee moun- tains and in the pine-barrens of New Jersey are simply relicts of an ancient American southern flora that must, at one time, have covered a vastly greater area than it does today. The present nearly complete isolation and the post-glacial distribution of this southern flora, both it seems to me, favor this view. 41. There remains still to be considered the “pine-barren”’ plants of Long Island and Staten Island, not to mention regions further east. As Stone has shown, a good many of these alleged ‘“‘nine-barren”’ plants are only coastal plain plants,* which are found, it is true, in the pine-barrens; but more commonly in the area surrounding them, frequently throughout the Atlantic sea- board from Massachusetts to Florida. It should be remembered in this connection that neither Long Island nor Staten Island are in the same geological category as Beacon Hill. For both the former were in part covered by the glacier and both were more or less within the influence of glacial activity.t It is, of course, a matter of pure speculation whether any vegetation persisted on Long Island during the Pleistocene or not, but the evidence, except for a few minor exceptions, seems to point to a negative probability. The admittedly fanciful picture drawn by Dr. Nichols of a sup- posed post-glacial tundra vegetation on Long Islandt has practically nothing to support it. While it is true the three plants mentioned in paragraph 39 suggest a glacial origin, they may well have followed a regular migration path via Staten Island. The fact that Linnaea, Pyrola chlorantha, Caltha flabellifolia and Campanula rotundifolia are not now found on Staten Island means nothing, as they might readily have traversed the island long ago, and have been destroyed by conditions that are now unfavorable. 42. If, as seems probable, Long Island was without vegetative covering just after the final recession of the ice, then all of the New Jersey flora now found on Long Island must have had a post- glacial origin. The distribution of Pinus echinata, and the red *Stone, W. Loc. cit. 73. * Long Island was probably not covered wholly by glacial drift, but the sandy plain south of the moraine received considerable overwash material, now mixed with the underlying Tertiary sand and gravel. } Nichols, G. E. The vegetation of Connecticut. Torreya 13: 92-93. I913. ; Es ail eS. INTRODUCTION 27 squirrel may throw some: light on the post-glacial chronology of events on Long Island. This pine is found in the region surround- ing the pine-barrens, but is unknown, or very rare in them. Pinus rigida, the predominant tree of the barrens, is common on Long Island, but Pinus echinata mentioned above and the red squirrel are not known on the island.* From the geological outline given above it is very probable that P. echinata must have occupied the region surrounding the pine-barrens long after the last effects of the ice were past. This may also have been true of the red Ys squirrel. At any rate, after a large post-glacial migration of alleged “‘pine-barren”’ plants, the avenue of migration must have been broken. The discontinuance of this passageway must, it seems to me, in all probability have been the controlling factor in the failure of Pinus echinata and the red squirrel to reach Long Island. It is curious in this connection that the pine, but not the animal, are found on Staten Island. There are, of course, many more species than this pine, which apparently reach their northern distribution point in the region surrounding Beacon Hill, or in Staten Island, never having been reported from Long Island. It seems probable that they came northward in post-glacial times, too late to avail themselves of the already destroyed avenue of migration. The following list gives some idea of the variety of plants that are found on Staten Island but are not definitely known on Long Island. That all these cases are attributable to the agency sketched above, may be doubtful, but at any rate the list is suggestive of what variation there is in the flora of the two islands. Species Found on Staten Island But Not Known from Long Island Filix fragilis, Bromus purgans, Dryopteris Goldieana, Carex striatula, Pinus virginiana, Arisaema Dracontium, Pinus echinata, Lemna trisulca, Panicum polyanthes, Wolffia columbiana, Panicum commutatum, Helontas bullata, Agrostis Schweinttzit, Corylus rostrata?, Panicularia borealis, Asarum canadense, Panicularia septentrionalis, Coptis trifolia, * The reported occurrence, also, of Pinus virginiana in Suffolk Co., L. I., by Miller and Young has not been verified. 28 INTRODUCTION Caulophyllum thalictroides, Podophyllum peltatum, Bicuculla cucullaria, Bicuculla canadensis, Mitella diphylla, Opulaster opulifolius, Meibomia viridiflora?, Galactia regularis, Tithymalopsis corollata, Callitriche Austinit, Staphylea trifolia, Cornus stolontfera, Pyrola secunda, Hydrophyllum virginicum, Stachys arentcola, Stachys aspera, Monarda punctata, Koellia clinopodioides, Mimulus alatus, Castilleja coccinea, Conopholis americana, Houstonia coerulea, Diervilla Diervilla?, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Eupatorium pubescens, Aster Tradescantt. 43. Of much less significance, geologically, are the following, which from their distribution should be found on Staten Island but are not recorded from there. They are all found on Long Island or recorded from there. Botrychium simplex, Botrychium tenebrosum, Juniperus sibirica, Sparganium lucidum, Natas gracillima, Helianthium parvulum, Sagittaria teres, Panicum spretum, Panicum implicatum, Panicum Addisonit, Panicum aculeatum, Panicum Bicknellit, Panicum lucidum, Panicum Wrightianum, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Sporobolus uniflorus, Agrostis altissima, Danthonia compressa, Panicularia grandis, Eleocharis Robbinsii, Eleocharis tricostata, Eleocharis rostellata, Scirpus plantfolius, Scirpus subterminals, Scirpus Torreyt, Rynchospora corniculata, Rynchospora axillaris, Psilocarya nitens, Scleria reticularts, Scleria setacea, Scleria pauctflora, Scleria verticillata, Carex incomperta, Carex atlantica, Carex projecta, Carex festucacea, Carex alata, Carex nigro-marginata, Carex abdita, Carex tonsa, Carex hirtifolia, Carex polymorpha, Oe ee INTRODUCTION 29 Carex Shriveri, Carex oblita, Carex scabrata, Carex Barrattii, Carex Buxbaumii, Carex lacustris, Carex Walteriana, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex bullata, Orontium aquaticum, Xyris Congdont, Eriocaulon septangulare, Chrosperma muscaetoxicum, Smilax tamnifolia, Gyrotheca tinctoria, Arethusa bulbosa, Myrica Gale, Rumex hastatulus, Persicaria Careyt, Amaranthus pumilus, Sesuvium maritimum, Halerpestes Cymbalaria, Adlumia fungosa, Arabis glabra, Drosera filiformis, Rubus Enslenit, Meibomia grandiflora, Lespedeza Nuttallii, Lespedeza Stuvei, Cathartolinum tntercursum, Polygala incarnata, Impatiens pallida, Tilia Michauxui, Kosteletzkya virginica, Rhexia mariana, Knetffia linearis, Pyrola chlorantha, Asclepias rubra, Onosmodium virginianum, Agalinis Holmiana, Agalinis decemloba, Lecticula resupinata, Vesiculina purpurea, Utricularia geminiscapa, Utricularia fibrosa, Utricularia minor, Viburnum venosum, Campanula americana, Lobelia Nuttallit, Solidago speciosa, Solidago rigida, Euthamia floribunda, Euthamia minor, Doellingeria infirma, Helianthus angustifolius, Coreopsis rosea. The much smaller size of Staten Island, and its consequently limited diversity of habitat, undoubtedly accounts for the failure of most of the plants in the above list to be found on the island. More knowledge on this point is, however, necessary, before we can assume mere chance or accident to have played such a large - part in this curious relationship between the flora of Long Island and Staten Island. 47. There are still some features of the coastal plain vegetation that demand attention. One of these, the Hempstead Plains, near the western end of Long Island, forms an almost unique 30 INTRODUCTION region in the eastern states. There has been some difference of opinion as to whether this treeless area should be called a prairie or not, but at any rate the natural condition of the tract seems to be without shrubs or trees, except along the few water courses, both glacial and modern, that are found there. It has been suggested that the peculiar soil conditions are to be accounted for by an ice-jam, just to the north of the area in glacial times, which at the recession of the ice debouched a great amount of sand and gravel over what is now the Hempstead Plains. There seems to be some evidence of a congestion of morainic material towards the north, through which, owing to the great pressure of water and ice to the northward, a glacial stream, loaded with sand and gravel, is as- sumed to have forced its way. That such an assumption may be gratuitous in no way disposes of the very remarkable soil condition now found on this area, supporting as it does a flora that is char- acteristic. As in the case of the limestone regions in the north, it is doubtful if there are any endemic plants on the plains. But that there are many plants on this treeless area that are rare or perhaps wanting on other parts of our coastal plain is the fact. Some of these include the following, which are more common on or near the plains than in the surrounding region: » ‘ 1} Panicum lucidum, Cathartolinum medium, Panicum aculeatum, Kneiffia riparia (?), Fimbristylis puberula, Dasystephana Saponaria, Rubus flagellaris, Agalinis decemloba.* Lespedeza angustifolia, There are many others and future exploration of this very interest- ing region will doubtless bring to light more information in regard to the origin of this peculiarly local prairie-condition.t 49. A peculiar condition has been noted in Connecticut by Dr. Nichols,f in regard to some coastal plain species. He has recorded among others the occurrence of the following in or near coastal Connecticut that are unknown on Long Island. They are all coastal. plain species found southward, but not recorded from Long Island: Meibomia sessilifolia, Myriophyllum pinnatum, — * Apparently its only station in our range. * Harper, R. M. The Hempstead Plains of Long Island. Torreya 12: 277-287. I9l2. t Nichols, G. E. The vegetation of Connecticut. Torreya 13: 89-112. 1913. | | INTRODUCTION 31 and Schwalbea americana, There are perhaps others and it has been suggested that these coastal plain species together with many more that are also found on Long Island, have reached Con- necticut via a land bridge that is supposed to have stretched from Long Island to the Connecticut mainland in post-glacial times.* ‘That such an assumption is necessary seems doubtful. It is easily understood how such coastal species found in Connecticut and not on Long Island might have followed along the north side of the Sound. | as illustrating the distributional instability of some pine-barren species, but careful reading of Dr. Britton’s paper shows that all the plants mentioned there, with one exception, are not pine- barren plants, strictly speaking, at all. They are all merely plants of the sandy coastal plain, Corema Conradii, a true pine- _ barren plant, being the one exception. The distribution of this _ species and of the many others now found isolated outside of the _ pine-barrens or the coastal plain is to be sought in the post-glacial history of the region to the north. In the general vegetative scramble, so to speak, to cover the country uncovered by the retreating ice, it seems natural that those plants whose ancestral _home had been in sand, should “choose” sand as a stopping place. _ It would, in reality, be strange if they had done anything else, and it is significant that all the plants mentioned by Britton are sand plants. A list of those species that are found on the coastal _ plain and in locally sandy areas in the Kittatinny mountains in northwestern New Jersey and adjacent New York follows: _ Pinus rigida,t Polygonella articulata, Scleria pauciflora, Cracca virginiana, Juncus Greenei, Lupinus perennis. *Hollick, A. Plant distribution as a factor in the interpretation of geological _ phenomena, with special reference to Long Island and vicinity. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12: 189-202. 1893. ‘ ¢ Britton, N. L. On the existence of a peculiar flora on the Kittatinny mountains of northwestern New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Club 11: 126-128. 1884, 14: 187. 1887. ____ $ Reported as making a more exclusive growth than it usually does in the north. ¥ b . 32 INTRODUCT ON Of course some of these are found in the intervening territory between the sandy stretches of northern New Jersey and adjacent New York and the coastal plain. But they are relatively scarce in this intermediate country. 51. That the distribution of all of the species mentioned in the preceding paragraphs has been controlled entirely by edaphic or historical factors is very doubtful. So many other minor con- siderations, such as methods of seed dispersal, longevity of seeds, the relative percentage of annuals, biennials, perennials, shrubs and trees, and so forth, may have been contributory factors that it would be dogmatic to assign the distribution trends of any one of them wholly to edaphic factors. But it seems as if these earth and water factors have been, on the whole, most active in deciding the general composition and complexion of the vegetation in our area. There are a few species that appear to be endemic in the range, but as to the factors contributing to this endemism nothing is known. ‘The following are the species endemic in the area: Amphicarpon Amphicarpon, Hypericum Bisselli, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Ludwigiantha brevipes, Savastana Nashit, Knetffia Allentt, Sporobolus Torreyanus, Pyrola oxypetala, Juncus caesariensis, Vaccinium caesariense, Uvularia nitida, Dendrium buxifolium, Salix squamata, Stachys atlantica, Dentaria incisifolia, Eupatorium resinosum, Dentaria anomala, Euthamia floribunda, Prunus Gravesti, . Helianthus Dalyt. Hibiscus oculiroseus, Senecio Crawfordit. It is of interest to note that of these 22 endemic species, 7 are peculiar to the pine-barrens, 9 to the glaciated region and 6 to the coastal plain, but the latter are not pine-barren species. However, the frequency of occurrence of these endemic species is greater with the pine-barren and coastal plain species than with those of the glaciated region, many of which have been collected only once or twice. Asa criterion of endemism in our area the list is open to the objection, of course, that some plants here recorded as species would not be accepted as such by all writers. But as INTRODUCTION 33 ustrating a tendency towards the production of new forms the t is open to no such objection. II. Curmatic Facrors _ §2. In considering the effect of climate on the distribution of our flora we have to remember the salient fact, that, while it has not _ been so much of an ancient factor in deciding the general composi- tion of the area as edaphic influences have been, it is very much of a controlling agency at the present day. Even in such a _ limited area as this there appear to be well marked climatic barriers, through which certain species are scarcely ever known to | 53. To dispose at once of rainfall and the winds, which, in a _ temperate climate such as ours, are almost negligible, it is only __ mecessary to record that the amount and distribution of the rain- fall is such that, in any one part of our area, as against any other part, the differences are so slight, so much above minimum requirements, and so far below a maximum of the rain-forest conditions of the tropics, that it can be ignored; and that we have nothing in any way suggesting an aeolian influence affecting the distribution of our plants, with the possible exception of the purely local sand-drifting along the coast dunes. The highly sug- gestive results obtained by some observers, on the distribution of our native flora as affected by the varying degree of evaporation of available water, are not yet sufficiently comprehensive to be used in the present work. 54. The chief climatic factor then is temperature, and in at- tempting to arrive at some conclusion as to its effect on the dis- tribution of the plants growing within the area many interesting problems have arisen. The most obvious method of taking the annual mean temperature as a basis of calculation comes to nothing as the differences in this are too slight to account for the very _ different vegetation in the Catskills where the mean temperature _ is 45°, and at Cape May, N. J., where the mean temperature is only 53°. The comparative similarity in the temperatures of the two places mentioned does not begin to express the great dis- similarity in the vegetation, nor does this similarity of mean tem- perature imply anything like a sufficiently operative climatic barrier, to maintain the status quo of the vegetation, so to speak. 4 34 INTRODUCTION 55. Following the method used by some investigators of similar problems, who have held that the average maximum temperatures were the controlling factors, these were taken. But here again the comparative equality could offer no satisfactory solution, as in both places the maximum is about 90°. Then, too, the maximum temperatures in a region such as ours are so much below the physiological optimum, that it is difficult to conceive of their being operative on a sufficiently large scale to affect the distribution of the flora. 56. Reversing the process, and taking the average minimum temperatures, a procedure followed by still others, netted more suggestive results. The differences here are considerable, as the average minimum at Windham in the Catskills is — 12°, while at Cape May in southern New Jersey it is 8°, a discrepancy of about 20°. This, however, is vitiated by the protective nature of the snow blanket which covers the colder region for the greater part of the winter; an advantage lacking in lower New Jersey, where, however, the increased temperatures during winter about equalize matters. Then, too, it has been shown that seeds can stand artificial temperatures enormously lower than are ever found in nature, so that plants which rely on their seeds for perpetuation must be indifferent to any natural minima. Against this average minimum temperature as a delimiting factor in the distribution of our local plants, also, is the protective dormancy of all the woody plants in the region, during the cold weather. 57. Merriam’s “‘life zones,’’ an attempt to plot out the more prominent belts of animal and vegetable life in North America upon the basis of temperature, was found to come more nearly to the known facts of the distribution of our local plants, than any of the above hypotheses. But while its general principles were found to hold good, the difficulty of using a scheme of continental scope upon a limited area was such that accuracy seemed unlikely. 58. Many investigators have thought that some method of reckoning the accumulated temperatures of a part of a season, or of all of it, would throw light on the problem, but the dangers here are many. Such a scheme, particularly when there is a large percentage of woody plants in the flora under consideration, leaves out of the calculation the stored up effect of heat units, generated during the previous season, when the very important operation INTRODUCTION 35 of the “‘setting’’ of the buds is originated. The writer regrets that he has not had the necessary time to apply, for at least a part of our flora, the very interesting results of Raunkiaer’s “Growth Forms”’ to the present book. The recent appearance of this work and the great labor necessary for its application to our area, precluded what, it is hoped, may be the most effective study of the relationship between a flora and the climatic factors that has yet appeared.* It may form the basis of a future study. 59. During 1905 Dr. Cleveland Abbe brought out his work on the effect of climate on crops,} in which he treated the temperature factor from a somewhat different viewpoint. He satisfied himself that maximum and minimum temperatures, and that any method of reckoning accumulative temperatures were not the vital factors in this problem. His method, in short, was to take account not of the severity of the frosts but of the length of the growing season. 60. Experimental proof of the very close relation between the length of the growing season and crops is not lacking. The government, by moving northward certain strains of wheat to regions with a progressively diminishing growing season, has been able to get crops in regions, that, if the move had been made in one season, would have been impossible. The method of determining this length of the growing season is to add the number of days between the last killing frost in the spring and the first killing frost of autumn. 61. The application of this idea to our local flora range has brought out some interesting points. Examination of the map (pl. 5) shows that the length of the growing season in the Catskills and mountains of Pennsylvania is 117-123 days, at Cape May it is 220 days. Here is a difference of over three months in the grow- ing season. All the figures have been determined by averaging the number of days between the killing frosts, for every station in the range, where records have been kept for ten years or more. 62. On the map (fl. 5) will be found a dark line running in a ‘northeast-southwest direction. Every weather station north of * Raunkiaer,C. Bot. Tidssk. 26: 1904; 30: 1909; 33: 1912. Andother papers. See also Jour. Ecol. 1: 16-26. 1913. and Paulsen, O. Studies on the vegetation of the Transcaspian lowlands. Second Danish Pamir Expedition Reports. Copenhagen, 1912. t+ Abbe, C. First report on the relation between climate and crops. Bull. U. 5S. Weather Bureau 36: 1-386. 1905. 36 INTRODUCTION this line has a growing season of 153 days or less, everything south of it a growing season of 164 days, or more, usually much more. This arbitrarily drawn line seems to separate, roughly speaking, the northern plants from those more generally distributed. Of course there are many exceptions, but, so far as our area is con- cerned, it marks the southern limit of present distribution for many of our plants. The list of plants in paragraph 8, that are marked with an asterisk, are all plants that are found to the north of this line. They are all plants of the higher elevations of our range which, as it happens, are correlated with the shorter growing season. There are, however, no true alpine conditions to be found in this area. 63. In making use of this factor of the length of the growing season in the body of the work, the writer has added to the treat- ment of the distribution of each species on the different geological formations, two figures, thus: 117-220 days. This indicates that the species under discussion has been found, in our area, in regions with these extremes of growing season. It actually means that this particular species has been found from the Catskills to Cape May. In many species, one of these figures will be in bold faced type which, throughout the book, indicates that the species is more common in the region where the growing season approximates the bold-faced figure than elsewhere. The map (pl. 5) will have to be consulted, until one becomes familiar with these figures, in order to properly interpret this data. SUMMARY 64. The relationship of the edaphic and climatic factors treated in the preceding paragraphs is an exceedingly complex one. To what proportion of either of these sets of factors, or to their combination, is to be attributed the distribution of any particular species, it is practically impossible to say. All that can be at- tempted is to set down the facts so far as we now know them. It is quite obvious that in a book such as this, the introduction to which is mostly, and the body of the work wholly, devoted to floristic plant-geography, the minute study of smaller categories of vegetation, such as associations and the like, must be omitted. The study of a flora from the standpoint of its fitness for its environment, and the intimately related study of the environment ———ee—E ee bine Ts ire ai ae al we ; Sy / a " ’ A Pe hae a
=
ee ee ~~! =. —
LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE 43
38. Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859-). Catalogue of plants found in
New Jersey. Geol. Surv. N. J. Final Rep. State Geol. 2: 25-642. ‘‘1889"’
[My 1890!].
Also issued as a separate, with original pagination, ‘‘ 1889 "' [1890].
39. Stone, Witmer (1866-). The plants of southern New Jersey, with
especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic
distribution of the species. Ann. Rep. N..J. State Mus. 1910: 23-828.
plates 1-129. ‘1911 "’ [26 Ja 1912).
Also as a separate, with original pagination, on thicker paper, with title-pages for
two volumes; these also erroneously dated 1911.
PENNSYLVANIA
(See also nos. I, 2, 6, and 7)
40. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Florula cestrica: an essay
towards a catalogue of the phenogamous plants, native and naturalized,
growing in the vicinity of the borough of West Chester, in Chester County,
Pennsylvania. xv+152 pages. West Chester, 1826.
41. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Flora cestrica: an attempt to
enumerate and describe the flowering and filicoid plants of Chester
‘County, in the state of Pennsylvania. xxiii+640 pages. map. West
Chester, 1837.
42. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Flora cestrica: an herborizing
companion for the young botanists of Chester County, state of Penn-
sylvania. Third edition. c+498 pages. map. Philadelphia, 1853.
In counting this as the “ third ” edition, the author reckoned the Florula of 1826
as the first edition of the Flora.
43. Smith, George (1804-1882). Botany of Delaware County. In
his: History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, pages 416-433. Phila-
delphia, 1862.
44. Moyer, Isaac Shoemaker (1838-1898). An enumeration of the
indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in Bucks County. In:
Davis, William Watts Hart (1820-1910). The history of Bucks County,
Pennsylvania, Appendix, pages 3-27. Doylestown, Pa., 1876.
The appendix containing this flora was also issued as a separate. For a revised
edition, see no. 48.
45. Dudley, William Russel (1849-1911). A preliminary list of the
_ vascular plants of the Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys. Proc. &
Coll. Lackawanna Inst. 1: 29-112. 1887.
44 LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE
46. Dudley, William Russel (1849-1911); Thurston, Charles Orion
(1857-). A catalogue of the flowering plants and vascular cryptogams
found in and near Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys, Pa. xvi+96
pages. Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1892.
Additions by C. O. Thurston, 15 pages, Ap 1895, Wyo. Sem. Sci. Dep. Bull. no. 1.
47. Porter, Thomas Conrad (1822-1901). Flora of Pennsylvania.
XV +352 pages. map. Easton, Pa., [15 Au] 1903.
Posthumous; edited by John Kunkel Small (1869-).
48. Moyer, Isaac Shoemaker (1838-1898). Flora. An enumeration
of indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in Bucks County,
Pennsylvania. In: Davis, William Watts Hart (1820-1910). History of
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Second edition. 2: Appendix, pages
3-54. 1905.
Revised by Clayton Detweiler Fretz (1844—). Also ina separate (including zoological
lists).
49. Fussell, Linnaeus (1842-1907). List of Delaware county plants.
Proc. Delaware Co. Inst. Sci. 1: 49-76. Ap 1906.
Additions by Francis Whittier Pennell (1886—) in Proc. Delaware County Inst. Sci.
4: 68-74. 23 Mr 1909.
50. Pennell, Francis Whittier (1886-). Flora of the Conowingo
Barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 62:
541-566. 13 D 1910; 567-584. 14 Ja IgII.
Additions by F. W. Pennell in Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. 64: 520-534 (30 Ja); 535-539
(13 F 1913).
51. King, Wilbur Lewis (1871—). The flora of Northampton county,
Pennsylvania. Torreya 12:97-107. 10 My; 124-132. 11 Je; 165-173.
11 Jl; 183-189. 9 Au; 208-215. 3S 1912.
Additions by Eugene Abraham Rau (1848-), in Torreya 12: 287-289 (13 D 1912).
INDEX OF AUTHORS
Andrews, Luman, 15, 18, 19 Darlington, William, 40, 41, 42
Baldwin, Ebenezer, 10 Davis, W. T., 30
Barton, W. P. C., 1, 2 Davis, W. W. H., 44, 48
Bishop, J. N., 12, 14, 16 Day, E. H., 32
Bissell, C. H., 18, 19 Dowell, Philip, 30
Bolton, Robert, 32 Driggs, A. W., 16
Brace, J. P., 9 Dudley, W. R., 45, 46
Britton, E. G., 32 . Dwight, Timothy, 8
Britton, N. L., 6, 30, 37, 38 Eames, E. H., 19
Brown, Addison, 6 Eaton, D. C., 5
Brown, Stewardson, 7 Eddy, C. W., 3, 21
Case, G. R., 11 Fretz, C. D., 48
Colden, Cadwallader, 20 Fussell, Linnaeus, 49
ee
OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE
Paine, J. A., 27
Pennell, F. W., 49, 50
Poggenburg, J. F., 6
Porter, T. C., 6, 47
Rau, E. A., 51
Rogers, E. E., 17
Setchell, W. A., 11
Small, J. K., 47
Smith, George, 43
Stearns, W. A., 31
Sterns, E. E., 6
Stone, Witmer, 39
Thurston, C. O., 46
Torrey, John, 3, 25, 26
Tully, William, 10
Weatherby, C. A., 19
Willis, O. R., 32, 35, 36
Young, H. W., 28
Zabriskie, J. B., 24
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Bold face type, used as a designation for a region or part of one,
indicates greater frequency of occurrence than in regions not so
designated. The terms Tertiary, Cretaceous and so forth do not
apply to fossil species, only to the distribution of the present flora
on the different geological formations as exposed in the area.
‘
-
46
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS
PTERIDOPHYTA *
4 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
as F eticulate; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM,
s free; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. BotrycHium,
1. Ophioglossum {Tourn.} L.
O. vulgatum L. (O. arenarium E. G. Britton). In moist
_ meadows and thickets: Me. and Que. to Alask., south to Tex.
- Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.
2. Botrychium Sw.
of the following season wholly concealed within the base of
the common stalk; sterile blade more or less fleshy; cells of
_ the epidermis straight.
rophyl and sterile blade both erect in the bud. 1. B. simplex.
‘ophy! or sterile blade, or both, at least slightly bent over
in the bud.
Buds glabrous; sterile blade usually pinnate or in No. 6
; sometimes subternate; spores maturing in early
summer.
Sterile blade with the tip bent over in the bud,
clasping the erect sporophyl, entire or with 1-3
pairs of small segments. 2. B. tenebrosum.
Sterile blade and sporophy] both bent over in the bud.
Sterile | lade distinctly stalked. 3. B. neglectum.
Sterile blade closely sessile. 6. B. lanceolatum.
Buds pilose; sterile blades subternately divided; spores
maturing in late summer or fall.
Sterile blades membranous in drying; segments
mostly acutish, serrulate to laciniate.
Segments mostly acute or acutish, serrulate- .
dentate. 4. B. obliquum.
Segments laciniate, often deeply so. 5. B. dissectum.
Sterile blades thick, leathery in drying, 10-20 cm.
broad; segments obtuse, crenate to sinuate. 7. B. silaifolium.
Be the following season exposed along one side; sterile blade
y thin; cells of the epidermis flexuose. 8. B. virginianum.
* Taxonomic treatment contributed by Miss Margaret Slosson. The general dis-
tior , as stated for the first three families, follows North American Flora, the
g families mainly “* Illustrated Flora.”
“* 47
48 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
1. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. In meadows and pastures: N. S.
to Pa. and westward. Also in Europe.
N. Y. On L. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co.
N. J. Near Plainfield; reported from near Newton, Sussex Co.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Berks and Montgomery counties.
A rare and scattered species whose distribution is not fully
understood; perhaps not distinct from the next.
2. B.tenebrosum A. A. Eaton. In rich moist woods and swamps:
N. Eng. to Pa. Rare in our area, and scattered.
Conn. Granby, Goshen, West Goshen, Oxford and New Milford.
N. Y. Near Riverhead, L. I.
Pa. Near Mountainville, Lehigh Co.
3. B. neglectum Wood. In grassy woods and swamps: N. S.
to Pa., west to Ohio and Sask. Also in Europe.
Conn. Rare, but throughout the state.
N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., otherwise
known only from northern Westchester Co. northward.
N. J. Cranberry Lake, Sussex Co. (according to Mackenzie);
reported from near Riddleton, Salem Co.
Pa. Wayne, Monroe, and Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-210 days.* Sea level—4,o20 ft.
4. B. obliquum Muhl.: Willd. In moist woods or thickets:
N. H. to Wisc. south to Ga. and Ark. Also in Jamaica.
Widely distributed throughout the range except the pine-barrens.
5. B. dissectum Spreng. In low woods or thickets or on wooded
slopes: N. Eng. to Va., Ky. and Ind.
Throughout the range, less common in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere.
6. B. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. In meadows and moist
woods: Greenl. and N. S. to Pa., west to Colo., Wash. and
Alask. Also in, Eu. and Asia.
CONN. Rare and local over most of the state.
N. Y. Westchester and Rockland counties, increasing and becom-
ing common northward.
N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Warren and Sussex counties.
Rare.
* For explanation of these figures see Introduction paragraphs 59-63.
es
— == S—‘( rt;
_
—_—
ee
.
:
SCHIZAEACEAE 49
Pa. Near Mt. Pleasant, Wayne Co., and Fleetwood, Berks Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level-
4,020 ft.
7. B. silaifolium Pres]. In moist open places: N. Eng. and N. Y.,
to Wisc., west to Alaska and U. Calif. Rare in our area.
Conn. Fairfield, Litchfield and New Haven counties.
N. J. Newton. N.Y. Westchester, Columbia and Greene coun-
ties.
8. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. In rich woods: B. Col., south to
Mex. and the W. I. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; always
increasing northward.
The reported occurrence in Conn. of B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. has not been verified.
It is otherwise unknown in our area.
OSMUNDACEAE
1. Osmunda [Tourn.|} L.
Blades bipinnate, some of them fertile at the apex. 1. O. regalis.
Herbaceous blades bipinnatifid.
Pinnae of sterile blade with a tuft of tomentum at the base;
blades normally dimorphous. 2. O. cinnamomea.
Pinnae of sterile blade not so tufted; blades normally fertile
only in the middle. 3. O. Claytoniana.
1. O. regalis L. In low swamps, woods or marshes: E. N,
Am., Mex. and the W. I. Also in S. Am., Eu., Asia and
> Af.
Common throughout the range.
2. O. cinnamomea L. In low places: Eastern N. Am., Mex. and
the W. I. Also in Asia.
Common throughout the range.
3. O. Claytoniana L. In swamps and moist woods: Newf. to
Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Also in India and China.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and
south of them; always increasing northward.
SCHIZAEACEAE
Leaves short, tufted, cigid, the sterile simple. 1. SCHIZAEBA.
Leaves elongate, climbing, compound; leaflets palmately lobed. 2. LyGoprum.
5
50 POLY PODIACEAE
1. Schizaea J. E. Smith.
1. S. pusilla Pursh. In wet pine-barrens: N. J. Also in Newf.
and N.S.
Locally common in and, in our area, confined exclusively to the
pine-barrens of New Jersey,* and to Seaside Park along the coast
in Ocean Co.
2. Lygodium Sw.
1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. In low woods and _ thickets:
N. H. and Mass., south to Fla., Ky. and Tenn.
Conn. Rare in the eastern part of the state.
N. J. Saddle River, Bergen Co., rare; increasing southward;
not recorded along the coast and at Cape May.
Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Carbon, Bucks, and Schuylkill counties.
A rare scattered plant.
POLY PODIACEAE
Leaves strongly dimorphous, the fertile ones with divisions
greatly contracted, brownish, berry-like or necklace-like.
Sterile blades deeply pinnatifid; veins freely anastomosing. I. ONOCLEA.
Sterile blades deeply 2-pinnatifid; veins free. 2. MATTEUCCIA.
Leaves mostly uniform, or if dimorphous the fertile blades flat,
the divisions green, not as above.
Sori dorsal upon the veins, not marginal.
Sori roundish.
Indusium wholly or partially inferior.
Indusium wholly inferior, the divisions stellate
or spreading. 3. WoopsIA.
Indusium attached by its base at one side of
the sorus, hood-shaped, withering. 5. FILrx.
Indusium, if present, superior.
Stipes jointed to the rootstock; indusia
wanting. 18. POLYPODIUM.
Stipes continuous with the rootstock; indusia
present in most species.
Indusium (in our species) orbicular-
peltate, centrally attached. 6. POLYSTICHUM.
Indusium, if present, orbicular-reniform,
attached at its sinus. 7. DRYOPTERIS.
Sori oblong’ to linear.
Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midrib and
rachises.
Leaves uniform; veins free between the sori
and margin. 8. ANCHISTEA.
* See introduction paragraph 38.
POLYPODIACEAE 51
Leaves dimorphous; veins of sterile blade
freely anastomosing. 9. LORINSERIA.
_ Sori oblique to the midribs or irregularly disposed.
Veins free; sori all oblique to the midribs,
single on the side of the veinlets next a
midvein, or crossing the veinlets and
‘ recurved.
? Sori with rare exceptions single. 11. ASPLENIUM.
, Sori often single, often recurved. 12. ATHYRIUM.
Veins freely anastomosing; sori variously dis-
posed. 10, CAMPTOSORUS.
ri at or very near the margin.
‘Sporanges borne within a special cup-shaped indusium. 4. DENNSTAEDIA.
_ Sporanges not borne within a special cup-shaped in-
dusium; sori with indusia formed entirely or in
part by the revolute or reflexed more or less modi-
fied leaf-margins.
Sori distinct, borne on the under side of the reflexed
lobes. 13. ADIANTUM.
Sori wholly or partially confluent.
a Sori borne on a vein-like receptacle connecting
the ends of the free veinlets; indusium
double. 14. PTERIDIUM.
Sori borne at or near the ends of the free
veinlets; indusia single.
Leaves dimorphous. 15. CRYPTOGRAMMA.
Leaves uniform or nearly so.
Sori confluent, forming a wide sub-
marginal band; segments smooth or
nearly so. 16. PELLAEA.
Sori distinct or contiguous; segments
usually pubescent, tomentose or
scaly. 17. CHEILANTHES.
1. Onoclea L.
©. sensibilis L. In moist soil: Newf. to Sask., south to Okl.
and the Gulf States.
+ Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.
“yp 2. Matteuccia Todaro (Struthiopteris Willd.)
_M. Struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. In moist thickets, especially
along streams: N. S. to Va., west to Br. Col. and Iowa. Also
in Eu. and Asia.
‘Conn. Throughout the state but rare, more common in the
Connecticut River Valley and northward than elsewhere.
N.Y. The region of the Caiskills, in Delaware and Greene
counties.
_N. J. Reported from but not recently collected in northern Bur-
52 POLY PODIACEAE
lington Co., thence unknown except in Sussex, Warren and
Hunterdon counties, all within the drainage of the Delaware.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local,
apparently increasing northward, especially up the valley of the
Delaware. 123-189 days. Sea level—2,300 ft.
3. Woodsia R. Br.
Indusium small and inconspicuous, the divisions narrow or filiform;
stipes jointed near the base; blades with more or less rusty chaff
beneath. 1. W. alvensts.
Indusium ample, the divisions broad, early spreading; stipes not jointed. 2. W. obtusa.
1. W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. On exposed rocks: Lab. to Alaska,
south to N. Car., Ky. and Iowa. Also in Greenl., Eu. and
Asia.
Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common.
N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., unknown
on S. I., rare and local in Westchester and Rockland counties,
increasing northward.
N. J. Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, northward. —
Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Montgomery
and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 118-189 days. Sea level—3,g00 ft.
2. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torrey. On rocks: N. S. and Me. to
Wisc., south to Ga., Ala. and Tex. Also in Alaska and Br.
Col.
Conn. Throughout the state, not common.
N.Y. Near Greenport, L. I., rare on S.I., thence increasing
northward.
N. J. Monmouth, Hunterdon, and Somerset counties northward.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-220days. Sea level-—4,o20 ft.
4. Dennstaedtia Bernh.
1. D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. In various situations: N. S.
and N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Mo.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; rare on L. I.
and 5. I. and southern New Jersey.
a =
ul
— | te ee
a. =
= Ve es
POLYPODIACEAE 53
5. Filix Adans. ( Cystopteris Bernh.)
~ Blades broadest at the base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath,
minutely glandular. 1. F. bulbifera.
_ Blades lanceolate, short-pointed, without bulblets or glands. 2. F. fragilis.
1. F. bulbifera (L.) Underw. On wet rocks and in ravines:
Newf. to Man., Wisc. and Iowa, south to northern Ga.,
Ala. and Ark. Also in Utah.
Conn. Rare and local near the coast and in the eastern part of the
state, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Dutchess, Columbia and Greene counties in the Hudson
Valley, not reported from the Catskills.
N. J. Warren, Morris, Bergen, Passaic and Sussex counties.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing
northward, and especially on limestone. 123-189 days. Sea
level-2,580 ft.
2. F. fragilis (L.) Gilib. On rocks and in moist grassy woods:
Newf. and Lab. to Alask., south to Ga., Ala., Kan., Ariz.
and S. Cal. Also in Greenland and the Old World.
Conn. Throughout the state.
N. Y. Unknown on L. [., rare on S. I., thence increasing north-
ward.
N. J. Reported from Camden and Monmouth counties, north and
west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.
Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton and Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare and perhaps only adventive:
Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-189 days. Sea
level-3,800 ft.
6. Polystichum Roth.
Leaves normally simply pinnate, the upper pinnae soriferous and
contracted.
Leaves bipinnatifid or bipinnate, the soriferous pinnae not con-
tracted. 2. P. Braunti.
1. P. achrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. In woods and on hill-
1. P. achrostichoides.
sides: N. S. to Ont. and Wisc., south to Tex. and the Gulf
States.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens.
2. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fée. In rocky woods: N. 5. to Alask., to
northern N. Eng., the mountains of Pa. to Mich. and Br.
Col.
54 POLYPODIACEAE
N. Y.. The Catskills in Ulster, Delaware and Greene counties.
Pa. The mountains of Luzerne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local at
high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-143 days. 1450-
4020 ft.
7. Dryopteris Adans.
Indusia present.
Texture membranous; veins simple or once forked.
Lower pinnae gradually and conspicuously reduced.
Lower pinnae scarcely or not reduced.
Veins once or twice forked, at least in the sterile
leaves.
Veins simple.
Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous; veins freely
branched.
Blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate; segments not spinu-
lose, leaves 114°-5° high: rachis naked or decid-
uously chaffy: indusia not glandular.
Indusia flat, thin.
Blades narrow, linear-oblong to lanceolate;
sori nearly medial; scales at base of stipe
light brown, concolorous.
Blades broader, narrowly oblong, ovate or tri-
angular ovate; sori near the midvein.
Apex not abruptly acuminate, pinnae
broadest at base; sori 3-7 pairs; scales
at base of stipe brown with dark
centers.
Apex short-acuminate, often abruptly so;
pinnae broadest above the base; sori
6-10 pairs, scales of stipe more or less
blackish-brown.
Indusia convex, firm; sori close to the margin.
Blades 2—3-pinnate; segments spinulose or mucronate;
blades ovate-lanceolate, triangular, or broadly
oblong, usually not narrowed below.
Indusia glabrous or nearly so; pinnae usually
somewhat oblique to the rachis, the lowest
broadly and unequally ovate to triangular.
Pinnules flat, decurrent; sori terminal on the
veinlets; indusia glabrous; scales pale, con-
colorous; leaves 34’-9’ broad.
Pinnules concave, some not decurrent; sori
mostly subterminal; indusia glabrous or
with a few glands; scales dark brownish;
leaves ample, 4’—16’ broad.
Indusia glandular; pinnae usually at right angles,
the lowest unequally lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late.
1. D. noveboracensis.
2. D. Thelypteris.
3. D. simulata.
4. D. cristata.
5. D. Clintoniana.
6. D. Goldieana.
7. D. marginals.
8. D. spinulosa.
9. D. dilatata.
10. D. intermedia.
a
POLY PODIACEAE 55
Basal pinnae sessile or partially adnate; rachis more or less
alate.
Blades usually longer than broad; rachis and midveins
freely chaffy; under surfaces pilose. 11. D. Phegopteris.
Blades usually broader than long; rachis and midveins
scarcely scaly; under surfaces slightly pubescent. 12. D. hexagonoptera.
Basal pinnae long-stalked, approaching the terminal por-
tion in size; rachis not alate. 13. D. Dryopteris.
1. D. noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. In moist woods and thickets:
Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Ark.
Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.
2. D. Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. In marshes and wet woods;
rarely in dry soil: N. B. to Man., south to Fla., La. and Tex.
Also in Europe and Asia.
Throughout the range, but less common in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere.
3. D. simulata Davenp. In swamps: Me. to Md. Reported
from Mo.
Rare and scatiered over most of our area, more common in the
pine-barrens than elsewhere.
4. D. cristata (L.) A. Gray. In wet woods and swamps: Newf.
to Sask., south to Va., Ky., Ark., Neb. and Idaho. Also in
Eu. and Asia.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.
5. D. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell. In swampy woods:
Me. and Ont. to Wisc. and N. Car.
Throughout the range, except on the coastal plain of New
~ Jersey, there recorded from a single station in Camden Co., from
which it has not been recently collected.
6. D. Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. In rich woods: N. B. to
Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn. and lowa.
Conn. Scattered over most of the state, but rare, increasing
northwestward.
N.Y. Rare and local on S. I., not reported from L. I., increasing
northward.
N. J. Hunterdon, Warren, Morris (according to Mackenzie) and
Essex counties; reported from Sussex Co.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Montgomery, Berks, Dela-
ware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-220days. Sea level-3,900 ft.
56 POLYPODIACEAE
7. D. marginalis (L.) A. Gray. In rocky woods and on banks:
N.S. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Ala., Ark., Kan. and Okl.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and
east and south of them, there not recorded.
8. D. spinulosa (Miull.) Kuntze. In rich low woods: Lab. to
Selkirk and Idaho to Va. and Ky. Also in Europe.
Common throughout Conn., N. Y., and Pa.
N.J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Burlington and Ocean counties,
north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.
g. D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray. In mountains: Newf. to Alaska,
Calif., Idaho, Tenn. and N. Car. Also in Eurasia, Greenland,
Japan and the Madeira Islands.
N.Y. The higher Catskills in Greene and Delaware counties.
N. J. Sussex, Warren and Morris counties.
Pa. Lackawanna, Pike and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, confined to the
north. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 days. 800-4,020 ft.
10. D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. In moist woods: Newf. to
Wisc., south to N. Car. and Tenn.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.
11. D. Phegopteris (L.) C. Ch. Moist woods and thickets:
Newf. to Alask., Va., Mich. to Wash. Also in Greenl., Eu.
and Asia.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward.
N. Y. Not definitely known from L. I. or S. I., reported from the
former; rare and local in northern Westchester Co., increasing
northward.
N. J. Local in Sussex Co. and Warren Co. (according to Macken-
zie); unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Luzerne, Pike, Monroe and Schuylkill counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. 117-140 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.
12. D. hexagonoptera (Michx.). C. Ch. In dry woods and on
hillsides; Que. to Minn., Fla., La., Kan. and Okl.
Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.
N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward, and becoming
common in the Catskills.
POLY PODIACEAE 57
‘NY J. Rare and very local in Gloucester, Ocean and Monmouth
counties, thence increasing northward; not recorded from the
__ pine-barrens.
Pa. Throughout the range.
_ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft.
3. D. Dryopteris (L.) Britton. In moist woods and thickets:
__ Newf. and Lab. to Alask., south to Va., Kan., Colo. and Ore.
_ Also in Greenland, Eu. and Asia.
| Cony. Rare over most of the state, increasing northwestward.
ON. Y. Reported from, but doubtfully on L. I., otherwise recorded
only from the Catskills.
-N. J. From Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, north-
___ward; also at “Calico” in the pine-barrens, but surely there
-__ adventive. Rare and local.
ae Throughout the area, except in Chester, Delaware and
___ Philadelphia counties, there not recorded.
. s Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, o: Older Formations, increasing north-
) oe 117-189 days. Sea level—3,go0 ft.
> following hybrids have been described and are to be looked
whe ever, in our range, both the supposed parents occur:
PTERIS CLINTONIANA X GOLDIEANA Dowell.
ERIS CLINTONIANA X INTERMEDIA Dowell.
‘OPTERIS CLINTONIANA X MARGINALIS Slosson.
RY ‘OPTERIS CLINTONIANA X SPINULOSA Benedict.
DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X GOLDIEANA Benedict.
PTERIS CRISTATA X INTERMEDIA Dowell, = D. Boottii.
(Tuckerm.) Underw.
Daye OPTERIS CRISTATA X MARGINALIS Davenport.
OPTERIS CRISTATA X SPINULOSA (Milde) C. Chr.
OPTERIS GOLDIEANA X INTERMEDIA Dowell.
OPTERIS GOLDIEANA X MARGINALIS Dowell.
OPTERIS GOLDIEANA X SPINULOSA Benedict.
Speen ranis INTERMEDIA X MARGINALIS Benedict.
RYOPTERIS MARGINALIS X SPINULOSA Slosson.
ae)
— 8. Anchistea Presl.
1. A. virginica (L.) Presl. Inswamps, often in deep water: N.S. to
a Ont. and Mich., south to Fla., La. and Ark. Also in Bermuda.
= Throughout the range, rare in the north, increasing southward,
—_ specially in the pine-barrens.
= }
a
58 POLYPODIACEAE
g. Lorinseria Presl.
1. L. areolata (L.) Presl. In swamps and moist soil: Me. to
Fla., Tenn., La. and Ark., also in Mich.
Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland and
perhaps wanting northward.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., not certainly known elsewhere.
N. J. Rare in Bergen, Essex, Morris (according to Macken-
zie), Union, Mercer and Somerset counties, increasing and
common southward, especially in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Bucks and Delaware counties, mostly on Trenton gravels.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,
scattered, increasing southward. 158-220 days. About sea level.
10. Camptosorus Link.
1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. In shaded situations; usually on
rocks: Que. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Kan.
Conn. Throughout the state, but rare, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. From Westchester and Rockland counties, northward.
N. J. Union and Hunterdon counties, increasing northward.
Pa. Throughout the range.
‘
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous 0: Older Formations, most common on
limestone, but found on a large variety of rocks and even on wood.
117-220 days. Sea level—3,g00 ft.
11. Asplenium L.*
Blades pinnatifid or pinnate only below, the apices long-atten-
uate; stipe dark brownish below, green above; rachis green. 1. A. binnatifidum.
Blades 1-3-pinnate, the apices not long attenuate.
Blades normally 1-pinnate only.
Stipe and rachis blackish, reddish or purplish-brown
throughout; sori medial or nearer'the midvein.
Fertile leaves rigidly erect; pinnae more or less
. platyneuron.
auriculate. 2.A
Fertile leaves spreading like the sterile; pinnae not
auriculate. 3. A. Trichomanes.
Stipe dark only at the base, green above like the rachis;
blades 12-25 dm. long. 4, A. pycnocarpon.
Blades 2~—3-pinnatifid.
Stipe and rachis green throughout. 5. A. Ruta-muraria.
Stipe dark brownish, at least towards the base.
Stipe dark at base, greenish above; rachis green;
blades deltoid-ovate to deltoid-lanceolate. 6. A. montanum.
Stipe and lower rachis, at least, dark chestnut-brown.
7. A. Bradleyt.
* See Introduction paragraph 6.
OO
POLY PODIACEAE 59
1. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. On rocks: Conn. and N. Y. to Mo.,
south to Ga., Ala., and Ark.
A very rare species recorded in our area near Southington and
Sharon, Conn., Blairstown, Warren Co., N. J., and in Chester and
Philadelphia counties in Pa. Most common on limestone, but by
no means confined to it.
2. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. On rocks and banks: Me. and
Ont. to Colo., south to the Gulf States. Also in S. Africa.
Common throughout the range, less so in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere; more common, in the north, on limestone than on other
3 rocks.
_ 3. A. Trichomanes L. On rocks: nearly throughout N. Am.,
s except Mex. and Arctic Am. Also in Eu. and Asia.
+ * Throughout our range except in N. J., south of New Brunswick,
: Middlesex Co.; not uncommon; reaching its best development on
limestone. .
_ 4. A. pycnocarpon Spreng. (A. angustifolium Michx.). In moist
woods and shaded ravines: Que. to Wisc., south to Ga., Ala.,
... Mo. and Kan.
Conn. Rare in New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties,
increasing northwestward.
N. Y. The Catskills in Greene and Delaware counties.
Pa. Berks Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and scattered,
most common on limestone. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.
5. A. Ruta-muraria L. Usually on limestone: Vt. to S. Ont.
and Mich., south to Ala. and Mo. Also in Eu., Asia and
N. Africa.
Conn. Rare and local in northern New Haven counties, increasing
northwestward; unknown from the east or along the coast.
N. Y. Westchester and Rockland counties, northward.
N. J. Sussex, Warren, Passaic and Morris counties.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties.
‘ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, almost exclusively
; confined to limestone rocks, but also on trap rock in N. Y. and Conn.
117-189 days. Sea level—3,080 ft.
6. A. montanum Willd. On dry and moist rocks: Conn. and
N. Y. to Ohio, Ga., Ala. and Ark.
Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, more common
northwestward than elsewhere.
[ied
a
60 POLYPODIACEAE
N. Y. Ulster, Sullivan, Delaware and Greene counties.
N. J. Mt. Tammany and above Philipsburg, Warren Co., other-
wise unknown.
Pa. Pike, Lackawanna, Carbon, Monroe, Lehigh and North-
ampton counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing gener-
ally westward and northward. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.
7. A. Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. On rocks: N. Y. to Ga., Ala., Ark.
and Mo.
Known in our area only from the predominately limestone region
in the Shawangunk Mountains in Ulster Co., N. Y., an area north
of the moraine with a growing season of about 128-140 days.
A hybrid, Asplenium platyneuron X Camptosorus rhizophyllus, long known as Asple-
nium ebenoides R. R. Scott, has been recorded. It is to be looked for in our area
wherever both the parent plants occur.
12. Athyrium Roth.
Blades bipinnatifid; segments lightly crenate-serrate. 1. A. thelypteroides.
Blades bipinnate; segments variously incised or deeply serrate. 2. A. Filix-foemina.
1. A. thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. (A. acrostichoides (Sw.)
Diels). In rich moist woods: N.S. to Minn., Mo. and Ga.
CONN. Rare southward, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Very rare in Monmouth Co., increasing northward, unknown
elsewhere.
Pa. Throughout the area.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations; increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,850 ft.
2. A. Filix-foemina (L.) Roth. In woods and thickets: Newf.,
B. Col., the Gulf States and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Throughout the range, less common southward, especially in
the pine-barrens.
13. Adiantum [Tourn.] L.
1. A. pedatum L. In woods: N.S. and Que. to Alaska, south to
Ga., La., Kan.; Rocky Mts. to Utah and Cal. Also in Asia.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the region
east and south of them, there not recorded.
POLYPODIACEAE 61
14. Pteridium Scop. (Pleris L.)
1. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. In thickets or open situations:
throughout most of N. Am. Nearly cosmopolitan.
Throughout the range in some of its numerous forms, apparently
less common in Conn. than elsewhere in our range.
15. Cryptogramma R. Br.
1. C. Stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. On rocks: Lab. to Alaska,
Pa., Iowa, Wisc. and Colo. Also in Asia.
A rare and local species, confined in our area to regions with
limestone or trap-rock formations, but not coextensive with these
_ formations in the range. It has so far been collected only from
New Haven, Kent, Brookfield and Salisbury, Conn., and from
_ Godwinville, Morton and Dyke, Bergen Co., N. J.
: 16. Pellaea Link.
1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. On rocks: Ont. to Br. Col. and
Mackenzie, Ga., Miss., Tex. and Cal. Reported from Mex.
Conn. Bolton and Guilford, thence increasing northwestward
towards the limestone regions.
N. Y. Orange, Dutchess, Greene and Ulster counties.
N. J. Sussex, Morris, Warren and Hunterdon counties.
Pa. Northampton, Monroe, Lehigh and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, most common on
limestone, but found also on gneiss and trap rocks. 123-220 days.
Sea level—2,700 ft.
17. Cheilanthes Sw.
1. C. lanosa (Michx.) Watt. On rocks: Conn. and southern
N. Y. to Ga., west to Kan. and Tex.
Conn. New Haven.
N. Y. Not uncommon in Manhattan and the Bronx and up the
Hudson Valley to near Poughkeepsie; unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Scattered from Hunterdon, Union and Essex counties north-
ward.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, more common on
limestone and on trap than other rocks. 123-220 days. Sea
level—2,980 ft.
62 EQUISETACEAE
18. Polypodium [Tourn.] L.
1. P. vulgare L. On rocks or rocky banks: Lab. and Newf. to —
Man., south to Ga., Ala. and Mo.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and
east and south of them, there not recorded.
MARSILEACEAE
1. Marsilea L.
1. M. quadrifolia L. Locally rare in eastern U. S. Native of
Asia and Europe.
Known in our area only from Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., and
North Cromwell, Middlesex Co., Conn. and from a few scattered
pools where it has been unquestionably introduced. Very doubt-
fully endemic in Am.
SALVINIACEAE
Leaves 12-18 mm. long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. 1. SALVINIA.
Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. AZOLLA.
1. Salvinia Adans.
1. S.natans (L.) Hoffm. Perry Co., Mo., and near Minneapolis, —
Minn. Reported from Central N.Y. Also Europe and Asia. —
Known in our area only from near Silver Lake, S. I., N. Y.,
where it is introduced.
2. Azolla Lam.
1. A. caroliniana Willd. Floating on still water: Ont. and Mass.
to Br. Col., south to Fla., Ariz. and Mex. Also in Trop. Am.
Known in our area only from a small pond in Clove Valley, S. I.,
N. Y., there introduced; and in the Morris Canal near Bloom-
field, N. J.
EQUISETACEAE
1. Equisetum L.
Stems annual; stomata scattered.
Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring, before
the sterile.
Fertile stems simplc, soon withering; branches of sterile
stems solid, 3-angled, their sheaths 4-toothed; silex in
punctiform dots. 1. E. arvense.
Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering.
EQUISETACEAE 63
Branches simple, solid, 3- or 4—5-angled, their sheaths
3-toothed, their first internodes not exceeding the
stem-sheath; silex in flat spines arrangedinthrees. 2. E. pratense.
Branches compound, solid, the primary 4—5-angled, the
secondary 3-angled; silex in double rows of hooked
spinules. 3. E. sylvaticum.
ms all alike; spores maturing in summer; branches simple or
L pene.
eaths rather loose; branches usually long; stems bushy
below, attenuate upwards.
Central cavity of stem very small, spike long; branches
hollow, 4-7-angled, their sheaths mostly 5-toothed;
q ‘ silex in cross-bands. 4. E. palustre.
c Central cavity of stem larger, the other air-cavities
: usually present under both the ridges and grooves of
the stem; spike short, commonly with abortive
spores lacking elaters; branches simple, 3~5-angled,
hollow or solid. 5. E. littorale.
py beethe appressed; branches usually short; central cavity
of stem very large, cavities present under the ridges, lack-
ing under the grooves;' branches hollow. 6. E. fluviatile.
- perennial, evergreen; spikes tipped with a rigid point;
mata in regular rows.
_ .2 m. long, usually many-grooved, rarely withafew = ©
inches; teeth of the leaves soon deciduous; silex in two
isti set lines of tubercles. 7. E. hyemale.
3 very slender, 1.5-9 dm long, tufted, usually 5—10-grooved;
central cavity small; teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. 8. E. variegatum.
a
oa
B. arvense L. In sandy soil, along roadsides, etc.: Newf. and
sreenl. to Alaska, south to Va. and Cal. Also in Eu. and
Be) ‘Scattered throughout the range.
B. pratense Ehrh. In sandy places: N. S. and Rupert River
Pe Minn. and Alaska, south to N. J. Iowa and Colo. Also
: Eu. and Asia.
Conn. Rare; in the Housatonic Valley near Oxford and Newton.
ON. Y. Perhaps near N. Y., but not definitely known.
Y. J. Closter, Bergen Co., rare; Sparta, Sussex Co.
‘a a Arare and scattered species, perhaps more widely distributed than
b.
seems apparent.
- B : E. sylvaticum L. In moist sandy woods and thickets: Newf.
and Greenl. to Alaska, south to Va. and Iowa. Also in Eu.
and Asia.
_ Scattered in most parts of our range.
-_ >
7
64 LYCOPODIACEAE
4. E. plaustre L. In wet places: N.S. to Alaska, Conn., western
N. Y., Ill. and Ariz. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Reported in our area, only from Lyme and East Windsor, Conn.,
on the banks of the Connecticut River.
5. E. littorale Kuehl. On sandy river and lake shores: N. B.
and Ont. to N. J. and Pa. west to Br. Col. Also in Europe.
Known only from the banks of the Delaware in Hunterdon and
Warren counties in N. J. and Bucks and Delaware counties in Pa.
6. E. fluviatile L. In swamps and along borders of streams.
N.S. to Alaska south to Va., Neb. and Wash. Also in Eu.
and Asia.
Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the
region east and south of them, there not recorded.
7. E. hyemale L. In wet places and on banks; especially along
rivers: throughout nearly all N. Am., Eu. and Asia.
Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the
region east and south of them, there not recorded.
8. E. variegatum Schleich. Lab. and Greenl. to Alaska south to
Conn., western N. Y., Neb. and Nev. Alsoin Eu. and Asia.
Conn. Rare in Litchfield Co. Unknown elsewhere.
Known elsewhere in our area only at Closter, Bergen Co., N. J.
Equisetum scirpoides Michx. has been collected as a waif in Conn. The record of
E. laevigatum A. Br. from N. J. is unverifiable.
LYCOPODIACEAE
1. Lycopodium L.
Sporophylls not closely associated in terminal spikes.
Leaves distinctly broadest above the middle, there usu-
ally erose-denticulate. 1. L. lucidulum, —
Leaves linear or nearly so, entire or minutely denticulate. 2. L. porophyllum.
Sporophylls closely associated in terminal spikes. ;
Sporophylls similar to the foliar leaves in form and texture;
sporanges subglobose.
Sporophylls linear-deltoid, mostly entire; peduncles
one or rarely two. 3. L. inundatum,
Sporophylls linear to lanceolate from a broader base;
peduncles usually several.
Peduncles slender; the leaves incurved and mostly
appressed; spikes slender. 4. L. adpressum.
Peduncles stout; the leaves more numerous and
mostly ascending; spikes stout. 5. L. alopecuroides.
orophylls bract-like, very unlike the foliar leaves; spor-
anges reniform.
tems with numerous erect or assurgent leafy aerial
branches, the spikes terminal upon some of these.
Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in more
: than five rows.
Main stem creeping deep in the ground;
aerial branches few, tree-like. 6. L. obscurum.
Main stem prostrate; aerial branches numer-
ous, not tree-like.
Ss
-
%
-
Spikes solitary, sessile. 7. L. annotinum,
Spikes solitary to several, on elongate
peduncles. 8. L. davatum.
Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in four rows,
adnate considerably more than half their
length; spikes borne upon bracteate pe-
duncles, these terminal upon leafy branches.
Ultimate aerial branches conspicuously flat-
tened; leaves of the under row greatly re-
“
wd
Ultimate aerial branches narrower and less
flattened; leaves of the under row scarcely
A
6
od
’ reduced, acicular. 10. L. tristachyum.
Stems without leafy aerial branches, the elongate
peduncles arising directly from the prostrate stem. 11. L. carolinianum.
» ba
. Bonin Michx. In cold damp woods: Newf. to B. Col.
a outh to S. Car., Tenn. and Iowa.
Cons. Scattered over the state.
YN. Y. Dutchess, Ulster, Greene and Delaware counties, and near
Baty - Baldwins, L. I.
_ _N.J. Rare and local in Gloucester and Camden counties, near the
% Delaware, increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Throughout.
~ Tertiary,°0: Cretaceas, rare; Older Formations increasing north-
we 117-207 days. Sea level—3,365 ft.
. he ‘
2. L. porophilum Lloyd & Underw. On partially shaded rocks,
pecially on sandstone: Pa. to Wisc., Ind. and Ala.
Known in our area only from Raymond's Kill Falls, Pike Co.,
a a region underlaid by shale.
L. . inundatum L. In sandy bogs: Newf. to Alaska, south and
“west to N. J., Pa., Ill., Mich., Idaho and Wash. Also in
Europe and Asia.
~ Conn. Southington.
LYCOPODIACEAE 65
v duced, minute, deltoid-cuspidate. 9. L complanatum.
66 LYCOPODIACEAE
N.J. (C. F. Austin.)
Pa. Monroe, Carbon, Schuykill, and Luzerne counties.
4. L. adpressum (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw.* Wet sandy soil:
Conn. to the Gulf States.
Occasional near the coast: Conn. to S. N. J.and at Tullytown, Pa.
5. L. alopecuroides L. In swamps: N. Y. to Fla., near the coast,
west to Miss. Also in trop. Am.
N.Y. - Babylon,.i..1.,
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens.
6. L. obscurum L. In moist woods: Newf. and Lab. to Alaska,
south to N. Car. and Ind. Also in Asia.
Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there rare.
7. L. annotinum L. In woods and thickets, usually in dry soil:
Lab. to Alaska, south to Pa., Colo. and Wash. Also in Eu.
and Asia.
Conn. Rare and scattered in the northern part of the state.
N.Y. In the Catskills.
N. J. Reported from Bergen Co.
Pa. Monroe and Carbon counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north-
ward, and predominating on trap rock. Not south of the moraine.
117-179 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.
8. L. clavatum L. In woods: Lab. to Alask., south to N. Car.,
Mich. and Wash. Also in Eu., Asia and trop. Am.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region
east and south of them; increasing northward.
g. L. complanatum L. In woods and thickets: Newf. to Alask.,
south to N. Car., Ind., Minn., and Idaho. Also in. Eu. and
Asia. ;
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens.
10. L. tristachyum Pursh. In open woods or clearings: Me. to
Minn. and Ga. Also in Europe.
Throughout the range except the coastal plain of N. J., there
known only from Shark River, and Farmingdale, Monmouth Co.
* Much of the so-called L. inundatum var. Bigelovii probably belongs here.—M.S.
ISOETACEAE 67
nianum L. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and
. near the coast.
XI Common in the pine-barrens, rare along the coast and at
ape May.*
SELAGINELLACEAE
. Selaginella Beauv.
es all alike, ae 1. S. rupestris.
es of two kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 2. S. apus.
Br apestris (L.) Spring. On dry rocks: N. Eng. and Ont.
to 0 Ga. and the middle West.
a: Scattered throughout the range, except the N. J. coastal plain
and L. I., there not recorded.
as (L.) Spring. In moist open places, often among grass:
e. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., La. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.
a ISOETACEAE
, 1. Isoetes L.
b
m spotted with sharply defined brown or lighter cells.
Macrospores somewhat flattened on one hemisphere, averaging
a a less than 450 u in diameter.
- "Spots of sporangium scattered, mostly 1-few-celled; macro-
___- spores covered beneath with thick-walled reticulations,
____ the openings resembling small pits, and between the
_ commissures with more open reticulations. 6. I. foveolata.
____ Sporangium densely brown-spotted; macrospores densely
__ covered with low simple truncate columns or labyrinthi-
form convolute ridges on both. 8. I. Eatons.
Macrospores not flattened, averaging more than 475, in
_ diameter.
Spots of sporangium scattered, many I- or 2-celled;
stomata and peripheral bast-bundles absent;f macro-
spores covered beneath with an irregular network, and
between the commissures with wavy, somewhat parallel
: or branching, wall-like ridges. 2. I. Tuckerman.
P, 3 ‘Spots of sporangium mostly several-many-celled; stomata
present.
Peripheral bast-bundles sometimes present, some-
times absent; sporangium pale-spotted; macrospores
”
* Se ‘Introduction paragraph 29.
It is doubtful if the presence or absence of stomata or peripheral bast-bundles is
e th: n a variable character in many species of Jsoetes. This genus is in needof care-
revision. M.S.
—— se we eS . ee
68 ISOETACEAE
sparingly covered with rather low irregular often
elongate sometimes confluent crests serrate or
spinulose at apex and resembling cockscombs. 7. I. canadensis.
Peripheral bast-bundles absent.
Macrospores covered with tall simple or forked
spinules often recurved at apex and sometimes
slightly confluent. 3. I. ambigua.
Macrospores sprinkled with distinct low granules
resembling grains of sugar. 4. I. saccharata.
Macrospores covered with tall jagged, straight or
curved, isolated or somewhat confluent crests;
spots of sporangium often composed of cells
fitted together in broad bands. 5. I. riparia.
Sporangium not spotted.
Macrospores 600-800 » in diameter, covered with thickened
continuous crests occasionally anastomosing and forming
an irregular meandriform network. 1. I. macrospora.
Macrospores 300-570 in diameter, delicately honeycomb-
reticulated; stomata and peripheral bast-bundles present. g. I. Engelmanni.
1. I. macrospora Durieu. Distribution not known.
Type locality “ lake in the Catskills ’’; not since recorded with
certainty in our area.
2. I. Tuckermani A. Br. In ponds: Newf. to Mass., Conn. and
iN, 3.
Conn. Ledyard; reported also from North Stonington, East Lyme
and Lyme.
N. Y. Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I.; also Peekskill, Westchester Co.
3. I. ambigua A. Br.; Engelm. (J. Braunii Durieu). Lab. and
Greenland to Alaska, south to N. J., Pa. and Cal.
Conn. Scattered, but rare.
N.Y. Rare on L. I., known otherwise only from Westchester and
Ulster counties. :
N. J. Bergen Co. and at Budd’s Lake, Morris Co., also at Tom’s
River, Ocean Co.
Pa. Pocono, Monroe Co.; reported also in Wayne, Lackawanna
and Carbon counties.
4. I. saccharata Engelm. Eastern Maryland, and District of
Columbia. Also in New Jersey? Limits of distribution not
known. Said to intergrade with J. canadensis.
N. J. Reported from Camden Co., and Mantoloking, Ocean Co.
PINACEAE 69
fiparia Engelm. Borders of the lower Delaware River.
In our range known only in the Delaware in Bucks, Philadelphia
nd Delaware counties, Pa., and Bordentown, Burlington Co., and
Camden Co., N. J.
or eolata A. A. Eaton. New Hampshire to Connecticut and
New Jersey.
en N. Reported.
.J. Oradell, Closter and Bergen Co., also a doubtful specimen
“fre om Pompton, River, Passaic Co.
tanadensis (Engelm.) A. Br.; A. A. Eaton (J. Dodgei A. A.
Eaton). Borders of ponds and streams: Me. to Br. Col.,
south to Pa.
Reported only from Windsor, Fairfield and Westport.
Tyrol Lake, Dutchess Co.
Lake Hopatcong, also reported from Fish House, Camden
on. Pleasant, Bucks Co.; also reported from Mount
. sant, Philadelphia Co.
E eg (I. Gravestti A. A. Eaton). In mud flats:
Carmel, Putnam Co.
an Morris Pond, Sussex Co. and at Lake Hopatcong.
Se agetnmnsi A. Br. In ponds and ditches rooting in mud:
2. to Va. and Pa., Ill. and Mo.
«, Conn. Scattered throughout, but rare.
y. ¥. OnS. I. and in the Bronx, unknown elsew here.
N. J. Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Sussex counties; also reported
Sion Camden Co.
Pa. Monroe, Lehigh and Bucks counties.
SPERMATOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMAE
PINACEAE
of the cone numerous (except in Larix); leaf-buds scaly.
Pen e-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. 1. Prxvus.
Cone-scales thin; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled,
not in sheaths.
Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. LAaRrx.
*
PINEACAE
Leaves scattered, persistent.
Cones pendulous; leaves jointed to short persistent
sterigmata.
Leaves sessile, tetragonal. 3.. PICHA.
Leaves short-stalked, flat. 4. TSUGA.
Cones erect, sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. ABIES.
Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked.
Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 6. THUJA.
Cone globose, its scales peltate. 7. CHAMAECYPARIS.
Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 8. JUNIPERUS.
1. Pinus L.
Leaves 5 in a sheath; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. 1. P. Strobus.
Leaves less than 5 in a sheath; cone-scales prominently thickened at
the tip.
Cones terminal or sub-terminal; scales pointless; leaves in 2’s. 2. P. resinosa.
Cones lateral; scales prickle-tipped or spine-tipped.
Leaves predominately in 2’s.
Cones 3-7 cm. long, the scales prickle-tipped.
Leaves stout, 3-6 cm. long. 3. P. virginiana.
Leaves slender, 7-13 cm. long; bark in large plates. 4. P. echinata.
Cones 8-12 cm. long, the scales with stout spine. 5. P. pungens.
Leaves predominately in 3’s.
Cones ovoid, globose, or broader than long.
Leaves 12 cm. long or less; cone-scales with stiff
prickles. 6. P. rigida.
Leaves 15-25 cm. long; cone-scales with slender,
often deciduous prickles. 7. P. serotina.
Cones conic or oblong-conic; leaves 15-30 cm. long. 8. P. Taeda.
1. P. Strobus L. On hillsides and mountain slopes, sometimes
in swampy situations in the southerly part of its range:
Newf. to Man., south along the mountains to Ga., west to
Ill. and Iowa.
Conn. Throughout, decreasing near the coast.
N.Y. Throughout, rare on S. I.; uncommon south of the moraine
on L. I., but at West Hempstead and Jamaica (according to
Bicknell); and near Riverhead.
N. J. Frequent in northern counties, decreasing southward;
Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., Whitings, Ocean Co.
Pa. Throughout.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, more common: Older formations,
ubiquitous. 120-186 days. Sea level—2,100 ft.
2. P. resinosa Ait. Hillsides and mountain slopes: Newf. to
Man., Mass., Pa., Wisc. and Minn.
CONN. Salisbury and Granby.
— =< —-
5 Oe as eee ee oo
PINACEAE 71
N. Y. Otis Summit, Greene Co. Inwood (N. Y. C.) record
unverified.
Pa. Wayne and Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not rare. 123-143
days. 685-~-1,723 ft.
3. P. virginiana Mill. In rocky or sandy soil: L. I. (?) toS. Car.,
Ala., southern Ind. and Tenn.
N.Y. West side of S. I.; L. I. record unverified.
N. J. Milford, Hunterdon Co., Riegelsville, Warren Co.; common
along the edges but rare within the pine-barrens.
Pa. Chester, Bucks, Montgomery, Northampton, Carbon and
Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, limited to
eastern Pa. and the N. J. stations. Not north of the moraine
except onS.I. 175-189 days. Sea level—439 ft.
4. P. echinata Mill. In sandy or clayey soil: southern N. Y. to
Fla., Ill., Kansas and Texas.
N. Y. Tottenville, Giffords, and New Dorp, S. I.; also near the
mouth of the Croton River (according to A. K. Fisher).
N. J. Middlesex, Burlington, Cumberland, Atlantic, Ocean and
Monmouth counties; common along the edges but decreasing
within the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, scattered: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, 0,
Not north of the moraine. 175-189 days. About sea level.
5. P. pungens Mill. In rocky or loose soil: Western N. J. and
central Pa. to Ga. and Tenn.
N. J. Sergeantsville, Hunterdon Co.; perhaps not native.
Pa. Schuylkill and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, notcommon. Not
north of the moraine. 171-183 days. About sea level.
6. P. rigida Mill. In poor, often somewhat sterile soil: N. B.
to Ont., W. Va., Ga., Ala. and Tenn.
Conn. Throughout, decreasing northwestward.
N. Y. Throughout, decreasing northward; common south of the
moraine on L. I., and forming pine-barrens east of Central Park.
N. J. Throughout, decreasing northward;* forming exclusive
forests in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Throughout, decreasing northward.
*See Introduction paragraph 50.
72 PINACEAE
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered. 120-210 days. Sea level—2,100 ft.
7. P. serotina Michx. In sandy swamps, sometimes in drier
situations: Southern N. J., to Va. and Fla.
N. J. Swedesboro, Gloucester Co. and Town Bank, Cape May Co.
Tertiary, very rare: Cretaceous, a few trees: Older Formations, o.
172 days. About sea level.
8. P. Taeda L. Southern N. J. to Fla. and Texas, north to Ark.
N. J. Cape May County.
Tertiary, limited to Southern N. J.: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma-
tions, 0. 182-220 days. About sea level.
The Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris L., has been reported as an established escape.
2. Larix [Tourn.] Mill.
1. L. laricina (Du Roi) Mill. In swampy places: Newf. to the N.
W. Territory, south to N. J., Md., Pa., Ind., and Minn.
Conn. Rare in the eastern part, perhaps absent from the coast,
increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Throughout, except the lower Hudson Valley, L. I., and
S. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Ironia and Lake Hopatcong, Morris Co.; Closter, Bergen
Co.; New Durham, Hudson Co.; increasing northward.
Pa. Pike, Carbon, Monroe and Luzerne counties, increasing
northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common. Not
south of the moraine except in Pa. 117-160 days. Sea level-
1,933 ft.
The European larch, L.. decidua Mill., has been reported as an established escape.
3. Picea Link.
Cones ovate, the stalks strongly incurved; cone-scales erose or dentate;
leaves glaucous, about 14 mm. long or less, somewhat appréssed. 1. P. mariana.
Cones oblong-ovate; cone-scales entire or denticulate; leaves yellow-
green, about 10 mm. long, spreading. 2. P. rubens.
1. P. mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Swampy places, sometimes on
hillsides: Lab., south in the mountains to W. Va., N. Car.,
westward to Alberta and N. W. Territory.
Conn. Litchfield, Litchfield Co.
N.Y. Greene, Delaware and Ulster counties.
N. J. Reported from Ironia, Morris Co.; perhaps in Sussex Co.
PINACEAE 73
‘Pa. Monroe and Pike counties.
_ Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at
higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-149 days.
740-2,400 ft.
|
P. ‘Tubens Sargent. In moist places in our range, forming
exclusive forests northward: Newf. to northern N. Y., Minn.,
south in the mountains to Va. and Ga.
oa . Wanting near the coast, increasing northwestward.
. Throughout, except south of the Hudson Highlands and on
iv SS I., increasing northward; rare at Orient, L. I.
New Durham, Hudson Co.; Palisades, Bergen Co.; Ironia,
"or Co., and Knighton, Hunterdon Co.; increasing north-
Ps sca. Luzerne, Monroe and Pike counties, increasing
_ northward.
Brctiary, o: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine, except in eastern Pa. 118-186
s. Sea level-2,roo ft.
h 7 vhite spruce, P. canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P., and the Norway spruce, P. Abies