OOS Sr ileseia ceeeeree aaah fei certs: Set tuted 4, peat ra stat ee pt Se - ve Pie eg etas x erty eee Tee =e os a) inn +. My Re +s fy i me *. as ys it, fF it * »? ehets Meee 2th als syn? enor vty, Wepre thats gir, aren te veep ‘aad A ei re a = ethan ch ide Lied aS bse ‘9 i WANA nen AN Ah ine i ) Hae | q aes } pr | athens Ag les € - aa mLORA. ORCADENSIS : he - Bote fs al : — 7 et ; - te TON Pit) ae Zt, a en : Z M. SPENCE, F.E.I. FLORA ORCADENSIS CONTAINING THE FLOWERING PLANTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE _NATURAL ORDERS BY MAGNUS SPENCE, F.E.LS. DEERNESS THE MOSSES BY LiEuT.-CoLoNEL JAMES GRANT, V.D. J.P., L.R.C.P. AND S. EDIN., F.S.A. SCOT. OF STROMNESS With Maps and Portraits KIRKWALL D. SPENCE, BROAD STREET 1914 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN rome WORD: —m—A FLORA of Orkney has long been greatly wat desired by those who take an interest in the wild flowers of these islands. For over two centuries the only available information on the sub- ject has consisted of various lists more or less incomplete and usually buried in periodicals inac- cessible to the general reader. The appearance of Mr Spence’s “Flora” is especially opportune at the present time, when Nature Study is one of the educational fashions of the day, and when agricultural science is receiving so much attention. This book is the result of many years of careful observation and research, and the author has spared neither time nor trouble in making his work as full and accurate as possible. Having lived tor many years in Stenness and then in Deerness, Mr Spence has had exceptional opportunities of investigating the plants indigenous to both the West and East Mainland, while, during his holidays, he has carefully examined the vegetation of the other more important islands. His long and intimate acquaintance with Orkney has thus eminently fitted him for the vi FOREWORD. compilation of this “ Flora.” His trained faculty for observation in other branches of science, notably meteorology, combined with an enthusiastic love of and sympathy with Nature, constitute him a botanist of the first order, and those who are interested in the natural history of Orkney have great reason to congratulate themselves that such a man has, during a very busy life, found time to undertake this work, Mr Spence has increased the value of his “ Flora” by incorporating the remarks of specialists on the doubtful or “ critical” plants which have come under his notice. The addition of Dr Grant’s “ List of Mosses” will be of service to those interested in that beautiful but too little known elass. W. IRVINE FORTESCUE, M.D. CON TENS INTRODUCTORY ; Oa ¢ : : : ; é 1x TOPOGRAPHY . : : i : ; . . | She NATURAL SELECTION : ; , 8 EXCURSIONS. ‘ : 2 ‘ : . Sa GENERAL . ; : : : : Li) AEE BIOGRAPHICAL : : : ; ) Jax Dr WALLACE . : : : ; . xxx Rev. GrorcE Low : , 3. Sew RoBeRT HEDDLE .. ‘ : XXXVlll ALEX. RusseLL Dueuip, M.D... ; : xli Dr BoswEL. . ; : : ; : Pee iT Patrick NEILL : : . , : : xlv Dr CLouston : : : . xvii Dr FortTESCUE . : ; | See ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ; . : : , li SUBJECTS CO-RELATED TO THE BOTANY OF ORKNEY . lv Ciimatic Factors . : ; ; : : : lv Prat Bocs : ; : ; : : : , avg Econoey . : : : : : ; ; : lix IsLanD FLORAS : : : : ; : : }xi SomE INTERESTING BoTANnicaL Facts . ; . bety GEOLOGY OF ORKNEY . ; : : : 2 . Llxvill Sort FoRMATION. ; : : : ; . Lx BovuLDER CLAY : : : - : : ij. UBpey Icz AGE . E ¥ d : ‘ ‘ , . exw PHysicaAL FEATURES OF ORKNEY . ‘ : . Ixxvili HILts AND VALLEYS ’ : ; E . lxxxii Vill CONTENTS. Buriep FoRESTS . : ; 2 . Ay Prat Deposits : : 4 Ixxxvilll PLANTS FOUND IN PEAT ge ; : boedhe GEOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS . : ; . ROLL, DICOTYLEDONES . A ‘ ¢ ; ; , 1 MONOCOTYLEDONES ‘ ; : : I 69 CRYPTOGAME ; : : : } ‘ : 5 92 PLANTS USED MEDICINALLY . : : ; : 99 List oF ORKNEY MossEs : ; : ; 107 INTRODUCTION . : : ; : : , : 107 ORKNEY MosskEs_ .. : ! ba SUPPLEMENT ; , : ; : ; 127 Note on A NEw PRIMULA . ; ; , ‘ 3 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY : ; 2 ‘ : : : 140 INDEX . : : ; : : . } ; 142 PORTRAITS AND MAPS. Maaenus Spence, F.E.LS. . : : Frontisprece Lieut.-Cot. J. Grant, L.R.C.P. & 8. Ba. . Facing p. 112 PuysicAL Map oF ORKNEY AND SHETLAND Facing p. viii GENERAL Map or ORKNEY . . Facing p. 1 of “ Flora” PHYSICAL MAP OF ORKNEY & SHETLAND Scale English Miles o 10 20 sooFeet 500 ” a 200, 29). | SeaLevel David Spence, Publisher, Kirkwall LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL rUARePns & igvg# “VF. '‘RrrlrOn = i Vi FLORA ORCADENSIS, INTRODUCTORY. HE Science of Botany seeks to elucidate plant life in its various forms. The study of this science in its fullest sease embraces plant mor- phology, anatomy, physiology, ecology, palzobotany, pathology, and systematic botany. Only a few botanists bave been able to devote the time neces- sary to master all these branches of the subject. Many people study the subject as a hobby, and find it one of the most delightful and exhilarating of studies, as it takes its votaries far afield in the bracing air and sunshine of our heaths, moors, and sea-sides. In fact, the one branch of botany which suits the holiday excursionist is systematic botany. It classifies all plant life and elaborates schemes of relationship whereby the affinities of plants to one another are shown. The essential study in modern systematic botany is by a comparison of the pro- cesses of growth and development. We can thus arrange plants in groups according to aie apes GARDEN x FLORA ORCADENSIS. which enable the student to find without much trouble the characteristics of the individuals of the same order, and to place them in the families assigned to them by the great masters of the subject as Linnzeus, Hooker, Boswell, &c. Some people may consider that the classification of plants is simply the process of cataloguing them, or collecting and preserving them in the herbarium of the collector. It is true that many take no more interest in the subject than to collect; but we must not forget that one of the most interesting studies in systematic botany is that of the relationship and possible origin of the numerous species which come under obser- vation. Such a study gives one an insight into the whole scheme of plant evolution. Most of our earliest botanists devoted much time to systematic botany. No real progress could be made so long as the innumerable genera and species remained unclassified. Systematic botany is the frame-work on which Botany as a science has been built up. Animals, birds, fossils, and rocks have each received this systematic study. Linnzus was the first to bring order out of chaos and to name plants according to a uniform system. He instituted the present binominal nomenclature, in which every plant has a generic name like a surname, and a specific name in the form of an adjective, either in Latin or some modern Latinised form. The present “Flora” is written with the view of meeting a much felt want. To the schoolmaster it should form a handy book of reference when pupils bring to him—as I am told they do—all the INTRODUCTORY. XI unknown plants met with on their daily rounds to and from school. Under present school requirements the teacher is expected to take-the older pupils for excursions, at least in the neighbourhood of the school, to familiarise them with the local flora. When their interest is stimulated and a love of flowers instilled, they bring specimens to him to identify. With this handbook and some standard “ Flora of Great Britain,” he should have no diticulty in giving the required information. The “Memorandum of Nature Study” issued by the Education Department states :—‘ Where practi- cable, rambles for the study of things in their ordinary surroundings will naturally be frequent, so that each pupil, even in a large school, may be able to participate in as many as possible during the session.” “ The continuous study of a living plant in its natural environment, accompanied by careful, dated records, of its growth, development, and change throughout the successive seasons of the year, forms an exceptionally interesting and valuable exercise.” Few will deny the great educative value of a study of botany; but in rural districts its economic value is perhaps even more apparent. Much of the information published at the present day for the use of the agriculturist on the crops which he grows every year and the injurious weeds which he tries to extirpate from his fields, is simply unintelligible to the average farmer, owing to his lack of even a rudimentary knowledge of botany. As an illustration of what I mean, I once attended a lecture on grasses XU FLORA ORCADENSIS. by a lecturer from an Agricultural College. He began by assuming that every farmer knew the common grasses. He talked learnedly on the subject without more than five per cent. being able to follow him. So long as he talked of rye-grass, cock’s-foot- grass, and clover, which they all knew, they were interested and followed the lecturer with eager attention ; but when he proceeded to treat of the less common grasses, such as meadow-fescue, sheep’s- fescue, &c., which very few of them knew, they were hopelessly bewildered. After the lecture was over, I suggested that a few specimens and diagrams would have enabled the farmer to become familar with these grasses. “It never occurred to me,’ he said, “that these practical farmers did not know the common grasses. I have not only diagrams at home but specimens of all the plants I have been treating of. It seemed superfluous for me to bring specimens of the plants over which they tread every day.” Whoever desires to possess a knowledge of botany should first learn to identify the common plants in his own district; but even this much can hardly be done without having first mastered a working know- ledge of the rudiments of the science, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, stamens, pistils, seed-vessels, &e. Given this elementary knowledge of botany, he is then in a position to understand the methods of botanical classification, and, with the assistance of a good book on systematic botany, to put each plant which comes under his observation into its proper class. The study of botany on these lines may not only be of great practical value to the agriculturist, TOPOGRAPHY. Xl but it adds also to the interests and pleasures of life. One who is ignorant of the floral treasures over which he treads in his daily walks or rounds of duty, has missed one of the most satisfying influences towards the realisation of that mental calm and inspiration which useful knowledge brings. TOPOGRAPRY. The Orkney Islands form a distinct group which is detached from the mainland of Scotland to the south and the Shetland Islands to the north. Broughness, in South Ronaldshay, the most southerly of the group, is about 7} miles from Duncansby Head, in Caithness; while North Ronaldshay, the most northerly, is about 50 miles from Dunrossness, in Shetland. The Orkneys form an entity botani- cally. The group consists of 29 inhabited and 38 uninhabited islands. These small, uninhabited islands are botanically of very little interest. They are surf-washed, and the flowering plants and grasses found on them are hardy perennials little affected by the wash and spray of the sea. Many of them are interesting to the student of botany in so far as they have shown their adaptability to develop characteristics which fit them for their particular kind of development. Among these may be men- tioned Huphrasia maritima, matricaria maritima, Plantago marituma, &e. The group is included within latitude 58°46' and 59°22' north and longitude 2°22 to 3°25’ west. Of all the islands, the most interesting is Hoy, with its sheltered valleys, rocky X1V FLORA ORCADENSIS. recesses, gullies, and corries, and its Meadow of the Kame, forming a well-sheltered area with interesting gorges leading to the higher grounds. The most noteworthy hill is the Ward, Hoy, rising to 1565 feet, with its hammars—exposed rocky ledges—about half-way up, or probably a little less. The hills and sheltered valleys in Walls are also botanically inter- esting. It is in these two localities, forming one island, that most of our alpine plants are found. The next highest hills are in Orphir and Rousay— the Ward of the former rises to 881 feet, and Blotchnie of the latter to 821 feet. When considering the altitude at which a par- ticular plant is likely to be found, latitude also has to be taken into account. For instance, I find that Thalictrum alprna grows in several places in Orkney within 100 feet above sea-level—near Hobbister, Stenness ; Scockness, Rousay ; and elsewhere. I have found Draba wncana at the Hammars of Syradale, Firth, not more than 400 feet above sea-level ; and again on Blotchnie, 800 feet high. Silene acawlis grows at the Hammars of Ward Hill, Hoy, 600 feet high ; and on Skea Hill, Westray, only 250 feet high. Then Carex rigida grows near the top of Ward Hill, Hoy; but I found one plant on Kirbuster Hill, Birsay, 335 feet high. If we compare these with the limiting altitudes given in Dr Whyte’s “Flora of Perthshire,’ we find that Thalictrum alpina has its lowest limit of 950 feet in Atholl. Draba wecana has a limit of 1000 feet in Atholl; and Silene acaulis has its lowest limit of 1200 feet in Breadalbane. The middle of Perth lies in latitude TOPOGRAPHY. XV 56°30’, and Orkney in 59°, a difference of 2}°. Whilst some plants show a wider range than others, we are within the mark when we take it that there is a difference of 600 feet in range above sea-level between the same plants in Perth and Orkney, or 240 feet for every degree. As our winter temperature is higher than that of Perth, and our sunshine little less, the difference in range of plants is solely due to the difference in summer temperature. The following statement shows this difference in temperature for four months :— Perth. Deerness, Orkney. January .......... Si Ot fc shes wens 39°0 Weta eeeerey eemeee Be a Bete eck: 42°4 San meee eee Soli 2 enuloa 54°2 September....... Basay |p a seeees 51°5 The comparison of temperatures shows that Orkney is nearly 2° milder in winter and 43° colder in midsummer than Perth. This summer temperature is the factor which determines the creat difference in the altitude at which the same plant is found in different localities. The mean annual rainfall for Orkney is 36°65 inches, and for the city of Perth, 32:04; but for Ochtertyre, Perth- shire, it is 41°42. The mean annual hours of sunshine for Orkney are 1185, and for Aberdeen and Fort Aucustus—the nearest available sunshine stations to Perth—respectively 1401 and 907. The statement below gives the monthly and annual means for temperature, sunshine, and rain- fall for Orkney :— XVi FLORA ORCADENSIS. Mean Hours Mean Temperature. Sunshine. Mean Rainfall. 1871-1905. 1880-1907. 1841-1907. JANDA Ess cce. (aw). A} tev nee ZONE) > ak ome 3°72 February...... to it a ee DD'S. Seas 3°05 Marchi virus: SS 6 Erne 101:b* cee 2°82 ATI ree escieet LG Rae ate 93 154" eee 1°99 IMG tas cone AGAR “Ryka LiSb. 25 1°81 JUDE fie oroeoes i es ee eh ee 1603 ee 1:97 GUOLYs eves tans DAA? post Bere 141°3> eee OT 2X1 Fey 615) Cane Shee ODEO) ii sepa 121°8- * sure 301 September...) 01 "v2.0, 105°8'" “Sie 3°09 October ........ 7A TR 18! eee 4°43 November..... Ce AEP naan: 20°) scan 3°97 December ..... SF Pane: 20°S') ene 4°21 Mean... 45°4 Total... 1184°5 Total... 36°65 These statistics do not help us much, as_ the variations in temperature, rainfall, and sunshine in different altitudes in Perthshire itself is as great as between the north and south of Scotland. Neither in Orkney nor in Perth do plants in normal seasons suffer from drought. The rainfall is well distributed in both. April, May, and June are the driest months in Orkney, but even during that period there is no lack of moisture. Sunshine is, after water, temper- ature, and soil, the most important factor in plant life. Very few county floras have been written for the north of Scotland. This is why we have chosen the “Flora of Perthshire” as a model with which to make comparisons. It was edited by Professor James Trail, F.R.S., F.L.S., of Aberdeen, whose well- known abilities and position are a guarantee of the thoroughness and reliability of the work. NATURAL SELECTION. XVil NATURAL SELECTION. The flora of a scattered group of islands is more interesting than that of a compact area of the same size. Comparative isolation reduces the risk of cross- fertilisation, and tends to give each species more scope to develop new characters in keeping with its environment. No part of botany is more interesting than the manner in which plants adapt themselves to their environment. One result which comes out with sufficient clearness from recent investigation is the great amount of variability there is in plants. Under moist conditions, a plant tends to develop hairiness, which protects the stomata from the entrance of water, thereby enabling the plant to thrive better than those not so protected. When this additional structure has developed, the plant is better able to surmount this peculiarity of climate. This characteristic developes healthier plants, which are consequently selected by Nature to an abundant erowth. This is natural selection. Darwin says :— “As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive, and as consequently there is a frequent, recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary, however slightly, in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and varying conditions of life will have a_ better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form. This preservation of favourable individual XVI FLORA ORCADENSIS. differences and variations, and the destruction of those which are injurious, I have called ‘ Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest. ” Now if we take Jasione montana, or sheep’s-bit, as we find it in Eday, North Ronaldshay, and Fair Isle, we shall see that Natural Selection is fitting it to develop, in time, a new variety. Here are three islands so remote from one another that if some characteristic, such as inereased hairiness, were developed in one island it would diffuse its properties among the individual plants of that island; but no communication with the other islands, either by wind, waves, or insects 1s possible, owing to the swift currents intervening. We find, as indicated in the plant list under this particular plant, two peculi- arities that through time will no doubt develop into varieties. Then there is Primula scotica, isolated into little patches here and there throughout the Orkneys. One day, while wandering through St. Andrews, I found a specimen which differed so much from others of its kindred that I hardly knew it. Growing on a small brae composed of nothing but black, soft peat, it had unusually developed flower- stalks, elongated petioles, and narrow leaves. The difference from the type I at once set down to its peaty habitat. Some time after, in the same neigh- bourhood, I found some Promula in a stiff clay, bearine the same characteristics. This no doubt revealed a transition stage, owmeg to environment. It had travelled one stage on its way to a new variety of plant. One interesting feature of plant life is noticeable in North Ronaldshay. This island NATURAL SELECTION. | X1x is flat and raised very little above sea-level. Near the lighthouse on the north end is a bit of natural heath on which are found a few plants, which were doubtless more abundant before the extensive culti- vation of pasture-land. Some of these were difficult to naine off-hand, as they presented unnatural appear- ances. St. John’s wort—Hypericum pulchrum—was so prostrated by exposure to high winds that at first it looked like a new variety. Then Potentilla tor- mentilla had the same appearance, being flattened to the earth as if it were a creeping plant. This was more prominent there than elsewhere ; but through- out the islands the evidence of strong prevailing winds is clearly visible. On all the hills, especially on the west and north-west sides, the heather is prostrated in the direction of the prevailing winds. There are two temperature problems which are ready to upset the calculations of a botanist. Our winter climate is milder than that of any other county in Scotland, and our summer is colder than any other—Shetland excepted, whose flora our owr very much resembles. Veronica decussata, an ever- ereen, grows well when sheltered from high winds. The winter of 1911 was mild and free from the high winds of former years. Two plants which had grown into bushes of over four feet in my garden produced one year many perfect flowers in January. The following year they were again in a well- advanced state when a continuance of gales tor about four days blasted the buds ready to. burst. Fuchsia Magellanica flowers well in Orkney, and in July is covered with its red and purple bell- xx FLORA ORCADENSIS. flowers. These bushes are often used for hedges and sides of walks. One of our prettiest wild-flowers is fox-glove, Digitalis purpwrea, which grows well in ditches and under the shelter of earthen dykes. It crows best, however, where there is rank vegetation surrounding it. These old withered grasses and flower-stalks seem to protect its roots and _ buds, especially in early spring ; when exposed it dies. The most interesting features of a district to a field-botanist, especially in an exposed, treeless county like Orkney, are its corries and burns, in which shelter is provided for some of the rarer plants. There are many such shelter spots in Hoy and Walls; a few are found, too, on the Mainland. One of the most interesting walks, from a botanical point of view, can be had by following the bed of the Burn of Syradale between Firth and Harray. A few fine rose bushes grow near the lower end of the burn at the foot of the steep declivity. Farther up on its rocky ledges grow plants of Draba incana ; while on crossing the peaty hill towards Redland there is abundance of Scirpus pauciflora. Then, on descend- ing the other side, are some ferns—Lastrea wmula —and large specimens of Lastrea dilatata. In the same locality is to be found that graceful and beautiful plant, Cirecea alpinu. The Meadow of the Kame, with its connecting gulhes leading to the hills outside, is the home of the filmy fern and of the rare Suxifraga stellurs. The Burn of Berriedale, with its tributaries, especially those on the west, gives shelter to an interesting group, where on the scree; in the widened bed of the stream, there is NATURAL SELECTION. XxXi a varied and luxuriant growth of valarian, tall grasses, and small trees, eg., the rowan tree, black birch, and poplar. In the East Mainland there are no deep gorges to form homes for ferns and rare plants. In the neighbourhood of Greemeshall and St. Mary’s are two miniature lochs where a few interesting speci- mens are to be found. Scirpus tabernemontani, in Gremeshall Loch ; Stwm angustifoliwm, in the burn leading to St. Mary’s Loch; and Potamogeton pus- silus, in the same loch, are a few of the rarer plants. Then in a bogey meadow below Ocilster, in Holm, called the Trout-bog, evrows the rare plant, Lemna minor, tloating in still pools without roots of any kind to hold it 7m situ. One of the most interesting peat bogs is that of the White Moss, St. Andrews, where Drosera rotundifolia and D. anglica grow in great abundance. The Orkney flora would be mono- tonous and common-place if it were not for the sea with its crags and sandy beaches, its sand dunes and salt marshes, its muddy bays and burn mouths. Then large inland sheets of water, like Lochs Sten- ness and Harray, have plant associations peculiar to each. Large stretches of sandy pasture-land, known as links, have many plants not met with elsewhere, such as Carex imecurva, Carex arenaria, Senecio jacobea, and Thalictrum minus, var. dunense. To one whose daily work confines him inside the four walls of a room, or amid the noise and bustle of a town, the privilege of spending a few hours every week with Nature is one of the most exhilarating out-door pleasures one can enjoy. The blue sky above, the green turf beneath, the charm XX1l FLORA ORCADENSIS. of listening to the choirs untrained and natural, and the sweet perfume of the fragrant flowers, are delights which tor the time being please the senses and charm the mind. When one is in sweet con- verse with Nature, one desires to be alone, free from the distractions of every-day life and work, and one’s whole being concentrated on the activities which the display of flowers and the songs of birds call forth. One’s whole soul likes then to dwell apart and ponder over the mysteries of Nature. Here is a flower which one did not expect to find in this locality. Why is it here? Is it developing any new characteristics not found in the type as a result of growth in a new environment? Here comes the busy bees. What are them favourite flowers to-day? How busy they are! Moths, too, are busy in the twilight. Do they, as scientists tell us, gather honey only from the fragrant flowers ? And is it true that most of the flowers they frequent are colourless ? They are attracted, it is said, by the perfume, and need no colour to please the eye —the white campion, the yellow-whitish primrose and the grass of Parnassus are more prized by them than the highly-coloured red campion, the heather bell, and the purple clover. Nature’s diverse workers never rest—the bees by day and the moths by night, the former fascinated by gay colours, the latter by sweet perfume. Then the black-headed gull comes forth for his supper, well knowing that the moth which he relishes is on the hunt for honey. Nature is the great theatre in which, guided by instinct, bird, beast, and insect play their part. Birds, EXCURSIONS. XX1ll impelled by hunger, wage incessant war on the insect world; insects draw their sustenance mostly from plants; all the phases of animal life are mutually interdependent. EXCURSIONS. No doubt all botanists who ever shouldered a vas- culum can recall many pleasant walks in the fields and many delightful incidents, which still fire the imagination—new flowers added to the herbarium, a long-looked-for friend found, or a curious abnormity discovered. Probably one of the greatest pleasures is to get into a well-sheltered crannie with an abundance of ferns. Plants and grasses hide among the ferns ; smaller and more delicate ferns among the more robust, and behind all tender flowerets almost afraid to open their eyes on the blaze of the blighting sun. I shall make my meaning more real if I describe one or two pleasant botanical trips. One of these I have reason to remember on account of the fatigue of the long walk, as I had only recently recovered from a severe attack of influenza. An excursion to Rousay by steamer was advertised. Pyrola rotwndi- folia was the object of attraction, which hitherto I had sought in vain. I passed up the burn near Trumland House (then the residence of the late General Burroughs), on the grounds of which several interesting plants are to be seen. Out on the peat moor in the valley I encountered a pair of long- eared owls which were seized with paroxysms of distress, or, more probably, ill-temper, at unwonted XXIV FLORA ORCADENSIS. intrusion. Their actions guided me to a pair of young ones, which were so far advanced as to be able to fly short distances. After essaying what was no doubt their first flight, I handled them to see what the parents would do. To my disappoint- ment both winged their flight to a short distance to view the proceedings. When the young were again set free the parents resumed their wonted fortitude. My sole guide to the whereabouts of this plant was that reference to it in Tudor’s “The Orkneys and Shetland,” in which he speaks of it as growing “near the Goukheads, where the Sourin Burn flows from the Muckle Water.” While climbing the inter- vening hill, I found for the first time Alchemilla vulgaris, var. filicawlis ; and on the top of the hill vaccantium myrtillus, var. microphylla, previously reported from Shetland by Mr Beeby, a gentleman who had made a special botanical study of the plants of Shetland. On descending the hill on the other side, I found near the hags a glorious display of scores of Pyrola rotundifolia in full flower. The dark-brown heather served as a back-ground for the lovely waxen pink and white blossoms, which grew in slightly waving racemes so far apart as to enhance the beauty of the scene. Eager to touch yet loth to destroy, I lay down amid the heather and admired the picture. It is, I think, without exaggeration, the prettiest flower in Orkney. From there I rounded the Muckle Water and climbed the Ward Hill; but before Trumbland Pier was reached aching limbs reminded me that the task had been overdone. The good luck which EXCURSIONS. XXV crowned my efforts, combined with the genial sun- shine and bracing air of that memorable occasion, is representative of many other pleasant outings of this kind. There is another side to the shield. One illustration will suffice. I left Kirkwall one morning by the Stromness coach for Bigswell Hill, Stenness. The weather forecasts of that morning were falsified. Proceeding by way of the hills near Hobbister, Sten- ness, I took a bee-line for the Bigswell Hills, and on the way thither saw nothing of note. To my utter disappointment, no sooner had I commenced the ascent of the hill than rain began to fall. Hoping it might pass off, I took shelter in a quarry with fairly precipitous sides. A water-proof on one’s arm climbing a hill is an insupportable burden with which I rarely encumbered myself. I remained here for about an hour without any other sign of change than that the heavy rain had become moditied to a persistent drizzle. As there was no hope of turther improvement, I made for Finstown, to wait for the coach on its return. On my way I got Lycopodiwm alpinum, which I had seen only once before ; and down in the valley between Bigswell Hill and Ger- miston, in old peat-banks, I tound Carex muricata for the first time. Only once again did I meet with it. Then amid the old quarries on the hill of Heddle I got Agrostis vulgaris, var. pumila; so my disappointment was not so keen as the earlier day predicted. A botanist in Orkney can rely on being treated with kindness and consideration by the inhabitants. The right to pass through any field or to explore even ¢ XXV1 FLORA ORCADENSIS. the kailyard of a homestead in pursuit of his hobby is seldom or never questioned. His presence in the less accessible parts of the islands, seldom visited by strangers, does give rise to much speculation at times as to his object in wandering about in an aimless fashion, but he is not interfered with. Though the hobby does not bring one into close touch with the people, it affords opportunities of meeting many quaint characters in the more remote glens and townships. On one occasion Dr Flett and I, after climbing the north side of the Ward, descended into the valley of Rackwick, on the south side of the hill, when a man approached us to enquire whether we were looking for sheep to buy. We answered in the negative. “Then you are excise-men, he said. The sudden change of expression and the inquisitive look told us plainly that he suspected us of belonging to that once disliked class. “Can you give us a bit of tobacco?” he next asked, with a rather suspicious look, as much as to say, “There is no smuggled tobacco in my possession, and you need not look for any.” On another occasion, when visiting a farmer in Harray, | said to his wife, “This burn looks pro- mising. JI mean to search its banks for a short distance.” She said, “Do you gather flo’ors?” “Yes, I am deeply interested in that subject.” “Are you 4 In Harray we think nobody gathers floors but bairns and fules,’ she said. On another occasion a worldly-wise old farmer said to me, “I see you're gathering flo’ors like school-girls.” “Yes,” I said, EXCURSIONS. XXVli “God made the flowers for me and school-girls to admire, and through them to admire the super- abundant beauties of Nature. Some people seem to think God made nothing but shillings and pence.” He was a man who kept the purse-strings pretty tight, and had little pleasure in anything beyond his savings. On one of my earliest botanical excursions to Hoy, a friend and I went to Rackwick. The teacher there at that time was a young lady from Aberdeenshire. Having met her previously at the house of a mutual friend, we called. After chatting for a short time, she put the kettle on the fire, and said she would be absent for a few minutes, as she had to call on a neighbour. When she returned we were asked to guess her message. She told us. On the previous day, the unfortunate crofter had broken the family teapot, and as the grocer’s shop was about four miles distant, she had borrowed that of our lady friend, who was in the plight of not being able to make tea for us till she got back her only teapot. The botanist returns from his excursions at times flushed with success, bringing back with him new specimens, knowledge of new localities, new varieties, and new friendships formed. But there are other times when it is difficult for him to conceal his bitter disappointment. A plant has been reported from some locality not previously heard of. One is eager to procure specimens, and on the first oppor- tunity sets off in search, only to find that the plant does not grow there—a mistake has been made by XXXVI111 FLORA ORCADENSIS. person can read his biography without seeing a man keen, observant, and possessed of a power of graphic description. In him we have a man with wonderful insight into the problems which he set himself to solve. Nothing of interest escaped his observation. His thorough botanical knowledge enabled him to gather plants from many almost inaccessible places seldom visited. Did he not visit the little island of Calf of Flotta to ascertain if Oxulis acetosella grew there? Hoy, with its treasures, was a fruitful hunt- ing ground for him. Finally, this man with such possibilities was stranded in Birsay, with, no doubt, a comfortable living, but amid work somewhat uncon- genial. Witchcraft and superstition of the vilest type turned the sessions, of what should have been edifying intercourse, into police courts and criminal repertories which must have been hateful to a man of genius and nobility ; and then, to crown all, the nemesis of blind- ness pursued this man, from whose mind had flowed forth ight and guidance amid the surrounding gloom ; and, finally, he was overwhelmed in utter darkness, but his mind, full of resources, sought interludes of relief in music, which somewhat solaced his last years. He died in his 49th year, full of disappointment from unfulfilled hopes. | RoBerRtT HEDDLE. Robert Heddle was not only a botanist but an ornithologist of no mean order. He was joint-author of a “Natural History of Orkney,” part i., with W. By» Baikie, M.D.;. of Kirkwall. It. 1s rather %@aie cult to arrive at the true estimate of a life’s work BIOGRAPHICAL. XXX1xX done partly in this country and partly in Canada. He was uncle to the late John George Moodie- Heddle of Cletts, South Ronaldshay, who died a few years ago, and brother to Professor Mathew Forster Heddle, M.D., author of the “ Mineralogy of Scotland,” and Professor of Chemistry, St. Andrews University, both being sons of Robert Heddle of Melsetter and Hoy. He was, we believe, educated at the Edinburgh Academy, and studied for some time at Edinburgh University. One can readily understand how he spent the summer vacations in Walls and Hoy with the object of extending his knowledge of birds and plants. No one need wonder that these tastes were acquired early, when one has visited these lonely retreats so remote from the disturbing presence of man. Here one finds lochs dammed up amid the hills, fit homes for the shyer members of bird life. The moors are more extensive and the hills more numerous than one can realise from a passing view. The hills from the Melsetter side seem to rise in steps behind one another, and their bases interlace like some cunning network. Burns of all sizes—the homes of rare flowers——-wind through the deep valleys to the sea. It is true that one’s early environment often gives a youth’s mind a bent which is pursued through life. What other pursuit could a lad, sensitive to the impress and charm of nature, dream of than to become a lover of flowers and birds; whilst his dis- tinguished brother became one of the best authorities on geology and mineralogy. These were surely fitting spheres of labour for youths trained in the school of beetling cliffs and deep ravines, variegated meadows - XXX FLORA ORCADENSIS. Ronaldshay, and Papa Westray. This is a field where a considerable amount of botanising remains to be done. The lochs on the Mainland are better supplied with boats, but even here a careful scrutiny would probably result in the discovery of a few new species. In a county consisting of so many scattered islands, the writing of a fairly accurate and com- prehensive flora could hardly be .the independent work of one man. It is difficult at this time of day to ascertain who were the first field botanists in the county. There must have been some students of Nature before Dr Wallace and the Rev. George Low, but if such there were, their findings were no doubt utilised by these men who have left us a record of their botanical work. Sueceeding these we have Mr Robert Heddle, Dr Duguid, and Dr Boswell, who were assisted in their work by other lovers of the science, the best known of whom are Dr Charles Clouston, of Sandwick, and Mr Robson, schoolmaster, Birsay. In writing short, sketchy biographies of the men who were the pioneers in the study of systematic botany in this county, and who are no longer with us, I feel that I am_ per- forming only a very pleasant duty in recording their valuable and indispensable labours. It is not easy to estimate the botanical value of Dr Barry’s work, who ineludes in his “ History of Orkney” a list of plants. Mr Patrick Neill and others tell us that Dr Barry’s list of Orkney plants is largely an unacknowledged copy of the Rev. George Low’s work, and this seems very probable, as Dr Barry GENERAL. XXxXi does not in his history show that familiarity with plants which one would expect from the writer of a more or less correct flora of the county. Mr Patrick Neill says :—* While in Orkney in 1804, I had several opportunities of being in company with the late Dr Barry, the laborious author of the ‘History of Orkney.’ I was even favoured with a sight of the MS. of a‘Flora Orcadensis, compiled by the Dr, partly from his own observations and partly (as he informed me) from MSS. left by the late Revd. Geo. Low, the northern assistant of Mr Pennant.” Dr Joseph Anderson, in his introduction to Low’s biography says, p. Ixxiil.:—‘ Mr Low’s ‘Flora Oreadensis’ is stated to have passed into the hands of the Revd. Dr George Barry, minister of Shapinsay, and to have been used by him in his ‘History of Orkney, published in 1800.” Professor Traill says :-—“I recollect the late Dr Barry shewing me a MS. flora, which he informed me was the work of Revd. Geo. Low.” GENERAL. In preparing this hand-book of the Orkney flora, I have not attempted to write a description of each plant. That would have been superfluous, as anyone wishing to gain a familiar knowledge of the flora will find the information in standard botany books issued at a moderate price. My object has been to give as complete a list as possible of the local species and varieties, and of the places where they are to be found. I have, where possible, followed the 10th edition of the “ London Catalogue”; but XXXll FLORA ORCADENSIS. as the description of plants—new varieties at least —are not to be found there, but in inaccessible—to me at least— botanical journals, I could not follow it absolutely. JI have to a greater extent laid the “Manual of British Botany,’ 9th edition, by Professor Babington, under contribution, and followed it more closely than any other work. Sir J. D. Hooker's “ Student’s Flora,” 5rd edition; Bentham and Hooker's “Flora,’ Sth edition; and Edmonston’s Ist and 2nd editions of the “ Flora of Shetland” have been fre- quently referred to. Col. H. H. Johnston, D.Se,, C.B., F.L.S., published a valuable contribution in the “Annals of Natural History of Seotland” in 1895, from which a few species, especially of Hveracia, have been taken, which form an interesting addition. I have given the common names of plants, which have been taken principally from the “ Botanist’s Pocket Book.” 6th edition, by W. R. Hayward, as well as the scientific. The question has often been asked me, “Why do you use scientific names, when common, easily-remembered ones would suit as well ?” Well, the difficulty is with the common names. Many people use the same term for plants which are quite different. Take ‘“gowans,” for example. I have heard people apply the same term to three different plants. Then “smerows” is the name applied by some to Lotus corniculatus, by others to Trifolium repens. My John Spence tells me that in the Hillside, Birsay, it is applied to the latter ; whilst in the neighbouring district of Beaquoy it is used for the former. Common names, owing to their indefinite application, had to be given up. I GENERAL. XXX1ll at one time thought of incorporating in this “ Flora” a list of the sea-weeds known to have been found round the coast of Orkney, and set to work to gather and name specimens. On second thoughts, however, I found that an additional list would be superfluous, as there is a thoroughly reliable book, “The Marine Algz of the Orkney Islands,” on the subject. It is a reprint from the “ Proceedings of the Edinburgh Botanical Society,’ copies of which are now in the market at a moderate price. The author was the late Mr George W. Traill, Joppa, near Edinburgh. Myr Traill, as the name implies, was an Orcadian, being one of the Traills of North Ronaldshay, and a well-known authority on this subject. l'esides this work, he also published “The Algze of the Firth of Forth.” Half-a-dozen years ago it had never entered my mind that I should write a “ Flora” of the county, although I had for nearly two decades previously taken a keen interest in the subject. The keenest botanist I have been associated with before his whole time was taken up with his own work as geologist, was John 8. Flett, D.se, LL.D. F.BS., Chiet of the Geological Survey, Scotland. I once expressed my regret that he had not published a “Flora” of the county before he had received an important appointment in geology. He rephed to say that in the event of my undertaking this work he would call on Mr Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., Croydon, London, one of the greatest living authorities on systematic botany, and ask him to examine any doubttul or rare specimens I cared to send him. I XXX1V FLORA ORCADENSIS. took his advice, with tne result that my herbarium is now fully representative of the flora of the county. I have visited all the larger islands, and as a rule spent a few days in each. F lotta is the largest I have not been able to visit. Mr Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., is deeply interested in the flora of the North of Scotland, and examined the specimens sent him with great care. The notes added to the more variable species testify to this. When help was so accessible, and many eager workers in the field, my only compunction is that the publication of this work has been proceeded with too early. It would certainly have been freer from errors and fuller had the time of preparation been prolonged ; but there is on the other hand this compensation, that my botanical friends in this research work will have a hand-book with which to compare notes. As time goes on additions will be made and errors eradicated, so that finally we shall be enabled to claim for the “Flora” a close approach to accuracy. My only plea for lenient eriticism from fellow-botanists is that the time for this responsible task was snatched from a very busy professional life, and that in my pursuit of botanical knowledge I have had to visit a large number of widely-seattered parishes and islands, which, in the absence of a regular service of any kind, are made more inaccessible than most other. parts of the British Isles. A botanist from the centre of England once put it thus, “You live in a county where, if you desire to reach a place ten or twelve miles distant as the crow flies, you have to take probably two BIOGRAPHICAL. XXXV days to reach it, and even then only when available communication is possible.” These difficulties were ageravated by the fact that my holidays commenced with the time of harvest, which is considered early when it takes place at the beginning of September ; but then an early harvest means an early floral season, so that the compensation was nil. BIOGRAPHICAL. Dr WALLACE. The earliest list extant of Orkney plants was drawn up by James Wallace, M.D., F.R.S., in his “Account of the Orkney Islands,” published in 1700. This was a reprint of the work, with additions, which was written by his father and published in 1693. His father was the Rev. James Wallace, minister of the Cathedral Church, Kirkwall, who died of fever in 1688 at the early age of fifty years. Dr Wallace prefaces his list with these notes :—* I did not find this country so well stored with plants as I expected. I found none of the Malva kind, nor several other plants that I thought might have agreed well enough with tuis country ; but such as I did find, | thought an account of them might not be unacceptable, though I ani far from pretending this to be so very exact as it should have heen ; these being the names of those only I have by me.” The list of plants did not appear in the Ist, the father’s, edition. In Dr Wallace’s edition of) 1700, the list occupies a prominent place in chapter 1. From the introductory remarks quoted above, it is XXXV1 FLORA ORCADENSIS. more than likely that Dr Wallace was the botanist having a herbarium of Orkney plants beside him. He mentions the order of Malvacee as having no _representative in the county. This is still almost true. I never saw one growing in the open country ; but about a month ago some pupils brought very fine specimens of Malva moschata from a grass field on the farm of Greentofts. They had come with seeds, no doubt, and the lovely summer enabled them to develop and flower beautifully. This is an exceedingly interesting list, containing some 260 species, at so early a date. Subsequent botanists must have had their work greatly simplified by having so complete a “Flora” to work from. = pH EF ssosuig y koury 40| e207 pao nn ‘Tomyry uaysniqny eauedg Pay Th Prageony. b ( ® AOE “SB ApLONoT Ey} : ‘ - emNNOUT a ae ‘suf yoTmso ‘away’ ART OLAS ods SUNY IST! AAN STUO “0 < ; ms a vn Meng or pH4Aqsuvou a ae Saar ea ah yy SALLY > £ ” Puppia doit Z.% Ry pir youd 4 TOIL Pe et Ry); , OF : PRUOME DS, aoe | 1 : Ww? seagr sult Pp, TMM CR gil SSN AOL, “p Avsusdo) dD, uryoy % - HUM i " a 5 x Bait Uy ns -4 pain! pradiiey =) P a : Ponds’: it 8 ad * ter fl we eel Fae ARN ih pale poe sd ~ re, > ai | , FLORA. ORCADENSIS. Crass 1.—DICOTYLEDONES. ORDER I.—RANUNCULACEZ. Genus ].—THALICTRUM. 1. T. ALPINUM (Linn.), Alpine Meadow Rue. This plant is local, but not uncommon, on several hills. It is found on the hills of Hoy, Orphir, Stenness, Evie, and Rousay. It is found occasionally at less than 100 feet above sea level. 2. T. DUNENSE (Dum.), Lesser Meadow Rue. This is one of our rare plants. It is found on Links, Hoxa; Links, Melsetter (Dr Boswell); at Dingeshowe (R. Heddle) ; Newark, Deerness (M. Spence) ; Links, Warsetter, Sanday (Messrs Scarth and Spence, 1909). B 2 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus II].—RANUNCULUS. 3. R. HETEROPHYLLUS. (Fries), Water Butteremp. Quarry near Truinbland, Rousay (July 1907, M. Spence) ; Loch of Burness, Westray (July 1853, Col. H. H. Johnston, C.R.) No doubt in other localities, 4, R. Baupotit (Godr.), Waler Buttercup. Lochs of Brue, Lady, Sanday; and Burness, Westray (July 1883, Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B ); Copinshay ; Loch Bay and Millburn, Sanday ; bo, Mirkaday (Sept. 1909, M. Spence). 5. R. TRICHOPHYLLUS (Chaix), Wuler Buttercup. R. Godronw (Gren.) is a variety with floating leaves. Quarry, Greentofts, Deerness ; Loch of Burness, Westray ; Lynnside, St. Ola (1874, Dr bortescue). This plant is fairly common, and is to be found ia several localities in addition to the above. (ean hy Mr Ar. Bennett.) 6. R. DRovETU (Schultz), Water Bulle: cw). Dr J. T. Boswell, who says it is probalbiy more common than the last, reports this plant fiom Swan- bister. I have not a specimen. nor have | seen it growing. Loch of Aikerness (Dr Fortescue, 16 52). 7. R. HEDERACEUS (Linn.), Lvy-leaved Butlercup. Rare. Quendale, Rousay (R. Heddle); Papa Westray, in three localities (Messrs Scarth and Spence, 5. 1909). The only locality where I met with this, 1a addition to above, was in Fair Isle, in July 1894. DICOTYLEDONES. 3 8. R. FLAMMULA (Linn.), Lesser Spearwort. Common. f. pseudo reptans is a variety with arched inter- nodes and rooting joints, which differs considerably from sub-species R. reptans, which has not been found in Orkney. This, I understand, is the desig- nation given to this plant by Dr Boswell. 9. R. SCELERATUS (Linn.), Celery-leaved Buttercup. Very rare. This rare plant was found by Dr Grant, Strom- ness, on the farm of Garson, near Stromness, in 1900: he again visited the place on 31st August 1906, and sent me a specimen. This is the only known locality. 10. R. acris (Linn.), Upright Buttercup. Common. (a) STEVENI (Andrz.) Fairly common. (b) vuULGaATUS (Jord.) Fairly common. (a) Was reported by Prof. J. Trail in “An. of Scot. Nat. Hist.,” July 1908. 11. R. REPENS (Linn.), Creeping Buttercup. Common. 12. R. BuLBosus (Linn.), Bulbows Buttercup. Not common. Sandy links (Dr Duguid); Melsetter (R. Heddle) ; sandy links, Deerness, St. Andrews, and Hoy (M. Spence). 13. R. FicaRta (Linn.), Lesser Celadine. Common. Var. divergens. This variety is the more general 4, FLORA ORCADENISS. form in Deerness, but I am not sure whether this holds throughout Orkney or not. Genus LIII.—CALTHA. 14. C. paLustris(Linn.), Marsh Marigold. Common. I have not found any of the varieties of this plant in Orkney. OrpeR I].—PAPAVERACE. Genus IV.—PAPAVER (Linn.) 15. P. pupiuM (Linn.), Poppy. Not common. Evie (Dr Duguid), sandy cornfields, Kierfiold, Sandwick; and Deerness (M. Spence)—a very local weed of cultivation. 16. P. Ruazas (Linn.), Poppy. This is given in R. Heddle’s list as found at Westness, Rousay. Probably only where introduced. I have a poppy from a sandy field on the farm of Holland, North Ronaldshay, which resembles this. I have a specimen gathered by Dr Flett in Fife. The North Ronaldshay plant is nearer it than duwbiwm, but agrees in details with neither. Orper III.—-FUMARIACE. Genus V.—FUMARIA (Linn.), Yumitory. 17. F. cAPREOLATA (Linn.) Common. 18. F. PURPUREA (Pugsley), Fumitory. This plant is reported by Prof. Trail in the July DICCTYLEDONES. 5 No. of “Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist.” for 1908, per Mr Ar. Bennett. 19. F. Borat (Jord.), Fuwmitory. Common. 20. BF. OFFICINALIS (Linn.), Common Fumitory. Common. OrDrerR IV.—CRUCIFERZ. Genus VI.—NASTURTIUM. 21. N. OFFICINALE (Groves), Water-Cress. Several places ; local, but not rare. 22. N. PALUSTRE (Moench), Water-Cress. This is a very rare plant, and has been found only in Loch Ancum, North Ronaldshay. I gathered it in Sept. 1908, when it was in fair abundance in west end of the loch. It had not been found previously farther north than Perth and Argyle. (See “ Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist.,” No. 69, p. 53.) Genus VIL.--SISYMBRIUM (Linn). 23. S. THALIANUM (Gay), Hedge-Mustard. Rare. I found this on a wall top off King Street, Kirk- wall, June 1895, and on the garden wall, Hoy Manse. 24. §. OFFICINALE (Scop.) Rare. Chureh of Hoy (Dr Duguid and R. Heddle), Swanbister; but probably introdueed (Dr Boswell). Genus VIIL—CARDAMINE (Linn.) 25. C. PRATENSIS (Linn.), Cuckoo-flower, Lady’s- smock, Common. 6 FLORA ORCADENSIS. 26. C. HirsutA (Linn.), Bitter Cress. Local; fairly common. 27. OC. FLEXUOSA (With.), Bitter Cress. Rarer than the last. Redland, Firth, 1901 ; no doubt in other places. Genus IX.—CAKILE 28, C. MARITIMA (Scop.), Sea-rocket. Fairly common in suitable localities on sandy shores. Shores —Evie, Deerness, Scapa, Hoy, Me. Genus X.—RAPHANUS. 29. R. RAPHANISTRUM (Linn.), Radish. Common. Genus XI.—BRASSICA. 30. B. ARVENSIS (Linn.), Charlock, Common. This and the last are known in Orkney as “runshuk.” The latter favours sandy soil, the former clayey. 31. B. RAPA (Linn.) Var. sylvestris (Wats.) Little Sea, Lady, Sanday, naturalised (Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B.) Genus XII.—BARBAREA. 32. B. VULGARIS (Br.), Wanter. cress. I found this behind Seapa Distillery in May 1898, and several on Quoybellock in 1899. Introduced with seeds no doubt. tmenus XIJIL—DRABA. 33. D. veRNA (Linn.), Whitlow-grass. Fairly common. DICOTYLEDONES. 7 34. D. INCANA (Linn.), Twisted Whitlow-qrass. Rather rare. Rousay hills; Syradate; Fitty Hill. The plant from Syradale I take to be the var. contortw (Ehrh.) Stems densely leafy, pouch glabrous. Var. minor (Gray). This p:ant was sent me by Mr Ed. McKay, Westray, and gathered on Fitty Hill in 1910. It was examine! by Mr Ar. Bennett, who named it as above. Genus XIV.—COCHLEARIA. 35. C. OFFICINALIS (Linn.), Sewrvy-grass. Common. 36. C. ALPINA, Alpine Sceurvy-gruss. This was found by Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B., on top of Knucker Hill, Westray, July 1883. It is also recorded in Dr Fortescue’s list, on the authority of Dr Boswell. I found it on the Wart Hill, Rousay. 37. C. GRGENLANDICA (Linn.), NCULUI-Y PUSS, Black Craig and elsewhere along the coast. It grows on tufty headlands. Gathered by Rev. E. 8. Marshall in July 1900; by me several times since. Genus XV.—CAPSELLA. 38. C. BursA-PAsTorIs (Medic.), Shepherd’s Purse. Common. Genus XVI.—THLASPI. 39. T. ARVENSE (Linn.), Penny-cress Rare. Rousay (Dr Duguid), Braebuster, Deernes:, and Greenwall, Holm (M. Spence, 1896); it is fairly 8 FLORA ORCADENSIS. abundant on these farms. Field near Grainbank, Kirkwall (Dr Fortescue, 1911). OrpER V.—VIOLACE. Genus XVII.—VIOLA. 40. V. paLustris (Linn.), Marsh-violet. Fairly common. 41. V. Rivintana (Reich.), Wood-violet. Common. 42, V. TRICOLOR (Linn.), Pansy. Common. 43, V. ARVENSIS (Murr.), Field-pansy. Fairly common, OrpER VI.—DROSERACEZ. Genus XVIII—DROSERA (Linn.), Sundew. 44, D. ROTUNDIFOLIA (Linn.) Fairly common on peaty heaths. 45. D. LONGIFOLIA (Linn.), Long-leaved Sundew. Very doubtful. Dr Gillies reported it about 1820, and Dr Clouston in 1831. 46. D. ANGLICA (Huds.), Great English Sundew. This is fairly common. It is found in the bogs, Hoy ; peat moss, Hillside, Birsay ; and very plenti- fully in White Moss, St. Andrews. WD. longifolia is not found farther north than 62 degs. N. latitude, whilst wrglica extends as far north as the White Sea. Longifolia is found in Caithness. DICOTYLEDONES. 9 OrDER VII—POLYGALACE. Genus XIX.—POLYGALA. 47. P. VULGARIS (Linn.), A/ilkwort. Common. 48. P. OXYTERA (Reich.), Milkwort. Fairly Common. I have specimens which I believe to be this. Mr Ar. Bennet informs me that he has a specimen of it from Orkney, gathered in Rousay by Miss Webb, July 1896. 49. P. DEPRESSA (Wend.), Milkwort. This was a plant gathered in Deerness and Hoy, and sent to Mr Ar. Bennett, who so named it. This is given by Sir J. D. Hooker as a sub-species of P. vulgaris ; but as a separate species, P. serpyllacea (Weihe), by Prof. Babington. OrpderR VIIL—CAROPHYLLACEZ. Genus XX.---SILENE (Linn.), Sea-campion. 50. S. MARITIMA (With.) Common on the sea- shore. 51. 8. AcauLIS (Linn.), Moss-campion. Considerable quantities are growing on the scree of the rccky ledges of Hoy Hills, and on *kea Hill, near Fitty Hill, Westray. 52. 8. cUCcUBALUS (Wibel), Bladder-campion. Found on jarm of Keigar, Deerness, in 1904; introduced with seeds. 10 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus XXI.—LYCHNIS (Linn.) 53. L. ALBA (Mill.), White Campion. This plant is reported in Dr Forescue’s list as probibly introduced ; but in 1899 I found it on the cliffs near Mull Head, and the year previous on the clitfs below Cutpool, Deerness, where I had some difficulty in securing it. It is native in both places. It is also growing in a ditch below U.F. Manse, Evie, where it is probably an escape. I found it on Stove, Sanday, Sept. 1909; and on Bu, Burray, Aug. 1911. 54. L ptoica (Linn.), Red Campion. Common. This flower favours sandy links and sandstone cliffs. 55. L. Fros-cucutt (Linn.), Ragged Robin. (‘ommon. 56. L. GirHago (Scop.), Corn-cockle. This is probably introduced. For two years it grew in great profusion among rye on Newark, Deerness, but disappeared when rye was no longer cultivated. Reported from South Ronaldshay, Sanday, &e. Genus XXIJ.—CERASTIUM (Linn.) 57. C. TETRANDRUM (Curt.), Mouwse-ear Chickweed. Common. 58. C. SEMIDECANDRUM (Linn.), Little Mowse-ear Chickweed. Rare. | Reported by Dr MeNab, which Prof. Trail con- {irmed in loss. Spccimcn sent me by Dr Grant from Cava, South Isles, in 1912. DICOTYLEDONES. 11 59. C. viscosum (Linn.), Mowse-ear Chickweed. Common. 60. C. TRIVIALE (Link), Mouwse-ear Chichweed. Common. I sent a rather peculiar cerastium to Mr Ar. Bennett, who said it had the habit of a stellaviu, and was an abnormal form, and suggested it should be entered as f. of triviale. Genus XXIII.—_STELLARIA. 61. S. MepIA (Vill.), Common Chickweed. Common. 62. S. APETALA (Ucria), Chickweed. Below Newhall, Deerness. This plant has three stamens. 63. S. UMBROSA (Opiz), Chickweed. Fairly common in Deerness. This plant is known by its acutely tubercled seeds. 64. S. GRAMINEA (Linn.), Lesser Stitehwort. Rather scarce. 65. 5. ULIGINOSA (Murr.), Bog Stitehwort. Common. Genus XXIV.—ARENARIA (Linn.) 66. A. SERPYLLIFOLIA (Linn.), Thyme-leaved Sand- wort. Common. Genus XAXV.—HUONKENES A (Ehrh.) 67. H. PEPLOIDES (Ehrh.), Seu-purslune, Common. 12 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus XXVI.—SAGINA (Linn.), Pearlwort. 68. S. MARITIMA (Don.), Sea-pearlwort. Fairly common on seashore, Swanbister (Dr Fort- escue); below E.C. Manse, Deerness ; and elsewhere. There is a much larger variety growing in Papa Westray. Var. debilis (Jord.) was sent me from Stromness Harbour by Dr Grant. 69. S. PROCUMBENS (Linn.), Creeping Pearlwort. Common. Var. spinosa (Gibs.) This interesting var. was found by Dr Grant near Stromness. 70. S. NoDosa (Fenzl.), Anotted Pearlwort. Loeal, not common. Var. S. glandulosa (Bess) The variety is the more common form. Genus XXVITI.—SPERGULA. 71. S. ARVENSIS (Linn.), Spurvrvey. Not common. 72. S. sativa (Boenn.), Spurvey. This form is much more common than the last. Genus XXVIII -—SPERGULARIA (Presl.) 73. S. RUBRA (Pers.), Seasude Npurrey. The Ayre, Kirkwall (Dr Duguid); Stromness (Dr Grant, in Oct. 1898); Sanday (Dr Fortescue). 74. S. SALINA (Presl.), Seaside Spurrey. Var. neglecta (Syme). Fairly common on muddy, vravelly shores. The var. is the more common form, DICOTYLEDONES. 13 Swanbister (Dr Boswell); Sandside, Eday, (Sept. 1908, M. Spence). 75. 8. MARINA (Wahl.), Sand Spurrey. Not common. Shore near Gremeshall, July 1910; Tankerness, Braebuster, Deerness ; and elsewhere ; Wauk Mill Bay and Hoy (Dr Boswell). OrDER [X.—PORTULACE. Genus XXIX.—CLAYTONIA. 76. C. PERFOLIATA (Donn.) This is a naturalised plant from North America. Col. H. Johnston, C.B., reports it from garden of Hall of Tankerness, April 1884. 77. C. stprrica (Linn.) This is a naturalised exotic from North America; now found in plantation, Binsearth, and elsewhere. Genus XXX.—-MONTIA (Linn.) 78. M. Fonrana (Linn.), Water Chickweed. Fairly common. Var. major (All.) In edge of small loch to west of St. Mary’s Village, Holm; Stronsay; Burn of Ore, Walls, Hoy (1884, Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B.) ORDER X.—HYPERICACE. Genus XXXI.—HYPERICUM (Linn.), St. John’s Wort. 79. H. pPULcHRUM (Linn.) Common. 14 FLORA ORCADENSIS. 80. H. ELopDEs (Linn.), March St. John’s Wort. This plant is given by Mr P. Neil, in his tour through the islands, as being found in the valley between the Dwartie Stone and Rackwick, Hoy. No doubt this is a correct record. A gentleman who was secretary to the Natural History Society, Edinburgh, could hardly have mistaken the plant. Some one may yet find specimens. OrpvER XI.—LINACEA. Genus XXXIJ.—LINUM (Linn.) 81. L. catHARTICUM (Linn.), Purging Klax. Fairly common. Var. condensatwm (Lange). I found this on links, Papa Westray, and sent specimen to Mr Ar. Bennett, who decided it was the above variety (Sept. 1909). 82. L. USITATISSIMUM (Linn.), Common Flax. This plant is sometimes found growing on the roadside. It grows well and produces pretty blue flowers. The seeds probably fall from merchant vans. Genus XXXIII.—RADIOLA (Hill.), Plax-seed. 83. R. LINOIDES (Roth.) Fairly common. Deerness, Westray, Hoy, &e. OrbDER XIIL—GERANIACE. Genus XXX1V.—GERANIUM (Linn.), Crane’s Bill. 84. G. SYLVATICUM (Linn.) Pastures about Kirkwall (Dr Duguid and Mr R. Heddle). I have never found it. DICOTYLEDONES. 15 85. G. pusttLuM (Linn.), Smal/-flowered Crane's Bill. Roadside near Noltland Castle, Westray, Sept. 1909. There was a large bunch with seeds ripe and flowers of a beautiful pale pink (Messrs G. W. Searth and M. Spence). 86. G. MOLLE (Linn.), Dove’s Fout Crane’s Bill. This is a common plant on good dry soil. Dr Boswell suggests that it has been introduced ; but it is surely tov common and widespread for this. 87. G. PRATENSE (Linn.), Blue Meadow Crave’s Bill, My specimen was gathered in the yard surround- ing the chureh, Egilshay, by Mrs N. Spence, Kirkwall. C.urous how it vot there. 88. G. DISSKECIUM (Linn.), Doves Foot Cranes Bill, Not so common as 86, but I liave frequently met with it on Crantit, in St. Ola; Deerness (in several places); Orphir, Xe. 89. G. RoBertiANUM (Linn.), //erb jiobert. Rare. Between Loch of Carness and the sea. In plan- tation of Binsearth. Native in former; probably introduced in latter. Genus XXXV.—ERODIUM. YO. E. cicuTariuM (L’Herit.), Stor/’s Bill. A specimen of this was brought to me from a field on the farm of Grecntofts, JJeerness— most probably introduced wi.h seeds. It is a'so giveu in Low’s list. 16 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus XXXVI.—OXALIS (Linn.) 91. O. ACETOSELLA (Linn.), Wood Sorrel. Low found this growing in considerable abund- ance on Calf of Flotta in 1774. It is also found on Ryssa Little. In 1906, Mr Omond, Kirbuster, gathered specimens on the Orphir shore and sent me some. I have specimens too from Dr J. 8. Flett, gathered in April 1893. OrpER XIII.—LEGU MINOS 4. Genus XXXVIL—LUPINUS (Linn.) 92. L. NOOTKATENSIS (Donn.), Blue Lwpons. This plant grows luxuriantly on several open, gravelly heaths, and is spreading slowly but surely. It has the power of extracting nitrogen from the atmosphere, which, becoming fixed in the soil, pro- duces grass on barren soils. Hobbister, Stenness ; Lyking, Voy, and Warth, Sandwick; hill ground to south of Barony, Birsay. It is not native—not even of Great Britain. Genus XXXVIIL—ULEX (Linn.) 93. U. ruROPaUs (Linn.), Gorse. Introduced, local, and found in most parishes. Genus XXXIX.—CYTISUS (Linn.) 94. C. SCOPARIUS (Link), Broom. Scarce. Above U.F. Manse, Stenness ; valley east of Stoney Hill, Harray ; Smoogro, Orphir, and elsewhere—in- troduced. DICOTYLEDONES. Bi? Genus XL.—ANTHYLLIS (Linn.) 95. A.VULNERARIA(Linn.), Kidney Vetch. Common. Var. maritima (Koch). Specimens of this were gathered in Deerness and Firth in 1911. Genus XLI.—MEDICAGO (Linn.) 96. M. LuPpULINA (Linn.), Black Medick. Not infrequent (Dr Boswell). Genus XLII.—TRIFOLIUM (Linn.) 97. T. PRATENSE (Linn.), Purple Clover. Common. Var. sylvestve. Given in Dr Fortscue’s list on authority of Dr T. Boswell. 98. T. MEDIUM (Linn.), Meadow Clover. Common. 99. T. ARVENSE (Linn.), Hare’s Foot Clover. Fairly common in artificial pastures. 100. T. REPENS (Linn.), Dutch Clover. Common. 101. T. PROCUMBENS (Linn.), Hop Clover. Fairly common in artificial pastures. 102. T. DuBIUM (Sibth.), Lesser Yellow Clover. Fairly common; probably introduced, but found on natural pasture. Genus XLIIi.—LOTUS (Linn.) 103. L. CoRNICULATUS (Linn.), Bird’s Foot Trefoil. Common. (a) The common form has long, scattered hairs. (b) In f. glandulosus from North Ronaldshay, many of the hairs are glandular. C 18 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus XLIV.—VICIA (Linn.) 104. V. Cracca (Linn.), Tufted Vetch. Common. 105. V. sepium (Linn.), Bush Vetch. Rather local. Var. montana. ‘This is said to be found in Lyra- dale, Redland. I have not seen it, and do not know on whose authority it is given. 106. V. sytvaTica (Linn.), Wood Vetch. During a school excursion in 1909, we gathered several plants of this in a field of oats on Gritley, Deerness—no doubt introduced. Later in the same year, Mr James Omond, Orphir, sent me _ plants gathered on roof of house in Greenigoe, St. Ola. 107. V. HIRSUTA (Gray), Hairy Tare. Found in tields, probably introduced. 108. V. sativa (Linn.), Common Vetch. Cultivated tields—introduced. Genus XLV.—LATHYRUS (Linn.) 109. L. PRATENSIS (Linn.), Meadow Vetch. Common. Var. ovata (Bab.) is found. 110. L. MARITIMUS (Big.) This plant is given in “Flora Scotica” and in Hooker, 3rd Edit., as growing in Orkney. Var. acutifolia is given for the Shetlands and Orkney. Have never seen it. 111. L. MonTANUS (Bernh.), Harth-nut Pea. Rare. Found in the Burn of Ore, Walls (Dr Boswell and DICOTYLEDONES. 19 R. Heddle). The above plant is better known as orobus tuberosus. Genus XLVI.—MELILOTUS (Hill). 112. M. OFFICINALIS (Lam.), Melzlot. This was found in field of Quoybelloch, Deerness ; and old quarry, St. Ola, near Greenigoe ; introduced in both cases. I find that Dr Flett reported it in 1890. ORDER XIV.—ROSACE/E. Genus XLVII.—SPIRAA (Linn) 113. S. Utmartia (Linn.), Meadow Sweet. Common in Orkney, and known as Yule-girse. Genus XLVIII.—ALCHEMILLA (Linn.) 114. A. ARVENSIS (Scop.), Field Ludy’s Mantle. Fairly common in cultivated fields. 115. A. vuLeaRIs (Linn.), Lady's Mantle. Rather scarce. Var. montana (Willd.) This is a dwarf form with silky leaves and petioles. I found this in July 1907 on Rousay Hill, above Trumbland. Col. H. Johnston reported it in 1876-77 on Midland Hill, Orphir. Var. flicaulis (Buser). Same as above. This is reported in “Journal of Botany” and “Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” 1906. Var. pratensis (Schmidt). “Journal of Botany, p- 111 in 1895; also “Ann. Scot. Hist.,” July 1908. A. vulgaris (Linn.) Some difference of opinion exists in regard’ to the varieties of this plant. 2() FLORA ORCADENSIS.. Rev. E. F. Linton, in a paper on the segregates of A. vulyaris, states that .t. montana, (Willd.) is not British. In that case the variety in Orkney will be A. filicuulis. KH. F. Linton, in “Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” p. 122, 1906, gives d. filicuulis (Buser) as found in Orkney, and it is one of the plants in herbarium ot Dr Boswell. Genus XLIX. —-POTINTILLA (Linn.) 116. P. sttvestris (Neck.), Bark. Common. It is used in Orkney for dyeing nets, and medicin- ally as an astringent. Mr Ar. Bennett said that a variety sent him should be entered as the form known as f. incisa (M. Spence, July 1908). 117. P. ANSERINA (Linn.), Silver Weed. Common. Genus L.—COMARIUM (Linn.) 118. C. PALUSTRE (Linn.), Marsh Cinque-foil. Common. Genus LI.—POTERIUM (Linn.), Burnet. 119, P. SANGUISORBA. Several of these were found in rye-grass of Quoy- bellock, 1904. No doubt sown with clover. Genus LII.—FRAGARIA (Linn.) 120. F. vesca (Linn.), Wood Strawberry. Rare. Trumbland, loch behind Westness, and_ rocks, Rousay (Dr Duguid, Robert Heddle, and Patrick Neil). I have often looked for this plant but never found it. DICOTYLEDONES. 21 Genus LIII—RUBUS (Linn.) 121. R. Fissus (Lindl.), Bramble. Very rare. This is confined to one small spot at the South Burn of Quoys, Hoy. I gathered it in July 1902. 122. R. SAXATILIS (Linn.), Stone Raspberry. Fairly common on rocky banks of streams and lochs. Genus LLIV.—GEUM (Linn.) 123. G. RIVALE (Linn.), Water-avens. Local and rather scarce. 124. G. URBANUM (Linn.), Wood-avens. This grows in the plantation, Binscarth—intro- duced. Have not seen it anywhere else. Genus LV.—DRYAS (Linn.) 125. D. ocropeTaLa (Linn.), Mountain-avens. Very rare. North-west side of Hoy Hill (Dr Duguid and R. Heddle). My specimen was sent me by Dr Grant from Kame, Hoy. Genus LVI.—ROSA (Linn.) 126. R. MOLLIs (Sm.) Wauk Mill Bay (Dr Boswell). Var. cerulea. South Burn of Quoys, Hoy (Dr Boswell). 127. R. TOMENTOSA (Sm.) Not common. My specimen was gathered in valley at foot of Syradale Burn. 22 FLORA ORCADENISS. Var. subglobosa. Redland Burn, Firth (1905, M. Spence). 128. R. canrna (Linn.) Var. duwmalis (Bechst.) Burn of Quoys, Hoy, and Wideford Burn in 1902 (M. Spence) ; Searquoy Burn, Orphir (Dr Boswell). Var. Reuteri. Oyce, Firth (Dr Boswell); Hoy (1875, Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B.) Var. subcristata. Oyce, Firth (1880, Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B.) Var. lutetiwna (Leman). Crags at burn side, Ward Hill, Hoy (18838, Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B.) Genus LVII.—PYRUS (Linn.) 129. P. AucuparRtA (Ehrh.), Rowan Tree. This is confined to a few of the South Isles. It is often met with in the valleys of Hoy and Walls. A bush or two in Calf of Flotta. OrpER XV.—LYTHRACEM. Genus LVIIL—PEPLIS (Linn ) 130. P. Portuta (Linn.), Water Purslane. Local, but met with in several places—above Langskail, St. Andrews; U.F. Church, Orphir ; School- house, Evie; bog, Mirkaday, Deerness. ORDER XVI. ONAGRACE. Genus. LIX.—EPILOBIUM (Linn.) 131. E. ancustiFroLtiuM (Linn.), French Willow, Rare, DICCTYLEDONES. 23 Rysadale, Stenness ; Trumland ; Dwarfie Stone ; Head of Holland. 132. E. PARVIFLORUM (Schreb.), Small-flowered Willow-herb. Scarce. It grows below Upper Braebuster, Deerness, and near Hall of Tankerness (1899). Dr Grant found it same summer near Stromness; Myre, Sanday. 133. E. MONTANUM (Linn.), Willow-herb. Common. 134, E. TETRAGONUM (Curt.), Square-stalked Wail- low-herb. Some doubt has been expressed as to whether this plant grows in Orkney ; but I believe it is to be found in several places in St. Andrews. The leaves differ much from obscurum. Mr Patrick Neil reports it from the Gills of Scapa. 135. E. opscurUM (Schreb.), Willow-herb. Fairly common. Ward Hill, Orphir; St. Andrews—several places. 136. E. PALUSTRE (Linn.), Narrow-headed Willow- herb. Not uncommon. Bog, Mirkaday, Deerness ; Orphir, &e. Var. lineure (Krause). This is a variety sent to Mr Ar. Bennett and named by him. Several crosses have been found among the epilobiums. I got one in peat banks to south of junction of Tankerness and Deerness roads—Palusire x obscurum. 24, FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus LX.—CIRCALA (Linn.) 137. C. aLpina (Linn.), Hnchanter’s Nightshade. Rare. Hoy, Evie, Naversdale. I got fine specimens in Burn of Redland, Firth, in 1905; accidentally mtro- duced at Swanbister. OrpER XVIL—HALORAGACEAL. Genus LXI.—HIPPURIS (Linn.) 138. H. vutearis (Linn.), Mare’s Tal. In several streams—St. Andrews, Evie, Harray, &e. Genus LXIL—MYRIOPHYLLUM (Linn.) 139. M. ALTERNIFLORUM (DC.), Water-mdlfovl. Common. 140. M. spicarum (Linn.), Spiked Water-malforl. Scarce. In several parts of Loch Stenness, and in Loch Bea, Sanday ; bog, Mirkaday, Deerness; specimens gathered in July 1898. Genus LXIII—CALLITRICHE (Linn.) 141. C. VERNALIS (Koch), Water-starwort. Specimens were seen by Mr Bennet, and so named. 142. C.sTAGNALIS(Scop.), Water-starwort. Common. Above School, St. Andrews, &c. 143. C. PoLYMORPHA (Lonnr.), Water-starwort, Bog, Stove, Deerness. DICOTYLEDONES. 25 144. C. InTeRMEDIA (Hoftm.) Bog, Stove ; Fidge, Swanbister (Dr Boswell). 145. C. AUTUMNALIS (Linn.), Autumn Water- starwort. Loch Skail, small loch in Papa Westray, and St. Mary’s Loch, Holm; Wasbister, Rousay (G. W. Scarth). OrpeR XVIII—CRASSULACE. Genus LXIV.—SEDUM (Linn.) 146. S. RoseUM (Scop.), Stonecrop. Common on cliffs— Hoy Hill and Rousay. 147. S. ackE (Linn.), Biting Stonecrop. Rare. This plant is found only on the links, Hoxa, where it is scarce. OrpeR XIX.—SAXIFRAGACE. Genus LXV.—SAXIFRAGA (Linn.) 148. S. opposITIFOLIA (Linn.), Mowntain Saxifrage. Rare. Hoy Hills. I found one plant on the north-west side of Ward Hill. Crags on Ward Hill, Hoy (Aug. 1881, Col. H. H. Johnston, C B.) 149. S. SrELLARIS (Linn.), Sturry Suxifraye. Rare. On rocks near Rackwick, Hoy (Dr Duguid). My specimens were gathered by Mr G. W. Searth in gullies near Meadow of Kame in Aug. 1908. 26 FLORA ORCADENSIS. 150. S. HYPNOIDES (Linn). This is given in Dr Clouston’s list in Anderson's “Guide to Islands of Scotland,’ as growing on Ward Hill, Hoy. Mr Ar. Bennett gives it as occurring in Orkney and Shetland, in “Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” Jan. 1909. Mr Pat. Neil says:—“As S. hypnoides is entirely omitted from Mr Low’s list, though pretty common, I am inclined to think that this has been mistaken for S. cespitosa, which I did not observe in Orkney.” 151. S. alzoipDEs (Linn.), Yellow Mountain Saxi- frage. Fairly common on hills and in valleys, Hoy. Mr Ar. Bennett, in “Scottish Botanical Review” for October 1912, says:—‘ Among plants from Orkney sent me by Mr M. Spence are two specimens of S. aizoides, and answering to the description of /. aurantia of Hartmann, (‘ Vet. Ak. Handl, 1818). The leaves are orange, shading to yellow at the apex. The lower stem leaves are suffused with red, and the fruit is orange-red (half ripe). The leaves are quite entire, very thick, with here and there a long patent hair. This form occurs in Norway, with ordinary form in Sweden.” Genus LXVI.—CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Linn.) 152. C. oppostrrroLium (Linn.), Golden Sax frage. Rocky banks of streams; local, but not rare. Genus LXVIL—PARNASSIA (Linn.) 153. P. PALUSTRIS (Linn.), Grass of Purnassus, Common. DICOTYLEDONES... o7 ORDER XX.—UMBELLIFERZ. Genus LXVIII.-—HYDROCOTYLE (Linn.) 154. H. vuLGARIS (Linn.), White-rot. Common. Genus LXIX.—APIUM (Linn.), Marsh-wort. 155. A. INUNDATUM (Reichb.) Fairly common. Ness, Campston, St. Andrews; bog, Mirkaday, Deerness, &e. Genus LXX.—AGOPODIUM (Linn.) 156. A. PoDAGRARIA (Linn.), Gout-weed. Fortunately very local; no doubt introduced. Hillside, Birsay ; Stromness, Kirkwall, Stenness, Deerness, Xe. Genus LXXI.—CARUM (Linn.) ' 157. C. Carvi (Linn.), Caraway. Local; burn near Hestakelda, Holm; meadows below Cletts, South Ronaldshay; Westray (1905); naturalised in these places. Genus LXXII.—SISON (Linn.), Stone Parsley. 158. S. AMomum (Linn.) This plant was found hy Dr Grant at the roadside. I think it was in Stenness. It was a curious place in which to find such a plant, and raises the interest- ing question as to how it got there. Genus LXXIIJIL—BUNIUM (Linn.) 159. B. FLExUosUM (Fr.), Pig-nut. This plant was very numerous in a grass park to the east of Warrenfield in June 1911, where I gathered 28 FLORA ORCADENSIS. several with unusually large tubers. The park had not been pastured on before June, and the field was almost white with the flowers of this. The tubers were more like potatoes than those in my herbarium gathered near Edinburgh by Dr Flett. Mr Ar. Bennett says of it, “I have never seen such a tuber. I can only think it is a very old tuber.” Genus LXXIV.—PIMPINELLA (Linn.) 160. P. SaxirraGa (Linn.), Burnet Saaifrage. Rare. Picaquoy (1899, M. Spence), Burn of Hatston (Dr Flett, 1890), Caldale, St. Ola (1912, M. Spence). (ienus LXXV.—SIUM (Linn.) 161. S. ErEctuM (Huds.), Water-parsnip. Rare. Burn running into Loch Ayre, Holm. I gathered specimens here in 1894. Mr Searth brought plants of this from a small stream near Newark, Sanday, in Sept. 1909. Genus LXXVI.—ATHUSA (Linn.) 162. Ai. Cynaprum (Linn.), Fool’s Parsley. Ficlds, Rousay ; gardens, Kirkwall. I have never met with it. tenus LXXVIL—LIGUSTICUM (Linn.) 163. L. scoricum (Linn.), Scottish Lovage. Fairly common. Frequent along seashore of Main!and and several islands ; Gloup, Deerness ; Shapinsay ; Rousay, &e. DICOTYLEDONES. 29 Genus LXXVIIIL—ANGELICA, Angelica. 164. A. syLveEstrrRis (Linn.), Wild Angelicu. Common by sides of streams. Genus LXXIX.—ARCHANGELICA (Hoffm.) 165. A. OFFICINALIS (Hoftim.) This plant is found at roadside, village of Piero- wall, and Dr Grant found it in Stromness. It is probable that it has been brought to both places by Feeroe smacks when landing fish. It is an abundant plant in the Feroes. It grows well in Westray. (See “Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,” July 1908.) “In the Feroes this species is not only found in the cultivated parts, but in large masses, and very fine in the talus of the bird-cliffs, and also in small yards near the houses. It oceurs in Iceland, too, ‘here and there,’ where it is also cultivated. It is said to be abundant in the northern parts of that island.”—Mr Ar. Bennett. Genus LXXX.—_HERACLEUM (Linn.) 166. H. SpHonDyLIuM (Linn.), Hogweed. Common. Genus LXXXI—DAUCUS (Linn.) 167. D. Carota (Linn.), Wild Carrot. This plant is found pretty frequently in rye-grass fields—probably introduced. Genus LXXXIIT_—CHAROPHYLLUM (Linn.) 168. C. TEMULUM (Linn.), Chervil. Waysides, not common (R. Heddle). I have not met with it. It grows in Caithness. 30 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus LXXXIII.—-ANTHRISCUS (Bernh.) 169. A. VULGARIS (Bernh.), Beaked Parsley. Reported by Dr Duguid and R. Heddle. 170. A. syLvestris (Hoffm.), Wild Beaked Parsley. Swanbister, not uncommon. It grows pretty frequently in the neighbourhood of farm steadings and at road sides in rich soil. Also recorded by Neil. ‘Mr Bennett got specimens which he said were of this plant, but differed slightly. Mr Bennett—“It is a form that is not familiar to me at first sight. Opiz has a variety, alpestre, but gives no description.” Genus LXXXIV.—FCENICULUM (Hill). 171. F. vunGARE (Mill.), Fennel. Grassy banks, seashore, Carrick, Eday (July 1883, Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B.) I failed to find this in 1908 ; probably extinct. Genus LXXXV.—SCANDIX (Linn.) 172. S. Pecren-VENERIS (Linn.), Shepherd’s Needle. In cornfields; rather scarce. Deerness, Firth, South Ronaldshay, Stromness, We. Genus LXXXVI.—CONIUM (Linn.) 173. C. MAcULATUM (Linn.), Hemlock. Scarce. Mirkaday, Lingro, Berstane, Crantit, We. Dr Fortescue writes, “I noticed last August (1911) that the conium had died out at the spot where I first observed it about 1880, and was now growing eighty yards farther west on side of public road, Lingro.” DICOTYLEDONES. ae OrpER XXI.—ARALIACE. Genus LXXXVIIL—HEDERA (Linn.) 174. H. HeLrx (Linn.), Common Ivy. Rare. Recorded from Berridale, Hoy (Dr Boswell), and Rousay (Dr Duguid and R. Heddle). Dr Fortescue says, “I have since seen it on the cliffs at Berstane.” Orprer XXIT—CAPRIFOLIACEHA. Genus LXXXVIIL—SAMBUCUS (Linn.) 175. S. NiaRA (Linn.), Hilder. Kirkburn, Hoy—introduced. 176. 8. EButus (Linn.), Dwarf Elder. Wideford Burn—introduced. Genus LXXXIX —LONICERA (Linn.) 177. L. PERICLYMENUM (Linn.), Honeysuckle. Rocks in Orphir, Walls, Hoy, and Rysa Little; Rousay (R. Heddle). Rev. G. Low says :—“ This plant not only adorns the landscape in Hoy by its tufts of fine flowers, but scents it with its agreeable smell.” OrDER XXITI.—CORNACE. Genus XC.—CORNUS (Linn.) 178. C. suectca (Linn.), Dogwood. Very rare. Dr Grant forwarded specimens to me which I understood were obtained at the foot of cliffs bound- ing the Meadow of Kame. Mr Bennett wrote that Mr Beeby found this in Shetland, but it has not been found in Caithness. 3 4 FLORA ORCADENSIS. OrpDER XXIV.—RUBIACEA. Genus XCI.—GALIUM (Linn.) 179. G. veruM (Linn.), Lady’s Bedstraw. Common. Var. maritemum (DC.) On dry links, Dingies- howe and Newark, Deerness ; and no doubt elsewhere. Specimens were sent to Mr Ar. Bennett in 1907. 180. G. SAXxATILE (Linn.), Heath Bedstraw. Common. 181. G. Motiueo (Linn.), Hedge Bedstranw. Var. Bakert (Syme). Very rare. I found one patch about two feet square on the farm of Quoy- belloch, Deerness, about 1895. When the surround- ing heath was cultivated, this, at my request, was left, and is so at present. When in Westray in 1905, I came across one or two patches above the village of Pierowall. (Examination confirmed by Mr Ar. Bennett). 182. G. ASPERUM (Schreb), Mountain Bedstraw. Scarce. Hoy Hill and Houton Head (Dr Boswell); Burn of Sale, Hoy (R. Heddle); Holm Hill; above school, St. Andrews (M. Spence). It is also given in “ Journal of Botany” in list called “ Florula Orcadensis,”’ on the authority of Syme. 183. G. ULIGINOSUM (Linn.), Rough Water Bedstraw. Reported by Low, but requires confirmation. It is found in Caithness, Hebrides, &c. DICOTYLEDONES. 33 184. G. PALUSTRE (Linn.), White Water Bedstraw. Common. Var. Witheringii (Sm.) Fairly common. In bog, Mirkaday, Deerness; Scapa (Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B., 1876). 185. G. APARINE (Linn.), Cleavers. Not uncommon on gravelly seashores. Genus XCII—SHERARDIA (Linn.) 186. 8. ARVENSIS (Linn.), Pield Madder. Fairly common. Fairly abundant in East Mainland. Some botan- ists say it has been introduced; but it it surely too abundant for this, in Deerness at least. OrpDER XXV.—VALERIANACE. Genus XCII.—VALERIANA (Linn) 187. V. OFFICINALIS (Linn.), Valerian. Not uncommon by sides of streams; (Dr Fortescue). 188. V. SAMBUCIFOLIA (Mikan). Fairly common. Hoy, Ireland, and elsewhere. This’ is the more common species; the last is rare. 189. V. pYRENAICA (Linn.) This grows in plantation, Binscarth ; no doubt introduced. Genus XCIV.—VALERIANELLA (Muill.) 190. V. oxrrortIA (Poll), Corn Salad. Fields (Dr Duguid). Evidently very rare. A D 34 FLORA ORCADENSIS. specimen was found in a herbarium purchased by H. C. Watson, Esq., which at one time was the pro- perty of Dr Gillies and collected in Orkney by himself and Dr Duguid. OrpER XX VI.—DIPSACE. Genus XCV.—SCABIOS A (Linn.), Scabsous. 191. S. Succrsa (Linn.), Devil’s Bit. Common. 192. S. ARVENSIS (Linn.), /“ield Scabious. Scarce at Kierfiold — probably introduced (Dr Boswell). OrpER XX VII—COMPOSITAE. Genus XCVI.SOLIDAGO (Linn.) 193. S. ViragauREa, Golden-rod. Local, but generally found where there are sand- stone clifts. Hoy Hills, Holm, Orphir, and Fitty Hall are some of the localities. Var. Cambrica. On cliffs near Hobbister, Orphir. jenus XCVII—BELLIS (Linn.) 194. B. PERENNIS (Linn.), Dawsy. Everywhere. Genos XCVIII.—ASTER. 195. A. Tripotium (Linn.), Michaelmas Davsy. Scarce. Oyce, Firth; Copinshay ; Quendale, Rousay, Xe. Genus XCIX.-GNAPHALIUM. 196. G. vLiernosum (Linn.), Marsh Cudweed. Common. DICOTYLEDONES. 35 Var. pilulaure (Koch) = G. pilulsre (Wahlenberg). From loch forming mill dam, Eday, September 1505. Found same var. near Established Church, Burray. Fruit differs from type, which is glabrous, whilst this is hairy. 197. G. syLvaticum (Linn.), Highland Cudweed. Cominon. 198. G. SUPINUM. This is given in “New bBotanist’s Guide,” and placed in “ Florula Orcadensis” in “ Journal of Botany ” for 1864. Genus C.—ANTENNARIA (Gertn.) 199. A. Drorca (Geertn.), Cat’s-foot. Scarce. Swanbister, Deerness, Holm, Se. Genus CI.—ACHILLEA (Linn.) 200. A. MinLerouium (Linn.), MZilfou!. Common.. This plant is known in Orkney as “meal-an’-folly,” which is no doubt a corrupted form of the technical term. It is said to have been used at one time in making a decoction like tea. The specimen in my herbarium is var. lanata. Neil says, “At a cottage door in Kirbuster, Deerness, a large collection of the flowering tops of the dwarfy iilfoil was laid out to dry. They infuse this and drink it as tea. It is in repute for dispelling melancholy.” 201. A. Prarmica (Linn.), Sneeze-wort. Common. Sometimes this plant produces a deformed flower slightly resembling an unripe strawberry. It is probably produced by a gall. 36 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Gunus CIL—ANTHEMIS (Mich.) 202. A. CoruLa (Linn.), Stinking Chamomule. Naturalised in Orphir; South Winbreck, Deerness ; probably an escape. 203. A. NOBILIS (Linn.), Common Chamomile. Met with very occasionally ; near roadside, Renni- bister (July 1883, Dr Fortescue) ; Winbreck, Deerness ; no doubt introduced. 204. A. ARVENSIS (Liun.), Corn Chamomele. Found in fields in Deerness (1894); Greentoft, Deerness (1906). Genus CIII.—CHRYSANTHEMUM (Linn.) 205. C.SEGETUM (Linn.), Corn Marigold. Common. Strange to say, this is an exceedingly rare flower in Deerness, although in some parishes, as Birsay, it is one of the most abundant weeds. 206. C. LEUCANTHEMUM (Linn.), Ox-eye Daasy. This flower is scarce. It is often found in church- yards, eg., Shapinsay, Holm, and on a mound otf Campstone, St. Andrews, known as St. Peter’s Church ; probably not native. 207. C. PYRETHRUM (Syme). Found in H. C. Watson’s list as one of the plants reported by Syme in Orkney, but not in Dr Fortescue’s. Genus CIV.—MATRICARIA (Linn.) 208. M. tnoporA (Linn.), Scentless Mayweed. Common. DICOTYLEDONES. 37 Var. salina (Bab.) This variety is met with more frequently than the species. 209. M. MARITIMA (Linn.), Scentless Mayweed. A seashore plant which is not uncommon in Deer- ness, and no doubt found elsewhere. I sent roots for cultivation to Mr Hunnybun, Huntingdon. He says, “One of the plants you sent me is evidently matricaria maritima.” I gathered a few plants of imodora in Fair Isle, which I take to be maritima, but the ligules are yellow. 210. M. CHAMOMILLA (Linn.), Wald Chamomile. This plant is probably introduced, but several escapes have become naturalised. Found it growing abundantly in a sheltered hollow in Beaquoy, Birsay. Genus CV.—TANACETUM (Linn.) 211. T. vuLGARE (Linn.), Tansy. Introduced, but now found frequently in yards and about farm houses, and used medicinally. Genus CVI.—ARTEMISIA (Linn.) 212. A. VULGARIS (Linn.), Mugwort. This is a fairly common weed on the boundary line between fields. It is known in Orkney as “ bul- wands,” in East Mainland as “grobbie.” The tops of ‘this plant were formerly used instead of hops for flavouring ale. Genus CVII.—TUSSILAGO (Linn.) 213. T. Farrara (Linn.), Colt’s-foot. Common. A most difficult weed to eradicate when once established. 38 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Genus CVIII.—PETASITES (Linn.) 214. P. vULGARIS, Butter-bur. Luckily searee. Extremely difficult to eradicate. Churehyards— Shapinsay and St. Andrews; Burn of Aikersness, Evie; Birsay, Wc. Genus CIX.—SENECIO (Linn.) 215. S. VULGARIS (Linn.), Growndsel. Common. 216. S. Jacop#a (Linn.), Ragwort. Common on dry, sandy pastures. Var. flosculosus (Jord.) This variety is frequently met with among the above. It seems to me there are several grades from this rayless variety to those with full rays. 217. S. viscosus (Linn.), Stinking Groundsel. This plant was reported by Dr Clouston. It may have been a mistake for sylvaticus. Not since met with as far as I know. 218. S. sytvaticus (Linn.), Mowntain Groundsel. Very rare. Found it on barn of Bigging, Birsay ; and among whins above Established Church, St. Andrews (M. Spence); Smogrow, Orphir (Dr Boswell) Dr Fortescue says, “It seems to have disappeared at the last place. 219. S. aquaticus (Huds.), Marsh Ragwort. Common. These are called “tirsics” in East Mainland, “tirsoos” in West Mainland. DICOTYLEDONES. 39 GrNnus CX.—INULA (Linn.) 220. I. HELENTUM (Linn.), Elecampane. This is no doubt a plant which has been intro- duced for medicinal purposes. It is one of a small croup often found in kale-yards. Genus CXI.—CNICUS (Linn.) 221. C. LANCEOLATUS (Willd.),. Spear Thasile. Common. 222. C.PpALUSTRIS(Willd.), Marsh Thistle. Common. 223. C. ARVENSIS (Hoffm.), Creeping Thistle. Common. , Some of these are white beneath the leaves and densely tomotose, which seems to be Buchanan Whyte’s variety argenteus. In Hooker's “ Flora,” 3rd edition (Students’), var. setosus (Bess.) 1s given as growing in Orkney. Dr Fortescue writes :— bo bo ~I = bo Cm Su sor bo bo cise (Ce 537 piliferum, B. & 8. crassinervium, B. & 8. Brinkie’s Brae. praelongum, Hobk. 8 Stokesii, Brid. Shipbuilding yard ; Garson farm. Next station, V.C. 108. Swartzii, Hobk. Garson Burn. pumilum, Schp. Hoy. tenellum, Milde. Hoy. myosuroides, Schp. myurum, Dixon. striatum, B. & S. rusciforme, Milde. murale, Milde. Strommness. econfertum, Milde. Stromness. 112 PLaGciorHEciuM, B. & S. 543 elegans, Sull, Garson Burn. 113 114 ORKNEY MOSSES. 123 549 denticulatum, B. & S. Hoy. 550 silvaticum, B. & 8S. Garson Burn. 551 undulatum, B. & 8. Stromness. AMBLYSTEGIUM, B. & S. 556 serpens, B.& 8. Hoy. 557 Juratzkanum, Schp. Ness Pier, Stromness. Next station, V.C. 89. 560 irriguum, B. & 8S. Very rare. Stromness. 562 filicinum, De Not. Hypnuy, L. (emend, B. & 8.) A.—CAMPYLIUM. 564 riparium, L. Garson Burn. Next station VC. HOS. 567 stellatum, Schreb. 8 protensum, Rohl. >] B.—HARPIDIUM. 571 aduncum, Hedw., now L. 574 lycopodioides, Schwaeg. Garson Burn; next station, V.C. 90. 575 fluitans, L. 8 Jeanbernati, Ren. Flotta. vy gracile, Boul. Loons, Stromness. 576 exannulatum, Gumb. 8 brachydictyon, Ren. y pinnatum, forma. Loons, Stromness. 577 unecinatum, Hedw. 8 plumosum, forma. Stairwaddy, Stromness. 579 revolvens, Swartz. Loons. forma viride. Loons, 124 ORKNEY MOSSES. 581 commutatum, Hedw. Garson Burn. 582 faleatum, Brid. C.—DREPANIUM. 585 cupressiforme, L. 8 resupinatum, Schp. y ericetorum, B. & S. 5 elatum, B. & 8. 595 molluscum, Hedw. 8 condensatum. Schp. Hoy. y robustum, Boul. Stromness. D.—LIMNOBIUM. 597 palustre, Huds. 602 ochraceum, Turn. 603 scorpioides, L. 604 stramineum, Dicks. Brinkie’s Brae. 607 cordifolium, Hedw. Garson Burn. 608 giganteum, Schp. Bog, Garson Burn. 609 sarmentosum, Wahl. Bog, Brinkie’s Brae. 610 cuspidatum, L. 611 Schreberi, Willd. Hy.tocomiuM, B. & 8. 612 splendens, B. & 8. 615 brevirostre. Mifha, Stromness. 616 loreum, B. & 8S. 617 squarrosum, B. & 8. 618 triquetrum, B. & 8. ORKNEY MOSSES. 125 SUPPLEMENT AND SOURCES OF RECORDS. 120 DicrANnum ScoTriAnum, Turn. Hoy (Rev. D. Lillie, Watten). 319 ORTHOTRICHUM PULCHELLUM, Smith. Deerness (Mr Magnus Spence, Deerness). 352 AULACOMNIUM PALUSTRE, Schwaeg. 8 imbricatum, forma, B. & 8S. Stromness (Mr Robert Tait, Stromness). 526 EuRHYNcIUM TEESDALEI, Schp. Hoy (Rev. D. Lillie, Watten). 550 PLAGIOTHECIUM SILVATICUM. Var. orthocladum, B. & 8. Hoy (Rev. J. D. Anderson, Hoy). 585 HYPNUM CUPRESSIFORME. Var. filiforme, Brid. Binscarth wood (Mr George Ellison, Liverpool). PED FTIONS BY DR J. GRANT, SPEROMNESS. 434 MNIUM HORNUM, forma Orcadensis, J.G. Gar- son Burn. Mr Ingham, under date 6th August 1909, reports with reference to the distinctive points of this plant: —“I have not seen two setz in one perichetium before. It is very interesting.” 504 BRACHYTHECIUM RUTABULUM. Var. densum. Bank of road, west side of Garson farm-house, Stromness (10th March 1914.) K ‘é 1 ed: 7 , az “+ mers ; ce i , he ii a ia NON ; et eh i ¢ : eS , é > : 7 i Oe r & j TV GST WORE aes, 3} Pi ei mi, 7 ata ' PNR ee le ic’ At Hai oi a ma) i) : ie or o ' ‘yt ee A mae a sia hie’ korea Pte vi ‘tie ci Out: D hare ith as iy uM Ser LEMENLT LO PRORA ORCADENSIS: HIS supplement has been rendered necessary owing to the amount of valuable botanical work done during the summer and autumn of 1912 and 1913 by Col. H. H. Johnston, C.B., D.Se, F.LS., who has very kindly submitted his list of rare plants and new discoveries to me and allowed me to make use of them at my discretion. I have selected those which give new localities, confirm the discoveries of earlier botanists, and add new species, but especially new varieties, to the list. It has been suggested to me that I should draw the attention of botanists, proprietors, and lovers of flowers generally to the nefarious practice—very rare, I am glad to say—of digging up rare plants for sale to florists and others. The mere mention of this practice, I feel sure, will be enough to discourage and reduce it to a minimum. When we botanists dig up two or three rare plants for our herbariums, or for experimental work in our gardens, we believe it to be for the good of Science generally, and quite different from wholesale eradication of rare plants for the sake of a trifling gain. 128 FLORA ORCADENSIS. With the exception of the last two plants, speci- mens of all the species and varieties mentioned in the following list have been collected and preserved by Colonel H. H. Johnston, who has submitted most of them for identification to the expert botanists named, eg., “Seen by Mr James Groves,” &¢. RANUNCULUS BAUDOTII (Godr.) Seen by Mr James Groves. In mud at bottom of water in a loch 8 feet above sea-level, Loch of St. Tredwall, Papa Westray (4th September 1913) ; native. FUMARIA PURPUREA (Pugsley). Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. In turnip-field, Swan- bister, Orphir (27th August 1880); and Brims, Waas, Hoy (4th August 1913); a weed of cultivation. SPERGULARIA MARGINATA (Kittel). Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Rare at roadside at seashore, the Ayre between Aith Hope and Long Hope, Waas, Hoy (21st July 1913); and stony ground near top of crags at seashore, Vaval, Westray (21st August 1913). Trifolium agrarvum (Linn.) Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. In hay-field, Lower ’Tween-the-Brecks, Gyre, Orphir (2nd August 1912); not native. ROSA CANINA (Linn.) Var. SPHHRICA (Gren.) Seen by Mr J. G. Baker. Heathery banks at burn-side, Berriedale Hoy (4th November 1913); native. SUPPLEMENT. 129 Rosa GLAucA (Vill.) Var. CREPINIANA (Déségl.) Seen by Mr J. G. Baker. Banks at burn-side, Mill Burn, Stromness (80th Aug. 1912); native, rare. MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM (Linn.) Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Mud at bottom of water in mill-lead, Loch of Saintear, Westray (23rd August 1913); and mud at bottom of Loch of Boardhouse, Birsay (29th September 1913); native at both places. APIUM INUNDATUM (Reichb. fil.) In small pool at summit of Gallow Hill near Estab- lished Church Manse, South Waas, Hoy (28rd July 1913). Mr Arthur Bennett, to whom specimens were sent, writes: —“ Helosciadium inundatum (Koch), var. isophylla (Sonder), ‘ Flora of Hamburgh, p. 158, 1851”; but this variety is not mentioned in the “ London Catalogue,” 10th edition. HEDERA HELIx (Linn.) Colonel H. H. Johnston says regarding this plant :—“I collected the ivy at Berriedale, Hoy, on 15th May 1884, but on visiting Berriedale on 4th November 1915 I could find no trace of it. Appar- ently the bank on which I found it in 1884 has been undermined and fallen into the burn.” ARCTIUM NEMOROSUM (Lej.), of Babington’s “ Man- ual of British Botany,” ninth edition, p. 217 (1904). Very rare on sandy links near the seashore, Mel- setter, Waas, Hoy (11th August 1913); and links, Westray (26th August 1913); native at both places. 130 FLORA ORCADENSIS. Note.—Mr Arthur Bennett, to whom specimens of the arctium from Westray were sent, informed Col. H. H. Johnston that the “Arctrwm nemorosum (Lejeune)” of British authors is not the plant of Lejeune; and that the plants from Orkney are Arctium vulgare (A. H. Evans), var. pyenocephalum (A. H. Evans), in “ Journal of Botany,” vol. li, p. 117 (April 1913). Crepis nicceensis (Balb.) Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. In hay-field, Lower ’'Tween-the-Brecks, Gyre, Orphir (2nd August 1912) ; a weed of cultivation, not native. HIERACIUM RUBICUNDUM (F. J. Hanbury). Seen by Rev. E. F. Linton. Sandstone crags at seashore, west side of Walkmill Bay, Orphir (19th and 20th July 1912); rare on grassy crags, Melsetter, Waas, Hoy (11th August 1918); native at both places. HrerRAcIuM CALEDONICUM (F. J. Hanbury). Seen by Rev. E. F. Linton. Grassy banks at sea- shore, Scapa, St. Ola (5th July 1912); native. HIERACIUM BUGLOSSOIDES (Arv.-Touv.) Seen by Rev. E. F. Linton. Crags at seashore, west side of Walkmill Bay, Orphir (15th August 1881); native. Hieracium scoticum (F. J. Hanbury). Seen by Rev. E. F. Linton. Crags on hill-side, North Hill, Westray (15th July 1883 and 28th August 1913); very rare on Vins Hamar, Fitty Hill, SUPPLEMENT. 131 Westray (5th September 1913); crags at burn-side, Sowa Dee, Sandwick (26th August 1912); crags at seashore, east side of Aith Hope, South Waas, Hoy (21st July 1913); and grassy crags at seashore, west side of Aith Hope, Waas, Hoy (4th August 1913) ; native at all these places. HIERACIUM SILVATICUM (Gouan.) Var. TRICOLOR (W. R. Linton). Seen by Rev. E. F. Linton. Crags on hillside 430 feet above sea-level ; Dwarfie Hamars, Hoy (22nd July 1912); native. HIERACIUM ORCADENSE (W. R. Linton). Seen by Rev. E. F. Linton. Crags on hill-side, Hoy (14th August 1879); Dwarfie Hamars, Hoy (10th August 1886, and 22nd July 1912); and very fine and luxuriant plants on crags at the seashore, west side of Walkmill Bay, Orphir (19th and 20th July 1912); native at all these places. Specimens collected by Col. H. H. Johnston on crags on hill-side, Ward Hill, Hoy, on 18th August 1881, are doubtfully referred to this species by the Rev. E. F. Linton, who states that “the specimens are too poor to name with any certainty.” Col. H. H. Johnston informs me that he got Pyrola rotundifolia (Linn.), on a heathery hill-side 320 feet above sea-level, in Hoy (22nd July 1912). He also collected specimens of Utricularia minor (Linn.), in the swamp at the foot of the north-north-west slope of Cringla Fiold just on the Sandwick side of the boundary between the parishes of Sandwick and Stromness, on 26th August 1912. 1lsz FLORA ORCADENSIS. PRIMULA SCOTICA (Hook.) Pastures near the sea, Bay of Moclett, Papa . Westray (9th September 1913), and sandy pastures at seashore, North Hill, Papa Westray (10th Septem- ber 1918); native at both places. At the former station the plants had scapes or were acaulescent, and at the latter station all the specimens collected by Col. H. H. Johnston were acaulescent. TRIENTALIS EUROPA (Linn.) Kingsdale, Firth (9th July 1913); native. Plants were in full bloom. This plant was first found in Orkney at this station in June 1847, by the late Mr George Robson. GENTIANA CAMPESTRIS (Linn.) Sandy links at seashore, Links of Melsetter, Waas, Hoy (llth August 1913). Mr Ar. Bennett writes :—“I suppose a state of G. baltica (Murbeck), but I am not sure”; and pastures, Pomt of Huro, Westray (2nd September 1913). Mr Ar. Bennett again writes :—‘“It is probable that these specimens are G. baltica (Murbeck).” The specimens were not in good condition for identification, Colonel H. H. Johnston informs me. G. balteca (Murbeck) is a subspecies of G. campestris (Linn.) VERONICA CHAMADRYS (Linn.) Turf wall near Galaha, Smoogro, Orphir (19th July 1912); very rare. EKUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS (Linn.) This plant has by botanists—especially Townsend SUPPLEMENT. 133 —been recently classified into several species. In my list on p. 52 I have given three varieties, viz., Rost- koviana, gracilis, and maritima. Colonel H. H. Johnston, C.B., has made several collections of Euphrasia and sent them to the Rev. E. 8. Marshall for identification, which he named as follow :— EUPHRASIA BREVIPILA (Burnat & Gremli). Grassy crags at seashore, east side of Aith Hope, South Waas, Hoy (21st July 1913); native. EUPHRASIA BOREALIS (Townsend). Common on grassy and heathery pastures, and native at all the following places :—Stenness (6th August 1875); Binscarth, Firth (21st August 1880) ; Skaill, Sandwick (19th August 1881); Linksness, Hoy (20th August 1885); The Bout, Veness, Orphir (19th July 1912); Black Craig, Stromness (19th August 1912); and Brims, Waas, Hoy (4th August 1918). EUPHRASIA GRACILIS (Fries). Common on heaths, and native at all the following places :—Hoy (15th August 1874); Waas, Hoy (9th August 1877); Burn of Ore, Waas, Hoy (16th July 1912); Pegal Burn and North Dale, Waas, Hoy (7th August 1912); Brunt Hill, Stromness (28rd August 1912); and near Rosehill, Stromness (30th August 1912). EUPHRASIA SCOTTICA (Wettst.) Heath on hill-side, North Dale, Waas, Hoy (7th August 1912); native. 134 FLORA ORCADENSIS. EUPHRASIA CURTA (Wettst.) Pasture at edge of crags at the seashore, Ness of Ramnageo, Sandwick (28rd July 1886); native. Var. GLABRESCENS (Wettst.) Common on grassy and heathery pastures, and native at all the following places :—Ward Hill, Hoy (15th August 1912); Burn of Selta, Stromness (19th August 1912); Dale of Oback, Orphir (9th July 1913) ; and Brims, Waas, Hoy (4th August 1918). - EUPHRASIA FOULAENSIS (Townsend). Short pasture 150 feet above sea level, drenched with sea-spray during storms, Vaval, Westray (21st August 1913); native. Note.—All the above mentioned species and variety of Huphrasia, except HL. gracilis, were found in Mainland, Orkney, in 1900, by the Rev. E. S. Marshall (see The Journal of Botany, Vol. xxxix., p. 270, August 1901), and are identical with those found by Col. H. H. Johnston, with the exception of —#. gracilis. ATRIPLEX PATULA (Linn.) Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA (Sm.) Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Stony ground near top of crags at seashore, Vaval, Westray (21st August 1913); native. POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS (Linn.) Var. CORDATO-LANCEOLATUS (Mert. & Koch). Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Mud at bottom of Loch of Boardhouse, Birsay (29th Sept. 1913). Leaves were SUPPLEMENT. 135 14 to 3 inches long, cordato-lanceolate. This variety, Mr Ar. Bennett says, is not the same plant as var. lanceolatus (Blytt) in “ London Catalogue,’ 10th Ed., so that this variety is new to British flora, and not previously included in floras. ELEOCHARIS UNIGLUMIS (Schultes). Name confirmed by Mr Ar, Bennett. Water chan- nel in marsh near the sea, Myres Bay, South Waas, Hoy (19th July 1913); native; common in the marsh. CAREX FULVA (Host.) x OEDERI (Retz). Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Pastures at loch side, Loch of Saintear, Westray (23rd August 1913); and pastures at loch side, Loch of Swartmill, Westray (6th September 1913); native, and very rare at both stations. Note.—This hybrid is not the same as Carex fulva (Good.), var. sterilis, which Dr Boswell, in “Enelish Botany,” 3rd Ed., “rather considers to be a hybrid between Carex fulva (Good.) and Carex flava (Linn.)” CAREX EXTENSA (Good.) Var. MINOR (Syme). Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Stony ground near the seashore, North Hill, Westray (28th August 1913); native. CAREX OEDER1 (Retz). Var. @DOCARPA (And.) Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Stony loch shore, Loch of Kirbister, Orphir (30th June 1913); native. 136 FLORA ORCADENSIS AVENA PRATENSIS (Linn.) Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Very common on sandy links near the seashore, Links of Melsetter, Waas, Hoy (11th August 1913); native. Each spikelet has one awn only, whereas Mr Ar. Bennett writes :— “Almost always there are two awns, and sometimes three. All my specimens have at least two. Your plant seems to agree with Nouman’s f. pauciflora, “Flora Arcticee Norvegie,” p. 54, 1893. GLYCERIA PLICATA (Fries.) Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Marsh, Burn of Ore, Waas. Hoy (29th July 1913); native. AGROPYRON REPENS (Beauv.) Var. LEERSIANUM (Gray). Seen by Mr Ar. Bennett. Common on shell-sand and shingle at sea- shore, Hookin, Papa Westray (4th September 19138) ; native. PotysticHuM LONCHITIS (Roth.) Clefts of rocks on hill-side, Ward Hill, Hoy (8rd Oct. 1913); native; fifteen plants only seen by Col. H. H. Johnston. CHARA FRAGILIS (Desv.) Var. CAPILLACEA (Coss. & Germ.) Seen by Mr J. Groves. Shallow pool, Rotten Loch, Brims, Waas, Hoy (4th August 1913); native; common in the pool. Mr J. Groves writes: —“I refer this to var. capillacea, but the primary cortical cells are larger than usual.” Also in deep water in a quarry, Kirkbrae, Westray (Ist September 1913); native ; common in the quarry. SUPPLEMENT. 137 Var. BARBATA (Gant.) Seen by Mr J. Groves. Mud at bottom of stagnant water in a quarry, Berstane, St. Ola (13th September 1913); native. CHARA ASPERA ( Willd.) Var. SUBINERMIS (Kuetz.) Seen by Mr J. Groves. Mud at bottom of water five feet deep, Loch of Board- house, Birsay (29th September 1913); native; very common in the loch. MALVA MOSCHATA (Linn.) Several plants of this species were found in grass land of Greentofts, Deerness, during August of 1913. These showy flowers were in full bloom. They have, no doubt, been brought with seeds, and the lovely summer of that year favoured their fine development. PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS (Linn.) Two curious monstrosities of the Grass of Par- nassus were brought to me from the Banks of Pool, Deerness, in August 1913. Its single-leaved stem and beautifully pencilled petals left no doubt as to its relationship. It had, however, as far as I could ascertain, only three stamens bearing anthers, and its numerous glands and antherless stamens had developed into petals. All these petals—from 25 to 30—were pencilled with the same graceful lines. Notre oN A NEw PRIMULA FOUND IN ORKNEY BY Mr M. SPENCE. BY C. E. MOSS, D.Sc, FES) Rae Curator of the Herbarium, University of Cambridge. Three years ago Mr M. Spence sent two forms of Primula scotica to Mr E. W. Hunnybun to draw for the “Cambridge British Flora.” One of these was quite typical of the form originally described and figured by Hooker in the second edition of the “Flora Londonensis,” p. 133 (1819), and calls for no further comment. The second plant, however, differed, as Mr Spence correctly pointed out, in possessing narrower, less compact, more spathulate, and more obtuse leaves. Its petals also, as Mr Spence rightly stated, were longer, relatively narrower, and more deeply cut. The plant received by Mr Hunnybun was in good flower, and was duly drawn. The plant was grown, and, to Mr Hunnybun’s great surprise, developed a capsule which differed from the ordinary form of P. scotica in being 1°5 to 2°0 times as long as the calyx. In this respect the plant recalls P. farinosa ; and if the latter species grew in Orkney, there is no doubt that some botanists would at once have jumped to NOTE ON A NEW PRIMULA. 139 the conclusion that the new form was a_ hybrid. However, as P. farinosa is not known north of Midlothian, this hypothesis is quite untenable. At first, when Mr Hunnybun drew my attention to the plant, I thought the plant was a connecting link of P. scoitca and P. farinosa ; and I intended to name it P. scoteca variety orkniensis (see “ Proceedings Cambridge Philosophie Society,” xvii. 255, 1913.) Further examination, however, tended to throw doubt on this second theory, for I find that Mr Spence’s new plant verges towards P. stricta (Fries.), a Scandinavian species, and perhaps is actually this species. Therefore, before actually naming the plant in view of its possible identity with P. stricta (Fries.), I desire to see further material with ripe fruits and seeds. In any case, the discovery is interesting; and it may prove to be important in the sense of adding another species to the British flora. In the south of England, one finds every year new varieties or species identical with those of western or northern France; and I am of opinion that several new varieties and even species, with Scandinavian affinities, in the extreme north of Scotland still await discovery. I hope, therefore, that Mr Spence’s new plant, whatever name it may ultimately be found to bear, will stimulate critical Scottish botanists, and cause them to re-examine their flora in the light of the suggestion here made. C. E. Moss. Cambridge, 28/3/1914. BIBLIOGRAPHY. NAME oF WoRK. List of Orkney Plants in History of Orkney. List of Orkney Plants in Barry’s History of Ork- ney. Tour in Orkney with a view chiefly to objects of Natural History. Flora Orcadensis in Mr H. C. Watson’s List MS. at Kew. New Botanists’ Guide. MS. List of all Orkney Plants they had met with. Anderson’s Guide to the Orkney Islands. Journal of Botany, p. 11. A new List of the Flower- ing Plants and Ferns of Orkney. English Botany, 3rd_edi- tion. Plantago Maritima var hirsuta. The Scottish Naturalist. AUTHOR. Dr James Wallace, M. D., Boss. Rev. Geo. Low, Min- ister of Birsay and Harray. Mr Patrick Neill,M.A., Secy. to Nat. Hist. Soc. of Edinburgh. Dr Gillies. p. 517 Dr A. R. Duguid, of Kirkwall. Mr Robert Heddle, Melsetter. Chas. Clouston, LL. D., Minister of Sand- wick. H. C. Watson, Esq. Wm. Irvine Fortescue, Esq. of Swanbister, now Dr Fortescue, of Kincausie. Vol. V., pp. 318, 362, pp. 26, 72. DATE. 1700. 1774 & after. Published in 1805. 1806. Circa 1820. 1837. Circa 1850. 1862. 1864. 1879-1880. 1867. 1881-1882. 1883-1884. BIBLIOGRAPHY. NAME OF WORK. Additions to Flora of Ork- ney. Annals Scot. Nat. Hist. Notes on Lepidopitra ob- served during a_ short Botanical Tour in Orkney and Zetland. Orkney Records. Journal of Botany. Corrections. Annals _ of Scot. Nat. Hist. Note on Juncus Effusus var spiralis. Transactions Bot. Soc., Edinburgh. Nasturtium Palustra in Ork- ney. Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist. Additions to Flora of Orkney. The Grassland of Orkney : An Atcological Analysis. Scottish Forms of Sper- ganum in Scottish Botan- ical Review. Saxifraga aizoides, Hoy, Orkney, in Scottish Bo- tanical Review. Potamogeton praelongus in Orkney, in Scottish Re- view. AUTHOR. Vol. X XI. pp. 20,21,279,288,352. pp 2, 5, 29, 217, 235. jee rye Col. H. H. Johnston, D.Sc.,F.B.S.,C.B., F.R.S.E p. 252. Mr Magnus Spence Mr Arthur Bennett, BLES, p: a4: Mr Arthur Bennett, F.L.S. MrG. W.Scarth,M.A., Assist. to Prof. of Botany, “dinb’gh. Arthur Bennett, Mr -F.L.S. Mr Arthur Bennett, Mr Arthur Bennett, F.L.S. DawvE: 1895. 1895. 1883. 1884. 1886. 1904. 1906. 1908. 1909. 1911. 1912. 1912 1912. 141 IN DER (The names of varieties and synonyms are wn italics. ) PAS ACADEMY ED., xxxiv Academy, Dollar, xliii Achillea millefolium, 35, 104 lanata, 35 ptarmica, 35, 103 Acknowledgements to, li Mrs Clouston, m.a., liv David Clouston, B.sc., liv John Firth, liii John 8. Flett, Lu.p., D.se:, lit Dr Grant, li Mrand Mrs Inkster, liv Col. H. H. Johnston, ClEy,elut Wm. McKay, F.E£.1.S., liii James Omond, liv Geo. Searth, m.a. lii Mr and Mrs Scott, liv John Spence, liv Prot. J. W. H. Trail, HRs) Ll Acutifolia, 112 Adder’s tongue, 95 Aigopodium podagraria, 27, 102 AXthusa cynapium, 28 Agropyron repens, 156 Agricultural College, xii Agrostis, alba, 86 canina, 85 pumila, xxv, 86 stolonifera, 86 vulgaris, 86 Aira caryophylla, 86 preecox, 87 Ajuga pyramidalis, 56 reptans, 56 Alopecurus geniculatus, 85 pratensis, 85 Alchemilla arvensis, 19 jilicaulis, xxiv, 19 Alchemilla—contd. montana, 19 pratensis, 19 vulgaris, 19 Ammophila, 86 arundinacea, 86 Amanuensis, xliv Amblystegium, 123 Anagallis arvensis, 49 tenella, 49 Anderson, XXxXi Anderson’s Guide, xlviii Andresace, 112 Angelica sylvestris, 29 Antennaria dioica, 35 Anthemis arvensis, 35 cotula, 36 nobilis, 36, 99 Anthoxanthum, 85 odoratum, 85 Anthriscus, 30 sylvestris, 30, Ixv vulgaris, 30 Anthyliis, 17 vulneraria, 17 maritima, 17 Apium, 27, 129 inundatum, 27, 129 isophylla, 129 Arabis, lv Archangelica officinalis, 29 Dr Joseph, Arctic conditions, Ixxxix Arctic bed of Shetland, x¢ciil Arctic bed, xe, xcii Arctium, 40 interme iium, 40 nemorosum, 40, 129 pycnocephalum, 136 vulgare, 130 Arctostophylos x¢Clli, 45 Uva-ursi, 45 alpina, Arrhenatherum, 87 avenaceum, 87 bulbosum, 87 Artemisia, 37 vulgaris, 37, 102 absinthium, 104 Asplenium, 92 adiantum-nigrum, 92 marinum, 93 Ruta-muraria, 93 trichomanes, 93 Aster tripolium, 34 Athyrium, 93 Filix-foemina, 93 rheticum, 93 Atriplex, 61, 134 angustifolia, 61, 134 Babingtonii, 61 erecta, 61 laciniata, 61 patula, 61, 134 rosea, 61 Aulacomnium, 118 Avena, 87 fatua, 87 pratensis, 87, 136 pubescens, 87 strigosa, 87 B BaBineton, Prof., xxxii Baikie, W.B.,M.D., xxxviii Balfour, Prof., lii Balmuto, Lord, xliii Barbarea vulgaris, 6 Barbula, 116 Barry, Dr, xxx, xxxi, xlvi Bartramiacee, 118 Bartramia, 118 Bartsia, 52 odontites, 52 verna, 52 Beaches, old sea, lxxxiv Beeby, Mr, xxiv Bellis perennis, 34 Arenaria serpyllifolia, 11 | Bennett, Arthur, F.L.s., Norvigica, lxii XxXxlii, xxxiv Bentham & Hooker, xxxii Betula alba, 65 nana, xcii verrucosa, xcii Bibliography, 140, 141 Binomial nomenclature, x Biographical Sketches of XXXV Dr Boswell, xliii, xlv Dr Clouston, xlvii-xlix Dr Duguid, xli-xliii Dr Fortescue, xlix, 1 Mr R. Heddle, xxxviii- xli Rev. Geo. Low, xxxvii, XXXVill Mr Patrick Neill, xlv- xlvii DrWallace, xxxv, xxxvi Birch layers, xcili Bistort, 63, 64 Blechnum spicant, 92 Blindia, 114 Blue lupins, 16 Blysmus rufus, 82 Boardhouse, Birsay, xxix Boswell, Dr, xxx, xliii, xliv Botanical classification, xii Botanical facts, lxiv Bo’ness, xli Botrychium incisum, 95 lunaria, 95 Boulder clay, lxxiii, lxxv, lxxvi Brachypodium cum, 91 Brachythecium, 122 Brassica arvensis, 6 rapa, 6 sylvestris, 6 Breutelia, 119 Briza media, 89 Bromus glabrescens, 94 ~ hordeaceus, 90 racemosus, 90 secalinus, 90 sterilis, 90 velutinus, 90 Bryacee, 119 Bryum, 119 Bunium flexuosum, 27, 28 Buried Forests, lxxxv sylvati- Cc CAKILE MARITIMA, 6, 105 Callitriche autumnalis, 25 intermedia, 25 polymorpha, 24 stagnalis, 24 vernalis, 24 Calluna vulgaris, lvii, lix, 45 glabrata, 45 INDEX. Caltha palustris, 4 Campanula, lvi Camptothecium, 121 Campylopus, 114 Campylium, 123 Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 7 Cardimine flexuosa, 6 hirsuta, 6 pratensis, 5 Carex ampullacea, 85 arenaria, lx, 82 binervis, 84 dioica, 82 distans, 84 extensa, 84, 135 flava, 84 fulva, 135 glauca, 83 incurva, xxix, 82 lepidocarpa, 84 leporina, 83 limosa, 84, lii minor, 135 muricata, xxv, 83 deri, 85, 135 (docarpa, 135 panicea, 84 paniculata, 82 pauciflora, 82 pilulifera, 83 pulicaris, 82 rigida, xiv, 83 rostrata, 85 stellulata, 83 sterilis, 84, 135 verna, 83 vulgaris, 83 Carum ecarvi, 27 Catabrosa aquatica, 88 minor, 88 Catharinea, 112 Centaurea nigra, lvi, 40 eyanus, 40 Cerastium rum, 10 tetrandrum, 10 triviale, 11 viscosum, 11 Ceratophyllum demer- sum, 65 Ceratodon, 113 Charaaspera, xlviii,97,137 atrovirens, 98 baltica, 98 barbata, 97, 137 capillacea, 136 delicatula, 97 fragilis, 97, 136 hispida, 95 longibracteata, 98 subinermis, 98, 137 vulgaris, 98 Charts of the North Sea, lxxxvi Cherophyllum temulum, 29 semidecand- 143 Chenopodium album, 61 Chicory, 41 Chrysanthemum leucan- themum, 36 pyrethrum, 36 segetum, 36 Chrysosplenium, 26 oppositifolium, 26 Cichorium intybus, 41 Circa alpina, xxi, 24 Cladodium, 119 Claytonia perfoliata, 15 sibirica, 13 Climate of Orkney, lv Climatic factors, lv Climate, variability of, xvii Climacium, 121 Clubmoss, 95, $6 Cnicus arvensis, 39 argenteus, 39 lanceolatus, 39 palustris, 39 setosus, 39 Cochlearia alpina, 7 Groenlandica, 7 officinalis, 7 Cold epochs, xciv Coleopterist, xliv Conglomerates of Strom- ness, Ixxix Conium maculatum, 30 Convolvus arvensis, 50 Co-related subjects, lv Cornus sneciea, 31 Corylus avellana, xci, 65 Crampton, Dr, Ixxxix, xcil Crepis biennis, 41 eapellaris, 41 niczensis, 130 Cryptogamee, 92 Cryptogamic flora Cylindrothecium, 121 Cymbrifolia, 111 Cynosurus cristata, 89 Cystopteris fragilis, 93 Cytisus scoparius, 16 22) DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, 89 Darwin, Chas., xvii, Ixvii Daucus carota, 29 Deschampsia caespitosa, 6 flexuosa, 86 Dichodontium, 113 Dicotyledones, 1-68 Dicranacee, 113 Dicranella, 113 Dicranum, 114 Digitalis purpurea, xx, Dimorphous, lxvii Direction of ice, Ixxvi 144 Ditrichum, 113 Dogger Bank, Ixxxv Draba incana, xiv, xx, 7 contortu, 7 hirta, xlviii minor, 7 verna, 6 Drepanium, 124 Drosera anglica, 8 longifolia, 8 rotundifolia, lix, lxvi, 8 Dryas octopelata, lxii, 21 Duguid, Rev. J., xli Dwarfie Stone, xxviii nai Ecuna, LocH, xxix Echium, vulgare, 57 Ecology, lii, lix Edinburgh Bot. Soe., li Eleocharis multicaulis, 81 palustris, 80 uniglumis, 80, 135 Elevation and depression of land, Ixxxiii Elder, 31, 100 Elecampane, 39, 100 Elymus arenarius, 91 Empetrum nigrum, lvii, 64 Enealyptacee, 117 Enealypta, 117 Entomological collection, xlv Entomophilous, Ixvi Epilobium angustifolium, 22 lineare, 23 montanum, 23 obscurum, 23 palustre, 23 parviflorum, 23 tetragonum, 23 Equisetum arvense, xe, 96 limosum, 97 palustre, 97 pratense, 97 sylvaticum, $7 Erica cinerea, 45 tetralix, 45 Eriophorum angustifol- ium, xcii, 81 vaginatum, 81 Erodium cicutarium, 15 Eubryum, 119 Euphrasia borealis, 133 brevipila, 135 eurta, 134 Fouleusis, 134 glabrescens, 134 gracilis, 52, 133 maritima, xiii, 52 officinalis, 52, 101, 132 Roskoviana, 52 secotica, 133 INDEX. Euphorbia 64, 103 peplus, 64 Eurhynehium, 122 Evie and Rendall, 1xii Excursions, xxiii Exposure, xiii a=h Fauna ORCADENSIS, XXXVii Fescue bromoides, 89 elator, 90 loliacea, 90 ovina, 90 pratensis, 90 rubra, 90 vivipara, 90 Fissidens, 115 Fissidentacee, 115 Plett; (Dr; (xxvi, ocx. liii Flora, Perthshire, xiv Flora wiped out, lxxxiii Feeniculum vulgare, 30 Fontinalacez, 120 Fontinalis, 120 Forest bed, Shetland, xci Forestian epochs, xciv Fortescue, Dr, xliii, xlix, ] Foula, xei Fragaria vesca, 20 Fuchsia magellancia, xix Fumaria Bore, 5 capriolata, 4 officinalis, 5, 101 purpurea, 4, 128 Funariacez, 118 Funeria, 118 Er GALES, lvii Galeopsis tetrahit, 55 versicolor, 55 bifida, 55 Galium aparine, 33 usperum, 32 Bakeri, 32 maritimum, 32 mollugo, 32 palustre, 33 saxatile, 32 uliginosum, 32 verum, 32 Witheringti, 33 Geikie, Sir Arch., lxix Geikie, Prof. James, xciii Gentiana amarella, 50 baltica, xxxvi, 132, 49 campestris, 101, 132, 49 Geological survey, liii Bees of Orkney, lxviii, iC. Germander sage, 102 helioscopia, | Geranium dissectum, 15 molle, 15 pratense, 15 pusillum, 15 Robertianum, 15 sylvaticum, 14 Geum rivale, 21 urbanum, 21 s Glaciation of Orkney, Ixxvi Glacial period, xciii Glaux maritima, 48 Glyceria fluitans, 38 plicata, 88, 1386 Gnaphalium supinum, 35 pilulare, 35 sylvaticam, 35 uliginosum, 34 Goodyera repens, 76 Great Ice Age, liii Gouk-heads, xxiv Grimmiacee, 115 Grimmia, 115 a=: HABERNARIA ALBIDA, 75 conopsea, 75 viridis, 76 Hags, Ixxxix Hardwich Mr, xliv Harpidium, 123 Harray Hills, lxxxix Hayward, W. R., xxxii Hazel, 65 Hedera helix, 31, 129 Heddle, R., xxx, xxxviii, 1 Heddle, Prof. M. F.,™.p., XXxix Heddle, Mrs R., lxi Heracleum spondylium, 29 Hieracium anglicum, 43 amplidentatwin, 42 auratum, 42 britannicum, 42 buglossoides, 130 ealedonicum, 130 caesium, 43 corymbosum, 42 crinigerum, 41 iricum, 41 murorum, 42 orcadense, 41, 42, 131 pilosella, 41 pulchellum, 43 rubicundium, 130 salicifoliwm, 42 schmidtii, 41 scoticum, 42, 130 silvaticum, 131 strictum, 42 tricolor, 131 vulgatum, 42 Hills and valleys, Ixxxii Hippuris vulgaris, 24 Hobbister, Orphir, xl Holcus lanatus, 88 mollis, 87 Homalia, 120 Honkeneia peploides, 11 Hookeriacee, 121 Hooker, Sir J. D., xxxii Hoy Head, xxviii Hydrocotyle vulgaris, 27 Hylocomium, 124 Hymenophyllum Wil- sonii, 92 Hypericum elodes, xlvi, xlvii, 14 pulchrum, xix, 13, lvi Hyocomium, 122 Hypnacee, 121 Hypocharis radicata, 43 Hypnum, 123 ze Ick AG&, lxxvi, lxxxili Ice age, later phases, Ixxvii Introductory, ix Tnula helenium, 39, 100 Tris pseudacorus, 77, 105 Island floras, 1xi, lxiii TIsoetes lacustris, 96 Ivy, 31, 102 T JASIONE MONTANA, xviii, 44, Ixv John O’Groat Beds, Ixxi Johnston, Col. H. H., C.B., D.SC., xxxvi, lii, 127 Juniperus communis, xcii, 68 nana, 68 Juncus acutiflorus, 79 biglumis, 78 bufonius, 78 bulbosus, 79 compressus, 79 conglomeratus, 78 effusus, 78, 105 jluitans, 79 Gerardi, 78 lampocarpus, 79 nitritellus, 79 spiralus, 78 squarrosus, 78 triglumis, 78 uliginosus, 79 i= KIRBISTER HILL, Brrsay, xiv Kirkwall, xliii INDEX. B i LAMIUM ALBUM, 56 amplexicaule, 56 hybridum, 56 intermedium, 56 purpureum, 56 Lapsana communis, 41 Lastrea emula, xx, 94 alpina, 94 Borreri, 94 dilatata, 94 decipiens, 94 exaltata, 94 Filix-mas, 94 oreopteris, 95 spinulosa, 94 Lathyrus acutifolia, 18 maritimus, 18 montanus, 18 ovata, 18 pratensis, 18 Lemna minor, xxi, 70 Leontodonautumnalis, 43 pretensis, 43 simplex, 43 Lepidoptesist, xliv Leptodontium, 117 Leskeacee, 121 Leucodontium, 119 Leucobryum, 115 Leptobryum, 115, 119 Ligusticum scoticum, 28, 105 Limnobium, 124 Linum catharticum, 14, 101 condensatum, 14 usitatissimum, 14 Listera cordata, 76 ovata, 76 Littorella lacustris, 60 Lobelia Dortmanna, Xxviii, 44 Loch Lomond, Ixi Loiseleuria procumbens, 45 Lolium perene, 91 London Catalogue, 10th Edit., xxxi Lonicera Periclymenum, 31 Lotus corniculatus, xxxii, 17 glandulosus, 17 Low, Rev. G., xxx., XXxvVii Lupinus nootkatensis, 16 Luzula campestris, 80 conjesta, 80 multiflora, 80 pilosa, 79 sudetica, 80 sylvatica, 79 Lychuis alba, 10 dioica, 10 flos-cueuli, 10 145 Lychnis Githago, 10 Lycopodium alpinum, xxv, 96 annotatum, 95 clavatum, 95 innundatum, 96 selago, 96 Lycopsis arvensis, 57 Lysimachia, nemorum, Xxvili, 48 INO MADAGASCAR, Ixi Malvaceer, lvi Malva moschata, 137 ana St., churchyard, xli Marine alge of Orkney, XXxiii Marshall, Rev. E.S., xxix Matricaria chamomilla, 37 inodora, 36 maritima, 37 salina, 37 McKenzie, Capt. T., xlii Medicago lupulina, 17 Meesiacex, 118 Melampyrum pratense, 53 montanum, 53 sylvaticum, 53 Melilotus officinalis, 19 Melsetter, xxxix Memorandum of Nature Study, xi Menyanthes trifoliata, 50, 99, xe Mentha aquatica, 53 arvensis, 54 hirsuta, 53 piperita, 54 Merculiaris perennis, 65 Mertensia maritima, 57 Meteorological Obserra- tions, lvi Meteorological Office, lvii Meteorologist, xlvii Middle Old Red, lxxi, lxvili ; Mnium, 120 Molinia cerulea, 88 Montia fontana, 13 major, 13 Montreal, Bank of, xl Moss, Dr C. E., 138, 139 Myosotis arvensis, §7 czespitosa, 57 collina, 55 palustris. 58 repens, 58 strigulosa, 58 versicolor, 58 Mucklewater, xxiv Myrica Gale, 66 Myriophyllum alterni- florum, 24 spicatum, 24, 129 146 aN Nairry, lvi Naiadacee, xliv Nardus stricta, 91 Narthecium ossifragum, Nasturtium officinale, 5, 100 palustris, 5 Natural Hist. Soc. Strom- ness, xlviil Natural Hist. Soc. Edin., xlvi Natural Science, xliv Natural selection, xvii Neill, Patrick, xxx, xxxi, xlv Neckeracex, 120 Neckera, 120 Nepeta hederacea, 54, 102 Newark, Deerness, xxix Nitella opaca, 97 North Ronaldshay, xviii Nymphacee, lvi O OBSERVATIONS IN OrK- NEY, lvii Old Red Sandstone, I xviii Oligotrichum, 115 Ophioglossum vulgatum, 95 ambiguum, 95 Oreadian botany, 1 Oreadian Old Red, Ixix Orchis incarnata, 75 anguatifolia, 75 erecitorum, 75 latifolia, 75 maculata, 75 mascula, 7+ Orkney and Caithness united, Ixxxi Orkney and Shetland united, Ixxxvii Orthotrichacewx, 117 Orthotrichum, 118 Oxalis acetosella, xxxvili, 16 Oxyria reniformis, 62 Oyce, Firth, Ixi — PAPAVER DUBIUM, 4 Rheas, 4 Parnassia palustris, 25, 137 Peach, Dr, lxxxvi Peat bogs, lviii, lix Peat deposits, Ixxxviii Pedicularis palustris, 53 sylvatica, 53 Penant, Mr, xxxvii INDEX. Pentland Firth, Ixxxvili Perthshire, xv Peplis portula, 22 Petasites vulgaris, 38 Phalaris arundinacea, 85 Phleum pratense, 85 Philonotos, 118 Phragmites communis, 86 Phyllitis scolopendrium, 9 Ixxxvi, Physical features, Ixxviii Pimpinella saxifraga, 28 Pin-eyed, Ixvii Pinguicula lusitanica, 58 vulgaris, 58 Pinus sylvestris, xe, xcii Plagiothecium, 122 Plants, distribution of, XCV Plant evolution, x Plants found in peat, Ixxxix Plantago coronopus, 60 hirsuta, 59, 60 lanceolata, 60 linearis, 60 major, 59, 103 maritima, 59, xili minor, 59 Plateaux of Mainland, lxxxii Pleuridium, 113 Poa annua, 89 compressa, 89 pratensis, 89 trivialis, 89 Poa fluitans, xlvii Pollexfen, Dr, xlviii Polygala depressa, 9 oxyptera, 9 vulgaris, 9 Polypodium vulgare, 92, after Polystichum aculeatum, lobatum, 94 lonchitis, 94, 136 Polygonum agrestinum, amphibium, lxv, 63 “quaticum, 63 avieculare, 63 Bistorta, 64 conyolvulus, 63 lapathifolium, 63 litorale, 63 microspermum, 63 Persiciria, 63 terrestre, 62 viviparum, xxix, 64 vulgatum, 63 Polytrichum, 113 Populus tremula, 66 Porotrichum, 121 Potamogeton, Berchtoldi, 71 cordato-lanceolatus, 134. crispus, 72 filiformis, 72, 73 Friesii, 72 heterophyllus, 70, 73 lancifolius, 71 lucens, 72 natans, 70 nitens, 71, 73 pectinatus, 72 perfoliatus, 71, 134 polygonifolius, 71 praelongus, 71 pusillus, xxi, 71, 73 rigidus, 73 rufescens, 73 rutilus, 73 salicifolius, 71 lerrestre, 71 Potentilla anserina, 20 incisa, 20 silvestris, 20, 103 Poterium Sanguisorba, 20 Pottia, 116 Pre-glacial stream, Ixxxviii Primula, new, 138 Primula scotica, xviii, xxix, lii, 47, 48, 132, 140 elator, xlvili farinosa, 138 intermedia, 47 stricta, 139 veris, 47 vulgaris, 47 Prunella vulgaris, 54 Psamma arenarea, lix Pteris aquilina, 92 Pterygophyllum, 12) Ptychostomum, 119 Ptychomitrum, 116 Pyrola rotundifolia, xxiv, 46, 131 Pyrus aucuparia, 22 Ee RACKWICK, xxvi, Xxvii Radiola linoides, 14 Rainfall, mean, xv, xvi Rainy days, lvii Raised sea beaches, Ixiii Ranunculus acris, 3 Baudotii, 2, 128 bulbosus, 3 divergens, 3 Drouetii, 2 Ficaria, 3, 100 fiammula, 3 Godronii, 2 hederaceus, 2 heterophyllus, 2 poeudo reptans, 3 repens, 3 Ranunculus—contd. sceleratus, 3 Steveni, 3 trichophyllus, 2 vulgatus, 3 Raphanus raphanistrum, 6 Reid, Clement, Ixxxv Rhacomitrum, 115 Rhinanthus Crista-galli, 53 major, 53 stenopterus, 53 Rhodobryun, 120 Robson, Mr, xxx Rodents, Ixxxvii Rousay, xxiii Rosa canina, 22, 128 cerulea, 21 Crepiniana, 129 dumalis, 22 glauca, 129 lutetiana, 22 mollis, 21 Reuteri, 22 spherica, 128 subcristata, 22 subglobosa, 22 tomentosa, 21 Rowan tree, 21 Rubus fissus, 21 saxatalis, 21 Rumex acetosa, 62, 103 acetosella, 62, 103 acutus, 62 angiocarpus, 62 aquaticus, 62 crispus, 62 obtusifolius, 62 sauguineus, 62 subsordatus, 62 triangulatus, 62 Ruppia rostellata, 73 nana, Ixi, 74 spiralis, 73 Ss SAGINA MARITIMA, 12 debilis, 12 glandulosa, 12 nodosa, 12 procumbens, 12 spinosa, 12 Salicornia herbacea, 61 procumbens, 61 Salix acuminata, 67 ambigua, 67 angustifolia, 67 aquatica, 66 arbuscula, xciii, 67 aurita, 66 caprea, 66 cinerea, 66 fusca, 67 herbacea, xc, xcii, 67 INDEX. Salix—contd. lapponum, 67 myrsinites, 67 nigricans, 67 parvifolia, 67 phylicifolia, 66 repens, 67 reticulata, xc, xcili, 67 Salsola kali, 60 Sambucns ebulus, 31 nigra, 31, 100 Saussurea alpina, 40 Saxifraga aizoides, xxix, 26 aurantia, 26 hypnoides, 26 oppositifolia, 25 stellaris, xx, 25 Scabiosa arvensis, 34 suecisa, 34 Secandix Pecten-Veneris, 30 Sclerochloa distans, 89 maritima, 88 | Scheenus nigricans, 80 | nana, 80 Scilla verna, 77 | Scirpus cepitosus, 81 fluitans, $1 | lacustris, 81 pauciflora, xx, 81 | setaceus, 81 | Tabernemontani, 81 Scrophularia, nodosa, 50 |Seutellaria galericulata, 55 Sedum acre, 25 roseum, 25 Selaginella selaginoides, 96 x, Senecio aquaticus, 38 flosculosus, 38 Jacobea, 38 sylvaticus, xlviii, 38 viscosus, 38 vulgaris, 38 | Sherardia arvensis, 33 Shetland, xix, lxxxvii, xc Sieglingia decumbens, 88 Silene acaulis, xiv, 19 cucubalus, 19 maritima, 19 Sison amomum, 27 Sium angustifolium, xxi erectum, 28 Sisymbrium officinale, 5 Thalianum, 5 Soil formation, lxxiii Solidago virgaurea, 34 cambrica, 34 Sonchus arvensis, 44 asper, 44 oleraceus, 44 Sowerby’s ‘‘ English Botany,” xliv 147 Sparganium affine, 69 erectum, 69 microcephalum, xxix, xlvii, 69 simplex, 69 Sperguleria marina, 13 neglecta, 12 marginata, 128 rubra, 12 salina, 12, 128 Spence, John, xxxii, liv Spergula arvensis, 12, 103 sativa, 12, 103 Sphagnum xcii, 11) Spirea ulmaria, 19 Stachys arvensis, 55 ambigua, 55 canescens, 55 palustris, 55 sylvatica, 55 Statice maritima, 59, 101 planifolia, 59 Stellaria apetala, 11 graminea, 11 media, 11, 100 uliginosa, 11 umbrosa, 11 Stromness beds, ]xxi Stromness flags, Ixix | Stromness granite, lxx | Sueda maritima, 60 Subsecunda, 111 Sunshine means, xvi Survival of the fittest, xviii |\Syme, Dr J. T. B., xiii, xliv Submergence, Ixxxiii Supplement to Mosses, 125 Supplement to Flora, 127- 137 Swanbister, xlix Symphytum officinale, 57 patens, 57 pa Ba TANACETUM VULGARE, 37, 103 Taraxacum erythro- sperum, 43 officinale, 43, 190 palustre, 43 udum, 44 Temperatures, xvi, xix, lvi Temperature, mean, XVi Tetraplodon, 118 Teucrum scorodonia, 56, 102 Thalaspi aruense, 7 Thalictrum alpina, xiv, 1 dunense, 1 Thuidium, 121 Thrum-eyed, lxvii 148 INDEX. Thunder-storms, lvii Ulota, 117 Vicia cracca, 18 Thurso beds, lxxi University, Edinburgh, hirsuta, 18 Thymus serpyllum, 54 XXxix montana, 18 Tidal erosion, lxxx, lxxxi | University, St Andrews, sativa, 18 Topography, xiii, lxxix xlv sepium, 18 Tortulacezx, 116 Upper Old Red, Ilxxii, sylvatica, 18 Tortula, 116 Ipro-diyjn IbsS:a be Viola arvensis, 8 “Tour through Orkney | Utrica dioica, 65, 102 palustris, 8 and Zetland,”’ xxxvii urens, 65, 102 Riviniana, 8 Traill, Geo. W., xxxiii Utricularia minor, liii,59,| tricolor, 8 Trifolium agrarium, 128 131 Volcanic rocks, lxxiv arvense, 17 Votaries, ix dubium, 17 -- medium, 17 . pratense, 17 VACCINIUM-MYRTILLUS, VW procumbens, 17, 104 XXxiv, 47 repens, 17 microphylla, xxiv, 47 WALLACE, Dr, xxx, xxxv sylvestre, 17 rotundata, 46 Wallace, Rev. Jas., xxxv Trientalis Europe, 48, uliginosum, 46 Weathering, lxxiv 132 vitis-idea, 46 Webera, 119 Trigloghin maritima, 70 | Valariana officinalis, 33 | Weisia, 117 palustre, 70 pyrenaica, 33 Wild animals, lxxxvi Triticum acutum, 91 sambucifolia, 33 Witcheraft, xxxvili barbata, 91 Valerienella olitoria, 33 caninum, 91 Variability, xvii junceum, 91 Velocity of gales, lvii Bg repens, xxxii, 91 Veronica decussata, xix Trichostornum, 117 Veronica agrestis, 51 YULE-GIRSE, 19 Trisetum pratense, 87 anagallis-aquatica, 52 Trumbland House, xxiii arvensis, 51 Truneata, 111 Beccabunga, 52 2 Tudor’s ‘‘ Orkney and Buxbaumii, 52 Zetland,” xxiv Chameedrys, 51, 182 ZANNICHELLIA POLY- Turbarian periods, xciv eximia, 51 CARPA, 73 Tussilago farfara, 37, 99 hedereefolia, 51 tenuissima, 73 Typha latifolia, 69 humifusa, 51 Zostera angustifolia, 74 officinalis, 51 marina, 74 polita, 51 nana, 74 0 scutellata, 52 stenophylla, 74 ULEX EUROPEUS, 16 serpyllifolia, 51 Zygodon, 117 Wm. 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